text large_stringlengths 39 13.3M | id large_stringlengths 36 47 | repo_tree_path large_stringclasses 20 values | source_dataset large_stringclasses 1 value | lang large_stringclasses 20 values | num_chars uint32 39 13.3M |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Neuer Kursplan ab 14.05.2018 in Regen
| Montag | Dienstag | Mittwoch | Donnerstag |
|---|---|---|---|
| | | 15.30 – 16.30 Uhr Kids Dance Club HipHop, Videoclipdancing und Zumba Alter: von 7 - 9 Jahre Gina / Nicole | 16.00 – 16.45 Uhr Little Ballett tänzerische Früherziehung für Ballett Alter: von 4 - 6 Jahre Franziska |
| 17.00 – 17.45 Uhr Rambazamba HipHop für Minis Alter: 5/6 Jahre Nicole | 16.00 bis 16.45 Uhr Kindertanz Kindertänze für Kids Alter: von 4 - 6 Jahre Nicole | 16.30 - 17.30 Uhr Teens Dance Club HipHop, Videoclipdancing und Zumba Alter: ab 11 Jahre Nicole | 17.00 bis 18.00 Uhr Ballett for Kids Anfänger Alter: von 8 - 11 Jahre Franziska |
| 18.00 bis 18.55 Uhr SmoveyWalk Level: Jedermann Teilnahme nur mit Voranmeldung möglich Martina | 16.45 – 17.45 Uhr Kids Dance Club HipHop, Videoclipdancing und Zumba Alter: von 9 - 11 Jahre Nicole | 17.30 – 18.30 Uhr HipHop Company HipHop, Videoclipdancing und Zumba Alter: ab 12 Jahre Nicole | 18.00 - 19.00 Uhr Vital feat Körperwerkstatt Fitness f. Rücken,Bauch + Po Ganzkörperworkout Level: Jedermann Gina / Nicole |
| 18.00 bis 18.50 Uhr Körperwerkstatt Level: Jedermann Nicole | 18.00 – 18.50 Uhr H.I. Langhanteltraining Level 1 für Anfänger Teilnahme nur mit Voranmeldung möglich Nicole | 18.30 bis 19.15 Uhr Fitboxen Level: Anfänger Nicole | 19.00 - 20.15 Uhr Hatha Yoga Level: Jedermann Miriam |
| 19.00 - 19.55 Uhr Pilates Level: Jedermann Waltraud | 19.00 bis 19.50 Uhr Zumba Level: Jedermann Nicole und Erika | 19.15 bis 20.00 Uhr H.I. Langhanteltraining Level 2 für Fortgeschrittene Teilnahme nur mit Voranmeldung möglich Nicole | |
Bitte beachten Sie das für folgende Kurse eine vorherige Anmeldung notwendig ist:
- Smovey Walk
- H.I. Langhanteltraining Level 1
- H.I. Langhanteltraining Level 2
Kursplan unter Vorbehalt.
Ein Ausfall von Kursen kann aufgrund von Krankheit oder anderweitiger Verhinderung des jeweiligen Trainers sowie Ersatztrainer und Ersatzkurse möglich sein. | <urn:uuid:d3751f4e-81d3-42a0-acb2-9c5991f81017> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/deu_Latn/train | finepdfs | deu_Latn | 1,961 |
,
TTIP: Wir müssen reden! Nordrhein-Westfalen
Europa-Union startet Bürgerdialog zum transatlantischen Freihandelsabkommen „Die Welt brennt und die EU macht Urlaub!"
Auf Aussagen wie diese bin ich während meiner Recherche über Arbeitsbedingungen in Entwicklungsländern und deren Sweatshops immer häuiger gestoßen. Aber wie sehr stimmt diese Aussage eigentlich? Fakt ist, dass die Arbeiter unter unmenschlichen Bedingungen arbeiten. Sie arbeiten bis zu sechzehn Stunden am Tag und verdienen dabei, wenn es hoch kommt, bis zu zwanzig Euro im Monat. (…)
Europa hilft – Hilft Europa? Europäischer Wettbewerb 2015
Viele Schülerinnen und Schüler aus NRW haben sich in diesem Jahr mit Fragestellungen rund um die Themen globale Verantwortung, Nachhaltigkeit, aber auch Krieg und Flüchtlingsproblematik beschäftigt. Die Europa-Union war in der Landesjury des Europäischen Wettbewerbs vertreten und wirkte mit bei den Preisverleihungen in Krefeld, Leverkusen, Gütersloh, Dortmund und Münster. Zahlreiche Schülerinnen und Schüler konnten mit ihren Arbeiten überzeugen; der hier auszugsweise aufgeführte Text vom Städt. Gymnasium Gütersloh wurde mit einem ersten Platz in der Landeswertung ausgezeichnet. Schon bald werden die Aufgaben für den 63. Wettbewerb bekannt gegeben, an dem gerne viele weitere Schulen, auch mit Unterstützung der Europa-Union vor Ort, teilnehmen können.
Europäische Vielfalt in der Europawoche
Zahlreiche Aktionen und Projekte wurden auch in der diesjährigen Europawoche wieder auf die Beine gestellt. Vom 2. bis zum 10. Mai bot sich Interessierten ein buntes Programm rund um viele Themen und Länder. So startete der Kreisverband Solingen mit der Straßenaktion „Gedankengang" im Hofgarten-Center, welche dann auch von der Europa-Union in Herne durchgeführt wurde. Die Europa-Union Bonn/Rhein-Sieg informierte beim „Bonner Europatag" im Alten Rathaus; ebenso der Stadtverband Haan beim Europäischen
Ist Ihnen bewusst, wie viele Kinder tatsächlich heutzutage arbeiten? Ich kann es Ihnen sagen. Es sind zweihundertfünfzig Millionen Kinder. Zweihundertfünfzig Millionen Kinder, die nie eine Kindheit haben werden, wie Sie sie hatten. Zweihundertfünfzig Millionen Kinder, die täglich im Umgang mit giftigen Chemikalien sind. Zweihundertfünfzig Millionen Kinder, die häuig aufgrund von unheilbaren Krankheiten nicht mal ihren fünfundzwanzigsten Geburtstag erleben dürfen. Die fünfundneunzig Prozent der deutschen Kleidung werden allerdings nicht nur von Kindern hergestellt, sondern auch von Erwachsenen, oftmals jungen Frauen. Diese Arbeiter dürfen das Gelände nicht verlassen. Sie leben in kleinen Hütten hinter den Fabriken. Diese Arbeiter dürfen ihre Kinder nur einmal im Monat sehen. Diese Arbeiter sterben nicht nur an Krankheiten wie Silikose, sondern viel häuiger an Selbstmord. Kann das denn sein?
Kann es sein, dass diese Menschen den einzigen Ausweg im Selbstmord sehen? Ich appelliere nicht nur an die Regierung dieser Länder, die ihrer Schutzplicht nicht nachkommen, nein! Ich appelliere auch an SIE, die Bürger aus Europa, die sich weigern, eine kostspieligere Jeans zu kaufen, die unter fairen Bedingungen in der EU hergestellt wurde. Ich appelliere an die EU, die bei meiner Recherche so gut wie nie erwähnt wurde, und an die Menschlichkeit, denn das geht uns alle etwas an.
Ich ing an, genauer zu recherchieren, welche Rolle die EU in dieser Situation spielt. Ich war entsetzt, denn ich fand so gut wie keinen Anhaltspunkt auf diese Frage. Kann das denn sein? Eine der größten Mächte der Welt sieht nahezu tatenlos dabei zu, wie sämtliche Menschenrechte missachtet werden. Wie kann es sein, dass die EU nur bei genaueren Recherchen als Unterstützer von Projekten wie der Clean Clothes Campaign angegeben wird? Oder dass die europäische Organisation „European Instrument for Democracry and Human Rights" nur schwer zu inden ist und die Handlungen dann nur schleierhaft beschrieben werden? Also geht die Frage an Sie!
Sind Sie bereit, Fair-Trade-Produkte zu kaufen? Sind sie bereit, Organisationen wie die Clean Clothes Campaign zu unterstützen? Sind Sie bereit, etwas zu verändern? Sind sie bereit, der Regierung zu zeigen, dass Europa helfen will? Aber viel wichtiger: Sind Sie bereit, der Kinderarbeit ein Ende zu setzen? Sind Sie bereit, den Arbeitern zu Urlaub und Mutterschutz zu verhelfen? Sind Sie bereit, den Arbeitern in Entwicklungsländern eine faire Lebensgrundlage zu beschaffen? Sind Sie bereit, die EU-Regierung aufzuwecken?
von Cilia Bakin und Lea Tölke (Städt. Gymnasium Gütersloh, Klasse 9)
Stadtteilfest. Die Monheimer Europawoche bot neben Wirtschaftsforum und Lesung unter anderem einen Genießerabend zum Partnerland Belgien an, und die JEF punktete in Düsseldorf mit einem Seminar zum Thema „Internationale Steuergerechtigkeit". Schülerinnen und Schüler standen bei den Preisverleihungen zum Europäischen Wettbewerb in Krefeld und Leverkusen im Mittelpunkt, aber auch beim Gelsenkirchener Europa-Café zum
Thema „Islam und Migration in Europa". Das Thema „TTIP" wurde nicht nur mit der Europa-Union im Kölner Domforum diskutiert, sondern auch bei der Europa-Union in Lünen und im Rahmen einer JEF-Veranstaltung in Münster. Diese und viele weitere Aktionen machen heute schon Lust auf die nächste Europawoche im Mai 2016.
Verantwortlich: Kirsten Eink
7 11 | <urn:uuid:a14a7a9a-45a0-4848-b587-faa40f89a8cc> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/deu_Latn/train | finepdfs | deu_Latn | 5,315 |
AUTOESAME DEL SENO
A cura del Dott. G.Antonini
COSA E' ?
L'AUTOESAME DEL SENO è una metodica diagnostica praticata periodicamente dalla donna; l'insieme delle manovre permette alla donna di rilevare, attraverso la profonda conoscenza del proprio seno, alterazioni anche minime della sua struttura, con la conseguente possibilità di evidenziare stati patologici in una fase molto precoce, quindi curabile.
QUANDO ESEGUIRE ?
L'AUTOESAME DEL SENO deve essere eseguito almeno una volta ogni 3 mesi, 4-5 giorni dopo il termine delle mestruazioni, quando la ghiandola è meno tesa, e quindi più esplorabile.
COME ESEGUIRE ?
L'AUTOESAME DEL SENO si compone di alcune semplici manovre, da eseguire in ordine:
1. A torso nudo, davanti allo specchio, con le braccia lungo il corpo osservare eventuali asimmetrie dei capezzoli e dei profili della pelle.
2. Ripetere l'osservazione con: le braccia alzate sopra la testa, con il corpo di fronte e di profilo, inclinando anche il busto in avanti. Braccia lungo il corpo Braccia sopra la testa
3. Busto avanti
4. Ripetere, sempre davanti allo specchio, l'esame appoggiando le mani sui fianchi facendo forza (si contraggono i muscoli pettorali).
5. Eseguendo queste manovre regolarmente e con metodo, imparerete a conoscere la forma, il volume dei vostri seni e a rilevare facilmente e precocemente qualsiasi modifica avvenuta tra 2 esami consecutivi.
6. Sdraiatevi su un piano rigido mettendo un cuscino sotto le spalle e un braccio sotto la testa: con la mano a piatto e le dita ben tese, esplorate il seno comprimendolo delicatamente contro la parete toracica con piccoli movimenti circolari dalla periferia verso il capezzolo. Ripetere la manovra a destra e a sinistra.
7. Sempre sdraiate, con le dita ripiegate contro il torace, ricercare
nel cavo ascellare eventuali tumefazioni.
8. L’esame può proseguire in piedi sotto la doccia, con le mani bagnate che scivolano sul seno.
9. Come ultima manovra, il controllo del capezzolo: questo va premuto tra il pollice e l’indice; ogni secrezione deve essere riferita al medico curante.
RICORDATE:
PRESTARE ATENZIONE AI SEGUENTI SEGNI:
- comparsa di un nodulo nella mammella
- infossamento o aspetto a “buccia d’arancia” della pelle
- alterazione del volume o del profilo del seno
- desquamazione, retrazione o asimmetria di un capezzolo
- secrezione sierosa o ematica dal capezzolo.
La presenza di uno o più di questi segni non significa la presenza di un tumore, ma è opportuno riferire quanto osservato al proprio medico curante.
Tutte le donne dovrebbero conoscere il proprio seno semplicemente controllandolo con regolarità, senza paure, così come si controlla il peso o la pressione sanguigna. | <urn:uuid:8168dedb-9887-4ddf-98c1-79148db13380> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ita_Latn/train | finepdfs | ita_Latn | 2,694 |
BPM CHANGE MANAGEMENT
JANUARY 26, 2021 MEETING AGENDA
The ISO will host a web conference for its Business Practice Manual (BPM) change management meeting on January 26, 2021 to review proposed changes to business practice manuals. All Proposed Revision Requests (PRRs) and related activity is publicly available through the BPM change management site at http://bpmcm.caiso.com/Pages/default.aspx.
___________
Meeting Details
Date: Tuesday, January 26, 2021
Time: 11:00 a.m. to 12:00 p.m. (Pacific Time)
Participation Information
Step 1: call 1-888-251-2949, Access Code: 3589734#
Step 2: join web conference
Call the AT&T Help Desk at 1-888-796-6118
__________
Discussion items include the following PRRs in the initial stage:
* PRR 1313 Market Operations BPM, Emergency PRR, Clean-up language section 2.5.5 for PRR 1136
* PRR 1311 Energy Imbalance Market BPM, Emergency PRR, Intertie multi-stage generating resources modeling for energy imbalance market participating resources
* PRR 1312 Market Operations BPM, Following trajectory between dispatch operating target
* PRR 1310 Direct Telemetry BPM, Emergency PRR, New requirements for hybrid resources and transport layer security
* PRR 1309 Generator Interconnection and Deliverability Allocation Procedures BPM, Clarification on point of interconnection changes, independent study process eligibility, interconnection financial security refunds, and allowable actions when projects are parked
Discussion items include the following PRRs in the recommendation stage:
* PRR 1308 Settlements and Billing BPM, Emergency PRR, To support energy imbalance market enhancements 2020, specifically symmetrical wheeling. Configuration changes to the energy imbalance market real time marginal losses offset.
* PRR 1306 Settlements and Billing BPM, Emergency PRR, Updated BPM configuration guides for enforcement protocol charge group charge code 1591, 1592, and 1593 to accommodate charge code 1593 associated with daily statements
* PRR 1307 Settlements and Billing BPM, Emergency PRR, Updated multiple BPM configuration guides to accommodate updating the procedure that documents the steps for submitting the transmission revenue requirement detail to the CAISO required for updating transmission access charge rates
*
* PRR 1304 Market Instruments BPM, Negotiated rates new process changes for market instruments BPM
PRR 1305 Energy Imbalance Market BPM, Negotiated rates new process changes for energy imbalance market BPM
* PRR 1303 Market Operations BPM, Intertie deviation settlement | <urn:uuid:780eb413-1895-4f17-90d5-88e14f82876f> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 2,550 |
(12) INTERNATIONAL APPLICATION PUBLISHED UNDER THE PATENT COOPERATION TREATY (PCT)
(19) World Intellectual Property Organization International Bureau
(43) International PublicationDate
WO 2016/195682 Al
(10) International Publication Number
8December2016 (08.12.2016)
(51) International Patent Classification:
E21B47/01(2006.01)
E21B47/13(2012.01)
E21B47/12(2006.01)
(21) International Application Number:
PCT/US2015/034059
(22) International Filing Date:
3 June 2015 (03.06.2015)
(25) Filing Language:
English
(26) Publication Language:
English
(72) Inventors: GORDON, Scott Alistair; 137 Clonvaraghan Road, County Down, Castlewellan BT31 9TA (GB). CLEMENS, Jack Gammill; 906 Scenic Ranch Circle, Fairview, Texas 75069 (US). RINGGENBERG, Paul David; 2 118 Goliad Circle, Frisco, Texas 75033 (US).
(74) Agents: BRYAN, Jason W. et al; Novak Druce Connolly Bove + Quigg LLP, 1000 Louisiana Street, Fifty-Third Floor, Houston, Texas 77002 (US).
(71) Applicant: HALLIBURTON ENERGY SERVICES, INC. [US/US]; 3000 N. Sam Houston Parkway E., Hous ton, Texas 77032 (US).
(81) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every kind of national protection available): AE, AG, AL, AM, AO, AT, AU, AZ, BA, BB, BG, BH, BN, BR, BW, BY, BZ, CA, CH, CL, CN, CO, CR, CU, CZ, DE, DK, DM, DO, DZ, EC, EE, EG, ES, FI, GB, GD, GE, GH, GM, GT, HN, HR, HU, ID, IL, IN, IR, IS, JP, KE, KG, KN, KP, KR, KZ, LA, LC, LK, LR, LS, LU, LY, MA, MD, ME, MG,
[Continued on nextpage]
(54) Title: SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR A DOWNHOLE HANGER ASSEMBLY
(57) Abstract: A downhole hanger assembly having a downhole hanger and a tele metry unit. The telemetry unit can reside within the downhole hanger or the tele metry unit can reside in a telemetry component which is coupled with the down hole hanger. The downhole hanger assembly can be lowered into a wellbore tubu lar and set against an interior wall of the wellbore tubular. The telemetry unit can receive and transmit data uphole and/or downhole. The data can be received from another telemetry unit and/or from a tool assembly, such as a sensor.
```
MK, MN, MW, MX, MY, MZ, NA, NG, NI, NO, NZ, LU, LV, MC, MK, MT, NL, NO, PL, PT, RO, RS, SE, OM, PA, PE, PG, PH, PL, PT, QA, RO, RS, RU, RW, SI, SK, SM, TR), OAPI (BF, BJ, CF, CG, CI, CM, GA, SA, SC, SD, SE, SG, SK, SL, SM, ST, SV, SY, TH, TJ, GN, GQ, GW, KM, ML, MR, NE, SN, TD, TG). TM, TN, TR, TT, TZ, UA, UG, US, UZ, VC, VN, ZA, ZM, ZW. Declarations under Rule 4.17: — of inventorship (Rule 4. 17(iv)) (84) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every kind of regional protection available): ARIPO (BW, GH, Published: GM, KE, LR, LS, MW, MZ, NA, RW, SD, SL, ST, SZ, — with international search report (Art. 21(3)) TZ, UG, ZM, ZW), Eurasian (AM, AZ, BY, KG, KZ, RU, TJ, TM), European (AL, AT, BE, BG, CH, CY, CZ, DE, DK, EE, ES, FI, FR, GB, GR, HR, HU, IE, IS, IT, LT,
```
SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR A DOWNHOLE HANGER ASSEMBLY
FIELD
[0001] The present disclosure generally relates to a downhole hanger assembly, and more specifically to a downhole hanger assembly having a downhole hanger and a telemetry unit for transmitting data uphole and/or downhole while the downhole hanger assembly is set against an interior wall of a wellbore tubular.
BACKGROUND
[0002] While conducting operations in a well, such as a gas or oil wellbore servicing station, it is often necessary to send and/or to receive data along a work string contained within the wellbore to communicate with downhole tools, such as a sensor in a downhole tool assembly. In conventional systems, the tool assemblies are typically coupled to the outside of a wellbore tubular and are able to obtain data, such as sensor data for the annulus region around the tool assembly. The tool assembly can include a telemetry unit, or a transceiver, communicatively coupled with a tool, such as a sensor. The telemetry unit can receive data, such as commands and/or sensor, and transmit data, such as commands and/or sensor data.
[0003] For some wells, the data is wirelessly transmitted uphole and/or downhole via a telemetry system, such as the DynaLink ® Telemetry System by Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. The telemetry system can run from the surface to the downhole tools, such as a bottom hole sampler tool, with one or more telemetry units in between. For example, for a 17,000 foot well, the telemetry system can include sixteen (16) telemetry units. Typically, the telemetry systems are externally located on a wellbore tubular. For example, the telemetry units are coupled with a wellbore tubular using one or more straps or other means known to one of ordinary skill in the art. The telemetry system can be bidirectional. For example, the telemetry units can receive data, such as commands, and transmit the data to a tool assembly. The command can be to activate a sensor to obtain data. The telemetry units can also receive data from a tool assembly, such as sensor data, and transmit the data uphole. The telemetry units can also serve as repeaters for transmitting data downhole, such as commands, and for transmitting data uphole, such as sensor data. For example, a telemetry unit can receive data from an uphole telemetry unit and transmit the data to a downhole telemetry unit and vice versa.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0004] Figure 1 is an overview of a wellbore servicing station in accordance with an exemplary embodiment;
[0005] Figure 2 is a partial view of a wellbore in accordance with an exemplary embodiment;
[0006] Figure 3 is a perspective view of a downhole hanger assembly in accordance with an exemplary embodiment;
[0007] Figure 4A is an exposed view of a downhole hanger assembly in accordance with a first exemplary embodiment;
[0008] Figure 4B is an exposed view of a downhole hanger assembly in accordance with a second exemplary embodiment;
[0009] Figure 5 is an enlarged view of two sets of slips in the deployed state in accordance with a first exemplary embodiment; and
[0010] Figure 6 is a flowchart for a method for installing, using and removing one or more downhole hanger assemblies in accordance with an exemplary embodiment.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0011] It will be appreciated that for simplicity and clarity of illustration, where appropriate, reference numerals have been repeated among the different figures to indicate corresponding or analogous elements. In addition, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the embodiments described herein. However, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that the embodiments described herein can be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, methods, procedures and components have not been described in detail so as not to obscure the related relevant feature being described. The drawings are not necessarily to scale and the proportions of certain parts can be exaggerated to better illustrate details and features. The description is not to be considered as limiting the scope of the embodiments described herein.
[0012] The term "coupled" is defined as connected, whether directly or indirectly through intervening components, and is not necessarily limited to physical connections. The term "substantially" is defined to be essentially conforming to the particular dimension, shape or other word that substantially modifies, such that the component need not be exact. For example, substantially rectangular means that the object in question resembles a rectangle, but can have one or more deviations from a true rectangle. The phrase "wellbore tubular" is defined as one or more types of connected tubulars as known in the art, and can include, but is not limited to, drill pipe, landing string, tubing, production tubing, jointed tubing, coiled tubing, casings, liners, combinations thereof, or the like. The term "transceiver" is defined as a combination of a transmitter/receiver in one package but can include a separate transmitter and a separate receiver in one or more packages.
[0013] The present disclosure relates to a downhole hanger assembly having a downhole hanger and a telemetry unit which can be used for replacement of a telemetry unit of a telemetry system. For example, one or more telemetry units provided in a wellbore can become inoperable. According to the present disclosure, replacement can be conducted without removing a communication string, tubular and/or other string having telemetry units and then reinstalling such string, thereby saving intensive time and expense associated with removal and reinstallation. One non-limiting example of a telemetry system includes DynaLink ® Telemetry System by Halliburton of Houston, Texas.
[0014] In the course of completing an oil and/or gas well, a wellbore is drilled from the earth's surface into a subterranean production zone. Often included in the downhole apparatus are a variety of tool assemblies to perform tasks associated with drilling, completion, and maintenance of the wellbore. For example, tool assemblies comprising downhole sensors can be attached to a wellbore tubular to measure various wellbore and subterranean formation parameters including, but not limited to, pressure, temperature, resistivity, and/or porosity. The measurement results can provide important information for an operator on the surface of a rig site to make fielddevelopment decisions. To communicate with the one or more tool assemblies, one or more corresponding telemetry units can be communicatively coupled with the one or more tool assemblies. One approach of downhole tool deployment is to attach one or more downhole tool assemblies and one or more telemetry units to the outside of a wellbore tubular at the surface, and then lower them into the subterranean wellbore together.
[0015] Referring to Figure 1, a wellbore operating environment in accordance with an exemplary is illustrated. As shown, the operating environment comprises a workover and/or drilling rig 106 that is positioned on the earth's surface 104 and extends over and around a wellbore 114 that penetrates a subterranean formation 102 for the purpose of recovering hydrocarbons. The wellbore 114 can be drilled into the subterranean formation 102 using any suitable drilling technique. As shown, the wellbore 114 extends substantially vertically away from the earth's surface 104 over a vertical wellbore portion 116, deviates from vertical relative to the earth's surface 104 over a deviated wellbore portion 136, and transitions to a horizontal wellbore portion 118. In alternative operating environments, all or portions of a wellbore 114 can be vertical, deviated at any suitable angle, horizontal, and/or curved. The wellbore 114 can be a new wellbore, an existing wellbore, a straight wellbore, an extended reach wellbore, a sidetracked wellbore, a multi-lateral wellbore, and other types of wellbores for drilling and completing one or more production zones. Further, the wellbore 114 can be used for both producing wells and injection wells. The wellbore 114 can also be used for purposes other than hydrocarbon production such as geothermal recovery and the like. Moreover, use of directional terms such as above, below, upper, lower, upward, downward, uphole, downhole, and the like are used in relation to the illustrative embodiments as they are depicted in the figures, the upward direction being toward the top of the corresponding figure and the downward direction being toward the bottom of the corresponding figures, the uphole direction being toward the surface of the well and the downhole direction being toward the toe or bottom of the wellbore 114; these directions are merely illustrative in nature and do not limit the scope of the disclosure.
[0016] A wellbore tubular 120 can be lowered into the subterranean formation 102 for a variety of drilling, completion, workover, treatment, and/or production processes throughout the life of the wellbore. The wellbore tubular 120 can include those provided in the wellbore during completion operations, where hydrocarbon is withdrawn through the wellbore tubular 120 from producing formations. The wellbore tubular 120 can operate in any of the wellbore orientations (e.g., vertical, deviated, horizontal, and/or curved) and/or types described herein. The wellbore can include a wellbore casing 112, which can be cemented into place in at least a portion of the wellbore 114.
[0017] The workover and/or drilling rig 106 can include a derrick 108 with a rig floor 110 through which the wellbore tubular 120 extends downward from the drilling rig 106 into the wellbore 114. The workover and/or drilling rig 106 can include a motor driven winch and other associated equipment for conveying the wellbore tubular 120 into the wellbore 114 to position the wellbore tubular 120 at a selected depth. While the operating environment depicted in Figure 1 refers to a stationary workover and/or drilling rig 106 for conveying the wellbore tubular 120 within a land-based wellbore 114, or alternatively, mobile workover rigs, wellbore servicing units (such as coiled tubing units), and the like can be used to convey the wellbore tubular 120 within the wellbore 1 14. It should be understood that a wellbore tubular 120 can alternatively be used in other operational environments, such as within an offshore wellbore operational environment.
[0018] One or more downhole tool assemblies 122 can be coupled with the wellbore tubular 120 within the wellbore 114. One or more telemetry units 124 can be coupled with the wellbore tubular 120 within the wellbore 114. Typically, the one or more tool assemblies 122 and the one or more telemetry units 124 are coupled on the outside of the wellbore tubular 120 using one or more straps or other means known to one of ordinary skill in the art. Each downhole tool assembly 122 is communicatively coupled with one or more telemetry units 124. Each downhole tool assembly 122 can have a corresponding telemetry unit 124 and/or a single telemetry unit can communicate with one or more downhole tool assemblies 122. Often, performing an operation in the wellbore 114 can require a plurality of different downhole tools. For example, in the completion of a well, a sampling device can sometimes be deployed downhole to collect hydrocarbon samples in a production zone.
[0019] Referring to Figure 2, a partial view of a wellbore in accordance with an exemplary embodiment is illustrated. As shown, a wellbore casing 112, the wellbore 114 can include the wellbore tubular 120, an annulus 204, one or more downhole tool assemblies 122, one or more telemetry units 124 of a telemetry system 208 and one or more downhole hanger assemblies 210. The one or more telemetry units 124 of the telemetry system 208 are coupled with an exterior wall of a tubing section of the wellbore tubular 120 using one or more straps or other means known to one of ordinary skill in the art. When one or more of the telemetry units 124 of the telemetry system 208 stops working, a downhole hanger assembly 210 having a telemetry unit 212 can be lowered into the wellbore tubular 120. The telemetry unit 212 of the downhole hanger assembly 210 can be used to "replace" the nonworking telemetry unit 124 of the telemetry system 208 as explained below in more detail. The telemetry unit 212 of the downhole hanger assembly 210 can be the same type of telemetry unit 124 of the telemetry system 208 or can be a different type than the telemetry unit 124 of the telemetry system 208. Typically, the telemetry units 124, 212 are acoustic telemetry systems. Alternatively, other types of telemetry systems can be used, such as radio frequency based telemetry systems. The telemetry units 124, 212 can receive data from one or more tool assemblies 122, such as sensors, and/or from other telemetry units 124, 212. The telemetry units 124, 212 can include a processor and code that is tangibly embodied on a computer-readable medium. The processor can execute the code to cause the telemetry units 124, 212 to analyze the signals and output control signals, a display, alarms, or otherwise, in response to the analysis. The telemetry units 124, 212 can transmit data to one or more tool assemblies 122 and/or to other telemetry units 124, 212. The tool assemblies 122 can be communicatively coupled with one or more telemetry units 124. Alternatively, one or more downhole hanger assemblies 208 can be used when the wellbore 114 does not include a telemetry system 208 or is used to replace an inoperable telemetry system 208.
[0020] Referring to Figure 3, a perspective view of a downhole hanger assembly in accordance with an exemplary embodiment is illustrated. As shown, the downhole hanger assembly 210 includes a downhole hanger 302 and an adapter 304 coupled with the downhole hanger 302. For example, the downhole hanger 302 can be a high-expansion gauge hanger by Halliburton of Houston, Texas. Alternatively, other downhole hangers 302 can be used, such as a liner hanger, other gauge hangers or a vessel capable of being lowered downhole and being positioned within the wellbore 114. The downhole hanger 302 includes a first end 306 and a second end 308, opposite the first end 306. A body 310 couples the first end 306 with the second end 308. The adapter 304 includes a first end 312 and a second end 314 with a telemetry unit 212 (not shown) residing in the adapter 304. As shown, the first end 306 of the downhole hanger 302 includes a male coupler 312 at about the distal end and the second end 308 of the downhole hanger 302 includes a female coupler (not shown) at about the distal end. The first end 312 of the adapter 304 includes a male coupler (not shown) at about the distal end and the second end 314 of the adapter 304 includes a female coupler at about the distal end. One or more adapters 304 can be coupled with the downhole hanger 302. For example, an adapter 304 can be coupled with the second end 308 of the downhole hanger 302. For a downhole hanger assembly 210 having multiple adapters 304, a first adapter 304 can be coupled with the second end 308 of the downhole hanger 302 with a second adapter 304 coupled with the second end 312 of the first adapter 304 and so on. Alternatively, a first adapter 304 can be coupled with the first end 306 of the downhole hanger 302 and a second adapter 304 can be coupled with the second end 308 of the downhole hanger 302. Alternatively, a downhole hanger assembly 210 can include one or more telemetry units 212 residing within the downhole hanger 302.
[0021] Referring to Figure 4A, an exposed view of a downhole hanger assembly in accordance with a first exemplary embodiment is illustrated. As shown, the downhole hanger assembly 210 comprises a downhole hanger 302 and an adapter 304. The downhole hanger 302 can be coupled with an adapter 304 using a coupler, connection or mating system as known in the art. For example, the downhole hanger 302 can include a male coupler 402 at the first end 306 and a female coupler 404 at the second end 308. Similarly, the adapter 304 can include a male coupler 406 at the first end 312 and a female coupler 408 at the second end 314. The downhole hanger 302 can be coupled with the telemetry component 304 via the female coupler 404 of the downhole hanger 302 coupling with the male coupler 406 of the adapter 304. As shown, the downhole hanger assembly 210 includes one or more sets of slips 410 in a stored state.
[0022] Referring to Figure 4B, an exposed view of a downhole hanger assembly in accordance with a second exemplary embodiment is illustrated. As shown, the downhole hanger assembly 210 comprises a downhole hanger 302 with a telemetry unit 212 residing within the downhole hanger 302. Although the telemetry unit 212 is shown at an end of the downhole hanger 302, the telemetry unit 212 can be located anywhere within the downhole hanger 302 where there is an accommodating space. For example, the telemetry unit 212 can be located at about the middle of the downhole hanger 302 between the sets of slips 410. The downhole hanger 302 can include a male coupler 402 at the first end 306 and a female coupler 404 at the second end 308. As shown, the downhole hanger assembly 210 includes one or more sets of slips 410 in a stored state.
[0023] Referring to Figure 5, an enlarged view of a set of slips in a deployed state in accordance with an exemplary embodiment is illustrated. As shown, the set of slips 410 can include gripper pads 412 having teeth 414 to engage with an interior wall of the wellbore tubular 120. To install the downhole hanger assembly 210, a line, such as, a cable, slickline or e-line can be used. The line can include an install tool, as known in the industry, at the down-hole end of the line. For example, a downhole power unit (DPU ® ) install tool, commercially available by Halliburton Energy Services, Inc., can be used to install the downhole hanger assembly 210. The install tool can be a non-explosive install tool, such as a non-explosive DPU ® install tool. The install tool can be communicatively and detachably coupled with a downhole hanger assembly 210. For example, the install tool can include a female coupler at a distal end with the female coupler coupled with a male coupler 402 of the downhole hanger assembly 210. The downhole hanger assembly 210 can be lowered into the wellbore tubular 120 and when the downhole hanger assembly 210 reaches a desired depth, the install tool can deploy the one or more sets of slips 410 as known in the art. For example, when the sets of slips 410 are deployed, the sets of slips 410 extend the gripper pads 412 towards an interior wall of a tubing section of the wellbore tubular 120. This process can be controlled with the gripper pads 412 engaging the interior wall softly.
[0024] To install the downhole hanger assembly 210, the install tool causes a threaded core rod 416 to move linearly which causes the one or more slip sets 410 to extend outwardly with the gripper pads 412 engaging the interior wall of the wellbore tubular 120. In response to the movement of the threaded core rod 416, one or more corresponding springs 418 are tightened thereby causing the corresponding gripper pads 412 of a set of slips 410 to expand outwardly and engage the interior wall of a tubing section of the wellbore tubular 120. Upon deployment of the one or more sets of slips 410, the downhole hanger assembly 210 can be self-centered with respect to the wellbore tubular 120 with substantially equal force being distributed by the gripper pads 412 against the interior wall of a tubing section of the wellbore tubular 120.
[0025] To remove the downhole hanger assembly 300, a line, such as, a cable, slickline, or eline can be used. The line can include a pulling tool, as known in the industry, at the down-hole end of the line. The pulling tool can be communicatively and detachably coupled with the downhole hanger assembly 210. For example, the pulling tool can include a female coupler at a distal end with the female coupler coupled with a male coupler 402 of the downhole hanger assembly 210. The pulling tool can apply a pulling force to a pull rod 420 as known in the art. The pulling force releases one or more corresponding shear pins 420 of the downhole hanger 302, which causes the corresponding springs 408 to release. As a result, the one or more sets of slips 410 return to their stored state. Then, the line can be pulled and the coupled downhole hanger assembly 210 can be removed.
[0026] Referring to Figure 6, a flowchart for a method for communicating data via an umbilical in accordance with an exemplary embodiment is illustrated. The exemplary method 600 is provided by way of example, as there are a variety of ways to carry out the method. The method 600 described below can be carried out using the configurations illustrated in Figures 1-5 by way of example, and various elements of this figure are referenced in explaining exemplary method 600. Each block shown in Figure 6 represents one or more processes, methods or subroutines, carried out in the exemplary method 600. The exemplary method 600 can begin at block 602.
[0027] At block 602, a downhole hanger assembly can be elected to be installed in the wellbore. For example, a telemetry unit 124 in a telemetry system 208 can stop working or if data needs to be transmitted uphole and/or transmitted downhole, a downhole hanger assembly 300 can be installed. For the former, a telemetry unit 124 in a telemetry system 208 can stop working if a battery associated with the telemetry unit 124 needs to be replaced. For the latter, it can be desirable to install one or more downhole hanger assemblies 210 to transmit data uphole and/or downhole. For example, a tool, such as a sensor, can already be installed but no telemetry system 208 is in place, thus one or more downhole hanger assemblies 210 can be installed. After electing to install a downhole hanger assembly in the wellbore tubular 120, the method 600 can proceed to block 604.
[0028] At block 604, a downhole hanger assembly is lowered downhole. For example, a line, such as a cable, slickline or e-line, can be coupled with an installer tool which is coupled with a downhole hanger assembly 210. The downhole hanger assembly 210 can be lowered into the wellbore tubular 120 until a desired depth is reached. The desired depth can be at about where an existing telemetry unit 124 stopped working or where a known tool assembly 122 is located. After reaching the desired depth, the method 600 can proceed to block 606.
[0029] At block 606, the downhole hanger assembly can be set. For example, the install tool can cause one or more sets of slips 410 to be deployed securing the downhole hanger assembly 210 to an interior wall of a tubing section of wellbore tubular 120. After setting the downhole hanger assembly, the method 600 can proceed to block 604.
[0030] At block 608, a determination is made if more downhole hanger assemblies need to be installed. For example, if one or more telemetry units 124 of the telemetry system 208 are not working, one or more downhole hanger assemblies 210 can be installed. If the downhole hanger assemblies 210 are being used to transmit data to and/or from one or more downhole tools 122, additional downhole hanger assemblies 210 can be installed. When installing multiple downhole hanger assemblies 210, the downhole hanger assemblies 210 are installed with the lowest being installed first and working uphole. In some cases, a lower downhole hanger assembly 210 can be installed even though a corresponding telemetry unit 124 is currently working to ensure that the set downhole hanger assemblies 210 do not need to be removed later if a lower telemetry unit 124 stops working. If one or more downhole hanger assemblies 210 need to be installed, the method 600 can proceed to block 604. If no more downhole hanger assemblies need to be installed, the method 600 can proceed to block 610.
[0031] At block 610, one or more telemetry units of the installed downhole hanger assemblies are initiated. For example, a command can be sent downhole, via telemetry, to get one or more of the telemetry units 212 of the one or more installed downhole hanger assemblies 210 online. The telemetry units 212 in the installed downhole hanger assemblies 210 can be self-healing as known in the art. For example, the telemetry unit 212 of an installed downhole hanger assembly 210 can determine what data from one or more tools and/or from one or more telemetry units 212, 122 the telemetry unit 212 should pass uphole or downhole. Alternatively, each telemetry unit 212, 122 is given a unique address. For example, if a telemetry unit 212 of a downhole hanger assembly 210 is replacing an inoperable telemetry unit 122 (e.g., located externally to the wellbore tubular 120) the telemetry unit 212 of the downhole hanger assembly 210 is given the address of the inoperable telemetry unit 122. If the telemetry unit 212 of the downhole hanger assembly 210 is being used to supplement the existing telemetry units 122, the telemetry unit 212 of the downhole hanger assembly 210 is given a different address. Then the telemetry units 212, 122 above and below the new telemetry unit 212 of the downhole hanger assembly 210 are instructed to listen and respond to information from this telemetry unit 212. After initiation of the one or more telemetry units, the method 600 can proceed to block 612.
[0032] At block 612, data is received and transmitted. For example, a telemetry unit 212 of an installed downhole hanger assembly 210 receives data and transmits the data. The transmission can be uphole or downhole. For example, if a command is received for a tool 122 that is downhole from the downhole hanger assembly 210, the telemetry unit 212 of the downhole hanger assembly 210 transmits the command downhole to another telemetry unit 212, 122. If the command is for a tool assembly 122 associated with the downhole hanger assembly 210, the telemetry unit 212 of the downhole hanger assembly 210 transmits the command to the associated tool assembly 122. If the data is received from a downhole telemetry unit 212, 122, the received data can be transmitted uphole. If data is received from a tool assembly 122, e.g., a sensor, associated with the downhole hanger assembly 210, the telemetry unit 212 of the downhole hanger assembly 210 can transmit the data uphole. After transmitting the data, the method 600 can proceed to block 614.
[0033] At block 614, a pulling tool is coupled to the set downhole hanger assembly. For example, a pulling tool is lowered down the wellbore tubular 120 using a cable, slickline, e-line or other line and detachably couples with a set downhole hanger assembly 210. More specifically, a coupler, e.g., a female coupler, of the pulling tool couples with the male coupler 402 of the set downhole hanger assembly 210. After coupling a pulling tool to the set downhole hanger assembly, the method 600 can proceed to block 616.
[0034] At block 616, a pulling force is applied to the set downhole hanger assembly. For example, a pulling force is applied to the set downhole hanger assembly 210 by the pulling tool thereby causing the one or more sets of slips 410 to return to their stored state. After applying the pulling force to the set downhole hanger assembly, the method 600 can proceed to block 618.
[0035] At block 618, the downhole hanger assembly is pulled from the wellbore tubular. For example, the line, such as a cable, slickline, or e-line having the pulling tool coupled with the downhole hanger assembly 210 is pulled from the wellbore tubular 120.
[0036] The embodiments shown and described above are only examples. Therefore, many details are neither shown nor described. Even though numerous characteristics and advantages of the present technology have been set forth in the foregoing description, together with details of the structure and function of the present disclosure, the disclosure is illustrative only, and changes can be made in the detail, especially in matters of shape, size and arrangement of the parts within the principles of the present disclosure to the full extent indicated by the broad general meaning of the terms used in the attached claims. It will therefore be appreciated that the embodiments described above can be modified within the scope of the appended claims.
STATEMENTS OF THE DISCLOSURE INCLUDE:
[0037] Statement 1: a method comprising lowering a downhole hanger assembly comprising a telemetry unit into a wellbore tubular and setting the downhole hanger against an interior wall of the wellbore tubular.
[0038] Statement 2: the method according to Statement 1, wherein the downhole hanger assembly comprises a downhole hanger and a telemetry unit.
[0039] Statement 3: the method according to Statement 1, wherein the downhole hanger assembly comprises a downhole hanger coupled with a telemetry component having a telemetry unit within the telemetry component.
[0040] Statement 4: the method according to Statement 1, further comprising receiving data, by the telemetry unit of the set downhole hanger assembly, from at least one of another telemetry unit located downhole from the set downhole hanger assembly or from a tool assembly located outside of the wellbore tubular and transmitting, by the telemetry unit of the set downhole hanger assembly, the received data uphole.
[0041] Statement 5: the method according to Statement 4, wherein the received data is from one of a telemetry unit located outside of the wellbore tubular or a telemetry unit located inside of the wellbore tubular.
[0042] Statement 6: the method according to Statement 4, wherein the transmitted data is transmitted to one of a telemetry unit located outside the wellbore tubular or a telemetry unit located inside of the wellbore tubular.
[0043] Statement 7: the method according to Statement 4, wherein the tool assembly is a sensor.
[0044] Statement 8: the method according to Statement 1, wherein lowering the downhole hanger assembly further comprises lowering a line having an install tool detachably coupled with the downhole hanger assembly.
[0045] Statement 9: the method according to Statement 8, wherein setting the downhole hanger assembly further comprises causing one or more slips of the downhole hanger assembly to extend outwardly and contact an interior wall of the wellbore tubular to set the downhole hanger assembly.
[0046] Statement 10: the method according to Statement 8, wherein the install tool is a nonexplosive install tool.
[0047] Statement 11: a downhole hanger assembly comprising a downhole hanger and a telemetry unit.
[0048] Statement 12: the downhole hanger assembly according to Statement 11, wherein the telemetry unit resides within the downhole hanger.
[0049] Statement 13: the downhole hanger assembly according to Statement 11, wherein the telemetry unit resides in a telemetry component which is coupled with the downhole hanger.
[0050] Statement 14: the downhole hanger assembly according to Statement 11, wherein the downhole hanger comprises one or more sets of slips configured to contact and set the downhole hanger assembly against an interior wall of a wellbore tubular.
[0051] Statement 15: a wellbore tubular comprising at least one tubing section of a wellbore tubular, the at least one tubing section having an interior wall and an exterior wall and one or more downhole hanger assemblies set against the interior wall of the tubing section, each downhole hanger assembly comprising: a downhole hanger and a telemetry unit.
[0052] Statement 16: the wellbore tubular according to Statement 15, wherein the telemetry unit resides in the downhole hanger.
[0053] Statement 17: the wellbore tubular according to Statement 15, wherein the telemetry unit resides in a telemetry component which is coupled with the downhole hanger.
[0054] Statement 18: the wellbore tubular according to Statement 15, wherein each telemetry unit is configured to receive data, by the telemetry unit of the set downhole hanger assembly, from at least one of another telemetry unit located downhole from the set downhole hanger assembly or from a tool assembly located outside of the wellbore tubular and transmitting, by the telemetry unit of the set downhole hanger assembly, the received data uphole.
[0055] Statement 19: the wellbore tubular according to Statement 15, wherein the received data is from one of a telemetry unit located outside of the wellbore tubular or a telemetry unit located inside of the wellbore tubular.
[0056] Statement 20: the wellbore tubular according to Statement 15, wherein the transmitted data is transmitted to one of a telemetry unit located outside the wellbore tubular or a telemetry unit located inside of the wellbore tubular.
What is claimed is:
1.
A method comprising:
lowering a downhole hanger assembly comprising a telemetry unit into a wellbore tubular; and setting the downhole hanger against an interior wall of the wellbore tubular.
2. The method of claim 1wherein the downhole hanger assembly comprises a downhole hanger and a telemetry unit.
3. The method of claim 1wherein the downhole hanger assembly comprises a downhole hanger coupled with a telemetry component having a telemetry unit within the telemetry component.
4.
The method of claim 1further
comprising:
receiving data, by the telemetry unit of the set downhole hanger assembly, from at least one of another telemetry unit located downhole from the set downhole hanger assembly or from a tool assembly located outside of the wellbore tubular; and transmitting, by the telemetry unit of the set downhole hanger assembly, the received data uphole.
5. The method of claim 4 wherein the received data is from one of a telemetry unit located outside of the wellbore tubular or a telemetry unit located inside of the wellbore tubular.
6. The method of claim 4 wherein the transmitted data is transmitted to one of a telemetry unit located outside the wellbore tubular or a telemetry unit located inside of the wellbore tubular.
7. The method of claim 4 wherein the tool assembly is a sensor.
8.
The method of claim 1 wherein lowering the downhole hanger assembly further
comprises lowering a line having an
install tool detachably coupled with the downhole hanger assembly.
9.
The method of claim 8 wherein
setting the downhole hanger assembly further comprises
causing one
or more slips
of the downhole hanger assembly interior wall of the wellbore tubular
to extend outwardly and contact
an to
set the downhole hanger assembly.
10.
The method of claim 8 wherein the install tool
11.
is a non-explosive install
A downhole hanger assembly comprising:
a downhole hanger; and a telemetry
unit.
12.
The downhole hanger assembly of claim 11 wherein the telemetry unit resides within the
downhole hanger.
13.
The downhole hanger assembly of claim
telemetry component which
11
wherein the telemetry unit resides is
coupled with the downhole hanger.
14.
The downhole hanger assembly of claim
11
wherein the downhole hanger comprises one or more
sets of
slips configured
to contact and
interior wall of a wellbore tubular.
15. A wellbore tubular comprising:
at least
one tubing section of a wellbore tubular, the
interior wall and an
the downhole hanger assembly against an
at least
one tubing section having
an exterior
wall;
and one
or more downhole hanger assemblies set
section, each downhole hanger assembly comprising:
a downhole hanger; and a telemetry
unit.
against the interior wall of the tubing set
tool.
ina
16. The wellbore tubular of claim 15 wherein the telemetry unit resides in the downhole hanger.
17. The wellbore tubular of claim 15 wherein the telemetry unit resides in a telemetry component which is coupled with the downhole hanger.
18. The wellbore tubular of claim 15 wherein each telemetry unit is configured to: receive data, by the telemetry unit of the set downhole hanger assembly, from at least one of another telemetry unit located downhole from the set downhole hanger assembly or from a tool assembly located outside of the wellbore tubular; and
transmitting, by the telemetry unit of the set downhole hanger assembly, the received data uphole.
19. The wellbore tubular of claim 18 wherein the received data is from one of a telemetry unit located outside of the wellbore tubular or a telemetry unit located inside of the wellbore tubular.
20. The wellbore tubular of claim 18 wherein the transmitted data is transmitted to one of a telemetry unit located outside the wellbore tubular or a telemetry unit located inside of the wellbore tubular.
A .
CLASSIFICATION OF SUBJECT MATTER
E21B 47/01(2006.01)i, E21B 47/12(2006.01)i, E21B 47/13(2012.01)i
According to International Patent Classification (IPC) or to both national classification and IPC
B. FIELDS SEARCHED
Minimum documentation searched (classification system followed by classification symbols)
E21B 47/01; E21B 47/00; E21B 47/06; E21B 47/16; E21B 33/13; E21B 7/06; E21B 4/18; E21B 23/03; E21B 47/12; E21B47/13
Documentation searched other than minimum documentation to the extent that such documents are included in the fields searched
Japanese utility models and applications for utility models
Korean utility models and applications for utility models
Electronic data base consulted during the international search (name of data base and, where practicable, search terms used) eKOMPASS(KIPO internal) & Keywords: wellbore, activate, sensor, control, hanger, downhole-assembly, telemetry, and unit
DOCUMENTS CONSIDERED TO BE RELEVANT
I I
Further documents are listed in the continuation of BoxC.
See patent family annex.
* Special categories of cited documents:
"E" earlier application or patent but published on or after the international filing date
"A" document defining the general state of the art which is not considered to be of particular relevance
"L" document which may throw doubts on priority claim(s) or which is cited to establish the publication date of another citation or other special reason (as specified)
"P" document published prior to the international filing date but later than the priority date claimed
"O" document referring to an oral disclosure, use, exhibition or other means
Date of the actual completion of the international search
26February 2016 (26.02.2016)
Name and mailing address of the ISA/KR
Korean Intellectual Property Office
International Application Division
189
Republic of Korea
Cheongsa-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon Metropolitan City,
"T" later document published after the international filing date or priority date and not in conflict with the application but cited to understand the principle or theory underlying the invention
"Y" document of particular relevance; the claimed invention cannot be considered to involve an inventive step when the document is combined with one or more other such documents,such combination being obvious to a person skilled in the art
"X" document of particular relevance; the claimed invention cannot be considered novel or cannot be considered to involve an inventive step when the document is taken alone
"&" document member of the same patent family
Date of mailing of the international search report
26 February 2016 (26.02.2016)
Authorized officer
HWANG, Chan Yoon
Telephone No. +82-42-481-3347
35208,
Information on patent family members
PCT/US2015/034059 | <urn:uuid:ac1d9355-6ff1-413c-9409-b1bd6f9dfd98> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 42,610 |
PRESSEMITTEILUNG
Frankfurt am Main, September 2016
International Choir Frankfurt führt J. S. Bachs h-Moll Messe auf
Konzert am 15. Oktober 2016: Hommage an den Genius von Johann Sebastian Bach
Frankfurt. Seit 1984 gehört der ICF mit seinen rund 100 aktiven Sängerinnen und Sängern zu den großen Konzertchören der Region. Für die meisten ist das Singen ambitioniertes Hobby, dem die professionelle Leitung von Wolfgang Grimm künstlerisch und musikalisch Flügel verleiht. Nicht zu überhören bei den bislang aufgeführten Werken – von Mozarts ‚Requiem', Puccinis ‚Messa di Gloria' bis Händels ‚Der Messias'. Im Oktober wagt sich der Chor nun an die Aufführung von Bachs gewaltiger ‚h-Moll-Messe', die eine Entstehungszeit von 25 Jahren hinter sich hat und eine 2-stündige Aufführungszeit einnimmt. Eine Herausforderung, der man mit Herzblut und Engagement begegnet. In diesem Sinne ebenso eine Konzertbesonderheit 2016: der selbst auf Spenden angewiesene gemeinnützige Verein sammelt mit dem Verkauf seiner Konzertkarten Geld für eine gute Sache. 1 Euro jeder Eintrittskarte geht an den neuen Palliativ Care-Wohnbereich ‚Pallium' des Seniorenstiftes Hohenwald.
Die h-Moll-Messe von Johann Sebastian Bach lässt den Zuhörer alle Höhen und Tiefen des menschlichen Daseins durchleben – von tiefer Verzweiflung und Einsamkeit bis hin zu innigem Glück und strahlender Freude. Franz Liszt taufte Bachs Werk mit den Worten: „Der Mont Blanc der Kirchenmusik" und auch Haydn und Beethoven erklärten sich zu offenen Bewunderern – letzterer mit dem süffisanten Kommentar „Nicht Bach, Meer sollte er heißen". Und tatsächlich, von der Romantik bis zur Gegenwart trug
Ihr Kontakt für Rückfragen: Margarete Post Mobil (0176)102 41 616 email@example.com
ICF e.V.
International Choir Frankfurt
Friedberger Anlage 20 60316 Frankfurt am Main
Telefon (069) 62 94 29 firstname.lastname@example.org www.internationalchoir.de
Vorstand: Margarete Post Annett Warnke Wolfgang Grimm
Frankfurter Volksbank eG DE37 5019 0000 0000 1566 04
dieses gewaltige Werk wie kein anderes den Ruhm Bachs in alle Welt. Es zählt zu den bedeutendsten musikalischen Schöpfungen des 18. Jahrhunderts. Mit der h-Moll Messe hat sich der 32 Jahre junge ICF ein Chorstück vorgenommen, das einer Mission gleichkommt. Und dieser werden die 100 Sängerinnen und Sänger am 15. Oktober in der Liebfrauenkirche auditiv leidenschaftlich Leben einhauchen. Rund 9 Monate probte der Chor unter höchster Konzentration und mit Grimms agilem Ansporn. „Wir fiebern alle dem Konzert entgegen, hat uns doch in all den Jahren ein Werk selten derart in Anspruch genommen und auch manchmal an unsere Grenzen gebracht", berichtet Grimm mit einem Lächeln. Er ist stolz auf seine Truppe, daraus macht er gar keinen Hehl. Denn die gesangliche Güte, die von den ausnahmslos als Laiensänger tätigen Chormitgliedern mittlerweile präsentiert wird, ist bemerkenswert.
Für Bach selbst war die h-Moll-Messe tatsächlich seine persönliche Missa. In seinen letzten Lebensjahren hat er sie zusammengefasst und die fehlenden Teile aus
vorhandenen Musikstücken – vor allem aus Kantaten - via Zerlegen, Umtexten und
Umgestalten neu kombiniert. Ein profundes Können, das der International Choir
Frankfurt in moderner Carus-Fassung aufführen wird.
Wolfgang Grimm hat sein Können seit 1984 u. a. in den Dienst des ICF gestellt. Er gründete den Chor und leitet ihn bis dato auf sehr hohem musikalischen Niveau und
mit außerordentlicher Professionalität. Auf Grund seiner besonderen Begabung wurde er nämlich bereits mit 16 Jahren zum Studium an der Staatlichen Hochschule für Musik
und Darstellende Kunst in Frankfurt am Main zugelassen.
So hat der Chor unter seiner künstlerischen Führung viele bedeutende Werke der
Chorliteratur aufgeführt, u.a.:
Johannes Brahms – Ein deutsches Requiem
Joseph Haydn – Die Jahreszeiten, Die Schöpfung
Gioachino Rossini – Stabat Mater und Petite Messe Solennelle
Felix Mendelssohn-Bartholdy – Symphonie Nr. 2 (Lobgesang), Paulus
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart – Requiem
Franz Schubert – Messe in Es-dur
J.S. Bach – Weihnachtsoratorium, Kantaten I-III
Giacomo Puccini – Messa di Gloria
Im Alltag aktiv als Kirchenmusiker und Inhaber des Organistenamtes der Evangelisch Reformierten Gemeinde im Westend, setzt er seine Musik als kreatives Bindeglied für Menschen und mit Menschen ein. Die Initiative ‚Raus aus dem Büro, rein in die Kirche' bietet den Beschäftigten der umliegenden Banken dienstags für die Mittagspause entspannende Orgelmusik zur Inspiration an. Und jeden Mittwoch wird offiziell zum ‚Lunchbreak' in der Kirche eingeladen – musikalische Schmankerl inklusive, versteht sich. Da nimmt es nicht wunder, dass der International Choir Frankfurt anlässlich seines großen Konzertes mit einer Spendenaktion auf ein menschennahes Engagement aufmerksam machen möchte. Obwohl sich der Chor selbst ausschließlich über Spenden und Mitgliedsbeiträge finanziert. „Als wir von der Eröffnung des Wohnbereichs Pallium im Seniorenstift Hohenwald hörten, waren wir beeindruckt von dem Konzept, das im Rhein-Main-Gebiet bislang einmalig ist. Da wollten wir uns gerne im Rahmen unserer Kunst und unseren Möglichkeiten beteiligen. Musik schafft Verbindung und die inhaltliche Dynamik der h-Moll-Messe schien uns das passende Thema zu der PalliumIdee zu sein, " erklärt Grimm das Engagement. De facto finden Schwerstkranke und Sterbende sowie deren Angehörige im Pallium ein liebevolles letztes Zuhause, in dem ihnen eine ganzheitlich integrierte Palliativversorgung zur Verfügung steht. 9 Einzelzimmer, ein offener Wohn- und Küchenbereich mit Kamin und Terrasse, ein Raum der Erinnerung und ein Raum für Musik-, Kunst- oder Gesprächstherapie ermöglichen ein individuelles Begleiten.
In eigener Sache tritt der ICF ab Oktober mit einer Suchaktion nach ‚Löwenstimmen' an die Öffentlichkeit. Der Chor sucht Männernachwuchs, insbesondere im Tenor und Bass und hat sich dazu eine ins Auge fallende Kampagne ausgedacht. Der Startschuss wird mit dem Konzert am 15. Oktober fallen und vielleicht bewegt es den ein oder anderen gesangsfreudigen Mann schon mal vorab zum Schnuppern in die Liebfrauenkirche. Motto: „A Lions Voice? Join us!" – wir dürfen gespannt sein.
Konzertdaten und Fakten in Kürze:
J. S. Bach Messe in h-Moll
15. Oktober 2016
19.30 Uhr
Liebfrauenkirche Frankfurt
Schärfengässchen 3 (Liebfrauenberg)
Musikalische Leitung: Wolfgang Grimm
Sopran: Miyuko Matsumoto
Alt: Britta Jacobus
Tenor: Christian Dietz
Bass: Christoph Kögel
Consortium Musicum Frankfurt
International Choir Frankfurt
Eintritt 25 Euro/ermäßigt 20 Euro
1 Euro jeder verkauften Karte kommt als Spende dem neuen Wohnbereich Pallium des Seniorenstiftes Hohenwald zugute.
Kartenverkauf: Frankfurt Ticket, Hauptwache B-Ebene, Abendkasse und im Internet
Weitere Informationen gibt es unter www.internationalchoir.de | <urn:uuid:54e86b8c-b4de-4c61-b20b-d5682c0dd0b3> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/deu_Latn/train | finepdfs | deu_Latn | 6,857 |
REPORT OF ANNUAL REVIEW OF OVERALL USE OF FORCE (UOF)
Pursuant to Section 7.6 of the Attorney General’s Use of Force Policy, each law enforcement executive is required to perform an annual review of overall UOF incidents in their department. A written report documenting that review must be submitted to the County Prosecutor. This report form must be completed by January 31 of each year and submitted to the Gloucester County Prosecutor’s Office via the Professional Standards Unit.
Department:
1. Full analytical report of all available data points on UOF from Benchmark Analytics.
Attached: ✔
2. Summary of audit of body worn cameras and other videos on a risk-based and randomly selected basis conducted by department for UOF. This may a Guardian report, ProPhoenix report, or any other departmental report.
Attached: ✔
3. List of Infoshare numbers for IA complaints for UOF.
Numbers: No IA complaints for UOF
4. Analytical report of data point for meaningful review of UOF being applied without discrimination based on one of the listed protected classes from ProPhoenix.
Attached: ✔
5. Briefly note any issue identified and action taken.
Narrative: See attached reports for complete details
If more space is needed, attach additional sheet.
Submitted by:
Name: John Craig
Title: Lieutenant
Date: 1/6/2023
1/6/2023
Gloucester County Prosecutor’s Office Professional Standards Unit,
Per the New Jersey Attorney General’s Guidelines on Use of Force, specifically Core Principal 7 (7.6), I have conducted and executive annual review of all Use of Force incidents documented by the West Deptford Police Department for the year 2022. This review included the review of the Benchmark analytical snapshot reporting for this police department in 2022, in which 23 completed UOF reports were entered, with 15 primary officers in UOF reports, and a total of 13 UOF incidents for the year. Every officer that utilized force in 2022, in those 13 incidents, completed and promptly submitted UOF reports through the NJ State Benchmark Portal, which I did verify in review of our Benchmark analytical data for the year. Shift supervisors/commanding officers reviewed all Benchmark submissions by each officer before formally submitting on behalf of our agency.
Additionally for the entire 2022 year, each of the 23 reports submitted underwent a thorough meaningful review process, by two levels of supervisors, documented on GCPO meaningful review forms, and then were documented in the Guardian Tracking system. At least one level of command review for each of the 23 UOF reports included one reviewer that was at least two levels above the rank of the officer utilized force. In addition to the two meaningful review levels for each UOF reporting, a law enforcement executive would additionally review each UOF incident and document the review of each meaningful review process, signing the appropriate meaningful review forms. After reviewing all meaningful review forms for all 23 submissions, I determined that any and all available resources related to the UOF incident (reporting, CAD, body worn camera video, etc.) was thoroughly reviewed prior to submitting the meaningful review forms into Guardian Tracking, and that in 2022, all force by our officers was found to be used in a non-discriminatory fashion based upon all protected classes. Each meaningful review was discussed with each subject officer involved in the UOF incident, and in many cases, officers were commended for their attempts at de-escalation prior to the utilization of force.
A review of all 13 total UOF incidents, as well as our county Infoshare Internal Affairs module, showed that no internal affairs complaints or reports were generated as a result of any of the UOF incidents in 2022. I also found in my annual review, that this department conducted 97 random body worn camera reviews in 2022, conducted on a monthly basis by our Patrol Lieutenant. These random video reviews by the patrol commander were above and beyond the review of any and all video reviews of every single UOF incident, required to be conducted as part of the meaningful review process.
Based upon my 2022 review of all 13 UOF incidents with the West Deptford Police Department, the analytics and the meaningful reviews, I have found that the structure of the department, current policies, procedures, training and equipment, to have been deployed and employed properly without the need for changes at this current time.
Respectfully,
Chief John Chambers #4117
Use of Force
PDF snapshot report as prepared by Benchmark Analytics on 01-06-2023
Completed Use of Force Reports: 23
Primary Officers in Use of Force Reports: 15
Reports
Completed
- Reports
- Incidents
Officer Force Applied
- Used Arms / Hands: 12
- Used Arm Bar On: 7
- Used Take Down On: 3
- Used Legs / Kicks: 2
- Used Pressure Points On: 1
Reasons for Interaction
- Dispatched: 15
- Officer Initiated: 7
- Pre-Planned Contact: 4
Subject Actions Led to Force
- Resisted Arrest / Police Officer Control: 21
- Attempt To Escape From Custody: 7
- Push Or Shove: 5
- Threat To Kick: 3
- Verbal / Fighting Stance Threat: 3
- Kick: 2
- Threat To Push Or Shove: 2
- Threat With Blunt Object: 2
- Threat With Bodily Fluids: 2
- Threat With Other Weapon: 2
- Attack With Bodily Fluids: 1
- Prevent Harm To Another: 1
Subject Race
- White: 15
- Black Or African American: 7
- Asian: 2
Reports
PDF snapshot report as prepared by Benchmark Analytics on 01-06-2023
| Report Type | Total |
|------------------|-------|
| Use of Force | 23 |
| Show of Force | 9 |
| Vehicle Pursuit | 1 |
Number of Officers Involved in Use of Force Reports
Primary Officer on Use of Force Reports: 15
Total Use of Force Reports: 23
Number of Officers Involved in Show of Force Reports
Primary Officer on Show of Force Reports: 8
Total Show of Force Reports: 9
Number of Officers Involved in Vehicle Pursuit Reports
Primary Officer on Vehicle Pursuit Reports: 1
Total Vehicle Pursuit Reports: 1
Show of Force
PDF snapshot report as prepared by Benchmark Analytics on 01-06-2023
Completed Show of Force Reports: 9
Primary Officers in Show of Force Reports: 8
Reports
Completed
- Reports
- Incidents
## Incident List Report
**West Deptford Police Department**
| Category | Employee | Occurred | Entered By | Entered |
|---------------------------|------------------------|------------|---------------------|-----------|
| Meaningful Review | Draham, Bridgette (4175)| 12/23/2022 | Pallies, Jeff (4131)| 12/26/2022|
| Meaningful Review | Flannery, Steven (4145)| 12/23/2022 | Pallies, Jeff (4131)| 12/26/2022|
| Meaningful Review | Carroll, Matt (4148) | 11/17/2022 | Franks, Michael (4124)| 11/17/2022|
| Meaningful Review | Carroll, Matt (4148) | 11/17/2022 | Craig, John (4120) | 11/17/2022|
| Meaningful Review | Layton, Ryan (4157) | 11/16/2022 | Craig, John (4120) | 11/16/2022|
| Meaningful Review | Miller, Jake (4162) | 11/16/2022 | Craig, John (4120) | 11/16/2022|
| Meaningful Review | Hickey, David (4155) | 11/16/2022 | Craig, John (4120) | 11/16/2022|
| Meaningful Review | Baglivio, Ryan (4177) | 11/16/2022 | Craig, John (4120) | 11/16/2022|
| Meaningful Review | Baglivio, Ryan (4177) | 10/30/2022 | Carroll, Matt (4148)| 11/11/2022|
| Meaningful Review | Hickey, David (4155) | 10/30/2022 | Carroll, Matt (4148)| 11/11/2022|
| Meaningful Review | Miller, Jake (4162) | 10/30/2022 | Carroll, Matt (4148)| 11/11/2022|
| Meaningful Review | Layton, Ryan (4157) | 10/30/2022 | Carroll, Matt (4148)| 11/11/2022|
| Meaningful Review | Niszzczak, Chris (4150)| 10/24/2022 | Craig, John (4120) | 10/24/2022|
| Meaningful Review | Niszzczak, Chris (4150)| 10/19/2022 | Greenwald, Anthony (4147)| 10/24/2022|
| Meaningful Review | Jackson, Steven (4171) | 10/12/2022 | Craig, John (4120) | 10/18/2022|
| Meaningful Review | Crawford, Collin (4172)| 10/12/2022 | Craig, John (4120) | 10/18/2022|
| Meaningful Review | Jackson, Steven (4171) | 10/12/2022 | Penney, Richard (4125)| 10/17/2022|
| Meaningful Review | Crawford, Collin (4172)| 10/12/2022 | Penney, Richard (4125)| 10/17/2022|
| Meaningful Review | Reichert, William (4152)| 7/7/2022 | Craig, John (4120) | 7/7/2022 |
| Category | Employee | Occurred | Entered By | Entered |
|------------------|------------------------|------------|-----------------------|---------|
| Meaningful Review| Reichert, William (4152) | 7/3/2022 | Tetl, Frank (4136) | 7/6/2022|
| Meaningful Review| Flannery, Steven (4145)| 6/7/2022 | Craig, John (4120) | 6/7/2022|
| Meaningful Review| Penney, Richard (4125) | 6/3/2022 | Franks, Michael (4124)| 6/6/2022|
| Meaningful Review| Penney, Richard (4125) | 6/6/2022 | Craig, John (4120) | 6/6/2022|
| Meaningful Review| Alexander, James (4154)| 6/6/2022 | Craig, John (4120) | 6/6/2022|
| Meaningful Review| Alexander, James (4154)| 6/3/2022 | Penney, Richard (4125)| 6/4/2022|
| Meaningful Review| Flannery, Steven (4145)| 5/26/2022 | Creedon, James (4141) | 6/4/2022|
| Meaningful Review| Draham, Bridgette (4175)| 4/19/2022 | Craig, John (4120) | 4/19/2022|
| Meaningful Review| Flannery, Steven (4145)| 4/19/2022 | Craig, John (4120) | 4/19/2022|
| Meaningful Review| Draham, Bridgette (4175)| 4/14/2022 | Creedon, James (4141) | 4/19/2022|
| Meaningful Review| Flannery, Steven (4145)| 4/14/2022 | Creedon, James (4141) | 4/19/2022|
| Meaningful Review| Weber, Steven (4130) | 3/23/2022 | Franks, Michael (4124)| 4/4/2022 |
| Meaningful Review| Miller, Jake (4162) | 4/4/2022 | Craig, John (4120) | 4/4/2022 |
| Meaningful Review| Shirey, Steve (4119) | 4/4/2022 | Craig, John (4120) | 4/4/2022 |
| Meaningful Review| Weber, Steven (4130) | 4/4/2022 | Craig, John (4120) | 4/4/2022 |
| Meaningful Review| Baglivo, Ryan (4177) | 3/30/2022 | Craig, John (4120) | 4/1/2022 |
| Meaningful Review| Miller, Jake (4162) | 3/23/2022 | Weber, Steven (4130) | 4/1/2022 |
| Meaningful Review| Shirey, Steve (4119) | 3/23/2022 | Weber, Steven (4130) | 4/1/2022 |
| Meaningful Review| Baglivo, Ryan (4177) | 3/19/2022 | Creedon, James (4141) | 3/30/2022|
| Meaningful Review| Flannery, Steven (4145)| 3/30/2022 | Craig, John (4120) | 3/30/2022|
| Meaningful Review| Flannery, Steven (4145)| 3/25/2022 | Creedon, James (4141) | 3/30/2022|
| Meaningful Review| Reichert, William (4152)| 2/16/2022 | Craig, John (4120) | 2/22/2022|
| Meaningful Review| Reichert, William (4152)| 2/13/2022 | Tetl, Frank (4136) | 2/16/2022|
| Meaningful Review| Niszzczak, Chris (4150)| 1/4/2022 | Craig, John (4120) | 1/12/2022|
| Meaningful Review| Niszzczak, Chris (4150)| 1/4/2022 | Pallies, Jeff (4131) | 1/7/2022 |
| Category | Employee | Occurred | Entered By | Entered |
|--------------------------|-------------------|------------|------------------|----------|
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | Creedon, James (4141) | 12/22/2022 | Craig, John (4120) | 12/22/2022 |
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | Barney, James (4169) | 12/21/2022 | Craig, John (4120) | 12/21/2022 |
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | Barney, James (4169) | 12/20/2022 | Craig, John (4120) | 12/20/2022 |
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | Crawford, Collin (4172) | 12/19/2022 | Craig, John (4120) | 12/19/2022 |
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | Draham, Bridgette (4175) | 12/16/2022 | Craig, John (4120) | 12/16/2022 |
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | Jackson, Steven (4171) | 12/13/2022 | Craig, John (4120) | 12/13/2022 |
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | Carroll, Matt (4148) | 12/12/2022 | Craig, John (4120) | 12/12/2022 |
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | Penney, Richard (4125) | 12/9/2022 | Craig, John (4120) | 12/9/2022 |
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | Spector, Drew (4168) | 12/2/2022 | Craig, John (4120) | 12/2/2022 |
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | Niszczak, Chris (4150) | 11/30/2022 | Craig, John (4120) | 11/30/2022 |
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | Brunck, Madeline (4176) | 11/18/2022 | Craig, John (4120) | 11/18/2022 |
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | Jiles, Anthony (4143) | 11/18/2022 | Craig, John (4120) | 11/18/2022 |
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | Miller, Jake (4162) | 11/4/2022 | Craig, John (4120) | 11/4/2022 |
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | Hausman, Ian (4173) | 11/1/2022 | Craig, John (4120) | 11/1/2022 |
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | Kerr, Josh (4170) | 10/28/2022 | Craig, John (4120) | 10/28/2022 |
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | Barrett, John (4178) | 10/28/2022 | Craig, John (4120) | 10/28/2022 |
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | Draham, Bridgette (4175) | 10/28/2022 | Craig, John (4120) | 10/28/2022 |
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | Pallies, Jeff (4131) | 10/26/2022 | Craig, John (4120) | 10/26/2022 |
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | Creedon, James (4141) | 10/18/2022 | Craig, John (4120) | 10/18/2022 |
| Category | Employee | Occurred | Entered By | Entered |
|--------------------------|------------------------|------------|---------------------|-----------|
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | Crawford, Collin (4172) | 10/17/2022 | Craig, John (4120) | 10/17/2022|
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | Vergara, Narciso (4129)| 10/12/2022 | Craig, John (4120) | 10/12/2022|
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | Greenwald, Anthony (4147)| 10/6/2022 | Craig, John (4120) | 10/6/2022 |
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | Baglivo, Ryan (4177) | 9/26/2022 | Craig, John (4120) | 9/26/2022 |
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | Layton, Ryan (4157) | 9/23/2022 | Craig, John (4120) | 9/23/2022 |
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | Penney, Richard (4125) | 9/15/2022 | Craig, John (4120) | 9/15/2022 |
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | Teti, Frank (4136) | 9/14/2022 | Craig, John (4120) | 9/14/2022 |
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | Barrett, John (4178) | 9/9/2022 | Craig, John (4120) | 9/9/2022 |
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | Kienholz, Brian (4156) | 9/8/2022 | Craig, John (4120) | 9/8/2022 |
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | Crawford, Collin (4172)| 9/8/2022 | Craig, John (4120) | 9/8/2022 |
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | Creedon, James (4141) | 9/1/2022 | Craig, John (4120) | 9/1/2022 |
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | Penney, Richard (4125) | 8/31/2022 | Craig, John (4120) | 8/31/2022 |
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | Greenwald, Anthony (4147)| 8/31/2022 | Craig, John (4120) | 8/31/2022 |
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | Carroll, Matt (4148) | 8/29/2022 | Craig, John (4120) | 8/29/2022 |
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | Alexander, James (4154)| 8/26/2022 | Craig, John (4120) | 8/26/2022 |
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | Penney, Richard (4125) | 8/26/2022 | Craig, John (4120) | 8/26/2022 |
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | Vergara, Narciso (4129)| 8/25/2022 | Craig, John (4120) | 8/25/2022 |
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | Goggin, Conor (4167) | 8/19/2022 | Craig, John (4120) | 8/19/2022 |
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | Miller, Jake (4162) | 8/17/2022 | Craig, John (4120) | 8/17/2022 |
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | Kienholz, Brian (4156) | 8/16/2022 | Craig, John (4120) | 8/16/2022 |
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | Alexander, James (4154)| 8/5/2022 | Craig, John (4120) | 8/5/2022 |
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | Brunck, Madeline (4176)| 8/5/2022 | Craig, John (4120) | 8/5/2022 |
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | Draham, Bridgette (4175)| 8/1/2022 | Craig, John (4120) | 8/1/2022 |
| Category | Employee | Occurred | Entered By | Entered |
|--------------------------|------------------------|------------|------------------|-----------|
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | McKeage, Ryan (4174) | 8/1/2022 | Craig, John (4120)| 8/1/2022 |
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | Layton, Ryan (4157) | 7/26/2022 | Craig, John (4120)| 7/26/2022 |
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | Jiles, Dave (4139) | 7/26/2022 | Craig, John (4120)| 7/26/2022 |
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | Baglivio, Ryan (4177) | 7/15/2022 | Craig, John (4120)| 7/15/2022 |
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | Hausman, Ian (4173) | 7/15/2022 | Craig, John (4120)| 7/15/2022 |
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | Miller, Jake (4162) | 7/8/2022 | Craig, John (4120)| 7/8/2022 |
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | Penney, Richard (4125)| 7/8/2022 | Craig, John (4120)| 7/8/2022 |
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | Greenwald, Anthony (4147)| 6/23/2022 | Craig, John (4120)| 6/23/2022 |
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | Jackson, Steven (4171) | 6/17/2022 | Craig, John (4120)| 6/17/2022 |
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | Lamalfa, Joseph (4113) | 6/15/2022 | Craig, John (4120)| 6/15/2022 |
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | Baglivio, Ryan (4177) | 5/27/2022 | Craig, John (4120)| 5/27/2022 |
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | DiCerbo, Basil (4166) | 5/25/2022 | Craig, John (4120)| 5/25/2022 |
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | Kerr, Josh (4170) | 5/24/2022 | Craig, John (4120)| 5/24/2022 |
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | Crawford, Collin (4172)| 5/16/2022 | Craig, John (4120)| 5/16/2022 |
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | Miller, Jake (4162) | 5/12/2022 | Craig, John (4120)| 5/12/2022 |
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | DiCerbo, Basil (4166) | 5/11/2022 | Craig, John (4120)| 5/11/2022 |
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | Manfre, Paul (4153) | 5/11/2022 | Craig, John (4120)| 5/11/2022 |
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | Jackson, Steven (4171) | 4/29/2022 | Craig, John (4120)| 4/29/2022 |
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | White, Marc (498) | 4/26/2022 | Craig, John (4120)| 4/26/2022 |
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | Weber, Steven (4130) | 4/25/2022 | Craig, John (4120)| 4/25/2022 |
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | Greenwald, Anthony (4147)| 4/20/2022 | Craig, John (4120)| 4/20/2022 |
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | Kerr, Josh (4170) | 4/20/2022 | Craig, John (4120)| 4/20/2022 |
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | Alexander, James (4154) | 4/19/2022 | Craig, John (4120)| 4/19/2022 |
| Category | Employee | Occurred | Entered By | Entered |
|--------------------------|------------------------|------------|------------------|-----------|
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | Hilt, Justin (4144) | 4/13/2022 | Craig, John (4120)| 4/13/2022 |
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | Barney, James (4169) | 4/13/2022 | Craig, John (4120)| 4/13/2022 |
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | Layton, Ryan (4157) | 4/8/2022 | Craig, John (4120)| 4/8/2022 |
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | McKeage, Ryan (4174) | 4/7/2022 | Craig, John (4120)| 4/7/2022 |
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | Brunck, Madeline (4176)| 4/6/2022 | Craig, John (4120)| 4/6/2022 |
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | Hickey, David (4155) | 4/6/2022 | Craig, John (4120)| 4/6/2022 |
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | Jackson, Steven (4171)| 4/6/2022 | Craig, John (4120)| 4/6/2022 |
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | DiCerbo, Basil (4166) | 3/28/2022 | Craig, John (4120)| 3/28/2022 |
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | Manfre, Paul (4153) | 3/24/2022 | Craig, John (4120)| 3/24/2022 |
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | Barney, James (4169) | 3/21/2022 | Craig, John (4120)| 3/21/2022 |
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | Layton, Ryan (4157) | 3/21/2022 | Craig, John (4120)| 3/21/2022 |
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | Jiles, Dave (4139) | 3/10/2022 | Craig, John (4120)| 3/10/2022 |
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | Lamalfa, Joseph (4113) | 3/9/2022 | Craig, John (4120)| 3/9/2022 |
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | Hausman, Ian (4173) | 3/9/2022 | Craig, John (4120)| 3/9/2022 |
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | Flannery, Steven (4145)| 3/7/2022 | Craig, John (4120)| 3/7/2022 |
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | Draham, Bridgette (4175)| 3/2/2022 | Craig, John (4120)| 3/2/2022 |
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | Creedon, James (4141) | 2/24/2022 | Craig, John (4120)| 2/24/2022 |
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | Jiles, Anthony (4143) | 2/24/2022 | Craig, John (4120)| 2/24/2022 |
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | Draham, Bridgette (4175)| 2/23/2022 | Craig, John (4120)| 2/23/2022 |
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | Nlszczak, Chris (4150)| 2/23/2022 | Craig, John (4120)| 2/23/2022 |
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | Jiles, Dave (4139) | 2/18/2022 | Craig, John (4120)| 2/18/2022 |
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | Reichert, William (4152)| 2/11/2022 | Craig, John (4120)| 2/11/2022 |
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | Baglivo, Ryan (4177) | 2/11/2022 | Craig, John (4120)| 2/11/2022 |
| Category | Employee | Occurred | Entered By | Entered |
|--------------------------|------------------------|------------|----------------|-----------|
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | Layton, Ryan (4157) | 2/9/2022 | Craig, John (4120) | 2/9/2022 |
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | Weber, Steven (4130) | 2/8/2022 | Craig, John (4120) | 2/8/2022 |
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | Alexander, James (4154)| 2/2/2022 | Craig, John (4120) | 2/2/2022 |
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | Manfre, Paul (4153) | 2/2/2022 | Craig, John (4120) | 2/2/2022 |
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | Creedon, James (4141) | 2/2/2022 | Craig, John (4120) | 2/2/2022 |
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | McKeage, Ryan (4174) | 2/2/2022 | Craig, John (4120) | 2/2/2022 |
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | Jiles, Anthony (4143) | 2/1/2022 | Craig, John (4120) | 2/1/2022 |
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | Shirey, Steve (4119) | 1/21/2022 | Craig, John (4120) | 1/21/2022 |
| Admin Review of BWC / MVR | DiCerbo, Basil (4166) | 1/19/2022 | Craig, John (4120) | 1/19/2022 | | b439d2eb-db07-4d7b-aa0c-faa5a4e4ffc1 | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 21,808 |
Gazdálkodj ÖKOsan
A Szigetközben!
FERTŐ-HANSÁG
- NEMZETI PARK -
A HUFH30004 Szigetköz
KIEMELT JELENTŐSÉGŰ
TERMÉSZETMEGŐRZÉSI TERÜLET
FENNTARTÁSI TERVÉNEK
KIVONATA
GRASSLANDHU LIFE NATURA 2000
GAZDÁLKODJ ÖKOSAN!
NATURA 2000 FOGALOMTÁR
- **közösségi jelentőségű fajok**: a Natura 2000 rendelet 2. A) és 3. A) számú mellékletében meghatározott azon fajok, amelyek közösségi szempontból veszélyeztetettek, sérülékenyek, ritkák, illetőleg bennszülöttek;
- **közösségi jelentőségű élőhelytípusok**: a Natura 2000 rendelet 4. A) számú mellékletében meghatározott azon közösségi élőhelytípusok, amelyeket közösségi szinten az eltűnés veszélye fenyeget, vagy elterjedési területük zsugorodása, illetőleg eredendően korlátozott elterjedésük következtében kis területen lehhetők fel;
- **kiemelt jelentőségű természetmegőrzési terület**: olyan közösségi jelentőségű terület, amelyen legalább egy kiemelt közösségi jelentőségű faj állománya, élőhelye vagy legalább egy kiemelt közösségi jelentőségű élőhelytípus található, az Európai Unió jogi aktusával történt jóváhagyást követően az élőhelyvédelmi irányelv 4. cikke (4) bekezdésének megfelelő természetvédelmi célkitűzés meghatározásával jogszabályban kihirdetésre került, és amelyre a kiemelt jelentőségű közösségi fajok, illetve kiemelt jelentőségű közösségi élőhelytípusok természetvédelmi helyzetének helyreállítása, illetve fenntartása érdekében az e rendelet szerinti természetvédelmi előírások alkalmazandók;
- **közösségi jelentőségű terület**: olyan terület, amely jelentős mértékben hozzájárul a 2. vagy 3. számú mellékletben felsorolt közösségi jelentőségű vagy kiemelt közösségi jelentőségű fajok, illetve a 4. számú mellékletben szereplő közösségi jelentőségű vagy kiemelt közösségi jelentőségű élőhelytípusok kedvező természetvédelmi helyzetének fenntartásához, helyreállításához, továbbá a Natura 2000 hálózat egységességéhez, illetve a biológiai sokféleség megőrzéséhez.
ELŐSZÓ
A Natura 2000 területek az európai, közösségi jelentőségű ritka és veszélyeztetett fajok (jelölő fajok), illetve élőhelyeik (jelölő élőhelyeik) védelme érdekében kijelölt területek hálózata. Kijelölésük célja a jelölés alapjául szolgáló fajok és élőhelyek kedvező természettvédelmi helyzetének megőrzése, fejlesztése, illetve – szükség esetén – helyreállítása. A védelem céljait az Európai Unió két irányelvében határozta meg, amelyekben egyben kötelezi a tagországokat a Natura 2000 hálózat lehatárolására. Hazánkban összesen 525 Natura 2000 területet jelölték ki közel 2 millió hektár kiterjedésben. Ezzel hazánk a pannon biogeográfiai régió részeként jelentős mértékben járul hozzá Európa természeti értékeinek közösségi megőrzéséhez.
A hazai Natura 2000 területek kijelölését és az erre vonatkozó szabályokat a 275/2004. (X. 8.) kormányrendelet határozza meg, a területek helyrajzi szám szintű kiírását pedig a 14/2010. (V. 11.) KvVM rendeletben történt meg.
Az irányelvek céljainak teljesítése érdekében a tagállamok a Natura 2000 területekre fenntartási terveket készítenek. Ezek rögzítik a természetvédelmi célkitűzéseket és a területhasználatokkal együtt kialakított kezelési javaslatokat. Azonban ez a dokumentum terjedelme miatt nem alkalmas arra, hogy gyakorlati kézikönyvként használjuk, éppen ezért szükségesnek tartottuk, hogy a fenntartási tervek javasolt előírásai alapján áttekinthető kézikönyveket készítsünk a Natura 2000 területekre. Mivel a fenntartási terv kötelező földhasználati szabályokat nem állapít meg, kötelezettségeket nem írhat elő, így a jelen kézikönyv is csak gazdálkodási javaslatokat tartalmaz az egyéb jogszabályokban megtalálható kötelező érvényű előírásokon túl. A száraz felsorolásokat azonban igyekszünk szemlélethesebbé és élvezhetőbbé tenni képekkel, ábrákkal és egyéb illusztrációkkal.
Mit tehetsz Natura 2000 gazdálkodóként?
Szeretnéd szabálykövetőként a kötelező gazdálkodási szabályokat betartani?
Tájékozdj a kötelező jogszabályi előírásokról kiadványunkból, a www.ferto-hansag.hu/gazdalkodoknak.html weboldalunkról, illetve igazgatóságunk, vagy a Gyeptanácsadói szolgálat szakembereineél, akik szívesen segítenek információikkal, tanácsaikkal!
Gondosan tartsd be az előírásokat!
Az előírások betartásával Natura 2000 kompenzációs támogatást igényelhetsz
Elégedetten és nyugodt lelkiismerettel élvezheted földednek minden hozadékát szabálykövető és a természet gazdagságáért is felelősséget vállaló gazdaként!
...és mindemellett szeretnéd, ha elfogadható jövedelmed is származna a földedből?
Szereted a természetet, azt óvni és gazdagítani szeretnéd?
Ismerd meg jobban kiadványunkból földednek természeti értékeit és tudj meg többet arról, hogyan óvhatod őket
A gazdálkodás és a mindennapi élet során is vedd figyelembe a kiadvány javaslatait
Válassz céljaidnak és a terület adottságainak megfelelőt az önkéntes támogatási lehetőségek közül!
A kompenzációs támogatáson túl jelenleg további agrár-illetve erdészeti támogatások érhetőek el, továbbá lesznek elérhetőek a támogatási rendszer új periódusában is: www.palyazat.gov.hu
JOGSZABÁLY ÁLTAL MEGHATÁROZOTT KÖTELEZŐ GYEPGAZDÁLKODÁSI ELŐÍRÁSOK
A Natura 2000 gyepterületek földhasználati szabályairól szóló 269/2007. Kormányrendelet alapján (A jogszabály bővebb tartalma megtekinthető: https://www.ferto-hansag.hu/gazdalkodoknak.html)
- A gyepterületeket legeltetéssel, illetve kaszálással kell hasznosítani.
- Gyepterületen csak szarvasmarha, juh, kecske, szamár, ló és bivaly legeltethető.
- A gyepterület túllegeltetése tilos.
- A gazdálkodási tevékenység során a gyepfelszín maradandó károsítása tilos.
- Tápanyag-utánpótlás csak a legelő állatok által elhullajtott ürülékből származhat, trágya kiszórása tilos.
- A terület legalább 5, legfeljebb 10%-át kaszálásonként változó helyen kaszálatlanul kell nagyni.
- A belvíz gyepterületről történő elvezetése és a gyepterület öntözése tilos.
- Napnyugtától napkeltéig a gépi munkavégzés tilos.
- A Natura 2000 gyepterületeken területi természetvédelmi hatóságnak, helyi jelentőségű védett természeti területnek minősülő Natura 2000 gyepterület esetében a települési önkormányzat jegyzőjének az engedélye szükséges, amelyet természetvédelmi hatósági jogkörében eljárva ad ki:
- a) a nád irtásához, valamint
- b) az október 31. és április 23. között történő legeltetéshez
- Vadgazdálkodási létesítmények, berendezések kialakításához a vadászati hatóság engedélye szükséges. A vadászati hatósághoz a kérelem elektronikus útján is benyújtható.
- A kaszálást a kaszálandó terület középpontjából indulva vagy a táblaszél mellől, az ott élő állatok zárványterületre szorítása nélkül kell elvégezni. A kaszálás során vadriasztó lánc használata kötelező.
- Az inváziós és termőhely-idegen növényfajok megtelepedését és terjedését meg kell akadályozni, állományuk visszaszorításáról gondoskodni kell mechanikus védekezéssel vagy speciális növényvédőszer-kijuttatással, ezen a technológián túl egyéb vegyszerek használat tilos.
- A kaszálás tervezett időpontját a tevékenység megkezdése előtt a földhasználónak legalább öt munkanappal írásban be kell jelentenie a működési terület szerinti nemzeti park igazgatóságnak.
- Gyepterületen a szálas takarmány tárolása a kaszálást követő 30 napon túl tilos.
- Amennyiben a terület országos védeeltséget is élvez, illetve van már elfogadott természetvédelmi kezelési terve, úgy azok előírásai is kötelező érvényűek!
JOGSZABÁLY ÁLTAL MEGHATÁROZOTT KÖTELEZŐ ERDŐGAZDÁLKODÁSI ELŐÍRÁSOK
- A természet védelméről szóló 1996. évi LIII. tv. (Tvt.)
- Az erdőről, az erdő védelméről és az erdőgazdálkodásról szóló 2009. évi XXXVII. tv. (Etv.)
- 60/2013. (VII.19.) VM rendelet a 2013. évi körzeti erdőtervezésre vonatkozó tervezési alapelvekről, valamint az érintett körzeti erdőtervek alapján folytatott erdőgazdálkodásról
- 69/2016. (X. 14.) FM rendelet a 2016. évi körzeti erdőtervezésről, erdőgazdálkodásról (Győri erdőtervezési körzet) erdőtervi rendelet előírásai
FONTOSABB ELŐÍRÁSOK A JOGSZABÁLYOKBÓL (RÉSZLET):
- Faanyagtermelést nem szolgáló üzemmód meghatározása a jelölő faj, vagy védett faj jelentős állományának élőhelyén, fokozottan védett területen.
- Erdőtervezéskor figyelemmel kell lenni a természetességi állapot, a biológiai és genetikai sokféleség, fajkészlet fenntartására, javítására; természeti- és tájképi értékek megőrzésére, az erdőtársulás sokszínűségének fenntartására.
- Természetes, természetserű és szármarék erdőkben a termőhelynek nem megfelelő, vagy az erdészeti tájidégen elegyfajfajokat – különös tekintettel az intenzíven terjedő fajokra – lehetőség szerint teljes mértékben vissza kell szorítani.
- Az erdőborítás minél folyamatosabb fenntartására kell törekedni, ügyelni kell a korosztályi viszonyok egyenletességére, és hogy mindig legyen idős erdő.
- Erdőnevelésnél fontos a tájidégen fajok, főleg inváziós fajok visszaszorítása, őshonos elegyfajok elegyarányának növelése, és a faállomány szerkezeti változatosságának növelése, meglévő cserjeszint és erdőszegélyek megőrzése.
- A közösségi jelentőségű, fához kötőtt fejlődő, jelölő bogárfajok, illetve a védett, közösségi jelentőségű erdei madár- és jelölő denevérfajok védelme érdekében a fahasználatot két idős, nagyméretű fák és álló, vastag, holt faanyag folyamatos jelenlétének biztosításával kell megtervezni.
- Feketególya, réti sas, parlagi sas, kerecsensólyom, uhu, védett, ill. fokozottan védett madárfajok fészke körüli fészkelési időben 100-400 m-en belül erdőgazdálkodási tevékenységet javasolt szüneteltetni, illetve fészkelésre alkalmas nagy koronájú fák, facsoportok, idős fák meghagyását számukra.
- Védett és/vagy közösségi jelentőségű geofiton növények jelentős állományának erdőtervben rögzített élőhelyeül szolgáló erdőben 02.15-03.31-ig fakitermelés csak a védett természeti terület természetvédelmi kezeléséért felelős szervvel egyeztetett módon végezhető.
- A nagy kiterjedésű, egykorú és kevés fafajból álló erdők lombkorona-, cserje-, valamint lágyszárú szintjében elő kell segíteni a faji, életkori és szerkezeti változatosság növekedését.
- A fakitermelések során az erdőszegélyek kialakulására, valamint a meglévő erdőszegélyek kiméletére különös hangsúlyt kell fektetni.
- őshonos fajokból álló cserjeszint legalább olyan mértékben meg kell hagyni, vagy a cserjeszint szükségessé váló átmeneti eltávolítását olyan módon kell végrehajtani, hogy az adott erdőtársulásra jellemző cserjeszint kialakulásának feltételei biztosítottak legyenek.
Agrár- és erdészeti támogatások
Átalakulás alatt!
Jelenleg a Közös Agrárpolitika megújulásával a hazai agrár- és vidékfejlesztési támogatási rendszer is átalakuláson megy át, így az oldalon a korábbi időszak (2014-2020) még érvényben lévő, ideiglenesen meghosszabbított támogatási rendszerében felkínált pályázati lehetőségeit soroljuk fel. Az aktuális támogatásokról tájékozódni a www.palyazat.gov.hu oldalon lehet.
Fontos tudni, hogy a jogszabályban foglalt kötelező gyepgazdálkodási előírások terhe miatt kompenzációs támogatás igényelhető, de a többi támogatás önkéntes vállaláson alapul.
| Területalapú támogatás (SAPS) | Zöldítés |
|-------------------------------|---------|
| Natura 2000 kompenzációs támogatás gyepeken | Agrár-környezetgazdálkodási támogatás |
| Ökológiai gazdálkodás támogatása | Élőhelyfejlesztési célú nem termelő beruházások |
| Vízvédelmi célú nem termelő beruházások | Hátrányos területek támogatása |
Védett őshonos vagy veszélyeztetett állatfajták megőrzése
| Natura 2000 kompenzációs támogatás erdőterületeken | Agrár-erdészeti rendszerek létrehozása |
|----------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------|
| Erdősítés támogatása | Erdő-környezetvédelmi kifizetés |
| Erdei ökoszisztémák ellenállóképességének és környezeti értékének növelése | |
| Erdészeti genetikai erőforrások megőrzése és fejlesztése | Erdőkárok megelőzése és helyreállítása |
| Erdei termelési potenciál mobilizálását szolgáló tevékenységek | |
| Közjóléti funkciók fejlesztése | |
| Erdészeti technológiákra, erdészeti termékek feldolgozására, piaci értékesítésére irányuló beruházások | |
A Szigetköz kiemelt jelentőségű természetmegőrzési terület és különleges madárvédelmi terület is egyben. Területe 17183,02 hektár. Abda, Ásványráró, Bezenye, Darnózseli, Dunakiliti, Dunaremete, Dunaszeg, Dunaszentpál, Dunasziget, Feketeerdő, Gönyű, Győr, Győrladamér, Győrújfalu, Győrzámoly, Halászi, Hédervár, Kimle, Kisbajcs, Kisbodak, Kunsziget, Lipót, Máriakálnok, Mecsér, Mosonmagyaróvár, Nagybajcs, Nagyszentjános, Öttevény, Püski, Rajka, Vámosszabadi, Vének települések határában helyezkedik el.
A Szigetköz természetes élőhelyei közül leggyakrabban keményfás és puhafás ligeterdőkkel, valamint ártéri mocsárrétekkel, ritkábban pedig száraz gyepekkel (löszgyepék és rozsnokgyepek) lehet találkozni, emellett vízfolyások és tavak, lassan áramló vizek természetes növényzete a meghatározó.
TUDTAD?
A szabályozások előtt árvízkor a Mosoni-Duna tekintélyes vízmennyiséget vezetett. A nagy árvizek több helyen átömlöttek partjain és balra a Szigetközt öntötték el, jobbra pedig átfolytak egészen a Hanságig. A folyót érintő első szabályozások célja az árvíz elleni védekezés volt.
A SZIGETKÖZ JELÖLŐ FAJAI
A Szigetköz és a vele érintkező síksági területek növénytakarójának kialakulásában és mindenkori fenntartásában a folyóvizek játszzák a meghatározó szerepet. Jelölő növényfaja ennek ellenére csak a kúszó zeller. Azonban számos állatfaj játszik kiemelkedő szerepet az ízeltlábúaktól kezdve a madarakig.
Jelölő fajok: apró fillércsiga, harántfogú törpecsiga, hasas törpecsiga, lápi szitakötő, szarvasbogár, nagy tűzlepke, zanótboglárka, vérfű hangyaboglárka, erdei szitakötő, remetebogár, tompa folyamkagyló, balin, vágó csík, botos kölönte, halványfoltú küllő, széles durbincs, selymes durbincs, réti csík, szivárványos ökle, leánykoncér, törpecsík, lápi póc, német bucó, magyar bucó, dunai tarajosgőte, vöröshasú unka, mocsári teknős, nyugati piszedenevér, közönséges denevér, európai hód, vidra, északi pocok, csörgő réce, tőkés réce, vörös gém, barátréce, kontyos réce, bölömbika, kerceréce, fekete gólya, fekete harkály, nagy köcsag, rétisas, törpegém, kis bukó, bakcsó, kis kárókatona.
VIZES ÉS VÍZHEZ KÖTŐDŐ ÉLŐHELYEK
A hínárközösségeket elsősorban a folyók, áramló vízű csatornák hínárnövényzete és az álló- és lassan áramló vizek hínárnövényzete képviseli, de kis kiterjedésben találunk források, gyors folyású patakok hínárnövényzetéhez és lápi hínárhoz sorolható állományokat is.
A folyók, áramló vízű csatornák hínárnövényzete a Mosoni-Duna szinte teljes hosszán, illetve a Duna mellékágrendszerében megtalálható élőhely, mely némely esetben kilométernyi hosszú összefüggő szőnyeget alkot a folyókban. Jellemző fajai a különféle békaszőlők, a sárga víztökök, az erényös virágkáká.
Az álló- és lassan áramló vizek hínárnövényzete az egykori Duna-ágakban (pl. Zátorny-Duna), a Mosoni-Duna és a Duna lassú folyású szakaszain, illetve a holtágakban és csatornákban jelenik meg. A legyökerező hínarakat leggyakrabban a érdes tócsagaz, a füzéres süllőhínár képviseli, de gyakoriak itt is a békaszőlő fajok. Jellemző hínárfajok még a vízi békatutaj, a vízi rucaöröm, ritkán lehet találkozni a vízi tündérfátyollal. Gyors ütemben terjeszkedő jövővény az aprólevelű átokhínár, amely leginkább ezeket az élőhelyeket foglalja el, kiszorítva onnan az őshonos hínárfajokat.
Alacsony vízállás esetén, elsősorban az Öreg-Duna part menti sávjában szárazra került iszapos vagy kaviccos felszínein, zátonyokon, szigeteken alakul ki a nedves felszínek természetes pionír növényzete. A kimutatott előfordulás egy pillanatnyi, a felmérés idején tapasztalható vízviszonyoknak megfelelő kiterjedést mutat, elterjedése a mindenkori vízszintnek és a hordalék lerakódásának megfelelően dinamikusan változik.
Egyéves fajokból álló fajközösséggében a fás szárúak legfeljebb magonc formában vannak jelen. Jellemző fajai a kányafű és keserűfű fajok, az iszapgyopár, a deréce veronika, az üstökös veronika, a vándor veronika, a törpe iszaprojt, a mirrha libatop, a szőrös tőtippan és a varangyszittyó.
NÁDASOK ÉS MOCSARAK
A nádas, gyékényes, tavikákás állományok a legnagyobb kiterjedésben előforduló élőhelyek. A Mosoni-Duna mentén és az Öreg-Duna ágrendszerében a parti zónában, a lassú folyású részekben és öblözetekben (pl. Öntési-tó) mindenhol előfordul, de nagy kiterjedésben találtuk a mentett oldal morotvák által közrefogott területein is.
Állományaikban a magas termetű, gyorsan terjeszkedő, 2-3 m magas növények (nád, széles- és keskeny-levelű gyékény) a dominánsak. Ezek nagy versenyképessége miatt az élőhelyek többnyire fajszegények. Jellemző fajok: ebszőlő csucson, sövényszulák, tavi káka, vízi menta, vízi peszérce, tőzegpáfrány. A kiterjedtebb nádasokat (Lipótí Holt-Duna, Öntési-tó, Árvai-sziget) zártságuk és méretük folytán csak kevésére fenyegeti a feltöltődés és a gyomosodás veszélye. A hullámtér feltöltődött medreit kitöltő állományaik sérülékenyebbek, gyakran aranyvesszővel és lándzsás őszirózsával fertőzöttek.
Az összefüggő, nagy kiterjedésű magassáosok kialakulásának a hullámtéri viszonyok nem kedveznek, így nem jelennek meg számottevő borításban. Előfordulásait rendszerint nádasok és ligeterdők szegélyén, sávos megjelenésben találjuk, valamint a mentett oldal mocsárréttjeinek mélyebb részein, ahol állományai egykori medreket rajzolnak ki.
Uralkodó faj általában a mocsári sás és éles sás. Állományai általában fajszegények (vesszős és réti füzény, sövényszulák, közönséges lizinka), de helyenként jelentősebb fajok is megtalálhatók (pl. nyári tőzike, kornistárnics).
A magassáosokhoz hasonlóan a harmatkásás, békabuzogányos, pántlikafüves mocsári-vízparti növényzet is gyakran sávosan, a vízfolyások változó vízbörítésű régiójában fordulnak elő.
Gyakran mozaikolnak magassáosokkal, nádasokkal. Jellemző fajai a vízi harmatkása, az ágas békabuzogány, a pántlikafű és a mocsári nőszirom.
A vízparti virágkákás, vízi hídőrös, mételykórós mocsarak a Duna és a Mosoni-Duna sekély, könnyen felmelegedő részein általában laza szerkezetű, mocsári növények sűrű állományaiból álló vízparti társulások.
Általában csak néhány négyzetméternyi kiterjedésben vannak jelen. Élőhelyeik nyitottak, napfénynek kitettek, a vízszintingadozás nagy. Az élőhely típusban jellemző fajok: virágkáká, ágas békabuzogány, vízi mételykóró, tavi káka, pántlikafű, vízi kányafű, vízi hídőr.
NEDVES ÉS ÜDE GYEPEK
A legjellemzőbb előfordulását a mocsárrétek jelentik, de kiterjedésük jelentősen csökkent az elmúlt évszázadok során. Állományaiak döntő részét a mentett oldalon találjuk, de Dunasziget határában az Öreg-Duna árterén is maradtak meg szép állományaiak.
Jellemző gyepekalkotó fűfajai: réti csenkesz, réti ecsetpázsit, gyepes sédbúza. Gyakori kísérőelemei: szürke aszat, festő zsoltina, magyar imola, ősi kikerics, réti iszalag, északi galaj. Az alsó-szigetközi mocsárrétek a Duna elterelését követően erőteljes szárazodásnak indultak. Az előtét és a talajvíz hiánya mellett ennek másik fő oka a kaszálás, legeltetés elmaradása volt. A jobb állapotú mocsárréteket ma is rendszeresen használják. Azonban ennek az elmaradása gyors és határozott gyomosodással jár, ebben az aranyvessző játszsa a vezérszerepet. A szárazabb részekben további jelenség a cserjésedés.
Kékperjés láprétek a mentett oldalon, az árvízvédelmi töltéssel párhuzamosan jelennek meg főleg Ásványráró, Dunaszeg és Győrладamér között. Állományai kiszáradó fűzlápokkal és üde cserjésekkel mozaikolnak, messziről felismerhetők a kékperje nagyméretű zombékjairól.
Előfordulásaiak relikturn jellegűek, a Duna elterelését követően meginduló kiszáradás miatti jelentős degradáció és erős cserjésedés által veszélyeztetettek. Védett fajokban kifejezetten gazdagok (kornistárnics, hüszinű ujjaskosbor, kései gykpohár, mocsári kosbor, mocsári aggófű, kisvirágú pacsirtafű).
Az ártéri és mocsári magaskórósok, árnyas-nyirkos szegélynövényzet a hullám tér és a mentett oldal fátlan, vizes élőhelyeinek jellemző növénytársulása.
Tipikus megjelenési helyei a ligeterdők és csatornák, holtágak szegélyzónája, valamint a kezelés alól felhagyott rétek, ahol magas termetű kétszikű fajokból (pl. közönséges lizinka, lósósa fajok, fekete nadálytő, borzas fűzike, füzény fajok, ritkábban a sárga borkóró sűrű állományai alakulnak ki. Itt jellemző leginkább az országosan ritka patakparti aggófű előfordulása. Nagyon gyakran agresszív lágyszárú özönfajokkal (aranyvesszővel, lándzsás őszirózsával) kevert állományai figyelhetők meg.
A franciaperjés rétek másodlagosan, általában az árvízvédelmi töltés szomszédságában, azzal párhuzamos sávban, vagy kisebb mezofil gyepfoltokon jelennek meg.
Állományaiakat szintezettség jellemzi, a felső szintet a magas termetű, gyéren sarjadó szálfüvek, majd a közepesen magas és jól sarjadó, végül az alacsony növésű, jól sarjadó fűfajok alkotják. Uralkodó fűfajuk a franciaperje, csomós ebír, a réti csenkesz, a szárazabbá váló állományokban helyenként a sudár rozsnok, pusztai csenkesz is megjelenik. Esetenként kétszikűekben gazdagok is lehetnek (mezei zsálya, mezei varfű, réti és egyenes iszalag, fehér mécsvirág, magyar imola, egyenes pimpó), helyenként ritkább fajok is megjelennek (pl. kék iringó, vérveres vajvirág).
SZÁRAZ GYEPEK
Az erdőssztyeprétek, félszáraz irtásrétek, száraz magaskórósok a Felső-Szigetköz száraz tölgyeseinek erdőszegélyében, illetve az Öreg-Duna Szigetközön kívül eső azon szakaszán jellemző, ahol megjelennek a magaspartok. A legtermészetesebb állapotban fennmaradt állomány a Gönyűtől keletre, a Cuhai-Bakonyér torkolattól keletre húzódó Proletár, ahol a viszonylag természetes épségében fennmaradt partoldal medreken törik le a Duna árteréig.
A természetsközi állapotot több növényfaj előfordulása bizonyítja, legjelentősebb az apró nőszirrom. A felső-szigetközi állományokban a sudár rozsnon dominál, mellette tollas szálkaperje, imola fajok, réti galaj, üstökös pacsírtafű, mezei zsálya, ebfojtó müge jellemző, de ebben az élőhely típusban jelenik meg érdekes színezőelemként a tűzliliom, vítezkosbor, méhbangó, tarka nőszirrom is.
Löszgyepet csak Halászi és Kunsziget mellett találunk a Mosoni-Duna hordalékkúpján. Fajösszetételük természetes állapotban gazdag és összetett, de a megtalált állományok a használat miatt elszegényedtek, ennek ellenére kétszikűekben gazdagok.
A domináns pusztai csenkesz mellett jellemző az kisvirágú csüdfű, a sudár rozsnon, a kései pitypang, a tollas szálkaperje, a közönséges kakukkfű és a sarlós gamandor előfordulása. Talajuk löszön kialakult réti csernozjom.
Homoki sztyeprétek a vizsgált területen az Öreg-Duna és a Mosoni-Duna egy-egy pontján jelennek meg. Az Öreg-Duna mellett a Rajkai Tározótér egyik holtága melletti buckán, kis területen alkot fajgazdag és a tájban egyedi társulást.
Jellemző itt a pusztai csenkesz, a sudár rozsnon, a pelyhes zabfű, a vajszinű ördögszem, a fényes sás, a hatsoros varjúháj, a sarlós gamandor és előfordul a sömörös kosbor. A Mosoni-Duna mellett, Győr-Bácsa határában található Szent Vid domb és környéke egykor összefüggő homokbuckás terület volt, amely mára nagyobb részben degradálódott illetve becserjesedett (fehér nyárral), továbbá jelentős részét beépítették, amely folyamat napjainkban is tart. Jellemző fajai közönségesebb homoki növények, de itt található a védett kései szegfű és a homoki vértő egyetlen szigetközi termőhelye.
Az üde és kiszáradó rétekre vonatkozó kezelési elvek
A természetvédelmi cél a változatos, jó természetességű rétek fenntartása megfelelő vízellátás biztosításával, mozaikos kaszálással.
CÉLOK:
- Állapotuk fenntartása.
- Természetességük megőrzése (jó vízellátás mellett csak kaszálással, rendszeresen kiszáradó rétek esetében kaszálással és/vagy legeltetéssel).
- Ökológiai vízigény biztosítása, elsősorban a területen található vizek visszatartásával, szükség esetén vízpótlással.
- Becserjesedésük, erdősödésük megakadályozása, a szórtan előforduló őshonos cserjék meghagyása mellett.
- Az özönnövények, különösen a magas aranyvessző eltávolítása. Erősen fertőzött területeken legalább évente háromszor.
Érintett közösségi jelentőségű fajok:
Kisfészkű aszat, hasas törpecsiga, nagy tűzlepke, zanótboglárka, vérű hangyaboglárka, északi pocok
TUDTAD?
A Fertő-Hanság Nemzeti Park működési területén kiemelt jelentőségűek a hangyaboglárkák, melyeket intenzíven kutatunk jelölés-visszafigós módszerrel, mely arra is alkalmas, hogy becslést adjon az adott terület hangyaboglárka populációjának nagyságára.
CÉLOK:
❖ Kiemelt természetvédelmi cél ezen élőhelyek kiterjedésének növelése az egykori, mára megsemmisült lelőhelyeken.
❖ A meglévő előfordulási helyek kiemelt védelme és az élőhelytípusok fennmaradásához szükséges kezelések biztosítása.
❖ Használata legeltetéssel, szükség esetén tisztító kaszálással.
❖ Gyepek cserjesédésének megakadályozása a szórtan megjelenő őshonos cserjék megőrzése mellett.
❖ Az özönnövények, különösen a magas aranyvessző eltávolítása. Erősen fertőzött területeken legalább évente háromszor.
TUDTAD?
A magas aranyvessző Észak-Amerikában őshonos faj. Európában a XVII. században elsőként botanikus kertekben ültették dísznövényként. Első kivadulásairól a XIX. század közepéről származnak adatok. Ezután néhány évtized alatt jelentős területeken váltak inváziós fajokká Európában. Magyarországon első adata 1848-ból származik, tömeges előfordulásáról 20 év elteltével számoltak be.
Gazdasági károkat okoz erdészeti csemetekertekben, parlagterületeken, tarvágásokon, fiatal telepítésekben, mint gyomnövény.
Zárt állományainak kialakulása teljesen elnyomja az ott élő többi növényt, ami az egész élőhely leromlásához, átalakulásához vezet, emiatt természetvédelmi szempontból is káros.
**LEGELTETÉS**
**ALULLEGELTETÉS**
**MI TÖRTÉNIK?**
- Fúalom túlzott felhalmozódása, cserjesedés
- Visszaszorulnak a kistermetű növényfajok és a magról szaporodók
- Megindul az agresszívabb, nagytermetű fajok hódítása
**MIT LEHET TENNI?**
- Szarvasmarhafélékkel történő legeltetés
- Juhok mellőzése
- Legeltetés megkezdése előtt cserjék részleges visszaszorítása
---
**TÚLLEGELTETÉS**
**MI TÖRTÉNIK?**
- Taposási károk
- Talaj degradálódása
- Növényzet degradálódása
- Túlzott szervestrágya felhalmozódás
- Erős rágás, rágási károk
- Növényzet nem tud regenerálódni
**MIT LEHET TENNI?**
- Az állatlétszám radikális csökkentése
- De! Nem szabad a legeltetést felhagyni, mert megjelenhetnek a gyomok és nemkívánatos növényfajok.
---
**OPTIMÁLIS ÁLLATLÉTSZÁM ESETÉN: TERMÉSZETSZERŰ, JÓ GYEP**
JÓ KASZÁLÁS? ROSSZ KASZÁLÁS?
Mi változott a múlt időszakhoz képest? Miért kell erre nagy hangsúlyt fektetni? A ma legtöbbször alkalmazott gépi kaszálás erős sokként éri a gyepet, mivel egy sokkal gyorsabb folyamat, mint a legeltetés vagy mint a kézi kaszálás.
BÚVÓSÁVOK
A terület 5-10%-án zárványterületek képződése nélkül kell kialakítani! A kaszálatlan részeket az őszig háborítatlanul kell hagyni, de ősszel cél szerű szártépőzni, hogy a vaddisznó túrását megelőzzük.
MI TÖRTÉNIK, AMIKOR TERV NÉLKÜL KASZÁLUNK?
A rendszeresen kaszált területek élővilága állandósul, azaz azok a növények és állatok maradnak csak meg, amik jól tűrik a taposást, kaszálást és a gyors változásokat. A kaszálás nem természetes folyamat, hiszen ilyenkor a növényzeti takarás nagyon gyorsan eltűnik a teljes területről, az ott élő állatfajok bűvöhely és táplálék nélkül maradnak.
Miért kell jól kiválasztani az időpontot?
❖ A ritka és védett növények érdekében: a magérlelés után.
❖ Földön fészkelő madarak érdekében: a fészkelés után, július-tól kezdődően.
❖ Védett gerinctelen (leginkább ízeltlábúak, azon belül is lepkék) érdekében: szeptember és október hónapokban.
A Szigetköz Natura
További információért látogasson el honlal
Áttekintő térkép
Jelmagyarázat
- Szigetköz
KASZÁLÁSRA VONATKOZÓ JAVASLATOK
- Évente egy kaszálás javasolt
- Dobkasza és talaj meghajtású rendsodró, rendkezelő használata nem megengedett.
- Kaszálás és szárzúzás esetén minimum 10 cm-es fútárlo biztosítása.
- Június 15. előtti kaszálás a nemzeti parkkal történt egyeztetés után.
- Mozaikos kaszálás folytatása, egybefüggő kaszált terület nem haladhatja meg az 5 ha-t, vagy a terület 30%-át. A kaszálások között legalább 1 hónap teljen el!
- 20-30% kaszálatlan terület meghagyása parcellánként.
- A kaszálatlan területek évente más helyen történő kialakítása.
Fokozottan védett földön fészkelő madárfaj fészkének, fiókáinak megtalálása esetén a betakarítás, illetve a kaszálás felfüggesztése, és haladéktalanul a nemzeti park igazgatóság értesítése, munkatársainak javaslata alapján a talált fészek körül 0,5-1 hektáros védőterület kialakítása.
A kaszálás bejelentésről bővebben a QR kód beolvasásával lehet tájékozódni!
MIT NE TEGYÜNK A GYEPEKEN?
- Felülvétés nem megengedett.
- Vegyszerees gyomirtás nem megengedett.
- Tárcsázás nem megengedett.
- Gyepszellőztetés nem megengedett.
- Kiszántás nem megengedett.
- Fogasolás nem megengedett.
- Felázott talajon munkavégzés nem megengedett.
- A területen trágyadepónia, széna- és szalmamakazlak nem helyezhetők el.
A Szigetköz erdei élőhelyei és jelölő fajai
A Szigetközben jelölő erdei élőhelyként vannak jelen az enyves éger és magas kőris alkotta ligeterdők, a keményfás ligeterdők a nagy folyók mentén, valamint az euro-szibériai erdőssztyeptölgyesek.
Ezekben az erdőkben, vagy közvetlen közelükben a következő érintett fajok találhatók: vidra, hód, nyugati piszedenevér, közönséges denevér, fekete harkály, fekete gólya, rétisas, de számos egyéb értékes, erdőhöz kötődő ízeltlábú és gerinces fajt is fel lehetne sorolni!
Az erdő Földünk s a rajta élő emberek egyik életforrása, a természeti tényezőktől és emberi beavatkozásoktól függő életközösség és élőhely.
Az erdő meghatározó tagjai a fák,
de az erdő jóval több mint fák egyszerű halmaza.
A természetes erdő nem csak a természet számára fontos, de olyan hasznos érényei is vannak, melyek a gazdálkodókat is segítik:
pl. jobban ellenállnak a viharoknak és mérséklik az erős szelek hatását; a helyben elpusztuló fásszáráuk lebomlásukkal hozzájárulnak a talajképződéshez; nagyobb mennyiségű CO₂-t kötnek meg és tárolnak; az erdei növényzet és a talaj megszűri a csapadékvízét, megőrizve a jó ivóvíz bázist; ellenállóbbak a betegségekkel és a kártevőkkel szemben!
JELÖLŐ ERDEI ÉLŐHELYEK SPECIFIKUS CÉLJAI
Keményfás ligeterdők nagy folyók mentén Quercus robur, Ulmus laevis és Ulmus minor, Fraxinus excelsior vagy Fraxinus angustifolia fajokkal (Ulmenion minoris)
- Folyamatos, a természetes erdőképnek (fajösszetétel, szerkezet, korosztály) megfelelő erdőborítás biztosítása az élőhely-típusoknak megfelelő termőhelyeken.
- A nagy kiterjedésű (>1-2 ha) fiatalosok, tarvágások és véghasználati területek kialakulásának megelőzése, a már meglévőkön természetes erdőképnek megfelelő erdők kialakítása.
- Az odvas fák, lábon száradó és földön fekvő holtfa jelenleginél nagyobb mennyiségben történő biztosítása (megőrzése) a hozzá kötődő állatvilág védelme érdekében.
- A vegyszeres gyomirtás (elsősorban siskanád és szeder ellen) megelőzése megfelelő erdőműveléssel az aljnövényzet védelme érdekében.
- Az állományokban meglévő, de ott természetes körülmények között nem élő fajok (pl. akác, zöld juhar, erdei fenyő, fekete fenyő, fekete dió) eltávolítása, ahol szükséges.
- Az állományok közé ékelődő vagy a termőhelyen kialakított nem őshonos fafajú faültetvények helyén az eredeti keményfás ligeterdő fokozatos helyreállítása.
Enyves éger (Alnus glutinosa) és magas kőris (Fraxinus excelsior) alkotta ligeterdők (Alno-Padion, Alnion incanae, Salicion albae)
- Az égerlápos és égeres mocsárerdők állományainak lehetőség szerinti kivonása a fatermelési célú erdőgazdálkodás alól.
- A zátanyokon spontán kialakuló bokorfűzesek és fűz-nyár ligeterdők megőrzése.
- A meglévő állományokban folyamatos, a természetes erdőképnek (fajösszetétel, szerkezet, korosztály) megfelelő erdőborítás biztosítása az élőhely-típusoknak megfelelő termőhelyeken.
- A nagy kiterjedésű (>1-2 ha) fiatalosok, tarvágások és véghasználati területek kialakulásának megelőzése, a már meglévőkön természetes erdőképnek megfelelő erdők kialakítása.
- Az odvas fák, lábon száradó és földön fekvő holtfa jelenleginél nagyobb mennyiségben történő biztosítása (megőrzése) a hozzá kötődő állatvilág védelme érdekében.
- A vegyszeres gyomirtás (elsősorban siskanád és szeder ellen) megelőzése megfelelő erdőműveléssel az aljnövényzet védelme érdekében.
- Az állományokban meglévő, de ott természetes körülmények között nem élő fajok (pl. akác, zöld juhar, fekete dió, nemes nyár, ószirózsza-fajok, nebáncsvirág-fajok, süntök) eltávolítása, ahol szükséges
- Az állományok helyén lévő mesterséges faültetvények helyén az eredeti élőhelynek megfelelő erdők vagy gyepek helyreállítása.
ERDEI ÉLŐHELYEK
FŰZLÁPOK
Jellemzése:
Feltöltődőben lévő morotvákban, elhagyott medrekben kialakult cserjések, melyeket a rekettyefűz félgömb alakú csoportjairól lehet felismerni. Fajszegény élőhely, aljnövényzetében jórészt sásfajok és a kékperje fordul elő, a ritkásabb, láprétekkel mozaikoló foltokban kornistárnics és nyári tőzike jelenik meg. Mivel ezeknek a holtágaknak a víze már nincs mozgásban, állományaik alatt jelentős a tőzegképződés. A tőzeges láptalaj hűvös mikroklimát biztosít számukra. Lombkoronaszintjük ritkán fejlődik ki. A fűzlápok tartósan magas vízállás esetén képesek sokáig fennmaradni. Kiszáradás következtében gyorsan beerdősülnek. Kiszáradás esetén a társulás gynomosodásnak indul. Ilyen élőhelyek a Duna Ásványráró és Dunaszeg között, az árvízvédelmi töltéssel párhuzamosan húzódó területén alakultak ki.
LÁP- ÉS MOCSÁRERDŐK
Jellemzése:
A Szigetközben csak nagyon kis kiterjedésben találkozhatunk égeres mocsárerdőkkel és égerlápokkal. Főleg nagyobb holtágak feltöltődése során alakulnak ki. Az év nagy részében bő vízellátottságúak. Zsombékosokból vagy fűzlápokból alakulnak ki. Országos szinten is veszélyeztetett élőhelyekről van szó, megóvásuk a természetvédelem kiemelten fontos feladata. A vízházátartás megváltoztatása eltűnésüket okozza. Élőhelyükön tilos a vízelvezetés. Sajnos a Nováki-csatorna mentén – valószínűleg a magasra állított vízjárás miatt – állományaik pusztulásnak indultak és töredékessé váltak.
ERDEI ÉLŐHELYEK
BOKORFÜZESEK
Jellemzése:
- A folyóparton a folyóvízek által lerakott durva kavicsos hordalékon fejlődnek a csigolya bokorfüzesek. Évente 5-7 hónapon át kerülnek víz alá.
- A mellékágak és hullámtéri morotvák vize lassú, vagy időszakos mozgásban van, ezért partjait iszapos finom homok, vagy iszap borítja. E finomszemcséjű hordalékon először iszapnövényzet alakul ki. Ezek becserjésedésével jönnek létre a mandulalevelű bokorfüzesek.
A Mosoni-Duna esetében a vízszintingadozás kicsi, az elöntések ritkán fordulnak elő, melynek következtében ezek az élőhelyek nagyon törédekésen fordulnak elő, de az Öreg-Duna hullámterén is beszűkült az élőhelye. A mindenkori vízjárástól erősen függő, dinamikus élőhely, az ártéri szukcessziósor első fázisa. A szukcessziósor a bokorfüzesek továbbfejlődése után az ártéri fűz-nyár ligeterdők felé mutat.
FŰZ-NYÁR ÁRTÉRI ERDŐK
Jellemzése:
Alacsonyártéri területeken kialakult, évente rendszeres előntést kapó erdők. Az Öreg-Duna mentén igen jellemző élőhelytípus, a főmeder és az árvízvédelmi töltés közötti terület csaknem egészén előfordul. Fő alkotója a mélyebb, árvízjárta részeken a fehér fűz, (Püski térségében a törékeny fűz), melyet magasabb szinteken egyre többfelé fehér nyár és szürke nyár vált fel. A füzesek fajkészlete szegényes, a rendszeres előntést kapó állományokban 1-2 jelentősebb faj említhető (pl. nyári tőzike), azonban gyakran tömegesen jelennek meg benne adventív özönfajok. A nemes nyarasok térhódítása következtében a fűzligetek ma már csak a vízfolyás mentén keskeny sávban léteznek, nagyobb állományok csak a háborítatlan szigeteken maradtak fenn. A szukcesszió során keményfás (tölgy-kőris-szil) ligeterdőkké alakulnának. Ma már ez a folyamat nem figyelhető meg, az ember által jelentősen átalakított hullámtéri vízrajzi és áramlási viszonyok következtében.
ERDEI ÉLŐHELYEK
KEMÉNYFÁS ÁRTÉRI ERDŐK
Jellemzése:
Legnagyobb részük ma már ármentett területen található, mely a szabályozás előtt is csak magas árhullámok esetében került víz alá. A rajkai Alsó-erdő és a Véneki Somos-erdő tartozik ebbe a típusba. Az erdők fajgazdagok, dús cserjeszinttel és geofiton (hagymás-gumós) fajokban gazdag aljnövényzettel rendelkeznek. Fragmentálisan a rajkai Tározótér területén is előfordul az élőhelytípus.
A keményfás ligeterdők a szigetközi magasártér jellemző erdőtársulásai, melyek továbbfejlődése a gyertyános-tölgyesek illetve a zárt száraz tölgyesek felé haladna. A folyamatot azonban ma már az erdészeti kezelés és a hidrológiai viszonyok nagyban befolyásolják, gátolják.
GYERTYÁNOS-KOCSÁNYOS TÖLGYESEK
Jellemzése:
A Mosoni-Duna mentén csak kis kiterjedésben találhatók meg a gyertyános tölgyesek. Az árterekből kiemelkedő magaslatokat foglalják el, ezért kiemelkedően magas árhullám esetén sem kerülnek víz alá. Talajuk a félnedves vagy üde vízgazdálkodási fokba sorolható. Lombkoronaszintjük a 25-30 m magasságot is elérheti, cserjeszintjük közepesen, vagy erősen fejlett, a gyepszint borítása tág határok között változhat. Keményfaligetekkel áll kapcsolatban és dinamikus egyensúlyban. Csapadékos, áradásos években állományaikban előretörhetnek a ligeterdei fajok.
ERDEI GYŰJTÉS SZABÁLYAI
NEM VÉDETT TERÜLETEKEN
A 2009. évi, az erdőről, az erdő védelméről és az erdőgazdálkodásról szóló XXXVII. törvény értelmében állami erdőben mindenki csak saját szükségleteinek megfelelő mennyiségű (NEM VÉDETT) gombát, gyógynövényt gyűjthet külön engedély nélkül. Ennek mértéke nem haladhatja meg naponta a 2 kg/fő-t.
VÉDETT TERÜLETEKEN
Külön törvényi előírás vonatkozik a védett természeti területen (pl. természetvédelmi terület, tájvédelmi körzet, nemzeti park) való gyűjtésre. Ebben az esetben bármilyen kis mennyiség szedése csak a természetvédelmi hatóság engedélyével lehetséges. A természetvédelmi engedély beszerzése a gyűjtő feladata.
TUDTAD?
A sárga gévagomba lombos fák élő vagy elhalt anyagán él. Gyakorinak mondható faj, különösen az árterek erdeiben. Áprilistól októberig találkozhatunk vele. Oldalasan ülő, egyedüli vagy csokros alapból nő, érdekes zsinidelyező kalapokból áll. A kalap vastagsága 1-3 cm lehet, alakja változatos: félkörös, vese-, legyező alakú. Színe a sárga árnyalataiban pompázik! Pereme sokáig élénksárga, lekerekített, később hullámos és éles lesz. A kalap húsa 2 cm vastagságig fehér színű.
FELTÉTELESEN EHETŐ! Szaga és íze enyhe. Fiatalon ehető, de csak 20 perc hőkezelés után!
HA TEHETED, AKKOR
TARTSD MEG AZ IDŐS FÁKAT ÉS HOLTFÁKAT!
MIÉRT FONTOSAK?
- Élőhely, menedék, táplálékkforrás
- Biológiai folyamatok fenntartása
Madarak, különös tekintettel az odúlakó madarakra
Denevérek (és egyéb kisemlősök)
Ízeltlábúak (főként bogarak)
Gombák, mohák, zuzmók
Anyag- és energiaforgalom
Termőhely stabilizáció, regeneráció
Szén-dioxid megkötés
Erdők veszélyeztető tényezői
- Véghasználatok (tarvágás, végvágás)
- Sematikus, egyenletes előhasználatok és bontások
- Holtfa hiánya
- Cserjeszint és második szint eltávolítása
- Özönnövények terjedése
- Túlzottan magas egyedszámú vadállomány
- Szemetelés
- Klímaváltozás (csapadékhiány, kiszáradás, kártevők stb.)
JAVASOLT ELŐÍRÁSOK
❖ Megfelelő állományszerkezet kialakítása → a nevelővágások során az alsó lombkorona- és a cserjeszint kialakítása, a kialakult szintek megfelelő záródásának fenntartása.
❖ Fakitermelés augusztus 15. és február 1. között.
❖ A nevelővágások során az intenzíven terjedő fafajok teljes mértékű eltávolítása.
❖ Őshonos fafajú állományok véghasználata során átlagosan 5-20% területi lefedettséget biztosító élőhelyek visszahagyása, lehetőleg az idős állomány összetételét jellemző formában.
❖ Az erdőrészletben megjelölt mikroélőhelyen legalább 10 m³/ha, az egyes törzsek legvékonyabb részén legalább 20 cm átmérőt elérő álló és/vagy fekvő holtfa folyamatos fenntartása.
❖ Örökerdő üzemmódra való áttérés.
❖ Az eredeti talajállapot fenntartása érdekében a talaj-előkészítés és a tuskózás elhagyása.
❖ Az idegenhonos fa- és cserjefajok egyedeinek eltávolítása során tekintettel kell lenni a túlzott mértékű kitermelés okozta lékesedés elkerülésére a kitermelésre kerülő egyedek kijelölésével vagy a kitermelt idegenhonos fajok egyedeinek helyén, kézi munkával, talaj-előkészítés nélkül, mesterséges felújítás elvégzésével.
❖ Kártevők elleni védekezésnél kímélő technológiák és célirányos kijuttatás (területi lokalizáció, időszak megválasztása: életciklushoz kötött kijuttatás) alkalmazása.
❖ Kártevők elleni védekezésnél biológiai módszerek (feromoncsapdák, elterelő anyagok) alkalmazása.
Szántóföldek természeti értékei
A kiemelt jelentőségű gyepes, erdős, vagy vizes élőhelyek közé ékelődve megtalálhatjuk a szántóföldeket is.
Általánosságban elmondható, hogy a szántók természetvédelmi szempontból kevésbé változatos élőhelyek, mivel általában intenzíven művelt táblák.
Veszélyeztető tényezők
- bűvósávok, vetetlen szegélyek hiánya
- nagy méretű, egybeművelt táblák
- vegyszer-használat, műtrágyázás
- fedetlenül hagyott talaj
- gyakori gépi művelés
- vetésforgó be nem tartása
- öntözés, vízelvezetés
- rossz időpontban végzett gépi művelés
...mégis élő-, táplálkozó- és szaporodóhelyet biztosítanak sokféle élőlénynek!
Például:
számtalan rovar életciklusa kötődik ide,
védett madarak táplálkozó-, fészkelőhelye,
vadászható fajok táplálkozóterülete.
A növények ás állatok egy része a kezelt táblabelsőkben is előfordul, de a kezeletlen táblaszegélyek, fennhagyott bűvósávok, kísérő cserje-, vagy fasorok jellemzően fajokban gazdagabb területek.
A biológiai sokféleség megőrzése a gazdálkodó érdeke is, hiszen több állatfaj is gondoskodik természetes úton a kártevők ritkitásáról (pl. katicák, fürkészek, ragadozó madarak).
KEZELÉSI JAVASLATOK SZÁNTÓKRA
Kezelési javaslatok:
❖ A jelölő élőhelyekkel nem határos szántók művelése közvetlenül nem veszélyezteti a fontos élőhelyeket, de hosszabb távon a gyep művelésre váltás az optimális megoldás.
❖ A természetszerű erdők, vizes élőhelyek, nedves gyepek mellett elhelyezkedő szántók művelése közvetlenül káros hatással lehet a szomszédos jelölő élőhelyekre és fajokra. Itt szükséges néhány korlátozás betartása, de a szántó mielőbbi gyeppé alakítása a legjobb, amit tehetünk.
Fenntartási tervben javasolt korlátozások:
❖ Légi úton vegyszer, műtrágya kijuttatása nem lehetséges
❖ Energetikai ültetvény nem telepíthető
❖ Időszakos és állandó vízállások körül 3 m-es sávban talajművelés nem végezhető
További javasolható előírás:
❖ Vegyszermentesség a jelölő élőhelyek melletti 50 m-es sávban
Tudtad, hogy a szántóföldi vadvirágok egyes kutatások szerint mára már a legritkább társulásokat alkotják a Földön és egyes típusai (pl. a lenföldek vadvirágai) kihaltnak tekinthetőek?
FŐBB INVÁZIÓS NÖVÉNYFAJOK
**ARANYVESSZŐ**
Észak-amerikai eredetű behurcolt faj. Sikeressége abban rejlik, hogy az új nyílt felszínű területeken kaszattermésével hamar meg tud jelenni, majd a meghóditott területen tarackról szaporodva nagy összefüggő állományokat tud képezni. A zárt aranyvesszős kialakulása az eredeti növénytakaró szinte teljes pusztulását jelenti.
A védekezés legjobb módja a megelőzés, a helyes kaszálási módok alkalmazása. A már erősen fertőzött területeken az aranyvessző föltokat sokkoló kaszállal (évente kétszer, háromszor) kell kezelni.
**ZÖLD JUHAR**
Hazájában, Észak- és Közép-Amerikában főként vízparti erdőkben uralmodó fafaj.
Közepes termetű fa, melynek bőséges terméseit a szél, a víz és az állatok is terjeszthetik. Sikeressége ezek mellett a jó csírázóképességében és intenzív tuskósarjéképzésében rejlik.
Rövid élettartama miatt elegendő lehet a termős példányok kivágásával védekezni ellene. Sarjait mechanikus úton, valamint növényvédőszerrel lekenve lehet elpusztítani.
**FEHÉR AKÁC**
Észak-Amerika keleti felén őshonos faj. Napjainkban világszerte az egyik leggyakrabban termesztett lombos fafajként tartják számon. Az akác, ahol megtelepedett és kedvezőek számára a feltételek, magbankjának és sarjadó képességének köszönhetően csak hosszú idő alatt, nagy nehézségek árán sorzítható vissza. Erőteljesen átalakítja környezetét. A mechanikai védekezés csak hosszútávon célravezető. A vegyeszeres kezelés esetén a fiatal egyedek lombfakadás utáni permetezését, idősebb egyedeknél a kéreg eltávolítása, gyűrűzése után a kenését, a tuskó vágási felületének kezelését javasolják.
**BÁLVÁNYFA**
Eredetileg Kelet-Ázsia fafaja, hazánkba szándékos betelepítés útján került erdészeti és kertészeti céllal. Rendkívül agresszívan terjed, allelopatiás hatásán, árnyékolásán és a talaj nitrogénszintjének növelésén keresztül átalakítja a területek növényközösséget. Leginkább száraz gyepekben, bokorerdőkben, homoki gyepekben veszélyes özöngyom, de akár épületek, utak hasadékaiban is megtelepedhet, gyorsítva azok állapotának romlását. A talajfelszín bolygatása kifejezetten kedvez terjedésének. Tulajdonsága, életképessége következtében térfoglalása jelentős anyagi ráfordítások árán korlátozható. Kiváló sarjadóképessége miatt teljes visszaszorítása kizárólag mechanikai módszerekkel szinte lehetetlen.
További információ: www.invaziosfajok.hu
INTENZÍVEN TERJEDŐ NÖVÉNYFAJOK ELLENI KÉMIAI VÉDEKEZÉS
A Natura 2000 és védett természeti területeken a különböző növényvédő szerek használatát a lehető legalacsonyabb mértékre szükséges csökkenteni. Az intenzíven terjedő növényfajok (közismertebb elnevezésük öönnövények) esetében azonban néha nem kerülhető el a vegyszeres irtás. A vegyszeres irtásokat többnyire totális gyomirtószerekkel vagy azok kombinációjával lehet végezni, melyek nem szelektívek, így használatuk körültekintést igényel.
❖ A fásszárú fajok esetében vastagságtól függően az injektálás és kéregkenés (néhány faj esetében kéreghántást követően a hántott felület ecsetelése) a javasolt kijuttatási módszer, mert ezek esetében a legkisebb a környező növényzet károsodása szakszerű kivitelezés esetén. Vékonyabb egyedek, magoncok illetve korábbi kezelés után kihajtó sarjak esetében szükséges lehet levélen felszívódó gyomirtó alkalmazása, csöppenésmentes kijuttatással.
❖ A lágysszárú fajok esetében a kenés, illetve teljesen zárt állományok esetében a körültekintően végzett permetezés a javasolt kijuttatási technológia.
❖ Az alkalmazható szerek lehetőleg környezetbarát, gyorsan felszívódó hatóanyagúak, szelektív kijuttatásra alkalmasak legyenek, melyek levélen vagy kambiumon keresztül felszívódnak és a növény sarjadásmentes irtását biztosítják.
❖ Az ellenőrizhetőség biztosítása érdekében a vegyszerbe minden esetben színező anyag keverése javasolt, így a kezelt és kezeletlen egyedek jól elkülöníthetők.
❖ A kezeléseket minden esetben az engedélyokiratban foglalt módon és az egyéb vonatkozó jogszabályi előírások betartásával, a kijuttatáshoz szükséges hatósági engedélyek birtokában lehet végezni.
A fontosabb inváziós fajokra kidolgozott irtási útmutatókat és jó gyakorlatokat talál az invaziosfajok.hu weboldalon
Gazdálkodj ÖKOsan
A Fertő-Hanság Nemzeti Park Igazgatóság
Natura 2000 területein gazdálkodók
Kézikönyvének sorozata
Eddig megjelent kötetek:
I. Gazdálkodj ÖKOsan a Rábaközben
II. Gazdálkodj ÖKOsan a Répce-mentén
III. Gazdálkodj ÖKOsan a Rába mellett
IV. Gazdálkodj ÖKOsan Sopron és környékén
V. Gazdálkodj ÖKOsan a Pannonhalmi-dombságon
VI. Gazdálkodj ÖKOsan a Gönyűi-homokvidéken
VII. Gazdálkodj ÖKOsan a Szigetközben
VII. kötet: Gazdálkodj ÖKOsan a Szigetközben
Kiadó: Fertő-Hanság Nemzeti Park Igazgatóság
Szerkesztette: Barna Csilla
Szerzők: Barna Csilla, Burda Brigitta, Takács Gábor
Fotók: Barna Csilla, Schmidt Dávid, Takács Gábor, Motkó Béla, Szabó Csaba,
Keszei Balázs, Hergovits-Szép Katalin
Festmények: Zsoldos Márton
ISBN 978-615-6266-08-8
©Fertő-Hanság Nemzeti Park Igazgatóság 2021
©Szerzők
Minden jog fenntartva. A kiadó és a szerzők engedélye nélkül nem sokszorosítható,
valamint elektronikus keresőrendszerekben sem tárolható és publikálható.
A kézikönyv sorozat a GRASSLAND-HU projekt keretében jelenik meg.
A LIFE IP GRASSLAND-HU (LIFE17 IEP/HU/000018) projekt az Európai Unió LIFE
Programjának támogatásával valósul meg.
# Tartalomjegyzék
| Cikk | Oldal |
|------|-------|
| Előszó | 3 |
| Mit tehetsz Natura 2000 gazdálkodóként? | 4 |
| Jogszabály által meghatározott kötelező gyepgazdálkodási előírások | 5 |
| Jogszabály által meghatározott kötelező erdőgazdálkodási előírások | 6 |
| Agrár- és erdészeti támogatások | 7 |
| A Szigetközről röviden | 8 |
| A Szigetköz jelölő fajai | 9 |
| Vizes és vízhez kötődő élőhelyek | 10 |
| Nádasok és mocsarak | 11 |
| Nedves és üde gyepek | 12 |
| Száraz gyepek | 13 |
| Az üde és kiszáradó rétekre vonatkozó kezelési elvek | 14 |
| A természetvédelmi cél a változatos, jó természetességű rétek fenntartása megfelelő vízellátás biztosításával, mozaikos kaszálással. | 14 |
| Száraz gyepek és kezelési elveik | 15 |
| Legeltetés | 16 |
| Jó kaszálás? Rossz kaszálás? | 17 |
| A Szigetköz Natura 2000 elhelyezkedése | 18 |
| Kaszálásra vonatkozó javaslatok | 20 |
| A Szigetköz erdei élőhelyei és jelölő fajai | 21 |
| Jelölő erdei élőhelyek specifikus céljai | 22 |
| Erdei élőhelyek | 23 |
| Erdei gyűjtés szabályai | 26 |
| Ha teheted, akkor tartsd meg az idős fákat és holtfákat! | 27 |
| Erdők veszélyeztető tényezői | 28 |
| Javasolt előírások | 29 |
| Szántóföldek természeti értékei | 30 |
| Kezelési javaslatok szántókra | 31 |
| Főbb inváziós növényfajok | 32 |
| Intenzíven terjedő növényfajok elleni kémiai védekezés | 33 |
| Impresszum | 34 |
| Tájékoztatás! | 36 |
TÁJÉKOZTATÁS!
Amennyiben szeretne többet megtudni a Szigetköz kiemelt jelentőségű természetmegőrzési területről, vagy szeretné megtudni, hogy milyen jogai, kötelezettségei és támogatási lehetőségei vannak a saját tulajdonában lévő földeken, akkor keresse bizalommal munkatársainkat, akik az újonnan (2021-ben) megalakult Gyepvédelmi Tanácsadó Szolgálat tagjaiként elérhetők e-mailen és telefonon!
Burda Brigitta
email@example.com
+36 (30) 628 5425
Barna Csilla
firstname.lastname@example.org
+36 (30) 280 2583
A terület fenntartási tervét a www.ferto-hansag.hu honlapunkon a Természetvédelem/Természetvédelmi kezelés/Natura 2000 fenntartási tervek fül alatt találja meg! | 4b5c7c4a-5560-4f41-bd7e-8377b57f2df8 | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/hun_Latn/train | finepdfs | hun_Latn | 50,217 |
John Abbott
Friday I
9-11:30
Friday II
11:45-2:15
55
Friday III
2:30-5:00
Saturday I
9-11:30
Saturday II
11:45-2:15
Saturday III
2:30-5:00
23
Don Abing
9
9
9
Keith Hardcastle
Jon Harrang
Bud Heintz
Red Hessel
66
69
69
69
43
9
John Higby
59
72
72
28
37
42
37 | <urn:uuid:7b79a195-2d29-4445-971a-69fe335e08a3> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 293 |
Dansk Jazzmusiker Forening
Rådhuskoncerter - Kapelmesteruddannelsen - Kontingent
Vi har afholdt 3 af de i alt 6 Rådhuskoncerter, som Kunstfonden har bevilget penge til i 2014. De 3 øvrige er i fuld gang med at blive planlagt. Her kommer den gode nyhed: Kunststyrelsen har bevilget gennemførelse af 10 projekter i 2015. Hver gruppe får 3.000 kr. med i lommen, når de skal ud at sælge sig selv. Bestyrelsen modtagerne gerne input til mulige spillesteder, mulige bands etc. Forudsætningerne er, at det skal handle om områder, der er tyndt besat med hensyn til jazz (Udkantsdanmark), at der er lokal forankring og at man skal have minimum tariffen. Koncerterne skal naturligvis være offentligt tilgængelige. Kontakt formand email@example.com eller næstformand firstname.lastname@example.org hvis du har spørgsmål.
DJF har gennemført to spor i 2014. Et for jazz kapelmestre og et for klassiske dirigenter. Frans Rasmussen har her haft en hovedrolle, men vi har også haft koryfæer som Fuzzy, John Hollenbeck og Phil Dwyer til at undervise. Projektet munder ud i en koncert 23/11 kl. 14 i Hellig Kors Kirke Kapelvej 38 København N. 7 af dirigenterne heraf 3 klassiske vil fremføre værker for big band og trombone band. Rolf Mandix, Nicolai Glahder og Niels Balle møder op med nyskrevne værker. Det har været et interessant spinn-off af kapelmester projektet, at folk selv har kastet sig ud i at skrive for diverse besætninger. På koncerten kan desuden høres to stykker af Niels Gerhardt, som også var underviser på den klassiske del og selv tidligere DJF Kapelmester. Det er et arrangement for 5 tromboner og rytme samt en komposition for big band.
Som noget helt unikt kan man høre 8 trombonister og rytmegruppe opføre Prelude & Polska skrevet af Professor Mogens Andresen og søn Johannes. Mogens spiller selv med. Koncerten markerer et punktum for kapelmester uddannelsen i denne omgang.
Pengene fra Kunstfonden har i 2014 været øremærkede til de længevarende forløb. Som noget nyt i hvert fald i forhold til de senere år, har Fonden accepteret, at vi fremover vil satse på vores kærneydelse, som er workshops og masterclasses på højeste plan. Dvs. instruktionsforløb herunder koncerter med internationale stjerner og højt profilerede danske undervisere. Nogle af disse masterclasses vil være DJFs egne aktiviteter, som udbydes til medlemmerne. Andre vil være medlemmernes egne projekter. Bestyrelsen og masterclasses på højeste plan. Dvs. instruktionsforløb herunder koncerter med internationale stjerner og højt profilerede danske undervisere. Nogle af disse masterclasses vil være DJFs egne aktiviteter, som udbydes til medlemmerne. Andre vil være medlemmernes egne projekter. Bestyrelsen modtager gerne forslag til sådanne aktiviteter samt ansøgninger, hvor der foreligger konkrete forslag. Har I kendskab til en udenlandsk stjerne, der kommer forbi, er vi interesserede i at høre herom, da det tit kan kombineres med en instrumental workshop.
Det er ikke for sent at indbetale kontingent for 2014.
Brug gerne netbank, hvis du har en sådan! Du kan dog stadigvæk rekvirere et girokort hos email@example.com. Det koster 200 kr. om året eller 100 kr., hvis du er under 26 eller over 60, at være med til at støtte foreningens kvalitetsarbejde for dansk jazz.
Dansk Jazzmusiker Forening c/o Jacob Roved. Netbank reg.nr. 9570 kontonr. 6322190. Du kan også indbetale til Gironummer: 6322190
Opgiv venligst navn, adresse, mail-adresse, telefon nr. og instrument.
Læs mere om DJF på http://jazzmusiker.dk. Tilmeld dig gerne medlemsdatabasen.
Bestyrelsen i DJF
firstname.lastname@example.org | <urn:uuid:7600c6a7-fa11-4c16-b782-9977faa8b498> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/dan_Latn/train | finepdfs | dan_Latn | 3,592 |
Universitatea POLITEHNICA din Bucureşti FACULTATEA de ENERGETICĂ
DOMENIUL: INGINERIE ENERGETICĂ
SPECIALIZAREA Ingineria sistemelor electroenergetice (MS 2)
Forma de învăţământ: Master de cercetare de aprofundare
PLAN DE ÎNVĂŢĂMÂNT
Anul II Semestrul 3
| Nr. crt | Disciplina | | Ore/saptamana | | | | | Tip discip. | PC | Forma de eval. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | Denumire | Cod | C | S | L | P | Stud. indiv. | | | |
| Discipline obligatorii (O) | | | | | | | | | | |
| 1 | Reţele electrice inteligente | UPB.02.S.MS2.013 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | A | 4 | E |
| 2 | Metode de optimizare | UPB.02.S.MS2.014 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | S | 4 | E |
| 3 | Mentenanţa instalaţiilor electroenergetice | UPB.02.S.MS2.015 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.5 | S | 3 | V |
| 4 | Calitatea energiei electrice | UPB.02.S.MS2.016 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.5 | S | 3 | V |
| 5 | Impactul generării distribuite asupra reţelelor electrice | UPB.02.S.MS2.017 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | S | 3 | E |
| 6 | Regimuri tranzitorii | UPB.02.S.MS2.018 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | A | 3 | V |
| 7 | Cercetare ştiinţifică pentru disertaţie 3 | UPB.02.S.MS2.019 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 12 | 7 | S | 10 | V |
| TOTAL discipline obligatorii (O) | | | 12 | 0 | 4 | 12 | 12 | | 30 | - |
| Discipline opţionale (A) | | | | | | | | | | |
| 1 | | | | | | | | | | - |
| TOTAL discipline opţionale (A) | | | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | 0 | - |
| TOTAL discipline obligatorii (O) şi opţionale (A) | | | 12 | 0 | 4 | 12 | 12 | | 30 | - |
| TOTAL ore pe săptămână | | | 28 | | | | 12 | | | |
| Discipline liber alese (L) | | | | | | | | | | |
| 1 | | | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | 0 | - |
| TOTAL discipline liber alese (L) | | | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | 0 | - |
Anul II Semestrul 4
| Nr. crt | Disciplina | | Ore/saptamana | | | | | Tip discip. | | Forma de eval. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | Denumire | Cod | C | S | L | P | Stud. indiv. | | PC | |
| Discipline obligatorii (O) | | | | | | | | | | |
| 1 | Stagiu de practică | UPB.02.S.MS2.020 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 2 | S | 10 | V |
| 2 | Elaborare proiect de disertaţie | UPB.02.S.MS2.021 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 10 | S | 20 | V |
| TOTAL discipline obligatorii (O) | | | 0 | 0 | 0 | 28 | 12 | | 30 | - |
| Discipline opţionale (A) | | | | | | | | | | |
| 1 | | | | | | | | | | - |
| TOTAL discipline opţionale (A) | | | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | 0 | - |
| TOTAL discipline obligatorii (O) şi opţionale (A) | | | 0 | 0 | 0 | 28 | 12 | | 30 | - |
| TOTAL ore pe săptămână | | | 28 | | | | 12 | | | |
| Discipline liber alese (L) | | | | | | | | | | |
| 1 | | | | | | | | | | - |
Legendă Cod disciplină
Legendă Tip disciplină:
U = umanistă
F = fundamentală
S = de specialitate
Rector,
Mihnea COSTOIU
S = disciplină de sinteză
A = disciplină de aprofundare
Decan,
Prof. dr. ing. Horia NECULA
Anul universitar: 2016-2017 | <urn:uuid:80a940d5-1996-474d-a017-5e915260bfab> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ron_Latn/train | finepdfs | ron_Latn | 2,969 |
Newsletter
Opening hours: Every Sunday 10am – 2pm Or by appointment.
238 Mudgeeraba Road, Mudgeeraba (Mudgeeraba Heritage Centre)
PO Box 1233, Mudgeeraba, Qld 4213 PH: 07 5559 1457
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Web: http://gchheritagemuseum.org.au/
Committee formed June 2001; Incorporated November 2001; Dedication and official opening 9 October 2004
Hello everyone
Finally we are able to open again. We opened on 13 September. During our forced closure we have been able to make lots of changes around the museum and give it a good spring clean. We are now ready for your visit. Please come and say hello. We have missed your all.
Joan
We are on Facebook and Instagram – GC Hinterland Heritage Museum – please like us and spread the word.
Due to the rising cost of postage = it has now gone up top $1.10 - we would like to be able to email the newsletter to as many of our friends as possible. I know there are some of you who do not have email etc and that is fine. You will still get your newsletter as per usual. If you receive our newsletter through the post but have an email address could you please send an email to email@example.com and I will add you to the email list to receive the newsletter. Many thanks.
HAPPENINGS AROUND THE MUSEUM
Our new entry. With just a few weeks work by our volunteers and recycling of items we had at the museum we changed this
Into this.
Why not visit and see what other changes and improvements we have made
Do you like old cameras? Come along and see our large collection on display in one of the rooms of the Nerang Railway Station. Some of our cameras are over 100 years old. If you have any questions, we have volunteers who will only be too happy to answer them.
PROPOSED RAILWAY ROUTES – A VISIT TO THE DISTRICT – THE OPENING FOR SETTLEMENT – MUDGEERABA AND TALLEBUDGERA
NERANG TO TWEED HEADS. (1897, June 12). The Brisbane Courier (Qld. : 1864 - 1933), p. 7. Retrieved July 21, 2020, from http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article3652604
The proposal to extend the railway from Nerang one of the present terminal of the South Coast line to Coolangatta, Tweed Heads, has recently been brought prominently under notice. It has been urged that such an extension, apart from the advantages to the north-eastern districts of New South Wales, would have a material effect in opening up and developing the large tract of country lying on the Queensland side of the border line. With a view to learning the extent of this as well as its possibilities, a representative of this journal recently made a tour of the proposed routes. Taking first the route which is known as the middle survey, it is found that the distance from Nerang to the site of the station at Mudgeeraba is eight miles, and from Mudgeeraba to Tallebudgera seven miles; thence over Tallebudgera Creek at the oyster beds to Coolangatta ten miles; or a total distance of about twenty-five miles. The top survey branches off at Reedy Creek, about a mile from Tallebudgera Creek and forms a deviation of about five miles, which would place the station about two miles and a half up the creek. This survey passes through the broadest part of the settlement, thence through a gap at the head of Currumbin Range on to the top of Currumbin flat, thence down that flat to the middle survey. Our representative's attention was chiefly directed to the benefited areas calculated as being within a radius of three miles and a half to five miles along and from the proposed railway stations. He found that within the Mudgeeraba area there were forty-three selections and homesteads, aggregating 25,527 acres.
THE RESOURCES OF MUDGEERABA.
Commencing at a point four miles midway between Nerang and Mudgeeraba, and finishing three miles and a half beyond the latter place, which is half-way beyond the latter place, which is half way from Tallebudgera, the land on both sides of the route is principally forest and flats, eminently suited for dairy purposes, the flats being adapted for general agriculture and sugar cultivation. Up Mudgeeraba Creek and on either side to the banks of the Nerang Creek, for some distance there are several clearings; the remainder is dense scrub with exceedingly rich soil, with occasional alluvial flats of surpassing fertility. Further south is Benogin Creek, the Nimal Range on its north bank with equally fertile land for cultivation, and especially dairying, right up the its source, some twenty to thirty miles up in the Macpherson Range.
Dairying, farming, fruit growing, and timber getting are the chief industries. In the immediate vicinity of Mudgeeraba dairying is the principal occupation engaged in. there are four large dairies at work, whose combined weekly output of cream in the height of the past season was 170 gallons, equal to 1200lb. of butter. The contributors were – Messrs. Fredericks and Rolf, (now milking thirty-five), Lavers (W.H. and T.), J E Young, R E Davenport, Isaac Andrews and Messrs. Stephens and Rudd, the latter one month themselves making 1435lb. of butter. All are now, however, sending their cream to Brisbane, carting it ten miles to Nerang. This, of course, is very unsatisfactory, for, apart from the cost, the jolting of the rough road almost churns the cream into butter. Railway facilities would certainly be the means of developing the industry about Mudgeeraba, and many of the farmers state their willingness to increase their herds, while there are others who would enter upon the business of dairying. Mr McIntyre, for instance, is milking eighteen cows, making about 1cwt. Of butter on his own account each week, and declares that, with the conveniences of a railway, he would soon work a herd of 100.The class of dairy cows are good, care being exercised in selection and breeding, Ayrshires, Jerseys and South Coast having been introduced and fostered. Rolf and Fredericks have a fine lot of half-bred Jerseys, Mr McIntyre Ayrshire strain; Mr Young a good strain of milers, milking forty in summer, now twenty-five. Mr Rudd has improved his herd by the introduction of two South Coast bulls shortly after his joining Mr Stephens some six years ago, so that with judicious culling they have now a herd of good milk and butter producers. There are about 700 cattle used for dairy purposes in the Mudgeeraba district.
Some ten or a dozen of the dairymen and farmers go in for pig raising and fattening, from 100 down to a modest ten, make up a total send away of about 500 during the season. Of maize, about 1000 bags are forwarded to market per annum, as well as a large weight of English potatoes. Mr Isaac Andrews despatches a considerable quantity of chaff. There are only two large fruit growers, and both are located on Little Nerang, but they are crushed cruelly by having to send their produce to Nerang Station, over fifteen miles of hilly road. A railway to Mudgeeraba would place them within four or five miles of the line. One of these fruit growers, Mr August Abraham, has been on the creek fifteen years. He has felled 100 acres of scrub, and all is now under cultivation. He raises heavy crops of maize and fattens sixty pigs; has gone in extensively for oranges, some of the trees being fifteen years old, yet of perfectly healthy growth and heavily cropped. All he asks is 'the railway'. A little lower down the creek Messrs. J. and H. Roessler have an orangery of thirty-one acres, under the management of Mr Joseph Schneyd. The trees are in perfect health, and are bearing heavily, but the whole of them are not yet in fully bearing. The cultivation is perfect; not a weed is to be seen and the foliage shows not a trace of the drought. The orangery occupies a long strip of flat ground, originally scrub, running parallel with the creek and coming on to it suddenly after crossing a little spur, no prettier sight can greet the eye of the stranger. There is a large cooling-room and a saw bench, by means of which the timber for packing cases is cut, while lift and force pumps worked by a 6 horsepower engine, and equal to about 600 gallons of water per minute for irrigation purposes, are in convenient positions. Last season the crop ran up to 4000 cases, a fourth of which perished because they could not be got to market in time owing to the long distance and bad road to Nerang. This year's crop Mr Schneyd estimates at between 5000 and 6000 cases. One row of Lisbon lemons trees surround the orchard, and these have a better appearance than those grown in the red soil on the South Coast and islands of Moreton Bay, but at the same time there is a want of uniformity in the size, shape and quality of the fruit. Almost every settler in the area mentioned has from a few trees to a few acres of orange trees, all showing the adaptability of the soil and conditions for their perfect growth.
The timber resources of the district are important, and the output would find its way to the railway at Mudgeeraba, some being drawn twenty-five miles to Nerang. A saving of ten miles haulage makes the difference between non-remunerative and remunerative labour. Some idea of the fine timber on Mudgeeraba Creek may be formed from the fact that one cedar felled girthed 25ft. 6ins. at base and contained 15,000 feet superficial when dressed and sent away in nine logs. A pine tree was also cut down, girthing 18ft. 2in. free of bark, at the butt end, and the stem measured 100ft. to first branch. There are also in the scrubs millions of feet of flooded gum, towering tall and straight from 80ft. to 100ft. from base to first limb. Ironbark piles 67ft. in length are now being drawn from Benogin Creek to Nerang for shipment to the North for works there. On Nimal Mountain there is now growing a huge red box tree, which girths 32ft. at a height of 6ft. from the ground.
Along the route of the survey, from Mudgeeraba to Tallebudgera, which runs parallel with and to the east of the coach road, the line passes through good grazing land, the largest block being that of Messrs. Stephens and Rudd. All of this is suitable for dairying purposes, and some cultivation. On the coast side of the survey there is an enormous swamp, extending from rear of Mr W Stephen's house at Merimac to within about a mile of Little Burleigh Heads. The coast survey branches off at Reedy Creek at about the same point as does the top survey deviation.
THE TALLEBUDGERA SETTLEMENT
The Tallebudgera settlement, within the area to be benefited by the railway, comprises about 9,801 acres. Currumbin Creek, between Tallebudgera and the border, has as yet only a few settlers. The total area alienated, however, is 11,259 acres, of which the City Bank of Sydney hold 9,700 acres, comprising what is known as Currumbin Flat. There are a large number of small holdings in each of the districts, the numbers of ratepayers, according to the books of the Nerang board, being; Currumbin, 40; Burleigh Township, 62; and Coolangatta, 17; the last tow enumerated and half of the Tallebudgera figures representing town allotments. The first selection of land and its settlement at Tallebudgera dates back twenty-seven years, when the late Mr John Andrews took up his abode. Next in order came his brother, Mr Samuel Andrews, who if he lives until August next will have been there twenty-six years. He has been most successful in his farming and has added to his broad acres year by year, until he is now the proud possessor of a fine estate represented by 3,700 acres. The settlers have been much handicapped all through in having to cart their produce such a long distance – to harper's Wharf at the mouth of Nerang Creek, via Burleigh Heads – eleven miles from the township, six miles of the road being over sand, in which the wheels of the wagons sink up to the nave. Settlement having extended jup the creek for about ten miles, the one furthest up has twenty-one miles to cart his produce. On Currumbin Creek they are at a greater disadvantage, intensified by a further distance and one long, steep range to cross in order to get to Tallebudgera. The effect of this difficulty has been that whereas for ten years back and more, when there was, it is stated by Mr S Andrews, some thousands of acres of land under cultivation, there is not now two thousand acres under crop. The population has also decreased. Much of the land is now under grass, mixed with white clover and rye, but the latter does not answer well. However, the pasture is a most luxuriant one, and nowhere, in the best of seasons, would stock look better or be in finer condition. When the scrub was first cleated a crop of 100 bushels of maize was the regular return; now there is an average of over 50 bushels per acre. This year it is computed that there will be from 1000 to 1500 bags of maize available for market after allowing for fattening about 600 pigs for market, these being driven to Nerang Railway Station, and fairly proportioned between the two buyers – the Messrs. Howes Bros., of Oxley and Hutton, of Zillmere. Mr S Andrews's quota of fat pigs is 200 per annum, and of maize this season 500 bags, and his son William 200 bags.
Dairying is only carried on by five settlers – W Dolan, J Dolan, Simpson and Grifoskie (one milking up to forty cows) – who send their butter by coach to Nerang and Murwillumbah. Mr Nelson Reid milks from ten to fifteen cows, and makes cheese, for which he has a local sale. Owing to the low prices ruling for produce during the past few years, settlers say that, with expensive land carriage, it did not pay them to send it to market. Hope was inspired in the breasts of the settlers twenty years ago when Mr McLean, the then member for the district, moved in Parliament for a survey of a railway to the border. This hope was cherished for ten years and when the survey was made ten years ago, hope and expectation ran high, but the hope so long deferred has made the hearts of these hardtoiling expectant settlers sick. Their spirits are again reviving under the prospect of a probable speedy realisation of their hopes and modest aspirations to keep their cupboards full of rations and their farms free of debt. It is painfully true, as many of the settlers remarked that they have been keeping the farms instead of the farms keeping them. The richness and fertility of the soil on Tallebudgera and Currumbin Creeks cannot be surpassed in any district in the colony, or that adjoining, and is equalled by few in either, and excepting on the flat opposite the township there has been an absence of frosts. On each side of Tallebudgera Creek settlement runs for over ten miles, the scrub extending, where not cleared, from the water's edge right up to the top of the hills and ranges, the soil being alluvial, chocolate and red volcanic. A fortnight ago could be seen small patches of bananas on Mrs Weedon's farm perfectly green, and from a mile above the first crossing of the creek right up to Hatley's (eight miles) numerous areas of English potatoes, with tops as green as leeks, and untouched by the frosts, while two patches of arrowroot waved luxuriantly. This latter is an industry the settlers could well follow on the creeks in the district, for there is a never-failing supply of the purest water. On both Tallebudgera and Currumbin creeks there were ample evidences that the orange is quite at home. There are trees ranging from those bearing for the first time up to and over twenty years old, bearing heavy crops of fine, large fruit of excellent sweet flavour and quality that would command a market and top price anywhere. The trouble is the same all round – the difficulty of getting the fruit to market. With a railway handy hundreds of thousands of cases of oranges could be grown on Little Nerang, Mudgeeraba, Benogin, Tallebudgera and Currumbin creeks lands as well as on the eastern slopes of the Macpherson Range from the border to within five miles of Murwillumbah. On the top of this range, about eight miles from the latter town, Mr Henry Eden has an orchard, locally
known as the 'Garden of Eden'. It is a valuable and interesting object lesson as illustrating what fine fruit in the shape of oranges and apples, both eating and cooking, can be grown.
It is, however to dairying that the Tallebudgera and Currumbin people are looking as a way out of their depression. Moving their maize crops on four legs to market in the comely shape of fat pigs has been a good stand-by and a means of fairly good existence to the farmers. The flats are scrub lands now under grasses show what pasturage and carrying capacity the unfelled scrub lands possess for dairy cattle. In addition to the land already alienated, there are hundreds of square miles of Crown lands – scrub – on the hillsides and ranges on either side of and at the heads of the creeks enumerated which would be rendered accessible, and probably would be eagerly taken up, were the construction fo the railway decided upon. It is claimed that a number of selections now lying idle would be worked again by the owners, and those which were taken up on the easy conditions of residence by bailiff, would be improved, leased or sold to those who would utilise then for their own benefit and the benefit of the colony. It is stated that sometimes five or six people a week view the unalienate lands up the creeks above the settlement, but do not take it up because of the distance from means of transit, either by railway or water carriage. Referring again to the potentialities of the district in connection with the dairying industry in the Tallebudgera and Currumbin districts, there are 1200 cattle, owned by twenty-five owners, according to returns for 1897, ordinarily used for dairy purposes. These, it is stated, would be in five years, if railway facilities were granted, increased to ten thousand, half of which would be in milk. As to the character of the country and its adaptability for carrying on dairying on an extensive and successful scale, the opinion of Mr Hartigan, of Murwillumbah, who is a native of Illiwarrah, and is well known to hundreds of Queenslanders and anew South Welshmen as a man of sound judgement, is 'that the lands of Tallebudgera and Currumbin were superior to those of the Illawarra district which were selling for 30 and acre'.
BULLOCK TEAMS
http://www.goldcoaststories.com.au/bullock-teams/ viewed 01/11/2020
Bullock teams and large heavy horse teams were an integral part of the Gold Coast's early timber industry transporting felled logs from the Hinterland to meet the almost insatiable need for timber for the growing settlements of the region.
As late as 1930 there were 24 bullock teams on the roads of the Gold Coast Hinterland, transporting logs from the slopes of the McPhersons through Advancetown to Nerang wharf or after the arrival of trains in 1903, the railway station.
Advancetown was a halfway unyoking place, where drivers and bullocks rested, ate and drank. It's thought that a number of modern roads in the Hinterland evolved from these early timber getter tracks. A visitor to the region in 1884 noted that timber wagons could be seen at every turn. On 16 January 1934 Hughie and Johnnie Guinea, with their bullocks, hauled the last load of logs from Advancetown to Nerang signalling the end of an era. The role of the huge bullocks had been replaced by large trucks.
While trucks were preferred, they were not able to access the dense scrub and difficult to reach places, but the bullocks and their bullockies could. However, despite their strength and ability to move through the landscape the bullocks required food and water that was not always accessible on the logging grounds. On occasion the rough terrain prevented the bullock teams from reaching the felled timber and it was left behind. Hughie Guinea recalls that the arrival of the trucks " …was not the end of those stout hearted bullocks who we loved as part of our family. I lost count of the number of times I was asked to yoke my bullocks to pull timber trucks out of bogs or ditches. If a bullocky lived to be 100 he always remembered his bullocks, each one was called by name, and each one had a different personality. They were magnificent courageous creatures." Many people are surprised to learn that there are still bullockies and working teams across Australia, including one in the Gold Coast Hinterland.
Management Committee 2019
Joan Rudd [President], Anne Panitz [Secretary]. Sue Mills [Treasurer, Registrar, Newsletter: Jack Rudd, Brian Cox, George O'Brien, Lenore Crouch, Mariette Buckingham, Neil Sands, Pam Sands, Peter Jones, Carol Jones, Warren Davis, Tom Cowper.
Meetings held 3 rd Sunday of each month on site.
Our aim is to collect and preserve historical and heritage material illustrating the growth and development of the Hinterland Region of the Gold Coast from the original pioneering days until today. We plan to arrange and describe these materials and make them accessible to the general public on a regular basis as well as providing educational programs where possible to increase public awareness and appreciation of the Gold Coast Hinterland region's history and development. Members of the Management Committee have connections with pioneering families in the district.
"Friends of the Museum" is for anyone who shares our same interest in preserving the history of our region and is interested in assisting with the set-up and operation of the museum. Further details on the 'Friends' and application form may be obtained from the secretary.
Diary Dates – subject to change without notice
October 2020
4 – Museum open 10am – 2pm
11 – Museum open 10am – 2pm
18 – Museum open 10am – 2pm
25 – Museum open 10am – 2pm
November 2020
1 – Museum open 10am – 2pm
8 – Museum open 10am – 2pm
14 – Exhibition workshop 9am
15 – Museum open 10am-2pm
The Museum Committee would like to thank the Council of the City of Gold Coast for their continued support of the Museum through Whole of City Funding and rate reduction. | <urn:uuid:8498bea8-b1ff-437c-b98f-841af64cef1e> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 21,988 |
NOTICE OF A MEETING OF THE MAKE JOURDANTON COUNT COMMITTEE
OF THE CITY OF JOURDANTON, TEXAS
TO BE HELD AT THE COUNCIL CHAMBERS
1604 SH 97 E, JOURDANTON, TEXAS ON JANUARY 27, 2020 AT 6:00 P.M.
Notice is hereby given that a Meeting of the Make Jourdanton Count Committee of the City of Jourdanton will be held on January 27, 2020 at 6:00 p.m. in the Council Chambers of City Hall, 1604 SH 97 E, Jourdanton, Texas.
1. Call to Order – Chairman Lamar Schulz
2. Call to Roll – Chairman Lamar Schulz
3. Request to address Committee on Agenda Items without Public Hearings and Non-Agenda Items (three-minute maximum per speaker).
4. Discussion and Action Items – Chairman Lamar Schulz
a. Census 2020 Representative Ben Garza to discuss the Census and the City hosting Census Employment Event at City Hall. Date to be determined.
b. Progress Reports from each Committee.
c. Discuss strategies to educate and reassure vulnerable communities.
d. Schedule future meetings and request agenda items for future meetings.
5. Adjourn.
I, the undersigned do hereby certify that the Notice of Meeting of the Make Jourdanton Count Committee of the City of Jourdanton is a true and correct copy of said Notice and that I posted a true and correct copy of said Notice on the bulletin board at the Jourdanton Municipal Complex in Jourdanton, Texas, a place convenient and readily accessible to the general public and individuals with disabilities at all times and said Notice was posted no later than 5:00 p.m. on January 24, 2020 and will remain so posted continuously for at least 72 hours preceding the scheduled time of said meeting.
[NOTICE OF POSSIBLE QUORUM: DUE TO THE IMPORTANCE OF THE 2020 CENSUS, IT IS POSSIBLE THAT A QUORUM OF OTHER GOVERNMENTAL BODIES MAY BE PRESENT TO HEAR THIS PRESENTATION TO INCLUDE THE CITY COUNCIL OF JOURDANTON AND THE PLANNING AND ZONING COMMISSION OF JOURDANTON. NO DELIBERATION OR ACTION MAY OCCUR] | <urn:uuid:785c7873-9de6-41fa-9b3f-a3169175bfb1> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 1,937 |
SAGGISTICA POLITICA. IN USCITA, A NOVEMBRE, SEMPRE IN FORMATO DIGITALE, PER LA GOLDENGATE EDIZIONI, IL QUARTO VOLUME DEL DIARIO POLITICO DI RAFFAELE LAURO, DAL TITOLO "VECCHI E NUOVI SPETTRI PER UN MONDO IN BILICO" (2021-2022).
27-10-2022
Anche questo quarto eBook, come i tre precedenti ("L'ITALIA SUL BARATRO" del 2018; "IO
Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
ACCUSO" del 2020; "L'OCCIDENTE IN ROTTA E LA CRISI DELLE DEMOCRAZIE" del 2021) raccoglie, con la presentazione del giornalista Antonio Manzo e la cover di Teresa Biagioli, in rigoroso ordine cronologico di pubblicazione, i più significativi interventi pubblici e i commenti politici, economico-finanziari e sociali di Lauro (articoli, comunicati stampa, saggi brevi, recensioni culturali, analisi strategiche e geopolitiche) sui maggiori eventi pubblici, interni e internazionali. Il sottotitolo evidenzia il consueto baricentro delle riflessioni dello scrittore sorrentino: la crisi politico-istituzionale italiana, la decadenza dei partiti politici, i riflessi della pandemia sulle famiglie e sulle imprese, l'inflazione e la minaccia della recessione. Nonché il Governo Draghi, la fine anticipata della XVIII legislatura, una campagna elettorale oscena (come quella del 2018), l'inizio della XIX legislatura, la vittoria del centrodestra e il Governo Meloni. Nell'ultimo intervento, che chiude la pubblicazione, dal quale traspare un senso di angoscia per il destino delle nuove generazioni, Lauro, si interroga, a conclusione di un travagliato quinquennio, sulle emergenze del presente e sulle incognite future del nostro Paese, nello scenario inquietante di un mondo in bilico, tra vecchi e nuovi spettri, con la spada di Damocle di una guerra, folle e sanguinosa, che minaccia di travolgere l'intera umanità. Anche questo eBook, come i precedenti, sarà scaricabile, gratuitamente, dal sito web dell'autore (www.raffaelelauro.it). L'intero diario politico si sviluppa in più di 1500 pagine a stampa. | <urn:uuid:64fdf589-f487-4ae3-a160-a48cc4b3613d> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ita_Latn/train | finepdfs | ita_Latn | 1,967 |
22
NAKAS GROUP
ΕΚΔΟΣΕΙΣ – ΒΙΒΛΙΟΠΩΛΕΙΑ – ΕΜΠΟΡΙΟ ΒΙΒΛΙΩΝ
ΘΩΜΑΣ ΝΑΚΑΣ ΕΚΔΟΤΙΚΗ Α.Ε.
23oΧΛΜ ΛΕΩΦ. ΜΑΡΑΘΩΝΟΣ, ΡΑΦΗΝΑ, Τ.Κ.19009
τηλ.: 22940 79816
email@example.com * www.nakasgroup.gr | <urn:uuid:fc3f5e2f-8abd-4316-9dc5-e28d4d4643ba> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ell_Grek/train | finepdfs | ell_Grek | 186 |
Freeman-Sheldon syndrom
Freeman-Sheldon syndrom er medfødt og omfatter misdannelser i skjelett og ansikt. Tilstanden kan medføre spisevansker på grunn av endrete forhold i munn og luftveier.
SENTER FOR SJELDNE DIAGNOSER www.sjeldnediagnoser.no
FREEMAN-SHELDON SYNDROM
Freeman-Sheldon syndrom er medfødt og omfatter misdannelser i skjelett og ansikt. Symptomene gir et karakteristisk ansikt med liten hake, nese og munn (plystremunn) og kalles derfor også for «Whistling face syndrom». Stivhet i leddene i fingre og tær samt klumpfot, er noen typiske tegn.
Forekomst
Forekomsten er ukjent.
Årsaker
Mutasjoner i MYH3-genet kan i noen tilfeller være årsak til FreemanSheldon syndrom, og syndromet følger da autosomal dominant arvegang , se forklaring under.
De fleste tilfeller med Freeman-Sheldon syndrom er imidlertid sporadiske og årsaken er ukjent. Både autosomal dominant og autosomal recessiv mekanisme for arvegang er beskrevet ved FreemanSheldon syndrom.
Ved autosomal dominant arvegang vil genfeilen dominere over det normale arveanlegget. Det betyr at når en person som har en dominant genfeil får barn, er det 50 % risiko i hvert svangerskap, uavhengig av kjønn, at barnet arver genfeilen og får tilstanden. Mange autosomalt dominante tilstander skyldes en nyoppstått genfeil hos personen som har tilstanden, og da har ingen av foreldrene genfeilen.
Ved autosomal recessiv arvegang har barnet/personen med tilstanden arvet ett sykdomsfremkallende gen (det vil si et gen med en genfeil) fra
Om denne brosjyren
Det kan være store forskjeller innen én og samme diagnose. Vi beskriver det som er mest typisk; det som er utfordrende eller annerledes. Det som fungerer greit, blir ikke beskrevet like omfattende.
hver av foreldrene. Når dette genet er til stede hos bare ett av de to genene i et gitt genpar, viker det for (er recessivt i forhold til) det normale genet. Foreldrene er som oftest selv friske, men begge er bærere av det sykdomsfremkallende genet. Hvert barn de får sammen, har 25 % risiko for å få det sykdomsfremkallende genet i dobbel dose og dermed bli syk, 25 % sjanse for å være helt frisk med to normale gener og 50 % risiko for å være frisk bærer av ett sykdomsfremkallende og ett normalt gen.
Ved arvelige tilstander kan alle med Apert syndrom, foresatte, eller andre slektninger får tilbud om genetisk veiledning ved regionsykehusene. Fastlege eller behandlende lege kan henvise.
Hvordan stilles diagnosen?
Diagnosen stilles på grunnlag av kliniske funn. Genetisk testing er mulig.
Tegn og symptomer
Ansikt: Fremtredende panne, tydelige nesefurer, stor avstand mellom overleppen og undersiden av nesen
Munn: Liten munn, liten tunge, høy gane kan gi svelge og spiseproblemer og føre til lav vektøkning.
Øyne: Dyptliggende øyne med stor avstand. Nedhengende øyelokk (ptose), små øyenspalter og skjeling
Skjelett: Skoliose (sidekrumming av ryggraden), medfødt stivhet i leddene i fingre og føtter (klumpfot), og nedsatt bevegelighet i hofter, knær og skulderledd forekommer. Den motoriske utviklingen kan være forsinket.
Annet: Cirka 1/3 har en kognitiv svikt.
Behandling og oppfølging
Craniofacialt team er et tverrfaglig team ved Oslo universitetssykehus Rikshospitalet. De har et nasjonalt behandlings- og oppfølgingsansvar for pasienter med sjeldne misdannelser i hode-halsområdet. I teamet finnes spesialister innen nevrokirurgi, plastikkirurgi, ansikts- og kjevekirurgi, ørenese-hals sykdommer, øyesykdommer, genetikk, logopedi, tannhelse og rådgiver fra Senter for sjeldne diagnoser. Alle som har Freeman-Sheldon syndrom skal henvises til teamet.
Freeman-Sheldon syndrom er en sammensatt og variabel tilstand. Alle med diagnosen tilbys tverrfaglig utredning, behandling og oppfølging.
Operasjoner: Kirurgisk behandling av de ulike ansiktsdeformitetene. Hender og føtter opereres av ortoped.
Fysioterapi og tilrettelegging av ergoterapeut er viktig gjennom hele livet, samt kontakt med øre/nese/hals- og øyelege for å sikre god funksjon.
Ernæring: Kraniofaciale misdannelser kan medføre spisevansker på grunn av endrete forhold i munn og luftveier, planlagt eller pågående behandling. Utfordringene er størst hos de små barna. Sondeernæring kan være aktuelt. Ernæring er viktig for normal vekst og utvikling. Oppfølging av klinisk ernæringsfysiolog for å tilrettelegge kosten anbefales, særlig der vanskene strekker seg over tid.
Mestring av hverdagen
Å få et barn med en sjelden og alvorlig diagnose som Apert syndrom kan oppleves som utfordrende. Fordi diagnosen er synlig, vil mange synes at det er vanskelig stadig å møte andre menneskers reaksjoner. I tillegg må de ivareta egne følelser og bekymringer. I den første fasen er det viktig at begge foreldre får kontakt med helsepersonell som har kunnskap om diagnose og behandling. Informasjon om hvordan diagnosen kan påvirke barnets utvikling og familiens hverdag er også sentral for at foreldre skal mestre sin rolle som barnets støttepersoner.
Åpenhet om diagnosen
Det anbefales å være åpen om diagnosen slik at det skapes muligheter for å dele tanker, spørsmål eller reaksjoner med familie og venner.
Foreldre som har bearbeidet egne følelser, vil lettere kunne forstå og ta imot barnets reaksjoner og være i stand til å hjelpe dem videre.
Kunnskap om egen diagnose, og gode svar når noen spør, er nyttige bidrag på barnets vei til mestring og et selvstendig liv. Barnet bør derfor lære seg et enkelt svar på hva det kan si når noen spør om diagnosen eller utseendet. For eksempel: «Jeg er født med en diagnose som gjør at hendene mine ser sånn ut. Ellers er jeg akkurat som deg».
Ungdomstid
Tenårene er en sårbar fase og mange er redde for å skille seg ut. Å ha en diagnose som medfører behandling i denne tiden kan være spesielt krevende. Ungdom med Apert syndrom må gjennom kirurgisk behandling som endrer utseendet også i tenårene. Dette kan være en psykologisk påkjenning og virke inn på identitet og selvfølelse.
Etter hvert som ungdommen blir eldre, er det viktig med mer kunnskap om egen diagnose for å kunne ta ansvar for behandling i voksen alder.
Livskvalitet
Tilfredshet med eget utseende henger ikke nødvendigvis sammen med hvor synlig en diagnose er. Barnets, ungdommens eller den voksnes tilfredshet med eget utseende kan dermed bygges opp og styrkes uavhengig av hvor synlig diagnosen er. Livskvalitet kan styrkes ved god informasjon om diagnose og behandling. Sosial støtte, nettverk og hjelp til å finne gode og hensiktsmessige mestringsstrategier gjør det mulig å leve godt med diagnosen.
Ta gjerne kontakt med Senter for sjeldne diagnoser for rådgiving eller for å få hjelp til å finne gode samtalepartnere lokalt.
Brukerforening
Gjennom Norsk Craniofacial Forening (www.craniofacial.no) kan man få kontakt med andre foreldre og familier som er i en lignende situasjon.
Litteratur
* Boken «Kraniofaciala missbildningar» er utarbeidet av Sahlgrenska Universitetssjukhuset i Gøteborg. Målgruppen er foreldre eller pårør ende til barn med kraniofacial misdannelse. Formålet med boken er å gi svar på noen sentrale spørsmål om kraniofaciale handikapp og forklare om behandlingsmetoder.
Last ned boken fra våre nettsider (43 sider, pdf)
* Boken «Et annat ansikte» er utgitt av Mun-H-Center - et svensk kompetansesenter for sjeldne diagnoser knyttet til munn og ansikt. Boken belyser i hvilken grad våre liv påvirkes av utseendet vi har fått. Boken bygger på intervjuer med ungdommer som er født med ulike former for misdannelser i ansiktet. Les mer om boken på mun-h-center.se.
* Boken «Et annerledes utseende» inneholder både personlige refleks joner om livet med et annerledes utseende og fagstoff om hva det inne bærer å leve med slike tilstander. Boken har vært et samarbeidsprosjekt mellom Frambu senter for sjeldne funksjonshemninger, TRS kompe tansesenter for sjeldne diagnoser og Senter for sjeldne diagnoser. Boken er gratis og kan bestilles direkte fra senteret. Last ned PDF-utgaven fra våre nettsider (64 sider, pdf)
* «Skolestartboka» er gitt ut av Senter for sjeldne diagnoser, som et bidrag til å få til en bedre overgang fra barnehage til skole for barn med sjeldne diagnoser og funksjonsnedsettelser. Den kan lastes ned fra våre nettsider eller bestilles fra vårt senter.
Nyttige lenker
www.craniofacial.no - Gjennom Norsk Craniofacial Forening kan man få kontakt med andre foreldre og familier som er i en lignende situasjon.
Craniofacialt team ved Oslo universitetssykehus - Rikshospitalet søk på "craniofacialt team" på https://oslouniversitetssykehus.no www.rarelink.no - lenkesamling til beskrivelser og kontaktmuligheter for sjeldne og lite kjente diagnoser på nordiske språk.
www.tako.no - Landsdekkende kompetansesenter for oral helse ved sjeldne medisinske tilstander.
www.ffo.no - Funksjonshemmedes fellesorganisasjon
Mai 2018
SENTER FOR SJELDNE DIAGNOSER
Vi er et tverrfaglig, landsdekkende kompetansesenter, som tilbyr rådgivning, informasjon og kurs til helsepersonell, pasienter, pårørende og andre bidragsytere rundt pasienten.
Informasjon
Senteret innhenter og samordner fag kunnskap om og erfaringer med de sjeldne diagnosene, og formidler infor masjonen gjennom rådgivning, kurs, trykksaker, videoer og på nett.
Kunnskapsbase og brobygger
Rådgivning
Kompetanseoverføring og informasjonsmøter er en sentral del av vårt tilbud. Det er viktig at overganger mellom livsfaser planlegges i god tid, slik at aktuelle tiltak og tjenester kan iverksettes.
Vi gir råd og veiledning til brukere, pårørende og fagpersoner: ved henvendelser per telefon og e-post, i møter på senteret eller ved behand lende sykehus i brukerens lokalmiljø.
Kurs
Vi arrangerer kurs for brukere, pårørende og fagpersoner. Kursene varer i 1 til 5 dager og holdes på ulike steder i landet. De inneholder medi sinsk informasjon om diagnoser eller mer generelle temaer som hverdag i barnehage/skole/arbeidsliv, kosthold, fysisk aktivitet, trygder og rettigheter. Erfaringsdeling er en viktig del av kursene.
Besøksadresse:
Telefon: 23 07 53 40
E-post: email@example.com
Internett: www.sjeldnediagnoser.no
Facebook: Sjeldendiagnose
Brukermedvirkning
Vi samarbeider med enkeltbrukere, pårørende og brukerorganisasjoner.
Forskning og utvikling (FoU)
Nye internasjonale forskningsresul tater og resultater av senterets egne prosjekter formidles til brukere og ak tuelle fagmiljøer.
FoU-virksomheten ved senteret drives i samarbeid med brukerorganisasjoner og fagmiljøer i inn- og utland.
Senteret arbeider på oppdrag fra Helse- og omsorgsdepartementet og er en del av Oslo universitetssykehus og av Nasjonal kompetansetjeneste for sjeldne diagnoser.
Forskningsveien 3B, Oslo
Alle kan ta direkte kontakt uten henvisning eller spesielle avtaler.
Informasjon om sjeldne diagnoser får du også på servicetelefonen til Nasjonal kompetansetjeneste for sjeldne diagnoser: 800 41 710 (gratis). | <urn:uuid:d9eb584a-5cd8-421e-9eb0-a6f2f1942c4c> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/nob_Latn/train | finepdfs | nob_Latn | 10,892 |
UWAGA !!!
PIĄTEK 6 - 8 lekcja (12.45 - 15.10 )
03.03.2017r.
TURNIEJ PIŁKI HALOWEJ
DRUŻYNY 6 OSOBOWE, 4 GRAJĄCYCH 2 REZERWOWYCH Z KAŻDEJ KLASY JEDEN ZESPÓŁ !! !! !! OBOWIĄZUJĄ STROJE SPORTOWE !! !! !! W TURNIEJU NIE MOGĄ BRAĆ UDZIAŁU UCZNIOWIE KTÓRZY MAJĄ ZWOLNIENIE LEKARSKIE z WYCHOWANIA FIZYCZNEGO
ZGŁOSZENIA ZESPOŁÓW U NAUCZYCIELI WF.
ZAPISY DRUŻYN DO NIEPRZEKRACZALNEGO TERMINU:
10.02.17r do godz. 15.10
Organizator Bartosz Piotrowski, Krystian Seń | <urn:uuid:ec81762c-8fa6-47be-8e6f-5f81bec527a7> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/pol_Latn/train | finepdfs | pol_Latn | 461 |
UGT Andalucía
Fecha: 30.05.2014
- FSP UGT Almería gana las elecciones en FCC Medio Ambiente
DIARIO DE ALMERÍA - pág:18 :: 30.05.2014
- La FSP de UGT gana en las elecciones en FCC Medio Ambiente
DIARIO DE ALMERÍA - pág:27 :: 30.05.2014
- OTRA PROTESTA POR LA PRIVATIZACIÓN DEL REGISTRO CIVIL
IDEAL DE ALMERÍA - pág:4 :: 30.05.2014
- La Junta garantiza contratos para la operatividad del Plan Infoca
LA VOZ DE ALMERÍA - pág:21 :: 30.05.2014
FSP UGT Almería gana las elecciones en FCC Medio Ambiente
Redacción
FSP UGT Almería ha ganado las elecciones sindicales en FCC Medio Ambiente de Níjar. La organización sindical ha conseguido el delegado que se elegía en este proceso. La Federación de Servicios Públicos (FSP) de UGT de Almería ha obtenido una amplia victoria en las segundas elecciones sindicales celebradas en la empresa FCC Medio Ambiente de Níjar. Concretamente, la Unión General de Trabajadores (UGT) ha conseguido el delegado que elegía en este proceso electoral, en el que han participado un total de tres organizaciones sindicales.
Después de este favorable resultado, el objetivo de los representantes de la Federación en esta empresa será "cuidar y promocionar los legítimos intereses y derechos de sus veintiséis trabajadores y las trabajadoras".
Del mismo modo, desde la FSP UGT Almería quieren trasladar su agradecimiento por la confianza y el apoyo depositado, asegurando que "seguiremos buscando fórmulas que garanticen mantener lo conseguido y seguir avanzando, en aspectos laborales y sociales".
La FSP de UGT gana en las elecciones en FCC Medio Ambiente
NÍJAR. La Federación de Servicios Públicos (FSP) de UGT de Almería ha obtenido una amplia victoria en las segundas elecciones sindicales celebradas en la empresa FCC Medio Ambiente de Níjar. Concretamente, la Unión General de Trabajadores (UGT) ha conseguido el delegado que elegía en este proceso electoral, en el que han participado un total de tres organizaciones sindicales.
OTRA PROTESTA POR LA PRIVATIZACIÓN DEL REGISTRO CIVIL
Trabajadores y miembros de los sindicatos del sector de Justicia -UGT, CSIF, CCOO y STAJ- se volvieron a concentrar ayer frente a las puertas de la Ciudad de la Justicia para protestar por la inminente privatización del Registro Civil. Los trabajadores criticaron el mal uso que se terminará produciendo de la Inforeg «en manos privadas».
La Junta garantiza contratos para la operatividad del Plan Infoca
EUROPA PRESS
Sevilla
La consejera de Medio Ambiente y Ordenación del Territorio de la Junta de Andalucía, María Jesús Serrano, ha apuntado al fin de la conflictividad con los trabajadores eventuales del Dispositivo para la Prevención y Extinción de Incendios Forestales (Plan Infoca), que hasta hace poco mantenían una acampada y, en algunos casos, huelga de hambre en reivindicación de una mejora de sus condiciones laborales.
El portavoz de los afectados, Raúl Arauz, informó de que ambas partes finalmente llegaron a un acuerdo por el que el Gobierno andaluz "se compromete a cubrir las plazas vacantes y las bajas laborales a través de la bolsa de empleo", al tiempo que los sindicatos (UGT, CCOO, CSIF y CGT) se han comprometido a "permanecer vigilantes para que no se quede ninguna plaza sin cubrir".
Así, según ha explicado en el Pleno del Parlamento a pregunta del diputado de IULV-CA, Francisco Baena, los eventuales han accedido a levantar las protestas después de que la Agencia de Medio Ambiente y Agua de Andalucía (Amaya) les haya garantizado que se llevarán a cabo las contrataciones necesarias para la "plena operatividad" del plan, de acuerdo con el compromiso adquirido con los sindicatos.
Mª Jesús Serrano también ha expresado sus condolencias a los allegados de la piloto del Infoca recientemente fallecida durante la extinción de un incendio en la provincia de Almería.
- Los gastos básicos del hogar suman ya tres de cada cuatro euros del presupuesto familiar
IDEAL DE ALMERÍA - pág:2 :: 30.05.2014
- Los centros especiales quieren lo que hasta ahora
LA VOZ DE ALMERÍA - pág:13 :: 30.05.2014
- CSIF: "El gobierno va a regalar los 180 millones del Inforeg"
LA VOZ DE ALMERÍA - pág:15 :: 30.05.2014
- El Ayuntamiento trabaja para constituir un Consejo Municipal de la Juventud
LA VOZ DE ALMERÍA - pág:22 :: 30.05.2014
- La autovía tendrá 22 kilómetros finalizada la variante de Albox
LA VOZ DE ALMERÍA - pág:23 :: 30.05.2014
Los gastos básicos del hogar suman ya tres de cada cuatro euros del presupuesto familiar
MIGUEL ALLENDE
email@example.com
La renta disponible de los almerienses ha caído más de un 11%, en paralelo al gasto medio de las familias desde que estalló la crisis, según el INE.
ALMERÍA. Las familias almerienses han de hacer auténticos encajes de bolillo para poder cuadrar su presupuesto y llegar a final de mes con más gloria que pena. Esto es, para estirar sus cajas vez tras más mediante los ingresos de tal forma que cubran los gastos necesarios, unas veces previstos y otras no, de sus componentes más todos aquellos que necesariamente conlleva 'sudar la persiana' de la vivienda. Una situación que puede extenderse a cualquier otra unidad familiar del resto del país, aunque con diferencias pues el nivel de renta de esta provincia difiere —y mucho, en algunos casos –con el de otras de comunidades ricas– como son Navarra, País Vasco o las Islas Baleares.
El encarecimiento de servicios básicos –electricidad, agua, transporte, sanidad o telecomunicaciones, por citar tan solo unos cuantos ejemplos– ha sido más que notable a lo largo de las primeras semanas de este año 2014 y ha dado otra vuelta de tuerca más a la crisis que ya se desborda.
El termómetro que mejor registra ese estrechamiento entre ingresos y gastos de los hogares almerienses es la Encuesta de Presupuestos Familiares que elabora anualmente el Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE) y cuyo último ejercicio data de la primavera del año 2012. Bien es verdad que este estudio que elabora el organismo oficial no descubre al detalle provincial, aunque las conclusiones que arroja sobre cada comunidad autónoma se pueden extrapolar a perfectamente al ámbito provincial y a decir de las fuentes consultadas por este periódico, se han ajustado a los datos contenidos del estudio.
Según este trabajo elaborado por el INE, los gastos básicos que ha de afrontar cualquier hogar suponen ya las tres cuartas partes de cualquier presupuesto medio en Almería y en Andalucía. Así, el importe de todas y cada uno de los capítulos que configuran la estructura de gasto a la que se enfrenta cada familia suma un importe medio de 25.591 euros. De esa cantidad global, el coste de los productos y servicios que se consideran imprescindibles en el día a día de cualquier domicilio alcanza el 76,6%.
Desglosados por partidas, los alimentos y bebidas no alcohólicas suman el 16,12%; el gasto de la propia vivienda (alquiler o pago de hipoteca) más el agua, la electricidad, el gas y otros combustibles alcanzan el 30,2%; el equipamiento de hogar y los gastos de conservación de la vivienda aportan otro 4,29%; los derivados de la salud de todos los miembros de la familia, el 3,08%; el transporte, un 12,71%... y así unos cuantos capítulos más que configuran los mencionados gastos domésticos básicos.
**El grueso del gasto**
Si se desciende algo más en la estructura del gasto que establece el INE –y que se puede analizar al detalle en función de múltiples parámetros que son objeto de estudio– podemos percibir que las partidas que en definitiva determinan el gasto de una vivienda propiamente dicha –como son el pago del coste de la misma más los suministros básico de electricidad, gas, calefacción, comunidad y otros– se llevan el 60% del coste total. Y no son bienes y servicios de los que se pueda prescindir, sino que se trabajan considerando plenamente el nivel de vida de todos los integrantes de la unidad familiar.
Con respecto al punto anterior, hay que recordar que los citados gastos habían aumentado más de un 21% con respecto al año precedente y se alinearon con el incremento de la inflación salarial aplicada por las empresas a sus trabajadores en los convenios colectivos y de las rentas que se pueden obtener por otras vías.
¿Cómo han soportado los hogares este importante aumento del gasto imprescindible? Pues la misma estructura de los mismos. A la explicación: rebajar las partidas de los capítulos que no son básicos. Tales como el vestido, con una caída del 16%; las de ocio, que han disminuido un 10% o las destinadas a la restauración –las comidas fuera del hogar– que han menguado en este caso en un 13%.
**Margen estrecho**
A todo lo relatado hay que añadir otro dato fundamental más, que es la otra cara de la misma moneda: la caída de la renta media de cualquier familia almeriense. El INE fija la misma en el ejercicio de referencia en 21.096 euros, frente a los 23.841 que comprobaba cuatro años antes, en 2008. Es decir, 2.745 euros menos. Una caída importante.
El desequilibrio estructural es manifiesto, puesto que mientras que los gastos básicos no han parado de incrementarse –y a lo largo del presente año se hace realidad para el INE y que coincide con la etapa de crisis hasta el mencionado ejercicio de 2012, los ingresos han caminado en dirección contraria.
Dado que el modelo puede repetirse en años siguientes, el de 2013, no cabe duda de que lo único que los datos estadísticos que facilite el INE muestren aún una situación más problemática para las familias.
Incluso, según comentan los expertos consultados, la incipiente recuperación con la que puede terminar el presente año en términos macroeconómicos no tendría traslación todavía a una situación de mejora familiar descrita. El aumento de ingresos tardará en llegar y los gastos seguirán su senda ascendente.
**Adicae denuncia los continuos abusos de las suministradoras**
La Asociación de Usuarios de Bancos, Cajas y Seguros (Adicae) es una de las entidades que más ha denunciado la subida de los servicios básicos del hogar. Su responsable en Andalucía, Rafael Fernández, explica que el encarecimiento de los mismos junto con la caída de la renta «ahoga cada vez más a los hogares andaluces». Y recuerda que abusos tarifarios como el del recibo de la luz, que carga a los consumidores con el pago de una deuda opaca que han generado las eléctricas, se llevan cada día un trozo más grande de la tarifa de los presupuestos familiares. A ello «debemos sumar los continuos abusos de las grandes empresas y los bancos a los consumidores. La falta de regulación de las preferentes no hace más que agravar la maltratada situación de miles de consumidores andaluces», Fernández anima a todos los ciudadanos a aprender la lección: «Un consumidor más atento a sus gastos, más crítico con lo que contrata, debe ser el fruto positivo de esta crisis». Consecuencia de ello será que los consumidores recuperarán los jirones de bienestar perdidos».
**Piden «aportar» en el borrador de los centros especiales de empleo**
ALMERÍA. Las asociaciones de discapacitados de Almería han reunido ya, al menos, una docena de reuniones con responsables de la Junta de Andalucía y del PSOE para «aportar» medidas y propuestas al borrador de la orden que regulará los centros especiales de empleo, de forma que los colectivos rechazaron las declaraciones del delegado territorial de Empleo en Almería, Adriana Valverde, quien criticó la «falta de lealtad institucional» de las asociaciones puesto que la elaboración de la orden se mantiene abierta.
Desde las asociaciones implicadas en las reuniones se detalló que la primera reunión en este sentido se llevó a cabo con la propia delegada de Economía, Ciencia, Innovación y Empleo así como con técnicos de la Delegación Territorial en enero, si bien a partir de marzo se han mantenido once encuentros más con otros cargos como el director general de Empleo, José Antonio Amate.
En esta línea, las organizaciones de discapacitados de Almería han llegado a reunir incluso para abordar este asunto con el consejero de Economía, José Sánchez Maldonado, y con el vicepresidente de la Junta de Andalucía, Diego Valderas, así como con diputados autonómicos de la oposición, como la parlamentaria andaluza ‘popular’ Aránzazu Martín.
Entre las propuestas que se han realizado por parte de los colectivos se encuentra garantizar cada uno de los apartados que aparecen en la orden del 20 de octubre de 2013, que entró en vigor en relación a los incentivos para la creación de empleo indefinido, para el mantenimiento de los puestos de trabajo, para la adaptación de puestos de trabajo y eliminación de barreras arquitectónicas e incentivos al equilibrio financiero.
Asimismo, reclaman un calendario viable de los distintos pagos de estos incentivos para dar «estabilidad» a las entidades que los reciben. «A fecha actual, algunos de nuestros centros están o han soportado retrasos en el cobro de las ayudas con más de un año y medio de antigüedad», aseguraron.
«La clase media es la que soporta el peso de la crisis»
M. A.
ALMERÍA. Lázaro Rodríguez Ariza, catedrático de Economía Financiera, tiene muy clara que el comportamiento de los ingresos y gastos a los que tiene que hacer frente una familia cada mes no se diferencia en lo esencial de la situación que se le plantea a una empresa, por ejemplo, o incluso a una entidad crediticia. Y que unos y otros han de priorizar al respecto, algo que la actuación del INE y que coincide con la etapa de crisis hasta el mencionado ejercicio de 2012, los ingresos han caminado en dirección contraria.
Dado que el modelo puede repetirse en años siguientes, el de 2013, no cabe duda de que lo único que los datos estadísticos que facilite el INE muestren aún una situación más problemática para las familias.
Incluso, según comentan los expertos consultados, la incipiente recuperación con la que puede terminar el presente año en términos macroeconómicos no tendría traslación todavía a una situación de mejora familiar descrita. El aumento de ingresos tardará en llegar y los gastos seguirán su senda ascendente.
«Si todo lo anterior ya es problemático, hay que sumar la reducción de las políticas sociales que ha afectado las distintas administraciones, que han obligado a las familias a asumir parte del coste sanitario o educativo que antes no tenían», agrega el profesor universitario.
**Varapalo**
A juicio de Rodríguez Ariza, la clase media almeriense es la que ha soportado y soporta el varapalo de la crisis con mayor intensidad. La disminución de sus ingresos, el aumento de la presión fiscal y la subida del coste de los gastos básicos que se ha producido en los últimos meses, han provocado efectos devastadores. «Consecuencia de ello es que muchas familias redujeron de forma drástica todos los gastos, pero no el gasto básico familiar descrito. El aumento de ingresos tardará en llegar y los gastos seguirán su senda ascendente.
Con ese panorama, lo lógico es que los gastos básicos hayan aumentado mientras que los considerados como no imprescindibles hayan ido a la baja, a la par que las rentas han disminuido de forma progresiva», explica Rodríguez Ariza. Al casar unas situaciones con otras, la resultante es un estrechamiento cada vez mayor de ambos capítulos, a tal punto que en muchas familias hay un desequilibrio notable al que no pueden hacer frente, porque han eliminado todo lo superfluo, han cortado al máximo el gasto en bienes y servicios necesarios pero aún así no salen las cuentas cada mes.
El catedrático Rodríguez Ariza. :: R. L. PÉREZ
Los centros especiales quieren lo que hasta ahora
Empleo y discapacidad Asociaciones se han reunido una docena de veces con la Junta para que garanticen los incentivos
LAVOZ Redacción
Las asociaciones de discapacitados de Almería han indicado este jueves que han tenido ya, al menos, una docena de reuniones con responsables de la Junta de Andalucía y del PSOE para "aportar" medidas y propuestas al borrador de la orden que regulará los centros especiales de empleo, de forma que han rechazado las declaraciones de la delegada territorial de Empleo en Almería, Adriana Valverde, quien criticó la "falta de lealtad institucional" de las asociaciones puesto que la elaboración de la orden se mantiene abierta.
Desde las asociaciones implicadas en las reuniones se ha detallado a Europa Press que la primera reunión en este sentido se llevó a cabo con la propia delegada de Economía, Ciencia, Innovación y Empleo así como con técnicos de la Delegación Territorial en enero, si bien a partir de marzo se han mantenido otras reuniones, además con otros cargos. En esta línea, las organizaciones de discapacitados han señalado que se han llegado a reunir para abordar este asunto con el consejero de Economía, José Sánchez Maldonado, y con el vicepresidente de la Junta de Andalucía, Diego Valderas, así como con diputados autonómicos de la oposición, como la parlamentaria andaluza 'popular' Aránzazu Martín.
Entre las propuestas que se han realizado por parte de los colectivos se encuentra garantizar cada uno de los apartados que aparecen en la orden del 20 de octubre de 2010, la que se mantiene en vigor, en relación a los incentivos para la creación de empleo indefinido, para el mantenimiento de los puestos de trabajo, para la adaptación de puestos de trabajo y eliminación de barreras arquitectónicas e incentivos al equilibrio financiero.
Asimismo, reivindican un calendario "razonable y realista" de pagos de los incentivos para dar "estabilidad" a las entidades.
CSIF: “El gobierno va a regalar los 180 millones del Inforeg”
Justicia
Si privatiza el Registro Civil, el actual sistema de intercomunicación entre los registros será privado
LA VOZ
Redacción
La Central Sindical Independiente y de Funcionarios, CSIF Almería, se ha concentrado junto al resto de sindicatos, para denunciar la privatización del registro civil y con ella, el mal uso que se terminará produciendo de la Inforeg, actual sistema de intercomunicación entre todos los registros civiles, en este caso, por una empresa privada.
Así, explica CSIF, “el Gobierno se gastó cerca de los 180 millones de euros en digitalizar toda la documentación que se mueve en los registros civiles, con el fin de poder agilizar los trámites y papeleos. De privatizarse el registro civil este entramado de comunicación se convertiría en una herramienta para una empresa privada, que ha sido pagada por los impuestos de todos los ciudadanos para realizar este servicio público”. “Sin olvidarnos del gasto que cualquier trámite relacionado con el registro costaría a los ciudadanos”, recuerdan desde CSIF.
En esta línea, el sindicato apunta lo innecesario de dicha privatización y señala que sólo es necesaria la voluntad política y una apuesta por lo público, empleando la formación, experiencia y potencial de los empleados públicos de Justicia en materia de Registro Civil, verdaderos y único garantes de este servicio público.
A este respecto, durante la concentración CSIF ha remarcado que sólo podrá funcionar un Registro Civil público, de gestión pública y atendido por empleados públicos de Justicia. Por tanto, la central sindical considera que el Registro Civil debe estar centrado en las personas, con una organización interna moderna, descentralizado en su demarcación y aprovechando la red de Juzgados de Paz y los partidos judiciales.
Por todo ello, CSIF continuará con su campaña reivindicativa durante el mes de junio, además de seguir manteniendo reuniones bilaterales con los grupos parlamentarios, dar información a las funcionarios de los Registros Civiles y del peligro que corren más de 3.000 plazas que se pueden ver afectadas, así como la merma de derechos de promoción interna y la minoración de próximas Ofer tas de Empleo público.
“El sistema de comunicación de los registros civiles se pagó con dinero público y no debe ir a manos privadas”
CSIF, como el resto de sindicatos, siguen luchando para que los registros no salgan de Justicia
El Ayuntamiento trabaja para constituir un Consejo Municipal de la Juventud
Sociedad A través de este órgano quiere escuchar su voz, “ya que ellos son una pieza clave en la sociedad”
LA VOZ
Redacción
El Ayuntamiento de Huércal-Overa va crear el Consejo Municipal de la Juventud, una iniciativa que se impulsa desde el Área de Juventud, con la implicación directa del alcalde, Domingo Fernández.
El objetivo es tener un órgano en el que “contemos con una participación activa de nuestros jóvenes. Queremos escuchar su voz, ya que ellos son una pieza clave en nuestra sociedad y en el futuro de la misma”, ha afirmado el regidor, quien ha adelantado que el reglamento para este Consejo de la Juventud se aprobará en el próximo Pleno ordinario que se celebrará en junio.
Ya se ha celebrado una reunión previa, en la que han participado el alcalde, la concejal de Juventud, Lucía Parra, la teniente alcalde, Maribel Sánchez, los directores de los institutos del municipio, jefes de estudios de los mismos y el grupo de jóvenes de ambos centros.
En ella se han dado a conocer las bases del reglamento que se está preparando y que se le ha hecho llegar para que puedan aportar sus ideas. “En el reglamento se establecen las personas que formarán parte del consejo, en el que estarán representadas todas las asociaciones juveniles del municipio y la ciudadidad”, ha señalado el Consistorio.
Para el alcalde “la creación de este Consejo de la Juventud es un hecho importante para nuestro municipio, ya que es la primera vez que se crea y en el vamos a tener esa voz de nuestros jóvenes que tan importante es para nuestro equipo de Gobierno. Son ellos los que van a poder opinar sobre diversas propuestas y acciones y los que van a darnos sus propuestas de actividades para realizar. Estamos sentando las bases de lo que nuestro Plan Estratégico también nos marca entre los jóvenes, éste es un paso más con nuestros chicos y continuarán por el camino, con ellos y con el resto de los vecinos”, ha señalado el regidor.
Una vez que se haya aprobado por Pleno el reglamento, se seleccionarán a los representantes en el consejo y para el próximo curso estará funcionando.
La idea de este consejo ya se les había trasladado a los alumnos en las visitas que el alcalde ha realizado a los centros para darles a conocer el Plan Estratégico.
La autovía del Almanzora contará con 22 kilómetros sin interrupción abiertos al tráfico una vez que las obras de la variante de Albox (reiniciadas este mes) lleguen a su fin, previsto para el próximo mes de marzo de 2015.
En total, la reactivación de las obras en las autovías del Olivar, en Jaén, y del Almanzora supone para la Junta de Andalucía una inversión total de 77,78 millones de euros, según ha afirmado en la jornada de ayer la consejera de Fomento y Vivienda de la Junta, Elena Cortés.
Cortés ha subrayado en el Parlamento andaluz que el Gobierno autonómico "sitúa como prioridad la reactivación de las obras que presentan un alto grado de ejecución, porque es lo que supone un uso más eficiente del dinero público que sale del bolsillo del trabajador". El presupuesto de la Consejería de Fomento para 2014 en el capítulo de autovías y la Declaración de Gran Proyecto, por parte de la Comisión Europea para la cofinanciación con Fondos FEDER de las autovías del Olivar y el Almanzora, ha permitido la reactivación de las obras en los tramos Enlace Norte–Enlace Sur de Puente del Obispo y Enlace Sur de Puente del Obispo a la intersección con la A-6000 en Jaén, así como la reanudación de la variante de Albox, en Almería. Además, la Consejería trabaja en los trámites administrativos y las negociaciones con las empresas adjudicatarias para reactivar tres tramos más en la Autovía del Olivar en Jaén.
La reanudación de las dos infraestructuras supone la puesta en servicio antes de final de 2015 de 42,2 nuevos kilómetros de autovía, a lo que la consejera ha añadido el beneficio para el mercado laboral, "ya que empleo asociado durante sus dos años de ejecución supera los 900 puestos de trabajo, entre directos e indirectos". Según ha informado la Junta andaluza, la comunidad presenta "un ratio de 279 kilómetros de autovías y autopistas por cada millón de habitantes, frente a un promedio de 131 kilómetros por cada millón de habitantes del conjunto de países de la Unión Europea".
La reactivación de las obras en Jaén y Almería permitirá la creación de "900 puestos de trabajo" según la Junta
Andalucía tiene un ratio de autovías y autopistas por habitante superior a la media de los países de la UE
- Denuncian mal uso de Inforeg con la privatización del registro
DIARIO DE ALMERÍA - pág:16 :: 30.05.2014
- Fallece un trabajador al caer y quedar atrapado por un dúmer
DIARIO DE ALMERÍA - pág:22 :: 30.05.2014
Denuncian mal uso de Inforeg con la privatización del registro
Redacción
CSIF Almería, se ha concentrado esta mañana, junto al resto de sindicatos, para denunciar la privatización del registro civil y con ella, el mal uso que se terminará produciendo de la Inforeg, actual sistema de intercomunicación entre todos los registros civiles, en este caso, por una empresa privada. Así, tal y como explica CSIF, el Gobierno no gastó cerca de los 180 millones de euros en digitalizar toda la documentación que se mueve en los registros civiles, con el fin de poder agilizar los trámites y papeleos. De privatizar el registro civil ese sistema de comunicación se convertiría en una herramienta para una empresa privada, que ha sido pagada por los impuestos de todos los ciudadanos para realizar este servicio público.
"Sin olvidarnos del gasto que cualquier trámite relacionado con el registro costaría a los ciudadanos", recuerdan desde CSIF.
En esta línea, el sindicato apunta lo inmecetable de una privatización y señala que sólo es necesaria la voluntad política y una apuesta por lo público, entendiendo la formación, experiencia y potencial de los empleados públicos de Justicia en materia de Registro Civil, verdaderos y único garantes de este servicio público. A este respecto, durante la concentración CSIF ha remarcado que sólo podrá funcionar un Registro Civil público, de gestión pública y atendido por empleados públicos de Justicia. Por tanto, CSIF considera que el Registro Civil debe estar centrado en las personas, con una organización interna moderna, descentralizado en su demarcación y aprovechando la red de Juzgados de Paz y los partidos judiciales.
Fallece un trabajador al caer y quedar atrapado por un dúmper
M. J. Uroz
Un trabajador de la construcción falleció ayer en el municipio de Berja tras caer por un terraplén y quedar atrapado por un dúmper que manejaba. Según informaron a *Diario de Almería* fuentes del Servicio de Emergencias 112, los hechos ocurrieron poco antes de las 19:30 horas, la víctima trabajaba cargando piedras en la máquina y en un momento dado cayó por un terraplén.
La máquina pesada cayó sobre el trabajador y, según han indicado fuentes del 061, prácticamente falleció en el acto, por lo que los efectivos desplazados hasta el lugar no pudieron hacer nada para salvarlo. Incluso se activó el helicóptero.
Hasta el lugar también se trasladaron varias patrullas de la Guardia Civil, de la Policía Local y Protección Civil, quienes avisaron a Emergencias 112 del suceso. La Inspección de Trabajo acudió a la zona y anunció que va a abrir una investigación para esclarecer las causas del siniestro mortal. La Guardia Civil por su parte también va a abrir una investigación.
Los sindicatos condenan otra nueva víctima en accidente laboral, por lo que está previsto que haya una concentración de protesta en las puertas del edificio sindical el próximo lunes, como cada vez que se produce un suceso de estas características.
Unicaja firma una línea de crédito de 1.000 millones para pymes
LA VOZ DE ALMERÍA - pág:24 :: 30.05.2014
Unicaja firma una línea de crédito de 1.000 millones para pymes
REDACCIÓN
Unicaja Banco y la Confederación de Empresarios de Andalucía (CEA) han firmado un nuevo acuerdo de colaboración financiera en apoyo al sector empresarial andaluz, por el que la entidad financiera habilita una línea de financiación de 1.000 millones de euros dirigida a las 350.000 empresas andaluzas afiliadas a la CEA, a través de distintas organizaciones territoriales y sectoriales asociadas. El nuevo acuerdo incluye una línea de microcréditos destinada a fomentar el autoempleo. Además, Unicaja pone a disposición de la empresa andaluza una amplia y especializada oferta de productos y servicios en condiciones ventajosas para facilitar el desarrollo de su actividad. Al acuerdo financiero se añade un acuerdo institucional para el desarrollo de actividades conjuntas dirigidas a fomentar entre empresarios y emprendedores la educación financiera.
Los acuerdos de colaboración han sido suscritos por el Presidente de Unicaja Banco, Braulio Medel, y por el Presidente de la Confederación de Empresarios de Andalucía (CEA), Javier González de Lara, lo que viene a reforzar la relación existente entre ambas entidades desde hace años dirigida a alcanzar los objetivos comunes de favorecer el tejido empresarial, facilitar el impulso económico y respaldar el empleo en Andalucía.
La empresa en general, y la pyme en particular, continúan siendo uno de los colectivos claves de la política de financiación de Unicaja Banco, especialmente lo que respecta al tejido empresarial en Andalucía. En este sentido, la entidad se mantiene activa en la financiación a este colectivo, determinante para la dinamización de la economía y la creación de empleo.
Respecto a los convenios firmados entre Unicaja Banco y la CEA, cabe señalar que el acuerdo de colaboración institucional contempla la continuidad de la entidad financiera como miembro asociado a la CEA. En virtud de este acuerdo, está previsto el desarrollo de una serie de actividades conjuntas para fomentar la educación financiera de los empresarios y profesionales y emprendedores.
- El sector agrario cree «escasas» las medidas del Gobierno contra el efecto de la sequía
IDEAL DE ALMERÍA - pág.9 :: 30.05.2014
- Más de 9.000 productores de Almería solicitan las ayudas de la PAC en 2014
IDEAL DE ALMERÍA - pág.9 :: 30.05.2014
El sector agrario cree «escasas» las medidas del Gobierno contra el efecto de la sequía
A Hernando le parecen «muy positivas»; a Asaja, «insuficientes»; y a UPA, simplemente «una chapuza que no resuelve ningún problema»
:: JOSÉ ESTEBAN RUIZ
ALMERÍA. El diputado nacional por el Partido Popular de Almería Rafael Hernando, valoró como «muy positivas» y fruto del interés del Gobierno por resolver los problemas del sector agrario con la mayor urgencia, las medidas adelantadas por Isabel García Tejerina, ministra de Agricultura, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente, en su comparecencia en el Congreso de los Diputados. El Gobierno ha elaborado un plan en el que incluye «las reducciones en el sistema de módulos para los afectados para el año fiscal 2014, los créditos blandos de Saeca al 3,5 por ciento, la agilidad de los responsables del seguro agrario para hacer la valoración de los daños, así como el anuncio de la anticipación de los cobros de la PAC para el mes de octubre y las medidas que, a través de los trasvases», enumeró Hernando. Sin embargo, las organizaciones que representan al sector agrario no son de la opinión de Hernando puesto que consideran que estas medidas no alivian la situación que atraviesa el sector agrario de la provincia como consecuencia de la sequía.
De «chapuza» calificó Francisca Iglesias, secretaria general de UPA Almería, las medidas planteadas por la ministra de Agricultura. «Este plan que anunció García Tejerina en el Congreso de los Diputados no viene a resolver ninguno de los problemas que tienen los productores de secano y los ganaderos de la provincia de Almería y en ningún momento se ajustan a las medidas que desde la Unión de Pequeños Agricultores y Ganaderos le hemos solicitado al Ministerio». Iglesias considera «de risa» que anuncie un adelanto de la PAC para octubre «cuando es urgente que ese adelanto se lleve a cabo para el mes de junio o julio, y lo pueden hacer si quieren. En octubre ya se vienen adelantando por lo que no es una novedad. Para entonces lo mismo ya no le hacen falta a los productores». Sobre la financiación, Iglesias manifestó que «en las condiciones que establece el Ministerio no supone ningún apoyo al sector puesto que cualquier entidad financiera ofrece las mismas».
Para Asaja Almería, las medidas, debido a la difícil situación por la que atraviesan los productores almerienses por la falta de lluvia, «son insuficientes». Francisco Vargas, presidente de la organización agraria en la provincia, valoró como «un paso adelante el apoyo que se llevará a cabo, a pesar de que «no es lo que realmente necesita el sector agrario de la provincia, que precisa de muchas y más medidas de apoyo contundentes para que puedan mantener su actividad a flote».
Asaja entiende que es el momento de implementar planes de reconversión y recuperación de la capacidad productiva para los sectores afectados. En este sentido, reclama «medidas excepcionales para poder reparar los daños que se produzcan en las cosechas, entre ellas bonificaciones de las cuotas de la Seguridad Social correspondientes al ejercicio 2014 y moratorias de un año sin intereses en el pago de las cuotas a la Seguridad Social para el ejercicio 2015». También, puntualizaron en Asaja, «exenciones del Impuesto de Bienes Inmuebles de Naturaleza Rústica, una reducción de índices de módulos IRPF de 2013 y 2014 para los cultivos de secano, viñedos y ganadería, y una bonificación de los tipos de interés de préstamos que se tengan contraídos, ante las pérdidas y falta de liquidez que van a sufrir los afectados». Otras medidas deben ir destinadas «a los productores que tengan que replantar sus árboles porque éstos se hayan secado y para la replantación».
Más de 9.000 productores de Almería solicitan las ayudas de la PAC en 2014
J. E. R.
ALMERÍA. Una vez finalizado el plazo -el pasado 15 de mayo- correspondiente a la solicitud de ayudas vinculadas a la Política Agraria Común (PAC), la Consejería de Agricultura, Pesca y Desarrollo Rural se hizo un balance en el que figuran más de 9.000 productores de la provincia de Almería como solicitantes de ayudas de la PAC, algunos de ellos, presentaron la petición de subvenciones en varias líneas, al tramitarse a través de solicitud única.
Dentro de estas solicitudes, destacaron en Agricultura, Pesca y Desarrollo Rural más de 8.500 correspondientes al denominado Pago Único, mientras que para la ayuda nacional de Frutos de Cáscara se presentaron 4.000 solicitudes; para rotación de cultivos 366 solicitudes; casi 700 para desventajas de ovino y caprino; 656 para zonas de montaña; más de 1.500 peticiones de ayudas agro ambientales; y 400 peticiones de ayudas a la forestación de tierras agrícolas».
El presente año se ha determinado un periodo transitorio a la nueva PAC, en el que los agricultores y ganaderos solicitaron por última vez las ayudas del Pago Único, así como otras ayudas directas mencionadas con anterioridad, y otras referentes a las ayudas del Programa de Desarrollo Rural de Andalucía a la agricultura y la ganadería ecológica, a la apicultura y la conservación de la biodiversidad.
29 millones de euros
En la Consejería de Agricultura, Pesca y Desarrollo Rural barajan que los agricultores y ganaderos almerienses percibirán en este ejercicio en torno a unos 29 millones de euros, la mayor parte de las cuales corresponderán al denominado Pago Único, de los que se apuntó que rondará los 20,5 millones de euros. En cuanto a las medidas a agro ambientales, indicaron que se aproximaran a los 3,5 millones de euros. El pasado año, «las ayudas a la forestación ascendieron a 2,8 millones; por superficie, 1,5 millones; la indemnización por zonas desfavorecidas, algo más de 1 millón; y por pagos para tipos específicos y producción de calidad, más de 250.000 euros», informó la Consejería de Agricultura.
Adelanto
Los agricultores y ganaderos, como ya ocurrió en ejercicios anteriores, comenzarán a percibir los primeros ingresos de las ayudas de la Política Agraria Común a partir de octubre, «ya que la Junta de Andalucía tiene previsto adelantar dicho pago», afirmó el delegado Territorial de Agricultura, Pesca y Medio Ambiente, José Manuel Ortiz.
Enseñanza
- Satisfacción municipal por dos ciclos formativos, tras «reiteradas peticiones»
IDEAL DE ALMERÍA - pág.11 :: 30.05.2014
- Educación dotará de gimnasio el colegio José Saramago de Vícar
IDEAL DE ALMERÍA - pág.13 :: 30.05.2014
- Educación mantendrá el concierto con los centros segregados
IDEAL DE ALMERÍA - pág.22 :: 30.05.2014
Satisfacción municipal por dos ciclos formativos, tras «reiteradas peticiones»
:: E. DE LA CRUZ
EL EJIDO. Tras el anuncio realizado esta misma semana por parte del Partido Socialista de El Ejido en lo que respecta a la implantación por parte de la Junta de Andalucía a través de su Consejería de Educación, de dos nuevos ciclos formativos en el municipio a partir del próximo curso, el equipo de gobierno local quiso valorar también ayer esta buena noticia, destacando su carácter «muy positivo», si bien eso sí se recordó, que se trata de una implantación que llegará a El Ejido «tras reiteradas peticiones y solicitudes».
De este modo, en cuanto al Ciclo de Grado Medio de Técnico de Actividades Comerciales y de Técnico de Producción Agroecológica que se impartirá tanto en el IES Fuente Nueva como en el IES Santa María del Águila, el alcalde ejidense, Francisco Góngora, señaló su importancia debido a que El Ejido es «cabeecera de comarca y referente de la agricultura», por lo que a su juicio, el hecho de que «pueda ofrecer estos dos nuevos ciclos formativos para que los jóvenes cuenten con centros públicos que imparten enseñanzas que les permitan estar cada vez mejor preparados, de manera que puedan ser cada vez más competitivos y que nuestra agricultura y nuestro comercio sigan creciendo».
En concreto, sobre la implantación del Grado Medio de Producción Agroecológica, que será la primera especialidad relacionada con la agricultura intensiva que se va a impartir en Almería, Góngora apuntó que «El Ejido debe liderar la oferta educativa destinada a formar cada vez mejor a aquellos jóvenes que deseen orientar su actividad profesional a la agricultura y que serán, por tanto, los futuros trabajadores del sector agrario». Como concluyó el primer edil, «nuestra agricultura precisa de personal con un nivel de formación y de cualificación profesional de una media-alta capacitación, así como de espacios en los que los agricultores pudieran actualizar sus conocimientos».
Educación dotará de gimnasio el colegio José Saramago de Vícar
La Junta de Andalucía destinará casi 300.000 euros a la construcción de la infraestructura, a través del Plan OLA
A. MALDONADO
ALMERÍA. La Consejería de Educación, Cultura y Deporte ha licitado, a través del ente público andaluz de Infraestructuras y Servicios Educativos -ISE-, los trabajos de construcción de un gimnasio en el colegio José Saramago de Vícar, que beneficiará a más de 70 escolares y supondrá la finalización del programa de actuaciones previsto en el centro educativo.
En concreto, se construirá un gimnasio de más de 300 metros cuadrados que incluirá vestuarios, almacén de material deportivo y despacho para el profesorado. Además, el proyecto incluye la urbanización de una zona de la parcela del centro, situada junto al gimnasio, para convertirla en una zona de juegos. Actuación que cuenta con un plazo de ejecución estimado de seis meses y supondrá la finalización del programa de actuaciones previsto en el centro, construido en el año 2011.
La obra, enmarcada en el Plan de Oportunidades Laborales en Andalucía (Plan OLA) y presupuestada en 299.947,30 euros, creará en torno a 12 puestos de trabajo durante su ejecución.
La delegada de Educación, Isabel Arévalo, considera que estas inversiones continuas en mejoras de las instalaciones educativas, ponen claramente de manifiesto la prioridad que es para la Junta de Andalucía la educación y el empleo.
No en vano, el proyecto forma parte del Plan de Oportunidades Laborales en Andalucía, aprobado por el Gobierno andaluz con el objetivo de mejorar las infraestructuras educativas y fomentar el empleo en el sector de la construcción.
En la provincia de Almería, el Plan OLA prevé generar en torno a 828 puestos de trabajo mediante la realización de 96 obras en centros educativos que serán cofinanciadas con el Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional -Feder- y el Fondo Social Europeo -FSE-.
Educación mantendrá el concierto con los centros segregados
L.G.-S.
SEVILLA. Los centros segregados o de educación diferenciada, que sólo admiten alumnos de un sexo en sus aulas, tendrán concierto educativo en el curso 2014-15, después de que el TSJA dictaminara que deben ser devueltos al régimen de subvención pública. La Consejería de Educación recurrirá las sentencias, pero restablecerá el pago, porque la sentencia le obliga. Así lo anunció ayer en el Parlamento andaluz el consejero, Luciano Alonso, también para garantizar la continuidad del alumnado ya escolarizado.
La larga batalla de los centros segregados, de los que ya apenas quedan menos de media docena, en su mayoría en la provincia de Sevilla, ha rebrotado al abrigo de la LOMCE, que permite el concierto con este tipo de enseñanza. A ella se han acogido los centros para interponer nuevos recursos y el TSJA les ha dado la razón.
Sin embargo, la Junta de Andalucía mantiene su rechazo a subvencionar las aulas segregadas. Ayer en el pleno del Parlamento, Luciano Alonso dijo que su principal objeción es de fondo, pedagógica, porque se basa en «la filosofía de la coeducación, que propone educar en el respeto y la armonía entre los sexos, lo que contribuye a la formación ética y cívica de la personalidad y también al desarrollo de un pensamiento crítico y al compromiso social». No obstante, el diputado popular Miguel Ángel Arauz le recriminó por haber retirado los conciertos con un acuerdo «dogmático, injusto e innecesario».
Sin embargo, Alonso dijo que la Junta, «seguirá defendiendo que los recursos públicos se destinen a una escuela inclusiva, equitativa y de calidad» y que por ello «sumamos un nuevo recurso a los ya presentados contra la LOMCE, porque entendemos que el auto judicial del TSJA respecto a estos centros «modifica nuestro marco legal, que establece que la educación no puede discriminar por razón de nacimiento, raza, sexo, religión, opinión o cualquier otra condición» y alegó tanto la Constitución como el Estatuto y las convenciones de la Unesco. «Si hay padres que quieren una escuela que se grega por sexo para sus hijos están en su derecho, pero lo que no pueden pretender es que se lo paguemos entre todos».
- La Junta dice que el plan de empleo del Cabo creará más trabajo que El Algarrobico
IDEAL DE ALMERÍA - pág:13 :: 30.05.2014
- Agenda
IDEAL DE ALMERÍA - pág:65 :: 30.05.2014
- Homenaje a Teodoro Vives y a Kurt Birkle por su labor
LA VOZ DE ALMERÍA - pág:22 :: 30.05.2014
La Junta dice que el plan de empleo del Cabo creará más trabajo que El Algarrobico
:: E. PRESS
SEVILLA. La consejera de Medio Ambiente y Ordenación del Territorio de la Junta de Andalucía, María Jesús Serrano, ha asegurado, en relación a la formación de grupos de presión interesados tanto en la demolición del hotel ubicado en el paraje de El Algarrobico, como en el mantenimiento de la estructura para no perjudicar la generación de puestos de trabajo, que el plan que la Administración prepara vinculada al entorno del Cabo de Gata generará «mucho más empleo» que el propio complejo hotelero.
En una entrevista concedida a Canal Sur Televisión, Serrano, que volvió a incidir en la necesidad de resolver la «maraña» jurídica en la que actualmente se encuentra el caso -recientemente la Junta ha recurrido una sentencia del Tribunal Superior de Justicia de Andalucía (TSJA) que declara el suelo como urbanizable ante la «falta de seguridad jurídica y de tutela judicial efectiva»-, aseguró que el Gobierno andaluz «no contempla otro escenario que la demolición del hotel», en la misma línea que los colectivos ecologistas.
Y es que, a juicio de la responsable autonómica, «hay líneas rojas que no se deben vulnerar», si bien para proceder al derribo de la construcción se precisa «seguridad jurídica». «Respetamos los procedimientos judiciales pero pedimos celeridad», abundó.
En cuanto al posicionamiento de los vecinos de Carboneras que piden que no se proceda a demoler el edificio, «les comprendo, porque la situación es mala para las familias y personas que no tienen trabajo». No obstante, trasladó un mensaje de «tranquilidad» ya que, vinculado al derribo, «cuando haya seguridad jurídica, pondremos en marcha un plan de empleo vinculado a las posibilidades del Cabo de Gata».
La consejera calificó el hotel de «aberración, una de esas cuestiones que nunca se debieron permitir». Y, sobre la oposición del PSOE de Carboneras a la demolición, subrayó que «esta problemática es complicada en un pueblo: he sido alcaldesa y ahí se ven las cosas de forma distinta, te tienes que poner muchas veces en la piel de tus ciudadanos más directos». «A veces genera impotencia no poder dar respuesta, pero aún así debes ponerte del lado de la protección del medio ambiente», dijo.
HOY VIERNES
ALMERÍA
CONVOCATORIAS
‘Amar sin sufrir’
El psicólogo Fernando Gállico presenta el viernes 30 de mayo el libro ‘Amando sin dolor, disfrutar amando’, a las 19 horas, en la Librería Picasso -calle Reyes Católicos-.
‘XI Jornadas de Astronomía’
La Escuela Municipal de Música de Almería acoge hasta el 30 de mayo las XI Jornadas de Astronomía, en las que tendrán homenaje a Teodoro Vives y Kurt Birkle, exdirectores del Observatorio del Calar Alto.
CINE
‘Frances Ha’
Teatro Apolo, proyección de la película ‘Frances Ha’ de Noah Baumbach (USA-2012, 86 minutos. Día 30 de mayo a las 20 y a las 22 horas. Precio de las entradas, 3,50 euros.
TEATRO
‘Festival de Teatro de El Ejido’
El Ayuntamiento de El Ejido ha organizado el calendario del tradicional Festival de Teatro, que se celebrará del 30 de mayo al 21 de junio y que incluye 24 espectáculos; entre ellos, el 30 de mayo, Sara Baras presenta su espectáculo ‘La Pepa’, a las 22 horas, en el Auditorio -entradas, 26 y 30 euros-; el 31 de mayo, Pepón Nieto y Paco Tous, en la comedia ‘Mitad y Mitad’, en el Auditorio de El Ejido.
‘El crédito’
El Auditorio Municipal Maestro Padilla subirá el telón el 1 de junio a las 20,30 horas para la representación de la obra ‘El crédito’ con Carlos Hipólito y Luis Merlo. Precios de las entradas, 18 euros en el nivel A y 22 euros en el B.
BIBLIOTECA VILLAESPESA
‘Programación mayo’
La Biblioteca Francisco Villaespesa acoge durante el mes de mayo la exposición ‘Relatos en metal’ de Javier J. Martínez; el día 31, ruta literaria por Lorca Vélez con la visita del libramiento de Francisco Martínez Navarro ‘Tú eres la estancia’ -inscripción para el viaje, hasta el día 12-.
FLAMENCO
‘El Morato’
La peña flamenca El Morato acoge el 30 de mayo, a las 22.30 horas, el recital de guitarra española y flamenca, a cargo de Jiro Yoshikawa e Isako Noguchi.
TERERÍA ALMEDINA
Programación de mayo
Conferencia
‘Sábana Santa de Turín’
La parroquia de Jesucristo Redentor de la capital acoge el 30 de mayo, a las 20 horas, una conferencia sobre la Sábana Santa de Turín, a cargo de Rubén García, miembro del Centro Español de Sindonología con sede en Valencia. Para facilitar la atención de los asistentes con niños pequeños habrá un servicio de guardería.
MÚSICA
La Guajira
La Asociación Cultural La Guajira ha organizado para este mes de mayo: el día 30, charla-exposición a las 20 horas, presentación de Desencasa 2014 del IAJ y a las 22 horas, Isabel Hernández Quintet.
Clasijazz
La asociación ofrece el viernes 30 de mayo, a las 21 horas, concierto de alumnos del Conservatorio de Música de Almería, con piezas de Mozart, Chopin y Katchaturian; y, a las 23 horas, presentación del nuevo disco de Antonio Gómez ‘Alcalá Street’. El sábado 31 de mayo, actuación de Stephen Riley Trio, a las 22.30 horas. El domingo 1 de junio, concierto de la Orquesta Filarmónica a las 19 horas, sobre Beethoven; a las 21 horas, baile swing con la Big Band Clasijazz Swing & Funky.
Música de la Legión
La Unidad de Música de la Brileg ofrece el viernes 30 de mayo, a las 19.30 horas, un concierto, de acceso libre, en el Auditorio Municipal Maestro Padilla.
‘Sábados con nombre propio’
La Escuela Municipal de Música y Artes acoge el ciclo de bandas almerienses ‘Sábados con nombre propio’ de bandas almerienses. Tendrán lugar el último sábado de cada mes, a las 21 horas. El 31 de mayo, The Real Me.
‘Estopa, en acústico’
Santos: Fernando III (rey), Gabino, Crispula, Sico, Palatino, Anastasio, Juana de Arco. Han transcurrido 150 días de 2014 y faltan 215 para que termine el año.
Envíe sus comunicados con la referencia IDEAL agenda
Por correo ordinario:
Jesús Delbán, 2 - 5ª Planta ·
04004 Almería;
Por correo electrónico:
firstname.lastname@example.org
el 31 de julio en el Centro Unicaja de Cultura -Paseo de Almería, 11- la exposición pictórica ‘Tres visiones contemporáneas’, que recoge las últimas creaciones de tres artistas nacidos o muy estrechamente vinculados con Andalucía: Lope Martínez Alario, José Manuel Velasco y Javier Peinado.
‘El trovo en Almería’
La Diputación Provincial y el Instituto de Estudios Almerienses organizan la exposición ‘El trovo en Almería’, que permanecerá en el Casino de Dalías hasta el 30 de mayo.
‘Tres visiones contemporáneas’
El Centro Unicaja de Cultura -Paseo de Almería, 11- acoge hasta el 31 de julio la muestra ‘Tres visiones contemporáneas’. Horarios: de lunes a viernes, de 11 a 14 horas y de 16 a 21 horas; y los sábados, de 11 a 14 horas.
‘Premios Laus’
La Escuela de Arte de Almería acoge la exposición ‘Premios Laus 2013. Los premios que te hacen visible’, en el claustro.
EXPOSICIONES
Concurso ‘Almería, tierra de cine’
La Diputación Provincial de Almería va a llevar a un total de nueve municipios menores de 10.000 habitantes, hasta el mes de octubre, la exposición de las fotografías seleccionadas en el concurso internacional de fotografías ‘Almería, Tierra de Cine, que se convocó con motivo de la celebración del Festival Internacional de Cine de Almería ‘Almería en Corto’. Hasta el 1 de junio, en el Centro Cultural de Paterna del Río.
‘Acuarela’
La Sala Alfarores de Diputación acoge hasta el 6 de junio la muestra ‘Acuarela’ de la artista Carmen Martínez, compuesta de 22 lienzos de bodegones y paisajes captados al natural.
‘25 años, 75 acuarelistas’
El patio de luces de Diputación acoge la exposición ‘25 años, 75 acuarelistas’, hasta el 16 de junio.
‘Paloma Barinaga’
El Convento de la Victoria de Vera acoge la exposición de pintura de Paloma Barinaga Díaz-C.
‘Francisco G. Tamayo’
El Teatro Villa de Huércal-Overa acoge la exposición ‘Instrumentalmente Humano’, de Francisco G. Tamayo, hasta el 9 de junio.
‘Tres visiones contemporáneas’
La Fundación Unicaja presenta hasta
Homenaje a Teodoro Vives y a Kurt Birkle por su labor
La Asociación de Amigos del Observatorio Astronómico de Calar Alto ha entregado sus primeras distinciones en un homenaje póstumo a los dos primeros directores del centro astronómico, Teodoro Vives y Kurt Birkle. Familiares, amigos y compañeros de Calar Alto compartieron este momento emotivo, resaltando la calidad humana de ambos astrónomos.
"Almería le debe a Birkle que Alemania decidiera instalar el observatorio en la cumbre de la Sierra de las Filabres. Fue el encargado de realizar las mediciones sobre la calidad del cielo", ha destacado la asociación. El que fuera también director del centro hispano-alemán, Rolando Gredel, fue el encargado de recoger la placa en nombre de la familia de Birkle.
La esposa de Vives recibió la distinción de su marido recientemente fallecido. Fue el primer director español del observatorio. "Catedráticos de universidades y administradores de centros de astroturismo, alumnos en su día de Vives, destacaron que la astronomía le debe mucho a su figura".
– Una década de voluntariado y esfuerzo
IDEAL DE ALMERÍA - pág.7 :: 30.05.2014
Una década de voluntariado y esfuerzo
Más de 40 entidades se dan cita en el Estadio Emilio Campra
Almería echa el cierre al ciclo de actividades desarrolladas por la asociación Meridianos para fomentar la inclusión social juvenil
JAVIER NAVARRO
ALMERÍA. Muchas veces se oye decir que los niños de hoy serán los hombres del mañana y por tanto aquellos en los que sus hombres caerá el peso de todas las responsabilidades civiles y sociales que se desprenden paulatinamente del ejercicio de la ciudadanía. En este sentido trabajo integral como Meridianos sirve para hacer a los jóvenes parte activa de la sociedad y ofrecerles una oportunidad de sentirse protagonistas de su proceso educativo a través de métodos tales como la cooperación.
Con esta idea, la organización reunió ayer en las pistas de atletismo del Estadio Emilio Campra a 35 entidades y 35 asociaciones de Almería para celebrar el Encuentro del Voluntariado, que ha alcanzado su décima edición y cierra en la capital su ciclo de encuentros realizados por Andalucía.
Desde que comenzó este programa hace diez años, se ha impulsado el mensaje de trabajo entre todas aquellas asociaciones dedicadas a la mejora de las condiciones sociales de los ciudadanos, ya sean personas con discapacidad, jóvenes desempleados o menores en situación de riesgo de exclusión, para consolar las distintas formas de acción que impulsen los valores de buena conducta e inclusión social.
Al Estadio acudieron representantes de las asociaciones Asprodea, Fundación Los Carriles, FAAM, A toda vela, ONCE y el Centro de Menores El Molino, que acudieron con 200 voluntarios que participaron en una gymcana deportiva a modo de competición los unos contra los otros.
Además el acto estuvo presidido por el delegado para Andalucía de Meridianos José David Linares y por las representantes territoriales de la Junta de Andalucía Sonia Ferrer, delegada de Gobierno, e Isabel Arevalo, titular de la delegación de Educación, Cultura y Deporte.
Durante estos diez años más de 5.000 personas se presentaron como voluntarios de las 200 asociaciones con las que se ha trabajado. Para Linares los números registrados en Almería son «muy significativos de gran importancia» y «es una ciudad muy solidaria» manifestó el responsable de Meridianos en Andalucía.
El objetivo que persiguen acciones como esta, en donde se reúnen a varias asociaciones es crear un nexo de unión y hermanamiento entre ellas para que su trabajo sea más sencillo y eficaz. Un ambiente de cooperación que se dejó entre todos los asistentes, para Francisco Cantón, miembro de la ONCE que participó en las pruebas de atletismo acompañado de su guía este tipo de reuniones son efectivas ya que se conoce a mucha gente de la que sólo sabías de oídas.
Integración social, cooperación, igualdad y solidaridad, cuatro aspectos en los que las Sonia Ferrer e Isabel Arevalo hicieron hincapié, señalando que fundamental seguir trabajando para fomentar estas políticas sociales para la consecución de una sociedad totalmente inclusiva y funcional para todos los ciudadanos que la componen.
La jornada de miniolimpiadas se realizaron bajo un sol brillante que al inspirar a las tempranas horas en que los participantes se vieron regalados por los miembros de la Cruz Roja de Almería que repartieron agua y crema solar para luchar contra la deshidratación y las posibles quemaduras. Al concluir las pruebas los representantes de las asociaciones que participaron se dirigieron al escenario al estrado para recoger su respectiva distinción. Sin embargo, el momento de gloria no fue a título individual, ya que cada uno de los títulos significó el trabajo conjunto de miles de personas.
Los valores que rigen el compromiso con la sociedad
J. N.
ALMERÍA. Desde la fundación de la asociación Meridianos se erigió un plan de ruta muy claro basado en el fomento de todas aquellas acciones que tengan como fin ayudar a jóvenes y menores «nuestro objetivo es hacer a todos ellos protagonistas de la importancia de sus roles» comentó Linares.
Para ello los valores promovidos por Meridianos se basan en aspectos como sostenibilidad, igualdad y prestación y formación para que la mejora personal e intelectual de los menores sea continuada e inagotable. Por ello, gracias a iniciativas como estas el trabajo conjunto con otro tipo de asociaciones sirve para la creación de programas y nuevas estrategias de acción con los chicos, por ejemplo, la jornada de ayer supuso un estímulo para mostrar a jóvenes internos que existen alternativas de ocio basadas en aspectos saludables.
Política europea
- El centro urbano, nuevo reto para el tráfico.
IDEAL DE ALMERÍA - pág:56 :: 30.05.2014
- Almería quiere casas más sostenibles
LA VOZ DE ALMERÍA - pág:32 :: 30.05.2014
El centro urbano, nuevo reto para el tráfico
Expertos comunitarios explicarán a los ayuntamientos españoles cómo conseguir fondos para mejorar la circulación
**J. L. ÁLVAREZ**
MADRID. Evitar la congestión en los accesos al centro de la ciudad, mejorar la cadena logística de carga y descarga, reducir el uso individual del coche en los centros urbanos y fomentar los vehículos propulsados con energías alternativas. Todos estos temas serán abordados por expertos de la Unión Europea, responsables municipales, representantes de empresas y de distintos ministerios durante las jornadas de 'Políticas Europeas de Movilidad Urbana: Hacia una ciudad inteligente', que tendrán lugar en Madrid, organizadas por la Dirección General de Tráfico (DGT).
¿Qué es la movilidad urbana? Hace algunos años todo consistía en cumplir los 18 y sacarse el carnet de conducir. Por ello las infraestructuras de las ciudades se diseñaron al servicio del vehículo a motor. Ahora, el modelo de movilidad está en continua revisión debido a las normativas de contaminación, de eficiencia energética o de costes en los desplazamientos, entre otros motivos. Hoy una persona que cumple la mayoría de edad no se preocupa por adquirir un coche o una moto, «sólo le interesa desplazarse en un medio de transporte rápido y económico».
«El concepto de movilidad urbana que propone la Unión Europea, tiene mucho que ver con una ciudad en la que se pueda pasear, jugar, correr, montar en bici, en definitiva vivir y disfrutar de las vías de la ciudad en condiciones de seguridad y sostenibilidad», explica la subdirectora adjunta de Normativa de Vehículos de la DGT, Susana Gómez.
Durante los días 12 y 13 de junio los expertos de la Comisión Europea presentarán las medidas de apoyo a los proyectos de movilidad urbana segura y sostenible que desarrollen las ciudades españolas.
Para ello, según la responsable de la DGT, las autoridades europeas de transporte detallarán el procedimiento que deben seguir conjuntamente los ayuntamientos y empresas españolas para obtener la financiación de los fondos europeos destinados a «transformar las áreas urbanas menos desarrolladas o menos innovadoras en ciudades sostenibles, inteligentes y seguras».
Ciudades pacíficas
Las jornadas, dirigidas a responsables y gestores de movilidad, transporte y tráfico de los consistorios, abordarán en profundidad los planes de movilidad urbana sostenible, para hacer posible ciudades «habitables, pacíficas y seguras», recuerda Susana Gómez, lo que será posible a través de políticas de transporte, urbanismo, medio ambiente, logística, desarrollo económico y social, salud y seguridad vial. Este encuentro prestará también especial atención a las nuevas tecnologías y el tráfico.
Almería quiere casas más sostenibles
El Programa de Impulso a la Construcción Sostenible en Andalucía se puso en marcha el 1 de abril por la Junta de Economía, Innovación, Ciencia y Empleo, a través de la Agencia Andaluza de la Energía, ha registrado en poco más de dos meses solicitudes que suman el 79 por ciento de los 150 millones de euros destinados a esta actuación en toda Andalucía.
En Almería se han realizado 2.220 solicitudes de incentivos y reserva de fondos, que conllevarán una inversión superior a los 19,2 millones de euros y un incentivo de 12,3 millones de euros. Al igual que en el resto de provincias, los incentivos se financian con fondos europeos y pasarán por un estricto control de revisión y supervisión antes de ser producidos finalmente. Tan comprobadas como todas las solicitudes son correctas, recibirán un incentivo global de la Agencia Andaluza de la Energía de 12,3 millones de euros. Almería y Huelva consumieron sus fondos el día 14, después de Jaén y Granada, que cerraron sus presupuestos el día 15.
Por provincias, se han recibido en Córdoba, 2.405; Granada, 2.653; Huelva, 1.767 y Jaén, 1.929. De las que aún tienen presupuesto, Sevilla ha realizado hasta el momento 4.352 solicitudes de incentivos o reservas previas, Málaga 3.029 y Cádiz 1.708.
Demanda La gran demanda provocada por este programa responde al interés energético y económico de las 48 actuaciones que se incluyen, que van desde la renovación de ventanas, elementos de protección solar, el cerramiento o acristalamiento de terrazas, hasta la instalación de renovables.
Andalucía ha agotado ya el 80% de los fondos
LA JUNTA destinó 150 millones a estas ayudas en toda Andalucía
- Fallece un trabajador tras caerle una `dumper
IDEAL DE ALMERÍA - pág:4 :: 30.05.2014
- Coag informa a los agricultores de las inspecciones y prevenciones en materia laboral
IDEAL DE ALMERÍA - pág:9 :: 30.05.2014
Fallece un trabajador tras caerle una 'dumper'
DOCE MUERTES LABORALES
F. G. Un hombre falleció en la tarde de ayer tras quedar atrapado debajo de una 'dumper' –vehículo industrial– con el que estaba cargando piedras en la rambla El Higueral, en el término municipal de Berja, según indicaron ayer fuentes del Servicio Coordinado de Emergencias 112 de Andalucía.
Los hechos, según las citadas fuentes, ocurrieron en la tarde del pasado jueves en Berja. La víctima se encontraba trabajando cargando piedras con una 'dumper', cuando se precipitó por un terraplén con la máquina y quedó atrapado debajo de ésta.
Hasta el lugar se desplazó un operativo conformado por efectivos de Protección Civil, sanitarios del 061, agentes de la Policía Local y Guardia Civil, Inspección de Trabajo y Prevención de Riesgos Laborales, que confirmaron el fallecimiento de esta persona.
Se trata del duodécimo accidente laboral mortal que se produce en la provincia de Almería en lo que llevamos de año.
Coag informa a los agricultores de las inspecciones y prevenciones en materia laboral
J. E. R.
ALMERÍA. Coag Almería atrajo la atención de 200 agricultores almerienses con su jornada informativa en la que se profundizó sobre la normativa vigente de la Inspección de Trabajo en materia agraria y la prevención de los accidentes laborales.
Andrés Góngora, secretario provincial de Coag, señaló que fue una jornada «muy positiva», sobre todo, aseguró el dirigente agrario, «porque hemos contado con ponentes muy cualificados como la Inspectoría de Trabajo de Almería, el Jefe de la Dependencia Provincial de Trabajo en Almería o el Gerente de GSL que resolvieron las dudas planteadas por nuestros agricultores en el ámbito de las inspecciones y la prevención. Los problemas o dudas surgidas entre los productores se repiten en la mayoría de los casos y por eso ha sido de vital importancia organizar esta jornada que los agricultores nos han demandado a Coag Almería». Los agricultores, «demostramos que seguimos en la línea que marcamos hace tiempo de hacer las cosas bien. Nos preocupamos por tener toda la documentación en regla y que las contrataciones de los trabajadores estén en orden», dijo Góngora, echando de menos una normativa más flexible.
- El PSOE pide un refuerzo en el transporte nocturno para la Noche en Blanco
IDEAL DE ALMERÍA - pág.5 :: 30.05.2014
El PSOE pide un refuerzo en el transporte nocturno para la Noche en Blanco
ALMERÍA. La concejala socialista Déborah Serón propuso ayer al Área de Movilidad del Ayuntamiento una ampliación de horario de servicio del transporte público con motivo de la Noche en Blanco, el próximo día 6. Su propuesta plantea una ampliación del horario hasta las 3 de la mañana dado que las actividades programadas terminan a las 2. «De esta manera, -explicó-, evitaremos mucho tráfico del centro de la ciudad y problemas de aparcamiento y atascos».
Asimismo indicó que si en la edición anterior la participación dio buen resultado, en la de este año hay que mejorar algunos aspectos de la organización, como el transporte público. «Así se hace con motivo de la feria o cuando hay eventos masivos, sea un partido de fútbol o un concierto», dijo Serón, que en su opinión, hay una serie de líneas que deben prolongar su servicio para que los vecinos de Los Molinos, La Cañada o el Alquián, Retamar y Cabo de Gata puedan disfrutar tranquilamente de la noche, al igual que los vecinos del centro.
- La Universidad de Almería cuenta con dos nuevos doctores `honoris causa
IDEAL DE ALMERÍA - pág.7 :: 30.05.2014
- Los Juegos Municipales de voleibol cierran su temporada
IDEAL DE ALMERÍA - pág.47 :: 30.05.2014
La Universidad de Almería cuenta con dos nuevos doctores 'honoris causa'
JAVIER NAVARRO
ALMERÍA. Hoy la Universidad de Almería se viste con sus mejores galas para investir como doctor honoris causa al filósofo Pedro Cerezo Galán, catedrático de Historia de la Filosofía de la Universidad de Granada y al escritor y filólogo Juan Carlos Rodríguez Gómez, catedrático de Sociología de la Literatura y de la Cultura en la Facultad de Filosofía y Letras de Granada.
El acto solemne de la máxima distinción honorífica universitaria tiene previsto comenzar a partir de las 12 horas en el Auditorio de la universidad, presidida por el rector de la UAL Pedro Molina.
Cerezo Galán, natural de Hinojosa del Duque, es especialista en Historia de la filosofía moderna y contemporánea, en la que ha tratado especialmente el humanismo clásico y el humanismo heliogaliano, así como la Fenomenología y la Hermenéutica. Toda una vida consagrada a la investigación que lo ha convertido en uno de los filósofos más prolíficos del pensamiento español, con una extensa obra que se podría resumir en una decena de libros de edición propia y casi una centena de aportaciones en otros estudios filosóficos escritos de manera colaborativa.
Por su parte, Juan Carlos Rodríguez Gómez se presenta como doctor Emérito de la UGR y premio extraordinario de licenciatura, apadrinado por el profesor catedrático de la UAL Gabriel Núñez. Dedicado a la poesía, su trabajo lo ha desempeñado en varias universidades del extranjero tales como Duke (Carolina del Norte) Stony Brook (Nueva York) y la Sapienza de Roma. La obra lírica de Rodríguez Gómez han sido traducidas a diversos idiomas consagrándole como uno de los principales rapsodas del siglo XXI en las letras hispanas.
Con la investidura de Cerezo Galán así como la de Rodríguez Gómez, la Universidad de Almería rendirá tributo a dos vidas dedicadas al impulso de la historia y el pensamiento humanístico. Dos nuevos doctores que se unen a la lista de los 3 Honoris Causa investidos por la UAL.
Los Juegos Municipales de voleibol cierran su temporada
Más de un millar de deportistas y familiares se dieron cita en el Pabellón Rafael Florido en la ceremonia de entrega de trofeos
**J. L. PASCUAL**
ALMERÍA. Los Juegos Deportivos Municipales de voleibol despidieron una temporada para enmarcar en el Pabellón Rafael Florido, que presentó el aspecto de las grandes ocasiones para rendir reconocimiento a jóvenes, y no tan jóvenes, que han conseguido proclamarse campeones en las diferentes categorías. La delegación almeriense de la Federación Andaluza de Voleibol aprovechó, además, para entregar los trofeos del Cadeba 2014, con lo que se completó un fin de campaña festivo y de grandes alegrías.
En el recinto deportivo de la Avenida del Mediterráneo se reunieron desde los prebenjamines que están dando sus primeros pasos en este deporte hasta jugadores que en su día fueron profesionales, como Cosme Prenafeta, Manolo Berenguel o Kiko González y que ahora siguen practicando el voleibol a otro nivel, como divertimento y para recordar tiempos pasados sobre la cancha.
Las grandes protagonistas de esta ceremonia de clausura fueron las escuelas deportivas municipales que está gestionando el Club Voley Playa Almería, que acapararon la gran mayoría de los trofeos, aunque el Volley Grupo 2008, Unicaja Almería, Universidad de Almería o Club Voleibol Berja también han conseguido grandes resultados.
Como reconoció el delegado provincial de la Federación Andaluza de Voleibol, Antonio Campos, los Juegos Deportivos Municipales han alcanzado límites insopechados hace unos años, ya que «hemos vuelto a conseguir superar la participación de anteriores ediciones y es una alegría ver así el Pabellón Rafael Florido, lleno de jóvenes entusiasmados y de sus familiares».
**Deporte escolar**
Las escuelas municipales Cajamar CVPA Almería lograron el primer puesto en las categorías de prebenjamín masculino, benjamín femenino, benjamín masculino, alevín femenino, alevín masculino, infantil masculino, cadete femenino y cadete masculino. El trabajo realizado por los técnico del Club Voley Playa Almería en centros educativos de la capital como Virgen del Mar, Compañía de María, Divina Infantita, Madre de la Luz, Mediterráneo, Rafael Alberti o Indalo está propiciando que el voleibol sea uno de los deportes 'de moda' entre los escolares y que se esté creando una gran cantera de jugadores.
En este sentido, los resultados avalan durante esta temporada este proyecto, aunque el principal objetivo de estas escuelas es que los jóvenes disfruten del deporte como parte de su formación integral. Por su parte, el Club Natación Almería, de la mano de Javi Yuste, consiguió logros importantes como la medalla de plata en benjamín y alevín masculino, que viene a reforzar la apuesta de esta entidad almeriense por el voleibol como una modalidad más dentro de su extensa programación deportiva.
El voleibol virgitano también demostró que pasa por un gran momento, con el triunfo del equipo juvenil femenino, que superó en la final al Cajamar CVPA y la segunda plaza tanto en infantil masculino como femenino. El trabajo realizado por Antonio Campos durante muchas décadas en Berja sigue vigente y su cantera es inagotable. | 725fb7e4-ffe3-4c22-abe6-ab98a0dd6724 | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/spa_Latn/train | finepdfs | spa_Latn | 70,621 |
EL C. JESÚS GARCÍA CASTRO, Secretario de Gobierno del H. Ayuntamiento Constitucional del Municipio de Tijuana, Baja California, conforme a la Ley,
CERTIFICA:
Que en el acta levantada con motivo de la Sesión Extraordinaria de Cabildo del H. Ayuntamiento de Tijuana, Baja California, celebrada el día diecinueve de octubre del año dos mil veintidós, se encuentra un acuerdo que a la letra dice: ----------------------------------------------- ACTA No. 21.- …… Y TOMANDO EN CONSIDERACION QUE: -----------------------------
PRIMERO.- Que es de considerarse que al realizarse la Glosa del informe presentado por la Presidenta Municipal se busca dar mayor claridad y difusión, con el objetivo de fortalecer la función de vigilancia y de equilibrio respecto al estado que guarda la Administración Pública Municipal, al establecerse la dinámica de comparecencia por parte de los titulares de las dependencias del sector central municipal, así como de las entidades paramunicipales que sean citadas para clarificar, responder, explicar e informar sobre las tareas que desempeñan y desarrollan para dar cumplimiento a las acciones de gobierno.
SEGUNDO.- Que el artículo 81, fracción VIII de la Constitución Política del Estado Libre y Soberano de Baja California, establece que la Ley en materia municipal deberá establecer las disposiciones generales sustantivas y adjetivas que le den un marco normativo común a los municipios, sin intervenir en las cuestiones específicas de los mismos, y que esta Ley tendrá por objeto el establecer las bases generales para la presentación del informe de la Presidenta Municipal sobre el estado que guarda la Administración Pública Municipal ante el Cabildo, así como el desahogo de la glosa correspondiente a través de la comparecencia de los titulares de las dependencias municipales y de las entidades paramunicipales ante las comisiones de regidores correspondientes.
TERCERO.- Que el artículo 9 BIS de la Ley del Régimen Municipal para el Estado de Baja California, establece que dentro de los veintiocho días naturales posteriores a la rendición del informe al que alude la fracción XI del artículo 7 de dicha Ley, los titulares de las dependencias municipales y entes públicos paramunicipales, previa citación por escrito, deberán comparecer ante las comisiones de regidores correspondientes para el desahogo de la glosa; dichas comparecencias se desarrollaran en sesiones públicas a las que podrán asistir los ciudadanos interesados, bajo los términos que se establezcan en los reglamentos que para tal efecto expidan los ayuntamientos, y que tales sesiones se transmitirán por el portal de internet del ayuntamiento, bajo el principio de máxima publicidad.
CUARTO.- Que el párrafo segundo del artículo 9 BIS de la Ley del Régimen Municipal para el Estado de Baja California, señala que la calendarización, formato y lineamientos bajo los cuales se desarrollará la glosa, deberán ser propuestos y aprobados por acuerdo de los plenos de los cabildos municipales.
QUINTO.- Que el artículo 82 del Reglamento Interno y de Cabildo del Ayuntamiento de Tijuana, Baja California, establece que los Titulares de las dependencia municipales y entes públicos paramunicipales, dentro de los veintiocho días naturales posteriores a la rendición del informe de gestión municipal, previa citación por escrito, deberán comparecer para el desahogo de la glosa ante la Comisión de Coordinación Política, mismo que se desarrollará en sesión pública; debiéndose además, transmitir por el portal de internet del Ayuntamiento.
SEXTO.- Que el artículo 118 del Reglamento Interno y de Cabildo del Ayuntamiento de Tijuana, Baja California, indica que la Presidenta Municipal como órgano Ejecutivo del Ayuntamiento presidirá la Comisión de Coordinación de Política, y en su ausencia será representado por el
Secretario de Gobierno Municipal. Asimismo, en el artículo 119 del citado Reglamento, se menciona que la Comisión de Coordinación Política, será convocada por la Presidenta o el Presidente Municipal por conducto del Secretario de Gobierno Municipal.
SÉPTIMO.- Que el artículo 44 del Reglamento Interno y de Cabildo del Ayuntamiento de Tijuana, Baja California, dispone que el derecho de iniciar proyectos de acuerdos y resoluciones corresponde a los Integrantes del Cabildo y siendo la calendarización, formato y lineamientos bajo los cuales se desarrollará la glosa, un proyecto de iniciativa, su aprobación corresponde a los miembros del Cabildo de este Municipio de Tijuana, Baja California.
SEXTO.- Que el artículo 38 del Reglamento de la Administración Pública Municipal del Ayuntamiento de Tijuana, Baja California, señala que las dependencias y entidades de la administración pública municipal ejercerán sus funciones y conducirán sus actividades en forma programada de conformidad con las políticas dictadas por el Ayuntamiento y de acuerdo con las prioridades definidas por la Presidenta Municipal, estando obligados además a comparecer anualmente ante la Comisión de Regidores correspondiente para el desahogo de la glosa.
Por lo anterior el Honorable Cuerpo Edilicio determina aprobar por UNANIMIDAD, el siguiente punto de acuerdo.
PRIMERO.- Se aprueba el formato y lineamientos bajo los cuales se desarrollará la glosa del primer informe de gobierno presentado por la C. Presidenta Municipal de Tijuana, Baja California, en los términos del documento que se anexa al presente Acuerdo y que se tiene por reproducido como si a la letra se insertase.
SEGUNDO.- El calendario de comparecencias de los servidores públicos responsables de las diversas dependencias municipales y entidades paramunicipales que conforman la Administración Pública Municipal, se desarrollará bajo el orden que determine la Presidencia Municipal en coordinación con la Secretaría de Gobierno Municipal, quienes también señalarán el orden y horario de las comparecencias, las cuales se deberán desarrollar a partir del día 24 de octubre y hasta el día 04 de noviembre del presente año.
TERCERO.- Se autoriza el uso de la Sala de Cabildo ubicada en el primer nivel del palacio municipal, para el desarrollo de la glosa del primer informe de gobierno.
TRANSITORIOS
PRIMERO.- El presente Acuerdo entrará en vigor al momento de su aprobación.
SEGUNDO.- Publíquese en la Gaceta Municipal para conocimiento de los ciudadanos.
Para todos los efectos a que haya lugar, se extiende la presente CERTIFICACIÓN, en la ciudad de Tijuana, Baja California, al día diecinueve de octubre del año dos mil veintidós.
EL SECRETARIO DE GOBIERNO MUNICIPAL
DEL H. XXIV AYUNTAMIENTO DE TIJUANA
C. JESÚS GARCÍA CASTRO
ANEXO ÚNICO
Los lineamientos y formato bajo los cuales se llevará a cabo las comparecencias será la siguiente:
a) La Comisión de Coordinación Política será la encargada de atender las citaciones correspondientes de los titulares de las dependencias municipales y entidades paramunicipales.
b) Las comparecencias se desarrollarán en la Sala de Cabildo ubicada en el primer nivel del palacio municipal.
c) La Comisión encargada del desahogo de la Glosa, recibirá copia simple del Informe de Gobierno y todos sus anexos.
d) El día y hora de la comparecencia y una vez abierta la Sesión, la Presidenta de la Comisión o quien designe, dará la bienvenida a los comparecientes, explicándoles el procedimiento de la comparecencia; dando el uso de la voz al compareciente para que en un término de hasta 30 (treinta) minutos realice una presentación de lo que considere dentro del rubro y responsabilidad que le corresponda.
e) Una vez efectuado lo anterior, la Presidenta de la Comisión o quien designe, preguntará a los Regidores presentes si es su deseo realizar cuestionamientos, en caso afirmativo, abrirá hasta 2 (dos) rondas de preguntas, procediéndose a levantar, al inicio de cada ronda, la lista de participantes; las preguntas deberán de dirigirse al compareciente, pudiendo el Regidor hacer hasta 2 (dos) preguntas por cada ronda. Desahogadas las respuestas se preguntará a los Regidores si están satisfechas, de no ser así podrá replicar la respuesta a efecto de obtener la contestación que satisfaga su cuestionamiento. El Regidor tendrá derecho de contra replica.
f) No habiendo más preguntas, se dará el uso de la voz al compareciente a efecto de que dirija unas palabras, consecuentemente se dará por concluida la Sesión, tomandose los acuerdos correspondientes de existir estos. | <urn:uuid:acb03034-4c1a-4548-b6c3-9849b84da373> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/spa_Latn/train | finepdfs | spa_Latn | 8,411 |
Global catchment modelling using World-Wide HYPE (WWH), open data and stepwise parameter estimation
Berit Arheimer\textsuperscript{1*}, Rafael Pimentel\textsuperscript{1,2}, Kristina Isberg\textsuperscript{1}, Louise Crochemore\textsuperscript{1}, Jafet C.M. Andersson\textsuperscript{1}, Abdulghani Hasan\textsuperscript{1,3}, and Luis Pineda\textsuperscript{1,4}
\textsuperscript{1}Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI), Folkborgsvägen 17, 60176 Norrköping, Sweden.
\textsuperscript{2}University of Cordoba, Edf. Leonardo Da Vinci, Campus de Rabanales, 14071, Córdoba, Spain.
\textsuperscript{3}Lund University Box 117, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden.
\textsuperscript{4}Proyecto Yachay, Hacienda San José, Urcuqui, Ecuador.
*Corresponding author: Berit Arheimer (\firstname.lastname@example.org})
Abstract
Recent advancements in catchment hydrology (such as understanding hydrological processes, accessing new data sources, and refining methods for parameter constraints) make it possible to apply catchment models for ungauged basins over large domains. Here we present a cutting-edge case study applying catchment-modelling techniques at the global scale for the first time. The modelling procedure was challenging but doable and even the first model version show better performance than traditional gridded global models of river flow. We used the open-source code of the HYPE model and applied it for >130 000 catchments (with an average resolution of 1000 km$^2$), delineated to cover the Earths landmass (except Antarctica). The catchments were characterized using 20 open databases on physiographical variables, to account for spatial and temporal variability of the global freshwater resources, based on exchange with the atmosphere (e.g. precipitation and evapotranspiration) and related budgets in all compartments of the land (e.g. soil, rivers, lakes, glaciers, and floodplains), including water stocks, residence times, interfacial fluxes, and the pathways between various compartments. Global parameter values were estimated using a step-wise approach for groups of parameters regulating specific processes and catchment characteristics in representative gauged catchments. Daily time-series (> 10 years) from 5338 gauges of river flow across the globe were used for model evaluation (half for calibration and half for independent validation), resulting in a median monthly KGE of 0.4. However, the world-wide HYPE (WWH) model shows large variation in model performance, both between geographical domains and between various flow signatures. The model performs best in Eastern USA, Europe, South-East Asia, and Japan, as well as in parts of Russia, Canada, and South America. The model shows overall good potential to capture flow signatures of monthly high flows, spatial variability of high flows, duration of low flows and constancy of daily flow. Nevertheless, there remains large potential for model improvements and we suggest both redoing the calibration and reconsidering parts of the model structure for the next WWH version. The calibration cycle should be repeated a couple of times to find robust values under new fixed parameter conditions. For the next iteration, special focus will be given to precipitation, evapotranspiration, soil storage, and dynamics from hydrological features, such as lakes, reservoirs, glaciers, and floodplains. This first model version clearly indicates challenges in large scale modelling, usefulness of open data and current gaps in processes understanding. Parts
of the WWH can be shared with other modellers working at the regional scale to appreciate local knowledge, establish a critical mass of experts and improve the model in a collaborative manner. Setting up a global catchment model has to be a long-term commitment of continuous model refinements to achieve successful and truly useful results.
1. Introduction
Hydrological models are useful tools to better understand processes behind observation, to reconstruct past events and to predict future events, as well as to explore the impact of various scenarios of change in flow controlling factors, such as climate or human activities. Catchment models were traditionally often applied in small well-monitored rivers under pristine conditions, to understand mechanisms in flow generation (e.g. Bergström and Forsman, 1973; Beven and Kirby, 1979; Lindström et al., 1997) or to support flow forecasts at warning services (e.g. Arheimer et al., 2011). However, a combination of societal requests and scientific initiatives has changed this context for catchment modelling recently. As catchment models are mimicking observation through calibration procedures, they have high credibility among practitioners and water managers. Hence, they are used operationally in many societal sectors, to provide for instance design values for infrastructure, water allocation schemes, navigation routes, flood warnings, environmental-status indices or optimal industrial-water use. Currently, all these users of catchment model outputs also face climate change and seek data and information to best implement climate adaptation for their specific business. Hence, catchment models are also used to estimate climate change impact.
The catchment research community has embraced this applied focus and, at the same time, expanded the geographical domain to multi-catchments. The applied focus is illustrated by the new decade of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS) called “Panta Rhei”, which addresses change in hydrology and society (Montanari et al., 2013) and focuses on the human impact on the water cycle instead of traditional pristine conditions. The spatial expansion, on the other hand, is driven by accelerating advances in hydrological research as described by Archfield et al. (2015). For instance, comparative hydrology (Falkenmark and Chapman, 1989) or large sample hydrology (Gupta et al., 2014) show the potential to advance science by addressing a larger domain with multiple catchments than just exploring one single catchment at a time. Similarly, the previous scientific decade of IAHS “Predictions in Un-gauged Basins”, PUB (Hrachowitz et al., 2013; Bloeschl et al., 2013), resulted in methods to maintain the procedures typical for catchment modelling when parameters are transferred to areas without observed time-series of river flow, such as regionalization, parameter constraints, and Monte Carlo approaches for empirical quality control, to ensure that the process description is realistic and account for uncertainties. This opened up for catchment models to be tested and applied also at the continental scale (e.g. Pechlivanidis and Arheimer, 2015; Abbaspour et al., 2015; Donnelly et al., 2016), where normally other types of hydrological models were applied, using other modelling procedures and showing other advantages than the methods used by the catchment modelling community (see e.g. Archfield et al., 2015). Such large-scale models are for instance water allocation models (e.g. Arnell, 1999; Vörösmarty et al., 2000; Döll et al., 2003) or meteorological land-surface models (e.g. Liang et al., 1994; Woods et al.,
sometimes with more advanced routing schemes (e.g. Alferi et al., 2013). These more traditional global and continental modelling approaches can now be compared to hydrological catchment models in large-scale applications (Fig. 1).
Figure 1. Different modelling communities who can now start comparing their methods.
Other important factors, which nowadays allow catchment modelling at the global scale, are computational capacity and open global data sources. The methods for applying and evaluating catchment models are computationally heavy. The advances in application routines and evaluation frameworks, such as GLUE (Beven and Binley, 1992), DREAM (Laloy and Vrugt, 2012), or methods in the SAFE toolbox (Pianosi et al., 2015) have become possible due to the fact that the catchment models themselves are normally quick to run even on a personal computer. With increasing computational capacity, these methods are now possible to apply also in a multi-catchment approach for a large domain. Most important for catchment modelling, however, is the recent explosion of open and readily available data sources globally, which makes it possible to delineate the catchment borders, find input data at relevant scale to set up the catchment models, and to assign time-series of observed flow at some catchment outlets. This enables the use of recognised methods in catchment modelling for parameter estimation and model evaluation.
In the early 1970’s, model parameters were calibrated using a rather simple curve fitting towards observed time-series of river flow in a specific catchment outlet (e.g. Bergström and Forsman, 1973). Since then the methods for parameter estimation have become more sophisticated, especially when the objective is regionalisation across many catchments at large scale (e.g. Beck et al., 2016). Some common approaches use: (i) the same parameters based on geographic proximity (e.g. Merz and Blöschl, 2004; Oudin et al., 2008); (ii) regression models between parameter values and catchment characteristics (Hundecha and Bárdossy, 2004; Samaniego et al., 2010; Hundecha et al., 2016); (iii) simultaneous calibration in multiple representative catchments with similar climatic and/or physiographic characteristics (e.g. Arheimer and Brandt, 1998; Fernandez et al., 2000; Parajka et al., 2007). In this study, we apply a variety of the latter, using a stepwise approach (e.g. Strömqvist et al., 2012; Pechlivanidis and Arheimer, 2015; Donnelly et al, 2016; Andersson et al., 2017) trying to isolate hydrological processes and calibrate them separately against observed river flow in selected representative basins across the entire globe, although, some hydrological features as large lakes and floodplains were calibrated individually.
The hypothesis tested in the present study states that, it is now possible and timely to apply catchment modelling techniques at the global scale. We address this hypothesis by applying a catchment model world-wide and then evaluating the results using statistical metrics for time-series and flow signatures. To our knowledge, this is the first time a catchment model was applied worldwide covering the entire globe with relatively high resolution, providing an average subbasin size of ~1000 km$^2$ (WWH version 1.3). Our specific objective is to provide a harmonized way to predict hydrological variables (especially river flow and the water balance) globally, which can also be shared for further refinement to assist in regional and local water management wherever hydrological models are currently lacking. To address this objective, we (i) compile open global data from >30 sources, including for instance topography and river routing, meteorological forcing, physiographic land characteristics and in total some 20 000 time-series of river flow world-wide, (ii) apply the open-source code of the Hydrological Predictions for the Environment, HYPE model (Lindström et al., 2010), (iii) estimate model parameter values using a new stepwise calibration technique addressing the major hydrological processes and features world-wide, and (iv) compute metrics and flow signatures, and compare model performance with physiographic variables to judge model usefulness. We then pose the scientific question: How far can we reach in predicting river flow globally, using integrated catchment modelling, open global data and readily available time-series for calibration?
2. Data
2.1 Physiographic data
For catchment delineation and routing, topographical data is needed, but none of the hydrologically refined databases cover the entire land surface of Earth and therefore we had to merge several sources of information (Table 1). Most of the globe is covered by GWD-LR (Global Width Database of Large Rivers) 3 arc sec (Yamazaki et al. 2014), apart from the very northern part close to the Arctic Sea, for which HYDRO1K 30 arc sec (USGS) is available. For Greenland, we used GIMP-DEM (Greenland Ice Mapping Project) 3 arc sec (Howat et al. 2014) and for Iceland the National data from the meteorological office. For the latter we merged the catchments to better fit the overall resolution, going from 27 000 catchments to 253.
Additional data was gathered to help with defining catchments as the delineation of catchments can be difficult in some environments. In flat areas we consulted previous mapping and hydrographical information of floodplains, prairies and deserts (Table 1). Karstic areas are unpredictable due to lack of subsurface information of underground channels crossing surface topography and thus needed to be defined and evaluated separately. Finally, flood risk areas were recognized as potentially important, enabling the use of model results in combination with hydraulic models, and thus also had to be identified so that model results can be extracted for such applications.
Table 1. Databases used for catchment delineation, routing and elevation in WWH version 1.3.
| Type | Dataset/Link | Provider/Reference |
|-------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------|
| Topography (Flow accumulation, flow direction, digital elevation, river width) | GWD-LR (3 arcsec) [http://hydro.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~yamada1/GWD-LR/](http://hydro.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~yamada1/GWD-LR/)
GIMP-DEM (3 arcsec) [https://bpccr.osu.edu/gd/data/gimpdem](https://bpccr.osu.edu/gd/data/gimpdem)
HYDRO1K (30 arcsec) [https://lta.cr.usgs.gov/HYDRO1K](https://lta.cr.usgs.gov/HYDRO1K)
SRTM (3 arcsec) [https://lta.cr.usgs.gov/SRTM](https://lta.cr.usgs.gov/SRTM) | Yamazaki et al., 2014
Howat et al., 2015
United State
Geological Survey – (USGS)
USGS |
| Non-contributing areas in Canada | Areas of Non-Contributing Drainage (AAFC Watersheds Project – 2013) [https://open.canada.ca/data/dataset/67c8352dd362-43dc-9255-21e2b0cf466c](https://open.canada.ca/data/dataset/67c8352dd362-43dc-9255-21e2b0cf466c) | Government Canada |
| Watershed delineation (Iceland) | IMO subbasins and main river basins [http://en.vedur.is/hydrology/](http://en.vedur.is/hydrology/) (IMO) | Icelandic Met Office |
| Karst | World Map of Carbonate Rock Outcrops v3.0 [http://digital.lib.usf.edu/SF5055342/00001](http://digital.lib.usf.edu/SF5055342/00001) | Ford (2006) |
| Global Flood Risk | Global estimated risk index for flood hazard [http://ihp-wins.unesco.org/layers/geonode-f1f1010irmt](http://ihp-wins.unesco.org/layers/geonode-f1f1010irmt) | UNEP/GRID-Europe |
| Floodplains | Global Lake and Wetland Database (GLWD) [https://www.worldwildlife.org/publications/global-lakes-and-wetlands-database-lakes-and-wetlands-grid-level-3](https://www.worldwildlife.org/publications/global-lakes-and-wetlands-database-lakes-and-wetlands-grid-level-3) | Lehner and Döll, 2004 |
| Desert areas | World Land-Based Polygon Features [https://geo.nyu.edu/catalog/stanford-bh326sc0899](https://geo.nyu.edu/catalog/stanford-bh326sc0899) | University of New York |
For catchment characteristics governing the hydrological processes in HYPE, the ESA CCI Landcover version 1.6.1 epoch 2010 (300 m) was the baseline, but several other data sources were used to adjust and add information to some hydrologically important features, such as glaciers, lakes, reservoirs, irrigated crops, and climate zone (Table 2).
Table 2. Databases used to assign land cover, waterbodies and climate to catchments in WWH version 1.3.
| Type | Dataset/Link | Provider/References |
|-------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------|
| Land cover characteristics | ESA CCI Landcover v 1.6.1 epoch 2010 (300 m) [https://www.esa-landcover-cci.org/?q-node/169](https://www.esa-landcover-cci.org/?q-node/169) | ESA Climate Change Initiative - Land Cover project |
| Glaciers | Randolph Glacier Inventory (RGI) v 5.0 [https://www.glims.org/RGI/randolph50.html](https://www.glims.org/RGI/randolph50.html) | RGI Consortium |
| Greenland icesheet | Greenland Glacier Inventory | Rastner et al, 2012 |
| Lakes | ESA CCI-LC Waterbodies 150 m 2000 v 4.0 [https://www.esa-landcover-cci.org/?q-node/169](https://www.esa-landcover-cci.org/?q-node/169) | ESA Climate Change Initiative - Land Cover project |
| Lakes | Global Lake and Wetland Database 1.1 (GLWD) [https://www.worldwildlife.org/publications/global-lakes-and-wetlands-database-large-lake-polygons-level-1](https://www.worldwildlife.org/publications/global-lakes-and-wetlands-database-large-lake-polygons-level-1) | Lehner and Döll, 2004 |
| Lake depths | Global Lake Database v2(GLDB) [http://www.flake.igb-berlin.de/ep-data.shtml](http://www.flake.igb-berlin.de/ep-data.shtml) | Kourzeneva, 2010, Choulga, 2014 |
2.2 Forcing data
The WWH model uses time-series of daily precipitation and temperature to make calculations on a daily time-step. All catchment models require initializations of the current state of the snow, soil and lake (and sometimes river) storages. At the global scale, a seamless dataset for several decades is necessary for consistent model forcing, to also cover hydrological features with large storage volumes. For WWH version 1.3 precipitation and temperature were achieved from the Hydrological Global Forcing Data (HydroGFD; Berg et al., 2018), which is an in-house product of SMHI that combines different climatological data products across the globe. This global dataset spans a long climatological period up to near-real-time and forecasts (from 1961 to 6 months ahead). The period used in this study, is primarily based on the global (50 km grid) re-analysis product ERA-interim (Dee et al., 2011) from ECMWF, which is further bias adjusted versus other products using observations, e.g. versions of CRU (Harris and Jones, 2014) and GPCC (Schneider et al, 2014). The HydroGFD dataset is produced using a method for bias adjustment, which is similar to the method by Weedon et al. (2014) but additionally uses updated climatological observations, and, for the near-real-time, interim products that apply similar methods. This means that it can run operationally in near-real-time. The dataset is continuously upgraded and in the present study, we used the HydroGFD version 2.0.
2.3 Observed river flow
Catchment models need time-series of hydrological variables for parameter estimation and model evaluation. Metadata and time-series from gauging stations were collected from readily available open data sources globally (Table 3). In total, information from 21 704 gauging stations could be assigned to a catchment outlet. Of these, time-series could be downloaded for 11 369 while 10 336 could only assist with metadata, such as upstream area, river name, elevation or natural of regulated flow. The time-series were screened for missing values, inconsistency, skewness, trends, inhomogeneity, and outliers (Crochemore et al., manuscript). Only stations representing the resolution of the model (≥1000 km$^2$) and with records of at least 10 consecutive years between 1981 and 2012 were considered for model evaluation. With these criteria, 5338 time-series were finally used for evaluating model performance, of which 2863 represented completely independent model validation and 2475 were also involved when estimating some of the model parameters.
Table 3. Databases used for time-series of water discharge and location of gauging station when estimating parameters and evaluating the model performance of WWH version 1.3.
| Data type | Short Name/Link | Coverage | Provider/References |
|--------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------|----------------------------------------------------------|
| Time-series + metadata | GRDC https://www.bafg.de/GRDC/EN/Home/homepage_node.html | Global | Global Runoff Data Center |
| | EWA https://www.bafg.de/GRDC/EN/04_spcldtbs/42_EWA/ewa.html | Europe | GRDC – EURO-FRIEND-Water |
| | Russian River data by Bodo, ds553.2 https://rda.ucar.edu/datasets/ds553.2/ | Former Soviet Union | Bodo, 2000 |
| | R-ArcticNet v 4.0 http://www-rarcticnet.sr.unh.edu/v4.0/index.html | Arctic region | Pan-Arctic Project Consortium |
| | RIVDIS v 1.1 https://daac.ornl.gov/RIVDIS/guides/rivdis_guide.html | Global | Vörösmarty et al., 1998 |
| | USGS https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis/sw | USA | U.S. Geological Survey |
| | HYDAT https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/water-overview/quantity/monitoring/survey/data-products-services/national-archive-hydat.html | Canada | Water Survey of Canada (WSC) |
| | Chinese Hydrology Data Project https://depts.washington.edu/shuiwen/index.html | China | Henck et al., 2011 |
| | Spanish Water Authorities https://www.mapama.gob.es/es/ministerio/funciones-estructural/organizacion-organismos/organismos-publicos/confederaciones-hidrograficas/default.aspx | Spain | Ecological Transition Ministry |
| Metadata | WISKI https://vattenwebb.smhi.se/station/CLARIS-project http://www.claris-eu.org/ | Sweden | Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute |
| | CWC handbook http://cwc.gov.in/main/webpages/publications.html | India | Central Water commission (CWC) |
| | SIEREM http://www.hydrosciences.fr/sierem/ | Africa | Boyer et al., 2006 |
| | Regional data https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100058436 | Congo Basin | International Commission for Congo-Ubangui-Sangha Basin (CICOS) |
| | National data http://www.bom.gov.au/water/hrs/ | Australia | BOM (Bureau of Meteorology) |
| | Red Hidrometrica SNHN 2013 http://geo.gob.bo/geonetwork/srv/dut/catalog.search#/metadata/f9f8cf17-f9a8-4a8d-b96c-b6f23dd6b13b | Bolivia | Servicio Nacional de Hidrografía Naval |
| | Estacoes Fluviometrica http://www.snirh.gov.br/hidroweb/ | Brazil | ANA (Agencia Nacional de Aguas) |
| | Red Hidrometrica http://www.dga.cl/Paginas/default.aspx | Chile | DGA (Direccion General de Aguas) |
| | Catalogo Nacional de Estaciones de Monitoreo Ambiental http://www.ideam.gov.co/geoportal | Colombia | IDEAM (Instituto de Hidrologia, Meteorologia y Estudios Ambientales) |
3. Methods
The WWH is developed incrementally, and the current version 1.3 was based on previous versions, where version 1.0 only included the most basic functions to run a HYPE model and was forced by MSWEP (Beck et al., 2017) and CRU (Harris and Jones, 2014). Version 1.2 included distributed geophysical and hydrographical features, and finally, version 1.3 (described below) included estimated parameter values and was forced by the meteorological dataset Hydro-GFD, which also provides operational forecasts at a 50 km grid (Berg et al., 2017). Dynamic catchment models need to be initialised to account for adequate storage volumes, which may, for instance, dampen or supply the river flow based on catchment memory (e.g. Iliopoulou et al., 2019). The WWH was initialized by running for a 15-year warm-up period 1965-1980, which was judged to be enough for more than 90% of the catchments. However, a longer initialization period is needed for large lakes with small catchments, large glaciers, and sinks or rarely-contributing areas.
The current model runs at a Linux cluster (using nodes of 8 processors and 16 threads) with calculations in approximately 1 800 000 hydrological response units (HRUs) and 130 000 catchments covering the world’s land surface, except for Antarctica. The model runs in parallel in 32 hydrologically-independent geographical domains with a run time of about 3 hours for 30-year daily simulations. The methods applied for modelling and evaluation mostly follow common procedures used by the catchment modelling community, as described below.
3.1 Catchment delineation and characteristics
Catchment borders were delineated using the World Hydrological Input Set-up Tool (WHIST), software developed at SMHI that is linked to the Geographic Information System (GIS) Arc-GIS from ESRI. By defining force-points for catchment outlets in the resulting topographic database (c.f. Table 1) and criteria for minimum and maximum ranges in catchment size, the tool delineates catchments and the link (routing) between them. By adding information from other types of databases, WHIST also aggregates data or uses the nearest grid for assigning characteristics to each catchment. WHIST handles both gridded data and polygons, and was used to link all data described in Section 2, such as land-cover, river width, precipitation, temperature, and elevation, to each delineated catchment. WHIST then compiles the input data files to a format that can be read by the HYPE source code. The software runs automatically, but also has a visual interface for manual corrections and adjustments. It may also adjust the position of the gauging stations to match the river network of a specific topographic database.
When setting up WWH, force-points for catchment delineation were defined according to:
- **Locations of gauging stations in the river network**: in total, catchments were defined for all 21 704 gauging stations which had an upstream area greater than 1000 km$^2$ (except for data sparse regions (500 – 1000 km$^2$)). Their coordinates were corrected to fit with the river network of the topographic data, using WHIST and manually. Quality checks of catchment delineation were done towards station metadata and 88% of the estimated catchment areas were within +/-10% discrepancy towards metadata. These catchments were used in further analysis for parameter estimation or model evaluation; however, not all of these sites provided open access to time-series (see Section 2.3).
- **Outlets of large lakes/reservoirs**: New lake delineation was done to solve the spatial mismatch between data of the water bodies from various sources (c.f. Table 2). The centroid of the lakes included in GLWD and GReaND was used as initialization points for a Flood Fill algorithm, applied over the ESA CCI Water Bodies, followed by manual quality checks. The outlet location was defined using the maximum upstream area for each lake. In total, around 13 000 lakes and 2500 reservoirs > 10 km$^2$ were identified globally. The new dataset was tested against detailed lake information for Sweden, which represents one of the most lake-dense regions globally. Merging data from the two databases and adjusting to the topographic data used was judged more realistic for the global hydrological modelling than only using one dataset.
- **Large cities and cities with high flood risk**: The UNEP/GRID-Europe database (Table 1) was used to define flood-prone areas for which the model may be useful in the future. The criteria for assigning a force point was city areas of > 100 km$^2$ (regardless of the risks on the UNEP scale) or city areas of 10-100 km$^2$ with risk 3-5 and an upstream area > 1000 km$^2$. This was only considered if there was no gauging station within 10 km from the city. This gave another 2 439 forcing points to the global model.
• **Catchment size**: the goal was to reach an average size of some 1000 km$^2$, for practical (computational) and scientific reasons, reflecting uncertainty in input data. Criteria in WHIST were set to reach maximum catchment size of 3000 km$^2$ in general and 500 km$^2$ in coastal areas with < 1000 m elevation (to avoid crossing from one side to another of a narrow and high island or peninsula). Post-processing was then done for the largest lakes, deserts, and floodplains, following specific information on their character (see data sources in Table 2).
Using this approach, the land surface of the Earth (i.e. 135 million km$^2$ when excluding Antarctica) was divided into 131 296 catchments with an average size of 1020 km$^2$. Flat land areas of deserts and floodplains ended up with somewhat larger catchments, about 4500 km$^2$ and 3500 km$^2$, respectively. Around 23.8% of the land surface did not drain to the sea but to sinks (Fig. 2), the largest single one being the Caspian Sea. This water was evaporated from water surfaces but also percolating to groundwater reservoirs. Moreover, several areas across the globe are of Karstic geology with wide underground channels, which does not follow the land-surface topography. Sinks within Karst areas according to the World Map of Carbonate Rock outcrops (Table 1) were linked to “best neighbour” and inserted to the river network. The Canadian prairie also encompasses a lot of sinks due to climate and topography, but here we could apply a national dataset from Canada with well-defined noncontributing areas to adjust the routing in this area.
The land-cover data from ESA CCI LC v1.6 (Table 2) was used as the base-line for HRUs. It has 36 classes and subclasses and three of these were adjusted using additional data to improve the quality; (1) by using glacier outlines from RGI v5 we avoided overestimation of the glacier area; (2) by using GMIA and MIRCA we added irrigation where this information where missing and underestimated; (3) by combining several sources and spatial analyses we differentiated one general class of waterbodies into four: large lakes, small lakes, rivers, and coastal sea, which makes more sense in catchment modelling. Five elevation zones were derived to differentiate land-cover classes with altitude (0-500 m, 500-1000 m, 1000-2000 m, 2000-4000 m and 4000–8900 m) as the hydrological response may be very different at different altitude due to vegetation growth and soil properties. The land-cover at these elevations was thus treated as a specific HRU globally. In total, this resulted in 169 HRUs.
All catchments were characterized according to Köppen-Geiger (Table 2) to assign a PET algorithm (see section 3.2) but the characteristics did not include soil properties, which is common in catchment hydrology. The approach when setting up HYPE was to use the possibility to assign hydrologically active soil depth for the HRUs instead, based on the variability in vegetation, climate and elevation they represent. However, a few distinct soil properties were unavoidable beside the general soil to describe the hydrological processes; these were impermeable conditions of urban and rock environments, and infiltration under water and rice fields.
3.2 The HYPE model
The HYPE model development was initiated in 2002, primary to support the implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive in Sweden (Arheimer and Lindström, 2013). It was originally designed to estimate water quality status, but is now also used operationally at the Swedish hydrological warning service at SMHI for flood and drought forecasting (e.g. Pechlivanidis et al., 2014). The water and nutrient model is applied nationally for Sweden (Strömqvist et al., 2012), the Baltic Sea basin (Arheimer et al., 2012) and Europe (Donnelly et al., 2013). It also provides operational hydrological forecasts for Europe at short-term and seasonal scale and it has been subjected to several large scale applications across the world, e.g. the Indian subcontinent (Pechlivanidis and Arheimer, 2015) and the Niger River (Andersson et al., 2017). One of the main drivers for HYPE applications has been climate-change impact assessments, for which its results have been compared to other models in selected catchments across the globe (Gefian et al., 2017; Gosling et al., 2017; Donnelly et al., 2017).
The HYPE model code (Lindström et al., 2010) represents a rather traditional integrated catchment model, describing major water pathways and fluxes in a catchment. It is forced by precipitation and temperature at daily or hourly time-step, and start by calculating the water balance of Hydrological Response Units, which is the finest calculation unit in each catchment. In the WWH set-up, the HRUs were defined by land-cover, elevation and climate, without specific consideration to further definition of soil properties. This was guided by recent studies indicating that soil water storage and fluxes rather relate to vegetation type and climate conditions than soil properties (e.g. Troch et al., 2009; Gao et al., 2014). HYPE has maximum three layers of soil and these were all applied in the WWH, with a different hydrological response from each one for each HRU. The first layer corresponds to some 25 cm, the second to some 1-2 meters and the third can be deep also accounting for ground water. A specific routine can account for deep aquifers, but this was not applied in the WWH due to lack of local or regional information of aquifer behavior. HYPE has a snow routine to account for snow storage and melt, while a glacier routine account for ice storage and melt. Mass balances of glaciers were based on the observations provided in the Randolph Glacier Inventory (Arendt et al., 2015) and fixed separately in the model set-up. There are a number of algorithms available to calculate potential evapotranspiration (PET) in HYPE. For the WWH we used the algorithms that had been judged most appropriate in previous HYPE applications, giving Jensen-Haise (Jensen and Haise, 1963) in temperate areas, modified Hargreaves (Hargreaves and Samani, 1982) in arid and equatorial areas, and Priestly Taylor (Priestly and Taylor, 1972) in polar and snow/ice dominated areas. River flow is routed from upstream catchments to downstream along the river network, where lakes and reservoirs may dampen the flow according to a rating curve. A specific
routine is used for floodplains to allow the formation of temporary lakes, which may be crucial especially in inland deltas (Andersson et al., 2017). Evaporation takes place from all water surfaces, including snow and canopy. The HYPE source code, documentation and user guidance are freely available at http://hypecode.smhi.se/.
3.3 Step-wise parameter estimation
The method to assign parameter values for the global model domain aimed at finding (i) robust values also valid for ungauged basins, as well as (ii) reliable process description of dominating flow generation processes and water storage along the flow paths. The first aim was addressed by simultaneous calibration in multiple representative catchments world-wide. Spatial heterogeneity was accounted for by separate calibration of catchments representing different climate, elevation, and land-cover globally. The second aim was addressed by applying a step-wise approach following the HYPE process description along the flow paths, only calibrating a few parameters governing a specific process at a time (Arheimer and Lindström, 2013). The estimated parameter values were then applied wherever relevant in the whole geographical domain, i.e. world-wide.
Different catchments were selected globally to best represent each process calibrated (Fig. 3). For HRUs, separate calibration was done for the snow-dominated areas (>10% of precipitation falling as snow), as the snow processes give such strong character to the runoff response and simultaneous calibration with catchments lacking snow may thus underestimate other flow-controlling processes. The HRUs based on the ESA CCI 1.6 data was aggregated from 36 classes into 10 (Table 4) for more efficient calibration and to ensure that some 50% of the gauged catchment selected was representing the appointed land-cover. Some local hydrological features such as large lakes and floodplains were calibrated individually. When evaluating the effect of this, we discovered some major bias for the Great Lakes in North America and Malawi and Victoria lakes in Africa. Finally, we introduced the 11th step to calibrate the evaporation of these separately (Fig 3).
Figure 3. Number of gauging stations and their location that was used in each step of the stepwise parameter estimation procedure and evaluation against in-situ observations world-wide.
In total, 6519 river gauges were used in the calibration process, but normally only affecting few model parameters in the stepwise procedure. 1181 of these gauges did not meet the ambition to represent the average catchment resolution and 10 consecutive years between 1981 and 2012, but was still included in some step due to lack of data. Automatic calibration was applied for each subset of parameters and representative catchments in each step, using the Differential Evolution Markov Chain (DEMC) approach (Ter Braak, 2016) to obtain the optimum parameter value in each case. The DEMC requires several parameters to be fixed and the choice of these parameters was based on a compromise between convergence speed and the accuracy of the resulting parameter set. Global PET parameter values were fixed first, before starting the step-wise procedure, using the MODIS global evapotranspiration product (MOD16) by Mu et al., (2011) for parameter constraints. The parameter ranges were defined as the median and the $3^{rd}$ quartile of the 10% best agreements between HYPE and MODIS in terms of RE. The first selection was done with 400 runs and then repeated for a second round. In addition, a priori parameters (Table 5) were set for glaciers and soils without calibration, taken from previous applications (e.g. Donnelly et al., 2016; MacDonald et al., 2018). The bare deserts soil was manually calibrated only using 4 stations in the Sahara desert. The area and volume of glaciers were evaluated in 296 glaciers and soil parameters in some 30 catchments. The root zone storage of soils was further calibrated in the parameter setting of each HRU (in step No 4 and 5).
While the calibration period was 1981-2012, it was always preceded by 15 years of initialization. Different metrics were chosen as calibration criteria, depending on the character of the parameter and how it influences the model. For instance, Relative Error (RE) was used as a metric in the calibration of precipitation and PET parameters, since the aim was to correctly represent water volumes. On the contrary, Correlation Coefficient (CC) was used when the timing was the main goal (i.e. for river routing or dampening in lakes). If both water volume and timing were required, Kling-Gupta Efficiency (KGE; Gupta et al., 2009) was used (i.e. for soil discharge from HRUs).
Table 4. Aggregated land covers used for HRUs, their representation in the upstream catchment and the number of gauges available for each land cover when estimating parameter values of WWH v1.3.
| HRU calibration | Aggregated Land cover from ESA CCI 1.6 | Land cover | No. gauges (snow area) | No. gauges (no snow) |
|-----------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|------------------------|-----------------------|
| Bare | Bare areas | 35% | 7 | 32 |
| | Consolidated bare areas | | | |
| | Unconsolidated bare areas | | | |
| Crop | Cropland, rain fed | 50% | 52 | 30 |
| | Herbaceous cover | | | |
| | Tree or shrub cover | | | |
| | Cropland, irrigated or post-flooding irrigated Rice | | | |
| Grass | Grass | 50% | - | 1 |
| Mosaic | Mosaic cropland (>50%) / natural vegetation (tree, shrub, herbaceous cover) (<50%) | 50% | 39 | 29 |
| | Mosaic natural vegetation (tree, shrub, herbaceous cover) (>50%) / cropland (<50%) | | | |
| | Mosaic tree and shrub (>50%) / herbaceous cover (<50%) | | | |
| | Mosaic herbaceous cover (>50%) / tree and shrub (<50%) | | | |
| Shrub | Shrubland | 50% | 54 | 17 |
| | Shrubland evergreen | | | |
| | Shrubland deciduous | | | |
| | Shrub or herbaceous cover, flooded, fresh/saline/brackish water | | | |
| Sparse | Lichens and mosses | 35% | 40 | 11 |
| | Sparse vegetation (tree, shrub, herbaceous cover) (<15%) | | | |
| | Sparse shrub (<15%) | | | |
| | Sparse herbaceous cover (<15%) | | | |
| TreeBrDecMix | Tree cover, broadleaved, deciduous, closed to open (>15%) | 50% | 26 | 28 |
| | Tree cover, broadleaved, deciduous, closed (>40%) | | | |
| | Tree cover, broadleaved, deciduous, open (15-40%) | | | |
| | Tree cover, mixed leaf type (broadleaved and needleleaved) | | | |
| TreeBrEvFlood | Tree cover, broadleaved, evergreen, closed to open (>15%) | 50% | 37 | 30 |
| | Tree cover, flooded, fresh or brakish water | | | |
| | Tree cover, flooded, saline water | | | |
| TreeNeDec | Tree cover, needleleaved, deciduous, closed to open (>15%) | 50% | 46 | - |
| | Tree cover, needleleaved, deciduous, closed (>40%) | | | |
| | Tree cover, needleleaved, deciduous, open (15-40%) | | | |
3.4 Model evaluation
The model was evaluated against independent observed river flow, which was not used in the calibration procedure. The agreement between modelled and observed time-series was evaluated using the statistical metric KGE and its components $r$, $\beta$ and $\alpha$, which are directly linked with CC (Pearson Correlation Coefficient), RE (Relative Error) and RESD (Relative Error of Standard Deviation), respectively (Gupta et al., 2009). KGE is defined as:
$$KGE = 1 - \sqrt{(r-1)^2 + (\alpha-1)^2 + (\beta-1)^2}$$ \hspace{1cm} (Eq. 1)
where:
$$r = CC = \frac{\text{cov}(x_o, x_s)}{\sigma_s \sigma_o}$$ \hspace{1cm} (Eq. 2)
$$\beta = \frac{\mu_s}{\mu_o}; RE = (\beta - 1) \cdot 100$$ \hspace{1cm} (Eq. 3)
$$\alpha = \frac{\sigma_s}{\sigma_o}; RESD = (\alpha - 1) \cdot 100$$ \hspace{1cm} (Eq. 4)
$x$ represents the discharge time series, $\mu$ the mean value of the discharge time series, and $\sigma$ the standard deviation of the discharge time series. The sub-indexes $o$ and $s$ represent observed and simulated discharge time series, respectively.
In addition, a number of flow signatures (Table 5) was calculated to explore which part of the hydrograph is well captured by the model. Flow signatures are used by the catchment modelling community to condense the hydrological information from time-series (Sivapalan, 2005) and the choice of flow signatures was guided by previous studies by Olden and Poff (2003) and Kuentz et al. (2017). In this study, flow signatures were calculated at 5338 gauging stations globally, based on catchment size and at least 10 years of continuous time-series (see section 2.3).
The model capability in capturing observed flow signatures was then related to upstream physiographical and climatological factors, such as area, mean elevation, drainage density, land-cover, climatic region or aridity index. Catchment modellers tend to study differences and similarities in flow signatures as well as in catchment characteristics to improve understanding of hydrological processes (e.g. Sawicz et al., 2014; Berghuijs et al., 2014; Pechlivanidis and Arheimer, 2015; Rice et al., 2015). Linking catchment descriptors and model performance in hydrological response signatures help the modeler to examine whether the process description and model structure are valid across the landscape or if the regionalization of parameter values must be reconsidered for some parts of a large domain. In addition, this exercise will guide the users to judge under which conditions the model is reliable and thus of any use for decision making. In the present study, the physiographic characteristics of catchments were all extracted from the input data files of the WWH version 1.3.
For each gauging station with calculated flow signatures, the catchment characteristics were accumulated for all upstream catchments to account for any potential physiographical influence on the flow signal at the observation site (Table 3). Gauging stations were grouped according to the distribution of each physiographic characteristic and model performances in flow signature representation were computed for each of these groups.
**Table 5.** Flow signatures (FS) from observed time-series and physiographic descriptors (T: topography; LC: Land cover; C: climate) from databases in Section 2.1.
| Variable name | Description | Range |
|---------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------|
| skew (FS) | Skewness = mean/median of daily flows | [0.63 - 70000] |
| MeanQ (FS) | Mean specific flow in mm | [0 - 1024.41] |
| CVQ (FS) | Coef. of variation = standard deviation/mean of daily flows | [0.01 - 46.4] |
| BFI (FS) | Base Flow Index: 7-day minimum flow divided by mean annual daily flow | [0 - 0.84] |
| | averaged across years | |
| QS (FS) | 5\textsuperscript{th} percentile of daily specific flow in mm | [0 - 218.04] |
| HFD (FS) | High Flow Discharge: 10\textsuperscript{th} percentile of daily flow divided by median daily flow | [0 - 1] |
| Q95 (FS) | 95\textsuperscript{th} percentile of daily specific flow in mm | [0 - 2654.81] |
| LowFr (FS) | Total number of low flow spells (threshold equal to 5 % of mean daily flow) divided by the record length | [0 - 1] |
| HighFrVar (FS) | Coef. of Variation in annual number of high flow occurrences (threshold 75\textsuperscript{th} percentile) | [0 - 5.48] |
| LowDurVar (FS) | Coef. of Variation in the annual mean duration of low flows (threshold 25\textsuperscript{th} percentile) | [0 - 3.78] |
| Mean30dMax (FS) | Mean annual 30-days maximum divided by median flow | [0 - 29.49] |
| Const (FS) | Constancy of daily flow (see Colwell, 1974) | [0.01 - 1] |
| RevVar (FS) | Coef. of variation in annual number of reversals (change in sign in the day-to-day change time series) | [0 - 5.48] |
| RBFlash (FS) | Richard-Baker flashiness: sum if absolute values of day-to-day changes in mean daily flow divided by the sum of all daily flows | [0 - 2] |
| RunoffCo (FS) | Runoff ratio: mean annual flow (in mm yr\(^{-1}\)) divided by mean annual precipitation | [0 - 1362.52] |
| ActET (FS) | Actual evapotranspiration: mean annual precipitation minus mean annual flow (in mm yr\(^{-1}\)) | [-100 - 2660.03] |
| Area (T) | Total upstream area of catchment outlet in km\(^2\) | [13.5 - 4671536.7] |
| meanElev (T) | Mean elevation of the catchment in m | [3.63 - 5046.16] |
| stdElev (T) | Standard deviation of the elevation of the catchment in m | [1.66 - 1595.89] |
| Meanslope (T) | Mean slope of the catchment | [0 - 224.24] |
| Drainage density (T)| Total length of all streams in the catchment divided by the area of the catchment | [2.19 - 259798.14] |
| 13 land cover variables (LC) | % of the catchment area covered by the following land cover types (see Table XX): Water, Urban, Snow & Ice, Bare, Crop, Mosaic, TreeB/EvFlood, TreeBrdcMix, TreeN/Ev, TreeN/Dec, Shurb, Grass and Sparse | [0 - 1] |
| Pmean (C) | Mean annual precipitation in mm yr\(^{-1}\) | [51.5 - 5894.86] |
| SI.Precip (C) | Seasonality index for precipitation: \(SI = \frac{1}{R} \cdot \sum_{n=1}^{12} \left| x_n - \bar{R} \right|\)
| | \(x_n\): mean rainfall of month n; \(\bar{R}\): mean annual rainfall | [-16.93 - 31] |
| Tmean (C) | Mean annual temperature in degrees | [0.08 - 50.06] |
| AI (C) | Aridity Index: PET/P, where PET is the mean annual potential evapotranspiration and P the mean annual precipitation | [0.05 - 1.28] |
| 5 Köppen regions (C)| % of the catchment area within the following Köppen regions: A (Tropical), B (Arid), C (Temperate), D (Cold-continental) and E (Polar) | [0 - 1] |
4 Results
4.1 Global river flow and general model performance
WWH version 1.3 successfully describes major hydrological features globally and important spatial variability in factors controlling the runoff mechanisms, although there is still room for improvements over the coming decade(s). The catchment modelling approach with careful consideration to hydrography, resulted in a new database with delineated hydrographical features (e.g. Fig. 4) of major importance for hydrological modelling. The merging of several data sources resulted in consistency between available information on water bodies, topographic data and the river network (e.g. for glaciers, floodplains, lakes, and gauging stations) so that this information can be used in catchment modelling and provide results of river flow at a resolution of some $1000 \text{ km}^2$ globally.
Figure 4. Some examples of WWH version 1.3 details in describing hydrography at local and regional scale from supporting GIS layers: A) subbasins of the Orinoco river defined as a connected floodplain; B) adjustment of lake areas (New) from merging several data sources (see Section 2.1 and 3.1) and the original GLWD in the Canadian Prairie; C) river routing and access to flow gauges in the Congo river basin.
The WWH version 1.3 resulted in a realistic spatial pattern of river flow world-wide, clearly identifying desert areas and the largest rivers (Fig. 5). Compared to other global estimates of average water flow in major rivers, HYPE gives results in the same order of magnitude, but of course, comparisons should be based on the same time period to account for natural variability due to climate oscillations. The Amazon, Congo and Orinoco rivers came out as the three largest ones, where the river flow of the Amazon river is almost 6 times larger than any other river. Compared to recent estimates by Milliman and Farnsworth (2011), HYPE estimated a higher annual average of river flow in Mississippi, St Lawrence, Amur, and Ob, but less in the rest of the top-ten largest rivers of the world, especially relatively lower values were noted for Ganges-Bahamaputra. For World-Wide HYPE, Yangtze river came out as No 11 and Mekong as No 12, and it should be noted that the river flow to Rio de la Plata was separated into Paraná River and Uruguay river (the former ranked as No 13 of the largest rivers).
Figure 5. Annual mean of river discharge across the globe for the period 1981-2015 estimated with the catchment model WWH version 1.3 (on average 1020 km$^2$ resolution).
On average, for the whole globe and 5338 gauging stations with validated catchment areas and at least ten years of data, the model performance was estimated to a median monthly KGE of 0.40 (Fig. 6). Model performance was surprisingly similar for the gauges used in parameter estimation and independent ones, with median KGE of 0.41 (2475 stations) and 0.39 (2863 stations), respectively. This indicates that the model results are robust and the same model performance can be assumed also in ungauged basins. Given that global open input data was used for model setup and rough assumptions were made when generalizing hydrological processes across the globe, the overall model performance meets the expectations. Similar results were recently achieved when Beck et al. (2016) was testing a scheme for global parameter regionalization world-wide; in an ensemble of ten global water allocation or land surface models, the median performance of monthly KGE was found to be 0.22 using 1113 river gauges. The best median monthly KGE was then 0.32 for catchment scale calibration of regionalized parameters, using a gridded HBV model globally (Beck, 2016). Even though it is difficult to compare results when not using the same validation sites or time-period, the catchment modelling approach of the present study seems to have better performance than other gridded global modelling concepts of river flow.
The red spots in Figure 6 indicate where the HYPE model fails, such as in the US mid-west (Kansas to be precise), north-east of Brazil and parts of Africa, Australia and central Asia. When decomposing the KGE, it was found that the correlation was in general fine. However, the relative error in standard deviation was causing the main problems showing that the HYPE model does not capture the variations of the hydrograph, and instead, generates a too even flow. The relative error also seemed problematic, which indicates problems with the water balance. The model has severe problems with dry regions and areas with large impact from human alteration and water management, where the model underestimates the river flow. Such regions are known to be more difficult for hydrological modelling in general (Bloeschl et al., 2013), but in addition, precipitation data do not seem to fully capture the influence of topography and mountain ranges. The patterns in model performance were
further investigated in the analysis of model performance versus flow signatures and physiographic factors (Section 4.3).
Figure 6. Model performance of WWH version 1.3 using the KGE metric of monthly values of $\geq 10$ years in each of the 5338 gauging sites for the period 1981-2012. Blue and green indicates that the model provides more information than the long-term observed mean value.
4.2 Global parameter values from step-wise calibration
Both model performance in representative catchments and improvement achieved through calibration varied a lot for each hydrological process considered in the step-wise parameter estimation (Table 6). Although, a large number of river gauges was collected for parameter estimation, only a few could be considered as representative with enough quality assurance. More gauges in the calibration procedure would probably have given another result. Nevertheless, the results show promising potential in applying the process descriptions of catchment models also at the global scale.
In spite of the wide spread in geographical locations across the globe, a priori values were reasonable for hydrological processes describing glaciers and soils. As shown in Table 6, the water balance (RE) was improved considerably by first calibrating PET globally, and then precipitation vs altitude of catchment and land-cover type. Simultaneous calibration of soil storage and discharge in HRUs increased the KGE both in areas with and without snow by 0.1 on average. For calibration of river routing and rating curves of lake outflows, the correlation coefficient was used to avoid erroneous
compensation of the water balance, as the parameters involved should only set the dynamics of flow and not volume. Especially lake processes benefited from calibration. Less convincing was the metrics from calibration of the floodplains, which were not always improved by the floodplain routine applied. Overall, the results indicate that global parameters are to some extent possible for describing hydrological processes world-wide, using a catchment model and globally available data of physiographic characteristics to describe spatial variability. Nevertheless, the WWH v.1.3 model has still considerable potential for improvements and to really make use of more advanced calibration techniques, the water balance needs to be improved first as too much volume error makes the tuning of dynamics difficult.
Table 6. Metrics of model performance before and after calibrating various hydrological processes simultaneously at a number of selected river gauges, using the stepwise parameter-estimation procedure globally. Parameter values and names in the HYPE model are given in Appendices.
| Hydrological Process | No. gauges | Median value of metric(s) Before | After |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|----------------------------------|-------|
| Potential Evapo-Transpiration (3 PET-algorithms: median of ranges constrained with MODIS) | 0 | RE: 11.5% | RE: 0.5% |
| Glaciers (only evaluated vs mass balance data) | 296 | RE: 0.38% | - |
| Soils (average, rock, urban, water, rice) | 25 | CC: 0.51 | |
| Bare soils in deserts (calibrated manually) | 4 | RE: -14.1% | KGE: 0.2 |
| 1. Precipitation: catchment elevation | 147 | RE: -6.7% | RE: 4.4% |
| 2. Precipitation: land-cover altitude | 1041 | RE: 24.3% | RE: 10.1% |
| 3. HRUs in areas without snow | 318 | KGE: 0.16 | KGE: 0.27 |
| 4. HRUs in areas with snow: ET, recession and active soil depth | 225 | KGE: 0.16 | KGE: 0.24 |
| 5. Upstream lakes | 731 | CC: 0.71 | CC: 0.72 |
| 6. Regionalised ET (in 12 Köppen climate regions) | 458 | KGE: 0.58 | KGE: 0.62 |
| 7. River routing | 302 | CC: 0.70 | CC: 0.71 |
| 8. Lake rating curve | 945 | CC: 0.50 | CC: 0.59 |
| 9. Floodplains (partly calibrated manually) | 32 | KGE: -0.03 | KGE: 0.03 |
| 10. Evaporation from water surface | 201 | RE: -20.7% | RE: -12.2% |
| 11. Specific lake evaporation | 16 | RE: 24.8% | RE: 4.8% |
4.3 Model evaluation against flow signatures
The WWH1.3 is more prone to success or failure in simulating specific flow signatures than to specific physiographic conditions, which is visualized by vertical rather than horizontal stripes in Figure 7. In general, the model shows reasonable KGE and CC for spatial variability of flow signatures across the globe (i.e. a lot of blue in the two panels to the left in Fig. 7). However, the RE and the standard
deviation of the RE (RESD) are less convincing (i.e. the two panels to the right). This means that the model can capture the relative difference in flow signature and the spatial pattern globally, but not always the magnitudes, nor the spread between highest and lowest values. The relative errors are mostly due to underestimations, except for skewness, low flows and actual potential evapotranspiration; the two latter are always over-estimated when not within ±25% bias. Overall, the model shows good potential to capture spatial variability of high flows (Q95), duration of low flows (LowDurVar), monthly high flows (Mean30dMax) and constancy of daily flows (Const). These results were found robust and independent of metrics or physiography.
The model shows most difficulties in capturing skewness in observed time-series (skew), the number of high flow occurrences (HighFrVar), and base flow as average (BFl), or absolute low flows (Q5). Short-term fluctuations (RevVar and RBFlash) are also rather difficult for the model to capture. Some results are not consistent between metrics; for coefficient of variation (CVQ) the RE was good while the RESD was poor. This indicates that the model does not capture the amplitude in variation between sites even if the bias is small. The opposite was found for high flow discharge (HFD) and low-flow spells (LowFr), i.e. poor performance in volumes but RESD showing that the variability is captured.
For the remaining flow signatures studied, it was interesting to note that the model performance could be linked to physiographic characteristics, indicating that the model structure and global parameters are valid for some environments but not for others. For instance, the volume of mean specific flow (RE of MeanQ) is especially difficult to capture in regions with needle-leaved, deciduous trees (TreeNeDec) and for medium and large flows in the Köppen region B (Arid), large flows in D (Cold-continental) and small flows in E (Polar). Moreover, the analysis shows that the model tends to fail with the mean flow in catchments with high elevation, high slope, small fraction water and urban land-cover, and little or much of snow and ice. This shows where efforts need to be taken to improve the model in its next version. For other water-balance indices, it was interesting to note that the ratio between precipitation and river flow (RunoffCo) show good results (RE ± 25%) all over Köppen region C (Temperate) but otherwise is often underestimated for some parts of the quartile range of physiographic variables studied. On the contrary, precipitation minus flow (ActET) is over-estimated in parts of the quartile range, except for the good results in Köppen region C, needle-leaved, deciduous trees (TreeNeDec) and regions with snow and ice (i.e. where mean specific runoff failed). Figure 7 clearly shows the compensating errors between processes governing the runoff coefficient and actual evapotranspiration, with one being over-estimated when the other is underestimated for the same specific physiographic conditions. This indicates the need for recalibrating the HRUs of WWH in its next version, but also reconsidering the initial parameters for evapotranspiration and the quality of the precipitation grid and its linkage with the catchments.
Figure 7. Matrix showing the relation between model capacity to capture flow signatures (colors, where blue is good and yellow/red/purple is poor performance) and physiography of catchments, divided into quartiles (Q1-Q4) for characteristics of the total area upstream each gauging station with more than 10 years of continuous data (5338 catchments). Description of flow signatures and physiographic characteristics are found in Table 4-5 and metrics used for model performance in Eq. 1-4.
5. Discussion
5.1 Potential for improvements
The results from evaluating model performance using several metrics, several thousand gauges and numerous flow signatures, gave clear indication on where the model most urgently needs improvements. The WWH model has severe problems with dry regions and base flow conditions, especially where the flow is sporadic (e.g. red areas in Fig. 5). These are difficult areas to model and they will need special analysis, so instead, we suggest starting with improvements that can be undertaken relatively quickly and easily. These mainly focus on the overall water balance.
Firstly, the global water balance can be improved through re-calibration but some basic concepts need to be adjusted accordingly: (i) more careful analyses indicate that the choice of climate regions based on Köppens classification for applying the different PET algorithms was not optimal and needs some adjustments, (ii) linking the centroid of the catchments to the nearest precipitation grid seems to remove a lot of the spatial variation and instead an average of nearest grids should be tried.
Secondly, the HRUs can be recalibrated and reconsidered, and we suggest (i) testing a calibration scheme based on regionalized parameters rather than global, using clustering based on physiographic similarities (e.g. Hundecha et al., 2016), (ii) including soil properties in the HRU concept again (as in the original version of HYPE, see Lindström et al., 2010) to account for spatial variability in soil-water discharge linked to porosity in addition to vegetation and elevation. Thirdly,
the behavior of hydrological features, such as lakes, reservoirs, glaciers, and floodplains can be evaluated and calibrated separately, after categorizing them more carefully or from individual tuning. Finally, more observations can be included, both in-situ by adding more gauges to the system and from global Earth Observation products, for instance on water levels and storage. Hence, each step in Fig. 3 still has potential for model improvements.
The stepwise parameter-estimation approach should ideally be cycled a couple of times to find robust values under new fixed parameter conditions. However, as the model was carefully evaluated during the calibration, there were a lot of bug fixing, corrections and additional improvements resulting between the steps and time was rather spent on this than on several full-filled iterations. Therefore, the stepwise calibration was subjected to several re-takes and shifts between steps until it successfully could full-fill all the calibration steps in one entire sequence (Fig. 8). Hence, only one loop was done for parameter estimations in this study. The procedure was judged as very useful for the model to be potentially right for the right reason, but also very time-consuming. However, applying a catchment modeler’s approach, this is inevitable for reliably integrated catchment modelling and both the step-wise calibration and iterative model corrections will continue with new model versions.
Figure 8. Discrepancy between the idealised procedure for step-wise calibration (A) and the numerous iterations between the steps that appear in reality (B), leading to overall model corrections.
5.2 Model usefulness
Catchment models are often applied by water managers and the usefulness is part of the concept. The analysis of WWH model performance shows that also this first version can to some extent be useful for water managers in several regions globally. For instance, long-term averages are rather reliable in Eastern USA, Europe, South-East Asia, Japan as well as most of Russia, Canada, and South America. Here the model could thus be used for e.g. analyzing shifts in water resources between different climate periods. For high flows, monthly values show good performance as well as the spatial pattern of relative values. This implies that the model could already be used for seasonal forecasting of recharge to hydropower reservoirs, for which these variables are often used. Accordingly, the model has been applied for producing water-related climate impact indicators and it is set-up operationally to provide monthly river-flow forecasts for 6 months ahead (http://hypeweb.smhi.se/).
The model provides a first platform for catchment modelling to be further refined and experimented with at the global, regional and local scales. Parts of the model can be extracted (e.g. specific catchments or countries) and used as infrastructure, when starting the time-consuming process of setting up a catchment model. The model can then be improved for the selected catchments by exchanging the global input data with local data and knowledge, as well as parameters estimated to fit with local observations. Significant improvements in model performance from such a procedure have already been noted for West Africa (Andersson et al., 2017). In Sweden the operational HYPE model runs with national data and adjusted parameter values, providing an average daily NSE (Nash and Sutcliffe, 1970) of 0.83 for 222 stations with ≤5% regulation and an average relative volume error of ±5% for the period 1999–2008. For all gauging sites (some 400) with both regulated and unregulated rivers, the mean monthly NSE is 0.80. The Swedish HYPE model has been improved incrementally during more than 10 years and has proven very useful in providing decision-support to society. It supports a national warning service with operational forecasting of floods and droughts (e.g. Pechlivanidis et al., 2014), and the water framework directive for measure plans to improve water quality (e.g. Arheimer and Pers, 2017; Arheimer et al., 2015). Moreover, it has been used in assessments of hydro-morphological impact (e.g. Arheimer and Lindström, 2014), climate-change impact analysis (e.g. Arheimer and Lindström, 2015) and combined effects from multiple-drivers on water resources in a changing environment (e.g. Arheimer et al., 2017; Arheimer et al., 2018).
Thus, it is found very useful to have a national multi-catchment model to support society in water related issues. This should be encouraging for other countries who do not yet have a national model set-up and also for international river basin authorities searching for a more harmonized way to predict river flow across administrative borders. Using the WWH as a starting point would be a quick and low-cost alternative for getting started with more detailed catchment modelling for decision-support in water management. Parts of the model are therefore shared and can be requested at http://hypecode.smhi.se/. Using a common framework for catchment modelling by many research groups and practitioners will probably advance science as it enables a critical mass and better communication when sharing experiences. Only when using the same methods or data, there is full transparency in the research process so that scientific progress and failures can be clearly understood, shared and learnt from. The WWH could be one stepping stone in such a collaborative process between catchment modellers across the globe.
6. Conclusions
The catchment modelling approach applied (using the HYPE model, open global data and recent calibration techniques) resulted in better performance (median monthly KGE = 0.4) than what has been reported so far from more traditional gridded modelling of river flow at the global scale. Major variability in hydrological processes could be recognized world-wide using global parameters, as these were linked to physiographical variables to describe spatial variability and calibrated in a step-wise manner. Clearly, the community of catchment modellers can contribute to research also at the global scale nowadays with the numerous open data available and advanced processing facilities.
However, the WWH resulting from this first model version should be used with caution (especially in dry regions) as the performance may still be of low quality for local or regional applications in water management. Geographically, the model performs best in Eastern USA, Europe, South-East Asia and Japan, as well as parts of Russia, Canada, and South America. The model shows overall good potential to capture flow signatures of monthly high flows, spatial variability of high flows, duration of low flows and constancy of daily flow. Nevertheless, there remains large potential for model improvements and it is suggested both to redo the calibration and reconsider parts of the model structure for the next WWH version.
The step-wise calibration procedure was judged as very useful for the model to be potentially right for the right reason, but also very time-consuming. The calibration cycle is suggested to be repeated a couple of times to find robust values under new fixed parameter conditions, which is a long-term commitment of continuous model refinement. The model set-up will be released in new model versions during this incremental improvement. For the next version, special focus will be given to the water balance (i.e., precipitation and evapotranspiration), soil storage and dynamics from hydrological features, such as lakes, reservoirs, glaciers and floodplains.
The model will be shared by providing a piece of the world to modellers working at the regional scale to appreciate local knowledge, establish a critical mass of experts from different parts of the world and improve the model in a collaborative manner. The model can serve as a fast track to a model environment for users who do not have this ready at hands and in return the WWH can be improved from feedback on hydrological processes from local experts across the world. Potentially it will accelerate scientific advancement if more researchers start using the same tools and data, which makes it easier to be transparent when evaluating and comparing scientific results.
**Code availability**
Hypecode.smhi.se
**Data availability**
Hypeweb.smhi.se
**Appendices**
The Table below show additional information to Table A1 regarding which HYPE parameters that were calibrated for each process during the model set-up and the range of resulting parameter values. Description of each parameter can be found in the HYPE wiki at http://hypeweb.smhi.se/.
Table A1. Metrics and parameter values from the stepwise parameter-estimation globally. Parameter names and values are given in the same order of appearance (columns 2 and 6).
| Hydrological Process | HYPE parameters [http://hypecode.smhi.se/](http://hypecode.smhi.se/) | No. gauges | Median value of metric(s) | Parameter value(s) |
|----------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------|------------|--------------------------|--------------------|
| Potential Evapo- | Jhtadd, jhtscale, kc2, kc3, kc4, krs, alb, alfapt | 0 | RE: 11.5 % | 5; 100; [0.7 - 1.7]; [0.15 - 1.7]; [0.8 - 1.6]; 0.16; [0.3 - 0.8]; 1.26 |
| Transpiration (3 PET-algorithms: median of ranges constrained with MODIS) | | | | |
| Glaciers (only evaluated vs mass balance data) | glacvexp, glacvcoef, glacvexp1, glacvcoef, glac2arlim, glacanrnmb, glacctmp, glaccmilt, glaccmrad, glaccmrefr, glacialb, fepotglac | 296 | RE: 0.38% CC: 0.51 | 1.38, 0.17 1.25, 12.88 25 000 000, 0, 0, 1.58, 0.19, 0.06, 0.35, 0 |
| Soils (average, rock, urban, water, rice) | 5 soils: rrcs1, rrcs2, rrcs3, trrcs, mperc1, mperc2, macerate, mactrinf, mactrsm, srrate, wcwp, wcfc, wcep | 25 | RE: -14.1% KGE: 0.2 | Ranges: [0.20 - 0.5]; [0.01 - 0.45]; [0.01 - 0.1]; [0.05 - 0.35]; [30 – 100]; [10 - 60]; [0.05 – 0.7]; [12 - 30]; [0.3 – 0.9]; [0.01 – 0.3]; [0.01 – 0.6]; [0.2 – 0.6]; [0.01 – 0.5] |
| Bare soils in deserts (calibrated manually) | rrcs1, rrcs2, rrcs3, trrcs, mperc1 mperc2, wcwp1, macerate, mactrinf, mactrsm, sfrost, srrate, wcwp1, wcwp2, wcwp3, wcfc1, wcfc2, wcfc3, wcep1, wcep2, wcep3 | 4 | RE: 236.1% | 0.6, 0.3, 0.0002, 0.15, 10, 0.1, 10, 0.8, 1, 0.01, 0.01, 0.0001, 0.0001, 0.3, 0.3, 0.0001, 0.03, 0.03, 0.0003 |
| 1. Precipitation: catchment elevation | Pcelevth, Pcelevadd, Pcelevmax | 147 | RE: -6.7% | 500; 0.01; 0.7 |
| 2. Precipitation: land-cover altitude | 5 elevation zones: pclose | 1041 | RE: 24.3% | 0.05; 0.2; 0.25; 0.25; 0.35 |
| 3. HRUs in areas without snow | 10 HRUs: kc2, kc3, kc4, alb, soilcorr, srccs, soilcorr | 318 | KGE: 0.16 | KGE: 0.27 Range: [0.90-1.54]; [0.40-1.77]; [0.20-1.90]; [0.20-0.80]; [1.00-10.55]; [0.03-0.50]; |
| | Description | Variables | Number of HRUs | KGE | KGE | Ranges: |
|---|------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------|----------------|-----|-----|----------------------------------------------|
| 4.| HRUs in areas with snow: ET, recession and active soil depth | ttmp, cmlt, cmrad, fscdist0, fepotsnow | 225 | 0.16 | 0.24 | [-2.67–1.80]; [1.10–4.00]; [0.16–1.5]; [0.20–0.75]; [0.09–0.98] |
| 5.| Upstream lakes | llratk, llratp | 731 | 0.71 | 0.72 | 1.8; 1.4 (depth: 5 m; icatch: 0.3) |
| 6.| Regionalised ET (in 12 Köppen climate regions) | cevpcorr | 458 | 0.58 | 0.62 | [-0.43 – 0.38] |
| 7.| River routing | riwel, damp | 302 | 0.70 | 0.71 | 0.6; 1.0 |
| 8.| Lake rating curve | rate; exp (LakeData.txt) | 945 | 0.50 | 0.59 | Ranges: [0.001–1013]; [1.002 – 3.0]; |
| 9.| Floodplains (partly calibrated manually) | rcifp; rclpl; rcrfp; rcfpr (FloodData.txt) | 32 | -0.03 | 0.03 | Ranges: [0.05 – 0.99]; [0.15 – 0.90]; [0.05 – 0.99]; [0.15 – 0.90] |
|10.| Evaporation from water surface | kc2_water, kc3_water, kc4_water | 201 | -20.7% | RE: -12.2% | 1.36; 0.65; 1.25 |
|11.| Specific lake evaporation | cevpcorr | 16 | 24.8% | RE: 4.8% | Ranges: [0.375-0.5] |
**Acknowledgements**
We would like to thank all data providers listed in Table 1-3 who make their results and observations readily available for re-purposing; without you any global hydrological modelling would not be possible at all. Especially we would like to express our gratitude to Dr. Dai Yamazaki, University of Tokyo, for developing and sharing the global width database for large rivers, which we found very useful. The WWH was developed at the SMHI Hydrological Research unit, where much work is done in common taking advantages from previous work and several projects running in parallel in the group. It was indeed a team work. We would especially like to acknowledge contributions from our colleagues Jörgen Rosberg, Lotta Pers, David Gustafsson and Peter Berg, who provided much of the model infrastructure. Time-series and maps from the World-Wide HYPE model are available for free downloading at [http://hypeweb.smhi.se/](http://hypeweb.smhi.se/) and documentation and open source code of the HYPE model is available at [http://hypecode.smhi.se/](http://hypecode.smhi.se/).
**References**
Abbaspour, K.C., Rouholahnejad, E., Vaghefi, S., Srinivasan, R., Yang, H., Kløve, B.: A continental-scale hydrology and water quality model for Europe: Calibration and uncertainty of a high-resolution large-scale swat model. J. Hydrol. 524:733–752, 2015.
Alfieri, L., Burek, P., Dutra, E., Krzeminski, B., Muraro, D., Thielen, J., and Pappenberger, F.: GloFAS – global ensemble streamflow forecasting and flood early warning, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 1161-1175, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-1161-2013, 2013.
Andersson J.C.M., Arheimer B., Traoré F., Gustafsson D., Ali A.: Process refinements improve a hydrological model concept applied to the Niger River basin. Hydrological Processes pp.1-15. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.11376, 2017.
Archfield, S.A., Clark, M., Arheimer, B., Hay, L.E., McMillan, H., Kiang, J.E., Seibert, J., Hakala, K., et al.: Accelerating advances in continental domain hydrologic modelling. Water Resources Research 51(12):10078–10091. doi:10.1002/2015WR017498, 2015.
Arheimer, B. and Brandt, M.: Modelling nitrogen transport and retention in the catchments of southern Sweden. Ambio 27(6):471-480. 1998.
Arheimer, B., Dahné, J., Donnelly, C., Lindström, G. and Strömqvist, J.: Water and nutrient simulations using the HYPE model for Sweden vs. the Baltic Sea basin – influence of input-data quality and scale. Hydrology research 43(4):315-329. DOI: 10.2166/nh.2012.010, 2012.
Arheimer, B., Donnelly, C. and Lindström, G.: Regulation of snow-fed rivers affects flow regimes more than climate change. Nature Communications 8(62). doi:10.1038/s41467-017-00092-8., 2017.
Arheimer, B., Hjerdt, N. and Lindström, G.: Artificially induced floods to manage forest habitats under climate change. Front. Environ. Sci. 6:102. doi: 10.3389/fenvs.2018.00102, 2018.
Arheimer, B. and Lindström, L.: Implementing the EU Water Framework Directive in Sweden. Chapter 11.20 in: Bloeschl, G., Sivapalan, M., Wagener, T., Viglione, A. and Savenije, H. (Eds). Runoff Predictions in Ungauged Basins – Synthesis across Processes, Places and Scales. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. (p. 465) pp. 353-359, 2013.
Arheimer, B. and Lindström, G.: Electricity vs Ecosystems – understanding and predicting hydropower impact on Swedish river flow. Evolving Water Resources Systems: Understanding, Predicting and Managing Water–Society Interactions. Proceedings of ICWRS2014, Bologna, Italy, June 2014; IAHS Publ. 364:313-319, 2014.
Arheimer, B. and Lindström, G.: Climate impact on floods: changes in high flows in Sweden in the past and the future (1911–2100), Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19:771-784, doi:10.5194/hess-19-771-2015, 2015.
Arheimer, B., Lindström, G. and Olsson, J.: A systematic review of sensitivities in the Swedish flood-forecasting system. Atmospheric Research 100:275–284, 2011.
Arheimer, B., Nilsson, J. and Lindström, G.: Experimenting with Coupled Hydro-Ecological Models to Explore Measure Plans and Water Quality Goals in a Semi-Enclosed Swedish Bay. Water 7(7):3906-3924. doi:10.3390/w7073906, 2015.
Arheimer, B. and Pers B.C.: Lessons learned? Effects of nutrient reductions from constructing wetlands in 1996–2006 across Sweden. Ecological Engineering, Volume 103, Part B, June 2017, Pages 404–414. doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2016.01.088, 2017.
Arendt et al., Randolph Glacier Inventory (RGI) – A Dataset of Global Glacier Outlines: Version 5.0, GLIMS Technical Report, 2015.
Arnell, N.W.: The Effect of Climate Change on Hydrological Regimes in Europe A Continental Perspective. *Global Environmental Change*, 9, 5-23, 1999.
Beck, H. E., van Dijk, A. I. J. M., de Roo, A., Miralles, D. G., McVicar, T. R., Schellekens, J. and Bruijnzeel, L. A.: Global-scale regionalization of hydrologic model parameters, *WaterResour. Res.*, 52, 3599–3622, doi:10.1002/2015WR018247, 2016.
Beck, H. E., van Dijk, A. I. J. M., Levizzani, V., Schellekens, J., Miralles, D. G., Martens, B., and de Roo, A.: MSWEP: 3-hourly 0.25° global gridded precipitation (1979–2015) by merging gauge, satellite, and reanalysis data, *Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.*, 21, 589-615, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-589-2017, 2017.
Berg, P., Donnelly, C., and Gustafsson, D.: Near-real-time adjusted reanalysis forcing data for hydrology, *Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.*, 22, 989-1000, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-989-2018, 2018.
Berghuijs, W.R, Woods, R.A. and Hrachowitz, M.: A precipitation shift from snow towards rain leads to a decrease in streamflow. *Nat. Clim. Change* 4 (7), 583-586, 2014.
Bergström, S. and Forsman, A.: Development of a conceptual deterministic rainfall-runoff model. *Nordic Hydrol.* 4, 147–170, 1973.
Beven, K. J. and Kirkby, M. J.: A physically-based variable contributing area model of basin hydrology. *Hydrol. Sci. Bull.* 24(1), 43–69, 1979.
Beven K.J. and Binley A.M.: The future of distributed models: model calibration and uncertainty prediction. *Hydrological Processes* 6: 279–298. 1992.
Bloeschl, G., Sivapalan, M., Wagener, T., Viglione, A. and Savenije, H. (Eds). Runoff Predictions in Ungauged Basins – Synthesis across Processes, Places and Scales. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. (p. 465), 2013.
Boyer, J.F., Dieulin, C., Rouche, C., Rouche, N., Cres, A., Servat, E., Paturel, J. E., and Mahé, G.: SIEREM: an environmental information system for water resources. *Climate Variability and Change—Hydrological Impacts*, Proceedings of the Fifth FRIEND World Conference held at Havana, Cuba, IAHS Publ. 308, 19-25., 2006.
Bodo, B.: Russian River Flow Data by Bodo, Research Data Archive at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, Computational and Information Systems Laboratory, Boulder CO. [online] Available from: http://rda.ucar.edu/datasets/ds553.1/ (Accessed 28 January 2019), 2000.
Choulga, M., Kourzeneva, E., Zakharova, E., and Doganovsky, A.: Estimation of the mean depth of boreal lakes for use in numerical weather prediction and climate modelling. *Tellus A: Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography*, 66(1), 21295, doi: 10.3402/tellusa.v66i21295, 2014.
Colwell, R. K.: Predictability, Constancy, and Contingency of Periodic Phenomena, *Ecology*, 55, 1148–1153, 1974.
Crochemore, L., Isberg, K., Pimentel, R., Pineda, L., Hasan, A. and Arheimer, B.: Lessons learnt from checking the quality of openly accessible river flow data worldwide. Submitted to Hydrological Sciences Journal special issue on “Hydrological Data: Opportunities and Barriers” 31 March, 2019.
Dee, D. P., Uppala, S. M., Simmons, A. J., Berrisford, P., Poli, P., Kobayashi, S., Andrae, U., et al.: The ERA-Interim reanalysis: configuration and performance of the data assimilation system, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 137, 553–597, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.828, 2011.
Döll, P., Kaspar, F. and Lehner, B.: A global hydrological model for deriving water availability indicators: model testing and validation. J. Hydrol. 270, 105–134, 2003.
Donnelly, C, Andersson, J.C.M. and Arheimer, B.: Using flow signatures and catchment similarities to evaluate a multi-basin model (E-HYPE) across Europe. Hydr. Sciences Journal 61(2):255-273, doi: 10.1080/02626667.2015.1027710, 2016.
Donnelly, C., Arheimer, B., Capell, R., Dahné, J., and Strömqvist, J.: Regional overview of nutrient load in Europe – challenges when using a large-scale model approach, E-HYPE. IAHS Publ. 361:49-58, 2013.
Donnelly, C., Greuell, W., Andersson, J. et al.: Impacts of climate change on European hydrology at 1.5, 2 and 3 degrees mean global warming above preindustrial level. Climatic Change Vol.143: 13-26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-017-1971-7, 2017.
Falkenmark, M. and Chapman, T. Eds.: Comparative Hydrology: An Ecological Approach to Land and Water Resources. UNESCO, Paris, 1989.
Fernandez, W., Vogel, R. M. and Sankarasubramanian, A.: Regional calibration of a watershed model. Hydrol. Sci. J. 45(5), 689–707. DOI:10.1080/02626660009492371, 2000.
Ford W.: Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie Suppl-Vol 147 :1-2. 2006.
Gao, H., Hrachowitz, M., Schymanski, S.J., Fenicia, F., Sriwongsitanon, N., and Savenije, H.H.G.: Climate controls how ecosystems size the root zone storage capacity at catchment scale, Geophysical Research Letters, 41, 7916–7923, doi: 10.1002/2014GL061668, 2014.
Gelfan, A., Gustafsson, D., Motovilov, Y., Arheimer, B., Kalugin, A., Krylenko, I. and Lavrenov, A.: Climate change impact on the water regime of two great Arctic rivers: modeling and uncertainty issues. Climatic Change 141(3):499–515. DOI: 10.1007/s10584-016-1710-5m, 2017.
Gosling, S. N., Zaherpour, J., Mount, N., Hattermann, F. F., Dankers, R., Arheimer, B., Breuer, L., Ding, J., et al.: A comparison of changes in river runoff from multiple global and catchment-scale hydrological models under global warming scenarios of 1°C, 2°C and 3°C, Climatic Change 141(3):577–595. doi: 10.1007/s10584-016-1773-3, 2017
Gupta, H. V., Kling, H., Yilmaz, K. K., and Martinez, G. F.: Decomposition of the mean squared error and NSE performance criteria: Implications for improving hydrological modelling, J Hydrology, 377 (1–2), 80-91, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.08.003, 2009.
Gupta, H. V., Perrin, C., Blöschl, G., Montanari, A., Kumar, R., Clark, M., and Andréassian, V.: Large-sample hydrology: a need to balance depth with breadth, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 463-477, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-463-2014, 2014.
Hargreaves, G.H. and Samani, Z.A.: Estimating potential evapotranspiration. Technical note. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 108 (3), 225–230, 1982.
Harris, I. and Jones, P.: CRU TS3.22: Climatic Research Unit (CRU) Time-Series (TS) Version 3.22 of High Resolution Gridded Data of Month-by-month Variation in Climate (Jan. 1901–Dec. 2013), NCAS British Atmospheric Data Centre, 24 September 2014, https://doi.org/10.5285/18BE23F8-D252-482D-8AF9-5D6A2D40990C, 2014.
Henck, A., Huntington, K., Stone, J. O., Montgomery, D. R., and Hallet, B.: Spatial controls on erosion in the Three Rivers region, western China, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 303, p. 71-83, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2010.12.038, 2011.
Howat, I.M., Negrete, A. and Smith, B.E.: The Greenland Ice Mapping Project (GIMP) land classification and surface elevation datasets, The Cryosphere, 8, 1509-1518, doi:10.5194/tc-8-1509-2014, 2014.
Hrachowitz, M., Savenije, H.H.G., Blöschl, G., McDonnell, J.J., Sivapalan, M., Pomeroy, J.W., Arheimer, B., Blume, T., et al.: A decade of Predictions in Ungauged Basins (PUB) - a review. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 58(6):1198-1255, DOI:10.1080/02626667.2013.803183, 2013
Hundecha, Y., and Bárdossy, A.: Modeling of the effect of land use changes on the runoff generation of a river basin through parameter regionalization of a watershed model, J. Hydrol., 292, 281–295. 2004.
Hundecha, Y., Arheimer, B., Donnelly, C., Pechlivanidis, I.: A regional parameter estimation scheme for a pan-European multi-basin model. Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies, Volume 6, June 2016, Pages 90-111. doi:10.1016/j.ejrh.2016.04.002, 2016.
Iliopoulou, T., Aguilar, C., Arheimer, B., Bermúdez, M., Bezak, N., Ficchi, A., Koutsoyiannis, D., Parajka, J., Polo, M. J., Thiérel, G., and Montanari, A.: A large sample analysis of European rivers on seasonal river flow correlation and its physical drivers, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 73-91, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-73-2019, 2019.
Jensen, M.E. and Haise, H.R.: Estimating evapotranspiration from solar radiation. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Division, ASCE 89 (LR4), 15–41, 1963.
Kottek, M., Grieser, J., Beck, C., Rudolf, B. and Rubel, F.: World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated. Meteorol. Z., 15, 259-263. DOI: 10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130, 2006.
Kourzeneva, E.: External data for lake parameterization in Numerical Weather Prediction and climate modeling. Boreal Environmental Research, 15, 165-177, 2010.
Kuentz, A., Arheimer, B., Hundecha, Y., and Wagener, T.: Understanding hydrologic variability across Europe through catchment classification, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 2863-2879, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-2863-2017, 2017.
Laloy, E., and J. A. Vrugt: High-dimensional posterior exploration of hydrologic models using multiple-try DREAM(ZS) and high-performance computing, Water Resour. Res., 48, W01526, doi:10.1029/2011WR010608, 2012
Lawrence D. M., Oleson K. W., Flanner M. G., Thornton P. E., Swenson S. C., Lawrence P. J., et al.: Parameterization improvements and functional and structural advances in version 4 of the community land model. J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., Vol. 3, Art. 2011MS000045, 27 pp., 2011.
Lehner, B. and Döll, P.: Development and validation of a global database of lakes, reservoirs and wetlands, Journal of Hydrology, 296(1–4), 1–22, doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2004.03.028, 2004.
Lehner, B., Liermann, C.R., Revenga, C., Vörösmarty, C., Fekete, B., Crouzet, P., Döll, P., Endejan, M., et al.: High-resolution mapping of the world’s reservoirs and dams for sustainable river-flow management. Front. Ecol. Environ. 9, 494–502. doi:10.1890/100125, 2011.
Liang, X., Lettenmaier, D. P., Wood, E. F. and Burges, S. J.: A simple hydrologically based model of land surface water and energy fluxes for general circulation models, J. Geophys. Res., 99(D7), 14415–14428, doi:10.1029/94JD00483, 1994.
Lindström, G., Johansson, B., Persson, M., Gardelin, M. and Bergström, S.: Development and test of the distributed HBV-96 model. J. Hydrol. 201, 272–288, 1997.
Lindström, G., Pers, C.P., Rosberg, R., Strömqvist, J., and Arheimer, B.: Development and test of the HYPE (Hydrological Predictions for the Environment) model – A water quality model for different spatial scales. Hydrology Research 41.3-4:295-319, 2010.
MacDonald, M. K., Stadnyk, T. A., Déry, S. J., Braun, M., Gustafsson, D., Isberg, K., and Arheimer, B.: Impacts of 1.5 and 2.0 °C warming on pan-Arctic river discharge into the Hudson Bay Complex through 2070. Geophysical Research Letters, 45, 7561–7570. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL079147, 2018.
Merz, R. and Blöschl, G.: Regionalisation of catchment model parameters, J. Hydrol., 287, 95–123, doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2003.09.028, 2004.
Milliman, J. D. and Farnsworth, K. L.: River Discharge to the Coastal Ocean: A Global Synthesis Cambridge Univ. Press, 2011.
Mu, Q., Zhao, M., and Running, S.W.: Improvements to a MODIS global terrestrial evapotranspiration algorithm, Rem Sens of Environment, 115 (8), 1781-1800. doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2011.02.019, 2011.
Montanari, A., Young, Savenije, G., H., Hughes, D., Wagener, T., Ren, L., Koutsoyiannis, D., Cudennec, C., et al.: “Panta Rhei – Everything Flows”: Change in hydrology and society – The IAHS Scientific Decade 2013-2022. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 58(6):1256-1275, doi:10.1080/02626667.2013.809088., 2013.
Nash, J. E. and Sutcliffe, J. V.: River flow forecasting through conceptual models part I — A discussion of principles. Journal of Hydrology, 10 (3): 282–290. doi:10.1016/0022-1694(70)90255-6, 1970.
Olden, J. D. and Poff, N. L.: Redundancy and the choice of hydrologic indices for characterizing streamflow regimes, River Res. Applic., vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 101–121, 2003.
Oudin, L., V. Andréassian, C. Perrin, C. Michel, and N. Le Moine: Spatial proximity, physical similarity and ungauged catchments: confrontation on 913 French catchments, Water Resour. Res., 44, W03413, doi:03410.01029/02007WR006240, 2008.
Pechlivanidis, I. G. and Arheimer, B.: Large-scale hydrological modelling by using modified PUB recommendations: the India-HYPE case, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 4559-4579, doi:10.5194/hess-19-4559-2015., 2015.
Pechlivanidis, I.G., Bosshard, T., Spångmyr, H., Lindström, G., Gustafsson, D., and Arheimer, B.: Uncertainty in the Swedish Operational Hydrological Forecasting Systems. ASCE proceedings: Vulnerability, Uncertainty, and Risk. pp. 253-262. doi: 10.1061/9780784413609.026, 2014.
Parajka, J., Bloeschl, G. and Merz, R.: Regional calibration of catchment models: Potential for ungauged catchments, Water Resour. Res., 43, W06406, doi:10.1029/2006WR005271, 2007.
Pianosi, F., Sarrazin; F. and Wagener, T.: A Matlab toolbox for Global Sensitivity Analysis, Environmental Modelling & Software, Volume 70, August 2015, Pages 80-85, 2015
Pitman, A. J.: The evolution of, and revolution in, land surface schemes designed for climate models. Int. J. Climatol., 23: 479-510. doi:10.1002/joc.893, 2003.
Portmann, F. T., Siebert, S. and Döll, P., 2010.: MIRCA2000 – Global monthly irrigated and rainfed crop areas around the year 2000: A new high-resolution data set for agricultural and hydrological modeling, Global Bio. Cycles, 24, GB 1011, 2010.
Priestley, C.H.B. and Taylor, R.J.: On the assessment of surface heat fluxes and evaporation using large-scale parameters. Monthly Weather Review 100, 81–92, 1972.
Rastner, P., Bolch, T., Mölg, N., Machguth, H., Le Bris, R., and Paul, F.: The first complete inventory of the local glaciers and ice caps on Greenland, The Cryosphere, 6, 1483-1495, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-6-1483-2012, 2012.
Rice, J.S., Emanuel, R.E., Vose, J.M. and Nelson, S.A.C.: Continental U.S. streamflow trends from 1940 to 2009 and their relationships with watershed spatial characteristics. Water Resources Research. DOI:10.1002/2014WR016367, 2015.
Sawicz, K., Kelleher, C., Wagener, T., Sivapalan, M., Troch, P.A. and Carrillo, G.: Understanding hydrologic change through catchment classification. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 18, 273–285, 2014.
Schneider, U., Becker, A., Finger, P., Meyer-Christoffer, A., Ziese, M., and Rudolf, B.: GPCC’s new land surface precipitation climatology based on quality-controlled in situ data and its role in quantifying the global water cycle, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 115, 15–40, 2014.
Siebert, S., Henrich, V., Frenken, K. and Burke, J.: Global Map of Irrigation Areas version 5. Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, Bonn, Germany / Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy, 2013.
Siebert, S., Henrich, V., Frenken, K., and Burke, J.: Update of the Global Map of Irrigation Areas to version 5. Technical report, 172p. DOI: 10.13140/2.1.2660.6728, 2013.
Sivapalan, M.: Pattern, process and function: Elements of a unified theory of hydrology at the catchment scale, in: Encyclopedia of Hydrological Sciences, edited by: Anderson, M., London, John Wiley, 193–219, 2005.
Strömqvist, J., Arheimer, B., Dahné, J., Donnelly, C. and Lindström, G.: Water and nutrient predictions in ungauged basins – Set-up and evaluation of a model at the national scale. Hydrological Sciences Journal 57(2):229-247. https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2011.637497, 2012.
Ter Braak, C.J.F.: A Markov Chain Monte Carlo version of the genetic algorithm Differential Evolution: easy Bayesian computing for real parameter spaces. Stat. Comput. 16: 239. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11222-006-8769-1, 2006.
Troch, P. A., Martinez, G. F., Pauwels, V. R., Durcik, M., Sivapalan, M., Harman, C., Brooks, P. D., Gupta, H. and Huxman, T.: Climate and vegetation water use efficiency at catchment scales. Hydrol. Process., 23: 2409–2414. doi:10.1002/hyp.7358, 2009.
Vörösmarty, C. J., Fekete, B. M. and Tucker, B. A.: Global River Discharge, 1807-1991, V[ersion]. 1.1 (RivDIS). ORNL DAAC, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA. http://dx.doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDaac/199.1998, 1998.
Vörösmarty, C.J., Green, P., Salisbury, J., Lammers, R. B.: Global water resources: Vulnerability from climate change and population growth. Science, 289(5477), pp. 284-288, 2000
Weedon, G. P., Balsamo, G., Bellouin, N., Gomes, S., Best, M. J., and Viterbo, P.: The WFDEI meteorological forcing data set: WATCH Forcing Data methodology applied to ERA-Interim reanalysis data, Water Resour. Res., 50, 7505–7514, 2014.
Wood, E. F. et al. (1998), The Project for Intercomparison of Land-surface Parameterization Schemes (PILPS) Phase 2(c) Red–Arkansas River basin experiment: 1. Experiment description and summary intercomparisons, Global Planet. Change, 19(1–4), 115–135, doi:10.1016/S0921-8181(98)00044-7.
Yamazaki, D., F. O'Loughlin, M. A. Trigg, Z. F. Miller, T. M. Pavelsky, and P. D. Bates: Development of the Global Width Database for Large Rivers, Water Resour. Res., 50, 3467–3480, doi:10.1002/2013WR014664, 2014. | efa8941d-d1df-4e36-b635-006146235dca | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 104,223 |
SEC Lifts Ban on General Solicitation for Rule 506 Offerings
Marc L. Brown Dietrick L. Miller July 2013
On July 10, 2013, the SEC amended Rule 506 of Regulation D as required by Section 201(a) of the JOBS Act, allowing companies to openly advertise the sale of their securities in private offerings.
Under new Rule 506(c), an issuer can offer securities by way of general solicitation, provided that it satisfies the following conditions:
- all terms and conditions of Rule 501; 1 Rule 502(a), 2 and 502(d);
3
- all purchasers of securities must be accredited investors, either because they in fact fall within one of the enumerated categories of persons that qualify as accredited investors or because the issuer reasonably believes that they are accredited investors at the time of the sale of the securities; and
- the issuer must take reasonable steps to verify that the purchasers of the securities are accredited investors.
The Rule 506(c) "reasonable steps" due diligence requirement, as the SEC warns, may require some potential investors to "provide more information to issuers than they currently provide" and issuers "may have to apply a stricter and more costly process to verify accredited investor status than what they currently use." The term "reasonable" is an objective determination by the issuer based on the particular facts and circumstances of each purchaser and transaction. In clarifying what steps if taken would be reasonable, the SEC also provided a nonexclusive list of four methods for verifying if natural persons are accredited investors. These methods include:
- For accreditation on the basis of income, verification by reviewing copies of the two most recent years' IRS tax forms that report income;
- Obtaining a written confirmation from a registered broker-dealer, an SEC-registered investment adviser, a licensed attorney, or a certified public accountant that such person or entity has taken reasonable steps to verify that the purchaser is an accredited investor within the prior three months and has determined that such purchaser is an accredited investor.
- For accreditation on the basis of assets, verification by reviewing (1) supporting asset documentation such as bank statements, brokerage statements and other statements of securities holdings, certificates of deposit, tax assessments and appraisal reports issued by independent third parties; and (2) a written representation by the person dated within the prior three months stating that all liabilities necessary to make a determination of net worth have been disclosed.
- Any natural person who invested in an issuer's Rule 506(b) offering as an accredited investor prior to the effective date of Rule 506(c) and remains an investor of the issuer, for any Rule 506(c) offering conducted by the same issuer, the issuer is deemed to satisfy the verification requirement in Rule 506(c) with respect to any such person by obtaining a certification by such person at the time of sale that he or she qualifies as an accredited investor.
Rule 506(c) does not impose any formal record keeping requirements but issuers are expected to document the steps taken to verify that purchasers are accredited investors. Such record keeping is necessary because the issuer has the burden of demonstrating that its offering is entitled to an exemption from the registration requirements of Section 5 of the Securities Act.
1801 Century Park East, 16th Floor, Los Angeles, CA 90067 | 310.553.4441
If the verification of purchasers presents difficulties and issuers do not wish to engage in general solicitation, such issuers still continue to have the ability under Rule 506(b) to conduct Rule 506 offerings subject to the prohibition against general solicitation. The SEC noted that Rule 506(b) represents an important source of capital for issuers of all sizes, and maintains Rule 506(b) availability "for issuers that either do not wish to engage in general solicitation in their Rule 506 offerings (and become subject to the requirement to take reasonable steps to verify the accredited investor status of purchasers) or wish to sell privately to non-accredited investors who meet Rule 506(b)'s sophistication requirements."
The new Rule 506(c) will become effective 60 days after publication in the Federal Register.
Footnotes
1 Definitions and terms used in Regulation D.
2 All sales that are part of the same Regulation D offering must meet all of the terms and conditions of Regulation D.
3 Securities cannot be resold without registration under the Securities Act or an exemption, and issuers must exercise reasonable care to assure that the purchasers of the securities are not underwriters.
1801 Century Park East, 16th Floor, Los Angeles, CA 90067 | 310.553.4441 | <urn:uuid:4fa25f18-6b41-46b9-8152-96bb2533d993> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 4,781 |
| FECHA | TRABAJO REALIZADO | MATERIAL UTILIZADO | OBSERVACIONES |
|-------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------|---------------|
| 17-07-15 | **Parque Vehicular** | | |
| | *Reemplazo faros* | | |
| | *Cargador lámparas led* | | |
| | *Fijas y abrazaderas* | | |
| | **Otros alumbrado** | | |
| | *Reparación eléctrica para las farolas led* | | |
| | **Plaza España** | | |
| | *Instalación farolas* | | |
| | *Cables* | | |
| | *Reemplazo farolas* | | |
| | *Cableado para farolas* | | |
| PERSONAL: | Jorge y Ceci | | |
| VEHICULO: | #13 | | |
| COMUNIDAD: | | | |
| DELEGADO: | | | |
**Comisión Nueve de Agosto:** se reparó fara en la plaza España para el parque.
**Comisión José Juan y Ochoa:** se hizo con actividad secundaria en nuestra comisión, fue una buena oportunidad de hacer a nuestro beneficio y regresar a los posibles y regresarlos. | <urn:uuid:4cec887c-1be6-4cc2-a579-3e7a87335ea7> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/spa_Latn/train | finepdfs | spa_Latn | 2,591 |
Příloha č. 2 Podpisový arch se souhlasem se zpracování osobních údajů
Jméno a příjmení navrhovatele: ………………………………………………………………
Název návrhu:..................................................................................
Ve Vimperku dne:…………………………………………………….
Podpis navrhovatele: …………………………………………………….
Svým podpisem podporuji podání výše uvedeného návrhu v rámci projektu participativní rozpočet Vimperk.
| | Jméno a příjmení podporovatele | E-mail - Telefon | Adresa bydliště | Seznámil jsem se s informací o zpracování osobních údajů a uděluji souhlas se zpracování ** ANO/NE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | | | | |
| 2 | | | | |
| 3 | | | | |
| 4 | | | | |
| 5 | | | | |
| 6 | | | | |
| 7 | | | | |
| 8 | | | | |
*Návrhy mohou svým podpisem podpořit pouze osoby starší 15let
** viz Informace ke zpracování osobních údajů
Správce: Město Vimperk
Sídlo: Steinbrenerova 6, 385 01 Vimperk
IČ: 002 50 805
Kontaktní údaje: email@example.com
Souhlasím s zpracováním osobních údajů v rozsahu
- jméno
- příjmení
- adresa bydliště
- emailová adresa
- telefonní číslo
pro účely realizace projektu v rámci participativního rozpočtu Vimperk.
Souhlas je udělen do jeho odvolání, nejdéle však na dobu 5 let.
S výše uvedeným zpracováním udělujete svůj výslovný souhlas. Souhlas lze vzít kdykoliv zpět, a to stejným způsobem jako byl uzavřen, tedy písemnou formou a osobním předáním, zasláním na kontaktní údaje správce nebo způsobem zaručeného elektronického doručování (dle zvoleného doručení změny souhlasu bychom Vás chtěli upozornit, že Vás můžeme požádat, abyste nám vhodným způsobem prokázali Vaši totožnost, abychom si mohli ověřit Vaši identitu)
Zpracování osobních údajů provádí a odpovídá za něj správce, tj Vimperk. Správce může zmocnit nebo pověřit zpracovatele, tj. jiný subjekt než je správce, zpracováním osobních údajů, pokud zvláštní zákon nestanoví jinak. Podle právní úpravy týkající se ochrany osobních údajů máte právo:
- vzít souhlas kdykoliv zpět,
- požadovat po nás informaci, jaké vaše osobní údaje zpracováváme,
- požadovat po nás vysvětlení ohledně zpracování osobních údajů (účel a rozsah),
- vyžádat si u nás přístup k těmto údajům a tyto nechat aktualizovat nebo opravit,
-
požadovat po nás výmaz těchto osobních údajů, pokud jejich zpracování nesouvisí s plněním právní povinnosti,
- v případě pochybností o dodržování povinností souvisejících se zpracováním osobních údajů obrátit se na nás nebo na Úřad pro ochranu osobních údajů.
Prohlašuji, že jsem oprávněn souhlas se zpracováním osobních údajů pro výše uvedený účel a v rozsahu nezbytném pro jeho naplnění, správci udělit, jeho obsahu jsem plně porozuměl, nemám k němu žádné výhrady a údaje, které jsem uvedl, jsou pravdivé.
Dále beru na vědomí, že správce je oprávněn zpracovávat osobní údaje bez mého výslovného souhlasu pouze na základě zákonného důvodu, zejména pro splnění právní povinnosti, která se na něho vztahuje, přičemž moje výše uvedené právo tím není dotčeno.
INFORMACE O ZPRACOVÁNÍ OSOBNÍCH ÚDAJŮ | <urn:uuid:283d9ab1-515b-47dd-842a-8c83a47c2818> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ces_Latn/train | finepdfs | ces_Latn | 3,041 |
RTO & Downtime Costs Calculator
How It Works
Recovery Process
Example
The recovery process represents the amount of time it takes to recover data either locally or from the cloud due to data loss (data loss could be the result of a virus, employee error, or some other type of system disruption).
CRITICAL SYSTEM DATA: X GB
Critical system data is the amount of data lost in a scenario resulting in employee downtime.
TIME BETWEEN BACKUPS: X DAYS X HOURS X MINUTES
The interval at which your backups take place. This is used to check the Recovery Point Objective.
RECOVERY PROCESS START: X DAYS X HOURS X MINUTES
The time it takes initiate a file or system recovery. This includes alerting a Managed Service Provider and configuring the recovery point.
ESTIMATE DOWNTIME: X DAYS X HOURS X MINUTES
The amount of downtime is determined by adding the RECOVERY PROCESS START TIME to the amount of time it takes to fully recover the data lost. The speed at which the lost data is recovered is determined by whether it's being restored locally or from the cloud.
Local Speed: The default local restore speed is based on a typical gigabit connection.
Cloud: The default cloud restore speed is based on the average internet connection speed of businesses in the U.S. Since local recovery is faster than cloud recovery, local recovery will result in less downtime.
Recovery Process Start Time
+ Local Recovery Time
= Downtime
1 hour
+ (100GB / local speed)
= Downtime
1 hour
+ (819200Mb / 700Mbps*)
= Downtime
1 hour
+ 1170s
= Downtime
Downtime = 1 hour 20 minutes
Downtime Costs
Example
The cost of downtime is first determined by the total cost of each employees' time. This includes the employees' wage, overhead costs (subscription costs, benefits, etc.), and revenue lost as a result of the employees not working (sales opportunity loss). It could also include an ecommerce site that is down and no longer generating sales as a result of system downtime.
Employees Affected: 10
Average Wage: $25/Hr
Overhead Costs: $100/Hr
Revenue Lost: $250/Hr
Total Cost: $600/Hr
Total Cost to Business
The total cost to the businesses is determined by multiplying the amount of downtime by the cost of downtime.
(Employees x Wage)
+ (Overhead + Lost Revenue)
= Cost of Downtime
(10 x 25/hour)
+ (100/hour + 250/hour)
= Cost of Downtime
(250/hour)
+ (350/hour)
= Cost of Downtime
Cost of Downtime = $600/hour
Example
Downtime x Cost of Downtime
= Total Cost to Businsess
1 hour 20 minutes x 600/hour
= Total Cost to Businsess
1.33 x 600
= Total Cost to Businsess
Total Cost to Businsess = $798
Results
RECOVERY PROCESS
Critical System Data: 100GB
Time Between Backups: 0 Days 12 Hours 0 Minutes
Recovery Process Start: 0 Days 1 Hour 0 Minutes
Estimate Downtime 0 Days 1 Hour 20 Minutes
DOWNTIME COSTS
Average Wage: $25/hour
Overhead Costs: $100/hour
Revenue Lost: $250/hour
Total Cost: $600/hour
Employees Affected: 10
TOTAL COST TO BUSINESS $798
Recovery Time Objective NOT MET Recovery Point Objective MET
Powered by Datto. Any questions on the RTO Calculator should be sent to firstname.lastname@example.org
16300 Christensen Rd Ste 304 Seattle, WA 98188 | <urn:uuid:3671e6b6-9f12-469d-aa41-8108a433969b> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 3,189 |
SĂPĂTURILE ARHEOLOGICE DE LA CĂȚELU NOU
Săpăturile arheologice începute la Cățelu Nou în 1960¹, au fost continue în 1961, iar apoi în 1963—1964². În toate aceste campanii, cercetările au fost concentrate îndeosebi pe botul de deal aflat pe malul drept al bălții Colentina-Pantelimon — planul potrivit căruia s-au desfășurat lucrările constituind o continuare și o completare a metodei de investigație adoptată inițial (fig. 2). S-a recurs așadar tot la sistemul rețelei de
---
¹ Pentru săpăturile din 1960, cf. Valeriu Leahu, Raport asupra săpăturilor arheologice efectuate în 1960 la Cățelu Nou, în Cercetări arheologice în București, Buc., 1963, p. 15—47.
² În 1961 cercetările au fost întreprinse între 15 mai și 14 iunie. În 1963 s-au efectuat lucrări între 6 mai — 17 iunie și 16—22 septembrie, iar în 1964 între 25 mai și 15 iunie.
CĂTELU NOU
PLANUL SAPĂTURILOR ARHEOLOGICE DE PE BOTUL DE DEAL
LEGENDĂ:
I - borduri fătărești; II-a - borduri Glină; III-b - gr. Glină; III-o-c - loc. sugar Tei-faza Cățelu Nou; III-d - "vedere" - gropi/faza Cățelu Nou; IV-a - borduri Tei, la stejar; IV-b - vatra bordurilor; IV-c - gropi Tei, la stejar; V - borduri Tei, faza târzie; VI-a-b - borduri Hat-2; VII-a-h - borduri Latène nr 1-8; VII c-z - loc. suprapoziție Latène; VIII-h - semiborduri sec. VI-VII en; • - groși Latène; • - cupor Latène; • - vatre Latène
Scaza:
0 10 20 30m
Fig. 2. Planul sapăturilor arheologice de la Cățelu Nou.
https://biblioteca-digitala.ro
secțiuni înguste dar lungi, cu lărgiri prin casețe în punctele cu complexe de locuire. În același timp, s-a procedat și la o mai eficientă sondare a terasei înalte drepte a Colentinei, aflată în prelungirea spre sud-vest a botului de deal, zonă unde, perpendiculară pe secțiunea XXV/1960, au fost deschise încă trei șanțuri. Continuarea lucrărilor dovedind că promontoriul a fost mai intens locuit pe jumătatea sa vestică și că latura estică a fost folosită ca loc de așezare în măsură restrinsă — în această din urmă zonă cercetările au avut de aceea, mai mult caracterul unor săpături de sondaj și verificare.
Asemeni cercetărilor din 1960, rezultatele campaniilor din 1961 și 1963—1964 au fost deopotrivă de fructuoase: un bordei din perioada de trecere de la neolitic la epoca bronzului; un bordei și o groapă aparținând culturii Glina; trei locuințe de suprafață, două bordeie și câteva alveolări-gropi, cu materiale proprii culturii Tei; un alt bordei hallstattian; încă patru bordeie, resturile a opt locuințe de suprafață și multe alte gropi în cadrul așezării Latène geto-dace; și, în sfârșit, alte trei semibordeie din sec. VI—VII e. n. În toate acestea au fost descoperite vase de lut întregi sau fragmentare, cantități mari de fragmente ceramice, unelte, arme, obiecte de podoabă.
★
În timpul campaniilor de săpături asupra căror referim aici, stratigrafia din stațiunea arheologică de la Cățelu Nou a fost urmărită mai ales în vederea obținerii unor elemente în plus, față de acelea constatate în 1960. Cu privire la stratul de pământ castaniu, s-a verificat și confirmat absența pe botul de deal de pe malul bălții Colentina-Pantelimon, a locuirii Boian-Giulești, care fusese însă surprinsă pe terasa înaltă aflată în prelungirea spre sud-vest a promontoriului. Relativ la stratul de pământ cenușiu-închis, ce suprapune solul castaniu, se mențin întrutotul concluziile consemnate în raportul asupra săpăturilor din 1960: în limitele depunerii acesteia, numai materialele Latène constituie un strat de cultură propriu-zis, fapt care nu este însă caracteristic pentru resturile de locuire din epoca bronzului și din prima epocă a fierului. Acesta, cind nu au fost găsite în complexe propriu-zise de locuire, au apărut — pe orizontală — cu totul răzlet, discontinuu, iar pe verticală — în genere situate la baza stratului de pământ cenușiu-închis, însă, de foarte multe ori și în zona superioară a acestui strat, în amestec cu materialele din a doua epocă a fierului. În același timp, alte numeroase observații au confirmat și concluzia că limita inferioară a stratului de pământ cenușiu-închis a constituit nivelul de călcare al unor populații datind din epoci și perioade diferite; căci baza acestui strat a apărut ca limită de situire sau de pornire atât pentru bordeiele, colibeile și gropile din epoca bronzului, cât și pentru bordeiul hallstattian, precum și pentru complexele aparținând primului nivel din așezarea geto-dacă. În fine, săpăturile din 1961 și 1963—1964 au dovedit de asemenea că stratul de pământ cenușiu-deschis, aflat peste cel cu o culoare cenușie-îndhisa, a fost propriu numai unei locuirii din secolele VI—VII e. n.
1 Un raport foarte succint asupra campaniilor de săpături de la Cățelu Nou, din anii 1960—1961 a fost înaintat Institutului de Arheologie al Academiei R.P.R. pentru a fi publicat în Materiale și cercetări arheologice, vol. X (în pregătire).
Descoperirea la Cățelu Nou a unui bordei datind din perioada de trecere de la neolitic la epoca bronzului constituie în contextul cultural-arheologic din stațiune, o apariție cu totul nouă, ce n-a putut fi nicicum presupusă în funcție de rezultatele obținute în prima campanie de săpături.
Conturul bordeiului a fost observat pe fundul unui alt bordei — din epoca bronzului, care l-a suprapus pe primul, astfel încât i-a amputat acestuia din urmă, pe toată suprafața, zona sa superioară. În atari condiții a fost, evident, imposibil să se mai precizeze nivelul de călcare al populațiilor din perioada de trecere de la neolitic la epoca bronzului, cu atît mai mult, cu cît locuirea din această vreme nu a format în stațiune o depunere uniformă și continuă de resturi materiale.
Forma locuinței era ovală-neregulată, avînd diametrele maxime de 4,20 x 3,70 m. Unul din capetele bordeiului se continua cu o prelungire, un „apendice“, pe unde se afla intrarea, amenajată în două trepte (fig. 3). Față de limita superioară păstrată, podeaua locuinței se afla la o adâncime medie de — 0,70 m. În interiorul bordeiului au fost săpate două gropi — una spre capătul opus intrării, în forma unui fund de sac, cu diametrul de 0,42 m și adâncimea medie — 0,50 m, iar cealaltă, lingă intrare, în formă aproximativă de clopot, avînd diametrul maxim (pe fund) 2,20 m și adâncimea medie — 1,10 m. În legătură cu suprastructura bordeiului nu s-au obținut indicii că ea va fi fost construită mai temeinic. Probabil să fi fost amenajată din trestie sau păpuriș.
Tipul acesta de bordei, cu două gropi în interior, situate de obicei la extremitățile axului lung — căpătând astfel și un profil caracteristic — se perpetuează în timp, el fiind constatat — cum se va vedea — chiar în stațiunea de la Cățelu Nou, atît în epoca bronzului, cit și în a doua epocă a fierului.
Inventarul bordeiului din perioada de trecere de la neolitic la epoca bronzului a constat dintr-o dăltiță de os (fig. 4), dintr-o cantitate relativ mare de oase de animale și din fragmente ceramice.
Potrivit determinărilor făcute de Alexandra Paul-Bolomei, de la Centrul de cercetări antropologice al Acad. R.P.R., oasele de animale aparțin unor porcine și ovicaprine, iar câteva dintre ele probabil unor bovine.
Ceramica a folosit ca degresanții nisipul, calcarul și pietrișul sfârimat și, în mai mică măsură, cioburile pisate. În funcție de calitatea și proporția în care au fost dozați degresanții se pot deosebi trei categorii: 1) vase de uz comun, de factură grosolană; 2) recipiente dintr-o pastă mai bine frământată, mai omogenă, cu degresanții mărunt sfârîmați; și 3) vase lucrate din pastă fină. Culoarea tuturor recipientelor este de obicei cafenie-cărămizie, cu pete de diferite nuante, datorate unor arderi secundare.
Fig. 5. Vas din bordeiul Foltești II.
În prima categorie, grupind vase de dimensiuni mari, nu s-a putut preciza nici o formă. Câteva fragmente par să aparțină unor recipiente cu pîntecele arcuit și gît relativ înalt (fig. 8/7). În categoria a doua, o formă caracteristică o reprezintă vasul cu pîntecele bombat și cu gît înalt, cilindric sau arcuit, terminat cu buză evazată (fig. 5). Uneori, vase de felul acesta aveau dispuse pe partea superioară a pîntecelui torti verticale, mici. Un fragment aparținând unui asemenea recipient prezintă însă, alături de o toartă mică și o alta, masivă, lată, care cobora pe pîntece, desprinzîndu-se, probabil, din buză sau de sub aceasta (fig. 6/5). Pe un
fragment de vas cu corp bombat, extremitatea inferioară a unei torți late pare că se sprijină pe latura unui ornament rectangular (?), în relief (fig
Fig. 6. Ceramică din bordeiul Foltești II.
7/1). Frecvente sînt, în categoria a două castroanele cu corpul arcuit — unele, terminate cu margine lată, evazată oblic (fig. 6/4) sau înaltă, arcuită în afară (fig. 8/1); altele însă — pare-se în proporție mai mare — avînd gît scund, arcuit, iar buza răsfrîntă și ea, de asemenei arcuit,
în afară. La acest tip de castroane se observă frecvent și torti mici, verticale, cu deschidere rotundă sau ovală, precum și înălțarea marginii vasului în zona corespunzătoare tortilor (fig. 6/1). Ca o variantă a acestor castroane apare un vas de dimensiuni mici, cu pintecele tronconice, cu git scund și margine evazată — într-un loc, un colț din buza fiind și el tras în afară, formind pe marginea recipientului o creastă mică (fig. 6/6). Se mai constată în categoria a doua, fragmente de vase cu profilul bitronconic (fig. 8/3), altelele (borcane mici) cu corpul scund, tronconic, cu umărul tras ușor spre interior; vase cu profilul părții superioare în formă de „S“; recipiente mici cu corp arcuit și cu marginea scundă, arcuită în afară (fig. 6/8); vase cu torti suprainălțate, trase din buza și coborînd pe pintece (fig. 7/5), etc. În categoria vaselor lucrate din pastă fină sînt frecvente străchinile cu corpul tronconic și cu buza răsfrîntă în afară (fig. 7/7), acestei categorii aparținîndu-i și un fragment de vas (castron ?) cu corp arcuit, cu git înalt, cilindric, marginea fiind trasă și ea arcuit în afară (fig. 7/2).
Pe fragmentele ceramice găsite în bordeiul datînd din perioada de trecere de la neolitic la epoca bronzului sâ constată și o ornamentare specifică. Cel mai des întîlnite sint crestăturile mici, dispuse fie pe buza recipientelor (fig. 8/1), fie pe umerii acestora (fig. 8/1, 3,7). Uneori crestăturile fiind mai late, capătă aspectul unor mici alveole (fig. 8/2). Acestea (alveolele) apar și ele pe buza unor vase (fig. 6/2) dar în cazuri cu totul rare. Pe umărul unui castron (fig. 6/4), crestăturile prezintă aspectul unor „semne de exclamație“, deoarece sub fiecare din ele se găsește câte o împunsătură, asemănătoare cu un punct sau cu o virgulă nearcuită. Pe lîngă crestături și alveole, vazele au mai fost decorate cu impresiuni mici, cu contur triumghiular, dispuse în sir (fig. 8/5). În legătură cu ornamentele precizate pînă acum, reînem părerea formulată mai de mult că ele ar putea fi obținute prin imprimarea unor oase de păsări.
Caracteristice ornamentării vaselor din bordei sint și briurile sau reliefurile crestate (indeosebi), dar și alveolate. Acestea împrejmuesc umărul unor vase cu corp bombat și git înalt, cilindric, dar — tot pe astfel de recipiente — alcătuiesc și ornamente complexe (fig. 7/6; 8/4). Între altele, pe un vas întregit parțial (fig. 5), obținute prin reliefuri crestate, se observă dreptunghiuri dispuse în înălțuire verticală — de pe umăr pînă către zona de mijloc a pintecelui. Reliefuri crestate se observă și pe unele torti masive (fig. 7/4).
Pe marginea unor străchinî, în interior, apar mici caneluri verticale (fig. 7/3), citeodată — corespunzătoare acestora — fiind dispușă în exterior o creastă verticală (fig. 7/3).
Pentru ornamentarea ceramicii s-a mai folosit — în cazuri însă rare — barbotina neorganizată (fig. 8/6) și, foarte rar, ornamente din benzi în relief, simple (fig. 8/8).
Din toată cantitatea — bogată — de resturi ceramice descoperite în bordei, numai pe un singur fragment se constată un ornament obținut cu șnurul înfășurat (fig. 6/3).
Pentru o încadrare cronologică și culturală cit se poate de sigură a bordeiului și materialelor prezentate aici, se face simțită o discuție
---
1 Dorothy M. Liddel, *New Light on an Old Problem*, in *Antiquity*, III, nr. 11, 1929, p. 283—291.
Fig. 7. Fragmente ceramice și profile de vase de tip Foltești II.
Fig. 8. Ceramică Foltești II de la Cățelu Nou.
lărgită, chiar dacă aceasta ar depăși limitele stricte ale unui raport de săpături.
O ceramică utilizând ca degresant calcarul sfârmat, printre forme — îndeobște străchinile și vasele cu profile în formă de „S“, iar ca decor creștăturile pe buze sau pe umărul recipientelor, briurile crestate și, mai rar, ornamentele șnurate — a fost constatată pe teritoriul Republicii Populare Române într-un spațiu mai vast, ce include în mod sigur Moldova, Cîmpia Dunării și Dobrogea. Plasată cronologic între sfârșitul neoliticului și epoca bronzului deplin constituită, o atare ceramică a fost în chip diferit atribuită cultural — în genere numită fie Gumelnita D(IV) (Gorodsk—Usatovo), fie Foltești, fie, în fine, mai recent, pentru descoperirile din Dobrogea și de pe linia Dunării—Cernavoda II.
Progresul cercetărilor arheologice din ultimii ani, cu referire la această etapă, impune însă acum, pentru atari materiale, o delimitare strictă — întâi, din punct de vedere cronologic, cind operăm cu conceptele Gumelnita D(IV) pe de o parte și Foltești—Cernavoda II, de alta; în al doilea rînd, din punct de vedere cultural, atunci cînd opunem toate aceste concepțe între ele — unul în raport cu celelalte. Dacă pentru ceramică de acest fel din Moldova, în ultimii ani, s-a reușit să se pună ordine, datorită unor studii valoroase apărute recent¹, pentru spațiul cuprins între Carpații meridionali și Dunăre situația prezintă încă confuzii și neclarități.
Identificarea unei faze Gumelnita D, concepută ca o etapă finală a culturii neolitice din Muntenia, în cadrul unui fenomen „corespunzător procesului Cucuteni D“ din Moldova, se datorește lui Ion Nestor². Săpături arheologice practicate ulterior, au dus la surprinderea — deși nu suficient de amplă — a unor elemente specifice acestei faze: pastă amestecată uneori cu scoici pisate, mai des însă cu mult nisip, printre forme aparînd caracteristică prezența străchinei (cu buza îngroșată spre interior), iar ornamentarea fiind făcută indeosebi cu creștături pe buze, alveole, găuri—butoni (găurile astupate după producerea butonului), cu șnurul etc.³.
Toți cercetătorii au considerat, după Nestor, că faza Gumelnita D (numită de alții și Gumelnita IV), este produsul greșării pe fondul neolitic local al unor elemente de cultură răsăriteană. Încercînd o definire mai cuprinzătoare a acestui orizont final neolitic, Mircea Petrescu-Dimbovița a postulat o eventuală legătură între locuirea Gumelnita D și unele înmormîntări cu ocru din movilele aflate în Muntenia⁴ — dar unui atare punct de vedere i s-au adus obiecțiuni⁵.
¹ Cf. Marilena Florescu, Contribuții la problemele începutului epocii bronzului în Moldova, in Arheologia Moldovei, II—III, 1964, p. 105—125. Silvia Marinescu-Bilcu Unele probleme ale perioadei de tranziție de la neolitic la epoca bronzului din Moldova, în lumina a trei morminte plane de inhumație descoperite la Tirpești, in SCIV XVI, 1962, p. 241—250.
² Ion Nestor, Probleme noi în legătură cu neoliticul în R.P.R., in SCIV, I, 1950, 2, p. 217—218.
³ Ion Nestor. loc. cit.; D. Berciu, Contribuții la problemele neoliticului în România, în lumina noilor cercetări, Buc., 1961, p. 127, 129, 481—482.
⁴ Mircea Petrescu-Dimbovița, Date noi asupra înmormîntărilor cu ocru roșu în Moldova, in SCIV, I, 1950, 2, p. 122.
⁵ Dinu V. Rosetti, Movilele funerare de la Gurbănești, în Materiale și cercetări arheologice, VI, 1959, p. 811.
Pe de altă parte, trebuie reținută împrejurarea că, după săpăturile arheologice din 1950, de la Foltești¹ — ducind la o mai profundă valorificare și a descoperirilor făcute în 1929 la Horodiștea² — procesul de dispariție a culturii Cucuteni și, legat de acesta, și perioada de dispariție a culturii Gumelnita, au căpătat o bază de cunoaștere și analiză mai sigură, care și-a găsit, între altele, expresia în definirea unui nou concept — Horodiștea—Foltești (Gorodsk—Usatovo), identificat, măcar de unii cercetători, cu etapele D ale culturilor neolitice de la noi.
Relativ recent însă, în interiorul complexului cultural Horodiștea—Foltești, D. Berciu a sesizat două etape de evoluție, deosebite în principal pe criterii de ordin comparativ-tipologic. Faza Foltești I (Horodiștea—Foltești=Gorodsk Usatovo) corespunde cu ceea ce se mai numește Cucuteni D (iar pentru Muntenia, Gumelnita D), astfel încît faza Foltești II reprezintă un orizont cultural ulterior fazelor finale neolitice, putind fi considerat propriu unei perioade de trecere de la neolitic la epoca bronzului³.
Clasificarea aceasta constituie, desigur, un progres, cu condiția ca inventarul, conținutul celor două etape să fie bine documentat. Pornind de la materialele existente și îndeosebi de la precizările aduse de D. Berciu, ar rezulta — pentru moment — că cele două etape ale complexului Foltești s-ar separa una de cealaltă, ținind seamă de următoarele: 1) ceramica etapei Foltești I utilizează ca degresant îndeobște scoicile pisate, în timp ce în cadrul etapei Foltești II acestea sunt înlocuite cu calcarul pisat și cioburile sfârimate; 2) în etapa Foltești I nu se constată vase ornamentate cu reliefuri (briuri) crestate, acestea fiind însă specifice pentru ceramica etapei Foltești II; 3) formele fazei Foltești I sint legate de cele ale culturilor neolitice, pe cind vasele din faza Foltești II constituie, în multe cazuri, prototipuri ale formelor culturii Glina⁴.
În lumina celor arătate este firesc să încadrăm bordeiul descoperit la Cățelu Nou în etapa Foltești II, ținind seamă că ceramica de aici a utilizat ca degresant calcarul și cioburile pisate; că ornamentele obținute din briuri crestate sint bine reprezentate și că printre forme, se constată profile de vase puternic legate de cele care vor apărea în cultura Glina.
În ultima vreme însă, descoperiri de tipul celora de la Cățelu Nou — aflate nu numai în dreapta Dunării, dar și în cîmpia Munteniei — sint încadrate în ceea ce se numește cultura Cernavoda. De aceea, în scopul unei atribuirii cronologice și culturale a bordeiului de la Cățelu Nou e necesar ca discuția încercată aici să fie continuată — de data aceasta, pe marginea unora dintre descoperirile făcute în anii din urmă în Dobrogea.
¹ Mircea Petrescu-Dimbovița, I. Casan, C. Mateescu, Săpăturile arheologice de la Foltești (raionul Tg. Bujor, reg. Galați), in SCIV, II, 1951, I, p. 249—268.
² Cf. Hortensia Dumitrescu, La station préhistorique de Horodiștea sur le Pruth, in Dacia, IX—X, 1941—1944. p. 127—181.
³ D. Berciu, Chronologie relative du Néolithique du Bas Danube à la lumière des nouvelles fouilles faites en Roumanie, in Actes du Symposium consacré aux problèmes du Néolithique européen, Praga, p. 121; id. Contribuții..., p. 140—141.
⁴ D. Berciu, op. cit., p. 140.
Din rapoartele de săpături publicate, rezultă că la Cernavoda s-au cercetat patru așezări: una (punctul \(a\)), „pe marginea de vest a «Dealului Sofia», la aproximativ 400 m mai spre sud de tell-ul“ săpat de Schuchardt și Nestor; o a doua (punctul \(b\)) — tell-ul amintit; o a treia (punctul \(c\)), „în interiorul platoului, la aproximativ 350 m depărtare de punctul \(b\)“ și, în fine, o a patra așezare (punctul \(d\)), aflată „la o distanță de circa 150 m mai spre sud-est de punctul \(a\), deasupra fabricii de ciment“.\(^1\). Dacă ținem seamă de precizarea autorilor săpăturilor de la Cernavoda — că în punctul \(d\) „se întâlnește o locuire sincronică celei din punctul \(c\), dar de o intensitate mai mică“ și că materialul ceramic din punctul \(d\) este „similar celui din punctul \(c\)“ \(^2\) mai rezultă că, de fapt, trebuieșe avute în vedere și luate în discuție doar trei așezări.
Sunt foarte importante — și trebuieșe reținute — relatăriile asupra ceramicii descoperite în fiecare din cele trei așezări de la Cernavoda. Se comunică astfel, că în punctul \(a\) ceramică a utilizat, „ca degresant, un procent mare de scoici pisate“ și că „în tehnica pastei, cit și în aceea a decorațiunii și ca motive, o parte a ceramicii... își găsește analogii în grupa C a ceramicii cucuteniene“ \(^3\). Dimpotrivă, în punctul \(b\) (tell-ul) a fost descoperită „o ceramică în pasta căreia apare un mare procent de calcar pisat“, printre forme apărind aici (dar și în punctul \(a\)) strachina „cu profil apropiat de litera S și cu umărul crestat, întilnită de altfel și în orizontul Gumelnita IV și Sălcuța IV, precum și în acela Horodiștea—Foltești din Moldova“ \(^4\). Interesant este faptul că în așezarea din punctul \(c\), considerată de cercetătorii de la Cernavoda „ulterioară celei reprezentate de majoritatea materialelor din punctul \(a\)“ \(^5\), apare din nou „ceramică în amestec cu scoici pisate, dar într-un procent mai mic decit cel întilnit în punctul \(a\)“ \(^6\). Tot atât de interesantă este și relatarea că în punctul \(c\) s-au descoperit străchini „cu profil dezvoltat din formele gumelniteșne tîrzii“ \(^7\), acestea fiind legate de exemplare similare din punctul \(b\) (tell-ul), unde însă asemenea recipiente au apărut „într-o tehnică mai primitivă și cu un profil mai puțin evoluat“ \(^8\).
Pornind de la precizările reproduce mai sus, se desprind, credem, următoarele concluzii:
1) La Cernavoda — o legătură mai directă și strinsă de continuitate, o apropiere mai mare din punct de vedere cultural există între așezarea din punctul \(a\) și cea din punctul \(c\) (și \(d\)).
2) Dacă materialele descoperite în punctele \(a\) și \(c\) pot fi propoii culturii Cernavoda, așezarea din tell (punctul \(b\)) reprezintă altceva: un aspect cultural deosebit de cel numit Cernavoda, dar care — după o păre formulață de Sebastian Morintz — a contribuit, la un moment dat, în evoluția acestei culturi, probabil pe distanță de timp dintre existența așezării \(a\) și cea a așezării \(c\). (Se poate crede acest fapt, ținind seamă tot de precizarea cercetătorilor de la Cernavoda — că în punctul \(c\) au apărut
---
1 D. Berciu, Sebastian Morintz și P. Roman, Săpăturile de la Cernavoda, în Materiale, VI, 1959, p. 99.
2 Op. cit., p. 101.
3 Op. cit., p. 99.
4 Op. cit., p. 99—101.
5 Op. cit., p. 101.
6 Loc. cit.
7 Loc. cit.
8 Loc. cit.
străchini care pot fi legate de exemplare similare, dar mai puțin evoluate, aflate în punctul b; precum și de descoperirea în punctul c a ceramicii „ornamentate cu briuri crestate“, care a fost constatată, iarăși, în punctul b).
3) Așezarea din punctul b nu poate fi atribuită culturii Cernavoda, ci — după noi — legată cronologic și cultural de faciesul Foltești II¹. Dispunind atât de ceea ce s-a publicat în rapoartele de săpături, dar și de informații primite, în 1962, de la tov. Petre Roman, unul din cercetătorii stațiunii Cernavoda, se constată că conținutul culturii materiale din punctul b apare caracterizat astfel: pastă amestecată cu calcar fărămițat, puține pietricele sfârimate și citeodată și cioburi pisate; printre forme — amfore mari cu corpul puternic bombat, cu gît înalt, cilindric și cu buza evazată, uneori prevăzute cu torți din bandă lată; străchini cu buza mult evazată, cu caneluri verticale pe față interioară și cu umărul crestat în exterior; vase borcane cu umărul retras; apoi briuri crestate etc.². Rezultă așadar că inventarul ceramic din așezarea b de la Cernavoda prezintă frapante analogii cu ceramica descoperită în bordeiul de la Cățelu Nou, precum și cu alte materiale, care au fost atribuite de D. Berciu etapei Foltești II. Am spune chiar (evident, cu rezerva eventualei precizări în viitor, a unor amănunte care nouă nu ne sînt acum cunoscute) că ceea ce s-a descoperit în așezarea b de la Cernavoda, se constată întocmai și în bordeiul de la Cățelu Nou. De altfel, nu este lipsită de semnificație imprejurarea că în raportul asupra campaniei de săpături efectuată la Cernavoda în 1954, ceramica din tell a fost atribuită aspectului „Gorodsk—Usatovo (Cucuteni D)”³, sau că, în urma campaniei din 1956 de pe „Dealul Sofia” ceramica descoperită a fost considerată ca aparținind fazei „Gumelnîța D (Gorodsk—Usatovo)”⁴. Aceasta arată, că se poate de clar, că descoperirile de la Cernavoda, la care ne-am referit, sînt puternic legate tipologic de materialele final-neolitice sau din etapa de trecere spre epoca bronzului, din Moldova și Muntenia. Concluzia finală este, deci, că așezarea din punctul b de la Cernavoda aparține orizontului Foltești II (fie, reprezentind acolo și un aspect regional — aceasta vor putea-o stabili numai cercetătorii stațiunii din Dobrogea) documentat astfel și în dreapta Dunării.
În ce măsură, ținînd seamă de această întindere teritorială, s-ar putea numi complexul adus în discuție — Foltești II—Cernavoda II? În Istoria României, luîndu-se în considerare descoperirile recente din Dobrogea, s-a formulat — la propunerea prof. Ion Nestor — conceptul
---
¹ Concomitent cu noi, tov. Petre Roman susține un punct de vedere similar, într-un studiu apărut foarte recent, în Revista Muzeelor, nr. 4/1964, p. 320 și urm. Acordind — cu deplină sinceritate — prioritate cercetătorului în emiterea acestei concluzii, ne revendicăm, în același timp faptul de a fi ajuns la încheierile formulate în paginile de față, în mod absolut independent de ceea ce a gîndit tov. Roman.
² Am primit aceste informații în 1962 (deci cu doi ani înainte de descoperirea de către noi a bordeiului Foltești II), în timpul studierii materialelor proprii fazei Cățelu Nou a culturii Tei, prilej cu care am arătat tov. Petre Roman aceste din urmă materiale.
³ D. Berciu și Sebastian Morintz, Şantierul arheologic Cernavoda, in Materiale, III, 1957, p. 91.
⁴ D. Berciu și Sebastian Morintz, Săpăturile de la Cernavoda, in Materiale, V, 1959, p. 105.
„Horodiștea-Foltești—Cernavoda II” ¹. Dar după deosebirea a două etape Foltești și întrucât descoperirile de la Horodiștea aparțin etapei Foltești I, materialele aflate în stațiunea de pe Prut nu mai pot fi incluse în conceptul formulat în Istoria României. Pe de altă parte, dat fiind că în evoluția culturii Cernavoda sînt deosebite mai multe etape — existînd, desigur, și o fază a două a culturii — nu poate fi adoptată nici noțiunea „Foltești II — Cernavoda II”: s-ar creeze confuzie între faza a II-a a culturii dobrogene și materialele din aşezarea II (b) de la Cernavoda, care însă, după părerea noastră, nu pot fi incluse în conținutul culturii amintite. Susținem, de aceea, pentru clasificarea materialelor de tipul celor constatate în orizontul al doilea de la Foltești — indiferent dacă sint descoperite în Moldova, Cimpia Munteniei sau Dobrogea — utilizarea conceptului Foltești II. În cadrul acestei culturi încadrăm și bordeiul descoperit la Cățelu Nou.
O ceramică în multe privințe asemănătoare cu cea identificată în locuința de pe promontoriul de la Cățelu Nou (indeosebi fragmente de străchini cu profile specifice, decorate cu crestături pe buză și umăr) a fost descoperită în Muntenia, la Sultana ², Boian ³, Gumelnita ⁴, București—Militari ⁵, Coșereni (r. Urziceni) ⁶ etc. Deoarece, însă, din analiza materialelor existente reiese atît lipsa briurilor crestate, cit și a altor elemente (de tehnica pastei sau a formelor) specifice etapei Foltești II, încadrarea cronologică și culturală sigură a acestor materiale este greu de obținut. Nu este excludă posibilitatea ca măcar unele din descoperirile amintite să poată fi atribuite etapei Foltești I. De aceea, pînă la surprinderea în teren a altor materiale întrutotul caracteristice etapei Foltești II, considerăm că cele de la Cățelu Nou constituie, pentru moment, prima descoperire certă de acest gen, în Muntenia.
★
Pe latura vestică a botului de deal, în secțiunea XLIV, a fost descoperit în primăvara anului 1963, un bordei cu materiale ceramice caracteristice culturii Glina III. În aceeași zonă, dar în secțiunea XLIII, a putut fi identificată și o groapă menajeră, proprie aceleiași locuirii. Cele două complexe explică astfel resturile ceramice Glina aflate sporadic pe promontoriu, în campaniile din 1960 și 1961.
Bordeiul a avut ca limită de pornire în jos baza stratului de pămînt cenușiu-închis. De la acest nivel, străbătînd solul castaniu și pătrunzînd și în cel galben-lutos, se adîncea pînă la maximum — 1,2 m. Locuința, orientată prin axul ei lung pe direcția sud-nord — era alcătuită din două gropi cu conturul gurii circular, alăturate, comunicînd între ele în zona superioară, dar despărțite în cea inferioară printr-un prag (fig. 9). Gro-
¹ Istoria României, I, Buc., 1960, p. 76 (capitol redactat de D. Berciu).
² I. Andriesescu, Les fouilles de Sultana, in Dacia, I, 1924, p. 91—92, pl. XXVIII, 10, 16—17, 20; XXIX, 1—2, 5—7.
³ V. Christescu, Les stations préhistoriques du lac Boian, in Dacia, II, 1925, p. 298 și pl. XXVIII, 1—3, 5—6.
⁴ Vladimir Dumitrescu, Fouilles de Gumelnita, in Dacia, II, 1925, p. 70 și fig. 43, 3—4, 6; fig. 44, 3.
⁵ Informații Vlad Zirra și Gh. Cazimir.
⁶ Cercetări întreprinse de Eugenia Zaharia, de la care deținem și informațiile.
pile se deosebeau între ele prin formă și dimensiuni: cea sudică, în forma unui fund de sac, avea diametrul 1,26 m și adâncimea — 0,82 m; cealaltă, dinspre nord, era cupitorită de jur-imprejur, cu excepția porțiunii din dreptul pragului despărțitor și avea diametrul maxim 2,35 m iar adâncimea — 1,12 m. Detalii în legătură cu modul de construcție a acoperișului nu au putut fi precizate. La fel, nu a fost constatată nici o dovadă asupra felului în care se făcea intrarea în bordei. De altfel, se poate face supoziția că o asemenea locuință era destinată nu atât adăpostirii oamenilor, cit mai degrabă păstrării proviziilor și altor obiecte.
Fig. 9. Planul și profilul bordeiului Glina.
Fig. 10. Strachină neolitică; înălțime = 0,116
Un atare tip de bordei a mai fost întlnit pe teritoriul Capitalei, într-o așezare Glina, cercetată de D. V. Rosetti, la Bucureștii Noi¹. Interesantă este constatarea că profilul acestor bordeie este foarte apropiat de cel al bordeiului Foltești II de la Cățelu Nou. Deosebirea constă în împrejurarea că — de unde, în locuințele Glina III, cele două gropi coincid cu întreaga suprafață a adăposturilor, în cazul bordeiului Foltești, gropile ocupau doar o anumită parte (aproximativ jumătate) din întinderea sa.
Groapa menajeră Glina III — cu o poziție stratigrafică identică cu cea a bordeiului — era în formă de clopot, avind diametrul gurii 0,62 m, diametrul maxim (pe fund) 1,07 m iar adâncimea — 0,38 m. În afara inventarului (de altfel redus), propriu locuirii din epoca bronzului, în groapă a mai fost descoperită — aproape întreagă — o strachină neolitică (fig. 10). Lucrată din pastă fină, amestecată cu puțin nisip, avind culoare cenușie-neagră, cu pete cărămizii provenite din arderi secundare, strachina are profilul bitronconic: partea inferioară mai dezvoltată, cea superioară, mai scundă, terminindu-se cu buza evazată. O proeminență conică este aplicată în zona de unire a părților componente ale recipientului. Străchini având profilul identic cu cel al vasului de la Cățelu Nou au fost întlnite în nivelul Gumelnita I de la Tangiru².
¹ Dinu V. Rosetti, Cîteva așezări și locuințe preistorice din preajma Bucureștilor, Buc., 1932. p. 10 cu fig. 13.
² D. Berciu, Contribuții..., p. 438, fig. 215, 2.
Trebuie subliniată descoperirea pentru a doua oară a unui vas neolitic gumelnitean, în cadrul unei locuiri Glina III. O situație de felul acesta a mai fost constatată la Popești—Leordeni, în preajma Bucureștilor, și ea i-a permis lui Dinu V. Rosetti ipoteza unei contemporaneități (partiale) între culturile Gumelnita și Glina¹. Departe de a subscrie la o atare explicare a faptelor acestora, întâlnite în teren, credem mai degrabă că ne aflăm în fața unei îngropări (chiar rituale) a unor obiecte scoase, probabil întimplător, din pământ (astfel încît ele să fie restituite mediului din care au fost preluate).
Inventarul complexelor de locuire Glina III a constat din câteva silexuri atipice, puține oase de animale domestice (cornute mari și mici); dintr-un disc de lut (a cărui utilizare nu poate fi precizată) și din fragmente ceramice.
În funcție de calitatea pastei din care au fost lucrate vasele, olăria aflată în bordei și în groapă poate fi clasificată în următoarele categorii:
1) Ceramică lucrată din pastă conținând nisip cu mica și pietriș în cantități apreciabile și, în măsură mai redusă, calcar sau cioburi pisate. Arse în mediu oxidant, vasele au căpătat o culoare cărămizie-roșiatică sau cărămizie-galbenă și doar în cazuri mai rare, cenușie. 2) Vase lucrate dintr-o pastă mai omogenă, dat fiind că pietrișul a fost aproape complet eliminat, ca degresanți utilizîndu-se cu precădere nisipurul cu mica și, mai rar, calcarul pisat. Suprafețele recipientelor din această categorie sunt bine netezite, arareori chiar lustruite. Culoarea obținută în urma arderii este de obicei galbenă cu nuanță cenușie. 3) Vase lucrate din pastă fină, omogenă și compactă, datorită eliminării oricăror impurități. Recipientele, în genere puternic lustruite, au culoarea neagră sau cenusie-neagră.
Starea foarte fragmentară a materialului ceramic Glina III permite cu destulă greutate precizarea unor forme. În prima categorie poate fi semnalată prezența vasului mare cu corp bombat, gât cilindric și buză evazată. Același tip de vas, avind însă dimensiunile mai reduse și peretii mai subțiri, apare și în cadrul categoriei a doua, unde se mai constată: strachina cu corpul ușor arcuit și fundul plat, recipiente cu corp globular și margine înaltă, evazată; castroane mici cu corp arcuit, marginea fiind ușor apăsată din interior în afară etc. În a treia categorie trebuie subliniată apariția unor străchini cu corpul tronconic și cu margine înaltă, evazată, a cărei delimitare de restul vasului este marcată printr-un umăr.
Așa cum s-a observat și în alte așezări Glina III, și la Cățelu-Nou exteriorul vaselor a fost uneori tratat fie prin acoperirea pereților cu un strat subțire de pastă conținând o mare cantitate de degresanți (nisip și pietriș, mai ales); fie, alteori, prin stropirea recipientelor cu un strat de barbotină.
Modul cel mai frecvent de ornamentare a ceramicii Glina descoperită în stațiunea de pe malul bălții Colentina-Pantelimon, a fost acela al găurilor-butoni, de regulă dispuse în șir orizontal sub buza vaselor (fig. 11/1—3, 6, 9). Predomină găurile-butoni obținute prin împingerea pastei din interiorul recipientului în afară, dar există și câteva cazuri în care producerea butonului a fost realizată invers (fig. 11/1). În cazuri repetate, șirului de găuri-butoni i se adaugă pe suprafața aceluiași vas
¹ Cf. Bucureștii de odinioară, E.S., Buc., 1959, p. 19.
și alte ornamente: alveolele dispuse pe buze (fig. 11/6); șirul (dispus pe umeri) de impresiuni triunghiulare (fig. 11/7) ori obținute cu unghia (fig. 11/6) cu degetul (fig. 11/8) sau cu o creangă ruptă (fig. 11/9); șirul de impresiuni alungite, mărginite la un capăt de o creastă mică, verticală
(fig. 11/4). (Spre deosebire de celelalte alveole sau impresiuni, obținute prin apăsare verticală sau oblică, impresiunile alungite se realizau prin alunecarea degetului sau capățului unui obiect, pe pasta moale a vasului; prin alunecare, care presupunea și o ușoară apăsare, un strat subțire de lut era împins; în locul unde se întrerupea acțiunea de producere a ornamentului, se forma creasta verticală, mică). Pe alte fragmente ceramice apar proeminente alungite alveolate, pastile aplicate, cu cimpul adâncit (fig. 11/5) etc.
O încadrare precisă a bordeiului și gropii Glina de la Cățelu Nou — prin raport cu schema de evoluție a acestei culturi — este și ea greu de obținut. Pe de o parte, în descoperirea de pe malul băltii Colentina-Pantelimon, lipsesc unele elemente (ceștile sau cănile, briurile alveolate etc.), de natură să susțină — într-un fel sau altul — o atare încercare. Pe de altă parte, încă nu s-a stabilit dacă pot fi între totul utilizate, pentru faciesul muntean al complexului Glina III—Schneckenberg, criteriile care i-au permis lui Alfred Prox periodizarea aspectului transilvănean. Analiza amplă, minuțioasă, a unor materiale Glina III de la Roșu (București, r. „16 Februarie”) a permis cercetătorilor stațiunii să încadreze descoperirea în faza B a lui Prox ¹. În această fază sînt încadrate și materialele Glina de la Ciurel ² și, după cum se pare, tot la acest orizont s-ar situa și descoperirile de la Glina ³.
Cît privește ceramica Glina III de la Cățelu Nou, trebuie subliniată atît absența unor elemente tipice pentru fața A (briurile crestate, cresătăturile subțiri de pe umerii recipientelor etc.), cit și multiplele similitudini cu materialele de la Roșu. Ținînd seamă de acestea, pare firească atribuirea descoperirilor prezentate aici tot în faza B a complexului Glina III—Schneckenberg, utilizînd în continuare periodizarea elaborată de Alfred Prox.
★
Săpăturile întreprinse în 1960 au dus la identificarea unei faze vechi a culturii Tei, pentru care am propus — provizoriu — numele de faza Cățelu Nou ⁴. În cadrul campaniilor din 1961 și 1963—1964, această fază a fost mai bine sesizată — trăsăturile specifice și poziția ei cronologică putînd fi definite acum pe baza unor complexe de locuire și materiale ceramice mai numeroase ⁵.
Inventarul propriu fazei Cățelu Nou a fost constatat printre resturile a trei colibe de suprafață, dar mai ales în umplutura câtorva alveolări-gropi.
Colibele de suprafață zăceaau la baza stratului de pămînt cenusiu-inchis, în stare de conservare cu totul precară. Este sigur că ele au fost construite dintr-un schelet de pari și nuiele impletite, acoperit cu un strat gros de lut amestecat cu păioase; dar fiind puternic distruse de un incendiu puștiitor și împrăștiat probabil și în timpul locuirilor ulterioare de pe promontoriu, dimensiunile și forma lor nu au mai putut fi precizate. Eventual, ținînd seamă de imprejurarea că în toate cazurile, aglomerările mari de chirpic se aflau distribuite pe o suprafață restrinsă (fig. 12), s-ar putea deduce că adăposturile acestea, construite la suprafața solului, nu vor fi fost prea spațioase.
¹ Margareta Constantiniu și P. I. Panait, O așezare din epoca bronzului la Roșu, în Cercetări arheologice in București, p. 301—338.
² Sebastian Morintz și Gh. Cantacuzino, Șantierul București, sectorul Ciurel, în Materiale, V, 1959, p. 633.
³ Ion Nestor, Fouilles de Glina, in Dacia, III—IV. 1927—1932, p. 237—252.
⁴ Vezi Raportul asupra săpăturilor de la Cățelu Nou, din 1960, în Cercetări arheologice in București, p. 26.
⁵ O prezentare succintă a ceramicii și problemelor pe care le pune faza Cățelu Nou am încercat-o în studiul O fază veche a culturii Tei descoperită la Cățelu Nou, in SCIV, XIV, 2, 1963, p. 309—321.
Probleme mai complicate pune interpretarea grupului celor șase alveolări-gropi. Acestea au apărut dispuse, toate, în zona de interior a dealului, pe o suprafață de aproximativ 20 m² — poziția lor stratigrafică fiind asigurată de constatarea că ele porneau a se adânci tot de la baza stratului de pământ cenușiu-inchis. Înăuntrul fiecărei din alveolările-
Fig. 12. Resturile unei colibe de suprafață din jaza Cățelu Nou a culturii Tei.
gropi s-au descoperit — depuse dens și în cantități mari — îndeosebi fragmente ceramice, dar și resturi de chirpici, unelte fragmentare sau alte obiecte.
Forma și dimensiunile acestor complexe de locuire nu au coincis niciodată, ele diferind de la un caz la altul (fig. 13).
Prima alveolare-groapă a apărut ca o albiere amenajată în pământ, cu forma ovală neregulată, adâncă de maximum —0,20 m (în centru) și cu diametrele maxime 1,22 m x 0,78 m. Cea de a doua, situată la o depărtare sudică de 0,60 m față de precedentă, avea forma ovală mult subțiată, lungimea sa fiind de 1,60 m, lățimea maximă de 0,64 m iar adâncimea de —0,17 m. În imediata vecinătate a alveolării-gropi nr. 2, a fost descoperită cea căreia i s-a dat nr. 3 — o „groapă“ rectangulară, adâncă de —0,38 m și cu latura cea mai lungă de 0,40 m. La o depărtare nordică de cca 1 m față de alveolarea-groapă nr. 3, a fost identificată o altă groapă (nr. 4), cu conturul deschiderii circular, diametrul fiind de 0,65 m, iar adâncimea maximă de —0,53 m. Alveolarea-groapă nr. 5, aflată în imediata vecinătate estică a celei anterioare, avea un contur oval, cu diametrele maxime 1,15 m x 0,83 m și cu adâncimea de —0,51 m. În fine, aproximativ cu 0,25 m mai spre est, se afla alveolarea-groapă nr. 6,
---
1 Includem și o alveolare-groapă cu materiale proprii fazei vechi a culturii Tei, descoperită în 1960 și descrisă în raportul de săpături pe acel an (cf. Cercetări arheologice..., p. 23).
cu conturul de asemenea oval, diametrele maxime fiind 1,23 m x 0,88 m, iar adâncimea aproximativă —0,17 m.
Pentru a ști ce utilitate au avut și în ce împrejurări au putut fi amenajate cele șase alveolări-gropi, trebuie să consemnăm și aici unele observații făcute în timpul săpăturilor, cât și cu prilejul prelucrării materialelor descoperite în aceste complexe.
Astfel, atrage atenție împrejurarea că alveolări-gropi prezintă dimensiuni îndeobște reduse și, totodată, variabile; din această cauză, deși în cele mai multe dintre ele au fost descoperite fragmente de chirpici, ipoteza surprinderii unor resturi in situ de locuințe trebuie înălțurată. În sprijinul unei atare concluzii apare hotărîtoare și o altă observație: deși aproape toate fragmentele ceramice găsite în cele șase alveolări-gropi au fost puternic arse secundar, adesea pînă la deformare, iar în cîteva cazuri pînă la topire, fapt este că pereții și fundurile gropilor sau albierilor nu au prezentat niciodată urme de arsură, tot așa cum în pămîntul lor de umplutură, urme de cenușă sau de carbuni nu au apărut nicicum. În fine, se mai cere menționat faptul că prelucrarea materialelor ceramice a dovedit că una sau alta din alveolări-gropi nu au constituit, din punctul de vedere al conținutului lor, un tot aparte, unitar și închis: în repetate cazuri, unul și același profil de vas sau vas întreg a putut fi
reconstituit cu fragmente ceramice recoltate din mai multe gropi, separate acestea una de alta.
Tinind seamă de cele relatate, este aproape sigur că alveolările-gropi au avut funcția de gropi menajere; căci, deși dimensiunile lor — într-ătît de reduse — s-ar opune eventual unei atari aprecierii, un fapt pare să nu poată fi tăgăduit: înăuntrul celor șase gropi se aflau resturile unei locuirii, a cărei amplasare a fost desigur în altă parte, aduse în locul unde ele au fost găsite și depozitate acolo ca ceva nefolosibil și abandonat.
Fără îndoială, o atare concluzie atrage cu sine întrebarea — pe seama căreia din populațiile ce s-au succedat în stațiunea de la Cățelu Nou poate fi pusă activitatea de colectare și depozitare a resturilor de cultură Tei surprinsе în cele șase alveolări-gropi? Dintre toate ipotezele care se pot face, cea mai apropiată de adevăr ar părea următoarea:
Alveolările-gropi nu au fost amenajate de cei care au folosit materialele descoperite în ele. Concluzia s-ar desprinde din constatarea că în inventarul lor au fost găsite și câteva obiecte de utilitate productivă, întregi — o ceașcă de lut, fusaiole și două greutăți piramidale de lut. Ori, dacă nu se admite o semnificație rituală a gropilor (semnificație ce nu apare manifestată prin nici un element caracteristic), nu se poate concepe abandonarea unor obiecte necesare procesului muncii, ce încă ar mai fi putut fi utilizate. De aceea, se poate crede că stringerea și depozitarea materialelor din cele șase alveolări-gropi au fost făcute de către populații care au locuit pe promontoriu după dispariția purtătorilor culturii Tei din faza Cățelu Nou.
În acest fel încercând precizarea momentului îngropării materialelor din alveolările-gropi, pare cu totul posibil că cei care au efectuat colectarea și depozitarea resturilor aduse aici în discuție au fost purtătorii culturii Tei din faza „La stejar“. Pentru această supoziție pledează îndeosebi analogiile puternice constatate — în privința formei și dimensiunilor — între două dintre alveolările-gropi cu ceramică din faza Cățelu Nou și alte două gropi, cu materiale de tip „La stejar“. Anume, una din gropile cu ceramică din faza „La stejar“, descoperită în secțiunea XXXIX, avea conturul gurii circular și adincimea —0,52 m, deosebindu-se ca atare de alveolarea-groapă nr. 4, cu materiale aparținind fazei Cățelu Nou, numai prin diametrul ceva mai mare al deschiderii ei. Cit privește cea de a doua groapă din faza „La stejar“, aceasta, descoperită în șanțul XXXI, era și prin forma ei ovală și prin dimensiuni (diametrele 1,08 x 0,80 m; adincimea —0,53 m) aproape identică cu alveolarea-groapă nr. 5, conținînd ceramică Tei de tip Cățelu Nou.
Este drept că pentru a preciza momentul amenajării celor șase alveolări-gropi și al depozitării materialelor descoperite în ele, se pot face și alte supoziții¹, îngăduite atît de situația stratigrafică din stațiune, cât și de caracterul particular al complexelor de locuire prezentate.
¹ Este atragătoare ipoteza îngropării materialelor Tei din cele șase alveolări-gropi de către locuitorii din așezarea Latène. După informații primite de la tov. Alexandru Vulpe, cazuri de depunere intenționată în gropi Latène, a unor materiale din epoci anterioare s-au constatat în stațiunea getică de la Popești. Tinind însă seamă de împrejurarea că la Cățelu Nou, gropile din a doua epocă a fierului prezintă cu totul alte forme și dimensiuni înălțăm ipoteza amenajării alveolărilor-gropi cu ceramică Tei de către locuitorii din așezarea geto-dacă.
Dat fiind că ceramica fazei Cățelu Nou și problemele pe care ea le ridică au făcut obiectul unui studiu în prezent apărut, este firesc să se stâruiască în continuare asupra acestor elemente de inventar și particularități proprii acestei faze, mai puțin subliniate pînă acum.
În cadrul a trei categorii ceramice — pastă cu mult nisip și pietriș, bucați de calcar și cioburi pisate; vase lucrate din pastă conținînd aceleași materii degresante, dar în proporții sensibil diminuate; și recipiente din pastă fină — faza Cățelu Nou introduce o gamă relativ variată de forme, între care, cele mai multe, se vor dovedi specifice pentru întreg procesul de evoluție a culturii Tei. Pînă în prezent, au putut fi identificate în faza veche a culturii epocii bronzului mijlociu și tîrziu din Muntenia, următoarele: 1) vase cu pîntece bombat, gît cilindric și buză evazată (fig. 14/1), de dimensiuni mari în prima categorie, mijlocii și, mai rar, mici în cea de a doua; 2) recipiente de dimensiuni mijlocii, cu corp globular și margine înaltă, cu două torți verticale, pe umăr (14/4), în categoria a doua; 3) castroane cu corpul arcuit simplu (13/3), de dimensiuni variabile în toate categoriile (un fragment are în interior, marginea întărită cu o bordură); 4) castroane cu corpul arcuit bitronconic — partea inferioară fiind mai dezvoltată, cea superioară mai
---
42 Vezi nota 5 de la p. 28.
scundă (fig. 14/2) — adeseori cu margine evazată, (în categoriile a doua și a treia); 5) străchini cu corp arcuit (două fragmente provenind de la același vas), în categoria a doua; 6) fructiere sau cupe cu picior, de asemenea în categoria a doua; 7) tavițe cu marginea oblică (fig. 18/7 a-b), în categoriile a doua și a treia; 8) un vas mic cu corp bitronconic și cu margine cilindrică, cu două proeminente alternind simetric cu două tortițe (lucrat din pastă fină), (fig. 15); și 9) cești, prezentind în cadrul categoriei a treia următoarele variante: a) cu toartă trasă din buză, având corpul arcuit bitronconic, gitul cilindric inalt și buza evazată; sau cu corpul semisferic și git cilindric, scund, cu marginea ușor evazată; ori cu corpul în formă de barcă (fundul fiind oval alungit, cu pereții căzind oblic față de fund); (în faza Cățelu Nou apare în cazuri numeroase, la ceștile cu toartă trasă din buză, un mic prag care se ridică deasupra tortii, realizat prin subțierea și înălțarea marginii ceștii, în zona de unde a fost trasă toarta); b) cu toartă sub margine, avind corpul arcuit simplu, gitul relativ inalt și buza evazată; sau corpul arcuit bitronconic, gitul scund și buza răsfrântă în afară.
Adeseori, recipientele fazei Cățelu Nou sunt ornamentate. Cum acest decor se dovedește — în cazul culturii epocii bronzului mijlociu și târziu din Muntenia — a fi cel mai sensibil la evoluție; și deoarece faza Cățelu Nou se individualizează cit mai pregnant prin trăsăturile specifice constatate în ornamentare, vom stârui, în legătură cu descoperirile din 1961—1964, tocmai în acest sens.
Exteriorul vaselor din primele două categorii este cel mai adesea brăzdat de striațiuni obținute cu mâturica. De remarcat faptul că pe lîngă striațiunile oblice (fig. 16/12), apar în faza Cățelu Nou, destul de des (așa cum nu se va mai întâmpla în fazele următoare ale culturii Tei), striațiuni dispuse orizontal (fig. 16/2,7). Tot în prima categorie apare — cazuri însă rare — decorul cu barbotină¹. Arareori de asemeni, se constată și alveole dispuse în șir pe buză, învăluind-o, precum și creștăturile așezate pe buze². Decorul recipientelor din primele două categorii se intemeiază însă, în principal, pe două elemente: briul alveolat, dar și crestat și șirul de impresiuni sau adincituri cu contururi diferite. Nu de puține ori, ambele elemente decorative apar asociate pe vase. Specific pentru faza veche a culturii Tei este briul ingust, cu alveole mici, rotunjite (fig. 16/1) sau, în cazul celui crestat, cu creștăturile scurte. Dispunerea briurilor alveolate și crestate se facea numai în exterior, imediat sub buză și pe umeri, pentru a marca zona de unire a pintecelui cu gitul. Dacă briurile alveolate apar numai în dispuere orizontală, cele crestate alcătuiesc uneori ghirlande împletite, din care pe alocuri se desprind franjuri, sau sint segmentate și dispuse în formă de „S“, în
¹ Un fragment ceramic decorat cu barbotină este reproduc în SCIV, XIV, 1963, 2, p. 311, fig. 3/7.
² Vezi op. cit., fig. 3/2.
Fig. 16. Fragmente ceramice din faza Cățelu Nou.
șir. Impresiunile așezate în șiruri sint triunghiulare (fig. 16/4,8), circulare, obținute cu trestia (fig. 16/6), ovale (fig. 16/11) sau semiovale (fig. 16/14), în formă de potcoavă (fig. 16/10) sau de „U“ răsturnat (fig. 16/3). Modul de ornamentare a vaselor din primele două categorii a mai presupus cîteodată proeminentele mici, dispuse fie în șir (fig. 16/13), fie în grup de cite patru (fig. 16/14) sau de cite două (fig. 16/7), întotdeauna pe umerii recipientelor. Pe lîngă proeminentele mici, a căror dispunere se întemeia mereu pe grupaj, apar și proeminente mai mari, tronconice, uneori cu o adîncitură în centru (fig. 16/4), așezate la distanță — cite patru, dispuse simetric. Alteori, pe umerii vaselor mari cu corpul bombat apar torți mici, ornamentale, încadrate de o parte și de alta de proeminente semiovale sau tronconice (cu contur neregulat modelat). În sfîrșit, recipientele de dimensiuni mici, din a doua categorie erau cîteodată decorate cu „boabe de linte“ (fig. 16/5; 19.7).
Decorul vaselor lucrate din pastă fină a utilizat în cazuri cu totul rare procedeele și motivele ornamentale întîlnite pe recipientele categoriilor întâia și a doua. Specifică vaselor grupate în categoria a treia a fost ornamentarea care a avut la bază incizia și procedeul impunsăturilor alăturate sau succesive.
În tehnica inciziei au fost obținute linii drepte, în zigzag și în val. În general (există, pînă în prezent doar o excepție; fig. 19/7), tot mereu linia dreaptă, de regulă dispusă orizontal a fost asociată ori cu linia ondulată ori cu cea în zigzag. Se poate considera că pentru olarii din faza veche a culturii Tei aceasta constituia un principiu, a cărei aplicare dădea însă naștere, în chip firesc, la variante: linia dreaptă succedată de o linie în zigzag sau în val (fig. 17 8 : 18 5); linia ondulată sau în zigzag încadrată de două linii drepte orizontale (fig. 17 2 ; 18 2); sau alternarea liniilor drepte cu celelalte (fig. 18 4). Asocierea unor elemente de decor care, altfel, pot figura independent nu s-a redus numai la exemplele menționate. În cazuri numeroase, ornamentele obținute prin incizie au fost combinate cu cele produse prin impunsături alăturate sau succesive. Cu privire la acest din urmă procedeu de ornamentare trebuiesc subliniate — chiar repetind unele amănunte — trăsăturile sale specifice, pe baza cărora se poate cel mai bine defini faciesul vechi al culturii Tei (faza Cățelu Nou).
Întîi, trebuie relatată frecvența mare, pe ceramică fină a fazei Cățelu Nou, a decorului care are la bază banda compusă din frinturi de linii alăturate. În al doilea rînd, trebuie precizat ceea ce deosebește impunsăturile succesive din faza veche a culturii Tei, de cele care vor apare în fazele următoare: anume, în faza Cățelu Nou, impunsăturile succesive au fie forma unor ovale alungite minuscule, fie forma unor virgule nearcuite. Dispunerea înșiruită a impunsăturilor se facea cu scopul de a obține nu o succesiune bazată pe interpătrundere (în fazele următoare ale culturii Tei, impunsăturile succesive au aspectul unor șiruri de unghiuri concentrice) ci în scopul obținerii unei succesiuni intemeiată pe o alăturare paralelă — una lîngă alta, dar la distanță — a unor mici linii, virgule nearcuite sau puncte alungite. De altfel, de multe ori, pe vasele fazei Cățelu Nou este greu să se deosebească frinturile de linii
---
1 Op. cit., p. 311, fig. 3,6. 8
2 Op. cit., p. 310, fig. 1 și p. 311, fig. 3/4.
Fig. 17. Ceramică Tei, faza Cățelu Nou.
de împunsăturile succesive propriu-zise. Tocmai datorită aspectului aparte al acestora din urmă, atât micile linii, cât și împunsăturile apar ca două variante de decor obținute printr-unul și același procedeu tehnic: împunsătură prelungită în timp și (implicit) pe distanță (pe suprafața vasului).
Motivele decorative realizate prin frinturi de linii și împunsături alăturate (în genere încrustate cu substanță albă) sînt, în unele cazuri, înrudite cu cele produse prin incizii, deoarece se intemeiază tot pe asocierea, pe alternanța dintre zigzaguri și linii sau benzi orizontale (fig. 17/3,5). Împreună cu acestea se mai constată alăturarea unui șir orizontal de împunsături cu o bandă orizontală de frinturi de linii (fig. 17/1); încercuirea fundului unor vase cu o bandă continuă de segmente de linii (fig. 17/7) sau cu o bandă de acest fel, întreruptă simetric de trei benzi scurte (tot de frinturi de linii) orientate perpendicular față de banda întreruptă (fig. 17/4); pe fundul unei tăvițe, un motiv complex, obținut tot din benzi de frinturi de linii, care sugerează roata cu spîte (fig. 18/7 b); segmente de benzi sau benzi continui de zigzaguri „fulger” (verticale) (fig. 18/7a; 19/6); cite un șir, sau cite două (în acest caz, separate de o linie incizată) de „V” culcați, incadrate de cite o bandă de împunsături alăturate, oblice (fig. 21/a-b); în compoziția altor ornamente complexe, motivul „ramură de brad” (fig. 19.1) etc. Corpul unor cești este ornamentat cu benzi compuse din frinturi de linii alăturate, încadrate pe margini de linii incizate, sau obținute prin împunsături succesive (motivul „linie de cale ferată”)¹; aceste benzi, pornind — printr-o dispunere simetrică — dinspre fund, se ridică vertical pînă pe umerii recipientelor, unde, — fie că au la capete cercuri neînchise, obținute prin împunsături alăturate (fig. 19/5), fie că liniile incizate de pe margini se desfac și se termină în volute (fig. 19/6). Volutele acestea, ca și cercurile neînchise care termină — în zona unor torti sau puceminte — linii incizate orizontale (fig. 20/1) constituie pe recipientele din faza Cățelu Nou, singurele elemente de decor spiralic obținut în tehnica inciziei sau împunsăturilor succesive. În sfîrșit, este interesant — fiind singular prin asocierea unor ornamente produse în două tehnici diferite — decorul dispus pe buza și umărul unui castron de dimensiuni mai mari²; aici segmentele de benzi compuse din frinturi de linii alăturate sint combineate cu șiruri de adîncituri semiovale (unele) și triunghiulare (altele), acestea avind poziția răsturnată alternativ (fig. 18/3).
Cu prilejul publicării raportului de săpături din 1960, dar mai ales în cadrul studiului citat, am încercat rezolvarea unora dintre problemele pe care le ridică faza Cățelu Nou — îndeosebi problema poziției în timp pe care această fază a avut-o în procesul de evoluție a culturii Tei. Într-un alt context am semnalat însă, o altă problemă: aceea a unei lipse directe de legătură între faza Cățelu Nou și faza Tei — și a existenței — probabilă — a unui aspect de cultură între
¹ Un atare motiv apare pe vase și în cultura Wietenberg (cf. Székely Zoltán Contribuții la cronologia epocii bronzului în Transilvania, in SCIV, VI, 1955, 3—4, p. 851, fig. 6/1 a—b). Nu este exclus ca astfel de materiale să aparțină unei faze timpurii, încă neomologată în cultura epocii bronzului din Transilvania.
² Vasul este reprodus in SCIV, XIV, 1963, 2, p. 310, fig. 1/6.
Fig. 18. Fragmente ceramice din faza Cățelu Nou a culturii Tei.
aceste două faze, încă nu surprins în teren\(^1\). Fără a renunța la această ipoteză — câteva fragmente ceramice de tip Cățelu Nou, descoperite în
---
\(^1\) Valeriu Leahu, Considerații cu privire la faza a două a culturii Tei, în lumina noilor săpături arheologice de la Bâneasa, în Materiale de istorie și muzeografie, II, p. 3 și urm.
stațiune în 1964, sint totuși de natură să arate — fapt pe care, de asemenea, l-am subliniat — că faza Tei a extras sau asimilat elemente de cultură oricum și din faciesul determinat pe malul bălții Colentina-Pantelimon. Fragmentele ceramice aduse în discuție oferă, credem, posibilitatea intuirii modului în care a evoluat „pe loc“ atit procedeul tehnic al împunsăturilor succesive proprii fazelor următoare ale culturii Tei, cît și unele motive ornamentale. Astfel, nu ni se pare exclus a crede că la procedeul „clasici“ Stichkanaltechnik — în care o împunsătură lasă în pasta moale a vasului urma unui virf ascuțit, iar aspectul obișnuit al ornamentelor obținute în acest fel este acela al șirului de mici unghiuri concentrice dispuse înăuntrul sau la baza unei linii șanțuite — s-a ajuns pornindu-se de la ornamentul „ramură de brad“ sau de la acela al șirului de „V“ culcați, din faza Cățelu Nou. Trecerea se va fi făcut prin apropierea și unirea frinturilor de linii care formau unghiurile, anume prin efectuarea, în loc de două intervenții, a uneia singure, făcută cu un alt instrument, care să producă un efect asemănător. (În faza Cățelu Nou, olarul trebuia să traseze întâi un șir de linii mici oblice, iar apoi, de-a lungul aceluia, un alt șir de linii tot oblice, dar orientate în sens opus, astfel încât să se ajungă la șirul de „V“ sau de unghiuri, acestea însă cu virfurile nu întotdeauna bine sudate. În fazele următoare se va fi înlocuit acest mod de a obține ornamentele printr-altul, mai rapid: cu un obiect avind virful ascuțit, se putea, acum, obține un unghi doar printr-o singură apăsare pe pasta moale, iar printr-o apăsare repetată, ritmică, pe un traseu, se obținea șirul de unghiuri concentrice).
Modul în care s-a făcut trecerea de la unele motive decorative, proprii fazei Cățelu Nou, la altele, întîlnite indeosebi în faza Tei, ne pare a fi sugerat de câteva fragmente ceramice decorate cu zigzaguri incizate, neglijent realizate, precum și de un fragment de castron mic (fig. 20/3), pe marginea căruia apare un șir de zigzaguri cu capetele îmbucate. În funcție de ornamentele de pe aceste fragmente, se poate crede că de la linia în zigzag — atit de frecventă în faza Cățelu Nou — s-a trecut, prin rotunjirea colțurilor (intenționată sau accidentală, la început) la linia în val — curent reprodusă pe vasele din faza Tei; și că pe această direcție de evoluție, de la șirul de zigzaguri cu capetele îmbucate s-a putut ajunge și la șirul de „S“-uri culcați, cu capetele înănuțuite, ornament atit de caracteristic pentru ceramica fină din faza Tei.
Desigur, aceste ipoteze în legătură cu evoluția „pe loc“ a tehnicii împunsăturilor succesive și a unor motive decorative, în cultura Tei, nu exclud și aportul unor intervenții străine, venite din arii culturale învecinate. După cum am avut, de asemenea, prilejul să subliniem, în procesul de constituire a fazei a doua (Tei) a culturii epocii bronzului mijlociu și târziu din Muntenia, apare în chip evident aportul unui curent de influență sudică, macedoniană.
Săpăturile efectuate la Cățelu Nou în 1960 lăsaseră impresia că locuirea Tei din faza „La stejar” a fost situată numai pe marginea vestică a botului de deal. În timpul campaniilor din 1963—1964 supozitia a fost însă infirmată, deoarece, alături cu două gropi aflate pe marginea promontoriului, un bordei și o vatră de foc au fost descoperite în zona interioară, de centru, a înălțimii.
Bordeiul, surprins în secțiunea XXXVI, a fost impresionant prin întinderea sa: cu o formă rectangulară neregulată, avea lungimea de 12,50 m, iar lățimea de 9,80 m. Pornind să se adîncească de la baza stratului de pămînt cenușiu-închis, străpungînd solul castaniu și perforînd parțial și pămîntul galben-lutos, groapa locuinței a coborît astfel — prin raport cu nivelul de la care ea a fost săpată — pînă la — 0,72 m. Avînd de jur-imprejur peretii drepti, se poate crede că în locuință se intra cu ajutorul unei scări sau unui butuc de lemn. Modul în care va fi fost amenajat acoperișul n-a putut fi intuit prin nimic.
Dacă ținem seamă de dimensiunile mari ale bordeiului; apoi de împrejurarea că pe toată suprafața dealului — destul de temeinic cercetată — aceasta a fost singura locuință Tei din faza „La stejar”; în fine, dacă se are în vedere marea cantitate de oase de animale aflate în bordei — pe aceste temeuri, locuința poate fi apreciată ca un adăpost păstoresc colectiv.
În vecinătatea bordeiului, față de acesta la o depărtare nordică de aproximativ 2,20 m, a fost identificată vatră de foc (fig. 22). Amenajată direct pe pămînt, prin depunerea unui strat de lutuială, pe o suprafață ovală cu diametrul maxim 0,77 m, vatră poate fi socotită ca aparținînd locuinței învecinate. Pe vatră au fost descoperite un vas cu corpul bombat și gît cilindric (fragmentar) (fig. 23/1), un castron fragmentar (fig. 23/2), un suport piramidal pentru frigare, lucrat din lut (fig. 24/1), un alt obiect tot din lut, cu formă aproximativ sferoidală, perforat (fig. 24/2) (probabil stînd în legătură tot cu suportul de frigare) și fragmentele unui alt recipient, cu corp globular și margine înaltă cilindrică (fig. 25).
Fig. 21. Vas de lut, fragmentar. Faza Cățelu Nou a culturii Tei.
Dintre cele două groapi — ale căror dimensiuni au fost precizate, relațind asupra analogiilor lor cu unele din alveolările-groapi, cu cera-
Fig. 22. Vatră de foc. Cultura Tei, faza „La stejar”.
Fig. 23. Vase fragmentare descoperite pe vatră.
mică de tip Cățelu Nou — a atras atenție îndeosebi groapa surprinsă în secțiunea XXXI¹; conținutul acesteia a fost alcătuit de douăsprezece
¹ Această groapă a străpuns resturile unei colibe de suprafață din faza Cățelu Nou a culturii Tei.
Fig. 24. Suporti de frigare găsiți pe vatra Tei.
Fig. 25. Vas fragmentar, cultura Tei — faza „La stejar”.
Fig. 26. Fragment de vas Monteoru IIa.
cești cu toartă, majoritatea întregi, câteva doar în stare fragmentară (fig. 27).
Dintre resturile locuirii de tip „La stejar“ trebuie subliniată și o aglomerare bogată de fragmente ceramice, surprinsă în zona de margine a dealului, la baza stratului de pământ cenușiu-inchis, în secțiunea XXVII și într-o casetă adiacentă. Masa de cioburi a fost supusă — dar nu în acel loc — unei puternice arderi secundare (probabil un incendiu), încit
![Fig. 27. Cești din faza „La stejar“; înălțime: 1 = 0,054; 2 = 0,052; 3 = 0,067; 4 = 0,065.]
multe dintre fragmentele de vase au fost deformate, iar altele, pe alocuri, chiar topite. În aglomerarea de resturi ceramice Tei din faza „La stejar“ — în asociere deci, cu acestea — au apărut trei fragmente aparținând — toate — unui vas propriu culturii Monteoru: un castron lucrat din pastă amestecată cu nisip, avind corpul bitronconic și marginea înaltă. Ornamentat prin incizii superficiale și adincituri, vasul are pe partea superioară a corpului un decor de ghirlande compuse din cite trei linii ancuite; în zona de unire a corpului cu marginea, un șir de adincituri ovale-alungite, oblic înclinate, încadrate deasupra și dedesubt de cite o linie orizontală; marginea fiind decorată cu un șir de triunghiuri hașurate, dispuse cu virfurile în sus și cu bazele unite (fig. 26). Vasul trebuie încadrat în faza Monteoru IIa, deoarece, potrivit cu informații primite de la Eugenia Zaharia, forma recipientului, motivele ornamentale și modul de a dispune decorul sunt caracteristice pentru faza amintită.
Descoperirea aceasta reprezintă, pînă acum, primul import, cunoscut, de ceramică Monteoru în aria culturii Tei. Mai demult fuseseră descoperite importuri Tei în aria Monteoru, chiar în așezarea eponimă¹.
¹ Ion Nestor, Raport general asupra săpăturilor de la Sărata-Monteoru, în Raport asupra activității științifice a Muzeului Național de Antichități în anii 1942 și 1943, Buc., 1944. p. 27.
Fragmentele de castron din faza Monteoru IIa găsite la Cățelu Nou pun probleme noi în legătură cu dezvoltarea sincronă, pe faze și etape, a celor două culturi din epoca bronzului.
Inventarul locuirii Tei din faza „La stejar” constă din două unelte — una de piatră, iar cealaltă de bronz: din câteva obiecte de lut (o greutate de plasă tronconică, cu orificiu; mai multe fusaiole — cu discul plat, tronconice incomplet perforate și de tipul roții cu butuc; un toporaș votiv); dintr-o cantitate de oase de animale și din fragmente ceramice.
Uneltele au fost descoperite în pământul de umplutură din bordei: o daltă de piatră lustruită, cu forma trapezoidală, avind secțiunea rectangulară, tăișul și muchia drepte, și o seceră de bronz (fig. 28). Aceasta, turnată monovalv, este — potrivit cu o remarcă a Eugeniei Zaharia — o piesă deosebit de interesantă, întrucît dovedește transpunerea în metal, de către oamenii din epoca bronzului, a cutițului curb de piatră (Krummesser-ul). Din acest punct de vedere și tipologic, obiectul poate fi considerat mai vechi decit nivelul de evoluție și momentul cronologic reprezentat prin faza „La stejar”. Nu ar fi, de aceea, exclus ca seceră de bronz să fi aparținut purtătorilor culturii Tei din faza Cățelu Nou, din stațiune, fiind apoi preluată (găsită) și utilizată de locuitorii fazei mai tîrzii a culturii Tei.
Oasele de animale descoperite numai în bordei aparțin unor bovine, porcine, cabaline și ovicaprine — specii domestice și unor cerbi și bouri — specii sălbaticе, vinate¹.
Ceramica din faza „La stejar” poate fi clasificată întocmai în aceleași trei categorii constatatate și în faza Cățelu Nou. Deosebirea între olăria fazei vechi a culturii Tei și cea a fazei mai recente, constă însă în faptul că, la aceasta din urmă, în cadrul primelor două categorii, a fost sporit procentul de nisip și pietri; introdus în pastă, totodată amestecul și frămîntarea lutului făcîndu-se mai neglijent.
Multe din forme ale recipientelor continuă și dezvoltă tipuri întîlnite de asemeni în faza Cățelu Nou. Vasele cu corpul bombat și git cilindric, din prima categorie, au în unele cazuri, dimensiunile considerabil sporite; prezintă o tendință de modificare a profilului — dinspre sferoidal către oval-inălțat; arcuirea gitului și evazarea buzei se face mai pronunțat, iar uneori pe corp apar torți masive. Același tip de recipient, însă de dimensiuni mijlocii, constatat în categoria a doua, înălțură brîul alveolat de sub buza și din zona de unire a gitului cu umărul, în schimb gitul ridicîndu-se acum brusc vertical din umăr (fig. 23.1) iar buza căpătînd o evazare cit se poate de pronunțat orizontală. Castroanele cu corpul arcuit, din prima și a doua categorie, prezintă uneori o tendință de înălțare, cu accentuarea tronconicității părții inferioare, torțile verticale de pe umeri apărînd acum mai des (23.2). La vasele cu corp globular și
¹ Resturile faunistice din bordeiul „La stejar” ca și acelea din așezarea Latène au fost determinate tot de Alexandra Bolomei.
margine înaltă se observă o mai pronunțată arcuire a acesteia din urmă, fie în afară, fie, citeodată, prin orientarea oblică spre interior a marginii, buza propriu-zisă răminind dreaptă (verticală). Un caz particular de evoluție la acest tip de recipient este marcat prin crearea unui prag pe umăr, printr-o creastă orizontală care îi circumscrise și din care sînt trase două proeminente semiovale, alternînd simetric cu două torti (fig. 25). În sfîrșit, ceștile cu corpul arcuit bitronconic și cu toarta trasă din buză — tip de recipient constatat în cultura Tei încă din faza Cățelu Nou — prezintă în faza „La stejar” un stadiu de evoluție marcat prin următoarele elemente specifice: predilecția pentru scurtarea înălțimii pintecelui, dar, în schimb, pentru înălțarea gitului; tendința de micșorare a diametrului ceștilor, recipientele ciștigînd, prin raport cu grosimea, o mai pronunțată înălțare; preferința pentru gura oblică; toarta trasă din buză fiind întotdeauna suprainălțată (încă din faza Tei dispare micul prag ridicat deasupra tortii, prin subțierea și înălțarea unui colț tras din buză).
Alături cu vase care constituie dezvoltarea unor forme apărute încă în faza Cățelu Nou, în inventarul ceramic al locuirii din faza „La stejar”, descoperit în stațiune, se constată și tipuri noi: în prima categorie, vase cu corpul înalt, arcuit (oval-inălțate) și cu margine cilindrică, relativ scundă și recipiente cu pintecele ușor arcuit, cu gitul cilindric, înalt și buză evazată; în categoria a două, vase mari cu corpul bine arcuit, cu git tronconic, înalt, marginea fiind dreaptă; vase (castroane?) cu corp arcuit bitronconic și cu git cilindric; o strachină cu corpul întins, puternic arcuit și castroane scunde, cu corpul puternic arcuit bitronconic. În sfîrșit, în categoria a treia s-au constatat: castroane mari, cu gura largă și fundul ingust, avînd partea inferioară a corpului tronconică, cea superioară — arcuită, marginea fiind oblic evazată, cu două torti pornind de sub buză și coborînd pe partea superioară a pintecelui; și cești, în seria căroro principalele variante sint următoarele: cu toartă trasă din buză, avînd corpul cilindric, caliciform, sau cu corpul arcuit și cu fund tronconic aplatizat, terminat cu o proeminentă tronconică (picioar mic); și cu toarta sub margine, cu corpul cilindric sau arcuit bitronconic (partea inferioară mai pronunțat dezvoltată decît cea superioară), marginea fiind cilindrică și relativ înaltă.
În ornamentarea ceramicii de tip „La stejar” s-au surprins la Cățelu Nou, elemente de asemenei caracteristice: în afară striurilor obținute cu măturica, în prima categorie — utilizarea, în proporție evident precumpănitoare, a briurilor alveolate late, cu alveole alungite; adeseori, dispunerea — pe același vas — a două briuri (unul sub buză, altul mai jos, pe git): decorarea recipientelor cu crestături pe buză, iar dedesubt, pe git, cu un briu crestat¹; în categoria a două: ornamentele compuse dintr-un șir de alveole oblice, pe buze, asociate cu un șir de impresiuni triunghiulare („dinti de lup”) dispus în zona de unire a gitului cu pintecele; șiruri de impresiuni circulare, mici; cercuri adincite, cu umbo în centru, dispuse simetric pe umerii vaselor; creste alungite, simple sau crestate, așezate pe git sau pe umeri etc. Pe recipientele lucrate din pastă fină decorul precumpănitor este cel obținut prin impunsături succesive. Cu
¹ Nu este vorba de briul crestat specific perioadei de trecere de la neolitic spre epoca bronzului, sau perioadei timpurii a acestei epoci (briul ingust, de obicei triunghiular în secțiune și cu crestături mici, verticale). Acum, în faza „La stejar”, briul este lat iar crestăturile — dese și oblice.
exceptia unor benzi sau spații hașurate în rețea (fig. 29/1), ornamentele realizate în tehnica inciziei sint absente. Împunsăturile succesive întinse la Cățelu Nou, pe vasele din faza „La stejar” sint uneori fin executate, alteleori însă, mai grosolan, cu un instrument cu capătul gros, care, citeodată, a lăsat în pastă șiruri de împunsături late și cu contururi mai rotunjite (fig. 29/3). Unele ornamente au la bază zigzagul — cu pre-cadere orientat vertical — și linia ondulată. Se constată dispunerea acestora — pînă la maximum posibil — multiplicată, alcătuind frize care circumscruie întreg pintelele vasului (fig. 29/4; 30/5). În compoziția altor ornamente intră triunghiurile și romburile, simple sau hașurate (fig. 29/5; 30/6), uneori triunghiurile — dispuse cu bazele în sus— avind cirilige la vîrf (fig. 30/3). Se remarcă și prezența repetată a unor ornamente care au la bază spirala (fig. 29/2; 30/6), precum și acelea care sint întemeiate pe alternarea unor spații sau benzi ornamentale, cu alte spații sau benzi crutate (fig. 29/1; 30/4).
Împrejurarea că decorul obținut prin împunsături succesive fiin executate este surprins pe multe recipiente; faptul că pe umărul unor cești (fig. 30/1) se întâlnește banda compusă din linii orizontale asociate cu linii ondulate (ornament tipic pentru faza Tei); apoi constatarea că ornamentele întemeiate pe contururi trasate precumpănesc față de cele care au la bază spații ornamentate; în fine, absența castroanelor cu
corp tronconic (în categoria a doua) și raritatea frapantă a castroanelor mari cu partea inferioară a pintecelui tronconică, cu cea superioară arcută și cu marginea oblic evazată (în categoria a treia) — toate acestea indreptățesc concluzia că locuirea „La stejar“ de la Cățelu Nou aparține unui aspect mai timpuriu al acestei faze, contemporan sau de același tip cu nivelul „La stejar“ surprins pe Dealul Piscului (București, r. N. Bălcescu)¹ și cu ceramică din locuința nr. 4/1963, cercetată în așezarea de la Băneasa („La stejar“). Întrucît însă, în această din urmă stațiune — fie prin cercetările mai vechi ale lui Dinu V. Rosetti, fie prin acelea mai recente ale Muzeului de istorie a orașului București² — au apărut locuințe cu o ceramică tot de tip „La stejar“, dar în unele privințe deosebită de cea de la Cățelu Nou — Dealul Piscului, se poate conchide că
¹ Facem referire la rezultatele săpăturilor efectuate pe Dealul Piscului în 1960, de Margareta Constantiniu. Cercetări inedite; materiale aflate în depozitul Muzeului de istorie a orașului București.
² Cercetările noastre, inedite.
faza „La stejar” a avut o durată de existență în timp mai îndelungată, în evoluția ei putind fi, eventual, precizate mai multe etape.
★
Pe latura estică a promontoriului, în secțiunea XLIV, a fost descoperit în campania de săpături din primăvara anului 1963, un bordei în care materialele ceramice sint similare celoră găsite în 1960, într-o altă locuință, atribuită atunci — de noi și de alții — unui aspect aparte al culturii Glina¹. Noua descoperire, mai bogată în conținut, obligă la o revenire asupra încadrării făcute, dar fără a putea obține acum o atribuire culturală și cronologică precisă a materialelor.
Groapa bordeiului descoperit în 1963 pornea de la baza stratului de pămînt cenușiu-închis și, de la acest nivel, se adincea pînă la maximum — 0,83 m, în pămîntul galben-lutos. Forma locuinței a fost ovală, cu diametrele de 3,27 x 2,62 m. Ca și în cazul bordeiului cercetat în 1960, nici la acesta de al doilea nu s-au constatat amenajări speciale ale intrării, peretilor sau podelei. Ținind seamă de prezența, în pămîntul de umplutură a gropii, a unor resturi de chirpici cu urme de nuiele, s-ar putea crede că suprastructura locuinței va fi fost lucrată din material lemnos. Dar în legătură cu aceasta nu au fost descoperite urme (gropi) de pari nici în interiorul bordeiului și nici pe laturile sale.
În afara unei fusaiole de lut — bitronconică, incomplet perforată — inventarul a constat numai din fragmente ceramice, mai abundente aici decît în bordeiul cercetat în 1960.
După tehnica de preparare a pastei, ceramica se împarte în următoarele categorii:
1) Recipiente de dimensiuni mari, cu pereti groși, lucrate dintr-o pastă în a cărei compoziție a intrat, în afară de lut, nisip, pietriș și bucați de calcar sfârimate, adeseori nu prea mărunt. Amestecul acesta a fost neglijent frămîntat, din care cauză, în spărtură, pereții vaselor prezintă o structură neomogenă, deloc compactă, în timp ce suprafețele exterioare au un aspect zgrunțuros. De pe urma arderii, realizată în mediu oxidant, recipientele au căpatat o culoare originară cărămizie-roșiatică. Proportional, această primă categorie ceramică nu este prea numeroasă.
2) A doua categorie — numeric, cel mai bine reprezentată — o constituie recipientele de dimensiuni variabile, lucrate dintr-o pastă care a folosit aceleași materii degresante, cu deosebirea însă că proporția acestora a fost evident diminuată, iar calitatea sensibil îmbunătățită (pietrișul și calcarul fiind foarte mărunt sfârimate). Pe lingă atari degresanți, în cazuri extrem de rare, s-au mai constatat în pastă și cioburi pisate mărunt. Arderea pare să se fi făcut diferit, pe lingă fragmente de vase cu o culoare cărămizie apărind și altele, cenusii sau cenusii-negre.
3) În fine, o a treia categorie ceramică o alcătuiesc fragmentele de vase — atît de dimensiuni mijlocii, cit și reduse — lucrate dintr-o pastă fină, în a cărei compoziție se observă doar paiete minuscule și rare de mica. Bine frămîntată, pasta este foarte densă iar în spărtură pereții recipientelor au o structură compactă. Arderea, în mediu oxidant,
¹ Cf. Raportul asupra săpăturilor de la Cățelu Nou din 1960, în Cercetări arheologice în București, p. 21—23; Margareta Constantiniu și P. I. Panait, op. cit., pp. 333.
a fost bine realizată, de unde duritatea fragmentelor de vase din această categorie.
Materialele ceramice fiind foarte fărămitate, este, de aceea, greu să se facă precizări cu privire la repertoriul formelor. În cadrul celei de a doua categorii, pe lângă un castron de dimensiuni mijlocii cu corp arcuit, parțial reconstituit, se mai pot întrezi vaze cu partea superioară a corpului tronconică (fig 31/1); recipiente cu pintecele reliefat, pe care
se găsesc torți verticale masive, cu capetele lățite și cu secțiunea triunghiulară sau ovală (fig. 31/14); castroane cu torți verticale, pornind de pe buza și coborind pe partea superioară a pintecelui (fig. 31/4); recipiente cu marginea înaltă și dreaptă, teșită orizontal și cu partea superioară a corpului profilată oblic în afară (fig. 31/9) și o ceașcă cu margine înaltă și cu două (?) torți suprainălțate, trase din buza și coborind pe zona superioară a pintecelui (fig. 31/8). În categoria vaselor lucrate din pastă fină, câteva fragmente par să ateste existența unor recipiente cu margine evazată, git cilindric și pintece bombat.
Ornamentarea ceramicii este în genere săracă, ea reducindu-se doar la câteva elemente: îndeosebi briurile alveolate, de obicei late (fig. 31/1,6) dar și înguste (fig. 31/7), așezate în exterior, fie imediat sub buza recipientelor, fie cu 2—3 cm mai jos; crestături pe buze (fig. 31/3); șirul de alveole dispuse pe buza vaselor (fig. 31/2); striuri obținute cu măturica (fig. 31/13); adincituri ovale dispuse în șir (fig. 31/12), linii incizate orizontale, asociate cu un șir orizontal de impresiuni triunghiulare.
(fig. 31/11) etc. Un singur fragment ceramic, apartinind categoriei a doua, este decorat cu triunghiuri excizate, cu virfurile în sus, dispuse în sir orizontal, sub care se află o bandă orizontală de linii paralele incizate (fig. 31/5).
Cercetarea atentă a tuturor elementelor de forme și decor ale ceramicii din bordeul descoperit în 1963, duce la concluzia că acesta, plasat în cadrul epocii bronzului, nu poate nicicum apartine unei faze timpurii (culturii Glina), ci, dimpotrivă, unui aspect deplin evoluat, dacă nu chiar târziu al acestei epoci. Aven în vedere îndeosebi prezența repetată a tortilor masive cu secțiune triunghiulară, brîurile alveolate late, decorul de triunghiuri excizate și linii incizate, executate în manieră grosolană; apoi prezența fragmentului de ceașcă cu două torti suprainălțate sau frecvența vaselor cu partea superioară a corpului tronconică — toate aceste elemente fiind caracteristice perioadei târzii a epocii bronzului din Muntenia, în spetă ultimelor două faze ale culturii Tei. Alături de acestea, existența unor elemente de decor, cum ar fi crestăturile pe buze, specifice în genere bronzului timpuriu, nu poate să surprindă prea mult, dat fiind că în cultura Tei ele au mai fost constatate în fazele ei evoluate. Pe de altă parte, în lumina atribuirii într-o fază târzie a epocii bronzului, a celor două bordeie de la Cățelu Nou, cu materiale ceramice ca cele descrise aici, și alte constatari apar acum firești: raritatea ceramicii fine, proporția cu totul redusă a ceramicii decorate cu măturica, sau a recipientelor ornamentate prin incizie etc.
Încadrate în perioada târzie a epocii bronzului și descoperite în aria culturii Tei, materialele aduse aici în discuție nu pot fi atribuite decât acestei culturi. Greu este însă să se precizeze în care din ultimele două faze — Fundeni sau Fundenii-Doamnei — pot fi încadrate cele două bordeie. Unele elemente caracteristice, constatate pe materialele ceramice, par să permită o apropiere a acestora mai degrabă către ultima fază a culturii Tei, probabil mai către începutul acesteia. Dar pentru a susține cu certitudine o atare concluzie ar trebui să dispunem și de alte elemente, care lipsesc însă în ceramica descrisă aici, cel puțin în cadrul descoperirilor de pînă acum. Sigur este că ne aflăm în fața unei locuirii din perioada finală a culturii Tei, al cărei aspect apare mai dificil de precizat, datorită materialelor — totuși — puține, fragmentare și nu pe deplin caracteristice.
Tot în campania de săpături din 1963, în secțiunea XXXI, a fost descoperit și un al doilea bordei hallstattian. Groapa acestuia, cu formă ovală, orientată prin axul ei lung pe o direcție vest-est, pornea să se adîncească tot de la baza stratului de pămînt cenușiu-îndchis, față de acest nivel podeaua locuinței aflindu-se mai jos cu —0,85 m. În bordei au fost amenajate din pămînt cruțat, două trepte alungite — una de-a lungul peretelui vestic, aflată mai jos cu —0,37 m față de nivelul de la care a fost săpată locuința și alta, de-a lungul peretelui nordic, coborită cu 0,26 m față de treapta precedentă (fig. 32). Probabil că ambele trepte să fi fost folosite și pentru intrarea în bordei. Acoperișul locuinței pare să fi fost amenajat dintr-un schelet lemnos, de pari și crengi — dacă
ținem seamă de prezența în pământul de umplutură din groapă, a unei cantități destul de mari de cărbuni și cenușă.
În afara citorva resturi de oase de animale domestice (cornute mari) inventarul bordeiului a fost alcătuit numai din fragmente ceramice. După tehnica de lucru a pastei, acestea pot fi grupate în trei categorii: 1) vase indeobște mari și cu pereți groși, lucrate din pastă grosolan modelată, conținind un mare procent de cioburi pisa-te; 2) recipiente de dimensiuni mijlocii, lucrate dintr-o pastă conținind în amestec cu lutul, nisip cu paiețe de mica, un procent redus de pietriș foarte mărunt pisat și, mai rar, bucați de calcar și cioburi mărunt sfârimate; și 3) vase lucrate din pastă fină, foarte bine curățată de impuiri-tăți. Repertoriul formelor cuprinde, în prima categorie, vase de tipul urnei tronconice sau cu corpul ușor arcuit și castroane cu corp arcuit, uneori cu torți massive suprainălțate, desprinse din buză și coborînd pe umeri; iar în categoriile a doua și a treia — vase în formă de căuș cu o toartă suprainălțată (fig. 33/2), castroane mari cu corpul arcuit, recipiente cu pintelele puternic arcuit oblic către fund, cu margine înaltă plecată spre interior și cu două torți suprainăl-tate, trase din buză și coborînd pe zona de maximă lărgime a corpului (fig. 33/3); urne mari cu corp bitronconic (un singur fragment) etc. În bordeiul hallstattian, decorul ceramicii din prima categorie se reduce doar la brîuri alveolate, dispuse în exterior pe umeri și, în cazuri mai rare, la șirul orizontal de impresiuni circulare. Vasele din categoria a doua, dar mai ales cele lucrate din pastă fină sint în mod curent ornamentate cu caneluri oblice, dispuse pe zona de maximă lărgime a recipientelor (fig. 33/6), Predomină canelurile relativ late, dar apar și altele înguste (fig. 33/3).
Ceramica din bordeiul hallstattian de la Cățelu Nou își găsește unele analogii în așezarea din prima epocă a fierului, cercetată de Sebastian Morintz în Dobrogea, la Babadag. Acolo au apărut de asemenea căușul cu toartă, vasele cu corp tronconic aplatizat, cu margine cilindrică și două torți suprainălțate, sau urnele bitronconice¹, forme care au fost constata-te și în bordeiul descoperit pe promontoriul de pe malul băltii Colentina-Pantelimon. În funcție de aceste analogii, bordeiul nr. 2, precum și cel din 1960, de la Cățelu Nou pot fi date în Hallstattul timpuriu —
¹ Informații Sebastian Morintz.
faza B, dar — potrivit cu o părere formulată de Sebastian Morintz, asupra acestor bordeie — fără a exclude și unele eventuale legături în timp cu orizontul Hallstatt A.
În afara ceramicii din bordeie, în zona de margine vestică a botului de deal au apărut răspândite relativ numeroase resturi de vase tot din prima epocă a fierului, între care se remarcă fragmentele de străchini
cu corpul arcuit și cu margine evazată, uneori decorate cu cercuri concentrice imprimate, unite prin tangente (fig. 33 4). O toartă fragmentară de vas, cu un astfel de decor a fost găsită încă în 1960¹. Extinderea săpăturilor la Cățelu Nou, între 1961 și 1964, a îngăduit precizarea că ceramica această nu apare de loc în cele două bordeie. Pe de altă parte — tot după relatările lui Sebastian Morintz — străchinile cu margine evazată nu există nici la Babadag. Ținind seamă de atari observații, este cu totul posibil ca materialele aduse aici în discuție să alcătuiască în stațiunea de la Cățelu Nou un alt nivel de locuire hallstattiană, diferit de cel constatat în bordeie.
¹ Reprodușă în Cercetări arheologice în București, p. 29, fig. 12, 1.
Problema se complica însă odată în plus, prin prezența pe botul de deal și a altor fragmente ceramice, care trebuiesc de asemenea atribuite primei epoci a fierului. Acestea au fost descoperite pe marginea de est a promontoriului, într-o groapă Latène. Toate fragmentele — lucrate din pastă fină, avind suprafețele negre și bine lustruite — constituie resturile a patru cupe cu toartă (sau torți?), cu corpul bitronconic (partea in-
ferioară, ușor arcuită, fiind mai dezvoltată, oea superioară pronunțat mai scundă). Un fragment din brațul superior al unei torți arată că aceasta era de tipul ansa cornuta (fig. 34/1). Recipientele au fost decorate — trei dintre ele cu caneluri oblice sau verticale, al patrulea cu linii scurte verticale, incizate, dispuse în albiile unor caneluri adânci și late (fig. 34/2).
Încadrarea precisă a acestor fragmente ceramice este la fel de greu de obținut. În bordeie, recipiente de felul acesta nu au apărut, tot așa cum ele nu au fost găsite nici în asociere cu ceramica răspândită în zona de vest a dealului.
O cupă cu toartă de tipul ansa cornuta, analogă, cu exemplarele fragmentare de la Cățelu Nou, a fost descoperită mai demult la București, în stațiunea de pe malul lacului Tei¹. Ion Nestor a încadrat-o în cultura Tei, în timp ce Dinu V. Rosetti a inclinat pentru datarea ei într-o fază târzie a Hallstattului². Pe de altă parte, torții de tipul ansa cornuta, între care și un exemplar foarte apropiat de cel de la Tei sau de la Cățelu Nou, au fost găsite la Fundenii Doamnei, într-un context propriu ultimei faze a culturii Tei³. Neexistând așadar putință de a situa cu precizie în timp fragmentele de cupe din prima epocă a fierului, descoperite la Cățelu Nou, formulăm doar ipoteza că ele ar putea apartine unui orizont hallstattian timpuriu, poate chiar legat cultural de epoca bronzului.
Unuia din nivelurile de locuire hallstattiană din stațiune poate, eventual, să ii aparțină și o brățară subțire de bronz, cu capetele deschise și secțiunea barei rectangulară (fig. 35). Obiectul nu a fost, nici el, descoperit într-un complex izolat, ci în șanțul XXVI, la baza stratului de pământ cenusiu-inchis.
Brățari de tipul acesta au mai fost constatate, în 1953, în Moldova, la Valea Lupului. Inițial ele au fost date în prima epocă a fierului, dar ulterior — ținind seamă de descoperirea de către cercetătorii sovietici a unor obiecte similare în mediul Noua, la Ostroveț, pe Nistrul superior, Mircea Petrescu-Dimbovița a încadrat piesele de la Valea Lupului în perioada de sfârșit a epocii bronzului, de asemenea în cultura Noua⁴. Totuși, în Moldova, în groapa în care s-au găsit brățările, a fost descoperit și un vas hallstattian. Nu ar fi, de aceea, exclus, ca tipul de brățară subțire, cu capetele neînchise și cu secțiunea barei rectangulară, să aibă o durată de circulație mai indelungată — atât în perioada finală a epocii bronzului, cât și în Hallstatt.
---
¹ Ion Nestor, *Der Stand der Vorgeschichtsforschung in Rumänien*, in 22 Ber, R.G.K., 1933, pl. 14, fig. 4/9.
² Dinu V. Rosetti, *Civilizația tip București — Die Bukarester Kultur*, Buc., 1936, nota *) de la p. 7.
³ Cf. Valeriu Leahu, *O nouă fază în evoluția culturii Tei: faza Fundenii Doamnei*, în *Cercetări arheologice în București*, p. 355, fig. XII, 5.
⁴ M. Petrescu-Dimbovița, *Конец бронзового и начало ранненежелезного века в Молдове в свете последних археологических раскопок*, în *Dacia*, IV, 1960, p. 146—147 și fig. 9 de la p. 149.
colibe de suprafață — a fost confirmată cu argumente în plus. În același timp a putut fi conturată, în trăsături generale, topografia așezării getice. Este acum sigur că nici bordeiele și nici colibele de suprafață n-au fost dispuse în teren potrivit cu vreo orînduală oarecare, intenționată. În schimb, s-a constatat că pe promontoriul de pe malul bălții Colentina-Pantelimon, adăposturile pentru locuit au fost instalate pe jumătatea vestică a dealului, în timp ce pe celalalt, geții și-au amenajat majoritatea vetrelor de foc pentru preparatul hranei. Încercarea locuitorilor din așezare de a preveni distrugerea acesteia prin incendii, este, astfel, evidentă.
Apartinind primului nivel al așezării Latène, au fost identificate și cercetate în timpul campaniilor asupra căror referim aici, alte patru bordeie. Asemeni bordeielor descoperite anterior — și acestea diferă între ele, în privința formei și dimensiunilor.
Bordeiul nr. 5 (fig. 36/1) — surprins încă prin săpăturile din 1960, dar lăsat pentru a fi cercetat într-o campanie ulterioară — a fost constatat în secțiunea XXVI. Locuința a avut un contur rectangular-neregulat, cu lungimea maximă 3,65 m și lățimea maximă 3,24 m. Față de nivelul de la care a fost săpat bordeiul, acesta a fost puțin adincit în pământ: —0,26 m maximum; în centrul său însă, a fost deschisă o groapă — probabil pentru păstratul proviziilor — cu diametrul 1,95 m și adâncimea (față de podeaua bordeiului) —0,88 m. Poate în scopul coboririi în această groapă, adiacent ei — pe o porțiune din contur corespunzind cu un arc de aproximativ 80° — a fost creată o treaptă, adincindu-se podeaua bordeiului cu circa 0,20 m. Intrarea în adăpost se făcea pe latura nord-vestică, pe două trepte, prima detașindu-se de conturul locuinței. Acoperișul bordeiului a fost ridicat pe pară, gropile acestora fiind observate în interiorul locuinței, la extremitățile axului ei lung. Faptul că la fiecare extremitate au fost identificate câte două gropi pare să reflecte o refacere a suprastructurii bordeiului.
Prin forma sa, prin modul de dispunere a intrării și prin amenajarea acesteia în două trepte, bordeiul Latène nr. 5 poate fi asemănăt cu bordeiul nr. 3/1960. De acesta din urmă se deosebește însă prin groapa din interior și prin modul de construcție a acoperișului.
Bordeiul geto-dac nr. 6 (fig. 36/2) — semnalat de asemenea în campania din 1960 — a fost surprins în secțiunea XXVIII, în imediata vecinătate a cuptorului de olar și în apropierea bordeiului Latène nr. 4. Este interesantă constatarea că modul de amenajare în pământ a bordeiului nr. 6 prezintă frapante analogii cu modul în care a fost săpat bordeiul Glina III, descoperit în stațiune. În adevăr, asemeni acestuia din urmă, și bordeiul getic se compunea din două gropi cu conturul gurii circular, comunicând între ele în partea superioară, dar despărțite în cea inferioară printr-un prag. Față de nivelul de la care au fost săpate — groapa mare (sudică), cu diametrul 2,40 m, era adincă de —1,40 m, groapa nordică (mai mică), cu diametrul 1,52 m, fiind adincă de —0,80 m. Lungimea totală a bordeiului Latène nr. 6 era de 4,36 m.
Bordeiul geto-dac nr. 7, surprins tot în secțiunea XXVIII, era orientat pe direcția ENE—VSV și avea o formă rombică neregulată, cu lungimea maximă: 4,95 m, iar lățimea maximă: 3,70 m. Câteva amenajări făcute în interior îl apropie oarecum de bordeiul Latène nr. 5. În adevăr, și aici, în B. 7, prin raport cu nivelul de la care s-a săpat locuința,
Fig. 36. Planurile și profilele bordeiilor Latène.
aceasta a fost puțin adincită (—0,42 m), în schimb, înăuntrul ei fiind săpate două gropi: una cu conturul circular, cu diametrul 1,65 m și adâncă de — 0,72 m, la extremitatea vest-sud-vestică a bordeiului; cealaltă, cu o formă neregulată, parțial cuptorită, cu dimensiunile maxime 3,15 m (lungime) x 2,20 m (lățime) x —1,12 m (adâncime), ocupând aproximativ jumătate din suprafața bordeiului (fig. 36, 3).
În sfârșit, bordeiul Latène nr. 8 s-a deosebit de toate celelalte nu atât prin forma sa, cât îndeosebi prin anume amenajări și prin inventar. Situat în teren ca cea mai nordică locuință din primul nivel al așezării; carecum izolat de celelalte bordeie getice de pe promontoriu, bordeiul nr. 8 — orientat prin axul său lung pe direcția V—E — a avut o formă ovală (mai bine-zis, ovoidală), cu diametrele maxime 4,35 m x 3,70 m, adâncimea sa maximă fiind —0,97 m. Un „bloc“ de pământ cruat, cu contur aproximativ triunghiular, oferea probabil puțină de a intra în locuință — pe latura sudică, spre extremitatea vestică a acesteia. Ceea ce a deosebit, în primul rând, bordeiul nr. 8 de toate celelalte bordeie getice, a fost o vatră, situată adiacent bordeiului, comunicind cu acesta (pe vatră se lucra, probabil, stînd în bordei). Trebuie consemnată și precizarea că aceasta s-a dovedit a nu fi fost în principal utilizată la prepararea hranei, ci la prelucrarea metalelor: pe suprafața sau în jurul ei au fost observate numeroase pete de zgură de metal topit. În al doilea rînd, descoperirile făcute în pămîntul de umplutură a gropii bordeiului și mai ales pe fundul acestuia, atrag și ele atenția: lupe de zgură metalică, un creuzet întreg pentru turnat metalul topit (avind în interior urme de bronz); resturi dintr-un alt creuzet asemănător; fragmente de bare (mai subțiri sau mai groase) de bronz; apoi, cuțite de fier, o unealtă masivă din fier, avînd forma unui cosor; brățul unui cintar de bronz, o seceră de fier etc. În funcție de aceste descoperiri este firească concluzia că bordeiul nr. 8 aparținea unui fierar, care — specializat în meșteșugul prelucrării metalelor — împlinea, prin activitatea sa, nevoile celorlalți geti din așezare.
În legătură cu colibele de suprafață din al doilea nivel al așezării Latène, campaniile de săpături care au urmat, la Cățelu Nou, celei din 1960, n-au adus nimic nou. Împrejurarea că toate aceste complexe de locuire s-au aflat la o foarte mică adâncime în pămînt a fost cu totul nefavorabilă conservării lor. De-a lungul timpului, prin repetatele arături cu plugul, iar foarte recent și datorită ridicării brazdelor de iarbă — în deosebi casele getice au fost într-atît de distruse și de împrăștiate, încît reconstituirea formei și a modului de construire a lor abia dacă poate fi azi întrețărită. Sigur este că aceste case au fost ridicate la suprafața solului, pe un schelet de pari groși, care susțineau o impletitură deasă de nuiele; și că peste acest schelet lemnos a fost așternut un strat gros și dens de lipitură de lut amestecat cu păioase. Dintre toate resturile de colibe — aglomerări de chirpic răvășit, pe întinderi variabile — singură locuința nr. 8, surprinsă în secțiunea XXIX, a prezentat o stare de conservare oarecum mai bună. În funcție de aceasta s-ar putea, eventual, aprecia că forma caselor getice va fi fost rectangulară și că dimensiunile colibelor erau în jur de 5 m (lungimea) x 4 m (lățimea).
În ambele niveluri ale așezării Latène a fost descoperit un număr mare de gropi — cele mai multe în forma fundului de sac, câteva însă și în formă de clopot. În genere, adâncite mult în pămînt (pînă în solul
Fig. 37. Obiecte de fier și bronz din așezarea geto-dacă de la Cățelu Nou.
galben—lutos, viu), unele vor fi fost inițial deschise pentru obținerea lute-
tului necesar lucrării vaselor, ulterior fiind transformate în groși me-
najere; altele au avut, poate, o funcție rituală, așa cum presupunem în
legătură cu o groapă în formă de clopot, al cărei conținut a constat
exclusiv din 5 fusaiole de lut, așezate pe fund. Însă cele mai multe din-
Fig. 38. Obiecte de fier și bronz din așezarea Latène de la Cățelu Nou.
tre groși au fost folosite, probabil, pentru păstratul grinelor și altor ali-
mente, presupunerea fiind îngăduită și de relatăriile unora dintre vechile
izvoare scrise.
În fine — faptul a mai fost amintit — în așezarea getică de la
Cățelu Nou au fost descoperite și numeroase vetre. Majoritatea aveau
forma ovală sau circulară, cu diametrul între 0,60 m și 1,10 m și fuseseră
amenajate direct pe pământ, dar, uncori și pe un strat de pietris. În
genere, vetrele au fost folosite pentru prepararea hranei; una singură
insă, având forma rectangulară iar crusta decorată pe margini cu un
chenar de linii adîncite, nu este exclus să fi avut o funcție rituală.
În bordeie și printre resturile colibelor de suprafață, în gropi, în preajma vetrelor și în întreaga depunere de resturi materiale din a doua epocă a fierului, a fost constatat un inventar numeros.
Dintre uneltele de fier se remarcă îndeosebi cuțițele, destul de multe (fig. 37/2,4), secerile, întregi (fig. 37/3) sau fragmentare (fig. 38/1), cosoarele (fig. 37/1), împungătorile și acele de cusut (fig. 37/7), cirligele pentru undițele de pescuit (fig. 37/5) etc. Un virf de lance din fier (fig. 37/6) apare ca singura armă descoperită în întreaga așezare Latène. Printre accesoriiile pentru îmbrăcăminte trebuiesc menționate o cataramă de fier (fără spin) (fig. 38/2), câțiva pinteni fragmentari și unul întreg, din fier, (fig. 38/3); o aplică de argint aurit, în formă de scut cu umbo, cu
decor de linii incizate pe margini (fig. 39/2) și fibulele de bronz și de fier (fig. 39/1,3—6). Fragmentele unei brățări de bronz — neînchisă, cu extremitățile în forma capului de șarpe — sint mărturiile singurului obiect de podoabă descoperit. Dintre piesele de metal mai pot fi amintită brățul unui cintar de bronz (fig. 37/8), minerul scurt al unui vas de bronz, al cărui capăt redă un chip feminin, realizat minuțios și expresiv (fig. 38/6); un fragment (căușul și parte din miner) de lingură de bronz (fig. 38/5) și, eventual, un lant, tot de bronz, de asemenea fragmentar, lucrat din verigi de sirmă, parțial înfășurate cu altele, mai late, din tablă (fig. 40)¹.
În locuirea geto-dacă de la Cățelu Nou au fost constatate și câteva reprezentări plastice din lut. Pe un obiect tronconic, gol în interior, apare
¹ Un lant de tip asemănător, dar lucrat din argint, a fost mai demult descoperit în Oltenia, la Fântinele, obiectul fiind atribuit culturii Latène geto-dace (cf. D. Berciu, Arheologia preistorică a Olteniei, 1939, p. 219 și fig. 255, 1—2).
o mască umană; o altă reprezentare plastică redă, în chip evident, un arici; o a treia — un patruped, greu de identificat, obiectului lipsindu-i extremitățile. În genere pentru reprezentările acestea, apare caracteristic schematismul, redarea modelului în chip cu totul generalizat.
Majoritatea inventarului îl constituie fragmentele de vase, care pot fi grupate în următoarele categorii: 1) lucrate cu mîna din pastă poroasă; 2) lucrate tot cu mîna, dintr-o pastă mai bună, recipientele — avînd culoarea vinătă-neagră sau brună, — fiind, cel mai adesea puternic lustruite; 3) vase lucrate la roată, de factură locală; și 4) recipiente lucrate la roată, provenite în așezare prin importuri. În prima categorie se întîlnesc, în proporție precumpăritoare vase de dimensiuni mijlocii, cu corp tronconic (fig. 41/5), vase mari cu corp în formă de clopot, apoi vase cu corpul arcuit și buză evazată (fig. 41/2); cățui, cu sau fără toartă (fig. 41/1; 42/2), capace cu apucători, vase tronconice sau în formă de butoiăș, în miniatură etc. În categoria a doua sint frecvente fructierele cu picior, cănilor bitronconice cu toartă, (fig. 41/3), străchini sau farfurii cu margine lată evazată, cupe (un exemplar), cățui fără toartă (fig. 42/1) etc. În categoria vaselor de factură locală lucrate la roată se constată mai ales căni cu o toartă, cu corp bitronconic (fig. 41/4), de dimensiuni variabile, fructiere cu picior, de diferite mărimi (fig. 43), cupe deliene (acestea fiind lucrate prin presare în tipare) și strecurători (fig. 41/6). În fine, în categoria vaselor de import se grupează în exclusivitate amforele cu două mânuși, a căror proporție în așezare este îndeobște redusă.
Ornamentarea vaselor se constată indeosebi în prima și în a treia categorie. Recipientele din pastă poroasă au fost ornamentate cu briuri alveolate, cu proeminente conice sau tronconice (acestea, adesea brăzdate de cruci imprimate), cu alveole pe buze sau cu șiruri de impresiuni obținute cu unghia, dispuse pe corp; apoi cu linii incizate, dispuse cel mai adesea oblic, uneori însă compunând și ghirlande (fig. 41/5) etc. În categoria vaselor negre sau brune lustruite, doar cupa fără picior a fost ornamentată cu un șir de puncte, dispus în zigzag. Vasele de factură locală lucrate la roată au fost cel mai frecvent decorate cu benzi de linii orizontale-paralele, în multe cazuri acestea fiind combinate cu benzi de linii în zigzag, dar mai ales, în val. Mai multe fragmente ceramice din această categorie au decorul obținut prin imprimarea pe suprafață încă neuscată a recipientelor, a unor boabe de mei (fig. 44/4). În fine, pe câteva fragmente se constată asocierea decorului obținut prin
Fig. 41. Vase de lut din așezarea Latène; înălțimea:
1 = 0,040; 2 = 0,139; 3 = 0,141; 4 = 0,166; 5 = 0,154; 6 = 0,104.
incizii, cu altul compus din șiruri de cercuri mici imprimate, dispuse în zigzag (fig. 44/3)¹.
Locuitorii din așezarea getică de la Cățelu Nou au practicat o activitate economică întemeiată îndeosebi pe agricultură și viticultură, pe creșterea animalelor domestice și pe umele meșteșuguri. În agricultură au utilizat uneltele de fier. Ținând seama de prezența în așezare a unor fragmente de vase ornamentate cu boabe de mei imprimate, precum și de un fragment de cupă deliană (de factură locală) pe care apar imprimate boabe de grâu (fig. 44/1), se poate face presupunerea că, în felul acesta, se documentează la getii aflați pe malul bălții Colentina-Pantelimon, cultivarea meiului și grâului. Se pare că și în această colectivitate getică, agricultura se afla într-un stadiu avansat, înregistrindu-se, în genere, producții bogate. Fapt este că atît gropile de bucate, cit și chiupurile mari de lut, îngropate în pămînt, folosite și acestea pentru păstrarea grinelor sau altor provizii, aveau o capacitate mare de înșilozare.
Printre animalele domestice întreținute precumpăneau cornutele mari și porcinele; erau de asemenea crescute ovicaprinele și cabalinele și nu lipsea din așezare nici ciinele. Studiul preliminar întreprins asupra resturilor de oase de animale domestice tinde să sublinieze un stadiu avansat al creșterii vitelor, reflectat prin împrejurarea că getii întrețineau mai multe specii de bovine și prin faptul că erau sacrificate multe animale tinere.
Pe lîngă atari îndeletniciri, descoperiri din așezare au dovedit și practicarea pescuitului și a vinătoriei (s-au găsit oase de porc mistret, iar în B nr. 7 un schelet întreg de iepure).
Intre meșteșuguri, un loc important il ocupau olăritul, prelucrarea metalelor, dulgheritul, torsul și țesutul. Descoperirea în 1960 a unui cuptor de olar, iar în 1963, identificarea bordeiului aparținînd unui fierar, îndreptățesc concluzia — firească, de altfel — că în procesul celei de a două mari diviziuni sociale a muncii fusese antrenată și colectivitatea getică de la Cățelu Nou și că, în așezare, olăritul și prelucrarea
¹ Ceramică cu un decor analog s-a găsit și la Popești-Novaci. V. Radu Vulpe, Şantierul arheologic Popeşti, în Materiale, VII, 1961, p. 334 și fig. 7/5, 6 de la p. 380.
metalelor erau practicate de meșteșugari specializați, individualizați economic este în structura colectivității de acolo. În schimb, pentru celelalte meșteșuguri se poate presupune încă un stadiu casnic de practicare a lor.
Caracterul frapant rustic — intuit în legătură cu așezarea geto-dacă de la Cățelu Nou, încă în funcție de rezultatele săpăturilor din 1960
— s-a conturat prin campaniile de cercetări ulterioare, tot mai mult. Cu suficientă siguranță se poate aprecia că stațiunea getică aflată pe promontoriul de pe malul bălții Colentina-Pantelimon — poate un centru tribal — a fost o așezare cu caracter pașnic și nicidecum un centru militar (căci mărturiile unei vieți războinice sunt aproape inexistente la Cățelu Nou); că a fost o așezare ce nu prezintă prin nimic aspectul sau caracterul unui centru comercial (deoarece și mărturiile în acest sens sint foarte puține); că această stațiune getică a fost doar o așezare modestă, care, de-a lungul existenței sale nu a detinut nimic din ceea ce i-ar fi putut oferi și rolul unui centru politic mai însemnat.
Din toate acestea discernem o argumentare în plus pentru a aprecia că, în preajma ocupării Daciei de către romani, societatea getică
aflată în cîmpia Munteniei, era diferențiată sub raportul dezvoltării sale economice, sociale și politice. De o parte se aflau marile cetăți de la Popești, pe Argeș, de la Tinosul, pe Prahova sau de la Piscul Crâsani, pe Ialomița — mari centre meșteșugărești și comerciale, politice și militare; de altă parte — „în umbra” acestora, dependente de acestea, înglobate în structura unora sau altora dintre marile uniuni de triburi — o multitudine de comunități getice modeste, așezări rustice, patriarhale (într-un anume sens), așa cum va fi fost și așezarea geto-dacă cer-cetată la București, pe malul bălții Colentina-Pantelimon.
Care a fost, în timp, durata de existență a așezării geto-dace de la Cățelu Nou? Privite în ansamblu, antichitățile Latène din această stațiune poartă elementele caracteristice pentru a fi situate în perioada de dezvoltare a culturii geto-dace, ce corespunde cu vremea de hotărîță afirmare și pe plan politic a triburilor getice — așadar într-o perioadă cuprinsă cam între 300 î. e. n. (cind istoria înregistrează primele succese militare ale lui Dromihete) și începutul erei noastre (cînd, după anii de strălucită afirmare politică și militară a lui Burebista, românii reușesc să frîngă rezistența getică la Dunăre). Astfel, pe baza analizei de ansamblu a tuturor descoperirilor făcute în așezarea geto-dacă de la Cățelu Nou, durata acesteia poate fi, în mare, apreciată pe parcursul ultimelor trei secole dinaintea erei noastre.
Această datare este susținută indeosebi prin câteva elemente de inventar descoperite. În veacul al treilea se plasează fragmentele de vase de tipul urnei în formă de clopot, lucrate cu mină și decorate cu briuri alveolate, intrerupte de proeminente-apucători, dispuse oblic față de peretii recipientelor. Asemenea vase își găsesc bune analogii în cimitirul getic de la Murighiol, datat în sec. III i.e.n¹. În veacul al II-lea î. e. n. se datează fragmentele fibulei de tip trac (fig. 39/1), cu ressort simplu (unilateral) și cu apendice (dispărut) la extremitatea piciorului². Celelalte fibule — de bronz sau de fier — constituie, toate, tipuri curent întîlnite în perioada Latène III, în sec. I î. e. n.
Din analiza de ansamblu și de detaliu a tuturor resturilor de cultură Latène de la Cățelu Nou, rezultă, în același timp, concluzia că nimic nu indreptățește a presupune existența așezării getice și în cursul secolului I al erei noastre. Pornind de aici, pare să se poată explica — fie și ipotetic — imprejurările care au curmat viața așezării getice de pe malul bălții Colentina—Pantelimon.
Cercetările arheologice — mai demult sau mai recent întreprinse — într-o serie de stațiuni geto-dace din cîmpia Dunării (Zimnicea, Piscul Crâsani, Popești, așezările de pe dealurile Mihai Vodă și Radu Vodă, de la București etc) au precizat că toate acestea își încetează existența în pragul erei noastre. Plecind de la această constatare, prof. Radu Vulpe a formulat părerea că întreruperea vieții în așezările getice amintite trebuie legată de expediția romană condusă de Aelius Catus, în
¹ Expectatus Bujor, Săpăturile de salvare de la Murighiol, in SCIV, VI, 1955, 3—4, p. 578.
² Datorez toate informațiile în legătură cu această fibulă tov. prof. Radu Vulpe; reconstituirea exactă și determinarea cronologică a obiectului aparțin, în întregime, d-sale.
anul 6 al e.m., cînd forța getilor la Dunăre este nimicită iar românii procedează la transmutarea unei imense mase de daci la sud de fluviu, în imperiu. „Nimicierea puternicei organizații... din această regiune... — precizează prof. Radu Vulpe — nu se putea limita la deportarea celor 50.000 de geti în Moesia, ci trebuia completată cu dispersarea restului populației locale și cu evacuarea forțată a centrelor întărite de tipul celulie de la Popești. O soartă similară au avut-o atunci și alte așezări getice... din cîmpia Munteniei”... 1.
Este, astfel, îngăduit a crede că, în împrejurările dramatice create prin lovitura dată getilor din șesul Munteniei, de către armatele lui Aelius Catus, așezarea de la Cățelu Nou își va fi încetat și ea existența, laolaltă cu alte stațiuni geto-dace.
★
Ultima locuire străveche de pe promontoriul de la Cățelu Nou datează din sec. VI—VII e.n. Celor cinci semibordeie proprii culturii Ciurel—Ipotești—Cindești, descoperite în 1960, li s-au adăugat în urma campaniilor din 1961—1964, încă trei. Dintre acestea, semibordeiele nr. 6 și 7 nu aduc nimic nou în legătură cu tipul de locuință — cu privire la forma sau modul de construcție. Aceeași formă rectangulară cu colțurile rotunjite (dimensiunile laturilor și adincimii înscriindu-se întototul în limitele celora constatate la semibordeiele cercetate în 1960); același mod de a amenaja cuptorul și de a-l dispune în interiorul adăpostului. În schimb, semibordeiul nr. 8/1963 a prezentat o formă nouă, deosebită de a celorlalte locuințe, precum și un caz particular de amenajare a cuptorului. Acest bordei a avut groapa cu un contur oval (diametrele: 4,40 x 3,28 m; adincimea — 0,62 m) iar cuptorul (dispus, nu ca în celelalte cazuri, în colțul nord-estic sau pe latura nordică a locuinței, ci aproximativ pe mijlocul laturii est-nord-estice) a fost amenajat cu baza nu pe pămînt viu, ci peste o porțiune din jumătatea unui dolium getic, îngropat în pămînt, găsit și lăsat pe loc (fig. 45). De altfel, locuitorii din bordei au imitat sistemul îngropării vaselor și, lingă cuptorul locuinței, au îngropat și ei un vas de tip Ciurel (reprodus în fig. 46).
Nici în inventarul locuințelor nu se constată ceva nou, deosebit, prin raport cu descoperirile anterioare de tip Ciurel de la Cățelu Nou. Se poate doar relata prezența unei cantități sporite de oase de animale domestice (cornute mari și mici), în bordeiul nr. 7, iar în cadrul categoriilor ceramice — întocmai aceleași precizate în 1960 — o strecurătoare cu corpul în formă de străchină masivă, cu pereți groși, lucrată cu mină (fig. 47), găsită tot în bordeiul nr. 7.
Acum, cînd antichitățile din sec. VI—VII e. n. s-au înmulțit în chip evident — caracterul, poziția cronologică și semnificația decoperirilor acestora sint, în trăsături generale, definite destul de sigur. Astăzi, nimeni nu mai pune la îndoială structura profund locală (romanică) a ceramiciei de tip Ciurel—Ipotești—Cindești; datarea acesteia în peri-
1 Radu Vulpe, Şantierul arheologic Popești, în SCIV, VI, 1955, 1—2, p. 263.
oada post-hunică și anterior apariției și existenței culturii Dridu nu mai este nici ea de nimeni contestată, iar concluzia că în așezările acestea se reflectă procesul asimilării rapide a elementelor de cultură slavă este și ea unanimă. Dar tocmai progresele înregistrate în studiul antichităților aduse aici în discuție, obligă, în legătură cu ele, aprofundarea și rezolvarea altor probleme. Una dintre acestea se reflectă în însăși chipul diferit în care este numită cultura de care ne ocupăm și pentru care se folosește cind conceptul de cultură Ciurel, cind cel de complex Ipotești—Cindești. Cercetarea atentă a unui număr relativ mare de așezări ale populațiilor locale din sec. VI—VII e. n., pe teritoriul Bucureștilor — pe de o parte; iar pe de altă parte, studiul profund întreprins de Victor Teodorescu asupra așezărilor de același tip și din aceeași vreme, identificate în zona nord-estică și vestică a Munteniei¹ — toate acestea pun încă de pe acum în evidență unele deosebiri cu caracter zonal în aria mare a culturii reprezentate în aceste așezări². Indiferent de semnificația ce va fi atribuită deosebirilor care ni se semnalează, utilizarea mai departe a unuia sau altuia din concepțele citate ne apare impropriu din două motive: întâi, pentru că prin atari denumiri se exclude unul sau altul din grupurile de așezări (în conceptul Ciurel — cele de tip Ipotești-Cindești; în cel cu numele ultimelor două așezări excluzindu-se grupul
¹ Victor Teodorescu, Cultura Ipotești-Cindești, în lumina cercetărilor din nord-estul Munteniei, comunicare prezentată la Institutul de Arheologie, în 1964 (ms.).
² Pentru moment, se poate arăta că în așezările din nordul Munteniei cuptoarele sint de tipul pietrarelor, iar ceramica lucrată la roată este foarte bine reprezentată. În așezările din centrul cimpiei munteșe, locuințele au cuptoarele lucrate din lut (în bloc de pământ cruat) iar ceramica lucrată cu roata este, în genere, slab reprezentată (cu excepția așezării de la Străulești-București).
și faciesul cultural aparte din câmpia munteană); iar în al doilea rând, pentru că printre atare omitere pare să se treacă cu vederea un aspect istoric cu totul specific acestei etape de formare a poporului român, anume direcțiile teritoriale și fazele de timp în care slavii au intrat în contact cu cultura daco-romană sau romanică. Iată de ce ne pare cu totul justificat a utiliza pentru definirea aspectului de cultură locală din secolele VI—VII e. n., conceptul complex Ciurel-Ipotești-Cindești.
O altă problemă care se cere abia de aici înainte rezolvată printr-o documentare aprofundată, printr-o expunere amplă de argumente, este aceea a originii complexului adus în discuție. Recent, prof. Ion Nestor a formulat o părere în acest sens, afirmand că cultura identificată în așezările de la Ipotești, Cindești sau Ciurel are strinse legături cu complexul Bratei-Morești din Transilvania¹. Dar cum opinia prof. Nestor se întemeiază pe cunoașterea unui material în mare măsură inedit, căile prin care cultura din sec. VI—VII e.n. s-a dezvoltat din cea anterioară, urmează să fie concretizate, demonstrate prin studii de viitor. La fel, problema sfârșitului acestui complex — problema a ceea ce a urmat în timp și cultural, născut pe fondul complexului Ciurel-Ipotești-Cindești, nici ea nu este rezolvată satisfăcător.
Și în sfârșit, studiul culturii populațiilor locale din sec. VI—VII e.n. nu poate omite nici răspunsuri pentru problema următoare: ce este — și dacă este — pre-slav în complexul Ciurel-Ipotești-Cindești; și prin ce elemente de cultură (tehnica de lucru a pastei, forme sau decor) se concretează prezența slavă în această cultură, în esență băștinașă.
În ceramica de care ne ocupăm, unele forme de vase — de pildă, varianta oalei-borcan amintind oalele de tipul Praga — pare-se că trebuie privite ca un aport slav. Totuși, atari recipiente apar destul de rar în așezările complexului Ciurel-Ipotești Cindești. Astfel, în legătură cu complexul cultural adus în discuție, se conturează o problemă a cărei rezolvare nu va trebui, desigur, să întârzie: constatăm o cultură a populațiilor locale situată într-o vreme de contact direct cu slavii, dar în care, totuși, prezența acestora din urmă abia dacă poate fi întreținută.
În sensul problemelor formulate mai sus, descoperirile de la Cățelu Nou nu au oferit însă nici un argument sigur. Locuirea de tip Ciurel-Ipotești-Cindești de pe promontoriul aflat pe malul băltii Colentina-Pantelimon pare să fi fost de scurtă durată și, din această cauză, nu atât de bogată și variată în formele sale de existență.
Fig. 47. Vas-strecurăloare din sec. VI—VII e. n.
Cu săpăturile din anul 1964 s-a încheiat explorarea uneia dintre cele mai bogate stațiuni arheologice de pe teritoriul Bucureștilor de azi
¹ Cu prilejul discuțiilor pe marginea comunicării lui Victor Teodorescu.
— stațiunea de la Cățelu Nou. Având initial un caracter de salvare, săpăturile au dobîndit apoi — în cadrul a patru campanii anuale de cercetări — o tot mai sporită amploare, pe deplin justificată de caracterul inedit și valoarea deosebită a unora dintre descoperirile efectuate. Dintre acestea, cercetarea la Cățelu Nou a unui bordei propriu culturii Foltești II, identificarea unei faze vechi a culturii Tei, precum și descoperirile hallstattienne din stațiune, pot fi apreciate ca rezultate valoroase nu numai pentru cultura materială și istoria străveche a unui spațiu limitat, zonal, ci și în ansamblul cercetărilor arheologice românești din ultimii ani.
VALERIU LEAHU
АРХЕОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ РАСКОПКИ В КЭЦЕЛУ НОУ
Краткое содержание
Предпринятые в 1960 г. археологические раскопки в Кэцелу Ноу были продолжены в 1961 и 1963—1964 гг. В ходе всех научно-исследовательских экспедиций были получены следующие результаты.
На внутреннем участке выступа ираного побережья пруда Колентина-Пантелимон вскрыли землянку, восходящую к периоду перехода от новокаменного к бронзовому веку. На основании изучения керамического материала (рис. 5—8) землянку относят к горизонту культуры Фолтешти II. Поскольку материалы типа находок в землянке, вскрытой в Кэцелу Ноу, связываются некоторыми исследователями с культурой Чернавода, автор разбирает открытия в Добрудже и заключает, что керамика из пункта « (телль) в Чернаводе также относится к горизонту Фолтешти II, а не к облику культуры Чернавода.
На западной стороне выступа в Кэцелу Ноу вскрыли землянку и продовольственную яму типа комплекса Глина III — Шнекенберг. Некоторые элементы формы и орнамента позволяют отнести керамику ко второму облику (В) указанного комплекса. В продовольственной яме нашли и глиняную миску неолитического времени, характерную для облика Гумелиница 1 (рис. 10). В ареале культуры и на поселениях Глина подобное явление наблюдается уже во второй раз. Автор полагает, что речь идет о (возможно, ритуальном), захоронении некоторых предметов и отвергает гипотезу (частичной) синхронности культур Гумелиница и Глина, выдвигаемую другими исследователями.
(Древнейший) облик Кэцелу Ноу культуры Тей, отождествленный в 1960 г., широко обоснован раскопками 1961—1964 гг. Наряду с остатками трех наземных хижин вскрыли шесть ям-«ячек», вырытых, по мнению автора, носителями культуры Тей облика „Ла стежар”. В отчете раскопок главным образом описаны техника орнаментики и некоторые декоративные узоры, придающие специфический характер облику Кэцелу Ноу (рис. 15—21). Автор выдвигает также гипотезы в связи с переходом от техники смежных проколов древнего облика культуры Тей к приему „Stichkanaltechnik” отмеченному в последних обликах культуры; он также высказывает соображения в связи с переходом от некоторых орнаментов облика Кэцелу Ноу к другим, бытующим начиная с облика Тей.
Выступ в Кэцелу Ноу был заселен и в период третьего облика (Ла стежар) культуры Тей. Автор считает большую землянку этого облика коллективным убежищем пастухов. Среди находок в землянке отмечается бронзовый серп (рис. 28), свидетельствующий о воспроизведении каменного кривого ножа „Krummesser”. В массе обугленных глиняных осколков типа „Ла стежар” вместе с остатками третьего облика культуры Тей нашли обломки сосуда облика Монтору II (рис. 26). Находка выдвигает новые вопросы в связи с изучением синхронного развития обеих культур бронзового века на территории РНР. Основываясь на некоторых характерных чертах керамического материала (рис. 23, 25, 27, 29—30), автор полагает, что в Кецелу Ноу наблюдается более ранний этап облика „Ла стежар“.
В 1963 г. исследовали еще одну землянку. Обнаруженный в ней керамический материал напоминает находки 1960 г., которые отнесли тогда к древнему облику культуры Глина. Новое открытие, отличающееся более богатым археологическим материалом, побудило автора пересмотреть указанную датировку. На основании исследования элементов формы и орнаментики керамических изделий (рис. 31) землянки относят теперь к периоду конца бронзового века — к заключительному (вероятно, последнему) облику культуры Тей.
Также в 1963 г. вскрыли и другую землянку ранненежелезного века. Керамика жилища характерна для раннегальштатской культуры, для облика В, возможно связанного с горизонтом Н А. Однако на западной стороне выступа обнаружили глиняные обломки (в том числе профили мисок с расширяющимся краем, а также обломки, украшенные вдавленными кружками, соединенными касательными (рис. 32), не встречающиеся в землянках. В то же время в яме латенского типа нашли и остатки чаш с ручкой типа „рогатой ручки“ (рис. 34). Все находки, по-видимому, указывают на существование трех горизонтов гальштатского обитания на стоянке Кецелу Ноу — трех типологически отдельных, но стратиграфически не уточненных горизонтов.
На территории гето-дакийского поселения Латэн в период 1961—1964 гг. вскрыли еще четыре землянки (рис. 36), характерные для первого горизонта поселения, и восемь наземных жилищ, относящихся ко второму горизонту. Среди землянок выделяется землянка 8, принадлежавшая кузнецу. Расширение раскопок на стоянке позволило уточнить топографию гетского поселения и установить его характер. Латенское поселение в Кецелу Ноу, по всей вероятности, было племенным центром, население которого занималось земледелием, животноводством и ремеслами; поселение носило резко выраженный сельский, а отнюдь не ремесленный, торговый или политико-военный характер. Бытование латенского поселения восходит к периоду, простирающемуся от Ш в. до н.э., до рубежа нашей эры, когда гетская община покидает выступ в Кецелул Ноу в бурной обстановке римского похода 6 г.н.э. под предводительством Элия Ката.
Последнее поселение стоянки датируется VI—VII в. н.э. и относится к комплексу Чурел-Ипотешти-Кындощи. Ко вскрытым в 1960 г. пяти полуземлянкам при раскопках 1961—1964 гг. добавили еще три полуземлянки. Новые открытия не вносят однако ничего особенного и не проливают нового света на вопрос о культуре местных романских народностей в VI—VII в. н.э., отмеченной на стоянке.
СПИСОК ИЛЛЮСТРАЦИЙ
Рис. 1. — Стоянка Кецелу Ноу (вид с постока)
Рис. 2. — План археологических раскопок в Кецелу Ноу
Рис. 3. — План и профиль землянки Фолтешти II
Рис. 4. — Костяное долотце
Рис. 5. — Сосуд из землянки Фолтешти II
Рис. 6. — Керамика из землянки Фолташти II
Рис. 7. — Обломки керамики и профили сосудов типа Фолтешти II
Рис. 8. — Керамика Фолтешти II в Кецелу Ноу
Рис. 9. — План и профиль землянки Глина
Рис. 10. — Неолитическая миска; высота: 0,116
Рис. 11. — Керамика из землянки Глина Ш
Рис. 12. — Остатки наземной хижины облика Кецелу Ноу культуры Тей
Рис. 13. — Планы ям-ячеек с керамикой типа Кецелу Ноу
Рис. 14. — Сосуды облика Кецелу Ноу культуры Тей; высота: 1 — 0,310; 2 — 0,190; 3 — 0,162; 4 — 0,206.
Рис. 15. — Глиняный сосуд; высота — 0,065
Рис. 16. — Глиняные обломки облика Кецелу Ноу
Рис. 17. — Керамика Тей, облик Кецелу Ноу
Рис. 18. — Обломки керамики облика Кецелу Ноу
Рис. 19. — Керамика облика Кецелу Ноу
Рис. 20. — Обломки керамики Тей, облик Кецелу Ноу
Рис. 21. — Глиняный сосуд в фрагментарном состоянии. Облик Каетелу Ноу культуры Тей.
Рис. 22. — Очаг. Культура Тей, облик „Ла стежар”
Рис. 23. — Разбитые сосуды, найденные на очаге.
Рис. 24. — Подставки вертелов, найденные на очаге Тей.
Рис. 25. — Разбитый сосуд, культура Тей — облик „Ла стежар”
Рис. 26. — Обломок сосуда Монтеору II а
Рис. 27. — Чашка облика „Ла стежар”; высота: 1 — 0,054; 2 — 0,052; 3 — 0,067; 4 — 0,065
Рис. 28. — Бронзовый серп
Рис. 29. — Обломки керамики типа „Ла стежар”
Рис. 30. — Глиняные обломки культуры, Тей, облика „Ла стежар”
Рис. 31. — Керамика позднеbronзового века (Культура Тей)
Рис. 32. — План и профиль гальштатской землянки № 2
Рис. 33. — Керамика реннижеленого века
Рис. 34. — Обломки гальштатских сосудов
Рис. 35. — Бронзовое запястье
Рис. 36. — Планы и профили землянок латенской культуры
Рис. 37. — Железные и бронзовые изделия из гето-дакийского поселения.
Рис. 38. — Железные и бронзовые изделия из латенского поселения в Каетелу Ноу.
Рис. 39. — Железные и бронзовые фибулы и аплика из позолоченного серебра, найденные на гето-дакийском поселении
Рис. 40. — Бронзовая цепь
Рис. 41. — Глиняные сосуды из латенского поселения; высота: 1 — 0,004; 2 — 0,39; 3 — 0,141; 4 — 0,166; 5 — 0,154; 6 — 0,104.
Рис. 42. — Сосуды-курильницы; высота: 1 — 0,085; 2 — 0,054.
Рис. 43. — Глиняная фруктовая ваза; высота — 0,178
Рис. 44. — Обломки латенской керамики
Рис. 45. — План и профиль землянки № 7. VI—VII в н.э.
Рис. 46. — Сосуд-банка из землянки № 7; высота 0,267
Рис. 47. — Сосуд-цедилка VI—VII в. н.э.
LES FOUILLES ARCHÉOLOGIQUES DE CÂTELU NOU
RÉSUMÉ
Les fouilles archéologiques commencées à Câtelu Nou en 1960 ont été continues pendant les années 1961 et 1963—1964. Les résultats obtenus au cours de ces campagnes sont les suivants:
Dans la zone intérieure du promontoire situé sur la rive droite de l'étang de Colentina-Pantelimon, on a découvert une hutte enfoucée dans le sol datant de la période de passage du néolithique à l'âge du bronze. D'après la poterie exhumée (fig. 5—8), cette hutte a été assignée à l'horizon (civilisation) Foltești II. Etant donné que des matériaux du type de ceux découverts dans la hutte de Câtelu Nou ont été assignés par certains auteurs à la civilisation de Cernavoda, l'auteur engage une discussion autour des découvertes de la Dobroudja, dont la conclusion est que la poterie du point b (le tell) de Cernavoda appartient, elle aussi, à l'horizon Foltești II et non à une phase de la civilisation de Cernavoda.
Sur le côté ouest du promontoire de Câtelu Nou on a découvert une hutte enfoucée dans le sol et une fosse ménagère appartenant au complexe Glița III-Schneckenberg. Certains éléments de forme et de décor permettent d'en assigner la poterie à la seconde phase (B) de ce complexe. On a trouvé également, dans la fosse ménagère, une éculle en terre glaise néolithique caractéristique pour la phase Gumelnita I (fig. 10). C'est pour la seconde fois que l'on relève une situation de cette nature dans l'aire de diffusion et les établissements de la civilisation de Glița. L'auteur estime qu'il s'agit de l'enfouissement (peut-être rituel) d'objets.
trouvés et repousse l'hypothèse, formulée par certains auteurs, d'un synchronisme — partiel — des civilisations de Gumelnita et de Glina.
La phase Cățelu Nou, la plus ancienne de la civilisation de Tei, identifiée en 1960, a été amplement illustrée par les fouilles des années 1961—1964. Outre les restes de trois huttes de surface, on a découvert six fosses-alvéoles que l'auteur attribue aux représentants de la phase "La stejar" de la civilisation de Tei. Le rapport de fouilles insiste surtout sur la technique d'exécution du décor et sur certains motifs décoratifs qui confèrent à la phase Cățelu Nou une note spécifique (fig. 15—21). L'auteur formule également certaines hypothèses sur le passage du procédé des poinçonnements successifs, utilisé durant la phase ancienne de la civilisation de Tei, au procédé de la "Stichkanaltechnik", qui apparaît sous les phases ultérieures de cette civilisation, ainsi que sur la manière dont s'est produit le remplacement de certains ornements de la phase Cățelu Nou par d'autres ornements relevés à partir de la phase Tei.
La vie a continué sur le promontoire de Cățelu Nou durant la troisième phase ("La stejar") de la civilisation de Tei. Une hutte de dimensions importantes datant de cette phase est considérée par l'auteur comme un abri pastoral collectif. Parmi l'inventaire de la hutte, il convient de mentionner une faucille en bronze (fig. 28) qui semble être une transposition en métal du couteau en pierre incurvé (Krummesser). Parmi un amas de fragments céramiques incendiés du type "La stejar", on a découvert — en association avec des restes de la troisième phase de la civilisation de Tei — les fragments d'un vase de la phase Monteou II a (fig. 26), qui soulève de nouveaux problèmes relatifs au développement synchrone des deux civilisations de l'âge du bronze attestés sur le territoire de la R. P. Roumaine. D'après certains caractères de la poterie récoltée (fig. 23, 25, 27, 29—30), l'auteur estime que, à Cățelu Nou, c'est une étape plus ancienne de la phase "La stejar" qui a été découverte.
En 1963 on a fouillé une nouvelle hutte contenant de la poterie semblable à celle découverte en 1960 et attribuée, alors, à un faciès ancien de la civilisation de Glina. Maintenant, par l'abondance de son contenu, la nouvelle découverte a engagé l'auteur à revenir sur cette opinion et, s'étayant sur les éléments de forme et de décor de la poterie (fig. 31), à assigner les huttes mises au jour à la période terminale de l'âge du bronze, à une étape finale — la dernière, peut-être — de la civilisation de Tei.
Toujours en 1963, on a découvert une seconde hutte de la première époque de l'âge du fer, renfermant de la poterie caractéristique pour le Hallstatt ancien, phase B, en rapport peut-être avec l'horizon H A. Sur le côté ouest du promontoire, d'autre part, on a découvert des fragments céramiques (par exemple, des fragments d'écueilles au bord évasé et des fragments décorés de cercles imprimés unis par des tangentes, fig 33/4) qui ne sont pas apparus dans les huttes, cependant qu'une fosse La Tène a livré aussi des restes de coupes à anse du type ansa cornuta (fig. 34). Toutes ces découvertes semblent indiquer l'existence de trois niveaux d'habitation hallstattiennes dans la station de Cățelu Nou, niveaux distincts du point de vue typologique, mais non identifiés stratigraphiquement.
En ce qui concerne l'établissement La Tène géto-dace, les fouilles de 1961—1964 ont mis au jour quatre nouvelles huttes enfoncées dans le sol (fig. 36), propres au premier niveau de l'établissement, et huit habitations de surface faisant partie du second niveau. Parmi les habitations de la première catégorie, il faut remarquer la hutte n° 8, appartenant à un maître forgeron. L'extension des fouilles a permis de connaître de façon plus précise la topographie de l'établissement gète et d'en définir le caractère. L'établissement la Tène de Cățelu Nou était probablement un centre tribal dont les membres pratiquaient l'agriculture, l'élevage et l'artisanat, établissement à caractère rustique prononcé et non pas un centre artisanal, commercial ou politico-militaire. Il se situe chronologiquement entre le IIIe siècle av.n.è. et le seuil de notre ère, lorsqu'il semble que la communauté gète ait évacué le promontoire de Cățelu Nou dans les circonstances dramatiques provoquées par l'expédition romaine de l'an 6 n.è. conduite par Aelius Catus.
Le site de Cățelu Nou a été habité pour la dernière fois aux VIe—VIIe siècles n.è., cette habitation appartenant au complexe Ciurel-Ipotești-Cindesti. Au cours des campagnes de 1961—1964, trois nouvelles demi-huttes sont venues accroître le nombre des cinq demi-huttes mises au jour en 1960, sans que ces nouvelles découvertes aient apporté d'éléments nouveaux pour la connaissance de la culture des populations locales d'origine romaine des VIe—VIIe siècles.
Liste des illustrations
Fig. 1. — La station de Cățelu Nou (voue de l'est).
Fig. 2. — Plan des fouilles archéologiques de Cățelu Nou.
Fig. 3. — Plan et profil de la hutte Foltești II.
Fig. 4. — Burin en os.
Fig. 5. — Vase de la hutte Foltești II.
Fig. 6. — Poterie de la hutte Foltești II.
Fig. 7. — Fragments de poterie et profils de vases du type Foltești II.
Fig. 8. — Poterie Foltești II de Cățelu Nou.
Fig. 9. — Plan et profil de la hutte Glina III.
Fig. 10. — Écuelle néolithique ; hauteur : 0,116 m.
Fig. 11. — Poterie de la hutte Glina III.
Fig. 12. — Restes d'une hutte de surface de la phase Cățelu Nou de la civilisation de Tei.
Fig. 13. — Plan des fosses-alvéoles à poterie du type Cățelu Nou.
Fig. 14. — Vases de la phase Cățelu Nou de la civilisation de Tei ; hauteur :
\[ 1 = 0,310 \text{ m} ; 2 = 0,170 \text{ m} ; 3 = 0,162 \text{ m} ; 4 = 0,206 \text{ m}. \]
Fig. 15. — Vase en terre glaïse ; hauteur : 0,065 m.
Fig. 16. — Fragments de poterie du type Cățelu Nou.
Fig. 17. — Poterie Tei, phase Cățelu Nou.
Fig. 18. — Fragments de poterie de la phase Cățelu Nou de la civilisation de Tei.
Fig. 19. — Poterie de la phase Cățelu Nou.
Fig. 20. — Fragments de poterie Tei, phase Cățelu Nou.
Fig. 21. — Vase en terre glaïse à l'état fragmentaire. Phase Cățelu Nou de la civilisation de Tei.
Fig. 22. — Atre. Civilisation de Tei, phase „La stejar“.
Fig. 23. — Vase à l'état fragmentaire découvert sur l'âtre.
Fig. 24. — Supports de broche trouvés sur l'âtre Tei.
Fig. 25. — Vase à l'état fragmentaire. Civilisation de Tei, phase „La stejar“.
Fig. 26. — Fragment de vase Monteou II a.
Fig. 27. — Tasses de la phase „La stejar“ ; hauteur : 1 = 0,054 ; 2 = 0,052 ;
\[ 3 = 0,067 ; 4 = 0,065 \]
Fig. 28. — Faucille en bronze.
Fig. 29. — Fragments de poterie du type „La stejar“.
Fig. 30. — Fragments de poterie Tei, phase „La stejar“.
Fig. 31. — Poterie de la période avancée de l'âge du bronze (civilisation Tei).
Fig. 32 — Plan et profil de la hutte hallstattienne n . 2
Fig. 33. — Poterie de la première époque du fer.
Fig. 34. — Fragments de vases hallstattiens.
Fig. 35. — Bracelet en bronze.
Fig. 36. — Plans et profils des huttes la Tène.
Fig. 37. — Objets en fer et en bronze de l'établissement géto-dace.
Fig. 38. — Objets en fer et en bronze de l'établissement la Tène de Cățelu Nou.
Fig. 39. — Fibules en fer et en bronze et applique en argent doré découvertes dans l'établissement géto-dace.
Fig. 40. — Chaîne en bronze.
Fig. 41. — Vase en terre glaïse de l'établissement la Tène ; hauteur ; 1 = 0,040 ;
\[ 2 = 0,139 ; 3 = 0,141 ; 4 = 0,166 ; 5 = 0,154 ; 6 = 0,104. \]
Fig. 43. — Compotier en terre glaïse ; hauteur : 0,178.
Fig. 44. — Fragments de poterie la Tène.
Fig. 45. — Plan et profil de la hutte n° 7 des VIe—VIIe siècles n. è.
Fig. 46. — Vase-bocal de la hutte n° 7; hauteur : 0,267.
Fig. 47. — Vase passoire des VIe—VIIe siècles.
PLANUL SĂPĂTURILOR ARHEOLOGICE
DE LA BÂNEASA („La stejar”) 1962-1963
Fig. 1. Planul general al săpăturilor de la Bâneasa — („La stejar”)
https://biblioteca-digitala.ro | db70c195-e998-468c-affc-23efdf105688 | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ron_Latn/train | finepdfs | ron_Latn | 135,996 |
Factsheet 11: Bestemming Drachten
Bereikbaarheid Drachten; Noorder-/Zuiderhogeweg
| Projectnaam | Bestemming Drachten
Verbetering Drachten Noorder- en Zuiderhogeweg |
|-------------|------------------------------------------------|
| Inhoud/omschrijving | Een goede bereikbaarheid van Drachten is van essentieel belang. De Noorder- en Zuiderhogeweg is een belangrijke verkersader in Drachten. Al het verkeer dat vanuit het zuiden Drachten als bestemming heeft moet via deze weg. De toegang naar het centrum maar ook het bedrijventerrein De Haven worden via deze weg ontsloten. De afgelopen jaren is een groot aantal kruisingen aangepast wat een gunstig effect heeft op de doorstroming. In de huidige situatie ontstaan er op piekmomenten bij de kruising met de Gauke Boelenstraat en bij twee rotondes die de aansluiting zijn op het bedrijventerrein De Haven, problemen. De Loswal en de Bolder sluiten met ØØn rijbaan aan op de (dubbelstrooks) rotonde. Het aanleggen van een turborotonde biedt hier uitkomst. De kruising Zuiderhogeweg met de Gauke Boelenstraat (het drukste kruispunt van Drachten) wordt geregeld via verkeerslichten. De doelstelling is hier een ongelijkvloerse kruising te maken waarbij het doorgaande verkeer maximaal kan doorstromen. |
| Plangebied | Noorder- en Zuiderhogeweg, gedeelte vanaf de kruising met de Gauke Boelenstraat tot de noordelijke toegang naar bedrijventerrein De Haven. |
| Doelen en beoogde effecten | • Versterken economische ontwikkeling
• Verbeteren bereikbaarheid Drachten
• Creëren van een duurzame oplossing
• Een goede ontsluiting van het bedrijventerrein De Haven waarborgen |
| (Stads)regionaal belang | Op piekmomenten de doorstroming op deze belangrijke weg voor Drachten structureel te verbeteren. Voor de economie van Drachten is een goede doorstroming van essentieel belang. |
| Partners | Na uitwerking zal moeten worden bepaald of, en zo ja welke, er een rol voor de provincie is weggelegd. |
| Status project | De uitwerking van dit plan zal plaatsvinden in 2013 |
|----------------|--------------------------------------------------|
| Projectplan | |
| Organisatie van het project | |
| Planning | In 2013 zal de uitwerking plaatsvinden van deze plannen. |
| Financiën | Totaal investering bedraagt € 10,5 miljoen. Financiering via Bestemming Drachten |
| Bijzonderheden | |
| Voortgang | |
| Afbeelding/situatietekening | PM |
**Factsheet 12: Bestemming Drachten**
*Bereikbaarheid Drachten; De Splitting, Oostelijke toegang naar Drachten*
| Projectnaam | Bestemming Drachten
|-------------|----------------------|
| | De Splitting, Oostelijke toegang naar Drachten |
| Inhoud/omschrijving | Een goede bereikbaarheid van Drachten is van essentieel belang. Naast de Noorder- en Zuiderhogeweg is voor de oostelijke ontsluiting via Ureterpverlaat, de Splitting een belangrijke verkeersader in Drachten voor de ontsluiting van het centrum en het Leerpark. Al het verkeer dat vanuit het oosten Drachten als bestemming heeft moet via deze weg. Voor de aansluiting van de A7 en de N31 (Ureterpverlaat) zijn plannen in voorbereiding. Een deel van de verbinding is de afgelopen jaren verbeterd (gedeelte direct achter aansluiting rijkswegen en de toegang naar het Leerpark). Deze verbeteringen hebben een gunstig effect op de doorstroming en de veiligheid. Het laatste gedeelte ter hoogte van het Leerpark dient nog te worden aangepast. Naast de doorstroming is de verkeersveiligheid hier een belangrijk item. Er is namelijk veel verkeer (fietsers en voetgangers) vanwege de aanwezigheid van het Leerpark waar 7000 leerlingen aanwezig zijn. |
| Plangebied | Splitting, oostelijk toegang Leerpark tot aan de Zuiderdwarsvaart. |
| Doelen en beoogde effecten | • Versterken economische ontwikkeling
• Verbeteren bereikbaarheid Drachten aan de oostzijde met name van belang voor het centrum en Leerpark
• Creëren van een duurzame oplossing
• Verbetering van de verkeersveiligheid |
| (Stads)regionaal belang | Op piekmomenten de doorstroming op deze belangrijke weg voor Drachten structureel te verbeteren met aandacht voor de verkeersveiligheid op deze weg. Voor de economie van Drachten is een goede doorstroming van essentieel belang. |
|-------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Partners | Na uitwerking zal moeten worden bepaald of, en zo ja welke, er een rol voor de provincie is weggelegd. |
| Status project | De uitwerking van dit plan zal plaatsvinden in 2013 |
| Projectplan | |
| Organisatie van het project | |
| Planning | In 2013 zal de uitwerking plaatsvinden van deze plannen. Doelstelling is om in 2014 een start te maken met de uitvoering |
| Financiën | Totale investering bedraagt € 4 miljoen. Financiering via Bestemming Drachten |
| Bijzonderheden | |
| Voortgang | |
| Afbeelding/situatietekening | PM |
**Factsheet 13: Bestemming Drachten**
**Openbaar Vervoersvisie**
| Projectnaam | Bestemming Drachten
Openbaar vervoer |
|-------------|-------------------------------------------------|
| Inhoud/omschrijving | **Algemeen**
Drachten moet met het busvervoer meer van de centrale ligging in Noord-Nederland gaan profiteren door verbetering in kwaliteit en bereikbaarheid waarbij de bus voor alle Drachtenaren toegankelijk moet blijven. Dit is het credo voor de visie op het openbaar vervoer voor Drachten en de nieuwe structuur die daarbij hoort.
**Transferium Drachten-Oost**
Er wordt een nieuw transferium Drachten-Oost gerealiseerd nabij de afslag Drachten aan de N31 aan de oostzijde van Drachten, strategisch gelegen nabij de kruising van wegen en in de nabijheid van belangrijke bestemmingen zoals het kantorenpark en het leerpark. Dit transferium gaat het nieuwe centrale busknooppunt voor Drachten vormen dat Drachten in de regio ontsluit. Alle Q-liners en regionale en lokale buslijnen die nu langs Drachten-Oost komen, gaan hier halteren. |
Hiermee ontstaat één plek waar transfer mogelijkheden ontstaan tussen verschillende busdiensten maar ook van fiets naar bus en van auto naar bus.
**Busstation centrum**
Alle busdiensten die nu het Knobelsdorffplein aandoen blijven het centrum van Drachten ontsluiten. Uitzondering hierop vormen de Q-liners tussen Groningen en Heerenveen en eventuele nieuwe Q-liners op een nieuwe noord-zuid verbinding via de N31. Hiermee blijft het busvervoer ook in de kern van Drachten voor alle inwoners beschikbaar. Voor enkele lijnen zijn wijzigingen in routevoering nodig om het mogelijk te maken dat zowel het centrum als het nieuwe transferium Drachten-Oost aangedaan wordt. Ook zullen enkele lijnen verknoopt worden (zoals de lijnen Drachten – Heerenveen en Drachten - Groningen) om het mogelijk te maken zowel het centrum als het nieuwe transferium Drachten-Oost aan te doen.
**Haltes in de stad**
Knobelsdorffplein wordt volledig heringericht tot een nieuwe aantrekkelijke halte met comfortabele wachtruimte en voorzieningen. Er worden enkele plushaltes benoemd op strategische locaties. Op dit moment zijn deze plushaltes voorzien ter hoogte van het Leerpark vanwege het grootte aantal reizigers en ter hoogte van de Nijtap/Noorderhogeweg aan de noordzijde van Drachten, waar meerdere regionale lijnen bij elkaar komen.
**Randvoorwaarden**
Naast de basisprincipes waarmee de gemeente Smallingerland het openbaar vervoer aanbod een flinke kwaliteitsimpuls wil geven zijn er enkele randvoorwaarden die van groot belang zijn om de voorziene investeringen optimaal tot haar recht te laten komen:
**Qliner**
Het Qliner concept moet verder geüpgraded/uitgebouwd worden zodat een duidelijk en herkenbaar busconcept voor de langere afstanden ontstaat (de Intercity voor Drachten).
Concreet betekent dit: luxe uitstraling en wifi in de bussen; snelheid op snelwegen indien mogelijk op termijn verhogen door snellere bussen;
aanpassing van de route in Heerenveen (versnelling door direct via de snelwegen richting het NS station te rijden).
| Aansluiting op rail | Het comfort en gemak op station Heerenveen moet verbeterd worden om de overstap vanuit Drachten op het landelijke intercitynetwerk te verbeteren. De bussen naar Drachten moeten hiervoor op een duidelijk herkenbare plek halteren met daarbij alle voorzieningen. |
|---------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Plangebied | Drachten en de regio. |
| Doelen en beoogde effecten | • Versterken economische ontwikkeling
• Verbeteren bereikbaarheid Drachten met het openbaar vervoer en een betere aansluiting van Drachten met de Randstad en de rest van Nederland
• Creëren van een duurzame oplossing
• Verbetering van de verkeersveiligheid |
| (Stads)regionaal belang | |
| Partners | Provincies Frysln en Groningen, Gemeente Heerenveen |
| Status project | De uitwerking van dit plan zal plaatsvinden in 2013 |
| Projectplan | |
| Organisatie van het project | |
| Planning | In 2013 zal de uitwerking plaatsvinden van deze plannen. Doelstelling is om in 2014 een start te maken met de uitvoering |
| Financiën | Totale investering bedraagt € 30 miljoen. Financiering via Bestemming Drachten |
| Bijzonderheden | |
| Voortgang | |
| Afbeelding/situatietekening | PM |
Drachten | Smallingerland | <urn:uuid:e0952d96-06c6-4407-877b-b0d0ff00ddef> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/nld_Latn/train | finepdfs | nld_Latn | 13,123 |
3. **Układ pokarmowy:**
Stan odżywienia: norma – otyłość – kacheksja, BMI ………., rodzaj diety ………………….
Nietolerancje pokarmowe: nie – tak (jakie) ……………………………………………………
Stomia: nie – tak, biegunki/zaparcia: nie – tak ………………………………………………
Sonda: odżywcza – odbarczająca, gastrostomia: nie – tak
Nieoperacyjna niedrożność jelit: nie – tak, nudności – wymioty: nie – tak
Zmiany w jamie ustnej: nie – tak (jakie) ………………………………………………………
4. **Układ moczowo – płciowy:**
Diureza: norma – wielomocz – skapomocz – bezmocz
Nietrzymanie moczu: nie – tak; przerost gruczołu krokowego: nie – tak
Zakażenia dróg moczowych: nie – tak
Uplawy: nic – tak (przyczyna i rodzaj wydzieliny) …………………………………………
5. **Układ ruchu:**
Ruchomość w stawach: pełna – ograniczona; osteoporoza: nie – tak
Złamanie kości: nie – tak (umiejscowienie, data urazu, postępowanie dotychczas i dalsze)
6. **Układ nerwowy i narządy zmysłów:**
Stan świadomości: pełna – ograniczona – chory nieprzytomny – stan wegetatywny
Kontakt słowny: pełny – afazja; kontakt logiczny: pełny – brak
Niedowład/porażenia: nie – tak (umiejscowienie) …………………………………………
Wzrok: prawidłowy – niedowidzenie – ślepotą – jaskra
Sluch: prawidłowy – niedosłyszenie – głuchota – aparat słuchowy
Sen: prawidłowy – odwrócenie rytmu dobowego – bezsenność; pobudzenie psychoruchowe: nie – tak
7. **Skóra:** zaróżowiona – blada – zażółcona - sinica; czysta - brudna; sucha - wilgotna,
Otarcie naskórka: nie – tak (lokalizacja): ……………………………………………………
Oparzenia: nie – tak (lokalizacja): ………………………………………………………………
Owrzodzenia żyłkowe: nie – tak (umiejscowienie, stan owrzodzenia, leczenie): …………
| Umiejscowienie odleżyn | Stopień zaawansowania | Rozmiar w cm² |
|------------------------|----------------------|--------------|
| Kość ogonowa i krzyżowa | | |
| Kostka boczna (prawa-lewa) | | |
| Kostka przyśrodkowa (prawa-lewa) | | |
| Krętarz kości biodrowej (prawy-lewy) | | |
| Pięta (prawa-lewa) | | |
| Guz kulszowy (prawy-lewy) | | |
| Inne obszary ........................................... | | |
Rozpoznanie zasadnicza: ...........................................................................................................
Choroby współistniejące *)
Choroba zakaźna: tak – nie, jeśli tak to jaka? ...........................................................................
Gruźlica: tak – nic, jeśli tak, to czy w stadium zakaźnym: tak – nie
Narkomania/alkoholizm: tak – nie
Choroba nowotworowa: tak – nie, jeśli tak, to czy w fazie terminalnej: tak – nie
Choroba psychiczna tak – nie, jeśli tak, to jaka? .........................................................................
Zakres opieki medycznej: Stwierdza się, że osoba wyżej wymieniona wymaga:
Wymaga całodobowej opieki, pielęgnacji, rehabilitacji: tak – nie
W chwili badania wymaga hospitalizacji: tak – nie
Proces diagnostyczno – terapeutyczny został zakończony: tak – nie
II. Oświadczenie osoby ubiegającej się o skierowanie do zakładu albo jej przedstawiciela ustawowego *).
Wyrażam – nie wyrażam *) zgody na gromadzenie i przechowywanie danych osobowych dotyczących osoby ubiegającej się o skierowanie do zakładu.
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
(data i podpis osoby kierowanej do zakładu lub jej przedstawiciela ustawowego)
(pieczęć i podpis lekarza – data)
*) – niepotrzebne skreślić | <urn:uuid:8abb575d-7e87-45c7-861b-0df9785316bb> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/pol_Latn/train | finepdfs | pol_Latn | 3,864 |
Oslo, 20. desember 2024
Deres ref.: 24/1855
Samferdselsdepartementet
ER DET BEHOV FOR EN TREDJE RULLEBANE PÅ OSLO LUFTHAVN? – HØRING AV RAPPORT
Innledning og hovedkonklusjon
Vi viser til rapporten fra det uavhengige utvalget og vi vil herved komme med noen synspunkter på utvalgets vurderinger og forslag.
Naturvernforbundets hovedkonklusjon er at en tredje rullebane på Gardermoen ikke må bygges, og at det følgelig heller ikke er ønskelig å avklare lokalisering og iverksettes rådighetsbegrensende tiltak for å sikre et areal for en eventuell framtidig tredje rullebane. Naturvernforbundet anser heller ikke økt trafikk på andre flyplasser som Rygge og Torp.
Utvalget belyser i stor grad relevante spørsmål som påvirker kapasitet og etterspørsel etter rullebanekapasitet på Østlandet. Vi mener imidlertid at utvalgets tilnærming til spørsmålet om framtidig trafikkomfang er feil eller i det minste mangelfull. Framfor å ta utgangspunkt i trafikkprognoser burde utvalget vurdert hvor stor flytrafikk det er rom for, sett i lys av framtidige rammer som klima- og miljøpolitikken setter. Vi mener også at utvalget burde sett på hvilken betydning begrensninger i kapasiteten vil ha for å innfri klima- og miljøpolitiske mål i en realpolitisk verden der riktig prising av klima- og miljøskader kan være vanskelig å oppnå i praksis.
Naturvernforbundet mener det er betydelig sannsynlighet for at summen av begrensende faktorer for å kunne lykkes med å innfri klima- og miljømål vil tilsi at trafikkomfanget heller må reduseres enn å kunne fortsette å vokse. Sett i et føre-var-perspektiv, og sammen med risikoen for at store investeringer kan bidra til å låse inne utslipp og begrense omstillingsarbeidet, tilsier dette at en tredje rullebane ikke kan bygges.
Det lå ikke i utvalgets mandat, men vi mener at rapporten burde vært supplert med en beskrivelse av de betydelige miljømessige konsekvensene en tredje rullebane vil ha både lokalt, regionalt og globalt. Konsekvenser for klimagassutslipp og energiforbruk fra flytrafikken er én ting. Støyplagen for regionen er en annen. Ny rullebane og ny terminal vil kreve store arealer, både natur og matjord. Tilhørende aktiviteter rundt en hovedflyplass med sterkt økt kapasitet vil også kreve arealer og energi. Det samme gjelder trafikken på bakken til og fra flyplassen, som med økt flytrafikk vil kreve ytterligere kapasitet på vei og bane, med tilhørende kostnader og miljøutfordringer. Også de negative konsekvensene av rådighetsbegrensende tiltak burde vært belyst bedre.
Nærmere drøfting
Teknologisk utvikling
Den framtidige flyparken vil påvirke miljøkonsekvensene av flytrafikken, men også etterspørselen etter kapasitet. I kapittel 6.1 beskriver utvalget mulige nye teknologier og eventuell innfasing av disse. Vi merker oss at utvalget påpeker at det tar lang tid å bytte ut flyparken. Skulle det komme nye fly på markedet med vesentlig lavere klima- og energifotavtrykk rundt 2040, vil det fortsatt bare være en liten andel slike fly i bruk i mange år framover. Basert på ordrebøkene for levering av tradisjonelle fly er det lite som tyder på at markedet forventer et gjennombrudd for nye, mellomstore fly med betydelig bedre miljøegenskaper enn dagens.
Utvalget problematiserer at nye flytyper med lavere miljøfotavtrykk vil kunne få en lavere setekapasitet og dermed kreve en større rullebanekapasitet ved lik passasjermengde. Utvalget peker også for muligheten for en helt ny luftfartsmobilitet i form av mindre fartøy som tar av og lander vertikalt, uten behov for tradisjonelle rullebaner. Vi vurderer det slik at sistnevnte teknologi kan erstatte noe av dagens flytrafikk og redusere behovet for rullebanekapasitet, men det er også mulig at mindre fartøy vi bidra til å øke den totale mobiliteten og det totale ressursfotavtrykket. Utfallsrommet er stort, men vi anser det ikke slik at summen av mulige teknologiendringer nødvendigvis betyr økt behov for rullebanekapasitet for en gitt passasjermengde.
Utslippsmål og klimaforpliktelser
Kapittel 6.2 peker på relevante forhold, blant annet at arbeidet med å kutte luftfartens klimagassutslipp vil kunne gi betydelig økte kostnader og dermed påvirke trafikkomfanget. Vi savner imidlertid en diskusjon rundt hvilke begrensninger andre miljømål og miljøkrav kan sette for flytrafikken, blant annet relatert til støy. Bygging av ny rullebane og tilhørende terminal og annen infrastruktur vil også true mål om redusert nedbygging av matjord og natur og gi betydelige klimagassutslipp fra blant annet dette, noe som ikke er berørt i rapporten.
Trafikkprognoser sett i lys av miljømål og miljøforpliktelser
Det er i hovedsak prognoser fra Transportøkonomisk institutt som ligger til grunn for både utvalgets og Avinors vurdering av framtidig trafikkomfang. Prognoser framskriver trafikkmengden basert på ulike forutsetninger om blant annet billettpris, priselastisitet, inntektsutvikling og befolkningsutvikling. Miljøkostnadene må prises inn i modellen, men det er for oss uklart hvilke miljømål og -kostnader som er lagt til grunn. Det er derfor vanskelig å vurdere om prognosene er i tråd med behovet for utslippsreduksjoner.
Framfor å lene seg på tradisjonelle trafikkprognoser mener vi det er mer riktig å ta utgangspunkt i miljømål og miljøforpliktelser og heller regne seg tilbake og finne et utfallsrom for hvor stor flytrafikken kan tillates å være i framtida.
Det vil naturligvis være et betydelig spenn i hvor stor flytrafikken kan tillates å være, men med førevar-tilnærming er det mulig å gjøre mer robuste anslag. Det er imidlertid flere faktorer det er verd å merke seg:
* EUs politikk tilsier at det neppe vil være klimakvoter i EU-ETS tilgjengelig fra cirka 2040.
* Bioressursene som det er mulig å høste på bærekraftig vis uten å skade klimaet eller naturmangfoldet, er knappe og vil være svært etterspurte når hele verdensøkonomien skal avkarboniseres.
* Vi ser allerede i dag tegn til at tilgangen til fornybar kraft i Norge er anstrengt.
* Matproduksjonen vil kreve et visst utslipp av klimagasser det er vanskelig å gjøre noe med.
Dette tilsier at det kan bli nødvendig med politiske avklaringer rundt hvor og til hva knappe ressurser bør brukes. Å legge til grunn at en generell karbonpris for hele samfunnet vil bringe oss i mål, vil neppe være tilstrekkelig. Klimautvalget 2050 er tydelig på at UFF-prinsippet (unngå, flytte og forbedre) må brukes når klimautfordringen skal løses.
Vi kan ikke se at det er noen teknologiske løsninger på trappene som tilsier at luftfarten kan redusere miljøfotavtrykket i tråd med Parisavtalens mål og andre miljømål samtidig som trafikkomfanget vokser og uten at det går ut over andre sektorer. Naturvernforbundet mener det er betydelig sannsynlighet for at trafikkomfanget heller må reduseres enn å kunne fortsette å vokse.
Kapasitetsbegrensning som ramme
Utvalget mener det er bedre å bygge en eventuell rullebane litt for tidlig enn litt for seint. Vi tar det for gitt at utvalget forutsetter at miljøutfordringene fra luftfarten løses gjennom andre og sterke virkemidler. Det er imidlertid et problem at det kan være politisk enighet om for eksempel klimamål, men vanskelig å gjennomføre kraftige nok virkemidler i praksis, særlig for aktiviteter som foregår på tvers av landegrenser. En begrensning i tilgjengelig rullebanekapasitet på Østlandet vil fungere som et tak for hvor store utslipp luftfarten kan ha til og fra denne regionen. Det vil også være et tydelig signal om at det ikke er mulig med en langvarig trafikkvekst, og at det er den eksisterende kapasiteten bransjen må forholde seg til også i framtida.
Investering kan føre til «innlåsing»
En ny rullebane med tilhørende ny terminal vil koste mange milliarder kroner. Dersom investeringene først gjøres, vil det være bedriftsøkonomisk og politisk vanskelig å begrense trafikk og utslipp til et miljømessig bærekraftig nivå. Investeringene må nedbetales. Vi risikerer da altfor svake klimavirkemidler overfor luftfarten, med økte klimagassutslipp eller økte kostnader for klimakutt i andre sektorer som resultat. Da oppstår den såkalte innlåsingseffekten, altså at store investeringer gjør det vanskelig å oppnå de nødvendige endringene.
Risikoen for feilinvesteringer forsterkes også av at det er internasjonal ferie- og fritidstrafikk som i hovedsak står for veksten i prognosene. Den internasjonale trafikken har i dag svært lave avgifter og må forventes å påvirkes mest av kraftigere miljøvirkemidler. Deler av ferie- og fritidstrafikken er også prisfølsom og påvirkes av trender og konjunkturendringer.
Avinors finansieringsmodell
Dagens måte Avinor er finansiert på, er problematisk. Selskapet er avhengig av betydelige inntekter på de store flyplassene for å finansiere distriktsflyplassene. Det gir Avinor et insentiv til å jobbe for økt trafikk på de store flyplassene, og for mange politikere blir det vanskelig å jobbe imot dette, da det er stor enighet om at vi trenger distriktsflyplassene. Det er også politisk vanskelig å fjerne taxfreeordningen, siden denne gir Avinor store inntekter, til tross for at ordningen stimulerer flytrafikken og bidrar til å undergrave miljø- og helsepolitiske mål. Dersom Avinors finansieringsmodell videreføres, vil nok dette forsterke utfordringene med innlåsing av utslipp, nevnt i forrige avsnitt. Naturvernforbundet tar til orde for at distriktsflyplassene må sikres direkte finansiering over statsbudsjettet, og at taxfreeordningen avvikles eller reduseres betydelig.
Rygge og Torp
De miljømessige utfordringene i luftfarten løses ikke ved å flytte en del av trafikken til andre flyplasser i regionen, som Rygge og Torp. Naturvernforbundet anser derfor ikke dette som et godt alternativ.
Videre prosess
Det er bra at utvalget anbefaler at eventuell videre planlegging av en tredje rullebane på Gardermoen må åpne for innspill i tråd med lovens bestemmelser og følger ordinær statlig praksis ved planlegging og gjennomføring av store utbyggingsprosjekter. Dette må bli regelen for investeringene i regi av Avinor. Naturvernforbundet konkluderer imidlertid med at lokale, regionale og globale miljøhensyn tilsier at det ikke er rom for en tredje rullebane på Gardermoen. For å skape tydelige rammer for både luftfartsbransjen og berørte lokalsamfunn må myndighetene slå fast at det ikke skal bygges en slik rullebane, og da vil det også være feil å holde av arealer gjennom rådighetsbegrensende tiltak.
Med vennlig hilsen Naturvernforbundet
Truls Gulowsen leder | <urn:uuid:2698aec3-90f1-4553-b5de-ce2566fed85c> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/nob_Latn/train | finepdfs | nob_Latn | 10,479 |
Information importante
La participation aux fusées et au planétarium nécessite une inscription préalable.
Les inscriptions se font directement auprès de notre accueil sur le terrain de basket.
L'ouverture des inscriptions commence 30 minutes avant de début de l'activité.
Les places étant limitées, les tickets seront distribués sur une base des premiers arrivés, premiers servis. | <urn:uuid:c88b0540-415b-496b-9508-bbcd069c85a2> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/fra_Latn/train | finepdfs | fra_Latn | 384 |
Ilmoitus
17.3.2021
ILMOITUS VÄYLÄVIRASTON KUULUTUKSESTA
Ylistarontie, tasoristeyksen poisto, tiesuunnitelma, Kokemäki
Väylävirasto julkaisee tietoverkossaan liikennejärjestelmästä ja maanteistä annetun lain (503/2005) sekä hallintolain 62 a §:n mukaisesti kuulutuksen, joka koskee otsikossa mainitun tiesuunnitelman suunnittelun ja maastotöiden aloittamista. Väylävirasto saattaa asian tiedoksi julkisesti kuuluttamalla siten, kuin julkisesta kuulutuksesta säädetään hallintolaissa, sekä julkaisemalla kuulutuksen yhdessä alueella yleisesti ilmestyvässä sanomalehdessä.
Kuulutus on julkaistu 17.3.2021, Väyläviraston verkkosivuilla osoitteessa www.vayla.fi/kuulutukset.
Kuulutus on nähtävillä 17.3.2021 - 16.4.2021 välisen ajan.
Lisätietoja antaa Väyläviraston projektipäällikkö Mikko Heiskanen, puhelin 029 534 3808, firstname.lastname@example.org.
Puhelin 0295 34 3000
1 (1)
VÄYLÄ/1550/04.01.01/2021 | <urn:uuid:a3279799-60df-45a4-bce4-91a62ff982bd> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/fin_Latn/train | finepdfs | fin_Latn | 911 |
Starosta obce Nový Telečkov
Vážená paní, vážený pane, svolávám 1. zasedání členů okrskové volební komise pro volby do Poslanecké sněmovny Parlamentu České republiky
na den 29.9.2017 v 19:00 hodin, které se uskuteční v budově Obecního úřadu v Novém Telečkově
Vaše účast je nutná a nezastupitelná. Vezměte s sebou občanský průkaz.
V Novém Telečkově dne 22.9.2017
Vítězslav Brabec podpis starosty obce
Zveřejněno: 22.9.2017
Sňato:
Starosta obce/městyse ...............................
Vážená paní, vážený pane,
svolávám 1. zasedání členů okrskové volební komise pro volby do Poslanecké sněmovny Parlamentu České republiky
na den....................................................... v ...............................................hodin,
které se uskuteční v budově
.................................................................................................................................
Vaše účast je nutná a nezastupitelná. Vezměte s sebou občanský průkaz.
V ............................................ dne ..................................
...................................................................
podpis starosty obce/městyse
Zveřejněno:
Sňato: | <urn:uuid:509f81b2-2730-4b74-9aac-531262d57583> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ces_Latn/train | finepdfs | ces_Latn | 1,190 |
СТАНОВИЩЕ
НА КОНФЕДЕРАЦИЯТА НА НЕЗАВИСИМите СИНДИКАТИ В БЪЛГАРИЯ
По конституционно дело №4/2000г.
Уважаеми конституционни съдии,
В качеството си на заинтересована страна и въз основа на направеното искане изразяваме следното становище:
I. По обявяването за противоконституционни на разпоредбите от Кодекса за задължителното обществено осигуряване (КЗОО), които установяват и реализират принципа по чл. 3, т. 1 КЗОО – задължителност и всебиност на осигуряването.
Принципът по чл. 3, т. 1 КЗОО и свързаните с него разпоредби (атакувани в искането на групата народни представители) не противоречат на чл. 51, ал. 1 Конституцията, тъй като:
А/ Задължителността и всебиността на общественото осигуряване на първо място са заложени в преамбула на Конституцията в който се съдържа идеята, намерението и "решимостта" на законодателния орган за създаване на "социална" държава. Сърцевина на тази идея е изграждането на система за социално (обществено) осигуряване, чрез която да бъде реализирано конституционното право по чл. 51, ал. 1 К.
В тази разпоредба е заложено конституционно право, а не конкретно материално право.
Б/ На второ място, конституционното право, е уредено в КЗОО, като комплекс от материални права и задължения свързани с реализацията му. Конституционното право не може да бъде реализирано без съчетание със задължения за осигурените лица, каквито са фактически задълженията за участие на осигурените в набиране на средства за осигурителните фондове.
В тази връзка ще отбележим, че конституционното право на труд по чл. 48, ал. 1 от К се реализира не само и единствено по пътя на трудовите правоотношения, но и чрез лична стопанска дейност по предвидените в законите ред и условия, упражняване на свободна професия и т.н.
В/ Задължителността и всебиността на държавното обществено осигуряване, както и участието на осигурените във финансирането на осигуровките, произтичат пряко от редица конвенции на Международната
организация на труда ратифицирани от Българската държава по установения конституционен ред. С тях и техните разпоредби свързваме и преамбюла на Конституцията. Тук ще посочим няколко конвенции, вкл. техни разпоредби:
- Конвенция № 35 относно задължителната осигуровка старост на работниците в индустриалните и търговските предприятия, на тези от свободните професии, както и на работещите в дома си работници и на домашната прислуга. По силата на чл. 1 от конвенцията всяка държава -член на МОТ, която ратифицира тази конвенция се задължава да установи или да осигури ЗАДЪЛЖИТЕЛНА ОСИГУРОВКА СТАРОСТ при условия най-малко равни на тези, предвидени в конвенцията. Според чл. 2, т. 1 от конвенцията задължителния характер на осигуровката се отнася и за упражняващите свободна професия, а според чл. 9 те в качеството си на осигурени трябва да участвуват в набирането на средствата за осигуряване.
- Същите постановки за задължителност на осигуряването се сдържат и в Конвенция № 36 относно задължителната осигуровка старост на работниците в земеделските предприятия, конвенция № 37/1933 г. относно задължителната осигуровка инвалидност на работниците в индустриалните предприятия, на тези от свободните професии, както и на работещите в дома си работници и на домашната прислуга, конвенция № 38 относно задължителната осигуровка инвалидност на работниците в земеделските предприятия, конвенция № 39 относно задължителната осигуровка смърт на работниците в индустриалните и търговските предприятия, на тези от свободните професии, както и на работещите в дома си работници и на домашната прислуга и други.
С оглед изложеното не споделяме искането на народните избраници за обявяване на противоконституционност на текстове от КЗОО свързани с принципа по чл. 3, т. 1 КЗОО.
Горните аргументи са относими и към искането насочено към текстовете на чл. 121, чл. 123 и чл. 125, ал. 1, т. 1 КЗОО. Дял втори от КЗОО урежда допълнителното задължително пенсионно осигуряване, като част от единната пенсионно-осигурителна система, изградена, за разлика от задължителното пенсионно осигуряване по дял първи от КЗОО, върху принципа на капиталово покритие.
Във връзка с твърдяното противоречие на КЗОО с Конституцията относно задължителното осигуряване на пенсионерите работещи по трудово правоотношение или без такова ще отбележим, че посочените по-горе конвенции не съдържат забрана за разпростиране задължителността на осигуряването и спрямо работещи пенсионери, вкл. и такива по инвалидност, а приемат за допустимо националното законодателство да съдържа изключения по отношение на тази категория граждани (чл. 2, т. 2, б. "д" Конвенция № 35). В същото време досежно пенсията за старост чл. 8 от Конвенция № 35 на МОТ допуска частично или пълно спиране на пенсията за лица, които са задължително осигурени, което е доказателство, че водещ в
задължението за осигуряване е трудовият статус на гражданите, а не получаването или отсъствието на пенсионно обезпечение.
Що се отнася до противоречието с чл. 60, ал. 1 К по наше мнение приравняването на осигурителната вноска с данък е изкуствено конструирано и необосновано. Друг е въпросът, че и данъците и осигуровките са задължителни плащания, предназначени за функциониране на общественото обслужване. Но осигурителните вноски, в отличие от данъците, постъпват директно в институциите натоварени да приведат в изпълнение тяхното законово предназначение и да реализират осигурителните права на гражданите.
II. По противоречието на чл. 6, ал. 2, 3 и 5 и чл. 9, ал. 4 КЗОО с текста на чл. 6, ал. 2 Конституцията.
Кодексът за задължителното обществено осигуряване въвежда единен принцип за определяне РАЗМЕРА на осигурителните вноски за отделните осигурителни фондове. По размер, в процент към база осигурителен доход, осигурителните вноски за отделните осигурени рискове са едни и същи за всички осигурени лица и се определят чрез закон. Осигурителните вноски се дължат върху осигурителен доход ограничен до един максимален размер, еднакъв за всички осигурени лица (вж. чл. 2, т. 2, б. "а" Конвенция № 35).
Отделен е въпросът за различието в тежестта на плащането – изцяло за сметка на осигурения (при самоосигуряващите се), балансирено разпределен между осигурителя и осигурен или изцяло освободени от плащане осигурени лица за сметка на бюджет (например, лицата по чл. 4, ал. 1, т. 2 и 3 КЗОО). Такова искане обаче не е направено от групата народни представители до Конституционния съд.
С оглед изложеното не споделяме направеното искане в тази му част.
III. Считаме, че искането за обявяване на чл. 28 КЗОО за противоконституционен с оглед посочените текстове от Конституцията е необосновано.
Възможността временно свободните парични средства по фондовете на общественото осигуряване да се влагат или да бъдат придобивани, чрез тях държавни ценни книжа е предназначено за защита на тези средства (временно свободните), вкл. за умножаването им. Тази възможност е предвидена в закона и е предоставена на органите на националната осигурителна институция, а не на държавните органи, както е записано буквально в искането.
Основният аргумент на групата народни представители за противоречие с чл. 57, ал. 2 К е едно предположение – "...това би могло да се превърне в източник на злоупотреба със средства". Хипотезата на чл. 57, ал. 2 К не включва предположения за злоупотреба.
IV. Не е ясно в какво се изразява противоконституционността на чл. 68 КЗОО във връзка с чл. 70 КЗОО с чл. 4, ал. 1 и чл. 5, ал. 1 Конституцията, поради което не го споделяме.
Изискванията на тези разпоредби от КЗОО са насочени към създаване на по-плавен и поносим преход към новите условия за достъп до пенсионната система в нейния първи стълб, като се отчита реалното състояние на пенсионния фонд. Този режим е съобразен с Конвенция № 35 (вж. чл. 4, чл. 5 и чл. 16), относно изисквания, свързани с наличието на възраст и стаж.
V. Относно противоречието на чл. 74 КЗОО с чл. 6, ал. 2 от Конституцията.
Като изхождаме от текста на чл. 5 от Конвенция № 37 на МОТ предполагаме, че става дума не за противоконституционност на чл. 74 КЗОО, като цяло, а само за чл. 74, т. 4 и т. 5 КЗОО и тяхно противоречие с чл. 5, т. 2 от Конвенция № 37, установяваща максимална продължителност на стажа, през който се правят вноски - не повече от 60 месеца или 250 седмици. Искането обаче не е формулирано по този начин. | <urn:uuid:142b37a8-8fa3-43b1-8636-256a26bfb7f1> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/bul_Cyrl/train | finepdfs | bul_Cyrl | 8,262 |
How Many Animals Can Get Inside?
What to do
1. Read the book "The Mitten" to the children. In the story, several animals crowd inside a child's mitten until it finally bursts.
2. Draw a large picture of a mitten.
3. Place picture on floor.
4. See how many children you can get on the mitten picture.
5. Make the picture smaller for older children and see how many creative ways they can think of to get the most children on the mitten.
6. Try other pictures, such as a boat, a cloud, the head of a straight pin, etc.
What children will learn
Interest in reading, language | <urn:uuid:220c4971-917f-4993-8b24-0b730bc669be> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 575 |
Perfect Squares Cubes Practice
Thank you very much for downloading Perfect Squares Cubes Practice. Maybe you have knowledge that, people have look hundreds times for their chosen books like this Perfect Squares Cubes Practice, but end up in malicious downloads. Rather than enjoying a good book with a cup of tea in the afternoon, instead they cope with some malicious bugs inside their computer.
Perfect Squares Cubes Practice is available in our book collection an online access to it is set as public so you can download it instantly. Our books collection spans in multiple locations, allowing you to get the most less latency time to download any of our books like this one. Kindly say, the Perfect Squares Cubes Practice is universally compatible with any devices to read
Perfect Squares Cubes Practice
2020-05-26
VALENCIA KELLEY
Arithmetic for School and College Use, with a Copious Collection of Examples, and a Chapter on the Metric System and Decimal Coinage Arihant Publications India limited
Describes and analyzes various kinds of magic figures, explaining how to use algebraic methods to work out squares and how to apply the theory of reversions.
An Elementary Treatise on Algebra, in Theory and Practice Cengage India Private Limited In the book, the author has provided the CAT Aspirants with detailed concepts and problem solving skills. Three Assessments after every section have been added for thorough practice. In every chapter approx. 100 MCQs are given with Answer Key and Hints & Solutions. Fully Solved CAT 2014 and 1 Mock Test Paper help to understand the pattern of exam and prove to be very useful for practice. The contents have been written in coherent and systematic manner. The book has been divided into four section Quantitative Aptitude, Data Interpretation, Logical Reasoning and Verbal Ability and Reading Comprehension.
Problem Solving Through Recreational Mathematics Disha Publications Investigates impact of packaging and labeling practices on consumer buying habits. Practice Makes Perfect: Algebra I Review and Workbook, Third Edition Disha Publication Grade 6 Math Notes PDF (Grade 6 Textbook): Class Notes Chapter 1-14 to Download Short Questions and Answers (6th Class Math Notes PDF: Revision Guide, Terminology & Definitions) includes worksheets to solve problems with hundreds of course questions. Grade 6 Math Class Notes Chapter 1-14 PDF covers basic concepts and analytical assessment tests. Grade 6 Math Notes Book PDF helps to practice workbook questions from exam prep notes. Grade 6 Math study guide with answers key includes lecture notes with verbal, quantitative, and analytical past papers quiz questions. Grade 6 Math Short Questions and Answers PDF Download, a book to review trivia questions and answers on chapters: Algebraic equations and simple inequalities, angle properties of polygons, arithmetical problems and percentages, estimation and approximation, factors and multiples, functions and graphs, fundamental algebra, geometrical concepts and properties, integers, number sequences, perimeter and area of geometrical figures, ratio rate and speed, rational numbers, surface area and volume worksheets with revision guide. Grade 6 Math Notes PDF Download, free book's sample covers beginner's questions, textbook's study notes to practice worksheets. Class 6 Math PDF notes includes middle school workbook questions to practice worksheets for exam. Grade 6 Math Study Guide PDF, a textbook revision guide with chapters' notes for competitive exam. Grade 6 Math Lecture Notes PDF book to review problem solving exam tests from Math practical and textbook's chapters as: Chapter 1: Algebraic Equations and Simple Inequalities Notes Chapter 2: Angle Properties of Polygons Notes Chapter 3: Arithmetical Problems and Percentages Notes Chapter 4: Estimation and Approximation Notes Chapter 5: Factors and Multiples Notes Chapter 6: Functions and Graphs Notes Chapter 7: Fundamental Algebra Notes Chapter 8: Geometrical Concepts and Properties Notes Chapter 9: Integers Notes Chapter 10: Number Sequences Notes Chapter 11: Perimeter and Area of Geometrical Figures Notes Chapter 12: Rational Numbers Notes Chapter 13: Ratio Rate and Speed Notes Chapter 14: Surface Area and Volume Notes Study Algebraic Equations and Simple Inequalities class notes PDF, chapter 1 lecture notes with study guide: Equations and inequalities, examples of equations, inequalities learning, making formula, Math formulas, problem solving with algebra, simple equations solutions, solving simple equations, and writing algebraic expressions. Study Angle Properties of Polygons class notes PDF, chapter 2 lecture notes with study guide: Convex polygons, polygons, and types of triangles. Study Arithmetical Problems and Percentages class notes PDF, chapter 3 lecture notes with study guide: Commission calculations, discount calculations, expressing quantities and percentage, how to do percentages, increasing decreasing quantities, percentage comparison, percentage fractions and decimals, percentage of number, and tax calculations. Study Estimation and Approximation class notes PDF, chapter 4 lecture notes with study guide: Estimation and rounding, round off values, rounding numbers, rounding off numbers, and significant figures. Study Factors and Multiples class notes PDF, chapter 5 lecture notes with study guide: Cubes and cube roots, factors and multiples, highest common factor, index notation, least common multiple, prime and composite numbers, prime factorization, squares and square roots. Study Functions and Graphs class notes PDF, chapter 6 lecture notes with study guide: Cartesian plane, finding coordinates, and idea of functions. Study Fundamental Algebra class notes PDF, chapter 7 lecture notes with study guide: Algebra rules, algebraic expressions: addition and subtraction, algebraic notation, brackets in simplification, factorization, evaluation of algebraic expressions, factorization by grouping, linear algebraic expressions and fractional coefficients, and writing algebraic expressions. Study Geometrical Concepts and Properties class notes PDF, chapter 8 lecture notes with study guide: Adjacent angles, Cartesian plane, complementary angles, geometric concepts, line rays and segments, supplementary angles, and types of angles. Study Integers class notes PDF, chapter 9 lecture notes with study guide: Absolute value of integer, addition of integers, distributive law of multiplication, division of integers, multiplication of integers, number line, rules of integers, and subtraction of integers. Study Number Sequences class notes PDF, chapter 10 lecture notes with study guide: Number sequences. Study Perimeter and Area of Geometrical Figures class notes PDF, chapter 11 lecture notes with study guide: Units of area. Study Ratio Rate and Speed class notes PDF, chapter 12 lecture notes with study guide: Average rate, average speed, rate calculations, ratio calculations, ratio examples, ratio increase and decrease, and time calculation. Study Rational Numbers class notes PDF, chapter 13 lecture notes with study guide: Arithmetical operations on rational numbers, rational numbers, multiplication and division of rational numbers, ordering of rational numbers, real numbers calculations, terminating and recurring decimals. Study Surface Area and Volume class notes PDF, chapter 14 lecture notes with study guide: Cylinders, and volume of fluids. Chapter-wise NCERT + Exemplar + Practice Questions Solutions for CBSE Mathematics Class 11 2nd edition Corwin Press
The ideal study guide for success in Algebra I—with updated review and hundreds of practice questions Practice makes perfect—and this study guide gives you all the practice you need to gain mastery over Algebra I. Whether you're a high school or college student, or a self-studying adult, the hundreds of exercises in Practice Makes Perfect: Algebra I Review and Workbook, Third Edition will help you become comfortable, and ultimately gain confidence with the material. Written by an expert algebra educator with decades of experience, this updated edition of Practice Makes Perfect: Algebra I Review and Workbook features the latest strategies and lesson instruction in an accessible format, with thorough review followed immediately by a variety of practice questions. Covering all the essential algebra topics, this book will give you everything you need to help with your schoolwork, exams, and everyday life! Features: The most updated Algebra I lesson instruction and practice questions Use of the latest question types and Algebra strategies More than 900 practice exercises to reinforce Algebra I concepts Coverage of all the most important Algebra topics, from linear equations to solving word problems Answer Key to help check your work Lessons presented in an easy-to-use format, with review followed by lots of practice School Arithmetic, in Theory and Practice; Adapted for the Use of Pupil Teachers, Students in Training, and the Upper Classes of Schools Cengage Learning
Fascinating approach to mathematical teaching stresses use of recreational problems, puzzles, and games to teach critical thinking. Logic, number and graph theory, games of strategy, much more. Includes answers to selected problems. Free solutions manual available for download at the Dover website.
Barlow's Tables of Squares, Cubes, Square Roots, Cube Roots, Reciprocals of All Integer Numbers Up to 10,000 V&S Publishers
Algebra may seem intimidating?but it doesn't have to be. With Teach Yourself VISUALLY Algebra, you can learn algebra in a fraction of the time and without ever losing your cool. This visual guide takes advantage of color and illustrations to factor out confusion and helps you easily master the subject. You'll review the various properties of numbers, as well as how to use powers and exponents, fractions, decimals and percentages, and square and cube roots. Each chapter concludes with exercises to reinforce your skills.
Frustrations Teaching Math Bushra Arshad
This is the second book in the Math Made a Bit Easier series by independent math tutor Larry Zafran. It is a workbook of practice exercises, self-tests, and review notes to be used in conjunction with the first book in the series, subtitled Basic Math Explained in Plain English. The math content in this book is directly aligned with the first book. It covers the topics which comprise the foundation of math. It begins with practice in basic arithmetic, followed by basic operations, negative numbers, fractions, decimals, percents, and basic probability and statistics. If these topics are not completely mastered, later work will prove to be quite difficult. This is especially true of algebra. An extensive introduction describes how to obtain the greatest benefit from the book. The book also outlines practical techniques for attaining the optimal mindset for studying math and improving scores on exams. An answer key for all exercises and self-tests is included. Geometry - Volume Cubes McGraw Hill Professional
No advanced mathematical knowledge to construct these three-dimensional mind bogglers; including pandiagonal and perfect cubes ? many entirely new constructions, too. 111 figures. The Popular Educator Courier Corporation
Transforming the standards into learning outcomes just got a lot easier In this resource, you can see in an instant how teaching to your state standards should look and sound in the classroom. Under the premise that math is math, the authors provide a Cross-Referencing Index for states implementing their own specific mathematics standards, allowing you to see and understand which page number to turn to for standards-based teaching ideas. It's all here, page by page: Get the inside scoop on which standards connect, what key vocabulary means, and time-saving tables showing where to focus instruction for each grade Write curriculum for: ratios and proportional relationships, the number system, expressions and equations, functions, geometry, and statistics & probability Use the What to Teach pages to deliver powerful standards-based lessons Learn effective techniques to create an environment where all students can experience math breakthroughs Incorporate the Standards for Mathematical Practice to improve students' ability to problem solve, construct viable arguments, use tools strategically, attend to precision, and more Cross-referenced index listing the standards in the following states, explaining what is unique to the standards of each state Your Mathematics Standards Companion is your one-stop guide for teaching, planning, assessing, collaborating, and designing powerful mathematics curriculum. Go To Guide for CUET (UG) General Test with 10 Practice Sets & 5 Previous Year Questions; CUCET - Central Universities Common Entrance Test John Wiley & Sons The Birla institute of technology and science (bits), pilani conducts bits admission test (bitsat); An online test of total three hours duration; For admission into the first degree programmes at its pilani, goa and Hyderabad centre. The test consists of four parts: Physics, chemistry, English proficiency and logical reasoning and mathematics. All questions are of objective type (multiple choice questions) and each question appears with choice of four answers, only one being correct. Each correct answer fetches three marks, while each incorrect answer has a penalty of 1 mark. The total number of questions is generally 150. The syllabus prescribed for bitsat is set on the basis of
1
NCERT curriculum for class XI and XII. Cengage exam crack series presents 10 practice tests bitsat; A book made for bits aspirants to help them practice for bitsat in a more systematic and focused way so as to optimize their resources in the best possible manner. The practice tests designed strictly on bitsat pattern will not only help aspirants master basic concepts and solve relevant multiple choice questions with great ease but also give them a crisp clear self-assessment image of the level of preparation for the upcoming examination. The last practice test has been churned from previous year's Bitsat questions (based on memory) in order to give the aspirants a feel of the type and difficulty of the questions asked in the examination. Detailed solutions are also provided for all the questions at the end of the book. The book has also been supplemented with an android/windows app containing 5 practice tests. Aspirants can familiarize themselves with the online testing experience by practicing these tests. After attempting these tests, they can check the overall test analysis, their rank by synchronizing the scores online and solutions of the questions present in the tests.
UPSSSC PET Preliminary Exam Guide for Group C & Other Posts 2021 John Wiley & Sons The book Chapter-wise NCERT + Exemplar + Practice Questions with Solutions for CBSE Class 11 Mathematics has been divided into 3 parts. Part A provides detailed solutions (Question-byQuestion) of all the questions/ exercises provided in the NCERT Textbook. Part B provides solutions to the questions in the NCERT Exemplar book. Part C provides selected Practice Questions useful for the Class 11 examination along with detailed solutions. The solutions have been designed in such a manner (Step-by-Step) that it would bring 100% Concept Clarity for the student.
Your Mathematics Standards Companion, Grades 6-8Larry Zafran
Every intermediate algebra lesson, example, and practice problem you need in a single, easy-touse reference Algebra II can be a tough nut to crack when you first meet it. But with the right tools…well, she's still tough but she gets a heckuva lot easier to manage. In Algebra II All-in-One For Dummies you'll find your very own step-by-step roadmap to solving even the most challenging Algebra II problems, from conics and systems of equations to exponential and logarithmic functions. In the book, you'll discover the ins and outs of function transformation and evaluation, work out your brain with complex and imaginary numbers, and apply formulas from statistics and probability theory. You'll also find: Accessible and practical lessons and practice for second year high-school or university algebra students End-of-chapter quizzes that help you learn – and remember! – key algebraic concepts, such as quadratic equations, graphing techniques, and matrices One-year access to additional chapter quizzes online, where you can track your progress and get real-time feedback! Your own personal mathematical toolbox for some of the most useful and foundational math you'll learn in school, this Algebra II All-in-One For Dummies combines hands-on techniques, methods, and strategies from a variety of sources into one, can't-miss reference. You'll get the insights, formulas, and practice you need, all in a single book (with additional quizzes online!) that's ideal for students and lifelong learners alike! Algebra II All-in-One For Dummies John Wiley & Sons
Having the opportunity to teach math for over 25 years, I have found many days when you hit a brick wall. Whether it was in middle school, junior or senior high school, or at the community college, there were days when the new topic was not understood by the students. I could see it in their reaction (faces) to my explanation. Sometimes, I was the culprit. Knowing full well that the homework is a review of that day's topic, it must be delayed. As an educator teaching math, the
2
crescendo of each day builds, as we go further into the school calendar. Someone, who missed out and could not grasp the idea, needed to be tutored. That luxury is not available. FRUSTRATIONS TEACHING MATH, gives the student an opportunity to see how basic math ideas are solved. Sometimes, I give two scenarios in solving a problem. Other times, a "cheating way" is shown, so that math can be understood and also be fun. Some of the topics covered are the various ways to factor a binomial, trinomial, or polynomial. Another favorite is grasping the concept of greatest common factor or least common multiple. Right triangle trigonometry for the middle school student is explained using boating as the source of frustration. How much to tip at a restaurant? What does a half-off sale really mean? Let us not forget the "story" or word problems that really cause concerns. Distance! Rate! Time! All these ideas plus games and many more mathematical topics are reviewed on my 45 day road trip from Delaware to Florida. Coming back, with several stops on the way home, we'll explore these "frustrations".
Arithmetic in Theory and PracticeCorwin Press
"The Common Core Mathematics Companion 6-8 offers a practical guide for implementing the CCSS Math Standards. Teachers will appreciate the misconception alerts and ideas for differentiation." — Jay McTighe, Author and Consultant When it comes to math, standards-aligned is achievement-aligned… In the short time since The Common Core Mathematics Companions, Grades K-2 and 3-5 burst on the scene, they have been lauded as the best resources for making critical math ideas easy to teach. With this brand-new 6-8 volume, middle school math success is at your fingertips. Page by page, the authors lay out the pieces to a cutting-edge curriculum, helping you to: Get the inside scoop on which standards connect, what key vocabulary means, and time-saving tables showing where to focus instruction for each grade Write curriculum for: ratios and proportional relationships, the number system, expressions and equations, functions, geometry, and statistics & probability Use the What to Teach pages to deliver powerful standardsbased lessons Learn effective techniques to create an environment where all students can experience math break-throughs Incorporate the Standards for Mathematical Practice to improve students' ability to problem solve, construct viable arguments, use tools strategically, attend to precision, and more The Common Core Mathematics Companion, Grades 6–8 has what every middle school needs to provide students with the foundation for the concepts and skills they will be expected to know in grade 9–12. Ruth Harbin Miles is a mathematics coach, with special expertise in developing teachers' content knowledge and strategies for engaging students to achieve high mathematics standards. A serving member on the Board of Directors for the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics and the National Council of Supervisors of Mathematics, Ruth is a coauthor with Linda Gojak of The Common Core Mathematics Companions, K–2 and 3–5 (Corwin). Lois Williams, Ed.D., who taught mathematics in grades K–8 for 20 years, is currently an adjunct professor at Mary Baldwin College and an International Fellow with the Charles A. Dana Center, training teachers in the College and Career Readiness Standards She has been honored with a Fulbright Teacher Exchange and the Virginia Middle School Mathematics Teacher of the Year award.
15 Practice Sets for UPSSSC Preliminary Eligibility Test (UPPET) 2021 for Group C AuthorHouse Investigates impact of packaging and labeling practices on consumer buying habits. Barlow's Tables Courier Corporation
Perfect Squares Cubes Practice
The easy way to understand and retain all the concepts taught in pre-calculus classes Pre-Calculus All-in-One For Dummies is a great resource if you want to do you best in Pre-Calculus. Packed with lessons, examples, and practice problems in the book, plus extra chapter quizzes online, it gives you absolutely everything you need to succeed in pre-calc. Unlike your textbook, this book presents the essential topics clearly and concisely, so you can really understand the stuff you learn in class, score high on your tests (including the AP Pre-Calculus exam!), and get ready to confidently move ahead to upper-level math courses. And if you need a refresher before launching into calculus, look no further—this book has your back. Review what you learned in algebra and geometry, then dig into pre-calculus Master logarithms, exponentials, conic sections, linear equations, and beyond Get easy-to-understand explanations that match the methods your teacher uses Learn clever shortcuts, test-taking tips, and other hacks to make your life easier Pre-Calculus All-in-One For Dummies is the must-have resource for students who need to review for exams or just want a little (or a lot of!) extra help understanding what's happening in class. A Practical System of Algebra in Theory and Practice in Two Parts Disha Publications Disha's "Go To Guide for CUET (UG) General Test', earlier known as CUCET, has been developed as per the changed pattern of CUET as declared by NTA on 26 March, 2022. The Book is a one stop solution for the Central University Common Entrance Test, an all India level examination conducted for admission in 45+ Central Universities, Deemed Universities & Private Colleges like TISS. The Book includes: • The Book is divided into 2 Parts – A: Study Material; B – 10 Practice Mock Tests - 5 in Book & 5 Online. • Part A covers well explained theory and is strictly based on the exam pattern. • Part A is divided into four sections which are further divided into Chapters: 1. Quantitative Reasoning, 2. Numerical Ability 3. General Mental Ability 4. General Knowledge including Current Affairs • More than 2500+ questions for Practice with Hints & Solutions • Previous Paper of past 5 Years have been included chapter-wise for better understanding and to know the nature of actual paper. • Part B provides 5 Mock Tests in the Book & 5 Online on the newly released pattern of 75 MCQs (60 to be attempted). • Detailed solutions are provided for all the Questions. • Link to access the Mock Tests provided in the Book. Intermediate Algebra 2e
1. UPSSSC PET is a complete study Guide for the preparation of Group B & C posts. 2. The guide is divided into 6 main sections 3. Special section is allotted to Current Affairs 4. Chapterwise and Sectionwise Theories are given in the form 'Notes' 5. MCQs and Practice sets are given for complete practice For the first time, Uttar Pradesh Subordinate Service Selection Commission (UPSSSC) is going to conduct the Preliminary Eligibility Test (PET) for the recruitment of Group B & C posts. Introducing, our new edition "UPSSSC PET", which is comprised to serve as a complete study guide for aspirants who are preparing for Group B & C posts. Objectively designed as per the latest prescribed syllabus and pattern this book is segregated into 6 major sections: General Studies, General Science, Elementary Arithmetic, Saamaanya Hindi, Angrezi, Logic and Reasoning. A special section is allotted to Current Affairs providing summary of current turn of events around globe. Chapterwise and Sectionwise theories are given in the 'Notes' form. Along with theories ample number of MCQs and 3 practice sets are given for the complete conceptual revision of chapters. TOC Current Affairs, General Studies, General Science, Elementary Arithmetic, Saamaanya Hindi, Angrezi, Logic and Reasoning, 3 Practice Sets. The popular educator
2020-05-26 | <urn:uuid:dd466efc-d2f4-4a9f-b94d-e09503167d1c> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 25,103 |
ALL INCL. un proyecto Leonardo Asociaciones
ANTECEDENTES
La mayor parte de las personas, especialmente si sufren una desventaja física o de aprendizaje, se enfrentan a problemas y dificultades cuando tratan de pasar de la esfera de la formación a la esfera del trabajo. Esto significa, que no siempre el camino desde el mundo de la formación al mundo del trabajo es fácil y rápido. Diferentes estrategias y metodologías para favorecer este paso han sido diseñadas y están siendo implementadas por parte de organizaciones de toda Europa. Revisar, reunir y resumir las mejores prácticas es el objetivo de este proyecto
OBJETIVOS DEL PROYECTO
Los objetivos del proyecto son compartir e intercambiar las prácticas diseñadas e implementadas por las organizaciones del partenariado para mejorar el transito del desde el mundo de la formación al mundo del empleo.
Como resultado del intercambio, las mejores prácticas en intermediación laboral serán identificadas y recogidas en un Informe sobre Buenas Prácticas en Intermediación
PARTNENARIADO, METODOLOGIA
Las organizaciones alemanas BFW – Nurnberg, y SOS- Nurnberg, la austriaca PRO MENTE y la española FEPAMIC conforman el partenariado del proyecto.
Durante el proyecto los socios del mismo conocerán las distintas experiencias y tendrán la oportunidad de conocer en detalle los diferentes procesos y el funcionamiento concreto de las distintas prácticas . Todos los encuentros incluyen la participación de tutores laborales, formadores, expertos y personas beneficiarias.
Un sitio no público en Google Docs será usado como almacén de resultados y documentación del proyecto. Este sitio será usado como principal herramienta de difusión.
DESTINATARIOS
El proyecto se dirige a expertos en intermediación laboral, formadores, responsables…y en general a cualquier organización que sea responsable de la definición e implementación de planes de intermediación para sus clientes.
El proyecto proporcionará a los destinatarios nuevas ideas, nuevas metodologías y estrategias para garantizar el éxito de sus planes de intermediación.
ENCUENTROS TRANSNACIONALES
Córdoba, Noviembre 2011.I Encuentro transnacional
Nurnberg, Febrero 2012, II Encuentro transnacional.
Linz, Noviembre 2012, III Encuentro transnacional.
Nurnberg, Febrero 2013, IV Encuentro transnacional
Córdoba, Junio 2013, Encuentro Final.
Si quiere estar
los resultados del informadao acerca de
proyecto ,quiere obtener información colaborar con nosotros
complementaria o quiere
,por favor contacte con
Henares,
FEPAMIC.Sr. Francisco
Tel.0034957767700
Fhenares.proyectos@fepam
Fax. 0034957767964
icic.org
Este proyecto ha sido financiado con apoyo de la Comisión Europea. Esta publicación refleja las opiniones de los autores, y en ningún caso la Comisión es responsable del uso que pueda hacerse de la información contenida aquí | <urn:uuid:a86a2b6d-43d2-4a1e-9a7e-9db59e656266> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/spa_Latn/train | finepdfs | spa_Latn | 2,879 |
Teljesítmény igazolás
CPR rendelkezésnek megfelelően (EU)N°305/2011
Soudal Szaniter Tömítő Easy
Felülvizsgálva: 24/05/2022
Termék neve, típusa, egyedi kódja: Soudal Szaniter Tömítő Easy
Termék építőipari felhasználási területe:
Tömítő látható felületeken beltéren Tömítő szaniter helységekhez
Az építési terméknek a gyártó által meghatározott rendeltetése az alkalmazandó harmonizált műszaki előírással összhangban:
EN 15651-1:2012: Típus F -INT
EN 15651-3:2012: Típus S: Osztály S1
Építési termék teljesítménye állandóságának értékelésére és ellenőrzésére szolgáló, az V. mellékletben szereplők szerinti rendszer, vagy rendszerek:
Rendszer 3: Összegzés
Rendszer 3: Tűzállóságra
Gyártó neve, bejegyzett kereskedelmi neve, valamint értesítési címe a 11. cikk (5) bekezdésben előírtaknak megfelelően:
Soudal NV, Everdongenlaan 18-20, 2300 Turnhout, Belgium
Meghatalmazott személy:
IFT Rosenheim GmbH, NB 0757 aki az Elsődleges Tipus Teszteket végezte, az alábbiakban összegezve.
Soudal NV
Tel: +32 (0)14-42.42.31
Everdongenlaan 18 - 20
Fax: +32 (0)14-42.65.14
Oldal 1 A 4
Referencia szám: 231856
Teljesítmény igazolás
CPR rendelkezésnek megfelelően (EU)N°305/2011
Soudal Szaniter Tömítő Easy
Felülvizsgálva: 24/05/2022
Oldal 2 A 4
Igazolt Teljesítmény: EN 15651-1:2012
Körülmények:
Módszer B
Felületek:
Alumínium Beton
Igazolt Teljesítmény: EN 15651-3:2012
Körülmények:
Módszer B
Felületek:
Alumínium
Üveg
A fent megnevezett termék teljesítménye megfelel a táblázatban foglaltaknak. E teljesítmény- igazolás kiadásáért kizárólag a gyártó cég a felelős.
Tel: +32 (0)14-42.42.31
Everdongenlaan 18 - 20
Fax: +32 (0)14-42.65.14
Teljesítmény igazolás
CPR rendelkezésnek megfelelően (EU)N°305/2011
Soudal Szaniter Tömítő Easy
Felülvizsgálva: 24/05/2022
A gyártó nevében aláíró személy
Tel: +32 (0)14-42.42.31
Oldal 3 A 4
Ing. W. Dierckx
Technical Product Manager B-2300 Turnhout, Belgium, 24/05/2022
Everdongenlaan 18 - 20
Fax: +32 (0)14-42.65.14
Felülvizsgálva: 24/05/2022
CE Jelölés
CPR rendelkezésnek megfelelően (EU)N°305/2011
NB 0757
Soudal NV, Everdongenlaan 18-20, 2300 Turnhout, Belgium
22
Referencia szám: 231856
EN 15651-1: 2012
EN 15651-3: 2012
Tömítő látható felületeken beltéren Tömítő szaniter helységekhez
Soudal Szaniter Tömítő Easy
EN 15651-1:2012: Típus F -INT
EN 15651-3:2012: Típus S: Osztály S1
Körülmények:
Módszer B
Felületek:
Alumínium
Beton
Soudal NV
Tel: +32 (0)14-42.42.31
Fax: +32 (0)14-42.65.14
Oldal 4 A 4 | <urn:uuid:54650116-9a78-4c82-a8b4-e5320e31c4b5> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/hun_Latn/train | finepdfs | hun_Latn | 2,502 |
Voisinage malmené
Les travaux au jardin ont repris le devant de la scène dans la quotidien des heureux propriétaires d’un lom de terre. Entre la pelouse qui doit être taillée, les fleurs que l’on arrache avec une minutie, le potager où l’on soigne les plantes… il y a du travail pour tout le monde. Attention cependant à ne pas tromper le voisin, étienne, à ce titre, se plait, comme plusieurs autres lecteurs notamment, du fait que le sien, de voisin, a pu bénéficier du désenchanté un jardinier chargé en son propre nom, à la suite de Jean-Philippe Rendler, curé des paroisses catholiques d’Alsace Bossue. Il explique : « Régulièrement, les participants aux messes testives sont informés que la communauté est ouverte au Christ et, pour l’Église catholique, une démarche de croyant adhérant à la foi catholique et non un moment de partage systématique ou obligatoire. En effet, pour la fidélité aux termes canoniques chrétiennes, l’eucharistie est, à la fois, signe de la communion des fidèles avec le Christ et signe de la communauté des fidèles entre eux, dans l’unité de la foi. Il ne peut donc pas s’agir d’une communion eucharistique entre les chrétiens de confessions différentes tant qu’il n’y a pas accord sur une compréhension commune de l’eucharistie. Poser un geste d’unité dans la communion qui ne serait pas authentique serait hypocrite et nuancerait, par conséquent, et de façon paradoxale, des réactions extrémistes ou fondamentalistes. Il est préférable que chacun soit respecté dans ses convictions et qu’il contribue à l’unité des relations interreligieuses. C’est pourquoi la règle de bon sens la plus élémentaire est que les invités aux cérémonies religieuses veillent au principe de respecter les coutumes et pratiques religieuses du lieu d’accueil, afin de ne pas risquer de provocation inutile. (…) Toutes les personnes, pour une raison ou une autre, ne sont pas en mesure de communier à l’eucharistie, peuvent s’avancer pour recevoir de la part du prêtre après s’être adressé à lui d’accord avec lui, une bénédiction de Dieu par un signe de croix sur leur front ».
D’Râtsch
Précision : pas d’intercommunion
L’article paru dans le Râtsch de dimanche dernier au sujet d’une communion qui a été refusée par l’officiant d’une messe à une dame de confession protestante, suscite la réaction de Jean-Philippe Rendler, curé des paroisses catholiques d’Alsace Bossue. Il explique : « Régulièrement, les participants aux messes testives sont informés que la communauté est ouverte au Christ et, pour l’Église catholique, une démarche de croyant adhérant à la foi catholique et non un moment de partage systématique ou obligatoire. En effet, pour la fidélité aux termes canoniques chrétiennes, l’eucharistie est, à la fois, signe de la communion des fidèles avec le Christ et signe de la communauté des fidèles entre eux, dans l’unité de la foi. Il ne peut donc pas s’agir d’une communion eucharistique entre les chrétiens de confessions différentes tant qu’il n’y a pas accord sur une compréhension commune de l’eucharistie. Poser un geste d’unité dans la communion qui ne serait pas authentique serait hypocrite et nuancerait, par conséquent, et de façon paradoxale, des réactions extrémistes ou fondamentalistes. Il est préférable que chacun soit respecté dans ses convictions et qu’il contribue à l’unité des relations interreligieuses. C’est pourquoi la règle de bon sens la plus élémentaire est que les invités aux cérémonies religieuses veillent au principe de respecter les coutumes et pratiques religieuses du lieu d’accueil, afin de ne pas risquer de provocation inutile. (…) Toutes les personnes, pour une raison ou une autre, ne sont pas en mesure de communier à l’eucharistie, peuvent s’avancer pour recevoir de la part du prêtre après s’être adressé à lui d’accord avec lui, une bénédiction de Dieu par un signe de croix sur leur front ».
Hirschland / Opposition au projet d’une méga-décharge
Le front commun
Hier matin, une réunion de travail sur le projet d’implantation d’un centre de stockage de déchets ultimes (CSDU) à la ferme du Schwabenhof s’est tenue en mairie de Hirschland.
Le ciel va-t-il s’éclaircir sur l’avenir des 95 hectares de la ferme du Schwabenhof ? (Photo DNA)
C’est on ne peut plus clair : personne ne veut d’une décharge à Hirschland. Elus, associations et citoyens sont opposés au projet d’implantation d’un centre de stockage de déchets ultimes (CSDU) sur le terrain de la ferme du Schwabenhof. Ils l’ont répété hier matin en mairie de Hirschland.
Deux personnes ont annoncé leur retraite de près de deux heures : le maire de Hirschland Guy Dierbach, accompagné de ses adjoints Carine Lett, André Herzel et Daniel Muller, le député Émile Blessig, le président de la communauté de communes d’Alsace Bossue (CCAB) Jean Mathia, Rémy Klein et Jean-Marie Blaser (premiers magistrats), Karine et Kirboum, Jacqueline Schneider (responsable pour l’Alsace Bossue de la fédération départementale des syndicats d’exploitants agricoles) ainsi que le président de l’association de sauvegarde de la vallée de l’Isch (ASVI) Gilbert Quirin.
La rencontre « n’a pas démarré sur l’espoir que la porte de la ferme ne se fasse pas », a estimé Gilbert Quirin. Le président de l’association de sauvegarde de la vallée de l’Isch, « un peu en retrait par rapport à l’affaire, mais en ma- role aux élus », a senti Émile Blessig « un peu plus impliqué, remonté ». Il souhaite maintenant disposer d’un « repère de la position du gouvernement ».
Gilbert Quirin insiste sur la détermination à « aller au bout » de cette lutte. « Ça avance fort, il y a une solidarité, tous les gens sont motivés ; un état citoyen est né ». Des pétitions circulent sur la toile. Plus d’un millier de signatures auraient déjà été collectées. Des tracts ont aussi été distribués à plusieurs reprises dans les boîtes aux lettres des habitants de Hirschland et des villages environnants.
Le président de l’association de sauvegarde de la vallée de l’Isch a vu Marc Hauteur, le soir même, « un homme neutre ». « Il tient toujours le même discours, il est toujours au même stade de sa réflexion, il n’y a donc rien eu de positif. Il s’est contenté de dire oui », indique Gilbert Quirin, qui regrette notamment qu’il reste muet lorsqu’il lui pose cette question : « Est-ce qu’il l’autorait un élément d’information pour lequel tu refuserais le projet ? »
Dans la foulée de la réunion d’hier matin, Émile Blessig a également rencontré Marc Hauteur : « Il est dans une démarche personnelle, pas complètement indifférent à l’intérêt du territoire », analyse le député. J.Del | <urn:uuid:40e60b17-9a6f-49c3-9545-ccccfacf92bf> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/fra_Latn/train | finepdfs | fra_Latn | 6,587 |
Appetizers
Basket of Onion Rings w/ Cajun Ranch 7.00 Basket of House made Chips 6.00 Mozzarella Sticks w/ Marinara sauce 7.00 Pretzel Logs w/ Cheese Sauce 8.00 Chicken Fingers w/ French Fries 11.00
Basket of French Fries 5.00
Loaded Fries 7.00
Cheddar Cheese, Bacon , Jalapeno's
Jalapeno Poppers 8.00
Fried Mushrooms w/ Ranch 7.00
Old Hick Platter 9.00
3 of each fried mushrooms, mozzarella sticks, onion rings, jalapeno poppers
Pizza
Cauliflower Crust additional $1.oo
Cheese Pizza 11.00
Each additional toppings $.50 ( Bacon , black olives, banana peppers, mushrooms, onions, pepperoni, jalapenos, sausage, sweet peppers)
Buffalo Chicken Pizza 13.00
Grilled or crispy chicken tossed in buffalo wing sauce. Topped with crumbly bleu cheese & ranch dressing.
Sasquatch Lovers Pizza 13.00
Flatbreads 14.00
Marinara sauce, mozzerella cheese, pepperoni, sausage, bacon & ham.
Chef's choice
* Ask your server what today's special is •
Wings
Additional Blue Cheese $.50
Dozen Wings w/ blue cheese & celery $12.00
Sauces - Mild, Medium, Hot, Old Hick, Spicy Old Hick, Country Sweet, Sweet Chili, Garlic Parm, Cajun Tequila, BBQ
Salads
Buffalo Chicken Salad 13.00
Breaded chicken tossed in buffalo sauce with cheddar-jack cheese and fresh veggies
CBR Salad 13.00
Chicken (grilled or crispy), Bacon, Ranch dressing.
Caesar Salad 9.00 Chicken grilled or crispy add $5
House made Chips
Handhelds
Includes one side and a pickle spear
Chicken Sandwich $12.00 Grilled or crispy with bacon, lettuce, tomato, onion, mayo on a roll.
Chicken Parm Sandwich 12.00
Breaded chicken patty with marinara & mozzarella on a roll.
Buffalo Chicken Sandwich $12.00 sauce with blue cheese on a roll.
Breaded chicken patty tossed in buffalo
Zweigles hot dog w/ side $7.00
Red or White
Bigfoot's Burger $12.00
(american, swiss, provolone or cheddar).
Served with au jus & horseradish . Served
Beef on Weck 12.00
with choice of one side.
BMS Burger $12.00 swiss burger
(8 oz. ground chuck) Bacon, mushroom,
* Beyond Burger Available
Pizza Burger 12.00
* Beyond Burger Available
Lettuce, tomato, onion, choice of cheese
Add bacon for $1.00.
cheese on a roll.
Marinara sauce, pepperoni, mozzarella
* Beyond Burger Available
Sides
ááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááá
French Fries
Potato Chips
Mac Salad
Apple Sauce
Onion Rings $1.00
Side Salad
Littlefoot's Menu
Chicken Fingers 5.00
ááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááá
2 Chicken fingers. Served with one side.
Served with one side.
Corn Dog 5.00 Served with one side.
Mac n Cheese 5.00
Grilled Cheese 3.00 Served with one side. | <urn:uuid:4a126e05-51ed-4dde-9a9d-effbd397c572> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 2,818 |
2 Směs bylinných olejů na mazání při kašli - nemocným, kteří trpí silným kašlem nebo zánětem průdušek, přináší úlevu namazání hrudníku směsí bylinných olejů. Užívá se směs, kterou tvoří polovina čajové lžičky borovicového, polovina čajového lžičky eukalyptového, polovina čajové lžičky levandulového a polovina čajové ... tajenka má 22 písmen a 2 polévkové lžíce kafrového oleje. K mazání hrudníku se používá 10 kapek této směsi každé ráno, dokud nemoc neustoupí.
AKTIN - ASIAT - ATAŠÉ - AŽURA - BAŽANT - BYSTA - CAPOT - CELTA
DRŽET - EDIKT - EJEKTOR - FILIP - FOGLAR - FREON - HALTR - JITRA
KTERÁ - KURNÍK - KUŽELKA - LÉČKA - LESŇÁK - LOKTE - LOVEC
LŮŽKO - MALÉR - MLÍČÍ - MULUC - NÁBOJ - NANDU - OBTAH - OJOJOJ
OKOLEK - OKŘÍN - OLYSALÝ - PADOL - PAHÝL - PIKNIK - PILULKA
REŽNÁ - SALIT - SENÁT - SEPTIK - SKRÁŇ - STÁTSE - STOŽÁR
STŘIH - ŠTĚBET - ŠTĚTKA - TENTO - TIKET - TLÁPA - TRAKT - TRASA
TRIAS - TRIKY - TVRDĚ - UKRÝT - ULITA - UTÉCI - ÚTOČNÍK - UTŘÍT
VARNA - VĚŠTBA - VÝHRA - ZLOST - ŽABÁCI - ŽITNÁ - ŽÍŽALA - ŽVÁRO | <urn:uuid:2c238f72-193c-4ae5-9c4f-bbf5722a4908> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ces_Latn/train | finepdfs | ces_Latn | 1,031 |
izv. prof. dr. sc. Damir Piplica 1 Nina Budimir
UTJECAJ COVID-19 PANDEMIJE NA KVALITETU PORTFELJA HRVATSKIH BANAKA - PRIMJER „OTP BANKE" d. d.
Prethodno priopćenje / Preliminary communication UDK / UDC: 336.71:616.98(497.5) DOI: 10.51650/ezrvs.17.3-4.3
Primljeno / Received: 11/10/2023
Prihvaćeno / Accepted: 21/11/2023
COVID-19 pandemija imala je značajan utjecaj na bankarski sektor u Hrvatskoj, uključujući i OTP banku, jednu od vodećih banaka na tržištu. U ovom radu istražuje se specifični utjecaj pandemije na kvalitetu portfelja hrvatskog bankovnog sustava s primjerom analize portfelja OTP banke, uz naglasak na ključne smjernice i reakcije banke na izazove pandemije. Pandemija je prouzrokovala ekonomske neizvjesnosti, gubitak radnih mjesta i smanjenje prihoda klijenata. To je rezultiralo povećanim rizikom od nenaplativih kredita u portfelju hrvatskih banaka, posebno u sektorima koji su najviše pogođeni, poput turizma i maloprodaje. OTP banka brzo je reagirala na pandemiju i ponudila klijentima opcije moratorija na otplatu kredita kako bi im olakšala financijske terete tijekom krize. Ovo je privremeno smanjilo pritisak na klijente i banku, ali istovremeno odgodilo procjenu stvarnih rizika u portfelju. Hrvatske banke, uključujući i OTP banku, pojačale su rezervacije za moguće buduće gubitke od nenaplativih kredita kako bi se bolje pripremila za izazove. Također su provodile stres testiranja kako bi procijenile kako bi se različiti scenariji mogli odraziti na njihov portfelj. Pandemija je potaknula veću potrebu za digitalnim bankarstvom i online uslugama. OTP banka je uložila napore u daljnju digitalizaciju poslovanja kako bi osigurala kontinuitet i bolju uslugu klijentima tijekom pandemije i nakon nje. Nadalje, OTP banka surađivala je s regulatornim tijelima i pratila smjernice Hrvatske narodne banke kako bi osigurala stabilnost i usklađenost s propisima tijekom krize.
Ključne riječi: COVID-19 pandemija, kvaliteta portfelja, financijski izvještaji, financijski pokazatelji, neprihodujući krediti.
1Sveučilišni odjel za forenzične znanosti Sveučilišta u Splitu, Ruđera Boškovića 33, Split, Republika Hrvatska; e-mail: email@example.com.
1. Uvod
COVID-19 pandemija, koja je izbila početkom 2020., izazvala je duboku i sveobuhvatnu transformaciju u poslovnom okruženju širom svijeta. Ovaj globalni događaj prouzročio je ne samo ozbiljne izazove u zdravstvenom sektoru, već i dramatične ekonomske i financijske posljedice koje su se osjećale u svim sektorima gospodarstva, uključujući bankarstvo. U tom kontekstu, ovaj rad usmjerava pažnju na analizu specifičnih utjecaja koje je COVID-19 pandemija imala na poslovanje hrvatskih banaka, uz fokus na primjer OTP banke.
Bankarski sektor, kao ključna komponenta financijske infrastrukture, igra ključnu ulogu u održavanju ekonomske stabilnosti i podržavanju rasta i razvoja gospodarstva. No, pandemija je donijela niz izazova koji su stavili bankarske institucije pred brojne neizvjesnosti i promjene. Cilj je ovog rada pružiti duboki uvid u specifičan utjecaj COVID-19 pandemije na poslovanje OTP banke kao reprezentativnog primjera financijske institucije, kako bi se bolje razumjele promjene i izazovi s kojima su se hrvatske banke suočile tijekom pandemije. Analizom primjera OTP banke, rad će doprinijeti boljem razumijevanju prilika i rizika s kojima su se banke suočile u izvanrednim okolnostima i kako su se prilagodile novonastalim izazovima. S obzirom na to, ovaj će rad analizirati i istražiti konkretan utjecaj pandemije na poslovanje OTP banke, jednog od istaknutih igrača na financijskom tržištu, kako se banka nosila s krizom i kako su se promijenile njezine strategije i operativni postupci.
1.1. Kraći teoretski pregled dosadašnjih istraživanja
Pandemija koronavirusa nije prouzročila samo velike zdravstvene probleme u cijelom svijetu nego je imala značajne implikacije na svjetsko gospodarstvo. Izbijanje navedene pandemije ozbiljno je utjecalo na zdravstvo, gospodarstvo, transport i druge sektore u raznim industrijama i regijama (Padhan i Prabheesh, 2021). Tako je u drugom kvartalu 2020. svjetski BDP pao za više od 4,9 % zbog gospodarskih poremećaja. Autori također zaključuju da su zemlje u razvoju imale znatan odljev kapitala te smanjena ulaganja i produktivnost. Prema njima, COVID-19 negativno je utjecao na tržište dionica, smanjenje priljeva kapitala i stvaranje ograničenja za ulaganja, financiranje novih projekata i dostupnost likvidnosti u međunarodnom financijskom sustavu. Štoviše, neki tvrde da je ova pandemija u zemljama u razvoju i razvijenim zemljama dovela do prekida gospodarskih aktivnosti bez presedana (Baldwin & Mauro, 2020). Naime, utvrđeno je da je zbog slabe ponude i potražnje međunarodna trgovina bila smanjena za 3,5 % u drugom kvartalu 2020. (Vidya &, Prabheesh, 2020). Uočen je brzi pad potrošnje roba i usluga zbog oštrog pada dohotka i slabog povjerenja potrošača.
Choi (2020) i Njindan (2020) su u svojim istraživanjima došli do zaključka da su zbog pandemije koronavirusa proizvodnja i krediti smanjeni. S druge strane, Gu i sur. (2020) smatraju da je COVID-19 pandemija imala nepovoljan utjecaj na korporativnu izvedbu. Fu i Shen (2020) su utvrdili da je pogoršanje cijena nafte uslijed pandemije nepovoljno utjecalo na učinak energetskog sektora. Autori su zaključili da je COVID-19 povećao volatilnost cijena nafte i negativno utjecao na energiju industrije. Slično potvrđuju i drugi autori (Narayan, 2020). Bauer i Weber (2020), Liu i sur. (2020), kao i Yu i sur. (2020) utvrdili su značajno smanjenje potrošnje, ulaganja i stope angažiranja radne snage u pandemijskom vremenu. Određeni su autori otkrili da su međunarodne tvrtke imale znatno niže cijene dionica od domaćih kompanija tijekom pandemije (Guedhami i sur., 2021). Oni također pokazuju da bolji financijski sustav zemlje ublažava ove negativne učinke. Drugi pokazuju da je COVID-19 pandemija povećala svjetske financijske rizike i destruktivno utjecala na međunarodna financijska tržišta (Al-Awadhi i sur., 2020). Cao i sur.(2020) te Harjoto i sur. (2020) također su došli do istovjetnih ili sličnih zaključaka. COVID-19 utjecao je na značajno smanjuje povrata burzovnih ulaganja (Wang & Enilov, 2020). Štoviše, doveo je i do značajnog porasta volatilnosti tržišta dionica (Zaremba i sur., 2020). Ubrzani tempo smanjenja kreditnog rasta može imati negativan utjecaj na bilance banaka i smanjenje stope adekvatnosti kapitala što bi se onda moglo prelijevati na realno gospodarstvo (Acharya & Steffen, 2020). Američke banke tijekom pandemije morale su napraviti veća rezerviranja za gubitke po kreditima i nenaplativim zajmovima (Beck &Keil, 2021). Isto tako, američke banke značajno su povećale svoje zajmove, ali je njihova ukupna ponuda kredita ostala nepromijenjena (Li i sur., 2020). Utvrđeno je da su američke banke tijekom COVID-19 pandemije bile restriktivnije u kreditiranju malih tvrtki (Greenwald i sur., 2020). Neki su autori istraživali povezanost COVID-19 pandemije s kreditiranjem u svijetu, kao i sistemski rizik banaka iz međunarodne perspektive (Colak & Öztekin, 2021). Otpornost banaka na pandemiju veća je kod banaka s manjim brojem nenaplativih kredita, dobrom kapitalizacijom i višim depozitima (Demir & Danisman, 2021). Istraživanjima su pokazala da su lošije kapitalizirane banke znatno više povećale ponudu kredita tijekom pandemije (Dursun-de Neef i sur., 2022). Određeni autori smatraju da je pandemija značajno utjecala na financijsku izvedbu u usporedbi s različitim mjerama stabilnosti (Elnahass i sur., 2021). S druge strane, ostali smatraju da pomoć u likvidnosti, kao i programi potpore zajmoprimcima te monetarno labavljenje, ublažilo je negativne učinke krize, što se značajno razlikovalo među bankama i zemljama (Demirgüç-Kunt i sur., 2021). Pokazano je da se širenje sindiciranih zajmova povećalo u ovisnosti od toga kako je zajmodavac ili zajmoprimac postajao osjetljiviji na pandemiju (Hasan i sur., 2021).
2. Utjecaj pandemije na kretanje kvalitete portfelja banaka u Repulici Hrvatskoj
2.1. Utjecaj pandemije na kreditiranje pravnih osoba
Hrvatska agencija za malo gospodarstvo, inovacije i investicije (HAMAG-BICRO) i Hrvatska banka za obnovu i razvitak (HBOR) dvije su glavne državne institucije koje nude sredstva (kredite i zajmove) poduzetnicima. Hrvatska banka za obnovu i razvitak donijela je tijekom 2020. mjere s ciljem smanjenja negativnih posljedica pandemije koje su uključivale: moratorij na postojeće obveze, reprogramiranje postojećih obveza, nove kredite za poboljšanje likvidnosti i police osiguranja kao garancije za odobrenje kredita.
Što se tiče moratorija, HBOR je svim svojim klijentima omogućio moratorij na 3 mjeseca na sve obveze koje su dospjele nakon 29. veljače 2020. S obzirom na to kako je negativan utjecaj pandemije koronavirusa potrajao, moratorij je produžen. Klijenti za vrijeme trajanja moratorija neće biti u obvezi plaćati glavnicu, kamate i naknade, a dospjele obveze klijenti će nakon završetka razdoblja moratorija moći beskamatno otplaćivati u 12 jednakih mjesečnih rata. S klijentima kojima krajnji rok otplate kredita završava unutar tog razdoblja, način otplate individualno će se regulirati (UHY, 2020). Reprogram postojećih obveza također je omogućen, ali na način uvođenja počeka kod otplate glavnice kredita. Prilikom toga sa svakim je klijentom posebno dogovoran reprogram obveza u skladu s njihovim otplatnim potencijalom.
HBOR je nove kredite za poboljšanje likvidnosti odobravao poduzećima u sinergiji s poslovnim bankama. Spomenuti krediti odobravali su se uz povoljnu kamatnu stopu, a njihova sredstva bila su namijenjena financiranju osnovnih troškova poduzeća. U ime i za račun Republike Hrvatske, Hrvatska banka za obnovu i razvitak odobravala je police osiguranja poslovnim bankama i HBOR-u. Police osiguranja (garancije) koristit će se kao kolateral za nove kredite za likvidnost odobrene izvoznicima, a HBOR je kao novu mjeru omogućio i izvoznicima iz turističkog sektora da koriste ovu pogodnost (UHY, 2020). Navedene police osiguranja pružile su poduzećima lakše, brže i jednostavnije dobivanje novih kredita za pokrivanje likvidnosti uz manje instrumente osiguranja. Apsolutni mjesečni iznos novoodobrenih kredita sektoru nefinancijskih poduzeća (uključujući i obnovljene/restrukturirane) u travnju 2020. najviši je u posljednjih pet godina i premašuje 10 mlrd. kuna. Kreditna se likvidnost pojačala uslijed otežanog održavanja likvidnosti i slijedom toga se promijenila struktura novih kredita. Krediti prema poduzećima su se nakon početka COVID-19 pandemije značajno smanjili bez obzira o kojoj je vrsti kredita riječ.
2.2. Utjecaj pandemije na kreditiranje građanstva
Tijekom pandemije koronavirusa mnoge su banke donijele odluke pomoću kojih su djelomično regulirale kreditiranje građanstva. Rizici kao što su gubitak posla ili smanjenje prihoda značajno su se odrazili na uzimanje kredita ili zajmova u bankama. Slijedom situacije, građani koji su najviše bili pogođeni upravo su oni koji su bili zaposleni u turizmu, transportu, ugostiteljstvu ili zaposleni u malim poduzećima ili obrtima. Zbog svega toga već tijekom 2020. došlo je do nemogućnosti redovnog plaćanja kredita i ostalih obveza. Kreditne institucije na to su reagirale novim mjerama i prijedlozima koje su provedene kroz njihove procedure kako bi tako olakšale otplatu postojećih i budućih obveza klijenata. Jedna od pokrenutih mjera bilo je zaustavljanje mjera prisilne naplate. Mjere prisilne naplate odnose se na ovrhu tekućih računa korisnika kredita, odnosno dužnika te njihovih sudužnika ili jamaca koji svoje kreditne obveze ne plaćaju uredno. Spomenuta mjera tada se odnosila upravo na one klijente koji svoje obveze ne podmire uzastopce tijekom tri mjeseca računajući od travnja 2020. Jedna od najaktualnijih mjera koja se provodila svakako su moratoriji na kredite. Svaki korisnik kredita koji je uredno dotada plaćao svoje obveze, ali je zbog posljedica pandemije izgubio posao ili zbog nekih drugih okolnosti imao smanjena primanja, mogao je zatražiti moratorij. Tijekom moratorija obračunava se redovna kamata na kredit.
U Republici Hrvatskoj su se tijekom 2021. povećali problemi s otplatom kreditnih obveza od strane građanstva. Uoči krize COVID-19 na kraju 2019., udio nekvalitetnih kredita (nenaplativih ili teško naplativih) u sektoru stanovništva porastao je s 5,8 % na 7,1 % prošle godine, prema podatcima središnje banke. U apsolutnim brojkama, portfelj loših kredita banaka sektora stanovništva povećao se s oko 7,8 milijardi kuna na kraju 2019. na nešto više od 9,7 milijardi kuna na kraju 2021. Najveći broj kredita s problematičnom otplatom odnosio se na gotovinske nenamjenske kredite. S druge pak strane, najmanje problema s otplatom dolazi kod stambenih kredita. Pritom je krajem 2019. u kategoriju nenaplativih ili teško naplativih kredita otišlo oko 2,9 milijardi kuna odobrenih gotovinskih kredita, a godinu dana kasnije u ovu kategoriju otišlo je gotovo 4,4 milijarde kuna. Postotak loših gotovinskih nenamjenskih kredita u periodu od 2019. do 2020. povećao s 5,5 % na 8,3 %. Također, došlo je do porasta kod naplate minusa po tekućim računima, sa 6 % krajem 2019. povećao se na 7,2 % krajem 2020. Neznatan se rast primijeti kod stambenih kredita, koji su s 3,7 % u 2019. godini narasli na 4,2 % u 2020.
Najčešći i najpoželjniji način rješavanja naplate nenaplaćenih potraživanja je dogovor s klijentom i zato banka uvijek poziva sve klijente ako zbog promijenjenih životnih okolnosti mogu predvidjeti probleme u otplati svojih obveza da se na vrijeme jave banci i u zajedničkom dogovoru pronađu najpovoljnije rješenje za njih i banku. Kako je pandemija COVID-19 eskalirala, umjesto da se kreću prema prodaji loših dugova, banke su ih pokušale riješiti tako što su se izravno obraćale klijentima. Otpis nenaplativih potraživanja nije uobičajen način podmirivanja dugova, već samo kada to zahtijeva zakon ili nadležno pravosudno tijelo, a u iznimnim slučajevima i mogućnost pronalaženja kupaca u određenim specifičnim okolnostima.
Neizvjesno je dalje kako će građani podmirivati svoje obveze te kako će banke reagirati na isto, a postotak loših kredita zasigurno će rasti. Dobit se banaka tijekom 2020. i 2021. smanjila, a isto tako su i troškovi narasli. Sve je to također dovelo i do povećane prodaje nenaplativih kredita agencijama za naplatu potraživanja.
3. Analiza financijskih pokazatelja OTP banke d. d.
3.1. Analiza pokazatelja odnosa u bilanci OTP banke d. d.
Banke u odnosu na druge gospodarske subjekte specifične su što se tiče klasifikacije pokazatelja. Uvažavajući specifičnosti bankovnog poslovanja, pokazatelje analize financijskih izvještaja banke moguće je podijeliti u sljedećih pet skupina (Žager i sur., 2021): pokazatelji odnosa u bilanci banke, pokazatelji odnosa u računu dobiti i gubitka, pokazatelji marže kamata, naknada i operativnih troškova, pokazatelji prosječnih kamatnih stopa i pokazatelji profitabilnosti. Također, postoje i druge klasifikacije, koje pokazatelje dijele u sljedeće skupine i podskupine: pokazatelji odnosa u bilanci banke (pokazatelji likvidnosti banke, pokazatelji zaduženosti banke, pokazatelji ulaganja u fiksnu imovinu); pokazatelji odnosa u računu dobiti i gubitka (pokazatelji ekonomičnosti, pokazatelji nekamatnih aktivnosti banke); pokazatelji profitabilnosti (pokazatelji rentabilnosti, pokazatelji marže i prosječnih kamatnih stopa); pokazatelji investiranja.
U nastavku će biti prikazani i interpretirani pokazatelji OTP banke d. d. u razdoblju od 2018. do 2021. Isto tako, interpretirat će se i odnos u pandemijskim godinama 2021. i 2020. u odnosu na prethodne dvije godine bez pandemije.
3.1.1. Pokazatelji likvidnosti banke
Pokazatelji likvidnosti mjere sposobnosti poduzeća da podmiri svoje dospjele kratkoročne obveze (Žager i sur., 2021, str. 350). Likvidnost banke može se definirati kao sposobnost realiziranja gotovine uz pomoć aktive banke koja je lako unovčiva, u razdoblju kada je to potrebno za rast aktive ili podmirenje dospjelih obveza. Kratkoročna aktiva, odnosno kratkoročna pasiva podrazumijeva svu imovinu banke koja je raspoređena u skupine do jedne. Poželjno je da pokazatelj tekuće likvidnosti bude što veći, a tada je likvidnost banka veća. U kontekstu pokazatelja likvidnosti banke uobičajeno se upotrebljavaju još pokazatelj odnosa danih kredita i primljenih depozita te pokazatelj odnosa kratkoročne aktive banaka i danih kredita. Odnos danih kredita i primljenih depozita banke važan je pokazatelj likvidnosti (Žager i sur., 2021, str. 350). Ako je taj pokazatelj veći, likvidnost banke je niža. Likvidnost banke može se isto tako izmjeriti odnosom kratkoročne aktive s ukupnim izdanim kreditima. U tablici 1. prikazani su pokazatelji tekuće likvidnosti OTP banke d. d. u promatranom četverogodišnjem razdoblju.
Tablica 1. Pokazatelji tekuće likvidnosti OTP banke d.d. u razdoblju od 2018. do 2021.
| Pokazatelj tekuće likvidnosti | 2018. | 2019. | 2020. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kratkoročna aktiva | 22.256 | 20.923 | 17.993 |
| Kratkoročna pasiva | 33.081 | 36.266 | 37.289 |
Izvor: izrada autora prema podatcima iz bilance OTP banke d. d.
Iz tablice 1. vidljivo je kako je pokazatelj tekuće likvidnosti tijekom svih promatranih godina manji od 1 što pokazuje kako je kratkoročna aktiva banke bila manja od kratkoročne pasive u promatranom razdoblju. Poželjno je da koeficijent tekuće likvidnosti bude što veći, a njegova najveća vrijednost bila je u 2018. kada je iznosio 0,67. Najmanja vrijednost ovog pokazatelja bila je 2019., a iznosila je 0,48. Tijekom pandemijskih godina ovaj pokazatelj ima pozitivan trend, ali je smanjen u odnosu na 2018. i 2019. godinu koje su bile bez pandemije. Može se primijetiti da se likvidnost OTP banke d. d. dolaskom pandemije smanjila. U tablici 2. prikazan je odnos danih kredita i primljenih depozita banke u promatranom razdoblju.
Tablica 2. Odnos danih kredita i primljenih depozita OTP banke d.d. u razdoblju od 2018. do 2021.
| Odnos danih kredita i primljenih depozita | 2018. | 2019. | 2020. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dani krediti | 25.549 | 29.227 | 31.797 |
| Primljeni depoziti | 33.012 | 33.275 | 33.921 |
| Koeficijent | 0,77 | 0,88 | 0,96 |
Izvor: izrada autora prema podatcima iz bilance OTP banke d. d.
OTP banka u promatranom je razdoblju ostvarila koeficijente odnosa danih kredita i primljenih depozita manje od 1. Kada je ovaj pokazatelj veći, likvidnost banke je manja. Prema tome, može se zaključiti da je banka bila najlikvidnija 2018. kada je pokazatelj iznosio 0,77, a najmanje je bila likvidna 2020. kada je pokazatelj iznosio 0,96. Dolaskom pandemije u 2020. godini koeficijent se povećao što znači da se likvidnost OTP banke d. d. i prema ovom pokazatelju smanjila. Godine 2021. došlo je do smanjenja i to je pozitivan trend. Slijedi prikaz odnosa kratkoročne aktive i ukupnih danih kredita OTP banke d. d. u razdoblju od 2018. do 2021.
Tablica 3. Odnos kratkoročne aktive i ukupnih kredita OTP banke d. d. u razdoblju od 2018. do 2021.
| Odnos kratkoročne aktive i ukupnih kredita | 2018. | 2019. | 2020. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kratkoročna aktiva | 22.256 | 20.923 | 17.993 |
| Ukupni dani krediti | 26.575 | 30.082 | 32.131 |
| Koeficijent | 0,84 | 0,70 | 0,56 |
Izvor: izrada autora prema podatcima iz bilance OTP banke d. d.
Navedeni pokazatelj govori koliko na 1 kunu ukupnih danih kredita banka raspolaže kratkoročnom aktivom. Vidljiv je pad ovog pokazatelja, a to znači da je bio najmanji 2020. kada je iznosio 0,56 i najveći 2018. kada je iznosio 0,84. Međutim, 2021. dolazi do blagog porasta i tada pokazatelj iznosi 0,59. Pokazatelj odnosa kratkoročne aktive i ukupnih kredita nam također daje odgovor kako se likvidnost OTP banke d. d. smanjila u 2020. godini, a neznatno je došlo do poboljšanja 2021.
3.1.2. Pokazatelji zaduženosti banke
Pokazatelji zaduženosti mjere koliko se banka financira iz tuđih izvora, a koliko iz kapitala (Žager i sur., 2021, str. 351). Upravo odnos ukupne imovine i kapitala daje prikaz koliko se imovine banke financiralo kapitalom. Iskazuje se u postotku te u bilanci banke iskazuje koliki je udio imovine financiran kapitalom. U kontekstu pokazatelja zaduženosti što je taj pokazatelj veći, manja je zaduženost banke što rezultira manjim rizikom poslovanja banke (Žager i sur., 2021, str. 352). Tablicom 4. prezentiran je pokazatelj odnosa kapitala i ukupne aktive banke u promatranom razdoblju.
Tablica 4. Odnos kapitala i ukupne aktive OTP banke d. d. u razdoblju od 2018. do 2021.
| Odnos kapitala i ukupne aktive | 2018. | 2019. | 2020. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kapital | 5.947 | 6.285 | 6.535 |
| Ukupna aktiva | 42.105 | 46.613 | 47.587 |
Izvor: izrada autora prema podatcima iz bilance OTP banke d. d.
U istraživanom razdoblju pokazatelj je bio najveći tijekom 2018. i 2020. kada je iznosio 0,14, što znači da je tijekom tih dviju godina zaduženost banke bila najmanja. Tijekom 2019. i 2021. iznosio je 0,13. Također, može se tumačiti i tako da je 14 % imovine financirano kapitalom 2018. i 2020. U godinama s pandemijom u odnosu na godine bez pandemije nije bilo znatnih promjena kod navedenog pokazatelja. Koeficijent ukupnih obveza i ukupne aktive prikazan je tablicom 5.
Tablica 5. Odnos obveza i ukupne aktive OTP banke d. d. u razdoblju od 2018. do 2021.
| Ukupne obveze | 36.158 | 40.328 | 41.052 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ukupna aktiva | 42.105 | 46.613 | 47.587 |
| Koeficijent | 0,86 | 0,87 | 0,86 |
Izvor: izrada autora prema podatcima iz bilance OTP banke d. d.
Iz tablice 5. može se vidjeti kako ovaj pokazatelj nije puno oscilirao tijekom istraživanog razdoblja. Bitno je naglasiti kako je pokazatelj u svim promatranim godinama iznosio manje od 1, što znači da su ukupne obveze bile manje od ukupne aktive. Tijekom 2019. i 2021. pokazatelj je iznosio 0,87, a tijekom 2018. i 2020. bio je neznatno manji i iznosio 0,86. Dakle, 2020. i 2021. u odnosu na 2018. i 2019. ovaj pokazatelj nije se bitno razlikovao i može se reći da nije bilo utjecaja pandemije. Tablicom 6. prikazan je odnos komercijalne aktive i komercijalne pasive banke. Komercijalnu aktivu čine krediti klijentima i drugim bankama te ulaganja u vrijednosne papire, a komercijalna pasiva predstavlja depozite, primljene kredite i emitirane dužničke vrijednosne papire.
Tablica 6. Stupanj samofinanciranja OTP banke d. d. u razdoblju od 2018. do 2021.
| Odnos obveza i ukupne aktive | 2018. | 2019. | 2020. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Komercijalna aktiva | 32.015 | 36.380 | 37.744 |
| Komercijalna pasiva | 35.164 | 39.070 | 39.969 |
| Koeficijent | 0,91 | 0,93 | 0,94 |
Izvor: izrada autora prema podatcima iz bilance OTP banke d. d.
Navedeni pokazatelj nije imao veće oscilacije u promatranom razdoblju. Najveća vrijednost pokazatelja je bila 2020. kada je iznosila 0,94, a najmanja je bila 2018. kada je iznosila 0,91. S obzirom na to kako je ovaj pokazatelj tijekom cijelog promatranog razdoblja iznosio manje od 1, banka je imala nisku zaduženost. OTP banka d. d. tijekom svih promatranih godina imala je smanjenu zaduženost, ali tijekom 2020. došlo je do povećanja, dok je 2021. došlo do blagog smanjenja. Uzimajući u obzir navedeno, može se zaključiti da se dolaskom pandemije blago smanjila zaduženost.
3.1.3. Pokazatelji ulaganja u fiksnu imovinu
Pokazatelj ulaganja u fiksnu imovinu pokazuje koliko je kapitala imobilizirano u fiksnu imovinu, odnosno koliko je kapitala slobodno za financiranje bankovnih plasmana (Žager i sur., 2021, str. 352). Koeficijent ulaganja u fiksnu imovinu i udjele uzima u obzir udjele koji se odnose na vrijednosne papire i druge vlasničke udjele. Navedeni udjeli karakteriziraju kao rizičniji i manje likvidni elementi aktive banaka. U tablici 7. prikazan je izračun koeficijenta ulaganja u fiksnu imovinu, a iz njega je vidljivo koliko se kapitala koristi za fiksnu imovinu.
Tablica 7. Koeficijent ulaganja u fiksnu imovinu OTP banke d. d. u razdoblju od 2018. do 2021.
| Koeficijent ulaganja u fiksnu imovinu | 2018. | 2019. | 2020. | 2021. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fiksna imovina | 1.077 | 1.527 | 1.437 | 1.262 |
| Kapital | 5.947 | 6.285 | 6.535 | 6.935 |
| Koeficijent | 0,18 | 0,24 | 0,22 | 0,18 |
Izvor: izrada autora prema podatcima iz bilance OTP banke d. d.
Prema tablici 8. vidljivo je kako je najviše kapitala korišteno 2019. i 2020., odnosno 24 % 2019. i 22 % 2020. U ostalim promatranim godinama 18 % kapitala bilo je slobodno za financiranje bankovnih plasmana. Dalje se može zaključiti kako je 2020., kada je stigla COVID-19 pandemija, došlo do negativnog trenda u odnosu na godine prije pandemije. Sljedeći izračun odnosi se na koeficijent ulaganja u fiksnu imovinu i udjele banke, a udjeli se odnose na dionice i ostale vlasničke udjele.
Tablica 8. Koeficijent ulaganja u fiksnu imovinu i udjele OTP banke d. d. u razdoblju od 2018. do 2021.
| Fiksna imovina + udjeli | 1.078 | 1.595 | 1.518 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kapital | 5.947 | 6.285 | 6.535 |
| Koeficijent | 0,18 | 0,25 | 0,23 |
Izvor: izrada autora prema podatcima iz bilance OTP banke d. d.
Koeficijent ulaganja u fiksnu imovinu i udjele imao je najveću vrijednost 2019. kada je iznosio 0,25, odnosno 25 % kapitala bilo je slobodno za fiksnu imovinu i udjele. S druge pak strane, najmanja vrijednost ovog pokazatelja iznosila je 2018. i iznosila je 0,18. Ovaj koeficijent imao je negativan trend 2020. i 2021., godine koje su bile pod utjecajem pandemije koronavirusa, ali OTP banka i dalje je imala dovoljno kapitala slobodnog za fiksnu imovinu i udjele.
3.2. Analiza pokazatelja odnosa u računu dobiti i gubitka banke
3.2.1. Pokazatelji ekonomičnosti
Ekonomičnost poslovanja prikazuje koliko se prihoda realizira po jedinici rashoda. Najčešći pokazatelj ekonomičnosti je ekonomičnost ukupnog poslovanja koji se računa kao odnos ukupnih prihoda i ukupnih rashoda (Žager i sur., 2021, str. 353). Za banke su vrlo bitni sljedeći pokazatelji ekonomičnosti, a to su odnos kamatnih prihoda i rashoda, odnos troškova zaposlenih i ukupnog prihoda te odnos ukupnog prihoda i operativnih troškova. Odnos ukupnog prihoda i operativnih troškova je ključni pokazatelj koji se razmatra u odnosu računa dobiti i gubitka. Operativni troškovi jesu troškovi plaća i naknada, troškovi materijala, vrijednosno usklađenje nematerijalne i materijalne imovine, amortizacija i ostali slični troškovi pod koje spadaju troškovi osobnog automobila, troškovi službenih putovanja i drugo. Dobro je za banku da je vrijednost ovog pokazatelja što je moguće veća (Žager i sur., 2021, str. 354).
U situaciji da je vrijednost ovog pokazatelja manja od 1, tada vrijednosna usklađenja i operativni troškovi ne bi imali pokrivenost prihodima. S obzirom na navedeno može se zaključiti da je ovaj pokazatelj zapravo jednostavna mjera za ekonomičnost poslovanja banke. Odnos troška zaposlenih i ukupnog prihoda je pokazatelj kojeg banke često prate u svrhu kontrole troškova zaposlenih. Naime, troškovi osoblja u bankama predstavljaju značajnu stavku ukupnih troškova te je stoga zanimljivo pratiti kretanje tog pokazatelja u određenom vremenu iako je taj pokazatelj važniji za internu analizu financijskih izvještaja banke (Žager i sur., 2021, str. 354). Za izračun ukupnog prihoda po svakom zaposlenom radniku i prosječni trošak po jednom zaposleniku, potrebno bi bilo upotpuniti ovaj pokazatelj s ukupnim brojem zaposlenika u banci. Tablica 9. prikazuje ekonomičnosti ukupnog poslovanja OTP banke d. d. tako da su stavljeni u odnos ukupni prihodi i ukupni rashodi.
Tablica 9. Ekonomičnost ukupnog poslovanja OTP banke d. d. u razdoblju od 2018. do 2021.
| Ekonomičnost ukupnog poslovanja | 2018. | 2019. | 2020. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ukupni prihodi | 2.128 | 2.229 | 2.106 |
| Ukupni rashodi | 1.577 | 1.501 | 1.765 |
Izvor: izrada autora prema podatcima iz računa dobiti i gubitka OTP banke d. d.
Najveći omjer OTP banka d. d. ostvarila je 2021. kada je po 1 kuni rashoda ostvarila 1,65 kuna prihoda. Tijekom svih promatranih godina banka je ostvarila stabilne koeficijente, a najmanji je ostvarila 2020. kada je iznenada došlo do pandemije. 2021. dolazi do rasta i to je pozitivan trend, što znači da je banka dobro odgovorila na izazove uzrokovane COVID-19 pandemijom. Sljedećom tablicom prikazana je analiza odnosa kamatnih prihoda i rashoda u promatranom razdoblju.
Tablica 10. Odnos kamatnih prihoda i rashoda OTP banke d. d. u razdoblju od 2018. do 2021.
| Odnos kamatnih prihoda i rashoda | 2018. | 2019. | 2020. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kamatni prihodi | 1.392 | 1.344 | 1.300 |
| Kamatni rashodi | 119 | 84 | 57 |
| Koeficijent | 11,70 | 16 | 22,81 |
Izvor: izrada autora prema podatcima iz računa dobiti i gubitka OTP banke d. d.
Prema dobivenim koeficijentima može se primijetiti rast omjera kroz godine. Najmanji omjer kamatnih rashoda i prihoda ostvaren je 2018., a najveći 2021. Navedeni omjer 11,70 iz 2018. znači da je banka na 1 kunu kamatnog rashoda ostvarila 11,70 kuna kamatnih prihoda. Kamatni rashodi odnose se na kamate koje banka plaća na primljene depozite, a kamatni prihodi su kamate koje banka naplaćuje na odobrene kredite klijentima. OTP banka je 2020. imala pozitivan rast kamatnih prihoda u odnosu na kamatne rashode te je 2021. došlo do još većeg povećanja. Time se može zaključiti da pandemija na taj dio poslovanja banke nije negativno utjecala. Tablica 11. prikazuje odnosa ukupnog prihoda i troškova za određeno razdoblje.
Tablica 11. Odnos ukupnog prihoda i troškova OTP banke d. d. u razdoblju od 2018. do 2021.
| Odnos ukupnog prihoda i troškova | 2018. | 2019. | 2020. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ukupni prihodi | 2.128 | 2.229 | 2.106 |
| Opći administrativni troškovi i amortizacija | 700 | 720 | 623 |
| Koeficijent | 3,04 | 3,10 | 3,38 |
Izvor: izrada autora prema podatcima iz računa dobiti i gubitka OTP banke d. d.
Kada je vrijednost ovog pokazatelja veća, banka ima efikasnije poslovanje. Iz tablice se može vidjeti kako su opći administrativni troškovi i amortizacija pokriveni prihodima, a 2021. banka je imala najbolji rezultat koji je iznosio 3,57. Najmanji omjer banka je imala 2018. kada je iznosio 3,04. Bitno je naglasiti da banka tijekom svih promatranih godina ima efikasno poslovanje. Poslovanje OTP banke d. d. poboljšalo se u pandemijskim godinama u odnosu na godine bez pandemije gledajući prema odnosu ukupnih prihoda i troškova te ima povećanje tijekom tih godina. Analiza odnosa ukupnog prihoda i troškova zaposlenika prikazana je u tablici 12.
Tablica 12. Odnos ukupnog prihoda i troška zaposlenih OTP banke d. d. u razdoblju od 2018. do 2021.
| Odnos ukupnog prihoda i troška zaposlenih | 2018. | 2019. | 2020. | 2021. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ukupni prihodi | 2.128 | 2.229 | 2.106 | 2.111 |
| Trošak zaposlenika | 509 | 452 | 462 | 477 |
| Koeficijent | 4,18 | 4,74 | 4,56 | 4,43 |
Izvor: izrada autora prema podatcima iz računa dobiti i gubitka OTP banke d. d.
Prema dobivenim koeficijentima može se vidjeti da su troškovi zaposlenih pokriveni ukupnim prihodima. Svakako, 2019. banka je imala najveću pokrivenost prihodima, a koeficijent je iznosio 4,74. Najmanji rezultat ostvaren je 2018. i iznosio je 4,18. Kako se može vidjeti u dvije pandemijske godine 2020. i 2021., došlo je do smanjenja navedenog koeficijenta, a pretpostavka je da je banka zbog utjecaja pandemije imala potrebu za više zaposlenika te isto tako je u tom razdoblju došlo do manjka prihoda.
3.2.2. Pokazatelji nekamatnih aktivnosti banke
Nekamatni prihodi podrazumijevaju širok raspon usluga i kako bi se jasnije sagledala aktivnost banke u području nekamatnih prihoda, zasebno se definiraju provizija od nekamatnih prihoda i prihodi od naknada. Kako bi se odredio ovaj pokazatelj, neto prihod od naknada računa se kao razlika između prihoda i rashoda od naknada. Banka koja ima ove pokazatelje iznad prosjeka bankovnog sustava možemo svrstati u moderne banke jer nudi diverzificirane i raznovrsne usluge svojim klijentima na temelju kojih zaračunava naknadu ili proviziju (Žager i sur., 2021, str. 355). Tablica 13. prikazuje neto prihod od naknada i provizija u ukupnom prihodu.
Tablica 13. Udio neto prihoda od naknada u ukupnom prihodu OTP banke d. d. u razdoblju od 2018. do 2021.
| Udio neto prihoda od naknada u ukupnom prihodu | 2018. | 2019. | 2020. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Neto prihod od naknada | 359 | 380 | 382 |
| Ukupan prihod | 2.128 | 2.229 | 2.106 |
| Koeficijent | 0,17 | 0,17 | 0,18 |
Izvor: izrada autora prema podatcima iz računa dobiti i gubitka OTP banke d. d.
Banka je 2020. na jednu jedinicu ukupnog prihoda ostvarila najviše neto prihoda od naknada kada je koeficijent iznosio 0,18. Također, u ostalim godinama nije bilo značajnijih oscilacija. Prema ovom pokazatelju može se vidjeti da se dolaskom pandemije udjel neto prihoda od naknada u ukupnom prihodu poboljšao u odnosu na dvije promatrane godine prije.
3.3. Pokazatelji profitabilnosti
3.3.1. Pokazatelji rentabilnosti
Rentabilnost, odnosno profitabilnost kapitala klasičan je pokazatelj koji sadrži puno informacija. Ovaj pokazatelj predstavljen je odnosom neto dobiti i kapitala te je ujedno i indikator povećanja bogatstva dioničara. Rentabilnost kapitala mjeri stopu povrata uloženog kapitala koju banka generira za svoje vlasnike. Ukazuje na to koliko je jedinica dobiti ostvareno po jedinici kapitala (Žager i sur., 2021, str. 356). Banka ima mali vlasnički udio ukupnog kapitala u ukupnoj pasivi i zbog toga će rentabilnost kapitala iznositi više od rentabilnosti imovine.
Značajan pokazatelj koji se razmatra u sklopu pokazatelja profitabilnosti je i rentabilnost (profitabilnost) imovine (ROA) odnosno profitabilnost aktive banke koja je definirana odnosom dobiti prije poreza i ukupne aktive banke (Žager i sur., 2021, str. 356). U sljedećoj tablici prikazana je analiza rentabilnosti kapitala.
Tablica 14. Rentabilnost kapitala OTP banke d. d. u razdoblju od 2018. do 2021.
| Rentabilnost (profitabilnost) kapitala (ROE) | 2018. | 2019. | 2020. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Neto dobit | 439 | 597 | 281 |
| Kapital | 5.947 | 6.285 | 6.535 |
| Koeficijent (%) | 7,38 | 9,50 | 4,30 |
Izvor: izrada autora prema podatcima iz računa dobiti i gubitka OTP banke d. d.
U svim promatranim godinama banka je svake godine ostvarila dobit, a omjer je pozitivan. Najveći postotak je 2021. i iznosio je 9,70 %, a to znači da je banka na jednu jedinicu uloženog kapitala ostvarila 9,70 % dobiti. U ostalim istraživanim godinama ovaj se postotak kretao između 7 % i 9 %, osim 2020. kada je iznosio 4,30 %. Dakle, rentabilnost kapitala naglo se smanjila 2020., godini obilježenoj pandemijom, a već 2021. dolazi do naglog rasta istog. OTP banka d. d. je prema prethodno navedenom dobro odgovorila na izazove predstavljene COVID-19 pandemijom. Tablicom 15. prikazan je izračun rentabilnosti imovine te odnos dobiti prije poreza i ukupne aktive.
Tablica 15. Rentabilnost imovine OTP banke d. d. u razdoblju od 2018. do 2021.
| Rentabilnost (profitabilnost) imovine (ROA) | 2018. | 2019. | 2020. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Neto dobit prije poreza | 551 | 728 | 830 |
| Ukupna aktiva | 42.105 | 46.613 | 47.587 |
| Koeficijent (%) | 1,31 | 1,56 | 1,74 |
Izvor: izrada autora prema podatcima iz računa dobiti i gubitka OTP banke d. d.
Rentabilnost kapitala veća je od rentabilnosti imovine jer banka ima mali udio ukupnog kapitala u ukupnoj pasivi. Kroz sve promatrane godine rentabilnost imovine (ROA) imala je pozitivnu vrijednost. 2020. ostvarena je najveća vrijednost i ona iznosi 1,74 %, a 2021. je pak najmanja i iznosi 0,65 %. U pandemijskim godinama trend je negativan, a tijekom svih promatranih godina različito je oscilirao.
3.3.2. Pokazatelji marže i prosječnih kamatnih stopa
Neto kamatna marža je pokazatelj profitabilnosti. Neto kamatna marža određena je strukturom bilance i kamatnim stopama koje se primjenjuju na pojedine stavke aktive odnosno pasive. Ovaj pokazatelj daje izračun koliko novčanih sredstava banka ostvaruje na svojim investicijskim aktivnostima. Kada se radi o neto kamatnoj marži, potrebno je uzeti u obzir faktore o kojima ona ovisi, a to su razvijenost financijskog sustava određene zemlje, veličina banke, sredina u kojoj banka odrađuje poslovanje, veličina aktive i ostalo. Marža kamata prikazana je u tablici 16. kroz promatrane godine.
Tablica 16. Marža kamata OTP banke d. d. u razdoblju od 2018. do 2021.
| Marža kamata | 2018. | 2019. | 2020. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Neto prihod od kamata | 1.273 | 1.26 | 1.243 |
| Ukupna aktiva | 42.105 | 46.613 | 47.587 |
Izvor: izrada autora prema podatcima iz računa dobiti i gubitka OTP banke d. d.
Najveći postotak ostvaren je 2018. te iznosi 3,02 %, a u ostalim godinama je iznosio ispod 3 %. Svakako, najmanji rezultat marže kamata dobiven je 2021. kada je na jednu jedinicu aktive ostvareno 2,40 % neto prihoda od kamata. U godinama prije pandemije ovaj je pokazatelj imao trend smanjenja i nastavio se smanjivati dolaskom pandemije koronavirusa. Marža naknada koja se nalazi u skupini pokazatelja marže prikazana je u tablici 17. kroz promatrane godine, a rezultati su izraženi u postotcima.
Tablica 17. Marža naknada OTP banke d. d. u razdoblju od 2018. do 2021.
| Marža kamata | 2018. | 2019. | 2020. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Neto prihod od naknada | 359 | 380 | 332 |
| Ukupna aktiva | 42.105 | 46.613 | 47.587 |
Izvor: izrada autora prema podatcima iz računa dobiti i gubitka OTP banke d. d.
Na jednu jedinicu ukupne aktive 2018. ostvareno je 0,85 % neto prihoda od naknada te je u toj godini ujedno ostvaren i najveći postotak. U ostalim istraživanim godinama postotak je približan, a 2020. je postignut najmanji postotak u iznosu od 0,70 %. Prema tablici može se vidjeti da se ovaj pokazatelj smanjio kada je stigla pandemija u odnosu na 2018. i 2019.
4. Pokazatelji kvalitete portfelja OTP banke d. d.
Financijska kriza negativno je utjecala na europski bankarski sektor i pridonijela nagomilavanju nekvalitetnih izloženosti u bilancama mnogih banaka. Za izračun pokazatelja kvalitete portfelja na primjeru OTP banke d. d. koristit će se udio neprihodujućih kredita (NPL omjer) i omjer pokrivenost (COVERAGE omjer) koji će biti objašnjeni i prikazani u nastavku. Cilj je postići održivo smanjenje nekvalitetnih izloženosti na bilance kreditnih institucija pomoću vlastitih strategija institucija.
4.1. NPL omjer
Pokazatelj udjela neprihodujućih kredita u ukupnim kreditima (tzv. udio neprihodujućih kredita; engl. non-performing loans, NPL) jest omjer neprihodujućih kredita i ukupnih kredita (HNB, 2020). Krediti uključuju dužničke instrumente koji nisu vrijednosni papiri uključeni u financijsku imovinu po amortiziranom trošku i financijsku imovinu po fer vrijednosti kroz ostalu sveobuhvatnu dobit. Nenaplativi zajam (NPL) je zajam u kojem zajmoprimac kasni i nije izvršio nikakva planirana plaćanja glavnice ili kamata za određeno vremensko razdoblje. U bankarstvu se komercijalni zajmovi smatraju nenaplativim ako dužnik kasni 90 dana. Europska središnja banka (ECB) zahtijeva usporedivost imovine i definicija za procjenu izloženosti rizicima među središnjim bankama u europodručju. Prilikom testiranja banaka koje su sudjelovale na stresu, ECB je navela nekoliko kriterija koji bi mogli dovesti do klasifikacije nekvalitetnih kredita. ECB je izvršila sveobuhvatnu procjenu i razvila kriterije za definiranje kredita kao nenaplativih ako (Investopedia, 2022): a) je prošlo 90 dana od dospijeća, čak i ako nisu s umanjenom vrijednošću ili u statusu neispunjavanja obveza; b) su smanjenje vrijednosti s obzirom na računovodstvene specifičnostiza američke GAAP i međunarodne standarde financijskog izvještavanja (MSFI) banaka; c) su u statusu neispunjavanja obveza prema Uredbi o kapitalnim zahtjevima.
Formula za izračun pokazatelja udjela neprihodujućih kredita u ukupnim kreditima (NPL OMJER) prikazana je kako slijedi:
Sljedeće će biti prikazan izračun pokazatelja udjela neprihodujućih kredita u ukupnim kreditima od 2018. do 2021. za OTP banku d. d.
Tablica 18. Izračun pokazatelja udjela neprihodujućih kredita u ukupnim kreditima od 2018. do 2021. za OTP banku d. d.
| NPL RATIO | 2018. | 2019. | 2020. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nenaplativi zajmovi | 3.304 | 4.896 | 7.434 |
| Ukupni kreditni portfelj | 28.09 | 31.416 | 34.426 |
Izvor: izrada autora prema godišnjim financijskim izvještajima OTP banke d. d.
Prema prezentiranoj tablici može se vidjeti kako je udio neprihodujućih kredita u ukupnim kreditima OTP banke d. d. 2020. iznosio 21,59 % i tada je od svih promatranih godina bio najveći. Dakle, dolaskom pandemije 2020. broj neprihodujućih kredita narastao je u odnosu na 2019. kada je iznosio 15,58 %. 2021. dolazi do poboljšanja i ovaj pokazatelj iznosi 18,90 %. Može se zaključiti kako je pandemija koronavirusa definitivno utjecala na porast loših kredita, a to je negativno utjecalo na kvalitetu portfelja banke.
4.2. COVERAGE omjer
Pokazatelj pokrivenosti neprihodujućih kredita umanjenjima vrijednosti (engl. coverage ratio of non-performing loans and advances) jest omjer akumuliranih umanjenja vrijednosti za neprihodujuće kredite i ukupnih neprihodujućih kredita (HNB, 2020). Akumulirano umanjenje vrijednosti jest akumulirani iznos gubitka od umanjenja vrijednosti za kreditne gubitke. Omjer nam omogućuje da identificiramo obujam nekvalitetnih kredita koji je pokriven rezerviranjima (BBVA, 2023). Općenito govoreći, pokriće je mjera sposobnosti banke da servisira svoje dugove i podmiruje svoje financijske obveze. Formula za izračun pokazatelja pokrivenosti neprihodujućih kredita umanjenjima vrijednosti (COVERAGE OMJER) prikazana je kako slijedi:
U tablici 19. prikazan je izračun pokazatelja pokrivenosti neprihodujućih kredita umanjenjima vrijednosti od 2018. do 2021. za OTP banku d. d.
Tablica 19. Izračun pokazatelja udjela pokrivenosti neprihodujućih kredita umanjenjima vrijednosti od 2018. do 2021. za OTP banku d. d.
| COVERAGE RATIO | 2018. | 2019. | 2020. | 2021. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Akumulirana umanjenja za neprihodujuće kredite | 2.541 | 2.189 | 2.629 | 2.443 |
| Ukupni neprihodujući krediti | 3.304 | 4.896 | 7.434 | 7.019 |
| Omjer (%) | 76,91 | 44,71 | 35,36 | 34,81 |
Izvor: izrada autora prema godišnjim financijskim izvještajima OTP banke d. d.
Omjer akumuliranih umanjenja vrijednosti za neprihodujuće kredite i ukupnih neprihodujućih kredita tijekom promatranih godina ima tendenciju pada. 2018. iznosio je 76,91 %, što znači da je 76,91 % obujma nekvalitetnih kredita bilo pokriveno rezerviranjima. Nadalje, 2020. došlo je do znatnog smanjenja ovog omjera kada je iznosio 35,36 %. U pandemijskim godinama 2020. i 2021. nizak je postotak nekvalitetnih kredita bio pokriven rezerviranjima, što se može vidjeti u 2021. kada se nastavio trend smanjenja.
5. Zaključak
COVID-19 pandemija imala je značajan utjecaj na kvalitetu portfelja OTP banke u Hrvatskoj i ostalih hrvatskih banaka. Hrvatske su banke tijekom pandemije imale dobru likvidnosnu i kapitalnu poziciju, što je bitno za dugoročnu stabilnost i održivost poslovanja. Temeljem provedenih analiza na primjeru OTP banke d. d. osjetile su se značajnije oscilacije na pojedinim stavkama financijskih izvještaja u pandemijskoj 2020. u odnosu na prethodne godine. Pandemija se odrazila posebice na likvidnost, ekonomičnost i rentabilnost OTP banke d. d., što je također izraženo najviše tijekom 2020. Na kvalitetu portfelja OTP banke d. d. negativno se odrazio udjel neprihodujućih kredita u ukupnim kreditima i omjer neprihodujućih kredita pokriveni rezerviranjima koji su imali rezultat smanjenja u tijeku pandemije.
Tijekom COVID-19 pandemije OTP banka d. d. suočila se s novim načinom rada, modelom „rada od kuće", prilikom čega je morala provesti brojne mjere za ublažavanje rizika i redovno izvještavati odbor zadužen za operativni rizik. Nadalje, OTP banka odgovorila je na izazove pandemije putem moratorija, jačanja rezervacija i digitalizacije, što je pomoglo u očuvanju stabilnosti i pružanju podrške klijentima tijekom kriznog razdoblja. Dugoročna uspješnost banke ovisit će o njenim sposobnostima za učinkovito upravljanje rizicima i prilagodbu promjenama u ekonomskom okruženju.
LITERATURA
1. Acharya, V. V. & Steffen, S. (2020). The risk of being a fallen angel and the corporate dash for cash in the midst of COVID. Review of Corporate Finance Studies 9, str. 430–71.
2. Al-Awadhi, A. M.; Alsaifi, K.; Al-Awadhi, A. & Alhammadi, S. (2020). Death and contagious infectious diseases: impact of the COVID-19 virus on stock market returns. J. Behav. Exp. Financ. 27:100326.
3. Baldwin, R. & di Mauro, B.W. (2020). Mitigating the COVID economic crisis: act fast and do whatever it takes in centre for economic policy research. Dostupno na: www.cepr.org.
4. Bauer, A. & Weber, E. (2020). COVID-19: how much unemployment was caused by the shutdown in Germany? 16.
5. BBVA (2023). How is a bank's credit quality measured? Preuzeto s: https://www.bbva. com/en/how-is-a-banks-credit-quality-measured/
6. Beck, T. & Keil, J. (2021). Are banks catching Corona? Effects of COVID on lending in the U.S. SSRN Electron. J..
7. Cao, K. H.; Li, Q.; Liu, Y. & Woo, C. K. (2020). COVID-19's adverse effects on a stock market index. Appl. Econ. Lett. 28, 1157–1161.
8. Choi, S. Y. (2020). Industry volatility and economic uncertainty due to the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence from wavelet coherence analysis. Financ. Res. Lett. 37:101783.
9. Colak, G. & Öztekin, Ö. (2021). The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on bank lending around the world. J. Bank. Financ. 133:106207.
10. Demir, E. & Danisman, G. O. (2021). Banking sector reactions to COVID-19: the role of bank-specific factors and government policy responses. Res. Int. Bus. Financ. 58:101508.
11. Demirgüç-Kunt, A.; Pedraza, A. & Ruiz-Ortega, C. (2021). Banking sector performance during the COVID-19 crisis. J. Bank. Financ. 133:106305.
12. Dursun-de Neef, H. Ö;, Schandlbauer, A. & Wittig, C. (2022). Countercyclical capital buffers and credit supply: evidence from the COVID-19 crisis. SSRN Electron. J.
13. Elnahass, M.;Trinh, V. Q. i Li, T. (2021). Global banking stability in the shadow of COVID-19 outbreak. J. Int. Financ. Mark. Inst. Money 72:101322.
14. Fu, M. & Shen, H. (2020). COVID-19 and corporate performance in the energy industry. Energy Res. Lett. 1:12967.
15. Greenwald, D. L.; Krainer, J. & Paul, P. (2020). The credit Line Channel. Federal Reserve Bank of san Francisco, working paper series, 1.000–96.000.
16. Gu, X.; Ying, S.; Zhang, W. & Tao, Y. (2020). How do firms respond to COVID-19? First evidence from Suzhou, China. Emerg. Mark. Financ. Trade 56, 2181–2197.
17. Guedhami, O.; Knill, A. M.; Megginson, W. L. & Senbet, L. W. (2021). The dark side of globalization: evidence from the impact of COVID-19 on multinational companies. SSRN Electron. J.
18. Harjoto, M. A.; Rossi, F. & Paglia, J. K. (2020). COVID-19: stock market reactions to the shock and the stimulus, Appl. Econ. Lett. 28, str. 795–801.
19. Hasan, I.; Politsidis, P. N. & Sharma, Z. (2021). Global syndicated lending during the COVID-19 pandemic. J. Bank. Financ. 133: 106121.
20. HNB (2020). Pokazatelji poslovanja kreditnih institucija. Preuzeto s: https://www.hnb.hr/ statistika/statisticki-podaci/financijski-sektor/druge-monetarne-financijske-institucije/ kreditne-institucije/bankovna-supervizija/pokazatelji-poslovanja-kreditnih-institucija
21. Investopedia (2022). Nonperforming Loan (NPL) Definitions, Types, Causes, Consequences. Preuzeto s:https://www.investopedia.com/terms/n/nonperformingloan.asp (pristup: 14. 06. 2022.).
22. Li, L.; Strahan, P. E. & Zhang, S. (2020). Banks as lenders of first resort: evidence from the COVID-19 crisis, The Review of Corporate Finance Studies, 9: 472–500.
23. Liu, T.; Pan, B. & Yin, Z. (2020). Pandemic, Mobile payment, and household consumption: micro-evidence from China. Emerg. Mark. Financ. Trade 56, 2378–2389.
24. Narayan, P. K. (2020). Oil Price news and COVID-19—is there any connection? Energy Res. Lett. 1:13176.
25. Njindan Iyke, B. (2020). The disease Outbreak Channel of exchange rate return predictability: evidence from COVID-19 56, 2277–2297.
26. Padhan, R. & Prabheesh, K. P. (2021.) The economics of COVID-19 pandemic: a survey. Econom. Analy. Policy 70, 220–237.
27. Shen, H.; Fu, M.; Pan, H.,;Yu, Z. & Chen, Y. (2020). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on firm performance. Emerg. Mark. Financ. Trade 56, 2213–2230.
28. UHY (2020). ESIF zajmovi i krediti za poduzetnike uslijed epidemije Covid-19. Preuzeto s: http://www.uhyincroatia.com/esif-zajmovi-i-krediti-za-poduzetnike-uslijed-epidemijeCOVID-19/ (pristup: 04.02.2022).
29. Vidya, C. T. & Prabheesh, K. P. (2020). Implications of COVID-19 pandemic on the global trade networks. Emerg. Mark. Financ. Trade 56, 2408–2421.
30. Wang, W. i Enilov, M. (2020). The global impact of COVID-19 on financial markets. SSRN Electron. J.
31. Yu, Z.; Xiao, Y. i Li, Y. (2020). The response of the labor force participation rate to an epidemic: evidence from a cross-country analysis 56, 2390–2407.
32. Zaremba, A., Kizys, R., Aharon, D. Y., and Demir, E. (2020). Infected markets: novel coronavirus, government interventions, and stock return volatility around the globe. Financ. Res. Lett.
33. Žager K.; Mamić Sačer, I.; Sever Mališ, S.; Ježovita, A.; Žager, L. (2021). Analiza financijskih izvještaja: Načela, postupci, slučajevi, Hrvatska zajednica računovođa i financijskih djelatnika, Zagreb.
Summary
THE IMPACT OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON THE PORTFOLIO QUALITY OF CROATIAN BANKS - THE CASE OF "OTP BANKA" D. D.
The COVID-19 pandemic had a significant impact on the Croatian banking sector, including OTP banka, one of the leading banks on the market. This work investigates the specific impact of the pandemic on the portfolio quality of the Croatian banking system with the example of OTP banka's portfolio analysis, emphasising the Bank's key guidelines and reactions to the challenges of the pandemic. The pandemic has caused economic uncertainty, job losses and reduced client incomes. This resulted in an increased risk of non-performing loans in the portfolio of Croatian banks, especially in the most affected sectors, such as tourism and retail. OTP banka reacted quickly to the pandemic and clients were offered loan repayment moratorium options to minimize their financial burdens during the crisis. This temporarily reduced the pressure on clients and the Bank, but at the same time delayed the assessment of the real risks in the portfolio. Croatian banks, including OTP banka, increased provisions for possible future losses from non-performing loans in order to better prepare for challenges. They also conducted stress tests to assess how different scenarios might affect their portfolio. The pandemic has stimulated a greater need for digital banking and online services. OTP banka has made efforts in the further digitization of operations to ensure continuity and better client service during and after the pandemic. Furthermore, OTP banka cooperated with regulatory authorities and followed the guidelines of the Croatian National Bank in order to ensure stability and compliance with regulations during the crisis.
Keywords: COVID-19 pandemic, portfolio quality, financial statements, financial indicators, nonperforming loans. | <urn:uuid:cbca4c26-ec16-438f-8cf0-c883485c5a29> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/hrv_Latn/train | finepdfs | hrv_Latn | 51,208 |
ΑΡΧΗ ΕΞΕΤΑΣΗΣ ΠΡΟΔΙΚΑΣΤΙΚΩΝ ΠΡΟΣΦΥΓΩΝ
5 ο ΚΛΙΜΑΚΙΟ
Συνήλθε στην έδρα της στις 8 Οκτωβρίου 2018 με την εξής σύνθεση: Άννα Χριστοδουλάκου Πρόεδρος- Εισηγήτρια, Μιχαήλ Οικονόμου και Ευαγγελία Μιχολίτση, Μέλη.
Για να εξετάσει την από 07.09.2018 προδικαστική προσφυγή με Γενικό Αριθμό Κατάθεσης (ΓΑΚ) Α.Ε.Π.Π. 907/11.09.2018 της προσφεύγουσας με την επωνυμία «………..», που εδρεύει ………, οδός ……. αρ. …, Τ.Κ. …., όπως νόμιμα εκπροσωπείται.
Κατά της Περιφέρειας …… (εφεξής αναθέτουσα αρχή), όπως νόμιμα εκπροσωπείται και
της Παρεμβαίνουσας με την επωνυμία «……….», που εδρεύει …………, οδός ……. αρ. …, Τ.Κ. ……, όπως νόμιμα εκπροσωπείται.
Με την προδικαστική προσφυγή η προσφεύγουσα επιδιώκει να ακυρωθεί η υπ' αριθμ. 2597/2018 Απόφαση της Οικονομικής Επιτροπής της αναθέτουσας αρχής, με την οποία εγκρίθηκε το 1 ο Πρακτικό της Επιτροπής Διαγωνισμού, κατά μέρος που με αυτήν έγινε δεκτή, για το 3 ο τμήμα του διαγωνισμού, πλην της δικής της τεχνικής προσφοράς, η τεχνική προσφορά της εταιρείας με την επωνυμία «………..».
Με την Παρέμβαση η παρεμβαίνουσα επιδιώκει την απόρριψη της προδικαστικής προσφυγής και τη διατήρηση της ισχύος της προσβαλλόμενης πράξης.
Η συζήτηση άρχισε αφού άκουσε την Εισηγήτρια. Αφού μελέτησε τα σχετικά έγγραφα Σκέφτηκε κατά το Νόμο
1. Επειδή, με την υπ' αριθ. ………. Διακήρυξη της Περιφέρειας ………., προκηρύχθηκε Ανοικτός Διεθνής Ηλεκτρονικός Διαγωνισμός για την ανάθεση υπηρεσιών μεταφοράς μαθητών χωρικής αρμοδιότητας Π. Ε. …….., για τα σχολικά έτη 2018 – 2019 και 2019 – 2020, συνολικού προϋπολογισμού 7.965.000,00€, συμπεριλαμβανομένων δικαιωμάτων προαίρεσης 10% και ΦΠΑ, με κριτήριο ανάθεσης την πλέον συμφέρουσα από οικονομική άποψη προσφορά βάσει της χαμηλότερης τιμής, η οποία απεστάλη με ηλεκτρονικά μέσα για δημοσίευση στην Υπηρεσία Εκδόσεων της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης στις 06/07/2018, καταχωρήθηκε στο Κεντρικό Ηλεκτρονικό Μητρώο Δημοσίων Συμβάσεων (Κ.Η.Μ.ΔΗ.Σ) στις 09.07.2018 με Α.Δ.Α.Μ. ………., καθώς και στη διαδικτυακή πύλη του Εθνικού Συστήματος Ηλεκτρονικών Δημοσίων Συμβάσεων (Ε.Σ.Η.ΔΗ.Σ.) στις 09.07.2018 (Συστημικός Αριθμός ………).
2. Επειδή, για την άσκηση της κρινόμενης προσφυγής έχει εκδοθεί, πληρωθεί και δεσμευθεί το νόμιμο παράβολο κατά τις διατάξεις του άρθρου 363 παρ.1 και 2 του Ν. 4412/2016 και του άρθρου 5 παρ. 1 και 2 του Π.Δ. 39/2017, ύψους 5.244,99 € (ηλεκτρονικό παράβολο με κωδικό 23203313695811050022, εξοφληθέν δυνάμει του από 06.09.2018 αποδεικτικού εξόφλησης της Εθνικής Τράπεζας, «δεσμευμένο», όπως προκύπτει από την εκτύπωση του παραβόλου από την ιστοσελίδα της Γ.Γ.Π.Σ. και κατατεθέν στις 07.09.2018), δεδομένου ότι ορθώς υπολογίσθηκε με βάση τον προϋπολογισμό χωρίς ΦΠΑ του τμήματος σχετικά με το οποίο ασκείται η προδικαστική προσφυγή (1.048.996,97€ χωρίς Φ.Π.Α).
3. Επειδή η προσφυγή έχει ασκηθεί με χρήση του τυποποιημένου εντύπου, σύμφωνα με το άρθρο 362 παρ. 2 του Ν. 4412/2016 και το άρθρο 8 παρ. 2 του ΠΔ 39/2017.
4. Επειδή, η υπό κρίση προσφυγή, ενόψει του αντικειμένου του διαγωνισμού (υπηρεσίες), της συνολικής προϋπολογισθείσας δαπάνης, ύψους 6.423.387,10 € χωρίς Φ.Π.Α., σύμφωνα με το άρθρο 345 παρ. 1 του Ν. 4412/2016 και το άρθρο 1 περ. α) του Π.Δ. 39/2018, καθώς και του χρόνου δημοσίευσης της Διακήρυξης, σύμφωνα με τα άρθρα 5 περ. β), 61 παρ. 1, 376 και 379 παρ. 7 του Ν. 4412/2016, εμπίπτει στο πεδίο εφαρμογής των διατάξεων
του Βιβλίου IV του Ν. 4412/2016 και στην καθ' ύλην και κατά χρόνο αρμοδιότητα της Α.Ε.Π.Π.
5. Επειδή, η υπό κρίση προσφυγή έχει κατατεθεί νομίμως και εμπροθέσμως, σύμφωνα με το άρθρο 361 παρ. 1 του Ν. 4412/2016, το άρθρο 4 παρ. 1 περ. α) και το άρθρο 8 παρ. 3 του Π.Δ. 39/2017, καθώς η προσβαλλόμενη κοινοποιήθηκε στους διαγωνιζόμενους μέσω της λειτουργίας της επικοινωνίας του ηλεκτρονικού τόπου του διαγωνισμού στο Ε.Σ.Η.ΔΗ.Σ. στις 29.08.2018, οπότε και έλαβε γνώση αυτής η προσφεύγουσα, και η προσφυγή κατατέθηκε στον ηλεκτρονικό τόπο του διαγωνισμού στις 07.09.2018. Η προσφυγή κοινοποιήθηκε με μήνυμα ηλεκτρονικού ταχυδρομείου στην Α.Ε.Π.Π. από την προσφεύγουσα στις 07.09.2018.
6. Επειδή, η υπό κρίση προσφυγή ασκείται μετά προδήλου εννόμου συμφέροντος, δεδομένου ότι η τεχνική προσφορά της προσφεύγουσας έχει γίνει δεκτή, επιδιώκει δε η τελευταία τον αποκλεισμό της έτερης διαγωνιζόμενης και δη μοναδικής τοιαύτης, η τεχνική προσφορά της οποίας έγινε επίσης δεκτή για το κρίσιμο τμήμα του διαγωνισμού, στο οποίο αφορά η υπό κρίση προσφυγή.
7. Επειδή η υπό κρίση Παρέμβαση έχει ασκηθεί εμπροθέσμως, δια καταθέσεως στον ηλεκτρονικό τόπο του διαγωνισμού στις 21.09.2018, δεδομένου ότι η αναθέτουσα αρχή προέβη σε κοινοποίηση της υπό εξέταση προσφυγής προς όλους τους συμμετέχοντες, ήτοι σε κάθε ενδιαφερόμενο τρίτο μέσω του συστήματος επικοινωνίας του ηλεκτρονικού τόπου του διαγωνισμού, σύμφωνα με το άρθρο 9 παρ. 1 περ. α) του Π.Δ. 39/2017, στις 12.09.2018. Η Παρεμβαίνουσα κοινοποίησε την ως άνω Παρέμβαση στην Α.Ε.Π.Π. με μήνυμα ηλεκτρονικού ταχυδρομείου στις 21.09.2018. Επίσης, ασκείται μετά προδήλου εννόμου συμφέροντος, επιδιώκοντας τη διατήρηση της ισχύος της προσβαλλόμενης πράξης, με την οποία έγινε δεκτή η τεχνική της προσφορά.
8. Επειδή, με τα υπ' αριθ. πρωτ. 160239/272/04.09.2018 και 160424/13521/06.09.2018 έγγραφά της, που διαβιβάστηκαν στην Α.Ε.Π.Π. μέσω μηνύματος ηλεκτρονικού ταχυδρομείου στις 12.09.2018, η αναθέτουσα αρχή υπέβαλε τις απόψεις της επί της υπό κρίση προσφυγής.
9. Επειδή, όπως προαναφέρθηκε, με την υπ' αριθ. …… Διακήρυξη της Περιφέρειας ………., προκηρύχθηκε Ανοικτός Διεθνής Ηλεκτρονικός Διαγωνισμός για την ανάθεση υπηρεσιών μεταφοράς μαθητών χωρικής αρμοδιότητας Π. Ε. …….., για τα σχολικά έτη 2018 – 2019 και 2019 – 2020, συνολικού προϋπολογισμού 7.965.000,00€, συμπεριλαμβανομένων δικαιωμάτων προαίρεσης 10% και ΦΠΑ, με κριτήριο ανάθεσης την πλέον συμφέρουσα από οικονομική άποψη προσφορά βάσει της χαμηλότερης τιμής. Σύμφωνα με τα άρθρα 1.3 και 1.5.1 της Διακήρυξης, η ανάθεση των υπηρεσιών μεταφοράς μαθητών, που αποτελεί το αντικείμενο του διαγωνισμού, υποδιαιρείται σε ομάδες και οι διαγωνιζόμενοι έπρεπε να υποβάλουν προσφορά, επί ποινή αποκλεισμού, τουλάχιστον για μία ομάδα. Οι ομάδες του διαγωνισμού αναλύονται στο παράρτημα Β της Διακήρυξης. Για την 3 η ομάδα, στην οποία αφορά η υπό κρίση προσφυγή, υπέβαλαν προσφορές η προσφεύγουσα «………..» (προσφορά ……….) και η παρεμβαίνουσα «……….» (προσφορά …….). Μετά την αποσφράγιση των υποφακέλων «Δικαιολογητικά Συμμετοχής - Τεχνική Προσφορά» των διαγωνιζομένων, η Επιτροπή Διαγωνισμού, με το 1 ο Πρακτικό αυτής, αφού εξέτασε τα δικαιολογητικά συμμετοχής, τις εγγυητικές επιστολές συμμετοχής, τις υπεύθυνες δηλώσεις, τα λοιπά δικαιολογητικά και τις τεχνικές προσφορές των υποψηφίων, εισηγήθηκε, μεταξύ άλλων, τη συνέχιση στο επόμενο στάδιο του διαγωνισμού, όσον αφορά στο υπό κρίση 3 ο τμήμα, αμφοτέρων της προσφεύγουσας και της παρεμβαίνουσας. Το ως άνω 1 ο Πρακτικό εγκρίθηκε με την προσβαλλόμενη υπ' αριθμ. 2597/2018 Απόφαση της Οικονομικής Επιτροπής της αναθέτουσας αρχής. Κατά της ως άνω Απόφασης ασκήθηκε η υπό κρίση προδικαστική προσφυγή, με την οποία η προσφεύγουσα επιδιώκει την ακύρωση της ως άνω Απόφασης, κατά το μέρος που με αυτήν έγινε δεκτή η τεχνική προσφορά της παρεμβαίνουσας «………...».
10. Επειδή, σύμφωνα με το άρθρο 18 του Ν. 4412/2016 «1. Οι αναθέτουσες αρχές αντιμετωπίζουν τους οικονομικούς φορείς ισότιμα και χωρίς διακρίσεις και ενεργούν με διαφάνεια, …». Επίσης, σύμφωνα με το άρθρο 91 του Ν. 4412/2016 «1. Η αναθέτουσα αρχή με βάση τα αποτελέσματα του
ελέγχου και της αξιολόγησης των προσφορών, απορρίπτει, σε κάθε περίτττωση, προσφορά: α) Η οποία αποκλίνει από τα άρθρα 92 έως 100, και 102 έως 104 ή υποβλήθηκε κατά παράβαση των απαράβατων όρων περί σύνταξης και υποβολής της προσφοράς, όπως οι όροι αυτοί ορίζονται στα έγγραφα της σύμβασης. β) Η οποία περιέχει ατέλειες, ελλείψεις, ασάφειες ή σφάλματα, εφόσον αυτά δεν επιδέχονται συμπλήρωση ή διόρθωση ή, εφόσον επιδέχονται συμπλήρωση ή διόρθωση, δεν έχουν αποκατασταθεί κατά την αποσαφήνιση και τη συμπλήρωση της, σύμφωνα με το άρθρο 102. …».
11. Επειδή, περαιτέρω, σύμφωνα με το άρθρο 2.2.5 «Τεχνική και επαγγελματική ικανότητα – τεχνική προσφορά» της Διακήρυξης, «Ο ανάδοχος θα πρέπει να υποβάλλει ηλεκτρονικά εντός (υπο) φακέλου «Δικαιολογητικά Συμμετοχής-Τεχνική Προσφορά» ψηφιακά υπογεγραμμένα τα κάτωθι: … IX. Αντίγραφο της ειδικής άδειας οδήγησης για τους οδηγούς τους οδηγούς των ΤΑΞΙ και των Δ.Χ. επιβατικών (ΤΑΞΙ κλπ) εφόσον και για αυτά απαιτείται τέτοια άδεια και Ειδική Άδεια Μεταφορέα». Στο δε άρθρο 22.214.171.124 «Αποδεικτικά μέσα» της Διακήρυξης, ορίζεται ότι «… Β.3. Για την απόδειξη της τεχνικής ικανότητας της παραγράφου 2.2.6 οι οικονομικοί φορείς προσκομίζουν ψηφιακά υπογεγραμμένα τα κάτωθι: … XVIII. Αντίγραφο της ειδικής άδειας οδήγησης για τους οδηγούς τους οδηγούς των ΤΑΞΙ και των Δ.Χ. επιβατικών (ΤΑΞΙ κλπ) εφόσον και για αυτά απαιτείται τέτοια άδεια και Ειδική Άδεια Μεταφορέα». Επίσης, το άρθρο 2.4.3 «Περιεχόμενα Φακέλου "Δικαιολογητικά Συμμετοχής – Τεχνική Προσφορά "» της Διακήρυξης προβλέπει ότι «126.96.36.199. … Μαζί με την τεχνική του προσφορά ο προσφέρων υποβάλλει ηλεκτρονικά σε μορφή αρχείου τύπου pdf και προσκομίζει (μόνο τα δικαιολογητικά και στοιχεία που δεν έχουν εκδοθεί / συνταχθεί από τον ίδιο τον οικονομικό φορέα και κατά συνέπεια δεν φέρουν την ψηφιακή του υπογραφή) κατά περίπτωση εντός τριών (3) εργάσιμων ημερών από την ηλεκτρονική υποβολή τα ακόλουθα δικαιολογητικά: … 9. Ευκρινές φωτοαντίγραφο της Ειδικής Άδειας οδήγησης για τους οδηγούς τους οδηγούς των ΤΑΞΙ και των Δ.Χ. επιβατικών (ΤΑΞΙ κλπ), εφόσον και για αυτά απαιτείται τέτοια άδεια και Ειδική Άδεια Μεταφορέα».
12. Επειδή, η διακήρυξη του διαγωνισμού αποτελεί το κανονιστικό πλαίσιο του διαγωνισμού (Ε.Α. ΣτΕ 352/2016) και ως κανονιστική πράξη, δεσμεύει με τους όρους της, τόσο τους τρίτους προς τους οποίους απευθύνεται, όσο και το ίδιο το νομικό πρόσωπο που προκηρύσσει τον σχετικό διαγωνισμό, το οποίο υποχρεούται εφεξής και μέχρι τέλους της διαδικασίας του διαγωνισμού να εφαρμόζει τα όσα ορίζονται σε αυτή (βλ. ενδεικτικά Πράξεις VI Τμήματος ΕλΣυν 181/2006, 31/2003, 105/2003, 294/2010, 224, 78/2007, 19/2005 κ.ά.). Ταυτόχρονα, επιβάλλεται να προσδιορίζονται επακριβώς σε αυτήν τα προς συμμετοχή στον διαγωνισμό απαιτούμενα προσόντα και τα υποβλητέα, κατά την κατάθεση της προσφοράς δικαιολογητικά και λοιπά στοιχεία. Άλλωστε, η αρχή της δεσμευτικότητας της διακήρυξης κατοχυρώνεται και στο ενωσιακό δίκαιο, αφού κάθε απόκλιση από τους όρους αυτής αποτελεί παραβίαση της αρχής της ισότητας των διαγωνιζομένων (βλ. Πράξη VI Τμήματος ΕλΣυν 70/2006). Σκοπός της ενιαίας εφαρμογής των όρων της διακήρυξης και της τήρησης των αρχών της ίσης μεταχείρισης και της διαφάνειας, είναι η διαμόρφωση ενός ασφαλούς δικαιικού πλαισίου, εντός του οποίου θα διεξαχθεί ο διαγωνισμός και η αποφυγή αδικαιολόγητων αιφνιδιασμών των εν δυνάμει υποψηφίων, οι οποίοι σε κάθε στάδιο της διαγωνιστικής διαδικασίας θα εκκινούν από μία κοινή αφετηρία, θα γνωρίζουν εκ των προτέρων ασφαλώς και με ακρίβεια τις προβλεπόμενες διαδικασίες και θα έχουν ίσες ευκαιρίες συμμετοχής, σύμφωνα με την αρχή της αναλογικότητας. Όπως, δε, παγίως γίνεται δεκτό, οι αρχές της διαφάνειας και της ίσης μεταχείρισης στους δημόσιους διαγωνισμούς επιτάσσουν στις αναθέτουσες αρχές να διατυπώνουν τους όρους διεξαγωγής της διαδικασίας ανάθεσης στην προκήρυξη του διαγωνισμού με σαφήνεια, ακρίβεια και χωρίς αμφισημία, κατά τρόπο ώστε αφενός να παρέχουν σε όλους τους ευλόγως ενημερωμένους και επιδεικνύοντες τη συνήθη επιμέλεια διαγωνιζομένους τη δυνατότητα να κατανοούν το ακριβές περιεχόμενο των όρων αυτών και να τους ερμηνεύουν με τον ίδιο τρόπο, αφετέρου, να καθιστούν δυνατό τον αποτελεσματικό έλεγχο του αν οι προσφορές των υποψηφίων ανταποκρίνονται στα τιθέμενα κριτήρια (Ε.Σ Κλ.Ε 157/2017, Τμ. VI 2452/2012, 1643/2014, 6869/2015, 261/2017, βλ. και
ΔΕΚ απόφαση της 18.10.2001, C-19/2000, SIAC Construcion Ltd, σκέψεις 41 έως 44, απόφαση της 29.4.2004, C-496/1999 Επιτροπή κατά CAS Succhi di Frutta, σκέψη 111, απόφαση της 10.5.2012, C-368/10, Επιτροπή κατά Κάτω Χωρών σκ. 109 επ.). Άλλωστε, όπως παγίως έχει κριθεί, η αρχή της ίσης μεταχειρίσεως και η υποχρέωση διαφάνειας απαγορεύουν στην αναθέτουσα αρχή να απορρίψει προσφορά στηριζόμενη σε λόγους οι οποίοι δεν προβλέπονται στην οικεία προκήρυξη (βλ., C-278/14, SC Enterprise Focused Solutions SRL ECLI:EU:C:2015:228,σκ. 28, και απόφαση Medipac— Καζαντζίδης, C-6/05, EU:C:2007:337, σκέψη 54). Υπό αυτό το πρίσμα συνάγεται ότι η αυστηρότητα της εφαρμογής της διακήρυξης προϋποθέτει την σαφήνεια των όρων αυτής καθώς η παραβίαση αμφίσημων όρων δεν οδηγεί αναγκαστικά στον αποκλεισμό διαγωνιζόμενου αν δεν ευθύνεται ο ίδιος για την παρερμηνεία των υποχρεώσεών του (Συμβάσεις Δημοσίων Έργων Χρ. Μητκίδης, 2009, σελ. 87 επ.). Τούτο, διότι η ερμηνεία των όρων των εγγράφων της σύμβασης δεν μπορεί να γίνεται εις βάρος του καλόπιστου διαγωνιζομένου, εφόσον η Διοίκηση ήταν αυτή που όφειλε να εκφραστεί σαφέστερα (ΕφΑθ 1959/1970 Αρμ. 1970 σελ. 1111, ΕφΘεσ 501/1987 ΕΔημΕργ 1990/1, σελ. 84, Α. Τάχος, Ελληνικό Διοικητικό Δίκαιο, εκδ. θ ́, σελ. 776).
13. Επειδή, με τον πρώτο λόγο της προσφυγής της η προσφεύγουσα προβάλλει ότι η εταιρεία «………..», κατά παράβαση των προπαρατεθέντων άρθρων της Διακήρυξης, «προσκόμισε (ήτοι ανήρτησε στην πλατφόρμα του ΕΣΗΔΗΣ) μόνο την Ειδική Άδεια Μεταφορέα που διαθέτει η ίδια και δεν προσκόμισε καμία από τις άδειες των ιδιοκτητών των λεωφορείων που μετέχουν στον διαγωνισμό παραχωρώντας τα οχήματα τους στην εν λόγω εταιρία. Η υποβολή μόνο μίας άδειας μεταφορέα αποδεικνύεται με απόλυτη σαφήνεια από την απλή επισκόπηση των δικαιολογητικών που ανήρτησε η εν λόγω εταιρία στη σχετική πλατφόρμα του ΕΣΗΔΗΣ, στην οποία έχει αναρτηθεί μόνο η δική της άδεια μολονότι στην προσφορά περιλαμβάνεται πληθώρα οχημάτων που ανήκουν σε άλλους μεταφορείς για τους οποίους ουδεμία Ειδική Άδεια Μεταφορέα έχει αναρτηθεί, παρά μόνο υπεύθυνες δηλώσεις των ιδιοκτητών. Ούτε όμως
στις δηλώσεις αυτές των ιδιοκτητών, οι οποίες έχουν πανομοιότυπη διατύπωση γίνεται οποιαδήποτε μνεία της ύπαρξης Ειδικής Άδειας Μεταφορέα. Με το περιεχόμενο όμως αυτό η προσφορά της εν λόγω εταιρίας είναι μη νόμιμη και έπρεπε να απορριφθεί δεδομένου ότι αντίκειται στους προπαρατεθέντες όρους της διακήρυξης που ρητά απαιτούν να προσκομίζεται η Ειδική Άδεια Μεταφορέα».
14. Επειδή, η παρεμβαίνουσα, όσον αφορά στον ως άνω προβαλλόμενο λόγο, ισχυρίζεται ότι αυτός είναι αβάσιμος, καθώς, δεν όφειλε να υποβάλει Ειδική Άδεια Μεταφορέα των ιδιοκτητών των λεωφορείων που της παραχώρησαν τα οχήματά τους για τη συμμετοχή της στο διαγωνισμό, διότι, όπως προκύπτει και από το υποβληθέν από αυτήν Ε.Ε.Ε.Π., την εκτέλεση του έργου τη διεκδικεί η ίδια η παρεμβαίνουσα και μόνο και «Δε μοιράζεται το έργο με άλλη εταιρεία ούτε χρησιμοποιεί άλλο φυσικό ή νομικό πρόσωπο ως υπεργολάβο προκειμένου να του ανατεθεί τμήμα της σύμβασης». Σημειώνει δε η παρεμβαίνουσα ότι ούτε η προσφεύγουσα προσκόμισε τις αντίστοιχες Ειδικές Άδειες Μεταφορέα των ιδιοκτητών λεωφορείων που παραχωρούν σε αυτήν τα οχήματά της για τη συμμετοχή της στο διαγωνισμό.
15. Επειδή, η αναθέτουσα αρχή, με τις απόψεις της αναφέρει σχετικώς ότι «Η άποψή μας είναι ότι από τη διακήρυξη του διαγωνισμού δεν προκύπτει σαφώς ότι πρέπει να προσκομισθούν όλες οι Ειδικές Άδειες Μεταφορέα, συνεπώς αρκεί η Ειδική Άδεια του νομικού προσώπου που συμμετέχει στο διαγωνισμό. Εδώ θα πρέπει να σημειώσουμε ότι και η "………..." δεν προσκόμισε όλες τις Ειδικές Άδειες Μεταφορέα των ιδιοκτητών λεωφορείων που παραχωρούν τα οχήματα στην ίδια για τη συμμετοχή στο διαγωνισμό».
16. Επειδή, ανεξαρτήτως της υποβολής ή μη εκ μέρους της προσφεύγουσας και της παρεμβαίνουσας, Ειδικών Αδειών Μεταφορέα των ιδιοκτητών λεωφορείων που τους παραχώρησαν τα οχήματά τους για τη συμμετοχή τους στο διαγωνισμό, από τη γραμματική ερμηνεία των προπαρατεθέντων άρθρων της Διακήρυξης, προκύπτει ότι η απαίτηση περί προσκόμισης Ειδικής Άδειας Μεταφορέα αφορά αποκλειστικά στον προσφέροντα οικονομικό φορέα και όχι και στους ιδιοκτήτες λεωφορείων που
παραχωρούν στον προσφέροντα τα οχήματά τους για τη συμμετοχή του στο διαγωνισμό. Η παρεμβαίνουσα, όπως πράγματι προκύπτει από το υποβληθέν από αυτήν Ε.Ε.Ε.Π., στο ερώτημα του Μέρους ΙΙ του Ε.Ε.Ε.Π. «Ο οικονομικός φορέας συμμετέχει στη διαδικασία σύναψης σύμβασης από κοινού με άλλους;» έχει συμπληρώσει «Όχι». Εκ των ως άνω προκύπτει, ότι σε συμφωνία με τους όρους της Διακήρυξης η παρεμβαίνουσα υπέβαλε μόνο την Ειδική Άδεια Μεταφορέα που διαθέτει η ίδια. Εξάλλου, ακόμη και στην περίπτωση που οι σχετικοί όροι της Διακήρυξης θεωρούνταν ασαφείς, όπως φαίνεται να ισχυρίζεται με τις απόψεις της η αναθέτουσα αρχή, η ασάφεια αυτή, δεν θα μπορούσε, κατά τα ανωτέρω αναφερόμενα, να ερμηνευθεί εις βάρος των διαγωνιζομένων. Άλλωστε, η αναθέτουσα αρχή, κατ' εφαρμογή της ίσης μεταχείρισης των διαγωνιζομένων, έκανε δεκτές αμφότερες τις προσφορές της προσφεύγουσας και της παρεμβαίνουσας. Συνεπώς, ο πρώτος λόγος της προσφυγής είναι αβάσιμος και απορριπτέος.
17. Επειδή, με το δεύτερο λόγο της προσφυγής προβάλλεται «Άλλως και όλως επικουρικώς, στην περίπτωση που η αναθέτουσα αρχή επιμείνει στη θέση της ότι έλαβε υπόψη τις ειδικές άδειες οδικού μεταφορέα που υπέβαλε σε φυσική μορφή (και όχι ηλεκτρονικά) η υποψήφια ανάδοχος εταιρία "……..", η προσβαλλόμενη απόφαση είναι μη νόμιμη …» λόγω παράβασης του άρθρου 102 του Ν.4412/2016, το οποίο επιτρέπει μόνο τη συμπλήρωση επουσιωδών, κατά την έννοια του άρθρου αυτού, ελλείψεων και δεν μπορεί να οδηγήσει σε εκ των υστέρων τροποποίηση υποβληθείσας προσφοράς.
18. Επειδή, ο ως άνω λόγος, αφενός είναι απορριπτέος ως ερειδόμενος επί εσφαλμένης προϋπόθεσης, δεδομένου ότι υπολαμβάνει ότι απαιτείτο η υποβολή Ειδικής Άδειας Μεταφορέα για τους ιδιοκτήτες λεωφορείων που παραχώρησαν τα οχήματά τους στους διαγωνιζόμενους για τη συμμετοχή τους στο διαγωνισμό, αφού, κατά τα διαλαμβανόμενα ανωτέρω, δεν προκύπτει τέτοια υποχρέωση, από τις διατάξεις τις Διακήρυξης. Αφετέρου, από κανένα στοιχείο του φακέλου δεν προκύπτει ότι για την αποδοχή της προσφοράς της παρεμβαίνουσας ελήφθησαν υπόψη από την αναθέτουσα αρχή «ειδικές άδειες
οδικού μεταφορέα που υπέβαλε σε φυσική μορφή (και όχι ηλεκτρονικά) η υποψήφια ανάδοχος εταιρία "………."». Αντίθετα, όπως προαναφέρθηκε, η αναθέτουσα αρχή έκανε δεκτές αμφότερες τις προσφορές της προσφεύγουσας και της παρεμβαίνουσας, λαμβάνοντας υπόψη, ορθώς, σύμφωνα με τα απαιτούμενα από τη Διακήρυξη, μόνο τις Ειδικές Άδειες Μεταφορέα που διαθέτουν οι ίδιες οι ως άνω διαγωνιζόμενες και κατέθεσαν αμφότερες ηλεκτρονικά. Εκ των ως άνω προκύπτει ότι ο δεύτερος λόγος της προσφυγής είναι απορριπτέος και ως ουσία αβάσιμος.
19. Επειδή, σύμφωνα με το άρθρο 1.3 της Διακήρυξης «Τα διαθέσιμα οχήματα μπορούν να χρησιμοποιούνται για περισσότερα του ενός έως δύο δρομολόγια, εφόσον αυτά αποδεικνύεται από τους χρόνους και τις χιλιομετρικές αποστάσεις ότι μπορούν να πραγματοποιηθούν και δεν διακινδυνεύεται η ασφαλής και έγκαιρη μεταφορά των μαθητών από και προς τα σχολεία φοίτησης». Επίσης, σύμφωνα με το άρθρο 2.2.5 «Τεχνική και επαγγελματική ικανότητα – τεχνική προσφορά» της Διακήρυξης, «Ο ανάδοχος θα πρέπει να υποβάλλει ηλεκτρονικά εντός (υπο) φακέλου "Δικαιολογητικά Συμμετοχής-Τεχνική Προσφορά" ψηφιακά υπογεγραμμένα τα κάτωθι: …Ι. Υπεύθυνη Δήλωση, σύμφωνα με την παρ. 4 του άρθρου 8 του Ν.1599/1986, όπως εκάστοτε ισχύει, στην οποία θα δηλώνονται τα εξής: … iv) Ο αριθμός κυκλοφορίας των Λεωφορείων ή των Δ.Χ. επιβατικών (ΤΑΞΙ κλπ) που θα χρησιμοποιηθούν για την εκτέλεση του κάθε δρομολογίου …». Περαιτέρω, σύμφωνα με το άρθρο 188.8.131.52 «Αποδεικτικά μέσα» της Διακήρυξης, ορίζεται ότι «… Β.3. Για την απόδειξη της τεχνικής ικανότητας της παραγράφου 2.2.6 οι οικονομικοί φορείς προσκομίζουν ψηφιακά υπογεγραμμένα τα κάτωθι: … X. Υπεύθυνη Δήλωση, σύμφωνα με την παρ. 4 του άρθρου 8 του Ν.1599/1986, όπως εκάστοτε ισχύει, στην οποία θα δηλώνονται τα εξής: … iv) Ο αριθμός κυκλοφορίας των Λεωφορείων ή των Δ.Χ. επιβατικών (ΤΑΞΙ κλπ) που θα χρησιμοποιηθούν για την εκτέλεση του κάθε δρομολογίου …». Επίσης, το άρθρο 2.4.3 «Περιεχόμενα Φακέλου "Δικαιολογητικά Συμμετοχής – Τεχνική Προσφορά "» της Διακήρυξης προβλέπει ότι «184.108.40.206. … Μαζί με την τεχνική του προσφορά ο προσφέρων υποβάλλει ηλεκτρονικά σε μορφή αρχείου τύπου pdf και
προσκομίζει (μόνο τα δικαιολογητικά και στοιχεία που δεν έχουν εκδοθεί / συνταχθεί από τον ίδιο τον οικονομικό φορέα και κατά συνέπεια δεν φέρουν την ψηφιακή του υπογραφή) κατά περίπτωση εντός τριών (3) εργάσιμων ημερών από την ηλεκτρονική υποβολή τα ακόλουθα δικαιολογητικά: … 2. Ευκρινές φωτοαντίγραφο της άδειας κυκλοφορίας των λεωφορείων, των Δ.Χ. επιβατικών (ΤΑΞΙ κ.λπ.) που θα χρησιμοποιηθούν για την εκτέλεση του κάθε δρομολογίου». Σύμφωνα δε με το άρθρο 6.3 «Λοιποί όροι» της Διακήρυξης «4. Ο ανάδοχος διαβεβαιώνει ότι θα έχει στην διάθεσή του ένα μεταφορικό μέσο ανάλογο και εξίσου κατάλληλο σύμφωνα με τους όρους της διακήρυξης ως εφεδρικό, για την άμεση και κανονική αντικατάσταση κάθε μεταφορικού μέσου που για οποιαδήποτε λόγο ή αιτία θα ματαίωνε την ακριβή και κανονική εκτέλεση του δρομολογίου». Έτι περαιτέρω, σύμφωνα με το υπ' αριθμ. πρωτ. 138363/11655/26.07.2018 έγγραφο «Διευκρινίσεις επί της προκήρυξης …… αριθ. συστ. 61810 για τη μεταφορά μαθητών Π.Ε ……., σχολικών ετών 20182019 κα 2019-2020» της αναθέτουσας αρχής, το οποίο αναρτήθηκε στο κεντρικό Portal του ηλεκτρονικού τόπου του διαγωνισμού στις 26.07.2018 «Σχετικά με την αριθμ. ……… αριθμός συστήματος ΕΣΗΔΗΣ …… επισημαίνουμε τα έξης : … Πέραν των προαναφερόμενων οι υποψήφιοι πρέπει να δώσουν ιδιαίτερη προσοχή κατά την υποβολή της προσφοράς τους σύμφωνα με τα παρακάτω: Προσφορά που υπερβαίνει τα δύο δρομολόγια ανά άδεια απορρίπτεται ως απαράδεκτη».
20. Επειδή, όπως προκύπτει από την επισκόπηση των αναρτημένων στον ηλεκτρονικό τόπο και δη στη λειτουργία της επικοινωνίας του διαγωνισμού εγγράφων, στις 03.08.2018 η εταιρεία ………. υπέβαλε στην αναθέτουσα αρχή «Αίτημα Συμπληρωματικών Πληροφοριών», με το οποίο, μεταξύ άλλων, ρωτούσε «1. Στο Άρθρο 6.3 Λοιποί όροι παράγραφο 4. Της ανωτέρω διακήρυξης αναφέρει ότι "Ο μειοδότης διαβεβαιώνει ότι θα έχει στη διάθεσή του ένα μεταφορικό μέσο ανάλογο και εξίσου κατάλληλο σύμφωνα με τους όρους της διακήρυξης ως εφεδρικό, για την άμεση και κανονική αντικατάσταση κάθε μεταφορικού μέσου που για οποιαδήποτε λόγο ή αιτία θα ματαίωνε την ακριβή και κανονική εκτέλεση του δρομολογίου. Σε περίπτωση που
αυτό δεν είναι δυνατό ο μειοδότης βαρύνεται με τα έξοδα μεταφοράς των παιδιών με τη χρήση του προσφορότερου μέσου (ταξί κλπ.) ." Παρακαλούμε διευκρινίστε μας αριθμητικά ποια είναι η επιθυμητή αντιστοιχία μεταξύ βασικών και εφεδρικών οχημάτων, τα οποία οφείλει ο οικονομικός φορέας να συμπεριλάβει στην Προσφορά του». Επί του ως άνω αιτήματος, η αναθέτουσα αρχή, όπως προκύπτει από τη λειτουργία της επικοινωνίας του ηλεκτρονικού τόπου του διαγωνισμού, απάντησε στις 08.08.2018 ως εξής: «ΑΙΤΗΜΑ ΣΥΜΠΛΗΡΩΜΑΤΙΚΩΝ ΠΛΗΡΟΦΟΡΙΩΝ ΑΠΑΝΤΗΣΗ 1) ΠΡΕΠΕΙ ΝΑ ΑΝΑΦΕΡΟΝΤΑΙ ΤΑ ΕΦΕΔΡΙΚΑ ΟΧΗΜΑΤΑ 2) ΣΕ ΠΕΡΙΠΤΩΣΗ ΟΜΑΔΑΣ ΠΡΕΠΕΙ ΝΑ ΥΠΑΡΧΕΙ ΤΟΥΛΑΧΙΣΤΟΝ ΤΟ 50% ΤΗΣ ΟΜΑΔΑΣ ΣΕ ΕΦΕΔΡΙΚΑ ΑΥΤΟΚΙΝΗΤΑ».
21. Επειδή, όπως έχει παγίως κριθεί, η πράξη περί παροχής διευκρινίσεων αποτελεί πράξη εκτελεστή, υποκείμενη σε προσφυγή και εφ' όσον δεν αμφισβητηθεί η νομιμότητά της, οι παρεχόμενες με αυτήν διευκρινίσεις εντάσσονται στο κανονιστικό πλαίσιο του διαγωνισμού, συμπληρώνοντας τους σχετικούς όρους της διακηρύξεως, στους οποίους αναφέρονται (πρβλ. Ε.Α. ΣτΕ 190/2015, 108/2015, 55/2015, 44/2015, 92/2014, 254/2012, 45/2008, ΔΕφΑθ (αναστ.) 451/2014, 437/2013).
22. Επειδή, η ως άνω διευκρίνιση της αναθέτουσας αρχής αφορά στο πλήθος, σε επίπεδο ομάδας, των απαιτούμενων εφεδρικών οχημάτων και όχι στο διαφορετικό κρίσιμο εν προκειμένω ζήτημα, ποιος είναι ο μέγιστος αριθμός των δρομολογίων για τα οποία μπορεί να χρησιμοποιείται κάθε προσφερόμενο όχημα.
23. Επειδή, με τον τρίτο λόγο της προσφυγής προβάλλεται ότι κατά παράβαση του ως άνω άρθρου της Διακήρυξης, η παρεμβαίνουσα δήλωσε στην τεχνική της προσφορά τέσσερα οχήματα (συγκεκριμένα τα οχήματα με αριθμ. κυκλοφορίας ΙΤΧ 5760, ΚΖΜ 6633, ΥΤΖ 9933 και ΚΖΡ 9020) για περισσότερα των δύο, ήτοι για τρία δρομολόγια. Η αναθέτουσα αρχή με τις απόψεις τις αναφέρει σχετικώς ότι «Η άποψή μας είναι ότι ο περιορισμός της διακήρυξης "ένα όχημα μέχρι δύο δρομολόγια", αφορά αποκλειστικά τα τακτικά οχήματα. Από τη διακήρυξη του διαγωνισμού δεν προκύπτει περιορισμός για τα
εφεδρικά οχήματα. Εδώ θα πρέπει να σημειώσουμε ότι και η "……….." συμπεριέλαβε στην Υπεύθυνη Δήλωση της τεχνικής προσφοράς της οχήματα με προγραμματισμό για τρία δρομολόγια μαζί με τα εφεδρικά (ΚΖΤ 6133 και ΚΖΜ 3099)». Η δε παρεμβαίνουσα προβάλλει σχετικώς ότι «Ο περιορισμός που ορίζεται ωστόσο στη διακήρυξη ότι δηλαδή "ένα όχημα μέχρι δύο δρομολόγια" αφορά αποκλειστικά τα τακτικά οχήματα». Ο περιορισμός ωστόσο αυτός δεν αναφέρεται σε καμία περίπτωση και στα εφεδρικά οχήματα. Τούτο προκύπτει και από σχετικό ερώτημα (Αίτημα Συμπληρωματικών Πληροφοριών) που απευθύναμε προς την Αναθέτουσα Αρχή την 8.8.2018 (14:53:19) και η οποία μας απάντησε ότι σε περίπτωση ομάδας πρέπει να υπάρχει τουλάχιστον το 50% σε εφεδρικά αυτοκίνητα. Στη δική μας περίπτωση τα τακτικά οχήματα που εκτελούν το έργο είναι 23, ενώ τα αναπληρωματικά που προσκομίσαμε είναι 13, άρα σαφώς περισσότερα του απαιτούμενου 50%».
24. Επειδή, από την επισκόπηση των υποβληθεισών τεχνικών προσφορών αμφοτέρων των διαγωνιζομένων προκύπτει αφενός ότι η παρεμβαίνουσα πράγματι δήλωσε: α) το όχημα ΙΤΧ 5760 ως εφεδρικό στα δρομολόγια 1, 2 και 28, β) το όχημα ΚΖΜ 6633 ως εφεδρικό στα δρομολόγια 18, 24 και 25, γ) το όχημα ΥΤΖ 9933 ως εφεδρικό στα δρομολόγια 8, 9 και 20 και δ) το όχημα ΚΖΡ 9020 ως εφεδρικό στα δρομολόγια 10, 11 και 19 και αφετέρου ότι η προσφεύγουσα πράγματι δήλωσε: α) το όχημα ΚΖΤ 6133 ως κύριο για το δρομολόγιο «ΒΑΘΥΛΑΚΟΣ - ΓΥΜΝΑΣΙΑ-ΛΥΚΕΙΑ ΣΕΡΒΙΩΝ» και ως εφεδρικό για τα δρομολόγια «ΑΓ. ΔΗΜΗΤΡΙΟΣ – ΛΥΚΕΙΑ ΚΟΖΑΝΗΣ» και «ΠΥΡΓΟΙ – ΓΥΜΝΑΣΙΑ ΑΝΑΤΟΛΙΚΟΥ» και β) το όχημα ΚΖΜ 3099 ως κύριο για τα δρομολόγια «ΝΓ ΔΣ ΑΙΑΝΗΣ - ΚΕΡΑΣΙΑ» και «ΣΙΝΑΝΙ – ΔΣ ΕΑΤΥΡΑΣΕΠΑΛ ΣΙΑΤΙΣΤΑΣ» και ως εφεδρικό για το δρομολόγιο «ΚΕΡΑΣΙΑ - ΝΓ ΔΣ ΑΙΑΝΗΣ».
25. Επειδή το συμφέρον είναι έννομο, όταν: α) δεν αντίκειται στο δίκαιο, β) αναγνωρίζεται από το δίκαιο και γ) αποσκοπεί στη διατήρηση των ισχυουσών ρυθμίσεων, οι οποίες διασφαλίζουν μια ευνοϊκή για τον αιτούντα κατάσταση και οι ως άνω προϋποθέσεις πρέπει να συντρέχουν αθροιστικώς (Δ. Θ. ΠΥΡΓΑΚΗΣ, ΤΟ ΕΝΝΟΜΟ ΣΥΜΦΕΡΟΝ ΣΤΗ ΔΙΚΗ ΕΝΩΠΙΟΝ ΤΟΥ
ΣΥΜΒΟΥΛΙΟΥ ΤΗΣ ΕΠΙΚΡΑΤΕΙΑΣ, Νομική Βιβλιοθήκη, 2017, σελ. 81 και 84). Επομένως, η προβολή από την προσφεύγουσα, η προσφορά της οποίας έχει γίνει αποδεκτή, ισχυρισμού περί πλημμέλειας προσφοράς άλλου συνδιαγωνιζόμενου με σκοπό τον αποκλεισμό του από τη συνέχεια της διαγωνιστικής διαδικασίας, η οποία, φερόμενη από την ίδια την προσφεύγουσα ως πλημμέλεια, συντρέχει και για την ίδια, αντίκειται στην αρχή του ίσου μέτρου κρίσης, η οποία αποτελεί ειδικότερη έκφανση των αρχών της ίσης μεταχείρισης των διαγωνιζομένων και της διαφάνειας που διέπουν το σύνολο του ενωσιακού δικαίου των δημοσίων συμβάσεων, αλλά και στην καλή πίστη. Συνεπώς, δεδομένου ότι και η προσφεύγουσα έχει δηλώσει οχήματα για περισσότερα των δύο δρομολόγια, ήτοι, ο φερόμενος από την ίδια ως λόγος αποκλεισμού της παρεμβαίνουσας, συντρέχει και στη δική της προσφορά, ο τρίτος λόγος της προσφυγής πρέπει να απορριφθεί ως απαράδεκτος και δη ως προβαλλόμενος άνευ εννόμου συμφέροντος.
26. Επειδή, όπως προκύπτει από τα προπαρατεθέντα άρθρα 2.2.5 «Τεχνική και επαγγελματική ικανότητα – τεχνική προσφορά», 220.127.116.11 «Αποδεικτικά μέσα» και 2.4.3 «Περιεχόμενα Φακέλου "Δικαιολογητικά Συμμετοχής – Τεχνική Προσφορά "» της Διακήρυξης, ο διαγωνιζόμενος όφειλε να υποβάλει ηλεκτρονικά εντός του υποφακέλου "Δικαιολογητικά ΣυμμετοχήςΤεχνική Προσφορά" ψηφιακά υπογεγραμμένη Υπεύθυνη Δήλωση, στην οποία θα δηλώνεται, μεταξύ άλλων, ο αριθμός κυκλοφορίας των λεωφορείων ή των Δ.Χ. επιβατικών (ταξί κλπ) που θα χρησιμοποιηθούν για την εκτέλεση του κάθε δρομολογίου. Περαιτέρω, σύμφωνα με το άρθρο 91 «Λόγοι απόρριψης προσφορών» του Ν.4412/2016 «1. Η αναθέτουσα αρχή με βάση τα αποτελέσματα του ελέγχου και της αξιολόγησης των προσφορών, απορρίπτει, σε κάθε περίπτωση, προσφορά: … δ) Η οποία είναι εναλλακτική προσφορά, αν τέτοια δεν επιτρέπεται ή, αν επιτρέπεται, δεν πληροί τις ελάχιστες απαιτήσεις των εγγράφων της σύμβασης». Σύμφωνα δε με το άρθρο 2.4.6 «Λόγοι απόρριψης προσφορών» της Διακήρυξης «H αναθέτουσα αρχή με βάση τα αποτελέσματα του ελέγχου και της αξιολόγησης των προσφορών, απορρίπτει, σε κάθε περίπτωση, προσφορά: … δ) Δεν επιτρέπεται εναλλακτική προσφορά
…». Περαιτέρω, το άρθρο 6.3 «Λοιποί όροι» της Διακήρυξης ορίζει «4. Ο ανάδοχος διαβεβαιώνει ότι θα έχει στην διάθεσή του ένα μεταφορικό μέσο ανάλογο και εξίσου κατάλληλο σύμφωνα με τους όρους της διακήρυξης ως εφεδρικό, για την άμεση και κανονική αντικατάσταση κάθε μεταφορικού μέσου που για οποιαδήποτε λόγο ή αιτία θα ματαίωνε την ακριβή και κανονική εκτέλεση του δρομολογίου. Σε περίπτωση που αυτό δεν είναι δυνατό ο μειοδότης βαρύνεται με τα έξοδα μεταφοράς των παιδιών με τη χρήση του προσφορότερου μέσου (ταξί κλπ)».
27. Επειδή, με τον τέταρτο λόγο της προσφυγής προβάλλεται ότι «Στην προκειμένη περίπτωση η υποψήφια ανάδοχος εταιρία ……… συμπεριέλαβε στην τεχνική προσφορά της Υπεύθυνη Δήλωση που αναφέρει ότι θα χρησιμοποιήσει κάθε μέσον που δύναται για εφεδρικό όχημα αν χρειαστεί ακόμη και ταξί. Με το περιεχόμενο αυτό η προσφορά της εν λόγω εταιρίας είναι μη νόμιμη και έπρεπε να απορριφθεί δεδομένου ότι αντίκειται στους προπαρατεθέντες όρους της διακήρυξης που ρητά απαιτούν να μην υπάρχει ασαφής ή εναλλακτική προσφορά». Η παρεμβαίνουσα προβάλλει σχετικώς ότι «…σαφώς δεν παραβιάσαμε τον όρο της διακήρυξης, αφού το μόνο που κάναμε ήταν να αντιγράψουμε τα οριζόμενα στο στοιχείο υπό 8.4 [η αρίθμηση «8.4» αναφέρεται προφανώς στο περιλαμβανόμενο στο ΠΑΡΑΡΤΗΜΑ Γ της Διακήρυξης, σχέδιο σύμβασης]: Ο μειοδότης διαβεβαιώνει ότι θα έχει στην διάθεσή του ένα μεταφορικό μέσο ανάλογο και εξίσου κατάλληλο σύμφωνα με τους όρους της διακήρυξης ως εφεδρικό, για την άμεση και κανονική αντικατάσταση κάθε μεταφορικού μέσου που για οποιαδήποτε λόγο ή αιτία θα ματαίωνε την ακριβή και κανονική εκτέλεση του δρομολογίου. Σε περίπτωση που αυτό δεν είναι δυνατό ο μειοδότης βαρύνεται με τα έξοδα μεταφοράς των παιδιών με τη χρήση του προσφορότερου μέσου (ταξί κλπ)». Η αναθέτουσα αρχή αναφέρει σχετικώς με τις απόψεις της «Η άποψή μας είναι ότι αυτό θα αποτελούσε εναλλακτική προσφορά μόνο εάν δεν υπήρχε το έντυπο τεχνικών προδιαγραφών που ορίζει συγκεκριμένα εφεδρικά οχήματα για κάθε διαδρομή. Θεωρούμε ότι η παραπάνω Υπεύθυνη Δήλωση αναφέρεται σε κάποιο ακραίο
Αριθμός Απόφασης: 875/2018
σενάριο κατά το οποίο τα τακτικά και τα εφεδρικά λεωφορεία θα τεθούν όλα μαζί εκτός λειτουργίας».
28. Επειδή, από τα προαναφερθέντα άρθρα της Διακήρυξης προκύπτει η υποχρέωση υποβολής ηλεκτρονικά εντός του υποφακέλου "Δικαιολογητικά Συμμετοχής-Τεχνική Προσφορά" ψηφιακά υπογεγραμμένης Υπεύθυνης Δήλωσης, στην οποία θα δηλώνεται, μεταξύ άλλων, ο αριθμός κυκλοφορίας κάθε οχήματος που θα χρησιμοποιηθεί για την εκτέλεση του κάθε δρομολογίου. Η περιλαμβανόμενη δε στο άρθρο 6.3 της Διακήρυξης πρόβλεψη δεν συνδέεται με απαίτηση υποβολής δικαιολογητικού, αλλά αποσκοπεί στην εξασφάλιση της καθ' οιονδήποτε τρόπο και με ευθύνη του αναδόχου ακριβούς και κανονικής εκτέλεσης κάθε δρομολογίου, χωρίς επιπλέον (ήτοι πέραν της συμβατικής) οικονομική επιβάρυνση της αναθέτουσας αρχής.
29. Επειδή, όπως προκύπτει από την επισκόπηση της υποβληθείσας από την παρεμβαίνουσα προσφοράς, αυτή έχει πράγματι υποβάλει ηλεκτρονικά την κατά τα ως άνω απαιτούμενη υπεύθυνη δήλωση, όπως ουδόλως εξάλλου αμφισβητεί η προσφεύγουσα, στην οποία αποτυπώνονται συγκεκριμένα προσφερόμενα οχήματα τόσο ως κύρια όσο και ως εφεδρικά, για κάθε δρομολόγιο, πληρώντας έτσι τις προαναφερόμενες απαιτήσεις της Διακήρυξης. Επίσης, προκύπτει ότι η παρεμβαίνουσα, εκτός της κατά τα ως άνω υπεύθυνης δήλωσης, υπέβαλε επιπλέον υπεύθυνη δήλωση με το εξής περιεχόμενο: «Σύμφωνα με όσα ορίζει η Διακήρυξη υπ' Αριθμ. …… …, έχουμε στην διάθεσή μας ένα μεταφορικό μέσο ανάλογο και εξίσου κατάλληλο σύμφωνα με τους όρους της διακήρυξης ως εφεδρικό, για την άμεση και κανονική αντικατάσταση κάθε μεταφορικού μέσου που για οποιαδήποτε λόγο ή αιτία θα ματαίωνε την ακριβή και κανονική εκτέλεση του δρομολογίου. Σε περίπτωση που αυτό δεν είναι δυνατό, ως μειοδότες θα επιβαρυνθούμε με τα έξοδα μεταφοράς των παιδιών με τη χρήση του προσφορότερου μέσου (ταξί κλπ)». Σύμφωνα με τα ανωτέρω αναφερόμενα, η αμέσως ανωτέρω αναφερόμενη υπεύθυνη δήλωση της παρεμβαίνουσας υπεβλήθη προς επιβεβαίωση εκ μέρους της ότι δεσμεύεται να τηρήσει τα οριζόμενα στο άρθρο
6.3 της Διακήρυξης και ουδόλως συνιστά εναλλακτική προσφορά. Συνεπώς και ο τέταρτος λόγος της προσφυγής πρέπει να απορριφθεί ως αβάσιμος.
30. Επειδή, σύμφωνα με το άρθρο 1.5.1 «Τμήματα διαγωνισμού» της Διακήρυξης «… Ο κατά περίπτωση προσφορότερος τύπος των μεταφορικών μέσων για την εκτέλεση των κατά περίπτωση δρομολογίων, όπως αυτά προβλέπονται στην παρούσα διακήρυξη, σύμφωνα με τους τύπους των οχημάτων όπως αυτά κατηγοριοποιούνται στο παράρτημα της υπ' αριθμ. 24001/11-06-2013 (ΦΕΚ 1449/Β΄/14-06-2013) Κ.Υ.Α. και σύμφωνα με τον οποίο υπολογίζεται η μέγιστη αποζημίωση του οικείου δρομολογίου, δεν κωλύει την υποβολή προσφοράς και από κατόχους άλλων τύπων μεταφορικών μέσων, σύμφωνα με την ως άνω κατηγοριοποίηση, αρκεί τα μέσα αυτά να υπερκαλύπτουν τον αριθμό των μεταφερόμενων μαθητών, για τα συγκεκριμένα δρομολόγια, όπως αυτός προβλέπεται από τη διακήρυξη». Σύμφωνα δε με το άρθρο 2.2.5 «Τεχνική και επαγγελματική ικανότητα – τεχνική προσφορά» της Διακήρυξης «Ο ανάδοχος θα πρέπει να υποβάλλει ηλεκτρονικά εντός (υπο) φακέλου "Δικαιολογητικά Συμμετοχής-Τεχνική Προσφορά" ψηφιακά υπογεγραμμένα τα κάτωθι: …Ι. Υπεύθυνη Δήλωση, σύμφωνα με την παρ. 4 του άρθρου 8 του Ν.1599/1986, όπως εκάστοτε ισχύει, στην οποία θα δηλώνονται τα εξής: … iv) Ο αριθμός κυκλοφορίας των Λεωφορείων ή των Δ.Χ. επιβατικών (ΤΑΞΙ κλπ) που θα χρησιμοποιηθούν για την εκτέλεση του κάθε δρομολογίου και ο αριθμός των θέσεων αυτών σύμφωνα με την άδεια κυκλοφορίας εκάστου. ΙΙ. Φωτοτυπία της άδειας κυκλοφορίας των Λεωφορείων, των Δ.Χ. επιβατικών (ΤΑΞΙ κλπ) που θα χρησιμοποιηθούν για την εκτέλεση του κάθε δρομολογίου». Περαιτέρω, σύμφωνα με το άρθρο 18.104.22.168 «Αποδεικτικά μέσα» της Διακήρυξης, ορίζεται ότι «… Β.3. Για την απόδειξη της τεχνικής ικανότητας της παραγράφου 2.2.6 οι οικονομικοί φορείς προσκομίζουν ψηφιακά υπογεγραμμένα τα κάτωθι: … X. Υπεύθυνη Δήλωση, σύμφωνα με την παρ. 4 του άρθρου 8 του Ν.1599/1986, όπως εκάστοτε ισχύει, στην οποία θα δηλώνονται τα εξής: … iv) Ο αριθμός κυκλοφορίας των Λεωφορείων ή των Δ.Χ. επιβατικών (ΤΑΞΙ κλπ) που θα χρησιμοποιηθούν για την εκτέλεση του κάθε δρομολογίου. ΧΙ. Φωτοτυπία της άδειας κυκλοφορίας των Λεωφορείων, των Δ.Χ. επιβατικών (ΤΑΞΙ κλπ) που θα
Αριθμός Απόφασης: 875/2018
χρησιμοποιηθούν για την εκτέλεση του κάθε δρομολογίου». Επίσης, το άρθρο 2.4.3 «Περιεχόμενα Φακέλου "Δικαιολογητικά Συμμετοχής – Τεχνική Προσφορά "» της Διακήρυξης προβλέπει ότι «22.214.171.124. … Μαζί με την τεχνική του προσφορά ο προσφέρων υποβάλλει ηλεκτρονικά σε μορφή αρχείου τύπου pdf και προσκομίζει (μόνο τα δικαιολογητικά και στοιχεία που δεν έχουν εκδοθεί / συνταχθεί από τον ίδιο τον οικονομικό φορέα και κατά συνέπεια δεν φέρουν την ψηφιακή του υπογραφή) κατά περίπτωση εντός τριών (3) εργάσιμων ημερών από την ηλεκτρονική υποβολή τα ακόλουθα δικαιολογητικά: 1. Υπεύθυνη Δήλωση, σύμφωνα με την παρ. 4 του άρθρου 8 του Ν.1599/1986, όπως εκάστοτε ισχύει, στην οποία θα δηλώνονται τα εξής: … δ) Ο αριθμός κυκλοφορίας των Λεωφορείων ή των Δ.Χ. επιβατικών (ΤΑΞΙ κλπ) που θα χρησιμοποιηθούν για την εκτέλεση του κάθε δρομολογίου και ο αριθμός των θέσεων αυτών σύμφωνα με την άδεια κυκλοφορίας εκάστου. … 2. Ευκρινές φωτοαντίγραφο της άδειας κυκλοφορίας των λεωφορείων, των Δ.Χ. επιβατικών (ΤΑΞΙ κ.λπ.) που θα χρησιμοποιηθούν για την εκτέλεση του κάθε δρομολογίου».
31. Επειδή, περαιτέρω, σύμφωνα με το άρθρο 2.4.6 «Λόγοι απόρριψης προσφορών» της Διακήρυξης «H αναθέτουσα αρχή με βάση τα αποτελέσματα του ελέγχου και της αξιολόγησης των προσφορών, απορρίπτει, σε κάθε περίπτωση, προσφορά: α) η οποία δεν υποβάλλεται εμπρόθεσμα, με τον τρόπο και με το περιεχόμενο που ορίζεται πιο πάνω και συγκεκριμένα στις παραγράφους 2.4.1 (Γενικοί όροι υποβολής προσφορών), 2.4.2. (Χρόνος και τρόπος υποβολής προσφορών), 2.4.3. (Περιεχόμενο φακέλων δικαιολογητικών συμμετοχής, τεχνικής προσφοράς), 2.4.4. (Περιεχόμενο φακέλου οικονομικής προσφοράς, τρόπος σύνταξης και υποβολής οικονομικών προσφορών) , 2.4.5. (Χρόνος ισχύος προσφορών), 3.1. (Αποσφράγιση και αξιολόγηση προσφορών), 3.2 (Πρόσκληση υποβολής δικαιολογητικών κατακύρωσης) της παρούσας, … θ) η οποία παρουσιάζει ελλείψεις ως προς τα δικαιολογητικά που ζητούνται από τα έγγραφα της παρούσης διακήρυξης και αποκλίσεις ως προς τους όρους και τις τεχνικές προδιαγραφές της σύμβασης».
32. Επειδή από τη γραμματική ερμηνεία του συνόλου των ως άνω άρθρων της Διακήρυξης, προκύπτει ότι για κάθε δρομολόγιο πρέπει να
δηλώνεται από τον διαγωνιζόμενο συγκεκριμένο όχημα. Αντίθετα, από κανένα άρθρο της Διακήρυξης δεν προκύπτει ότι υπάρχει δυνατότητα εναλλαγής των δηλωθέντων οχημάτων μεταξύ των διαφόρων δρομολογίων. Επίσης, όπως προκύπτει από το συνδυασμό των άρθρων 1.5.1, 1.3 και 6.3 της Διακήρυξης, η υπερκάλυψη, από τα δηλούμενα οχήματα, του αριθμού των μεταφερόμενων μαθητών συνιστά ένα εκ του ουσιωδέστερων στοιχείων, στο οποίο η Διακήρυξη προσδίδει καίρια σημασία, καθότι αφενός αποτελεί αφεαυτής απαιτούμενη προϋπόθεση και αφετέρου συνδέεται με την «ασφαλή και έγκαιρη μεταφορά των μαθητών» και με την «ακριβή και κανονική εκτέλεση του δρομολογίου».
33. Επειδή, όπως προαναφέρθηκε, η Διακήρυξη του διαγωνισμού αποτελεί το κανονιστικό πλαίσιο του διαγωνισμού (Ε.Α. ΣτΕ 352/2016) και ως κανονιστική πράξη, δεσμεύει με τους όρους της, τόσο τους τρίτους προς τους οποίους απευθύνεται, όσο και το ίδιο το νομικό πρόσωπο που προκηρύσσει τον σχετικό διαγωνισμό, το οποίο υποχρεούται εφεξής και μέχρι τέλους της διαδικασίας του διαγωνισμού να εφαρμόζει τα όσα ορίζονται σε αυτή, ενώ η αρχή της δεσμευτικότητας της διακήρυξης κατοχυρώνεται και στο ενωσιακό δίκαιο, αφού κάθε απόκλιση από τους όρους αυτής αποτελεί παραβίαση της αρχής της ισότητας των διαγωνιζομένων (βλ. Πράξη VI Τμήματος ΕλΣυν 70/2006). Περαιτέρω, ο τρόπος συντάξεως των προσφορών στα πλαίσια των δημοσίων διαγωνισμών διέπεται από την αρχή της τυπικότητας, η οποία αποσκοπεί στην εξασφάλιση αφενός της τηρήσεως των αρχών του ανταγωνισμού, της διαφάνειας και του ίσου μέτρου κρίσεως αφετέρου της ανάγκης ευχερούς συγκρίσεως των προσφορών μεταξύ τους καθώς και στην αποφυγή του κινδύνου αλλοιώσεως αυτών (ΣτΕ 127/2015, 1971/2013, 194/2011, 804/2010, 3084/2008, 1895/2007, 3769/2003, ΕΑ 860, 689/2011, 1008/2009, 817/2008). Όπως επίσης προαναφέρθηκε, σκοπός της ενιαίας εφαρμογής των όρων της διακήρυξης και της τήρησης των αρχών της ίσης μεταχείρισης και της διαφάνειας, είναι η διαμόρφωση ενός ασφαλούς δικαιικού πλαισίου, εντός του οποίου θα διεξαχθεί ο διαγωνισμός και η αποφυγή αδικαιολόγητων αιφνιδιασμών των εν δυνάμει υποψηφίων, οι οποίοι σε κάθε στάδιο της διαγωνιστικής διαδικασίας θα εκκινούν από μία κοινή αφετηρία, θα
Αριθμός Απόφασης: 875/2018
γνωρίζουν εκ των προτέρων ασφαλώς και με ακρίβεια τις προβλεπόμενες διαδικασίες και θα έχουν ίσες ευκαιρίες συμμετοχής, σύμφωνα με την αρχή της αναλογικότητας. Σύμφωνα με τα ανωτέρω, τυχόν παράβαση ουσιώδους όρου της διακήρυξης, είτε κατά τη διάρκεια του διαγωνισμού, είτε κατά τη συνομολόγηση της σύμβασης που καταρτίζεται μετά τη διενέργεια του διαγωνισμού, είτε κατά το στάδιο της εκτέλεσης αυτής, καθιστά μη νόμιμη τη σχετική διαδικασία και επάγεται ακυρότητα (βλ. IV Τμήμα ΕλΣυν 70/2003, 105/2002, 78/2001, 4/2001, 85/2000).
34. Επειδή, με τον πέμπτο λόγο της προσφυγής προβάλλεται ότι «… 2. Σύμφωνα με το Παράρτημα Β' της διακήρυξης του επίμαχου διαγωνισμού στο Τμήμα 3 στο δρομολόγιο με α/α κωδ. 24 τίθεται ως ελάχιστη προϋπόθεση συμμετοχής η προσφορά λεωφορείου με ελάχιστο αριθμό 21 θέσεων, αφού ο αριθμός των μαθητών του συγκεκριμένου δρομολογίου ανέρχεται σε 21. 3. Για το συγκεκριμένο δρομολόγιο στην τεχνική προσφορά της εταιρίας ……… δηλώνεται το όχημα με αριθμό κυκλοφορίας ΙΜΚ 5600 το οποίο διαθέτει 21 θέσεις, πλην όμως στον αριθμό αυτό περιλαμβάνεται και η θέση του οδηγού και ως εκ τούτου η προσφορά αυτή είναι και για το λόγο αυτό απορριπτέα». Η παρεμβαίνουσα συνομολογεί ότι παρά το ότι με βάση τη Διακήρυξη ο αριθμός των μαθητών του δρομολογίου α/α 24 είναι 21, το προσφερόμενο από την ίδια, για το συγκεκριμένο δρομολόγιο, λεωφορείο με αριθμό κυκλοφορίας ΙΜΚ 5600 διαθέτει 21 θέσεις συμπεριλαμβανομένης αυτής του οδηγού. Ισχυρίζεται δε η παρεμβαίνουσα ότι ο ως άνω λόγος δεν είναι ικανός λόγος απόρριψης της προσφοράς της και αναφέρει ότι το προαναφερόμενο δρομολόγιο θα εκτελεστεί από το λεωφορείο με αριθμό κυκλοφορίας ΚΖΧ 7131, 70 θέσεων, ενώ το λεωφορείο ΙΜΚ 5600 θα χρησιμοποιηθεί για την εκτέλεση του δρομολογίου 31, ο αριθμός των μαθητών του οποίου ανέρχεται στους 19. Η αναθέτουσα αρχή, με τις απόψεις της, δέχεται ότι σχετικός λόγος της προσφυγής είναι ορθός, αλλά αναφέρει ότι κατά την άποψή της το παραπάνω σφάλμα μπορεί να αποκατασταθεί και δεν είναι από μόνο του ικανός λόγος για να απορριφθεί η προσφορά της παρεμβαίνουσας.
35. Επειδή, από το ΠΑΡΑΡΤΗΜΑ Β της Διακήρυξης και από την υποβληθείσα τεχνική προσφορά της παρεμβαίνουσας, προκύπτει ότι πράγματι ο αριθμός των προς μεταφορά μαθητών του δρομολογίου α/α 24 του επίμαχου 3 ου τμήματος είναι 21 και ότι το λεωφορείο με αριθμό κυκλοφορίας ΙΜΚ 5600, που δήλωσε η παρεμβαίνουσα για την εκτέλεση του δρομολογίου αυτού, διαθέτει 21 θέσεις συμπεριλαμβανομένης αυτής του οδηγού. Περαιτέρω, από τα διαλαμβανόμενα στις προηγηθείσες σκέψεις προκύπτει ότι οι διαγωνιζόμενοι όφειλαν, κατά τους ρητούς ορισμούς της Διακήρυξης, να δηλώσουν για κάθε δρομολόγιο συγκεκριμένο όχημα, που να καλύπτει τον αριθμό των προς μεταφορά μαθητών, η κάλυψη δε του αριθμού αυτού αποτελεί ένα εκ των ουσιωδέστερων στοιχείων της Διακήρυξης, ενώ, από κανένα άρθρο της Διακήρυξης δεν προκύπτει ότι υπάρχει δυνατότητα εναλλαγής των δηλωθέντων οχημάτων μεταξύ των διαφόρων δρομολογίων. Συνεπώς, κατά παράβαση των ως άνω άρθρων της Διακήρυξης η παρεμβαίνουσα δήλωσε για ένα εκ των δρομολογίων όχημα το οποίο δεν καλύπτει τον αριθμό των προς μεταφορά μαθητών του δρομολογίου αυτού. Η ως άνω ερμηνεία είναι σύμφωνη και με την αυστηρώς τηρούμενη αρχής της τυπικότητας, η οποία, όπως προαναφέρθηκε, διέπει τη διενέργεια των δημόσιων διαγωνισμών, ενώ ο προαναφερόμενος τρόπος θεραπείας της ως άνω πλημμέλειας, που προτείνουν η αναθέτουσα αρχή και η παρεμβαίνουσα, θα συνιστούσε ανεπίτρεπτη τροποποίηση της τεχνικής προσφοράς της παρεμβαίνουσας και των ως άνω ουσιωδών σχετικών όρων της Διακήρυξης. Συνεπώς, ο πέμπτος λόγος της προσφυγής είναι βάσιμος και πρέπει να γίνει δεκτός.
36. Επειδή, κατόπιν των ανωτέρω, η κρινόμενη προδικαστική προσφυγή πρέπει να γίνει δεκτή.
Για τους λόγους αυτούς
Δέχεται την Προδικαστική Προσφυγή.
Απορρίπτει την Παρέμβαση.
Ακυρώνει την υπ' αριθμ. 2597/2018 Απόφαση της Οικονομικής Επιτροπής της αναθέτουσας αρχής, με την οποία εγκρίθηκε το 1 ο Πρακτικό της Επιτροπής Διαγωνισμού, κατά το μέρος που με αυτήν έγινε δεκτή, για το 3 ο
τμήμα του διαγωνισμού, η τεχνική προσφορά της εταιρείας με την επωνυμία «………..», κατά το σκεπτικό.
Ορίζει την επιστροφή στην προσφεύγουσα του παραβόλου ποσού πέντε χιλιάδων διακοσίων σαράντα τεσσάρων ευρώ και ενενήντα εννέα λεπτών (5.244,99 €).
Κρίθηκε και αποφασίστηκε στις 8 Οκτωβρίου 2018 και εκδόθηκε στις 19 Οκτωβρίου 2018 στον Αγ. Ιωάννη Ρέντη.
Η ΠΡΟΕΔΡΟΣ Η ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΕAΣ
Άννα Χριστοδουλάκου Ειρήνη Τσιμπούκη
22 | <urn:uuid:48ed2a68-dddb-4fbb-a1cd-73cec3d6c1b8> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ell_Grek/train | finepdfs | ell_Grek | 43,584 |
STATEMENT OF PURPOSE,
Healthy Buddiestm: Children Teaching Children to Go Move! Go Fuel! and Go Feel Good!
GOAL
Healthy Buddiestm empowers elementary school children to live healthier lives by providing them with knowledge about, as well as encouraging positive attitudes toward, the three components of health: physical activity, healthy eating and feeling good about yourself.
PHILOSOPHY
The program philosophy is based upon the understanding that the health of an individual depends upon three equally important themes,
1. Moving your body or Go Move!
2. Nutrition or Go Fuel!
3. Feeling good about yourself or Go Feel Good!
Our Intentions…
To work with schools, groups and organizations to disseminate the Healthy Buddiestm Program to various jurisdictions, thereby empowering more children to live healthier lives.
What We Offer…
A. An evidenced-based program created through a unique health and education partnership.
B. An "early intervention" resource that meets learning objectives common to many educational curricula.
C. Resource legacies of a $1,000,000.00 investment, ready to be delivered to classrooms.
D. An opportunity to license a comprehensive program that has shown measurable improvements in children's health.
Research Supports Our Approach
"Interventions employing a peer-teaching model for health promotion have shown positive effects and studies show participating students highly value the peer-teaching experience."
Harden et al., 2001. (1)
"Strong peer connectedness is linked to higher self-worth and very good or excellent health."
Children's Institute of Health Research, 2005. (2)
"Among the most effective programmes are those that promote mental health, healthy eating and physical activity. In some studies, peer-delivered health promotion was found to be effective, compared with teacher-led interventions, and this approach was highly valued by the young people involved. Programmes should be sustained, multifactorial, whole school approaches."
World Health Organization, 2006. (3)
Children Speak about Healthy Buddiestm:
"Children are good at helping other children because they might be friends, they might share the same qualities and they will be more keen on learning something from an older student than a teacher."
Isabel, grade 7
"Children are better teachers because they have gone through the same things recently. Their memories have just been filled in so they can help younger buddies better."
James, grade 6
"I think all of us big buddies can help children because we relate to them and we can help them with things they might not understand." Kelly, grade 7
"Children are better at helping children because they have a better understanding of what the younger child is going through and the older child will have more empathy for the younger one."
Justin, grade 5
Healthy Buddiestm is Effective!
Students who have participated in Healthy Buddiestmachieved the following results:
* Improvement in reported healthy living knowledge and behaviours pertaining to foods, beverages and activities
* Decreased blood pressure
* Slower increase in BMI
* Improvement in reported healthy habits and attitudes
Publication:
S Stock, C Miranda, S Evans, S Plessis, J Ridley, S Yeh and JP Chanoine. Healthy Buddies TM : a novel peer-led health promotion program for the prevention of obesity and eating disorders in elementary school children. Pediatrics 2007; 120; e1059e1068. (www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/120/4/e1059).
© 2 0 0 6 B C C h i l d r e n 's H o s p i t a l ( B C C H ) , C h i l d r e n 's & W o m e n 's H e a l t h C e n t r e o f B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a ( C & W H C ) T M H e a l t h y B u d d i e s i s a t r a d e m a r k o f t h e C h i l d r e n 's & W o m e n 's H e a l t h C e n t r e o f B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a ( C & W H C ) B C C H , C & W H C a r e a g e n c i e s o f t h e P r o v i n c i a l H e a l t h S e r v i c e s A u t h o r i t y | <urn:uuid:1dd69dbd-b15b-4369-bbb8-8eeb2d023b0f> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 3,995 |
| Datos básicos del Curso | Curso Académico | 2020 - 2021 |
|------------------------|-----------------|-------------|
| Nombre del Curso | Microbiología Aplicada a la Biotecnología Industrial (XIV Edición) |
| Tipo de Curso | Máster Propio |
| Número de créditos | 60,00 ECTS |
| Dirección | Unidad organizadora | Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología |
|------------------------|---------------------|-----------------------------------------------|
| | Director de los estudios | Dª Montserrat Argandoña Bertrán |
| Requisitos | Requisitos específicos de admisión a los estudios | Estar en posesión de un Título Oficial de Graduado o de un Título Universitario Oficial expedido conforme a anteriores ordenamientos académicos, en disciplinas relacionadas con la Microbiología. |
|------------------------|---------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| | Requisitos académicos para la obtención del Título o Diploma | Superar cada módulo según los criterios y pruebas de evaluación establecidas en cada caso. |
| | Criterios de selección de alumnos | Orden de Preinscripción. |
| Preinscripción | Fecha de inicio | 07/07/2020 |
|------------------------|-----------------|------------|
| | Fecha de fin | 20/10/2020 |
| Datos de Matriculación | Fecha de inicio | 01/10/2020 |
|------------------------|-----------------|------------|
| | Fecha de fin | 20/10/2020 |
| | Precio (euros) | 3.603,00 (tasas incluidas) |
| | Pago fraccionado | Sí |
| Impartición | Fecha de inicio | 23/11/2020 |
|------------------------|-----------------|------------|
| | Fecha de fin | 31/12/2021 |
| | Modalidad | Semipresencial |
| | Idioma impartición | Español |
| | Lugar de impartición | Plataforma Virtual US |
| Información | Prácticas en empresa/institución | Sí (extracurriculares) |
|------------|---------------------------------|-----------------------|
| | Teléfono | 954556767 634432497 |
| | Web | www.master.us.es/experbiotec |
| | Facebook | |
| | Twitter | |
| | Email | firstname.lastname@example.org |
Paseo de las Delicias s/n, Pabellón de México 41013 Sevilla
cfp.us.es
MICROBIOLOGÍA APLICADA A LA BIOTECNOLOGÍA INDUSTRIAL (XIV EDICIÓN)
Objetivos del Curso
Ofrecer una visión global y actualizada de la repercusión de la biotecnología microbiana en distintos sectores industriales.
Poner en contacto a los alumnos con la Biotecnología de los productos farmacéuticos y alimentarios desde un punto de vista microbiológico.
Introducir a los alumnos en los diferentes campos de la Industria donde participan los microbiólogos.
Proporcionar conocimientos acerca de los procesos de elaboración de productos alimenticios mediante la utilización de microorganismos vivos o procesos biológicos o enzimáticos, así como la obtención de alimentos genéticamente modificados mediante técnicas biotecnológicas.
Proporcionar conocimientos acerca de la tecnología enzimática y biocatálisis, en particular el estudio del metabolismo y mejoramiento genético de microorganismos de interés industrial, así como la expresión de enzimas específicas mediante cepas microbianas recombinantes.
Mostrar la importancia de la utilización de los microorganismos en la Agricultura sostenible o ecológica.
Ofrecer una visión general de la aplicación de los microorganismos en la biotecnología ambiental, haciendo especial hincapié en la implicación de los mismos en la obtención de energías alternativas sostenibles y en los procesos de biorremediación.
Enseñar al alumno a manejar las técnicas microbiológicas básicas de uso más frecuente en Biotecnología.
Enseñar al alumno a manejar diferentes herramientas de bioinformática aplicadas a la Biotecnología microbiana.
Competencias Generales
Tener una visión global y actualizada de la repercusión de la biotecnología microbiana en distintos sectores industriales.
Conocer los procesos biotecnológicos de los productos alimentarios y farmacéuticos desde un punto de vista microbiológico.
Conocer y entender los procesos de elaboración de productos alimenticios mediante la utilización de microorganismos vivos o procesos biológicos o enzimáticos, así como la obtención de alimentos genéticamente modificados mediante técnicas biotecnológicas.
Conocer los procesos relacionados con la tecnología enzimática y la biocatálisis, así como el metabolismo y mejoramiento genético de microorganismos de interés industrial y de la expresión de enzimas específicos mediante cepas microbianas recombinantes.
Conocer la importancia de la utilización de los microorganismos en la Agricultura sostenible o ecológica.
Tener una visión general de la aplicación de los microorganismos en la biotecnología ambiental y en especial, de la implicación de los mismos en la obtención de energías alternativas sostenibles y en los procesos de biorremediación.
Capacidad para acceder a la literatura científica y técnica relacionada con las distintas áreas de la biotecnología mediante búsquedas electrónicas en bases de datos.
Capacidad de comprensión y crítica de la literatura científica y técnica relacionada con las distintas áreas de la biotecnología.
Conocimiento y destreza en el manejo de las técnicas microbiológicas básicas de uso más frecuente en Biotecnología.
Capacidad para aplicar la teoría a la práctica en el contexto de un laboratorio de investigación o de una empresa biotecnológica.
Capacidad para manejar las herramientas de bioinformática aplicadas a la Biotecnología microbiana.
Procedimientos de Evaluación
Asistencia, Pruebas, Trabajos
Comisión Académica
D. Antonio Ventosa Ucero. Universidad de Sevilla - Microbiología y Parasitología
Dª. Encarnación Mellado Durán. Universidad de Sevilla - Microbiología y Parasitología
Dª. María del Carmen Márquez Marcos. Universidad de Sevilla - Microbiología y Parasitología
Dª. Montserrat Argandoña Bertrán. Universidad de Sevilla - Microbiología y Parasitología
Profesorado
Dª. Montserrat Argandoña Bertrán. Universidad de Sevilla - Microbiología y Parasitología
D. Rafael Arnedo Bedoya. - Bodegas González Byass Jerez S. L. U.
D. Juan A. Asturias Ortega. - Bial-Aristegui
D. José Luis Barredo Fuentes. - Antibióticos S.A.
D. Carlos Barreiro Méndez. Universidad de León- INBIOTEC (Instituto de Biotecnología de León)
D. Juan Antonio Barrera Gómez. - PAS
D. Vicente Bernal Sánchez. - Repsol Technology Lab
Dª. Rocío Callejón Fernández. Universidad de Sevilla - Microbiología y Parasitología
D. David Cánovas López. Universidad de Sevilla - Genética
D. Ángel Cebolla Ramírez. - BIOMEDAL S.A.
Dª. María Isabel Comino Montilla. Universidad de Sevilla - Microbiología y Parasitología
Dª. María Teresa Cubo Sánchez. Universidad de Sevilla - Microbiología
D. Fernando de la Calle Verdú. - PharmaMar
D. Manuel Enrique Figueroa Clemente. Universidad de Sevilla - Biología Vegetal y Ecología
Dª. Cristina Galisteo Gómez. Universidad de Sevilla - Microbiología y Parasitología
D. Francisco Galván Cejudo. Universidad de Sevilla - Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular
Dª. Margarita García Calderón. Universidad de Sevilla - Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular
D. Javier Gutiérrez Mañero. Universidad San Pablo-CEU. Madrid- Ciencias Ambientales y Recursos Naturales
D. José Ignacio Ibeas Corcelles. Universidad Pablo de Olvide- Biología Molecular e Ingeniería Bioquímica
D. Raúl Iglesias Blanco. Universidad de Vigo- Laboratorio de Parasitología
D. Rufino Jiménez Díaz. - Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC)
Dª. Anna Jofre Fradera. - IRTA (Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries)
D. Francisco Javier López Baena. Universidad de Sevilla - Microbiología
Dª. Clara López Hermoso. - Microbiología y Parasitología
D. Manuel Carlos López López. - Instituto López Neyra. CSIC. Granada
D. Antonio López Rodríguez. - Grupo Bioindicación
D. José Antonio Lucas García. Universidad San Pablo CEU Madrid- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales y Recursos Naturales
Dª. Irene Marcos Luque. - Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío. Sevilla
D. Antonio José Márquez Cabezas. Universidad de Sevilla - Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular
Dª. María del Carmen Márquez Marcos. Universidad de Sevilla - Microbiología y Parasitología
Dª. Lourdes Martínez Martínez. Universidad de Sevilla - Microbiología y Parasitología
Dª. Victoria Martínez Sernández. Universidad de Santiago de Compostela- Microbiología y Parasitología (Facultad de Farmacia)
D. Carlos Medina Morillas. Universidad de Sevilla - Microbiología
Dª. Encarnación Mellado Durán. Universidad de Sevilla - Microbiología y Parasitología
D. Francisco Merchán Ignacio. Universidad de Sevilla - Microbiología y Parasitología
Dª. Jennifer Mesa Marín. Universidad de Málaga- Biología Molecular y Bioquímica. Facultad de Ciencias
Dª. María de Lourdes Moreno Amador. Universidad de Sevilla - Microbiología y Parasitología
Dª. Inmaculada Muñoz Martínez. - PAS
D. José Antonio Muñoz Sánchez. - DSM DERETIL
Dª. Salvador Navarro De la Torre. Universidad de Sevilla - Microbiología y Parasitología
D. Francisco Javier Ollero Márquez. Universidad de Sevilla - Microbiología
Dª. Eloisa Pajuelo Domínguez. Universidad de Sevilla - Microbiología y Parasitología
D. Francisco de Asis Pérez Montaño. Universidad de Sevilla - Microbiología
D. Agustín Probanza Lobo. Universidad San Pablo CEU Madrid- Ciencias Ambientales y Recursos Naturales
D. Daniel Ramón Vidal. Universitat de valencia; Burjassot, Valencia- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Ciencias de los Alimentos, Toxicología y Medicina Legal
Dª. Beatriz Ramos Solano. Universidad San Pablo CEU Madrid- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales y Recursos Naturales
Dª. Eva Rodríguez González. - Edar Tablada
D. Ignacio Rodríguez Llorente. Universidad de Sevilla - Microbiología y Parasitología
Dª. Dulce Nombre Rodríguez Navarro. - Unidad de Inoculantes. IFAPA. Junta de Andalucía
Dª. Marta Rodríguez Sáiz. - Antibióticos S.A.
D. Francisco Romero Millán. - Instituto BioMar S.A. León
Dª. Ángela Ruiz Carnicer. Universidad de Sevilla - Microbiología y Parasitología
D. Rafael Ruiz de la Haba. Universidad de Sevilla - Microbiología y Parasitología
D. Javier Sánchez García. - Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío. Sevilla
Dª. Cristina Sánchez-Porro Álvarez. Universidad de Sevilla - Microbiología y Parasitología
Dª. Carmen Schleissner Sánchez. - Consultoría científica
D. Antonio Ventosa Ucero. Universidad de Sevilla - Microbiología y Parasitología
D. Antonio Zurita Carrasco. Universidad de Sevilla - Microbiología y Parasitología
Módulos/Asignaturas del Curso
Módulo/Asignatura 1. Generalidades de Biotecnología Microbiana
Número de créditos: 7,00 ECTS
Modalidad de impartición: A distancia
Contenido:
Tema 1. Detección e identificación de microorganismos utilizando técnicas moleculares
Tema 2. Nuevos procesos de Screening para la búsqueda de microorganismos de interés industrial
Tema 3. Herramientas para el desarrollo racional de factorías microbianas: ingeniería metabólica, biología de sistemas y biología sintética
Tema 4. Fermentación. Tipos de fermentadores. Cinética de fermentación.
Tema 5. Métodos de separación, purificación y recuperación de productos de fermentación
Tema 6. Biotecnología de enzimas
Tema 7. Nuevos materiales de origen microbiano
Tema 8. Patentes biotecnológicas
Tema 9. Planificación, diseño y divulgación de un trabajo científico.
Fechas de inicio-fin: 23/11/2020 - 07/01/2021
Horario: Estudios a distancia, Módulo/Asignatura sin horario
Módulo/Asignatura 2. Biotecnología Microbiana Aplicada a la Industria Farmacéutica
Número de créditos: 7,00 ECTS
Modalidad de impartición: A distancia
Contenido: Tema 10. Antibióticos betalactámicos y nuevos agentes antimicrobianos
Tema 11. Microorganismos productores de compuestos con actividad antitumoral
Tema 12. Producción biotecnológica de hormonas esteroideas
Tema 13. Producción industrial de vitaminas
Tema 14. Producción biotecnológica de proteínas humanas recombinantes de uso terapéutico
Tema 15. Anticuerpos monoclonales recombinantes
Tema 16. Vacunas recombinantes
Tema 17. Terapia génica
Fechas de inicio-fin: 08/01/2021 - 24/02/2021
Horario: Estudios a distancia, Módulo/Asignatura sin horario
Módulo/Asignatura 3. Biotecnología Microbiana Aplicada a la Industria de Alimentos
Número de créditos: 7,00 ECTS
Modalidad de impartición: A distancia
Contenido: Tema 18. Organismos modificados genéticamente. Implicaciones éticas
Tema 19. Vegetales fermentados: desde las fermentaciones tradicionales a la Biotecnología moderna
Tema 20. Biotecnología del vino: vinificaciones
Tema 21. Biotecnología de la cerveza
Tema 22. Alimentos lácteos fermentados. Probióticos: mito o realidad
Tema 23. Desarrollo y aplicación de cultivos iniciadores en productos cárnicos fermentados
Tema 24. Patógenos de origen parasitario transmitidos por alimentos I: Anisakis y Pseudoterranova
Tema 25. Patógenos de origen parasitario transmitidos por alimentos II: Triquinelosis
Fechas de inicio-fin: 25/02/2021 - 31/03/2021
Horario: Estudios a distancia, Módulo/Asignatura sin horario
Módulo/Asignatura 4. Biotecnología Microbiana Aplicada a la Industria Agraria
Número de créditos: 7,00 ECTS
Modalidad de impartición: A distancia
Contenido: Tema 26. Rizosfera y papel de los microorganismos en los ciclos biológicos de los nutrientes
Tema 27. Fijación biológica del nitrógeno atmosférico
Tema 28. Biofertilizantes
Tema 29. Bacterias promotoras del crecimiento vegetal
Tema 30. Microorganismos patógenos de interés agrícola
Tema 31. Control biológico de plagas
Tema 32. Biotecnología y agricultura
Tema 33. Microorganismos en la economía circular
Fechas de inicio-fin: 01/04/2021 - 05/05/2021
Horario: Estudios a distancia, Módulo/Asignatura sin horario
Módulo/Asignatura 5. Biotecnología Microbiana Ambiental
Número de créditos: 7,00 ECTS
Modalidad de impartición: A distancia
Contenido: Tema 34. Introducción a la biotecnología ambiental
Tema 35. Formación de biofilms en el medio ambiente
Tema 36. Aplicación de la biorremediación a la descontaminación de suelos
Tema 37. Procesos y tecnologías para el tratamiento de aguas residuales
Tema 38. Implicaciones de los microorganismos en las energías alternativas sostenibles
Tema 39. Fitoremediación: nuevos horizontes en agricultura molecular
Tema 40. Cambio climático y efecto invernadero: el papel de los microorganismos en el ciclo global del dióxido de carbono
Asignaturas del módulo:
Fechas de inicio-fin: 06/05/2021 - 16/06/2021
Horario: Estudios a distancia, Módulo/Asignatura sin horario
Módulo/Asignatura 6. Seminarios y Prácticas de Laboratorio
Número de créditos: 15,00 ECTS
Modalidad de impartición: Presencial
Contenido:
- Detección e identificación de microorganismos utilizando ARNr como cronómetro molecular
- Detección de antimicrobianos (gentamicina) en alimentos por ELISA en placa
- Detección microorganismos patógenos en alimentos: comparación entre métodos de referencia y un método alternativo, la PCR en tiempo real.
- Tipaje molecular de microorganismos de interés industrial
- Screening de microorganismos productores de compuestos de interés industrial. Detección de enzimas de interés industrial
- Detección de organismos modificados genéticamente (OMG) en muestras de alimentos
- Localización e identificación de larvas de anisáridos
- Diagnóstico de la triquinelosis. Triquinoscopia y digestión artificial
- Introducción a la Bioinformática aplicada a la Biotecnología
- Valorización de la producción de penicilina mediante bioensayo
- Expresión y purificación de proteínas recombinantes mediante cromatografía de afinidad
- Determinación de gluten en alimentos
- Detección de cepas rizosféricas con propiedades promotoras del crecimiento vegetal. Aislamiento de bacterias del suelo con interés en agricultura.
- Estudio de procesos simbióticos: interacciones planta-microorganismo que mejoran el rendimiento de las plantas.
- Aislamiento de bacterias resistentes a cobre en muestras de suelos contaminados
- Obtención de un OMG resistente al arsénico
AVISO IMPORTANTE: Este módulo se impartirá desde el 18 al 29 de enero y desde el 31 mayo al 11 de junio de 2021, de lunes a viernes de 16 a 21 horas.
Fechas de inicio-fin: 18/01/2021 - 11/06/2021
Horario: Lunes en horario de tarde, Martes en horario de tarde, Miércoles en horario de tarde, Jueves en horario de tarde, Viernes en horario de tarde
Módulo/Asignatura 7. Trabajo Fin de Máster
Número de créditos: 10,00 ECTS
Modalidad de impartición: Semipresencial
Contenido: Planificación, realización y defensa pública de una revisión bibliográfica sobre un tema que versará sobre cualquier aspecto relacionado con la Biotecnología microbiana. Se aplicarán los conocimientos, habilidades y competencias adquiridos durante el Máster. A lo largo del curso existirán varias convocatorias para la exposición y defensa de dicho trabajo.
Asignaturas del módulo:
Trabajo Fin de Máster
Fechas de inicio-fin: 23/11/2020 - 31/12/2021
Horario:
| Datos básicos del Curso | Curso Académico | 2020 - 2021 |
|------------------------|-----------------|-------------|
| Nombre del Curso | Microorganismos en la Biotecnología Industrial (XIV Edición) |
| Tipo de Curso | Diploma de Especialización |
| Número de créditos | 35,00 ECTS |
| Dirección | Unidad organizadora | Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología |
|------------------------|---------------------|-----------------------------------------------|
| | Director de los estudios | M Montserrat Argandoña Bertrán |
| Requisitos | Requisitos específicos de admisión a los estudios | Estar en posesión de un Título oficial de Graduado o de un Título universitario oficial expedido conforme a anteriores ordenamientos académicos, en disciplinas relacionadas con la Microbiología. |
|------------------------|---------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| | Requisitos académicos para la obtención del Título o Diploma | Superar cada módulo según los criterios y pruebas de evaluación establecidas. |
| | Criterios de selección de alumnos | Orden de Preinscripción. |
| Preinscripción | Fecha de inicio | 07/07/2020 |
|------------------------|-----------------|------------|
| | Fecha de fin | 20/10/2020 |
| Datos de Matriculación | Fecha de inicio | 01/10/2020 |
|------------------------|-----------------|------------|
| | Fecha de fin | 20/10/2020 |
| | Precio (euros) | 1.703,00 (tasas incluidas) |
| | Pago fraccionado| Sí |
| Impartición | Fecha de inicio | 23/11/2020 |
|------------------------|-----------------|------------|
| | Fecha de fin | 24/07/2021 |
| | Modalidad | A distancia |
| | Idioma impartición | Español |
| | Plataforma virtual | Plataforma Virtual US |
| | Prácticas en empresa/institución | No |
| Información | Teléfono | 954556767 634432497 |
|------------|-------------------|---------------------|
| | Web | www.master.us.es/experbiotec |
| | Facebook | |
| | Twitter | |
| | Email | email@example.com |
Paseo de las Delicias s/n, Pabellón de México 41013 Sevilla
cfp.us.es
MICROORGANISMOS EN LA BIOTECNOLOGÍA INDUSTRIAL (XIV EDICIÓN)
Objetivos del Curso
Ofrecer una visión global y actualizada de la repercusión de la biotecnología microbiana en distintos sectores industriales.
Poner en contacto a los alumnos con la Biotecnología de los productos farmacéuticos y alimentarios desde un punto de vista microbiológico.
Introducir a los alumnos en los diferentes campos de la Industria donde participan los microbiólogos.
Proporcionar conocimientos acerca de los procesos de elaboración de productos alimenticios mediante la utilización de microorganismos vivos o procesos biológicos o enzimáticos, así como la obtención de alimentos genéticamente modificados mediante técnicas biotecnológicas.
Proporcionar conocimientos acerca de la tecnología enzimática y biocatálisis, en particular el estudio del metabolismo y mejoramiento genético de microorganismos de interés industrial, así como la expresión de enzimas específicas mediante cepas microbianas recombinantes.
Mostrar la importancia de la utilización de los microorganismos en la Agricultura sostenible o ecológica.
Ofrecer una visión general de la aplicación de los microorganismos en la biotecnología ambiental, haciendo especial hincapié en la implicación de los mismos en la obtención de energías alternativas sostenibles y en los procesos de biorremediación.
Competencias Generales
Tener una visión global y actualizada de la repercusión de la biotecnología microbiana en distintos sectores industriales.
Conocer los procesos biotecnológicos de los productos alimentarios y farmacéuticos desde un punto de vista microbiológico.
Conocer y entender los procesos de elaboración de productos alimenticios mediante la utilización de microorganismos vivos o procesos biológicos o enzimáticos, así como la obtención de alimentos genéticamente modificados mediante técnicas biotecnológicas.
Conocer los procesos relacionados con la tecnología enzimática y la biocatálisis, así como el metabolismo y mejoramiento genético de microorganismos de interés industrial y de la expresión de enzimas específicas mediante cepas microbianas recombinantes.
Conocer la importancia de la utilización de los microorganismos en la Agricultura sostenible o ecológica.
Tener una visión general de la aplicación de los microorganismos en la biotecnología ambiental y en especial, de la implicación de los mismos en la obtención de energías alternativas sostenibles y en los procesos de biorremediación.
Capacidad para acceder a la literatura científica y técnica relacionada con las distintas áreas de la biotecnología mediante búsquedas electrónicas en bases de datos.
Capacidad de comprensión y crítica de la literatura científica y técnica relacionada con las distintas áreas de la biotecnología.
Procedimientos de Evaluación
Pruebas, Trabajos
Comisión Académica
D. Antonio Ventosa Ucero. Universidad de Sevilla - Microbiología y Parasitología
Dª. Encarnación Mellado Durán. Universidad de Sevilla - Microbiología y Parasitología
Dª. María del Carmen Márquez Marcos. Universidad de Sevilla - Microbiología y Parasitología
Dª. Montserrat Argandoña Bertrán. Universidad de Sevilla - Microbiología y Parasitología
Profesorado
Dª. Montserrat Argandoña Bertrán. Universidad de Sevilla - Microbiología y Parasitología
D. Rafael Arnedo Bedoya. - Bodegas González Byass Jerez S. L. U.
D. Juan A. Asturias Ortega. - Bial-Aristegui
D. José Luis Barredo Fuentes. - Antibióticos S.A.
D. Carlos Barreiro Méndez. Universidad de León- INBIOTEC (Instituto de Biotecnología de León)
D. Vicente Bernal Sánchez. - Repsol Technology Lab
Dª. Rocío Callejón Fernández. Universidad de Sevilla - Microbiología y Parasitología
D. Ángel Cebolla Ramírez. - BIOMEDAL S.A.
Dª. María Teresa Cubo Sánchez. Universidad de Sevilla - Microbiología
D. Fernando de la Calle Verdú. - PharmaMar
D. Manuel Enrique Figueroa Clemente. Universidad de Sevilla - Biología Vegetal y Ecología
D. Francisco Galván Cejudo. Universidad de Sevilla - Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular
D. Javier Gutiérrez Mañero. Universidad San Pablo-CEU. Madrid- Ciencias Ambientales y Recursos Naturales
D. José Ignacio Ibeas Corcelles. Universidad Pablo de Olvide- Biología Molecular e Ingeniería Bioquímica
D. Raúl Iglesias Blanco. Universidad de Vigo- Laboratorio de Parasitología
D. Rufino Jiménez Díaz. - Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC)
Dª. Anna Jofré Fradera. - IRTA (Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries)
D. Francisco Javier López Baena. Universidad de Sevilla - Microbiología
D. Manuel Carlos López López. - Instituto López Neyra. CSIC. Granada
D. Antonio López Rodríguez. - Grupo Bioindicación
D. José Antonio Lucas García. Universidad San Pablo CEU Madrid- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales y Recursos Naturales
Dª. Irene Marcos Luque. - Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío. Sevilla
D. Antonio José Márquez Cabezas. Universidad de Sevilla - Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular
Dª. María del Carmen Márquez Marcos. Universidad de Sevilla - Microbiología y Parasitología
Dª. Victoria Martínez Sernández. Universidad de Santiago de Compostela- Microbiología y Parasitología (Facultad de Farmacia)
D. Carlos Medina Morillas. Universidad de Sevilla - Microbiología
Dª. Encarnación Mellado Durán. Universidad de Sevilla - Microbiología y Parasitología
D. Francisco Merchán Ignacio. Universidad de Sevilla - Microbiología y Parasitología
Dª. María de Lourdes Moreno Amador. Universidad de Sevilla - Microbiología y Parasitología
D. José Antonio Muñoz Sánchez. - DSM DERETIL
D. Francisco Javier Ollero Márquez. Universidad de Sevilla - Microbiología
Dª. Eloisa Pajuelo Domínguez. Universidad de Sevilla - Microbiología y Parasitología
D. Francisco de Asis Pérez Montaño. Universidad de Sevilla - Microbiología
D. Agustín Probanza Lobo. Universidad San Pablo CEU Madrid- Ciencias Ambientales y Recursos Naturales
D. Daniel Ramón Vidal. Universitat de valencia; Burjassot, Valencia- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Ciencias de los Alimentos, Toxicología y Medicina Legal
Dª. Beatriz Ramos Solano. Universidad San Pablo CEU Madrid- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales y Recursos Naturales
Dª. Eva Rodríguez González. - Edar Tablada
D. Ignacio Rodríguez Llorente. Universidad de Sevilla - Microbiología y Parasitología
Dª. Dulce Nombre Rodríguez Navarro. - Unidad de Inoculantes. IFAPA. Junta de Andalucía
Dª. Marta Rodríguez Sáiz. - Antibióticos S.A.
D. Francisco Romero Millán. - Instituto BioMar S.A. León
D. Javier Sánchez García. - Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío. Sevilla
Dª. Carmen Schleissner Sánchez. - Consultoría científica
D. Antonio Ventosa Ucero. Universidad de Sevilla - Microbiología y Parasitología
D. Antonio Zurita Carrasco. Universidad de Sevilla - Microbiología y Parasitología
Módulos/Asignaturas del Curso
Módulo/Asignatura 1. Generalidades de Biotecnología Microbiana
Número de créditos: 7,00 ECTS
Modalidad de impartición: A distancia
Contenido:
Tema 1. Detección e identificación de microorganismos utilizando técnicas moleculares
Tema 2. Nuevos procesos de Screening para la búsqueda de microorganismos de interés industrial
Tema 3. Herramientas para el desarrollo racional de factorías microbianas: ingeniería metabólica, biología de sistemas y biología sintética
Tema 4. Fermentación. Tipos de fermentadores. Cinética de fermentación.
Tema 5. Métodos de separación, purificación y recuperación de productos de fermentación
Tema 6. Biotecnología de enzimas
Tema 7. Nuevos materiales de origen microbiano
Tema 8. Patentes biotecnológicas
Tema 9. Planificación, diseño y divulgación de un trabajo científico.
Fechas de inicio-fin: 23/11/2020 - 07/01/2021
Horario: Estudios a distancia, Módulo/Asignatura sin horario
Módulo/Asignatura 2. Biotecnología Microbiana Aplicada a la Industria Farmacéutica
Número de créditos: 7,00 ECTS
Modalidad de impartición: A distancia
Contenido:
Tema 10. Antibióticos betalactámicos y nuevos agentes antimicrobianos
Tema 11. Microorganismos productores de compuestos con actividad antitumoral
Tema 12. Producción biotecnológica de hormonas esteroideas
Tema 13. Producción industrial de vitaminas
Tema 14. Producción biotecnológica de proteínas humanas recombinantes de uso terapéutico
Tema 15. Anticuerpos monoclonales recombinantes
Tema 16. Vacunas recombinantes
Tema 17. Terapia génica
Fechas de inicio-fin: 08/01/2021 - 24/02/2021
Horario: Estudios a distancia, Módulo/Asignatura sin horario
Módulo/Asignatura 3. Biotecnología Microbiana Aplicada a la Industria de Alimentos
Número de créditos: 7,00 ECTS
Modalidad de impartición: A distancia
Contenido: Tema 18. Organismos modificados genéticamente. Implicaciones éticas
Tema 19. Vegetales fermentados: desde las fermentaciones tradicionales a la Biotecnología moderna
Tema 20. Biotecnología del vino: vinificaciones
Tema 21. Biotecnología de la cerveza
Tema 22. Alimentos lácteos fermentados. Probióticos: mito o realidad
Tema 23. Desarrollo y aplicación de cultivos iniciadores en productos cárnicos fermentados
Tema 24. Patógenos de origen parasitario transmitidos por alimentos I: Anisakis y Pseudoterranova
Tema 25. Patógenos de origen parasitario transmitidos por alimentos II: Triquinelosis
Fechas de inicio-fin: 25/02/2021 - 31/03/2021
Horario: Estudios a distancia, Módulo/Asignatura sin horario
Módulo/Asignatura 4. Biotecnología Microbiana Aplicada a la Industria Agraria
Número de créditos: 7,00 ECTS
Modalidad de impartición: A distancia
Contenido: Tema 26. Rizosfera y papel de los microorganismos en los ciclos biológicos de los nutrientes
Tema 27. Fijación biológica del nitrógeno atmosférico
Tema 28. Biofertilizantes
Tema 29. Bacterias promotoras del crecimiento vegetal
Tema 30. Microorganismos patógenos de interés agrícola
Tema 31. Control biológico de plagas
Tema 32. Biotecnología y agricultura
Tema 33. Microorganismos en la economía circular
Fechas de inicio-fin: 01/04/2021 - 05/05/2021
Horario: Estudios a distancia, Módulo/Asignatura sin horario
Módulo/Asignatura 5. Biotecnología Microbiana Ambiental
Número de créditos: 7,00 ECTS
Modalidad de impartición: A distancia
Contenido: Tema 34. Introducción a la biotecnología ambiental
Tema 35. Formación de biofilms en el medio ambiente
Tema 36. Aplicación de la biorremediación a la descontaminación de suelos
Tema 37. Procesos y tecnologías para el tratamiento de aguas residuales
Tema 38. Implicaciones de los microorganismos en la energías alternativas sostenibles
Tema 39. Fitoremediación: nuevos horizontes en agricultura molecular
Tema 40. Cambio climático y efecto invernadero: el papel de los microorganismos en el ciclo global del dióxido de carbono
Asignaturas del módulo:
Fechas de inicio-fin: 06/05/2021 - 16/06/2021
Horario: Estudios a distancia, Módulo/Asignatura sin horario | <urn:uuid:8ecfb291-3878-4e96-a47f-dc96996ac2c8> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/spa_Latn/train | finepdfs | spa_Latn | 31,106 |
European Customer Conference
21 years in prepaid
Agenda for Tuesday, 22nd January
European Customer Conference
21 years in prepaid
Agenda for Wednesday, 23rd January | <urn:uuid:1acad2aa-5313-4cff-9174-4850a27a5130> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 170 |
Doctoral Dissertation
Doctoral Program in Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering (34th cycle)
Advances in visual data compression for video and remote-sensing hyper-spectral imaging applications
By
Nicola Prette
Supervisor(s):
Prof. Enrico Magli, Supervisor
Prof. Tiziano Bianchi, Co-Supervisor
Doctoral Examination Committee:
Prof. Marco Cagnazzo, Università degli Studi di Padova
Prof. Riccardo Leonardi, Università Degli Studi Di Brescia
Prof. Paolo Bestagini, Politecnico di Milano
Prof. Lorenzo Galleani, Politecnico di Torino
Prof. Maurizio Martina, Politecnico di Torino
Politecnico di Torino
2022
Declaration
This thesis is licensed under a Creative Commons License, Attribution - Noncommercial-NonDerivative Works 4.0 International: see www.creativecommons.org. The text may be reproduced for non-commercial purposes, provided that credit is given to the original author. I hereby declare that, the contents and organization of this dissertation constitute my own original work and does not compromise in any way the rights of third parties, including those relating to the security of personal data.
Nicola Prette
2022
* This dissertation is presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Ph.D. degree in the Graduate School of Politecnico di Torino (ScuDo).
I would like to dedicate this thesis to my family, in particular my brother Luca and his wife Cristina, and my friends Enrico and Eros, for the support they have given me through these years.
Acknowledgements
I would like to thank my supervisors Enrico Magli, Tiziano Bianchi and the collaborators Diego Valsesia, Martina Cilia, Attilio Fiandrotti and Matteo Naccari for the guidance they have given me. This research was done thanks to the collaboration with RAI—Radiotelevisione Italiana and the support of interdepartmental center SmartData@PoliTO.
Abstract
This thesis presents several works aimed at the advancement of the field of data compression across several types of signals. In particular, it deals with the development of new techniques for the compression of video, multi-spectral images, and SAR raw data.
In all of these fields, the advancement of the compression methodologies is fundamental. In the case of video, the ease of access to high-resolution cameras and the resulting deluge of content in the current social media environment make the creation of new video-compression techniques necessary to respond to this explosion of data generated. For multi-spectral images and SAR raw data, compression is quite important, especially when in a remote-sensing setting, in which the throughput for the communication channel can be quite limited.
The first few chapters describe our work on video coding. Due to the recent advancements achieved with deep learning, especially for image and video processing problems, we decided to develop a deep learning algorithm for video compression. In particular, we developed tools to improve the inter-prediction performance of current video coding standards, like H.265/HEVC. Inter-prediction is a fundamental step in most video compression algorithms, whose aim is to take advantage of the correlation between different frames in a video sequence.
This problem was tackled in two ways: first, we developed a filter-generating network capable of predicting a given frame starting from previous ones. We then considered a different approach and concentrated on taking the estimates already provided by the motion-compensation algorithm and enhancing them using previous frames as a guide. The designed network is a CNN united with an optical flow network used to align the previous frames to the one that is being enhanced. This method was implemented in the standard H.265/HEVC, and we were capable of achieving an average reduction of the Bjøntegaard metric for rate-distortion of -1.69%.
The following chapters describe our experiments with the low-complexity coding standard for multi-spectral and hyper-spectral images CCSDS 123.0 B-2.
First, we experimented its use for the compression of SAR raw data. SAR is a form of radar, so its raw captures are not actual images, but are instead a grid of complex numbers which describe the echoed signal from the environment in response to an emitted impulse from the sensor. These samples are difficult to compress as they have very limited correlation with each other. Furthermore, in remote sensing settings like earth observation from satellites, the algorithm must be low-complexity, due to hardware limitations.
For this reason, we tried to test the performance achieved by the standard CCSDS 123.0 B-2. This is advantageous because this standard would already be available in modern satellites, and the overall processing architecture would not be burdened by another compression algorithm for SAR data. After few experiments we managed to beat the de-facto standard for the task: block-adaptive quantization. This methodology was adopted in the Horizon 2020 project EO-Alert.
The last work proposed concerns the reduction of optical data sent to ground segments from satellites by skipping the pixels covered by clouds. In remote sensing, clouds are problematic as they represent regions of a captured image which do not provide useful information to the ground segment. We successfully designed multiple techniques to effectively skip the pixels of the image covered by clouds, and to correctly signal the skipped areas to the ground segment. This was achieved by replacing the cloudy regions with dummy values designed to minimize the rate in the file compressed using CCSDS 123.0 and by finding ways to transmit a map of the pixels affected by clouds to the ground. Thanks to this work is possible to significantly reduce the amount of data sent from satellites.
# Contents
List of Figures xi
List of Tables xv
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Topic of the thesis ........................................... 1
1.1.1 Video compression .................................... 1
1.1.2 SAR raw data compression ............................. 3
1.1.3 Data reduction for multi-spectral images via cloud screening 4
1.2 Thesis organization ......................................... 4
1.3 Publications .................................................. 5
2 Background 6
2.1 Video Compression and the H.265/HEVC coding standard .... 6
2.1.1 Overview .............................................. 6
2.1.2 Components of the architecture ....................... 8
2.2 Low-complexity image compression for remote sensing applications 14
2.2.1 Introduction ......................................... 14
2.2.2 The CCSDS 123.0-B-2 Standard ....................... 15
2.3 Deep Learning .............................................. 20
2.3.1 Multilayer Perceptron ................................. 20
2.3.2 Training and optimization .......................... 22
2.3.3 Convolutional Neural Networks ..................... 25
3 Deep Frame Extrapolation for Video Compression ....... 27
3.1 Introduction ............................................ 27
3.2 Related work ........................................... 28
3.2.1 End-to-End Compression .......................... 29
3.2.2 Compression Tools ............................... 30
3.3 Proposed method ...................................... 31
3.3.1 Problem setting .................................. 31
3.3.2 Network Structure ............................... 31
3.4 Dataset and Training .................................. 34
3.4.1 Dataset Creation ................................. 34
3.4.2 Training Setup ................................... 34
3.4.3 Experiments ..................................... 36
3.5 Performance analysis .................................. 39
3.6 Conclusion ............................................ 43
4 Deep Motion-Compensation Enhancement in Video Compression .................................................. 45
4.1 Introduction ............................................ 45
4.2 Proposed method ...................................... 46
4.2.1 Problem setting .................................. 46
4.2.2 Network Architecture ............................ 46
4.2.3 Dataset .......................................... 49
4.3 Training and implementation details .................. 51
4.4 Experiments ........................................... 52
4.4.1 Full-Frame Enhancement .......................... 52
4.4.2 Integration inside the H.265/HEVC reference model .......................... 56
4.5 Performance analysis ........................................................................... 58
4.5.1 Comparison against H.265/HEVC baseline .................................... 58
4.5.2 Ablation Tests .................................................................................. 60
5 Synthetic Aperture Radar Raw Data Compression ..................................... 66
5.1 Introduction ......................................................................................... 66
5.1.1 EO-ALERT ...................................................................................... 66
5.1.2 SAR raw data compression ............................................................... 67
5.1.3 Motivations for the use of CCSDS on SAR raw data .................... 69
5.2 Proposed method and experimental results .......................................... 70
5.2.1 Dataset ............................................................................................ 70
5.2.2 Experimental setup .......................................................................... 70
5.2.3 Normalized SAR raw data ............................................................... 71
5.2.4 SAR raw data with no pre-processing ............................................. 72
5.3 Conclusion ............................................................................................ 74
6 On-board data reduction for multi-spectral and hyper-spectral images via cloud screening ................................................................. 75
6.1 Introduction ......................................................................................... 75
6.2 Proposed methods .............................................................................. 76
6.2.1 Transmission of the Cloud Mask .................................................... 77
6.2.2 Pixel replacement ........................................................................... 77
6.3 Experimental results ............................................................................ 78
6.3.1 Dataset ............................................................................................ 78
6.3.2 Experimental setup .......................................................................... 80
6.3.3 Results ............................................................................................. 81
6.4 Conclusions .......................................................................................... 83
7 Conclusions 85
7.1 Overview of the work 85
7.2 Open Problems 86
References 87
List of Figures
2.1 Simplified diagram of the architecture of video compression standard H.265/HEVC ................................. 7
2.2 Quad-tree structure used to partition a CTU into multiple CU and to partition a CU into multiple TU .................. 9
2.3 Diagram for directional intra-prediction: the boundary pixels are extended to generate the predicted PU. One of 33 directions can be chosen for the extension ........................................... 10
2.4 Motion-Compensation mechanism for inter-prediction: the predicted frame is obtained by assembling blocks from pictures in the decoded picture buffer. These blocks are moved to the right position in the predicted frame by using the motion vectors .................................................. 11
2.5 Structure of the CCSDS 123.0-B-2 predictor .................................................................................. 16
2.6 Local sum modes available in CCSDS 123.0-B-2 ............................................................................ 18
2.7 Structure of the fully connected multilayer perceptron ..................................................................... 21
2.8 Diagram of a convolution between a 2D grid-structured signal and a kernel .............................................. 25
3.1 Processing chain of hybrid coding schemes (like H.265/HEVC) ....................................................... 28
3.2 Proposed approach ......................................................................................................................... 32
3.3 Internal structure of the filter generating network ............................................................................. 33
4.2 Structure for PWC-Net: a Pyramid of features is extracted from the two input frames. Each of these layers is fed to a pyramid plus an up-sampled version of the optical flow extracted from the previous layer is fed to a system of CNNs enacting different roles. 48
4.3 Example of the effects of warping an image using an optical flow extracted with PWC-Net. 50
4.4 Rate-Distortion curves for full-frame enhancement for the four JVET test sequences, estimated using JPEG compression. The first row contains the curves for sequences Kimono and BasketBallDrive, while the lower row contains the curves for sequences ParkScene and BQTerrace. 53
4.5 Graph representing the rate frame-by-frame for the sequence ParkScene. The solid lines represent the rates obtained using MMCE-Net while the dotted lines correspond to the curves obtained using the H.265/HEVC. The two upper lines were obtained using a QP=22, while the lower ones use QP=27. 54
4.6 Examples of outputs from the network. Starting from the left: the target frame, the output of H.265/HEVC motion-compensation, the output of MMCE-Net, the residual generated from H.265/HEVC motion-compensation and the residual generated by the use of MMCE-Net. 55
4.7 This scheme illustrates how the proposed architecture is integrated into the flow of a video coding algorithm. 56
4.8 Examples of the enhanced blocks generated by MMCE-Net. Using this architecture there is a reduction of artifacts such as the block-shaped borders resulting from the use of the motion-compensation algorithm. 60
4.9 Frame-by-frame comparison of the dimensions of the encoded stream before and after the enhancement for the sequences Kimono and BQMall using the ablation network “Enhancement Always On”. The encoding was done using quantization level QP=22. 63
4.10 This scatter plot illustrates how the MMCE-Net changes the quality in prediction on a block-by-block basis. The axes report the PSNR between the original frame and the MC-frame (horizontal) and between the original frame and the enhanced frame (vertical). These results were produced using QP=22.
5.1 Example of the real part of a raw SAR data capture. The samples have low correlation and are usually modeled as a Gaussian random process with slowly varying variance.
6.1 Example of an image with the corresponding cloud mask from the Landsat 8 dataset. The mask data from the original dataset contains superfluous information, like the shadow generated by the clouds in this example. All this further information was discarded, and the cloud masks were transformed into binary value images.
6.2 Example of one of the artificial cloud mask that was used in the tests on the AVIRIS images.
3.1 Comparison on the average the quality of prediction in terms of PSNR between the inter-prediction algorithm used by H.265/HEVC and the prediction generated by the network. 40
3.2 Compression parameters for the experiments. 42
4.1 Performance of MMCE-Net full-frame enhancement on JVET test sequences, estimated using JPEG compression: 53
4.2 This table displays the results of the ablation test in which the warped frames are not used and the enhancement is done using only the MC-frame. 55
4.3 BD-rate between MMCE-Net and HM-16.2 in the Low-Delay P configuration. 59
4.4 BD-Rates (%) for the various ablation tests. 61
4.5 Percentage of $64 \times 64$ CU enhanced by MMCE-Net using the “Enhancement Always On” configuration. The count was carried out on the first 50 frames of each sequence using quantization level QP=22. 63
5.1 Compression parameters for the experiments. 71
5.2 Comparison in terms of SNR between BAQ and CCSDS 123.0-B-2 with normalized input at bitrate 2 bpp. 72
5.3 Comparison in terms of SNR between BAQ and CCSDS 123.0-B-2 with normalized input at bitrate 3 bpp. 72
Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1 Topic of the thesis
Compression is the search for compact representations of data, for purposes such as the decrease in memory requirements, and faster transmission between source and destination. The advancement and development of new compression techniques is quite important in order to respond to the explosion of content generated every day, both from humans and automatic sensors.
In this thesis three problems are examined: video compression, data-reduction for multi-spectral earth observation images (via cloud screening) and compression for SAR raw data.
1.1.1 Video compression
In our works concerning video compression, we focused on the use of deep learning, after the great successes such techniques achieved in the last few years, particularly in the fields of image and video processing.
Video compression is a very complex task and trying to create a deep learning algorithm capable of beating the performance of the current generation of video coding standards would have been unfeasible. For this reason, we concentrated our efforts in developing deep learning tools to support and improve the performance achieved by already existing video compression standards. It has to be noted that the
tools we developed were tested to work for the current standard H.265/HEVC [1], but, since all the modern video coding standards share the same basic architecture, the techniques we designed are not really dependent on any particular codec, and could be implemented in any of the currently available compression algorithms.
Both of the video coding tools we describe tackle a particular step of the video compression architecture: inter-prediction. Inter-prediction is the algorithm that the codec uses to remove the redundancy present in video due to the high amount of correlation between neighboring frames. This inter-frame correlation is the greatest source for compression in video signals.
Inter-prediction is used to generate an estimate of a frame based on previously compressed ones, so that the encoder has to transmit just the difference between the real frame and the estimate. This difference is called the residual. The prediction is generated by a process called motion-compensation, which is a rudimentary algorithm that produces very artifaceted estimates and requires the transmission of side information (the so-called motion-vectors) to function.
**Frame prediction**
Identifying these limitations of the currently employed inter-prediction algorithms, we designed two alternatives. First, we created a convolutional neural network (CNN [2]) designed to predict the current frame based on previous ones. This approach would be advantageous in multiple ways: first, since the prediction would not be dependent on the use of side information, it could reduce the dimension of the final compressed file. Secondly, by using a more advanced algorithm for prediction, it would be possible to predict more complex forms of motion than the ones modelled by motion-compensation.
Taking inspiration from [3] we created a network capable of generating pixel-adaptive convolutional filters, that are applied on the previous frame to generate an estimate of the current one. The filters were estimated by using the three frame that precede the one that is being predicted.
Motion-compensated frame enhancement
The previous idea was reworked: instead of designing a network which tries to fully generate the predicted frame, we decided that it was more practical to keep the motion-compensation algorithm of the codec and to use a neural network to improve the quality of the generated prediction. We called this network MMCE-Net (Multiframe Motion-Compensation Enhancement Network).
MMCE-Net generates the enhanced version of the motion-compensated frame (MC-frame) by taking as input the motion-compensated frame itself, plus two previous frames of the video sequence. These two previous frames are first registered to the motion-compensated frame using the optical flow network PWC-Net [4]. The MC-Frame plus the registered versions of the two previous frames is fed to a Dn-CNN [5].
This algorithm was implemented inside the video compression algorithm, and we were capable to achieve an improvement in terms of rate-distortion measured using the Bjøntegaard metric [6] of -1.69%.
1.1.2 SAR raw data compression
The following section describes our work in the field of SAR raw data compression. SAR stands for Synthetic Aperture Radar, and since it is a radar architecture, the raw captures are not images, but are instead the echoed signal from the examined environment in response to an impulse emitted by the sensor. SAR raw data takes the form of a grid of complex samples weakly correlated to one another, which makes compression arduous.
In our case, we needed to choose a SAR raw data compression algorithm to be employed on-board of a satellite designed for the Horizon 2020 project EO-Alert [7]. To accommodate the hardware requirements of the satellite, the chosen algorithm needed to have low complexity.
Following the work in [8], we tested the performance of low-complexity standard for multi-spectral and hyper-spectral image compression CCSDS 123.0-B-2 [9] on SAR raw data captures. The use of this algorithm is advantageous because it was already implemented on-board of satellites for the compression of multi-spectral and hyper-spectral images. Its viability for SAR raw data compression would allow to
simplify the processing architecture of the satellite, by using a single compression algorithm to work on multiple forms of data.
After extensive testing we verified that CCSDS 123.0-B-2 can be used for SAR raw data compression, managing to achieve compression performance which surpass the de-facto standard for the task, block adaptive quantization (BAQ [10]). This methodology was then employed in the Horizon 2020 project EO-Alert.
1.1.3 Data reduction for multi-spectral images via cloud screening
The last work described in the thesis, involves again the use of standard CCSDS 123.0-B-2. One great problem in earth observation is that portions of the transmitted data from the satellites are not usable due to the presence of clouds, which obscure the land the satellite is trying to observe.
In this work we developed multiple techniques to allow the transmission only of the valid pixels captured by the satellite, and to effectively skip the pixels affected by clouds. The correct reconstruction on ground is made possible by correctly signaling the skipped pixels. All the techniques documented in this chapter were designed to be compliant with the standard CCSDS 123.0-B-2.
1.2 Thesis organization
The rest of this document is structured in the following way:
• Chapter 2 provides some useful background information about the basics of deep learning, the inner workings of the compression standards H.265/HEVC for video, and CCSDS 123.0-B-2 for multi-spectral images.
• Chapter 3 describes the design of a network for frame prediction for the purpose of video compression.
• Chapter 4 describes the evolution of the work presented in chapter 3: a neural network for the enhancement of motion-compensated frames for the purpose of video compression.
• Chapter 5 describes our work for SAR raw data compression using the CCSDS standard.
• Chapter 6 describes the work on cloud-screening for data reduction in a remote sensing setting, again inside the framework of the CCSDS standard.
1.3 Publications
These are the published papers throughout the duration of the PhD:
1. Nicola Prette, Enrico Magli, and Tiziano Bianchi. Using CCSDS image compression standard for SAR raw data compression in the H2020 EO-Alert project. In *European Workshop on On-Board Data Processing (OBDP2019)*, 2019.
2. Martina Cilia, Nicola Prette, Enrico Magli, Bernhard Sang, and Stefano Pieraccini. Onboard data reduction for multispectral and hyperspectral images via cloud screening. In *IGARSS 2020 - 2020 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium*, pages 6230-6233, 2020.
3. Nicola Prette, Diego Valsesia, and Tiziano Bianchi. Deep multiframe enhancement for motion prediction in video compression. In *28th IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits, and Systems (ICECS)*, pages 1-6, 2021.
4. Nicola Prette, Diego Valsesia, Tiziano Bianchi, Enrico Magli, Matteo Naccari, and Attilio Fiandrotti. Deep motion-compensation enhancement in video compression. *Electronics Letters*, 58, 04 2022.
Chapter 2
Background
2.1 Video Compression and the H.265/HEVC coding standard
This chapter provides a basic description of the video coding standard H.265/HEVC. This will be useful since this standard has a central role in much of our work on video compression. A general overview can be found in [1], while for a more in-depth look the book [11] is recommended. The explanation provided in this chapter are based on these two sources.
H.265/HEVC was designed jointly by the ITU-T Video Coding Experts Group (VCEG) and by the ISO/IEC Moving Pictures Expert Group (MPEG). Together they form the Joint Collaborative Team on Video Coding (JCT-VC). H.265/HEVC is the successor of H.264/MPEG-4 AVC [12], and it has been followed by H.266/MPEG-4 VVC [13].
2.1.1 Overview
Despite the years of iteration on the design, in broad strokes H.265/HEVC shares the same kind of architecture as H.261 [14] (the first of the video coding standards developed by ITU-T) and all its successors. It can be described as a sort of Differential Pulse-Code Modulation (DPCM), in the sense that the compressed samples are generated by quantizing and encoding a difference between the original sample
and an estimate computed by the algorithm. This estimate is constructed based on previous samples.
It is an hybrid architecture, because it employs together two different forms of prediction: intra-prediction and inter-prediction. Intra-prediction generates the estimated sample by taking advantage of the correlation present between samples inside the same frame, while inter-prediction uses the correlation between different frames.
A diagram displaying the various components of the architecture of H.265/HEVC can be seen in figure 2.1.
Each input frame is split in square sections called Coding Tree Units (CTU) which are processed sequentially. The encoding of the first frame of the image is done purely through intra-prediction, while for the following frames each CTU can be coded using either intra- or inter-prediction (but mostly the latter of the two).
Inter-prediction is achieved in two steps. First, the motion between a reference picture, chosen from a collection of previously encoded frames, and the target one is extracted. This motion information is then used to generate a prediction through a process called motion-compensation.
At this point, the predicted CTU is subtracted from the input one to generate a residual signal. A linear spatial transform is applied to this residual, and then the obtained coefficients are quantized and entropy coded. This compressed stream is sent to the decoder together with the prediction information.
In order to make the decoding of the file possible, the encoder needs to generate every prediction with information that would be available at the decoder while processing. For this reason, the structure of the decoder is replicated inside the encoder: an inverse transform is applied to the residual which is then summed to the predicted signal. This first reconstruction is then enhanced using the de-blocking and SAO filters to obtain the final reconstructed frame. These reconstructed frames go to form the Decoded Picture Buffer, which is used for the purpose of inter-prediction.
In the following section we will provide a broad description of some of the main components of this architecture, posing most of the emphasis on the inter-prediction segment, which will be the focus of our work on video compression.
### 2.1.2 Components of the architecture
#### Coding units and other partitions of the frame
As it was mentioned in the overview, inside the architecture of H.265/HEVC the frame is split in square block sections called Coding Tree Units (CTU). This is a more flexible version of what in the previous iterations of the standard were called macroblocks. The CTU is composed by three Coding Tree Blocks (CTB), each associated with one band (one luma channel and two chroma channels). This naming convention is kept for all the other ways to partition the frame: unit refers to a partition across all channels while block refers to its corresponding partition over a single channel. The luma CTB can be created in three possible sizes in pixels: $64 \times 64$, $32 \times 32$, $16 \times 16$.
The CTU is further partitioned in what are called Coding Units (CU) using a quad-tree structure (see Fig. 2.2). The smallest CU that it is possible to generate has size $8 \times 8$.
During the prediction stage of the algorithm, the CU is further partitioned in Prediction Units (PU). The rules for the partition in PUs change depending on whether inter- or intra- prediction is used. For inter-prediction the quad-tree structure is not followed anymore, and the PU can also assume rectangular shapes of different sizes.
Similarly during the transform coding stage the CU is partitioned again to form the Transform Units (TU), again following the quad-tree structure down to a size of $4 \times 4$.
**Intrapicture Prediction**
Intra-prediction is used to predict the content of a PU by using neighboring PUs in the same frame. There are three forms of prediction:
- **Directional prediction**: the predicted PU is generated by taking pixels from already decoded PUs which touch its boundaries, and their value is extrapolated following one between 33 possible directions of prediction (Fig. 2.3).
- **DC prediction**: the full PU is filled with a constant value which is the average of the boundary samples.
- **Planar prediction**: the PU generated is a linear color gradient through the surface, whose characteristics are determined by the samples on the boundaries.
**Interpicture Prediction**
Inter-prediction generates the content of the PUs using information contained in previously encoded frames. In H.265/HEVC, motion between frames is modelled as
Fig. 2.3 Diagram for directional intra-prediction: the boundary pixels are extended to generate the predicted PU. One of 33 directions can be chosen for the extension.
Fig. 2.4 Motion-Compensation mechanism for inter-prediction: the predicted frame is obtained by assembling blocks from pictures in the decoded picture buffer. These blocks are moved to the right position in the predicted frame by using the motion vectors.
a translation of blocks through time (Fig. 2.4). Motion is assumed homogeneous for the blocks, so it can be described succinctly as an offset which is applied to all the pixels of the block. These offsets are the motion vectors.
The motion vectors are generated through a process called motion-estimation. Given a PU inside the frame, the motion-estimation algorithm iteratively looks for blocks inside other temporally-neighboring frames which correlate with the region corresponding to the PU in the original image. The algorithm used for the motion-estimation is not defined in the standard, and the choice is left to the discretion of who implements the encoder. The temporally neighboring frames are found in the decoded pictures buffer and are called reference frames.
Whenever a match is found, the offset between the PU that is being predicted and the matching block is the estimated motion vector. In order to obtain more accurate predicted frames, the motion vectors are estimated with an accuracy equal to one quarter of a pixel. This is achieved by up-scaling both the reference frames and the original by a factor of four (both vertically and horizontally) during the motion estimation process.
There are two kinds of inter-prediction: uni-prediction, and bi-prediction. In uni-prediction all the reference frames used to generate the PU precede the current frame in display order. Instead, in bi-prediction both future and past frames are used. Furthermore, in bi-prediction two reference picture lists are used to generate two predictions. These two predicted blocks are then merged together, either by
averaging or by using a weighted sum. The frames coded using uni-prediction are referred to as P-frames, while the ones obtained through bi-prediction are the B-frames.
In order to make possible the generation of the prediction blocks at the decoder side, the motion vectors need to be transmitted as side information. Since the motion of a prediction block is correlated with the motion estimated for other neighboring blocks it is possible to compress motion information. The compression of the motion information is done using an algorithm called advanced motion vector prediction (AMVP), which is an improved version of similar mechanisms present in previous versions of the standard. In this mechanism, a prediction of a motion vector is generated (called motion vector predictor or MVP) and what is transmitted is the difference between the real motion vector and the MVP. This residual between the two is the motion vector difference (MVD).
In cases where the same motion information is shared by (spatially or temporally) contiguous prediction blocks, H.265/HEVC does not send the motion vector to the decoder; what is sent instead is an index which points to the contiguous block which has the same motion-vector information. This is called merged mode as it creates regions composed of different blocks which share the same motion information.
**Transform, and Quantization**
The generated residual then undergoes a process called transform coding. The CU is partitioned in multiple TU using a quad-tree structure. The biggest size allowed for the TU is $32 \times 32$ while the smallest is $4 \times 4$ pixels. The transformed coefficients of the block are computed by using two 1-D transforms, one vertical and the other horizontal. The transform coefficients are integer approximations of the coefficients of a discrete cosine transform (DCT), except when the TU has dimensions $4 \times 4$, in this case an approximated version of the discrete sine transform is used.
The transformed coefficients are then quantized. This is done by dividing the samples by a value called quantization step, and by rounding it up to the nearest integer. The quantization step size $\Delta_Q(QP)$, is proportional to the quantization parameter (QP). The QP can be chosen with values between 0 and 51, and the relationship between the quantization step and the QP is the following:
Using this equation, when the QP is equal to 4 the quantization step is equal to 1, and there is a doubling in size of the quantization step for an increase of the QP by a value of 6.
Both transform coding and quantization are skipped in the so-called lossless mode.
**Entropy Coding**
H.265/HEVC uses a entropy coding algorithm called CABAC (context-based adaptive binary arithmetic encoder) [15] an algorithm originally developed for H.264/MPEG-4 AVC. In broad terms, this algorithm is a arithmetic coder connected to a probability estimator to adapt to changes in the distribution of the data to compress through time.
**In-Loop Filters**
The reconstructed frames are affected by various kinds of artifacts, like noticeable square borders due to the partition of the frame in blocks during compression. To mitigate these problems some enhancing algorithms are applied to the reconstructed frames, which are called in-loop filters. There are two enhancing processes which are applied to the reconstructed frames: the deblocking filter (DBF) and the sample adaptive offset (SAO).
DBF is devoted to the reduction of the discontinuities generated by the compression algorithm (block artifacts), which are generated by the partition of the frame in CUs, PUs and TUs. It consists of a blurring filter which is applied selectively across the reconstructed frame. The block artifacts are especially noticeable in smooth areas of the original frame, so it is in these areas that the deblocking filter is applied. In sections where the original frame is not smooth the artifacts are less noticeable, and the application of the de-blocking filter is avoided. Furthermore, the use of the DBF in such areas would filter away legitimate information from the original samples and make the final frame blurry.
SAO is a general enhancing filter which reduces the presence of other imperfections, mainly ringing artifacts deriving from the use of larger sizes for the transform. There are two types of SAO:
- **Edge Offset (EO):** Which tries to limit the effect of the Gibbs phenomenon (ringing artifacts). This is achieved by adding offsets to the interested samples, which compensate for the peak and valleys attributed to the detected artifact. To detect the rings and decide which offset to apply to the sample, a classification algorithm, which uses the neighboring pixels and the original frame as input, is applied. The results of these classifications have to be sent to the decoder as side information to allow for the correct reconstruction of the frame.
- **Band Offset (BO):** In this algorithm the offset is provided to the sample based on if it falls inside a determined range of values (band). The offset is thus determined only by the value of the pixel itself, without examining its neighbors. The offset to be applied for each band are determined by the encoder to further minimize the distortion on the reconstructed image without adding much side information.
### 2.2 Low-complexity image compression for remote sensing applications
#### 2.2.1 Introduction
Hyper-spectral and multi-spectral images are optical images characterized by a greater number of bands, compared to the usual three (red, green and blue). This makes it possible to capture the electromagnetic spectrum for each pixel over a large span of wavelengths and with an high resolution. In certain applications the captured wavelengths can reach thousands [16].
This detailed representation of the electromagnetic spectrum is useful for several scientific applications and thus hyper-spectral and multi-spectral sensors are often present in satellites used for Earth Observation. Hyper-spectral images can be useful for purposes such as agriculture, monitoring and alerting for calamities of various
nature, mining and many others [17, 18, 7]. For this reason new architectures, enhancing algorithms and applications continue to be developed for this field [19].
The great number of channels makes this kind of images very large in terms of memory occupation. This is a big problem since the available capacity of the channel between the satellite and the ground segment is limited, which makes necessary to compress the data. However, the hardware available on-board of satellites is limited in terms of performance so it is necessary to design compression techniques of limited complexity. Another caveat is that in scientific applications it is necessary to capture data with no distortion, or where distortion is guaranteed to be lower than a specified upper bound, so only lossless and near-lossless techniques can be used.
The Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) is a committee devoted to the design and diffusion of standards useful for applications in space-flight communications, and also deals with the design of standards for compression of hyper-spectral and multi-spectral images. The latest iteration regarding this topic is called “Low-Complexity Lossless and Near-Lossless Multispectral and Hyperspectral Image Compression [20]” (CCSDS 123.0-B-2). An in-depth overview of this standard, which was used as basis for this chapter, can be found in [9].
### 2.2.2 The CCSDS 123.0-B-2 Standard
**Overview**
CCSDS 123.0-B-2 is a compression standard based on the principle of DPCM (Differential Pulse-Code Modulation), which means that it compresses the images by first generating estimates of its samples (using the correlation between samples inside the signal), and then by quantizing and entropy coding the residual. It is a backward compatible extension of CCSDS 123.0-B-1 (where the last digit indicates the number of Issue of the standard). This new issue introduces, among other things, the possibility of performing near-lossless compression (lossy compression with an upper bound on distortion for every pixel). This is achieved by adding a quantization step to be applied in the prediction loop, since the quantization of the input image before prediction would be sub-optimal [21]. It also introduces a new mode of entropy coding denominated *hybrid* coding, which is capable of reducing the bit-rate
to values smaller than 1 bit-per-pixel by encoding multiple input pixels at the same time.
An overview of its architecture is displayed in figure 2.5: an image is fed to a prediction loop which generates a prediction error (which is quantized in the near-lossless configuration). This prediction error is then sent to an entropy coder. Three entropy coder algorithms can be selected: Block-Adaptive Coder, Sample-Adaptive Coder, and the Hybrid-Coder.
**Predictor Stage**
The role of this component is to predict the value of a pixel conditioned on previously encoded input pixels. The assumption is that in optical images the values in the same area of the image are correlated with each other, so the values of previously encoded pixels can be used to predict the future ones.
This prediction is then subtracted from the input value to generate a prediction error (also called residual):
\[
\Delta_z(t) = s_z(t) - \hat{s}_z(t)
\]
where $s_z(t)$ is input sample ($z$ is the index of the band that is being encoded and $t$ is the index which designates a pixel inside the image navigated in raster scan order), $\hat{s}_z(t)$ is the predicted value and $\Delta_z(t)$ is the residual.
This residual is then quantized to reduce the number of bits on which it is represented. A uniform quantization is employed, which means that the bins used for the quantization are all equal dimensions. The quantization is parametrized in two ways: either by setting the absolute error limit $m_z(t)$ or by setting the relative error limit $r_z$. $m_z(t)$ is used to bin the residual into $2m_z(t) + 1$ values and the quantized output is obtained with the formula:
$$q_z(t) = sgn(\Delta_z(t)) \cdot \left\lfloor \frac{|\Delta_z(t)| + m_z(t)}{2m_z(t) + 1} \right\rfloor$$
(2.3)
The relative limit is instead used to estimate the absolute error limit using this formula:
$$m_z(t) = \left\lfloor \frac{r_z(t)|\hat{s}_z(t)|}{2^D} \right\rfloor$$
(2.4)
where $D$ is the dynamic range for the input. These error limits can be set for each spectral band of the image.
The quantized values $q_z(t)$ are then mapped to non-negative values $\delta_z(t)$ which are called *mapped quantized indeces*.
In order to obtain the same predicted value both at the encoder and the decoder, the estimation must be generated starting from the so-called sample representatives $s''_z(t)$. These are reconstructed values obtained by combining the residual with the predicted samples (using a more advanced method than simply summing the two). The predicted values are generated via simple interpolation schemes between previously encoded samples in the same band and samples in the same pixel position in the image but in previous bands.
Which samples are chosen is determined by the mode of prediction selected. There are four possible modes, which are the combination of the two choices between *narrow/wide* mode and *neighbor/column - oriented* mode. The choice between *narrow* and *wide* mode determines whether the sample to the left of the one that is being encoded ($s''_{z,y,x-1}$) is used for the purpose of prediction. In *narrow* mode this
is skipped to make the processing of the sample of a row of the image completely independent on previous samples of the same row, which is a useful property for purposes of parallelization on hardware. The impact of skipping this sample is limited [22]. Regarding *column-oriented* vs. *neighbor-oriented* mode, the first uses for prediction only the sample exactly above the current one while the latter also uses the sample on upper-right corner and the sample in the upper-left corner. This is displayed in Fig. 2.6.
The modes described above are used to compute a value denominated local sum $\rho_{z,y,x}$. This value is in turn used to generate the so-called local differences:
\begin{align*}
d_{z,y,x} &= 4s''_{z,y,x} - \rho_{z,y,x} \\
d^N_{z,y,x} &= 4s'_{z,y-1,x} - \rho_{z,y,x} \\
d^W_{z,y,x} &= 4s'_{z,y,x-1} - \rho_{z,y,x} \\
d^{NW}_{z,y,x} &= 4s''_{z,y-1,x-1} - \rho_{z,y,x}
\end{align*}
(2.5)
where $d_{z,y,x}$ is denominated the central local difference, while $d^N_{z,y,x}$, $d^W_{z,y,x}$ and $d^{NW}_{z,y,x}$ are the directional ones (respectively north, west and north-west). The predicted central local difference $\hat{d}_{z,y,x}$ is computed as a weighted sum of local differences.
There are two possible modes to generate $d^N_{z,y,x}$: *full* mode and *reduced* mode. In *full* mode $d^N_{z,y,x}$ is a weighted sum between the three directional differences for the sample ($d^N_{z,y,x}$, $d^W_{z,y,x}$, $d^{NW}_{z,y,x}$) and the central differences from neighbors located in the same position $(x, y)$ but belonging to the previous $P$ spectral bands $d_{z-1,y,z}, \ldots, d_{z-P,y,z}$, where $P$ is a parameter set by the user. The weights for the sum evolve through time
based on the evolution of the prediction error in the previously encoded samples. In *reduced* mode the directional local differences are not used.
Finally, the predicted central local difference $\hat{d}_{z,y,x}$ and the local sum $\rho_{z,y,z}$ are used to generate the predicted values $\hat{s}_{z,y,x}$.
**Encoder Stage**
The generated quantized indexes are then passed to an entropic coder. CCSDS 123.0-B-2 allows to choose between three possible algorithms: *Block-Adaptive Coder*, *Sample-Adaptive Coder* and the *Hybrid Coder*.
The *Block-Adaptive Coder* is a Rice coding based algorithm first described in the standard CCSDS 121.0-B-2 [23]. The input samples are partitioned in blocks of fixed dimensions between 8 and 64 samples. Each of these blocks is coded using one of five different coding methods. Each method is tested on the samples and the one that gives the best results is chosen.
The *Sample-Adaptive Coder*, first maps each input sample to different code-words which belong to a GPO2 family (Golomb power of 2). These code-words (which denote as $\mathfrak{R}_k(\delta_z(t))$) are generated based on an index $k$ which is itself generated based on the statistics of previously encoded samples.
Given the user-specified GPO2 length limit $U_{max}$, if $\lfloor \delta_z(t)/2^k \rfloor < U_{max}$ then the selected $\mathfrak{R}_k(\delta_z(t))$ is composed by a series of $\lfloor \delta_z(t)/2^k \rfloor$ zeroes followed by a 1 and then the last $k$ bits of $\delta_z(t)$. If $\lfloor \delta_z(t)/2^k \rfloor \geq U_{max}$ then $\mathfrak{R}_k(\delta_z(t))$ is made up of $U_{max}$ zeroes, followed by $\delta_z(t)$ written in binary over $D$ bits, where $D$ is the dynamic range of the input image.
Finally, the *Hybrid Coder*, is an evolution of the *Sample-Adaptive Coder* which gives the possibility of encoding parts the signal with bit-rates which are less than 1 bit-per-pixel. The samples where this is done, which are denominated low-entropy samples, are mapped using variable-to-variable length codes (which means that groups of variable length of the input samples are mapped to variable length codes). The codes used and a more thorough description of the *Hybrid Coder* can be found in [24].
2.3 Deep Learning
In this chapter we provide an overview of the fundamentals of deep learning. For a more extensive explanation of the basics of this field we suggest the book [25]. This book was used as basis for this chapter.
Deep learning is a family of algorithms in the field of machine-learning. As such, deep learning algorithms are not completely designed by the programmer, but are instead optimized to solve a certain task by taking large datasets of examples and extracting patterns from it (the algorithm "learns" from data, hence the name machine learning). Classical machine learning is dependent on having the data be represented in forms which makes the learning easier, a process called feature engineering.
Deep learning does away with this process by using large multi-layer (e.g. deep) architectures which are capable of learning both how to extract the useful features from the data and how to use them to solve the task. The simplest example of a deep learning algorithm is the feed-forward neural network (also known as multilayer perceptron or MLP).
2.3.1 Multilayer Perceptron
The objective of a feed forward neural network is to approximate an unknown function $y = f^*(x)$, which represents the task we need to learn. The structure of the network defines a function $y = f(\theta; x)$, where $\theta$ are tunable parameters which define the function.
The basic building block of the MLP is the neuron, which is a simple affine operator that combines several inputs using a series of weights and a bias parameter. The obtained output is then fed to a non linear function called activation.
$$y = f_{nl}(Wx + b) \quad (2.6)$$
where $x \in \mathbb{R}^m$ is the input vector, $W \in \mathbb{R}^{m \times n}$ is a weight matrix, $b \in \mathbb{R}^n$ is the bias vector and $f_{nl}$ is the activation. In the architecture of the feed-forward neural network multiple neurons are assembled together in a multi-layer structure, displayed in chapter 2.7.
Each layer outputs a new representation of the data in output from the previous layer. The multi-layer structure is used because it allows to create very complex functions with simple building blocks, by stacking them one on top of the other. The internal layers of the network which create these representations are called hidden layers, and the number of the layer is called the depth of the model, while the number of neurons in the layer is the width of the layer. In general, the greater the depth, the more the network is complex, and thus capable of approximating more complex functions.
The structure described in this chapter, where every neuron in a layer is connected with all the neurons in the following layer is also called a fully connected network.
**Activation functions**
The activation function is applied to the outputs of the neurons in order to make the overall function described by the neural network non-linear. This makes the network more expressive in the sense that in this way it can be used to approximate also non-linear functions. Through the years many possible activation functions were proposed but the most used are:
- The sigmoid: \( f(x) = \frac{1}{1 + e^{-x}} \)
• The ReLU (Rectified Linear Unit) function: \( f(x) = \max(0, x) \) [26]
• The Leaky ReLU: \( f(x) = \max(\alpha x, x) \) with \( \alpha \) being a small value \( \in (0, 1) \) [27]
which are chosen depending on several criteria, including the computational efficiency of computing the function and its derivative.
### 2.3.2 Training and optimization
This structure is thus capable of creating arbitrary functions \( y = f(\theta; x) \) by changing the values of its parameters \( \theta \). In order to approximate \( y = f^*(x) \) the parameters need to be learned from data. This is done through a process of optimization called gradient-descent, which minimizes the value generated by a cost function.
#### Cost function
In the beginning, the weights of a neural networks are initialized to random values. Then the proximity of the neural network to the target \( y = f^*(x) \) is evaluated by using a so-called cost function. A large dataset of examples of inputs is fed to the network, then the cost function is applied on the generated outputs. In most settings the dataset also includes for every input a corresponding desired output for that input, which is called a label. When the label is used in the cost function to train the network, the process is denominated supervised learning.
One approach to derive a cost function is to define the distribution \( p(y|x; \theta) \) in the supervised setting, where \( y \) is modelled as a output of the true function affected by noise, and to maximize the likelihood. In this case the cost function becomes the negative log-likelihood and the objective of the training becomes its minimization.
\[
C(\theta) = -\mathbb{E}_{x,y \sim p_{data}} [\log p_{model}(y|x)]
\]
(2.7)
where \( p_{data} \) is the probability distribution of the data and \( p_{model} \) is the probability distribution assumed from the model. By choosing \( p_{model}(y|x) \) to be a gaussian with the output value of the network as the mean
\[
p_{model}(y|x) = \mathcal{N}(y; f(x, \theta), I)
\]
(2.8)
and estimating the log-likelihood we obtain the mean square error (MSE) cost function:
\[
C(\theta) = \frac{1}{2} \mathbb{E}_{x,y \sim \tilde{p}_{data}} \left[ ||y - f(x; \theta)||^2 \right] + const.
\]
(2.9)
Other cost functions can be derived for different objectives and assumptions on the data.
**Back-Propagation**
The process of feeding inputs to the network and the evaluation of the cost on the output is called forward propagation. Once the scalar cost is evaluated, this information is used to move the weights closer to a configuration of values which minimizes the cost function, thus getting the network closer to realizing the task it is getting trained for. This is done through a process called back-propagation [28].
Back-propagation consists in evaluating the gradient of the cost function with respect to every parameter of the network. Thanks to the chain rule of derivation, this can be evaluated in steps going backward from the output up to the beginning of the network, with simple operations (hence the name back-propagation). Once the value of the gradient in respect to the parameter, these can be updated, by moving in the opposite direction of the gradient. The dimension of the update is determined by a parameter called learning rate.
**Optimization**
In order to work correctly, deep learning needs very large datasets, which makes the estimation of the gradient of the cost function over all of it not practical in terms of time and memory. Usually, what is done instead, is to sample mini-batches from the dataset and optimize the cost function only over them. After every iteration of training, one mini-batch is discarded and another one, made up of different samples, is extracted. Once a round of training over every sample of the dataset is done, a length of time which is referred to as an epoch, the cycle starts over. The training continues up to convergence, which is the moment in which the cost function stops decreasing. This optimization over random mini-batches is denominated stochastic gradient descent (SGD).
What has been described up to now are the basics of training and optimization, but through the years more advanced techniques to minimize the cost function have been designed and are commonly used during training. One example is ADAM [29], which uses the same principle of SGD, but instead of keeping the learning rate fixed, it changes its value based on an evaluation of moving averages of the gradient and the squared gradient. In this way, the magnitude of the update for each iteration adapts to the conformation of the cost function in a particular region, and limits the risk of, for example, jumping over minima present in the region due to a learning rate which is too high. For this reason, the use of Adam usually speeds up the training process. Another example is AdaDelta [30], which is another algorithm to obtain an adaptive learning rate.
**Dataset**
The training is achieved by minimizing the cost function over mini-batches extracted from the what is called the training set. To avoid the risk of the network not generalizing to data outside of the input dataset (a phenomenon known as over-fitting), its performance are assessed over a portion of a separate dataset not used for training called the validation set, while the training progresses. The validation is used to iterate and modify the architecture and the hyper-parameters of the neural network, so indirectly the information it contains spills out in the final design of the network. For this reason, another dataset is also used, called the test set, to determine the final performance of the network.
**Regularization**
As anticipated in the previous section, there is always a risk for a trained network to perform worse when used on data outside of the training set. One way to ensure that this does not happen is to introduce regularizations.
Regularizations are a group of methodologies which use prior knowledge on the data and the function that has to be approximated, to help the neural network to achieve better results. This is usually realized by adding penalties on the cost function or constraints on the parameters. Among the most used techniques there is weight decay, which is a penalty on the cost function to reduce the magnitude of the
weights, and the L1 regularization, which imposes the minimization of the L1 norm of the parameters and is used to have more sparsity.
Another very important form of regularization is data augmentation. This consists in the generation of more data from the input dataset, usually by introducing simple transformations, like cropping and translations in the case of images. This is particularly used in tasks such as classification since it is useful to make the trained network more stable and invariant to transformation on the input. Another form of augmentation is the introduction of noise on the input data to provide robustness.
### 2.3.3 Convolutional Neural Networks
#### General Structure
Convolutional neural networks (CNN) [2] are a type of neural network specialized for data set up in grid structures, like images. As the name implies the main building block of this kind of network is the convolution operation (Fig. 2.8). This chapter will describe networks using 2D-convolutions, but this structure can be extended on any number of dimensions.
In this kind of neural network, what is learned are the coefficients of a convolutional filter. This is advantageous in multiple ways: it greatly reduces the number of parameters to be shared, as the dimensions of a kernel are much smaller than the input signal. Furthermore, this makes the network usable on inputs of arbitrary dimensions. For example, for problems involving images, the same convolutional network can be used on images of different shapes and resolutions.
For the CNN to work correctly, some assumption needs to be met: first, the data needs to be stationary, in this way the same filter can be relied upon to capture the useful features in any part of the input signal. Also, the useful features needed to accomplish the final objective should depend on localized regions of neighboring samples in the signal, so that they can be captured by convolutional filters. These properties are usually satisfied by natural signals.
The convolutional filters are also denominated kernels, while the output of each layer is called a feature map, since it provides a map in which the highest values indicate positions in the input where the kernel is matched. The span of input data captured by the kernel at every shift, determined by the size of the kernel, is called the receptive field.
**Pooling Layers**
When multiple layers of convolutions are stacked one upon the other, there is usually an operation which is executed between layers called pooling. These pooling layers reduce the size of the feature map and feed this down-scaled version of the input to the following layer. This is done for multiple reasons: first, it is useful in cases where the final output of the network is of smaller dimension then the input. Secondly, it allows to increase the receptive fields for the deeper layers and to capture characteristics which span larger and larger regions of the input. This is especially used in tasks such as regression and classification, where the output is a scalar or a vector, which need to be generated by taking information from the entire input. This also allows the network to be more robust to slight variations in the positions of the features.
The most used pooling layers are the average-pooling, which generates the downsampled feature maps by locally averaging, and max-pooling, which extracts the maximum patch-by-patch.
Chapter 3
Deep Frame Extrapolation for Video Compression
3.1 Introduction
In a media landscape flooded by content due to the introduction of streaming services, sharing through social networks, and the increase in resolution in modern video files, the need for better video compression algorithms is ever-increasing. This poses a great challenge since, after decades of iteration on the design of new video coding tools, it becomes more and more difficult to develop methodologies that further exploit the redundancies present in video signals. Deep learning represents an attractive approach to design advanced architectures for a video compression algorithm.
As illustrated in the previous chapter, deep learning is a very powerful tool, and through the utilization of such techniques, the scientific community has been capable of achieving feats that would have appeared impossible just a few years ago. Even though there are still limitations compared to the currently employed techniques (especially in terms of complexity), deep learning shows great promise for video compression, and standardization committees are starting to investigate this field as an avenue for the development of the algorithms of the future.
In this context, our objective was to design a novel deep learning algorithm with the purpose of increasing the efficacy of already existing video coding standards,
like the H.265/HEVC (High Efficiency Video Coding) [1]. In particular, our aim was to improve the temporal prediction aspect of existing codecs, carried out by the so-called inter-prediction algorithm. As illustrated in the background chapter, inter-prediction is primarily achieved through a step called motion-compensation, which is the construction of an approximated version of the frame that is being compressed by assembling square-shaped portions of past frames in order of encoding (the scheme is illustrated in Fig. 3.1).
Motion-compensation is a very simple mechanism that creates only rough estimates of the predicted frame. The question we investigated is the following: would it be possible, using the power of deep learning, to predict future frames based on previously transmitted ones, without transmitting motion parameters to the decoder? In this way inter-prediction could be executed without needing to transmit side information. Furthermore, such a network could learn to model more advanced forms of motion compared to motion-compensation (which can only compensate for translations of blocks of pixels) and thus, generate estimates which are more accurate.
### 3.2 Related work
Several papers have been created which use of machine learning and in particular deep learning for the purpose of compressing video. Broadly, the adopted algorithms in this field can be divided into two families: end-to-end compression, in which the neural network strives to perform the whole compression task on its own, and
compression tools, in which the aim is to improve the performance of an existing codec. In this section, some relevant techniques from both categories are described, but a more in-depth survey can be found in [31].
### 3.2.1 End-to-End Compression
Though in the beginning these promising works seemed limited in scope and unable to reach competitive performance, several end-to-end approaches have recently been proposed, which are closing the performance gap compared to conventional video coding standards such as H.265/HEVC.
Chen et al. [32] proposed PixelMotionCNN, an architecture that tries to re-create in a neural network framework the predictive coding workflow employed by coding standards such as H.265/HEVC. The network generates a prediction of a block of the frame that is being encoded by fusing information taken from previous frames together with the already encoded parts of the current frame. The residual between the predicted block and the original one is then compressed by using an iterative scheme based on an auto-encoder network, reaching results that are comparable to H.264/AVC.
Along the same lines, Lin et al. [33] tried to recreate the structure of modern codecs using a neural network. The proposed network is called M-LCV and extends the scope of previous approaches by including, among other things, multiple reference frames and motion vectors (instead of having the deep learning algorithm try to completely predict the frames). The architecture uses several different networks to recreate the various steps of hybrid video compression, such as motion estimation and residual and motion vector compression. These different segments are jointly optimized using a loss function based on rate-distortion minimization. This work manages to outperform H.265/HEVC for the low-latency mode.
Han et al. [34] proposed a generative approach based on the variational autoencoder architecture. It extends the variational autoencoder to work for sequential information to create a model where it is possible to condition the prior distribution of a frame based on the preceding frames. The obtained latent variable corresponding to the frame is then quantized and arithmetically encoded following the prior model. This very ambitious work is only limited to very low-resolution signals with
specialized content such as video game character sprites due to the complexity of the task of creating good models for video.
3.2.2 Compression Tools
Most of the works in the field fall in the second category, i.e. deep learning compression tools. These tools are used to improve the performance of existing codecs, usually by tackling some specific parts of its architecture and trying to improve upon them. This makes the goal of achieving state-of-the-art performance in the field of video-compression way easier compared to building a complete compression algorithm from scratch. Different techniques try to tackle different steps of the video-compression algorithm.
A popular topic is the use of neural networks as an in-loop filter, which allows the use of video enhancement techniques for compression. For example, Li et al. [35] propose a multiframe enhancement of the reconstructed frame. First, it selects a portion of previous frames from the reference picture list, choosing the one that more closely resembles the frame being encoded. Then these suitable reference frames are motion-compensated by a network and then fed together with the current frame to a neural network based on DenseNet [36]. Also, a map of how the frame is partitioned in coding and transform units is given to the network to help with artifact removal. Similarly, Zhang et al.[37] focus on reducing artifacts on intra-predicted frames by using a recursive residual network.
Several proposed schemes exploited the success of neural networks in the field of image compression and concerned themselves with intra-prediction. Li et al. [38] propose the use of a fully connected network. The model takes as input multiple reference lines of already encoded pixels, that surround the block and whose content is highly correlated with it. In contrast, H.265/HEVC uses only one line of reconstructed samples. In [39] all intra-coding modes are substituted with neural networks. Fully connected networks are used for small blocks, while for sizes $16 \times 16$ and $32 \times 32$ convolutional networks are used. More recently, [40] proposed the use of generative adversarial networks, based on the reasoning that intra-prediction can be seen as an inpainting task since it consists of the completion of a partial image which is a task usually accomplished with such networks.
Some works try to tackle inter-prediction. Among them, we remember Zhao et al. [41], which use the structure for interpolation between frames proposed in paper Deep Voxel Flow [42] to construct better reference frames denominated "virtual reference frames". The idea of enhancing the reference frames is also used in Lee et al. [43], with the difference that this structure is studied for the uni-prediction setting.
### 3.3 Proposed method
#### 3.3.1 Problem setting
As anticipated in the introduction there are limitations in the capabilities of inter-prediction based on motion-compensation. First, motion-compensation is very limited: it works on square sections of pixels at a time and can only correctly model translations. Thus, it is impossible for motion-compensation to represent more complex forms of movement through time such as rotations and deformations of objects. Furthermore, motion-compensation makes it necessary to send side information together with the encoded stream in the form of the spatial offsets needed to retrieve the predictor from the reference frames (the so-called motion-vectors).
To solve all these problems we conceived of a network that predicts a frame taking previous ones as input. Such a network could both eliminate the need to send side information and could possibly compensate for more advanced modes of motion present inside video signals.
#### 3.3.2 Network Structure
**Base Model**
The starting point for the approach we propose was the model described in the paper [3]. This method, presented at CVPR 2018, is a convolutional network for the purpose of video super-resolution. The proposed method utilizes the temporal context of a frame (e.g. the frames that immediately precede and follow the examined one) to create an up-sampled version of it.
In most other approaches for video super-resolution, the input is fed together with the temporal context frames, and the job of the network is to merge internally the information to come up with the super-resolved output. In addition, usually the temporal context frames are first motion-compensated with respect to the frame that has to be super-resolved ([44, 45]). This alignment makes the work of the network simpler because in this way it can find the objects represented in the video in the same positions across the various frames. This has the downside that the alignment of the previous frames can distort them and possibly destroy part of the information they contain. Also, there is a great dependence on the quality of the motion-compensation to have good results in terms of super-resolution.
[3] introduces the Dynamic filter generation network, a different paradigm in which the network uses the context frames and the input to create convolutional filters that are applied to the output frame in order to obtain the super-resolved one. As the word "Dynamic" in the name of the network suggests, a different up-sampling filter is generated for each pixel of the input so that based on the location inside the frame the surrounding pixels are adaptively interpolated based on which part of the image is being examined.
In our case, we applied the idea of a filter generating network to the problem of inter-frame prediction: three consecutive frames are fed to a filter-generating network and the obtained filters are applied to the last of the frames to obtain the predicted one.
The filter generating network is a CNN using 3D-convolutional filters to capture both spatial and temporal information from the stack of frames. We used the simplest model described in the paper [3]: each layer uses batch normalization [46] followed
by ReLU activations, a convolutional layer with a filter with size $1 \times 1 \times 1$, then batch normalization again, ReLU, and another convolutional layer with size $3 \times 3 \times 3$.
Each following layer employs as input the features extracted by all the previous layers. This is done by concatenating the outputs of the previous layers over the channel axis. This follows the structure proposed in the paper [36].
We started based on the smallest of the models proposed in [3], a 6-layer structure in which each layer adds 32 feature channels to the following ones. The output of the sixth layer is a feature map with 256 channels. This is fed to another Batch Norm, ReLU, and a 2D convolution $3 \times 3$. After this, the network separates into two branches, one branch for generating filters, and the other for generating a residual that is added to the filtered output. This residual is used to make the generated prediction sharper since the output of the filtering operation tends to generate estimates which are smoothed. Both branches comprise two blocks of ReLU followed by a Conv $1 \times 1$, but the branch which generates the filter further employs a SoftMax block. This makes the values of the filter sum to one and makes the output of the filter depend mostly on one pixel in the receptive field. In this way the filtering acts more as a motion vector applied to one or few neighboring pixels and not interpolation across the elements of the receptive field of the filter. The structure is illustrated in figures 3.2 and 3.3.
3.4 Dataset and Training
3.4.1 Dataset Creation
A dataset to train the network was created starting from raw video sequences provided by *RAI - radiotelevisione Italiana*. This collection of videos consisted of 24 sequences in total: 12 sequences at resolution 1080p and other 12 at resolution 2160p. All of them were captured at 50 fps, with variable lengths. 5 of these sequences are widely available (*CrowdRun.yuv*, *ParkJoy.yuv*, *DucksTakeOff.yuv*, *InToTree.yuv*, *OldTownCross.yuv* can be found on the Xiph.org website [47]), while the others were captured by *RAI* (some examples can be seen in image 3.4). It was important to use raw sequences to avoid having compression artifacts in the training datasets. The downside is that the resulting data is very large in terms of memory, since even sequences under a minute of length at 1080p can occupy more than 1 GB of memory. The 24 sequences cited occupy 144 GB of memory in total. The training dataset was obtained starting from this collection of videos by extracting short 4-frames sequences, in order to use the first 3 frames as input and the last one as the label. Since it was not feasible to work with full-frames as it would require too much memory (and would make it impossible to train on batches of inputs), random crops of size $144 \times 144$, were extracted. In total, $6.6 \times 10^4$ sequences were collected.
At first, it was contemplated to extract the crops based on the amount of motion contained in them (selecting thus only sequences with noticeable motion), in order to promote the learning of a motion model. This was discarded as we did not want to create biases in the training, leaving the use of a dataset selected using this criterion for possible future tests.
3.4.2 Training Setup
The network was implemented in *python 2.7* using the platform for machine learning *TensorFlow v1* [48]. It was trained using one *GPU Nvidia TITAN RTX 6000*, which uses 24 GB. The batch size used was 16 images and the network was optimized using ADAM [29]. Learning rates were tested in the ranges between $1 \times 10^{-4}$ and $1 \times 10^{-5}$ and using a scheduler with exponential decay every $4 \times 10^3$ iterations.
Fig. 3.4 Frames from the sequences provided by RAI. On top is a frame from the sequence FountainLady, in the middle there is a frame from LupoBoa and in the last row there is a frame from RainFruits.
Several loss functions were tested: we started from L2 loss, then, since this loss tends to generate blurry estimates we tested L1 and the Hueber loss [49], which are more robust. Also, a variation of the loss function described in the paper [50] was tested (this loss was adapted to work in this case where prediction is computed on a single frame). This loss, called Gradient Difference Loss (GDL) is designed to favor the generation of sharper estimates:
\[
L_{gdl}(I_{t-1}, I_t, \hat{I}_t) = ||I_{t-1} - I_t| - |I_{t-1} - \hat{I}_t||^\alpha
\]
(3.1)
where \(I_t\) is the label, \(\hat{I}_t\) is the estimated predicted frames and \(I_{t-1}\) is the video frame corresponding to the time \(t-1\). This loss was tested for the values of \(\alpha = 1, 2\), which we denominate "Gradient L1" and "Gradient L2".
### 3.4.3 Experiments
During our work on this topic, two different architectures were examined.
#### Frame Prediction and Super-Resolution
The method described in [3] is designed for up-sampling so it has to generate multiple filters for every pixel on the low-resolution input. For example, when an image is up-sampled by a factor of 2 (which means that both height and width are doubled), 4 pixels need to be generated for every pixel of the input.
At the beginning of our work, we kept a similar structure to the one described in [3] and designed a network enacting both frame prediction and super-resolution. This meant that the input frames needed to be down-scaled to a lower resolution while the predicted frames generated by the network were kept at full size (see Fig. 3.5). In our experiments we used a factor for down-scaling the image of 4 (as it was done in [3]).
This approach of working on down-sampled versions of the input was tried because it allowed us to easily capture large motions across the frame. But, after a few experiments, we determined that this method was ineffective as the network after training learned only to act as super-resolution for the previous frame while failing to capture and estimate motion. As can be observed in figure 3.5, given the
Fig. 3.5 Example of output from the first version of the network. The output is low-quality and the network seems to struggle in predicting a future frame at a higher resolution.
down-sampled input, the priority is the generation of a somewhat faithful estimate of the frames at the original resolution, while predicting the temporal evolution becomes secondary. For this reason, we decided to change the architecture of the network.
**Frame prediction without up-sampling**
The previous approach was abandoned in favor of creating a network that just operated as frame prediction without being burdened by also having to learn an effective way to accomplish the task of super-resolution. In this version, the inputs were kept at full resolution, and thus only one filter per pixel had to be generated. This approach focused the structure and we started to see the network generating estimates of a future frame.
After a while, though, we determined that there was a limitation to the capabilities of the network to compensate for motion. This was due to the dimensions of the generated convolutional filter, which determines the greatest vertical and horizontal pixel offsets that the network is capable of compensating. If a filter is too small, it means that it cannot compensate for motions that are bigger than its receptive field, and since we were now working with inputs at full resolution, this was a common occurrence.
Simply generating bigger filters was not feasible, though, because it resulted in a great increase in the memory required by the network. To remedy this problem, we decided to modify the network to make it generate linearly separable filters.
Linearly separable filters are filters that can be obtained as a scalar product of 1-dimensional vectors. In this way the network does not need to generate $n \times n$ coefficients for every pixel anymore, and instead only outputs two vectors of dimension $1 \times n$ per pixel, greatly reducing the memory requirements. Of these two vectors, one can be thought as dictating the horizontal offset, while the other dictates the vertical one. The two filters are multiplied with each other using a scalar product to generate the final 2-D filter.
This method has the downside of limiting the amount of expressiveness of the generated filters, because it cannot generate any possible 2-D filter anymore, and is now restricted to just the ones that can be decomposed in two $1 \times n$ vectors. It is nevertheless necessary because it makes possible to create much larger filters. Using this architecture, we were able to generate filters with dimensions of $17 \times 17$, greatly increasing the compensation capabilities compared to the previous architecture where the filters were of dimensions $5 \times 5$.
Since the new network uses inputs at the same resolutions as the outputs, for memory reasons a new dataset was extracted, where each element has dimensions $64 \times 64$ instead of $144 \times 144$.
The network was tested with several configurations, and the best results for the training were achieved using L1 loss, learning rate $1 \times 10^{-4}$ with exponential decay every $4 \times 10^3$ iterations. Training reached convergence after $1.4 \times 10^5$ iterations.
With this streamlined architecture we started seeing promising results. The network managed to generate predictions of new frames based on previous ones with accuracy in terms of MSE closer to the one achieved using motion-compensation.
Figure 3.6 shows a comparison between the outputs generated by the trained network and a baseline motion-compensation algorithm. This baseline estimate was created using motion vectors extracted using a Matlab [51] function called `vision.BlockMatcher` with blocks of dimensions $4 \times 4$, an exhaustive search for the blocks, and no sub-pixel precision for the motion vectors. As it can be observed, the developed method generated predicted frames which started to approximate the performance of this simple version of motion-compensation, with the biggest problem being a general blurriness of the estimates. This can be explained by, among other things, the problem that given a set of previous frames there is not necessarily a singular possible future frame completely determined by those previous frames. For
Fig. 3.6 Example of the output from the network with 1-D separable filters. The first row shows the input frames, the label and the output generated by the network, while the second row shows the same input and label but the output is generated using a basic motion compensation algorithm.
For this reason, the network generates a blurry estimate to create a sort of "averaging" between the different temporal evolutions.
### 3.5 Performance analysis
To evaluate the quality of the prediction of the network we compared its performance to the ones of the motion-compensated estimates generated H.265/HEVC on some of the *Joint Video Experts Team (JVET)* test sequences selected for this codec [52]. H.265/HEVC was tested in lossless mode with a setting that only uses unidirectional prediction (Low-Delay P) and uses a value for the quantization parameter QP equal to 22. The motion-compensated frame was extracted by modifying the code of H.265/HEVC official implementation HM [53]. The comparison was done by evaluating the PSNR in the Y-Channel in the YUV color space.
As it can be seen in Table 3.1, the method is working correctly but there is still a significant gap in the prediction quality, as the network was not capable of
| Sequence Name | HEVC Lossless Y-Channel [dB] | Network Y-Channel [dB] |
|-----------------|------------------------------|------------------------|
| BQSquare | 33.19 | 28.35 |
| BasketballPass | 32.75 | 27.12 |
| ParkScene | 33.89 | 29.13 |
| RaceHorses | 33.4 | 28.11 |
Table 3.1 Comparison on the average the quality of prediction in terms of PSNR between the inter-prediction algorithm used by H.265/HEVC and the prediction generated by the network.
Fig. 3.7 Comparison in the quality of prediction in terms of PSNR between H.265/HEVC and the network for every frame of the sequence BasketballPass using QP equal to 10. The yellow line represents the motion-compensated frames generated by H.265/HEVC while the blue one represents the predictions from the network.
satisfyingly compensating for larger and more complex forms of motion without generating blurry or artifacted predictions.
There is great variability in the quality of the prediction from frame to frame (Fig. 3.7). As it can be observed in Fig. 3.8, the performance drops especially in frames where there is more fast movement (like frame 250 from the sequence "BasketballPass", portrayed in the left column of the figure).
This can be connected to the fact that compensation capabilities of the network are still limited since even after the use of the separable filters, the maximum span of
Fig. 3.8 Comparison between the predictions generated from H.265/HEVC and the prediction generated by the network for selected frames of the sequence BasketballPass. The left column shows frame 250 while the right one shows frame 270.
movement that was possible to compensate was only 8 pixels vertically and 8 pixels horizontally.
We also tried to create rate-distortion curves for some tests using sequences from the Xiph.org website [47]. In particular the sequences chosen were *mobcal* and *shields*. Since this method was not implemented inside HEVC the rate was evaluated using an indirect methodology: a residual signal was obtained by subtracting the predicted frame from the original one. This residual was then treated as an image and compressed using the image compression standard JPEG [54].
This was seen as a fair method to simulate the effects of the compression algorithm for the prediction residual followed by H.265/HEVC since in both cases the principle employed is basically the same: the compressed file is the block-based quantization of the coefficients obtained after applying a DCT transform. Furthermore, we were interested in the relative change in terms of the rate before and after the employment of the prediction network, and not the absolute values, which makes the differences between the algorithms less impactful.
In order to use JPEG for this purpose, we needed to format the prediction residual between *H.265/HEVC* as an image, with pixel values represented on 8 bits. Since the residual is the difference between the MC-frame and the original one, we first made the values positive by adding a constant offset equal to half of the range (e.g. 128), and then we clipped the values to fit the range \([0, 255]\).
The test was done by compressing the sequences over a range of values for the QP: the values chosen were \(\{10, 15, 20, 25, 30\}\). To simulate more realistically the relationship between rate and distortion that would be obtained using H.265/HEVC, the residuals were compressed using parameters for JPEG which matched the amount of distortion obtained for a certain value of QP. Specifically, we searched for matching values for a parameter of JPEG called quality factor \(q\). The conversion table shown in table 3.2 was derived.
Table 3.2 Compression parameters for the experiments.
| Conversion Table |
|------------------|
| **QP** | 10 | 15 | 20 | 25 | 30 |
| Quality factor q | 95 | 90 | 85 | 80 | 75 |
Using this indirect method, we were able to build rate-distortion curves for some tested sequences. The rate was evaluated by averaging the dimensions of the compressed residuals files, while the distortion was evaluated by measuring the PSNR between the residual after compression and the original ones. The obtained rate-distortion curves can be seen in Fig. 3.9 and 3.10.
As can be observed in the rate-distortion graphs, there was still a significant performance gap compared to the predictions of H.265/HEVC, due to the limitations described above.
### 3.6 Conclusion
At the same time we were working on this concept, a similar method has been published in [55]. This work describes a CNN based on U-Net [56] which takes as input two frames from the reference frame buffer of HEVC, and tries to create an inter-predicted frame. Similarly to our work, it employs a filter generating network, but their algorithm supports both uni- and bi-directional inter-prediction and was fully implemented inside the H.265/HEVC codec. For this reason, we decided to slightly change the aim of our work. How the work evolved will be described in chapter 4.
Fig. 3.10 Rate-distortion curves comparing the performance of the frame prediction network (blue line) and H.265/HEVC (red line) for the shields sequence (upper graph)
Chapter 4
Deep Motion-Compensation Enhancement in Video Compression
4.1 Introduction
At this point, we changed the objective of our work. Again we dealt with inter-prediction, but in this case, instead of completely replacing motion-compensation we envisioned a different approach. In this new design, the network takes as input the motion-compensated frame from the codec and it is tasked with creating an enhanced version of it.
A more accurate predicted frame reduces the entropy of the residual, and thus improves the compression performance, without any additional side information needed. Furthermore, using this architecture, we would be able to compensate for more advanced forms of motion, compared to the block-wise translations modeled by the algorithm used by H.265/HEVC. The enhancement is aided by the use of previously reconstructed frames. In order to maximize the usefulness of past frames, they are first registered to the motion-compensated frame using an optical-flow network and a warping module. We called this method the M (MMCE-Net). The work described in this chapter has been previously published in [57, 58].
The remainder of this chapter is organized as follows: first, we describe the architecture of the MMCE-Net technique, then an explanation on how it was inte4.2 Proposed method
4.2.1 Problem setting
MMCE-Net aims at improving compression performance by focusing on the enhancement of the motion-compensation step. In codecs such as the H.265/HEVC standard, the motion estimation step is achieved by iteratively shifting the block being encoded across a collection of previously reconstructed frames (the reference frames), searching for the best matching location which minimizes a given cost function.
Such motion-compensated frames can exhibit a lot of artifacts [59], especially in areas characterized by a large amount of activity. In particular, motion-compensation introduces blocking artifacts, which are sharp rectangular-shaped discontinuities, derived from the fact that motion-compensation stitches together pieces of different images. These discontinuities create high frequencies in the residual, which leads to reduced coding efficiency. Furthermore, if the artifact is not completely removed after adding the quantized residuals and applying the in-loop deblocking filter, it can propagate to future frames as false edges if the interested region is used as a predictor.
4.2.2 Network Architecture
The proposed method employs a neural network that acts on a set of frames, composed of the motion-compensated version of the frame to be encoded along with a few reference frames, and attempts to produce the best possible estimation of the frame to be encoded by removing such artifacts.
Recent advances in video processing with multiframe deep neural networks [60–62] showed an impressive ability at capturing the temporal dynamics of the sequence. Hence, the rationale of the proposed method is that the network should be able to uncover more complex motion patterns within the input set of frames and
Fig. 4.1 Structure of MMCE-Net: An MC-Frame is concatenated with two previous frames and fed to an enhancing Network. To make the enhancing job easier the frames are first warped using an optical flow network, so they spatially match the MC-Frame.
correct the motion-compensated prediction so that it is more similar to the original frame. A better estimate produces a residual with a smaller amount of entropy and, therefore, improves the compression performance.
**General Structure**
The architecture of our model is illustrated in Fig. 4.1. A convolutional neural network (CNN), which we denominate the enhancement network, is fed with three inputs. The first is the target of the enhancement: the motion-compensated frame (from here on out called $P_t$ or MC-frame). Stacked upon it are two further images: $I_{t-2}$ and $I_{t-3}$. These are two previously encoded frames that are added to provide information useful to reconstruct the artifacted parts of the MC-frame; the intuition is that, by using 3 different captures of the same scene at different moments in time, the network can find a way to merge the information present in all of them and use it to reduce the strength of the artifacts present in the MC-frame.
To this end, $I_{t-2}$, $I_{t-3}$ are first pre-processed: for both an optical flow relative to the MC-frame is extracted and used to warp them. This is obtained by re-sampling the images, using the offsets provided by the optical flow as grid and applying cubic interpolation in the sampling points. This is done in order to obtain a rough registration between the contents of $I_{t-2}$, $I_{t-3}$, and the MC-Frame, and makes the work of the network easier.
Optical Flow Network
The optical-flow was estimated using a neural network called PWC-Net [4]. This network was chosen because it was the state of the art in the field of optical flow networks at the time. Its name stands for Pyramid, Warping and Cost volume network, which are the basic building blocks of this technique.
A diagram of the structure of the network can be seen in Fig. 4.2. First, a CNN extracts a feature-pyramid from both inputs. This feature-pyramid is like an image pyramid but where each layer is not created by simply down-sampling the input image at different scales. Instead, the feature maps for each layer are extracted using convolutional layers.
Then, the same steps are repeated on each layer of the feature pyramid. One of the two frames is warped using optical flow generated by a lower-level layer (opportunely up-sampled to work at a larger scale). The warped output and the other input are then fed to a network that extracts a cost volume [63] between them, which is an estimation of the correlation between the two feature maps. The cost volume, the input frames, and the optical flow are then fed to a CNN that extracts the optical flow for this layer of the pyramid. This optical flow is further enhanced using another CNN-denominated context network.
In our scheme, we employed a pre-trained 6-layer version of PWC-Net, which constrained us to use inputs with sizes bigger than $64 \times 64$ since each layer of the pyramid reduces the spatial resolution by half.
It has to be noticed that we do not use the decoded frame $I_{t-1}$ in this network. This was done because $P_t$ is too similar to $I_t$. In fact, in the first approximation, $P_t$ is already obtained as a motion-compensation of $I_{t-1}$, which makes the use of $I_t$ redundant.
Fig. 4.3 shows an example of a warped frame using the optical flow extracted using PWC-Net. The obtained warped frame is aligned to the target, except in parts where the input is left as is, or areas that are completely black. This happens in the parts of the input image where it is not possible to match the target image.
**Enhancement Network**
As mentioned before, the network needs to employ the information present in the three input frames in order to find a way to enhance the MC-Frame. To achieve this, the three frames were stacked one upon the other across the dimension of the color channels. It is then the work of internal structure of the CNN to merge the information in a suitable way to achieve the final goal.
This tensor is then fed to a Dn-CNN architecture [5] which gives the enhanced frame as output. This network employs residual learning and skip-connections, and its composed of several layers of convolution, batch-norm and ReLU activations. Since it uses residual learning, it does not estimate directly the output frame, but instead it generates a residual to be added to the MC-frame to generate the desired output. As it will be explained later, the whole processing was carried only on the luminance component of all the inputs, ignoring the chrominance component.
### 4.2.3 Dataset
The dataset used to train the network was obtained starting from VIMEO 90K [62]. This dataset is composed of 90,000 videos taken from the streaming website VIMEO, where each of the sequences is made up of seven frames with a resolution of $448 \times 256$. This collection of sequences contains scenes depicting a great variety
Fig. 4.3 Example of the effects of warping an image using an optical flow extracted with PWC-Net.
of subjects and types of movement, while requiring a reduced amount of memory to store it.
For every frame, the color space was changed from RGB to YCbCr following the color primaries described in ITU-R BT.709. The raw video files were created by concatenating together the frames belonging to the same sequence. These raw files were then compressed using x265, a very popular (and optimized) implementation of the H.265/HEVC [64]. All sequences were encoded setting a constant quantization level. This means that the same quantization parameter (QP) is used on every block of every frame, and the adaptation mechanism to keep the rate constant is disabled. Furthermore, the sequences were compressed disabling bi-directional prediction, so all frames were predicted using temporally preceding frames (this is a setting similar to the one described by the Low-Delay P configuration in HM).
At first, one dataset was created using $QP = 22$. Further trainings were executed using a second dataset obtained by using $QP = \{27;32;37\}$, choosing one of these values randomly with equal probability for each. The MC-frames were then obtained from the compressed video files using a software for video analysis called StreamEye [65], while the reconstructed files were obtained using the shell tool ffmpeg. Using this procedure, we were able to obtain all the images needed for the training: one MC-frame $P_t$ and two reconstructed frames ($\hat{I}_{t-2}$ and $\hat{I}_{t-3}$), and one original frame used as label $I_t$.
### 4.3 Training and implementation details
As explained previously, MMCE-Net is composed of two parts, i.e. the optical flow pre-processing and the actual multiframe enhancement part.
The optical flow is extracted using a pre-trained TensorFlow implementation [66] of PWC-Net. The LG-6-2 MULTISTEPS CHAIRSTHINGSMIX model was employed because it is the trained model which achieves the best performance, although it is also the one which requires more memory.
The enhancement network architecture chosen is a 20-layer Dn-CNN with 2D convolutions initialized using Glorot technique [67]. The network was trained using an Adam optimizer [29] and minimizing the loss between the label and the output of
the network. The chosen loss function is L2, and the learning rate was set to $10^{-4}$. The code was implemented using the TensorFlow platform.
The network was trained for $10^6$ iterations using an NVIDIA Tesla V100 SXM2 GPU with CUDA 11.0 installed. The batch size was set to 16 and the training was executed on square crops of the dataset of size $256 \times 256$.
The network was first trained on the dataset created fixing the value $QP = 22$, then it was fine-tuned on the multi-QP dataset. This was done to make the final trained network function well independently from the QP level.
### 4.4 Experiments
#### 4.4.1 Full-Frame Enhancement
Before fully committing to this method and implementing it inside H.265/HEVC, we tested its performance with a set of experiments aimed at determining the reduction of the entropy of the residual before and after the introduction of the enhancement.
A testing set was built from the standard test sequences provided by JVET [52]. The sequences were compressed using H.265/HEVC using the x265 library, configured for uni-directional prediction and constant quantization with $QP = \{22, 27, 32, 37\}$. Then the motion-compensated, reconstructed, and original frames were extracted (in the same way as it was done for the dataset that was extracted from VIMEO 90K), and we applied MMCE-Net on this testing set of images.
Since we could not directly estimate the change in rate that we would have obtained by using this technique inside H.265/HEVC, we tried to assess the entropy of the prediction residual by treating it as an image and compressing it using the image compression standard JPEG [54], similarly to what we did in chapter 3. The level of quantization was set using the ffmpeg parameter $qscale$ with values $\{4, 7, 10, 20\}$. These parameters were chosen to roughly approximate the levels of distortion obtained by using the QP values of $\{22, 27, 32, 37\}$.
The general gain in terms of rate-distortion was evaluated by employing the BD-rate metric [6]. Table 4.3 displays the obtained results, while Fig. 4.4 show some of the corresponding rate-distortion curves.
Table 4.1 Performance of MMCE-Net full-frame enhancement on JVET test sequences, estimated using JPEG compression:
| Sequence Name | BD Rate [%] |
|-----------------|-------------|
| BasketballDrive | -5.83 |
| ParkScene | -4.14 |
| Kimono1 | -4.12 |
| Cactus | -4.89 |
| BQTerrace | -6.19 |
Fig. 4.4 Rate-Distortion curves for full-frame enhancement for the four JVET test sequences, estimated using JPEG compression. The first row contains the curves for sequences Kimono and BasketBallDrive, while the lower row contains the curves for sequences ParkScene and BQTerrace.
We observed that MMCE-Net provided a gain in terms of BD-Rate up to 6.19%. The enhanced MC-Frames brought both a reduction in rate-distortion on all the sequences examined at every level of quantization tested. It seems that most of the improvement is seen at lower levels of quantization, while it shrinks for $QP = \{32, 37\}$. This is further displayed in figure 4.5: there is a reduction of the rate on every frame, but the amount of gain is smaller at higher levels of quantization.
Fig. 4.5 Graph representing the rate frame-by-frame for the sequence ParkScene. The solid lines represent the rates obtained using MMCE-Net while the dotted lines correspond to the curves obtained using the H.265/HEVC. The two upper lines were obtained using a $QP=22$, while the lower ones use $QP=27$.
In this configuration we also executed an ablation test: we examined the performance obtained by applying the Dn-Cnn on the MC-frame alone, without using the previous frames. The results, shown in table 4.2, confirm the impact of the multi-frame approach.
Figure 4.6 shows some examples of the kind of enhancement the network provides and how the residual changes before and after the enhancement process. Thanks to MMCE-Net the impact of the artifacts generated by the motion-compensation algorithm used by H.265/HEVC MC-frames is reduced.
Table 4.2 This table displays the results of the ablation test in which the warped frames are not used and the enhancement is done using only the MC-frame
| Sequence Name | BD Rate [%] |
|-----------------|-------------|
| BasketballDrive | -2.96 |
| ParkScene | -0.54 |
| Kimono1 | -2.15 |
| Cactus | -1.39 |
| BQTerrace | -1.44 |
Fig. 4.6 Examples of outputs from the network. Starting from the left: the target frame, the output of H.265/HEVC motion-compensation, the output of MMCE-Net, the residual generated from H.265/HEVC motion-compensation and the residual generated by the use of MMCE-Net.
4.4.2 Integration inside the H.265/HEVC reference model
As mentioned in the introduction, the network was implemented as an optional enhancement for the motion-compensated frame generated by H.265/HEVC (see Fig 4.7).
The network was integrated inside HM (version 16.22) [53]. After examining the inner working of H.265/HEVC, we had to abandon the idea of applying MMCE-Net to the full motion-compensated frame. This is because in H.265/HEVC, the residual is computed and encoded for each coding unit, and the processing of the following coding units is dependent on the previous ones. For this reason, it is not possible to obtain the full motion-compensated frame without also having already encoded the residual. To allow the integration of MMCE-Net inside H.265/HEVC, we had to apply it on the coding units separately, rather than on full frames, as we did on the previous set of tests. This was not a problem in terms of implementation, but it reduced the gains achieved by the network in the previous tests. This is because the network cannot correct artifacts occurring at the borders between frames coding units and it can only correct the distortions which are due to the effect of motion-compensation inside each coding unit.
After a few experiments, we observed that most of the improvement was experienced by using CU with dimensions $64 \times 64$, which is the largest possible size allowed by the codec. Using it on CUs of other sizes produced minor gains on most sequences.
For efficiency reasons, the scheme was only applied on the Y channel during processing, because when we tried to use it on the Cb and Cr channels (the chrominance values) it gave only minor performance improvements.
MMCE-Net was integrated into HM as an additional option for the compression algorithm. In this way, it is used only when it brings an improvement in terms of rate-distortion. In particular, the criteria chosen to determine whether the network is selected or not was the evaluation of how the residual changes before the after the enhancement of the MC-Frame; a smaller variance of the residual leads to a bit-rate reduction, for the same quality of the decoded frame. For simplicity, the variance has been approximated using the SAD metric. If the distortion does not decrease, the enhancement scheme is not chosen, and the original motion-compensation is kept.
Since MMCE-Net was implemented as an additional mode, it is necessary to send information to the decoder to communicate whether it was used or not on a certain block. A binary flag was inserted for the purpose of signaling the employment of MMCE-Net. The flags are encoded using CABAC [15], with a single context to estimate the probability distribution.
The context is initialized by setting uniform probability for the two states of the flag. The maximum level of depth of the quad-tree where the enhancement is applied is also signaled with two bits in fixed-length coding in the Sequence Parameter Set (SPS, [1]) of the encoded video. In this way it is possible to extend the use of the technique also on smaller coding units, although in our case it was applied only on CUs of size $64 \times 64$.
MMCE-Net was implemented as a python code employing the TensorFlow library [48], while the reference implementation for H.265/HEVC was written in c++, so there was not a direct way to integrate the codes in a single piece of software. For this reason, the two pieces of software were kept separate, and they were made to communicate using the UDP protocol [68].
The communication procedure that was designed is the following: MMCE-Net is launched first and waits for incoming signals on a predetermined port. Then HM
is launched, and it processes the first three frames as usual. When it comes to the fourth frame onwards the processing stops whenever a CU of dimensions 64x64 is encountered, as the processed CU in question has to be sent to MMCE-Net to undergo the enhancement procedure. The Y-channel of this CU is converted to a string of characters that are transmitted on the designed port where MMCE-Net is listening. The same is done with the co-located sections extracted from frames $I_{t-2}$ and $I_{t-3}$. The 3 frames are received, reformatted into images, and processed by MMCE-Net which gives as output the enhanced CU. The enhanced CU is then transmitted back to HM, where execution resumes. At this point HM compares the quality of the enhanced CU against the original one and decides which one to choose, setting the associated flag accordingly.
### 4.5 Performance analysis
#### 4.5.1 Comparison against H.265/HEVC baseline
The performance of the network was tested on the test sequences provided by JVET [52]. As explained before, our network was designed to enhance only in the uniprediction scenario, so our tests were done on the HM Low-Delay P configuration (for details see [52]), which uses only uni-prediction for all the frames.
Table 4.3 compares MMCE-Net integrated in the standard with the baseline HM (version 16.22) using the Bjøntegaard metric [6].
Depending on the sequence, the amount of gain in performance given by the employment of the MMCE-Net architecture changes significantly. The classes B and E seem the ones in which more advantages are seen. The greatest peaks are seen for sequences BQTerrace with a BD-Rate of -7.49% and Johnny, where we see a drop of -6.08%. In the other classes of sequences the gains are less significant, but we nevertheless see that MMCE-Net manages to beat the performance of vanilla H.265/HEVC, even for problematic sequences like PeopleOnStreet and BasketballPass.
Most of the reduction in the bit-rate is observed with values for the QP which are lower: (QP Levels = 22, 27), while the effects are less strong with higher values. On the B-class, the network reaches an average reduction of 4% when the QP = 22.
Table 4.3 BD-rate between MMCE-Net and HM-16.2 in the Low-Delay P configuration.
| Class | Sequence | fps | BD-Rate (%) |
|----------------|---------------------|-----|-------------|
| A - 2560 × 1600| PeopleOnStreet | 30 | -0.37 |
| | Traffic | | -1.75 |
| B - 1920 × 1080| BQTerrace | 60 | -7.49 |
| | BasketballDrive | 50 | -1.47 |
| | Cactus | | -1.22 |
| | Kimono | | -2.75 |
| | ParkScene | 24 | -0.67 |
| C - 832 × 480 | BQMall | 60 | -1.28 |
| | BasketballDrill | 50 | -0.44 |
| | PartyScene | | -0.71 |
| | RaceHorsesC | 30 | -0.60 |
| D - 416 × 240 | BQSquare | 60 | -1.08 |
| | BasketballPass | 50 | -0.12 |
| | BlowingBubbles | | -0.38 |
| | RaceHorses | 30 | -0.12 |
| E - 1280 × 720 | FourPeople | | -1.04 |
| | Johnny | 60 | -6.08 |
| | KristenAndSara | | -2.77 |
| Total Average | | | -1.69 |
For QP = 37 goes to an average value of -2%. For class E the phenomenon is more extreme: at QP=22 the BD-rate reaches negative 7%, which shrinks to less than 1% for QP = 37.
Fig. 4.8 shows some examples of the kind of outputs generated by MMCE-Net. It seems that most of the gain corresponds to regions affected by block artifacts connected to the process of motion-compensation. The network focuses on such areas and tries to mitigate the effects of the artifacts on the entropy of the residual by either blurring or by estimating more plausible values for the pixels given the context of the frame.
Most of the gain is seen in high-resolution sequences, while the improvements are thinner in the smaller resolutions, especially when the sequence contains large amounts of movement. We conjecture that this is motivated by the fact that at low-resolutions CUs of size $64 \times 64$ are rare, especially in the regions with a lot of movement, which require partition in smaller blocks. In high-resolution videos CU with the required dimensions are much more common. Also one must consider that when a sequence of frames has fast movement in it, the frames tend to be less
correlated between each other (due to a larger amount of change between frames), and are thus less helpful for the enhancement procedure.
4.5.2 Ablation Tests
To assess the contributions of the various components of MMCE-Net, several ablation tests were performed. For these tests, variations in the architecture were obtained by removing the various constituent parts.
Four alternatives were constructed: a version in which the whole multiframe structure is discarded and the Dn-CNN is applied directly to the MC-frame using the original frame as a label, denominated “Single Frame”. A version in which the other two past frames are employed but the registration is not carried out (so the de-artifacting network is applied to the stacking of the MC-frame plus $\hat{I}_{t-2}$ and $\hat{I}_{t-3}$ without any warping applied); this network was denominated “Multiframe No Warping”. Another version in which the whole network (optical flow and warping included) is used, but with one previous frame instead of two. It was called “Single Warped Frame”. A final version is denoted as “Enhancement Always On”, which applies the enhancement to all blocks without using any rate-distortion optimization.
All the networks were trained until convergence using the same procedure followed for the original network.
Table 4.4 BD-Rates (%) for the various ablation tests.
| Class | Sequence | MMCE-Net | Single Frame | Single Warped Frame | Multiframe No Warping | Enhancement Always On |
|-----------|----------------|----------|--------------|---------------------|-----------------------|-----------------------|
| B - 1920 × 1080 | ParkScene | $-0.67$ | 0.00 | $-0.04$ | $-0.07$ | $-0.36$ |
| | Kimono | $-2.75$ | $-2.00$ | $-1.41$ | $-1.65$ | $-2.19$ |
| C - 832 × 480 | BQMall | $-1.28$ | $-0.16$ | $-1.13$ | $-0.27$ | $-1.22$ |
| | PartyScene | $-0.71$ | $-0.43$ | $-0.74$ | $-0.77$ | $-0.61$ |
| D - 416 × 240 | BQSquare | $-1.08$ | $-0.28$ | $-1.30$ | $-1.40$ | $-1.04$ |
| | BlowingBubbles | $-0.38$ | $-0.10$ | $-0.37$ | $-0.69$ | $-0.34$ |
| E - 1280 × 720 | Johnny | $-6.08$ | $-1.57$ | $-2.73$ | $-3.02$ | $-5.60$ |
Table 4.4 displays the performance of the ablations.
**Single frame enhancement**
First, we wanted to test the advantages of using a multiframe structure for enhancement. This is done by using only the Dn-CNN part of the architecture and applying it directly to the motion-compensated frame, in a mode we denominated “Single Frame”.
As expected, the performance of this version of the network is severely lacking compared to the MMCE-Net since the previous frames provide additional information which is quite useful for the reconstruction of parts of MC-frames affected by artifacts. As it can be observed in Table 4.4, the “Single Frame” category has results which are significantly surpassed by every other version of the network.
**Removal of one previous frame**
The second aspect we wanted to test was the impact of the number of previous frames inside the structure of MMCE-Net. In this ablation, we trained the network to work with only the $\hat{I}_{t-2}$ warped reference frame. This version of the network was denominated “Single Warped Frame”. In this case, the results more closely resemble the ones of the proposed network as can be seen in Table 4.4, but the addition of the further previous frame gives a small edge in terms of performance.
Removal of frame registration
We then tested the impact of the registration mechanism using optical flow and the warping module. This was achieved by building a version of the network (denoted as “Multiframe No Warping”) in which the previous frames were fed to the enhancement network as they are, stacking them to the MC-frame without applying any warping.
On the tested sequences, it can be observed that for classes B and E (which correspond to the resolutions of $1080 \times 1920$ and $720 \times 1280$ respectively) the absence of the registration creates a large drop in the compression performance. Instead, in classes C and D, where the enhancement network tends to be less effective anyway, the removal of the warping pre-processing seems to reduce the BD-rate by a smaller amount. This can be explained by the fact that at small resolutions (since class C and class D contain $832 \times 480$ and $416 \times 240$ sequences respectively) the size of the CUs have dimensions which are similar to the size of objects in movement. This is problematic because it means that the MC-frame can be radically different compared to the previous frames used for the enhancement. The registration step, when employed in cases such as this, generates warped frames which are very unnatural and distorted, which are not helpful for the enhancement. These issues could possibly be made less impactful by training different networks for the different resolutions.
MC-frame enhancement used on every coding unit
A further configuration examines how the enhanced predicted frame is used inside the H.265/HEVC standard. In this ablation, denoted as “Enhancement Always On”, we tested the possibility of applying the enhancement to all blocks, doing away with the mechanism for determining the amount of distortion before and after it. This means that the signaling procedure can be skipped, because it is not necessary to send the side information connected to the flags. The down-side is that in this configuration MMCE-Net is used also on-blocks where MMCE-Net does not provide an improvement.
As can be observed in Table 4.4, after this modification the performance did not massively drop, especially for the C and D classes of videos. The greatest difference is for the sequence Kimono (where there is an increase of 0.55% in BD-Rate). This can be explained by the fact that the enhancement network is selected almost always
Fig. 4.9 Frame-by-frame comparison of the dimensions of the encoded stream before and after the enhancement for the sequences Kimono and BQMall using the ablation network “Enhancement Always On”. The encoding was done using quantization level QP=22.
and thus the implementation of the network as an optional mode gives only a small benefit.
| Class | Sequence | MMCE-Net Success Rate (%) |
|-------------|-----------------|---------------------------|
| B - 1920 × 1080 | ParkScene | 83.26 |
| | Kimono | 77.39 |
| C - 832 × 480 | BQMall | 85.74 |
| | PartyScene | 84.18 |
| D - 416 × 240 | BQSquare | 66.62 |
| | BlowingBubbles | 89.53 |
| E - 1280 × 720 | Johnny | 73.33 |
| Total Average | | 80.01 |
Table 4.5 Percentage of 64 × 64 CU enhanced by MMCE-Net using the “Enhancement Always On” configuration. The count was carried out on the first 50 frames of each sequence using quantization level QP=22.
Figure 4.9 shows a few examples where we can observe that the proposed technique usually introduces an overall improvement on the frames of the sequence where it is applied and very rarely yields a worse estimate compared to the original motion-compensated frame. This is confirmed at the coding unit level in Table 4.5 where it can be observed that MMCE-Net produces a gain in terms of accuracy of the CUs 80% of the times. Furthermore, Fig. 4.10 shows a scatter plot of the quality of the original MC-frame (horizontal) versus the enhanced predicted frame (vertical) in
terms of the PSNR between the predicted and the original frame. The results suggest that even in cases where MMCE-Net reduces the accuracy of a motion-compensated CU (represented in the figure by the points below the diagonal), the losses are very small.
**Conclusions and Future Work**
In this paper, we introduced a deep neural network methodology to improve the compression performance of the H.265/HEVC video coding standard, by improving the accuracy of the motion-compensation step of the algorithm. While it was tested for H.265/HEVC, the proposed technique does not depend on this particular standard,
and conceptually could be integrated in other codecs (for example H.264/AVC and H.266/VVC).
MMCE-Net improves the performances of the standard in a significant manner on all the test sequences provided by JVET, with peaks of performance for the B and E classes. Future work will concern the extension of this technique for bi-directional prediction and enabling testing on other configurations besides Low-Delay P, especially at high quality levels. Other avenues for extending the technique are the investigation of different methods for the fusion of the frames (such as in [60]) or introducing memory elements like in [69] and [70].
Chapter 5
Synthetic Aperture Radar Raw Data Compression
5.1 Introduction
In the following two chapters we examine the works we have done in the field of compression for remote sensing applications. In particular, in this chapter we describe our work on Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) raw data compression, in connection with the H2020 project EO-ALERT [7]. The work was previously published in [71].
5.1.1 EO-ALERT
The EO-ALERT project has introduced a next-generation data processing chain designed for the purpose of Earth Observation (EO) using satellites. An overview on the project can be found in [72].
In the usual scenario, the orbiting satellite collects the data from its sensors on-board and transmits them to the ground segment with limited processing, which is mainly taken care of on ground. There is great latency on EO applications between the moment in which the data is captured and when the final product on ground is obtained. Even in the most modern applications, this can reach values in the 15-30 minutes range. The reason for this large delay is the limited throughput in the
channel between the satellites and ground segments, in conjunction with the large amount of raw data that needs to be transmitted before it can be used to form the final products on-ground. The latency is especially problematic for tasks which require real time observations.
The goal of EO-ALERT is to develop a new architecture for data processing to reduce the latency below the 5 minutes threshold, with most communications having around 1 minute of latency. This is achieved by moving the generation of processed products on-board the satellite by taking advantage of the increased capabilities of currently available hardware. The generated products contain much less redundancy and thus reduce the latency needed to transmit them to Earth. In particular one objective is to generate alerts for time-sensitive tasks such as ship detection and extreme weather monitoring (hence the name EO-ALERT).
### 5.1.2 SAR raw data compression
EO-ALERT was designed to capture and process both optical and SAR data. Even though the stated purpose of the architecture is to process data on-board the satellite, it is nevertheless necessary to send the raw data acquired by the sensors to the ground segment, so that they can be stored and analyzed with greater precision on Earth at a later moment. Due to hardware constraints on-board, low-complexity compression algorithms are required for this task. Concerning the design of the optical data compression algorithm the CCSDS 123.0-B-2 standard in [9] is a natural choice. The standard has been designed for lossless and near-lossless compression of multispectral images in the remote sensing setting and already satisfies the constraints of the on-board architecture.
Compared to optical data, compression of SAR raw data is much more challenging. SAR is a form of active data collection, which means that the data is captured by emitting high-frequency signals and by analyzing the echoes generated by the environment in response to the stimulus. The echoes are detected, and the quadrature and in-phase components of the signal are sampled and stored as complex numbers. As it can be observed in Fig. 5.1, these samples are very uncorrelated, and compressing them using a low-complexity algorithm is challenging. Please note that the underlying scene is not directly visible from SAR raw data. To visualize the data
Fig. 5.1 Example of the real part of a raw SAR data capture. The samples have low correlation and are usually modeled as a Gaussian random process with slowly varying variance.
in a way that the eye can interpret, SAR raw data have to undergo a process called "focusing" [73].
Historically, the most commonly used method to tackle the task of SAR raw data compression is Block Adaptive Quantization (BAQ) [10]. BAQ models the captured data as a random process $s \in \mathbb{C}^{H \times W}$ where the complex samples have independent real and imaginary parts that are distributed according to a zero-mean Gaussian distribution with a slowly-varying variance.
$$\Re\{s_{i,j}\}, \Im\{s_{i,j}\} \sim \mathcal{N}(0, \sigma_{i,j}), \forall i, j \in (H \times W)$$
Using this model, compression is simply achieved by partitioning the data in blocks where the process can be modeled as stationary i.e. $\sigma = const.$. Then the local variance of the block is estimated and used to set the threshold levels for a Max-Lloyd non-uniform quantizer (designed to minimize the MSE for signals with gaussian distribution). The resulting quantization indeces plus the variances for the blocks compose the final compressed file.
Through the years several evolutions of this technique were proposed, like Block Adaptive Vector Quantization [74] which introduces vector quantization, and Entropy Constrained Block Adaptive Quantization [75] which introduces a low complexity entropy coder in the architecture. Other methods employ transforms to
take advantage of the correlations between values and map the signal to a domain where compression is easier. For example, [76] employs the wavelet transform, while [77] compares the effects of using the Fourier, discrete cosine and the Hadamard transforms. All these evolutions bring improvements in terms of rate-distortion but have the downside of increasing the complexity.
In this chapter, we investigate the viability of using the CCSDS 123.0-B-2 standard for the purpose of SAR raw data compression.
5.1.3 Motivations for the use of CCSDS on SAR raw data
Even though CCSDS 123.0-B-2 was designed for the compression of optical images, its utilization on SAR raw data is justified. In essence, CCSDS 123.0-B-2 can be characterized as a Differential Pulse Code Modulation scheme (DPCM) with a quantizer in the loop. The algorithm generates a prediction of the value of a pixel for a certain spectral channel based on spatially neighboring pixels in the same spectral channel and in adjacent spectral channels. The compressed sample is then generated by applying quantization and entropy coding on a residual $\delta_{i,j}$ between the input and the prediction.
$$\delta_{i,j} = s_{i,j} - \hat{s}_{i,j}$$ \hspace{1cm} (5.2)
The effectiveness of using a DPCM-based algorithm was shown in the paper [8], in which a technique of this kind is shown to improve the performance in terms of rate-distortion by taking advantage of the correlation between samples without massively increasing complexity. For this reason, we deemed CCSDS 123.0-B-2 a reasonable candidate for this task.
Since this algorithm is already employed for the purpose of optical image compression, re-using it also for SAR raw data would avoid adding further complexity on the processing chain on-board the satellite.
5.2 Proposed method and experimental results
CCSDS 123.0-B-2 was applied to the SAR raw data by separating the real and imaginary parts and processing them as two separate images. CCSDS 123.0-B-2 works with positive values so an offset equal to half of the dynamic range of the input data is added to the input to make the samples positive. Two settings were examined: compression of the SAR raw data after normalization, and compression without pre-processing.
5.2.1 Dataset
The experiments were conducted using 3 raw data acquired by the SIR-C/X-SAR mission [78], denoted as *Innsbruck* (2001 × 2136 complex samples), *Jesolo* (2001 × 2469) and *Matera* (2001 × 4000). Since these images were received from a real satellite, they were already compressed, using 6 bits for the quantization of the image *Innsbruck* and 4 bits for the images *Jesolo* and *Matera*.
5.2.2 Experimental setup
In all tests CCSDS 123.0-B-2 was set up using the parameters listed in table 5.1: The fields of the table refer to parameters that were not described in the background chapter. The explanation of these parameters can be found in [20]. All the results were compared to the BAQ algorithm using a partition in blocks of size $32 \times 32$ on which the random process is assumed stationary. The comparison was made in terms of distortion, by fixing the compression rate to the same value for both systems. Since the dataset is constituted by images already compressed with bit-rates up to 4 bpp, we tested only lower bit rates, i.e., 2 bpp and 3 bpp.
For the BAQ algorithm fixing the bit rate is simply a matter of changing the number of bits used for the quantization. On the other hand, to match these bit-rates for the files compressed using CCSDS 123.0-B-2 we had to make multiple attempts by tuning the value called maximum absolute error (MAE). This parameter sets an upper bound on the distortion on the reconstructed files for each sample.
The distortion was evaluated by measuring the SNR between the original SAR data, and the one after decompression. The formula used to estimate the SNR is:
\[ SNR[dB] = 10 \log_{10} \left( \frac{\sum_{i=0}^{H} \sum_{j=0}^{W} s_{i,j}^2}{\sum_{i=0}^{H} \sum_{j=0}^{W} r_{i,j}^2} \right) \tag{5.3} \]
where \( r \) is the difference between the original SAR samples and the reconstructed ones.
### 5.2.3 Normalized SAR raw data
In a first experiment, SAR raw data were normalized in the same way as in the BAQ baseline, using a block size of \( 32 \times 32 \).
The standard deviation was estimated on the different blocks and the blocks were normalized to have a standard deviation equal to 1. The data was then uniformly quantized at either 16 bpp or 8 bpp, using as maximum and minimum values the range \(\{-4\sigma, 4\sigma\}\). This was done to have the normalized SAR raw data in the same integer format as optical data, so that the same compression algorithm can be used without modifications on both kinds of data. The value 16 bpp was chosen because
Table 5.1 Compression parameters for the experiments.
| Parameter | Value |
|------------------------------------------------|------------------------------|
| Number of bands for prediction | \( P = 3 \) |
| Register size (in bits)* | \( R = 64 \) |
| Weight resolution* | \( \omega = 19 \) |
| Weight update scaling exponent change interval*| \( t_{inc} = 64 \) |
| Initial weight update scaling exponent parameters* | \( v_{min} = -1 \) |
| Final weight update scaling exponent parameters* | \( v_{max} = 3 \) |
| Prediction mode | Full Wide/Neighbor Oriented |
| Sample representative parameters | All set to 0 |
| Error limit | Absolute and Non-band dependent |
| Encoder | Sample adaptive |
| Unary length limit | \( U_{max} = 18 \) |
| Initial count exponent* | \( \gamma_0 = 1 \) |
| Accumulator initialization constant* | \( K = 3 \) |
| Rescaling counter size* | \( \gamma^* = 6 \) |
it is the maximum dynamic range used for optical images. The value 8 bpp was used as a reasonable trade-off between resolution and complexity.
The results of these tests (listed in Tables 5.2, 5.3), show that both at 2 and 3 bpp the files compressed using CCSDS 123.0-B-2 are reconstructed with levels of distortion in terms of SNR which are slightly higher than the ones achieved using BAQ. These performance seem to not be affected by the number of bits used to represent the input as there is only slight variation when we change between 16 and 8 bits.
| Image | Input Dyn. Range | SNR BAQ [dB] | SNR CCSDS [dB] | MAE |
|---------|------------------|--------------|----------------|-----------|
| | | Real Imag. | Real Imag. | |
| Innsbruck | 16 [bpp] | 9.85 9.80 | 8.99 9.13 | $5.1 \times 10^3$ |
| | 8 [bpp] | | 8.74 8.89 | $2.0 \times 10^1$ |
| Jesolo | 16 [bpp] | 8.88 8.50 | 8.56 8.41 | $5.9 \times 10^3$ |
| | 8 [bpp] | | 8.77 8.61 | $2.2 \times 10^1$ |
| Matera | 16 [bpp] | 9.88 9.85 | 8.01 9.70 | $5.8 \times 10^3$ |
| | 8 [bpp] | | 8.07 9.77 | $2.2 \times 10^1$ |
Table 5.2 Comparison in terms of SNR between BAQ and CCSDS 123.0-B-2 with normalized input at bitrate 2 bpp
| Image | Input Dyn. Range | SNR BAQ [dB] | SNR CCSDS [dB] | MAE |
|---------|------------------|--------------|----------------|-----------|
| | | Real Imag. | Real Imag. | |
| Innsbruck | 16 [bpp] | 15.40 15.30 | 15.53 15.68 | $2.4 \times 10^3$ |
| | 8 [bpp] | | 15.42 15.56 | $9.0 \times 10^1$ |
| Jesolo | 16 [bpp] | 13.03 12.75 | 15.03 14.88 | $2.8 \times 10^3$ |
| | 8 [bpp] | | 15.39 15.23 | $1.0 \times 10^1$ |
| Matera | 16 [bpp] | 14.52 14.48 | 14.88 16.22 | $2.8 \times 10^3$ |
| | 8 [bpp] | | 14.70 16.60 | $1.0 \times 10^1$ |
Table 5.3 Comparison in terms of SNR between BAQ and CCSDS 123.0-B-2 with normalized input at bitrate 3 bpp
### 5.2.4 SAR raw data with no pre-processing
In a second experiment, SAR raw data were fed to the CCSDS 123.0-B-2 algorithm with no pre-processing. The rationale of this second experiment is that the block-wise
normalization is actually not needed, since CCSDS 123.0-B-2 can adapt to changes in the distribution of the inputs thanks to its prediction mechanism, which estimates the sample based on local observations. Skipping the pre-processing step is also advantageous as it further reduces the complexity of the architecture.
For this set of experiments, it was not possible to match the exact bit-rates of BAQ as in the previous experiments. This is because the input data is already represented on a small number of bits for every sample (6 bits for Innsbruck, 4 bits for Jesolo and Matera), and small changes of MAE produce large changes in the bit rate, with the bit rate rapidly dropping to 1 bpp for every small values of MAE.
As it can be observed in tables 5.4 and 5.5, this approach outperforms BAQ with gains up to 2 dB in SNR when we compress at a bit-rate of 2 bpp and achieving lossless compression at 3 bpp for the sequences Jesolo and Matera. For the sequence Jesolo there is a drop of 1 dB at bit-rate 2 bpp, which can be justified by the fact that the bit-rate was approximated very coarsely in this case.
| Image | SNR BAQ [dB] | SNR CCSDS [dB] | MAE | Bit-rate CCSDS [bpp] |
|---------|--------------|----------------|-----|----------------------|
| | Real Imag. | Real Imag. | | Real Imag. |
| Innsbruck | 9.85 9.80 | 11.49 11.31 | 4 | 2.06 2.08 |
| Jesolo | 8.88 8.50 | 7.55 7.36 | 1 | 1.73 1.72 |
| Matera | 9.88 9.85 | 10.45 10.50 | 1 | 1.8 1.8 |
Table 5.4 Comparison in terms of SNR between BAQ and CCSDS 123.0-B-2 without input normalization at bitrate 2 bpp
| Image | SNR BAQ [dB] | SNR CCSDS [dB] | MAE | Bit-rate CCSDS [bpp] |
|---------|--------------|----------------|-----|----------------------|
| | Real Imag. | Real Imag. | | Real Imag. |
| Innsbruck | 15.40 15.30 | 16.47 16.29 | 2 | 2.76 2.74 |
| Jesolo | 13.03 12.75 | Inf. Inf. | 0 | 3.15 3.14 |
| Matera | 14.52 14.48 | Inf. Inf. | 0 | 2.90 2.91 |
Table 5.5 Comparison in terms of SNR between BAQ and CCSDS 123.0-B-2 without input normalization at bitrate 3 bpp
5.3 Conclusion
This chapter illustrated the advantages of using the CCSDS 123.0-B-2 standard for the purpose of SAR raw data compression on-board the satellite. The main advantage of this design choice is the possibility to streamline the computing architecture by utilizing the same algorithm to compress both optical and SAR data. Furthermore, when employed without input normalization the CCSDS 123.0-B-2 compression algorithm achieves better performance than BAQ, which is the de-facto standard for SAR raw data compression.
Due to these properties, the proposed technique was implemented in the architecture of the H2020 project EO-ALERT as the reference SAR raw data compression algorithm.
Chapter 6
On-board data reduction for multi-spectral and hyper-spectral images via cloud screening
6.1 Introduction
This chapter describes the work done on the topic of cloud screening for multi-spectral and hyper-spectral applications in a remote sensing setting, for the purpose of data reduction.
As already highlighted in chapter 5, communication in the remote sensing setting is a challenging problem. The low throughput between satellites and ground stations makes the use of compression of the transmitted data necessary, but with the caveat that the compression algorithm cannot be excessively complex, due to the low capabilities of the currently available hardware on-board satellites.
Through the years several low-complexity compression algorithms were developed precisely to tackle this problem [79], but it nevertheless remains necessary to reduce the amount of data generated on-board the satellite by limiting the frequency of acquisition to whatever level the transmission channel and the data processing architecture of the satellite allows.
This situation is further complicated by the fact that a portion of the transmitted data is not usable for analysis on the ground because of clouds, which may cover
large portions of an examined region. To avoid wasting time and processing resources by transmitting useless data it can be advantageous to devise a methodology to detect clouds on-board the satellite and skip the transmission of regions obscured by them.
An approach of this kind was already proposed in [80]. In this work, the pixels obscured by clouds are detected by analyzing their multi-spectral content, and whenever the number of pixels affected inside a line of the image exceeds a threshold the whole line is not transmitted. The blocks of consecutive lines skipped are then signaled to the receiver. This approach is computationally cheap and makes the communication of which parts of the image are not transmitted very simple. The downside is that a portion of valid pixels (e.g. pixels not covered by clouds) are discarded together with the non-valid ones.
For this reason, it can be useful to design a more advanced approach that is capable to preserve all the valid pixels without increasing complexity. This chapter describes our efforts to accomplish this purpose. This work was published in [81].
6.2 Proposed methods
This work takes as starting point the already cited CCSDS 123.0-B-2 standard for lossless and near-lossless compression for multi-spectral and hyper-spectral images [9]. All of the proposed techniques were implemented using this algorithm as the backbone.
The main idea was to develop techniques that allowed to skip only the pixels actually obscured by clouds, following exactly a cloud map obtained using a cloud screening technique. We also wanted to remain compliant with the CCSDS 123.0-B-2 standard, so any receiver which employs it can still correctly decode the data.
The proposed solution was to set the non-valid (e.g. cloudy) pixels to a dummy value while also sending the complete cloud mask to the receiver. The dummy values have to be chosen carefully in order to make the bit-rate necessary to encode the cloudy regions negligible. Also, the cloud masks have to be sent to the receiver to allow for the correct identification of the real values compared to the dummy ones. To accomplish this end several methods to generate the dummy values and transmit the cloud mask were examined.
6.2.1 Transmission of the Cloud Mask
Two methods for the transmission of the cloud mask were devised.
Table Insertion
This first solution takes advantage of the fact that CCSDS-123.0-B-2 gives the possibility to send, in the header of the transmitted file, up to 15 user-defined tables for side-information. The content of the cloud mask is encoded using a 1 bpp representation (valid pixels are signaled by a 1 while non-valid pixels are signaled with a 0) in a supplementary table.
This solution is simple to implement and is compliant with the standard. It has the downside of sending the cloud mask not compressed, without taking advantage of the correlation between samples present inside of it.
Band Insertion
The second approach tested was to concatenate the cloud mask as an additional color channel for the image. In this way, the compression algorithm treats the values like other regular pixels and can compress them. The color map needs to be encoded losslessly and its values are not helpful for the prediction of the rest of the pixels of the image. For this reason, it needs to be encoded separately from the rest of the image. This approach will be referred to as Band Insertion.
6.2.2 Pixel replacement
The pixels covered by clouds needed to be replaced by dummy values. The criteria for the choice of the values was the minimization of the dimension of the final compressed file. To reach this objective two methods were devised.
Pixel replenishment
The first approach attempted was to minimize the residual between the prediction and the dummy by choosing values that are easily predictable by the algorithm. For
this reason, the pixels in cloudy regions were replaced by averages of local pixels. In particular, approximating the prediction methodology of CCSDS 123.0-B-2, to generate a dummy value for a pixel in position \((x, y, z)\) of the multi-spectral image we employ the neighboring pixels on the upper-left corner plus a pixel from the preceding color channel but at same location \((x, y)\).
\[
I(x, y, z) = \frac{1}{4} \times [I(x - 1, y - 1, z) + I(x - 1, y, z) + I(x, y - 1, z) + I(x, y, z - 1)]
\] (6.1)
These dummy pixels are generated sequentially across the image using the same scanning order as the one which CCSDS 123.0-B-2 follows. For this reason, inside the cloudy region the generated values become averages of previously generated dummy pixels.
**Zero Residual**
In this second method, denominated *zero residual*, the generation of real dummy values in the cloudy region of the image is avoided. What is to act inside the compression algorithm and force the residual to zero whenever a cloudy pixel is being compressed. This is equivalent to using the prediction generated by CCSDS 123.0-B-2 as a dummy value, but this version does not require to pre-process the input image.
### 6.3 Experimental results
#### 6.3.1 Dataset
The various designs were tested on the Landsat 8 ETM+ dataset [82], which provides a corresponding cloud mask for every multi-spectral image in input. This mask also contains other information, such as the position of bodies of water and rivers and the shadows generated by the clouds, but for our purposes only the cloud information was kept and was mapped on binary images. An example can be seen in Fig. 6.1.
The images are separated in three different categories based on the percentage of cloudy pixels present: *Clear* images, with less than 35% of cloud pixels, *MidCloud*
Fig. 6.1 Example of an image with the corresponding cloud mask from the Landsat 8 dataset. The mask data from the original dataset contains superfluous information, like the shadow generated by the clouds in this example. All this further information was discarded, and the cloud masks were transformed into binary value images.
for the range between 35 and 65% and *Cloudy* for images with more than 65% of covered images. The test set was built by selecting 13 images from the dataset selecting at random from the different categories.
This dataset has the problem of containing already processed images instead of raw captures, but since we are examining the effects of skipping a region on the dimension of the final file, it can be argued that the reduction in bit-rate would be by a comparable amount if we were working on raw images. Moreover, as illustrated in projects like the already cited EO-ALERT [7], in modern architectures some forms of processing of the acquired images are done on-board of satellites so the tested situation can be considered realistic.
Nevertheless, tests were also done using AVIRIS raw captures. These images do not have clouds and associated cloud masks, so for our experiments, we generated artificial cloud masks by taking a profile of a cloud and copying and pasting it multiple times until the desired amount of cloud coverage is reached. Since the algorithm follows the cloud mask to skip the data, we did not have to modify the optical images. An example of one of the artificial cloud masks is in Fig. 6.2.
Fig. 6.2 Example of one of the artificial cloud mask that was used in the tests on the AVIRIS images.
6.3.2 Experimental setup
The four possible combinations of the two Cloud mask transmission techniques and the two pixel replacement techniques, were tested.
In the following sections these settings will be denominated:
1. **PT**: Pixel replenishment with Table insertion
2. **PB**: Pixel replenishment with Band insertion
3. **ZT**: Zero residual with Table insertion
4. **ZB**: Zero residual with Band insertion
The CCSDS 123.0-B-2 algorithm was configured with the same parameters as it was done in the chapter on SAR compression: prediction mode was set to Full Wide/Neighbor Oriented, with 3 bands used for prediction, the sample representative parameters were all set to zero and the sample adaptive entropy coder was adopted.
The algorithm was tested across multiple values for the Maximum Absolute Error = \{0 (Lossless), 2, 8, 32\}
### 6.3.3 Results
The methods were compared to the performance of CCSDS 123.0-B-2 compression without using the various data reduction techniques. The results for this baseline will be labeled "CCSDS" in the result tables of this chapter. The results were also compared with the ones obtained using the technique proposed in [80].
#### Tests on Landsat dataset
The first tests were done on three examples extracted from the LANDSAT dataset, each with a different percentage of cloud coverage, respectively 15%, 51% and 65%. For the problem of data reduction, the gain in performance is basically related to the percentage of clouds so even if the testing set is small these results are representative of all images which have a similar percentage of cloud coverage. The results of these tests are shown in Tab. 6.1. The results are computed in bit per pixel per band (bpppb).
Table 6.1 Comparison in terms of bitrate between the different algorithms proposed (bpppb) using three examples from the LANDSAT dataset.
| % Cloud | MAE | CCSDS | PT | PB | ZT | ZB | [80] |
|---------|-------|-------|------|------|------|------|------|
| | | | | | | | |
| 15 % | | | | | | | |
| 0 | 8.83 | 9.05 | 8.77 | 8.99 | 8.72 | 8.88 | |
| 2 | 6.52 | 6.74 | 6.46 | 6.68 | 6.41 | 6.57 | |
| 8 | 4.80 | 5.03 | 4.75 | 4.97 | 4.70 | 4.85 | |
| 32 | 3.15 | 3.38 | 3.11 | 3.34 | 3.06 | 3.19 | |
| 51 % | | | | | | | |
| 0 | 8.20 | 5.98 | 5.68 | 5.74 | 5.45 | 4.30 | |
| 2 | 5.88 | 4.35 | 4.06 | 4.23 | 3.93 | 3.10 | |
| 8 | 4.15 | 3.25 | 2.95 | 3.17 | 2.87 | 2.21 | |
| 32 | 2.48 | 2.26 | 1.96 | 2.23 | 1.93 | 1.34 | |
| 65 % | | | | | | | |
| 0 | 8.33 | 5.67 | 5.39 | 5.38 | 5.10 | 2.13 | |
| 2 | 6.02 | 4.17 | 3.88 | 4.02 | 3.74 | 1.57 | |
| 8 | 4.35 | 3.18 | 2.90 | 3.10 | 2.81 | 1.16 | |
| 32 | 2.80 | 2.32 | 2.04 | 2.28 | 2.00 | 1.68 | |
As it can be observed on the image with 15% cloud coverage, on low cloud percentages table insertion (used in columns PT and ZT) is not advantageous. This is because in this situation there is a small amount of possible data reduction which is not enough to compensate for the overhead needed to transmit the cloud mask in the header. In general, on all images and at every level of quantization, band insertion seem to reach superior performance over table insertion, while the choice between zero residual and pixel replenishment does not seem to affect the result significantly.
Obviously, the gain is proportional to the percentage of cloud coverage, as more data is skipped. It is interesting to observe that the gains tend to reduce with higher levels of quantization, which can be attributed to the fact that at higher compression rates the cloudy region is represented by fewer bits of the compressed file, so with their removal the gain is smaller.
Generally, the performance of [80] are higher than the ones reached by our techniques, but the fact that [80] discards non-cloudy pixels has to be taken into account.
Once we determined that whether to use zero residual or pixel replenishment does not affect the performance of the compression, we tested the performance over the full Landsat dataset. The performance were averaged across the following ranges of cloud coverage percentages = \{0 - 25\%, 26 - 50\%, 51 - 75\%\}.
In this comparison, ZB seems to be the superior method, since it always provides greater gains compared to ZT. The patterns observed in table 6.1 are confirmed in this more extensive set of experiments, with an increase in performance with the increase in the percentage of clouds, and a decrease for higher levels of quantization.
**Tests on AVIRIS images**
At this point we wanted to test the performance of these techniques on hyper-spectral images, to more accurately model the possible data reduction on-board of remote sensing satellites. The LANDSAT 8 dataset does not contain hyper-spectral images, and there are no available datasets that contain cloudy images with the associated cloud masks which are also hyper-spectral. For this reason, we decided to use a dataset of hyper-spectral images (captured by the AVIRIS sensor [83]) and decided to manually add clouds to create the desired setting.
Table 6.2 Comparison in terms of bitrate on the full Landsat dataset for algorithms Zero residual with Table insertion and Zero residual with Band insertion
| % Cloud | CCSDS | ZT | ZB |
|---------|-------|------|------|
| | | | |
| 0–25% | 0 | 0.17 | 0.46 |
| | 2 | 0.11 | 0.39 |
| | 8 | 0.03 | 0.32 |
| | 32 | -0.15| 0.20 |
| 26–50% | 0 | 1.53 | 1.82 |
| | 2 | 1.15 | 1.44 |
| | 8 | 0.79 | 1.08 |
| | 32 | 0.34 | 0.62 |
| 51–76% | 0 | 2.72 | 3.02 |
| | 2 | 1.86 | 2.15 |
| | 8 | 1.16 | 1.45 |
| | 32 | 0.41 | 0.70 |
This was done by selecting clouds already present in the images and by copying and pasting them multiple times across the image until the desired percentage of cloud coverage is reached. Three images were generated using this methodology, with cloud coverage percentages of 5%, 24%, 40%. The tests were then conducted on these generated images, with the results shown in table 6.3.
Due to the higher number of channels of these images (the AVIRIS capture has 220 color channels), table insertion is a viable approach in this setting, even at low percentages of cloud coverage. This is because the overhead due to the transmission of the cloud mask is negligible compared to the total size of the file, and even the removal of a small region can compensate for it. This means that in the hyperspectral setting all the proposed methods are basically equivalent for the purpose of data reduction.
6.4 Conclusions
In this chapter we illustrated our work on the topic of data reduction through cloud screening for hyper-spectral images. The techniques proposed are capable of reducing the data transmitted by only discarding the pixels which do not provide
Table 6.3 Comparison in terms of bitrate between the different algorithms proposed (bpppb) using three examples from the AVIRIS dataset.
| % Cloud | MAE | CCSDS | PT | PB | ZT | ZB | [80] |
|---------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|
| | | | | | | | |
| 5% | 0 | 5.83 | 5.77 | 5.75 | 5.77 | 5.75 | 5.86 |
| | 2 | 3.55 | 3.49 | 3.47 | 3.49 | 3.47 | 3.58 |
| | 8 | 2.00 | 1.95 | 1.94 | 1.95 | 1.94 | 2.03 |
| | | | | | | | |
| 24% | 0 | 6.43 | 5.64 | 5.63 | 5.65 | 5.63 | 6.44 |
| | 2 | 4.14 | 3.37 | 3.36 | 3.36 | 3.35 | 4.15 |
| | 8 | 2.54 | 1.94 | 1.92 | 1.92 | 1.91 | 2.55 |
| | | | | | | | |
| 40% | 0 | 6.68 | 5.42 | 5.41 | 5.44 | 5.43 | 4.7 |
| | 2 | 4.39 | 3.17 | 3.16 | 3.16 | 3.15 | 3.05 |
| | 8 | 2.76 | 1.86 | 1.84 | 1.84 | 1.83 | 1.90 |
information to the cloud segment and are compliant with the low-complexity compression standard CCSDS 123.0-B-2.
Chapter 7
Conclusions
7.1 Overview of the work
This thesis describes several works with the shared objective of advancing the field of data compression. Three forms of data were examined: video, multi-spectral images, and SAR raw data.
Chapter 3 and chapter 4 explored the possibilities of deep learning for the purpose of video compression. First, we explored the use of CNNs for frame prediction as an alternative for the inter-prediction algorithms used in the current generation of video compression standards. Then, after meeting some limitations in this approach, we designed MMCE-Net: a network for the enhancement of the predicted frames generated by motion-compensation. This structure was successfully trained and implemented inside the video compression standard H.265/HEVC, and we were capable to obtain an average reduction of the BD-rate on the standard ITU-T test sequences of -1.69%.
The following two chapters describe our work with the standard CCSDS 123.0 B-2. In chapter 5 we tested the effects of using this standard for the compression of SAR raw data, and demonstrated that this approach achieves better performance than the de-facto standard for the task BAQ. The viability of this algorithm for this task allows to streamline the processing architecture of satellites for remote sensing, and this approach was adopted for the Horizon 2020 project EO-Alert.
Chapter 6 proposes multiple techniques to efficiently remove data related to clouds in earth observations. The proposed techniques allow to reduce the data transmitted without the loss of any useful information from the receiver side and produce compressed files which are compliant with the standard CCSDS 123.0 B-2.
7.2 Open Problems
There are a lot of avenues for future work regarding the topic of data compression, especially when speaking about the possibilities for deep learning in the field of video compression. For example, the work proposed in chapter 4 could be expanded by adapting to more configurations (for example bi-prediction), or by inserting memory elements to take advantage of long-term correlations inside video-sequences. Finally, it would be interesting to investigate the efficacy of a structure where the enhancing network is more tightly integrated in the motion-compensation algorithm. In such a scheme, a complex algorithm could decide to switch between different configurations of the motion-compensation algorithm and reduce the amount of side information needed at the receiver side, while keeping the entropy of the residual constant using the enhancing network.
[1] G. J. Sullivan, J. Ohm, W. Han, and T. Wiegand, “Overview of the High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) Standard,” *IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology*, vol. 22, no. 12, pp. 1649–1668, 2012.
[2] Y. Lecun, *Generalization and network design strategies*. Elsevier, 1989.
[3] Y. Jo, S. W. Oh, J. Kang, and S. J. Kim, “Deep video super-resolution network using dynamic upsampling filters without explicit motion compensation,” in *2018 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition*, 2018, pp. 3224–3232.
[4] D. Sun, X. Yang, M. Liu, and J. Kautz, “PWC-Net: CNNs for Optical Flow Using Pyramid, Warping, and Cost Volume,” in *2018 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition*, 2018, pp. 8934–8943.
[5] K. Zhang, W. Zuo, Y. Chen, D. Meng, and L. Zhang, “Beyond a Gaussian Denoiser: Residual Learning of Deep CNN for Image Denoising,” *IEEE Transactions on Image Processing*, vol. 26, no. 7, pp. 3142–3155, 2017.
[6] G. Bjontegaard, “Calculation of Average PSNR Differences between RD-curves,” 2001.
[7] M. Kerr, S. Tonetti, S. Carnara, J. I. Bravo, R. Hinz, A. Latorre, F. Membribre, A. Ramos, S. Wiehle, O. Koudelka, E. Magli, R. Freddi, S. Fraile, and C. Marcos, “Eo-alert: A satellite architecture for detection and monitoring of extreme events in real time,” in *2021 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium IGARSS*, 2021, pp. 168–171.
[8] E. Magli and G. Olmo, “Lossy predictive coding of sar raw data,” *IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing*, vol. 41, no. 5, pp. 977–987, 2003.
[9] M. Hernández-Cabronero, A. B. Kiely, M. Klimesh, I. Blanes, J. Ligo, E. Magli, and J. Serra-Sagristà, “The ccstd 123.0-b-2 ‘low-complexity lossless and near-lossless multispectral and hyperspectral image compression’ standard: A comprehensive review,” *IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine*, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 102–119, 2021.
[10] R. Kwok and W. Johnson, “Block adaptive quantization of magellan sar data,” *IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing*, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 375–383, 1989.
[11] V. Sze, M. Budagavi, and G. J. Sullivan, *High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC): Algorithms and Architectures*. Springer Publishing Company, Incorporated, 2014.
[12] “Advanced Video Coding for Generic Audio-Visual Services, ITU-T Rec. H.264 and ISO/IEC 14496-10 (AVC), ITU-T and ISO/IEC JTC 1, May 2003 (and subsequent editions).”
[13] “Versatile Video Coding, Standard ISO/IEC 23090-3, ISO/IEC JTC 1, Jul. 2020.”
[14] “Video Codec for Audiovisual Services at px64 kbit/s, ITU-T Rec. H.261, version 1: Nov. 1990, version 2: Mar. 1993.”
[15] D. Marpe, H. Schwarz, and T. Wiegand, “Context-based adaptive binary arithmetic coding in the h.264/avc video compression standard,” *IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology*, vol. 13, no. 7, pp. 620–636, 2003.
[16] “IASI level 1: Product guide, EUMETSAT, Tech. Rep. EUM/OPS-EPS/MAN/04/0032, Darmstad, Germany,” 2019.
[17] M. J. Khan, H. S. Khan, A. Yousaf, K. Khurshid, and A. Abbas, “Modern trends in hyperspectral image analysis: A review,” *IEEE Access*, vol. 6, pp. 14 118–14 129, 2018.
[18] J. Theiler, A. Ziemann, S. Matteoli, and M. Diani, “Spectral variability of remotely sensed target materials: Causes, models, and strategies for mitigation and robust exploitation,” *IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine*, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 8–30, 2019.
[19] M. Parente, J. P. Kerekes, and R. Heylen, “A special issue on hyperspectral imaging [from the guest editors],” *IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine*, 2019.
[20] “Low-Complexity Lossless and Near-Lossless Multispectral and Hyperspectral Image Compression, Consultative Committee for Space Date Systems (CCSDS) Standard CCSDS 123.0-b-2, Feb. 2019. [online]. Available: https://public.ccsds.org/Pubs/123x0b1ec1s.pdf.”
[21] D. Valsesia and E. Magli, “High-throughput onboard hyperspectral image compression with ground-based cnn reconstruction,” *IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing*, vol. 57, no. 12, pp. 9544–9553, 2019.
[22] I. Blanes, A. Kiely, M. Hernández-Cabronero, and J. Serra-Sagristà, “Performance impact of parameter tuning on the ccstds-123.0-b-2 low-complexity lossless and near-lossless multispectral and hyperspectral image compression standard,” *Remote Sensing*, vol. 11, p. 1390, 06 2019.
[23] “Lossless Data Compression, Consultative Committee for Space Date Systems (CCSDS) Standard CCSDS 121.0-b-2, Apr. 2012. [online]. Available: https://public.ccsds.org/Pubs/121x0b1ec3s.pdf.”
[24] I. Blanes, A. Kiely, M. Hernández-Cabronero, and J. Serra-Sagristà, “The hybrid entropy encoder of ccstds 123.0-b-2: Insights and decoding process,” in *7th International Workshop on On-Board Payload Data Compression (OBPDC)*, September 2020, pp. 1 – 10.
[25] I. J. Goodfellow, Y. Bengio, and A. Courville, *Deep Learning*. Cambridge, MA, USA: MIT Press, 2016, http://www.deeplearningbook.org.
[26] K. Jarrett, K. Kavukcuoglu, M. Ranzato, and Y. LeCun, “What is the best multi-stage architecture for object recognition?” in *2009 IEEE 12th International Conference on Computer Vision*, 2009, pp. 2146–2153.
[27] A. L. Maas, A. Y. Hannun, and A. Y. Ng, “Rectifier nonlinearities improve neural network acoustic models,” in *ICML Workshop on Deep Learning for Audio, Speech and Language Processing*, 2013.
[28] D. E. Rumelhart, G. E. Hinton, and R. J. Williams, “Learning representations by back-propagating errors,” *nature*, vol. 323, no. 6088, pp. 533–536, 1986.
[29] D. Kingma and J. Ba, “Adam: A method for stochastic optimization,” *International Conference on Learning Representations*, 12 2014.
[30] M. D. Zeiler, “Adadelta: an adaptive learning rate method,” *arXiv preprint arXiv:1212.5701*, 2012.
[31] S. Ma, X. Zhang, C. Jia, Z. Zhao, S. Wang, and S. Wang, “Image and video compression with neural networks: A review,” *IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology*, vol. 30, no. 6, pp. 1683–1698, 2020.
[32] Z. Chen, T. He, X. Jin, and F. Wu, “Learning for video compression,” *IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology*, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 566–576, 2020.
[33] J. Lin, D. Liu, H. Li, and F. Wu, “M-lvc: Multiple frames prediction for learned video compression,” in *2020 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)*, 2020, pp. 3543–3551.
[34] J. Han, S. Lombardo, C. Schroers, and S. Mandt, “Deep probabilistic video compression,” *CoRR*, vol. abs/1810.02845, 2018. [Online]. Available: http://arxiv.org/abs/1810.02845
[35] T. Li, M. Xu, C. Zhu, R. Yang, Z. Wang, and Z. Guan, “A Deep Learning Approach for Multi-Frame In-Loop Filter of HEVC,” *IEEE Transactions on Image Processing*, vol. 28, no. 11, pp. 5663–5678, 2019.
[36] G. Huang, Z. Liu, L. Van Der Maaten, and K. Q. Weinberger, “Densely connected convolutional networks,” in *2017 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)*, 2017, pp. 2261–2269.
[37] S. Zhang, Z. Fan, N. Ling, and M. Jiang, “Recursive residual convolutional neural network-based in-loop filtering for intra frames,” *IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology*, vol. 30, no. 7, pp. 1888–1900, 2020.
[38] J. Li, B. Li, J. Xu, R. Xiong, and W. Gao, “Fully connected network-based intra prediction for image coding,” *IEEE Transactions on Image Processing*, vol. 27, no. 7, pp. 3236–3247, 2018.
[39] H. Sun, L. Yu, and J. Katto, “Fully neural network mode based intra prediction of variable block size,” in *2020 IEEE International Conference on Visual Communications and Image Processing (VCIP)*, 2020, pp. 21–24.
[40] L. Zhu, S. Kwong, Y. Zhang, S. Wang, and X. Wang, “Generative adversarial network-based intra prediction for video coding,” *IEEE Transactions on Multimedia*, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 45–58, 2020.
[41] L. Zhao, S. Wang, X. Zhang, S. Wang, S. Ma, and W. Gao, “Enhanced motion-compensated video coding with deep virtual reference frame generation,” *IEEE Transactions on Image Processing*, vol. 28, no. 10, pp. 4832–4844, 2019.
[42] Z. Liu, R. A. Yeh, X. Tang, Y. Liu, and A. Agarwala, “Video frame synthesis using deep voxel flow,” *2017 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV)*, pp. 4473–4481, 2017.
[43] J.-K. Lee, N. Kim, S. Cho, and J.-W. Kang, “Deep video prediction network-based inter-frame coding in hevc,” *IEEE Access*, vol. 8, pp. 95 906–95 917, 2020.
[44] A. Kappeler, S. Yoo, Q. Dai, and A. K. Katsaggelos, “Video super-resolution with convolutional neural networks,” *IEEE Transactions on Computational Imaging*, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 109–122, 2016.
[45] X. Tao, H. Gao, R. Liao, J. Wang, and J. Jia, “Detail-revealing deep video super-resolution,” in *Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision*, 2017, pp. 4472–4480.
[46] S. Ioffe and C. Szegedy, “Batch normalization: Accelerating deep network training by reducing internal covariate shift,” in *International conference on machine learning*. PMLR, 2015, pp. 448–456.
[47] “Xiph.org video test media [derf’s collection],” https://media.xiph.org/video/derf/.
[48] “Tensorflow,” https://www.tensorflow.org/.
[49] P. J. Huber, “Robust Estimation of a Location Parameter,” *The Annals of Mathematical Statistics*, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 73 – 101, 1964. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1214/aoms/1177703732
[50] M. Mathieu, C. Couprie, and Y. LeCun, “Deep multi-scale video prediction beyond mean square error,” *CoRR*, vol. abs/1511.05440, 2016.
[51] “Matlab,” https://ch.mathworks.com/products/matlab.html/.
[52] F. Bossen *et al.*, “Common test conditions and software reference configurations,” *JCTVC-L1100*, vol. 12, p. 7, 2013.
[53] K. McCann, C. Rosewarne, B. Bross, V. Naccari, K. Sharman, and G. Sullivan, “High efficiency video coding test model 16 (hm 16) reference software,” *Doc. JCTVC N14970*, vol. 1010.
[54] G. Wallace, “The jpeg still picture compression standard,” *IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics*, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. xviii–xxxiv, 1992.
[55] H. Choi and I. V. Bajić, “Deep frame prediction for video coding,” *IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology*, vol. 30, no. 7, pp. 1843–1855, 2019.
[56] O. Ronneberger, P. Fischer, and T. Brox, “U-net: Convolutional networks for biomedical image segmentation,” in *International Conference on Medical image computing and computer-assisted intervention*. Springer, 2015, pp. 234–241.
[57] N. Prette, D. Valsesia, and T. Bianchi, “Deep multiframe enhancement for motion prediction in video compression,” in *2021 28th IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits, and Systems (ICECS)*, 2021, pp. 1–6.
[58] N. Prette, D. Valsesia, T. Bianchi, E. Magli, M. Naccari, and A. Fiandrrotti, “Deep motion-compensation enhancement in video compression,” *Electronics Letters*, vol. 58, 04 2022.
[59] K. Zeng, T. Zhao, A. Rehman, and Z. Wang, “Characterizing perceptual artifacts in compressed video streams,” in *Electronic Imaging*, 2014.
[60] J. Tong, X. Wu, D. Ding, Z. Zhu, and Z. Liu, “Learning-based multi-frame video quality enhancement,” in *2019 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP)*, 2019, pp. 929–933.
[61] R. Yang, M. Xu, Z. Wang, and T. Li, “Multi-frame quality enhancement for compressed video,” in *2018 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition*, 2018, pp. 6664–6673.
[62] T. Xue, B. Chen, J. Wu, D. Wei, and W. T. Freeman, “Video enhancement with task-oriented flow,” *International Journal of Computer Vision (IJCV)*, vol. 127, no. 8, pp. 1106–1125, 2019. [Online]. Available: http://toflow.csail.mit.edu/
[63] C. Rhemann, A. Hosni, M. Bleyer, C. Rother, and M. Gelautz, “Fast cost-volume filtering for visual correspondence and beyond,” in *CVPR 2011*, 2011, pp. 3017–3024.
[64] “x265 documentation,” https://x265.readthedocs.io/en/master/.
[65] “Streameye,” https://www.elecard.com/products/video-analysis/streameye.
[66] P. Ferriere, “Optical Flow Prediction with Tensorflow,” https://github.com/philverriere/tfoptflow.
[67] X. Glorot and Y. Bengio, “Understanding the difficulty of training deep feedforward neural networks,” in *Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics*, ser. Proceedings of Machine Learning Research, Y. W. Teh and M. Titterington, Eds., vol. 9. Chia Laguna Resort, Sardinia, Italy: PMLR, 13–15 May 2010, pp. 249–256. [Online]. Available: http://proceedings.mlr.press/v9/glorot10a.html
[68] J. Postel, “Rfc0768: User datagram protocol,” 1980.
[69] X. HoangVan and H.-H. Nguyen, “Enhancing quality for vvc compressed videos with multi-frame quality enhancement model,” in *2020 International Conference on Advanced Technologies for Communications (ATC)*, 2020, pp. 172–176.
[70] M. Lu, M. Cheng, Y. Xu, S. Pu, Q. Shen, and Z. Ma, “Learned quality enhancement via multi-frame priors for hevc compliant low-delay applications,” in *2019 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP)*, 2019, pp. 934–938.
[71] N. Prette, E. Magli, and T. Bianchi, “Using ccsvds image compression standard for sar raw data compression in the h2020 eo-alert project,” in *European Workshop on On-Board Data Processing (OBDP2019)*, 2019.
[72] M. Kerr, S. Tonetti, S. Cornara, J. Bravo, R. Hinz, A. Latorre, F. Membibre, C. Solimini, S. Wiehle, H. Breit, B. Tings, O. Koudelka, F. Teschl, E. Magli, T. Bianchi, A. Migliorati, P. Motto Ros, M. Caon, R. Freddi, M. Benetti, F. Milani, G. Curci, S. Fraile, L. Garcia, C. Marcos, and A. Fiengo, “Eo-alert: A novel architecture for the next generation of remote sensing satellites supporting rapid civil alerts,” 2020, 71st International Astronautical Congress : IAC 2020. IAC 2020 ; Conference date: 12-10-2020 Through 14-10-2020. [Online]. Available: https://iac2020.vfairs.com
[73] R. Bamler, “A comparison of range-doppler and wavenumber domain sar focusing algorithms,” *IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing*, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 706–713, 1992.
[74] A. Moreira and F. Blaser, “Fusion of block adaptive and vector quantizer for efficient sar data compression,” in *Proceedings of IGARSS '93 - IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium*, 1993, pp. 1583–1585 vol.4.
[75] T. Algra, “Data compression for operational sar missions using entropy-constrained block adaptive quantisation,” in *IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium*, vol. 2, 2002, pp. 1135–1139 vol.2.
[76] V. Pascazio and G. Schirinzi, “Wavelet transform coding for sar raw data compression,” in *IEEE 1999 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IGARSS'99 (Cat. No.99CH36293)*, vol. 4, 1999, pp. 2251–2253 vol.4.
[77] U. Benz, K. Strodl, and A. Moreira, “A comparison of several algorithms for sar raw data compression,” *IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing*, vol. 33, no. 5, pp. 1266–1276, 1995.
[78] M. Zink and R. Bamler, “X-sar radiometric calibration and data quality,” *IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing*, vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 840–847, 1995.
[79] I. Blanes, E. Magli, and J. Serra-Sagrista, “A tutorial on image compression for optical space imaging systems,” *IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine*, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 8–26, 2014.
[80] D. R. Thompson, R. O. Green, D. Keymeulen, S. K. Lundeen, Y. Mouradi, D. C. Nunes, R. Castaño, and S. A. Chien, “Rapid spectral cloud screening onboard aircraft and spacecraft,” *IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing*, vol. 52, no. 11, pp. 6779–6792, 2014.
[81] M. Cilia, N. Prette, E. Magli, B. Sang, and S. Pieraccini, “Onboard data reduction for multispectral and hyperspectral images via cloud screening,” in *IGARSS 2020 - 2020 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium*, 2020, pp. 6230–6233.
[82] “U.S. Geological Survey, L8 sparcs cloud validation masks,” 2016.
[83] W. M. Porter and H. T. Enmark, “A System Overview Of The Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (Aviris),” in *Imaging Spectroscopy II*, G. Vane, Ed., vol. 0834, International Society for Optics and Photonics. SPIE, 1987, pp. 22 – 31. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1117/12.942280 | 36021bc5-3273-42b1-9069-d93a7b46f243 | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 175,149 |
1
CAMPEONATO NACIONAL INDIVIDUAL AMATEUR DE ESPAÑA BOY
13 - 16 Abril 2014 CLUB DE GOLF ESCORPIÓN
Campeonato Nacional Individual Amateur de España Boy 2014 | <urn:uuid:46db3553-bbe6-4535-ab14-73eccf551967> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/spa_Latn/train | finepdfs | spa_Latn | 157 |
La fiche de données de sécurité est conforme à Règlement (UE) 2015/830 de la Commission du 28 mai 2015 modifiant le règlement (CE) n° 1907/2006 du Parlement européen et du Conseil concernant l'enregistrement, l'évaluation et l'autorisation des substances chimiques, ainsi que les restrictions applicables à ces substances (REACH)
SECTION 1: Identification de la substance/du mélange et de la société/l'entreprise
Date de délivrance 28.06.2016
1.1. Identificateur de produit
Nom de produit Aspen D
SDS développé avec ES intégré Non
1.2. Utilisations identifiées pertinentes de la substance ou du mélange et utilisations déconseillées
Utilisation de la substance/préparation Gazole. Fuel for diesel engines and diesel heaters.
Usages identifiés comme pertinents SU21 Utilisations par les consommateurs Foyers privés (= grand public = consommateurs)
SU22 Utilisations professionnelles Domaine public (administration, éducation, divertissement, services, artisanat)
PC13 Carburants
PROC1 Utilisation dans un procédé fermé, aucune probabilité d'exposition
PROC2 Utilisation dans un procédé fermé et continu avec une exposition contrôlée et occasionnelle (par exemple, échantillonnage)
PROC8a Transfert de substance ou de préparation (chargement/déchargement) depuis/dans des réservoirs/grands conteneurs dans des locaux non spécialisés
PROC8b Transfert de substance ou de préparation (chargement/déchargement) depuis/dans des réservoirs/grands conteneurs dans des locaux spécialisés
PROC16 En utilisant des substances comme sources de carburant, exposition limitée au produit imbrûlé probable dans un cadre industriel ou non industriel ;
Ce produit chimique peut être utilisé par le grand public Oui
1.3. Renseignements concernant le fournisseur de la fiche de données de sécurité
Distributeur
Nom de société Aspen France SAS
Adresse administrative 240 Avenue Jacques Vogt
Code postal 95340
Ville Persan
Pays France
Tél. 01 39 37 40 48
Fax 01 30 28 12 30
E-mail firstname.lastname@example.org
Site Internet http://www.aspen-sas.fr/
Producteur
1.4. Numéro d’appel d’urgence
Téléphone en cas d’urgence Le centre anti-poison national: +33 (0)1 45 42 59 59
SECTION 2: Identification des dangers
2.1. Classification de la substance ou du mélange
CLP Classification Asp. tox 1; H304; EUH 066;
2.2. Éléments d’étiquetage
Pictogrammes de danger (CLP)
Mentions d’avertissement Danger
Mentions de danger H304 Peut être mortel en cas d’ingestion et de pénétration dans les voies respiratoires. EUH 066 L’exposition répétée peut provoquer dessèchement ou gercures de la peau.
Conseils de prudence P301+P310 EN CAS D’INGESTION: appeler immédiatement un CENTRE ANTIPOISON ou un médecin, P331 NE PAS faire vomir, P501 Eliminer le recipient conformément à la réglementation locale.
Fermetures de sécurité pour les enfants Oui
Avertissements tactiles Oui
2.3. Autres dangers
Description du danger Nocif: peut provoquer une atteinte des poumons en cas d’ingestion.
Impact sur la santé Effet dégraissant sur la peau.
Impact environnemental En général, les rejets d’huile constituent un danger pour l’environnement. Les propriétés dangereuses du produit sur l’environnement sont considérées comme limitées.
SECTION 3: Composition/informations sur les composants
3.2. Mélanges
| Nom du composant | Identification | Classification | Concentration |
|------------------|---------------|----------------|--------------|
| Renewable hydrocarbons (diesel type fraction) | N° CE: 618-882-6
Numéro d’enregistrement: 01-2119450077-42-XXXX | Asp. tox 1; H304; EUH 066; | 85 - 95 % poids/poids |
| Hydrocarbures, C11-C14, n-alcanes, isoalcanes, cycliques, <2% aromatiques | N° CE: 926-141-6
Numéro d’enregistrement: 01-2119456620-43-XXXX | Asp. tox 1; H304; EUH 066; | 5 - 15 % poids/poids |
SECTION 4: Premiers secours
4.1. Description des premiers secours
Généralités
Laver les vêtements contaminés avant réutilisation.
Inhalation
Repos et air frais. En cas d'une irritation prolongée de la gorge ou de la toux et après inhalation d'huile nébulisée : contacter un médecin et apporter cette fiche.
Contact avec la peau
Enlever immédiatement les vêtements souillés et laver la peau avec de l'eau et du savon.
Contact avec les yeux
Rincer immédiatement avec de l'eau pendant plusieurs minutes. Prendre soin d'enlever les lentilles de contact des yeux avant de rincer.
Ingestion
NE PAS faire vomir si le produit chimique ingéré était dissout dans un produit à base de pétrole. Risque d'aspiration et de développement d'une pneumonie chimique. Consulter un médecin.
4.2. Principaux symptômes et effets, aigus et différés
Informations destinées au personnel médical
Traiter de manière symptomatique.
4.3. Indication des éventuels soins médicaux immédiats et traitements particuliers nécessaires
Suivi médical des effets différés
Aucunes recommandations.
Détails spécifiques sur les antidotes
Pas pertinent.
SECTION 5: Mesures de lutte contre l'incendie
5.1. Moyens d'extinction
Moyen d'extinction approprié
En cas d'incendie, utiliser la mousse, le dioxyde de carbone ou la poudre sèche. En cas d'incendie ne pas appliquer un jet d'eau étant donné qu'il élargira le feu.
5.2. Dangers particuliers résultant de la substance ou du mélange
Risques d'incendie et d'explosion
Peut s'enflammer sous l'effet de la chaleur.
Produits de combustion dangereux
Monoxyde de carbone (CO).
5.3. Conseils aux pompiers
Procédures de lutte contre l'incendie
Les récipients proches à l'incendie doivent être éloignés immédiatement ou refroidis avec de l'eau. Éviter un jet d'eau direct, qui dispersera et éteindra le feu. Faire attention au risque de re-départ du feu et au risque d'explosion.
SECTION 6: Mesures à prendre en cas de dispersion accidentelle
6.1. Précautions individuelles, équipement de protection et procédures d'urgence
Mesures générales
Éliminer toutes les sources d'ignition si cela est faisable sans danger. Recueillir le produit répandu.
Précautions individuelles
Interdiction de fumer et d'utiliser une flamme ouverte ou d'autres sources d'inflammation. Éviter l'inhalation d'huiles nébulisées et le contact avec la peau et les yeux. En cas de déversements accidentelles : faire attention aux surfaces et sols glissants.
6.2. Précautions pour la protection de l'environnement
Précautions pour la protection de l'environnement
Éviter le rejet à l'égout et dans les environnements terrestres et les cours d'eau. Retenir le produit répandu avec du sable, de la terre ou une autre matière adsorbante appropriée. Contacter les autorités locales en cas de déperditions dans les égouts ou le milieu aquatique.
6.3. Méthodes et matériel de confinement et de nettoyage
Méthodes de nettoyage
Absorber avec de la vermiculite, du sable sec ou de la terre, puis placer en récipient. Ne pas absorber avec de la sciure de bois ou toute autre matière combustible.
6.4. Référence à d'autres sections
Autres instructions
Section 8, 13.
SECTION 7: Manipulation et stockage
7.1. Précautions à prendre pour une manipulation sans danger
| Manipulation | Inflammable/combustible. Éloigner des oxydants, de la chaleur et des flammes. Faire très attention de ne pas renverser la matière et éviter du contact avec la peau et les yeux. Prendre des mesures contre les charges électrostatiques. |
| --- | --- |
**Mesures de sécurité et de protection**
| Mesures de prévention incendie | Ne pas vaporiser sur une flamme nue ou sur toute autre source d'ignition. Tenir à l'écart de la chaleur/des étincelles/des flammes nues/des surfaces chaudes. — Ne pas fumer. |
| --- | --- |
| Conseils sur l'hygiène général sur le lieu de travail | L'accès au lavabo avec du savon, de la crème de décapage, de la crème de protection et de la crème grasse est recommandée. |
7.2. Conditions d'un stockage sûr, y compris d'éventuelles incompatibilités
| Stockage | Conserver dans l'emballage d'origine à fermeture étanche et dans un endroit bien ventilé. Entreposage des liquides inflammables. Conserver les liquides inflammables à l'écart du gaz liquide et des marchandises inflammables. |
| --- | --- |
| Autres informations | Pour le stockage de grandes quantités de produits, il convient de respecter la législation nationale relative à la conservation des liquides inflammables, etc. Classe d'inflammabilité : 3 |
| Conditions à éviter | Éloigner de la chaleur, des étincelles et des flammes nues. |
**Conditions de conservation sécurisée**
| Indications sur l'assemblage de l'entreposage | Conserver les liquides inflammables à l'écart du gaz liquide et des marchandises inflammables. |
| --- | --- |
| Température de stockage | Valeur: < 50 C |
7.3. Utilisation(s) finale(s) particulière(s)
| Utilisation(s) particulière(s) | Les utilisations identifiées pour ce produit sont indiquées en détail à la Section 1.2. |
SECTION 8: Contrôles de l'exposition/protection individuelle
8.1. Paramètres de contrôle
**Valeurs limites d'exposition**
| Nom du composant | Identification | Valeur | Année |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Renewable hydrocarbons (diesel type fraction) | N° CE: 618-882-6 Numéro d'enregistrement: 01-2119450077-42-XXXX |
**DNEL / PNEC des composants**
| Composant | Renewable hydrocarbons (diesel type fraction) |
| --- | --- |
| DNEL | Groupe: Travailleur Voie d'exposition: Cutané Fréquence d'exposition: Long-terme (répété) Types d'effets: Effet systémique Valeur: 42 mg/kg/day |
| DNEL | Groupe: Travailleur Voie d'exposition: Inhalation Fréquence d'exposition: Long-terme (répété) Types d'effets: Effet systémique Valeur: 147 mg/m3 |
**DNEL / PNEC**
| Directives d'exposition | Pays d'origine: Suede Type de valeurs limite: OEL, 8h, 350 mg/m3 Source: AFS 2015:7 Commentaires: Gazole Mk 1. |
8.2. Contrôles de l'exposition
Contrôle de l'exposition professionnelle
L'accès au lavabo, avec savon, crème de décapage et crème grasse est recommandé.
Signalisation de sécurité
Protection respiratoire
| Protection respiratoire | Le système de protection des voies respiratoires n'est pas nécessaire sous des conditions normales d'utilisation. |
|------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Types d'équipement recommandés | Respirateur à cartouche chimique pour les vapeurs organiques. |
| Renvoi aux normes appropriées | EN140, EN 141. |
| Types de masque | Porter un appareil respiratoire à filtre anti-gaz, type A2. |
| Mesures supplémentaires de protection respiratoire | Fournir une ventilation suffisante durant les opérations qui conduisent à la formation de vapeurs. |
Protection des mains
| Protection des mains | Porter des gants de protection appropriés en cas de contact prolongé ou répété avec la peau. |
|----------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Renvoi aux normes appropriées | EN 374, EN 420. |
| Matériaux appropriés | Nitrile. Néoprène. Polychlorure de vinyle (PVC). |
Protection des yeux / du visage
| Protection des yeux | Porter des lunettes de sécurité lunettes antiéclaboussures pour éviter tout contact avec les yeux. |
Protection de la peau
| Protection de la peau (autre que celle des mains) | Porter des vêtements appropriés pour éviter tout contact avec la peau. |
| Propriétés requises pour les vêtements de protection | Laver les vêtements contaminés avant réutilisation. |
Hygiène / Environnement
| Mesures d'hygiène spécifiques | Utiliser une crème mains appropriée pour éviter le dégraissage et la gerçure de la peau. Enlever les vêtements contaminés et laver soigneusement la peau à l'eau et au savon après l'achèvement du travail. |
Contrôles de l'exposition
| Mesures relatives à l'utilisation par le consommateur du produit chimique | En cas de consultation d'un médecin, garder à disposition le récipient ou l'étiquette. |
SECTION 9: Propriétés physiques et chimiques
9.1. Informations sur les propriétés physiques et chimiques essentielles
| État physique | Liquide clair. |
| Couleur | Orange. |
| Odeur | Odeur d'huile. |
| Commentaires, Seuil olfactif | Inconnu. |
| Commentaires, pH (en tant que tel) | Pas pertinent. |
| Commentaires, pH (solution aqueuse) | Pas pertinent. |
| Commentaires, Point / intervalle de fusion | Données insuffisantes. |
| Point d'ébullition | Valeur: 180-360 °C
Méthode de contrôle: EN ISO 3405 |
| Point d'éclair | Valeur: ≥ 61 °C |
| Propriété | Valeur/Données |
|---------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Taux d'évaporation | < 0,01 |
| Inflammabilité (solide, gaz) | Données insuffisantes. |
| Commentaires, Limite d'explosivité | Données insuffisantes. |
| Pression de vapeur | < 0,1 kPa |
| | Température d'essai: = 20 °C |
| Densité de vapeur | > 1 |
| | Référence du gaz: Air |
| Densité | 765-800 kg/m3 |
| | Méthode de contrôle: EN ISO 12185 |
| | Température d'essai: = 15 °C |
| Commentaires, Densité volumique | Pas pertinent. |
| Description de la solubilité | Très soluble dans : Hydrocarbures. |
| Solubilité dans l'eau | Données insuffisantes. |
| Solubilité dans la graisse | Données insuffisantes. |
| Coefficient de partage : n-octanol/eau | > 6,5 |
| Commentaires, Coefficient de partage : n-octanol / eau | EG 618-882-6. |
| Combustion spontanée | > 200 °C |
| Commentaires, Température de décomposition | Données insuffisantes. |
| Viscosité | 2-4 mm²/s |
| | Méthode de contrôle: EN ISO 3104 |
| | Température d'essai: = 40 °C |
| Propriétés explosives | Aucune. |
| Propriétés oxydantes | Aucune. |
### 9.2. Autres informations
| Propriété | Valeur/Données |
|---------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Point de turbidité | -26 °C |
| | Méthode: SS-EN 23015 |
| Risques physiques | |
| Liquides inflammables | Oui. |
| Conductivité | > 25 pS/m |
| | Méthode de contrôle: ASTM D2624 |
| | Température d'essai: = 20 °C |
### SECTION 10: Stabilité et réactivité
#### 10.1. Réactivité
Réactivité: Peut s'enflammer sous l'effet de la chaleur.
#### 10.2. Stabilité chimique
Stabilité: Stable à température normale et l'emploi recommandé.
#### 10.3. Possibilité de réactions dangereuses
Possibilité de réactions dangereuses: Ne pas vaporiser sur une flamme nue ou sur toute autre source d'ignition.
#### 10.4. Conditions à éviter
Conditions à éviter: Éviter la chaleur, les flammes et d'autres sources d'inflammation.
#### 10.5. Matières incompatibles
Matières à éviter: Oxydants forts.
#### 10.6. Produits de décomposition dangereux
Produits de décomposition dangereux: Une décomposition thermique ou un brûlage peut libérer des oxydes de carbone et d'autres gaz ou vapeurs toxiques.
### SECTION 11: Informations toxicologiques
11.1. Informations sur les effets toxicologiques
Données toxicologiques des composants
| Composant | Renewable hydrocarbons (diesel type fraction) |
|----------------------------|-----------------------------------------------|
| DL50 oral | Valeur: > 2000 mg/kg |
| Espèces d'animaux de laboratoire: | Rat |
| DL50 cutané | Valeur: > 2000 mg/kg |
| Espèces d'animaux de laboratoire: | Rat |
Autres informations concernant les risques de santé
Généralités
Risque d'une pneumonie chimique après aspiration. L'exposition répétée peut provoquer un dessèchement ou des gêrcures de la peau.
Effets aigus potentiels
Inhalation
La pénétration des gouttelettes du produit dans les poumons par inhalation, par ingestion ou par vomissement peut causer une pneumonie chimique.
Contact avec la peau
Le produit a un effet dégraissant de la peau.
Contact avec les yeux
Légèrement irritant.
Ingestion
Nocif : peut provoquer une atteinte des poumons en cas d'ingestion.
Les effets retardés / exposition répétée
Sensibilisation
Aucune.
Cancérogène, Mutagène ou Reprotoxique
| Cancérogénicité | Aucun risque aigu ou chronique pour la santé connu. |
|-----------------|-----------------------------------------------------|
| Mutagénicité | Aucun risque aigu ou chronique pour la santé connu. |
| Propriétés tératogènes | Aucun risque aigu ou chronique pour la santé connu. |
| Toxicité pour la reproduction | Aucun risque aigu ou chronique pour la santé connu. |
SECTION 12: Informations écologiques
12.1. Toxicité
Données toxicologiques des composants
| Composant | Renewable hydrocarbons (diesel type fraction) |
|----------------------------|-----------------------------------------------|
| Toxicité aquatique aiguë, poissons | Valeur: > 1000 mg/l |
| Méthode de contrôle: WAF, OECD 203. LL50 96h. |
| Toxicité aquatique aiguë, algues | Valeur: > 100 mg/l |
| Méthode de contrôle: WAF, OECD 201. EL50 72h. |
| Toxicité aquatique aiguë, daphnies | Valeur: > 100 mg/l |
| Méthode de contrôle: WAF, OECD 202. EL50 48h. |
| Composant | Hydrocarbures, C11-C14, n-alcanes, isoalcanes, cycliques, <2% aromatiques |
|----------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Toxicité aquatique aiguë, poissons | Valeur: > 1000 mg/l |
| Espèces: Oncorhynchus mykiss | Durée: 48h |
| Toxicité aquatique aiguë, algues | Valeur: > 1000 mg/l |
| Espèces: Pseudokirchneriella subcapita | Durée: 72h |
| Toxicité aquatique aiguë, daphnies | Valeur: > 1000 mg/l |
| Espèces: Daphnia magna | Durée: 96h |
Biodégradabilité
Valeur: 69 %
Période de test: 28 journées
12.2. Persistance et dégradabilité
Biodégradabilité
Valeur: > 60 %
Méthode de contrôle: OECD 301B
Comment, Biodegradability
EG 618-882-6, EG 926-141-6.
Comment COD
Inconnu.
| Comment, BOD | Inconnu. |
|-------------|---------|
| **Persistance et dégradabilité** | Tous les composants organiques sont considérés biodégradables. Ce produit est intégralement décomposé par oxydation photochimique. Il n'a pas été démontré que ce produit est dégradable dans des conditions anaérobies (sans oxygène). |
### 12.3. Potentiel de bioaccumulation
| Potentiel de bioaccumulation | La bio-accumulation est considérée comme étant sans importance en raison de la faible solubilité du produit dans l'eau. |
|-----------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Facteur de bioconcentration (BCF) | **Valeur:** > 6,5
**Méthode de contrôle:** Log Kow |
| Comment, BCF | EG 618-882-6. |
### 12.4. Mobilité dans le sol
| Mobilité | Ce produit contient des substances qui sont insolubles dans le milieu aquatique et qui peuvent se répandre sur les surfaces aquatiques. |
### 12.5. Résultats des évaluations PBT et vPvB
| Résultats d'analyse des PBT (persistant, bio-accumulable et toxique) | Non classifié dans la catégorie PBT/vPvB selon les critères actuels de l'UE. |
### 12.6. Autres effets néfastes
| Autres effets néfastes / remarques | Classe de danger pour l'eau : 2 (WGK). |
### SECTION 13: Considérations relatives à l'élimination
#### 13.1. Méthodes de traitement des déchets
| Préciser les méthodes d'élimination appropriées | Recueillir le produit répandu. INCINÉRER. |
|-------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------|
| Produit classé déchet dangereux | Oui |
| Emballage classé déchet dangereux | Non |
| Code de déchets CED | CED: 130701 fuel oil et diesel
CED: 150102 emballages en matières plastiques |
| Réglementations nationales | SFS 2011:927 |
### SECTION 14: Informations relatives au transport
#### 14.1. Numéro ONU
| ADR / RID / ADN | 1202 |
|-----------------|------|
| RID | 1202 |
| IMDG | 1202 |
| ICAO/IATA | 1202 |
#### 14.2. Nom d'expédition des Nations unies
| ADR | CARBURANT DIESEL |
|-----|------------------|
| RID | CARBURANT DIESEL |
| IMDG| DIESEL FUEL |
| ICAO/IATA | DIESEL FUEL |
#### 14.3. Classe(s) de danger pour le transport
| ADR / RID / ADN | 3 |
|-----------------|---|
| RID | 3 |
| IMDG | 3 |
| ICAO/IATA | 3 |
#### 14.4. Groupe d'emballage
| ADR | III |
|-----|-----|
| RID | III |
| IMDG| III |
| ICAO/IATA | III |
14.5. Dangers pour l'environnement
IMDG Polluant marin Non.
14.6. Précautions particulières à prendre par l'utilisateur
RID Autres informations utiles (D/E)
IMDG Other relevant information ≥ 61 °C, c.c.
EmS F-E, S-E
14.7. Transport en vrac conformément à l'annexe II de la convention Marpol 73/78 et au recueil IBC
Nom du Produit Non entré.
Type de transport requis Non déterminé.
Pollution category Non déterminé.
ADR Autres informations utiles (D/E)
Tunnel restriction code (D/E).
Limited Quantity 5L.
Risque n° 30
SECTION 15: Informations réglementaires
15.1. Réglementations/législation particulières à la substance ou au mélange en matière de sécurité, de santé et d'environnement
Références (législation/réglementation) Règlement (CE) n o 1907/2006 du Parlement européen et du Conseil du 18 décembre 2006 concernant l'enregistrement, l'évaluation et l'autorisation des substances chimiques, ainsi que les restrictions applicables à ces substances (REACH), instituant une agence européenne des produits chimiques, modifiant la directive 1999/45/CE et abrogeant le règlement (CEE) n o 793/93 du Conseil et le règlement (CE) n o 1488/94 de la Commission ainsi que la directive 76/769/CEE du Conseil et les directives 91/155/CEE, 93/67/CEE, 93/105/CE et 2000/21/CE de la Commission, avec modifications.
15.2. Évaluation de la sécurité chimique
Une enquête sur la sécurité chimique a été menée
SECTION 16: Autres informations
Notes du fournisseur Les informations contenues dans cette fiche de sécurité sont basées sur l'état actuel de nos connaissances sur le produit concerné, à la date d'établissement de la fiche. Elles presupposent une manipulation adéquate de ce produit dans les conditions normales et conformément à l'usage spécifié sur l'emballage ou dans d'autres documentations techniques appropriées. Toute autre utilisation du produit, y compris en combinaison avec un autre produit ou un autre procédé, s'effectue sous la seule responsabilité de l'utilisateur.
CLP Classification ; EUH 066;
; H304;
Liste des mentions H (de danger) pertinentes (visées aux sections 2 et 3). EUH 066 L'exposition répétée peut provoquer dessèchement ou gerçures de la peau.
H304 Peut être mortel en cas d'ingestion et de pénétration dans les voies respiratoires.
Sources des principales données utilisées pour l'établissement de la fiche de données de sécurité Fournisseurs fiches de données de sécurité.
Informations ajoutées, supprimées ou modifiées Première édition.
Version 1
| URL de la fiche technique | http://www.aspen.se |
|--------------------------|---------------------|
| Responsable de fiche de données de sécurité | Lantmännen Aspen AB |
| Préparée par | Lantmännen Aspen AB | | <urn:uuid:8ec1d5cf-9943-4380-b8f6-e9001ab8a0bf> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/fra_Latn/train | finepdfs | fra_Latn | 25,752 |
NORSK SANKT BERNHARD KLUBB
Retningslinjer for medlemsregister
Org.nr. 984 569 947
www.nsbk.no firstname.lastname@example.org
1. Ansvarlig for medlemsregister har som oppgave å sørge for at NSBK's medlemsregister via NKK alltid er oppdatert, samt ivareta inn- og utmelding av medlemmer og forandringer for medlemmer.
2. Ansvarlig for medlemsregisteret skal sørge for at det hvert år, senest 15. november sendes ut giroer med medlemskontingent for neste år. Medlemskontingenten forfaller til betaling den 01. januar hvert år.
3. Ansvarlig for medlemsregisteret skal også ivareta utfylling av oppgjørsskjema for samarbeidsavgift til NKK når dette kommer i slutten av året og sende dette til NKK med NSBK's revisors signatur. Oppgjørsskjemaet danner grunnlaget for samarbeidsavgift som skal betales til NKK på grunnlag av antall medlemmer, med forfall i februar hver år.
4. Ansvarlig for medlemsregister disponerer e-post adressen email@example.com.
5. I samarbeid med ansvarlig for regnskap avstemme innbetalinger av medlemskontingent registrert i medlemsregisteret mot klubbens bankkonto. Dette skal gjøres minimum 1 gang pr. kvartal. Innbetalinger av kontingent registreres automatisk av NKK via OCR-lister som sendes fra vår bank til dataansvarlig i NKK. Avstemmingen har som formål å kontrollere at både NSBK's regnskapsføring og NKK's listeføring stemmer overens med kontoutskrifter fra NSBK's bankkonto for medlemskontingent. Innbetalinger uten KID vil dette utenfor dette systemet og må håndteres manuelt ved registrering i medlemsregisteret på NKK's logintjeneste.
6. I samarbeid med kasserer purre opp ikke betalte medlemskontingenter og kontrollere at medlemmer som ikke betaler innen fristen i klubbens lover slettes fra medlemsregisteret. NKK kan generere purringer ved henvendelse til firstname.lastname@example.org.
Innmelding av medlemmer:
* Når personer ønsker å melde seg inn i klubben skal ansvarlig for medlemsregister sørge for at giro med medlemskontingent blir sendt ut. Dette kan gjøres pr. post eller via mail dersom innmelding er skjedd via klubbens medlemsservice.
* Etter at betaling av kontingent er registrert, registreres det nye medlemmet i medlemsregisteret ved bruk av NKK's påloggingstjeneste. Dato for innbetaling av kontingent (sist betalt dato) blir da lik innmeldingsdato og saldo satt til 0. Dette kan ikke overstyres – derfor er det viktig at betaling mottas før medlemmer registreres. Det finnes egen enkel brukerveiledning for medlemsregisteret utgitt av NKK.
Utmelding av medlemmer:
* Når personer ønsker å melde seg ut av klubben skal ansvarlig for medlemsregister sørge for at medlemsregisteret blir oppdatert via påloggingstjenesten til NKK ved å sette stoppdato til utmeldingsdatoen.
Årlig utsending av giroer:
* Hvert år senest 01. november skal det bestilles giroer for medlemskontingent for neste år av NKK på email@example.com. Disse er påført KID-nummer som gjør at betalingene skal bli registrert automatisk i medlemsregisteret.
* Dersom betaling forekommer uten bruk av KID, må betalingen registreres manuelt via NKK's påloggingstjeneste. Dette gjøres ved å registrere innbetalt beløp i feltet "sist betalt". Dato for betalingen settes automatisk til den datoen registreringen gjøres og kan ikke endres.
NORSK SANKT BERNHARD KLUBB
Retningslinjer for medlemsregister
Org.nr. 984 569 947
www.nsbk.no firstname.lastname@example.org
Forandring for medlemmer:
* Adresseendringer, endringer i type medlemsskap eller endringer i andre felter av medlemsregisteret skal gjøres snarest mulig etter at melding er mottatt. Endringene gjøres via NSBK's påloggingstjeneste på www.nkk.no.
* Dersom endringen gjelder felter NSBK ikke kan endre selv, skal det snarest mulig sendes beskjed om endringen til email@example.com. | <urn:uuid:4e2e4805-ee51-4fc8-bb70-be970d4c689f> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/nob_Latn/train | finepdfs | nob_Latn | 3,774 |
GEMEINDERAT
St. Elisabeth Essen- Frohnhausen
1. Vorsitzende: Mechthild Kloepfer, Danziger Str. 68, 45145 Essen
Stellvertretung: Raphael Wodarczak, Postreitweg 147, 45145 Essen
Stellvertretung: Bendict Barnick, Kerckhoffstr. 200, 45144 Essen
Schriftführung: Gabi Nolte-Federau, Frohnhauser Str. 433, 45144 Essen
Seelsorger: Diakon Ludger Höller, Frohnhauser Str. 402, 45144 Essen
_____________________________________________________________________________
Protokoll der Gemeinderatssitzung vom 23.08.2021
Die Sitzung beginnt um 20.15 Uhr in Präsenz und via Zoom
TOP 1: Begrüßung
Mechthild Kloepfer eröffnet die Sitzung.
Anwesende: Diakon Ludger Höller, Mechthild Kloepfer, Raphael Wodarczak, Benedict
Barnick, Louise Charters, Martina Bendel, Gabi Nolte-Federau
Es fehlen entschuldigt: Theo Körber, Michael Roberz
Gäste: Susanne Charters (PGR), Axel Barnick, Sabine Wodarczak, Thomas Sauerland
TOP 2: Protokoll vom 10.05.2021 wird einstimmig genehmigt.
TOP 3: Berichte (Gremien, Ausschüsse, …)
PGR: trifft sich am 25.08.2021. Themen u.a. Ehrenamt und die PGR Wahl am 06./07. November 2021. (zur Info: An diesem Datum findet auch die KVWahl statt.)
Frau Kloepfer und Frau Charters stellen sich noch mal zur PGR-Wahl.
St. Elisabeth möchte 3 Kandidaten stellen, deshalb Werbung für weitere PGR Kandidaten
über persönliche Ansprache, HP, Info, und Kanzel.
KV:
Jens Deppe hat dem GR eine kurze Zusammenfassung der geplanten bzw durchgeführten Arbeiten zukommen lassen:
- Außentüren an der Kirche werden demnächst instandgesetzt.
- Die Tür der Sakristei ist zu stark beschädigt und muss erneuert werden.
- Die undichte Stelle an der Ostseite des Daches wurde von einem Dachdecker begutachtet. Weitere Infos dazu liegen nicht vor.
- Die von der Stadt Essen initiierte Aktion „Gießkannenhelden", an der sich die Gemeinde beteiligen wollte, hat nichts Neues ergeben.
- Für die Grünflächen des gesamten St. Elisabeth- Geländes wird eine Garten- und Landschaftsbaufirma ein Konzept und Kostenschätzungen erstellen.
- Die verunkrautete Fläche auf dem Priesterfriedhof wird demnächst von einem Gärtner in eine pflegeleichte Insektenweide umgewandelt.
- Im Innenhof des Gemeindezentrums wird vorab eine Firma einen Grünschnitt vornehmen.
- Im Gemeindezentrum sind die Sanierungsarbeiten im Gastronomiebereich (Maler) und
im braunen- und ehem. Kolpingraum fast abgeschlossen.
- Die Einbauküche wird im September montiert.
Die KV- Wahl am 06./07. November 2021 wird demnächst auf der Tagesordnung stehen. Alfons Bäumer und Arndt Stephan scheiden aus. Deshalb suchen wir Kandidaten *innen, die sich für die KV Wahl aufstellen lassen. Auch hier gilt es, Werbung dafür zu machen über persönliche Ansprache, HP, Info, und Kanzel.
Pastoralteam:
Einige Gemeinden haben Probleme damit, jetzt zwei Jahrgänge zur Erstkommunion führen zu müssen. (Wir nicht) Bei uns ist angedacht, mit den diesjährigen Kindern (11) am 3.Oktober Erstkommunion zu feiern, in welcher Form bestimmt Corona.
Bei der Firmvorbereitung (80 Anmeldungen) fällt Pater Hillebrand wegen Krankheit aus. Diakon Höller und Pfarrer Blasius führen die Arbeit fort. Administrative Aufgaben soll eine Honorarkraft erledigen. Ort und Art der Feier ist noch in Planung (mit Stream?).
Projektgruppe Frohnhausen trifft sich am 09.09.21
TOP 4: Streaming von Gottesdiensten, Stand der Dinge und Zukunftsperspektiven
Abendlob am Montagabend soll dauerhaft gestreamt werden.
Sonntagsgottesdienste ab Oktober nur jeden 2. Sonntag, ausgenommen besondere und Festtagsgottesdienste. Da es eine Reihe von Messdienern gibt, die nicht gefilmt werden möchten, ist das ein Kompromissvorschlag. Die genauen Termine werden noch erarbeitet.
Streams in YouTube sollen nach 6 Wochen der Öffentlichkeit entzogen werden. So wird die Anzahl der Filme übersichtlich gehalten und kamerascheuen Menschen entgegengekommen.
Es werden weitere Helfer gesucht, die bereit sind, Gottesdienste und Abendlob zu streamen.
TOP 5: Septemberfest am Sonntag, dem 12.09.2021
- geplant unter 3 G Regeln,
- es soll klein gehalten werden, maximal 150 Personen
- es gibt eine Ein- und Ausgangsregelung, auch schon von der Stadt genehmigt.
- Open Air Gottesdienst bei gutem Wetter.
- Ordnerdienst der Kirche ansprechen
- Spiele: Jugendverbände bitten / informieren
- Getränke laufen über den Pächter des Gemeindezentrums
- Pommeswagen extern
Der GR beschließt die Durchführung des Festes, wenn Corona es zulässt.
TOP 6: Advents- und Weihnachtszeit
Martinszug Planung offen
Young People Konzert Totensonntag, 21.11.2021
Corona-Lage, Diakon Höller entscheidet.
Stream über YouTube Kanal des Chores in der Kirche ist abhängig von der
Der begehbare Adventskalender findet unter Berücksichtigung der bis dahin geltenden Vorgaben/Regeln zu Corona statt.
Ein Fenstertermin ist noch offen: Montag, der 20.12.21, 18.00 Uhr kann noch gebucht werden. Interessenten melden sich bitte bei Gabi Nolte-Federau.
E-Mail : firstname.lastname@example.org Adventsfenster
Neujahrsempfang und Sternsinger Planung offen
TOP 7: GR wird zum Ortsausschuss
Nächste GR-Sitzung wird die letzte sein, danach Neueinrichtung eines Ortsausschusses, der auf einer Gemeindeversammlung installiert werden könnte.
Ein Großteil der Mitglieder hat sich bereit erklärt, weiter zu arbeiten.
Wahrscheinlich wird sich der PGR dazu noch einmal äußern.
TOP 8: Verschiedenes
Fortbildung Kommunionhelfer findet am 04.09.2021 statt.
Ehepaar Wodarczak und Frau Werdan nehmen teil.
Messdienerraum = ehemalige Kleiderkammer
Herrichtung mit Jens Deppe abstimmen
Schlüsselkasten anbringen? Ansprechpartner ebenfalls Herr Deppe
Anschaffung neuer Bücher (Evangeliare, Fürbitten etc.)
Kostenübernahme durch GR
Frau Kloepfer beschließt die Sitzung um 21.20 Uhr gez. Gabi Nolte-Federau
Danke an Raphael und Mechthild für die Unterstützung! | <urn:uuid:975f6fa7-12da-43e2-b4c6-621a3f837402> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/deu_Latn/train | finepdfs | deu_Latn | 5,848 |
Liite vuokrasopimukseen, VK-Vuokraamo Oy, matkailuvaunun vuokraehdot voimassa 1.6.2015 alkaen toistaiseksi.
1. VUOKRA-AJAN ALKAMINEN
Vuokra-aika alkaa matkailuvaunun luovutushetkestä, tai erikseen kirjallisesti sovitusta muusta ajankohdasta. Samalla hetkellä vuokraaja sitoutuu vuokrasopimuksen sisältöön sekä näihin ehtoihin.
2. VARAUSMAKSU / PANTTI
Varausmaksu on 300 euroa. Varausmaksu suoritetaan heti varauksen yhteydessä ja sillä vahvistetaan varaus halutulle ajanjaksolle. Mikäli varasumaksua ei ole suoritettu kolmen päivän kuluessa varauksen tekemisestä, varaus purkautuu. Varausmaksu toimii samalla panttina, joka maksetaan vuokraajalle takaisin, kun auto on palautettu sovittuna aikana siivottuna, astiat tiskattuna, tankattuna, vähintään yksi kaasupullo täytettynä ja muutoinkin siinä kunnossa kun auto oli asiakkaalle vuokra-ajan alussa luovutushetkellä.
3. VUOKRAN MAKSU
Vuokra maksetaan sähköpostitse erikseen toimitettavan laskun mukaan. Kesäajan (touko-elokuu) vuokraukset laskutetaan n. 2 kk ennen vuokraustapahtumaa ja muina aikoin n. 1kk ennen vuokraustapahtumaa jolla varmistetaan, että erityisesti sesonkiaikoina mahdollisten varausten peruuntumisten seurauksena kyseiselle ajankohdalle ehditään saada uusi vuokraaja. Mikäli varausajankohta on alle 30 päivää ennen varattua vuokra-ajanjaksoa, tulee vuokra maksaa kokonaisuudessaan heti vuokranantajan toimittamaa laskua vastaan. Vuokra tulee aina olla maksettuna ja näkyä vuokraamon pankkitilillä viimeistään seitsemän päivää ennen vuokraustapahtumaa. Mikäli vuokraa ei ole maksettu määräaikaan mennessä, varaus peruuntuu eikä varausmaksua palauteta. Vuokraamolla on oikeus tarkastaa jokaisen vuokraajan luottotiedot ja niin halutessaan kieltäytyä vuokraamasta ajoneuvoa vuokraajalle.
4. VUOKRAAN SISÄLTYY
Ajoneuvon käyttöoikeus sovittuna vuokra-aikana, Käyttöopastus, wc-kemikaalit, matkailuvaunun vakuutus 750 € omavastuulla, ruoanlaittovälineet, TV, vähintään yksi täysi kaasupullo.
5. VAKUUTUKSET
Matkailuvaunussa on liikenne- ja kaskovakuutus. Vuokraajan omavastuu kussakin vahinkotapauksessa on 750 €. Mikäli vaunulle sattuu vahinko vaunun vuokra-aikana, maksetaan omavastuuosuus 750 € seitsemän päivän kuluessa vuokra-ajan päättymisestä. Panttimaksu voidaan käyttää osasuorituksena vakuutuksen omavastuuosuudesta.
Jos matkailuvaunulle koituneet vahingot johtuvat vuokraajan tahallisuudesta, huolimattomuudesta, tai matkailuvaunun väärinkäytöstä tai jos kuljettaja on vahingon sattuessa alkoholin tai huumaavien aineiden vaikutuksen alainen, tai jos vakuutusyhtiö ei suostu korvaamaan matkailuvaunulle sattunutta vahinkoa, tulee vuokralaisen korvata kaikki aiheutuneet vahingot kokonaisuudessaan välittömästi vahinkojen euromääräisen summa tultua ilmoitetuksi vuokraajalle.
6. MATKAILUVAUNUN LUOVUTUS VUOKRAAJALLE
Vuokraamo luovuttaa matkailuvaunun vuokraajalle vuokrasopimuksessa mainittuna aikana vuokraamon ilmoittamassa paikassa. Ennen matkailuvaunun luovutusta vuokraamo ja vuokraaja tarkistavat yhdessä vaunun ja merkitsevät ylös mahdolliset puutteet, vauriot tai rikkoutuneet osat.
7.MATKAILUVAUNUN PALAUTTAMINEN SOPIMUKSEN MUKAISEN VUOKRA-AJAN PÄÄTTYESSÄ
Mikäli vuokraaja ei palauta matkailuvaunua näissä ehdoissa ja vuokrasopimuksessa sovitussa kunnossa vuokrakauden päätteeksi, eikä ole ennakkoon ennen palautusta ilmoittanut tilaavansa vuokranantajalta seuraavaksi mainittuja siivous ym. Palveluita lisäpalveluina, vuokraamolla on oikeus periä vuokraajalta mm. seuraavat kustannukset: Matkailuvaunun Sisäsiivous 150 €+lattiamattojen pesu 100 € tarvittaessa, astioiden tiskaus 80 €, wc-kasetin tyhjennennys 120 €. Em. kulut vähennetään ensisijaisesti pantista. Mikäli pantti ei riitä kattamaan em. Kustannuksia, on vuokraaja velvollinen korvaamaan edellä mainitut kulut laskua vastaan 7 päivän kuluessa vaunun palautusajankohdasta.
Matkailuvaunua palautettaessa vuokraamo ja vuokraaja tarkistavat vaunun. Tässä tarkistuksessa havaituista vioista, vahingoista ja puutteista, joita ei ole ollut olemassa vuokra-ajan alkaessa, ja jotka eivät ole tavanomaista kulumista on vuokraaja vahingonkorvausvastuussa vuokraamolle. Vuokraamolla on oikeus periä vuokraajan ilmoittamatta jättämät vahingot ja puutteet myös jälkikäteen, vaikka niitä ei olisikaan huomattu heti lopputarkastuksessa.
Matkailuvaunu on palautettava sovittuun paikkaan vuokrasopimuksessa mainittuna aikana, sisältä huolellisesti siivottuna ja ulkoa pestynä, kasetti-wc tyhjennettynä ja muutoinkin sellaisessa kunnossa kuin vaunu oli luovutushetkellä.
Jos matkailuvaunua ei ole palautettu vuokra-ajan päättyessä eikä vuokra-ajan pidentämisestä ole sovittu vuokraamon kanssa, asia ilmoitetaan viranomaisille. Tällaisessa tapauksessa vuokraaja on velvollinen maksamaan vuokraamolle vuokrakautta seuraavan viikon vuokran kokonaisuudessaan voimassa olevan hinnaston mukaisesti, ja mikäli matkailuvaunu ei palaudu vuokraamolle vuokrakautta seuraavan viikon kuluessa, on vuokraaja velvollinen korvaamaan vuokraamolle kaikki ne viikot, joiden aikana matkailuvaunu ei ole päätynyt palautetuksi vuokraamolle, kulloinkin voimassa olevan hinnaston mukaisin vuokramäärin.
Jos vuokraaja laiminlyö näissä ehdoissa ilmoitetut velvoitteensa, vuokranantajalla on oikeus periä kohtuullinen korvaus laiminlyönnin vuokraamolle aiheuttamista taloudellisista menetyksistä.
Jos vuokraaja palauttaa matkailuvaunun ennen sovitun vuokra-ajan päättymistä, vuokra määräytyy koko sovitun vuokra-ajan mukaan eikä vuokraamo ole velvoitettu palauttamaan osaa vuokrasta vuokraajalle.
Matkailuvaunussa on kaksi kaasupulloa. Käytetyn kaasupullon tilalle vaihdetaan uusi alkuperäistä vastaava vaihtopullo. Vaunu palautetaan aina vähintään yksi kaasupullo täytettynä, ja toinenkin kaasupullo paikoillaan olevana sen täyttöasteesta riippumatta.
Matkailuvaunu palautetaan vuokrasopimuksessa mainittuna aikana samaan paikkaan mistä se noudettiin ellei vuokraamon kanssa ole asiasta muuta erikseen kirjallisesti sovittu. Vaunun palautushetkellä vuokraamon edustajan on aina oltava paikalla ja tarkasta palautusajankohdasta on ilmoitettava vuokranantajalle viimeistään palautuspäivän aamuna.
8. MATKAILUVAUNUN KÄYTTÖ
Vuokraaja on velvollinen huolehtimaan matkailuvaunusta yhtä hyvin kuin huolellinen henkilö huolehtisi omastaan sekä noudattamaan autoa ajaessaan ja muutoinkin matkailuvaunua käyttäessään erityistä huolellisuutta ja varovaisuutta. Vuokraaja sitoutuu käyttämään matkailuvaunua vain sille tarkoitetulla tavanomaisella tavalla.
Vuokraaja sitoutuu itse käyttämään matkailuvaunua. Matkailuvaunua ei saa luovuttaa kenenkään muun kuin vuokrasopimuksessa erikseen mainittujen henkilöiden käyttöön. Matkailuvaunua saa vetää autolla vain vuokraaja ja vuokrasopimuksessa erikseen mainitut henkilöt. Vuokraajalla ja vuokrasopimuksessa mainituilla muilla kuljettajilla tulee olla voimassa oleva ajo-oikeus ja vähintään suomalainen B-ajokortti. Vuokraaja vastaa siitä, ettei ajoneuvoyhdistelmän paino mukana kuljetettavien tavaroiden ja henkilöiden kanssa ylitä 3500 kg. Mikäli edellä mainittu painoraja ylittyy, tulee kuljettajalla on voimassaoleva Be-ajokortti. Vuokraaja vastaa myös siitä, että vaunun vetoautona käytettävän ajoneuvon suurin sallittu perävaunumassa on riittävä kyseisen matkailuvaunun ja siinä kuljetettavien tavaroiden vetämiseen.
Matkailuvaunun käyttäminen lainvastaisiin tarkoituksiin, matkailuvaunun normaalia käyttötarkoitusta vastaamattomiin tarkoituksiin, kilpailuihin tai niiden harjoituksiin, ajo-opetukseen sekä jäällä ajamiseen on kielletty.
Vuokraajan on pidettävä huolta, että matkailuvaunu on lukittuna aina, kun se ei ole vuokraajan välittömän valvonnan alla.
Vuokraamon luovuttaessa matkailuvaunun vuokraajalle, ja vastaavasti vuokraajan palauttaessa matkailuvaunun vuokraamolle kumpikin osapuoli osaltaan tarkistaa auton kunnon.
Matkailuvaunussa tupakointi ja lemmikkieläimien tuominen autoon on ehdottomasti kielletty. Mikäli autossa todetaan jälkitarkastuksessa tupakoidun veloitetaan siitä 1000 € tai jos autossa todetaan pidetyn lemmikkieläimiä veloitetaan siitä 750 € siivous ja puhdistuskuluina.
Vuokraajan on aina liikkeelle lähdettäessä varmistettava, että kaikki kaapit, ikkunat, ovet ja kattoluukut on suljettu ja ettei mitään tavaraa ole pöytätasoilla tai paikassa, josta ne voisivat esimerkiksi äkkijarrutuksen tai törmäyksen voimasta lentää pois ja vahingoittaa auton matkustajia, muita sivullisia tai itse matkailuvaunua. Vaunun kattoikkunat on aina pidettävä suljettuina sateella ja ajoneuvon liikkuessa. Vuokraajan on myös aina liikkeelle lähdettäessä tarkistettava että vaunun seisontatuet on ylös saakka nostettuina ja että vaunun käsijarru on vapautettu.
Vuokraaja on vuokra-aikana velvollinen huolehtimaan matkailuvaunun normaaleista tarkistuksista, kuten renkaiden ilmanpaineista jne. Vuokraaja on myös velvollinen huolehtimaan siitä, että käyttää vaunun sähkölaitteita niin, että akut eivät pääse täysin tyhjenemään. Jos akut ovat kuitenkin tyhjentyneet, niitä ei saa ladata ulkopuolisella laturilla vaan vaunu on kytkettävä maasähköön jotta akut voivat rauhassa latautua.
Vuokraajaa suositellaan kytkemään vaunu leiriytyessä verkkovirtaan, jolloin voidaan parhaiten varmistaa auton sähkölaitteiden toimivuus ja akkujen latautuminen.
9. VASTUU MATKAILUVAUNUSTA JA SEN VARUSTEISTA VUOKRA-AIKANA
Vuokraaja on velvollinen korvaamaan kaikki matkailuvaunulle aiheuttamansa vahingot kokonaisuudessaan.
Matkailuvaunusa on liikenne- ja kaskovakuutus. Mikäli vahinko kuuluu vakuutuksen korvauspiiriin, niin vuokralaisen omavastuu kussakin vahinkotapauksessa on 750 €. Mikäli autolle sattuu vahinko auton vuokra-aikana, maksetaan omavastuuosuus 750 € käteisellä auton palautuksen yhteydessä tai laskua vastaan 7 päivän kuluessa auton palauttamisesta.
Mikäli sattunut vahinko ei syystä tai toisesta kuulu vakuutusyhtiön korvattavaksi, eli vakuutusyhtiö ei toisin sanoen myönnä vuokraamolle rahallista kuranttia korvausta sattuneista vahingoista, tai jos matkailuvaunulle tai vuokraamolle aiheutuneet vahingot ovat seurausta vuokraajan tahallisuudesta, törkeästä tuottamuksesta, matkailuvaunun ajamisesta alkoholin tai muun huumaavan aineen vaikutuksen alaisena, vaunun käyttämisestä rikolliseen tarkoitukseen taikka siitä, että vuokraaja on muutoin olennaisesti rikkonut tämän sopimuksen ehtoja, vuokraaja on velvollinen korvaamaan vuokraamolle aiheutuneen vahingon kokonaisuudessaan
Vuokraaja on velvollinen yllä luoteltujen tapauskohtaisten vahingonkorvausmäärien mukaan:
9.1. Korvaamaan matkailuvaunulle ja sen varusteille vuokra-aikana sattuneet vahingot
9.2. Korvaamaan matkailuvaunusta vuokra-aikana kadonneet osat ja lisävarusteet.
9.3. Korvaamaan matkailuvaunun epätavanomaisesta likaantumisesta johtuvat siivous- ja puhdistuskustannukset. (Tupakointi ja kotieläinten kuljetus on ehdottomasti kielletty ja niistä on määrätty sanktiot kohdassa näissä vuokraehdoissa)
9.4. Suorittamaan tahallisesti aiheutetun tai vakuutukseen kuulumattomattoman vahingon aiheuttamalta seisonta-ajalta sopimuksen mukaisen vuorokausimaksun (120 €), enintään 30 vuorokaudelta. Seisonta-aika alkaa kulua vahinkopäivästä lukien.
9.5. Jos raitisvesisäilöön tankataan vuokrauksen aikana muuta kuin puhdasta vettä tai muuta vesisäiliöön kuulumatonta ainetta, vuokraaja on velvollinen maksamaan vahinkonkorvauksena 5000 euroa sekä kustannukset vesisäiliön ja koko vesijäörjestelmän vaihtamisesta uuteen valtuutetun caravan-huoltoliikkeen esittämien kustannusten mukaisesti.
Vuokraaja vapautuu korvausvastuusta, jos vuokraamo saa täyden korvauksen vahingosta vastapuolen liikennevakuutuksen perusteella tai vahingon aiheuttajalta itseltään. Vuokraamon on tällöin saatava täysi korvaus myös vaunun seisonta-ajalta tämän sopimuksen mukaisen vuorokausimaksun (120 €) mukaisesti, koko siltä ajalta jolloin vaunu on korjauksen vuoksi poissa vuokra-käytöstä.
Vuokraaja on velvollinen maksamaan kaikkine kustannuksineen vuokra-aikana matkailuvaunun käyttämisestä aiheutuvat pysäköinti- ja pysäköintivirhemaksut, ylinpeussakot, rangaistusvaatimukset, ylikuormamaksut sekä muut haltijavastuun perusteella vuokraamolle määrätyt maksut.
10. VUOKRAAJAN TOIMENPITEET VIRHE-, VAHINKO- JA VARKAUSTAPAUKSISSA
10.1. Vuokraajan on välittömästi ilmoitettava vuokraamolle matkailuvaunussa ilmenneestä virheestä, viasta tai matkailuvaunua kohdanneesta vahingosta tai varkaudesta. Varkaudesta on tehtävä viipymättä ilmoitus poliisille vuokraajan toimesta.
Mahdollisen teknisen vian johdosta on aina ensin ilmoitettava vuokraamolle. Mikäli vaunussa syttyy jokin varoitusvalo joka ilmoittaa vauriosta, vaunun laitteiden käyttäminen on välittömästi keskeytettävä suurempien vahinkojen välttämiseksi ja otettava yhteyttä vuokraamoon. Ensisijaisesti vaunu pyritään saattamaan paikallisen kyseiseen automerkkiin erikoistuneen huoltoliikkeen tutkittavaksi ja mahdollisesti korjattavaksi. Toiminta näissä tilanteissa sovitaan aina vuokraamon ja vuokraajan kanssa tapauskohtaisesti erikseen tilanteen vaatimalla tavalla.
10.2. Liikennevahingon sattuessa vuokraaja on aina velvollinen tekemään viipymättä vahinkoilmoituksen vuokraamolle ja antamaan selvityksen tapahtuneesta vakuutusyhtiölle. Ensin puhelimitse vuokraamolle ja sitten täyttämällä vahinkoilmoituslomake vahinkotapahtumasta vakuutusyhtiölle. Liikennevahingon sattuessa, mikäli vahingossa on mukana toinen osapuoli, on vuokraajan epäselvyyksien ja myöhempien syyllisyyskiistojen välttämiseksi aina ilmoitettava asiasta poliisille. Edellä mainitusta poliisille ilmoitettavasta liikennevahingosta on aina toimitettava vuokraamolle poliisin antama todistus tehdystä ilmoituksesta.
10.3. Jos vuokraaja laiminlyö edellä mainittujen ilmoitusten tekemisen hän vastaa vuokraamolle siitä syntyneestä vahingosta.
11. VUOKRAAMON VELVOLLISUUS
Vuokraamo luovuttaa matkailuvaunun vuokraajalle käyttökuntoisena, sovittuna aikana ja sovitussa paikassa. Lisäksi vuokraamo antaa vuokraajalle opastuksen ja ohjeet matkailuvaunun käytöstä. Vuokraamo ei ole vastuussa matkan viivästymisen tai peruuntumisen aiheuttamista kustannuksista tai mistään muistakaan välittömistä tai välillisistä vuokraajalle aiheutuneista kustannuksista. Vuokraamo voi hyvittää osan vuokrahinnasta viivästyksen ajalta suhteessa koko vuokra-ajan hintaan. Ylivoimaisen esteen sattuessa, kuten luovutuksen mahdollisessa viivästymisessä ajoneuvon rikkoontumisen johdosta tai muun ylivoimaisen esteen tms johdosta, vuokranantajan korvausvastuu rajoittuu aina enintään vuokraajan maksamaan vuokraan kyseiseltä vuokra-ajalta.
12. VUOKRAAMON VASTUU MATKAILUVAUNUN VIRHEESTÄ
Jos matkailuvaunussa vuokra-aikana ilmenee matkan keskeytymiseen johtava tekninen tai muu vika, voidaan vuokraajalle korvata menetettyjen matkapäivien osuus vuokrahinnasta. Vuokraamo ei ole velvollinen toimittamaan teknisen vian tai muutoin keskeytyneen matkan vuoksi vuokratun vaunun tilalle korvaavaa vaunua, vaan vuokrasopimus katkeaa kesken vuokrakauden. Matkan keskeytyminen korvataan vaunun vakuutuksen mukaisesti, matkan keskeytymisestä vakuutusehtojen määräämällä tavalla.
13. VARAUKSEN PERUMINEN / SOPIMUKSEN PURKAUTUMINEN
Vuokralaisella on oikeus perua varaus / purkaa tämä sopimus seuraavien aikarajojen puitteissa:
Kun varauksen peruminen tapahtuu yli 30 vrk ennen vuokra-ajan alkua, varausmaksu palautetaan, vähennettynä 100 € järjestelykululla. Mikäli peruminen tapahtuu 29–21 vrk ennen vuokra-ajan alkua, varausmaksua (300€) ei palauteta. Jos varaus perutaan 20-14 vrk ennen vuokra-ajan alkua, on vuokraaja velvollinen maksamaan puolet sovitusta vuokrasta. Mikäli varauksen peruminen tapahtuu myöhemmin kuin 14 vrk ennen vuokra-ajan alkua, on vuokraaja velvollinen suorittamaan sovitun vuokrahinnan kokonaisuudessaan.
Vuokraamolla on oikeus vuokra-ajan kuluessa perua varaus tai purkaa vuokrasopimus, jos käy ilmi, että vuokraaja rikkoo olennaisesti vuokraehtoja tai vuokrasopimusta, tai että vuokraaja ei vuokraamon arvion mukaan kykene käsittelemään matkailuvaunua asianmukaisesti ja turvallisesti. Jos matkailuvaunun käyttö estyy tapahtuneen vahingon tai varkauden takia, varaus peruuntuu tai sopimus purkautuu vuokraamon saatua ilmoituksen tapahtuneesta vahingosta tai varkaudesta. Vuokraamon purkaessa vuokrasopimuksen vuokraaja on velvollinen palauttamaan matkailuvaunun viivytyksettä vuokraamolle. Vuokraamo voi peruuttaa varauksen tai purkaa sopimuksen myös, jos vuokraajan luottotiedoissa ilmenee merkintöjä.
14. MATKAILUVAUNUN VIEMINEN SUOMEN RAJOJEN ULKOPUOLELLE
Matkailuvaunun vieminen Suomen valtakunnan rajojen ulkopuolelle ilman vuokraamon lupaa on kielletty. Matkailuvaunun vieminen ulkomaille sovitaan aina tapauskohtaisesti ja lupa auton ulkomaille viemiseen kirjataan vuokrasopimukseen. Erikseen sovittaessa vaunua voidaan käyttää mm. Pohjoismaissa ja tietyissä länsi- ja keski-euroopan maissa. Matkailuvaunun käyttö Venäjällä, Baltian maissa ja itä-euroopassa on ehdottomasti kielletty. Mikäli ajoneuvolla siirrytään näiden ehtojen mukaisesta kiellosta huolimatta Venäjälle, Baltian maihin tai muihin itäeurooppaan kuuluviin valtioihin, on vuokraaja henkilökohtaisesti vastuussa vaunun koko reaaliarvosta ja vuokraamon menettämistä vuokratuloista siihen hetkeen saakka, kun vaunu on palautunut täydellisessä käyttökunnossa vuokraamolle. Tämän lisäksi tällaisessa tapauksessa ajoneuvo ilmoitetaan viranomaisille luvatta käyttöönotetuksi ja vuokraajasta tehdään rikosilmoitus poliisille.
15.SOPIMUSTA KOSKEVAT RIIDAT
Erimielisyydet pyritään ratkaisemaan ensisijaisesti neuvotteluilla. Jos neuvotteluratkaisua ei kuitenkaan synny kahdessa viikossa erimielisyyksien tultua molempien osapuolten tietoon, voidaan erimielisyydet saattaa tuomioistuimen ratkaistavaksi. Kanne tulee nostaa vuokraamon kotipaikassa
eli Päijät-hämeen käräjäoikeudessa.
Kaikki näissä vuokraehdoissa ilmoitetut euromääräiset hinnat sisältävät arvonlisäveron. Vahingonkorvausluonteiset maksut eivät sisällä arvonlisäveroa. | <urn:uuid:227b2781-c3b1-47f0-bf6c-ed2c4c5d7e1a> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/fin_Latn/train | finepdfs | fin_Latn | 17,879 |
Adatkezelési tájékoztató
Érdeklődésre, kapcsolatfelvételre, információkérésre vonatkozó, valamint szerződéskötést megelőző és azt követő adatkezelés esetére
1. Adatkezelő megnevezése
TEOP Tanácsadó és Szolgáltató Korlátolt Felelősségű Társaság
Rövidített elnevezés TEOP Kft.
Székhely
H-1022 Budapest, Felvinci út 29.-35.
Telephely
H-2142 Nagytarcsa Felső Ipari körút 7. "B" csarnok
Tel
+36 28 369 542
E-mail
firstname.lastname@example.org
Weboldal
www.teop.hu
Adószám
13494065-2-41
Cégjegyzékszám
01-09-738144
Törvényes képviselő Kuttor György
ügyvezető igazgató
2. Az adatkezelés alapjául szolgáló jogszabályok
* Magyarország Alaptörvénye (2011. április 25.)
* 2011. évi CXII. törvény az információs önrendelkezési jogról és az információszabadságról
* Az Európai Parlament és a Tanács (EU) 2016/679 rendelete a természetes személyeknek a személyes adatok kezelése tekintetében történő védelméről és az ilyen adatok szabad áramlásáról, valamint a 95/46/EK rendelet hatályon kívül helyezéséről (általános adatvédelmi rendelet)
* 2013. évi V. törvény a Polgári Törvénykönyvről
3. Érdeklődésre, kapcsolatfelvételre, információkérésre vonatkozó, valamint szerződéskötést megelőző és azt követő adatkezelés
Adatkezelés célja
Az adatkezelés célja, hogy Adatkezelő válaszadást biztosítson az Érintett részéről történő érdeklődésre, kapcsolatfelvételre, információkérésre, valamint biztosítsa a szerződéskötést megelőző és az azt követő kapcsolattartást Érintettel.
Adatkezelés jogalapja
Érintettek köre
Az adatkezeléssel érintett tevékenység és folyamat
Az Érintett részéről történő érdeklődés, kapcsolatfelvétel, információkérés, valamint a szerződéskötést megelőző és az azt követő kapcsolattartás biztosítása Érintett önkéntes hozzájárulásán alapul.
Minden természetes személy, aki érdeklődés, kapcsolatfelvétel, információkérés céljából kapcsolatba lép Adatkezelővel, illetve aki szerződéskötésre irányuló magatartást tanúsít (pl. ajánlatot kér Adatkezelőtől), vagy szerződést köt Adatkezelővel.
Érintett az Adatkezelő által biztosított, számára elérhető úton keresztül (email, honlap, levél, fax, telefon) veheti fel a kapcsolatot, érdeklődhet, vagy kérhet információt Adatkezelőtől.
Adatkezelő az Érintett kérdését megválaszolja, vagy információt biztosít és azt Érintettnek eljuttatja ugyanazon az úton, ahogyan az információkérés érkezett, ha Érintett máshogyan nem rendelkezik.
Adatkezelő csak abban az esetben tud választ adni, vagy információt nyújtani, amennyiben Érintett a nevén kívül legalább egy kapcsolattartási adatát megadja.
Adatkezelő tájékoztatja Érintettet, hogy az adatokat informatikai rendszerében (vállalatirányítási rendszer adatbázis, weblap adatbázis, saját üzemeltetésű fájlszerver) elektronikus formátumban rögzíti és tárolja.
Érintett, az adatkezelés céljával összhangban, önkéntesen hozzájárul ahhoz, hogy ha az információkérés során elérhetőségét megadta, azon keresztül Adatkezelő vele kapcsolatba lépjen, hogy a kérdést pontosítsa, vagy azt részére megválaszolja.
Adatkezelés időtartama
Vezetékes telefonszám
Vezetékes telefonon történő válaszadást, információnyújtást, kapcsolattartást Adatkezelő csak a vezetékes telefonszám ismeretében tud teljesíteni.
Mobiltelefonszám
Mobiltelefonon történő válaszadást, információnyújtást, kapcsolattartást Adatkezelő csak a mobiltelefonszám ismeretében tud teljesíteni.
Fax szám
Faxon történő válaszadást, információnyújtást, kapcsolattartást Adatkezelő csak a faxszám ismeretében tud teljesíteni
Adatkezelő az elektronikusan tárolt adatokat törli, a papír alapon szereplő adatokat megsemmisíti legkésőbb az első megkeresés időpontjától számított 2 éven belül, vagy a cél megvalósulásakor.
Szerződéskötés esetén Adatkezelő az elektronikusan tárolt adatokat törli, a papír alapon szereplő adatokat megsemmisíti legkésőbb a szerződéskötés időpontjától számított 5 éven belül.
Adattovábbítás harmadik félnek
Nincs adattovábbítás harmadik félnek.
4. Az adatokhoz való hozzáférés és az adatbiztonsági intézkedések
Az Ön által megadott személyes adatokhoz TEOP Kft. vezetése (igazgatótanács, felső- és középvezetők) és az adatkezelést végző munkatársai férhetnek hozzá a feladataik ellátása érdekében.
TEOP Kft. az Ön által megadott személyes adatokat a székhelyén (H-1022 Budapest, Felvinci út 29.-35.) tárolja elektronikus formában saját fájlszerverén, valamint papír alapon fizikailag zárható iratszekrényekben, riasztóval felszerelt irodában. TEOP Kft. megfelelő intézkedésekkel gondoskodik arról, hogy a személyes adatait védjük többek között a jogosulatlan hozzáférés ellen vagy azok jogosulatlan megváltoztatása ellen. Így például a szerveren tárolt személyes adatokhoz való hozzáférést TEOP Kft. naplózza, vagyis mindig ellenőrizhető, ki, mikor, milyen személyes adataihoz fért hozzá.
5. Az adatkezeléssel kapcsolatos jogai
TEOP Kft. felhívja figyelmét, hogy jogaival az alábbi elérhetőségeken élhet:
Levélben
H-1022 Budapest, Felvinci út 29.-35.
Telefonon
+36 28 369 542
E-mailben
email@example.com
Tájékoztatás (hozzáférés) joga:
Az Ön kérelmére TEOP Kft. tájékoztatást ad:
* az általa kezelt adatokról és személyes adatok kategóriáiról,
* az adatkezelés céljáról,
* az adatkezelés jogalapjáról,
* az adatkezelés időtartamáról,
* az adatok tárolásának időtartamáról, vagy ha ez nem lehetséges, ezen időtartam meghatározásának szempontjairól,
* ha az adatokat nem Öntől gyűjtötték, a forrásukra vonatkozó minden elérhető információról,
* adatfeldolgozó adatairól, ha TEOP Kft. adatfeldolgozót vett igénybe,
* az adatvédelmi incidens körülményeiről, hatásairól és az elhárítására megtett intézkedésekről, továbbá
* az Ön személyes adatainak továbbítása esetén az adattovábbítás jogalapjáról, céljáról és címzettjéről.
A tájékoztatás ingyenes, ha a tájékoztatást kérő a folyó évben azonos adatkörre vonatkozóan tájékoztatási kérelmet TEOP Kft.-hez még nem nyújtott be. Egyéb esetekben költségtérítés állapítható meg. A már megfizetett költségtérítést vissza kell téríteni, ha az adatokat jogellenesen kezelték, vagy a tájékoztatás kérése helyesbítéshez vezetett.
A helyesbítés joga
Ön jogosult arra, hogy kérésére TEOP Kft. indokolatlan késedelem nélkül helyesbítse az Önre vonatkozó pontatlan személyes adatokat. Figyelembe véve az adatkezelés célját, Ön jogosult arra, hogy kérje a hiányos személyes adatok kiegészítését.
Törléshez (elfeledtetéshez) való jog
Ön jogosult arra, hogy kérésére TEOP Kft. indokolatlan késedelem nélkül törölje az Önre vonatkozó személyes adatokat, TEOP Kft. pedig köteles arra, hogy az Önre vonatkozó személyes adatokat indokolatlan késedelem nélkül törölje, ha azt kötelező adatkezelés nem zárja ki.
Korlátozásához (zároláshoz) való jog
Ön jogosult arra, hogy kérésére TEOP Kft. korlátozza az adatkezelést.
Ha a rendelkezésére álló információk alapján feltételezhető, hogy a törlés sértené az Ön jogos érdekeit, az adatokat zárolni kell. Az így zárolt személyes adat kizárólag addig kezelhető, ameddig fennáll az az adatkezelési cél, amely a személyes adat törlését kizárta.
Az adatokat zárolni kell, ha
* az adatkezelés jogellenes, és Ön ellenzi az adatok törlését, és ehelyett kéri azok felhasználásának korlátozását;
* TEOP Kft.-nek már nincs szüksége a személyes adatokra adatkezelés céljából, de Ön igényli azokat jogi igények előterjesztéséhez, érvényesítéséhez vagy védelméhez; vagy
* Ön tiltakozott az adatkezelés ellen; ez esetben a korlátozás arra az időtartamra vonatkozik, amíg megállapításra nem kerül, hogy TEOP Kft. jogos indokai elsőbbséget élveznek-e az Ön jogos indokaival szemben.
Adathordozhatósághoz való jog
Ön jogosult arra, hogy az Önre vonatkozó, Ön által TEOP Kft. rendelkezésére bocsátott személyes adatokat tagolt, széles körben használt, géppel olvasható formátumban megkapja, továbbá jogosult arra, hogy ezeket az adatokat egy másik adatkezelőnek továbbítsa anélkül, hogy ezt akadályozná az az adatkezelő, amelynek a személyes adatokat a rendelkezésére bocsátotta, ha:
* az adatkezelés hozzájáruláson, alapul; és
* az adatkezelés automatizált módon történik.
Az adatok hordozhatóságához való jog gyakorlása során Ön jogosult arra, hogy – ha ez technikailag megvalósítható – kérje a személyes adatok adatkezelők közötti közvetlen továbbítását.
Tiltakozáshoz való jog
Ön tiltakozhat személyes adatának kezelése – ideértve a profilalkotást is – ellen, ha
* a személyes adatok kezelése (továbbítása) kizárólag TEOP Kft. vagy az adatátvevő jogának vagy jogos érdekének érvényesítéséhez szükséges, kivéve kötelező adatkezelés esetén;
* a személyes adat felhasználása vagy továbbítása közvetlen üzletszerzés, közvélemény-kutatás vagy tudományos kutatás céljára történik;
* a tiltakozás jogának gyakorlását egyébként törvény lehetővé teszi.
Ön tiltakozhat a személyes adatok közvetlen üzletszerzés érdekében történő kezelése ellen, ekkor a személyes adatok a továbbiakban e célból nem kezelhetők.
Jogérvényesítés
Ön a jogainak megsértése esetén bírósághoz fordulhat.
Információs önrendelkezési jogának megsértése esetén bejelentéssel, panasszal élhet:
Nemzeti Adatvédelmi és Információszabadság Hatóság
Rövidített elnevezés NAIH
Cím
1125 Budapest, Szilágyi Erzsébet fasor 22/c
Postacím
1530 Budapest, Pf.: 5.
Tel
+36 1 391 1400
Fax
+36 1 391 1410
E-mail
firstname.lastname@example.org
Weboldal
http://naih.hu
Kiskorúakat sértő, gyűlöletkeltő, kirekesztő tartalmakkal, helyreigazítással, elhunyt személy jogaival, jó hírnév megsértésével kapcsolatos jogainak megsértése esetén bejelentéssel, panasszal élhet:
Nemzeti Média- és Hírközlési Hatóság
Rövidített elnevezés
NMHH
Cím
1133 Budapest, Visegrádi u. 106.
Postacím
1376 Budapest, Pf. 997.
Tel
+36 1 468 0673
Fax
+36 1 468 0509
E-mail
email@example.com
Weboldal
www.nmhh.hu
6. Tájékoztató „Cookie"-k („süti"-k) használatáról
Amikor Ön a TEOP Kft. oldalait meglátogatja, egy apró file, ún. „cookie" (továbbiakban: „cookie" vagy „süti") kerül a számítógépére, mely többféle célt szolgálhat.
Egyes általunk használt „sütik" elengedhetetlenek az oldal megfelelő működéséhez (Működéshez szükséges „sütik"), mások információkat gyűjtenek a weboldal használatával kapcsolatban (Analitikához szükséges „sütik"), hogy még kényelmesebbé és hasznosabbá váljon az oldal.
A „sütik" célja
* A felhasználói élmény javítása és alapvető weboldal-funkciók működésének biztosítása.
* Statisztikák gyűjtése, melyek elemzése segíti megérteni azt, hogy a látogatók hogyan használják a weboldalt, amelyet ezáltal tovább fejleszthetünk.
„Sütik" típusai
* Működéshez szükséges „sütik": ezek alapvető weboldal-funkciók működéséhez szükségesek.
* Analitikához szükséges „sütik": ezek teszik lehetővé, hogy mérjük a felhasználók aktivitását és ezzel javítsuk az oldal minőségét.
Működéshez szükséges „sütik"
A „Működéshez szükséges sütik" a honlap böngészéséhez, a funkciók használatához szükségesek, többek között lehetővé teszik a látogató által adott oldalon, funkcióban vagy szolgáltatásban végzett műveletek megjegyzését.
Analitikához szükséges „sütik"
Az analitikához szükséges „sütik" használatának célja, hogy a weblapról látogatási statisztikákat készíthessünk és hogy hogy pontosabb képet kaphassunk a látogatók tevékenységeiről. A honlap az alábbi szolgáltató célzó- és hirdetési „sütijeit" használja:
* Google Analytics:
A szolgáltatással kapcsolatos részletes tájékoztatót a következő linken keresztül érhető el: https://policies.google.com/technologies/types?hl=hu
Biztonság
TEOP Kft. a „sütik" engedélyezése esetén sem jegyez meg semmilyen azonosítót vagy jelszót. A „sütik" nem gyűjtenek személyes adatot, az analitika is teljes mértékben anonim, a mérések alapján nem lehet megállapítani a látogató személyazonosságát.
A „sütik" beállításának ellenőrzése, a „sütik" letiltása
A modern böngészők engedélyezik a „süti" beállítások módosítását. A böngészők egy része alapértelmezettként automatikusan elfogadja a „sütiket", de ez a beállítás is megváltoztatható annak érdekében, hogy a jövőre nézve megakadályozza a látogató az automatikus elfogadást. Átállítás esetén a böngésző a továbbiakban minden alkalommal felajánlja a „sütik beállításának" választási lehetőségét.
Felhívjuk figyelmét, hogy mivel a „sütik" célja a weboldal használhatóságának és folyamatainak támogatása, valamint megkönnyítése, a „sütik" letiltása esetén nem tudjuk garantálni, hogy Ön képes lesz a weboldal valamennyi funkciójának teljes körű használatára. A weboldal ez esetben a tervezettől eltérően működhet a böngészőben.
További részletes információk az alábbi böngészők „süti" beállításairól:
* Google Chrome
* Firefox
* Microsoft Internet Explorer 11
* Microsoft Internet Explorer 10
* Microsoft Internet Explorer 9
* Microsoft Internet Explorer 8
* Safari | <urn:uuid:6b2866d8-0ec9-4e24-9a6b-7064f772efde> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/hun_Latn/train | finepdfs | hun_Latn | 12,733 |
Data:
Rev.:
16-07-2014
03
SCHEDA TECNICA
Denominazione:
CROSTATINE ALBICOCCA
Codice:
FR 005
Descrizione:
prodotto dolciario da forno
Ingredienti:
farina di frumento tipo 0, margarina vegetale (oli vegetali [girasole], grassi vegetali [palma], acqua, emulsionante: mono- e digliceridi degli acidi grassi, sale, correttore di acidità: acido citrico, aromi), semilavorato di albicocca 25%: (sciroppo di glucosio- fruttosio, purea di albicocca 40%, saccarosio, gelificante: E1442, E401, E440i, correttore di acidità: acido citrico, conservanti: potassio sorbato), zucchero, uova , burro , farina di mais, miele, agenti lievitanti: (difosfato disodico, carbonato acido di sodio, amido frumento ), sale, vanillina.
Può contenere tracce di frutta a guscio.
Modalità di conservazione: Temperatura ambiente
Tempo di conservazione:
6 (sei) mesi in luogo fresco ed asciutto in confezione originale.
Caratteristiche microbiologiche: Germi Aerobi Mesofili
1.000 UFC/g.
Coliformi totali
100 UFC/g.
E. coli
10 UFC/g.
Stafilococchi coag +
10 UFG/g.
Salmonelle
assenti in 25 g.
Confezionamento:
Scatola in cartone protetto da film plastico da 20 pz.
Pallettizzazione:
Dimensioni pallet 120 x 80
Peso netto:
g. 1200
PALPELLA S.N.C. DI PALPELLA GIORGIO E SERGIO
VIA CANNIZZARO, 24/26 20090 BUCCINASCO MI TEL 02.48841599-FAX 02.45701806 P.IVA 09354850159
Data: 16-07-2014
Rev.: 03
segue scheda tecnica "Crostatine albicocca"
VALORI NUTRIZIONALI MEDI PER 100 g DI PRODOTTO:
PALPELLA S.N.C. DI PALPELLA GIORGIO E SERGIO VIA CANNIZZARO, 24/26 20090 BUCCINASCO MI TEL 02.48841599-FAX 02.45701806 P.IVA 09354850159 | <urn:uuid:c1259a4a-e814-4530-9d06-f118d711b57d> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ita_Latn/train | finepdfs | ita_Latn | 1,628 |
Holland Park
Buitengewoon wonen
Wonen in Blok 16
Blok 16 in het kort
124 appartementen
gelegen aan 3 grachten
gemeenschappelijke binnentuin
75 parkeerplaatsen
appartementen vanaf
50 m² tot 135 m²
eigen grond
Sfeervolle grachten, prachtige gevels, gezellige straatjes, groene binnentuinen en mooie design-appartementen op eigen grond. Dit vind je aan de nieuwe grachten-gordel van de spraakmakende woonwijk Holland Park. Op nog geen 10 minuten van het centrum van Amsterdam en gelegen naast het Bergwijkpark in Diemen Zuid, worden optimaal woongenot, bereikbaarheid en unieke architectuur gecombineerd tot een aantrekkelijke woonomgeving. Holland Park maakt betaalbaar wonen mogelijk, in schitterende appartementen vanaf 50 m² tot 135 m². Deze unieke op zichzelf staande wijk is ontworpen door de bekende architect en stedenbouwkundige Sjoerd Soeters uit Amsterdam en geïnspireerd op zijn eerder ontworpen Java Eiland in Amsterdam en Sluseholmen, het grachtenstadje in Kopenhagen.
Ligging
Holland Park is ideaal gesitueerd ten opzichte van diverse uitvalswegen en openbaarvervoersvoorzieningen. Met 14 minuten van Amsterdam CS is Holland Park centraal gelegen en perfect bereikbaar. Of je nu op het Museumplein, het Leidseplein of op Schiphol moet zijn, je bent er met de metro, tram, fiets, trein en auto binnen no time. Op 2 minuten lopen ligt het trein- en metrostation Diemen-Zuid. Je staat in 13 minuten op het Waterlooplein, in 17 minuten op Schiphol, in 23 minuten in Almere en in 56 minuten in Den Haag. Met de auto ben je binnen een paar minuten op de ring A10 en rijdt je zo het centrum van Amsterdam in. Op de fiets rijdt je binnen 20 minuten via de Middenweg naar de Dappermarkt in Oost. Maar ook dichter bij huis in Holland Park, zijn alle voorzieningen aanwezig. In Holland Park zelf zullen er verspreid over de verschillende delen van de buurt cafés en buurtwinkels komen. Het plein van restaurantjes grenst aan een mooi park waar je heerlijk kunt relaxen. Wil je boodschappen doen in Amsterdam, dan liggen de winkels en markten in Watergraafsmeer en Amsterdam-Oost op fietsafstand. Bewoners van Holland Park kunnen gebruik maken van gemeenschappelijke auto’s, zodat je kunt gaan waar je wilt.
EEN BRUISENDE WIJK MET WATER,
MOOIE STRAATJES, GOEDE VOORZIENINGEN,
GEZELLIGE RESTAURANTJES EN
UITSTEKENDE VERBINDINGEN.
Woonomgeving
Holland Park wordt een typische, gezellig stedelijke buurt, een levendige wijk met zo'n 5.000 bewoners. Een mix van grachtenpanden, winkels, restaurants, cafés en appartementen bepaalt het straatbeeld, terwijl de vele stukken groen en kades het buitengevoel versterken. Vanuit je huis of lopend op straat zie je een aanheenschaking van eigentijdse gevels en interessante door-rijkjes, met vrijwel overal uitzicht op het water. Ieder appartement is anders, je kiest wat bij je past. Door samenwerking met Nederlandse toparchitecten en ontwerpers ontstaat er een rijke mix aan bouwstijlen, binnentuinen en design in de openbare ruimte. Op straat staan zo min mogelijk auto's, want die worden onder de woongebouwen geparkeerd. Er vervult een bijzonder goed bereikbaar kleinstedelijk woongebied met een eigen karakter, zoals de Jordaan of De Pijp: een bruisende wijk met water, mooie straatjes, goede voorzieningen, gezellige restaurantjes en uitstekende verbindingen. ◆
VANAF DE EERSTE DAG DAT JE IN HOLLAND PARK WOONT, KUN JE GEbruIK MAKEN VAN EEN UITGEBRiED AANbOD VAN VOORZiENiNGEN.
Voorzieningen
Vanaf de eerste dag dat je in Holland Park woont kun je gebruik maken van een uitgebreid aanbod aan voorzieningen. In de naastgelegen superde-luxe studentencampus Campus Diemen Zuid vind je nu al een Albert Heijn, een gezellige coffee corner, verschillende horecagelegenheden, een kapsalon, fietsenmaker en een fitnesscentrum met tennisbaan. Op fietsafstand van Holland Park zijn er het buurtwinkelcentrum KruidenHof met een keurslager, supermarkt en drogist en het centrum van Diemen met meer dan 90 winkels, zoals een Albert Heijn XL en een Hema. Bij het informatiecentrum van Holland Park is sinds kort ook een pop-up restaurant gevestigd.
Blok 16
Voor het uiterste grachtengesvoel moet je in Holland Park zijn. Blok 16 ligt in het sfeervolle middengebied van Holland Park. De in het middengebied zorgvuldig ontworpen grachten en kades onderstrepen het karakter van Holland Park. Het exclusieve woonblok 16 wordt omringd door water; het staat er zelfs aan drie zijden met de voeten in! Dat betekent natuurlijk een geweldig uitzicht. En behalve uitzicht op het water kijk je als bewoner van dit blok straks uit op een fraaie groene laan, het Zilvermeerpad. Het grachtengesvoel begint al op de wegernaar toe, die voert over bruggen en kades. En niet te vergeten, Blok 16 ligt op loopafstand van het nieuwe park.
Blok 16 bestaat uit 124 appartementen, die zijn verdeeld over zes verdiepingen. De smaakvolle appartementen in dit blok zijn ontworpen door maar liefst zes verschillende architecten waardoor een grote variatie in architectuur is ontstaan. Het blok heeft een gezamenlijke binnentuin, die bereikbaar is via de kade en via een voetgangersbrug die uitkomt op het Zilvermeerpad. De centrale entree en de binnentuin van de woningen grenzen aan de Carel Willinkgracht. Het woningaanbod in Blok 16 is heel divers. De kleinste appartement heeft een oppervlakte van 50 vierkante meter terwijl het grootste appartement ruim 135 vierkante meter beslaat. De verschillende soorten woningen zijn allemaal met evenveel zorg ontworpen. Ze stralen stuk voor stuk een zekere chic uit. Maar dit blok – en dat geldt ook voor de rest van Holland Park – is meer dan een fraai staaltje architectuur. Voor de ontwerpen van de architecten is de woonkwaliteit van de toekomstige bewoners leidend geweest. Om te beginnen zijn alle woningen voorzien van een eigen balkon, dakterras of tuin. Maar één van de grootste troeven van dit blok is wel de fraaie opening in de zuidgevel. Een slimme architectonische vondst die zorgt voor een prachtige lichtval en een bijzonder ruimtelijk effect. Een ander architectonisch hoogstandje is de verdiepte ligging van de woonkamer in een aantal woningen, die zorgt voor optimaal watercontact en een vrije hoogte van circa vier meter. Tot slot, alle woningen hebben een eigen berging van circa vijf vierkante meter en twee fietsparkeerplaatsen in de half verdiepte stallingsgarage onder het woongebouw. Voor toekomstige bewoners bestaat tevens de mogelijkheid om een parkeerplaats bij het appartement te kopen.
Welkom thuis!
Wat krijg je als je zes verschillende architectenbureaus met zes verschillende visies samen één woongebouw laat ontwerpen? Misschien wel het meest diverse appartementencomplex ooit gebouwd in Nederland, waar het oog voor detail centraal staat. Blok 16 van Holland Park is met recht uniek.
Iedere gevel moet je op detailniveau beoordelen
"Ik vind het wonderlijk, zo'n saaie kantoorlocatie die omgetoverd wordt tot een spannende, bruisende plek", stelt Neelu Boparai van Boparai Associates Architecten. Het nieuw te verrijzen Holland Park in Diemen is volgens de architecten van Blok 16 ongekend in zijn schaal. Mark Feron van Architectenzak aan meent zelfs dat dit gemarkeerd kan worden als het einde van de crisis. "Er is weer een partij die de stip op de horizon vooruit durft te zetten. Dat hebben we al een jaar of zeven niet meer gehad!"
Tako Postma, architect bij INBO, roemt de vele en aantrekkelijke openbare ruimtes tussen de verschillende woonblokken. "In de collectieve binnenhuizen waar alle entrees op uitkomen, kunnen de bewoners elkaar in een fijne sfeer ontmoeten. Dat zorgt meteen al voor een gevoel van saamhorigheid en dat is ontzettend spannend."
Zes architecten die het met elkaar eens moeten worden over één woonblok. Kan dat wel? Postma vergelijkt het met het samen tekenen van een poppetje. "Dan maakte ik het hoofd, vouwde het papier om en gaf het door aan een ander, die dan het buikje mocht tekenen. Eigenlijk een heel bijzonder proces, waardoor de verschillen in gevels er echt uitspringen."
Pieter Bedaux van Bedaux de Brouwer Architecten vult aan: "Het ontwerpen van de verschillende gevels is vrij democratisch verlopen, dit is niet het type blok waar één ding echt opraalt, waar één iemand het hoogste woord voert. Het gaat veel meer om Blok 16."
Geen absolute eyecatchers in Blok 16 dus, maar waarin onderscheidt het zich van de andere blokken in Holland Park? "Er zitten zoveel verschillende handschriften in dit blok, aan de gebruikte materialen en de manier waarop de pandjes met elkaar verbonden zijn kun je straks zien dat de verschillen in dit blok groter zijn dan bij de andere blokken," meent Postma. Boparai: "ieder pandje, iedere gevel moet je op detailniveau beoordelen. Heb je echt oog voor de details, dan kun je hier heel veel uit halen."
Thomas Offermans, architect bij Jo Coenen Architects & Urbanists, ziet juist hierdoor de gelijkenis met de Amsterdamse binnenstad. "Ouwe ontwikkeling is het misschien heel anders, maar ook binnen de grachtengordel was er sprake van verschillende architecten, andere materialen en andere uitgangspunten. Ook in Holland Park krijg je geen lange, rechte en gelijke gebouwen. Het voelt daardoor direct al aangenaam en veilig als je er doorheen loopt."
Het grootste verschil met de Amsterdamse binnenstad is dat Holland Park niet alleen bereikbaar is voor starters en voor jonge stellen, maar ook voor senioren die de spanning van de stad willen beleven, maar niet per se in de stad willen wonen. "Hier woon je niet met alleen maar jongeren of alleen maar senioren, hier tref je straks een mix," vertelt Pieter Bedaux. "Net als in de stad vind je hier een prettige verscheidenheid, een gemêleerd publiek." Dan helpt het ook dat de woningen, die licht, ruim en slim ingereden zijn, variëren in grootte van vijftig tot honderdvijftig vierkante meter.
Neelu Boparai vat het toekomstige leven in Blok 16 als volgt samen, aangevuld met een kleine knipoog naar de toekomst: "Je hebt een buitenwereld, maar ook een hele hoop binnenwerelden. Ik kan me zelfs voorstellen dat er op een gegeven moment ook hier wandelflours worden georganiseerd door de binnenhoven, zoals je die ook in de binnenstad van Amsterdam hebt. Dat er een poort oopgaat en je eventjes binnen mag kijken."
GEVARIEERDE GEVELARCHITECTUUR EN ZONNIGE, OP ZUID GELEGEN BUITENRUIMTES AAN HET WATER.
De woongebouwen aan de grachten worden door sfeervolle bruggen met elkaar verbonden.
BEWONERS VAN BLOK 16 ONTMOETEN ELKAAR IN DE GEMEENSCHAPPELIJKE GROENE BINNENTUIN.
Ligging Blok 16
Kelder
Begane grond
Eerste verdieping
Tweede verdieping
Derde verdieping
Vierde verdieping
Vijfde verdieping
Zesde verdieping
Type A1
Bouwnummer: 1.13, 2.13, 3.13, 4.13
Woonoppervlakte: 49,4 m²
2 Kamerappartement
1 Slapenkamer
Buitenruimte: 5,1 m²
Oriëntatie buitenruimte: Noord/West
Keuken en sanitair: Pakket 1
Berging buiten de woning: 6,4 m²
Type B1
Bouwnummers: 0.7a, 1.7a, 2.7a, 3.7a, 4.7a
Woonoppervlakte: 53,3 m²
2 Kamerappartement
1 Slapenkamer
Buitenruimte: 6,7 m²
Oriëntatie buitenruimte: Zuid/West
Keuken en sanitair: Pakket 1
Berging buiten de woning: 5 m²
Type B2
Bouwnummers: 1.5a
Woonoppervlakte: 55 m²
2 Kamerappartement
1 Slaapkamer
Buitenruimte: 6,6 m²
Oriëntatie buitenruimte: Zuid/West
Keuken en sanitair: Pakket 1
Berging buiten de woning: 5 m²
Type B3
Bouwnummers: 2.5a, 3.5a, 4.5a, 5.5a
Woonoppervlakte: 56,1 m²
2 Kamerappartement
1 Slaapkamer
Buitenruimte: 6,6 m²
Oriëntatie buitenruimte: Zuid/West
Keuken en sanitair: Pakket 1
Berging buiten de woning: ca. 5 m²
Type C1
Bouwnummers: 0.7
Woonoppervlakte: 64,1 m²
3 Kamerappartement
2 Slapenkamers
Buitenruimte: 7,7 m²
Oriëntatie buitenruimte: Zuid/West
Keuken en sanitair: Pakket 2
Berging buiten de woning: 5 m²
Type C2
Bouwnummers: 0.2a
Woonoppervlakte: 69 m²
3 Kamerappartement
2 Slapenkamers
Buitenruimte: 29,4 m²
Oriëntatie buitenruimte: Zuid/Oost en Noord/West
Keuken en sanitair: Pakket 2
Berging buiten de woning: 5,1 m²
Type C3
Bouwnummers: 0.2
Woonoppervlakte: 69 m²
3 Kamerappartement
2 Slapenkamers
Buitenruimte: 30,1 m²
Oriëntatie buitenruimte: Zuid/Oost en Noord/West
Keuken en sanitair: Pakket 2
Berging buiten de woning: 5,1 m²
Type C4
Bouwnummer: 0.3
Woonoppervlakte: 68,6 m²
3 Kamerappartement
2 Slapenkamers
Buitenruimte: 28,2 m²
Oriëntatie buitenruimte: Zuid/Oost en Noord/West
Keuken en sanitair: Pakket 2
Berging buiten de woning 5,1 m²
Type C5
Bouwnummers: 1.7, 2.7, 3.7, 4.7
Woonoppervlakte: 64,1 m²
3 Kamerappartement
2 Slaapkamers
Buitenruimte: 6,7 m²
Oriëntatie buitenruimte: Zuid/West
Keuken en sanitair: Pakket 2
Berging buiten de woning: 5 m²
Type C6
Bouwnummer: 1.9, 1.10, 1.11, 1.11a, 2.9, 2.10, 2.11, 2.11a, 3.9, 3.10, 3.11, 3.11a, 4.9, 4.10, 4.11, 4.11a
Woonoppervlakte: 61,5 m²
3 Kamerappartement
2 Slaapkamers
Buitenruimte 1.9, 2.9, 3.9, 4.9: 6,7 m² / 1.10, 2.10, 3.10, 4.10: 5,9 m² / 1.11, 1.11a, 2.11, 2.11a, 3.11, 3.11a, 4.11, 4.11a: 5,5 m²
Oriëntatie buitenruimte: Zuid/Oost
Keuken en sanitair: Pakket 2
Berging buiten de woning: 5 tot 5,2 m²
WONINGTYPE C6
Type C7
Bouwnummers: 1.12, 2.12, 3.12, 4.12
Woonoppervlakte: 61,5 m²
3 Kamerappartement
2 Slapenkamers
Buitenruimte: 4,8 m²
Oriëntatie buitenruimte: Zuid/Oost
Keuken en sanitair: Pakket 2
Berging buiten de woning: ca. 5 m²
Type C8
Bouwnummers: 1.14, 2.14, 3.14, 4.14, 5.14
Woonoppervlakte: 67,9 m²
3 Kamerappartement
2 Slapenkamers
Buitenruimte: 5,8 m²
Oriëntatie buitenruimte: Zuid/West
Keuken en sanitair: Pakket 2
Berging buiten de woning: 5 tot 5,4 m²
Type C9
Bouwnummers: 1.14a, 1.15, 2.14a, 2.15, 3.14a, 3.15, 4.14a, 4.15, 5.14a, 5.15
Woonoppervlakte: 67,9 m²
3 Kamerappartement
2 Slapenkamers
Buitenruimte 1.14a, 2.14a, 3.14a, 4.14a, 5.14a: 5,9 m² / 1.15, 2.15, 3.15, 4.15, 5.15: 5,5 m²
Oriëntatie buitentuin: Zuid/West
Keuken en sanitair: Pakket 2
Berging buiten de woning: 5,1 tot 5,4 m²
Type C10
Bouwnummers: 1.16, 2.16, 3.16, 4.16, 5.16
Woonoppervlakte: 64,5 m²
3 Kamerappartement
2 Slapenkamers
Buitenruimte: 7,9 m²
Oriëntatie buitentuin: Zuid/Oost
Keuken en sanitair: Pakket 2
Berging buiten de woning: 5,1 tot 5,3 m²
4.16 heeft naast het balkon van 7,9 m² aan de Zuid/Oost zijde ook een buitentuin op het Noord/Oosten te grootte van 3,55 m². 5.16 heeft een buitentuin te grootte van 11,9 m²
Type C11
Bouwnummers: 1.17, 2.17, 3.17, 4.17, 5.17
Woonoppervlakte: 66 m²
3 Kamerappartement
2 Slapenkamers
Buitenruimte: 6,3 m²
Oriëntatie buitenuitruimte: Zuid
Keuken en sanitair: Pakket 2
Berging buiten de woning: 5 tot 7,6 m²
Type C12
Bouwnummers: 1.2a, 2.2a, 3.2a, 4.2a, 5.2a
Woonoppervlakte: 66 m²
3 Kamerappartement
2 Slapenkamers
Buitenruimte: 6,5 m²
Oriëntatie buitenuitruimte: Zuid/Oost
Keuken en sanitair: Pakket 2
Berging buiten de woning: ca. 5 m²
WONINGTYPE C11
Type C13
Bouwnummers: 1.2, 2.2, 3.2, 4.2, 5.2
Woonoppervlakte: 65,2 m²
3 Kamerappartement
2 Slapenkamers
Buitenruimte: 7,3 m²
Oriëntatie buitenruimte: Zuid/Oost
Keuken en sanitair: Pakket 2
Berging buiten de woning: 5 tot 5,6 m²
Type C14
Bouwnummers: 1.3, 2.3, 3.3, 4.3, 5.3
Woonoppervlakte: 68,6 m²
3 Kamerappartement
2 Slapenkamers
Buitenruimte: 6 m²
Oriëntatie buitenruimte: Zuid/Oost
Keuken en sanitair: Pakket 2
Berging buiten de woning: 5 m²
Type C15
Bouwnummers: 1,6, 2,6, 3,6, 4,6
Woonoppervlakte: 64,8 m²
3 Kamerappartement
2 Slapenkamers
Buitenruimte: 5,3 m²
Oriëntatie buitenruimte: Zuid/West
Keuken en sanitair: Pakket 2
Berging buiten de woning: 5 m²
Type C16
Bouwnummers: 2,5, 3,5, 4,5
Woonoppervlakte: 70,3 m²
3 Kamerappartement
2 Slapenkamers
Buitenruimte: 6,6 m²
Oriëntatie buitenruimte: Zuid/West
Keuken en sanitair: Pakket 2
Berging buiten de woning: 5 tot 5,2 m²
Type D1
Bouwnummer: 0.9, 0.10, 0.11, 0.11a
Woonoppervlakte: 74,5 m²
3 Kamerappartement
2 Slapenkamers
Buitenruimte 0.9: 32 m², 0.10: 33,8 m²,
0.11 en 0.11a: 34,6 m²
Oriëntatie buitenruimte: Noord/West en Zuid/Oost
Keuken en sanitair: Pakket 2
Berging buiten de woning: 5,1 m²
Type D2
Bouwnummers: 0.12
Woonoppervlakte: 74,5 m²
3 Kamerappartement
2 Slapenkamers
Buitenruimte: 30,8 m²
Oriëntatie buitentuin: Noord/West en Zuid/Oost
Keuken en sanitair: Pakket 2
Berging buiten de woning: 5 m²
Type D3
Bouwnummers: 0.13
Woonoppervlakte: 74,6 m²
3 Kamerappartement
2 Slapenkamers
Buitenruimte: 7,7 m²
Oriëntatie buitentuin: Noord/Oost/West
Keuken en sanitair: Pakket 2
Berging buiten de woning: 5,3 m²
Type D4
Bouwnummers: 1.8, 2.8, 3.8, 4.8
Woonoppervlakte: 74,6 m²
3 Kamerappartement
2 Slapenkamers
Buitenruimte: 11,8 m²
Oriëntatie buitenruimte: Zuid/West
Keuken en sanitair: Pakket 2
Berging buiten de woning: ca. 5,1 m²
Type D5
Bouwnummers: 5.5
Woonoppervlakte: 75,9 m²
3 Kamerappartement
2 Slapenkamers
Buitenruimte: 38,1 m²
Oriëntatie buitenruimte: Alzijdig (dakterras)
Keuken en sanitair: Pakket 2
Berging buiten de woning: 5,7 m²
Type E1
Bouwnummer: 0.14
Woonoppervlakte: 79,8 m²
3 Kamerappartement
2 Slapenkamers
Buitenruimte: 40,5 m²
Oriëntatie buitenruimte: Noord/Oost en Zuid
Keuken en sanitair: Pakket 2
Berging buiten de woning: 9,2 m²
Type E2
Bouwnummers: 0.14a, 0.15
Woonoppervlakte: 79,8 m²
3 Kamerappartement
2 Slapenkamers
Buitenruimte 0.14a: 39,4 m², 0.15: 42,8 m²
Oriëntatie buitenruimte: Noord/Oost en Zuid
Keuken en sanitair: Pakket 2
Berging buiten de woning: 6,1 tot 6,9 m²
Type E3
Bouwnummer: 0.4, 1.4, 2.4, 3.4, 4.4, 5.4
Woonoppervlakte: 80,4 m²
3 Kamerappartement
2 Slapenkamers
Buitenruimte 1.4, 2.4, 3.4, 4.4, 5.4; 7,6 m²
Oriëntatie buitenruimte: Zuid/Oost
Keuken en sanitair: Pakket 2
Berging buiten de woning: 5,3 tot 7,9 m²
0.4 heeft naast het balkon van 11,3 m² aan de Zuid/Oost zijde ook een buitenruimte op het Zuid/Westen ter grootte van 3 m²
Type F1
Bouwnummer: 0.8
Woonoppervlakte: 87,8 m²
4 Kamerappartement
3 Slapenkamers
Buitenruimte: 12,7 m²
Oriëntatie buitenruimte: Noord/West
Keuken en sanitair: Pakket 3
Berging buiten de woning: 5,9 m²
WONINGTYPE E3
Type F2
Bouwnummer: 0,1
Woonoppervlakte: 81 m²
3 Kamerappartement
2 Slapenkamers
Buitenruimte: 51,4 m²
Oriëntatie buitenruimte: Zuid/Oost en Noord/Oost
Keuken en sanitair: Pakket 3
Berging buiten de woning: 5 m²
Type F3
Bouwnummer: 1,1, 2,1, 3,1, 4,1, 5,1
Woonoppervlakte: 81,7 m²
3 Kamerappartement
2 Slapenkamers
Buitenruimte: 8,6 m²
Oriëntatie buitenruimte: Zuid /Oost
Keuken en sanitair: Pakket 3
Berging buiten de woning: 5,5 tot 7,7 m²
De vrije hoogte van 4 meter in type F2 leidt tot een fantastisch, licht en ruimtelijk effect.
Type G1
Bouwnummer: 0.16
Woonoppervlakte: 127,7 m²
5 Kamerappartement
4 Slaapkamers
Buitenruimte: 47 m²
Oriëntatie buitenruimte: Zuid/Oost en Zuid/West
Keuken en sanitair: Pakket 3
Berging buiten de woning: 5,6 m²
Type G2
Bouwnummer: 5.8
Woonoppervlakte: 105,3 m²
4 Kamerappartement
3 Slapenkamers
Buitenruimte: 51,9 m²
Oriëntatie buitenruimte: Alzijdig (dakterras)
Keuken en sanitair: Pakket 3
Berging buiten de woning: 5,9 m²
WONINGTYPE G2
Type G3
Bouwnummer: 5.13
Woonoppervlakte: 123,5 m²
4 Kamerappartement
3 Slapenkamers
Buitenruimte: 53,7 m²
Oriëntatie buitenruimte: Alzijdig (dakterras)
Keuken en sanitair: Pakket 3
Berging buiten de woning: 5,6 m²
Type G3 is heerlijk licht en ruim met grote raampartijen naar bijbehorend dakterras.
Type G4
Bouwnummer: 6.13
Woonoppervlakte: 100,6 m²
4 Kamerappartement
3 Slapenkamers
Buitenruimte: 21,2 m²
Oriëntatie buitenruimte: Alzijdig (dakterras)
Keuken en sanitair: Pakket 3
Berging buiten de woning: 5,6 m²
Type G5
Bouwnummer: 6.14
Woonoppervlakte: 136,5 m²
5 Kamerappartement
4 Slaapkamers
Buitenruimte: 42,7 m²
Oriëntatie buitenruimte: Alzijdig (dakterras)
Keuken en sanitair: Pakket 3
Berging buiten de woning: 8,1 m²
WONINGTYPE G5
Type G6
Bouwnummer: 6.1
Woonoppervlakte: 115,1 m²
3 Kamerappartement
2 Slapenkamers
Buitenruimte: 25,8 m²
Oriëntatie buitenruimte: Alzijdig (dakterras)
Keuken en sanitair: Pakket 3
Berging buiten de woning: 8,4 m²
Type G7
Bouwnummer: 6.2
Woonoppervlakte: 92,5 m²
3 Kamerappartement
2 Slapenkamers
Buitenruimte: 17 m²
Oriëntatie buitenruimte: Alzijdig (dakterras)
Keuken en sanitair: Pakket 3
Berging buiten de woning: 7,9 m²
Type G8
Bouwnummer: 6.4
Woonoppervlakte: 133,9 m²
4 Kamerappartement
3 Slapenkamers
Buitenruimte: 80,3 m²
Oriëntatie buitenruimte: Alzijdig (dakterras)
Keuken en sanitair: Pakket 3
Berging buiten de woning: 11,2 m²
WONINGTYPE G8
AANZICHTEN
Voorgevel (Zuid-Oost)
Achtergevel (Noord)
Binnengevel (Oost)
Binnengevel (Noord)
Binnengevel (Noord-West)
Binnengevel (Zuid-Dost)
Rechtergevel (Noord-Oost)
Binnengevel (West)
Binnengevel (Zuid)
Binnengevel (West)
Binnengevel (Zuid/West)
Binnengevel (Noord-Oost)
Kopersinformatie
Bij de koop van een nieuw appartement kom je in aanraking met een groot aantal zaken die wellicht nieuw voor je zijn. Om je inzicht te geven in wat er allemaal komt kijken bij de aankoop hebben wij de belangrijkste informatie hieronder voor je op een rij gezet.
1 Het kopen van een nieuw appartement
1.1 De koopovereenkomst en de aannemingsovereenkomst
De aankoop van een nieuw appartement in Holland Park wordt aangegaan door middel van een koopovereenkomst en een aannemingsovereenkomst die onlosmakelijk met elkaar zijn verbonden. Met het tekenen van de koopovereenkomst verplicht de projectontwikkelaar (verkoper) zich tot de levering van het zogenoemde appartementsrecht, rechtgevende op het uitsluitende gebruik van het privé-gedeelte (het appartement zelf) en het gemeenschappelijke gebruik van de gemeenschappelijke gedeeltes en zaken van het appartementencomplex. Met het tekenen van de aannemingsovereenkomst verplicht de aannemer zich tot de bouw van het appartement en de gemeenschappelijke gedeeltes en zaken in het appartementencomplex terwijl de verkrijger (koper) zich verplicht tot betaling van de koopsom en de aannemsom. Na ondertekening gaan de overeenkomsten naar de notaris, die de acte ten behoeve van juridische levering zal opstellen. Op de aannemingsovereenkomst is een garantie- en waarborgregeling van toepassing.
1.2 Opschortende voorwaarden
In de koopovereenkomst en de aannemingsovereenkomst worden doorgaans een aantal opschortende voorwaarden opgenomen die zijn gekoppeld aan een opschortingsdatum. Dat is de datum waarop de aannemer en de verkoper verwachten dat aan de voorwaarden, waaronder het behalen van een voorverkooppercentage en het onherroepelijk worden van de omgevingsvergunning, is voldaan om met de bouw te kunnen beginnen. Rond de opschortingsdatum ontvang je bericht of de opschortende voorwaarden zijn vervuld. Zijn de opschortende voorwaarden vervuld dan treden de koupovereenkomst en de aannemingsovereenkomst in werking.
1.3 De koopsom “vrij op naam” (v.o.n.)
In onderstaande toelichting wordt de aannemsom gezien als een onderdeel van de koopsom. De koopsom is “vrij op naam” wat wil zeggen, dat onder meer de hieronder genoemde kosten in de koopsom zijn opgenomen:
- grondkosten;
- bouw- en installatiekosten;
- ontwerp- en adviseurskosten;
- verkoopkosten en notariaskosten die betrekking hebben op de overdracht;
- legeskosten;
- kosten van het kadastr inzake de levering;
- aansluitkosten voor riool, stads-warmte, water en elektra;
- CAR verzekering tijdens de bouw;
- kosten van het garantie-certificaat;
- BTW (thans 21%, eventuele wijzigingen in het tarief worden conform de wet-telijke voorschriften doorberekend).
De kosten die verband houden met de financiering van je nieuwe appartement zijn niet in de koopsom opgenomen. Deze kosten betreffen mogelijk:
- afsluitprovisie van de hypothecaire geldlening;
- notaris- en kadastrerkosten inzake de hypotheekakte;
- taxatiekosten;
- renteverlies tijdens de bouw over de grond en de vervallen termijnen na de contractdatum.
Andere kosten die onder andere niet in de koopsom zijn opgenomen:
- abonnee-/aansluitkosten voor telefoon;
- abonnee-/aansluitkosten voor radio/televisie (CAI);
- kosten eventueel meerwerk;
- huur warmte/wisselaar in meter-kast (eigendom nutsbedrijf).
De appartementen worden aangesloten op het openbare rioleringssnet, het stadswarmtenet, het drinkwaternet en het elektriciteitsnet. De aansluitkosten zijn in de koopsom begrepen.
1.4 De hypotheek
Om je nieuwe appartement te kunnen betalen heb je mogelijk een hypotheek nodig. Deze hypotheek wordt in algemeenheid verstrekt door een bank. Let er daarbij op dat geldigheid van de hypotheekoffertes, is afgestemd op de looptijd van de opschortende voorwaarden. Met welke bank je een verbintenis wilt aangaan zal afhangen van het aangeboden rentepercentage en de voorwaarden waaronder je een hypotheek kunt afsluiten. In het kantoor van Holland Park Makelaardij zijn erkende hypotheekadviseurs aanwezig die je behulpzaam zijn bij het vinden van een passende hypotheek. Vraag hen ook naar de mogelijkheden om de inrichting van je appartement mee te financieren met de koopprijs.
2 Het appartementsrecht, het beheer en de kosten
2.1 Het appartementsrecht
Als je een appartementsrecht koopt, word je mede eigenaar van het appartementencomplex. Je krijgt het exclusieve gebruiksrecht van het appartement (privé-gedeelte) én je wordt mede-eigenaar van het hele gebouw (gemeenschappelijke gedeeltes en zaken). Het complex van appartementen wordt in juridische zin gesplitst in zogenaamde appartementenrechten. Je koopt dus niet (zoals bij een eengezinswoning) het eigendomsrecht op een huis, maar een appartementsrecht in een gebouw. Dat betekent dat je niet alleen voor je eigen appartement verantwoordelijk bent. Samen met de andere eigenaren draag je ook verantwoordelijkheid voor de buitenkant van het gebouw, de fundering, het casco van het gebouw, de trappenhuizen, de liften, galerijen, dak, de overige algemene installaties en de algemene ruimten.
2.2 De akte van splitsing
De appartementsrechten ontstaan op basis van een akte van splitsing. In die akte worden de onderlinge belangen van de eigenaars geregeld, voor zover dat nodig is. Elk appartementsrecht wordt in de akte van splitsing en op de splitsingstekeningen aangeduid met het complexnummer van het hele gebouw plus het cijfer van het betreffende appartementsrecht.
2.3 De Vereniging van Eigenaars
De kopers van een appartement zijn van rechtswege lid van de Vereniging van Eigenaars (VE), de gezamenlijke eigenaren van het complex. In het reglement van deze vereniging worden alle gemeenschappelijke verantwoordelijkheden tussen eigenaren onderling geregeld, evenals het beheer en (reservering voor) onderhoud van de gemeenschappelijke ruimtes en installaties. In het kort kan de doelstelling van de vereniging als volgt worden weergegeven: het beheren en onderhouden van de gemeenschappelijke zaken van het onderhavige gebouw zoals de entree, het trappenhuizen, etc. Het zal duidelijk zijn dat deze verantwoordelijkheden kosten met zich meebrengen. Deze kosten worden omslaggen in de "servicekosten". Daartoe zal ongeveer eens per jaar een bewonersvergadering worden gehouden, waarin de exploitatiebegroting wordt besproken en de servicekosten worden vastgelegd.
Exploitatiekosten
Voor de gezamenlijke kosten en lasten, vermeld onder punten a t/m f, alsmede van een naar tijdsduur evenredig gedeelte van de kosten, verbonden aan het periodiek schilderwerk en van eventueel in de akte van splitsing vermelde andere kosten en lasten, wordt ieder jaar door de administrateur een begroting ontworpen en ter vaststelling aan de jaarlijkse vergadering voorgelegd. Voor de eerste maal zal het bedrag naar redelijk gevoelvinden worden geraamd. Met ingang van een nader in de akte te bepalen datum zal door ieder der eigenaren ten behoeve van de kas van de Vereniging bij wijze van vorschotbijdrage maandelijks een bedrag aan de vereniging worden overgemaakt.
2.4 Gezamenlijke kosten en lasten, jaarlijkse exploitatiekosten en eigenaarslasten
Tot de gezamenlijke kosten en lasten worden gerekend:
a. die, welke gemaakt zijn in verband met het normale onderhoud of het normale gebruik van de gemeenschappelijke gedeelten van het gebouw of de daartoe behorende installaties of het behoud ervan;
b. die, welke verband houden met noodzakelijke herstellingswerkzaamheden en vernieuwingen voor zover deze niet ingevolge de bepalingen van de akte van splitsing ten laste komen van een bepaalde eigenaar of bepaalde eigenaren;
c. die, welke verband houden met de oprichting van een Vereniging van Eigenaars en met de administratie van het gebouw of met de aanstelling van een administrateur;
d. de verschuldigde publiekrechtelijke lasten, voor zover eigenaren daarin niet individueel worden aangeslagen;
e. het schoonhouden en de verlichting van gemeenschappelijke gedeelten van het gebouw, zoals trappenhuizen, entrees, lift en gangen en het energieverbruik van de gemeenschappelijke ruimten;
f. alle overige kosten en lasten, gemaakt in het belang van alle eigenaren of door de gezamenlijke eigenaren als zodanig verschuldigd, zoals assurantie-premie voor brand-/stormschade.
Energieverbruik
De kosten van energieverbruik in de entree, het trappenhuis, de gangen, etc. worden verrekend via de servicekosten. Door plaatsing van individuele meters zullen de kosten van energieverbruik van de privé-gedeelten, rechtstreeks door het Energiebedrijf aan de eigenaar in rekening worden gebracht.
3 Garantie en waarborgregeling
Kwaliteit met zekerheid.
Garantie Nieuwbouwwoning
De nieuwbouwwoningen worden gebouwd onder garantie van SWK of Woningbord. De belangrijkste voordelen zijn de afbouwgarantie en kwaliteitsgarantie. Wanneer een aannemer tijdens de bouw failliet gaat, is de kans groot dat de nieuwbouwwoning meer gaat kosten, dan met de aannemer is overeengekomen. De afbouwgarantie beschermt de consument tegen de meerkosten (eventueel tot een bepaald maximum) van afbouw door faillissement. De aannemer garandeert de kwaliteit van de woning tot 6 jaar en 3 maanden na oplevering. Voor ernstige gebreken geldt een langere termijn en voor een aantal onderdelen geldt een kortere termijn.
Garantie
Er zijn twee bepalingen waarop je een beroep kunt doen als je na de oplevering op gebreken stuit.
Die bepalingen staan los van elkaar:
1. Contractuele aansprakelijkheid
2. Garantie- en waarborgregelingen
Aansprakelijkheid van de aannemer
In vaktalgen heeft dit contractuele aansprakelijkheid. Hieronder vind je de aansprakelijkheidsperiodes van de aannemer, zoals geregeld is in de contracten van SWK en Woningbord.
Herstelperiode
Dit is de periode tot drie maanden na oplevering. In deze periode moet de aannemer de gebreken die tijdens de oplevering zijn geconstateerd en die in het proces verbaal van oplevering staan herstellen.
Onderhoudsperiode
Deze periode begint bij de oplevering en eindigt zes maanden na de oplevering. Tekortkomingen die zich tijdens deze periode openbaren moet de aannemer herstellen. Meld het gebrek zo snel mogelijk en ieder geval binnen zes maanden na oplevering schriftelijk aan de aannemer.
Verborgen gebreken
Als de onderhoudsperiode van een half jaar voorbij is, dan blijft de aannemer nog vijf jaar aansprakelijk voor verborgen gebreken (dus 5,5 jaar na oplevering). Een verborgen gebrek is een gebrek dat je redelijkerwijs niet eerder had kunnen ontdekken. Als je op een verborgen gebrek stuit, meld dit dan zo snel mogelijk schriftelijk aan de aannemer. Let op, de termijn van vijf jaar is een zogenaamde vervaltermijn. Dit betekent dat je recht op herstel vervalt na afloop van die periode, ondanks dat je het gebrek wel binnen die periode gemeld heeft. Om verval van je recht te voorkomen moet je doorgaans voor het einde van de vijfjaarstermijn een procedure zijn gestart.
Ernstige gebreken
Na de onderhoudsperiode van een half jaar is de aannemer nog twintig jaar aansprakelijk voor ernstige gebreken (dus tot 20,5 jaar na oplevering). Een ernstig gebrek is een gebrek aan de constructie waarvoor jouw woning geheel of gedeeltelijk dreigt te vervaag. Denk bijvoorbeeld aan een ernstige, voortschrijdende, verzakking. Meld een ernstig gebrek meteen aan de aannemer. Doorgaans geldt dat de procedure moet zijn gestart binnen 20,5 jaar na oplevering om je recht op herstel niet te verliezen.
Garantie- en waarborgregelingen
Omdat jouw woning is gebouwd op basis van een garantie- en waarborgregeling (SWK of Woningborg), gelden naast de contractuele aansprakelijkheid de volgende garantieterminen.
- Garantie
Je hebt vanaf drie maanden na oplevering en tot doorgaans zes jaar (dus tot zes jaar en drie maanden na oplevering) garantie. Voor sommige onderdelen geldt een kortere garantietermijn en sommige onderdelen vallen buiten de garantie. Wat in jouw situatie geldt, vind je in de garantie- en waarborgregeling. Meld het gebrek zo snel mogelijk na ontdekking en binnen de garantietermijn schriftelijk aan de ondernemer en stuur een kopie naar de waarborgende instantie.
- Garantie bij ernstige gebreken
Als het om een ernstig gebrek gaat dan heb je met de waarborgregeling van SWK of Woningborg tien jaar garantie. Deze periode gaat drie maanden na oplevering in. Een ernstig gebrek is een gebrek aan de constructie waardoor de woning geheel of gedeeltelijk dreigt te vegen. Heb je te maken met een ernstig gebrek, meld dit dan zo snel mogelijk en binnen de garantietermijn van tien jaar en drie maanden na oplevering schriftelijk aan de aannemer. Stuur ook een kopie naar de waarborgende instantie.
Aan de in deze brochure opgenomen tekst kunnen geen rechten worden ontleend. Wij verwijzen je naar de specifieke bepalingen van de contracten en de daarbij behorende algemene voorwaarden van SWK en Woningborg.
4 De bouwperiode
4.1 Uitvoeringsduur en bouwvolgorde
De uitvoeringsduur is aangegeven in de aannemingsovereenkomst. De bouwvolgorde waarin de appartementen worden gebouwd en opgeleverd, wordt bepaald door het uitvoeringsteam en zal geschieden op basis van fasering. De voorgenomen bouw- en opleveringsvolgorde wordt nog nader vastgesteld en hoeft niet gelijk te zijn aan de aangegeven bouwnummering. De aannemer kan van de opleveringsvolgorde afwijken zonder dat hieraan door de koper enig recht kan worden ontleend.
4.2 Koperskeuzes (meer- en minderwerk)
Tot de overeenkomst behoort een koperskeuzelijst waarmee de indeling en het afwerkings- c.q. uitrustingsniveau van het appartement nader kan worden bepaald tegen de in deze lijst vermelde prijzen. De koper zal de gelegenheid krijgen hieruit zijn persoonlijke keuze te maken, waarbij de stand van de bouwwerkzaamheden op de ondertekeningsdatum van de aannemingsovereenkomst bepalend is voor de koperskeuzen die op dat moment nog mogelijk zijn. Hierna worden door de aannemer sluitingsdata bepaald, die vermeld staan in de koperskeuzelijst. De kopersbegeleider van de aannemer kan je hierover meer vertellen.
4.3 De opleveringsprognose en de oplevering
Op het moment van het sluiten van de koopovereenkomst en de aannemingsovereenkomst wordt een globale opleveringsprognose gegeven, gerekend vanaf start bouw. Daarbij moet de nodige reserve in acht worden genomen, omdat het bouwen van een gebouw veel ambachtelijk werk met zich meebrengt. Als het hard vriest, kan er bijvoorbeeld niet worden gemetseld, als het regent kan er niet worden geschilderd, etc. In een later stadium zullen de prognoses natuurlijk steeds gedetailleerder en beter worden.
Contractueel is de aannemer gebonden aan de bouwtijd zoals die in de aannemingsovereenkomst is vastgelegd. Uiterlijk twee weken voor de definitieve datum van oplevering ontvang je een uitnodiging voor de oplevering. Deze datum is wel bindend. Het gehele appartement wordt “bezemschoon” opgeleverd. Het sanitair, tegelwerk en beglazing worden “schoon” opgeleverd. Wees er attent op dat op die datum alle facturen voldaan zijn en dat je dus tijdig betaaldingen en losgeldopdrachten aan de bank verstrekt.
5.1 Locatie en situatieschets
De in deze brochure afgebeeld situatieschets is bedoeld om een globale indruk te geven van de ligging van het bouwplan. Deze schets vormt geen onderdeel van de contractstukken en er kunnen geen rechten aan worden ontleend. De inrichting van de openbare ruimte (aanleg van wegen, parkeerplekken, watergangen, groenvoorzieningen etc.) geeft een indruk, ontleend aan de gegevens van de gemeente en/of andere daarvoor verantwoordelijke instanties. Je dient er rekening mee te houden dat de betreffende instanties deze nog kunnen wijzigen c.q. reeds gewijzigd hebben nu het ter perse gaan van de projectdocumentatie. Voor specifieke gebiedsinformatie en informatie over omliggende toekomstige c.q. bestaande bebouwing, wordt verwezen naar het informatiecentrum en/of andere daarvoor verantwoordelijke instanties. Voor eventuele (toekomstige) wijzigingen kunnen de aannemer en de verkoper geen verantwoordelijkheid op zich nemen en/of aansprakelijkheid aanvaarden.
5.2 Bouwnummers
Tijdens de bouw wordt uitsluitend gewerkt met bouwnummers, niet te verwarren met de indexnummers van de splitsingspakket. De juiste gegevens met betrekking tot straatnamen en huisnummers worden voor de oplevering door de gemeente vastgesteld. Op de nog te verstrekken verkooptekeningen zijn de bouwnummers aangegeven.
5.3 Artist Impressions en geillustreerde plattegronden
De artist impressions (perspectieftekeningen) en de interieurplattegronden in de projectdocumentatie geven slechts een algemene indruk. Het zijn niet recht “artist impressions”, waarin de illustrator zich artistieke vrijheden heeft gegund. De werkelijke kleuren van de bouwmateriaal lenen zich bijvoorbeeld afwijken. Ook kunnen er kopersopties, zoals bijvoorbeeld ligbaden, zijn afgebeeld. De aanleg en de inrichting van de openbare ruimte en de binnentuin is naar fantasie van de illustrator ingevuld. Aan deze impressies kunnen, ondanks de zorgvuldigheid die is nagestreefd, geen rechten worden ontleend.
5.4 Maatvoering
De in de brochure / verkooptekeningen aangegeven maten zijn globale maten, uitgedrukt in millimeters. Indien deze maatvoering tussen wanden is aangegeven, is daarbij geen rekening gehouden met enige wandafwerking. De daadwerkelijke maten na finalisering van de bouw en verbouwing kunnen dus kleiner worden. Geringe maatafwijkingen kunnen voorkomen. De definitieve afmeting van leidingkokers wordt bepaald tijdens de verdere technische uitwerking van het bouwplan en kan daarom nog wijzigen.
5.5 Wijzigingen
Alle informatie over het bouwplan worden gegeven onder voorbehoud van goedgekeuring door het team vergunningen van de gemeente Diemen en de Nutsbedrijven. Omdat bij het bouwen nog veel ambachtelijk werk plaatsvindt, behouden de aannemer en de verkoper zich het recht voor op of aan de appartementen de naar haar oordeel noodzakelijke of nuttige/aangewezen architectonische of technische wijzigingen aan te brengen. Bedoelde eventuele wijzigingen zullen echter geen afbreuk doen aan de waarde van het appartement en zullen geen aanleiding geven tot enige verrekening met de koper. Het leidingverloop is op het moment van het verschijnen van de projectdocumentatie nog niet bekend. Wel is duidelijk dat er leidingen in dekloven en wanden zullen worden opgenomen. Spilkeren of boren in vloeren kan dus schade met zich meebrengen.
Werkzaamheden door derden in het door koper gekochte appartement zijn voor de oplevering niet toegestaan. Het aanbrengen van bouwkundige wijzigingen na de oplevering, is geheel voor het risico van de koper en mag alleen gebeuren na vergunningverlening door de gemeente en/of goedkeuring door de Vereniging van Eigenaars. Dergelijke wijzigingen na de oplevering vallen buiten de van toepassing zijnde garantie- en waarborgregeling.
5.6 Bouwbesluit
In het Bouwbesluit worden ruimten in het appartement anders benoemd dan in de projectdocumentatie is vermeld. De begrippen keuken, woonkamer, slaapkamer en dergelijke worden in het Bouwbesluit niet gehanteerd. In het Bouwbesluit wordt gesproken over verblijfsgebied, verblijfsruimte, verkeersruimte en dergelijke. De ruimten voldoen aan de voorschriften van het Bouwbesluit met de hiernavolgende benamingen:
Gewoonlijk bekend als: Woonkamer / keuken / slaapkamer. Benaming volgens Bouwbesluit: Verblijfsruimte.
Gewoonlijk bekend als: Hal / entree / gang / overloop. Benaming volgens Bouwbesluit: Verkeersruimte.
Gewoonlijk bekend als: Toilet en WC. Benaming volgens Bouwbesluit: Toiletruimte.
Gewoonlijk bekend als: Badkamer / douche. Benaming volgens Bouwbesluit: Badruimte.
Gewoonlijk bekend als: Berging. Benaming volgens Bouwbesluit: Bergruimte.
Gewoonlijk bekend als: Meterkast. Benaming volgens Bouwbesluit: Bergruimte.
Gewoonlijk bekend als: Kasten. Benaming volgens Bouwbesluit: Onbetroefde ruimte.
De daglicht- en ventilatieweziening van het appartement is gebaseerd op de vereiste oppervlakten van een verblijfsgebied, zoals in het Bouwbesluit is gesteld.
Wastafelcombinatie
- Wastafel 60 cm
- Wastafelkraan Grohe Conetto 2338110E
- Chromen plugbekersifon met muurbuis
- Spiegel 60 x 60 cm verdekt bevestigd
Douche
- Doucheset Grohetherm 1000 – 34152001 (comfortset)
- Douchescherm 8 mm helder veiligheidsglas met coating afmeting 1,00 x 2,00 meter
Aansluitpunt wasmachine
Tapkraan met beluchter
Afvoerbuist met sifon uitgevoerd in kunststof.
1.9 Waterinstallatie
Het appartement wordt voorzien van een individuele watermeter van het waterleidingbedrijf.
Koud- en warmwaterleidingen worden aangelegd naar:
- de aansluitpunten ter plaatse van de opstelplaats van de keukeninrichting
- de wastafelmeningkraan in de badkamer
- de douchemengkraan
Een koudwaterleiding wordt aangelegd naar:
- de toiletcombinatie
- het fonteintje in de toiletruimte
- het tappunt ten behoeve van de wasmachine.
1.10 Verwarmingsinstallatie
De appartementen in Holland Park worden verwarmd middels stadswarmte. Bij de eigenaar/beheerder van het stadswarmtenetwerk in Holland Park zal de aansluiting en levering van warmte door de ontwikkelaar of de aannemer worden aangevraagd zodat bij oplevering van het appartement warmte beschikbaar is. De koper is verplicht om voor het afnemen van warmte een overeenkomst met de betreffende leverancier aan te gaan. Het appartement wordt voorzien van een individuele energiemeter van het nutsbedrijf.
De appartementen worden voorzien van vloerverwarming. Er worden geen radiatoren geplaatst. De verdeelunit voor warm tapwater en verwarmingswater bevindt zich in een het appartement gelegen berging (positie onder voordeur).
Onderstaande temperaturen kunnen worden gerealiseerd bij gelijkijdige verwarming van alle vertrekken.
Temperatuuren:
| Vertrek | Temperatuur |
|------------------|-------------|
| Entree / hal | 15 °C |
| Toiletruimte | 15 °C |
| Woonkamer / keuken | 20 °C |
| Slaapkamers | 20 °C |
| Badkamer | 22 °C |
| Berging (inpadig)| niet verwarmd |
Wegens de aanwezige verwarmingsleidingen in de dekvloer is het niet toegestaan om in de vloeren te spiljeren dan wel te boren. De door de bewoner aan te brengen vloerverwarming moet warmte doorlatend zijn in verband met de warmteafgifte van de verwarmingsleidingen.
1.11 Gasinstallatie
Er is geen gasaansluiting aanwezig.
1.12 Mechanische ventilatie
In het appartement wordt een mechanisch ventilatiesysteem geplaatst. De toevoer van verse lucht vindt plaats door middel van ventilatieroosters in de gevels. Door waar dat voor de geluidswering noodzakelijk is worden de ventilatieroosters uitgevoerd als zogenoemde sukskaat of suurooster. De afvoer van lucht vindt plaats door middel van afzuigventielen in de keuken, de toiletruimte, de badkamer en de ruimte met de opstelplaats voor de wasmachine. Boven de kookplaat wordt een recirculatie-afzuigkap aangebracht. De ventilatie-unit wordt geplaatst in de inpadige berging. De ventilatietaken worden zoveel mogelijk in de betonnen vloeren wegezet.
1.13 Elektrische installatie
De elektrische installatie wordt, aangelegd vanuit de meterkast, verdeeld over voldoende groepen en aardlekschakelaars naar de diverse aansluitpunten. Alle schakelaars en wandcontactdozen zijn van het inbouwtype in een crème-witte uitvoering. Schakelaars worden op circa 105 cm boven de vloer geplaatst. De algemene wandcontactdozen en de telefoon, CAI en data aansluitingen worden op circa 30 cm boven de vloer geplaatst. De wandcontactdozen ter plaatse van de opstelplaats van de keukeninrichting worden geplaatst volgens de standaard keukenopstelling. In de entreeruimte van het appartement wordt, overeenkomstig de voorschriften, een brandmelder aangebracht.
Ter plaatse van de buitenruimte(n) wordt één aansluitpunt voor buitenverlichting aangebracht. Het aansluitpunt wordt standaard voorzien van een armatuur.
In de individuele buitenberging worden het lichtpunt en de schakelaar uitgevoerd als opbouwtype en aangesloten op de algemene elektriciteitsmeter.
Bij de eigenaar/beheerder van het elektriciteitsnetwerk in Holland Park zal de aansluiting en levering van elektriciteit worden aangevraagd, zodat bij oplevering van je appartement elektriciteit beschikbaar is. Indien je een andere leverancier wenst, dien je dit zelf voor oplevering te regelen conform de door de betreffende energiebedrijven gestelde voorwaarden.
1.14 Videofoon & belinstallatie
Het appartement wordt voorzien van een videofooninstallatie. De intercom met beeldscherm wordt als opbouwmodel geplaatst in de woonkamer van het appartement. De camera met sprekinstallatie wordt ingebouwd in het bellenbureau bij de entree van het complex en bij de entree van het voortoortaal trap en lift in het binnengebied. De intercomunit is voorzien van een drukknop om de toegangsdeur in de entreehal en van het voortoortaal te kunnen ontgrendelen.
Bij de entree van het appartement wordt een beldrukker aangebracht.
1.15 Telefoon en CAI (Centrale Antenne Installatie)
Het appartement wordt voorzien van bedrade aansluitpunten voor telefoon en CAI/Data in de woonkamer en slaapkamer 1. In de koopsom zijn geen aansluit- en abonnementskosten voor telefoon, CAI en/of Data opgenomen.
Keuken categorie 2
Woningtypes: C, D en E (woningen van 60m² t/m 80m² GO excl. Berging).
Specificaties:
- Keukenopstelling volgens tekening
- Kunststof werkblad (Greenpanel) met vlakke rand en smetplint
- metalen beugelgreep
- RVS inlegspoelbak
- Éénhandel mengkraan
- Onderstaande apparatuur van het merk Pelgrim
- RVS afzuigkap (recirculatie) met RVS achterwand
- Inductiekookplaat
- Onderstaande kleuren.
Keuken categorie 1
Woningtypes A en B (woningen t/m 60m² GO excl. Berging).
Specificaties:
- Keukenopstelling volgens tekening
- Kunststof werkblad (Greenpanel) met vlakke rand en smetplint
- metalen beugelgreep
- RVS inlegspoelbak
- Éénhandel mengkraan
- Onderstaande apparatuur van het merk Pelgrim
- RVS afzuigkap (recirculatie) met RVS achterwand
- Inductiekookplaat
- Geïntegreerde koelkast met vriesvak
- Oven met magnetronfunctie
- Vaatwasser
- De keuken is zonder meerpris verkrijgbaar in meerdere kleuren.
Keuken categorie 3
Woningtypes: F en G (woningen groter dan 80m² GO excl. Berging).
Specificaties:
- Keukenopstelling (Extra Gloss) volgens tekening
- Composietsteen werkblad met vlakke rand en smetplint
- metalen beugelgreep
- RVS inlegspoelbak
- Éénhandel mengkraan
- Onderstaande apparaatuur van het merk Atag
- RVS afzuigkap (recirculatie) met RVS achterwand
- Inductiekookplaat
- Geïntegreerde koelkast met vriesvak
- Oven met magnetronfunctie
- Vaatwasser
- De keuken is zonder meerpris verkrijgbaar in meerdere kleuren.
Voor het plaatsen van de installatiepunten wordt uitgegaan van de betreffende keukenopstelling.
2 Afwerkstaat
In de onderstaande afwerkstaat is per vertrek aangegeven hoe de in het zicht komende vlakken worden afgewerkt en met welke voorzieningen de diverse ruimten worden uitgerust.
| VLOEREN | WANDEN | PLAFONDS | UITRUSTING |
|---------|--------|----------|------------|
| GEMEENSCHAPPELIJKE RUIMTES | | | |
| Centrale entree | V1 | W1a | P1 | B, C |
| Lifthal | V1 | W1a | P1 | C |
| Trappenhuizen | V2, V4 | W1a | P1 | C |
| Bergingsgangen en bergingen | V3, V6 | W3 | P3 | C |
| Individueele berging buiten het appartement | V7 | W3 | P4 | C |
| STALLINGSGARAGE | | | | |
| Stallingsgarage | V6 | W3 | P3, P4 | C |
| PRIVÉGEDEELTE APPARTEMENTEN | | | | |
| Woonkamer / Keuken | V3 | W2 | P2 | A |
| Slaapkamer | V3 | W2 | P2 | A |
| Toiletruimte | V5 | W5 | P2 | A |
| Badkamer | V5 | W6 | P2 | A |
| Bergruimte | V3 | W2 | P2 | A |
## 3 Materialen- en kleurenschema
In onderstaand schema is de kleurstelling van de buitenafwerking van het gebouw aangegeven.
| GEVELDEEL | MATERIAAL | KLEURSTELLING |
|----------------------------|----------------------------------|-----------------------------|
| Metselwerk | Baksteen | Diverse kleuren |
| Voegen metselwerk | Glad gevoegd (dorgestoken) / iets verdiept | Diverse kleuren |
| Gevelkozijnen | Aluminium | Diverse kleuren |
| Draaislengelen in kozijnen | Aluminium | Diverse kleuren |
| Waterslagen onder kozijnen | Aluminium of beton | Passend bij kozijnkleur |
| Gevelroosters | Metaal | Passend bij kozijnkleur |
| Panelen in gevelkozijnen | Vezelcementplaat / aluminium | Diverse kleuren |
| Entreekozijnen in lifthallen | Hout | N.t.b. |
| Voordeuren | Aluminium of hout | Passend bij kozijnkleur |
| Kozijnen algemene ruimten | Hout | N.t.b. |
| Deuren in kozijnen algemene ruimten | Hout | Passend bij kozijnkleur |
| Kozijn bergingsdeur | Hout | N.t.b. |
| Bergingsdeur | Hout | Passend bij kozijnkleur |
| Balkons en galerijen | Beton | Diverse kleuren grijs |
| Hekken galerijen | Hekwerk spijlen, stripstaal of glas | Diverse kleuren |
| Hekken (Franse) balkons | Hekwerk spijlen, stripstaal of glas | Diverse kleuren |
| Hekken van enkele Franse balkons | Hekwerk spijlen, stripstaal of glas | Diverse kleuren |
| Hemelwaterafvoeren buitengevels | Verzinkt staal | Diverse kleuren |
## 4 Energie en isolatie
De appartementen voldoen aan in de conform het bouwbesluit gestelde energieprestatienorm van 0,40.
De volgende isolatievoorzieningen worden aangebracht:
- Begane grondvloer: Kunststofschuimisolatie
- Spouwmuur gevel: Minerale wol isolatie
- Plat dak: Kunststofschuimisolatie
- Glas: Isolerende HR++ beglazing in de glasopeningen van de gevels van de appartementen
- Warmwaterleidingen: In de schachten waar mogelijk geïsoleerd
## 5 De algemene ruimten van het complex
### 5.1 Stallingsgarage
In de stallingsgarage voorziet in 75 privé stallingsplaatsen voor motorvoertuigen.
De stallingsgarage wordt afgesloten met een elektrisch bedienbaar hekwerk. Deze zogenaamde speedgate is een snel openend en sluitend hekwerk, in een open uitvoering van verzinkt en in een kleur gecoat staal. Het toegangshek is op afstand te bedienen met een chipkaart of handzender.
De garage wordt uitgevoerd in twee brandcompartimenten. Tussen de beide compartimenten wordt er ter plaatse van de ribaan, een bij brand zelfsluitend rolscherm geplaatst. Gezien de omvang van de garage wordt er een automatische brandmeldinstallatie (zonder doormelding) geïnstalleerd.
### 5.2 Collectieve fietsenbergingen
De collectieve fietsenbergingen in het complex zijn bestemd voor alle appartementen. In deze fietsenbergingen is gerendeerd met twee fietsplaatsen per appartement. De opstelplassen voor de fietsen worden uitgevoerd als etagestalling (twee fietsen boven elkaar) of als een zogenaamd Lo Minck systeem waarbij fietsen over-eind gezet worden tegen de muur.
### 5.3 Individuele buitenbergingen
Aan elk appartement is een individuele buitenberging toegevoegd. De berringen zijn gesitueerd in de kelder. De op de splitsingstekeningen in de berringen aangegeven nummers komen overeen met de nummers van de appartementen. De elektrische installatie van de berrig (bestaande uit een verlichtingspunt en een schakelaar) is aangesloten op de algemene elektriciteitsmeter.
### 5.4 Trappen, bordessen, hekwerken en leuningen
De trappen en bordessen in de trappenhuizen worden uitgevoerd in prefab beton. De traphekken en leuningen worden in een nader te bepalen kleur gecoat.
### 5.5 Vloer-, wand- en plafondafwerking
De centrale entreehallen worden voorzien van een schoolvloerlamp en vloertegels. De lifthallen op de verdiepingen worden ook voorzien van vloertegels.
De wanden van de entreehallen, de lifthallen op de verdiepingen en de trappenhuizen worden voorzien van sauswerk. De binnenwanden van de stallingsgarage, de fietsenstallingen, de bergingen en de technische ruimten worden uitgevoerd in kalkzandsteen vellingsblokken zonder verdere afwerking.
De plafonds van de entreehallen, de lifthallen op de verdiepingen en de trappenhuizen zijn (waar nodig) verlaagde plafonds. De plafonds van overige algemene ruimten (bergingen en bergingsgangen) worden ter plaatse van bovengelegen appartementen uitgevoerd in geïsoleerde houtvloercentplaten in een lichte kleur. Het plafond in de stallingsgarage en de plafonds van overige algemene ruimten waar geen thermische isolatie noodzakelijk is, wordt uitgevoerd als niet nader afgewerkt betonplafond.
### 5.6 Binnenkozijnen en binnendeuren
De binnenkozijnen in de algemene ruimten van het complex en de in de lifthallen gesitueerde entreekozijnen van appartementen zijn houten kozijnen met stompe deuren. De deuren in de verkeersruimtes en de toegangsdeuren naar de bergingsgangen zijn voorzien van een glasopening.
### 6 Algemene technische installaties
#### 6.1 Vuilwaterriolering
Het rioleringsysteem wordt uitgevoerd als een gescheiden systeem waarbij vuilwater en hemelwater afzonderlijk worden afgevoerd. Alle vuilwaterrioleringsteleurstellingen worden voorzien van de benodigde ontstopstukken en uitgevoerd in recycleerbare kunststof.
#### 6.2 Hemelwaterafvoeren
De hemelwaterafvoeren van de hoge dakvlakken worden in de leidingschachten opgenomen. De hemelwaterafvoeren aan de gevels zijn verzinkte stalen hemelwaterafvoeren. Het hemelwater wordt geloosd op het oppervlakte water naast het gebouw.
#### 6.3 Gasinstallatie
Er is op de locatie Holland Park geen gasleidingen aanwezig. Een gasaansluiting is niet mogelijk.
#### 6.4 Waterinstallatie
De uitsorttoestellen in de werkstatt in de algemene ruimte van het gebouw wordt voorzien van een boiler.
#### 6.5 Elektrische installatie
Elke appartement wordt aangesloten op het elektriciteitsnet met een eigen elektriciteitsmeter. De elektrische installatie ten behoeve van de algemene voorzieningen zoals de lift, de verlichting, parkersystemen, brandveiligheidsvoorzieningen en overige voorzieningen in de algemene ruimten, wordt aangesloten op de centrale voorzieningsruimte en verdeeld over voldoende groepen naar de diverse aansluitpunten. De verlichtingsarmaturen in alle gemeenschappelijke ruimtes zijn energiezuinig en van het type opbouw.
#### 6.6 Ventilatievoorzieningen
De stallingsgarage van blok 16 wordt mechanisch afgezogen. Via de in-/uitrit wordt op een natuurlijke wijze
de aanvoer buitenlucht aangezogen. Tegen het plafond van de stallingsgarage worden stuwdrukventilatoren geplaatst. De privé buitenbergingen, de bergingssgangen en de trappenhuizen worden mechanisch geventileerd.
6.7 Personenliftinstallatie
In elke hoofdentre is een liftinstallatie aangebracht met een stopplaats op elke bouwlauw. De lift heeft een inwendige kooimeting van circa 110 x 210 cm en is geschikt voor maximaal 13 personen. Op het bedieningspaneel wordt voor noodgevallen een alarm doormeldsysteem met een spreek-/luisterverbinding opgenomen.
Blok 16 wordt voorzien van een mindervaliden-hetplateau, hiermee kunnen minder valide mensen het niveau van de binnentuin bereiken.
7 De constructie en de buitenzijde van het complex
7.1 Grondwerk
Hier toe behoren alle voor de bouw noodzakelijke ontgravingen.
7.2 Fundering
Het complex wordt op betonnen palen gefundeerd. Op deze palen worden betonnen funderingsbalken aangebracht.
7.3 Vloeren en galerijen
De vloer van de stallingsgarage wordt uitgevoerd in ter plaatse gestort beton. De verdiepingsvloeren en de dakvloeren zijn betonnen vloeren en worden daar waar nodig gelooid. Daar waar constructie noodzakelijk, worden de vloeren ondersteund door wanden, liggers en/of kolommen. De vloeren van de appartementen worden voorzien van zwevende dekvloeren. Een aantal kleine dak opbouwen die toegang verschaffen tot een aantal dakterrassen worden uitgevoerd in hout. De galerijen zijn van prefab beton.
7.4 Daken
De platte daken worden uitgevoerd in beton en voorzien van isolatiemateriaal en een bitumineuze dakbedekking met een afwerkaag van grind. De doorvoeren ten behoeve van de hemelwaterafvoeren, de noodoverstorten, de rioolontluchting en de mechanische ventilatie worden opgenomen in de dakconstructie.
7.5 Wanden
De woningscheidende wanden, de eindwanden en de dragerde binnenwand worden uitgevoerd in massief gewapend beton. Woningscheidende wanden die niet samenvallen met het betoncasco worden uitgevoerd als lichtscheidingswand.
De binnenspuwbladen in de voor- en achtergevels worden uitgevoerd als houtskelet wanden. Deze gevelsluitende wanden zijn aan de binnenzijde afgewerkt met gipsplaat. In de gevels wordt isolerend materiaal aangebracht.
7.6 Gevelmetalswerk
De buitengevels worden uitgevoerd in diverse kleuren baksteen. Enkele gevels worden voorzien van wit en lichtgrijs keimwerk (schilderwerk). Daar waar dat op de geveltekeningen is aangegeven worden er in de gevels prefab betonnen gevelelementen opgenomen.
7.7 Entree met postkasten en videofoon
In de hoofdentre is een afsuitbare postkasten en een bellentableau t.b.v. de deurbel en de spreek-/luisterinstallatie met camera aangebracht. De toegangsdeur is elektrisch afsuitbaar en zijn door bewoners te onttrendelen met een sleutelschakelaar bij het bellentableau en via de sprekkeluisterinstallatie in het appartement. Bij de entreehallen in het gemeenschappelijke binnengedeelte wordt ook een deurbel en de sprekk-/luisterinstallatie met camera aangebracht. De toegangsdeuren zijn elektrisch afsuitbaar en zijn door bewoners te onttrendelen met een sleutelschakelaar bij het bellentableau en via de sprekkeluisterinstallatie in het appartement.
7.8 Hekwerken en privacyschermen
Om de diversiteit in de gevels te vergroten worden er voor de balkons en de Franse balkons verschillende hekwerken toegepast. Deze hekken en de galerijhekken worden uitgevoerd als spijlenhek of striphrek en in kleur gecoat. Daar waar dat op de geveltekeningen is aangegeven, worden de (Franse) balkons voorzien van een als balustrade dienende glasplaat.
7.9 Buitenkozijnen, ramen en deuren
De gevelkozijnen worden uitgevoerd in aluminium. Het entreekozijn van de appartementen met een toegang vanuit een lifthal wordt uitgevoerd in hout. Daar waar op tekening is aangegeven, zijn in of naast de entreedeuren glasstroken aanwezig. Woningentrees zonder glasopening in of naast de deur worden voorzien van een deurspion.
De gevels worden, waar nodig, voorzien van ventilatioroosters. Daar waar dat voor de geluidswering noodzakelijk is, worden de ventilatioroosters uitgevoerd als zogenaamde suskast of susrooster. Alle beweegbare delen in de buitenkozijnen worden voorzien van tochtprofielen.
Onder de buitenkozijnen worden aan de binnenzijde aluminium waterslagen of betonnen raandorpels aangebracht. Bij kozijnen met een borstwering worden aan de binnenzijde vensterbanken aangebracht. Indien een badkamer in de woning een kozijn heeft dan wordt dit kozijn niet voorzien van een vensterbank. Bij dit kozijn wordt het wandtapijt omgezet. Bij de tot de vloer doorlopende kozijnen worden geen vensterbanken aangebracht.
7.10 Hang- en sluitwerk
Het toe te passen hang- en sluitwerk van de buitenkozijnen is inbraakwerend en voldoet aan het SRK keurmerk (2 sterren). Het hang- en sluitwerk bestaat uit:
• meerpuntsluitingen en veiligheidsbeslag op de buitendeuren;
• scharnieren op de buitendeuren en ramen;
• raamsluitingen;
• meerpuntsluitingen op de draaiklep-ramen.
Alle deuren worden, indien mogelijk, per bouwnummer voorzien van gelijksluitende cilindersloten.
7.11 Beglazing
De glasopeningen in de gevelkozijnen van de appartementen worden voorzien van isolerende beglazing.
7.12 Glasbewassing
Bewassing van de buitenzijde van ramen en deuren is veelal mogelijk vanuit het appartement. Het niet bereikbare glas van de aan de binnentuin grenzende gevels moet worden gewassen door middel van de zogenaamde wasstadelmethode. De kosten van deze glasbewassing worden opgenomen in de jaarlijkse begroting van de Vereniging van Eigenaars.
8 Terreininrichting en omgeving
8.1 Openbaar gebied, huisvloophaalvoorzieningen en straatverlichting
De aangegeven groenvoorzieningen en inrichtingen van het openbaar gebied rondom blok 16 is indicatief. De exacte locaties van de ondergrondse huisvuilcontainers zijn nog niet bekend. Voor eventuele (toekomstige) wijzigingen kunnen de aannemer en de verkoper geen verantwoordelijkheid op zich nemen en/of aansprakelijkheid aanvaarden.
De armaturen van de openbare straatverlichting worden, daar waar dat volgens de verlichtingsberekeningen noodzakelijk is, aan de gevels van het complex gemonteerd. Het betreft de gevels van de op de eerste verdieping gelegen appartementen. De posities van de gevelarmaturen moeten nog worden bepaald. Waar gevelarmaturen niet mogelijk zijn, worden er in het openbaar gebied lichtmasten geplaatst.
8.2 Peil van het complex
Als peil –P– geldt de bovenkant van de afwerkvloer van het hoogst gelegen deel van de entrehral. Vanaf dit peil worden de hoogtematen gemeten. De juiste maat ten opzichte van NAP wordt bepaald in overleg met de gemeente.
8.3 Inrichting gemeenschappelijke binnentuin
De gemeenschappelijke binnentuin op het dak van de stallingsgarage wordt voorzien van een inrichting bestaande uit onder andere bestrating, beplanting en verlichting. In de brochure is een impressie daarvan weergegeven. Het definitieve ontwerp van de inrichting is nog niet gereed, zodat wijzigingen worden voorbehouden. De gemeenschappelijke binnentuin dient als zodanig in stand te worden gehouden. Het beheer en onderhoud zal in opdracht van de Vereniging van Eigenaars (VvE) worden uitgevoerd. Alle inrichtingen van het binnenterrein vallen buiten de Woningborg dan wel SWK Garantie- en Waarborgregeling.
9 Tot slot
Daar waar in deze technische omschrijving merken en/of materiaalsoorten zijn vermeld, dient daaraan toegevoegd te worden: “of een gelijkwaardige uitvoering ter keuze van de ondernemers”. Voor de volledigheid wordt ook nog vermeld dat er geen behang, plinten en rosse kasten worden geleverd. Onder de kleur wit wordt verstaan een wit-tint, daar de kleuren van de diverse fabrikanten niet gelijk zijn.
Jouw woning, jouw stijl
Je wilt niet alleen wonen op een prachtige locatie, maar stelt ook eisen aan comfort en inrichting van jouw appartement. De één weet precies wat hij of zij mooi vindt en de ander wil graag geïnspireerd worden om een woning in te richten. Hoe woon jij het liefste, wat vind je mooi en welke combinaties spreken jou aan? Hou je van basic, industrieel design, modern klassiek of spreekt de landelijke stijl jou het meeste aan? Wij hebben jouw favoriete woonstijl en jij hoeft alleen maar te kiezen!
Scandinavisch wonen
Er is in deze modelwoning gekozen voor een mooie visgraat vloer in het hele appartement. De keuze van de gordijnen past helemaal in het kleurpalet van de nieuwe woning. De badkamer is voorzien van een luxe badmeubel en mooie accessoires. Voor de grote slaapkamer is gekozen voor een driedeurs schuifdeurkast met paneelduren.
"Prachtig dat visgraat parket, daar ga ik voor!"
Laat je inspireren in de modelwoningen
Het is een geweldige ervaring om nu al door je toekomstige woning te kunnen lopen. Je kunt direct bekijken met welke opties jij de woning persoonlijk kunt maken en naar welke stijl je voorkeur gaat. In het informatie- en verkoopcentrum van Holland Park maak je keuzes voor afwerking en inrichting van jouw appartement. Je kunt rekenen op advies en begeleiding van onze woonstylisten. Zij zijn op de hoogte van de laatste woonrends en staan voor je klaar om al je interieurwensen waar te maken. Met een Woonklaarpakket wordt de woning zo opgeleverd, dat je er gelijk in kunt wonen.
"Wat leuk om in een showroom naast het modelappartement al je keuzes te maken"
Elk pakket kan bestaan uit een vloer, raamdecoratie, een badmeubel, douchewand, sanitair accessoires en schuifdeurkasten in je eigen woonstijl. Je hebt al een Holland Park Woonklaarpakket vanaf € 4.999,- voor een woning van 60m².
**Modern wonen**
Een strak interieur en toch gezellig. Ook het kleurgebruik op vloeren, wanden en plafonds is modern en tijdloos. Veel wit, grijs en natuurlijke, gecombineerd met een zonnig geel in de kussens en accessoires. In deze modelloning viel de keuze op een mooie vinylvloer in verweerd eiken. Ook handig omdat het makkelijk is schoon te maken en veel minder hard klinkt dan laminaat. Het geeft een klein appartement toch een ruimtelijk gevoel.
"Wij hebben het al zo druk en konden zo veel tijd en geld besparen!"
---
**100% Financierbaar**
De kosten van het door jou gekozen Woonklaarpakket kunnen voor 100% worden meegenomen in de totale koopsom en dus ook in je hypotheek. Je appartement wordt "sleutel klaar" opgeleverd. Volledig aangekleed en dus woonklaar! Je kunt je huidige woning opzeggen en meteen verhuizen. En je hebt geen dubbele lasten in de inbouw-/afwerkperiode van jouw woning.
"Dat we het Woonklaarpakket konden laten meefinancieren in onze hypotheek; ideaal!"
**Stijlvol**
In de pakketten denken wij met je mee. Ons team van binnenhuisarchitecten heeft een voorselectie van actuele producten en stijlen gemaakt. We bieden slimme oplossingen die passen bij jouw appartement en woonstijl.
**Persoonlijk advies**
Wij geven je graag persoonlijk advies. Maak een afspraak met een van onze woonstylisten in de Holland Park showroom. Je kunt hier ook altijd terecht om je te oriënteren. De koffie staat klaar!
**Direct woonklaar**
De vloer, inclusief plintafwerking, wordt gelegd door een vakman. Je hoeft niet te boren in de nieuwe tegels, want het badmeubel en de sanitair accessoires zijn al voor je gemonteerd. De gordijnen zijn opgehangen en de kasten staan klaar om te worden ingericht. Wel zo gemakkelijk en fijn als je geen tijd hebt om het allemaal zelf te doen.
**Zekerheid**
De Holland Park Woonklaarpakketten zijn samengesteld uit kwalitatief hoogwaardige merken die staan voor zekerheid en kwaliteit. De pakketten vallen onder de oplevergarantie. Daarom ben je ook voor de inbouw verzekerd van kwaliteit en levering.
**Meer informatie?**
Laat het Holland Park-team weten dat je interesse hebt in een Woonklaarpakket. Er wordt dan binnen een week contact met je opgenomen voor een afspraak. Je wordt uitgenodigd voor een persoonlijk gesprek in de showroom. Voor vragen over het Holland Park Woonklaarpakket kun je ook altijd bellen naar 020 - 58 05 333.
Jouw wensen vormen het begin en jouw keuzes bepalen het resultaat.
Informatie- en verkoopcentrum Holland Park
Op de locatie van het toekomstige Holland Park hebben wij voor jou een informatie- en verkoopcentrum geopend waar je jouw toekomstige appartement in het echt kunt beleven, in de uitgebreide showroom kunt kiezen uit verschillende woonkaarpakketten en wij je kunnen adviseren over je financiering. Uiteraard kun je er ook het appartement van je dromen kopen. In het informatie- en verkoopcentrum staan wij klaar om al je vragen te beantwoorden!
Makelaarskantoor
Voor meer informatie over het uiterlijk en de indeling van de appartementen, de prijzen en hoe je in aanmerking kunt komen voor een appartement, kun je terecht bij een van onze makelaars op locatie. Zij staan je graag te woord, geven je een rondleiding door de modelwoningen van Holland Park en begeleiden je bij het gehele aankooptraject van je nieuwe appartement.
Hypotheekadviseur
Je staat voor een belangrijke beslissing, namelijk de aankoop van een appartement. Een grote stap, die je weloverwogen wilt nemen. Om na te gaan hoe je jouw favoriete appartement in Holland Park kunt financieren, kun je terecht bij de hypotheekadviseur bij ons op locatie. De erkend hypotheekadviseur beschikt over actuele gegevens van diverse banken en instellingen en kan je bij de keuze van een bank en hypotheek behulpzaam zijn.
Bereikbaarheid
Het informatie- en verkoopcentrum Holland Park is gelegen aan de Eekholt 42 in Diemen en is goed bereikbaar via diverse uitvalswegen om de hoek en het trein- en metrostation Diemen-Zuid en metrostation Verrijn Stuartweg op enkele minuten loopafstand.
Disclaimer
De door u ontvangen projectdocumentatie is nauwkeurig en met zorg samengesteld aan de hand van gegevens en tekeningen, verstrekt door gemeente, architect, constructeur en adviseurs van het onderhavige bouwplan. De verkoper heeft de intentie om het gehele gebied Holland Park te ontwikkelen, maar kan dat niet garanderen. Verkoper kan evenmin uitspraken doen over de termijn waarop het gehele gebied inclusief infrastructuur zal zijn gerealiseerd. Desondanks wordt een voorbehoud gemaakt ten aanzien van geringe architectonische, bouwtechnische en constructieve wijzigingen, alsmede eventuele afwijkingen die voort kunnen komen uit nadere eisen en wensen van overheden en/of nutsbedrijven en/of belanghebbenden/betrokken partijen. De op de verkooptekeningen aangeboden situatieschets is bedoeld om een globale indruk te geven van de ligging van het bouwplan. Deze schets vormt geen onderdeel van de contractteksten en er kunnen geen rechten aan worden ontleend. De inrichting van de openbare ruimte (aanleg van wegen, parkeerplekken, watergangen, groenvoorzieningen etc.) geeft een indruk, ontleend aan de gegevens van de gemeente en/of andere daarvoor verantwoordelijke instanties. U dient er rekening mee te houden dat de betreffende instanties deze nog kunnen wijzigen c.q. reeds gewijzigd zijn na het ter perse gaan van de projectdocumentatie. Voor specifieke gebiedsinformatie en informatie over omliggende toekomstige c.q. bestaande bebouwing, wordt verwezen naar het informatiecentrum en/of andere daarvoor verantwoordelijke instanties. Voor eventuele (toekomstige) wijzigingen kunnen de aannemer en de verkoper geen verantwoordelijkheid op zich nemen en/of aansprakelijkheid aanvaarden. Tijdens de bouw wordt uitsluitend met bouwnummers gewerkt. De juiste gegevens met betrekking tot straatnamen en huisnummers worden voor de oplevering door de gemeente vastgesteld. De bouwnummers zijn op de verkooptekeningen aangegeven. De artist impressions (perspectieftekeningen) en de interieurplattegronden in de projectdocumentatie geven slechts een algemene indruk. Het zijn met recht “artist impressions”, waarin de illustrator zich artistieke vrijheden heeft gegund. De werkelijke kleuren van de bouwmaterialen kunnen bijvoorbeeld afwijken. De aanleg en de inrichting van de openbare ruimte en de binnentuin is naar fantasie van de illustrator ingevuld. Aan deze impressies kunnen, ondanks de zorgvuldigheid die is nagestreefd, door u geen rechten worden ontleend. Voor de meest actuele stand van zaken kunt u in gesprek met een verkoopadviseur. De op de verkooptekeningen aangegeven maten zijn globale maten, uitgedrukt in millimeters. Indien deze maatvoering tussen wanden is aangegeven, is daarbij geen rekening gehouden met enige wandafwerking. De daadwerkelijke maten na finaliseren van de bouw en verbouwing kunnen dus kleiner worden. Geringe maatwijzigingen kunnen voorkomen. De definitieve afmeting van leidingkokers wordt bepaald tijdens de verdere technische uitwerking van het bouwplan en kan daarom nog wijzigen. Alle informatie over het bouwplan wordt u gegeven onder voorbehoud van goedgekeurd door het team vergunningen van de gemeente Diemen en de Nutsbedrijven. Omdat bij het bouwen nog veel ambachtelijk werk plaatsvindt, behouden de aannemer en de verkoper zich het recht voor op of aan de woningen de naar haar oordeel noodzakelijke of nuttige/aangewezen architectonische of technische wijzigingen aan te brengen. Bedoelde eventuele wijzigingen zullen echter geen afreuk doen aan de waarde van de woning en zullen geen aanleiding geven tot enige verrekening met de koper. Het leidingsverloop is op het moment van het verschijnen van de projectdocumentatie nog niet bekend. Wel is duidelijk dat er leidingen in dekliciën en wanden zullen worden opgenomen. Spijkers of boren in vloeren kan dus schade met zich meebrengen. Werkzaamheden door derden zijn voor de oplevering niet toegestaan. Het aanbrengen van bouwkundige wijzigingen na de oplevering, is geheel voor het risico van de koper en mag alleen gebeuren na vergunningverlening door de gemeente en/of goedgekeurd door de Vereeniging van Eigenaren. Dergelijke wijzigingen na de oplevering vallen buiten de van toepassing zijnde garantie- en waarborgregeling.
Buitengewoon wonen
Holland Park
hollandpark.nl | cba04c12-28f0-4296-9edc-3ea93dfc5d0e | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/nld_Latn/train | finepdfs | nld_Latn | 73,092 |
Gabriel Salmon (*1480 - † 1542), Formschneider Herakles und der kretische Stier, Blatt 7 der Folge "Heraklestaten" , 1504-1542
Abmessungen
Blatt: 196 x 144 mm (beschnitten)
Raum
Werk nicht ausgestellt. Vorlage auf Anfrage möglich.
Inventarnummer
32862
Permalink
DE-MUS-027614/object/21912
1
Gabriel Salmon (*1480 - † 1542), Formschneider Herakles und der kretische Stier, Blatt 7 der Folge "Heraklestaten" , 1504-1542
Werkinformationen
Künstler
Gabriel Salmon (*1480 - † 1542), Formschneider
Werk
Titel
Herakles und der kretische Stier, Blatt 7 der Folge "Heraklestaten" Entstehungsdatum 1504-1542
Grunddaten
Abmessungen:
Blatt: 196 x 144 mm (beschnitten)
Werktyp: Druckgraphik
Technik: Holzschnitt
Bezeichnungen:
unten rechts monogrammiert: GS [ligiert]
Werkverzeichnisse:
* Nagler's Monogrammisten III.103.341 7 I (von I)
Erwerbsinformation:
1885
Vermächtnis Melchior Hermann Segelken 1885
Creditline
Kunsthalle Bremen - Der Kunstverein in Bremen, Foto: Die Kulturgutscanner www.kulturgutscanner.de, Public Domain Mark 1.0
Enthalten in der Kollektion:
Digitalisierung der französischen und japanischen Graphik
2
Gabriel Salmon (*1480 - † 1542), Formschneider Herakles und der kretische Stier, Blatt 7 der Folge "Heraklestaten" , 1504-1542
Digitalisierung der französischen und japanischen Graphik
3 | <urn:uuid:9d308f5f-c64f-4246-9ef2-10b648025635> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/deu_Latn/train | finepdfs | deu_Latn | 1,336 |
SzárÃ-tott vargánya leves
SzerzÅ' -ka-pÃ-r2013. november 03. Utolsó frissÃ-tés 2013. november 13.
Â
- 2 szál sárgarépa
- 1 csésze szárÃ-tott vargánya és/vagy erdei gomba keverék
- 1/4 közepes zellergumó
- 1 szál petrezselyemgyökér
- 1/2 közepes póréhagyma
- 1 l húsleves (esetleg 1 db leveskocka)
- 4 ek tejföl
- 1 ek liszt
- 1 dl bor
- 2 tk kakukkfű
- 2 db babérlevél
- só, bors
- 1-2 marék szélesmetélt vagy tetszÅ'leges levestészta Â
- 2 ek aprÃ-tott petrezselyemzöld
A szárÃ-tott gombaszeleteket áztassuk be bÅ', langyos vÃ-zbe legalább 4 órára, vagy akár egy egész éjszakára. A feldarabolt zöldségeket kevés sóval, borssal, kakukkfűvel és a babérlevéllel tegyük fel fÅ'ni annyi vÃ-zben, ami à ellepi Å'ket, és fedÅ' alatt fÅ'zzük ezeket félpuhára. Ezután adjuk hozzá a húslevest és a gombákat az áztatóvÃ-z együtt. Visszaforralás után fÅ'zzük még kb. 20 percig, majd adjuk hozzá a száraztésztát és a fehérbort.
Â
is.
Ha a tészta megfÅ'tt, hÅ'kiegyenlÃ-tés mellett adjuk a leveshez a simára kevert tejfölt és lassú tüzön fÅ'zzük mé percig. Végül szórjuk meg az aprÃ-tott petrezselyemzölddel, illetve Ã-zlés szerint sózzuk és borsozzuk. A levest tetszés szerint gazdagÃ-thatjuk még apróra vágott szarvassonkával, kolbásszal vagy különbözÅ' fűszeres olajokka
Borajánló:
Egri Csillagot vagy más, hasonlóan illatos, üde fehérbort ajánlok hozzá fogyasztani. Â | <urn:uuid:8142b966-c723-45b3-b56d-e7370893e77e> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/hun_Latn/train | finepdfs | hun_Latn | 1,370 |
Broj: 1768
Zagreb, 3. 10. 2018.
NATJEČAJ
za izbor glavnog urednika Monografije Hrvatskog sabora kulture 1948.-2018.
Upravni odbor Hrvatskog sabora kulture dana 3. listopada 2018. godine raspisuje javni natječaj za izbor glavnog urednika Monografije Hrvatskog sabora kulture 1948.-2018.
I.
Za glavnog urednika
Monografije Hrvatskog sabora kulture 1948.-2018.
je:
1. hrvatski državljanin
2. uređivala ili surađivala u uređivanju znanstveno-stručnih publikacija
3. dobar poznavatelj rada na računalu
II.
Uz prijavu na Natječaj kandidati su dužni priložiti:
1. presliku domovnice
2. izjavu o poznavanju rada na računalu
3. životopis s podacima o znanstveno-stručnom djelovanju i ispunjavanju propisanih uvjeta
4. opis radnog plana
5. prijedlog sadržaja, opsega, autora i osnovnih troškova Monografije
5. kandidati mogu priložiti i druge dokumente uz popratno obrazloženje o važnosti za Natječaj
III.
Prijave za Natječaj primaju se poštom ili dostavom najkasnije do 30. studenoga 2018. na adresu: Hrvatski sabor kulture, Ulica kralja Zvonimira 17, 10 000 Zagreb, s naznakom:
„Natječaj za izbor glavnog urednika
Monografije Hrvatskog sabora kulture 1948.-2018.
"
IV.
Rezultat Natječaja bit će objavljen tijekom prosinca 2018. godine na web stranici www.hrsk.hr i www.mreza.hr.
Tajnik Hrvatskoga sabora kulture dr. sc. Dražen Jelavić
Predsjednik Upravnog odbora HSK-a Dejan Buvač, v. r.
može biti izabrana osoba koja | <urn:uuid:52d94f2e-02a3-4ddf-a385-1276a6f8b08c> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/hrv_Latn/train | finepdfs | hrv_Latn | 1,431 |
From the Editor
This issue features three main articles about the performing arts in three different parts of Indonesia. In the article "Responses to War and Tsunami Trauma Through the Musical Arts in Aceh, 2005‒2011", Margaret Kartomi discusses the healing effects of music as the Acehnese people dealt with trauma caused by conflict between the Aceh independence movement and the Indonesian army as well as the tsunami. Karen Kartomi Thomas illustrates how the ethno-lingual groups in Lampung, Sumatra, have revitalised their local performing arts and presented them at festivities since the introduction of the revitalisation program in 2004 in the second article entitled "Revitalisation of the Performing Arts in the Ancestral Homeland of Lampung People, Sumatra". Madoka Fukuoka looks at Didik Nini Thowok's strategies at crossing gender boundaries through the use of costumes and masks in two of his major creative works in the article "Cross Gender Attempts by Indonesian Female Impersonator Dancer Didik Nini Thowok".
This volume of Wacana Seni concludes with three reviews: A book review of Bart Barendregt's edited book Sonic Modernities in the Malay World: A History of Popular Music, Social Distinction, and Novel Lifestyles by Made Mantle Hood; a review of USM's Community Music Program which aims at providing music education for everyone by Yumi
We have also included a new section on interviews. Jamaluddin Aziz shares with us his conversation with Dain Said, the director of film Bunohan, which has won international and local awards. Dain Said talks about how he creates films and the state of the Malaysian film industry today.
Wacana Seni Journal of Arts Discourse. Jil./Vol.13. 2014
Yoshioka; and a review of the Cross Border Showcase of Independent music in Southeast Asia held at the Hin Bus Depot, Penang, by Sara Loh.
Tan Sooi Beng Editor-in-Chief | <urn:uuid:bc6973ab-17aa-40ee-8839-311bdd63a59d> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 1,880 |
Rikskonferens Särvux i Jönköping 30 september – 1 oktober 2010
Ett varmt TACK vill vi säga till våra härliga Särvuxkollegor i Jönköping som arrangerade två innehållsrika fortbildningsdagar för oss pedagoger och skolledare verksamma inom Särvux. Med tre ess i rockärmen – Susanne, Susanne och Sonny & övriga medarbetare från Junevux och Särvux bjöds otroligt varierat och spännande innehåll. Inbjudan hörsammades av så många att det blev fullbokat i biosalongen! Fantastiskt!
Först fick vi lyssna till Monica Björkman, f d omsorgsläkare, som talade mycket om åldersförändringar hos särvuxelever. Vi fick många goda råd om hur de kan yttra sig och vad vi då ska tänka på när vi möter våra elever.
Hon sa också att det största problemet bland våra elever är att många har övervikt. Monica tyckte vi borde kräva att få ha kurser i hälsa, kroppskännedom, levnadsvanor och övriga insatser mot övervikt. Vi kan ta stöd i WHO:s hälsoprogram när vi agiterar för detta.
Vi fick också ta del av flera intressanta seminarier med information från Skolverket, från Skolinspektionen, om nya gymnasiesärskoleutredningens konsekvenser för Särvux samt om bedömning och utvecklingssamtal. En mamma till en ung man med Downs syndrom berättade om sonens väg till självständighet och Särvux Jönköping presenterade sin verksamhet.
Mats Granlund, professor i psykologi och handikappvetenskap vid högskolan i Jönköping talade om delaktighet för vuxna med utvecklingsstörning. Han gav oss också en del att tänka på ur elevsynpunkt. Här kommer några exempel –
* får man information när man behöver eller är man hänvisad till när andra behagar delge?
* problemen ligger oftast i att man inte får göra det man vill och kan.
* vad innebär det att acceptera sitt handikapp? Lägger sig vetskapen som en tung vante över mig och hindrar mig från att gå vidare? Hur vi väljer att förklara ett handikapp har stor betydelse!
* vi måste öka deras egen kontroll över livet – inte andras möjlighet att kontrollera dem!
Dagarna avslutades av Renata Chlumska, äventyrerska, coach och inspiratör som talade om att uppnå sina mål. Att ta - om så bara ett litet steg i taget - för att komma något närmare. Det sitter inte i benmuskler eller armstyrka – det sitter i mitt sätt att tänka! Ge aldrig upp!
Än en gång – TACK Särvux & Junevux för goda dagar och allt arbete ni lagt ner för föreningens bästa!
Nästa år har vi 20-årsjubileum och fortbildningsdagarna äger rum i Visby 7-9 september 2011. Där firade vi också 10-årsjubileet så det känns riktigt högtidligt det här!
Med varm hälsning styrelsen | <urn:uuid:807ca5ec-358b-4f5c-9067-f632e879e1aa> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/swe_Latn/train | finepdfs | swe_Latn | 2,564 |
Minutes for the Sixth meeting of the Board of Governors of the Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology Surat held on 21st January, 2006 at 11.30 A.M. onwards in the Conference Room of the Institute.
The following members were present:
1) **Dr. W.R. Sherekar**
Ex-Minister
Govt. of Maharashtra
: Chairman
2) **Dr. G.L. Jambhulker**
Dy. Educational Advisor (NITs)
MHRD, New Delhi
(Rep. of Jt. Secretary(T) MHRD, New Delhi)
: Member
3) **Prof. Nagin Chand**
Adviser (II) AICTE
New Delhi.
: Member
4) **Shri N.M. Bhatia**
Resident Engineer
Maharashtra Sadan,
NEW DELHI.
: Member
5) **Shri B.K. Ray**
Desk Officer (IFD)
(Rep. of Financial Advisor,
MHRD, New Delhi)
: Member
6) **Dr. S.A. Channiwala**
Professor, MED, SVNIT, Surat.
: Member
7) **Prof. A.R. Jariwala**
Asstt. Prof., EED, SVNIT, Surat.
: Member
8) **Dr. P.D. Porey**
Director, SVNIT, Surat.
: Member-Secretary
Dr. S.K. Mukherjee, Vice Chancellor, Birle Institute of Tech., Mesra, Ranchi, Dr. D.K. Ghosh, Dy. Director, IIT, Bombay, Shri Girish P. Dani, Ahmedabad, Prof. N.V. Gunchala, Jt. Director, Director of Tech. Edn., Gandhinagar and Prof. J.B. Joshi, Director, University Institute of Chemical Technology, Uni. of Mumbai, New Delhi conveyed their inability to attend the meeting due to their pre occupation.
One member is yet to be nominated by the Central Government representing large, medium and small scale industries.
The following business was transacted:
**Item 1**: To confirm the minutes of the 5th meeting of the Board of Governors held on 11/03/2005.
**Reso. 1**: “Resolved that the minutes of the 5th meeting of the Board of Governors held on 11/03/2005 be confirmed.”
**Item 2**: To note and approve the action taken on the resolutions adopted by the Board of Governors at its 5th meeting held on 11/03/2005.
**Reso. 2**: “Resolved that the action taken on the resolutions adopted by the Board of Governors at its 5th meeting held on 11/03/2005 be noted and approved.”
**Item 3**: To welcome the newly appointed Chairman of Board of Governors at SVNIT, Surat and to propose a vote of thanks to the outgoing Chairman for his valuable guidance and services rendered to the Institute.
**Reso. 3**: “Resolved to warmly welcome Hon’ble Dr. W.R. Sherekar newly appointed Chairman on the Board of Governors, SVNIT.”
“Further, resolved to propose a vote of thanks to the outgoing Chairman, Hon’ble Dr. N.V Vasani, Vice Chancellor, Nirma University of Science & Technology, Ahmedabad for his valuable guidance and services rendered to the Institute.”
“Resolved, further that the Director and Registrar are requested to offer a momento to the outgoing Chairman, Hon’ble Dr. N.V. Vasani for his memorable services.”
Item 4 : To welcome the incoming members of the Board of Governors of SVNIT and to note the services rendered by the outgoing members.
Reso. 4 : “Resolved to welcome the incoming members Prof. Nagin Chand, Advisor (PC) AICTE, New Delhi on the Board of Governors of SVNIT, Surat.”
“Resolved further to warmly welcome Dr. P.D. Porey newly appointed Director of the Institute and Ex-officio Member-Secretary on the Board of Governors, SVNIT, Surat.”
“Further, resolved to appreciate the services rendered by the outgoing member Prof. B.G. Nareshkumar, Advisor (II), AICTE, New Delhi.”
“Resolved, further to note the services rendered by Prof. K.U. Joshi, Professor in Electronics Engg. Deptt., Dr. A.K. Dave, Professor in Mech. Engg. Deptt. and Dr. S.A. Channiwala, Prof. in Mech. Engg. Deptt. for holding additional charge of the Director Office.”
“Resolved, further that now onwards one Professor and one Assistant Professor from the Institute be appointed by rotation for the period of two years only which would come into force with immediate effect.”
Item 5 : To ratify the action taken by the Chairman, Board of Governors for approving the recommendation of the 3rd meeting of the Screening Committee held on 09/05/2005 for further continuance in services beyond 58 years of age in respect of non-teaching staff up to age of 60 years.
Reso. 5 : “Resolved to ratify the action taken by the Chairman, Board of Governors for approving the recommendation(s) of the 3rd meeting of the Screening Committee held on 09/05/2005 for further continuance in service beyond 58 years of age in respect of non-teaching staff up to age of 60 years (APPENDIX: 5.1).”
Item 6 : To consider and to approve the recommendation of 4th meeting of the Screening Committee held on 14/11/2005 for further continuance in services beyond 58 years of age in respect of non teaching staff upto age of 60 years.
Reso. 6 : “Resolved to approve the recommendation of 4th meeting of the Screening Committee held on 14/11/2005 for further continuance in service beyond 58 years of age in respect of non teaching staff upto age of 60 years (APPENDIX: 6.1).”
Item 7: To note and approve the recommendations/minutes of the 8th, 9th and 10th meetings of Building & Works Committee of this Institute held on 09/03/2005, 09/05/2005 and 15/10/2005 respectively.
Reso. 7: "Resolved that the minutes of the 8th, 9th and 10th meetings of Building & Works Committee of this Institute held on 09/03/2005, 09/05/2005 and 15/10/2005 respectively be noted."
While noting the minutes of the meetings of Building & Works Committee it was emphasized that the quality of the work and workmanship be maintained of high standard and regular monitoring and close supervision be arranged. It was also agreed upon not to consider unusual lowest tenders to maintain quality of work and with a view to overcome from the above hurdles following resolutions adopted:
"Resolved further to adopt the Schedule of Rates (SOR) of Central Public Works Department now onwards for preparing estimate(s)/tender(s)."
"Further resolved that the institute alumni and board member Er. M.N. Bhatia be invited on the meeting of the Building & Works Committee as a Special Invitee."
Item 8: To note and approve the recommendations/minutes of the 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th meetings of the Purchase Committee of this Institute held on 09/03/2005, 28/03/2005, 24/05/2005, 08/07/2005 and 01/10/2005 respectively.
Reso. 8: "Resolved that the minutes of the 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th meetings of the Purchase Committee of this Institute held on 09/03/2005, 28/03/2005, 24/05/2005, 08/07/2005 and 01/10/2005 respectively be noted."
"Resolved, further, that the 11th five year plan vision document be prepared at the earliest and placed before the Board."
Item 9: To note and approve the recommendations/minutes of the 5th Finance Committee meeting scheduled to be held on 21/01/2006.
Reso. 9: "Resolved that the minutes/recommendations of the 5th Finance Committee meeting held on 21/01/2006 be accepted (APPENDIX: 9.1)."
Item 10: To note the action taken by the Director regarding the appointment / renewal of Deanship of the faculty members in various areas.
Reso. 10: "Resolved to note the action taken by the Director regarding the appointment / renewal of Deanship of the faculty members in various areas. Director be authorized to exercise this power as deem fit."
Item 11: To note the action taken by Director regarding the appointment/ continuation of Professors/Asstt. Professors as Head of respective departments.
Reso. 11: "Resolved to note the action taken by Director regarding the appointment / renewal of Professors / Asstt. Professors as Head of respective departments."
Item 12: To note the deputation granted by the Institute to the faculty members for their Ph.D. programme under Quality Improvement Programme.
Reso. 12: "Resolved to note the deputation granted by the Institute to the faculty members for their Ph. D. programme under Quality Improvement Programme."
Item 13: To note and ratify the action taken by the Director for granting extension leave from 01/08/2005 to 23/09/2005 = 54 days to Dr. Mousumi Chakraborty, Lecturer in Chemical Engg. Deptt. to continue her research work at university of Kaiserslautern, Germany.
Reso. 13: "Resolved to ratify the action taken by the Director for granting extension of leave from 01/08/2005 to 23/09/2005=54 days to Dr. Mousumi Chakraborty, Lecturer in Chemical Engg. Deptt. to continue her research work at university of Kaiserslautern, Germany."
Item 14: To ratify the action taken by the Chairman, Board of Governors in approving the recommendations of the Selection Committee meetings held on 07/10/2005, 08/10/2005 and 21/10/2005 respectively for granting of Sr.Scale / Sr.Grade and promotions from Lecturer to Asstt. Professor/ Asstt. Professor to Professor to the eligible faculty members under Career Advancement Scheme.
Reso. 14: "Resolved to partially ratify the action taken by the Chairman, Board of Governors in approving the recommendations of the Selection Committee meetings held on 07/10/2005, 08/10/2005 and 21/10/2005 respectively for granting of Sr.Scale / Sr.Grade and promotions from Lecturer to Asstt. Professor / Asstt. Professor to Professor to the eligible faculty members eligible as on cut off date of eligibility i.e. 1st July every year under Career Advancement Scheme as per directives issued by the Ministry of Human Resource Development."
"Resolved further that those candidates who had become eligible after 1st July, the cut-off date fixed by Government, would not be given promotion now. The cases of those who have qualified now on the basis of their assessment, would be kept pending and given effect to along with subsequent batch without fresh interview."
**Item 15**: To ratify the action taken by the Chairman, Board of Governors for reconstitution of Selection Committee for direct recruitment of faculty and including for grant financial up-gradation under Career Advancement Scheme as per letter dated 9th June, 2005 received from the MHRD (Deptt. of Secondary & Higher Education), New Delhi.
**Reso. 15**: "Resolved to ratify the action taken by the Chairman, Board of Governors for reconstitution of Selection Committee for direct recruitment of faculty including for grant of financial up-gradation under Career Advancement Scheme as per letter dated 9th June, 2005 received from the MHRD (Deptt. of Secondary & Higher Education), New Delhi."
**Item 16**: To consider and approve Senior Scale and Selection Grade to eligible faculties upon recommendation of Scrutiny Committee of REC tenure from the date of eligibility instead of approval granted w.e.f. 11/03/2005 in 5th meeting of BOG.
**Reso. 16**: "Resolved to approve Senior Scale and Selection Grade to eligible faculties upon recommendation of Scrutiny Committee of REC tenure from the date of eligibility instead of approval granted w.e.f. 11/03/2005 in 5th meeting of BOG as a special case."
**Item 17**: To ratify the action taken by the Director granting HAPL of 362 days to Dr. K. N. Mistry, Professor, Mechanical Engg. Deptt. during the period from 19/09/2005 for visiting as research fellow to carry out research at University of Leeds, U.K.
**Reso. 17**: "Resolved to ratify the action taken by the Director granting HAPL of 362 days to Dr. K. N. Mistry, Professor, Mech. Engg. Deptt. for visiting as research fellow to carry out research at University of Leeds, U.K as a Research Fellow w.e.f. 19/09/2005."
**Item 18**: To consider and approve the Draft Annual Report of the Institute for the period from 01/04/2004 to 31/03/2005.
**Reso. 18**: "Resolved to approve the Draft Annual Report of the Institute for the period from 01/04/2004 to 31/03/2005 (APPENDIX: 18.1)."
While approving the Draft Annual Report of the Institute for the period from 01/04/2004 to 31/03/2005 it was desired to add admission procedure and admission of foreign students as per various scheme of Government of India i.e. DASA etc.
**Item 19**: To approve scale of Rs.5500-175-9000 to Additional Assistant Engineer (Civil) under GCS Pay Rules 1998 upon implementation of 5\textsuperscript{th} Pay Commission w.e.f. 1/1/1996.
**Reso. 19**: “Resolved to approve scale of Rs.5500-175-9000 to Additional Assistant Engineer (Civil) under GCS Pay Rules 1998 [quite identical to CCS (revised pay) Rule 1997] upon implementation of 5\textsuperscript{th} Pay Commission w.e.f. 1/1/1996.”
**Item 20**: To consider the request regarding confirmation and granting benefit as permanent employee of lecturers appointed initially on permanent basis (regular) and then converted into adhoc appointment.
**Reso. 20**: The matter was discussed at length keeping various legal and administrative aspects. With a view to maintain harmony of the employer / employees relations and considering the request on sympathetic and humanity ground of lecturers appointed initially on permanent basis and then converted into adhoc basis, the Board adopted following resolution:
“Resolved, that the lecturers those appointed initially on permanent basis and then converted into adhoc appointment be treated as a fresh confirmed appointee w.e.f. 1/4/2004 subject to unconditionally withdrawal of their petitions filed in the Hon’ble Gujarat Affiliated Colleges Services Tribunal and all other benefits be granted w.e.f. 1/4/2004.”
“Resolved further the matter of regularizing their appointment as confirmed fresh appointee be finalized with consultation of Institute Advocate.”
**Item 21**: To ratify the action taken by the Director in signing MOU between SVNIT and Larsen & Toubro Limited for starting 2 years full time PG Programme in Industrial Process Equipment Design in SVNIT from the academic year 2005-06.
**Reso. 21**: “Resolved to ratify the action taken by the Director in signing MOU between Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology (SVNIT) and Larsen & Toubro Limited (L&T) for starting 2 years full time PG Programme in Industrial Process Equipment Design in SVNIT from the academic year 2005-06.”
Item 22: To consider and approve the draft medical rules and regulations for medical facilities to the employees of the Institute based on IIT Delhi medical attendance rules.
Reso. 22: “Resolved to refer back for review of the proposed Draft Medical Rules and Regulations.”
“Further resolved that Draft Medical Rules Regulations of the employees of the Institute be prepared in similar pattern existing in IIT, Chennai, IIT, Kharagpur, ISC, Bangalore and be placed before Board in its ensuing meeting till then the existing practice / Medical Attendance Rules as per GOI be continued.”
“Resolved further that the Students Insurance Scheme be also introduced and draft scheme be also placed before Board in its ensuing meeting.”
Item 23: To approve the conferment of the Degree to the Under Graduate and Post Graduate Students during the 3rd Convocation of this Institute likely to be held in February 2006.
Reso. 23: “Resolved to accept the recommendations of the Senate made in its 9th meeting held on 09/12/2005 and accordingly the degrees to the Under Graduate & Post Graduate students during the 3rd Convocation of this Institute scheduled to be held in near future at Surat as per APPENDIX: 23.1 be conferred”.
“Further resolved that all pending Degree Certificates be sent to the respective candidates by Regd. Post A.D.”
Item 24: To ratify the action taken by the Director - changing Institute timings.
Reso. 24: “Resolved to ratify the action taken by the Director for changing Institute timings. However, total working hours per week should be as per MHRD guidelines.”
ADDITIONAL AGENDA:
Item 25: To consider representation received from Dr. P.R. Tailor, Asstt. Prof. in MED regarding promotion under Careers Advancement Scheme
Reso. 25: “Item withdrawn”
Item 26: To provide Reliance Degree Level Chemical Engineering programme – paid academic services to the employees of Reliance Industries Ltd. without award of Degree.
Reso. 26: “Resolved to approve the proposal to offer Degree level Chemical Engineering Programme to the employees of Reliance Industries on self finance basis and that revenue generated be deposited in the corpus fund after payment of all operating expenses without award of Degree.”
Item 27: To consider the recommendation a Special Selection Committee meeting for granting Sr.Scale / Sr.Grade to eligible lecturers on or before 5/10/2005 to rectify the lapses observed and reported for promotion under CAS held on 6-7/10/2005.
Reso. 27: “Resolved to follow the MHRD directives issued for granting promotions under CAS.”
Item 28: To note to verdict given by the Hon’ble Supreme Court in respect of institute Special Leave Petition (Civil) No. 9473-76 of 2005 Vs. State of Gujarat & others before the Hon’ble Supreme Court of India on 11/03/2005.
Reso. 28: “Resolved to note the verdict given by the Hon’ble Supreme Court in respect of institute Special Leave Petition (Civil) No. 9473-76 of 2005 Vs. State of Gujarat & others before the Hon’ble Supreme Court of India on 11/03/2005.”
The meeting ended with a vote of thanks to the Chair.
Sd/-
(Dr. P.D. Porey)
MEMBER-SECRETARY
Sd/-
(Dr. W.R. Sherekar)
CHAIRMAN
NOTE: The Appendices referred to in the above resolutions are not enclosed as they have already been sent along with the Agenda. | <urn:uuid:db2005f5-6bbf-4a42-b5c7-0a4a9ef26632> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 17,248 |
REMORQUE PLATEAU
Disponible à la vente
LIFETIME EXCELLENCE
Pour tout chiffrage ou complément d'information, merci de vous adresser à | <urn:uuid:60e114f5-f82f-4bc4-9e87-93ec3f6765ba> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/fra_Latn/train | finepdfs | fra_Latn | 135 |
Le Crédoc vient de publier les résultats de l'étude « Des jeunes investis dans la vie de la cité » réalisée à la demande de l'Institut national de la jeunesse et de l'éducation populaire (INJEP), avec la participation de la Direction de la jeunesse, de l'éducation populaire et de la vie associative ( D J E P V A ) .
Près d'un jeune sur deux serait prêt à devenir bénévole dans une association
Contrairement aux idées reçues sur l'individualisme des jeunes, l'étude montre un fort intérêt des moins de trente ans pour l'investissement dans la vie de la cité :
31%
42% sont membres d'une association,
donnent même régulièrement de leur temps bénévole
58% ont une relation d'entraide régulière avec leurs voisins.
S'ils sont aujourd'hui un peu moins présents dans les associations que leurs ainés c'est certainement en partie lié au cycle de vie (ils ne sont pas encore complètement installés dans la vie adulte). Mais le potentiel de mobilisation des jeunes est très important : le monde associatif bénéficie à leurs yeux d'une image très positive, et la moitié des jeunes se disent prêts à s'engager pour une cause.
Proportion de personnes déclarant être prêtes à s'engager bénévolement ou donnant déjà du temps bénévole (en %)
Source : CREDOC, Enquête « Conditions de vie et Aspirations », début 2015
Les jeunes apparaissent en revanche rétifs aux formes d'engagements politiques conventionnels :
2% sont adhérents d'un syndicat
2% d'un parti politique.
Les moins de trente ans, et particulièrement les plus diplômés, privilégient des formes d'expressions protestataires, individuelles, plus ponctuelles et surtout non affiliées :
42% ont signé une pétition en ligne ou ont participé à une manifestation sur les 12 derniers mois 35% chez les trente ans ou plus.
Cette étude s'appuie sur les questions insérées à la demande de l'INJEP et de la DJEPVA dans l'enquête annuelle menée depuis près de 40 ans par le CREDOC sur les Conditions de vie et Aspirations des Français.
Pour accéder à la synthèse et au rapport complet de l'étude :
http://www.credoc.fr/pdf/Sou/Jeunes_investis_vie_de_la_cite.pdf
Pour en savoir plus, contacter Sandra Hoibian, Directrice du Pôle Evaluation et société : 01 40 77 85 52 | <urn:uuid:1611160b-6d00-458a-ac71-d2e929b7f285> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/fra_Latn/train | finepdfs | fra_Latn | 2,223 |
ΔΕΛΤΙΟ ΤΥΠΟΥ
Αθήνα, 25/10/2010
Η ΚΑΙΝΟΤΟΜΙΑ ΑΕ στο 12 ο Πανελλήνιο Επιστημονικό Συνέδριο Management Υπηρεσιών Υγείας & Κοινωνικής Φροντίδας, Σκαφιδιά Ηλείας, 22-24/10/2010
Η Καινοτομία Οικονομοτεχνικοί Σύμβουλοι ΑΕ εταιρεία παροχής λογιστικών υπηρεσιών στις Δημόσιες Μονάδες Υγείας της χώρας μας, συμμετείχε ως επίσημος χορηγός στο 12 ο Πανελλήνιο Επιστημονικό Συνέδριο Management Υπηρεσιών Υγείας & Κοινωνικής Φροντίδας που έγινε στην Σκαφιδιά Ηλείας στις 22 & 24/10/2010.
Κατά την διάρκεια του συνεδρίου, το Σάββατο 23 Οκτωβρίου 2010 και στην ενότητα της Νοσοκομειακής Λογιστικής παρουσιάσθηκαν από στελέχη της εταιρείας μας ενδιαφέρουσες εισηγήσεις ως ακολούθως:
- Οι Φορείς Κόστους στα Πλαίσια των Υπηρεσιών Υγείας με Ομαδοποίηση Συγγενών Περιστατικών, με εισηγητή τον κ. Δαβαρία Αλέξανδρο, Σύμβουλο Λογιστικής ΔΜΥ και
- Η κατάρτιση του προϋπολογισμού των Δημόσιων Μονάδων Υγείας με βάση την Αρχή του Δεδουλευμένου των Εσόδων και των Εξόδων με εισηγητή τον κ. Λάζαρη Θωμά, Οικονομολόγο Υγείας και Διευθύνοντα Σύμβουλο της εταιρείας.
Τα αντικείμενα των εισηγήσεων, ήταν στα πλαίσια των κατευθύνσεων και του εξελισσόμενου σχεδιασμού του ΥΥΚΑ για την οικονομική εξυγίανση των Μονάδων Υγείας, παρουσίασαν μεγάλο ενδιαφέρον και για το λόγο αυτό τις παρακολούθησε πλήθος συνέδρων. Ακολούθησε δε γόνιμη και εποικοδομητική συζήτηση . | <urn:uuid:0efed51a-a364-460a-aaf7-670a170f8524> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ell_Grek/train | finepdfs | ell_Grek | 1,335 |
IMATRAN KAUPUNKI TIEDOTTAA:
Kaupunginhallitus
Aika
3.10.2022 klo 10.00 – 15.58
4.10.2022 klo 8.09 – 16.07
Paikka Vallinkoski
Päätetyt asiat
4 Tiedoksiannot kaupunginhallitukselle
Merkittiin tiedoksi:
1. IB-lukio ajankohtaiset
- Asiaa kokoukselle esitteli opetus- ja nuorisopäällikkö Minna Rovio
2. Kaupunginhallituksen lautakuntiin ja konserniyhtiöihin nimeämien edustajien tiedoksiannot
- kaupunginhallituksen jäsen Titta Myllärinen kertoi kaupunkikehityslautakunnan ajankohtaisista asioista
- kaupunginhallituksen jäsen Anne Nissinen kertoi koulutuskuntayhtymän ajankohtaisista asioista
- kaupunginhallituksen jäsen Sanna Prior kertoi hyvinvointilautakunnan ajankohtaisista asioista
- kaupunginhallituksen puheenjohtaja kertoi Pro Kaukopään järjestämästä webinaarista
- kaupunginhallituksen jäsen Markku Pentikäinen kertoi Eksoten ajankohtaisista asioista
5 Kaupungin ja seurattavien yhteisöjen 2/3 osavuosikatsaus 1.1. 31.8.2022
Kaupunginhallitus päätti merkitä osavuosikatsauksen tiedoksi.
Osavuosikatsaus saatetaan tiedoksi kaupunginvaltuustolle.
6 Omavelkaisen takauksen myöntäminen Imatran Vuokra-asunnot Oy:lle
Kaupunginhallitus päätti esittää kaupunginvaltuustolle, että Imatran Vuokra-asunnot Oy:lle myönnetään enintään 826.915,87 euron omavelkainen takaus.
Takauksesta peritään vuotuinen 0,4 % suuruinen takausprovisio. Takausmaksu määräytyy vuosittain suhteessa jäljellä olevan lainan pääoman mukaan.
Imatran Vuokra-asunnot Oy:n tulee toimittaa lainatakauksen vastavakuudeksi vähintään 250.000 euron kiinteistökiinnitys.
Imatran Vuokra-asunnot Oy:n tulee toimittaa voimassa olevan hallintosäännön mukaisesti yksityiskohtaiset lainaehdot konsernitalouspäällikön hyväksyttäväksi.
Vuoden 2022 investointimäärärahojen päivitys
Kaupunginhallitus päättää esittää kaupunginvaltuustolle investointimäärärahan lisätarpeen hyväksymistä jätevedenpuhdistamon ja kaupunki-infran saneerauskohteiden ylityksen osalta.
7
kaupunki kartoittaa mahdollisuuden avata ystävyyskaupunkisuhteen
Lisätietoja kaupunginhallituksen päätöksistä antaa puheenjohtajisto:
Hallituksen puheenjohtaja Ilkka Nokelainen
puh. 040 593 0552
Hallituksen 1. varapuheenjohtaja Mikko Airas
puh. 045 635 3811
Hallituksen 2. varapuheenjohtaja Timo Härkönen
sähköposti:
email@example.com
Lisäksi lisätietoja päätöksistä antavat kunkin asian valmistelija sekä vt. kaupunginjohtaja kaupunginhallituksen esittelijänä:
Vt. kaupunginjohtaja Matias Hilden puh. 020 617 2200 | <urn:uuid:6b6de4b0-09ce-4b78-8481-caddcc9e60c4> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/fin_Latn/train | finepdfs | fin_Latn | 2,462 |
Brasil pode ter primeira sonda espacial
Parceria entre russos e brasileiros discutida por pesquisadores levaria satélite nacional ao espaço profundo | <urn:uuid:14601d94-8133-48dc-b491-54a3ced3c3f2> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/por_Latn/train | finepdfs | por_Latn | 149 |
CIRKULÄRET
November 2021
Innehåll
2 - Innehåll
3 - Oktobers månadsmöte
4 - Jag behöver din hjälp
5 - St Louis Blues
6-7 - Höstutflyktstävlingen
8-9 - Månadstävlingen
10 - Infotavlan
11 - Kontaktuppgifter
12 - Aktivitetskalendern
Oktober månadsmöte med Mats Grimfoot på distans
Mats Grimfoot, naturfotograf från Karlstad i Sverige, är bekant för många AFK:are från workshopen i oktober 2017, ”Humor och bildberättande”. Den här gången fick vi träffa honom på distans, och det gick bra det också.
Vi fick följa med på en fjortondagars foto- och paddlingstur till ”Nahanni” (South Nahanni river) i Canada, Northwest territories. Med på turen var Mats och hans sambo Heidi Holmlund, bekant för många via BioFoto Finland, samt två lokala vildmarksguider. De åkte upp längs floden med ett enmotorigt flygplan, och paddlade ner 350 km. Här uppe har aldrig funnits någon fast bosättning, men här har periodvis vistats pälsjägare och guldletare. Mats och Heidi var alltså långt inne i ödemarken, och det hängde på dem själva att klara av att ta sig tillbaka till civilisationen.
Vi fick se fantastiska landskap; höga berg, och en flod som upprepade gånger bytte skepnad. Vissa partier var rätt flacka, andra mer friska. Enbart vid det höga vattenfallet Virginia Falls var man tvungen att vandra ett par kilometer, övriga etapper gick att paddla. Den här floden väljer man för landskapens skull. Trots att man får söka sig annanstans om man vill se ett rikare djurliv, såg Mats och Heidi bland annat piggsvin, björnar, bäver, skogsren, bisonoxar, fåglar och spår efter varg.
Missade ni föredraget – ingen fara. Catarina bandade det, och alla medlemmar har fått en länk per e-mail den 7 november.
Hanna
Jag behöver din hjälp!
Jag tycker AFK är en jättebra förening för den som är intresserad av fotografi! Hos oss ryms allt från nybörjare till proffs, och jag tror alla lär sig något oberoende av nivå. Vi lär varandra med kommentarer, vi har duktiga domare som hittar det lilla extra som gör vår bild ännu bättre, vi har bra stämning på våra träffar (också bekräftat av många av våra gäster ;), vi träffas på stan, i labbet, i Sandels och på utfärder. Vi har roligt, eller vad?
Men....medlemsanslutningen har den senaste tiden varit dålig, och vi behöver flera medlemmar, för det är alltid nån som av orsak eller annan inte mera fortsätter hos oss. Så jag ber dig hålla detta i minnet! När du träffar på en vän som är intresserad av att fotografera, så berätta att vi finns, och bjud personen med på ett månadsmöte för att bekanta sig med oss. OCH, när du på Facebook eller Instagram postar ett foto som hör ihop med AFK, så är jag jätteglad om du på nåt sätt kan föra fram detta, tex med lämpliga # hashtagord eller så att du berättar i vilket sammanhang fotot togs.
Vi behöver er alla för att marknadsföra oss och få medlemsnettot på plus. Tack för er hjälp!
Catarina - ordförande
AFK:s förra studiokväll var inspirerad av St Louis Blues. Deltagarna fick turas om att ta bilder och vara modeller. Så här blev resultatet!
Foto: Kenneth Hernberg
Foto: Marit Henriksson
Foto: Johan Sundström
Copyright © Peter Stenius
Höstutflyktstävlingen
Publikfavoriter i årets höstutflyktstävling blev Anders Blomqvist och Magnus Silin. Anders Blomqvist (nedanför till vänster). “Fint motljus. Vackert träd, människorna under trädet tillför också något till bilden. Kunde blivit bättre om man skulle ha beskurit nedre delen av bilden”.
Magnus Silin. (Ovanför till höger). “Lite stödig bild, vilket gör att rödhaken är lite svår att lägga märke till vid första anblick. Fint med mycket utrymme för speglingen”.
Hedersomnämndande:
Jan Hagelberg. (Nere till höger). “Stammens och bladens placering i bilden skapar en lugn harmoni. Vackra färger och fina strukturer i vattnet”.
Anders Blomqvist. (Nednför). “Snygg och väldigt ren bild. Väldigt exakt och snygg komposition med bänken och grenarna ovanför den”.
Vinnare av höstutflyktstävlingen blev Kenneth Hernberg. (Nedanför). “Kraftfullt träd. Inga onödig ljussläpp. Snygg koppling mellan trädet och huset med hjälp av stigen”.
Månadstävling
“Ensam”
Mats Grimfoot var domare för månadstävlingen i Oktober. Temat för tävlingen var ”ensam”, vilket gav gott om utrymme för tolkning bland deltagarna.
Publikfavorit blev Magnus Silin. (Nedanför till vänster). “Rolig och spännnande bild, man kunde ha gått lite till vänster för att få isär masten i mitten från tornet bakom.”
Hedersomnämndande:
Jan Hagelberg. (Ovanför till höger). “Bra bild. Allt i bilden tyder på ensamhet, avsaknaden av andra människor, minspelet och kroppsspråket.”
Anders Blomqvist. (Nedanför till vänster). “Bra användning av vidvinkel, bra skärpa. Bra struktur på himlen och snyggt att trädet är lite förskjutet från mitten av bilden”.
Peter Stenuis. (Föregående sida till höger). “Humoristisk bild. Hundens ansiktsuttryck passar bra i temat. Bra beskuren bild.”
Tredje plats: Hanna Westman. (Nedanför till vänster). “Väldigt vacker och avskalad bild. Utan extra attribut förmedlar bilden ensamhet”
Andra plats: Catarina Söderström. (Till höger). “Rolig bild, snygg komposition. Allt i bilden tyder på ensamhet, de övergivna kundvagnarna och dockans kroppshållning som undrar ‘var är alla kunderna?’”.
Första plats: Anders Svartbäck. (Nedanför). “Svårt att hitta något som känns mer ensamt än att sitta och dricka vin ensam på en bar. Vinjetteringen passar bra i bilden, så även det svartvita.”
Välkommen på glöggfest den 25.11 kl 18.30 på Sandels.
Lea Laine och Ghita Thomé håller föredrag med temat ”Resa till Lofotens bortglömda lillasyster”.
Temat för månadstävlingen är ”Reflexioner/reflektioner”.
**Tävlingsteman 2021-2022**
| Månad | Tema |
|---------|--------------------|
| November| Reflexioner/reflektioner |
| Januari | Inramad |
| Februari| Annorlunda |
| Mars | Material |
| April | Nyanser |
**Poängställning**
| Namn | Poäng |
|---------------------|-------|
| Anders Svartbäck | 4 |
| Catarina Söderström | 3 |
| Hanna Westman | 2 |
| Jan Hagelberg | 1 |
| Peter Stenius | 1 |
| Magnus Silin | 1 |
| Anders Blomqvist | 1 |
**Du vet väl om vem som helst får hålla PechaKucha på månadsmötena?**
Välj ett ämne med bilder du vill visa och anmäl dig till Catarina. ordförande(at)afk.fi
**Inför månadstävlingen**
reflektion = reflexion, återkastning, återspegling, eftersinnande tanke, tyst anmärkning
| Styrelsen | Funktionärer |
|-----------|--------------|
| styrelsen(at)afk.fi | IT-stödpeson: Niklas Lindgren webmaster(at)afk.fi |
| Ordförande: Catarina Söderström 040 505 37 76 ordförande(at)afk.fi | Labbmästare: Peter Stenius 09 772 5783 (jobb), 050 381 2648 (mobil) labbmastare(at)afk.fi |
| Vice ordförande: Peter Schulman 040 043 06 75 ordförande(at)afk.fi | Arkivgruppen: Kristian “Frasse” Frantz 040 522 86 38 |
| Sekreterare: Ghita Thomé 050 367 64 86 styrelsen(at)afk.fi | Anders Svartbäck e-post: arkivet(at)afk.fi |
| Skattmästare: Birgitta Immerthal 040 532 20 48 skattmastare(at)afk.fi | Cirkulärredaktör & webbansvarig: Matilda Saarinen 040 719 22 82 cirkularet(at)afk.fi |
| Tävlingssekreterare: Lea Laine 050 568 15 95 tavlingssekreterare(at)afk.fi | Studiomästare: Gunnar “Ludde” Lundqvist 040 5200 303 sjotrolle(at)gmail.com |
| Styrelsemedlem: Jan Hagelberg 050 347 39 03 styrelsen(at)afk.fi | Klubbvård: Lars Wernbom 09 666 113 |
AFK:s labb: Tölögatan 52, 00250 Helsingfors
Labbkning: görs via AFK:s hemsida: www.afk.fi/aktuellt/
Labbnyckelfrågor: Birgitta Immerthal (se ovan)
Bankkonto: Aktia FI48 4055 4920 1540 67
Ansökan om medlemskap: Catarina Söderström (se ovan)
Adress- och medlemsfrågor: Birgitta Immerthal (se ovan)
AFK:s webbsidor: www.afk.fi
E-postinfo: afk(at)afk.fi
| Aktivitet | Datum | Klockslag | Plats | Program/anmärkningar |
|------------------------|--------|-----------|---------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Månadsmöte; glöggfest | 25.11 | 18:30 | Sandels | Tema: Reflektioner. Gäst: Lea Laine och Ghita Thomé. Domare: Lasse Krogell. |
AMATÖRFOTOGRAFKLUBBEN I HELSINGFORS
1889 132 2021 | c19f4de1-c651-48b8-ba2c-05e96b0afabf | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/swe_Latn/train | finepdfs | swe_Latn | 8,282 |
GUIDANCE ON VACCINE MANDATES AND CATHOLIC SCHOOLS IN EASTERN WASHINGTON
Bishop Daly clarifies that parish schools must follow vaccine and mask mandates as well as exemptions allowed under state law
On Tuesday Bishop Daly wrote to the priests of the diocese clarifying the effect of the vaccine mandate on Catholic schools in the diocese. Parish schools will abide by the state's vaccine mandate. The letter also clarifies exemptions under state law and how Catholic schools will acknowledge these exemptions.
Bishop Daly recommends that the Catholic faithful of Eastern Washington saying "Inoculation against COVID-19 is an important way to protect the common good, especially children and those who are most vulnerable. I encourage the faithful of eastern Washington to join me in getting vaccinated."
The Diocese will follow the state mandates regarding vaccination of education personnel and mask mandates both in parish schools and churches. Bishop Daly noted that "We continue to comply with Governor Inslee's mandate that all school employees receive one of the approved vaccines. The state recognizes two exemptions from this mandate. The first is a medical exemption that one may obtain through his or her physician. The second is a religious exemption which, for us as Catholics, rests on the fact that a properly formed conscience is inviolable."
In his letter Bishop emphasized the role of an individual's conscience in Church teaching on matters where a person has moral and legal freedom to choose a course of action. "The Second Vatican Council emphasized that the "conscience is the most secret core and sanctuary of man." While the Church seeks to form and mold consciences of the faithful, each person has by virtue of his or her identity as a human person the right to act in conscience, a liberty the Church respects and upholds. A Catholic school employee could, therefore, exercise his or her right to a religious exemption. This exemption places the burden on the individual's conscience rather than on Church approval."
Bishop Daly also encouraged priests to speak with employees and parishioners who are uncomfortable with the vaccination for religious or moral reasons and help them to understand why the Church encourages vaccination. The letter closed with a request for prayer and expressed the desire that we would soon see an end to the pandemic. "I am hopeful that mask-wearing and an increase in vaccinations will help bring an end to the suffering and death caused by this pandemic," said Daly.
FAQ: Vaccine and Mask Mandates
Is a Mask mandate in place?
(https://www.governor.wa.gov/sites/default/files/proclamations/20-25.15%20-%20COVID19%20Washington%20Ready.pdf)
Yes, per the emergency proclamation issued by Governor Inslee on August 20, 2021, parishes and parish schools will follow the mask mandate.
Is the Diocese following the Vaccine Mandate for school employees?
Yes, our schools will comply with the vaccine mandate set forward in Governor Inslee's August 20, 2021 proclamation. (https://www.governor.wa.gov/sites/default/files/proclamations/2114.1%20-%20COVID-19%20Vax%20Washington%20Amendment.pdf)
Is the Diocese acknowledging religious exemptions from employees?
Yes, in accord with state law, the Diocese will acknowledge the receipt of self-identified religious exemptions for our school employees.
Does the Diocese and Bishop Daly support the COVID-19 vaccines?
Yes, the Bishop encourages Catholics to get vaccinated, and the Diocese provided vaccination clinics for our teachers in the Spring of 2021. Bishop Daly elected to be vaccinated this spring at a clinic held at a parish in our Diocese. He joins Pope Francis in encouraging vaccination.
Why does the Diocese allow Catholics to exercise a religious exemption?
The Catholic Church teaches that, for the human person, the conscience is inviolable. While the Church exists to bring Christ to the world and bring people into a relationship with Christ, the Church's teaching is that a person's conscience should be respected. The Second Vatican Council emphasized in the Pastoral Constitution of the Church in the Modern World: "conscience is the most secret core and sanctuary of man". While the Church seeks to form and mold consciences of the faithful, each person has by virtue of his or her identity as a human person the right to act in conscience, a liberty the Church respects and upholds. For us the inviolability of conscience is a sincerely held belief in our faith, reiterated by the highest authorities of our faith tradition: popes and ecumenical councils.
Will priests sign exemption forms?
No. A Catholic individual, under church teaching, is capable of testifying to the state of his or her own conscience on a particular question. Their self-attestation is sufficient both in regards to state law on religious exemptions and church teaching.
Doesn't Pope Francis encourage all Catholics to be vaccinated?
https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_202012 21_nota-vaccini-anticovid_en.html .
Yes, Pope Francis has very strongly encouraged Catholics to be vaccinated out of love for their neighbors. At the same time, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, Pope Francis's doctrinal office, has spoken to people's right in conscience to decline the vaccine for moral reasons, while insisting those who decline the vaccine must be vigilant by other means to prevent the spread of COVID-19. Read the full document here | <urn:uuid:c0563ee9-095d-4f82-baa2-8775c84d4e48> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 5,515 |
Un soleil chaud mais avec un petit vent frais, ce qui a peut-être dissuadé quelques cyclistes. Nous étions sept, ce n'est pas si mal. Départ du kiosque Peynet, nous avons pris la direction du nord contre le vent, il valait mieux l'affronter au début Et non pas le pont Mistral Monsieur Bernard, qui avec son vélo à assistance électrique nous avait emmené sur la mauvaise rive, et tout le monde suivait René a réussi à reprendre le gouvernail et longer la bonne rive en traversant Bourg les Valence sans se faire bousculer par les voitures. Ouf enfin le calme en empruntant la via Rhôna, après une ou deux pauses pour se rafraichir nous arrivâmes à Châteauneuf sur Isère, le but que nous nous étions fixés. Nous avons aussi mangé les gateaux bio fait maison par JEFF.
Des discussions s'engagèrent pour le retour, chacun campait ferme sur son trajet favori il y avait le groupe de ceux qui voulait revenir par le même chemin par la via Rhôna, au calme sans la pollution des voitures et ceux qui voulait changer le trajet retour et subir la départementale. Le groupe se scinda 4 pour la départementale et trois pour la via Rhôna. Le groupe via Rhôna, dont j'étais, eu l'occasion de manger les premières cerises chez Marie-Hélène.
1 / 2
Mercredi, 16 Mai 2018 19:30 - Mis à jour Vendredi, 22 Juin 2018 11:15
2 / 2 | <urn:uuid:6888d153-b9ea-4a3a-a590-6f4db0b3b644> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/fra_Latn/train | finepdfs | fra_Latn | 1,313 |
SÚBORNE STANOVISKO
k návrhu na predaj/prenájom nehnuteľností hl. m. SR Bratislavy
za sekciu dopravy
A: IDENTIFIKÁCIA PODANIA:
| Došlo od (oddelenie, dátum): | OMV | 33043/2017 |
|-------------------------------|-----|------------|
| Predmet podania: | Zriadenie vecného bremena – Družicová ul. |
| Žiadateľ: | OLO a.s. |
| Katastrálne územie: | Ružinov |
| Parcelné číslo: | 1207/246 |
| Odoslané: (dátum) | 14. 06. 2017 | Pod.č. | 326 √18 |
B: ČIASTKOVÉ STANOVISKÁ ODDELENÍ:
B1: Oddelenie dopravného inžinierstva
| Pridelené (dátum): | 1.6.2017 | Pod. č. oddelenia: | -315665/2017 ODI/351/17-p |
|-------------------|----------|--------------------|---------------------------|
| Spracovateľ (meno): | Ing. Mičková |
Text stanoviska:
K zriadeniu vecného bremena práva stavby polopodzemného kontajneru na komunálny odpad na novovytvorenom pozemku parc. č. 1207/246 nemáme námietky.
Vybavené (dátum): 6.6.2017
Schválil dňa (meno, dátum): Ing. Širgel
B2: Oddelenie dopravy - Referát cestného správneho orgánu:
| Pridelené (dátum): | 01.06.2017 | MAGS OD 45490/2017-315670 |
|-------------------|------------|---------------------------|
| Spracovateľ (meno): | Iveta Illová |
Text stanoviska:
Z hľadiska cestného správneho orgánu k zriadeniu vecného bremena práva stavby polopodzemného kontajnera na komunálny odpad na novovytorenom pozemku registra „C KN parcela č. 1207/246 k. ú. Ružinov sa nevyjadrujeme. Ide o pozemok, ktorý nie je cestným pozemkom miestnych komunikácií I. a II. triedy.
| Vybavené (dátum): | 12.06.2017 |
|-------------------|------------|
| Schválil dňa (meno, dátum): | Ing. Štecková 12.06.2017 |
Mgr. Jana Ryšavá
poverená riaditeľka sekcie dopravy
Magistrát hlavného mesta SR Bratislavy
Riaditeľ sekcie dopravy
Primaciálne námestie č. 1
814 09 Bratislava
Vec
Vyjadrenie k súbornej žiadosti
Na základe Vašej súbornej žiadosti č. MAGS OMV – 33043/2017 zo dňa 30.05.2017 oznamujeme Sekcii správy nehnuteľností / Oddeleniu majetkových vzťahov, že k dnešnému dňu voči žiadateľovi:
- OLO a.s., Ivanská cesta 22, 821 04 Bratislava, IČO: 00 681 300
oddelenie legislatívno-právne neeviduje súdny spor.
S pozdravom
Magistrát hlavného mesta SR
Bratislava
Oddelenie legislatívno-právne
Primaciálne námestie č. 1
814 99 Bratislava
JUDr. Ivana Ozábalová
vedúca oddelenia
OMV
Mgr. Beláková
329966/2017
Váš list číslo/zo dňa Naše číslo Vybavuje/linka Bratislava
MAGSOMV/33043/2017 OMDPaL/329965/2017 kl. 900 19.6.2017
MAGOMV/315669/2017
Vec Stanovisko k žiadosti číslo 315669
| Názov spoločnosti | OLO, a.s. |
|-------------------|-----------|
| Adresa spoločnosti | Ivánska cesta 22, Bratislava |
| IČO spoločnosti | 681300 |
Stanovisko OMDPaL:
Oddelenie miestnych daní, poplatku a licencí neeviduje voči žiadateľovi žiadne pohľadávky.
Ing. Silvia Čechová
vedúca oddelenia
Magistrát hlavného mesta SR Bratislavy
Oddelenie miestnych daní, poplatkov a licencí
Blagoevova 9, P.O. Box 76,
850 05 Bratislava 55
Blagoevova 9, III. poschodie, č. dveri 304
TELEFÓN 02/59 35 69 01
FAX 02/59 35 69 71
BANKOVÉ SPOJENIE ČSOB: 25829413/7500
IČO 603 481
INTERNET www.bratislava.sk
E-MAIL firstname.lastname@example.org
Vec
Stanovisko: OLO a.s. – vecné bremeno na zriadenie polopodzemného kontajneru.
Na základe žiadosti OLO a.s. vo veci zriadenie vecného bremena polopodzemného kontajneru na komunálny odpad na pozemku 1207/246 v k.ú. Ružinov na Družicovej ulici uvádzame:
- Nepatrí do správy OSK.
- V záujmovej oblasti sa nenachádza zariadenie verejného osvetlenia. Bez pripomienok.
S pozdravom
Mgr. Valdek Jurčák
vedúci oddelenia
Magistrát hlavného mesta SR Bratislavy
Oddelenie správy komunikácií
Primaciálne nám. č.1
814 99 Bratislava
Záporožská 5, I. poschodie, č. dverí 130
TELEFÓN 02/59 35 67 05
FAX 02/59 35 67 85
BANKOVÉ SPOJENIE ČSOB: 25829413/7500
IČO 603 481
INTERNET www.bratislava.sk
E-MAIL email@example.com | e55149a5-a791-4eb4-a507-e2bbddc91ab6 | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/slk_Latn/train | finepdfs | slk_Latn | 3,956 |
WEIGHING MACHINE ENGINEERS MANUFACTURERS
Appley House, Hall Lane, Appley Bridge Wigan WN6 9EL, UK
Web: www.johnmaguireandson.co.uk Tel: +44 (0)1257 255200
EU DECLARATION OF CONFORMITY
This Declaration of Conformity is issued under the sole responsibility of the manufacturer: John Maguire and Son
The object of the declaration described above is in conformity with the relevant Union harmonisation legislation: Directive 2014/31/EU.
The notified body; NMO, No. 0126 issued to the Module D: Conformity of the type based on quality assurance of the production process
Conforms to the following standards:
LVD 2014/35/EU:
EN61010:2010 Safety Requirements for electrical equipment for measurement, control and laboratory use – Part 1 General requirements. EN61149:2002 Protection against electric shocks – Common aspects for installation equipment.
EMC 2014/30/EU
EN61000-6-3:2007 Emissions for the residential, commercial and light industry environment. EN61000-6-4:2007 Emissions for the industrial Environment EN45501:2015 – As above - Immunity is compliant to the requirements of Annex B of this standard.
BS EN 45501
Metrological aspects of non-automatic weighing instruments
Classification: Non-Automatic Weighing Instrument Class III
Weighing Machine Details:
Serial No:
168982
Size:
15m x 3m
Capacity:
50,000kg
Increment
20kg
Model:
SMDT - weighbridge
Make:
John Maguire & Son
Indicator Model CSW-20
Type Approval
UK2677 rev.11
Test Certificate UK2677
Make
Ian Fellows
Load Cell ASC C3 30t
Test Cert
D09-03.07
Make
Vishay Measurements Gro
EU Type Approval Certificate No: UK2677 rev.11
Issued by: -
Located and operated at:
Blackpool Skip Hire Ltd
Poulton Industrial Estate Cocker Avenue Poulton-Le-Fylde
FY6 8JE
Authorised Signature:
Authorised Person: Oliver Maguire
Issue Date:
14/11/18
Tested and Verified at: (if different to location) | <urn:uuid:3cd55f61-e65d-4c8a-abb3-cdb53f7eb735> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 1,903 |
Preeclampsia – A risk factor for dementia in women
Sameen Aftab 1 , Qazi Muhammad Zarlish 2
Dear Editor, Dementia is a broad term that includes a spectrum of diseases that affect our cognition, thinking ability, and performance of daily activities. According to the World Health Organization, at present, more than 55 million people around the world are suffering from dementia, and over 60% of whom live in countries that have middle to low socioeconomic status. Nearly 10 million new cases of dementia present every year.
The risk factors for developing dementia include age (more common in those 65 or older), high blood pressure, high blood glucose, overweight or obesity, cigarette smoking, too much alcohol consumption, sedentary lifestyle, social isolation, air pollution, head trauma, hearing disorders and having depression or anxiety. 1 According to World Health Organization, women are affected by dementia disproportionately, both directly and indirectly and experience higher disability-adjusted life years and mortality due to dementia, but also provide 70% of care hours for people living with dementia. This disproportionate involvement of women in dementia points towards the possibility of a gender related cause of dementia in women.
A recent systemic review and meta-analysis published in American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, shows increased future risk of vascular dementia in women whose pregnancies were complicated by Preeclampsia. 2 This corroborates the earlier studies that also show a correlation between dementia and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. A Systematic Review and MetaAnalysis published in 2021 had also concluded that
1Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nishtar Medical University, Multan, Pakistan. 2 Department of, Cardiology, Chaudhary Pervaiz Elahi Institute of Cardiology, Multan, Pakistan.
Correspondence: Sameen Aftab. Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
ORCID ID: 0009-0005-6616-3309
Submission complete: 17-05-2024First Revision received: 27-08-2024
Acceptance: 28-08-2024Last Revision received: 27-08-2024
Authors' Contribution:
SA: Concept, data collection and writing.
QMZ: Formatting, analysis and referencing.
hypertensive disorders of pregnancy were found to be associated with a 1.2- to 1.4-fold increased risk of Alzheimer's disease and other dementia and a 3-fold increased risk of future vascular dementia. 3 A study published in 2010 shows the existence of striking parallels between the (epi)genetic features of pre-eclampsia and late-onset Alzheimer's disease for the genes that are located on 10q22. Its data indicates that STOX1 gene controls a conserved pathway shared between placenta and brain with overexpression in late-onset Alzheimer's disease. 4 These findings necessitate further high-quality research with sufficiently long follow-up periods for outcome development so that this correlation is better assessed. With better understanding of risk factors for dementia, we can probably control the incidence of dementia by prevention of these risk factors.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.47391/JPMA.20672
Disclaimer: None.
Conflict of Interest: None.
Source of Funding: None.
References
1. Dukelow T, Lawrence EG, Jacobson L, Vassilev P, Koychev I, Muhammed K, et al. Modifiable risk factors for dementia, and awareness of brain health behaviors: Results from the Five Lives Brain Health Ireland Survey (FLBHIS). Front Psychol. 2023; 13:1070259.doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1070259.
2. CAREY C, MULCAHY E, McCARTHY FP, JENNINGS E, KUBLICKIENE K, KHASHAN A, et al. Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy (HDP) and the risk of Maternal Dementia: A Systematic Review and MetaAnalysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2024; 231:196-210.doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2024.01.013.
3. Schliep KC, McLean H, Yan B, Qeadan F, Theilen LH, De Havenon A, et al. Association between Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy and Dementia: A Systematic Review and MetaAnalysis. Hypertension. 2023; 80:257-67.doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.122.19399.
4. Van Dijk M, Van Bezu J, Poutsma A, Veerhuis R, Rozemuller AJ, Scheper W, et al. The pre-eclampsia gene STOX1 controls a conserved pathway in placenta and brain upregulated in lateonset Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2010; 19:673-9.doi: 10.3233/JAD-2010-1265. | <urn:uuid:1406c5bd-c878-4e89-8938-e7a729e589ae> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 4,277 |
UCHWAŁA NR XXXVI/ 2022
RADY GMINY ŚWIERCZÓW
z dnia 29 grudnia 2022 r.
w sprawie zmian w budżecie gminy w 2022 r.
Na podstawie art. 18 ust.2 pkt.4, art. 18 ust. 2 pkt 9 lit. i ustawy z dnia 8 marca 1990 r. o samorządzie gminnym (Dz. U. z 2022 r. poz. 559 z późn. zm¹), art. 211, art. 212, art.235, art.236, art. 237 ustawy z dnia 27 sierpnia 2009 r. o finansach publicznych (Dz. U. z 2022 r. poz. 1634 z późn. zm²), Rada Gminy Świerczów uchwala co następuje:
§ 1. W uchwale Nr XXVIII/288/2021 Rady Gminy Świerczów z dnia 30 grudnia 2021 r. w sprawie uchwalenia budżetu gminy na 2022 rok, zmienionej: Uchwałą Nr XXIX/304/2022 z dnia 24 lutego 2022 r., Uchwałą Nr XXX/323/2022 z dnia 31 marca 2022 r., Uchwałą Nr XXXI/338/2022 z dnia 28 kwietnia 2022 r., Uchwałą Nr XXXII/346/2022 z dnia 30 czerwca 2022 r., Uchwałą Nr XXXIV/358/2022 z dnia 29 września 2022 r., Uchwałą Nr XXXV/372/2022 z dnia 24 listopada 2022 r. wprowadza się następujące zmiany:
1. Dochody budżetu gminy zmniejsza się o kwotę 201 569,12 zł zgodnie z załącznikiem Nr 1 do niniejszej uchwały, z tego:
- dochody bieżące, zmniejsza się o kwotę 280 000,00 zł,
- dochody majątkowe, zwiększa się o kwotę 78 430,88 zł,
2. Wydatki budżetu gminy zwiększa się o kwotę 50 190,33 zł zgodnie z załącznikiem Nr 2 do niniejszej uchwały, z tego:
- wydatki bieżące, zwiększa się o kwotę 20 000,00 zł,
- wydatki majątkowe, zwiększa się o kwotę 30 190,33 zł
3. Przychody budżetu gminy zwiększa się o kwotę 251 759,45 zł z czego z tytułu:
- wolnych środków, jako nadwyżki środków pieniężnych na rachunku bieżącym budżetu gminy, wynikających z rozliczeń wyemitowanych papierów wartościowych, kredytów i pożyczek z lat ubiegłych, zwiększa się o kwotę 251 759,45 zł.
4. Określony w § 4 Załącznik nr 3 „Plan przychodów i roszczeń na 2022 rok” otrzymuje brzmienie określone zgodnie z załącznikiem Nr 3 do niniejszej uchwały.
§ 2. Ustala się deficyt budżetu w kwocie 3 993 685,65 zł, który zostanie sfinansowany przychodami z tytułu:
1) wolnych środków, jako nadwyżki środków pieniężnych na rachunku bieżącym budżetu gminy, wynikających z rozliczeń wyemitowanych papierów wartościowych, kredytów i pożyczek z lat ubiegłych w kwocie 973 327,20 zł,
2) nadwyżki z lat ubiegłych w kwocie 1 570 358,45 zł
3) zaciągniętych kredytów na rynku krajowym w kwocie 1 450 000,00 zł.
§ 4. Budżet gminy po zmianach wynosi:
1) Dochody budżetu 29 439 901,23 zł, z tego:
¹) Zmiany tekstu jednolitego wymienionej ustawy zostały ogłoszone w: Dz. U. z 2022 r. poz. 1005, poz. 1079 i poz. 1561.
²) Zmiany tekstu jednolitego wymienionej ustawy zostały ogłoszone w: Dz. U. z 2022 r. poz. 1079, poz. 1692, poz. 1725, poz. 1747, poz. 1768 i poz. 1964.
- dochody bieżące 24 350 950,81 zł,
- dochody majątkowe 5 088 950,42 zł;
2) Wydatki budżetu 33 413 586,88 zł, z tego:
- wydatki bieżące 23 969 575,30 zł,
- wydatki majątkowe 9 444 011,58 zł;
3) Przychody budżetu 4 971 976,45 zł;
4) Rozchody budżetu 998 290,80 zł.
§ 5. Wykonanie uchwały powierza się Wójtowi Gminy.
§ 6. Uchwała podlega publikacji w Dzienniku Urzędowym Województwa Opolskiego.
§ 7. Uchwała wchodzi w życie z dniem podjęcia.
Przewodniczący Rady
Adam Janas
## Dochody budżetu Gminy Świerczów
### Tabela Nr 1 - Zmniejszenia dochodów
| Dz. | Źródło dochodu | Ogółem | z tego: |
|-----|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------|---------------|
| | | | bieżące | majątkowe |
| 756 | Dochody od osób prawnych, od osób fizycznych i od innych jednostek nieposiadających osobowości prawnej oraz wydatki związane z ich poborem | 280 000,00 | 280 000,00 | - |
| | Wpływy z podatku od nieruchomości (osoby prawne) | 50 000,00 | 50 000,00 | - |
| | Wpływy z podatku rolnego (osoby fizyczne) | 50 000,00 | 50 000,00 | - |
| | Wpływy z podatku od czynności cywilnoprawnych (osoby fizyczne) | 180 000,00 | 180 000,00 | - |
| 758 | Różne rozliczenia | 20 000,00 | 20 000,00 | - |
| | Wpływy z różnych dochodów | 20 000,00 | 20 000,00 | - |
| | **Dochody ogółem, z tego:** | 300 000,00 | 300 000,00 | - |
### Tabela Nr 2 - Zwiększenia dochodów
| Dz. | Źródło dochodu | Ogółem | z tego: |
|-----|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------|---------------|
| | | | bieżące | majątkowe |
| 758 | Różne rozliczenia | 98 430,88 | 20 000,00 | 78 430,88 |
| | Dotacja celowa w ramach programów finansowanych z udziałem środków europejskich oraz środków, o których mowa w art. 5 ust. 3 pkt 5 lit. a i b ustawy, lub płatności w ramach budżetu środków europejskich, realizowanych przez jednostki samorządu terytorialnego | 78 430,88 | - | 78 430,88 |
| | Wpływy z pozostałych odsetek | 20 000,00 | 20 000,00 | - |
| | **Dochody ogółem, z tego:** | 98 430,88 | 20 000,00 | 78 430,88 |
## Wydatki budżetu gminy
### Tabela Nr 1 Wydatki bieżące - Zwiększenia
| Dział | Rozdział | Nazwa działu/rozdziału | Zwiększenie wydatków | wydatki jednostek budżetowych, w tym: | obsługa długu jednostki samorządu terytorialnego |
|-------|----------|------------------------|----------------------|--------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------|
| | | | | wydatki związane z realizacją zadań statutowych | |
| 757 | Obsługa długu publicznego | 20 000,00 | - | 20 000,00 |
| 75702 | Obsługa papierów wartościowych, kredytów i pożyczek oraz innych zobowiązań jednostek samorządu terytorialnego zaliczanych do tytułu długu - kredyty i pożyczki | 20 000,00 | - | 20 000,00 |
| 852 | Pomoc społeczna | 9 000,00 | 9 000,00 | - |
| 85219 | Ośrodki pomocy społecznej | 9 000,00 | 9 000,00 | - |
| | Ogółem: Zwiększenia wydatków bieżących | 29 000,00 | 9 000,00 | 20 000,00 |
### Tabela Nr 2 Wydatki bieżące - Zmniejszenia
| Dział | Rozdział | Nazwa działu/rozdziału | Zmniejszenie wydatków | wydatki jednostek budżetowych, w tym: | świadczenia na rzecz osób fizycznych |
|-------|----------|------------------------|----------------------|--------------------------------------|-------------------------------------|
| | | | | wydatki związane z realizacją zadań statutowych | |
| 855 | Rodzina | 9 000,00 | 1 000,00 | 8 000,00 |
| 85508 | Rodziny zastępcze | 1 000,00 | 1 000,00 | - |
| 85595 | Pozostała działalność | 8 000,00 | 8 000,00 | |
| | Ogółem: Zmniejszenia wydatków bieżących | 9 000,00 | 1 000,00 | 8 000,00 |
### Tabela Nr 3 Wydatki majątkowe - Zwiększenia
| Dział | Rozdział | Nazwa działu/rozdziału | Zwiększenie wydatków | Inwestycje i zakupy inwestycyjne |
|-------|----------|------------------------|----------------------|----------------------------------|
| 750 | | Administracja publiczna| 196 000,00 | 196 000,00 |
| | 75023 | Urzędy gmin (miast i miast na prawach powiatu) | 196 000,00 | 196 000,00 |
| | | **Ogółem:** Zwiększenia wydatków majątkowych | **196 000,00** | **196 000,00** |
### Tabela Nr 4 Wydatki majątkowe - Zmniejszenia
| Dział | Rozdział | Nazwa działu/rozdziału | Zmniejszenie wydatków | Inwestycje i zakupy inwestycyjne |
|-------|----------|------------------------|----------------------|----------------------------------|
| 600 | | Transport i łączność | 65 809,67 | 65 809,67 |
| | 60016 | Drogi publiczne gminne | 65 809,67 | 65 809,67 |
| 700 | | Gospodarka mieszkaniowa| 100 000,00 | 100 000,00 |
| | 70005 | Gospodarka gruntami i nieruchomościami | 100 000,00 | 100 000,00 |
| | | **Ogółem:** Zmniejszenia wydatków majątkowych | **165 809,67** | **165 809,67** |
| Paragraf | Wyszczególnienie | Plan na 2022 rok |
|---------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------|
| 1 | | |
| | **Przychody** | |
| 905 | przychody jednostek samorządu terytorialnego z niewykorzystanych środków pieniężnych na rachunku bieżącym budżetu, wynikających z rozliczenia dochodów i wydatków nimi finansowanych związanych ze szczególnymi zasadami wykonywania budżetu określonymi w odrębnych ustawach | 11 500,00 |
| 950 | wolne środki, jako nadwyżka środków pieniężnych na rachunku bieżącym budżetu gminy, wynikających z rozliczeń wyemitowanych papierów wartościowych, kredytów i pożyczek z lat ubiegłych | 1 940 118,00 |
| 952 | przychody z zaciągniętych pożyczek i kredytów na rynku krajowym | 1 450 000,00 |
| 957 | nadwyżki z lat ubiegłych | 1 570 358,45 |
| | **Razem przychody** | 4 971 976,45 |
| | **Rozchody** | |
| 991 | udzielone pożyczki i kredyty | 707 921,00 |
| 992 | splaty otrzymanych krajowych pożyczek i kredytów | 290 369,80 |
| | **Razem rozchody** | 998 290,80 |
| Lp. | NAZWA ZADANIA | PLANOWANE NAKŁADY | UWAGI |
|-----|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| 1 | Uporządkowanie gospodarki ściekowej w miejscowości Miodary poprzez budowę infrastruktury kanalizacyjnej. Budowa kanalizacji sanitarnej w ramach przedsięwzięcia - „Rozwiązywanie problemów gospodarki ściekowej w powiecie namysłowskim” w lokalizacji: Miodary etap II. | 2 646 500,00 | Fundusz Inwestycji Strategicznych Polski Ład. Kredyt na wkład własny. |
| 2 | Dotacja inwestycyjna dla Województwa Opolskiego z przeznaczeniem na opracowanie projektu budowlano-wykonawczego w ramach zadania pn. "Rozbudowa drogi wojewódzkiej nr 454 na odcinku Krogulna - Świerczów" (dot. odcinka od m. Świerczów do granicy gminy) | 33 580,00 | |
| 3 | Dotacja inwestycyjna dla Powiatu Namysłowskiego z przeznaczeniem na realizację zadania pn. „Bezpieczne przejścia dla pieszych w ciągu drogi powiatowej nr 1136 O: w m. Starościn ul. Kluczborska, na skrzyżowaniu dróg powiatowych nr 1136 O i 1187 O w m. Dąbrowa, w m. Świerczów ul. Brzeska”. | 20 000,00 | |
| 4 | Przebudowa drogi gminnej Biestrzykowice – Dąbrowa | 2 514 990,04 | Rządowy Fundusz Rozwoju Dróg. Kredyt na wkład własny. |
| 5 | Przebudowa drogi wewnętrznej ul. Leśnej w Dąbrowie | 99 860,00 | |
| 6 | Obiekt - Budynek gospodarczy | 1 600,00 | |
| 7 | Miejscowy plan zagospodarowania przestrzennego Gminy Świerczów | 80 000,00 | |
| 8 | Poprawa efektywności energetycznej poprzez głęboką termomodernizację budynku Urzędu Gminy wraz z wymianą źródeł ciepła i zastosowaniem OZE | 1 865 500,00 | Fundusz Inwestycji Strategicznych Polski Ład. Termomodernizacja budynku Urzędu Gminy w Świerczowie wraz z budową dźwigu osobowego – rozbudowa budynku |
| 9 | Zakup wyposażenia do pojazdu ratowniczo-gaśniczego dla OSP Biestrzykowice-Miodary | 57 000,00 | |
| 10 | Dotacja celowa dla OSP Biestrzykowice - Miodary na doposażenie jednostki | 10 000,00 | |
| 11 | Wymiana kotła c.o. w Szkole Podstawowej w Bąkowicach | 59 000,00 | |
| 12 | Zakup kosiarki samojezdnej spalinowej do koszenia terenów wokół placówek oświatowych | 21 450,00 | |
| | Opis zadania | Koszt (zł) | Źródło finansowania |
|---|------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| 13| Dotacje inwestycyjne na zadania związane z ochroną środowiska i gospodarką wodną polegającymi na wymianie źródeł ciepła, budowie przydomowych oczyszczalni ścieków oraz montażu kolektorów słonecznych lub pomp ciepła | 130 000,00 | |
| 14| Ochrona różnorodności biologicznej poprzez przeprowadzenie reintrodukcji gatunków rodzimych w zabytkowym parku w Pokoju oraz stworzenie warunków dla bytowania plażów w Dąbrowie i działania z zakresu edukacji ekologicznej | 417 000,00 | Europejski Fundusz Rozwoju Regionalnego. Renaturyzacja zbiornika wodnego w zabytkowym parku w Dąbrowie - stworzenie warunków do bytowania plażów" w systemie zaprojektuj i wybuduj |
| 15| Zakup i montaż oświetlenia drogowego w miejscowości Zbica | 18 475,83 | w ramach Funduszu Sołeckiego Sołectwa Zbica - 11.808 zł |
| 16| Zakup kosiarki do koszenia terenów gminnych | 31 000,00 | |
| 17| Dotacja inwestycyjna dla Gminnego Ośrodka Kultury w Świerczowie na zakup wyposażenia | 20 000,00 | |
| 18| Dotacja inwestycyjna dla Gminnego Ośrodka Kultury w Świerczowie z przeznaczeniem na zadanie inwestycyjne pn. „Przebudowa pomieszczeń budynku Gminnego Ośrodka Kultury w Świerczowie oraz adaptacja Sali Gminnego Ośrodka Kultury w Świerczowie na rybackie centrum edukacyjno – kulturalne” | 66 000,00 | |
| 19| Dotacja inwestycyjna dla Gminnego Ośrodka Kultury w Świerczowie z przeznaczeniem na zadanie inwestycyjne pn. „Zagospodarowanie terenu przy rzece Kluczborska Struga w miejscowości Miejsce” | 16 375,71 | |
| 20| Dotacje inwestycyjne na prace konserwatorskie, restauratorskie lub roboty budowlane przy zabytkach wpisanych do rejestru zabytków | 47 000,00 | w ramach Funduszu Sołeckiego Sołectwa Bąkowice - 19.000 zł |
| 21| Letnia Przystań dla mieszkańców | 13 000,00 | 6.250 zł - Marszałkowska Inicjatywa Sołecka. 6.750 zł - Fundusz Sołecki - Sołectwa Starościń |
| 22| Zakup kompletu wiat na boiska sportowe | 15 180,00 | |
**RAZEM** | **8 183 511,58** |
Uzasadnienie
Zmiany w uchwale są wynikiem m.in:
1. Dostosowania planu dochodów budżetowych do przewidywanego wykonania i urealnienia tych wartości w zakresie wpływów z podatku od nieruchomości, podatku rolnego, wpływów z tytułu zwrotu podatku od towarów i usług, podatku od czynności cywilnoprawnych od osób fizycznych oraz otrzymanego dofinansowania zadania pn. „Termomodernizacja Wiejskiego Centrum Kultury i Rekreacji w Biestrzykowicach.
2. Zwiększenia dochodów w kwocie 20 000,00 zł z tytułu odsetek od lokat terminowych z przeznaczeniem na wydatki związane z zapłatą odsetek od zaciągniętych kredytów i pożyczek w związku ze wzrostem stóp procentowych oraz wskaźnika WIBOR.
3. Zmniejszenia wydatków w kwocie 100 000,00 zł w zakresie zadania pn. "Budowa budynku komunalnego" w związku z przesunięciem realizacji zadania na 2023 r.
4. Zmniejszenia wydatków w kwocie 65 809,67 zł w zakresie niewykorzystanego planu finansowego na zadaniu: "Przebudowa drogi gminnej Biestrzykowice – Dąbrowa".
5. Zwiększenia wydatków w kwocie 196 000,00 zł na realizację zadania pn.: "Poprawa efektywności energetycznej poprzez głęboką termomodernizację budynku Urzędu Gminy wraz z wymianą źródeł ciepła i zastosowaniem OZE" w zakresie realizacji dodatkowych prac nie ujętych uprzednio w dokumentacji projektowej. | 6cd76925-4db6-4564-a646-5db37f47ca68 | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/pol_Latn/train | finepdfs | pol_Latn | 18,471 |
Kategorie II Polodlouhosrsté (Semilonghair)
.
NEM Neva Masquerade (Neva Masquerade)
ČSCHLO53/15/NEM 02.06.2015 *
NEM GR 1 (n 21)
SIB GR 6 (dy 09 24)
chov: Melzerová Eva
Hortensia Love Nový věk (f 21) 247
Melzerová Eva
Coral Satin Nový věk
Baboschka Zoloto Rusi
Třída 12 4-7 měsíců
NEM GR 1 skupina 1
o:
m: S
maj:
Kočka
Strana 1
Seznam majitelů
P
ř
íjmení, jméno, titul
Č
len ZO
Stát
Č
íslo klece
Melzerová Eva
ZO MCC Brno
CZ 76,113,247
1
Strana 2
č
ZO Ko ky Brno | <urn:uuid:4bc4e8a9-42eb-4bb3-83c6-d519da8741c2> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ces_Latn/train | finepdfs | ces_Latn | 508 |
Association fribourgeoise d'entraide et de dépannages en agriculture
Rapport d'activité 2020
Chambre fribourgeoise d'agriculture Route de Chantemerle 41 - 1763 Granges-Paccot Tél. 026 467 30 22 - firstname.lastname@example.org - www.agrifribourg.ch
Dépannage agricole
L'année 2020 fut, pour l'association d'entraide et de dépannage en agriculture comme pour tout le monde, une année imprévisible et très mouvementée. La crise sanitaire est en effet venue s'ajouter au défi de changement de gérant.
Les dépanneuses et les dépanneurs du SECADA sont intervenus lors de 81 missions au cours de l'année 2020 (107 missions en 2019). Le nombre d'heures de dépannage a quand à lui augmenté avec 9'097 heures effectuées (8'560 en 2019). Les interventions à caractères « urgent » représentent 81% des missions effectuées (74% en 2019). La crise sanitaire a empêché les agriculteurs de partir en vacances. Ceci explique donc le nombre de demande en baisse ainsi que l'augmentation des missions à caractère « urgent ».
Service ménager rural
Seules 5 demandes sont parvenues au service ménager rural cette année, contre 12 l'année passée. Nos aides ménagères ont travaillé durant 217 heures en 2020. Le service ménager rural reste disponible en cas d'absence, de maladie ou d'accident. Les agriculteurs peuvent également bénéficier de ce service sur une longue durée pour des travaux d'entretien réguliers ou des ménages hebdomadaires. A noter que sous prescription médicale, une grande partie des caisses maladies reconnaissent les factures du SECADA.
Détail des missions en heures
Personnel
Durant l'année 2020 nous avons travaillé avec 31 dépanneurs, 7 femmes et 24 hommes âgés de 19 à 71 ans. Les engagements se font sur appel et le salaire horaire est identique pour tout le monde.
L'association cherche constamment des dépanneurs prêts à soutenir les exploitants du canton de Fribourg. Les jeunes agriculteurs terminant leur apprentissage, les exploitants cherchant un travail d'appoint, mais également les personnes souhaitant combler une saison ou simplement leurs week-ends sont les bienvenus au SECADA.
Les agriculteurs qui trouvent eux-mêmes leur dépanneur et qui ne souhaitent pas s'encombrer avec les formalités administratives ont la possibilité de passer par l'association. Dans ce cas, nous engageons et assurons l'employé pour la durée du dépannage.
Réservations
Les demandes de dépannages se font au 026 467 30 22. Pour les réservations dites nonurgentes (congé, vacances, surcharge de travail), nous vous conseillons de remplir le formulaire en ligne « Demande de dépannage » directement sur la page internet du SECADA.
Tarifs
Les tarifs sont actuellement les suivants :
Membres
25 CHF/heure
maladie, accident, maternité, service militaire
27 CHF/heure
vacances, congés, surcharge de travail, remplacement du personnel
15 CHF/aller-retour
indemnité de déplacement
Non membres
33 CHF/heure
pour tous les cas
15 CHF/aller-retour
indemnité de déplacement
Les assurés Agrisano répondant aux conditions suivantes bénéficient d'une participation aux coûts des dépanneurs et des aides familiales en cas d'accident ou de maladie pouvant atteindre 1'500 CHF.
Adhésion à l'assurance obligatoire des soins auprès de la Caisse-maladie Agrisano SA.
Conclusion d'une assurance indemnité journalière (AGRI-revenu ou AGRI-KTLW) de 75.- au minimum.
Finances
Les comptes de l'association bouclent avec un déficit de 11'781 CHF. Grâce à l'excellent travail des membres du comité directeur, le SECADA pourra bénéficier dès 2021 d'un nouveau soutien cantonal. Cette aide permettra de retrouver une situation financière saine. Afin d'assurer la pérennité de l'association, une adaptation des tarifs et/ou des cotisations est encore fortement envisageable.
Comité directeur
Le comité directeur a été réélu pour trois ans lors de l'assemblée générale 2020 par correspondance. Il se compose de 13 membres. Sept agriculteurs représentant la profession, soit un par district ainsi que six membres représentant les personnes morales.
Glâne : Joël Marmy, Villaz-St-Pierre, président Etat : Pascal Krayenbuhl, Sagri
Gruyère : Olivier Gapany, Marsens, vice-prés. UPF : Frédéric Ménétrey, CFA
Broye : Sylvie Marmy, Forel
Grangeneuve : Alexandre Horner, CFTN
Sarine : Philippe Bapst, Ependes
Banques : Alain Koller, BCF
Lac : Emmanuel Chatton, Pensier
AFP: Antoinette Bapst-Jemmely, Autafond
Singine : Jean-Daniel Rudaz, Schmitten
Commerces : Morgan Grandjean, Landi
Veveyse : Jean-Luc Maillard, St-Martin
Membres
Nous souhaitons la bienvenue aux exploitants qui ont rejoint l'organisation et aux nouveaux membres qui ont repris la cotisation de leurs parents. Au 31.12.2020 l'association recensait 99 membres collectifs et 984 membres individuels, soit un total de 1'083 membres, contre 1'103 l'année précédente. Nous remercions tous les membres cotisants sans qui le SECADA n'existerait pas.
Cotisations annuelles :
Membres collectifs
A but idéal
Corporation de droit public
60 CHF
120 CHF
60-300 CHF (selon le nombre d'habitants)
Membres individuels
Pour un service
70 CHF
Pour deux services (agricole et ménager) 110 CHF
Remerciements
Nos remerciements s'adressent en premier lieu à la Direction des institutions, de l'agriculture et des forêts ainsi qu'a l'Union des paysans fribourgeois pour leur confiance et le soutien financier qu'ils nous ont accordé. Un grand merci à nos dépanneuses et dépanneurs qui ont effectué un travail remarquable tout au long de l'année. Je remercie également le comité directeur et tout particulièrement notre président Joël Marmy qui m'a soutenu durant cette première année. Je tiens finalement à remercier Monika Bineau qui a remis la gérance du SECADA dans un état exemplaire.
A but commercial | <urn:uuid:e2e35622-70bf-478b-b3e9-7031dc58a4e8> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/fra_Latn/train | finepdfs | fra_Latn | 5,783 |
impfung
vor ort
COVID-19
Schutzimpfung
ohne Anmeldung
Ort: 2422 PAMA
Adr.: Hauptplatz 1
Tag: 11.12.2021
Uhrzeit: 9 - 11 Uhr
Land Burgenland | <urn:uuid:9ce118ff-1f9a-4fa7-be8a-28fad54444f4> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/deu_Latn/train | finepdfs | deu_Latn | 143 |
Important Circular
Sub:- 100% procurement through GeM regarding.
Ref:- HQrs Office letter No. GeM Cell/AT-IX/Misc/2022-23(e-16773) dt:23.09.2022.
************
With reference to the above subject it is directed by HQrs Office that as per the directions of MOD (Fin./GeM), New Delhi vide ID No. 28(4)/Fin-GeM/2022 dated 19.09.2022 wherein it has been directed that all items which are available on GeM or which can be made available on GeM should necessarily be procured only from GeM.
In this regard it is further directed by competent authority that strict compliance of above directions may be ensured by all sub offices.
Circular No.- AN-II/1023/Misc.
Dated- 28.09.2022
Copy to:-
1- All PAO Offices under PCDA(CC) Lucknow.
2- All AAO(CC) under PCDA(CC) Lucknow.
3- Officer In Charge EDP Centre Main Office.
4- Officer In charge Record Section Local.
5- Officer In-Charge OA Cell Main Office- For Unloading at PCDA(CC) website.
Sr. Accounts Officer( AN-II) | <urn:uuid:86c42094-81b7-40f4-a4d1-8f1cdbda1c70> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 966 |
MCW Biostatistics Technical Report #68:
The Association between Gestational Age and 3 rd Grade Standardized Reading Score
By Sergey Tarima and Kadam Patel
Objective: To investigate the association between Gestational Age and 3rd Grade Standardized Reading Score unadjusted and adjusted for following confounding variables – Gender, birth weight, test administration period, race, prenatal cigarette use, special education status, English, attendance and school of attendance
Methods: Third grade reading RIT 1 scores were converted to a standardized version with mean=50 and SD=10. Simple linear regression was used to evaluate the effect of being born at 37 (38) weeks vs 39 to 41 weeks on the standardized scores. Multiple linear regression was used to evaluate this effect controlling for significant confounding variables. Leave one school out (a variation of leave-one-out jackknifing approach applied to clusters of data) cross validation was used to assess the variancecovariance matrix of the regression coefficients.
Results: 47,925 test scores from 122 Milwaukee Public Schools were linked with birth certificate data and included in the statistical analysis. The data included test scores from years 2010 to 2015 and children born at gestational age of 37-41 weeks. Being born at 37 (38) weeks reduced the mean standardized score by 0.95193% (0.37365%) when compared to a normal term birth. After adjustment for gender, birth weight, test administration period, race, prenatal cigarette use, special education status, English learner status, attendance, schools, the score increased by 0.17057% (0.12671%). Table 1 reports variancecovariance matrix of these four regression coefficients, Table 2 reports the respective correlation and Table 3 reports parameter estimates from the adjusted model.
Table 1. Variance-covariance matrix of regression coefficients
| | AdjDiff1 | AdjDiff2 | UnadjDiff1 | UnadjDiff2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AdjDiff1 | 0.0467409 | 0.010061 | 0.0499676 | 0.0108154 |
| AdjDiff2 | 0.010061 | 0.0284577 | 0.0123666 | 0.0259803 |
| UnadjDiff1 | 0.0499676 | 0.0123666 | 0.0768166 | 0.0182351 |
AdjDiff1 – Adjusted difference in mean test scores between children born at 37 weeks vs normal term (39-41)
AdjDiff2 – Adjusted difference in mean test scores between children born at 38 weeks vs normal term (39-41)
UnadjDiff1 – Unadjusted difference in mean test scores between children born at 37 weeks vs normal term (39-41)
UnadjDiff2 – Unadjusted difference in mean test scores between children born at 38 weeks vs normal term (39-41)
Table 2. Correlation between regression coefficients
| | AdjDiff1 | AdjDiff2 | UnadjDiff1 | UnadjDiff2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AdjDiff2 | 0.27586 | 1 | 0.2645 | 0.80779 |
| UnadjDiff1 | 0.8339 | 0.2645 | 1 | 0.34509 |
| UnadjDiff2 | 0.26239 | 0.80779 | 0.34509 | 1 |
Figure 1. Scatterplot Matrix
Table 3. Parameter Estimates from Adjusted model
| Parameter | | Estimate | | StdErr | | DenDF | | tValue | | Probt |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intercept | | 46.7653101 | | 0.53745028 | | 121 | | 87.01 | | <.0001 |
| Gestational Age (37 Weeks) | | 0.1730957 | | 0.21476121 | | 121 | | 0.81 | | 0.4218 |
| Gestational Age (38 Weeks) | | 0.1157869 | | 0.16742243 | | 121 | | 0.69 | | 0.4905 |
| Gender (Female) | | 1.0639309 | | 0.11986482 | | 121 | | 8.88 | | <.0001 |
| Birth Weight (Ounces) | | 0.0275857 | | 0.00438923 | | 121 | | 6.28 | | <.0001 |
| Test Admin Period (Fall) | | -3.5706825 | | 0.08005206 | | 121 | | -44.60 | | <.0001 |
| Test Admin Period (Spring) | | 2.2364872 | | 0.08550699 | | 121 | | 26.16 | | <.0001 |
| Prenatal Cigarette Use (Yes) | | -1.7472376 | | 0.23408944 | | 121 | | -7.46 | | <.0001 |
| Race (White) | | 6.5903758 | | 0.37619563 | | 121 | | 17.52 | | <.0001 |
| Race (Other) | | 2.9151862 | | 0.35316409 | | 121 | | 8.25 | | <.0001 |
| Special Education Status (Yes) | | -9.8533498 | | 0.24863789 | | 121 | | -39.63 | | <.0001 |
| English Learner Status (Yes) | | -4.3566183 | | 0.36500308 | | 121 | | -11.94 | | <.0001 |
| Missing Attendance Data | -6.4820257 | -6.4820257 | 1.01287333 | 1.01287333 | 121 | 121 | -6.40 | -6.40 | <.0001 | <.0001 |
| Indicator (No) | | | | | | | | | | |
| Attendance | | 0.0510579 | | 0.00805051 | | 121 | | 6.34 | | <.0001 |
Reference Group: Gestational Age – 39-41 weeks, Gender – Male, Test Admin Period – Winter, Prenatal Cigarette Use – No, Race – African American, Student Special Education – No, Student English Language Learner – No, Missing Attendance - Yes
Conclusion: Although the gestational age was associated with reduction in test score in unadjusted analysis, the association became non-significant in the adjusted analysis controlling for the effects of other confounding variables (Table 3).
References:
1. Northwest Evaluation Association. (2011a). RIT Scale Norms Study: For Use with Measures of Academic Progress (MAP R) and MAP R for Primary Grades. Portland, OR: Author | <urn:uuid:4502e313-cbaa-413c-af1f-0ee1e0169947> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 5,051 |
Copyright © 2016 FB &c Ltd.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical reviews and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.
Historic, archived documents
Do not assume content reflects current scientific knowledge, policies, or guidelines.
Trade Catalog
1928 - 1929
Gladioli
Cannas
Dahlias
Irises
Liliums
Peonies
Miscellaneous
John Lewis Childs
Incorporated
Flowerfield
Long Island, N.Y.
WE TAKE pleasure in presenting here-with our Wholesale Catalogue of Bulbs, Roots, etc., for the season of 1928-1929.
In the growing of our stocks we endeavor to give most careful attention to cultivation, to insure prime quality, and we have taken great pains to keep our stocks pure and true to name.
In making up this catalogue, we have eliminated many items that we consider not worth growing, in view of later and better ones now on the market. It is our wish to offer our customers only the best in our line.
JOHN LEWIS CHILDS, Inc.
Flowerfield, Long Island, N. Y.
TERMS
Orders from unknown parties must be accompanied with cash or with satisfactory reference.
All bills due 60 days net. 3 per cent cash with order. 2 per cent in 15 days.
Less than 6 of a kind 1-10 of Dozen price, 6 at Dozen rate, 25 at Hundred rate, 250 at Thousand rate.
No discount on orders or invoices under $10.00.
Prices are F. O. B. Flowerfield, L. I., N. Y., fifty miles from New York City.
All goods travel at risk of consignee.
Please advise us how you want order shipped.
Boxes and packing extra at cost.
Prices subject to change without notice.
70 Acres of Gladioli. One of Our Fields.
Gladioli
WE HAVE been closely identified with Gladioli for over 30 years, producing and introducing many varieties of our own and continually making tests of varieties offered by other growers, finally offering to our trade only the best in color, size and growth.
NEW VARIETIES
Recent Introductions of Our Own
CAMEO PINK—Beautiful shade cameo pink.
3.00 20.00 180.00
CORAL GEM—Prim.—Bright coral red to straw yellow, carmine blotch in throat.
1.00 7.00 60.00
FLOWERFIELD GEM—Light yellow with crimson blotch. Large flower and a strong grower.
.90 6.00 50.00
SALMON FLAME—Prim. — Salmon, suffused and flamed strawberry pink on edges and outside of petals. Carmine blotch in throat.
1.00 7.00 60.00
Gladioli
GENERAL LIST
As far as possible we give the type of flower and the introducer; Ch. Childsi; Gand., Gandavensis; Lem., Lemoine; Prim., Primulinus; Kund., Kunderd.
Note.—Prices are based on first size bulbs, 1½ inch up. Twenty (20) per cent less for second sizes, 1¼ to 1½ inch.
Prices quoted are per dozen, per 100 and per 1,000 in the order given.
Adora.—Kund.—Creamy white ground; soft pink lines on primrose yellow throat—
$0.70 $5.00 $45.00
Albania—Pure glistening white flower, wide open, over four inches in diameter, petals broad with well rounded tips. The finely ruffled edges of the petals give to the individual flower an artistic finish .70 4.50 40.00
Alice Tiplady—Prim. Kund.—Large flowers; beautiful orange-saffron color; choice—
.30 4.00 30.00
Alma Gluck—Prim.—Peach red blotched with sulphur yellow 1.50 10.00 90.00
Altair—Prim.—Extra tall, color purest salmon-saffron .70 4.50 40.00
America—Ch. Childs—Delicate lavender-pink flowers of large size, borne on strong stems, and well placed; splendid habit; still very popular as a cut flower variety .50 3.00 25.00
Anna Eberius—Rhodamine purple with pansy purple blotch in throat. Fine form—
.90 6.00 50.00
Annie Wigman—Lem.—Pure yellow with soft red blotch .30 4.00 30.00
Arizona—Gand. Kund.—Dark pink with maroon markings on lower petals .75 5.00 45.00
Arlon—Prim.—Very large wide petaled flower of light salmon. Grand red throat with deeper central lines. Showy and conspicuous 1.25 9.00 80.00
Atherton—Deep salmon-rose, petals blue bordered .75 5.00 45.00
Attraction—Ch. Childs—Deep dark, rich crimson, with a very conspicuous large pure white center and throat .60 4.00 35.00
Autumn Queen—Lem.—Color cream-yellow, upper petals suffused with peach blossom pink; lower petals striped carmine-red. When planted late it is extra fine—
.60 4.00 35.00
GLADIOLI—Continued
Baron Hulot—Lem. Lemoine—Rich deep color of an indigo shade .90 6.00 50.00
Black Beauty—Gand.—Very deep red, stained black, large round blossoms .75 5.00 45.00
Blue Bird—Lem. Vos—Grayish blue, flaked with violet-purple; with large dusky, dull violet blotch edged yellow 1.00 7.00 60.00
Bopeep—Ch. Childs—Rather dwarf in growth with compact spike; flowers large orangesalmon, with large primrose-yellow center, blotched with crimson .75 5.00 45.00
Brenchleyensis—Gand. Bunyard—Vermilion-scarlet; fine variety .40 2.50 20.00
Bridgehampton—Scarlet to begonia rose .75 5.00 45.00
Byron L. Smith — Lavender-pink on white ground .90 6.00 50.00
Cameo Pink—Beautiful shade cameo pink 2.75 19.00 170.00
Capella—Prim.—Bright and clear reddish-orange .75 5.00 45.00
Capt. Boynton—White brushed lavender, large bloom 3.50 20.00 150.00
Cardison—Deep velvety red with nearly black throat 1.50 10.00
Carmen Sylva—Pure snow white, throat slightly penciled lilac .70 4.50 40.00
Catherine—Lem.—Pale lavender with small maroon blotch, tipped white 1.00 6.50 55.00
Charles Bertier—Tall and vigorous plant. Long spike of very large flowers, well opened, light lilac suffused with darker lilac on the edges of the petals. Large white blotch on the lower petals 2.00 15.00 140.00
Charmer—Ch. Miller—Large, broad-petaled flowers of soft mauve-pink, blending off lighter in the throat which is penciled carmine-lake with a large blotch of same color on the central lower petal .90 6.00 50.00
Chicago White—Gand. Kund.—White with lavender markings. Small flower, but early .50 2.75 20.00
Cincinnati—Ch. Childs—A gorgeous, flaming scarlet, deep and rich, with maroon and gray mottled throat 1.50 10.00
Conspicuous — Ch. Childs — Beautiful clear light cardinal-red, with large white throat. A very attractive combination 1.00 7.50 65.00
Coral Gem—Prim.—Bright coral red to straw yellow, carmine blotch in throat 1.00 7.00 60.00
Cracker Jack—Lem. Cowee—Dark red, throat spotted with yellow and maroon .50 2.75 20.00
GLADIOLI—Continued
Crimson Glow—Ch. Betscher—A perfect scarlet of a deep tone. Very large open flowers of the finest form and exceedingly well placed on a tall spike .......................... .60 4.00 35.00
Crystal White—Gand.—Very tall spike, flowers white with faint marking—
.50 3.00 25.00
Cynosure—Ch. Miller—Immense flowers of exquisite deep rose-pink, marked on the lower petals with a throat blotch of crimson-lake; tall, sturdy, well-filled spike—
1.50 10.00
Dawn — Croff. — Strong, vigorous grower. Flowers salmon shading to very light; claret stain in throat. Extra fine........ 1.00 8.00 12.75
Desert Sunrise — Prim. — Pale lemon-yellow with a lighter line running through petals. The whole flower suffused with burnt orange, slightly ruffled ........................................... 1.00 7.00 60.00
Dixie—Kund.—Deep rich red, almost black—
1.50 10.00 90.00
Dora Krais—Rich buff flecked rosy pink, lower petals bearing blotches of carmine on yellow ground. Flowers large, wide open and of graceful form ......................... 1.50 10.00
Dorothy Wheeler, Syn of Peach Glow—Shrimp pink overlaid and suffused with peach red; good large flowers on a good spike—
.50 3.35 30.00
Dorrit—A valuable lavender variety. Makes a tall, perfect spike. Large, refined lavender flowers, many open at a time..... 1.75 12.50
Dryade—Close spike with very large flowers of fleshy rose color, slightly striped at the edges of the petals. Very soft color—
2.00 15.00
Early Sunrise — Red, salmon-yellow throat, very large, one of the earliest .75 5.00 45.00
E. J. Shaylor—Tall, very strong plant, large blooms. Beautiful clear deep rose pink—
.50 3.75 30.00
Eldorado—Deepest of the yellows. Maroon spots, long spike ........................................... .90 6.00 50.00
Elizabeth Tabor—Pink with dark red blotch in throat, large ........................................... 1.25 9.00 80.00
Elora—Creamy white with rich cream spots in throat, overlaid with dainty featherings of American Beauty pink. Early—
.75 5.00 45.00
Empress of India—Velthuys—Rich dark maroon, almost black. A rare color—
.90 6.00 50.00
Etendard—Upper petals rich cream tinted rose, lower petals marked with large fiery red blotches, clearly margined with bright yellow. An exceedingly rich combination—
1.00 7.00 60.00
GLADIOLI—Continued
Eucharis—Cand.—Large well-opened flowers on long spikes, of a delicate blush-white, blotched slightly deeper; a charming, dainty coloring 3.00 20.00
Evelyn Kirtland—Austin—The flowers of strong substance, are beautiful shade of rosy pink, darker at the edges, fading to shell-pink at the center with brilliant scarlet blotches on lower petals; the entire flower showing a glistening, sparkling lustre. Very tall spike. Extra fine form and color.
Fay Lanphier—Coral lustre with cerise blending 1.25 9.00 80.00
Fire King—Ch. Childs—Long, graceful spikes, showing half a dozen immense blooms open at the same time. Color, intense fire-scarlet .50 3.75 30.00
Flaming Sword—Brilliant red slightly overlaid with orange. Tall straight spike with ten or more flowers open at a time—
Flora—Fine golden yellow. Very large flowers. Strong grower .75 5.00 45.00
Flowerfield Gem—Light yellow with crimson blotch. Large flower and strong growth—
F. L. Oakley—Ch. Childs—Bright salmon-scarlet, with a pure white center. Very fine, showy variety .50 3.50 30.00
Frank J. Symmes—Heavily ruffled peach red with the three lower petals shading into a flame color and finally into a deep crimson. Lip has small spots of silver near the throat.
George Paul—Nanc. V. Lemoine—Deep crimson, striped yellow, spotted purple—
Gen. Pershing—Large pale pink 2.00 15.00
Geo. B. Remsen—Ch. Childs—Bright crimson and white freely intermixed .60 4.00 35.00
Geralda—Gand. Childs—Deep bright rose, with conspicuous white ribs and throat, beautiful spike, beautiful flower and superb color—
Giant White—Kund.—An extra large white of great size and substance. Pure white with slight marking on lower petals—
Gladys—Pr.—Shrimp pink blending to strawberry pink on outer edges. Light carmine stripe in throat .40 2.50 20.00
Glory—Ruffled-Kunderd—Each flower petal is exquisitely ruffled and fluted. Stalks very robust and produce from eight to twelve massive beautiful flowers, which expand wide open and are delicate cream-pink with a neat crimson stripe .90 6.00 50.00
GLADIOLI—Continued
Gold Drop—Pr.—An extra pure deep yellow with red lines on petals. Beautifully ruffled ................................. .90 6.00 50.00
Golden Gate—Prim. Kund.—Large showy yellow, ruffled. Tall and vigorous .70 4.50 40.00
Golden Glow—Prim.—Pure deep yellow with beautiful red line on petals. Beautifully ruffled ........................................... .75 5.00 40.00
Golden Measure—Extra fine dark yellow, the best of its color .................................. 1.00 7.00 60.00
Golden Princess—A seedling from Golden King by Primulinus. Large and of the clearest golden yellow .................. 3.50 25.00
Golden Wedding—Prim.—Light orange-yellow, suffused with bitter-sweet pink— .40 2.50 20.00
Gretchen Zang—Austin—The blooms are of pink, blending into scarlet on lower petals. The color everyone wants ............ .50 3.00 25.00
Halley—Lem.—The predominating color is delicate salmon-pink, with a slight roseate tinge .................................................. .30 3.00 25.00
Herada—Blooms of immense size on tall straight spikes. Massive in every way. The large blooms are pure mauve, glistening and clear, with deeper markings in throat— .60 4.00 35.00
Ida Van—A beautiful deep salmon-red, or flaming orange-pink. Very rich color— .50 3.00 25.00
I. S. Hendrickson—Ch.—White, mottled with bright pink; very large .................. .90 6.00 50.00
Jack London—Light salmon striped vermilion, throat canary yellow, with ruby stripes. Fine cut flower ........................................ 1.50 10.00
Jewell—Wonderful color of clear salmon pink with golden throat, without markings. Tall, erect, early flowering. Fine forcer— .90 6.00 50.00
Joe Coleman—Rich red. Large and vigorous. Fine .................................................. .75 5.00 45.00
June—The color is white with a mottling of pink and varies more or less in every spike, but always in a most pleasing way— 1.00 7.00 60.00
K.’s M. Foch—Kund.—Fine salmon-pink. Giant flowers on long spikes..... 1.50 10.00
Klondyke—Lem. Christy—Light yellow, crimson-maroon blotch .......................... .40 2.50 20.00
Large Cream—Fine shade soft buff with rose pencilings ........................................ 1.50 10.00
Laurain—Ch. Childs—Lovely flesh-tinted white, with brilliant carmine center. Beautiful large flower and spike which is very compact ........................................ 1.00 8.00 75.00
GLADIOLI—Continued
Lavender Princess — Delicate lavender with cerise throat 1.50 10.00 90.00
Le Marechal Foch—Light pink; extra large flower .40 2.50 20.00
Lene Graetz—Pure white, faint lilac lines— 1.00 8.00 75.00
Lily White—Gand. Kund.—A fine snow-white of good height; good size blossoms, six or seven open at a time .50 3.50 30.00
L’Immaculee—Gand.—Pure white; medium size flowers, good florists’ variety— .75 5.00 45.00
Los Angeles—Shrimp pink tinted orange with orange tinted carmine throat 3.50 25.00
Louise—Exquisite shade of bright lavender, growing brighter toward center .90 6.00 50.00
Loveliness—A beautiful cream colored variety of good form and substance 1.00 7.50 65.00
Lustrous—Ch. Miller—Large flowers of lovely orange-rose; lower petals have a large throat blotch of yellow, slightly shot with purplish lake; growth, stocky and branching .60 4.00 35.00
Maculata—Pr.—Yellow with brown spot in throat .60 4.00 35.00
Maiden’s Blush—Pr.—Delicate dainty blush pink .50 3.00 25.00
Mary Pickford—An extraordinary flower and spike of most delicate creamy white. Throat finest soft sulphur yellow. Stem and Calix also white .60 4.00 35.00
Ming Toy—Prim.—Very large flower of finest form. Tall plant, showy deep buff, yellow throat 1.00 7.00 60.00
Ministre Pichon—Flower bright carmine-red; the lower petals bear a white stain, penciled and stained with crimson 2.00 15.00
Miss Helen Franklin—Pure white with violet stripes on lower petals; deeply ruffled— .60 4.00 35.00
Morning Light—Gand.—La France pink, edged begonia rose, dusted brown— .90 6.00 50.00
Mr. B. Verlot—Cand. Vil.—Dense spike, flowers of a dark-reddish lilac; a white band on the middle of each petal and a straw-colored blotch on the lower petals 2.00 15.00
Mrs. A. E. Kunderd—Large flowered tall, superbly formed, white with a slight tint of bluish pink. A truly magnificent white— 3.00 20.00
Mrs. Dr. Norton—A pure soft white with tips of petals suffused La France pink— .75 5.00 40.00
GLADIOLI—Continued
Mrs. F. C. Peters — Beautiful shade of rose lilac with crimson blotch bordered white on lower segments, resembling an orchid in color. Flowers of large size and many open at a time on a strong stem. Very choice—
| Price | 1.25 | 8.00 | 70.00 |
Mrs. Frances King — Nanc. Coblentz — Light scarlet of pleasing shade........... .50 3.50 30.00
Mrs. Frank Pendleton — Lem. Kund. — The flowers are very large and well expanded, of a lovely flushed salmon-pink with brilliant carmine, or deep blood-red blotches in the throat, presenting a vivid contrast of orchid-like attractiveness ........... .60 4.00 35.00
Mrs. H. E. Bothin — Flesh salmon pink, flame scarlet center, heavy ruffled..... .90 6.00 50.00
Mrs. Laura S. Schwepppe — Beautiful deep peach blossom with velvety rose red blotches .................................. 3.50 25.00
Mrs. Leon Douglas — Begonia rose striped flame and scarlet, lip pale lemon speckled with ruby .................................. 3.50 25.00
Mrs. W. E. Fryer — Fine large scarlet, tall grower; wide open flowers........... 1.25 9.00 80.00
Mrs. Watt — A clear wine-red of most pleasing color .................................. .50 3.50 30.00
Myra — Pr. — New giant flowered Primulinus Hybrid, deep salmon over yellow ground; yellow throat, pink lines. Tall slender stem. Exquisitely showy ......................... .50 3.50 25.00
Niagara — Ch. Banning — In color the flowers are a delightful cream shade with the two lower petals or segments blending to canary-yellow. The throat is splashed with carmine, and the lower ends of the outside petals are also blushed with carmine—
| Price | .60 | 4.00 | 35.00 |
Nora — Light violet blue. Very dainty—
| Price | .90 | 6.00 | 50.00 |
Northern Light — Gand. Childs — Blush white, flecked lake pink, large carmine blotch dusted and edged with pale yellow—
| Price | .90 | 6.00 | 50.00 |
Odin — Dark salmon pink, intense carmine blotch ........................................... .75 5.00 40.00
Opaline — Pure rosy crimson flowers, four inches across; flaked most beautifully silvery violet-pink; throat shaded and dotted crimson and gold .................................. 2.00 11.00 100.00
Orange Brilliant — Brilliant orange—
| Price | .50 | 3.50 | 30.00 |
Orange Glory — Grand orange colored, with lighter throat. Very rich and striking color. Beautiful and distinct .................... .75 5.00 45.00
GLADIOLI—Continued
Panama—Ch. Banning—A seedling of America which resembles the parent variety in every way except that it is a much deeper pink ........................................... 40 3.00 25.00
Peace—Gand. Croff.—Flowers are large, of good form, correctly placed on a heavy, straight spike. Beautiful white, with pale lilac feathering on interior petals—
.50 3.50 25.00
Peach Rose—Deep rose pink, beautifully ruffled ........................................... 2.00 15.00
Pink Perfection — Bright pink. Very large beautiful flower ........................................... .75 5.00 45.00
Pink Wonder—Color is a shade lighter than Panama yellow, shading at base of petals overlaid with rose feathering .90 6.00 50.00
Premiere—Creamy white with crimson blotch; very early ........................................... .75 5.00 40.00
Prima Donna—Prim.—Yellow like a butterfly ........................................... 1.50 10.00
Primunella—Prim.—Softest shades of orange and yellow ........................................... 1.25 9.00
Princepine—Carmine red with large white blotch; tall spike ........................................... .50 3.50 30.00
Prince of India—Ch. Childs—Color varies from light to deep smoky gray, many of the petals being zoned and banded and freely penciled with dark slaty blue mottled with white. A most remarkable mixture of colors and one of the greatest oddity and beauty ........................................... 3.50 25.00
Prince of Wales—Beautiful light salmon with orange shade; very early ............... .60 4.00 35.00
Princeps—Ch. Vaughan—Rich crimson with very deep shadings in throat, with magnificent large white blotches on lower petal—
.90 6.00 50.00
Princess Altieri—Almost pure white; crimson blotch ........................................... 1.00 7.50
Purple Glory—Deep velvety maroon red with almost black blotches. Ruffled 1.50 9.50 85.00
Queen Victoria—Prim.—Glittering bright petals, throat silvery rose, flowers large and wonderfully shaped. Large........ .60 4.00 35.00
Queen of Whites—Very large, glistening, pure white flowers. A magnificent spike of blooms of wonderful texture 1.50 10.00
Radiance—Ch. Miller—A grand, big pink; immense flowers of a charming tone of rose-pink, slightly flamed with deeper lake-pink, splendidly filled "stand-up" spike—
1.50 10.00 90.00
Rareray—Ch. Childs—Large wide-spreading flower of a rare bright lilac pink, with carmine flaked throat. It is a very rare and beautiful and desirable shade of color—
1.50 10.00 90.00
GLADIOLI—Continued
Remembrance — Kund. — Geranium pink to rose doree at outer petals with throat blotched pomegranate purple. Slightly ruffled ........................................... .90 6.00 50.00
Rev. Ewbank—Fine porcelain blue—
1.50 10.00 90.00
Rose 1910—Pure rose-pink of extra fine shade; narrow white line through center of lower petals ........................................... .50 3.50 25.00
Rose Ash—Medium old rose, lower petals canary yellow sprinkled with spotted old rose. Fluted petals ........................................... .90 6.00 50.00
Rosa Lindt—Violet ........................................... 1.00 7.00 60.00
Rosella — Lem. Cowee (Syn. Kathryn)— Large, well-opened flowers, light rose, stained purple and white .................. 1.00 7.00 60.00
Rose Pearl—Delicate rosy sport of Halley, just as early, very beautiful............ .75 5.00 40.00
Rose Precose—Deep pink with slight salmon reflex ........................................... .90 6.00 50.00
Rosy Spray — Ch. Childs — White beautiful sprayed rose. Large and fine..... .50 3.50 30.00
Rouge Torch—Large white flower with scarlet feather on lower petals...... .50 3.50 25.00
Rubini—Orange scarlet with clear white eye ........................................... .90 6.00 50.00
Ruby King—Ch. Childs—Fine, compact spike, tall and graceful, flowers of great substance and of an intense dark ruby-red, glowing with a peculiar richness—
.75 5.00 45.00
Salmon Beauty — Prim. — Deep salmon with rich salmon-yellow throat; very large flower; fills the need for a sterling-yellow variety ........................................... .75 5.00 45.00
Salmon Flame—Prim.—Salmon, suffused and flamed strawberry-pink on edges and outside petals. Carmine blotch in throat—
.90 6.00 50.00
Salmon Queen — Geranium pink carmine blotch in throat ........................................... .90 6.00 50.00
Scarlet Princeps — Strong vigorous grower with wonderful spikes, with six or more blossoms open at a time. Brilliant scarlet, deeper in throat ........................................... .60 4.00 35.00
Scarlet Wonder—Four to five feet high with broad, stalky dark green foliage and compact truss of great, rich velvety scarlet, fiery crimson flowers ......................... 1.50 10.00 90.00
Scarsdale—Lem. Cowee—Tall grower, with large pink lavender colored flowers, shaded to dark rose ........................................... .75 5.00 45.00
Schwaben—Pfitzer—Delicate pale-yellow, dark blotch in center ........................................... .50 3.00 25.00
GLADIOLI—Continued
Scribe—Ch. Childs—A beautiful, large, well-opened flower and an enormous spike. Color like the fine old Eugene Scribe, tinted white, freely striped carmine .......................... .50 3.50 30.00
Shedowa—Ch. Childs—Soft, delicate pink flower, exquisitely marked and mottled in center. Enormous spikes and large, wide-spreading flower of perfect form—
1.00 8.00 75.00
Sidney Plummer—Soft yellow suffused delicate pink. Rich amber lip. Amaranth purple tongue ........................................... .90 6.00 50.00
Snowbank—White, red stain at base of petals ......................................................... .50 3.50 30.00
Snowbird—An exceptionally pure white, with pale lilac lines on the interior petals—
.50 3.50 30.00
Snow Boy—Tall, stately pure white. Many flowers open at a time. Large flower of finest form ............................................. 1.00 8.00 75.00
Snow King—Gand. Childs—A very white variety similar in habit to Augusta, but remains white in all kinds of weather—
.50 3.50 30.00
Southampton Beauty—Pure rose doree color with a purple blotch in throat that is overlaid with white ........................................... .75 5.00 40.00
Souvenir—Prim.—Fine pure yellow. Intense clear color of the buttercup. Straight spikes ....................................................... .75 5.00 40.00
Sulphur King—Gand. Childs—This is by all odds the most valuable yellow variety ever introduced. It produces a very long spike of the clearest sulphur-yellow flowers yet seen in any Gladiolus .................................. .75 5.00 40.00
Summer Beauty—Kund.—A very choice and distinct pink. Very tall and showy—
.75 5.00 45.00
Sunbeam—Prim.—Pure yellow, long spikes of well formed flowers .................................... .60 4.00 35.00
Sunset Glow—Prim. Childs—Strawberry-pink, shading to scarlet toward the edge of petals. Yellow throat with carmine stripes—
.60 4.00 30.00
Superb—Ch. Childs—Enormous flower and spike, one of the largest; flaked and striped with salmon pink ........................................... .75 5.00 40.00
Sweet Lavender—Blend of lavender and true pink with blotches of ruby red faintly bordered lemon yellow ..................................... 1.50 10.00
The Pearl—Clear soft pink, fine for forcing ................................................................. 2.00 15.00
Twilight—Cream white .............................................. 1.25 9.00 80.00
Twotint—Ch. Childs—Delicate flesh-pink shaded white and tinted yellow inside with large salmon-tinted scarlet blotches. A lovely combination of delicate colors—
1.00 7.00 60.00
SAVE $3,999,994
Did you know we sell paperback books too?
To buy our entire catalog in paperback would cost over $4,000,000
Access it all now for $8.99/month
*Fair usage policy applies
Continue
Gladioli in Mixtures
Our Guaranty
We are so very anxious to give our customers satisfaction, and we are so very sure that we have satisfactory goods, that we stand ready to replace anything that, through any fault of ours, does not prove to be as represented.
Blue Hybrids Seedlings—This mixture is the result of sowing seeds of the best blue shades obtainable and the variation of colors is beyond description........... .75 5.00 45.00
Childsi Mixed—First quality. Extra large and fine flowers. Contains many named varieties and beautiful seedlings..... .50 3.00 25.00
Mixtures Under Separate Colors
Scarlet and Red—Extra fine scarlet and red— .50 3.00 25.00
Pink—Fine pink and rose shades .50 3.00 25.00
Yellow and Orange—Best yellow colors— .50 3.00 25.00
Striped and Variegated—Extra fine— .50 3.00 25.00
Special Mixtures
Popular Mixed—This is the mixture for the trade that requires something cheap yet good. It is ideal for "Store Sales from the Counter." Bulbs are large, well graded and the assortment of colors is the best obtainable for the money ......................... .40 2.50 20.00
"Primulinus Hybrids"
Colors range from sulphur-yellow to chrome-yellow, all shades of orange with now and then a cream and pink among them, but Nasturtium colors predominate—
.40 2.50 20.00
Primulinus Hybrids—Second size, per 1,000 10.00
Have You Ever Seen a Better Stand From Bulblets—Our Fields.
Photos Taken August 1, 1928.
Cannas
Our Cannas are famous for their sterling qualities. They have "eyes to see." We clean and pack the roots at the time of shipping.
The following are among the very best improved flowering Cannas, and will give great satisfaction.
Prices quoted are per dozen, per 100, and per 1,000 in the order given.
Alsace—Pale sulphur, changing to cream white. Green foliage, 4 feet... .60 4.00 35.00
American Beauty—Oriental carmine or cerise. Green foliage, 5 feet ... .90 6.00 50.00
Apricot—Buff-yellow base, overspread with salmon pink ... .90 6.00 50.00
Beacon—Moderate sized flowers borne in great heads of rich cardinal red .60 4.00 35.00
Brandywine—A healthy, vigorous grower of four to five feet. Makes luxuriant growth of dark bronze foliage and a magnificent display of fine large flowers. Color is intense vinous red, beautifully dappled with deep crimson ... .60 4.00 35.00
Chas. Henderson—Crimson; compact trusses; very free bloomer, leaves green. 3½— .50 3.50 30.00
Cheerfulness—Its beautiful bright fire-red or deep orange flowers appear early and continue without interruption until frost— .90 6.00 50.00
Egandale—A fine, bronze-leaved variety; cherry-red flowers, borne well above the foliage; handsome. Four feet ... .50 3.50 30.00
Fiery Cross—Very large flower heads of vivid scarlet shading to crimson; foliage lustrous blue-green. Five feet ... .75 5.00 40.00
Gaiety—Reddish orange, mottled with carmine and edged with yellow. The tongue is yellow and densely spotted with carmine— .50 3.50 30.00
Gladioflora—Remarkable on account of the unusual shape of its flowers, which look like a Gladiolus; color, crimson changing to carmine-rose, with an irregular edge of gold. Four feet ... .50 3.50 30.00
Louisiana—Orchid-flowered. Very large trusses of vivid scarlet flowers; free bloomer ... .50 3.50 30.00
Morning Glow—Foliage an olive-green striped and veined with brown. Flowers soft shell pink and orange-red center. Four feet— .90 6.00 50.00
CANNAS—Continued
Orange Bedder—This is a particularly useful and attractive bedding variety, of a bright orange with just enough scarlet suffusion to intensify the dazzling mass of color. Four feet ........................................... .60 4.00 35.00
Panama—The color of this splendid Canna is unusual, being an attractive rich orange-red with a well-defined edge of bright golden yellow. The flowers are very large, the petals being almost round and the immense spread of the individual blooms, coupled with the early, free-flowering habit and unique colorings make this Canna most noteworthy. Three feet .................. .50 3.50 30.00
San Diego—Persian yellow, with crimped petals. Four feet ........................................... .75 5.00 40.00
The President—A gorgeous variety producing great trusses of bright red flowers in great profusion ........................................... .75 5.00 40.00
Wintzer’s Colossal—Five feet. Without doubt the largest-flowered Canna to date, as the average flowers almost cover a man’s hat. The color is a strikingly vivid scarlet that retains its brilliancy .......................... .60 4.00 35.00
Cannas, under color .............................. .50 3.50 30.00
Cannas, mixed colors ............................. .50 3.00 25.00
A Field of Childs’ Famous Cannas.
Dahlias
Our list is made to cover the different colors and classes. We supply divisions of field-grown roots.
Prices quoted are per 100
Alewine—Pomp.—Pink tinted lilac $10.00
Alight—Cac.—Orange scarlet, large 20.00
Alta—Cac.—Reddish terra cotta 10.00
Ambassador—H.C.—Yellow buff 40.00
Amber Glow—Cac.—Bright yellow, immense size 10.00
Amber Queen—Pomp.—Amber to apricot 10.00
Ami Nonin—Col.—Old rose white collar 10.00
Amityville—P.F.—Silver pink 20.00
Amphion—Dec.—Pink suffused heliotrope 15.00
Amun Ra—Dec.—Copper and orange to gold and amber 40.00
Anna Maxwell Jones 25.00
Arthur Kelsey—H.C.—Purplish crimson 18.00
Attraction—H.C.—Lilac-rose 25.00
Autumn Prince—H.C.—Autumn shade 15.00
Autumn Tints—Col.—Reddish orange 10.00
Avalanche—P. F.—Pure white 20.00
Avalon—Dec.—Pure yellow 30.00
Azalea—Dec.—Yellow, tinged red 20.00
Ballet Girl—Cac.—Orange, white edge 20.00
Beatrice Slocombe—Dec.—Red and gold 20.00
Beauty of Rosemont—Dec.—Rosy pink to buff 18.00
Bessie Boston—Dec.—Scarlet 20.00
Bianca—H.C.—Pink to lavender 20.00
Blossom—P.F.—White and faint pink 15.00
Bowen Tufts—Cac.—Bright orange 15.00
Break O'Day—H.C.—Clear sulphur-yellow 15.00
Bride's Bouquet—Cac.—Purest white 15.00
Cadiz—Dec.—Reddish orange 35.00
Cambria—Dec.—Pink-white center, massive 25.00
Capt. John—Dec.—Yellow and buff 40.00
Carl Purdy—P.F.—Scarlet 20.00
Carmen Sylvia—Dec.—Beautiful salmon 18.00
Challenge—Dec.—Bronze-red and yellow 18.00
Chipeta—H.C.—Rich amaranth red 18.00
Clyde Fischer 25.00
Comstock—Dec.—Pure yellow 18.00
Copper—Dec.—Copper shading to brown 18.00
Cordova—H.C.—Pale lavender 20.00
Daffodil—Col.—Clear yellow 10.00
Daisy—Pomp.—Amber salmon 10.00
Dakota—Dec.—Flame color 18.00
Darlene—Dec.—Live shell pink 18.00
David Warfield—Show—Cherry red 18.00
Daybreak—Pomp.—Rosy pink 20.00
Deelighted—Show—Snow white, immense 20.00
Denison—Cac.—Pure rosy pink 18.00
Diana—H.C.—Crimson, violet reflection 15.00
Dorothy Flint—Dec.—Blending of salmon and pink 15.00
DAHLIAS—Continued
Dr. H. L. Tevis—Dec.—Salmon-rose to old gold 15.00
Edith Carter—Cac.—Yellow suffused carmine 15.00
Edith Cavell—H.C.—Orange suffused with gold 20.00
Elsie Burgess—Show white tipped lavender 12.00
Elizabeth Slocombe—Rec.—Rich garnet 18.00
Etendard de Lyon—H.C. Carmine rose 15.00
Eventide—Dec.—White flushed rose 12.00
Extase—Cac.—White edged pure mauve 12.00
Fireburst—Dec. Intense scarlet shaded orange-red 12.00
Flamingo 15.00
Flowerfield Beauty 25.00
Francis Burns—Dec.—Pink shading to white center 15.00
Francis Butts—Dec.—Flesh white edged lavender 12.00
Francis Martin—Dec.—White overlaid lavender 18.00
Frank A. Walker—Dec.—Deep lavender pink 15.00
Gen’l J. B. Seth—H.C.—Brilliant scarlet to orange scarlet 15.00
Gen’l Miles—Show—Light violet 20.00
Gen’l Pershing—H.C.—Bright shade light carmine 25.00
George Walters—H.C.—Pink, immense blooms 15.00
Gloria—Pomp.—Maroon and white 10.00
Glory of Argonne—Show—Pink and white 18.00
Glory of Nikerk—P.F.—Cerise to purple violet 20.00
Glow—Pomp.—Old rose to coral 10.00
Golden Glow—Dec.—Golden apricot 20.00
Golden Opportunity—Dec.—Buttercup yellow 20.00
Gretchen Heine—Pomp.—Blush white rose tips 10.00
Gruss Aus Wien—Pomp.—Crushed strawberry, one of the best 10.00
Guardian—Cac.—Crimson scarlet 15.00
Guiding Star—Pomp.—Best known white 10.00
Harry Davidson—Dec.—Mulberry, tipped gold 15.00
Harry Snook—Dec.—Mulberry tipped gold, yellow center 10.00
Helen Durnbaugh—H.C.—Delicate blush 18.00
Hercules—Dec.—Tangerine and deep yellow 30.00
Hesperia—Pomp.—Deep yellow to lighter shade 10.00
H. H. Thomas—Cac.—Deep crimson 15.00
Immense—Dec.—White overlaid crimson lake 18.00
Jane Selby—Dec.—Lovely shade of pink 25.00
Jean Wood—Dec.—Silvery rose 18.00
Jersey’s King—Dec.—Carmine, very large 20.00
Jessica—Pomp.—Yellow edged red 10.00
J. Herbert Alexander—Cac.—Golden yellow to salmon pink 30.00
J. H. Slocombe—Dec.—Intense deep red. Gorgeous 20.00
DAHLIAS—Continued
John Lewis Childs—Dec.—Yellow, splashed and striped scarlet .......................... 15.00
Judge Marean—Dec.—Orange-yellow and gold 30.00
Kalif—H.C.—Pure scarlet, immense ......................... 20.00
Katherine Kernan — Hy. Show — White and pink ........................................... 20.00
King Albert—Dec.—Dark violet, monster size 20.00
King of Commerce—Dec.—Old gold and orange ............................................. 20.00
King of Shows—Show—Butter yellow ....................... 20.00
Kittie Dunlap—Dec.—Rose color, immense .............. 20.00
Latonia—Dec.—Buff yellow ........................................ 15.00
Laura Barnes—P.F.—Orange red ............................ 15.00
Leader—Pomp.—Yellow, tipped rose purple 10.00
Le Grand Manitou—Dec.—Splashed purple on deep rose .................................. 15.00
Liberty—P.F.—Coral red ........................................... 20.00
Little Jennie—Pomp.—Primrose yellow .................... 10.00
Lorna Doone—Cac.—Yellow tipped carmine 18.00
Lucero—Dec.—Bronze buff ....................................... 15.00
Madeline—Pomp.—Primrose, edged purple ......... 10.00
Malcom Richardson—Cac.—Salmon and primrose, immense .................................. 18.00
Margaret Saltus—Show—Soft pink .......................... 15.00
Marjorie Field—Dec.—Pink, immense ...................... 18.00
Martha Lowei—Show—Old rose .............................. 20.00
Maude Adams—Show—White overlaid delicate pink .................................. 10.00
Midget—Pomp. Salmon shaded peach ..................... 10.00
Millie Rogers—Dec.—Old gold shading to amber ........ 25.00
Millionaire—Dec.—Lavender with pink cast............. 20.00
Minnie Baxter—H.C.—Dark maroon .......................... 12.00
Mme. Bijstein—P. F.—Lilac or mauve ..................... 15.00
Morning Star—P.F.—Cherry red .............................. 18.00
Mother—Dec.—Rose and gold, flushed lilac ......... 15.00
Mount Blanc—Dec.—Fine large white ..................... 15.00
Mount Hood—Dec.—Pure waxy white ...................... 15.00
Mrs. A. C. James—Cac.—Fine salmon pink ............. 30.00
Mrs. C. Cooper—Cac.—Brownish tan ...................... 20.00
Mrs. C. H. Breck—Dec.—Soft yellow suffused carmine .................................. 20.00
Mrs. Carl Salbach—Dec.—Lavender pink ................. 20.00
Mrs. E. C. Boston—Dec.—Fine white ...................... 25.00
Mrs. Edna Spencer — Cac. — Delicate orchid pink ........................................ 20.00
Mrs. Ethel Smith—Dec.—Mulberry suffused with gold .................................. 25.00
Mrs. Hugo Kind—Dec.—Velvet red .......................... 25.00
Mrs. I. de Ver Warner—Dec.—Refined deep mauve-pink .................................... 20.00
Mrs. I. S. Hendrickson—H.C.—Broad petals, fine shade of red, tipped white ........ 10.00
Mrs. J. P. Smith — Show—Rich red shaded cherry ........................................ 15.00
Mrs. Roosevelt—Show—Pink, immense .................... 20.00
Mrs. R. R. Strange—Dec.—Burnished copper to old rose .................................. 15.00
Mrs. T. A. Munro—Cac.—Amber to old gold 15.00
Get Smart
Over 2,000 years of human knowledge in 797,885 volumes
Instant access $8.99/month
*Fair usage policy applies
DAHLIAS—Continued
Snowclad—Pomp.—Pure white ........................................... 10.00
Snowdrift—Dec.—Giant white, deep flower .................. 25.00
Souv. De Chabanne—Col.—Yellow suffused scarlet .............. 12.00
Star of the Sea—H.C.—Purest white ............................. 20.00
Sterna—H.C.—Pale sulphur color ................................. 12.00
Sunshine—Pomp. .................................................. 10.00
Sylvia—Dec.—Deep pink to flesh pink .......................... 10.00
T. A. Burns—H.C.—Pure pink .................................... 20.00
Tango—P.F.—Salmon color ....................................... 15.00
Tekla—P.F.—Bright cardinal ..................................... 12.00
The Eagle—H.C.—Sulphur yellow ................................. 15.00
The Grizzley—Dec.—Dark maroon ................................. 25.00
The Magic Flower of Oz—Dec.—Copper yellow .................. 12.00
The Marksman—Col.—Light ground splashed crimson ........... 12.00
Tommy Atkins—Dec.—Golden scarlet ............................. 25.00
Tropic Bird—Sgl.—Old gold, copper bronze .................. 12.00
Vera Curry—Show—Cream pink, a giant ....................... 12.00
Virginiæ—Dec.—Lavender pink .................................. 15.00
W. D’Arcy Ryan—Dec.—Violet purple tipped white ............ 12.00
Williamsoni—Cac.—Blood orange red ........................... 12.00
Winifred—P.F.—Yellow .......................................... 15.00
Yellow King—H.C.—Yellow shading light ....................... 20.00
Irises
BEARDED OR FLEUR-DE-LIS
These irises form a most delightful group of flowers, as they are about the first of the perennials to bloom, and the colors range to all shades of the rainbow. Bloom in May and June.
Numerals after name indicate rating.
| Name | Description | Per Doz. | Per 100 | Per 1000 |
|-----------------------|--------------------------------------------------|----------|---------|----------|
| Afterglow 8.6 | A soft pink or buff gray, shading to a rich yellow through center | 3.50 | 25.00 | 220.00 |
| Albert Victor 7.9 | Pal. S. soft blue, F. beautiful lavender, large and fine | .50 | 3.50 | 30.00 |
| Arlequin Melanais | White and violet blue | .75 | 5.00 | 45.00 |
| Celeste 7.1 | Azure blue | 1.00 | 7.00 | 60.00 |
| Charmant | Silvery blue | 1.25 | 8.00 | 75.00 |
| Cordelia 7.1 | S. Rosy lilac, F. Crimson and rose | 1.30 | 9.00 | 80.00 |
| Cottage Maid | S. Silvery blue F. White | 1.00 | 7.00 | 60.00 |
| Cypriana Superba 1.7 | Blue and crimson | 1.00 | 7.00 | 60.00 |
| Darius | S. Canary yellow F. Lilac and white | 2.00 | 15.00 | 140.00 |
| Dawn 7.8 | Beautiful sulphur-yellow, bronze veined at the throat. Orange beard | 2.00 | 15.00 | 140.00 |
| Dr. Bernice 7.4 | Sq. S. olive, shaded red. F. dark brown-red | .60 | 4.50 | 40.00 |
| Farrs Pauline | S. and F. Pansy violet | 1.50 | 10.00 | 90.00 |
| Florentina Alba | White tinged lilac | .60 | 4.50 | 40.00 |
| Florentina Blue | Dark blue | .60 | 4.50 | 40.00 |
| Fritjof | S. Lavender F. Purple shaded lavender | 1.00 | 7.00 | 60.00 |
| Halfdan 7.1 | Int. Creamy white | .60 | 4.50 | 40.00 |
| Hector | S. Yellow F. Crimson black | .60 | 4.50 | 40.00 |
| Her Majesty 7.3 | S. Rose pink F. Crimson tinted darker | .60 | 4.50 | 40.00 |
| Innocenza 7.1 | Am. S. and F. ivory white, crest rich golden. Very delicate and beautiful, 26 inch | .90 | 6.00 | 50.00 |
| Iris King 7.9 | S. Yellow F. Plum edged yellow | 2.00 | 15.00 | 140.00 |
| Ivorine 7.3 | Ivory white, fine flower, stout texture | .60 | 4.50 | 40.00 |
IRISES—Continued
Kathleen—S. and F. Soft rose lilac .60 4.50 40.00
Khedive 6.7—S. beautiful soft lavender. F. white veined brown, deep lavender at tips .60 4.50 40.00
Kochi 7.8—S. and F. Claret purple— .60 4.50 40.00
L. A. Williamson 9.6—S. Campunula violet, F. rich royal purple 3.50 25.00 220.00
Leda—S. White dotted rose lilac. F. white— .90 6.00 50.00
Lohengrin 8.2—S. and F. uniform shade of Cattleya rose, very large .60 4.50 40.00
Lord of June 9.1—S. lavender blue, F. rich violet blue 5.00 35.00 320.00
Lord Wolseley—Light blue, very late— 1.25 8.00 75.00
Loreley 7.9—S. light yellow, F. ultra-marine blue bordered cream .60 4.50 40.00
Mandraliscae—Lavender purple .60 4.50 40.00
Medallion—S. Yellow F. Veined with Indian lake .90 6.00 50.00
Mme. Chereau 7.4—S. White F. Rose claret— .75 5.00 45.00
Mithras 7.5—S. Yellow F. Violet and yellow— .75 5.00 45.00
Monsignor 8.4—S. crimson dotted lavender, inner petals ivory, F. rich crimson edged lavender .60 4.50 40.00
Mother of Pearl—S. and F. pale bluish lavender with a faint creamy undertone— 5.00 35.00 320.00
Mrs. H. Darwin 6.8—S. White F. Reticulated violet .90 6.00 50.00
Mrs. Reuthe—S. White and blue grey F. White and soft blue .75 5.00 45.00
Nibelungen 7.3—S. Olive F. Yellow, purple and white .60 4.50 40.00
Pallida Speciosa—S. Dark lavender shaded lighter, F. Shaded light purple .90 6.00 50.00
Parc De Neuilly 8.1—Rich plum purple— 1.25 9.00 80.00
Perle—S. very light lavender, F. deep lavender .50 4.00 30.00
Perfection 7.8—S. Light blue F. Dark violet 1.00 7.00 60.00
Pocahontas 7.7—F. and S. White bordered pale blue 1.25 9.00 80.00
Princess Victoria Louise 7.2—S. pale yellow, F. rich violet, edged cream .60 4.50 40.00
Prosper Laugier 8.3—Sq., 30 inches. S. light bronze red. F. velvety ruby purple— 1.25 9.00 80.00
IRISES—Continued
Pumila, The Bride—White, primrose beard—
.60 4.50 40.00
Quaker Lady 8.4—S. smoky lavender with yellow shadings, F. blue and old gold, stigmas yellow. Yellow beard. Odd and attractive .60 4.50 40.00
Queen Alexandria 7.5—S. fawn shot with lilac, F. lilac reticulated at base with bronze, beard yellow .60 4.50 40.00
Queen of May 7.4—Soft rosy lilac 1.25 8.00 70.00
Rhein Nixe 8.4—Am. Very tall. S. snowy white, F. deep violet blue, white margin. Inner petals stainy ivory .75 5.00 45.00
Tendresse—Delicate lavender and lilac—
.60 4.50 40.00
Violacea Grandiflora 8.0—S. rich blue, F. violet-blue. Large .75 5.00 45.00
SIBERICA TYPE
Siberica Blue .60 4.50 35.00
" The Emperor .60 4.25 35.00
" Snow Queen .60 4.25 35.00
20 Acres of Bearded Irises—20 Acres of Japanese Irises.
New Japanese Irises
Named and Introduced to the Trade 1928
OUR OWN INTRODUCTIONS
| Name | Type | Description | Doz. | 100 | 1000 |
|-----------------------------|--------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|------|------|------|
| Alagoz (No. 203) | Dbl. | True purple. Inner petals white tipped purple. Large flower | 4.00 | 30.00| 270.00|
| Bokhara (No. 211) | Sgl. | Phlox purple, yellow blotch in center edged blue. Wavy petals | 4.00 | 30.00| 270.00|
| Chutsai (No. 209) | Sgl. | Hortense violet veined white. Inner petals phlox purple | 4.00 | 30.00| 270.00|
| Daghaustan (No. 195) | Dbl. | Rosy-red veined white | 4.00 | 30.00| 270.00|
| Ispahan (No. 208) | Dbl. | Phlox purple veined white | 4.00 | 30.00| 270.00|
| Kha Khan (No. 167) | Sgl. | White suffused blue, purple stigmas. Extra fine and large | 4.00 | 30.00| 270.00|
| Mongol Khan (No. 165) | Sgl. | Deep rosy-red. Extra large | 4.00 | 30.00| 270.00|
| Repsime (No. 175) | Dbl. | Blue veined white | 4.00 | 30.00| 270.00|
| Sadarabad (No. 216) | Sgl. | White overcast with pale phlox pink | 4.00 | 30.00| 270.00|
| Subotai (No. 188) | Sgl. | Rosy-red. Very good | 4.00 | 30.00| 270.00|
| Tartar Prince (No. 80) | Sgl. | Rosy-crimson, white veins, blue halo, high stigmas | 4.00 | 30.00| 270.00|
| Temple Flower (No. 223) | Sgl. | Ivory white heavily blended with soft bluish-violet. Veined white. Inner petals white edged phlox pink | 4.00 | 30.00| 270.00|
| Yama Yama (No. 181) | Sgl. | White overlaid blue. Center petals white and purple. Crinkled appearance | 4.00 | 30.00| 270.00|
GENERAL LIST OF
Japanese Irises
| Name | Description | Per Doz. | Per 100 | Per 1000 |
|-----------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------|---------|----------|
| Agnes Reed—Sgl. | (Seedling No. 84. Falls mulberry purple with halo of royal purple. Standard hematoxin violet shading lighter at base) | 5.00 | 35.00 | 320.00 |
| Amethyst—Sgl. | Very large wavy petals exquisite lavender shade | 5.00 | 35.00 | 320.00 |
| Apollo—Sgl. | Pure white, pink center | 3.00 | 20.00 | 180.00 |
| Azure—Dbl. | Immense flower, exquisitely wavy. Mauve blue with darker halo around the yellow blotch at base of petals | 3.00 | 20.00 | 180.00 |
| Beauty—Sgl. | Silvery white distinctly veined and suffused indigo blue. Inner petals plum edged white. Very beautiful | 3.00 | 20.00 | 180.00 |
| Betty Jean Childs—Sgl. | (Seedling No. 82) White faintly splashed and veined phlox purple or the new beautiful shade of orchid color; petaloids deeper shade | 5.00 | 35.00 | 320.00 |
| Blue Jay—Dbl. | Sky blue, distinct white lines on each petal | 3.50 | 25.00 | 220.00 |
| Carlton Childs—Sgl. | Ivory white veined plum. Inner petals pink | 3.00 | 20.00 | 180.00 |
| Catherine Parry—Dbl. | (Seedling No. 81) Blue overlaid rosy-red, high tufts in center almost triple | 3.00 | 20.00 | 180.00 |
| Caroline G. Childs—Sgl. | White veined blue violet. Inner petals purple and white | 5.00 | 35.00 | 320.00 |
| Choseiden—Dbl. | Ruby crimson, white halo surrounds the yellow blotches radiating into broad lines. Petaloid stigmas light violet | 3.50 | 25.00 | 220.00 |
| Clarice Childs—Sgl. | (Seedling No. 26) Petunia violet, conspicuous yellow center surrounded with blue cast. Large | 5.00 | 35.00 | 320.00 |
| Daisy Herrington—Sgl. | (Seedling No. 110) Pinkish-blue, veined purple | 6.00 | 40.00 | 360.00 |
| Datedogus—Sgl. | Rich claret-red with orange blotches, surrounding same is a halo of blue radiating out into heavy lines. Standards light claret and white. Petaloid stigmas tipped and bordered pale claret. Very large flowers | 3.50 | 25.00 | 220.00 |
| Della—Sgl. | Light to pale wisteria violet | 3.50 | 25.00 | 220.00 |
| Doris Childs—Dbl. | (seedling No. 43) Pearl white deeply veined rosy plum. Center petals deep plum edged white | 4.00 | 30.00 | 270.00 |
IRISES—Continued
Eclair—Dbl. White veined blue, throat amber 3.50 25.00 220.00
Eleanor Parry—Dbl. (Seedling No. 59) Clar-
et red, flamed white and blue. Compact
medium size flower. Good 3.50 25.00 220.00
Ethel J. Marshall—Sgl. (Seedling No. 190)
Ivory white splashed and veined dull violet
blue petaloids aconite violet edged white,
stigmas ivory white and splashed with vio-
let cast 5.00 35.00 320.00
Fanny Hamlet Childs—Dbl. (Seedling No.
201) Violet purple, mottled and splashed
white 3.50 25.00 220.00
Fascination—Dbl. (Seedling No. 46) Blue
lightly veined white, pink tinge 3.50 25.00 220.00
Frances E. Cleveland—Semi-Dbl. (Seedling
No. 56) Blue, very large 4.00 30.00 270.00
Gekka No Nami—Dbl. Pure white with yellow
blotches 3.50 25.00 220.00
Gold Bound—Dbl. Pure white, one of the
best 2.50 18.00 160.00
Grace Sperling—Sgl. Hortense violet; petal-
oid stigmas light hortense violet. Very
early 3.50 25.00 220.00
Granite—Sgl. Purple, spotted and flaked
white. Lilac center 2.00 15.00 140.00
Helen Wells—Sgl. Amethyst violet, inner
petals phlox purple 4.00 30.00 270.00
Indo—Sgl. Broad wavy petals of great size.
Color dark rich blue only slightly veined.
Yellow central blotch unusually bright—
2.00 15.00 140.00
Jeannette Parry—Sgl. (Seedling No. 200)
White suffused with lines of bluish violet,
petaloid stigmas amethyst violet.......
3.00 20.00 180.00
John Lewis Childs II—Sgl. (Seedling No.
72) White lightly veined blue. High cen-
ter petals delicate mauve and blue—
6.00 40.00 360.00
Josephine Heywood — Sgl. Seedling No.
172) Blue with purple sheen..... 4.00 30.00 270.00
Kamata—Sgl. New single. Deep blue veined
white, very distinct 3.00 20.00 180.00
Kumo No Obi—Dbl. Sky blue. Distinct
white lines on each petal........... 3.00 20.00 180.00
Kuro Komo—Dbl. Purple overlaid with dark
blue. Yellow blotches, stigmas dark blue
bordered purple 3.00 20.00 180.00
La Favorite—Dbl. Large, fine white, freely
veined blue, and a rich purple center—
2.50 18.00 160.00
Filla Cox—Dbl. Light blue white veins in
center of flower with yellow blotches—
3.00 20.00 180.00
Lucie Marshall—Dbl. (Seedling No. 215)
Pansy violet, white veins. Center of flow-
ers white with yellow blotches 5.00 35.00 320.00
SAVE $3,999,994
Did you know we sell paperback books too?
To buy our entire catalog in paperback would cost over $4,000,000
Access it all now for $8.99/month
*Fair usage policy applies
Continue
Special Offer
Japanese Irises
Seedlings—Mixed ........................................... .80 5.50 40.00
Dbl. and Sgl. Mixed ....................................... .80 5.50 40.00
5 each of 10 varieties—our choice— 50 plants ......................... $6.00
10 each of 10 varieties—our choice— 100 plants ......................... 10.00
25 each of 10 varieties—our choice— 250 plants ......................... 30.00
50 each of 10 varieties—our choice— 500 plants ......................... 40.00
100 each of 10 varieties—our choice—1000 plants ......................... 60.00
Can be retailed at from $3.00 to $5.00 per set of ten.
All good double and single varieties of our selection. We cannot, however, give names in advance at this special price, as we reserve the right to use varieties on hand when each order is received.
— Also —
1-YEAR-OLD SEEDLINGS
IDEAL FOR MAILING TRADE
$3.00 per 100 — $20.00 per 1000
Peonies
In our list of Peonies we have endeavored to select the better medium-priced varieties that cover a good range of colors. Division of 3 to 5 eyes.
Prices quoted are per dozen and per 100 in the order given.
Albatre 8.7—Large, compact globular rose type. Milk-white shaded ivory, wide center petals tinged lilac, edged with minute line of carmine.............. $5.00 $35.00
Albert Crouse 8.6—Very large compact bomb, rose white flecked crimson .................................................. 6.00 40.00
Alexander Dumas 7.1—Medium size, light violet-rose, creamy white collar of narrower petals, mingled with wide center petals ........................................... 3.50 25.00
Asa Gray 8.1—Large semi-rose, pale lilac, sprinkled with dots of deeper lilac. Fragrant ................................................................. 7.00 50.00
Augustin D'Hour—Large medium compact bomb. Dark red slightly silvery reflex. Medium tall ....................................................... 5.00 35.00
Auguste Villaume 7.3 — Extra large compact globular rose-type, dark violet-rose. Tall strong grower............................................. 6.50 45.00
Baroness Schroeder 9.0—Flesh white fading to milk white, globular rose type, very large ....................................................... 7.00 50.00
Boule de Neige 8.0—Semi-rose type; pure white, bordered carmine, perfect cup shaped bloom ............................................. 6.00 40.00
Carnea Elegans—Clear flesh pink............ 6.50 45.00
Couronne D'Or 8.1—Large, flat, semi-rose type. Pure white with ring of yellow stamens around tuft of center petals tipped carmine............................................. 4.00 30.00
Dorchester 7.7 — Large compact rose type, pale hydrangea-pink, sulphur white collar, no crimson flecks............. 6.00 40.00
Duchess De Nemours 8.1—Pure white crown, sulphur white collar, no crimson flecks ....................................................... 3.00 20.00
Edulis Superba 7.6—Large loose flat crown, bright mauve pink, early........ 3.00 20.00
Emperor Nichols 7.1 — Dark crimson rose, tall strong grower ....................................................... 5.00 35.00
Eugenie Verdier 8.06 — Large med. compact flat semi-rose, pale hydrangea-pink, collar lighter, flecked crimson ............................................. 6.00 40.00
PEONIES—Continued
Felix Crousse 8.4—Large globular typical bomb, brilliant red 6.00 40.00
Festiva Maxima 9.3—Very large globular rose type, pure white center prominently flecked crimson, outer petals sometimes faint lilac 3.00 20.00
German Bigot 8.5—Pale lilac rose, guards splashed crimson, large and compact 7.00 50.00
James Kelway 8.7—Very large, loose rose type, rose white changing to milk white, tinged yellow at base of petals 7.00 50.00
Lady Bramwell 6.0—Soft silvery pink 3.00 20.00
L’Indispensable 7.3—Globular rose type, lilac-white shading to pale violet-rose toward center 5.00 35.00
Livingstone 8.1—Very large compact perfect rose-type, pale lilac-rose with silvery tips, central petals flecked carmine 6.00 40.00
Lora Dexheimer 8.4—Intense crimson, immense semi-rose 20.00 140.00
Marguerite Gerard 8.4—Large compact semi-rose developing into crown with stamens, very pale hydrangea-pink, fading to nearly white, central petals flecked dark carmine 3.50 25.00
Mme. Bollet 7.4—Very compact globular rose-type, pale lilac-pink, silvery reflex 3.00 20.00
Mme. Calot 8.1—Large rose-type, pale hydrangea-pink center shading darker, collar tinged silver 3.50 25.00
Mme. Coste 6.5—Globular bomb, developing a low crown, guards and center hydrangea-pink, collar cream white, center flecked crimson 3.50 25.00
Mme. Crousse 7.9—Medium size, globular crown, pure white, center flecked with crimson 6.00 40.00
Mme. De Galhau 7.5—Medium large compact globular rose type, guards rose white, center pale lilac rose. Fragrant 3.50 25.00
Mlle. Desbuissons 7.8—Compact semi-rose type, violet rose center fading to milk white 7.00 50.00
Mme. De Verneville 7.9—Large very full bomb, pure white, center blush when first open fading to pure white carmine specks 3.50 25.00
Mme. Emile Lemoine 8.9—Large globular compact rose type, milk white 6.00 40.00
PEONIES—Continued
Mme. Emile Galle 8.5—Large compact rose type, deep lilac white
Mlle. Leonie Calot 7.6—Salmon pink shading to soft flush white
Mons Jules Elie 9.2—Pale lilac-rose, collar lighter shaded amber yellow at base, very large medium compact high crown
Mons Krelage 7.7—Large compact semi-rose type, dark solferino-red, with silvery tips
Octavie Demay 8.5—Very large flat crown, guards and center pale hydrangea-pink, collar almost white
Officinalis Alba Plena—Large convex double bloom, pure white
Officinalis Rosea Plena—Rose pink, early
Officinalis Rubra—Large double globular bloom, brilliant crimson
Philomele 7.7—Medium, low flat crown, guards bright violet-rose, center of narrow amber-yellow petals changing to cream, as flower develops a crown appears, bright rose
Queen Victoria 6.8—Large globular, medium loose, low crown, milk-white guards, tinted flesh, center cream white with crimson spots
Reine Hortense 8.7—Very large, compact, semi-rose type, pink flecked crimson
Triomphe Du Nord 6.0—Very large medium compact bomb, light solferino-red with silvery reflex
Umbellata Rosea 7.4—Large informal rose type, guards violet-rose shading to amber white center
Venus 8.3—Very large high compact crown, pale hydrangea-pink, collar lighter
A View Across Our Lily Fields.
Liliums
We are devoting considerable attention and space to hardy Liliums, but confining our growing to the best varieties, and those that can be handled, not only by ourselves, but by our customers, with the maximum satisfaction. We have endeavored to eliminate all "poor keepers and doers."
Prices quoted are per dozen, per 100 and per 1,000 in the order given.
Canadense—Bell-shaped blossoms which vary in red and yellow colors. Three to five feet high ........................................... 1.00 8.00 70.00
E. Leonard Joerg—Rich apricot, spotted, very fine .................................................. 1.80 12.50 110.00
E. Mixed—Mixed shades of orange— ................................................................. 1.10 7.50 65.00
Hansoni—Attains height of three to five feet. Reflexed blossoms two inches across, petals bright orange-yellow, faintly spotted brown, eight to twelve in a cluster, flowering in June or early July .................................... 7.50 55.00
Pardalinum (Leopard Lily)—Rich scarlet and yellow flowers, spotted with rich brown. Robust and free-flowering ............... 2.00 13.00 120.00
Regale—The flowers are white, slightly suffused with pink, with a beautiful shade of canary yellow at the center, blending out part way up the trumpet. The fragrance is fascinating, similar to the Jasmine. A splendid hardy Lily for the garden, flowering about July 1st. Well-grown bulbs often produce five to eight blooms—
4-5 inch bulbs, doz., $4.00; hundred, $30.00
5-7 inch bulbs, doz., $6.00; hundred, $40.00
LILIUMS—Continued
Superbum—Three to six feet high, flowers from five to forty, nodding brilliant orange-red. Blooms in July 1.60 10.00 88.00
Tigrinum—Fl. pl. (Double-Tiger)—Orange red, spotted black 1.50 10.00 90.00
Tigrinum Splendens—Single form; same colors 1.50 9.00 80.00
Tigrinum—Mixed, double and single 1.00 8.00 70.00
Speciosum Lilies
Magnificum—A beautiful pure pink variety, exceeding in beauty the famed Melpomene—2.25 16.50
Melpomene—Words cannot describe the beauty of this variety. Frosted white, spotted, clouded and bordered with pinkish crimson. Petals deeply recurved and widely ordered 2.00 15.00
Praecox or Album—Large, perfect and beautiful. Frosted white, with a tinge of buff at the top of petals. The blush-like fringe in each petal adds to the beauty 2.75 19.50
Rubrum—Deep rose, freely spotted crimson and mottled white; perfectly exquisite—2.20 16.50
Miscellaneous Bulbs and Roots
Prices quoted are per dozen, per 100 and per 1000 in the order given.
APIOS
Tuberosa (Tuberous-rooted Wistaria)—Clusters of rich deep purple flowers which have a strong delicious violet fragrance—Tubers .60 4.00 35.00
DELPHINIUMS
Belladonna $1.50 $10.00 $90.00
Bellamosa 1.50 10.00 90.00
Hybrids 1.50 10.00 90.00
DICENTRA SPECTABILIS
Bleeding Heart, or Seal Flower—An old-fashioned favorite; its long racemes of graceful heart-shape flowers are always attractive Doz., $4.00; 100, $30.00 Selected Sizes, Doz., $6.00; 100, $40.00.
FUNKIA, WHITE
Per Doz., $1.75. Per 100, $10.00.
HEMEROCALLIS
Flava Major—Wax yellow .60 4.50 40.00
Florham—Large golden yellow sweet scented—
.90 6.00 50.00
Gold Dust—Bright yellow, buds and reverse
of petals bronze-gold. Two or three feet.
May-June .60 4.50 40.00
HYACINTHUS CANDICANS
(Cape Hyacinth)
A snow-white summer-flowering Hyacinth, growing 3 to 5 feet in height, gracefully surmounted with from 20 to 30 pure white bell-shaped flowers—
1 to 2 inches dia. .75 5.00 45.00
2 to 3 inches dia. 1.00 7.00 60.00
ISMENE CALATHENA
Per Doz., $1.25 Per 100, $9.00 Per 1000, $80.00
MADEIRA VINES
A most popular climber. Strong roots.
Selected .60 4.00 35.00
Medium size .50 3.00 25.00
OXALIS
(Summer Flowering)
Dieppi—Pure white; very fine... .10 .50 4.00
Lasandria—Rosy pink; beautiful cut foliage—
.10 .50 4.00
Shamrock — Clover-like foliage, pink blossoms .10 .50 4.00
Mixed—Several colors .10 .40 3.00
Named Mammoth Bulbs .20 .80 6.00
Mammoth Mixed .15 .70 5.00
SPIREAS
(Astilbe)
Filed grown clumps for forcing.
| Per Doz. | Per 100 |
|----------|---------|
| Gladstone—Best white variety | $3.50 | $25.00 |
| Japonica | 3.00 | 20.00 |
| Peach Blossom—True peach blossom color with red stamens | 3.50 | 25.00 |
| Queen Alexander — The best known clear light pink | 3.50 | 25.00 |
| Rubens—Deep rose red | 4.00 | 30.00 |
Get Smart
Over 2,000 years of human knowledge in 797,885 volumes
Instant access $8.99/month
*Fair usage policy applies
CHILDS' GLADIOLI
are noted the world over for
SUPERIOR MERIT | 784c0863-3ce0-4904-89bf-5489780fb018 | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 63,168 |
BOARD OF DIRECTORS
The National Bank of Yemen is fully state-owned under the supervision of the Minister of Finance and its Board of Directors consists of Chiefs Executive Officers and General Managers of Government Departments in Aden, such as Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Industry and Trade Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation.
The Board Consists of:
Dr. Mohammed Hussein Saeed Halboob
Chairman of the Board of Directors
Date of birth: 14.01.1959
Nationality: Yemeni
Marital Status: Married
Languages: Arabic & English
Dr. Mohammed Hussein Halboob was appointed as a Chairman of the Board of Directors in January 2017.
Education:
- PhD in Financial & Monetary Trading from University of Kyiv-Ukraine 1992.
- Master of Accounting from Soviet Union (formerly) in 1987.
- Bachelor degree in Accounting from Aden University -1982.
Work Experience:
- Teaching Assistant in Statistics Economic College University of Aden from 1990.
- Teacher in Statistics Economic College University of Aden from 1987- 1990.
- Lecturer in Statistics Economic College University of Aden from 1982-1987.
Dr. Ahmed Ali Omar Bin Sankr
General Manager
Date of birth: 08.10.1966
Nationality: Yemeni
Marital Status: Married of Specialty Doctor
Languages: Arabic
Education:
Dr. Sankr holds the following certifications:
- PHD in Economic Sciences issued by the Higher Degrees Committee - Russian Federation Moscow in 10 October 1997.
- A degree in Economic and Business.
- A Certificate Lecturer (Management / Marketing / Arabic Language) at the Institute of management and marketing at the University of Dagestan - Russian Federation from 01 September 1994 to 01 September 1997.
- Master’s of Economic and Business from University of Dagestan - Russian Federation in 1994 excellent with honor degree.
- A Certificate which qualify him to be a teacher at University and Higher Institutes after completing full course of Education and Psychology Studies for Higher Institutes with Excellent Grade.
- A Certificate which qualify him to teach Russian Language in (courses and series of lectures).
- He completed his primary school level and secondary school level and holds a high school certificate in 1984-1985, Aden Governorate.
Experiences at the Academic:
- He was selected Arbitration and evaluation and A Member of the Scientific Committee for the discussion of Master Thesis at the University of Aden - Faculty of Economics of the (13) from 2015 to 2019 Member of Committees of Discussion (External Discussant).
- He was selected Deputy of the Board of Ibn Khaldoun University in 2012.
- Lecturer at the University of Aden - Faculty of Economics to teach Master’s Students of the Banking and Financial Section (Banks Administrations) as of the first batch of Master’s Students till the seventh batch from 2008 to 2017.
- Lecturer at the University of Applies Sciences for (3) years from 1998 to 2001 to teach Business and Management / Public Administration Courses.
Experiences at Banking:
- Dr. Sankr was selected a Board Member of the Union of the Union of Arab Banks and Yemen Union Representative in 2018 under nominated of the Central Bank of Yemen - Aden and he still a Board Member under renewal for four years.
- He was selected as an Active Member of World Union of Arabs Banker (WUAB).
- He was appointed Deputy General Manager for Supporting Department Affairs from 2012 to 2017.
- He was appointed a General Supervisor of the Project Development and Modernization of the (both phases) in accordance with the Board Resolution no. (33) and (35) for the year 2017 as he still up to date a project supervisor.
-In 2013 assigned as a Head of Islamic Branches Outfitting Committee of National Bank of Yemen and a commissioner to coordinate with the company to apply the Banking System for the Islamic Branches.
-He was appointed Manager of Human and Administration Department from 2000 to 2012.
-He was appointed as a first manager of Center for Research and Training and Economic Studies from 1999 to 2006 upon a proposal from Dr. Sankr to establish this center.
-He appointed as a rapporteur assets liability (ALCO) from 1998 to 2001.
-He was appointed Supervisor of the National Bank of Yemen Library from 1998 to 2001.
-He was appointed Head of Studies and Researches section at the Research and Statistics Department from 1998 to 2001 which was established upon a proposal from Dr. Sankr to be the first one to incumbent in this section.
-He was worked as an employee at Cash Department with a degree of (Bank Teller) from 1986 to 1988.
-He was appointed at National Bank of Yemen after obtaining his College Degree in 21 March 1988 as Supervisor Degree.
-He also setup several working committees in the bank towards some of the tasks including (budgeting, participate in the preparation regulations of the bank).
-He directly supervising to create a new buildings and opening new branches including (Hodeidah Branch, Alqa’a Branch, Taiz Branch, Socotra Branch, Ghaydah Branch, Qatn Branch, Sheher Branch, Seiyun Branch, and Public Achieve Building).
Meetings, Conferences, Symposiums, Seminars, Workshops, Courses and Business Prepared & Provided To Serve The Bank:
- He participated in the Project Development and Modernization of the Bank (both phases) and currently exercise this basic function as a supervisor of the management of the project which was implemented and applied in February 2020.
-Bank official representative on a number of Committees and Companies as well as he represents the bank in visiting the numerous Financial Institutions both internally and externally, he has taken part in numerous meetings, seminars, conferences, workshops and attend discussions workshops and participate in working sessions in multiple areas linked to Banking Business, Financial and Administration which was held internally and externally in (Germany, Italy, Egypt, Turkey, Tunis, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, France, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Emirates and this work was over the past years from 1999 up to date.
-He had sponsored an idea to design and publish the bank magazine and it is released on a quarterly basis.
Mr. Ali Mousa Ali Abdurabu
Deputy General Manager for Supporting Department Affairs
Date of birth: 24.12.1962
Place of birth: Aden
Nationality: Yemeni
Marital status: Married
Languages: Arabic
Mr. Ali joined the National Bank of Yemen in March 1988.
**Education:**
Bachelor of Business Administration & Trade Faculty of Economics, University of Aden 1987-1989.
**Training Courses:**
**External Courses:**
- The Credit & Real Estate Investment, Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan Amman from 29 September to 10 October 2013.
- Modern Management of Banking Branches, Damascus, Syria Arab Republic from 09 till 12 August 2009.
- The annual discussion of ML Unit for Middle East-Kingdom of Bahrain from 27-29 May 2007.
- Overseas trainee development program UK of Great Britain London from 22 September till 10 October 2003.
**Internal Courses:**
- AML Sana’a from 13 till 16 December 2003.
- Managerial skills for managers, Sana’a from 05 till 09 October 2002.
- International Accounting Standards (IAS) Sana’a from 22 till 24 January 2002.
- English Language, Sana’a from 01 June till 04 September 2001.
- Operations Management for Commercial Expenses, Sana’a from 05 till May 2001.
**Work Experience:**
- Appointed Deputy General Manager for Supporting Departments Affairs 01 September 2019.
- Acting Deputy General Manager for Banking Department Affairs 08 December 2018.
- Nominated as a team core member of the banking system modernization (Banks) on 28 December 2017.
- Manager of Queen Arwa Branch 2013-2017.
- Manager of Aidaroos Branch 15 June 2009.
- Manager of Administrative Affairs 20 July 2005.
- Manager of Steamer Point Branch 01 November 2003.
- Manager of Branches Department 13 November 2002.
- Manager of Public Lending Branch 31 May 2001.
- Manager of Little Aden Branch 12 April 1992.
Mr. Mohsen Saeed Ali Haidarah
Deputy General Manager for Banking Department Affairs
Place of birth: Abyan
Nationality: Yemeni
Date of birth: 04.11.1962
Marital status: Married
Languages: Arabic & English
Mr. Mohsen joined National Bank of Yemen in October 1987.
**Education:**
Bachelor degree in Accounting from Aden University -1987.
**Work Experience:**
Mr. Mohsen appointed as Deputy General Manager for Banking Department Affairs in 2019.
- Manager of Branches Management till 2017.
- Manager of Queen Arwa Branch - November 2011.
- Manager of Lahij Branch - September 2008.
- Manager of Sana'a Branch - March 2004.
- Manager of Aidaros Branch - February 2002.
- Manager of Steamer Point Branch 1999.
- Manager of Zinjibar Branch - October 1994.
- Accountant of Zinjibar Branch - March 1992.
---
Mr. Ali Taha Saleh Mohammed Al - Obadi
Member of the Board and Advisor Finance Affairs.
Date of Birth: 27.08.1958
Nationality: Yemeni
Marital Status: Married
Mr. Ali appointed as General Manager Finance Office in 2015 and Member of the Board of Directors of National Bank of Yemen in 2017 and Financial Advisor Affairs in 2023.
**Education:**
- Bachelor degree in Economics - Specialty Accounting - University of Aden 1983
Mr. Wasim Mohammed Fadhel Abdullah
Member of the Board and General Manager of Industry and Trade Office / Aden.
Ministry of Industry and Trade Representative.
Date of birth: 25.02.1980
Place of birth: Aden
Nationality: Yemeni
Marital status: Married
Languages: Arabic
Mr. Wasim appointed as General Manager of Industry and Trade Office in 2023 and Member of the Board of Directors of National Bank of Yemen in 2024.
Qualification:
- Supply Chain and Logistics in International Organizations 2021- Success Institute For Training and Qualifications.
- Strengthen Financial Bases Revenue at Financial and Administrative System Course 2020-Success Institute For Learning Languages.
- Government Management Institutions Course 2020- Future Leaders Academy.
- Financial Management and Resource Enhancement Course 2019-Success Institute For Learning and Improving Languages.
- Financial Accountant Training Course 2018-The Developmental Environment and Law Foundation DELF.
- International Computer Driving License Course October 2017-Success Institute For Training and Qualification.
- Master of Business Administration - Faculty of Social and Applied Sciences - University of Aden.
- Bachelor of Business Administration Faculty of Social and Applied Sciences - University of Aden.
Occupations:
He has held several positions:
- Director General of the Trade and Industry.
- Advisor Aden Governor of Financial Resources.
- Member of the Supreme Economic Committee.
- Chairman of Financial Resources Committee.
- Executive Manager of Esnad Logistic Support Foundation.
- Assistant Director General of Yemen Economical Corporation.
- Manager of Logistics Department.
Work Experiences:
- Experience in Economic and Banking Management.
- Experience in Project Management.
- Experience in managing emergencies and crises.
- Experience in the art of management and teamwork.
- Experience in searching for resources and how to leverage them.
- Experience with investing.
**Mrs. Entesar Saeed Murshed Obad**
*Member of the Board and General Manager of Planning and Int'l. Cooperation Office / Aden. Ministry of Planning and Int'l Cooperation Representative.*
Date of Birth: 19.01.1964
Nationality: Yemeni
Languages: Arabic & English
Mrs. Entesar was appointed as General Manager of Planning and International Cooperation Office / Aden in 2016, and Member of the Board of Directors of National Bank of Yemen in 2017.
**Education:**
-Bachelor Degree in Economics - Specialty Counting.
-Master of Statistics and Information - Population Statistics and Sustainable.
-Development Faculty of Administrative Sciences. | 3c7b5c98-b84e-4af9-84da-f22fa2a5d7a9 | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 11,846 |
MARINE AND INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS
A COMMITMENT TO PEOPLE, EFFICIENCY, AND QUALITY
AT EDG, WE TAKE PRIDE IN OUR DEDICATED TEAM OF PROFESSIONALS WHO SPECIALIZE IN BUILDING DESIGN. FROM FULLY OUTFITTED OFFSHORE LIVING QUARTERS TO ONSHORE INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS, OUR EXPERTS ARE COMMITTED TO DELIVERING EXCELLENCE IN EVERY PROJECT.
EDG's Marine & Industrial Group not only designs buildings, but has significant field experience in fabrication, transportation, installation, hookup, and commissioning. Our diverse onshore and offshore project experience enables us to determine the most efficient and cost-effective strategy for successful project development. We can provide design expertise to our clients independently or in conjunction with EDG"s full suite of project management and engineering capabilities. We will tailor a work structure that fits your project needs.
SERVICES AND CAPABILITIES
ENGINEERING SERVICES
* Structural
* Architectural
* Electrical
* Fire & Gas
* HSE (Blast)
* 2D & 3D Modeling
* USCG / ABS
EDG, INC.
PROJECT SUPPORT SERVICES
* Project Management
* Construction Management
* Project Controls
* Inspection
* Commissioning
WWW.EDG.NET
PROJECT EXAMPLES
MARATHON EG PRODUCTION, LTD. MAINTENANCE WORKSHOP AND OFFICES
MALABO, EQUATORIAL GUINEA
EDG design scope includes site layout, drainage, workshop foundation, architectural floor plan, roadway, accessibility / security, and all utilities for a new 23,000 sq. ft. workshop and two (2) 4,000 sq. ft. office buildings.
MAFUMEIRA SUL PROJECT OFFSHORE MAINTENANCE BUILDINGS
REPUBLIC OF ANGOLA
EDG designed three (3) maintenance buildings to be located in the Central Processing Complex, Block "O", offshore Cabinda Province. Design included workshop and laboratory building, storage, and work control building.
The Workshop and Laboratory Building (WLB) is a 2-story, all steel building, measuring 57'-0" x 31'-0" x 21'-0" tall. The Storage and Work Control Building (WCB) is a 2-story, all-steel building measuring 21'-0" x 31'0" x 25'-4" high, and the Operations Storage Building (OSB) is a 1-story, all-steel building, measuring 16'-0" x 21'-0" x 11'-3" tall.
SHELL MARS "A" LIVING QUARTERS
GULF OF MEXICO
EDG performed turnkey design of a 40'x72', 3-story, 76-bed auxiliary living quarters capable of supporting a Seatrax S230P "Bullfrog" crane on the roof. The quarters are designed for a single-point lift and capable of withstanding a blast of 0.65bar. EDG worked extensively with the offshore hook-up team during the design phase resulting in the living quarters being online within 36 hours of installation.
MURPHY KINGS QUAY PROJECT LIVING QUARTERS, ELECTRICAL AND WORKSHOP BUILDINGS
GULF OF MEXICO
EDG performed turnkey design including all structural, architectural, mechanical, electrical, and plumbing disciplines for the building packages on the King's Quay FPS. These buildings consist of a 50-POB 2-story living quarters with helideck, a 2-story electrical / control building, an emergency electrical building, a medium voltage electrical building, and a workshop building."
EDG, INC.
To learn more about how EDG's Marine and Industrial Building Group Services and Capabilities, please contact us:
CONTACT
MICHAEL WALSDORF
Marine & Industrial Group
504.934.2167 firstname.lastname@example.org
@EDG @EDGInc
WWW.EDG.NET | <urn:uuid:d22bde34-f723-43d1-a75b-c519d38e421c> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 3,345 |
Generator Needs To Be Big Enough For 16 Motorhomes With 16amp Each
2.5M Between Each Motorhome
1. Martin Plowman (THOR ACE 30.1)
2. Mark Plowman (THOR Palazzo)
3. Steve Ruston (THOR Palazzo)
4. John Whitehouse (THOR Hurricane)
5. Morgan Tillbrook (THOR ARIA)
6. Marcus Clutton (THOR ACE)
7. David Holloway (THOR ACE)
8. Chris Hart (THOR Hurricane)
9. Steve Walton (THOR Hurricane)
10. Lucky Khera (THOR ACE)
11. Chris Murphy
12. David Frankland
13. Steve Burgess
14. Ben Dimmack
15. Nick Phelps
16. McLaren Parts Truck
17. Aston Martin Parts Truck | <urn:uuid:46fe73a7-ab4b-4804-9147-7a834889db1b> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 548 |
Rules summary sheet 1 of 30
Rules summary sheet: Backwater Boggy Creek Water Source
Water Sharing Plan for the Macquarie Bogan Unregulated Rivers Water Sources 2012
Plan details
Important: This factsheet summarises the rules contained in the Water Sharing Plan for the Macquarie Bogan Unregulated Rivers Water Sources 2012. It is intended as a guide only. Approvals and licences also contain conditions that holders must comply with. You can access this information from your 'Statement of Approval' or 'Statement of Conditions' or alternatively via https://waterregister.waternsw.com.au/waterregister-frame.
Access Rules
Notes: These access rules do not apply:
1. if the existing Water Act 1912 entitlement had more stringent access licence conditions. These existing conditions will be carried forward under the plan and are included in appendix 2.
2. to major water utility, local water utility or unregulated river (town water supply) access licences
3. to water taken for domestic consumption by stock and domestic access licences
4. to water taken from existing dams. Any existing licence conditions associated with a dam will be carried forward under the plan.
Rules summary sheet 1 of 30
Rules summary sheet 2 of 30
Rules summary sheet: Bell River Water Source
Water Sharing Plan for the Macquarie Bogan Unregulated Rivers Water Sources 2012
Plan details
Important: This factsheet summarises the rules contained in the Water Sharing Plan for the Macquarie Bogan Unregulated Rivers Water Sources 2012. It is intended as a guide only. Approvals and licences also contain conditions that holders must comply with. You can access this information from your 'Statement of Approval' or 'Statement of Conditions' or alternatively via https://waterregister.waternsw.com.au/waterregister-frame.
Access Rules
Notes: These access rules do not apply:
* if the existing Water Act 1912 entitlement had more stringent access licence conditions. These existing conditions will be carried forward under the plan and are included in appendix 2.
* to major water utility, local water utility or unregulated river (town water supply) access licences
* to water taken for domestic consumption by stock and domestic access licences
* to water taken from existing dams. Any existing licence conditions associated with a dam will be carried forward under the plan.
Rules summary sheet 2 of 30
Rules summary sheet 3 of 30
Rules summary sheet: Bulbodney Grahway Water Source
Water Sharing Plan for the Macquarie Bogan Unregulated Rivers Water Sources 2012
Plan details
Important: This factsheet summarises the rules contained in the Water Sharing Plan for the Macquarie Bogan Unregulated Rivers Water Sources 2012. It is intended as a guide only. Approvals and licences also contain conditions that holders must comply with. You can access this information from your 'Statement of Approval' or 'Statement of Conditions' or alternatively via https://waterregister.waternsw.com.au/waterregister-frame.
Access Rules
Rules summary sheet 3 of 30
Rules summary sheet 3 of 30
Notes: These access rules do not apply:
1. if the existing Water Act 1912 entitlement had more stringent access licence conditions. These existing conditions will be carried forward under the plan and are included in appendix 2.
2. to major water utility, local water utility or unregulated river (town water supply) access licences
3. to water taken for domestic consumption by stock and domestic access licences
4. to water taken from existing dams. Any existing licence conditions associated with a dam will be carried forward under the plan.
Rules summary sheet 4 of 30
Rules summary sheet: Burrendong Dam Tributaries Water Source
Water Sharing Plan for the Macquarie Bogan Unregulated Rivers Water Sources 2012
Plan details
Important: This factsheet summarises the rules contained in the Water Sharing Plan for the Macquarie Bogan Unregulated Rivers Water Sources 2012. It is intended as a guide only. Approvals and licences also contain conditions that holders must comply with. You can access this information from your 'Statement of Approval' or 'Statement of Conditions' or alternatively via https://waterregister.waternsw.com.au/waterregister-frame.
Access Rules
Notes: These access rules do not apply:
* if the existing Water Act 1912 entitlement had more stringent access licence conditions. These existing conditions will be carried forward under the plan and are included in appendix 2.
* to major water utility, local water utility or unregulated river (town water supply) access licences
* to water taken for domestic consumption by stock and domestic access licences
* to water taken from existing dams. Any existing licence conditions associated with a dam will be carried forward under the plan.
Rules summary sheet 4 of 30
Rules summary sheet 5 of 30
Rules summary sheet: Campbells River
Water Sharing Plan for the Macquarie Bogan Unregulated Rivers Water Sources 2012
Plan details
Important: This factsheet summarises the rules contained in the Water Sharing Plan for the Macquarie Bogan Unregulated Rivers Water Sources 2012. It is intended as a guide only. Approvals and licences also contain conditions that holders must comply with. You can access this information from your 'Statement of Approval' or 'Statement of Conditions' or alternatively via https://waterregister.waternsw.com.au/waterregister-frame.
Access Rules
Campbells River downstream management zone
Campbells River tributaries management zone
Rules summary sheet 5 of 30
Rules summary sheet 6 of 30
Rules summary sheet: Coolbaggie Creek Water Source
Water Sharing Plan for the Macquarie Bogan Unregulated Rivers Water Sources 2012
Plan details
Important: This factsheet summarises the rules contained in the Water Sharing Plan for the Macquarie Bogan Unregulated Rivers Water Sources 2012. It is intended as a guide only. Approvals and licences also contain conditions that holders must comply with. You can access this information from your 'Statement of Approval' or 'Statement of Conditions' or alternatively via https://waterregister.waternsw.com.au/waterregister-frame.
Access Rules
Notes: These access rules do not apply:
1. if the existing Water Act 1912 entitlement had more stringent access licence conditions. These existing conditions will be carried forward under the plan and are included in appendix 2.
2. to major water utility, local water utility or unregulated river (town water supply) access licences
3. to water taken for domestic consumption by stock and domestic access licences
4. to water taken from existing dams. Any existing licence conditions associated with a dam will be carried forward under the plan.
Rules summary sheet 6 of 30
Rules summary sheet 7 of 30
Rules summary sheet: Cooyal Wialdra Creek Water Source
Water Sharing Plan for the Macquarie Bogan Unregulated Rivers Water Sources 2012
Plan details
Important: This factsheet summarises the rules contained in the Water Sharing Plan for the Macquarie Bogan Unregulated Rivers Water Sources 2012. It is intended as a guide only. Approvals and licences also contain conditions that holders must comply with. You can access this information from your 'Statement of Approval' or 'Statement of Conditions' or alternatively via https://waterregister.waternsw.com.au/waterregister-frame.
Access Rules
Notes: These access rules do not apply:
1. if the existing Water Act 1912 entitlement had more stringent access licence conditions. These existing conditions will be carried forward under the plan and are included in appendix 2.
2. to major water utility, local water utility or unregulated river (town water supply) access licences
3. to water taken for domestic consumption by stock and domestic access licences
4. to water taken from existing dams. Any existing licence conditions associated with a dam will be carried forward under the plan.
Rules summary sheet 7 of 30
Rules summary sheet 8 of 30
Rules summary sheet: Ewenmar Creek Water Source
Water Sharing Plan for the Macquarie Bogan Unregulated Rivers Water Sources 2012
Plan details
Important: This factsheet summarises the rules contained in the Water Sharing Plan for the Macquarie Bogan Unregulated Rivers Water Sources 2012. It is intended as a guide only. Approvals and licences also contain conditions that holders must comply with. You can access this information from your 'Statement of Approval' or 'Statement of Conditions' or alternatively via https://waterregister.waternsw.com.au/waterregister-frame.
Access Rules
Rules summary sheet 8 of 30
Notes: These access rules do not apply:
1. if the existing Water Act 1912 entitlement had more stringent access licence conditions. These existing conditions will be carried forward under the plan and are included in appendix 2.
2. to major water utility, local water utility or unregulated river (town water supply) access licences
3. to water taken for domestic consumption by stock and domestic access licences
4. to water taken from existing dams. Any existing licence conditions associated with a dam will be carried forward under the plan.
Rules summary sheet 9 of 30
Rules summary sheet: Fish River Water Source
Water Sharing Plan for the Macquarie Bogan Unregulated Rivers Water Sources 2012
Plan details
Important: This factsheet summarises the rules contained in the Water Sharing Plan for the Macquarie Bogan Unregulated Rivers Water Sources 2012. It is intended as a guide only. Approvals and licences also contain conditions that holders must comply with. You can access this information from your 'Statement of Approval' or 'Statement of Conditions' or alternatively via https://waterregister.waternsw.com.au/waterregister-frame.
Access Rules
Notes: These access rules do not apply:
1. if the existing Water Act 1912 entitlement had more stringent access licence conditions. These existing conditions will be carried forward under the plan and are included in appendix 2.
2. to major water utility, local water utility or unregulated river (town water supply) access licences
3. to water taken for domestic consumption by stock and domestic access licences
4. to water taken from existing dams. Any existing licence conditions associated with a dam will be carried forward under the plan.
Rules summary sheet 9 of 30
Rules summary sheet 10 of 30
Rules summary sheet: Goolma Creek Water Source
Water Sharing Plan for the Macquarie Bogan Unregulated Rivers Water Sources 2012
Plan details
Important: This factsheet summarises the rules contained in the Water Sharing Plan for the Macquarie Bogan Unregulated Rivers Water Sources 2012. It is intended as a guide only. Approvals and licences also contain conditions that holders must comply with. You can access this information from your 'Statement of Approval' or 'Statement of Conditions' or alternatively via https://waterregister.waternsw.com.au/waterregister-frame.
Access Rules
These access rules do not apply:
Notes:
1. if the existing Water Act 1912 entitlement had more stringent access licence conditions. These existing conditions will be carried forward under the plan and are included in appendix 2.
2. to major water utility, local water utility or unregulated river (town water supply) access licences
3. to water taken for domestic consumption by stock and domestic access licences
4. to water taken from existing dams. Any existing licence conditions associated with a dam will be carried forward under the plan.
Rules summary sheet 10 of 30
Rules summary sheet 11 of 30
Rules summary sheet: Lawson Creek Water Source
Water Sharing Plan for the Macquarie Bogan Unregulated Rivers Water Sources 2012
Plan details
Important: This factsheet summarises the rules contained in the Water Sharing Plan for the Macquarie Bogan Unregulated Rivers Water Sources 2012. It is intended as a guide only. Approvals and licences also contain conditions that holders must comply with. You can access this information from your 'Statement of Approval' or 'Statement of Conditions' or alternatively via https://waterregister.waternsw.com.au/waterregister-frame.
Access Rules
Notes:
These access rules do not apply:
1. if the existing Water Act 1912 entitlement had more stringent access licence conditions. These existing conditions will be carried forward under the plan and are included in appendix 2.
2. to major water utility, local water utility or unregulated river (town water supply) access licences
3. to water taken for domestic consumption by stock and domestic access licences
4. to water taken from existing dams. Any existing licence conditions associated with a dam will be carried forward under the plan.
Rules summary sheet 11 of 30
Rules summary sheet 12 of 30
Rules summary sheet: Little River Water Source
Water Sharing Plan for the Macquarie Bogan Unregulated Rivers Water Sources 2012
Plan details
Important: This factsheet summarises the rules contained in the Water Sharing Plan for the Macquarie Bogan Unregulated Rivers Water Sources 2012. It is intended as a guide only. Approvals and licences also contain conditions that holders must comply with. You can access this information from your 'Statement of Approval' or 'Statement of Conditions' or alternatively via https://waterregister.waternsw.com.au/waterregister-frame.
Access Rules
Notes: These access rules do not apply:
1. if the existing Water Act 1912 entitlement had more stringent access licence conditions. These existing conditions will be carried forward under the plan and are included in appendix 2.
2. to major water utility, local water utility or unregulated river (town water supply) access licences
3. to water taken for domestic consumption by stock and domestic access licences
4. to water taken from existing dams. Any existing licence conditions associated with a dam will be carried forward under the plan.
Rules summary sheet 12 of 30
Rules summary sheet 13 of 30
Rules summary sheet: Lower Bogan River Water Source
Water Sharing Plan for the Macquarie Bogan Unregulated Rivers Water Sources 2012
Plan details
Important: This factsheet summarises the rules contained in the Water Sharing Plan for the Macquarie Bogan Unregulated Rivers Water Sources 2012. It is intended as a guide only. Approvals and licences also contain conditions that holders must comply with. You can access this information from your 'Statement of Approval' or 'Statement of Conditions' or alternatively via https://waterregister.waternsw.com.au/waterregister-frame.
Access Rules
Notes: These access rules do not apply:
1. if the existing Water Act 1912 entitlement had more stringent access licence conditions. These existing conditions will be carried forward under the plan and are included in appendix 2.
2. to major water utility, local water utility or unregulated river (town water supply) access licences
3. to water taken for domestic consumption by stock and domestic access licences
4. to water taken from existing dams. Any existing licence conditions associated with a dam will be carried forward under the plan.
Rules summary sheet 13 of 30
Rules summary sheet 14 of 30
Rules summary sheet: Lower Macquarie River Water Source
Water Sharing Plan for the Macquarie Bogan Unregulated Rivers Water Sources 2012
Plan details
Important: This factsheet summarises the rules contained in the Water Sharing Plan for the Macquarie Bogan Unregulated Rivers Water Sources 2012. It is intended as a guide only. Approvals and licences also contain conditions that holders must comply with. You can access this information from your 'Statement of Approval' or 'Statement of Conditions' or alternatively via https://waterregister.waternsw.com.au/waterregister-frame.
Access Rules
Rules summary sheet 14 of 30
Notes: These cease to pump rules do not apply:
1. if the existing Water Act 1912 entitlement had more stringent access licence conditions. These existing conditions will be carried forward under the plan and are included in appendix 2.
2. to major water utility, local water utility or unregulated river (town water supply) access licences
3. to water taken for domestic consumption by stock and domestic access licences
4. to water taken from existing dams. Any existing licence conditions associated with a dam will be carried forward under the plan.
Rules summary sheet 14 of 30
Rules summary sheet 15 of 30
Rules summary sheet: Lower Talbragar River Water Source
Water Sharing Plan for the Macquarie Bogan Unregulated Rivers Water Sources 2012
Plan details
Important: This factsheet summarises the rules contained in the Water Sharing Plan for the Macquarie Bogan Unregulated Rivers Water Sources 2012. It is intended as a guide only. Approvals and licences also contain conditions that holders must comply with. You can access this information from your 'Statement of Approval' or 'Statement of Conditions' or alternatively via https://waterregister.waternsw.com.au/waterregister-frame.
Access Rules
Notes: These access rules do not apply:
1. if the existing Water Act 1912 entitlement had more stringent access licence conditions. These existing conditions will be carried forward under the plan and are included in appendix 2.
2. to major water utility, local water utility or unregulated river (town water supply) access licences
3. to water taken for domestic consumption by stock and domestic access licences
4. to water taken from existing dams. Any existing licence conditions associated with a dam will be carried forward under the plan.
Rules summary sheet 15 of 30
Rules summary sheet 16 of 30
Rules summary sheet: Macquarie River above Burrendong Dam Water Source
Water Sharing Plan for the Macquarie Bogan Unregulated Rivers Water Sources 2012
Plan details
Important: This factsheet summarises the rules contained in the Water Sharing Plan for the Macquarie Bogan Unregulated Rivers Water Sources 2012. It is intended as a guide only. Approvals and licences also contain conditions that holders must comply with. You can access this information from your 'Statement of Approval' or 'Statement of Conditions' or alternatively via https://waterregister.waternsw.com.au/waterregister-frame.
Access Rules
Rules summary sheet 16 of 30
Notes: These access rules do not apply:
1. if the existing Water Act 1912 entitlement had more stringent access licence conditions. These existing conditions will be carried forward under the plan and are included in appendix 2.
2. to major water utility, local water utility or unregulated river (town water supply) access licences
3. to water taken for domestic consumption by stock and domestic access licences
4. to water taken from existing dams. Any existing licence conditions associated with a dam will be carried forward under the plan.
Rules summary sheet 16 of 30
Rules summary sheet 17 of 30
Rules summary sheet: Marra Creek Water Source
Water Sharing Plan for the Macquarie Bogan Unregulated Rivers Water Sources 2012
Plan details
Important: This factsheet summarises the rules contained in the Water Sharing Plan for the Macquarie Bogan Unregulated Rivers Water Sources 2012. It is intended as a guide only. Approvals and licences also contain conditions that holders must comply with. You can access this information from your 'Statement of Approval' or 'Statement of Conditions' or alternatively via https://waterregister.waternsw.com.au/waterregister-frame.
Access Rules
Notes: These access rules do not apply:
1. if the existing Water Act 1912 entitlement had more stringent access licence conditions. These existing conditions will be carried forward under the plan and are included in appendix 2.
2. to major water utility, local water utility or unregulated river (town water supply) access licences
3. to water taken for domestic consumption by stock and domestic access licences
4. to water taken from existing dams. Any existing licence conditions associated with a dam will be carried forward under the plan.
Rules summary sheet 17 of 30
Rules summary sheet 18 of 30
Rules summary sheet: Marthaguy Creek Water Source
Water Sharing Plan for the Macquarie Bogan Unregulated Rivers Water Sources 2012
Plan details
Important: This factsheet summarises the rules contained in the Water Sharing Plan for the Macquarie Bogan Unregulated Rivers Water Sources 2012. It is intended as a guide only. Approvals and licences also contain conditions that holders must comply with. You can access this information from your 'Statement of Approval' or 'Statement of Conditions' or alternatively via https://waterregister.waternsw.com.au/waterregister-frame.
Access Rules
Upper Marthaguy Creek management zone
Lower Marthaguy Creek management zone
Cease to pump
Pumping is not permitted from natural pools when the water level in the pool is lower than its full capacity.
Note: 'Full capacity' can be approximated by the pool water level at the point where there is no visible flow into and out of that pool.
Note: Natural pools include in-river pools found within the channels of rivers and creeks and off-river pools located on flood runners, floodplains and effluents e.g. lakes, lagoons and billabongs.
Note: For pump sites not within a natural pool, the cease to pump rule is when there is no visible flow at that pump site.
Rules summary sheet 18 of 30
Notes: These cease to pump rules do not apply:
1. if the existing Water Act 1912 entitlement had more stringent access licence conditions. These existing conditions will be carried forward under the plan and are included in appendix 2.
2. to major water utility, local water utility or unregulated river (town water supply) access licences
3. to water taken for domestic consumption by stock and domestic access licences
4. to water taken from existing dams. Any existing licence conditions associated with a dam will be carried forward under the plan.
Rules summary sheet 19 of 30
Rules summary sheet: Maryvale Geurie Creek Water Source
Water Sharing Plan for the Macquarie Bogan Unregulated Rivers Water Sources 2012
Plan details
Important: This factsheet summarises the rules contained in the Water Sharing Plan for the Macquarie Bogan Unregulated Rivers Water Sources 2012. It is intended as a guide only. Approvals and licences also contain conditions that holders must comply with. You can access this information from your 'Statement of Approval' or 'Statement of Conditions' or alternatively via https://waterregister.waternsw.com.au/waterregister-frame.
Access Rules
Notes: These access rules do not apply:
1. if the existing Water Act 1912 entitlement had more stringent access licence conditions. These existing conditions will be carried forward under the plan and are included in appendix 2.
2. to major water utility, local water utility or unregulated river (town water supply) access licences
3. to water taken for domestic consumption by stock and domestic access licences
4. to water taken from existing dams. Any existing licence conditions associated with a dam will be carried forward under the plan.
Rules summary sheet 19 of 30
Rules summary sheet 20 of 30
Rules summary sheet: Molong Creek Water Source
Water Sharing Plan for the Macquarie Bogan Unregulated Rivers Water Sources 2012
Plan details
Important: This factsheet summarises the rules contained in the Water Sharing Plan for the Macquarie Bogan Unregulated Rivers Water Sources 2012. It is intended as a guide only. Approvals and licences also contain conditions that holders must comply with. You can access this information from your 'Statement of Approval' or 'Statement of Conditions' or alternatively via https://waterregister.waternsw.com.au/waterregister-frame.
Access Rules
Notes: These access rules do not apply:
1. if the existing Water Act 1912 entitlement had more stringent access licence conditions. These existing conditions will be carried forward under the plan and are included in appendix 2.
2. to major water utility, local water utility or unregulated river (town water supply) access licences
3. to water taken for domestic consumption by stock and domestic access licences
4. to water taken from existing dams. Any existing licence conditions associated with a dam will be carried forward under the plan.
Rules summary sheet 20 of 30
Rules summary sheet 21 of 30
Rules summary sheet: Piambong Creek Water Source
Water Sharing Plan for the Macquarie Bogan Unregulated Rivers Water Sources 2012
Plan details
Important: This factsheet summarises the rules contained in the Water Sharing Plan for the Macquarie Bogan Unregulated Rivers Water Sources 2012. It is intended as a guide only. Approvals and licences also contain conditions that holders must comply with. You can access this information from your 'Statement of Approval' or 'Statement of Conditions' or alternatively via https://waterregister.waternsw.com.au/waterregister-frame.
Access Rules
Notes: These access rules do not apply:
1. if the existing Water Act 1912 entitlement had more stringent access licence conditions. These existing conditions will be carried forward under the plan and are included in appendix 2.
2. to major water utility, local water utility or unregulated river (town water supply) access licences
3. to water taken for domestic consumption by stock and domestic access licences
4. to water taken from existing dams. Any existing licence conditions associated with a dam will be carried forward under the plan.
Rules summary sheet 21 of 30
Rules summary sheet 22 of 30
Rules summary sheet: Pipeclay Creek Water Source
Water Sharing Plan for the Macquarie Bogan Unregulated Rivers Water Sources 2012
Plan details
Important: This factsheet summarises the rules contained in the Water Sharing Plan for the Macquarie Bogan Unregulated Rivers Water Sources 2012. It is intended as a guide only. Approvals and licences also contain conditions that holders must comply with. You can access this information from your 'Statement of Approval' or 'Statement of Conditions' or alternatively via https://waterregister.waternsw.com.au/waterregister-frame.
Access Rules
Notes: These access rules do not apply:
1. if the existing Water Act 1912 entitlement had more stringent access licence conditions. These existing conditions will be carried forward under the plan and are included in appendix 2.
2. to major water utility, local water utility or unregulated river (town water supply) access licences
3. to water taken for domestic consumption by stock and domestic access licences
4. to water taken from existing dams. Any existing licence conditions associated with a dam will be carried forward under the plan.
Rules summary sheet 22 of 30
Rules summary sheet 23 of 30
Rules summary sheet: Queen Charlottes Vale Evans Plains Creek Water Source
Water Sharing Plan for the Macquarie Bogan Unregulated Rivers Water Sources 2012
Plan details
Important: This factsheet summarises the rules contained in the Water Sharing Plan for the Macquarie Bogan Unregulated Rivers Water Sources 2012. It is intended as a guide only. Approvals and licences also contain conditions that holders must comply with. You can access this information from your 'Statement of Approval' or 'Statement of Conditions' or alternatively via https://waterregister.waternsw.com.au/waterregister-frame.
Access Rules
Rules summary sheet 23 of 30
These access rules do not apply:
Notes:
1. if the existing Water Act 1912 entitlement had more stringent access licence conditions. These existing conditions will be carried forward under the plan and are included in appendix 2.
2. to major water utility, local water utility or unregulated river (town water supply) access licences
3. to water taken for domestic consumption by stock and domestic access licences
4. to water taken from existing dams. Any existing licence conditions associated with a dam will be carried forward under the plan.
Rules summary sheet 24 of 30
Rules summary sheet: Summerhill Creek Water Source
Water Sharing Plan for the Macquarie Bogan Unregulated Rivers Water Sources 2012
Plan details
Important: This factsheet summarises the rules contained in the Water Sharing Plan for the Macquarie Bogan Unregulated Rivers Water Sources 2012. It is intended as a guide only. Approvals and licences also contain conditions that holders must comply with. You can access this information from your 'Statement of Approval' or 'Statement of Conditions' or alternatively via https://waterregister.waternsw.com.au/waterregister-frame.
Access Rules
Notes:
These access rules do not apply:
1. if the existing Water Act 1912 entitlement had more stringent access licence conditions. These existing conditions will be carried forward under the plan and are included in appendix 2.
2. to major water utility, local water utility or unregulated river (town water supply) access licences
3. to water taken for domestic consumption by stock and domestic access licences
4. to water taken from existing dams. Any existing licence conditions associated with a dam will be carried forward under the plan.
Rules summary sheet 24 of 30
Rules summary sheet 25 of 30
Rules summary sheet: Turon Crudine River Water Source
Water Sharing Plan for the Macquarie Bogan Unregulated Rivers Water Sources 2012
Plan details
Important: This factsheet summarises the rules contained in the Water Sharing Plan for the Macquarie Bogan Unregulated Rivers Water Sources 2012. It is intended as a guide only. Approvals and licences also contain conditions that holders must comply with. You can access this information from your 'Statement of Approval' or 'Statement of Conditions' or alternatively via https://waterregister.waternsw.com.au/waterregister-frame.
Access Rules
Notes: These access rules do not apply:
1. if the existing Water Act 1912 entitlement had more stringent access licence conditions. These existing conditions will be carried forward under the plan and are included in appendix 2.
2. to major water utility, local water utility or unregulated river (town water supply) access licences
3. to water taken for domestic consumption by stock and domestic access licences
4. to water taken from existing dams. Any existing licence conditions associated with a dam will be carried forward under the plan.
Rules summary sheet 25 of 30
Rules summary sheet 26 of 30
Rules summary sheet: Upper Bogan River Water Source
Water Sharing Plan for the Macquarie Bogan Unregulated Rivers Water Sources 2012
Plan details
Important: This factsheet summarises the rules contained in the Water Sharing Plan for the Macquarie Bogan Unregulated Rivers Water Sources 2012. It is intended as a guide only. Approvals and licences also contain conditions that holders must comply with. You can access this information from your 'Statement of Approval' or 'Statement of Conditions' or alternatively via https://waterregister.waternsw.com.au/waterregister-frame.
Access Rules
Notes: These access rules do not apply:
1. if the existing Water Act 1912 entitlement had more stringent access licence conditions. These existing conditions will be carried forward under the plan and are included in appendix 2.
2. to major water utility, local water utility or unregulated river (town water supply) access licences
3. to water taken for domestic consumption by stock and domestic access licences
4. to water taken from existing dams. Any existing licence conditions associated with a dam will be carried forward under the plan.
Rules summary sheet 26 of 30
Rules summary sheet 27 of 30
Rules summary sheet: Upper Cudgegong River Water Source
Water Sharing Plan for the Macquarie Bogan Unregulated Rivers Water Sources 2012
Plan details
Important: This factsheet summarises the rules contained in the Water Sharing Plan for the Macquarie Bogan Unregulated Rivers Water Sources 2012. It is intended as a guide only. Approvals and licences also contain conditions that holders must comply with. You can access this information from your 'Statement of Approval' or 'Statement of Conditions' or alternatively via https://waterregister.waternsw.com.au/waterregister-frame.
Access Rules
Notes: These access rules do not apply:
1. if the existing Water Act 1912 entitlement had more stringent access licence conditions. These existing conditions will be carried forward under the plan and are included in appendix 2.
2. to major water utility, local water utility or unregulated river (town water supply) access licences
3. to water taken for domestic consumption by stock and domestic access licences
4. to water taken from existing dams. Any existing licence conditions associated with a dam will be carried forward under the plan.
Rules summary sheet 27 of 30
Rules summary sheet 28 of 30
Rules summary sheet: Upper Talbragar River Water Source
Water Sharing Plan for the Macquarie Bogan Unregulated Rivers Water Sources 2012
Plan details
Important: This factsheet summarises the rules contained in the Water Sharing Plan for the Macquarie Bogan Unregulated Rivers Water Sources 2012. It is intended as a guide only. Approvals and licences also contain conditions that holders must comply with. You can access this information from your 'Statement of Approval' or 'Statement of Conditions' or alternatively via https://waterregister.waternsw.com.au/waterregister-frame.
Access Rules
These access rules do not apply:
Notes:
1. if the existing Water Act 1912 entitlement had more stringent access licence conditions. These existing conditions will be carried forward under the plan and are included in appendix 2.
2. to major water utility, local water utility or unregulated river (town water supply) access licences
3. to water taken for domestic consumption by stock and domestic access licences
4. to water taken from existing dams. Any existing licence conditions associated with a dam will be carried forward under the plan.
Rules summary sheet 28 of 30
Rules summary sheet 29 of 30
Rules summary sheet: Wambangalong Whylandra Creek Water Source
Water Sharing Plan for the Macquarie Bogan Unregulated Rivers Water Sources 2012
Plan details
Important: This factsheet summarises the rules contained in the Water Sharing Plan for the Macquarie Bogan Unregulated Rivers Water Sources 2012. It is intended as a guide only. Approvals and licences also contain conditions that holders must comply with. You can access this information from your 'Statement of Approval' or 'Statement of Conditions' or alternatively via https://waterregister.waternsw.com.au/waterregister-frame.
Access Rules
These access rules do not apply:
Notes:
1. if the existing Water Act 1912 entitlement had more stringent access licence conditions. These existing conditions will be carried forward under the plan and are included in appendix 2.
2. to major water utility, local water utility or unregulated river (town water supply) access licences
3. to water taken for domestic consumption by stock and domestic access licences
4. to water taken from existing dams. Any existing licence conditions associated with a dam will be carried forward under the plan.
Rules summary sheet 29 of 30
Rules summary sheet 30 of 30
Rules summary sheet: Winburndale Rivulet Water Source
Water Sharing Plan for the Macquarie Bogan Unregulated Rivers Water Sources 2012
Plan details
Important: This factsheet summarises the rules contained in the Water Sharing Plan for the Macquarie Bogan Unregulated Rivers Water Sources 2012. It is intended as a guide only. Approvals and licences also contain conditions that holders must comply with. You can access this information from your 'Statement of Approval' or 'Statement of Conditions' or alternatively via https://waterregister.waternsw.com.au/waterregister-frame.
Access Rules
Notes: These access rules do not apply:
1. if the existing Water Act 1912 entitlement had more stringent access licence conditions. These existing conditions will be carried forward under the plan and are included in appendix 2.
2. to major water utility, local water utility or unregulated river (town water supply) access licences
3. to water taken for domestic consumption by stock and domestic access licences
4. to water taken from existing dams. Any existing licence conditions associated with a dam will be carried forward under the plan.
Rules summary sheet 30 of 30 | <urn:uuid:a09ea8c9-8c29-48f5-aa9f-be1dac2d6306> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 36,401 |
TEMOS (CNRS FRE 2015)
Axe 1, séminaire ALMA Année 2018-2019 2 e semestre
Des vies : archivistes et bibliothécaires entre trajectoires personnelles, identités et représentations professionnelles
Enracinement dans une histoire positiviste au XIX e siècle, affirmation d'une technicité dès le XVIII e siècle et de normes professionnelles au XX e siècle, la construction de l'identité professionnelle des archivistes et bibliothécaires paraît en première analyse s'être opérée à la faveur d'une mise à distance de l'individu. Et pourtant, notices nécrologiques, références aux grands anciens, publications de volumes de mélanges, rédaction de mémoires ou souvenirs autobiographiques : les indices d'une articulation durablement plus complexe entre processus d'individuation, identités et représentations collectives ne manquent pas. Le séminaire envisagera donc la question de la relation entre identité professionnelle et identité personnelle chez les archivistes et bibliothécaires : en quoi l'identité professionnelle construit-elle le sujet et, inversement, comment les identités individuelles participent-elles à la construction des identités professionnelles, en même temps qu'à l'affirmation de ces deux professions ?
Séance 1 : vendredi 11 janvier 2019 de 10h00 à 12h00 salle Germaine-Tillion de la Maison de la recherche Germaine-Tillion,
Ludovic Bouvier (responsable des archives de l'Ecole nationale supérieure des Mines, Mines ParisTech), Georges Bourgin (1879-1958), promoteur des archives de la société et de la société des archivistes
Séance 2 : vendredi 8 février 2019 de 10h00 à 12h00 salle Germaine-Tillion de la Maison de la recherche Germaine-Tillion,
Marie de Séverac (Bibliothèque nationale de France), Jules-Antoine Taschereau : portrait d'un journaliste bonapartiste devenu administrateur-général de la Bibliothèque impériale (1858-1874)
Séance 3 : vendredi 15 mars 2019 de 10h00 à 12h00 salle Germaine-Tillion de la Maison de la recherche Germaine-Tillion,
Travaux d'étudiants | <urn:uuid:87e99111-9f14-45d5-b102-44f269b0fcae> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/fra_Latn/train | finepdfs | fra_Latn | 2,006 |
Deutscher Bundestag
Antwort
der Bundesregierung auf die Kleine Anfrage der Abgeordneten Sevim Dağdelen, Heike Hänsel, Andrej Hunko, weiterer Abgeordneter und der Fraktion DIE LINKE.
– Drucksache 19/21430 –
Die Produktion von Kampfdrohnen in der Türkei und die Rolle Deutschlands
Vorbemerkung der Fragesteller
Laut UN-Sonderberichterstatterin für außergerichtliche Hinrichtungen, Agnès Callamard, sollen mindestens 102 Länder Drohnen für militärische Zwecke einsetzen. Rund 40 Länder seien im Besitz bewaffneter Drohnen oder in der Beschaffungsphase. Immer mehr Länder wollten dem „Club der DrohnenMächte" beitreten. Seit 2015 hätten demnach mindestens elf Staaten bewaffnete Drohnen eingesetzt – auch für gezielte Tötungen: Israel, Irak, Iran, Großbritannien, die USA, die Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, Saudi-Arabien, Ägypten, Nigeria, Pakistan und auch die Türkei (AFP vom 9. Juli 2020).
Die Türkei hat in den letzten Jahren ihre Flotte an Drohnen intensiv aus‐ gebaut. Das Unternehmen Baykar stellte 2015 die erste von der Türkei ent‐ wickelte Kampf- und Aufklärungsdrohne, Bayraktar TB2, vor. Der Eigen‐ tümer des Unternehmens, Selcuk Bayraktar, ist ein Schwiegersohn von Präsident Erdoĝan (Frankfurter Allgemeine vom 11. Dezember 2019, S. 5). Erdoĝan stellte große Summen für die Entwicklung der Bayraktar-Drohnen zur Verfügung, nicht nur aus dem wachsenden Verteidigungsetat, sondern auch aus seinem Präsidentenfond, schließlich bleibt das Geld praktisch in der Familie (die tageszeitung vom 29. Juni 2020, S. 11). Die Bayraktar TB2 kön nen mit MAM- und MAM-L-Munition (Präzisionsmunition) sowie UMTASRaketen (Panzerabwehrrakete großer Reichweite, LRAT) bestückt werden (https://www.ssb.gov.tr/Website/contentList.aspx?PageID=365&LangID=2). Allein der Drohnenbestand des Modells Bayraktar TB-2 wuchs in den vergangenen zwei Jahren von 38 auf 94 an (https://www.nzz.ch/international/tuerkeidie-heimliche-drohnen-grossmacht-ld.1545464).
Neben Bayraktar Technologies stellt unter anderem auch die staatliche Rüstungsfirma Turkish Aerospace Industries (TAI/TUSAS-Anka-Drohnen) her (https://www.tusas.com/en/product/anka-multi-role-isr-system), und das Unternehmen Vestel fertigt (Karayel-) Drohnen, die mit MAM- und MAM-LMunition bestückt werden können (https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/ defense/2017-11-11/roketsan-expands-weapons-portfolio). Die TAI-Drohne Anka-S kann darüber hinaus auch mit lasergelenkten 70mm-Raketen (Cirit) und gelenkten Bomben bestückt werden (https://www.tusas.com/uploads/201 9/12/anka-unmanned-aerial-vehicle-flyer.pdf).
Die Drucksache enthält zusätzlich – in kleinerer Schrifttype – den Fragetext.
17.08.2020
Den Drohnen kommen bei türkischen Militäroperationen sowohl hinsichtlich der Weitergabe von Zielkoordinaten an Artillerieeinheiten oder Kampfflugzeuge als auch als Kampfdrohnen, die Angriffe fliegen, zum Einsatz. Die Türkei ist heute der einzige Staat, der auf dem eigenen Territorium in substanziellem Umfang Drohnen zu Kampfzwecken einsetzt, so im sogenannten Kampf gegen den Terrorismus. Im Kampf gegen die kurdische Arbeiterpartei PKK führen die Drohnenangriffe allerdings immer wieder zu Opfern unter der Zivilbevölkerung. Aber auch bei den türkischen Kampfeinsätzen in Syrien, Libyen und im Norden Iraks spielen Drohnen eine zentrale Rolle (https://ww w.nzz.ch/international/tuerkei-die-heimliche-drohnen-grossmacht-ld.154 5464).
Sowohl die Militäroperationen der Türkei in Syrien als auch im Norden Iraks sind dabei nicht mit dem Völkerrecht vereinbar. Eine Ausarbeitung der Wissenschaftlichen Dienste (WD) des Deutschen Bundestages vom 17. Oktober 2019 kommt zu dem Schluss, dass die Türkei beim ihrem Einmarsch in den Norden Syriens im Widerspruch zum Völkerrecht handelt und sich zu Unrecht auf das Selbstverteidigungsrecht beruft: „Mangels erkennbarer Rechtfertigung stellt die türkische Offensive im Ergebnis offensichtlich einen Verstoß gegen das Gewaltverbot aus Artikel 2 Ziff. 4 VN-Charta dar." (WD 2 – 3000 – 116/19, S. 12) Gleichzeitig kritisierten die WD die „Zurückhaltung der Staa tengemeinschaft" in Hinblick auf eine „völkerrechtliche Verurteilung", was sich auch als Kritik an der bis dahin geltenden Sprachregelung der Bundesregierung interpretieren lässt (https://www.tagesschau.de/inland/tuerkei-wisse nsch-dienst-101.html).
In einem weiteren Gutachten vom 8. Juli 2020 stellen die WD auch bezüglich der türkischen Militäroperationen „Adlerkralle" bzw. „Tigerkralle" im Norden des Irak fest, dass es sich hierbei um einen Verstoß gegen das Gewaltverbot nach Artikel 2 Ziffer 4 der VN-Charta mangels eines Einverständnisses der irakischen Regierung in Bagdad bzw. einer Resolution des VN-Sicherheits‐ rates zur Ausübung des Selbstverteidigungsrechts gemäß Artikel 51 der VNCharta vorliegt (WD 2 – 3000 – 057/20, S. 5 ff.).
Weder diese völkerrechtswidrigen Militäroffensiven der Türkei, der Bruch des UN-Waffenembargos gegen Libyen durch die Türkei (https://www.tagesscha u.de/investigativ/report-muenchen/waffenembargo-libyen-101.html), noch die illegalen Erdgaserkundungen im Mittelmeer oder die von Griechenland beklagten Verletzungen des griechischen Luftraums durch Flüge türkischer Kampfflugzeuge (dpa vom 9. Juli 2020) haben die Bundesregierung bisher zu einem generellen Rüstungsexportstopp in die Türkei bewegen können.
Seit vielen Jahren wurden an die Türkei auch immer wieder Exporte von Gütern sowie Software und Technologien genehmigt, die zur Verwendung oder zum Einbau in militärische Drohnen bestimmt sein könnten (Bundestagsdrucksache 19/20883, Fragen 4 und 7) und damit möglicherweise eine Rolle gespielt haben, die Türkei zur neuen Drohnenmacht zu machen (https://www.s piegel.de/politik/ausland/tuerkei-ankara-entwickelt-sich-zur-neuen-drohnenma cht-a-8ad34a04-4677-49a1-9833-a16a19faf552).
Vorbemerkung der Bundesregierung
Es wurde der Zeitraum vom 1. Januar 2002 bis zum 4. August 2020 ausgewer tet. Bei den Angaben für Genehmigungszahlen und Genehmigungswerte aus dem Jahr 2020 handelt es sich um vorläufige Zahlen, die sich durch Berichtigungen und Fehlerkorrekturen noch verändern können.
Die nachfolgenden Antworten beziehen sich auf Genehmigungen für die Lieferung von Gütern der Ausfuhrliste Teil I A (Anlage zur Außenwirtschaftsverord nung), die zweifelsfrei für die Verwendung in Drohnen oder mit Drohnen bestimmt waren. Ob weitere Güter sich für die Verwendung in Drohnen oder mit Drohnen eignen, kann nicht seriös mit abschließender Sicherheit beurteilt werden.
Die Angaben beruhen auf einer händischen Auswertung einer Vielzahl von Einzelvorgängen, die keine Gewähr für lückenlose Vollständigkeit oder Reproduzierbarkeit bietet. Auswertungen nach speziellen Waffentypen erfolgen ausschließlich nach dem angegebenen Waffentyp in der Güterbeschreibung oder der Endverwendung.
1. In welcher Gesamthöhe hat die Bundesregierung seit 2002 bis zum aktuellen Stichtag in 2020 Genehmigungen für den Export von Gütern in die Türkei, die zur Verwendung oder zum Einbau in militärische Drohnen bestimmt oder geeignet waren bzw. sind, erteilt (für das Jahr 2020 bitte die vorläufigen Zahlen einbeziehen)?
Es wurden insgesamt Genehmigungen mit einem Gesamtwert von 12.821.657,00 Euro für Güter zur Verwendung oder zum Einbau in militärische Drohnen in die Türkei erteilt.
2. Wie verteilt sich der Gesamtwert der durch die Bundesregierung 2002 bis zum aktuellen Stichtag in 2020 erteilten Genehmigungen für den Export von Gütern in die Türkei, die zur Verwendung oder zum Einbau in militärische Drohnen bestimmt oder geeignet waren bzw. sind, auf die einzelnen Jahre (bitte jährlich einschließlich der Anzahl der Genehmigungen auflisten, für das Jahr 2020 bitte die vorläufigen Zahlen einbe‐ ziehen)?
Die Daten können der nachfolgenden Tabelle entnommen werden.
3. Wie viele Genehmigungen für den Export in die Türkei betrafen 2002 bis zum aktuellen Stichtag Güter der Ausfuhrlistenposition A0004 „Bomben, Torpedos, Raketen, Flugkörper, andere Sprengkörper und Sprengladungen sowie zugehörige Ausrüstung und Zubehör wie folgt und besonders konstruierte Bestandteile hierfür", die zur Verwendung oder zum Einbau in militärische Drohnen bestimmt oder geeignet waren bzw. sind (bitte Anzahl der Genehmigungen und Gesamtwert der Genehmigungen auflisten, für das Jahr 2020 bitte die vorläufigen Zahlen einbe‐ ziehen)?
Die Daten können der nachfolgenden Tabelle entnommen werden.
* Die Bundesregierung folgt dem Urteil des Bundesverfassungsgerichts vom 21. Oktober 2014 (BVerfGE 137, 185) und sieht zur Gewährleistung des Schutzes von Betriebs- und Geschäftsgeheimnissen von Wertangaben für einzelne Genehmigungen ab, wenn diese Angaben Rückschlüsse auf die Preisgestaltung von Gütern der exportierenden Unternehmen ermöglichen können.
4. Wie viele der 2002 bis zum aktuellen Stichtag in 2020 erteilten Genehmigungen für den Export von Gütern der Ausfuhrlistenposition A0004 (Frage 3) betrafen Güter der entsprechenden Unternummern (bitte ent sprechend der Jahre mit Unternummer, Anzahl der Genehmigungen und jeweiligem Gesamtwert der Genehmigungen auflisten, für das Jahr 2020 bitte die vorläufigen Zahlen angeben)?
Die Frage wird dahingehend verstanden, dass nach allen Genehmigungen mit Endbestimmungsland Türkei gefragt ist, die Güter der Position A0004 ent‐ halten. Die in der Auswertung enthaltenen Genehmigungen beziehen sich daher nicht allein auf Güter, die zur Verwendung oder zum Einbau in militärische Drohnen bestimmt sind. Für diese Genehmigungen wird auf die Antwort zu Frage 3 verwiesen.
Die Daten können der nachfolgenden Tabelle entnommen werden.
5. Wie viele Genehmigungen für den Export in die Türkei betrafen 2002 bis zum aktuellen Stichtag Güter der Ausfuhrlistenposition A0010 „unbemannte ‚Luftfahrzeuge' und ‚Luftfahrtgeräte nach dem Prinzip leichterals-Luft' sowie zugehörige Ausrüstung wie folgt und besonders konstruierte Bestandteile hierfür", die zur Verwendung oder zum Einbau in militärische Drohnen bestimmt oder geeignet waren bzw. sind (bitte entsprechend der Jahre einschließlich Anzahl der Genehmigungen, jeweiligem Gesamtwert der Genehmigungen auflisten, für das Jahr 2020 bitte die vorläufigen Zahlen einbeziehen)?
Die Daten können der nachfolgenden Tabelle entnommen werden.
* Die Bundesregierung folgt dem Urteil des Bundesverfassungsgerichts vom 21. Oktober 2014 (BVerfGE 137, 185) und sieht zur Gewährleistung des Schutzes von Betriebs- und Geschäftsgeheimnissen von Wertangaben für einzelne Genehmigungen ab, wenn diese Angaben Rückschlüsse auf die Preisgestaltung von Gütern der exportierenden Unternehmen ermöglichen können.
6. Wie viele der 2002 bis zum aktuellen Stichtag in 2020 erteilten Genehmigungen für den Export von Gütern der Ausfuhrlistenposition A0010 (Frage 5) betrafen Güter der Unternummer 0010C
a) „UAV", ferngelenkte Flugkörper (remotely piloted air vehicles – RPVs), autonome programmierbare Fahrzeuge und „Luftfahrtgeräte nach dem Prinzip leichter-als-Luft",
Die Daten können der nachfolgenden Tabelle entnommen werden.
b) Startgeräte, Bergungsausrüstung und unterstützende Bodengeräte und
c) Ausrüstung für die Steuerung,
die zur Verwendung oder zum Einbau in militärische Drohnen bestimmt oder geeignet waren bzw. sind (bitte entsprechend der Jahre einschließlich Anzahl der Genehmigungen, jeweiligem Gesamtwert der Genehmigungen und Güterbeschreibung auflisten, für das Jahr 2020 bitte die vorläufigen Zahlen angeben)?
Es wurden keine Genehmigungen erteilt.
7. Wie viele der 2002 bis zum aktuellen Stichtag in 2020 erteilten Genehmigungen für den Export von Gütern der Ausfuhrlistenposition A0010 (Frage 5) betrafen Güter der Unternummer 0010D, Triebwerke und besonders konstruierte Bestandteile hierfür, die zur Verwendung oder zum Einbau in militärische Drohnen bestimmt oder geeignet waren bzw. sind (bitte entsprechend der Jahre Anzahl der Genehmigungen, jeweiligem Gesamtwert der Genehmigungen auflisten, für das Jahr 2020 bitte die vorläufigen Zahlen angeben)?
Die Daten können der nachfolgenden Tabelle entnommen werden.
* Die Bundesregierung folgt dem Urteil des Bundesverfassungsgerichts vom 21. Oktober 2014 (BVerfGE 137, 185) und sieht zur Gewährleistung des Schutzes von Betriebs- und Geschäftsgeheimnissen von Wertangaben für einzelne Genehmigungen ab, wenn diese Angaben Rückschlüsse auf die Preisgestaltung von Gütern der exportierenden Unternehmen ermöglichen können.
8. Wie viele Genehmigungen für den Export in die Türkei betrafen 2002 bis zum aktuellen Stichtag in 2020 Güter der Ausfuhrlistenposition A0011 „Elektronische Ausrüstung, ‚Raumfahrzeuge' und deren Bestandteile", die zur Verwendung oder zum Einbau in militärische Drohnen bestimmt oder geeignet waren bzw. sind (bitte entsprechend der Jahre mit Unternummer, Anzahl der Genehmigungen, jeweiligem Gesamtwert der Genehmigungen auflisten, für das Jahr 2020 bitte die vorläufigen Zahlen angeben)?
9. Wie viele Genehmigungen für den Export in die Türkei betrafen 2002 bis zum aktuellen Stichtag in 2020 Güter der Ausfuhrlistenposition A0018 „Herstellungsausrüstung und Bestandteile", die zur Verwendung oder zum Einbau in militärische Drohnen bestimmt waren oder geeignet bzw. sind (bitte entsprechend der Jahre mit Unternummer, Anzahl der Genehmigungen, jeweiligem Gesamtwert der Genehmigungen auflisten, für das Jahr 2020 bitte die vorläufigen Zahlen angeben)?
Die Merkmale „Güter der AL-Pos. 0018" und „zur Verwendung oder zum Einbau in militärische Drohnen bestimmt waren oder geeignet bzw. sind" schließen einander aus. Herstellungsausrüstung für militärische Drohnen und deren Bestandteile gehören zur Drohnenfertigung und nicht zum Drohnensystem. Daher werden sie grundsätzlich nicht in militärische Drohnen eingebaut.
10. Wie viele Genehmigungen für den Export in die Türkei betrafen 2002 bis zum aktuellen Stichtag in 2020 Güter der Ausfuhrlistenposition A0021 „Software", die zur Verwendung oder zum Einbau in militärische Drohnen bestimmt oder geeignet waren bzw. sind (bitte entsprechend der Jahre mit Unternummer, Anzahl der Genehmigungen, jeweiligem Gesamtwert der Genehmigungen auflisten, für das Jahr 2020 bitte die vorläufigen Zahlen angeben)?
Die Daten können der nachfolgenden Tabelle entnommen werden.
* Die Bundesregierung folgt dem Urteil des Bundesverfassungsgerichts vom 21. Oktober 2014 (BVerfGE 137, 185) und sieht zur Gewährleistung des Schutzes von Betriebs- und Geschäftsgeheimnissen von Wertangaben für einzelne Genehmigungen ab, wenn diese Angaben Rückschlüsse auf die Preisgestaltung von Gütern der exportierenden Unternehmen ermöglichen können.
11. Wie viele Genehmigungen für den Export in die Türkei betrafen 2002 bis zum aktuellen Stichtag in 2020 Güter der Ausfuhrlistenposition A0022 „Technologie", die zur Verwendung oder zum Einbau in militärische Drohnen bestimmt oder geeignet waren bzw. sind (bitte entsprechend der Jahre mit Unternummer, Anzahl der Genehmigungen, jeweiligem Gesamtwert der Genehmigungen auflisten, für das Jahr 2020 bitte die vorläufigen Zahlen angeben)?
Die Daten können der nachfolgenden Tabelle entnommen werden.
12. Inwieweit hat die Bundesregierung Kenntnis (auch nachrichtendienst‐ liche) darüber, wie viele bewaffnete Drohnen die Türkei besitzt?
Die Bundesregierung hat keine eigenen Erkenntnisse im Sinne der Fragestellung.
13. Trifft es nach Kenntnis der Bundesregierung (auch nachrichtendienst‐ licher) zu, dass die Türkei bewaffnete Drohnen im Inland einsetzt und aktuell das einzige Land ist, das dies tut (https://www.nzz.ch/internationa l/tuerkei-die-heimliche-drohnen-grossmacht-ld.1545464)?
14. Welche Kenntnisse hat die Bundesregierung (auch nachrichtendienst‐ liche) über den Stand der Entwicklung der neuen Drohne Akinci der Firma Bayraktar, die unter anderem mit MAM-L-, MAM-C und L-UMTASRaketen sowie MK-81-, MK-82-, MK-83-Bomben, Stand Off Missile SOM-A-Marschflugkörpern bestückt werden können soll (https://ww w.defenseworld.net/news/26940/Second_Prototype_of_Turkish_Akinci_ Drone_Ready#.XwiFEUUzZaQ)?
15. Welche Kenntnisse hat die Bundesregierung (auch nachrichtendienst‐ liche) über den Stand der Entwicklung der neuen Drohne Anka Aksungur der Firma Turkish Aerospace Industries, die analog zur Akinci unter anderem mit MAM-L-, MAM-C und L-UMTAS-Raketen sowie MK-81-, MK-82-, MK-83-Bomben, Stand Off Missile SOM-A-Marschflug‐ körpern bestückt werden können soll (http://www.millisavunma.com/ank a-aksungur/)?
Die Fragen 13 bis 15 werden gemeinsam beantwortet.
Der Bundesregierung liegen hierzu keine über Medienberichterstattung hinausgehende eigene Erkenntnisse vor.
16. Unterliegen die auch als Antrieb für Drohnen verwendeten Dieselmotoren der ehemaligen Firma Thielert Aircraft Industries (später Technify Motors GmbH, heute vertrieben durch Continental Motors) vom Typ Centurion 2.0 bzw.2.0S CDI (heute vertrieben als Continental CD 155) ausfuhrrechtlich einer Genehmigungspflicht, und wenn ja,
Die Frage wird dahingehend verstanden, dass mit „Continental Motors" die Continental Aerospace Technologies GmbH bzw. die ContiTech Luftfeder‐ systeme GmbH gemeint sind.
Bei den genannten Dieselmotoren handelt es sich um Flugmotoren für die allgemeine Luftfahrt. Für diese Motoren gibt es keine generelle Genehmigungspflicht. Bestimmte Versionen dieser Hubkolbentriebwerke unterliegen dann einer Genehmigungspflicht, wenn sie für militärische Drohnen besonders konstruiert sind.
a) in welchen Jahren sind seit 2006 jeweils Ausfuhrgenehmigungen für solche Motoren mit Endverbleib in der Türkei erteilt worden,
Berücksichtigt wurden Genehmigungen für ganze Motoren.
b) in welchen Jahren sind seit 2006 jeweils Ausfuhrgenehmigungen für Technologie für solche Motoren für Empfänger in der Türkei erteilt worden,
c) standen diese genehmigten Technologietransfers nach Kenntnis der Bundesregierung oder deren nachgeordneten Bundesämtern im Zusammenhang mit einer geplanten oder intendierten Fertigung oder Weiterentwicklung dieser Motoren in der Türkei (z. B. einen türki schen Dieselmotor mit der Bezeichnung PD155, der als Antrieb für die türkische Drohne Anka-S dient)?
Die Bundesregierung unterrichtet nach den Feststellungen des Bundesverfassungsgerichts in seinem Urteil vom 21. Oktober 2014 (BVerfGE 137, 185) für den Bereich der Rüstungsexportkontrolle über abschließende positive Genehmigungsentscheidungen sowie die Eckdaten von genehmigten Ausfuhrvor‐ haben, d. h. Art und Anzahl der Rüstungsgüter, das Endempfängerland und das Gesamtvolumen. Die Bundesregierung folgt den Vorgaben des Urteils und sieht von weitergehenden Auskünften ab. Dies schließt weitergehende Auskünfte zu den Details einzelner Genehmigungsverfahren oder der Zweckbestimmung einzelner Ausfuhrvorhaben ein.
Zum Entstehungsgang des Motors mit der Bezeichnung PD155 liegen der Bundesregierung keine belastbaren Informationen vor.
17. In welchen Jahren hat die Bundesregierung seit 2002 der Firma Numerics GmbH jeweils wie viele Genehmigungen für die Ausfuhr von Software für die Munitionsentwicklung erteilt, und was kann die Bundesregierung über den oder die türkischen Empfänger dieser Software jeweils mitteilen (vgl. Bundestagsdrucksache 18/4194, Frage 6)?
Die Frage wird dahingehend verstanden, dass mit „Numerics GmbH" auch die „Numerics Software GmbH" gemeint ist.
Die Bundesregierung unterrichtet nach den Feststellungen des Bundesverfassungsgerichts in seinem Urteil vom 21. Oktober 2014 (BVerfGE 137, 185) für den Bereich der Rüstungsexportkontrolle über abschließende positive Genehmigungsentscheidungen sowie die Eckdaten von genehmigten Ausfuhrvor‐ haben, d. h. Art und Anzahl der Rüstungsgüter, das Endempfängerland und das Gesamtvolumen. Die Bundesregierung folgt den Vorgaben des Urteils und sieht von weitergehenden Auskünften ab, dies schließt Angaben zu den konkreten Empfängern einzelner Ausfuhrvorhaben ein.
18. Wurden neben den Genehmigungen, die der Firma TDW Wirksysteme GmbH in Schrobenhausen für Technologietransfers und Bausätze für HEAT Tandem-Gefechtsköpfe abschließend erteilt wurden (Bundestagsdrucksache 19/13999, Frage 9), auch anderen deutschen Firmen ab schließende Genehmigungen zum Technologietransfer oder Bauteil‐ export im Kontext der türkischen Vorhaben zur Entwicklung und Pro‐ duktion der von Panzerabwehrraketen der Typen UMTAS, L-UMTAS (LRAT) oder OMTAS (MRAT) erteilt, und was genau durfte aufgrund dieser Genehmigungen an welche Empfänger in der Türkei geliefert werden?
Es wurden keine entsprechenden Genehmigungen erteilt.
19. Betrafen die TDW-genehmigten Exporte von Technologie für HEATTandemgefechtsköpfen Technologie, die auch in den Panzerabwehr‐ raketen des deutschen Typs Pars 3 LR zur Anwendung kommt?
Der Bundesregierung liegen hierzu keine Erkenntnisse vor.
20. Eignet sich die Software der Firma Numerics GmbH, für die abschließende Entscheidungen über Exportgenehmigungen in die Türkei erteilt wurden, nach der Bundesregierung oder Bundesämtern vorliegenden Informationen, dafür, um bei der (Weiter-)Entwicklung von HEATTandemgefechtsköpfen Anwendung zu finden?
Keines der Produkte der Firma Numerics Software GmbH, für deren Lieferung in die Türkei eine Ausfuhrgenehmigung erteilt wurde, eignet sich nach den der Bundesregierung vorliegenden Informationen spezifisch für eine Verwendung im Zusammenhang mit der Entwicklung von Hohlladungsgefechtsköpfen. | <urn:uuid:cd47f13f-8eef-4844-adf8-2a2ff1bde7d6> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/deu_Latn/train | finepdfs | deu_Latn | 21,274 |
Jan JASIONOWICZ, Leszek KOSZARSKI, Franciszka SZYMAKOWSKA
Geologiczne warunki występowania konkrecji fosforytowych w pstrych marglach węglowieckich (górna kreda) Karpat Środkowych
W czasie badań terenowych w 1954 r. znaleziono w pstrych marglach węglowieckich (górna kreda) jednostki śląskiej, w Trepczy koło Sanoka, w źródłowym odcinku odgałęzienia potoku Horodne, na północ od grzbietu Niuchowa, charakterystyczne konkrecje, które W. Narębski (1958) określił na podstawie przeprowadzonych analiz chemicznych i mineralogicznych jako fosforyty zawierające znaczną domieszkę węglanu manganu. Badania prowadzone następnie w różnych obszarach Karpat Środkowych w latach 1954÷1957 w ramach prac Karpackiej Stacji Terenowej I.G. wykazały, że podobne utwory występują również w wielu innych punktach, w pstrych marglach w podobnej pozycji stratygraficznej.
Konkrecje takie stwierdzono w pstrych marglach jednostki podśląskiej w Janowicach nad Dunajcem w osuwisku na południowy wschód od wsi, w Wysokiej Strzyżowskiej w odkrywce i osuwisku na północny wschód od kościoła, w Węglówce w postaci luźnych konkrecji w potoku na wschód od wsi, w Niebocku koło Brzozowa w osuwisku na północ od grzbietu Dąbrówka i w Lisznej koło Sanoka, luźne konkrecje w dopływach potoku Olchowskiego w górnym jego odcinku.
Dalsze punkty występowania konkrecji stwierdzono w pstrych marglach jednostki śląskiej koło Sanoka w Falejówce (luźne konkrecje w potoku na południowy zachód od góry Kopacz), w Międzybrodziu (w dopływie potoku płynącego koło ilowni) oraz w Bykowcach (luźne konkrecje w głównym potoku, w lesie powyżej wsi). Najliczniejsze występowania konkrecji fosforytowych stwierdzono w strefie pstrych margli, przebiegającej na północ od Leska, znajdującej się na przedłużeniu jednostki podśląskiej i czołowej strefy jednostki śląskiej. W obszarze tym nasunięcie śląskie nie zaznacza się już w sposób wyraźny. W strefie tej fosforyty występują w Monastercu (w głównym potoku w środkowej części wsi), w Bezmiechowej Górzej (w górnej części potoku Dyrbek — głównie koło folwarku — oraz w niektórych jego dopływach) i w Olszanicy¹ w dolnym
¹ Na występowanie Konkrecji również w pstrych marglach w Olszanicy zwróciła uwagę doc. dr J. Burtan (informacja ustna).
odcinku prawego dopływu potoku Wańkówka na pograniczu arkuszy Tyrawa Wołoska i Lesko. Występowanie konkrecji fosforytowych w Wysokiej Strzyżowskiej zostało stwierdzone przez F. Szymakowską; w Bezmiechowej Górnej i Olszanicy przez J. Jasionowicza i L. Koszarskiego, a w pozostałych wymienionych miejscowościach przez L. Koszarskiego.
Z konkrecji pobranych z niektórych wyżej wymienionych miejscowości (Wysoka, Trepca, Bezmiechowa Górna, Olszanica) wykonano analizy chemiczne przez W. Narębskiego, na których podstawie określił on je jako konkrecje fosforytowe lub fosforytowo-węglanowe. Z innych miejscowości analizy takie nie zostały wprawdzie na razie wykonane, jednak ze względu na identyczne wykształcenie litologiczne tych konkrecji oraz na taką samą pozycję stratygraficzną przypuszczamy, że są one również fosforytami.
Fig. 1. Mapka rozmieszczenia punktów występowania konkrecji fosforytowych i skał tufoigenicznych wzbogaconych w fosfor w Karpatach środkowych
Map showing distribution of localities in the Middle Carpathians where phosphoritic concretions and tufogenic rocks enriched in phosphorus appear
1 — miocene, 2 — nasunięcie jednostki skolskiej, 3 — jednostka podśląska, 4 — nasunięcie jednostki śląskiej, 5 — nasunięcie fałdów duklejskich, 6 — nasunięcie płaszczowiny magurskiej, 7 — stanowisko z występowaniem konkrecji fosforytowych w małej ilości, 8 — stanowisko z występowaniem konkrecji fosforytowych w dużej ilości, 9 — stanowiska skał tufoigenicznych wzbogaconych w P₂O₅
1 — Miocene, 2 — overthrust of the Skole unit, 3 — Subsilesian unit, 4 — overthrust of the Silesian unit, 5 — overthrust of the Dukla folds, 6 — overthrust of the Magura nappe, 7 — localities of occurrence of phosphoritic concretions in minor quantity, 8 — localities of occurrence of phosphoritic concretions in large quantities, 9 — localities of tufogenic rocks enriched with P₂O₅
W wymienionych w tej pracy miejscowoścach obserwowaliśmy fosforyty bądź w postaci tylko pojedynczych konkrecji lub ich fragmentów w zwietrzelinie pstrych margli, bądź też w postaci większych nagromadzeń buł fosforytowych w odkrywkach. Najobfitsze występowanie ich obserwowaliśmy w Bezmiechowej Górnej i Olszanicy, gdzie utwory te
odslaniają się w wielu odkrywkach w dość dużej ilości. Rozmieszczenie przytoczonych stanowisk fosforytów w Karpatach Środkowych w poszczególnych miejscowoścях przedstawiono na załączonej mapce (fig. 1).
Fosforyty występują w formie konkrecji kulistych, elipsoidalnych lub najczęściej bochenkowatych, przypominających nieco wyglądem sferosyderaty. Wielkość ich mierzona wzduż dłuższej osi (w przypadku konkrecji kulistych — średnica), waha się w granicach od 5 cm do 60 cm, a w wyjątkowych wypadkach średnica ich wynosi mniej niż 5 cm (Wysoka Strzyżowska 3-5 cm, gdzie stanowią one tylko niewielki procent wśród materiału grubszego). Najczęściej spotykane są konkrecje o średnicy 20-40 cm. W poszczególnych odkrywkach są one równocześnie różnej wielkości, przy czym, w obserwowanych przez nas punktach, zaznacza się zależność wielkości konkrecji od ilości ich występowania w danej odkrywce. W odsłonięciach, gdzie wśród pstrych margli występują konkrecje w dużej ilości, obserwuje się przeważnie buły fosforytowe dużych rozmiarów i na odwrót — w odkrywkach, w których buły te występują nielicznie, są one zwykle niewielkie.
Barwa fosforytów w stanie świeżym (na przełamie) jest jasna — jaśnopopielata z zielonawym odcieniem lub kremowopopielata. Wyjątkowo w Wysokiej Strzyżowskiej fosforyty mają barwę nieco ciemniejszą.
Powierzchnie buł fosforytowych pokryte są bardzo cienką powłoką (rzędu ułamków milimetra) barwy czarnej lub granatowoczarnej, pochodzącej od tlenków manganu. Powłoka ta tylko wtedy jest zachowana, gdy konkrecja znajduje się in situ w świeżej skale; przy transporcie lub nawet przy wietrzeniu odpada i tylko niewielkie jej fragmenty zachowują się na powierzchni konkrecji. Pod powłoką manganową konkrecje mają otoczkę barwy brunatno-kremowo-różowej, której grubość dochodzi do 0,5 cm. Barwy te obserwowane są na powierzchniach konkrecji spotykanych w dnach potoków lub nawet w odkrywkach, jednak w takich wypadkach, gdy konkrecja znajduje się pod wpływem czynników zewnętrznych. Na przełamie obserwuje się zmianę barw w zależności od cdległości od strefy zewnętrznej. Tak więc barwa konkrecji fosforytowych w obrębie stref przypowierzchniowych początkowo jaśnieje, następnie przechodzi ku środkowi we właściwą barwę popielatą. Powierzchnia przełamu jest nierówna, drobnochropowata.
Omwiane konkrecje słabo burzą się z HCl. Niekiedy w obrębie konkrecji widoczne są drobne pojedyncze żyłki kalcytowe, często natomiast obserwuje się spełkania pokryte cienką, ciemną, trwałą powłoką tlenków manganu.
Konkrecje fosforytowe, w porównaniu ze skałami otaczającymi, są bardzo ciężkie. Ciężar właściwy kilku badanych próbek wynosi 2,7-3,1. Wskutek tego w miejscach, gdzie występują one w dużych ilościach, spotyka się ich znaczne nagromadzenie w dnach potoków, tuż w pobliżu odsłonięć, z których one pochodzą. Konkrecje nie ulegają wcale lub prawie wcale transportowi. W takich wypadkach następuje ilościowe ich wzbożacenie.
Ponadto charakteryzują się dużą twardością i bardzo trudno jest rozbić je młotkiem.
Badania W. Narębskiego wykazały, że konkrecje zawierają dużą ilość P₂O₅ zawartą w granicach od 17,86÷28,06, w wyjątkowym zaś wypadku 9,13% (Olszanica). Oprócz P₂O₅ występują znaczne domieszki węglanów wapnia, manganu, magnezu i żelaza oraz domieszki fluoru (0,85÷2,52%). Zawartość węglanu wapnia w skrajnych wypadkach dochodzi do 23,5% (Bezmiechowa Górna), zawartość węglanu manganu do 23% (Trepca), węglanu żelaza zaś do 25% (Olszanica). Ilość węglanu żelaza jest jednak niewielka (z wyjątkiem analizowanej konkrecji z Olszanicy) i np. w Trepce dochodzi do 3%. Pod względem mineralogicznym głównym składnikiem występującym w konkrecjach jest fluorowy apatyt węglanowy, którego zawartość wynosi od 51÷82,1%, wyjątkowo 25% (Olszanica).
Stanowiska z konkrecjami fosforytowymi rozmieszczone są na dość dużym obszarze. Odległość między dotychczas stwierdzonymi skrajnymi punktami ich występowania (Janowice na zachodzie, Olszanica na wschodzie) wynosi około 200 km. Podkreślić należy, że jak już wcześniej zaznaczono, fosforyty występują w obrębie dwóch jednostek tektonicznych — śląskiej i podśląskiej. Należy również zaznaczyć, że wszystkie znane nam występowania tych utworów ograniczone są do jednej facji — pstrych margli węglowieckich. Związane są one ponadto prawie wyłącznie z jedną odmianą tych margli, mianowicie prawie wszędzie występują one wśród margli szarozielonych lub kremowozielonych. W wyjątkowych wypadkach (np. niektóre stanowiska z Bezmiechowej Górnej) obserwowaliśmy je w marglach brunatnoczerwonych lub różowych, stanowiących niewielkie wkładki wśród margli zielonych.
Z dotychczasowych obserwacji wynika, że konkrecje fosforytowe występują w górnej części pstrych margli węglowieckich.
Wiek margli we wszystkich stanowiskach, w których występują konkrecje fosforytowe, z wyjątkiem stanowiska w Wysokiej Strzyżowskiej, określono na podstawie badań mikrofaunistycznych prowadzonych przez J. Liszkową jako mastrycht. Natomiast w Wysokiej Strzyżowskiej, ta partia margli, w których występują fosforyty (nieco odmienne od fosforytów z innych stanowisk), na podstawie mikrofauny opracowanej przez S. Gerocha określona została jako dan. Już więc z badań mikrofaunistycznych wynika, że wśród pstrych margli istnieją dwa poziomy z konkrecjami fosforytowymi, przy czym większość znanych nam stanowisk fosforytów reprezentuje mastrycht. Ponadto z badań terenowych wynika, że w obrębie części pstrych margli węglowieckich reprezentującej mastrycht, występują co najmniej dwa poziomy z konkrecjami fosforytowymi, odległe od siebie o kilkadziesiąt metrów. Takie dwa poziomy stwierdzono w profilu potoku Dyrbek na terenie Bezmiechowej Górnej. Z powyższego wynika, że dotychczas rozpoznane zostały w marglach węglowieckich trzy horyzonty z konkrecjami fosforytowymi, ograniczone jednak wyłącznie do najwyższej części górnej kredy (mastrycht — dan).
Obserwowane w odkrywkach horyzonty z fosforytami wykształcone są w ten sposób, że na przestrzeni kilku lub kilkunastu metrów w marglach pstrych widoczne są nieregularne rozmieszczone buły fosforytowe.
---
1 Szczegółowe wyniki analiz i opracowania geochemiczno-mineralogiczne konkrecji z podanych przez nas stanowisk zamieścił W. Narębski w dwu oddzielnych pracach: „O konkrecjach fosforytowych z Wysokiej Strzyżowskiej” oraz „Konkrecje fosforytowe z margli węglowieckich” (w druku).
2 Na obecność pstrych margli w obrębie tego wypiętrzenia zwrócił uwagę S. Wdowiarz (1952).
ulożone dłuższą osią równolegle do uwarstwienia. Margle pstre podścielające i nadścielające taki horyzont są zupełnie pozbawione konkrecji. W profilu danego horyzontu obserwuje się nie równomierne zagęszczenie konkrecji. Niekiedy zagęszczenie to jest tak duże, że w obrębie 1 m² przekroju widać nierzaz kilka konkrecji.
Jak zaznaczono, konkrecje fosforytowe stwierdzono dotychczas w górnej części margli węglowieckich.
Co do stanowisk z Janowic, Wysokiej Strzyżowskiej i Węglówki nie można dokładnie sprecyzować ich położenia względem górnej granicy pstrych margli, ponieważ w pobliżu odkrywek z fosforytami nie odślańają się ogniwa młodsze od margli węglowieckich. Wszystkie pozostałe wymienione przez nas punkty występowania fosforytów, mieszczą się w obrębie wielkiego wypiętrzenia Grabownicy — Załuża — Olszanicy⁴, obejmującego czołowe spiętrzenie jednostki śląskiej i jednostkę podśląską. W obrębie tego wypiętrzenia odległość poziomów z fosforytami od stropu margli węglowieckich jest różna, zależnie od tego, w jakiej strefie facjalnej znajduje się dane stanowisko. Na obszarze tym górna granica pstrych margli jest wybitnie diachroniczna (L. Koszarski 1956, J. Liskowa, 1956). W obrębie czołowego spiętrzenia jednostki śląskiej, gdzie cały kompleks pstrych margli jest niewielki i reprezentuje tylko mastrycht, fosforyty występują tuż poniżej ich stropu (Trepcza, Falejówka, Międzybrodzie, Bykowce). W obrębie jednostki podśląskiej facja pstrych margli, idąc z południa ku północy, zajmuje coraz to wyższe położenie stratygraficzne, sięgając w skrajnych wypadkach do środkowego eocenu włącznie (równocześnie obniża się także stratygraficzna, dolna granica pstrych margli), które schodzą do dolnego senonu włącznie. Dlatego też, odległość poziomów z fosforytami od stropu pstrych margli jest większa i różna w poszczególnych profilach jednostki podśląskiej w zależności od tego, jak duża część paleogenu jest rozwinięta w facji pstrych margli lub w facji mieszańcej, złożonej z zazębiających się wzajemnie pstrych margli z pstrymi łupkami.
Wystąpienia konkrecji fosforytowych w pstrych margłach węglowieckich nie były dotychczas notowane w piśmiennictwie. Utworów takich nie stwierdzono również w innych facjach fliszu karpackiego odpowiadających wiekowo margłom węglowieckim. Zupełnie odmienne skały, wzbogacone jednak również w P₂O₅, stwierdzono w Karpatach Środkowych w obrębie jednostki śląskiej w północnym (Kowalowy) i południowym (Swoszowa, Swoszowa Wola) skrzydle antykliny Brzanki — Liwoczca (M. Kamiński, K. Skoczylas-Ciszewska, 1956). Skały te są zbliżone wiekowo do opisywanych przez nas konkrecji fosforytowych. Kilka stanowisk tych skał występuje w obrębie warstw istebniańskich górnych, jedno stanowisko stwierdzone zostało w górnej części warstw istebniańskich dolnych oraz jedno w pstrych łupkach — co do których nie wiadomo, czy są wkładką w obrębie warstw istebniańskich górnych, czy leżą w ich nadkładzie (l.c.). Nie są to utwory konkrecyjne, lecz cienkie, paru-
⁴ Konkrecjom fosforytowym towarzyszą często konkrecje płytyowe, które jednak występują także w partiach margli węglowieckich pozbawionych konkrecji fosforytowych. Ponadto drobne wpryśnięcia płyty stwierdzono także w obrębie samych konkrecji fosforytowych w Wysokiej Strzyżowskiej.
centymetrowe wkładki lub soczewki białych jasnokremowych skał lekkich i chłonnych.
Jak wynika z przytoczonych analiz, zawierają one 1,34—8,91% P₂O₅. Autorzy cytowanej pracy uważają te skały za produkty podmorskich wybuchów wulkanicznych, które wskutek halmyrolizy uległy znacznym przeobrażeniom i zostały wzbogacone w fosfor adsorbowany z wody morskiej.
W przypadku opisywanych przez nas konkrecji fosforytowych z margli węglowieckich nie są to skały pierwotnie tufoigeniczne. Wkładek skał tufoigenicznych nie stwierdziliśmy również dotychczas nigdzie w sąsiedztwie występowania konkrecji. Nie można jednak wykluczać pośredniego wpływu zjawisk wulkanicznych na powstanie tych fosforytów. Obecność bowiem dość znacznej ilości manganu, a zwłaszcza fluoru w konkrecjach fosforytowych może pozostawać w związku z odbywającymi się w tym okresie zjawiskami wulkanicznymi.
Na przełomie kredy i paleogenu w geosynklinie karpackiej zaznacza się dość ożywiona działalność wulkaniczna, związana z laramijskimi ruchami tektonicznymi, o czym świadczą liczne stanowiska tufitów notowane w piśmiennictwie geologicznym z różnych jednostek tektonicznych Karpat fliszowych. Objawy tego wulkanizmu są szczególnie znane z serii podśląskiej, a więc ze strefy głównego rozprzestrzenienia pstrych margli węglowieckich (A. Gaweł, M. Książkiewicz, 1936; M. Książkiewicz 1951, 1958; M. Książkiewicz, T. Wieser, 1954; T. Wieser, 1954; W. Nowak, 1956; K. Skoczylas-Ciszewska, 1956).
Wskutek laramijskich ruchów tektonicznych dostarczona została do basenu fliszowego ogromna ilość materiału klastycznego, pochodzącego z destrukcji krystalicznych trzonów kordyller i brzegów geosynkliny (największa ilość zlepieńców z egzotykami we fliszu osadziła się właśnie w tym okresie). Być może, że w związku z tym nasileniem niepokoju diastroficznego i silnymi objawami wulkanizmu podmorskiego w osiowej strefie geosynkliny, nastąpiło wzbogacenie wody morskiej i osadów (za pośrednictwem organizów lub bez) w fosfor, co z kolei przyczyniło się do koncentracji w czasie diagenezy fosforu (a także fluoru, manganu i magnezu) w postaci konkrecji fosforytowych. Za pośrednim związkiem między laramijskim wulkanizmem a powstaniem fosforytów przemawia ponadto fakt, że w pstrych marglach ze starszych ogniw górnej kredy i w pstrych marglach eoceńskich, nie obserwowano poziomów z konkrecjami fosforytowymi, chociaż margle te nie różnią się pod względem litologii i ilości występowania mikrofauny od pstrych margli, w których te konkrecje występują.
Zawartość P₂O₅ w analizowanych przez W. Narębskiego (1958) konkrecjach fosforytowych, które jak wyżej podano (z wyjątkiem próbki z Olszanicy) wynosi od 17,86—28,06%, przekraczają znacznie normy wymagane dla celów przemysłowych. Duże rozprzestrzenienie horyzon-
---
5 Podobne utwory wzbogacone w P₂O₅ stwierdził w 1955 roku Z. Głowacki w górnych warstwach istebniańskich faldu Rzępienników na północ od Ciepłkowic (informacja ustna).
6 Środkowokrejowe fosforyty ze znanych obecnie eksploatowanych złóż z północnego obrzeżenia Gór świętokrzyskich, mają znacznie mniejszą zawartość Fe₂O₃, która dla fosforytów z Rachowa wynosi 14,5% — 18,8%, średnio 16,4% (A. Morawiecki, 1932; W. Pożaryski, 1947). Natomiast opisywane fosforyty karpackie pod względem zawartości P₂O₅ w niektórych konkrecjach ustępują fosforytom tylko z nielicznych, najbardziej znanych złóż światowych (K. Bohdanowicz, 1952).
tów z konkrecjami fosforytowymi oraz dość znaczne nagromadzenia tych konkrecji w niektórych odkrywkach może stanowić korzystną okoliczność dla zainteresowania przemysłu tymi utworami. Na obecnym etapie badań nie można na pewno powiedzieć, w jakim stopniu fosforyty te mogą mieć znaczenie praktyczne. Należałoby w obszarze, gdzie stwierdzone zostały najliczniejsze ich występowania (Bezmiechowa Górna, Olszanica, Wysoka Strzyżowska), wykonać szczegółowe badania prowadzone pod kątem określenia zasobów fosforytów i ewentualnych możliwości ich eksploatacji.
Na zakończenie, pragniemy podziękować dr W. Narębskiemu za udostępnienie wyników analiz wykonanych z dostarczonych przez nas okazów fosforytów oraz mgr J. Liszkowej i mgr S. Gerochowi za użyczenie wyników badań mikrofauny z pstrych margli węglowieckich.
Karpacka Stacja Terenowa I.G.
Nadesłano 5 marca 1959 r.
**PIŚMIENNICTWO**
BOHDANOWICZ K. (1952) — Surowce mineralne świata. T. II. Warszawa.
GAWEL A., KSIĄŻKIEWICZ M. (1938) — Porfiryty z Karpat Zachodnich. Rocznik Pol. Tow. Geol., 12, p. 569—611. Kraków.
KAMIEŃSKI M., SKOCZYLAS-CISZEWSKA K. (1955) — O skale wzbogaconej w P₂O₅ w Karpatach fliszowych. Arch. mln., 19, nr 2, p. 161—174. Warszawa.
KOSZARSKI L. (1956) — Stratygrafia serii śląskiej i podśląskiej na północ od Sanoka. Prz. Geol., 4, nr 10, p. 461—462. Warszawa.
KSIĄŻKIEWICZ M. (1958) — Kontakt skały wulkanicznej w Kamionnej koło Bochni, p. 706—709. Kwart. Geol., 2, nr 4. Warszawa.
KSIĄŻKIEWICZ M., WIESER T. (1954) — Upper Cretaceous volcanism in the Carpathian Flysch geosyncline. Bull. Acad. Pol. Sc. [3] nr 2. Cracovie.
LISZKOWA J. (1958). — Mikrofauna serii podśląskiej. Prz. geol., 4, nr 10. p. 463—469. Warszawa.
MORAWIECKI A. (1932) — Fosforyty rachowskie. Pos. Nauk. Państw. Inst. Geol., nr 34, p. 5—11. Warszawa.
NARĘBSKI W. (1958) — O konkrecjach fosforowych z Wysokiej Strzyżowskiej. Pr. Muzeum Ziemi., nr 1, p. 165—170. Warszawa.
NOWAK W. (1958) — Seria podśląska na obszarze arkusza Biała-Bielsko. Prz. geol., 4, nr 10, p. 460—461. Warszawa.
POŻARYSKI W. (1947) — Złoże fosforytów na północno-wschodnim obrzeżeniu Gór Świętokrzyskich. Biul. Państw. Inst. Geol., 27. Warszawa.
SKOCZYLAS-CISZEWSKA K. (1953) — O występowaniu tzw. andezytów w strefie żegocińskiej Karpat Fliszowych. Zeszyty Nauk. A.G.-H., Geologia, nr 1, p. 143—154. Kraków.
WDOWIARZ S. (1953) — Geologia fałdu Grabownicy. Biul. Inst. Geol., 120. Warszawa.
WIESER T. (1954) — Skały magmowe Bachowic. Roczn. Pol. Tow. Geol., 22, nr 3. p. 223—264. Kraków.
Jan JASIONOWICZ, Leszek KOSZARSKI, Franciszka SZYMAKOWSKA
GEOLOGICAL CONDITIONS OF OCCURRENCE OF PHOSPHORITIC CONCRETIONS IN THE WĘGLÓWKA VARIEGATED MARLS (UPPER CRETACEOUS OF THE MIDDLE CARPATHIANS)
Summary
In this paper the authors present the results of their investigations on phosphoritic concretions appearing in the area of the Middle Flysch Carpathians. These concretions are being found in the Węglówka variegated marls (Upper Cretaceous Chalk) of the Silesian and Subsilesian unit. They are developed in ellipsoidal, loaf-like or spherical shape, of 5 to 60 cm. in diameter; in exceptional cases their diameter is smaller. Most frequent are concretions of 20 to 40 cm. in diameter. These phosphoritic concretions are characterized by great weight and hardness. On their surface they are covered by a thin coating of manganese oxides which, however, often is obliterated. Their fracture reveals an ivory-grey colour. A chemical analysis of the phosphoritic concretions, carried out by W. Narębski (1958), showed a high content of P₂O₅ fluctuating between 17.86 and 28.06% and, moreover, a marked amount of carbonates of Ca, Mn, Mg and F. The principal component appearing in the phosphoritic concretions is carbonate fluorapatite; its amount varies between 51 and 82%.
The phosphoritic concretions appear chiefly in one of the varieties of the Węglówka variegated marls, i.e. in the grey-green marls. On the basis of microfaunal investigations, J. Liszkowa M. Sc. and S. Geroch M. Sc. have determined the age of the marl beds in which the phosphoritic concretions appear, as being Maastrichtian — Danian. These concretions are being found in at least 3 horizons; two of them have been identified in the part of the Węglówka variegated marls representing the Maastrichtian, — the third horizon in the marls representing the Danian.
The greatest concentration of phosphoritic concretions has been found at Bezmiechowa Górna and Olszanica. The occurrence of these concretions has been followed up on an area extending over about 200 kilometers (from Janowice on the Dunajec river as far as Olszanica near Ustrzyki Dolne).
In the authors' opinion these concretions may be connected with the volcaniam of the Laraminian phase. The occurrence of phosphoritic concretions on such an extensive area, their high content of fluorapatite and their abundant appearance at Bezmiechowa Górna and Olszanica might indicate that these deposits may be of industrial significance. | <urn:uuid:7285598a-38e3-4141-a080-d0b2c2521d30> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/pol_Latn/train | finepdfs | pol_Latn | 22,590 |
ΚΑΤΑΓΓΕΛΛΟΥΜΕ ΤΗ ΣΥΛΛΗΨΗ ΤΗΣ ΔΕΣΠΟΙΝΑΣ ΚΟΝΤΑΡΑΚΗ
Το Διοικητικό Συμβούλιο της ΕΣΗΕΑ καταγγέλλει την πρωτοφανή σύλληψη της συναδέλφου Δέσποινας Κονταράκη, η οποία συνελήφθη σήμερα ενώ εργάζονταν στα γραφεία του «ΕΛΕΥΘΕΡΟΥ ΤΥΠΟΥ». Η συνάδελφος οδηγήθηκε στο αστυνομικό τμήμα έπειτα από μήνυση της Βουλευτού των «Ανεξάρτητων Ελλήνων» Ραχήλ Μακρή, η οποία στρέφεται ευθέως εναντίον του δικαιώματος του δημοσιογράφου να σχολιάζει την επικαιρότητα και να ενημερώνει τον πολίτη.
Οι Έλληνες δημοσιογράφοι δεν πτοούνται από μηνύσεις και απειλές. Αντίθετα, διακηρύσσουμε προς όλες τις κατευθύνσεις ότι θα αγωνιστούμε σθεναρά εναντίον εκείνων, οι οποίοι επιχειρούν να φιμώσουν τους δημοσιογράφους με απειλές και μηνύσεις. Οι πρακτικές αυτές είναι απαράδεκτες και θα τις καταγγείλουμε αμέσως στη Διεθνή και την Ευρωπαϊκή Ομοσπονδία Δημοσιογράφων.
ΤΟ ΔΙΟΙΚΗΤΙΚΟ ΣΥΜΒΟΥΛΙΟ | <urn:uuid:8bbf376e-d12e-46fb-b0c1-22f4e12a3dcf> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ell_Grek/train | finepdfs | ell_Grek | 895 |
Evangelisch-Lutherischer Kirchenkreis Jena
Protokoll
zur Sitzung des Kreiskirchenrates am Mittwoch, 6. September 2023, 17 Uhr
Stadtkirchenamt, Lutherstr. 3
Anwesenheit:
S. Neuß, R. Krieg, K. Fritze, H. Wichmann-Bechtelsheimer, R. Jandke, R. Thiel
Stellvertreter.innen, stimmberechtigt: N. Spehr
Entschuldigt:
Ch. Kohlmann, B. Zollmann, C. Eberhardt, H. Beez, R. Jost, A. Margull
Gäste: C. Haase, A. Dietzel (Prot.)
Begrüßung: S. Neuß
Feststellung der Anwesenheit und Beschlussfähigkeit
Der Kreiskirchenrat ist mit sieben Mitgliedern und Stellvertreter.innen beschlussfähig.
Protokollkontrolle (05.07.23)
Das Protokoll vom 05.07.23 wird mit sieben Ja-Stimmen einstimmig angenommen.
Bestätigung der Tagesordnung
Beschluss: Einstimmig.
TOP 1: Finanzausschuss: Strukturfonds
Frau Dietzel berichtet von der gesetzlichen Grundlage zur Einführung der Kassengemeinschaft nach dem neuen Haushalts- und Finanzgesetz der EKM. Das Vorhaben wird am 18.10.23 zunächst im Pfarrkonvent vorgestellt. Die Gemeindekirchenräte bzw. Kirchrechnungsführer.innen werden ab 18.10. mittels Brief und Infoangebot mit der neuen Kassenführung vertraut gemacht.
TOP 2: Auswertung Treffen mit Kreiskirchenrat Eisenberg
Herr Neuß und Herr Thiel berichten kurz von dem Treffen am 05.07.2023 und verteilen das bereits als Anlage versandte Blatt mit Ergebnissen.
Die Formulierung „Wir können uns eine verbindliche Zusammenarbeit vorstellen" soll der Kreissynode am 11.11.23 vorgelegt werden.
Herr Jahnke erbittet die Kontaktdaten des Vorsitzenden des Bauausschusses von Eisenberg.
Frau Fritze fragt nach dem Blick Richtung Weimar und Apolda-Buttstädt. Herr Thiel bittet die Präsides der Kirchenkreise Weimar und Apolda-Buttstädt vor der Herbstsynode um eine Stellungnahme zu möglichen Sondierungen.
17:40 Uhr: Frau Schurig kommt dazu, acht Stimmberechtigte.
TOP 3: KGV Großschwabhausen: Gemeindepädagogik
Der Kreiskirchenrat möge beschließen:
Der gemeindepädagogische Dienst von GP'in Susann Meister wird ab 1.1.24 für eine Erprobungsphase von mindestens drei, höchstens fünf Jahre auf 75 Prozent aufgestockt. Der Gemeindekirchenrat verzichtet zugleich auf 25 Prozent Pfarrstellenanteile und beantragt, die Pfarrstelle auf 50 Prozent zu reduzieren.
Erläuterung
Aus dem Beschlussprotokoll des Gemeindekirchenrats des KGV GroßschwabhausenIsserstedt v. 28.6.23:
„In der laufenden Interimszeit hat sich herauskristallisiert, dass die Arbeit mit Kindern und Familien das größte Potential für einen Gemeindeaufbau bietet. Der Gemeindekirchenrat sieht in der Verstärkung der gemeindepädagogischen Arbeit eine wirkungsvolle Möglichkeit, die Gemeinde „von unten" neu aufzubauen. Im Hinblick darauf, dass die Interimszeit von Pfarrerin Haase begrenzt ist, wäre es sinnvoll, noch während ihrer Anwesenheit in diesem Bereich aktiv zu werden, so dass Frau Meister mit dem Weggang von Pfarrerin Haase weitere Aufgaben übernehmen könnte."
„Gemeindepädagogin Meister und Pfarrerin Haase werden alsbald eine ausführliche Begründung und eine Konzeption erarbeiten", aus der hervorgeht, wie neben den Gruppenangeboten und Gottesdienstformaten für Kinder und Jugendliche auch mit den anderen Generationen in erneuerter Form kommuniziert werden könnte. Das Konzept soll generationsübergreifend sein, damit die Integration der durch mehrere Konfliktlagen distanzierten älteren Generationen und interessierter Familien gelingt und die Aufbauarbeit auch langfristig Früchte trägt.
Vorstellung und Diskussion
Frau Haase berichtet vom Gesprächsprozess zu Gemeindepädagogik und Pfarrdienst im Gemeindekirchenrat Großschwabhausen-Isserstedt. Sie erläutert die Konzeption für die Gemeindepädagogische Arbeit. Das Ergebnis der Visitation sei eingeflossen. Im Bereich der Arbeit mit Kindern sieht die Gemeinde das größte Potenzial; der GKR geht davon aus, dass die Pfarrstelle mit 50 Prozent ausreichend ausgestattet sei. Die Residenzpflicht könne zur Freigabe der Pfarrhausvermietung aufgehoben werden. Das Modell sollte mindestens drei Jahre laufen.
Frau Haase beantwortet Fragen.
Frau Haase verlässt die Sitzung um 18:13 Uhr.
Herr Neuß gibt ergänzende Erläuterungen zu offenen Punkten (Pfarrstelle, Pfarrhaus, Personal, Finanzierung).
Herr Donnerhacke kommt 18.25 Uhr zur Sitzung dazu; es sind nun neun Stimmberechtigte.
Frau Wichmann-Bechtelsheimer bittet um die Einbindung des GKR GroßschwabhausenIsserstedt in den laufenden Gesprächsprozess. Herr Neuß sichert dies zu.
Beschluss 25/2023:
Der Tagesordnungspunkt wird auf die nächste Sitzung vertagt.
Ja: 8; Nein: 0; Enth.: 1
TOP 4: Gemeindepädagogik: KG Jena / Sprengel Dietrich Bonhoeffer
GP'in Angelika Büttner wird ab 1.9.23, befristet bis zum 31.7.24, zusätzlich zu ihrem Dienst in Lobeda, mit gemeindepädagogischen Aufgaben im Sprengel Dietrich Bonhoeffer im Umfang von 25 Prozent beauftragt.
Erläuterung
Die Stelle Nord/Winzerla ist ausgeschrieben. Die befristete Beauftragung von Frau Büttner für ein Unterrichtsjahr in Winzerla soll unabhängig von der Neubesetzung der halben Stellen sein. Die Mittel sind vorhanden.
Pn. Spehr erinnert an die Diskussion zum Stellenplan 2019-2025, in der die Bonhoeffergemeinde noch ausdrücklich auf einen gemeindepäd. Anteil am Stellenplan verzichtet hatte.
Beschluss 26/2023: Ja: 6; Nein: 1; Enth.: 2
TOP 5: KGV Vierzehnheiligen: Pfarrdienst
Der Kreiskirchenrat beschließt die Verlängerung des Dienstes von Pfarrerin und Klinikseelsorgerin Babet Lehmann im KGV Vierzehnheiligen im Viertel Dienstumfang bis zum 28.2.2024.
Erläuterung
Pfn. Cornelia Gerlitz wird nach über zweijähriger Abwesenheit ab 9.2.24 sukzessive ihren Dienst im KGV Vierzehnheiligen wieder aufnehmen.
Beschluss 27/2023: Ja: 9; Nein: 0; Enth.: 0
TOP 6: Klinikseelsorge: Beauftragung Pfn. Spengler
Pfn. Ulrike Spengler wird im Anschluss an ihren aktuellen Dienstauftrag weiterhin mit vollem Dienstumfang mit dem Dienst der Klinikseelsorge am Universitätsklinikum Jena beauftragt, befristet bis zum 28.2.24.
Beschluss 28/2023: Ja: 9; Nein: 0; Enth.: 0
TOP 7: Kirchenmusik: Beauftragung Ch. Lauterbach
Kantorin Christina Lauterbach wird mit der Projektleitung Konzertorganisation an der Kirche Göschwitz vom 1.9.23 bis 31.12.2024 beauftragt.
Ihr Gesamtbeschäftigungsumfang wird für diesen Zeitraum von 50 auf 60 Prozent angehoben.
Beschluss 29/2023: Ja: 9; Nein: 0; Enth.: 0
TOP 8: Brief an die Gemeinden: Stadtfest 500 Jahre Reformation
Herr Neuß stellt Brief und Anliegen vor.
Beschluss 30/2023: Ja: 6; Nein: 0; Enth.: 1
TOP 9: Brief an die Gemeinden: Strategiespiel 2031
Herr Neuß stellt Brief und Anliegen vor.
Beschluss 31/2023: Ja: 6; Nein: 0; Enth.: 1
TOP 10: Arbeitssicherheit und Gesundheitsschutz Kirchenkreis
Kirchengesetz über die Arbeitssicherheit und den Gesundheitsschutz in der Evangelischen Kirche in Mitteldeutschland (Kirchliches Arbeitsschutzgesetz - KAsG) v. 19. Nov. 2022, Abschnitt III: Arbeitsschutzausschüsse, § 10-12
https://www.kirchenrecht-ekm.de/kabl/51784.pdf
Vertagt.
TOP 11: Rahmenschutzkonzept
https://www.evangelischejugend.de/mitarbeiterbereich/rahmenschutzkonzept/
Vertagt
TOP 12: KKR-Klausur Neudietendorf (9.9.23)
Kurze Absprachen werden getätigt.
TOP 13: Kurzberichte
Nominierungsausschuss
(Herr Neuß verlässt den Raum.)
Herr Thiel berichtet zum Sachstand.
Bewerbungsunterlagen wurden an den Nominierungsausschuss weitergeleitet.
Gemeindepädagogik
Herr Neuß berichtet über Situation vakante Stellen.
Pfarrdienst Innenstadt
Johannes Bilz wird zum 01.11.2023 die Stelle Jena I (Innenstadt) verlassen und in Eisenberg eine Stelle antreten (Verabschiedung ist am 22.10.23 in der Stadtkirche).
Treffen der Präsides der Kreissynoden der EKM: Herr Thiel berichtet.
19.05 Uhr: Frau Spehr und Herr Thiel verlassen die Sitzung (ÖB-Sitzung).
TOP 14: Sonstiges
Weltfriedenstag
Herr Neuß bittet den Kreiskirchenrat um ein Mittragen der Einladung zur Kundgebung am 22.09.23 durch den Kirchenkreis.
Frau Schurig verlässt kurz die Sitzung 19:05 Uhr; kommt wieder zur Sitzung 19:15 Uhr.
Beschluss 32/2023: Ja: 3; Nein: 2; Enth.: 1
Der Kreiskirchenrat trägt die Einladung nicht mit.
Der Aufruf soll dem Protokoll beigegeben werden, damit ihn die nicht Anwesenden nachlesen können.
Nächster Kreiskirchenrat: Mittwoch, 4.10.23, 17 Uhr, Stadtkirchenamt | <urn:uuid:a34fc15b-0012-45c7-8bd6-47144aa2b4e2> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/deu_Latn/train | finepdfs | deu_Latn | 8,261 |
| Šifra | Naziv | PRIJEDLOG PLANA ZA 2016. (kol. 4+5+6+7+8+9+10) | Opći prihodi i primici | Vlastiti prihodi | Prihodi za posebne namjene | Pomoći | Donacije | Prihodi od nefinancijske imovine i nadoknade lišta s osnova osiguranja | Namjenski primici od zaduživanja | u kunama |
|-------|----------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------|------------------------|-----------------|---------------------------|--------|----------|---------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------|---------|
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| 1 | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Glava 05. DJELATNOST KULTURE | | | | | | | | | |
| | Glavni program GKH - PROGRAM KULTURE | | | | | | | | | |
| | Program 1001. JAVNE POTREBE U KULTURI | | | | | | | | | |
| | Aktivnost A100001. REDOVNA DJELATNOST USTANOVA U KULTURI | | | | | | | | | |
| 3 | RASHODI POSLOVANJA | | | | | | | | | |
| 31 | RASHODI ZA ZAPOSLENE | | | | | | | | | |
| 311 | PLACE | | | | | | | | | |
| 3111 | Plaća za radnik tehd. | | | | | | | | | |
| 312 | OSTALI RASHODI ZA ZAPOSLENE | | | | | | | | | |
| 3121 | Ostali rashodi za zaposlene | | | | | | | | | |
| 313 | DOPRINOSI NA PLACE | | | | | | | | | |
| 3131 | Doprinos na obvezno zdravstveno osiguranje | | | | | | | | | |
| 3132 | Doprinos na obvezno osiguranje u obliku uznapredovanja | | | | | | | | | |
| 32 | MATERIALNI RASHODI | | | | | | | | | |
| 321 | NAKNADE TROŠKOWA ZAPOSLENIMA | | | | | | | | | |
| 3211 | Naknada za prevoz, za rad na terenu i odgojni štetu | | | | | | | | | |
| 3212 | Stratan materijalno zaposlenika | | | | | | | | | |
| 322 | RASHODI ZA MATERIJAL I ENERGIJU | | | | | | | | | |
| 3221 | Ovdušen materijal i ostali materijal rashodi | | | | | | | | | |
| 3222 | Materijal u savremenom | | | | | | | | | |
| 3223 | Energija | | | | | | | | | |
| 3224 | Materijal i alat jeftin iz naknada i investicijsko određenje | | | | | | | | | |
| 3225 | Strojevna i zrato piste | | | | | | | | | |
| 33 | RASHODI ZA USLUGE | | | | | | | | | |
| 331 | Usluge telefonske, pošte i printanja | | | | | | | | | |
| 332 | Usluge tehničke i veštinsko-podupredanje | | | | | | | | | |
| 3321 | Komunalne usluge | | | | | | | | | |
| 3322 | Zdravstvene i trajavne usluge | | | | | | | | | |
| 3323 | Hidroelektrana i osobne usluge | | | | | | | | | |
| 3324 | Raznačne usluge | | | | | | | | | |
| 3325 | Ostale usluge | | | | | | | | | |
| 339 | OSTALI NESPOSMENITI RASHODI POSLOVANJA | | | | | | | | | |
| 3391 | Ostali neposmerniti rashodi poslovanja | | | | | | | | | |
| 34 | FINANSIJSKI RASHODI | | | | | | | | | |
| 343 | OSTALI FINANSIJSKI RASHODI | | | | | | | | | |
| 3431 | Bankarska usluga i usluge plaćenja prometa | | | | | | | | | |
| | Aktivnost A100003. PROGRAMSKA DJELATNOST JAVNIH USTANOVA | | | | | | | | | |
| 3 | RASHODI POSLOVANJA | | | | | | | | | |
| 32 | MATERIALNI RASHODI | | | | | | | | | |
| 321 | NAKNADE TROŠKOWA ZAPOSLENIMA | | | | | | | | | |
| 3211 | Stabilna plaćanja | | | | | | | | | |
| 322 | RASHODI ZA MATERIJAL I ENERGIJU | | | | | | | | | |
**PLAN RASHODA I IZDATAKA 2016.-2018.**
**Korisnik proračuna:** CENTAR ZA KULTURU I FILM AUGUSTA CESARCA
**Kontakt osoba:** SNEŽANA SAMARDŽIĆ
**01/3758105**
**u kunama**
| PROJEKCIJA PLANA ZA 2017. | PROJEKCIJA PLANA ZA 2018. |
|---------------------------|---------------------------|
| 1.586.885 | 1.603.770 |
| 1.586.885 | 1.603.770 |
| 1.546.885 | 1.563.770 |
| 1.217.885 | 1.227.770 |
| 999.185 | 999.770 |
| 834.185 | 834.770 |
| 20.000 | 20.000 |
| 145.000 | 145.000 |
| 130.000 | 130.000 |
| 15.000 | 15.000 |
| 215.500 | 225.000 |
| 25.000 | 25.000 |
| 22.000 | 22.000 |
| 8.000 | 8.000 |
| 118.500 | 123.000 |
| 10.000 | 10.000 |
| 2.000 | 2.000 |
| 109.000 | 104.000 |
| 2.000 | 4.000 |
| 1.500 | 2.000 |
| 7.000 | 8.000 |
| 5.000 | 5.000 |
| 3.200 | 3.000 |
| 3.200 | 3.000 |
| 3.200 | 3.000 |
| 329.000 | 336.000 |
| 329.000 | 336.000 |
| 329.000 | 336.000 |
| 43.000 | 47.000 |
| Šifra | Naziv | PRIJEDLOG PLANA ZA 2016. (kol. 4+5+6+7+8+9+10) | Opći prihodi i primici | Vlastiti prihodi | Prihodi za posebne namjene | Pomoći | Donacije | Prihodi od nefinancijske imovine i nadoknade šteta s osnove osiguranja | Namjenski primici od zaduživanja | PROJEKCIJA PLANA ZA 2017. | PROJEKCIJA PLANA ZA 2018. |
|-------|----------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------|------------------------|-----------------|---------------------------|---------|----------|---------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------|----------------------------|----------------------------|
| | | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
| 3221 | Gvozdak i materijal i ostali razni prihodi radob | | 8.000 | 3.000 | 5.000 | | | | | | | 8.000 | 10.000 |
| 3222 | Materijal i usluge | | 32.000 | 15.000 | 5.000 | | | | | | | 35.000 | 37.000 |
| 323 | RASHODI ZA USLUGE | | 282.950 | 88.500 | 61.450 | 85.000 | 0 | 48.000 | 0 | 0 | 286.000 | 289.000 |
| 3231 | Usluge telefona, pošta i prijenosa | | 9.500 | 9.500 | | | | | | | | 10.000 | 10.000 |
| 3232 | Usluge teleačeg i mehaniziranog održavanja | | 0 | | | | | | | | | | |
| 3233 | Usluge prometnike i izmjeravanje | | 32.000 | 9.000 | 10.000 | 5.000 | 8.000 | | | | | 32.000 | 32.000 |
| 3234 | Zakupni i napomene | | 10.000 | | 10.000 | | | | | | | 11.000 | 12.000 |
| 3235 | Stroškodržava i učenog usluga | | 189.000 | 45.000 | 40.000 | 72.000 | 32.000 | | | | | 190.000 | 192.000 |
| 3236 | Različne usluge | | 0 | | | | | | | | | | |
| 3237 | Ostale usluge | | 42.450 | 25.000 | 1.450 | 8.000 | 8.000 | | | | | 43.000 | 43.000 |
| 4 | PROJEKT KIMBEE: OPREMANJE USTANOVA U KULTURE | | 35.000 | | 35.000 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 40.000 | 40.000 |
| 41 | RASHODI ZA NABAVU NEFINANSIJSKE IMOVINE | | 35.000 | | 35.000 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 40.000 | 40.000 |
| 42 | Rashodi za nabavku proizvedene dugotrajne imovine | | 35.000 | | 35.000 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 40.000 | 40.000 |
| 422 | Postrojenja i oprema | | 35.000 | | 35.000 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 40.000 | 40.000 |
| 4221 | Uređaja oprema i namještaj | | 0 | | | | | | | | | 40.000 | |
| 4222 | Komunikacijska oprema | | 35.000 | | 35.000 | | | | | | | | |
| 4223 | Oprema za zdravljenje i zaštita | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 4226 | Sportilo i plavljena oprema | | | | | | | | | | | 10.000 | |
| 4227 | Uredaj, strojera i oprema za ostali namjene | | | | | | | | | | | 30.000 | |
| 424 | Knjige, nepisanih djela i ostale izdane vrijednosti | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 4241 | Knjige | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 426 | Materijalno i proizvodni proizvodni opitkori | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 4261 | Materijalno i proizvodna inventar | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 4262 | Ulaganja u racionalno programi | | | | | | | | | | | | |
U Zagrebu, 23.09. 2015.
M.P.
Savjetnici:
Maja Jurčić Ivoš,
ZA KULTURU FUND AUGUSTA
[Signature] | <urn:uuid:7e5b64a4-e65d-4e9f-914a-8bcd1868be03> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/hrv_Latn/train | finepdfs | hrv_Latn | 28,354 |
CORRIGENDUM-2
Ref: IIT/SRIC/GOM/2018/AB/EQ01, dated 03/12/2018
EXTENSION OF DEADLINE:
- Last Date and Time for submitting the tender document has been extended from 09/01/2019 to 16/01/2019 at 15:30 hrs.
- Time and Date of Opening of Technical Bids has been extended from 09/01/2019 to 16/01/2019 at 16:00 hrs
Copy to:
1. Institute website
2. CPP Portal
Date: 09-01-2019 | <urn:uuid:4297c4ce-da84-4676-b880-c398941c9774> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 376 |
Copyright © 2017. All contents of this document are the exclusive property of ThinkHQ Public Affairs Inc. All rights are reserved.
Permission to reproduce, redistribute and/or refer to our copyrighted property is granted on the condition that all such use gives proper attribution to the “ThinkHQ/Metro News Poll”.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
• Study fielded via online research panel
– Field dates: November 9 to 13, 2017
– Panel source: Voice of Alberta & Angus Reid Forum
• n=1314
• Weighted to reflect gender, age and region of Alberta population according to Stats Canada
• This online survey utilizes a representative but non-random sample, therefore margin of error is not applicable. However, a probability sample of this size would yield a margin of error of +/- 2.7 percentage points at a 95% confidence interval.
• Accuracy of sub-samples of the data decline based on sample sizes
| Region | Total Interviews (Unweighted) (n) | Total Interviews (Weighted) (n) | Margin of Error (Associated with a probability sample of this size) |
|-----------------|-----------------------------------|---------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------|
| ALBERTA TOTAL | 1314 | 1314 | +/- 2.7 |
| Calgary | 481 | 440 | +/- 4.5 |
| Edmonton | 368 | 401 | +/- 5.1 |
| North | 123 | 170 | +/- 8.8 |
| Central | 174 | 158 | +/- 7.4 |
| South | 168 | 145 | +/- 7.6 |
Copyright © 2017. All contents of this document are the exclusive property of ThinkHQ Public Affairs Inc. All rights are reserved.
Permission to reproduce, redistribute and/or refer to our copyrighted property is granted on the condition that all such use gives proper attribution to the “ThinkHQ/Metro News Poll”.
For many political observers, the fact that the provincial NDP are now trailing province-wide in voter intentions may not come as a surprise - the economy remains stubbornly sluggish and the UCP has coalesced right-of-centre voters under one party banner. However, our November ThinkHQ/Metro Provincial Politics survey reveals deeper problems for the governing party.
- If an election were held tomorrow, the NDP would garner 30% of the vote across the province, well back of the UCP at 54% and well behind their returns in the last provincial election (41%)
- Meanwhile the Alberta Party stands at 9% of the decided vote province-wide today, followed by the Liberals at only 5%
- Fully 18% of Alberta voters are undecided about who they will support in the next election
Most interesting in this new wave of political tracking is voter intentions in the Capital Region - “Fortress Edmonton” may be crumbling on the NDP.
- For the first time since they were elected in 2015, the NDP DO NOT have a lead among voters in the Edmonton-region. They are currently tied with UCP at 42% of the decided vote, followed by the Alberta Party (9%) and the Liberals (6%)
- The NDP continue to hold a substantial edge (13 percentage points) within Edmonton city limits, however this suggests that in surrounding communities such as St. Albert, Leduc and Sherwood Park, they are actually trailing the UCP
If a provincial election were held today, which one of the following parties’ candidate would you, yourself, be most likely to support?
| Party | Initial Vote | Leaners Included |
|------------------------------|--------------|------------------|
| United Conservative Party | 43% | 46% |
| Alberta’s NDP | 24% | 26% |
| Alberta Party | 7% | 8% |
| Alberta Liberal | 4% | 5% |
| Some other party | 1% | 2% |
| Undecided | 18% | 12% |
Note: 2% say they would not vote
% Albertans
If a provincial election were held today, which one of the following parties’ candidate would you, yourself, be most likely to support?
- **United Conservative Party**: 54%
- **Alberta’s NDP**: 30%
- **Alberta Party**: 9%
- **Alberta Liberal**: 5%
- **Some other party**: 2%
*Initial Undecided: 18%*
% Decided Voters (n=1128)
If a provincial election were held today, which one of the following parties’ candidate would you, yourself, be most likely to support?
- NDP
- UCP
- WR
- PC
- LIB
- AB Party
- Other
Wildrose and PC Parties merge to form United Conservative Party
November 2017 ThinkHQ/Metro News - Alberta’s Political Landscape
Copyright © 2017 ThinkHQ Public Affairs Inc. All rights reserved
Want to make your voice heard? Join now: www.voiceofalberta.com | 8
| DECIDED VOTE | ALBERTA TOTAL | EDMONTON CMA | EDMONTON PROPER |
|----------------------|---------------|--------------|-----------------|
| | Aug '17 (958) | Nov '17 (1128)| Change | Aug '17 (297) | Nov '17 (327) | Change | Aug '17 (226) | Nov '17 (245) | Change |
| Alberta's NDP | 31% | 30% | -1 | 46% | 42% | -4 | 49% | 47% | -2 |
| United Conservative Party | 53% | 54% | +1 | 36% | 42% | +6 | 33% | 34% | +1 |
| Alberta Liberal | 7% | 5% | -2 | 12% | 6% | -6 | 11% | 7% | -4 |
| Alberta Party | 7% | 9% | +2 | 4% | 9% | +5 | 5% | 10% | +5 |
| OTHER | 1% | 2% | +1 | 2% | 2% | - | 2% | 2% | - |
Want to have your say about topics and issues that affect Albertans?
Voice of Alberta is a rapidly growing online community of Albertans who are interested in shaping the future of their community, province and nation. We bring current political, business and social issues to you and ask for your views. In return, we share the results in publications like the one you’re reading now, through traditional and social media, and in member-exclusive newsletters.
Join and have your say at: www.voiceofalberta.com
For more information, contact:
Marc Henry, President
ThinkHQ Public Affairs Inc.
firstname.lastname@example.org
(587) 774-2395
Copyright © 2017. All contents of this document are the exclusive property of ThinkHQ Public Affairs Inc. All rights are reserved.
Permission to reproduce, redistribute and/or refer to our copyrighted property is granted on the condition that all such use gives proper attribution to the “ThinkHQ/Metro News Poll”. | <urn:uuid:97a49484-b4c4-4d7d-9058-9d1b5ffa0b25> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 7,420 |
101inks.com
Animal Den
Bellacor
Bronson Vitamins
1800AnyLens
123Inkjets
Ann Taylor
BelleLily
Brook & York
1800Contacts
1Ink.com
1-800-Flowers.com
23andMe
3gorillas.com
39DollarGlasses
4checks.com
7 For All Mankind
4inkjets!
A Pea In The Pod
ABaby.com
A.T. Cross
AbeBooks.com
ABT Electronics
ABestKitchen.com
Abu Garcia
Academic Superstore
AC Lens
Academy Sports & Outdoors
Acer
Ace Hardware
Acme Tools
Adagio Teas
Active Ride Shop
Adam and Eve
Aden + Anais
Addition Elle adidas Outdoor
Advance Auto Parts
Adorama Pix aerie
Aeropostale
AeroGarden
Affliction
AHAVA
A'Gaci
Airocide
ALDO
AirTurn
Alex And Ani
Alexis Bittar
AlexAndAlexa.com
Alibris
All 4 Cellular
Alice & Olivia
All Volleyball
AllergyandAir.com
All-Battery.com
Allied Shirts
Allsaints
Alloy
Alternative Apparel
American Eagle Outfitters
American Apparel
American Greetings
American Tourister
American Musical Supply
Amerimark
Amora Coffee
AMI Clubwear
Ancestry.com
Appleseed's
Anytime Costumes
AppliancePartsPros.com aquasana
Apt2B
AreYouGame.com
Art Naturals
Arkiv Music
Artistic Checks
Ashford
As We Change
Ashley Furniture Homestore
ASICS
Ashley Stewart
ASOS
At-A-Glance
AT&T
Athleta
AudioCityUSA.com
ATM Collection
Auto Parts Warehouse
Aveda
AutoAnything
Avenue
AVG Technologies
Avery
B2C Jewels
BackJoy
Babybasket.com
Baggallini
Bake Me A Wish!
Bailey Hats
Balance by Bistro MD
Banana Republic Factory
Banana Republic
Barbell Apparel bareMinerals
Barbie
Barnes & Noble
Barneys Warehouse
Barneys New York
Baseball Monkey
Bass Pro Shops
Baseball Savings
Bates Footwear
BCBGeneration
Bath & Body Works
BCBGMaxazria
Bealls
Beachbody
Beauty Brands
Beauty Expert
Beauty Encounter
Beauty Plus Salon bebe
BeautyStoreDepot.com
Beckett Media
Bedding Inn
Bed Bath & Beyond
Bedford Fair
Belkin
Belk
Benefit Cosmetics
BeltOutlet.com
Bergdorf Goodman
Best Bully Sticks
Berkley Fishing
Best Buy
Best Of Orlando
Best Choice Products
Best Vet Care
BestOfVegas.com
BestBuyEyeGlasses.com
Betsey Johnson
Betty's Attic
BetterWorldBooks.com
Bevello
Big Dog Sportswear
Big Al's Aquarium Services, Ltd.
Big Fish Games
BiggerBooks.com
Big Lots
Billabong
Birthday in a Box
Biotherm
Blain's Farm & Fleet
Blank NYC
Blair
Blick Art Materials
BlindSaver
Blinds.com
Bliss
Bloomingdale's bloomingbulb.com
Blue Box Jewels
BlueBella
Blue Nile
Blushfashion LTD
Bob's Stores
Bobbi Brown Cosmetics
BobWards.com
Bogs Footwear
Body Beast
Bonanza
BooHoo
Bonobos boohooMAN
BookPal
Bookbaby
Books-A-Million
Born Shoes
Bookworm.com
Boscovs
Botanic Choice
Boston Proper
Bourbon & Boots
Boxed
Bowflex
Brahmin
Bright Cellars
Brazil Butt Lift
Brilliance New York
Broderbund
Brooks Running
Brooks Brothers
Brookstone
Buckle
Brylane Home
Buffalo David Bitton
BUILT
Build-A-Bear
BulbHead
Burlington
Bumble & Bumble
Burpee Gardening
Butter Super Soft
Burt's Bees Baby
BuyAutoParts.com
BuyDig.com buybuy Baby
Cabela's
CafePress
Cafe Britt
Calendars.com
California Delicious
Califia Farms
Callaway Golf
Calvin Klein
Callaway Golf Preowned
CAMI
Camping World
Camper
Campus Book Rentals
Canvas Champ
Canon
Canvas On Demand
Canvas World
Canvas People
CanvasDiscount.com
Car Toys
Capturing Couture
Carhartt
Carla Bikini
Cariloha
Carl's GolfLand
Carole Hochman - Luxurious Lingerie
Carol Wright Gifts
Carolina Rustica
CarParts.com
Carol's Daughter
Carrot Ink
Carter's
Carson-Dellosa Publishing
Case-Mate
Castle Baths
Casper
CAT Footwear
Caudalie
Catherines
CB2
Century 21
CD Universe
Century Novelty
Chaco
Chainlove.com
Chain Reaction Cycles
ChaLEAN Extreme
Champs Sports
Champion
Charles Tyrwhitt
Checks In The Mail
Charlotte Russe
Checks Superstore
Chemical Guys
Checks Unlimited
Cherry Moon Farms
Cheryl's
Cherrybrook
Chesapeake Bay Crab Cakes
Chico's
Chicago Steak Company
Chico's Off the Rack
Chinese Laundry
CHIEF
Chrislie and That!
Christmas Tree Shops
Christopher & Banks
Churchgoers
Chronicle Books
Cigar Monster
CITYPASS
City Chic
Clarins
Clarks
Clarisonic
Cleatskins
Cloud 9 Living
Clinique
Club Monaco
Coastal.com
Coach
CoatsDirect.com
Coggles
Coffee Wholesale USA
Coldwater Creek
Collections Etc.
Coleman
Colorful Images
ComboInk
Columbia Sportswear
Comfort-Aire
Competitive Cyclist
CompAndSave.com
Conair Online Store
Contact Lens King
Concord Supplies
ContactsDirect
Cookies By Design
Converse
Corel
Corgi Socks USA
Corelle
Cosabella
Costume Discounters
Cost Plus World Market
Costume SuperCenter
Costumes4Less.com
Costway
Dirt Devil
Entertainment Earth
Franco Sarto
CourseSmart
Cotton On
Discount Contact Lenses
Entirely Pets
Frank And Oak
Cousins
Cozy Earth
Couture Candy
Crabtree & Evelyn
Crate & Barrel
Crane & Co.
Crayola
CrazyForBargains.com
Crazy 8
Cricut
Croscill
Crock-Pot
Cubavera
Cufflinks
CuddlDuds
Cuisinart
Current Labels
Current Catalog
Cutter and Buck
CVS Photo
CVS Pharmacy
CyberCucina
Cynthia Rowley
Cymax Store
Daily Sale
Danskin
Dallas Cowboys Pro Shop
D'Artagnan
David's Cookies
DataBazaar.com
Day-Timer
DealExtreme
DC Shoes
Dearborn Denim dELiA*s
Decor Island
Delilah K
Dell Refurbished
Dell derm exclusive
Desert Essence
DermStore
Design By Humans
Design Toscano
Design Furnishings
Design Within Reach
Designer Intimates
DesignAShirt
Designer Living
Destination Maternity
Designs by Stephene
Destination XL
DiamondWave
Dezzal
Diane von Furstenberg
Diecast
Dick's Sporting Goods
Diesel
Dillard's
Diet Direct
Direct Gardening
Discount Tire Direct
Discount School Supply
DiscountFilters.com
DiscountWatchStore.com
DiscountGlasses
Divine Health
DL1961 Women
DKNY
DNA Footwear
Dog.com
Dockers
DogBreedStore.com
Doheny's
Dogeared Jewels & Gifts
Dolce Vita
Dollar Tree
Dollar General
DoMyOwnPestControl.com
Dorco
Dooney & Bourke
Dormify
Dot & Bo
Dorothy Perkins
Dr. Brandt Skincare
Dr. Scholls Shoes
Dr. Lark
Dr. Sinatra
Draper's & Damon's
Dr. Whitaker
DreamCloud
DressilyMe
Dressbarn
Dunkin' Donuts
Dylan's Candy Bar
Dutch Gardens
Dyson
Eagle Creek e.l.f. Cosmetics
EagleMoss
Eastern Mountain Sports
Eastbay
Easy Comforts
EasyClosets
Easy Spirit
EatGreenTea.com eBooks.com
eBags eCampus.com
Ed2Go
Ecco
Eddie Bauer eGlobal Central
Effy Jewelers
Electric Visual
EliteFixtures
Elevtd
Elizabeth Arden
ELOQUII
ellos eLuxurySupply.com
Enso Rings
Encore ePuppets.com
Epson
EricDress.com
Especially Yours eSigns
Essential Apparel
Ethel M Chocolates
Estee Lauder
Etsy
Event Decor Direct
Eve Mattress
Everlast
EverythingHangers
Evermine
EverywhereChair.com
ExOfficio
Eve's Addiction Jewelry
Exposures
Expressionery
Express
EyeBuyDirect f.y.e.
Eyeglasses.com
Factory Outlet Store
Fairy Season
Faherty
Fame And Partners
Famous Smoke Shop
Famous Footwear
FansEdge
FedEx Office
Fat Brain Toys
Field Supply
FILA
Figleaves
Filthy Fragrances
First Aid Beauty
Finish Line
Fisher-Price fitbit
Fit & Fresh
FitFlop
Fleet Feet Sports
Five Star
FlexShopper
Florsheim
Flirty Aprons
Focus T25
Foodstirs
Folli Follie
Foot Locker
FOREO
Footlocker
Forestry Suppliers
FORZIERI
Forever 21
Fossil
FragranceX
FragranceNet.com
Frame Boutique
Francesca's
FramesDirect.com
Frederick's of Hollywood
Franklin Planner
Free People
French Toast
French Connection
FreshDirect
Fruits & Passion
FromYouFlowers.com
FRYE
FTD Flowers
FSAstore.com
Full Beauty
Fulton Fish Market
Full of Life
Fun.com
G.H. Bass & Co.
Fye.com
Gaiam
GamesDeal
GameFly
GameStop
Gap
Gamiss
Gap Factory
Gazelle
Garmin
GE Appliances
GearBest
GE Appliances Warehouse
Geox Shoes
Ghirardelli
Gevalia
Gift Warehouse
GiftsForYouNow.com
Gifts.com
GiftTree
Girlactik.com
Giorgio Armani Beauty
GlamGlow
GlassesShop.com
Glasses.com
GNC
Goalie Monkey
Goal Zero
Godiva Chocolatier
Goldenmine
Gold Violin
Golf Shoes Plus
Goodnight Macaroon
GolfEtail.com
Goodyear Tire
Gordon's Jewelers
GoPro
Gotham Cigars
GourmetGiftBaskets.com
Gourmesso
Grace & Lace
Grande Lash MD
Gradshop
Grasshoppers
Green Man Gaming
Great Big Canvas
Grokker
Griffin Technology
Grooming Lounge
Groupon
GroopDealz
Grow Gorgeous
GUM Brand
Guitar Center
Gunnar Optiks
H2O Plus
Gymboree
Haband
Hallmark Baby
Hale Groves
Hallmark eCards
Halloween Mall
Halloween Express
Halston Heritage
Hampden
Hammacher Schlemmer
Handy.com
Hanes INK
Hanes
Hanky Panky
Happy Feet Plus
Hansen's Surfboards
Happy Socks
Harmon Face Values
Harley Davidson Footwear
Harry & David
Hat Country
Hasbro
Hatley
Haute Headquarters
Hats.com
Hautelook
HealthmateForever
Hayneedle
Healthy Directions
HearthSong
Healthy Pets
Heartland America
Heartwood & Oak
HeartMath
HeatandCool.com
Heidi Klum Intimates
Heaven Gifts
Hello Direct
Helzberg Diamonds
Hello Fresh
Henkaa
Herbs Pro
Henri Bendel
HerRoom
High Sierra
HFL Solutions
Highlights
Hobby Lobby
HisRoom
Hockey Monkey
Holloway Sportswear
Holabird Sports
Home and Patio
Decor Center
Home DNA
Jared
Lancôme
Love Scent
MilitaryClothing.com
Hoover
Homeclick
Jaybird Sport
Lands' End
LoveBook
Milk Makeup
Horchow
HorseLoverZ
Horse.com
Hot Topic
Hotter Shoes
Hot Wheels
HP Home Store
HSAstore.com
HQhair.com
HSI Professional
HTC Vive and HTC Phone
HSN
Hub Clothing
Hurley
Hudson Jeans
Hush Puppies
I Love Dooney
Hyper Wear
I See Me!
iCLIPART
IceJerseys
IdealFit
Identity Checks
IdealShape iHome Audio
Imagekind illy caffe
Impromptu Gourmet
Incorporate.com
In The Swim
Indigo Books & Music
Inhabit
InformIT
InkCartridges.com
InlineSkates.com inkfarm.com
Insanity
InterCall
Insanity - the Asylum
Interweave Store iolo Technologies
Intimissimi iRobot
iSmartAlarm
Isharya iTechDeals.com
Ivory Isle Designs
Ivory Ella iWantOneOfThose.com
J. McLaughlin
J Brand
J.Crew
J.Jill
J.Crew Factory
Jack Spade
JackRabbit
Jack Wills
JAG
Janie And Jack
James Perse
JanSport
JCPenney
JC Whitney
JD.com
Jerusalem Export House
Jelly Belly
Jessica London
JOANN
Jewelry Vortex
Jockey
John Varvatos
Joe Fresh
Jojo Maman Bebe
Jones New York
JomaShop.com
Jos. A. Bank
Joss & Main
Joseph Joseph
Joules
Journeys
Journelle
JR Cigars
Juicy Couture
JudicialShop
Jus by Julie
JustMySize.com
Justice
Kangol
Kat Von D
Kaplan MD
Kate Spade
Keds
Kay Jewelers
Kelly's Running Warehouse
Kendra Scott
Kelsi Dagger
Kenneth Cole
Keurig
Kerastase
KicksUSA
Kids Foot Locker
Kidrobot
KidsShoes.com
KimmyShop
Kiehl's
KingSize
Kirkland's
Kipling USA
Kitchen Universe
Klorane
Kiyonna
Kmart
Kohl's
Kobo
Koral
L.L.Bean
Kusmi Tea
LA Minerals
La Senza
La Redoute
Lacoste
Lady Foot Locker
LacrosseMonkey.com
Outfitters
Lands' End Business
Lane Bryant
LaptopBatteryExpress.com
Lang
Laura Mercier
La-Z-Boy
Lauren Moshi
LE CHÂTEAU
Leaf Filter Gutter Protection
Le Mystere
Leanin' Tree
Left Lane Sports
Learning Resources
Legendary Whitetails
LELO
LEGO
Lenovo
Lens.com
Lenox
LensDirect.com
Les Mills Combat
Leotony
Les Mills Pump
LexMod
Les Nouvelles
Lids
Life Checks
Liebeskind Berlin
Life is good
LifeStride.com
LifeStore AOL.com
Lighting By Gregory
LilySilk
Lillian Vernon
Limitless Walls
Lindt
Limoges Jewelry
Links of London USA
Little Giant Ladder
Liquidation Channel littleBits
Livify
LiveNation
Living Direct
LivingSocial
Living DNA
LN-CC
L'Occitane
Lobster Gram
LOFT
LogoSportswear.com
Logitech
Lolë
Look.com
Look Human
LookFantastic.com
Lord & Taylor
Loralette
Lorna Jane
Love Pastry
Lou & Grey
Lowe's
LoveSac
Loxabeauty
Lucky Brand
LTD Commodities
Lucky Vitamin
Luggage Pros
Lucy Activewear
LuggageGuy
Lumber Liquidators
Lugz Footwear
Lux Beauty
Luxomo
Luxe Designer Handbags
Lydia's Uniforms
Mac & Mia
Mabel's Labels
Mackenzie Limited
Macy's
MacMall
Madewell
MagicKitchen.com
Magic Cabin
Magix
Mankind
Manhattanite
Mantry
Marc Jacobs Beauty
Manuka Doctor
Marciano
Mark's
Market America
Marmot
Maryland Square
Marshall Headphones
Matt & Nat
Maurices
Mattel
Max Studio
Mead
McAfee
Meat Processing Products
Meli Melo
Medifast
Melissa & Doug
Men's USA
MemorableGifts.com
Men's Wearhouse
Merrell
Merlin Cycles
Message Products
Michael Kors
Michael C. Fina
Michael Lauren
Michael Todd Beauty
Michael Stars
Michael's
Microsoft Store
Michele Watches
Mighty Leaf Tea
Miles Kimball
Mikasa
Minnetonka Moccasin Co.
Ministry Of Supply
MIO Skincare
MissGuided
Misfit
MisterArt
ModCloth
Mixbook
Modell's Sporting Goods
Mojo Compression
Modern Bathroom
Molton Brown
Monoprice
Monica Vinader
Monster Products
Moosejaw
Moo
Morgan Miller
Motorola
Motherhood Maternity
Mountain Hardwear
Mountain Steals
Mountain Retail
Mountain Warehouse
MPG Sport
Mouth
MrKate.com
Munchery
Mrs. Fields
Murad
MVMT
Music & Arts
MWave
My Wedding Favors
My M&M's
MyBag.com
MyPotsAndPlanters.com
MyEvergreen
MyProtein
Naked Zebra
MySnoring Solutions
Nars Cosmetics
Nasty Gal
Nashbar
National Geographic
Natural Healthy Concepts
National Pen
Natural Wellbeing
Naturals, Inc.
Naturalizer
Naturebox
Nature's Jewelry
Naturepedic
Nautica nCrowd
Navigation.com
Necessary Clothing
NEFF
NECTAR Sleep Mattresses
Neiman Marcus
NEST Fragrance
Neiman Marcus Last Call
NET10 Wireless
Pamono
Pinemeadow Golf
Refrigiwear
Sebago
New Vitality
Neutrogena
Panasonic
Pingo
Reitmans
See's Candies
New York & Company
Nexxus
Next
Nicole Miller
Nina Shoes
Nike
Nine West
Nordstrom Rack
Nobelcom.com
Norm Thompson
NUK
NOVICA
Nunn Bush
Oakley
Oak Furniture Land
Oasis Fashions Ltd.
Office Designs
Office Depot and OfficeMax
Office Designs Outlet
Olay
OfficeFurniture2Go.com
Old Navy
Old Time Candy Company
Old Pueblo Traders
Ole Henriksen
Olympus
OLIVELA
Omaha Steaks
One Kings Lane
Omni Furniture
OneCall
O'Neill
OneHanesPlace
OnePiece
Only Natural Pet Store
Online Sports
Oopsy Daisy
Oreck
OpenSky
O'Reilly
Original Penguin
Organifi
Origins
Orvis
Orion
Oscaro
Otticanet US
OtterBox
Ouidad
Outdoor Tech
Our Campus Market
Overnight Prints
Overton's
Overstock.com
Oyo Sportstoys
Pacific Coast Feather
P.S. from Aéropostale
Company
Palais Royal
PacSun
Palmetto State Armory
Paper Mart
Panda Hall
Paper Source
Parallels
Paragon Sports
Parasuco Jeans
Parrot USA
Parker
Parts Geek
Party City
Parts Train
Passiana
Paul Fredrick Menstyle
PatPat
Paul Hewitt
Paula's Choice
Paula Young
Pavoz Skateboards
PC Richard & Son
Payless ShoeSource
PCM
Peebles
Peace Love World
Peek Kids
Penn Fishing
Pelican Water
Penningtons
Pep Boys
Peony
Performance Bicycle
Perfume Emporium
Perfumania
Perfume.com
Perry Ellis
Perricone MD
Personal Creations
Peruvian Connection
Personalization Mall
Pet Care Choice
Pet Street Mall
Pet Plus
Pet Wellbeing
PetCareSupplies.com
PetCareRx
Petco
PetFlow
Peter Millar
Petit Bateau
Pets Best
PetPlan
PetSafe
PF Flyers
Pevonia
Pfaltzgraff
PhoneSoap
Pharmedoc
Picaboo
Picture It On Canvas
Picanova
PictureFrames.com
Piercing Pagoda
Pier 1 Imports
Pittman & Davis
Pink Basis
Planet CD Rom
Playmobil
PlayerAuction
Plow & Hearth
Polynesian Cultural Center
Plukka
PoolDawg
Positive Promotions
Pop in a Box
Pour La Victoire
Power Half Hour
Power 90
Prana
Pretty Little Thing
Precious Moments
Price Smart Contacts
PrimeSport
Prime Choice Auto Parts
Princeton Watches
Print Place
Print Pictures
Printfinders.com
ProFlowers
ProBikeKit.com
ProPlants
Public Desire
Protein World
Pugster
PUR Minerals
Puma
Pura Vida Bracelets
Pure Formulas
Pure Collection
Puritan's Pride
PZI Jeans
Purlisse
QualityHealth
Quiksilver
Quay Australia
Quill
R.C. Willey
QVC
Rack Room Shoes
Rainbow Light rafaella
Rainbow Shops
Ralph Lauren
Rakuten
Ramy Brook
Raw Paws Pet Food
Rapala
Rawlings Gear
Readers.com
Ray-Ban
Rebecca Minkoff
Red Heart
Rebecca Taylor
Reebok
Reef
Reeds Jewelers
Rent The Runway
Relax The Back
Reservations.com
Revival Animal Health reuseit.com
RHONE
Riedel
Ribbons.com
Right Start
RingCentral
Riley Rose
Rite Aid
Road Runner Sports
Ritz Camera
Roamans
Robeez
Robb Vices
Robert Graham
Rocket Dog
Rock.com
Rockin' Body
Rodale's
Rockport
Rogaine
RoomMates
ROMWE
Rosewe
Roxio
Ross-Simons
ROXY
RoyalDiscount
Royal Doulton
Rue La La
Runkeeper.com
Rumba
Russell Stover
Ryka
RW&Co.
Sabon NYC
Sahalie
Safety Glasses USA
Saks Fifth Avenue
Saltwaterfish
Saks Off 5TH
Sam Edelman
Samsonite
Sam's Club
Samsung
Sanuk
Samuels Jewelers
Sassy Steals
Scarves.com
Saucony
Scholastic Store
Scosche
Schuler Shoes
Scrub Shopper
SeaEagle.com
SeaBear Smokehouse
Sears
SeatGeek
Sears PartsDirect
Sennheiser
SendFlowers
Sephora
Serengeti
Sephra
Shakespeare
Sharper Image
Shari's Berries
Sheetmusicplus.com
Shindigz
SheInside
Shipt
Shoebuy.com
Shoe Palace
Shoeline.com
Shopbop
Shop.com shopDisney
Shoplet
ShopKo
ShopNiceKicks.com
ShopWorldKitchen.com
ShopPBS
Show Me Your Mumu
Shu Uemura Art Of Beauty
ShowPo
Shu Uemura Art Of Hair
Sierra Trading Post
Shutterfly
Silkies simplehuman
Silk'n
SimpleMobile
Simply Soles
Simply Be
SIRIUS/XM Satellite Radio
Sixity
Six:02
Skagen
SkincarebyAlana.com
SkinBotanica
SkinCareRx
Skinny Smoothie
Skinny Shake
SkinStore.com
SLEEFS
Skis.com
Sleep Number
SlipCover Shop
Slim in 6
Smart Destinations
SmartHome
SmartBuyGlasses
SmartWool
Snapfish
Smashbox
Sneakersnstuff
Sofft Shoes
Soccer.com
Soft Surroundings
SoftWalk
Soft Surroundings Outlet
Sole Society
Sweaty Betty
Existed
Ty's Toy Box
Cigarettes
Solid Signal
Solemates
S'well
ThinkGeek
Udemy
White House Black Market
Solstice Sunglasses
Sonos
Soma Intimates
Sorel
Spa and Wellness
South Moon Under
Space NK
Specialty Pool Products
Spartan Race
Speck
Spencer's
Speedo
Sperry Top-Sider
Splits59
Spirit Halloween
SportChek
SPY Optic
Sports Fanfare
Stacy Adams
Staples
Stage Stores
Staples Copy and Print
Starfire Direct
Star Trek Shop
Starline Tours
SteepandCheap.com
State Line Tack
Stein Mart
Steve Madden
SteinerSports.com
Steve's Blinds & Wallpaper
Stila Cosmetics
StickerYou
Stock Yards
Storets
Stonewall Kitchen
Stowaway Cosmetics
StrawberryNET
Straight Talk
Strength.com
Stuart Weitzman
Stride Rite
Styles Checks
Stylin' Trucks
Styles For Less sugarfina
Sundance
Sun & Ski Sports
Sunglass Hut
Sunshine Shoppe
Sunglass Warehouse
Super Cheap Signs
Superdry
Super Media Store
SuperJeweler
Sur La Table
Supplies Outlet
SureFit
SWAK Designs
SuzanneSomers.om
Swarovski
Swimsuits Direct
Swim Spot
Swing-N-Slide
Szul
Swiss Knife Shop t+j Designs
Tackle Direct
T3 Hair
Tahari
Talbots
Tai Cheng
Target
TASER
Target Optical
Tatcha
Tech Armor
TaylorMade Golf
Tech for Less
Tennis Express
Ted Baker
Tervis
Textbook Underground
Teva
The Apollo Box
The Body Shop
The Art of Shaving
The Bouqs Co.
The Check Gallery
The Catholic Company
The Children's Place
The Company Store
The Coffee Bean & Tea Leaf
The Container Store
The Franklin Mint
The Corner Stork
The Fruit Company
The Golf Warehouse
The Gallery Collection
The Green Life
The Home Depot
The Grommet
The Honest Company
The Hut
The House
The Irish Store
The Lakeside Collection
The Jeweler's Wife
The Lighter Side
The Mountain
The Limited Stores
The North Face
The Perfume Spot
The Paper Store
The Shade Store
The Trend Boutique
The Shopping Channel
The Vitamin Shoppe
TheCuteKid
The Walking Company
Theory
Things You Never Knew
Things Remembered
Threadless
Thoughtfully
Threads 4 Thought
Thyme Maternity
Thrift Books
Tibi.com
Ticket Liquidator
Ticket City
TicketMaster tictactoe
TicketNetwork
Tictail
Ties.com
Tidy Living
TigerDirect
Tillys
Tilley
Timberland
Tiny Prints
Time Life
Tire Rack
Titan Attachments
TireBuyer.com
Titan Fitness
TM Lewin
Titan Ramps
T-Mobile
Tommie Copper
Tog Shop
Tommy Bahama
TOMS
Tommy Hilfiger
TomTom
Too Faced Cosmetics
Tony Robbins
TopBulb
TopShop
Topman
TopWedding.com
Total Pet Supply
Torrid
Tracfone Wireless, Inc.
Travis Mathew
Tractor Supply Company
TrendPay
Trendy Halloween
TrendTee
Trina Turk
Trollbeads
Triwa
Trophy Skin
True Religion
Trotters
True Value
TUMI
TRX Training
Turbo Fire
TurboTax
Turbo Jam
Turner Classic Movies
Tyent USA
TV Store Online
Ulla Popken
UglyStik
Ulta Beauty
UnbeatableSale
UMI Children's Shoes
Under Armour
UNIONBAY
Undies.com
Urban Outfitters
Value Pet Supplies
US Polo Association
Vans and Spencer
Velvet by Graham
Vera Bradley
Veronica Beard
Verizon Wireless
Vestiaire Collective
Vi by Lifebeam
VetShop.com
Villa
Vince Camuto
Villeroy & Boch
Vincero Collective
Vinesse Wine
Vinemarket.com
Vineyard Vines
VisionDirect.com
Violife
Vistaprint
Vital Choice
Vitacost.com
Vitamin Packs
Vitamin World
Vitamin Shoppe
VivaRoses
Vix Swimwear
VivaTerra
Volcom
VonZipper
Vons
VSP Individual Insurance
VTech Electronics
Plans
W Concept
Walmart
Walgreens
Walter Drake
Water Outfitters
Watch Station
Waterford
WBshop.com
Wayfair
WE ARE KNITTERS US
Wedding Paper Divas
Webroot Software
Wedgwood
West Music
WeGotSoccer.com
Whimsical Gifts
White Cloud Electronic
WhiskeyMilitia.com
WhiteWall
WhiteSmoke
Wholesale Halloween
WillyGoat
Costumes
Wilsons Leather
Windy City Novelties
Windsor Store
Wine Enthusiast
Winebasket.com
Wine.com
Winky Lux
Wise Food Storage
WinterSilks
WMF Cookware
Wolferman's
WOLACO
Wolverine
WoodWick
Woman Within
Woot!
WorldPetExpress.net
World Wide Stereo
Wrangler
Yoga International
WWE Shop
YOGASMOGA
YOOX
Yoins
Yugster
Thomson
Yummie By Heather
Zadig & Voltaire
ZAGG
Zaful
Zales
Zavvi
Zales Outlet zChocolat
Zizo Wireless
Zinus
Zoro
Zuma Office | <urn:uuid:27bd4cc9-f55c-4c33-88ec-aa90c69ada79> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 22,005 |
Is there a difference between the lifestyle of hypertensive adults and elderly in the Family Health Program?
Abstract
Rodrigo Ramalho Aniceto* Alessandra Araújo de Souza** Adeilma Lima dos Santos*** Leonardo da Silva Leandro*** Jarbas Rállison Domingos Gomes*** Gilmário Ricarte Batista**** Leonardo dos Santos Oliveira*****
Consequences of negative lifestyle behaviors may be different between adults and elderly, especially for hypertensive individuals. Therefore, this study compared the lifestyle of a group of hypertensive adults and elderly enrolled in the Family Health Program (FHP) of the city of Patos-PB. In a descriptive and cross-sectional study, 97 hypertensive patients of both sexes were randomly selected from FHPs and divided based on the age into two groups: Adults (<60 years, n= 44) and Elderly (≥60 years, n= 53). Lifestyle was assessed by the Individual Lifestyle Profile Scale (ILPS) composed of five components: Nutrition, Physical Activity, Preventive Behavior, Social Relationship and Stress Control. Each component was classified as negative (≤3 points) or positive (≥4 points). The ILPS scores were compared between the groups by the Mann-Whitney U test. Associations between component profiles and age groups were verified using the Chi-square test. Results showed that the Elderly presented a higher proportion of positive ILPS compared to Adults (P≤ 0.05), respectively, for Nutrition (n= 42, 79.2% vs. n= 26, 59.1%) and for Social Relationship (n= 49, 92.5% vs. n= 34, 77.3%). It is concluded that the Elderly were more conducive to a healthier lifestyle than the Adults. Because both age groups present a predominance of a negative profile in Physical Activity, it is suggested that the subjects adhere to the practice of physical exercise as a non-drug treatment, reducing the risk factors associated with hypertension.
Keywords: Risk factors. Hypertension. Quality of life. Health centers.
INTRODUCTION
Lifestyle changes have been considered a promising control and prevention of noncommunicable diseases, especially systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) 1,2 . It is known that people age at variable rates and also vary in the use of modifiable factors, such as reduction of body mass, consumption of sodium and alcohol, tobacco use and sedentary habits 2,3 . The prevalence of the elderly in Brazil has grown in due to the increase in life expectancy 4 , which may be linked, among other factors, to a major change in lifestyle. This result can also come from the accurate understanding of patients concerning their disease, which facilitates decision making concerning healthy behavior, as well as adherence, helping to delay the diseases' processes 3,5 .
Multiple healthy (positive) behaviors are recommended in guidelines for the management of SAH 6,7 . Going beyond the treatment with the use of antihypertensives, which does not always lead to adequate blood pressure control, it is recommended associating medication therapy with changes in lifestyle, especially through regular practice of physical exercise and adequate diet for the disease 2,6 . However, although lifestyles affect health and survival at all ages, the consequences of negative lifestyle behaviors may be different between elderly people and younger adults 3,8 . Thus, knowledge about the lifestyle of hypertensive patients in
*Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Ceará, Camocim-CE, Brazil
**Federal University of Tocantins, Tocantinópolis-TO, Brazil
***Integraded Colleges de Patos, Patos-PB, Brazil
****Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa-PB, Brazil
*****State University of Londrina, Londrina-PR, Brazil
different age groups is necessary.
Some studies have been carried out to establish the influence or relationship between lifestyle and hypertension. Martins et al. 9 , in a study carried out in the city of SinopMG, found an association between SAH and alcohol consumption. Similarly, Zaitune et al. 10 demonstrated that SAH was associated with alcohol consumption and overweight. On the other hand, a recent investigation in Pernambuco indicated that there was no relationship between blood pressure control and lifestyle characteristics; however, older people had lower blood pressure control 11 . Although investigations point to relationships between lifestyle components and SAH, the literature has not analyzed associations between age groups and certain lifestyle components of hypertensive individuals, such as stress management and social relationships.
The present investigation has the potential to point out positive and negative aspects of the lifestyle of hypertensive patients in different age groups. For the hypertensive population, the dissemination of disease specific knowledge and health education are important parts of the treatment of SAH and their adherence to it 5,6 . In addition, this knowledge is useful for the development of public health promoting, surveillance and health care policies (local and national) aimed at preventing and/or delaying the appearance of SAH, based on the actual behavior and medicinal needs (or not) of the hypertensive population.
Information on hypertensive patient lifestyle has been recorded in large centers, however, evidence is limited in smaller localities, especially in the Northeast region of Brazil. In addition, it is unclear whether there is a difference in the lifestyle of hypertensive patients in different age groups.
Therefore, this study compared the lifestyle among hypertensive adults and elderly enrolled in the Family Health Program (FHP) of the city of Patos-PB. Due to forgetfulness, lack of motivation to follow treatment, absence of symptoms 12 and inadequate control of blood pressure 11,13 in the elderly hypertensive population, the hypothesis of this investigation is that adults present a better lifestyle than the elderly.
METHODS
This was a descriptive study, with a crosssectional design and a quantitative approach. This research was conducted in the city of Patos, located in the southeastern state of Paraíba, Brazil. This city has 473,056 km 2 , an estimated population [2017] of 107,790 inhabitants and a population density [2010] of 212.82 res/km 2 14. The city of Patos has 36 Family Health Units (FHUs) and their respective FHPs, and are distributed in four Geoadministrative Districts (DGAs).
The study was authorized by the Municipal Health Department of Patos-PB and approved by the Ethics Committee for Human Research of the Integrated Colleges of Patos, under Protocol no. 169/2012. The subjects signed an informed consent form, according to Resolution 466/12 of the National Health Committee. All tests and measurements were performed in a place recommended by FHUs.
The study included 97 hypertensive patients of both sexes aged 18 years or more, previously enrolled in the FHP. The sample was randomly selected by lottery (www.randomizer.org) according to the DGAs, and in each district a FHU was selected: FHU Aderban Martins (DGA I, n= 26), FHU Bivar Olinto (DGA II n= 23), FHU Minister Ernani Satyro (DGA III, n= 27) and FHU Monte Castelo (DGA IV, n= 21). Subjects were divided into two groups: Adults (<60 years, n= 44), and Elderly (≥ 60 years, n= 53).
For the characterization of the sample, the body mass data (kg) were collected using a digital scale, with a resolution of 100g; and height (m) by the mounted wooden stadiometer with a resolution of 0.05mm. The body mass index (BMI, kg/m 2 ) was calculated by dividing body mass by height squared. Through the anamnesis questionnaire, the sociodemographic variables of age, sex, drug use, and smoking and alcohol status were collected.
In addition, the Brazil Economic Classification Scale was used, which seeks to estimate people's purchasing power through a points system, which aims to divide them into
economic classes, classifying the participants as A1 (42 to 46 points ), A2 (35 to 41 points), B1 (29 to 34 points), B2 (23 to 28 points), C1 (18 to 22 points) and C2 (14 to 17 points), D E (0 to 7 points) 15 .
The Individual Lifestyle Profile Scale (ILPS) was used to assess lifestyle 16,17 . It is a psychometric instrument, composed of 15 questions that are divided evenly into five components: Nutrition, Physical Activity, Preventive Behavior, Social Relationships and Stress Control. Each question has a Likert response scale ranging from "0" to "3". The values "0" and "1" are linked to a negative lifestyle profile and correspond, respectively, to "absolutely not part of your lifestyle" and "sometimes corresponds to your behavior." For the responses associated with the positive profile, the values "2" and "3" are assigned, which respectively describe "almost always true in their behavior" and "affirmation is always true in your daily life; it is part of your lifestyle. "
In the analysis of the ILPS scale, the sum of the three questions regarding each component was initially taken, as well as the overall scale score. For categorization of the components, the results were aggregated into the three questions that comprised each component. Considering that the values "0" and "1" correspond to the negative profile and the values "2" and "3" indicate a positive profile in each question of the ILPS scale 16 , the results presented by the participant in the three questions of each component were summed up, and the scores were classified into the components as follows: up to 3 points corresponded to a negative profile, and greater or equal to 4 points to a positive profile 18 . As a complete analysis, ILPS data were graphically represented by the Pentacle of Well-Being (PBE) based on the trend of each question, in order to facilitate the visualization of the following sections addressed 16 .
The qualitative variables were reported by absolute and relative frequency, and the continuous variables were presented by mean and standard deviation. The components and overall scores of ILPS were reported as medians, 1 st and 3 rd quartiles and compared between Adults and Elderly by the application of the Mann-Whitney U test. Associations between lifestyle components and age groups were verified using the chi-square test, and the effect size was verified by Cramer's V, P≤0.05.
RESULTS
Two hypertensive groups were compared, Adults (Mean ± SD; age: 48 ± 7 years; body mass: 64.60 ± 10.88 kg; height: 1.57 ± 0.08 m; BMI: 26.07 ± 5.02 kg/m2) and Elderly (Mean ± SD; age: 70 ± 9 years; body mass: 63.77 ± 11.35 kg; height: 1.58 ± 0.07 m; BMI: 25.44 ± 4.21 kg/m 2 ). Regarding the sociodemographic aspects of Adults and Elderly, respectively, 71.8% and 80.0% were female; 92.3% and 82.1% did not smoke; and 82.1% and 80.0% did not drink alcohol. Regarding the economic level, 92.3% of the Adults and 88.8% of the Elderly were allocated to classes D and E, and the others in class C. It was also verified that 88.6% of Adults and 84.9% of Elderly patients underwent drug therapy to control hypertension, with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors being the most reported by both the Adults (72.7%) and Elderly (58.5%).
In Table 1, it was found that, in most lifestyle components, age groups were similar, except for the Nutrition (P= 0.058) and Social Relationship (P= 0.004) components, in which the Elderly presented higher scores than Adults, corroborating the modal representation of PBE for hypertensive Adults and Elderly (Figure 1). It was observed that the Elderly were more likely to present a healthier lifestyle than Adults, especially in the Nutrition and Social Relationship components, corroborating with the information in Tables 1 and 2. Additionally, it was noticed that both age groups present predominance trending values of "0" (negative profile) and "3" (positive profile), respectively, for the components Physical Activity and Preventive Behavior.
The observed effect indicated a 21.9% and 21.5% chance of the association occurring between the age group and the Nutrition and Social Relations components (P≤0.05), respectively. Thus, the Elderly had a higher proportion of positive profile compared to
Adults in these two components (Table 2). It was also observed that both groups presented a predominantly positive profile in the Nutrition (70.1%), Preventive Behavior (91.8%), Social
Relationships (85.6%) and Stress Control (83.5%) components; and a negative profile in the Physical Activity component (61.9%) (Table 2).
Table 1 – - Lifestyle profile score of hypertensive Adults and Elderly enrolled in the Family Health Program, Patos-PB, 2013 (n = 97).
Data reported by median (1st-3rd quartiles). * P-value for the Mann-Whitney U test.
Table 2 – Association between components of the Individual Lifestyle Profile and age groups of hypertensive patients enrolled in the Family Health Program, Patos-PB, 2013 (n = 97).
Data reported by absolute (n) and relative (%) frequency. * P-value for the chi-square test.
DISCUSSION
This study compared the lifestyle among hypertensive Adults and Elderly enrolled in the FHP of the city of Patos-PB. The major findings demonstrate that the Elderly were more likely to have a healthier lifestyle compared to adults. In particular, in relation to the Nutrition and Social Relationship components, the Elderly presented a higher proportion of a positive lifestyle profile, when compared to Adults. There was a predominantly positive profile in the components Nutrition, Preventive Behavior, Social Relationship and Stress Control; and negative profile in the Physical Activity component for both groups. Therefore, the hypothesis that adults would present better lifestyle than the elderly was refuted. The barriers to having a healthy lifestyle and the known inadequacy of blood pressure control in the elderly population do not seem to occur frequently in the Elderly group analyzed.
Lifestyle has a central role among nongenetic factors that affect health and life expectancy 3,8 . It is known that the most neglected causes of uncontrolled hypertension are unhealthy lifestyles 5 . Regular practice of physical activity and adequate nutrition have been pointed out as fundamental elements for the prevention and treatment of SAH 1,2,6,7 . However, these components require good selfefficacy to overcome the barriers that intervene in these positive profiles, depending both on the availability of time and place for the practice of physical activity, and on the selection and preparation of healthy foods 8 .
Over the years, there has been a tendency of greater adherence of the elderly population to healthy eating habits 19 , possibly because they understand that a good diet can lead to longevity and prevent non-communicable diseases 8 , which could explain the positive profile found for the Elderly in the Nutrition component. It is known that health education is a common practice in primary care, to corroborate their knowledge about the selection of macro and micronutrients, especially in the management of hypertension 5 . Thus, the hypertensive Elderly individuals had adhered more effectively to public health policies in FHPs, particularly
305
regarding improved eating habits.
Although a positive profile of the elderly in Nutrition was observed, it is worrying that the trend in the Physical Activity component was the option "absolutely not part of their lifestyle" for the groups analyzed. It is important to note that most participants in the Adult and Elderly groups did not meet the minimum recommendation to be considered physically active 20 . Guidelines for hypertension suggest the practice of aerobic exercise in daily routines 2,6,7 . Therefore, it is important to note that hypertensive individuals from both groups practice motivational physical activities 8 as a means of non-drug treatment, since a significant portion reported the use of medication (86.6%).
The Preventive Behavior component, which dealt with the self-knowledge of the individual's health (e.g. blood pressure and cholesterol values), smoking and alcohol consumption, and respect for traffic regulations was very well evaluated in both groups. In addition to being important pillars for healthy aging 3,19 , smoking, alcoholism and high cholesterol have a known association with SAH 9,10,21 . In addition, it is known that the barriers that are repeated in different health behaviors include the lack of knowledge at middle age 8 . Therefore, for the hypertensive population, guidance with health care is essential in order to avoid complications of SAH, as well as the appearance of other comorbidities.
The Elderly presented a greater proportion of positive profiles in the Social Relationship component than the Adults. The main difference was found in the question that referred to "Your leisure includes meetings with friends, group activities, participation in associations or social entities". In middle-aged and elderly individuals practicing physical activities in Maringá-PR, this component was considered satisfactory, justified by the importance of physical activity practice environments that promote an interaction among participants 22 . However, this justification does not apply to the Elderly of the present study, considering that the Physical Activity component presented a predominantly negative profile. Previous studies with representative samples of Brazilian hypertensive patients did not analyze the Social Relationship component 9,11 , limiting the comparison of the results.
In relation to Stress Control, the age groups presented frequently similar positive profiles. The trends of Adults and Elderly indicated that "having a good balance between time spent working with leisure time" sometimes corresponds to the behavior of groups. A negative profile in this issue would be more expected for the group Adults, since generally many are not retired, which is distinct from the Elderly group where they are expected to have a greater work-leisure balance. Given that stress is multifactorial and can affect health status through different biological mechanisms 3 , it is recommended that the individuals in our study engage in relaxation/meditation techniques that have a strong tendency to reduce blood pressure (meditation, biofeedback, yoga, etc.) 1,7 .
The present investigation provides an important reference concerning the association of age with specific lifestyle components of hypertensive patients, randomly selected from FHPs of an important city in the interior of Paraíba. Few investigations have analyzed the lifestyle from five components, through pictorial representation of a PBE, as recommended by Nahas et al. 16 . In the same way, it becomes more productive, for this type of analysis, to represent the findings by a trending frequency. The PBE proposal systematized an idea of how to represent a lifestyle, facilitating the behavioral changes by the characteristics of the individual or group lifestyle for any intervention. Therefore, new strategies of health promotion programs will appear with the intention of reducing barriers so that the groups may know the advantages of each component. Consequently, health professionals can be assisted by a low-cost tool that can deliver results that are closer to reality.
CONCLUSION
Taken together, it is concluded that the Elderly were more conducive to a healthier lifestyle than Adults, reporting a higher proportion to a positive profile in relation to the Nutrition and Social Relationship components.
The barriers to having a healthy lifestyle and the known inadequacy of blood pressure control in the elderly population do not seem to occur frequently in the Elderly group analyzed. However, because both age groups present a predominantly negative profile in the Physical Activity component, it is suggested that they be adhered to a physical exercise program as a means of a non-drug treatment, reducing the risk factors associated with SAH .
REFERENCES
1. Malachias MVB, Souza WKSB, Plavnik FL, Rodrigues CIS, Brandão AA, Neves MFT, et al. VII Diretriz Brasileira de Hipertensão Arterial. Rev Bras Cardiol. 2016;107(3):7-113.
2. Taler SJ. Initial Treatment of Hypertension. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(7):636-44.
3. Rizzuto D, Fratiglioni L. Lifestyle factors related to mortality and survival: a mini-review. Gerontology. 2014;60(4):327-35.
4. REDE Interagencial de Informação para a Saúde. Indicadores básicos para a saúde no Brasil: conceitos e aplicações. 2 ed. Brasília:
Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde; 2008.
5. Tibebu A, Mengistu D, Negesa L. Adherence to recommended lifestyle modifications and factors associated for hypertensive patients attending chronic follow-up units of selected public hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Patient Prefer Adherence. 2017;11:323-30.
6. Lin JS, O'Connor EA, Evans CV, Senger CA, Rowland MG, Groom HC. Behavioral counseling to promote a healthy lifestyle for cardiovascular disease prevention in persons with cardiovascular risk factors: An updated systematic evidence review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2014.
7. Weber MA, Schiffrin EL, White WB, Mann S, Lindholm LH, Kenerson JG, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of hypertension in the community a statement by the American Society of Hypertension and the International Society of Hypertension. J Hypertens. 2014;32(1):3-15.
8. Kelly S, Martin S, Kuhn I, Cowan A, Brayne C, Lafortune L. Barriers and facilitators to the uptake and maintenance of healthy hehaviours by people at mid-Life: a rapid systematic review. PLoS One. 2016;11(1):e0145074.
9. Martins MSAS, Ferreira MG, Guimarães LV, Vianna LAC. Hipertensão arterial e estilo de vida em Sinop, Município da Amazônia Legal. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2010;94(5):639-44.
10. Zaitune MPA, Barros MBA, César CLG, Carandina L, Goldbaum M. Hipertensão arterial em idosos: prevalência, fatores associados e práticas de controle no Município de Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil. Cad Saúde Pública. 2006;22(2):285-94.
11. Paes IMBS, Fontbonne A, Melo SPSC, Rodrigues HM, Cesse EAP. Lifestyle and blood pressure control in the Family Health Strategy Program, Pernambuco, Brazil. Mundo Saúde. 2018;42(1):199-213.
12. Dourado CS, Macêdo-Costa KNF, Oliveira JS, Leadebal ODCP, Silva GRF. Adesão ao tratamento de idosos com hipertensão em uma unidade básica de saúde de João Pessoa, Estado da Paraíba. Acta Scientiarum Health Sciences. 2011;33(1):9-17.
13. Barreto MS, Matsuda LM, Marcon SS. Fatores associados ao inadequado controle pressórico em pacientes da atenção primária. Esc Anna Nery. 2016;20(1):114-20.
14. Censo Demográfico 2010: Características da população e dos domicílios [Internet]. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. 2018 [citado 23 abr 2018]. Disponível em: https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/pb/patos/panorama.
15. Critério de Classificação Econômica Brasil [Internet]. Associação Brasileira de Empresas de Pesquisa. 2012 [citado 20 ago 2012]. Disponível em: http://www.abep.org/.
16. Nahas MV, Barros MVG, Francalacci V. O pentáculo do bem-estar-base conceitual para avaliação do estilo de vida de indivíduos ou grupos. Rev Bras Ativ Fís Saúde. 2000;5(2):48-59.
17. Both J, Borgatto AF, Nascimento JV, Sonoo CN, Lemos CAF, Nahas MV. Validação da escala "Perfil do Estilo de Vida Individual". Rev Bras Ativ Fís Saúde. 2008;13(1):5-14.
18. Silveira JLG. Estilo de vida, índice de capacidade de trabalho e percepção da demanda física por tarefa dos profissionais de segurança dos cidadãos, no Estado de Santa Catarina [Tese]. Florianópolis: Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; 2004.
19. Vinholes DB, Assunção MCF, Neutzling MB. Frequência de hábitos saudáveis de alimentação medidos a partir dos 10 Passos da Alimentação Saudável do Ministério da Saúde: Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Cad Saúde Pública. 2009;25(4):791-9.
20. Haskell WL, Blair SN, Hill JO. Physical activity: health outcomes and importance for public health policy. Prev Med. 2009;49(4):280-
2.
21. Malta DC, Bernal RTI, Andrade SSCA, Silva MMA, Velasquez-Melendez G. Prevalence of and factors associated with self-reported high blood pressure in Brazilian adults. Rev Saúde Pública. 2017;51.
22. Esteves JVDC, Andreato LV, Moraes SMF, Prati ARC. Estilo de vida de praticantes de atividades físicas em academias da terceira idade de Maringá-PR. Conexões. 2010;8(1):119-29.
308
Existe diferença entre o estilo de vida de hipertensos adultos e idosos do Programa de Saúde da Família?
Rodrigo Ramalho Aniceto*
Alesandra Araújo de Souza**
Adeilma Lima dos Santos***
Leonardo da Silva Leandro***
Jarbas Rállison Domingos-Gomes***
Gilmário Ricarte Batista****
Leonardo dos Santos Oliveira*****
Resumo
As consequências de comportamentos negativos no estilo de vida podem ser diferentes entre adultos e idosos, especialmente para os hipertensos. Portanto, este estudo comparou o estilo de vida entre adultos e idosos hipertensos cadastrados no Programa de Saúde da Família (PSF) da cidade de Patos-PB. Em um estudo descritivo e transversal, 97 hipertensos de ambos os sexos foram aleatoriamente selecionados de PSFs e divididos conforme a idade em dois grupos: Adultos (<60 anos; n= 44) e Idosos (≥60 anos; n= 53). O estilo de vida foi avaliado pela escala do Perfil do Estilo de Vida Individual (PEVI) composta por cinco componentes: Nutrição, Atividade Física, Comportamento Preventivo, Relacionamento Social e Controle do Estresse. Cada componente foi classificado em perfil negativo (≤3 pontos) ou positivo (≥4 pontos). Os escores do PEVI foram comparados entre os grupos pelo teste U de MannWhitney. Associações entre os perfis dos componentes e os grupos etários foram verificadas pelo teste Qui-quadrado. Os resultados demonstraram que os Idosos apresentaram maior proporção de PEVI positivo comparados aos Adultos (P≤ 0,05), respectivamente, para Nutrição (n= 42; 79,2% vs. n= 26; 59,1%) e para Relacionamento Social (n= 49; 92,5% vs. n= 34; 77,3%). Conclui-se que os Idosos foram mais propícios a um estilo de vida mais saudável do que os Adultos. Em virtude de ambos os grupos etários apresentarem uma predominância de perfil negativo em Atividade Física, sugere-se a adesão dos participantes sujeitos à prática de exercício físico como tratamento não medicamentoso, reduzindo os fatores de risco associados à hipertensão.
Palavras-chave: Fatores de risco. Hipertensão. Qualidade de vida. Centros de saúde.
INTRODUÇÃO
Mudanças no estilo de vida têm sido consideradas um meio promissor de controle e prevenção de doenças não-comunicáveis, especialmente da hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS) 1,2 . Sabe-se que as pessoas envelhecem em taxas diferentes e variam amplamente na exposição a fatores de risco modificáveis, como redução da massa corporal, do consumo de sódio e de álcool, do uso de tabaco e de comportamentos sedentários 2,3 . O Brasil tem crescido na prevalência de idosos em virtude do aumento da esperança de vida 4 que pode estar atrelado, entre outros fatores, à significativa modificação no estilo de vida. Este resultado também pode advir do entendimento preciso dos pacientes sobre sua doença, o que facilita a tomada de decisões sobre comportamentos saudáveis, bem como a adesão, auxiliando a retardar o processo das doenças 3,5 .
Múltiplos comportamentos saudáveis (positivos) são recomendados em diretrizes para o manejo da HAS 6,7 . Para além do tratamento com o uso de anti-hipertensivos, que nem sempre ocasiona o controle adequado da pressão arterial, recomenda-se associar a terapia medicamentosa com mudanças no estilo de vida, sobretudo por meio da prática regular de exercício físico e dieta adequada à
DOI: 10.15343/0104-7809.20184202301315
*Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Ceará, Camocim-CE, Brasil
**Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Tocantinópolis- TO, Brasil
***Faculdades Integradas de Patos, Patos-PB, Brasil
****Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa-PB, Brasil
*****Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina-PR, Brasil
E-mail: email@example.com
doença 2,6 . Contudo, embora os estilos de vida afetem a saúde e a sobrevivência em todas as idades, as consequências de comportamentos de estilo de vida negativos podem ser diferentes entre pessoas idosas e adultos mais jovens 3,8 . Assim, se faz mister o conhecimento sobre o estilo de vida de hipertensos em diferentes faixas etárias.
Alguns estudos têm sido realizados com a finalidade de estabelecer a influência ou relação entre estilo de vida e HAS. Martins et al. 9 , em estudo realizado na cidade de SinopMG, verificaram uma associação entre HAS e o consumo de bebida alcoólica. Por sua vez, Zaitune et al. 10 demostraram que a HAS estava associada ao consumo de bebida alcóolica e ao sobrepeso. Por outro lado, uma investigação recente, em Pernambuco, apontou não existir relação entre controle da pressão arterial e características do estilo de vida, todavia, pessoas com mais idade apresentaram menor controle da pressão arterial 11 . Apesar de as investigações apontarem relacionamentos entre componentes do estilo de vida e HAS, a literatura não tem analisado associações entre faixa etária e determinados componentes do estilo de vida de hipertensos, como controle do estresse e relacionamentos sociais.
A presente investigação tem potencial para assinalar aspectos positivos e negativos do estilo de vida de hipertensos em diferentes faixas etárias. Para a população hipertensa, a disseminação do conhecimento específico da doença e da educação para a saúde são partes importantes do tratamento da HAS e da aderência ao mesmo 5,6 . Ademais, estes conhecimentos são úteis para o desenvolvimento de políticas públicas de promoção, vigilância e atenção à saúde (local e nacional) destinadas a prevenir e/ou retardar o aparecimento da HAS, a partir do real comportamento e necessidades medicamentosas (ou não) da população hipertensa.
Informações sobre o estilo de vida de hipertensos têm sido registradas nos grandes centros, no entanto, são limitadas as evidências em menores localidades, especialmente na região Nordeste do Brasil. Em adição, não está claro se existe diferença no estilo de vida de hipertensos em diferentes faixas etárias. Portanto, este estudo comparou o estilo de vida entre adultos e idosos hipertensos cadastrados no Programa de Saúde da Família (PSF) da cidade de Patos-PB. Devido ao esquecimento, à falta de motivação para seguir o tratamento, à ausência de sintomas 12 e ao inadequado controle da pressão arterial 11,13 na população hipertensa idosa, a hipótese desta investigação é que adultos apresentem melhor estilo de vida que idosos.
MÉTODOS
Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, com delineamento transversal e abordagem quantitativa. Esta pesquisa foi conduzida na cidade de Patos, localizada no sertão do estado da Paraíba, Brasil, com 473.056 km 2 , população estimada [2017] em 107.790 habitantes e densidade demográfica [2010] de 212,82 hab/km 2 14 . A cidade de Patos possui 36 Unidades de Saúde da Família (USFs) e seus respectivos PSFs, sendo distribuídos em quatro Distritos Geoadministrativos (DGAs). O estudo foi autorizado pela Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Patos-PB e aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa com Seres Humanos das Faculdades Integradas de Patos, sob protocolo nº 169/2012. Os participantes sujeitos assinaram um termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido, conforme Resolução 466/12 do Conselho Comitê Nacional de Saúde. Todos os testes e medidas foram realizados em local recomendado pelas USFs.
Participaram da pesquisa 97 hipertensos de ambos os sexos com idade igual ou superior a 18 anos, cadastrados previamente no PSF. A amostra foi selecionada aleatoriamente por sorteio (www.randomizer.org) de acordo com os DGAs, e em cada distrito foi selecionada uma USF: USF Aderban Martins (DGA I, n= 26), USF Bivar Olinto (DGA II, n= 23), USF Ministro Ernani Satyro (DGA III, n= 27) e USF Monte Castelo (DGA IV, n= 21). Os participantes sujeitos foram divididos em dois grupos: Adultos (<60 anos; n= 44) e Idosos (≥ 60 anos; n= 53).
Para a caracterização da amostra, foram coletados os dados de massa corporal (kg) utilizando uma balança digital, com resolução de 100g; e estatura (m) or um estadiômetro
de madeira montado, com resolução de 0,05cm. O índice de massa corporal (IMC, kg/m 2 ) foi calculado por divisão da massa corporal pela estatura ao quadrado. Por meio do questionário de anamnese, foram coletadas variáveis sociodemográficas, idade, sexo, uso de medicamentos e estado de tabagismo e etilismo. Adicionalmente, utilizou-se a escala do Critério de Classificação Econômico Brasil, que busca estimar o poder de compra das pessoas, por meio de um sistema de pontos, para que visa uma divisão das mesmas em classes econômicas, classificando os participantes em A1 (42 a 46 pontos), A2 (35 a 41 pontos), B1 (29 a 34 pontos), B2 (23 a 28 pontos), C1 (18 a 22 pontos), C2 (14 a 17 pontos), D (8 a 13 pontos) e E (0 a 7 pontos) 15 .
A escala do Perfil do Estilo de Vida Individual (PEVI) foi utilizada para avaliar o estilo de vida16,17. Trata-se de um instrumento psicométrico, composto por 15 questões que estão divididas de forma uniforme em cinco componentes: Nutrição, Atividade Física, Comportamento Preventivo, Relacionamento Social e Controle do Estresse. Cada questão possui uma escala likert de resposta que varia de "0" a "3". Os valores "0" e "1" estão vinculados ao perfil negativo de estilo de vida e correspondem, respectivamente, a: "absolutamente não faz parte do seu estilo de vida" e "às vezes corresponde ao seu comportamento". Para as respostas associadas ao perfil positivo são atribuídos os valores "2" e "3", os quais descrevem, respectivamente, "quase sempre verdadeiro no seu comportamento" e "a afirmação é sempre verdadeira no seu dia-a-dia; faz parte do seu estilo de vida".
Na análise da escala do PEVI, inicialmente, foi realizado o somatório das três questões referente a cada componente, bem como, o escore geral da escala. Para categorização dos componentes, somaram-se os resultados nas três questões que compreendiam cada componente. Considerando que os valores "0" e "1" correspondem ao perfil negativo e os valores "2" e "3" indicam perfil positivo em cada questão da escala do PEVI 16 , somaramse os resultados apresentados pelo participante nas três questões de cada componente, sendo os escores classificados nos componentes da seguinte forma: até 3 pontos correspondia ao perfil negativo, e maior ou igual a 4 pontos perfil positivo 18 . Como análise complementar, os dados do PEVI foram graficamente representados pelo Pentáculo do Bem-Estar (PBE) por meio da moda apresentada em cada questão, com intuito de facilitar a visualização dos seguimentos abordados 16 .
As variáveis qualitativas foram reportadas por frequência absoluta e relativa, e as contínuas foram apresentadas por média e desvio padrão. Os escores dos componentes e geral do PEVI foram reportados por mediana, 1º e 3º quartis e comparados entre Adultos e Idosos mediante a aplicação do teste U de Mann-Whitney. Foram verificadas associações entre os componentes do estilo de vida e os grupos etários por meio do teste Qui-quadrado e o tamanho do efeito foi verificado pelo V de Cramer (P≤ 0,05).
RESULTADOS
Foram comparados grupos de Adultos (Média ± DP; idade: 48 ± 7 anos; massa corporal: 64,60 ± 10,88 kg; estatura: 1,57 ± 0,08 m; IMC: 26,07 ± 5,02 kg/m 2 ) e Idosos (Média ± DP; idade: 70 ± 9 anos; massa corporal: 63,77 ± 11,35 kg; estatura: 1,58 ± 0,07 m; IMC: 25,44 ± 4,21 kg/m 2 ) hipertensos. Quanto aos aspectos sociodemográficos dos Adultos e Idosos, respectivamente, 71,8% e 80,0% eram do sexo feminino; 92,3% e 82,1% não fumavam; e 82,1% e 80,0% não ingeriam bebida alcoólica. Em relação ao nível econômico, 92,3% dos Adultos e 88,8% dos Idosos estavam alocados nas classes D e E, e os demais na classe C. Constatou-se, ainda, que 88,6% dos Adultos e 84,9% dos Idosos realizavam tratamento medicamentoso para o controle da hipertensão, sendo os inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina os mais reportados pelos Adultos (72,7%) e Idosos (58,5%).
Na Tabela 1, constatou-se que, na maioria dos componentes do estilo de vida, os grupos etários foram similares, exceto para os componentes Nutrição (P= 0,058) e Relacionamento Social (P= 0,004), em que os
Idosos apresentaram maiores escores do que os Adultos, corroborando com a representação modal do PBE para os Adultos e Idosos hipertensos (Figura 1). Observou-se que os Idosos foram mais propícios a apresentar um estilo de vida mais saudável do que Adultos, especialmente nos componentes Nutrição e
Relacionamento Social, corroborando com as informações das tabelas 1 e 2. Adicionalmente, percebeu-se que ambos os grupos etários apresentam valores de predominância de "0" (perfil negativo) e "3" (perfil positivo) pela moda, respectivamente, para os componentes Atividade Física e Comportamento Preventivo.
Tabela 1 – Escore do Perfil do Estilo de Vida dos Adultos e Idosos hipertensos cadastrados no Programa de Saúde da Família, Patos-PB, 2013 (n= 97).
Dados reportados por mediana (1º-3º quartis). *Valor P para o teste U de Mann-Whitney.
*Na segunda questão do componente controle do Estresse existem múltiplas modas (2, "quase sempre verdadeiro no seu comportamento"; e 3, "a afirmação é sempre verdadeira no seu dia-a-dia; faz parte do seu estilo de vida") e o menor valor foi reportado. Quanto mais colorida a figura, mais adequado o estilo de vida 16 .
O efeito observado indicou 21,9% e 21,5% de chance de a associação ocorrer entre o grupo etário e os componentes Nutrição e Relacionamento Social (P≤ 0,05), respectivamente. Assim, Idosos apresentaram maior proporção significante de perfil positivo comparado a Adultos nestes dois componentes (Tabela 2).
Ainda foi observado que ambos os grupos apresentaram uma predominância de perfil positivo nos componentes Nutrição (70,1%), Comportamento Preventivo (91,8%), Relacionamento Social (85,6%) e Controle do Estresse (83,5%); e de perfil negativo no componente Atividade Física (61,9%) (Tabela 2).
Tabela 2 – Escore do Perfil do Estilo de Vida dos Adultos e Idosos hipertensos cadastrados no Programa de Saúde da Família, Patos-PB, 2013 (n= 97).
Dados reportados por frequência absoluta (n) e relativa (%). *Valor P para o teste Qui-quadrado.
DISCUSSÃO
Este estudo comparou o estilo de vida entre Adultos e Idosos hipertensos cadastrados no PSF da cidade de Patos-PB. Os principais achados demonstram que Idosos foram mais propensos a um estilo de vida mais saudável comparados a Adultos. Em especial, Idosos apresentaram maior proporção de perfil positivo de estilo de vida em relação aos componentes Nutrição e Relacionamento Social, quando comparados aos Adultos. Houve predominância de perfil positivo nos componentes Nutrição, Comportamento Preventivo, Relacionamento Social e Controle do Estresse; e de perfil negativo no componente Atividade Física para ambos os grupos. Portanto, a hipótese de que adultos apresentariam melhor estilo de vida que idosos foi refutada. As barreiras para se ter um estilo de vida saudável e a conhecida inadequação do controle da pressão arterial na população idosa parecem não ocorrer com frequência no grupo de Idosos analisado.
O estilo de vida tem um papel primordial entre os fatores não-genéticos que afetam a saúde e a expectativa de vida 3,8 . Sabe-se que as causas mais negligenciadas de hipertensão nãocontrolada são estilos de vida não-saudáveis 5 . Prática regular de atividade física e nutrição adequada têm sido apontados como elementos fundamentais para a prevenção e tratamento da HAS 1,2,6,7 . Entretanto, tais componentes exigem uma boa autoeficácia para superar as barreiras que intervêm nesses perfis positivos, dependendo tanto da disponibilidade de tempo e local para a prática de atividade física,
quanto para seleção e preparação de alimentos saudáveis 8 .
Com o passar dos anos, há uma tendência de maior adesão da população idosa aos hábitos alimentares saudáveis 19 , possivelmente por compreenderem que uma boa alimentação pode levar a longevidade e prevenir doenças não-comunicáveis 8 , explicando o perfil positivo encontrado para os Idosos no componente Nutrição. Sabe-se que a educação em saúde é uma prática comum na atenção básica, corroborando com o conhecimento sobre a seleção de macro e micronutrientes, sobretudo no manejo da hipertensão 5 . Assim, é provável que os Idosos hipertensos tenham aderido de maneira mais efetiva às políticas públicas voltadas à saúde nos PSFs, particularmente referente à melhoria dos hábitos alimentares.
Embora tenha se observado um perfil positivo dos Idosos na Nutrição, é preocupante que a moda no componente Atividade Física foi a opção "absolutamente não faz parte do seu estilo de vida" para os grupos analisados. É importante retratar que a maioria dos participantes dos grupos de Adultos e Idosos não atendiam a recomendação mínima para serem considerados fisicamente ativos 20 . Diretrizes para hipertensos sugerem a prática de exercício aeróbio nas rotinas diárias 2,6,7 . Nesse sentido, destaca-se a importância de os hipertensos de ambos os grupos praticarem atividades físicas motivantes 8 , como um meio de tratamento não-medicamentoso, uma vez que uma significativa parcela reportou o uso de medicamento (86,6%).
O componente Comportamento Preventivo, que tratou do autoconhecimento da saúde do indivíduo (ex.: valores de pressão arterial e colesterol), tabagismo e consumo de bebida alcoólica, e do respeito às normas de trânsito, foi muito bem avaliado em ambos os grupos. Além de serem importantes pilares para um envelhecimento saudável 3,19 , tabagismo, etilismo e colesterol elevado têm conhecida associação com a HAS 9,10,21 . Em adição, é sabido que as barreiras que se repetem em diferentes comportamentos de saúde incluem a falta de conhecimento na meia idade 8 . Portanto, para a população hipertensa, é imprescindível a orientação com os cuidados da saúde a fim de evitar complicações da HAS, bem como o surgimento de outras comorbidades.
Os Idosos apresentaram uma proporção de perfil positivo no componente de Relacionamento Social maior que os Adultos. A principal diferença foi constatada na questão que referia "Seu lazer inclui encontros com amigos, atividades em grupo, participação em associações ou entidades sociais". Em indivíduos de meia-idade e idosos praticantes de atividades físicas em academias da terceira idade de Maringá-PR, este componente foi considerado satisfatório, justificado pela importância dos ambientes de prática de atividade física que promovem uma interação entre os praticantes 22 . Todavia, esta justificativa não se aplica aos Idosos do presente estudo, tendo em vista que o componente Atividade Física apresentou predominância de perfil negativo. Estudos prévios com amostras representativas de hipertensos brasileiros não têm analisado o componente Relacionamento Social 9,11 , limitando a comparação dos resultados.
Em relação ao Controle do Estresse, os grupos etários apresentaram frequência de perfis positivos similares. A moda de Adultos e Idosos indicou que "ter um bom equilíbrio entre o tempo dedicado ao trabalho com o tempo dedicado ao lazer" às vezes corresponde ao comportamento dos grupos. Um perfil negativo nesta questão seria mais esperado para o grupo Adultos, uma vez que geralmente muitos não são aposentados, distintamente do grupo Idosos em que se esperava um maior equilíbrio entre trabalho e lazer. Sabendo-se que o estresse é multifatorial e pode afetar o estado de saúde por meio de diferentes mecanismos biológicos 3 , recomenda-se que os indivíduos de nosso estudo se engajem em técnicas de relaxamento/meditação que apresentam forte tendência de redução da pressão arterial (meditação, biofeedback, ioga, etc.) 1,7 .
A presente investigação provê uma importante referência sobre a associação da faixa etária com componentes específicos do estilo de vida de hipertensos, selecionados aleatoriamente de PSFs de uma importante cidade do interior da Paraíba. Poucas investigações têm analisado o estilo de vida a partir de cinco componentes, mediante a representação pictorial do PBE, conforme
recomendado por Nahas et al. 16 . Do mesmo modo, torna-se mais producente, para este tipo de análise, representar os achados por uma frequência de moda. A proposta do PBE foi sistematizar uma ideia de como representar o estilo de vida, facilitando as mudanças comportamentais pelas características do estilo de vida individual ou grupal para qualquer
CONCLUSÃO
Tomados os dados em conjunto, concluise que os Idosos foram mais propícios a um estilo de vida mais saudável do que os Adultos, reportando uma maior proporção a um perfil positivo em relação aos componentes Nutrição e Relacionamento Social.
As barreiras para se ter um estilo de vida saudável e a conhecida inadequação do controle da pressão arterial na população idosa parecem não ocorrer com frequência no grupo de Idosos analisado. Entretanto, pelo fato de ambos os grupos etários apresentarem uma predominância de perfil negativo no componente Atividade Física, sugere-se a adesão dos mesmos a um programa de exercício físico como um meio de tratamento não-medicamentoso, reduzindo os fatores de risco associados à HAS.
AGRADECIMENTOS: Os autores agradecem a Petrônio Jaques Galdino Izidorio (Faculdades Integradas de Patos, Patos-PB) pelo auxílio na coleta de dados, a Bruno Giovanini (Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina-PR) pela edição de imagens do estudo, à Secretaria de Saúde da cidade de Patos-PB e aos voluntários participantes desta pesquisa.
REFERÊNCIAS
1. Malachias MVB, Souza WKSB, Plavnik FL, Rodrigues CIS, Brandão AA, Neves MFT, et al. VII Diretriz Brasileira de Hipertensão Arterial. Rev Bras Cardiol. 2016;107(3):7-113.
2. Taler SJ. Initial Treatment of Hypertension. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(7):636-44.
3. Rizzuto D, Fratiglioni L. Lifestyle factors related to mortality and survival: a mini-review. Gerontology. 2014;60(4):327-35.
4. REDE Interagencial de Informação para a Saúde. Indicadores básicos para a saúde no Brasil: conceitos e aplicações. 2 ed. Brasília: Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde; 2008.
5. Tibebu A, Mengistu D, Negesa L. Adherence to recommended lifestyle modifications and factors associated for hypertensive patients attending chronic follow-up units of selected public hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Patient Prefer Adherence. 2017;11:323-30. 6. Lin JS, O'Connor EA, Evans CV, Senger CA, Rowland MG, Groom HC. Behavioral counseling to promote a healthy lifestyle for cardiovascular disease prevention in persons with cardiovascular risk factors: An updated systematic evidence review for the U.S.
Preventive Services Task Force. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2014.
7. Weber MA, Schiffrin EL, White WB, Mann S, Lindholm LH, Kenerson JG, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of hypertension in the community a statement by the American Society of Hypertension and the International Society of Hypertension. J Hypertens. 2014;32(1):3-15.
8. Kelly S, Martin S, Kuhn I, Cowan A, Brayne C, Lafortune L. Barriers and facilitators to the uptake and maintenance of healthy hehaviours by people at mid-Life: a rapid systematic review. PLoS One. 2016;11(1):e0145074.
9. Martins MSAS, Ferreira MG, Guimarães LV, Vianna LAC. Hipertensão arterial e estilo de vida em Sinop, Município da Amazônia Legal. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2010;94(5):639-44.
10. Zaitune MPA, Barros MBA, César CLG, Carandina L, Goldbaum M. Hipertensão arterial em idosos: prevalência, fatores associados e práticas de controle no Município de Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil. Cad Saúde Pública. 2006;22(2):285-94.
11. Paes IMBS, Fontbonne A, Melo SPSC, Rodrigues HM, Cesse EAP. Lifestyle and blood pressure control in the Family Health Strategy Program, Pernambuco, Brazil. Mundo Saúde. 2018;42(1):199-213.
12. Dourado CS, Macêdo-Costa KNF, Oliveira JS, Leadebal ODCP, Silva GRF. Adesão ao tratamento de idosos com hipertensão em uma unidade básica de saúde de João Pessoa, Estado da Paraíba. Acta Scientiarum Health Sciences. 2011;33(1):9-17.
13. Barreto MS, Matsuda LM, Marcon SS. Fatores associados ao inadequado controle pressórico em pacientes da atenção primária. Esc Anna Nery. 2016;20(1):114-20.
14. Censo Demográfico 2010: Características da população e dos domicílios [Internet]. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística.
intervenção, assim, surgindo novas estratégias de programas de promoção à saúde com o intuito de reduzir barreiras para os grupos conhecerem as vantagens de cada componente. Por conseguinte, profissionais da área da saúde poderão ser auxiliados por uma ferramenta de baixo custo, capaz de fornecer resultados mais próximos da realidade.
2018 [citado 23 abr 2018]. Disponível em: https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/pb/patos/panorama.
15. Critério de Classificação Econômica Brasil [Internet]. Associação Brasileira de Empresas de Pesquisa. 2012 [citado 20 ago 2012]. Disponível em: http://www.abep.org/.
16. Nahas MV, Barros MVG, Francalacci V. O pentáculo do bem-estar-base conceitual para avaliação do estilo de vida de indivíduos ou grupos. Rev Bras Ativ Fís Saúde. 2000;5(2):48-59.
17. Both J, Borgatto AF, Nascimento JV, Sonoo CN, Lemos CAF, Nahas MV. Validação da escala "Perfil do Estilo de Vida Individual". Rev Bras Ativ Fís Saúde. 2008;13(1):5-14.
18. Silveira JLG. Estilo de vida, índice de capacidade de trabalho e percepção da demanda física por tarefa dos profissionais de segurança dos cidadãos, no Estado de Santa Catarina [Tese]. Florianópolis: Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; 2004.
19. Vinholes DB, Assunção MCF, Neutzling MB. Frequência de hábitos saudáveis de alimentação medidos a partir dos 10 Passos da Alimentação Saudável do Ministério da Saúde: Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Cad Saúde Pública. 2009;25(4):791-9.
20. Haskell WL, Blair SN, Hill JO. Physical activity: health outcomes and importance for public health policy. Prev Med. 2009;49(4):280-2.
21. Malta DC, Bernal RTI, Andrade SSCA, Silva MMA, Velasquez-Melendez G. Prevalence of and factors associated with selfreported high blood pressure in Brazilian adults. Rev Saúde Pública. 2017;51.
22. Esteves JVDC, Andreato LV, Moraes SMF, Prati ARC. Estilo de vida de praticantes de atividades físicas em academias da terceira idade de Maringá-PR. Conexões. 2010;8(1):119-29. | <urn:uuid:da1c3abb-cb9d-45f9-918e-512dfb6201ad> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 50,444 |
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
MEDIA STATEMENT
16 December 2020
Local Area Stakeholders tour Stavatti-Niagara Aircraft Manufacturing Hangar
John R. Simon, President & CEO of Stavatti Niagara Ltd., conducted a tour through the company's newly-acquired, huge 47,000 sq ft aircraft hangar where the company will be bringing aircraft manufacturing back to the Empire State of New York. On tour was Town of Niagara Supervisor Lee Wallace, New York State Assemblyman Angelo Morinello, and Niagara Falls Mayor Robert Restaino.
Wallace had previously stated that the former U.S. Army Reserve Center had largely been underutilized for many years. After the tour, he said, "It's a very exciting project. The Town of Niagara, when we first entered into the agreement with the Department of Defense to purchase this facility, back in 2005, we envisioned something of great need and great fortune to the town, and to the county. But never dreamed that it would be something like this. It will change the face of, not only the Town of Niagara, but of Niagara County and will create thousands of jobs. Just a win-win for everyone."
Those "thousands of jobs" of which Wallace spoke includes not only Stavatti jobs, but also the spin-off jobs that such projects always create. Stavatti's 19.8-acre site will serve as its prototype development, production and aircraft Low Rate Initial Production center [rate, as in volume].
Stavatti anticipates the employment of nearly 600 aerospace engineering, development and manufacturing professionals at the site within the next 5 years. Anticipated key programs are next-generation Stavatti military, commercial, and general aviation aircraft that include the SM-27 Machete (turboprop), SM-28 Machete (turbofan), SM-31 Stiletto, SM-100 twin engine intermodal transport and SM-150 personal air vehicle.
After the tour, Niagara Falls Mayor Robert Restaino said, "It's an incredible and impressive building." He went on to say that he was impressed with the level of detail that was shared with him during the tour; and closed out by saying, "I'm excited about the project."
It was obviously a feather in the hat of 145th NYSA District Assemblyman Morinello that the project came to his district after an extensive 15-month review of responses from over 30 US States and 3 Canadian Provinces, Stavatti down-selected the former USARC facility in June 2020 and started acquisition.
"It is extremely exciting that Stavatti has chosen the former Army Reserve Center … for their headquarters and manufacturing facilities," Morinello said. "Our area is famous for airplane development and building, and Stavatti will carry on that proud tradition our area is known for. This project will benefit all of western NY."
Simon says that he welcomes opportunities to give other such tours to its stakeholder representatives.
Stavatti Aerospace Ltd. is an innovative aerospace defense enterprise focused on the design, development, and production of next generation aerospace vehicles. Stavatti Aerospace Ltd is a privately held American Corporation with a CAGE Code of 8GT89.
Media Contacts
Please direct all questions to:
John R. Simon Tel: 716-864-6984 E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org | <urn:uuid:61833db2-5389-4118-8455-dfe52333cea2> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 3,209 |
Economic Commission for Europe / Environment Informal network of the Chairs of compliance/implementation bodies under the Multilateral Environmental Agreements First meeting, Geneva, 25 March 2013 Palais des Nations, SALLE VIII
Chair's Summary
The meeting was initiated and chaired by Prof. Jonas Ebbesson, Chair of the Compliance Committee under the Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters (Aarhus).
The list of participating Chairpersons of the compliance/implementation bodies of the MEAs is attached. All Chairpersons were present with the exception of the Chair of the Air Convention and its Protocols, who was represented by the Chair of the Protocol on Pollutant Release and Transfer Registers. The list also contains the names of the ECE secretariat staff.
The purpose of the meeting was to launch an informal network of the Chairs of the implementation/compliance bodies under the ECE MEAs that will allow for exchange of information and of lessons learned through the Chairs and ultimately explore ways for improved implementation and effectiveness of the implementation/compliance mechanisms in the region. It was also noted that the Parties' decisions establishing at least four mechanisms (Aarhus, PRTR, Water, Water & Health) 1 referred to the enhancement of synergies among compliance procedures, either at the request of the Meeting of the Parties or at the Committee's initiative, but it was stressed that the intention at this stage was that the network remain informal in character.
The first part of the meeting was held in closed session, followed by a brief session open to the public, before the meeting was closed.
1. Examination of compliance and implementation – composition - methods of procedure
The Chairpersons described the main features of the way each body carries out its work (see also background note). The following points were in particular discussed:
- Membership:
o Criteria for membership vary. In some bodies, members represent Parties, in other bodies they operate independently from the Party that nominated them and serve in their personal capacity. There is no common practice, however, on what "serving in their personal capacity" means: working for the executive branch of the Government
1 For the sake of brevity, the note refers to the compliance/implementation procedures as follows: Implementation Committee under the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution and its Protocols: Air; Implementation Committee under the Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context and its Protocol on Strategic Environmental Assessment: EIA/SEA; Implementation Committee under the Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes: Water; Compliance Committee under the Protocol on Water and Health: Water & Health; Working Group on Implementation under the Convention on the Transboundary Effects of Industrial Accidents: Industrial Accidents; Compliance Committee under the Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters: Aarhus; Compliance Committee under the Protocol on Pollutant Release and Transfer Registers: PRTR.
does not impede membership in most bodies, but for one (Aarhus). In one case (Air), Parties have considered that to represent a Party, a Committee member should be employed by the Government; nomination by the Government does not suffice.
o There is typically a mixture of legal and technical expertise of the members. Technical expertise is especially useful, when the body considers technical issues. In its present composition, one Committee (Aarhus) includes legal professionals only, but this does not constitute a formal requirement.
o Members are usually nationals of Parties, but this is not always a requirement, since presently two bodies include members non-nationals of Parties (Water and Water & Health).
o "High moral character" is a formal criterion in some bodies (Aarhus, PRTR, Water & Health).
- Conflict of interest:
o There is a clear distinction between the notion of conflict of interest and integrity (including the "high moral character"). Disclosing a situation that may lead to or may be perceived as potential conflict of interest does not attack the integrity of a member. Rather, disclosing and declaring a conflict of interest in a specific case, and thus not partaking in that case, is a sign of integrity.
-
o When members serve in their personal capacity, being the national of a Party does not per se imply a conflict of interest. Some bodies (Aarhus, PRTR, Espoo/SEA, Water & Health) have more detailed rules on conflict of interest.
Triggers of the mechanisms of compliance (where applicable):
o Communications from members of the public are possible either directly (Aarhus, PRTR, Water & Health) or indirectly, through information to the Committee that may lead to a Committee initiative (Espoo/SEA and Water).
o Submissions by Parties concerning their own or other Parties' compliance is a common possibility to trigger the mechanisms. While not frequently used in most bodies, such submissions have increasingly been used to trigger the mechanism under Espoo/SEA.
o Referrals by the secretariat are possible under most mechanisms, but not the newly established Committee under the Water Convention. The trigger is mainly used when failure to comply with/implement the Convention/Protocol relies on objective measurements and technical data (e.g. Air). The trigger has not been used under the mechanisms of the instruments that require an assessment of a situation in order to establish failure to comply/implement (Aarhus, Espoo/SEA), in which case secretariats avoid making referrals to preserve their neutrality.
o According to the newly established mechanism under the Water Convention, there is the possibility for a request for advice, and a State non-party may be involved, subject to its consent. In addition, the Committee under the Water and Health Protocol has designed a consultation process, and may invite the Party to embark on it. The process, however, does not constitute a part of the compliance review mechanism.
- Procedure:
o For bodies providing for open sessions, these sessions are intercepted by closed sessions, when the bodies deliberate on findings and conclusions. Open sessions of some bodies are quite popular and attended by many observers (Aarhus, Espoo/SEA), but this is not the case for newly established bodies (PRTR and Water & Health).
o The bodies usually adopt their own rules of procedure, some are provided with procedural rules when established by the Parties.
o The meetings of two bodies are carried out in closed session only (Industrial Accidents and Air).
o There are different policies with respect to the disclosure of the related documentation in the public domain, ranging from absolute non-disclosure of important documentation upon which the body decides on issues of implementation (national implementation reports for the Industrial Accidents) to publication of the complete documentation (Aarhus). There is an indication that restrictive policies may be revised.
o The working language in all bodies is English (also stated in most rules of procedure). In one Committee (Espoo/SEA), simultaneous interpretation between English and Russian is provided for each session. In this Committee, technical and regional expertise of the members has been a priority over fluency in English, a factor complicating the ability of some members to contribute to the work under the Committee outside the sessions. When needed, one Committee (Aarhus) provides simultaneous interpretations between the official ECE languages in discussions with communicants and the Party concerned with respect to a specific case.
o Most bodies make recommendations to the Parties (Conference of the Parties, Meeting of the Parties, Executive Body, as the case may be), which tend to adopt them without further amendment/revision, but the final decisions may be subject to extensive negotiations during the meetings. Three Committees can make recommendations directly to the Party concerned, either with the agreement of the Party concerned to the Committee making recommendations (but not to whether they accept the content of the recommendations (Aarhus); or without the need for the Party's agreement (Water & Health, PRTR).
2. Parties' reaction to findings/conclusions of non-compliance/implementation failure
Parties take the issue of compliance and implementation with the legal frameworks seriously. In Committees with experience of making conclusions and recommendations, there is also a sense that Parties demonstrate in general a positive attitude to conclusions and recommendations, especially when the reasons (on e.g. technical, interpretive and policy issues) are well explained to establish failure to implement/comply. There have been some cases, where the Parties reacted to the conclusions of the body and tried to influence the outcome through political means, but the Committee members and later the Parties resisted.
3. Possible improvement of compliance/implementation, especially with Parties that demonstrate continuous non-compliance
Despite the acknowledged positive reaction by Parties, there are cases of persistent noncompliance/implementation. It was discussed how to respond to such cases in order to effectively reduce the number of persistent non-compliance/implementation.
The response of the international community to persistent non-compliance/failure to implement ranges from assistance to sanctions in some cases. The former bears financial costs. The latter puts pressure on Parties, which may push for compliance/implementation, but it may also affect the general relations and attitude to cooperation among the Parties.
Under the ECE MEAs, Parties have the following tools at their disposal to improve implementation/reach compliance:
* new technologies inventories (Air);
* capacity building, including technical assistance for policy making and/or legislative review and training (e.g. Assistance Programme / Industrial Accidents; inventory adjustment procedure / Air; legislative reviews, training, pilots/Espoo/SEA);
* country visits in order to engage the right people on the ground (Air, Aarhus).
The availability of the tools and the involvement of the compliance/implementation body and/or the secretariat vary across the instruments, depending on resources and programme of work, but various assistance tools, including country visits, are available for most of the other compliance mechanisms
As for the sanctions, these seem to be more suitable in regimes establishing reciprocal obligations, such as in trade relations and, possibly, in the case of environmental impact assessment. Sanctions, through cautions, have been issued by the Parties to the Espoo Convention, but also by the Parties to the Aarhus Convention to Parties demonstrating continuous non-compliance. It was agreed that Committee examinations which prominently disclose failure of compliance/implementation might be a factor prompting a Party to take effective measures.
It was reported that due to the ever-increasing workload, there was a challenge for the Committee under the Aarhus Convention to properly follow up, in particular with Parties demonstrating continuous non-compliance. It is hoped that the MOP will address the issue at its next session.
4. The role of the secretariats
The work of the secretariats was in general appreciated for their supporting role to the bodies in carrying out their functions in a smooth way. This includes organization of meetings, processing and distributing relevant documentation, correspondence, ensuring that the procedures are followed etc. In some cases, secretariats may have a more functional role, by referring cases of non-compliance/implementation or by providing substantive input during the deliberations.
It was recognized that the role of the secretariat may be pivotal in cases where diplomatic relations are tense. At the same time, due to the delicate political situation, secretariats may also be concerned about maintaining their neutrality among the Parties (Espoo/SEA).
The secretariat may also provide advice and capacity building to assist Parties in fulfilling their obligations.
5. The role of civil society
Information received from members of the public, either directly (communications) or indirectly (triggering possibly an initiative), is a very important aspect of several mechanisms. In some compliance/implementation mechanisms civil society organizations and individuals may develop expertise and provide assistance/training to interested members of the public (Aarhus, Espoo/SEA). In the case of the Aarhus Convention, essentially all reviews of compliance have been triggered by communications from the public. Some of the recently established compliance/implementation committees (PRTR, Water & Health) still foresee a role for the civil society, whereas under other mechanisms (Air, Industrial Accidents), civil society has not be an actor at all.
6. Conclusions (in open session)
Observers had the opportunity to attend and participate in the last session of the meeting. In that session, the Chair summarized the discussion that had taken place in closed session. He also expressed the Chairs' appreciation to the role of observers, in the mechanisms where this is possible. He moreover advised that the information submitted to the Committees should be well-prepared, -structured, and –presented.
Whether mandated to review "compliance" or promote "implementation", the mechanisms share many common features, but are also very different. Different practice and traditions in the methods of working are dictated by the nature of the instrument and the culture developed within the respective body. Yet, there is room for exchange of ideas among the bodies, and there is a trend for review of the more conservative and restrictive positions. For instance, disclosure and the right to know of the public are seen to outweigh non-disclosure for concern for "protection from terrorism" (Industrial Accidents). It was also noted that there is currently no formal way of dealing with a Party that fails to comply the provisions of more than one ECE MEA. It remains to be seen, however, whether the fact that a case is sub judice by a compliance body prevents another compliance body to consider the case.
The observers present at the meeting welcomed the initiative of the network and stressed its importance in strengthening environmental policy with the ECE; noted that many NGOs have capacity issues that do not permit for their full involvement especially to the "younger" mechanisms; suggested that he participation in similar initiatives under global MEAs should be explored, as well as under the human rights instruments, where relevant; suggested that the following meeting be entirely open for observers.
The Chairs welcomed the initiative and showed a lot of interest and enthusiasm for their first meeting.
It was agreed that they would continue the exchange of ideas by electronic means.
It was also agreed that they would endeavour to hold a follow-up one-day meeting in an informal context in spring 2014 (preliminarily scheduled to take place on 24 March 2014).
List of Participants
Network of the ECE compliance/implementation bodies
Geneva, 25 March 2013 - Palais des Nations – Salle VIII
Ms. Sandra ASHCROFT
Civil Servant Chemical Industries Policy Health and Safety Executive Convention on the Transboundary Effects of Industrial Accidents
Mr. Jonas EBBESSON
Professor Department of Law Stockholm University Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters (Aarhus Convention)
Ms. Vesna KOLAR-PLANINŠIC
Secretary, Head of Department Directorate for Environment, SEA Department Ministry of Agriculture and Environment Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context and Protocol on Strategic Environmental Assessment
Mr. Veit KOESTER
Chair of the Compliance Committee Protocol on Water and Health (to the Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes)
Mr. Alistair MCGLONE
Chair of the Compliance Committee Protocol on Pollutant Release and Transfer Registers (PRTRs) to the Aarhus Convention
Page 1
5S 2 Redgrave Court, Merton Road, Bootle, L20 7HS Merseyside United Kingdom
Phone: +44 151 951 3531
Fax: +44 151 951 3222
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Universitetsvägen 10 C S-106 91 Stockholm Sweden
Phone: + 46 8 16 22 45
Fax: +46 8 16 41 09
Email: email@example.com
Dunajska 22 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
Phone: +386 (01) 478 7329
Fax: +386 (01) 478 7426
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Ordrupvej 132 B 2920 Charlottenlund Denmark
Phone: +45 3 963 3621
Email: email@example.com
55 Aberdeen Park London, N5 2AZ United Kingdom
Phone: +44( 0) 20 7238 0526
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
4/19/2013- 5:06:13PM
UNECE Secretariat
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe
Ms. Tea AULAVUO
Environmental Affairs Officer Secretary, Espoo Convention United Nations Economic Commission for Europe
Ms. Ella BEHLYAROVA
Secretary to the Aarhus Convention Environment Division United Nations Economic Commission for Europe
Ms. Francesca BERNARDINI
Secretary to the Water Convention Environment Division United Nations Economic Commission for Europe
Mr. Nicholas BONVOISIN
Secretary
Palais des Nations Avenue de la Paix 8-14 1211 Geneva 10 Switzerland
Phone : +41 22-917 1723
Fax : +41 22-917 0621
Email : email@example.com
Palais des Nations 8-14, Avenue de la Paix CH 1211 Geneva Switzerland
Phone : + 41 22 917 2376
Fax : + 41 22 917 0107
Email : firstname.lastname@example.org
Palais des Nations 8-14, Avenue de la Paix 1211 Geneva 10 Switzerland
Phone : +41 22 917 2463
Fax : +41 22 917 01 07
Email : email@example.com
Web Site : http://www.unece.org/env/water.html
Palais des Nations 8-14, Avenue de la Paix CH-1211 Geneva 10
Convention on the Transboundary Effects of Industrial Switzerland
Accidents
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe
Phone : +41 22 917 1193
Fax : +41 22 917 0107
Email : firstname.lastname@example.org
Web Site : www.unece.org/env/eia
Ms. Virginia FUSE
Assistant Environmental Affairs Convention on the Transboundary Effects of Industrial Accidents United Nations Economic Commission for Europe
Ms. Franziska ILG
Environmental Affairs Officer Transboundary Cooperation Section United Nations Economic Commission for Europe
Page 1
Palais des Nations, Avenue de la Paix 8-14 1211 Geneva 10 Switzerland
Phone : +41 22 917 4149
Fax : +41 22 917 0107
Email : email@example.com
UNECE - Palais des Nations Avenue de la Paix 8-14 1211 Geneva 10 Switzerland
Phone : +41 22 917 24 80
Fax : +41 22 917 0621
Email : firstname.lastname@example.org
4/19/2013- 5:06:13PM
Mr. Alisher MAMADZHANOV
Environmental Affairs Officer Environment Division United Nations Economic Commission for Europe
Ms. Fiona MARSHALL
Environmental Affairs Officer Environment Division United Nations Economic Commission for Europe
Ms. Aphrodite SMAGADI
Legal Affairs Officer Environment Division United Nations Economic Commission for Europe
Ms. Iulia TROMBITCAIA
Environmental Affairs Officer United Nations Economic Commission for Europe
Ms. Kati WENZEL
Environmental Affairs Officer United Nations Economic Commission for Europe
Page 1
Palais des Nations 8-14, Avenue de la Paix 1211 Geneva 10 Switzerland
Phone : +41 22 917 2442
Fax : +41 22 917 0621
Email : email@example.com
Palais des Nations 8-14, Avenue de la Paix CH-1211 Geneva 10 Switzerland
Phone : +41 22 917 4226
Fax : +41 22 917 0107
Email : firstname.lastname@example.org
Palais de Nations, 8-14 Avenue de la Paix CH-1211 Genève 10 Switzerland
Phone : +41 22 917 3294
Fax : +41 22 917 0107
Email : email@example.com
Palais des Nations 8-14, Avenue de la Paix 1211 Geneva 10 Switzerland
Phone : +41 22 917 3332
Fax : +41 22 917 0107
Email : firstname.lastname@example.org
Palais des Nations 8-14, Avenue de la Paix 1211 Geneva 10 Switzerland
Phone : +41 22 917 285
Fax : +41 22 917 0107
Email : email@example.com
4/19/2013- 5:06:13PM | <urn:uuid:4fef4fa5-742f-48dc-a0d9-52dab1695a8a> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 20,447 |
Communiqué de presse
Vésale Pharma signe un contrat de 4M€ lors de la mission princière au Mexique.
(sous embargo jusqu'à ce jour à 23 heures en Belgique)
Namur, le 19 janvier 2019
La société wallonne Vésale Pharma, installée en terres namuroises et spécialisée dans la recherche et le développement de solutions innovantes à base de probiotiques, poursuit son expansion sur le continent américain.
Après la création aux Etats-Unis d'une société en Joint Venture avec des partenaires privés texans en septembre 2018, elle vient de conclure, ce mardi 19 février 2019, à l'occasion de la mission princière qui se déroule actuellement au Mexique, un important contrat de 4 M€ avec la société mexicaine Grin Laboratorios.
Grin Laboratorios, un acteur pharmaceutique majeur au Mexique, assurera la commercialisation d'un des produits phare de la société namuroise, le Bacilac Instant.
« Ce premier contrat de 4 M€ pour la commercialisation d'un produit est signé avec une société pharmaceutique de tout premier plan au Mexique. Selon l'accord intervenu, Grin Laboratorios distribuera dorénavant, et ce pendant cinq ans, un des produits historiques de Vésale ; ce qui nous ouvre la porte d'un marché important et stratégique pour notre société. Nous proposerons très rapidement à Grin Laboratorios, d'autres solutions probiotiques mises au point par notre société et composant notre gamme de produits de dernière génération, précise Jehan Liénart, CEO de Vésale Pharma. »
Selon les prévisions, une fois les dispositions réglementaires remplies, le Bacilac Instant devrait être disponible sur le marché mexicain dès le mois de juin de cette année.
« La signature de ce contrat est une nouvelle illustration que les missions économiques - et les contacts qu'elles rendent possibles - jouent un rôle essentiel dans le développement des entreprises qui y prennent part, précise le Vice-Président et Ministre de l'Economie, de l'Industrie, de la Recherche et de l'Innovation de la Région wallonne, Mr Pierre-Yves Jeholet. Elle prouve à nouveau que la Recherche & le Développement en Wallonie jouissent d'une réputation d'excellence à l'étranger et que la Région peut compter sur ce secteur pour sa croissance et sa création de valeur ajoutée. Ce contrat offre de belles perspectives à Vesale Pharma, qui bénéficie d'ailleurs d'un soutien de la Région, et je m'en réjouis. Elle pourra ainsi continuer à créer des emplois et à développer ses activités, en Wallonie et à l'étranger, ajoute le Ministre»
Pour de plus amples information, veuillez prendre contact avec
Eric Poskin, Corporate Strategy Director & Spokesman, 0477/205 771 – firstname.lastname@example.org
A propos de Vésale Pharma
L'entreprise Vésale Pharma est basée à Noville s/Mehaigne, Eghezée. Elle occupe actuellement quelque 46 personnes. Pionnière dans le domaine des recherches et innovations en matière de probiotiques, la société consacre chaque année plus de 23% de son chiffre d'affaires à la R&D. Créée en 1997 et active d'abord dans le secteur de la délégation médicale, la société namuroise a réorienté ses activités vers la recherche et le développement de solutions probiotiques innovantes en 2008. Vendant aujourd'hui ses produits dans une vingtaine de pays au monde, Vésale Pharma est titulaire de 6 brevets de portée mondiale, notamment le brevet Intelicaps®, une technologie révolutionnaire unique au monde de microencapsulation des probiotiques. La société commercialise aujourd'hui sa gamme de produits via un réseau d'agents et de distributeurs, des produits exclusivement disponibles en pharmacie dans diverses classes thérapeutiques telles que la dermatologie, la gastroentérologie, la santé féminine, l'immunité et la grossesse. Adossée à la Texas A&M University, la société namuroise a fondé en septembre dernier à Collège Station non loin de Houston au Texas, une structure commerciale conjointe avec des partenaires et investisseurs texans en vue de promouvoir aux Etats-Unis les produits issus de sa Recherche.
A propos de GRIN LABORATORIOS
GRIN Laboratorios, est une société pharmaceutique fondée en 1955, entièrement intégrée à Lupin Group depuis 2014. Lupin Group est un groupe fort de quelque 20 000 employés répartis dans le monde entier, et actif dans environ 100 pays. Possédant 18 sites de fabrication et 9 centres de recherche et développement dans le monde, sa vision est de lutter contre les maladies infectieuses en fournissant aux populations des médicaments abordables de haute qualité.
Fondé il y a 63 ANS, GRIN Laboratorios est présent sur tout le territoire mexicain. Avec ses 400 employés, GRIN Laboratorios promeut un portefeuille de produits couvrant différents domaines de la santé tels que la médecine interne, la neurologie, la pédiatrie, la psychiatrie, la pneumologie, l'otorhinolaryngologie, la chirurgie et la traumatologie. Dans le domaine ophtalmique, Grin est le deuxième acteur du Mexique. Son usine de production couvre plus de 10 000 m2 ; avec cinq lignes spécialisées dans les produits ophtalmiques, elle est l'une des usines les plus importantes du pays dans cette spécialité. | <urn:uuid:4b389a02-92e0-45bb-94d3-8c3dd2b6fee8> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/fra_Latn/train | finepdfs | fra_Latn | 5,110 |
Info hotel booking with special rates
***** Hotel
Le Méridien Vienna
Robert-Stolz-Platz 1, 1010 Vienna, Austria
Special rates for conference participants:
244 EURper night single occupancy
264 EURper night double occupancy
Website Hotel
Special booking link
Last Day to book: Sunday, 22 October 2023
Note: Hotel is situated near the city center.
15 rooms available
see google map
**** Hotel Hotel Johann Strauss
Favoritenstrasse 12, 1040 Vienna, Austria
Special rates for conference participants:
130 EURper night single occupancy
170 EURper night double occupancy
Website Hotel
Special booking link
Password: Dialogue of continents
Last day to book: Tuesday, 31 October 2023
Note: Hotel is situated just across the street from the conference venue.
30 rooms available
**** Hotel
acom Hotel Vienna
Sonnwendgasse 8, 1100 Vienna, Austria
Special rates for conference participants: 95 EUR per night single occupancy
Website Hotel
E-Mail to book a room
Please mention in the reference line "Continents of Dialogue".
Note: Hotel is situated near the main station with fast direct connections to the airport.
Last day to book: Tuesday, 31 October 2023
15 rooms available
See google map | <urn:uuid:1aa9ad0b-20ab-4169-b6a6-22318f45cb73> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 1,213 |
SodaStream bringt Premium-Accessoires für das perfekte Sprudelerlebnis auf den Markt und vereint damit Expertise, Verbraucherwunsch und hochwertige Qualität
» Ab sofort hochwertige Edelstahl-Flaschenabtropfhalter, Adapter für SodaStream DUO, Flaschenbürste und PremiumEdelstahldeckel verfügbar
» SodaStream-Accessoires als Must-haves für Verbraucher:innen, die hochwertiges und stilvolles Zubehör für ihren Wassersprudler suchen
» Neue Produkte von SodaStream bieten als attraktive Portfolioergänzung viel Potenzial für margenträchtige Zusatzverkäufe
(Frankfurt am Main, Mai 2023) SodaStream, die weltweit führende Wassersprudlermarke, bringt hochwertige Premium-Accessoires auf den Markt. Die Produkt-Neuheiten zeichnen sich durch höchste Qualität und elegantes Design aus und sind ideal auf die Wassersprudler und Sprudlerflaschen von SodaStream abgestimmt. Mit den Musthaves zur Komplettierung des modernen „Way of Drinking-Lifestyle" bedient SodaStream das Bedürfnis der Verbraucher:innen nach hochwertigem Zubehör für das Selbstsprudeln und Getränkemixen zu Hause. Die Accessoires sind die perfekte Ergänzung für alle Produkte von SodaStream. Sie wurden speziell entwickelt, um den Alltag der Verbraucher:innen zu verbessern und ein optimales Sprudelerlebnis zu schaffen. Julian Hessel, Marketing Director SodaStream Deutschland und Österreich: „Mit den bereits jetzt im SodaStream Onlineshop und im Onlinehandel erhältlichen Accessoires holen sich Verbraucher:innen noch mehr langlebige Premium-Qualität der Marke SodaStream ins Haus, profitieren von der Expertise der weltweit führenden Wassersprudlermarke und heben ihr Nutzererlebnis auf ein noch höheres Level – für maximalen Premium-Getränkegenuss. Dem Handel wird eine Ergänzung des Produktportfolios um die hochwertigen Accessoires großes Potenzial hinsichtlich attraktiver Zusatzverkäufe bieten."
Premium Flaschenabtropfhalter in Mattschwarz
Zu den neuen Accessoires gehört ein Flaschenabtropfhalter aus rostfreiem, hochwertigem Edelstahl, der in der Trendfarbe Mattschwarz erhältlich ist. Der Abtropfhalter ist mit allen SodaStream-Sprudlerflaschen kompatibel und
Der Premium Flaschenabtropfhalter von SodaStream in Mattschwarz
Eyecatcher in jeder Küche: Edelstahldeckel von SodaStream für die DUO Glasflasche
Die hochwertige Flaschenbürste für eine optimale Reinigung der SodaStreamSprudlerflaschen
Presseinformation
überzeugt besonders durch seine abnehmbare Silikonmatte für eine einfache Reinigung. Seine rutschfesten Silikonfüße verhindern Wasseransammlungen und der kratzsichere Silikonring sorgt für den idealen Flaschenhalt und mehr Stabilität. Mit dem hochwertigen Abtropfhalter können Verbraucher:innen bis zu drei SodaStream-Sprudlerflaschen gleichzeitig stilvoll und effektiv trocknen. Der SodaStream Flaschenabtropfhalter in Mattschwarz ist für 39,99 Euro (UVP) erhältlich.
Grenzenlos flexibel sprudeln – mit den Flaschenadaptern für DUO und E-DUO
Außerdem neu: der 0,7-Liter-Adapter für die Wassersprudler DUO und E-DUO. Damit ermöglicht SodaStream allen Verbraucher:innen, die ikonische Glaskaraffe des Wassersprudlerklassikers SodaStream Crystal auch in den DUO-Modellen zu verwenden. Darüber hinaus gibt es für die DUO-Wassersprudler ab sofort auch einen Adapter für die spülmaschinengeeignete 0,5-Liter-Kunststoffflasche – eine passende Lösung für den kleinen Durst unterwegs, mit weniger Gewicht und trotzdem maximalem Komfort. Damit unterstreicht SodaStream einmal mehr seine Mission für mehr Nachhaltigkeit: Denn dank der Adapter wird es Verbraucher:innen nun möglich, fast alle SodaStream-Sprudlerflaschen in der DUO oder E-DUO einzusetzen. Der 0,5-Liter-Adapter wird inklusive 0,5-Liter-Kunststoffflasche für 13,99 Euro (UVP) angeboten – der 0,7-Liter-Adapter für 3,99 Euro (UVP).
Hochwertige Flaschenbürste für optimale Reinigung
Eine weitere Neuheit ist die hochwertige Flaschenbürste mit Naturholzgriff und schwarzen, kratzsicheren Borsten. Die Bürste erreicht durch ihre Form alle Flaschenrundungen und reinigt die SodaStream-Sprudlerflaschen so ideal. Der Bürstenkopf besteht aus weichen Baumwollborsten für eine optimale Reinigung der verschiedenen wiederverwendbaren SodaStream-Glas- und Kunststoffflaschen und ist für 14,99 Euro (UVP) erhältlich.
Edelstahldeckel für DUO-Glasflasche
Ebenfalls neu im Sortiment: die Edelstahldeckel für die 1-Liter-Glasflasche der SodaStream DUO. Die Deckel aus hochwertigem Edelstahl werten die DUOGlasflasche optisch noch einmal auf und machen die Sprudlerflasche zu einem echten Eyecatcher in jeder Küche und auf jedem Esstisch. Die Edelstahldeckel für die 1-Liter-Glasflasche können – wie die Glasflasche selbst – in der Spülmaschine gereinigt werden und werden im praktischen 2er-Pack für 6,99 Euro (UVP) angeboten.
Spülmaschinen-Verlängerungsstäbe für ideale Stabilität
Noch diesen Sommer wird das SodaStream-Portfolio um ein weiteres Accessoire ergänzt werden: Die Spülmaschinen-Verlängerungsstäbe von SodaStream ermöglichen es, die SodaStream-Sprudlerflaschen sicher in der Spülmaschine zu reinigen, und sorgen dabei für ideale Stabilität. Der hochwertige Spülmaschineneinsatz ist robust und langlebig und dadurch auch für den täglichen Gebrauch bestens geeignet. Auch das Handling ist easy: Die Verlängerungsstäbe können schnell und unkompliziert in jede Spülmaschine gesetzt werden.
inklusive
0,5-Liter-
Verlängerungsstäbe für die sichere Reinigung der SodaStream-Sprudlerflaschen in der Spülmaschine
Presseinformation
Zielgruppe setzt auf bewährte Qualität und Markentreue
Julian Hessel: „Immer mehr Konsumenten entwickeln ein stärkeres Nachhaltigkeitsbewusstsein und fragen nach Zubehör in bekannter SodaStreamQualität, das hochwertig und darüber hinaus auch noch stylish und praktisch ist. 1 Deshalb ist die gesamte Accessoires-Kategorie in jüngster Zeit extrem gewachsen und wird dies auch noch weiter tun." Für den Handel bietet die Ergänzung des Produktportfolios um die hochwertigen Accessoires großes Potenzial hinsichtlich attraktiver und margenträchtiger Zusatzverkäufe bei einer Zielgruppe, die auf bewährte Qualität und Markentreue setzt. Deshalb arbeitet SodaStream derweil bereits an weiteren innovativen Accessoires, wie beispielsweise an neuen Sprudlerflaschen mit besonderer Funktion und Design. In Deutschland sind die neuen SodaStream-Premium-Accessoires ab sofort im SodaStream Onlineshop und im Onlinehandel erhältlich.
1 Refers to 2019–2024 Period, Source: Euromonitor, Functional Beverages in Germany. Sources: Euromonitor, Fortified/Functional Beverages in Germany, "Passport", Soft Drinks in Germany 2020, *Lightspeed/Mintel, Base: 2000 Consumers per Country, GlobalData Consumer Survey (Data refers to Germany) Q3 2019, "Passport": World Market for Soft Drinks, 2020, Mintel: A Year of Innovation in Juice & Beverage Concentrates, 2020, Mintel: A Year of Innovation in CSDs, 2021.
Über SodaStream:
SodaStream ® , ein Tochterunternehmen von PepsiCo ® , ist die weltweit führende Wassersprudlermarke. SodaStream ist in über 47 Ländern auf der ganzen Welt vertreten und ermöglicht es den Verbraucher:innen, mit nur einem Knopfdruck ein perfektes, personalisiertes Erlebnis mit kohlensäurehaltigen Getränken zu kreieren. SodaStream revolutioniert die Getränkeindustrie und verändert die Art und Weise, wie die Welt trinkt, indem es seinen Nutzer:innen ermöglicht, bessere Entscheidungen für sich selbst und für den Planeten zu treffen. Um mehr über SodaStream zu erfahren, besuchen Sie https://sodastream.de/ und folgen Sie SodaStream auf Facebook, Instagram und YouTube.
Diesen Text und das entsprechende Bildmaterial können Sie auch im Internet herunterladen unter www.deutscher-pressestern.de und www.public-star.de.
Julian Hessel, Marketing Director SodaStream Deutschland und Österreich
Weitere Informationen
Deutscher Pressestern ® Bierstadter Straße 9a 65189 Wiesbaden, Germany
Isabell Tonnius
E-Mail: email@example.com
Tel.: +49 611 39539-23
Fax: +49 611 301995
Caroline Wittemann
E-Mail: firstname.lastname@example.org
Tel.: +49 611 39539-22
Tel.: +49 611 39539-22
Fax: +49 611 301995 | <urn:uuid:af7d1da0-40fb-4a4e-97ce-af5ee2d33ad5> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/deu_Latn/train | finepdfs | deu_Latn | 8,092 |
A Story
A girl walked along the path. Her long, brown hair fluttered in the wind. With a tattered, old blouse, wrinkled and torn jeans, and worn black boots about two sizes too small, she heaved a great big sigh and it misted in the cold December morning air. She was so skinny that the wind could blow her away. Her eyes were dark pools of misery. This is the story of the girl.
This girl had two brothers and parents two years ago. They were a very carefree family. However, her two brothers fell ill suddenly, and passed away. Her mother, overwhelmed with grief, died soon after. Her father could not earn enough money to support his daughter and himself. So, her father sold her to a mean woman who had three daughters. The three daughters teased and tricked her, and the mean woman treated her like a slave. She often hit the girl and starved her. She had been treated like this for six years.
As the girl walked on the road, on the path to the bakery, she saw a familiar figure. It was searching for someone. It was calling her name. It was……
"Dad!" she cried. The man looked round. His eyes sparkled with kindness and joy. They hugged, an action that seemed to go on forever, a hug that concealed love, happiness, surprise and relief. | <urn:uuid:c376e1ba-c117-4625-a520-0f8ae6bec218> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 1,245 |
January 13, 2025
The Board of Directors,
Lotus Chocolate Company Limited
8-2-596, 1st Floor, 1B, Sumedha Estates,
Avenue-4, Puzzolana Towers, Street No. 1,
Road No. 10, Banjara Hills,
Hyderabad 500034, Telangana
Dear Sir(s)/ Ma'am(s)
Sub: Notice u/s 160 of the Companies Act, 2013
I, member of Lotus Chocolate Company Limited ("Company"), propose the candidature of Mr. Abhijeet Pai (DIN: 02100465), son of Mr. Prakash Pai, residing at 8-2-269/A, Road No. 2, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad – 500032. for his appointment as Non-Executive Director of the Company, liable to retire by rotation.
Thanking you,
Yours faithfully,
[Signature]
Prakash Pai
DP ID Client ID: 1201130000052224 | <urn:uuid:05fa6972-c612-4401-a771-a5981f4d5add> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 683 |
Westbound I-74
If using GPS or a driving direction website, please type in 1306 N Berkeley Ave., Peoria, IL 61603.
1. Take Exit 92B (Glen Oak Avenue), which is the second exit after crossing the Murray Baker bridge.
2. Exit from I-74 (onto Spalding) move directly into the far right lane to Glen Oak.
3. Turn right onto Glen Oak, make an immediate jog left onto Berkeley.
4. Follow Berkeley to the main entrance/parking sign.
5. Turn right towards the entrance of the North Parking Deck.
Patients may also be dropped off at the circle drive.
LEGEND
A – North Parking Deck
B – 200 Pennsylvania Medical Office Building
C – Easter Seals
D – Forest Park Building / Zone 7
E – North Building / Zone 6 (Human Resources)
F – Saint Francis Medical Center College of Nursing
G – Heartland Community Clinic / Allied Agencies
H – Hillcrest Medical Plaza
I – Medi Park 2 Parking Deck (Parking for Hillcrest)
J – Jump Trading Simulation & Education Center
K – Medical Park Physician Building
E – Emergency
P – Parking | <urn:uuid:879e6f7b-d397-4354-99b8-663b676ea082> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 1,011 |
Phishing in an academic community: A study of user susceptibility and behavior
Alejandra Diaz, Alan T. Sherman & Anupam Joshi
To cite this article: Alejandra Diaz, Alan T. Sherman & Anupam Joshi (2019): Phishing in an academic community: A study of user susceptibility and behavior, Cryptologia, DOI: 10.1080/01611194.2019.1623343
To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/01611194.2019.1623343
Published online: 13 Aug 2019.
Submit your article to this journal
Article views: 31
View related articles
View Crossmark data
Phishing in an academic community: A study of user susceptibility and behavior
Alejandra Diaz, Alan T. Sherman, and Anupam Joshi
ABSTRACT
We present an observational study on the relationship between demographic factors and phishing susceptibility at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC). In spring 2018, we delivered phishing attacks to 450 randomly selected students on three different days (1,350 students total) to examine user click rates and demographics among UMBC’s undergraduates. Participants were initially unaware of the study. We deployed the billing problem, contest winner, and expiration date phishing tactics. Experiment 1 impersonated banking authorities; Experiment 2 enticed users with monetary rewards; and Experiment 3 threatened users with account cancellation. We found correlations resulting in lowered susceptibility based on college affiliation, academic year progression, cyber training, involvement in cyber clubs or cyber scholarship programs, time spent on the computer, and age demographics. We found no significant correlation between gender and susceptibility. Contrary to our expectations, we observed a reverse correlation between phishing awareness and student resistance to clicking. Students who identified themselves as understanding the definition of phishing had a higher susceptibility rate than did their peers who were merely aware of phishing attacks, with both groups having a higher susceptibility rate than those with no knowledge whatsoever. Approximately 70% of survey respondents who opened a phishing email clicked on it, with 60% of student having clicked overall.
KEYWORDS
billing problem tactic; contest winner tactic; cyber demographics; cybersecurity; expiration date tactic; phishing; social engineering; user susceptibility
Introduction
Typically, the most important and devastating vulnerability a company can have is its very own people (Howarth 2014). The human factor, or error, is responsible for 95% of security incidents (Howarth 2014). Malicious actors aim to use social engineering to exploit users into giving up valuable and confidential information (Norton 2014). We present results from a study of susceptibility of undergraduate students to phishing emails. In phishing, a fraudulent entity tries to gain user information, possibly posing as an authority.
CONTACT Alejandra Diaz firstname.lastname@example.org Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC), 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA.
Color versions of one or more of the figures in the article can be found online at www.tandfonline.com/ucry.
© 2019 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
This observational study is the first to examine age, gender, college affiliation, academic year progression, time spent on a computer, cyber club/cyber scholarship program affiliation, cyber training, and phishing awareness demographics in one study. Our motivation lies in understanding dependent variables in a student population for future training tailored to individual students. We hope our results will help businesses and colleges improve their cybersecurity practices.
As summarized in the tables and figures, our contributions are the results and analyses from our observational study in which we sent phishing emails to 1,350 University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC) students. For more details, see Diaz (2018).
**Previous work**
There have been few phishing and general cybersecurity related surveys conducted on college students in the past, focusing on the correlation between susceptibility and one or few demographics.
Farooq et al. (2015) studied 1,280 participants in six different colleges throughout India, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, and Thailand. They documented Internet use and its correlation to the student user susceptibility level. A year prior, Farooq et al. (2016) also surveyed 614 university students from eight different majors to calculate their information security awareness score (ISA). They concluded that gender provides an insight on how a student learns cybersecurity skills. Men tend to gain security knowledge through self-taught means, while women tend to prefer formal training and interacting in their social circles (Farooq et al. 2015).
In Tamil Nadu, India, Senthilkumar and Easwaramoorthy (2017) surveyed student responses to cyber themes, such as “virus[es], phishing, fake advertisement, popup windows and other attacks in the internet”. In this study, only 10 of the 379 students stated that they would report any malicious activity to their cyber crime office. Similarly, Kim (2013) surveyed a group of undergraduate business students on their knowledge of cyber-related topics. While the students were somewhat knowledgeable on most topics covered in NIST Standard 800-50, Kim (2013) suggested training programs for all students within the college to increase student awareness. Duggan (2008) conducted a comparable survey in Japan, where he surveyed a group of Japanese college students about their cybersecurity and privacy-risk knowledge based on terminology.
Dodge, Carver, and Ferguson (2007) conducted an unannounced phishing test on students at the United States Military Academy to evaluate their cyber training programs. They concluded that the more educated a student was in academic year, the less likely they were to fall for the phishing
scam. Similarly, Aloul (2012) presented a project in which a fake website portal recorded the number of students who navigate to this phishing trap. They recorded 9% of the 11,000 students falling for the fraudulent portal.
Sheng et al. (2010) studied if age, sex, and education level influenced phishing susceptibility. They determined that higher education level, age, and being male lead to less susceptibility. Sun et al. (2016) investigated links between gender and behavior. In contrast, the research team did not find a significant difference in gender. In these two studies, the users knew that they were being tested on their ability to detect phishing attacks.
In our study, we include a more expansive list of demographics than those explored in previous studies. We also focus on phishing susceptibility rather than on general cybersecurity topics, and we do not inform the participants beforehand of the phishing experiments.
**Experimental methodology**
We deploy three phishing experiments on randomly selected students at UMBC. To simulate errors commonly found in phishing attempts, these phishing emails contain errors that provide clues of their illegitimacy. Subsequently, we sent a debriefing statement to all selected students, as required by our UMBC Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval. We also sent a survey to gather more demographic data on those students who had opened a phishing email.
**Subject population**
Our study takes the 11,234 undergraduate students currently enrolled at UMBC as the target pool (UMBC Admissions 2018). UMBC is especially well known for science and technology. UMBC includes three colleges: the College of Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences, the College of Engineering and Information Technology, and the College of Natural and Mathematical Sciences. Our study focuses on the student’s primary major, regardless of any subsequent major, minor, or certificate program (UMBC Admissions 2018).
We sent each phishing email to a randomly selected set of 1,350 students. Each set comprised 450 students, with 150 students from each college.
We decreased the number of eligible students from 11,234 to 10,920, marking students ineligible if they had an undecided major or if they were part of the interdisciplinary studies track. Interdisciplinary studies majors have multiple majors in potentially different colleges.
**Experiment 1: PayPal**
Experiment 1 deployed the popular *Billing Problem* tactic (Downs, Holbrook, and Cranor 2006). The fraudulent entity claims to be PayPal, a
popular online payment company. The email tries to entice the user to click on the email link by claiming to have received an order from them and therefore billing their PayPal account.
There are several red flags that indicate this email is illegitimate. Atomic Empire Designs is a fake company with invalid customer service email and phone number. The shipping address is vague, and the zipcode is incorrect for the Baltimore region. The email timestamp is for a future time, and the total amount of money owed does not add up to the subtotal, plus tax and shipping expenses. The last line of the email stating that “Paypal is located at…” lists an incorrect and invalid address. Another flag is the sender’s email address: any email from the PayPal business will have a “@paypal.com” address, not “gmail.com.” The link described as order details is also suspicious. If one hovers over the link, it does not indicate any association with PayPal; instead, it goes through a tracking url that contains a “thisisnotmalware” string (Figure 1).
**Experiment 2: Quadmania**
In this experiment, we make use of UMBC’s Quadmania event, the university’s major spring weekend festival, to lure the user through monetary gain (Ellis 2014). The email congratulates the student on their $100 Amazon prize and asks them to click the provided link. This email adds legitimacy by using the 2018 Quadmania banner while the signature of the email proclaims it was sent by the UMBC Events Board. This name is similar to the Student Events Board (SEB) that organizes Quadmania. Furthermore, the email describes a UMCP survey. Not only was no such survey conducted, UMCP refers to the University of Maryland, College Park, which is a different school. There are grammar and spelling inconsistencies, including the keynote singer 21 Savage. When hovering over the link, the user can see the link redirects them to cnn.com after going through a tracking software. The email is sent from a “@umbcalerts.com” address, instead of a “umbc.edu” address (Figure 2).
**Experiment 3: DoIT**
This email is a variation of the *expiration date* tactic, mimicking UMBC’s Division of Information Technology (DoIT). It claims that the user must verify their credentials to keep their UMBC account, referencing the Quadmania phish to add validity. The email threatens that the user must click and verify their identity within 48 hours.
There are several spelling and grammar errors, which are uncommon for official UMBC communications. The authority names itself “Department of Institutional Technology” and later signs off with “UNCP DoIT”. There is no Department of Institutional Technology nor UNCP entity at UMBC. The odd quote at the end of the email is out of character and unconventional for a university’s IT department. The email address and link of this email are suspicious as well. The user can hover over the link and see that it goes to the Google homepage after going through tracking software. The email address has a “@umbcdoit.com” email address instead of a “@umbc.edu” one (Figure 3).
**Debriefing statement and demographic survey**
Part of our IRB protocol requires us to send a debriefing email that informs all 1,350 selected students of the study. It also assures that we anonymized all data, kept all data confidential, and could not identify any individual.
We then invited students who were part of the 1,350 target group and opened a phishing email from experiments 1–3 to also participate in a survey. After asking for consent and ensuring the survey respondents were at
Dear UMBC Student,
Congratulations!!
If you are receiving this message, this means you were randomly selected to win one of our five $100 Amazon gift card prizes as part of our Quadmania 2018 prize giveaway contest!
Due to your earlier participation in the UMCP survey on March 11th, you indicated you wished to be included in this prize drawing.
Please click here to fill out your information to cash in your prize!
Congratulations and don’t forget about our Quadmania festival and 21 Savage concert this Friday!!
- UMBC Events Board
Figure 2. Experiment 2 Quadmania email offers a free $100 gift certificate.
least 18 years of age, we asked questions on their academic year, major affiliation, gender, age, past cybersecurity training, participation in cyber clubs or cyber scholarship programs, phishing awareness, and time spent per day on the computer. We gave a brief definition of phishing and quick tips on how to identify phishing emails. We directed the users to the official UMBC phishing and spam FAQ page for more information.
Data collection
To track the data, we used the free application MailTracker by Hunter and the EmailTracker by cloudHQ (CloudHQ 2018; Hunter 2018). Each of these programs tracked if an email recipient opened an email and whether they clicked any links. Both verify and confirm each other’s recorded data.
UMBCDoIT <email@example.com> to [redacted]
[Verification Notice #QRX1497373RT]
Dear student,
It has come to our attention that there has been a recent “phishing” scheme sent out to several members of our UMBC community over Quadmania event.
As such, UMBC’s Department of Institutional Technology (DoIT) is having every possible target of this attack re-verify their identity to ensure our networks are safe. To avoid any network lagging, we have broken down the UMBC community into several groups, where your in group #1.
If you are receiving this message, please be aware that you are required to verify your identity in our private servers within 48 hrs. You will be locked out of your UMBC accounts, (including Blackboard, myUMBC, and any Gmail priveledges) unless you update your information in the link provided.
Enable account credentials
You are given a grace period of 24 hours from email receipt date to complete this action. Failure to do so will result in account suspension and eventual deletion.
For any question or concerns, please contact firstname.lastname@example.org.
UNCP DoIT
“New technology is not good or evil in and of itself. It’s all about how people choose to use it.”
Figure 3. Experiment 3 DoIT email threatens to suspend the student’s computer account.
Statistical methods
We applied Fisher’s exact test and Pearson’s chi-square for significance testing, and Cramer’s V to test strength of that significance, with $\alpha = 0.05$ (McDonald 2014). We used Fisher’s exact test in lieu of the chi-square test when an expected value is less than 5. We defined the null hypothesis as there is no dependency between the demographic factor and student click rate. We used IBM’s SPSS to create contingency tables and calculate these statistics.
Results
Of the 1,350 students randomly selected for this study, 1,246 (92%) opened a phishing email in at least one of the three experiments. We sent the debriefing statement to all 1,350 students, and the demographic survey only to those 1,246 students who opened a phishing email. All demographics except for college affiliation were tested with survey respondent data only (Figure 4).
Figure 4. Number of clicks on phishing emails by students in the College of Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences (AHSS), the College of Engineering and Information Technology (EIT), and the College of Natural and Mathematical Sciences (NMS).
**Experiment 1 results**
Of the 450 students receiving the PayPal phishing email, 409 (91%) opened the email. Of those 409 students, a majority of the Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences majors clicked the link.
We sent emails to 150 students within each college and analyzed the actions of those who opened the email. Seventy-four percent of students in Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences majors had clicked the link, with 20% in Engineering and Information Technology and 55% in Natural and Mathematical Sciences.
**Experiment 2 results**
We sent the Quadmania phishing email to 450 students, of which 419 (93%) opened the email. Three hundred forty-nine students (83.3%) clicked the link within the email. Almost all of the Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences majors clicked the link (95%), often within minutes of receiving the email. Seventy-four percent of students in the College of Engineering and Information Technology clicked the link, while 83% in the College of Natural and Mathematical Sciences clicked.
**Experiment 3 results**
Ninety-three percent of students opened the third email. Sixty-eight percent of students in the Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences and Natural and Mathematical Sciences were fooled into clicking the link. In contrast, only 31 students (22%) in Engineering and Information Technology majors clicked.
Survey results
Of the 1,246 students who had the option to complete the survey, 482 students (39%) responded within a 7-day period. For each cohort, at least 100 subjects completed the survey. Figure 4 shows the click action by college membership for each experiment.
Analysis
We analyzed all experiments and survey results and find significant correlations in all tested demographics except gender.
Shown in Table 1 are the percentages of students who have opened the emails and have either clicked or not clicked a link. Included are the percentages of students who have opened an email but have also completed the demographics survey used for the demographics analysis portion.
While around 59–60% of all overall students have clicked a link in an email, there were fluctuations between the three different experiments. In contrast, survey respondents clicked 70% of the time, with fluctuations occurring as well.
Experiments
We found a correlation between college affiliation and user click action. For all three experiments, the chi-square value exceeded 5.991. The aggregate data also had a chi-square value exceeding the critical value, rejecting the null hypothesis. We define the null hypothesis as there being no correlation between user susceptibility and a demographic. A low-to-medium strength of association is also present (Figure 5).
Table 1. Summary of experimental results. Number of students who clicked on phishing emails, among students who were sent emails, opened the emails, and answered the survey.
| Action | PayPal | Quadmania | DoIT | Total |
|-------------------------|--------|-----------|------|-------|
| Sent emails | 450 | 450 | 450 | 1,350 |
| Clicked | 201 (45%) | 349 (78%) | 191 (42%) | 741 (55%) |
| (% from subjects who were sent emails) | | | | |
| Did not click | 208 (46%) | 70 (16%) | 227 (50%) | 505 (37%) |
| (% from subjects who were sent emails) | | | | |
| Opened emails | 409 (91%) | 419 (93%) | 418 (93%) | 1,246 (92%) |
| (% from subjects who were sent emails) | | | | |
| Clicked | 201 (49%) | 349 (83%) | 191 (46%) | 41 (59%) |
| (% from subjects who opened email) | | | | |
| Did not click | 208 (51%) | 70 (17%) | 227 (54%) | 505 (41%) |
| (% from subjects who opened email) | | | | |
| Answered survey (% from overall survey respondents) | 102 (21%) | 225 (47%) | 155 (32%) | 482 (100%) |
| Clicked | 47 (46%) | 176 (78%) | 116 (75%) | 339 (70%) |
| (% from subjects who answered survey) | | | | |
| Did not click | 55 (54%) | 49 (22%) | 39 (25%) | 143 (30%) |
| (% from subjects who answered survey) | | | | |
**Comparative analysis**
We show that phishing awareness, hours spent on the computer, cyber training, cyber club or cyber scholarship affiliation, age, academic year, and college affiliation are significant variables to student susceptibility (Tables 2 and 3).
**Figure 5.** Click action by demographic factors for students who opened email and returned the demographic survey form.
**Table 2.** Significance of three statistical tests at separating students who click on emails, computed separately for each phishing email, at confidence level $\alpha=0.05$, with given degrees of freedom (df).
| Demographic | Strength of significance Cramer’s V | Significance | Critical value $x = 0.05$ |
|-------------|-------------------------------------|--------------|--------------------------|
| | | Fisher’s $p$ value | Chi-square ($\chi^2$) | $\chi^2$ $p$ value | df |
| Significant | PayPal | 0.44 | <0.0001 | 80.71 | <0.0001 | 5.991 | 2 |
| | Quadmania | 0.23 | <0.0001 | 21.14 | <0.0001 | 5.991 | 2 |
| | DoIT | 0.38 | <0.0001 | 61.78 | <0.0001 | 5.991 | 2 |
| | Aggregate | 0.33 | 0.0001 | 136.35 | <0.0001 | 5.991 | 2 |
**Table 3.** Significance of three statistical tests at separating students who clicked on a phishing email, by demographic factors, at confidence level $\alpha = 0.05$, with given degrees of freedom (df).
| Demographic | Strength of significance Cramer’s V | Significance | Critical value $x = 0.05$ |
|-------------|-------------------------------------|--------------|--------------------------|
| | | Fisher’s $p$ value | Chi-Square ($\chi^2$) | $\chi^2$ $p$ value | df |
| Significant | Phishing awareness | 0.40 | <0.0001 | 77.46 | <0.0001 | 5.991 | 2 |
| | Hours spent on computer | – | <0.0001 | – | – | 7.815 | 3 |
| | Cyber training | 0.20 | 0.0001 | 19.47 | <0.0001 | 5.991 | 2 |
| | Cyber club or cyber scholarship | 0.20 | 0.0001 | 19.29 | <0.0001 | 5.991 | 2 |
| | Age | 0.18 | 0.0017 | 16.25 | 0.001 | 7.815 | 3 |
| | Academic year | 0.18 | 0.0017 | 15.67 | 0.0013 | 7.815 | 3 |
| | College affiliation | 0.14 | 0.0068 | 9.85 | 0.0073 | 5.991 | 2 |
| Insignificant | Gender | – | 0.536 | 0.043 | 0.512 | 3.841 | 1 |
The aggregated college affiliation demographic indicates that STEM majors—with Engineering and IT majors in particular—had lower click rates (EIT 65%, NMS 70%) compared with non-STEM majors (AHSS 80%). Increasing academic year progression saw a decrease in student click rate. We observed that increased time on the computer and cyber training correlated with lower click rates. Students in a cyber club or cyber scholarship program also clicked the phishing link less often than did students with no such affiliation. Within the cyber club and cyber scholarship group, students who were affiliated with a cyber scholarship program had lower click rates compared with the cyber club students.
Contrary to our expectations, in experiments 1–3, students who were unaware of phishing attacks performed better (28% clicked) than did students who were aware (42% clicked) or who understood what phishing attacks are (80% clicked).
We found no significant correlation between gender and susceptibility, with the chi-square calculation less than the critical value.
**Discussion**
We describe the campus response to our phishing emails, discuss an unexpected finding, comment on the nature of the phishing emails, identify study limitations, and present open problems.
**Campus response**
Although the PayPal email received little attention, the Quadmania phish (purportedly from SEB) created notable confusion. SEB, DoIT, and campus police issued alerts. A few hours after we sent the emails, SEB posted warnings to the student body of a phishing scheme, informing users that they did not send the Quadmania email, spreading word on the *myUMBC* dashboard and social media.
SEB’s quick and efficient communication reached several students within the experiment 2 cohort. Despite these warnings, the vast majority of students had already fallen for the Quadmania scheme. Many students who were deceived by the phish reported their experiences to DoIT or SEB, prompting quick responses by SEB and DoIT to us and the student body. While we had notified DoIT in advance, not all of their staff knew about our experiment and, in hindsight, we probably should have also informed SEB in advance.
**An unexpected finding**
As expected, we observed lower user susceptibility with college affiliation, academic year, age, cyber club and cyber scholarship affiliation, amount of
time spent on the computer, and cyber training. Contrary to our expectations, we observed greater user susceptibility with greater phishing knowledge and awareness.
We have no convincing explanation for this finding, and we do not know if it is reproducible. Nevertheless, we consider two speculations. First, it is possible that the act of falling for the phishing scheme might have increased the user’s awareness about phishing. In hindsight, it might have been wiser to have asked in the post-event survey what was the level of phishing awareness the user had when they opened the phishing email. Second, it is conceivable that users who fell for the phish might be more likely to overestimate their knowledge, including about phishing.
**Limitations**
Limitations of the study include student awareness of the experiment and veracity of survey responses. Especially given the commotion created by the Quadmania phish, it is possible that there was greater awareness among subjects about the possibility of phishing attacks in the third experiment than in the first two. We made no attempt to measure how accurately and honestly subjects filled out their demographic surveys.
**Nature of phishing emails**
As explained in Section III, we intentionally inserted many clues into each phishing email of their illegitimacy (e.g., spelling errors) and, initially, we did not inform the subjects about the experiments. Our rationale was to simulate commonly occurring phishing attacks, which often contain such clues. We do not know how much, if at all, such clues affected user behavior. Similarly, we do not know how much, if at all, lack of awareness of the experiment affected user behavior. Given the high click rates, we speculate that, for many users, such clues were not a decisive factor. Similarly, given that study awareness appears to be a more subtle issue and that many users are generally aware about the possibility of phishing attacks, we speculate that lack of awareness of the study did not make a significant difference.
Alarmingly, given the high click rates for our phishing emails with many clues, we believe that most users would be even more highly susceptible to more sophisticated attacks. In a more sophisticated attack, the adversary might surveil the target and construct a compelling customized spear-phishing email free of any obvious clues.
**Open problems**
It would be interesting to understand our unexpected finding that students who reported greater phishing knowledge were more susceptible.
Additional studies could explore this question and determine if our findings are reproducible. It would be useful to understand how clues and study awareness affect user behavior. It would be interesting to include faculty and staff in a study and to analyze user behaviors over several semesters. More difficult open problems are to explore causal factors in user behaviors and to devise effective ways to combat the threat of phishing attacks, including better user education, email filtering, and system design.
**Conclusion**
Our study finds an association between several demographic factors and a student’s susceptibility to phishing attacks. We observed lower susceptibility for college affiliation, academic year progression, cyber training, involvement in cyber clubs or cyber scholarship programs, amount of time spent on the computer, and age demographics. Surprisingly, despite a lower susceptibility for cyber education or IT expertise, we observed greater susceptibility for phishing awareness. We found no significant correlation for gender.
Phishing attacks are a dangerous form of social engineering that target users every day. Our study shows that user susceptibility to phishing remains a prevalent problem, even among technology-savvy students: nearly 70% of the subjects clicked the phishing link. Our observational study uncovers relationships between demographic factors and susceptibility to phishing. We hope that these findings will be helpful in designing more secure systems and developing more effective cybersecurity training for users.
**About the authors**
*Alejandra Diaz* is a cyber software engineer and analyst at Northrop Grumman’s Cyber Security Operations Center (CSOC) and an adjunct instructor of computer science at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC) in the CSEE Department. She is an active member of the Society of Women Engineers (SWE). Diaz graduated with her Master’s degree in computer science with a concentration in cybersecurity in 2018 under the guidance of Alan T. Sherman and Anupam Joshi, and her Bachelor’s degree in computer science in 2017 at UMBC. She is a Computing Research Association’s (CRA) Scholarship for Women Studying Information Security (SWSIS) scholar, a Center of Women in Technology (CWIT) Cyber scholar, Honors College scholar, and Phi Kappa Phi Honor Society alumni. Her research interests include botnet detection and social engineering.
*Alan T. Sherman* is a Professor of computer science at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC) in the CSEE Department and Director
of UMBC’s Center for Information Security and Assurance (CISA). His main research interest is high-integrity voting systems. He has carried out research in election systems, algorithm design, cryptanalysis, theoretical foundations for cryptography, applications of cryptography, and cybersecurity education. Sherman is also a private consultant performing security analyses. Sherman earned the Ph.D. degree in computer science at MIT in 1987 studying under Ronald L. Rivest. www.csee.umbc.edu/~sherman
Anupam Joshi is the Oros Family Professor and Chair of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering Department at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC). He is the Director of UMBC’s Center for Cybersecurity, and one of the USM leads for the National Cybersecurity FFRDC. He is a Fellow of IEEE. Dr. Joshi obtained a B.Tech degree from IIT Delhi in 1989, and a Masters and Ph.D. from Purdue University in 1991 and 1993 respectively. His research interests are in the broad area of networked computing and intelligent systems. His primary focus has been on data management and security/privacy in mobile/pervasive computing environments, and policy driven approaches to security and privacy. He is also interested in Semantic Web and Data/Text/Web Analytics, especially their applications to (cyber) security. He has published over 250 technical papers with an h-index of 79 and over 23,250 citations (per Google scholar), filed and been granted several patents, and has obtained research support from National Science Foundation (NSF), NASA, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), U.S. Dept of Defense (DoD), NIST, IBM, Microsoft, Qualcom, Northrop Grumman, and Lockheed Martin amongst others.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Professors Bimal Sinha and Nagaraj Neerchal for their counsel on statistical tests and models. We would also like to thank Jack Seuss, Andy Johnston, Mark Cather, and the DoIT staff for their support and help throughout the project.
Funding
Sherman was supported in part by the National Science Foundation under SFS grant 1241576 and by the U.S. Department of Defense under CAE grant [H98230-17-1-0349]. Joshi was supported by an award from IBM.
ORCID
Alejandra Diaz http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7563-4214
Alan T. Sherman http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1130-4678
References
Aloul, F. A. 2012. The need for effective information security awareness. *Journal of Advances in Information Technology* 3:716–83.
CloudHQ. 2018. EmailTracker. [https://www.cloudhq.net/](https://www.cloudhq.net/).
Diaz, A. 2018. Phishing in an academic community: A study of user susceptibility and behavior. M.S. thesis, Computer Science and Electrical Engineering Department, University of Maryland, Baltimore County.
Dodge, R. C., C. Carver, and A. J. Ferguson. 2007. Phishing for user security awareness. *Computers and Security* 26 (1):73–80. doi:[10.1016/j.cosse.2006.10.009](http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cosse.2006.10.009).
Downs, J. S., M. B. Holbrook, and L. F. Cranor. 2006. *Decision strategies and susceptibility to phishing*. Carnegie Mellon University.
Duggan, J. 2008. A survey of internet-based risk awareness among Japanese college students. In *Proceedings of E-Learn 2008-world conference on E-Learning in corporate, government, healthcare, and higher education*, ed. C. Bonk, M. Lee and T. Reynolds, 2158–63. Las Vegas, NV: Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE).
Ellis, D. 2014. Top 10 types of phishing emails. SecurityMetrics Blog. SecurityMetrics [blog.securitymetrics.com/2014/05/types-of-phishing-emails.html](http://blog.securitymetrics.com/2014/05/types-of-phishing-emails.html).
Farooq, A., J. Isoaho, S. Virtanen, and J. Isoaho. 2015. Observations on genderwise differences among university students in information security awareness. *International Journal of Information Security and Privacy* 9 (2):60–74. doi:[10.4018/IJISP.2015040104](http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/IJISP.2015040104).
Farooq, A., et al. 2016. Dimensions of Internet use and threat sensitivity: An exploratory study among students of higher education. 2016 IEEE Intl Conference on Computational Science and Engineering (CSE) and IEEE Intl Conference on Embedded and Ubiquitous Computing (EUC) and 15th Intl Symposium on Distributed Computing and Applications for Business Engineering (DCABES), 534–41.
Howarth, F. 2014. The role of human error in successful security attacks. Security Intelligence. [https://securityintelligence.com/the-role-of-human-error-in-successful-security-attacks/](https://securityintelligence.com/the-role-of-human-error-in-successful-security-attacks/).
Hunter. 2018. MailTracker. [https://hunter.io/](https://hunter.io/).
Kim, E. B. 2013. Information security awareness status of business college: Undergraduate students. *Information Security Journal: A Global Perspective* 22 (4):171–9. doi:[10.1080/19393555.2013.828803](http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19393555.2013.828803).
McDonald, J. H. 2014. *Handbook of biological statistics*. 3rd ed. [www.biostathandbook.com/index.html](http://www.biostathandbook.com/index.html).
Norton. 2014. What is social engineering? Symantec. [https://us.norton.com/internetsecurity-emerging-threats-what-is-social-engineering.html](https://us.norton.com/internetsecurity-emerging-threats-what-is-social-engineering.html).
Senthilkumar, K. and S. Easwaramoorthy. 2017. A survey on cyber security awareness among college students in Tamil Nadu. IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering, Vol. 263.
Sheng, S., M. B. Lanyon, P. Kumaraguru, L. Cranor, and J. Downs. 2010. *Who falls for phish? A demographic analysis of phishing susceptibility and effectiveness of interventions*. Carnegie Mellon University.
Sun, J. C.-Y., S.-J. Yu, S. S. J. Lin, and S.-S. Tseng. 2016. The mediating effect of anti-phishing self-efficacy between college students’ internet self-efficacy and anti-phishing behavior and gender difference. *Computers in Human Behavior* 59:249–57. doi:[10.1016/j.chb.2016.02.004](http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.02.004).
UMBC Admissions. 2018. Student enrollment and persistence. UMBC. [https://umbc.app.box.com/s/1torn5ywqscyktvo48xnqdlin1dhf2k](https://umbc.app.box.com/s/1torn5ywqscyktvo48xnqdlin1dhf2k). | e727ec44-a203-43f7-9fec-41378d5fbf21 | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 37,149 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.