text large_stringlengths 39 13.3M | id large_stringlengths 36 47 | repo_tree_path large_stringclasses 20 values | source_dataset large_stringclasses 1 value | lang large_stringclasses 20 values | num_chars uint32 39 13.3M |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MANUAL DE INSTALAÇÃO: SISTEMA CÂMBIO
APRESENTAÇÃO
O Sistema Câmbio, é dotado da mais alta tecnologia em sistemas de distribuição de energia modular. Neste manual estão condidas, detalhadamente, as informações necessárias para o melhor aproveitamento desse sistema.
ATENÇÃO
Leia atentamente as instruções de instalação antes de instalar o sistema.
A instalação do produto deve ser feita por profissionais qualificados.
INFORMAÇÕES DE SEGURANÇA
* Os componentes do sistema Câmbio são destinados para instalação em locais de facil acesso e secos que estejam de acordo com leis e regulamentações eléctricas locais.
* A conexão ao sistema de força de edificação deve ser feita por eletricista licenciado conforme as normas locais e nacionais.
* Os componentes elétricos não devem ser conectados ou desconectados enquanto o sistema estiver ligado a fonte de energia principal.
* A lista dos componentes elétricos obrigatórias juntam ente com a sua devida localização no sistema encontra-se no layout elétrico.
* O Sistema de Distribuição de Energia Elétrica Câmbio é apenas compatível com os produtos e acessórios oficiais da linha Câmbio da Byrne Brasil.
* O uso desse sistema é destinado a ambientes de es critórios, o uso do mesmo em ambientes industriais ou externos não é recomendado.
* O Sistema de Distribuição de Energia Elétrica Câmbio é projetado para suportar correntes elétricas de no máximo 16 ampères, 250 volts e uma fase.
* O Sistema Câmbio atende as normas IEC, seu sistema de engates segue a norma IEC 60529 IP4X.
* Os conectores Câmbio possuem sistema de travas por cliples para evitar concexões impróprias.
* Para evitar o risco de fogo: Não conecte a mais de uma fonte elétrica. Desligue todas as fontes de energia antes da instalação ou manutenção do sistema.
COMPONENTES ELÉTRICOS DO SISTEMA:
INSTALAÇÃO: TOMADA DE PAREDE
Encaixe o espalho plano a frente do conector modular. Em seguida, encaixe o conector modular com o espalho plano a moldura de parede. O encaixe deve ser feito pela parte detrás da moldura de parede.
Moldura de parede
Espelho plano
Conector Modular
Insira os cabos condutores de rede elétrica de edificação aos seus determinados terminais no conector modular.
* Recomenda-se que a instalação elétrica e o sistema de aterramento para este aparelho sejam executados por pessoas qualificadas.
* Para evitar riscos de choques elétricos, conecte o fio terra (fio verde ou verde/amarelo) deste produto a um sistema de aterramento, conforme norma brasileira NBR5410.
* Não utilize o fio neutro como aterramento.
* O sistema de aterramento garante sua segurança du rante a utilização de aparelhos eletrodomésticos.
Coloque a moldura de parede dentro a caixa de parede regulamentada, fazendo a fixação com parafusos.
Encaixe a moldura secundaria a moldura de parede até que a mesma esteja fixa.
INSTALAÇÃO: CABOS ELETRICOS CAMBIO
Os conectores dos cabos elétricos possuem uma saída macho em uma extremidade e saída fêmea na outra. Cabos de saída macho devem ser conectados a cabo com a saída fêmea.
Para garantir uma conexão de máxima segurança, os cabos elétricos conectores possuem um sistema de travamento integral por clipes.
Pressione o conector macho do cabo a um conector fêmea até que ambas extremidades estejam fortemente encaixadas.
Para destravar os cabos pressione os clipes, na direção mostrada na imagem abaixo. Cuidadosamente puxe os cabos para fazer a separação.
INSTALAÇÃO: BLOCO DISTRIBUIDOR
INTERCONNECT™
Blocos de distribuição Interconnect™ criam as junções dos circuitos ramificados.
Utilize parafusos de 3mm para fazer a fixação do bloco distribuidor a uma superfície plana.
X= 40mm
Encaixe o cabo com a saída macho a entrada fêmea do bloco distribuidor para dar continuidade ao sistema elétrico.
Conecte até 3 cabos com saída fêmea ao bloco distribui dor para alimentar outras ramificações do sistema.
INSTALAÇÃO: TOMADA DUPLA GANG
A tomada dupla Gang pode ser instalada através de dois métodos:
I Método – Por parafusos:
Encaixe quatro parafusos de 4mm aos orifícios da base da tomada dupla Gang para sua fixação a superfície.
Dimensões de eixo a eixo:
X= 120mm
Y= 43mm
Em seguida encaixe cabos de entrada e saída a unidade base da tomada dupla como ilustrado.
Instale os clipes ao verso da moldura da tomada dupla.
Emcaixe a moldura da tomada dupla a unidade base.
Posicione o conjunto, unidade base e moldura, ao corte pré-determinado a superfície do móvel ou painel.
Após a instalação do conjunto ao recorte, encaixe cabo de entrada e saída a unidade base para finalizar a instalação.
Para maiores informações ou dúvidas. Entre em contato será um prazer auxilia-lo
54 3055 7700 firstname.lastname@example.org byrne-electrical.com.br
BYRNE BRASIL Inovação que funciona | <urn:uuid:a2dfafe4-9cc2-4719-a1eb-48633f36258a> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/por_Latn/train | finepdfs | por_Latn | 4,768 |
Externe Leistungserfassung
- automatische Verbuchung nach tse:nit / cs:plus
- Zeiten für Leistungen messen statt erfassen
- Verbindung zum Time-Organizer (Gleitzeit- und Urlaubsverwaltung)
- verfügbar für tse:nit und cs:plus
Ihr Anliegen
Die Leistungserfassung ist ein zentraler Bestandteil Ihrer Kanzlei-Organisation und Ihrer Fakturierung. Sie sollte so ausführlich, umfangreich und genau wie irgend möglich sein. Eine Zeiterfassung für den ganzen Tag kurz vor dem Verlassen des Büros ist jedoch nicht effektiv, da viele Einzelheiten wie Telefonate und kurzfristige Unterbrechungen einfach vergessen oder "weggebucht" werden.
Die in tse:nit integrierte sog. "halbautomatische Leistungserfassung" erfüllt ihren Zweck nicht ordentlich, da sie viele Leistungen falsch verbucht, indem z.B. beim Nachsehen in Dokumenten eines Altjahres eine Leistungserfassung für das Altjahr vorgeschlagen wird, und da bei jedem DokumentWechsel eine Leistungserfassung verlangt wird.
Was tun?
Ihr Nutzen
Mit dem vorliegenden Programm Externe Leistungserfassung haben die Mitarbeiter eine Möglichkeit, die Zeiten für ihre Tätigkeiten mit mehreren Stoppuhren getrennt zu messen. Der Start einer Stoppuhr hält automatisch alle anderen Uhren an. Mit Fertigstellung einer Tätigkeit können die im Lauf des Tages ggf. mit mehreren Unterbrechungen gemessenen Zeiten erfasst werden. Nicht gemessene Zeiten werden automatisch auf einen unproduktiven Leistungsschlüssel gebucht. So werden die Mitarbeiter dazu angehalten, möglichst immer eine Uhr laufen zu lassen.
Mit dem Tagesabschluss oder per Schaltfläche werden die Leistungen direkt nach tse:nit verbucht und stehen dann in den Auftrags- und Leistungslisten zur weiteren Bearbeitung zur Verfügung.
Auch Telefonate können mit einer Extra-Uhr erfasst und verbucht werden. So werden auch die zahlreichen in einem Monat mit einem Mandanten geführten Telefonate dokumentiert und können nachgewiesen und abgerechnet werden. Eine manuelle Buchungsmöglichkeit für Leistungen ist ebenfalls integriert. Damit lassen sich auch Umbuchungen von Leistungen vornehmen.
Das Programm arbeitet mit dem Time-Organizer (Gleitzeit- und Urlaubsverwaltung) zusammen: Mitarbeiter können z.B. über die Leistungserfassung automatisch bei der Gleitzeit an- und abgemeldet werden.
Voraussetzungen
Voraussetzung ist ein auf dem Arbeitsplatz installierter tse:nit-Client.
Ihre Investition
Externe Leistungserfassung
Lizenz für jeden weiteren Standort
Verfügbar für tse:nit, cs:plus
Programm-Pflege-Pauschale pro Jahr für Updates und Hotline
- Alle Preise verstehen sich zuzüglich gesetzlicher Mehrwertsteuer -
600.00 €
+50 %
15 %
Beispiel
Nicht zugeordnete (gemessene) Zeiten
Ständige Information über den aktuellen Stand
Manuelle Erfassungsmöglichkeit in Industrie- und/oder Uhrzeit
Liste der bereits erfassten Leistungen
6
Stoppuhren zur Zeitmessung, davon 2 für Telefonzeiten, Informationen zum Auftrag, Uhr 1 läuft…
Maske zur Erfassung der Leistungen
mit umfangreichen Hilfen und Listen
in allen Feldern: | <urn:uuid:92ab1c8c-ead0-4779-9f1b-f9c8a009338a> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/deu_Latn/train | finepdfs | deu_Latn | 3,028 |
Life In Your Way Ignite And Rebuild mp3, flac, wma
Musician performer: Life In Your Way
Title: Ignite And Rebuild
Date of release: 2005
Style: Hardcore
Genre: Rock
Size MP3: 1611 mb
Size FLAC: 1723 mb
Size WMA: 1539 mb
Rating: 4.5 / 5
Votes: 538
Other Formats: VOC AAC FLAC WAV MP3 RA TTA
Label: Indianola Records – IND1027
Type: CD, Album
Country: US
Date of released: 2005
Category: Rock
Style: Hardcore
Related Music albums to Ignite And Rebuild by Life In Your Way
The Darkest Red - Destroy & Rebuild
Hiroyuki ODA - Ignite / Impulsion
Beyond Vision - Ablaze & Ignite
Hair Of The Dog - Ignite
Rain Maker - Rebuild
C Duncan - For (Autumn Rebuild)
Harmonyville - Rebuild the Children's Chapel
HazeWeaverShox - Get Up 2005
A Day To Remember - And Their Name Was Treason
Orquestrina Tzigan Americana Nic Fusly - Hindustan / Indianola | <urn:uuid:ac244598-f71a-4dd5-bd88-a302c0a77f40> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 860 |
1 von 2
Debatte um NS-Vergangenheit
15:44 Uhr
Die Marine und ihre falschen Helden
Kapitän Hans Langsdorff rettete 1939 rund 1000 Leben und wird dennoch in der Marine nicht als Vorbild geehrt – andere umstrittene Köpfe aber schon. VON GEORG ISMAR
Hans Langsdorff, deutscher Marineoffizier, zuletzt Kapitän zur See und Kommandant des Panzerschiffs Admiral Graf Spee. FOTO: PRIVATARCHIV KLAUS NEUMANN
Eigentlich wollte Hans-Jürgen Kaack nur eine Biographie über einen Kapitän veröffentlichen, dem 1000 lebende Seeleute lieber waren, als 1000 tote Helden. Doch daraus ist eine Debatte in der deutschen Marine geworden, die viel erzählt über den schwierigen, widersprüchlichen Umgang mit der eigenen Geschichte. Wer ist zu ehren? Wer begründet eine Traditionswürdigkeit, dessen Verhalten als vorbildhaft für künftige Generationen in der Marine zu behandeln ist? Und wo sind Erinnerungen zu tilgen?
Vor genau 80 Jahren, am 20. Dezember 1939, erschoss sich Kapitän zur See Hans Langsdorff in Buenos Aires, nachdem er das schon schwer beschädigte Panzerschiff „Admiral Graf Spee" nicht in eine aussichtlose Schlacht gegen britischen Schiffe im Südatlantik geschickt hatte. Die rund 1000-köpfige Besatzung konnte per Schiff in das gegenüberliegende Buenos Aires gebracht werden, Langsdorff ließ die „Graf Spee" in der Mündung des Rio de la Plata versenken und erschoss sich, auf einer Hakenkreuzflagge liegend.
Ist er ein Held? Für die Bundesregierung nicht unbedingt, zumindest nicht in dem Sinne, dass man besonders an Langsdorff erinnert oder Einrichtungen nach ihm benennt – seine noch lebende Tochter ist schwer enttäuscht, dass ihr Vater mehr von den Briten gewürdigt wird, weil er eine opferreiche Schlacht verhindert hat, als von der deutschen Marine.
In einer Regierungsantwort auf eine Anfrage der Linken-Fraktion betont der Parlamentarische Staatssekretär im Verteidigungsministerium, Peter Tauber (CDU), Langsdorff habe sicher ein „ein beispielgebendes Verhalten" gezeigt. Es müsse jedoch im historischen Kontext bewertet werden. Für die Bundeswehr könne nur ein soldatisches Selbstverständnis sinn- und traditionsstiftend sein, das sich nicht allein auf professionelles Können im Gefecht reduziert.
„Die Forschung zum militärischen Widerstand gegen das NS-Regime bewertet das Handeln von Kapitän Langsdorff jedoch nicht als Widerstandstat gegen das NS-Regime." Der Umstand, „dass er sich auf der Flagge seines Schiffes (Reichskriegsflagge mit Hakenkreuz), also dem staatlichen Symbol des NS-Regimes, das Leben nahm, lässt keine innere Distanz zum NS-Regime oder gar ein widerständiges Verhalten erkennen, das seine Traditionswürdigkeit für die Bundeswehr begründen könnte", betont Tauber.
Biograph schätzt Langsdorff als regimekritisch ein
Der Biograph Hans-Jürgen Kaack („Kapitän zur See Hans Langsdorff", Schöningh Verlag) kommt auf Basis vieler persönlicher Dokumente zu einem anderen Ergebnis. Demnach habe Langsdorff dem Regime kritisch gegenübergestanden. Dass er sich auf der Flagge des Schiffes erschoss, sei für ihn der symbolische Akt gewesen, dass er mit seinem Schiff untergegangen ist.
Es gehe hier vor allem um die „Haltung eines Seeoffiziers in einer Extremsituation". Es sei nun mal die offizielle damalige Flagge gewesen. Getreu der Linie der Bundesregierung hätte sich also Langsdorff vor dem Suizid noch offiziell vom NSRegime lossagen müssen. Adolf Hitler tobte damals. Das eigenmächtige Handeln Langsdorffs führte zu dem Befehl des Chefs der Kriegsmarine, Erich Raeder, dass künftig jedes Kriegsschiff bis zur letzten Granate zu kämpfen habe, bis es siegt oder mit wehender Flagge untergeht. Einige in der Marine kreiden diesen Befehl Langsdorff an, tausende deutsche Seeleute starben in Gefechten.
Langsdorff wird nicht geehrt – Johannesson schon: Warum?
Immer wieder vermengt wird die Langsdorff-Debatte nun mit dem Fall von Admiral Rolf Johannesson. So argumentieren die Linken-Abgeordneten um den Parlamentarischen Fraktionsgeschäftsführer Jan Korte mit den zahlreichen Widersprüchen in der Erinnerungskultur der Marine. Zudem hat die neue Verteidigungsministerin Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer (CDU) betont,
19.12.2019, 22:58
2 von 2
dass sie keinen Kadavergehorsam wolle – Langsdorff war mit seinem eigenmächtigen Handeln ein Musterbeispiel für das Verweigern eines Kadavergehorsams, die tausenden Nachkommen der „Graf Spee"-Seeleute würde es sonst nicht geben.
Hingegen stehe Johannesson für eine Reihe von „Protagonisten aus Kaiserlicher Marine und Kriegsmarine, die überzeugte Militaristen, Anti-Demokraten oder sogar glühende Nationalsozialisten waren und nach wie vor Teil der Traditionspflege der Marine sind". So werde in der Aula der Marineschule Mürwik (MSM) immer noch mit einer Büste an Johannesson erinnert. Dieser habe noch kurz vor Kriegsende fünf Todesurteile gegen vier Soldaten und einen Zivilisten bestätigt, die Helgoland vor der drohenden Bombardierung und Zerstörung retten wollten, kritisieren die Abgeordneten.
Scheer-Mole und Scheer-Brücke werden umbenannt
Die Bundesregierung verweist darauf, dass Johannesson sich in den Aufbaujahren der Bundeswehr vorbildlich mit der moralischen Schuld auseinandergesetzt habe, die er durch seine Beteiligung im NS-Regime auf sich geladen habe. Er wurde in der Bundesmarine später Kommandeur.
Weiter kritisieren die Abgeordneten, dass Kapitän zur See Wolfgang Lüth, „der von 1944 bis 1945 der letzte Kommandeur der Marinekriegsschule Mürwik war und zu den höchstdekorierten Kriegshelden der NS-Propaganda gehörte", an der MSM bis heute durch einen Gedenkstein geehrt werde. Zudem sei unter anderem die Scheer-Mole in Kiel nach Admiral Reinhard Scheer, „einem Verfechter der Strategie des uneingeschränkten U-Boot-Krieges", benannt.
Hier zumindest wird es nun Änderungen geben. Die Scheer-Mole in Kiel und die Scheer-Brücke in Wilhelmshaven sollen umbenannt werden. „Entsprechende Namensvorschläge wurden erarbeitet", betont Tauber im Namen der Bundesregierung, lässt aber offen, welche das sind.
Benennungen werden auf Traditions- und Erinnerungswürdigkeit überprüft
Mit dem Marine-Befehl 069-18 sei verfügt worden, alle bestehenden Benennungen auf ihre unveränderte Traditions- und Erinnerungswürdigkeit hin zu überprüfen und, wo nötig, zu ändern. Auch der nach dem umstrittenen Großadmiral Alfred von Tirpitz (1849 bis 1930) benannte Tirpitzhafen und die Tirpitzmole in Kiel sollen umbenannt werden. Darüber hinaus sei eine Überarbeitung der Traditionspflege in der Marine geplant – mit Spannung wird erwartet, ob der Fall Langsdorff Auswirkungen haben wird.
Die Büste von Johannesson in der Marineschule Mürwick soll aber bleiben – sie würde durch einen erklärenden Text historisch eingeordnet und stehe „stellvertretend für die Brüche, Zäsuren und Kontinuitäten der deutschen Militär- und Marinegeschichte des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts".
Mehr zum Thema
Kontroverse um "Helden" der Graf Spee
Kramp-Karrenbauer und der heikle Fall Langsdorff
Von Georg Ismar
Staatssekretär Peter Tauber betont mit Blick auf die Debatte um Kapitän zur See Wolfgang Lüth (1913-1945), dass der am Volkstrauertag 1957 errichtete Gedenkstein lediglich eine Form des allgemeinen Totengedenkens darstelle. Linken-Politiker Jan Korte kritisiert dagegen insgesamt eine Fokussierung auf falsche Helden: „Die maßgeblichen Personen verwenden seit Jahren mehr Energie darauf, sich gegen die Interventionen einer kritischen Öffentlichkeit zu wehren, als ihren Laden zu entrümpeln", meint Korte. „Es wird höchste Zeit, dass mit falscher Heldenverehrung Schluss gemacht wird."
Mehr lesen? Jetzt E-Paper gratis testen!
Thema: Bundeswehr
19.12.2019, 22:58 | <urn:uuid:559ee7c5-fa9b-4fff-890b-eaa7fb380807> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/deu_Latn/train | finepdfs | deu_Latn | 7,643 |
MUNICIPIUL BUCUREȘTI
CNSILIUL LOCAL AL SECTORULUI 1
PROIECT
HOTĂRÂRE
privind aprobarea rectificării bugetului general centralizat pe anul 2018
Văzând Expunerea de motive a Primarului Sectorului 1 și Raportul de specialitate nr. G1560/10.05.2018 întocmit de Direcția Management Economic;
Ținând seama de prevederile Legii nr. 24/2000 privind normele de tehnică legislativă pentru elaborarea actelor normative, republicată, cu modificările și completările ulterioare;
În temeiul art. 19 alin. (1), lit. a) și b) și art. 20 alin (1), lit. a) și c) ale Legii 273/2006 privind finanțele publice locale, cu modificările și completările ulterioare;
În temeiul Legii nr. 2/2018 - legea bugetului de stat pe anul 2018;
În temeiul Hotărârii Consiliului General al Municipiului București nr. 30/2003 privind aprobarea bugetului local, a împrumuturilor, a virărilor de credite și a modului de utilizare a rezervei bugetare și privind aprobarea contului de încheiere a exercițiului bugetar;
În temeiul art.45, alin.(2), lit. a), art.81, alin. (2), lit. d) și art.115, alin.(1), lit. b) din Legea 215/2001 a administrației publice locale, republicată.
CONSILIUL LOCAL AL SECTORULUI 1
HOTĂRÂȘTE:
Art.1. Veniturile bugetului general centralizat al Sectorului 1 pe anul 2018 în valoare de 1.356.990,51 mii lei se majorează cu 70,45 mii lei, devenind 1.357.060,96 mii lei, conform anexei nr. 1.
Repartizarea sumelor, atât pe surse de finanțare cât și pe secțiunile de funcționare și dezvoltare, se prezintă astfel:
| SURSA DE FINANȚARE | BUGET RECTIFICAT 04.05.2017 | BUGET RECTIFICAT 17.05.2018 | INFLUENTE |
|--------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------|-----------------------------|-----------|
| VENITURILE BUGETULUI GENERAL CENTRALIZAT AL SECTORULUI 1 | 1.356.990,51 | 1.357.060,96 | +70,45 |
| Secțiunea de funcționare | 1.071.680,67 | 1.071.751,12 | +70,45 |
| Secțiunea de dezvoltare | 285.309,84 | 285.309,84 | 0,00 |
| VENITURILE BUGETULUI LOCAL AL SECTORULUI 1 | 1.118.022,57 | 1.118.022,57 | 0,00 |
| Secțiunea de funcționare | 1.047.122,23 | 1.047.122,23 | 0,00 |
| Secțiunea de dezvoltare | 70.900,34 | 70.900,34 | 0,00 |
| VENITURILE BUGETULUI INSTITUȚIILOR PUBLICE ŞI ACTIVITĂȚILOR FINANȚATE INTEGRAL SAU PARTIAL DIN VENITURI PROPRII | 25.047,44 | 25.117,89 | +70,45 |
| Secțiunea de funcționare | 24.558,44 | 24.628,89 | +70,45 |
| Secțiunea de dezvoltare | 489,00 | 489,00 | 0,00 |
| VENITURILE BUGETELOR DIN ÎMPRUMUTURI EXTERNE | 195.294,00 | 195.294,00 | 0,00 |
| Sectiunea de functionare | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 |
|--------------------------|------|------|------|
| Sectiunea de dezvoltare | 195.294,00 | 195.294,00 | 0,00 |
**VENITURILE BUGETELOR DIN ÎMPRUMUTURI INTERNE**
| Sectiunea de functionare | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 |
|--------------------------|------|------|------|
| Sectiunea de dezvoltare | 18.626,50 | 18.626,50 | 0,00 |
- Veniturile bugetului local pe anul 2018 sunt în valoare de 1.118.022,57 mii lei, conform anexei nr.1.1 (1.1.1);
- Veniturile bugetului instituțiilor publice și activităților finanțate integral sau parțial din venituri proprii pe anul 2018 în sumă de 25.047,44 mii lei se majorează cu 70,45 mii lei, devenind 25.117,89 mii lei, conform anexei nr. 1.3 (1.3.1);
- Veniturile bugetului din împrumuturi externe pe anul 2018 sunt în sumă de 195.294,00 mii lei, nerectificandu-se;
- Veniturile bugetului din împrumuturi interne pe anul 2018 sunt în sumă de 18.626,50 mii lei nerectificandu-se.
**Art. 2. Cheltuielile bugetului general centralizat al Sectorului 1 pe anul 2018 în sumă de 1.455.330,55 mii lei se majorează cu 70,45 mii lei, devenind 1.455.401,00 mii lei, conform anexei nr. 1.**
Repartizarea sumelor, atât pe surse de finanțare cât și pe sectiunile de funcționare și dezvoltare, se prezintă astfel:
| Sursa de finanțare | Buget rectificat 04.05.2018 | Buget rectificat 17.05.2018 | Influente |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------|-------------------------------|-----------|
| **CHELTUIELILE BUGETULUI GENERAL CENTRALIZAT CLS 1** | 1.455.330,55 | 1.455.401,00 | +70,45 |
| Sectiunea de functionare | 1.078.746,05 | 1.078.816,50 | +70,45 |
| Sectiunea de dezvoltare | 376.584,50 | 376.584,50 | 0,00 |
| **CHELTUIELILE BUGETULUI LOCAL AL SECTORULUI 1** | 1.209.297,23 | 1.209.297,23 | 0,00 |
| Sectiunea de functionare | 1.047.122,23 | 1.047.122,23 | 0,00 |
| Sectiunea de dezvoltare | 162.175,00 | 162.175,00 | 0,00 |
| **CHELTUIELILE BUGETULUI INSTITUȚIILOR PUBLICE ȘI ACTIVITĂȚILOR FINANȚATE INTEGRAL SAU PARȚIAL DIN VENITURI PROPRII** | 32.112,82 | 32.183,27 | +70,45 |
| Sectiunea de functionare | 31.623,82 | 31.694,27 | +70,45 |
| Sectiunea de dezvoltare | 489,00 | 489,00 | 0,00 |
| **CHELTUIELILE BUGETELOR DIN ÎMPRUMUTURI EXTERNE** | 195.294,00 | 195.294,00 | 0,00 |
| Sectiunea de functionare | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 |
| Sectiunea de dezvoltare | 195.294,00 | 195.294,00 | 0,00 |
| **CHELTUIELILE BUGETELOR DIN ÎMPRUMUTURI INTERNE** | 18.626,50 | 18.626,50 | 0,00 |
| Sectiunea de functionare | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 |
| Sectiunea de dezvoltare | 18.626,50 | 18.626,50 | 0,00 |
1. Deficitul bugetului local al secțiunii de dezvoltare pe anul 2018, în valoare de 91.274,66 mii lei, se acoperă din excedentul anilor precedenți, potrivit prevederilor art. 58, alin. 1, lit. a) din Legea nr. 273/2006 privind finanțele publice locale, cu modificările și completările ulterioare, astfel: “Excedentul anual al bugetului local rezultat la încheierea exercițiului bugetar, pe cele două secțiuni, după efectuarea regularizărilor în limita sumelor defalcate din unele venituri ale bugetului de stat (...), precum și după achitarea plăților restante se reportează în exercițiul financiar următor și se utilizează, în baza hotărârilor autorităților deliberative, astfel:
a) ca sursă de finanțare a cheltuielilor secțiunii de dezvoltare, (...)";
b) Deficitul bugetului instituțiilor publice și activităților finanțate integral sau parțial din venituri proprii al secțiunilor de funcționare și dezvoltare înregistrat în anul 2018 în valoare totală de **7.065,38 mii lei** este finanțat din excedentul anilor precedenți, conform OMFP nr. 720/2014 de aprobare a normelor metodologice privind execuția bugetelor de venituri și cheltuieli ale instituțiilor publice autonome, instituțiilor publice finanțate integral sau parțial din venituri proprii și activităților finanțate integral din venituri proprii, inclusiv a bugetelor creditelor interne, bugetelor creditelor externe, bugetelor creditelor externe nerambursabile, bugetelor fondului de risc și bugetelor privind activitatea de privatizare, gestionate de instituțiile publice, indiferent de modalitatea de organizare și finanțare a acestora, cu modificările și completările ulterioare, astfel:
- Pentru Cap. 65.10 Învățământ, conform art. 57 alin. (1) din OMFP nr. 720/2014, excedentul anilor precedenți în valoare de 4.119,38 mii lei este utilizat pentru efectuarea de cheltuieli în anul curent;
- Pentru Cap. 70.10 Locuințe, servicii și dezvoltare publică - Administrația Pictelor Sector 1, conform art. 20 alin. (1) din OMFP nr. 720/2014, excedentul anilor precedenți în valoare de 2.946,00 mii lei este utilizat pentru efectuarea de cheltuieli în anul curent.
**Art. 2.1. Cheltuielile bugetului local pe anul 2018 în valoare de 1.209.297,23 mii lei se rectifică, ramanand la aceeași valoare, conform anexei nr. 1.2, astfel:**
(1) **1.209.297,23 mii lei** pentru Servicii Publice Generale - capitolul 50.02, conform anexei nr. 1.2.1, din care:
- SECTIUNEA DE FUNCTIONARE în valoare de 1.047.122,23 mii lei;
- SECTIUNEA DE DEZVOLTARE în valoare de 162.175,00 mii lei.
(2) **76.460,72 mii lei** pentru Autorități Executive capitolul 51.02, din care:
- Secțiunea de funcționare este în sumă de 72.148,72 mii lei;
- Secțiunea de dezvoltare este în sumă de 4.312,00 mii lei, rectificându-se conform anexei nr. 220.127.116.11 (18.104.22.168.1);
(3) **46.399,00 mii lei** pentru Alte Servicii Publice Generale capitolul 54.02, din care:
- Secțiunea de funcționare este în sumă de 45.756,00 mii lei;
- Secțiunea de dezvoltare este în sumă de 643,00 mii lei, rectificându-se conform anexei nr. 22.214.171.124 (126.96.36.199.1);
(4) **18.178,00 mii lei** pentru Tranzacții privind Datoria Publică capitolul 55.02, din care:
- Secțiunea de funcționare este în sumă de 18.178,00 mii lei;
- Secțiunea de dezvoltare este în sumă de 0,00 mii lei, nerectificandu-se;
(5) **1.091,00 mii lei** pentru Aparare Națională capitolul 60.02, din care:
- Secțiunea de funcționare este în sumă de 700,00 mii lei;
- Secțiunea de dezvoltare este în sumă de 391,00 mii lei, nerectificandu-se;
(6) **46.992,00 mii lei** pentru Ordine Publică și Siguranța Națională capitolul 61.02, din care:
- Secțiunea de funcționare este în sumă de 35.026,00 mii lei;
- Secțiunea de dezvoltare este în sumă de 11.966,00 mii lei, nerectificandu-se;
(7) **271.532,14 mii lei** pentru Învățământ capitolul 65.02, din care:
- Secțiunea de funcționare este în sumă de 253.295,14 mii lei;
- Secțiunea de dezvoltare este în sumă de 18.237,00 mii lei, nerectificandu-se;
(8) **59.236,00 mii lei** pentru Sanitate capitolul 66.02, din care:
- Secțiunea de funcționare este în sumă de 39.423,00 mii lei;
- Secțiunea de dezvoltare este în sumă de 19.813,00 mii lei, nerectificandu-se;
(9) 171.517,61 mii lei pentru Cultură, recreere și religie capitolul 67.02, din care:
- Secțiunea de funcționare este în sumă de 114.432,61 mii lei;
- Secțiunea de dezvoltare este în sumă de 57.085,00 mii lei, rectificandu-se conform anexei 188.8.131.52 (184.108.40.206.1 ; 220.127.116.11.2);
(10) 221.401,00 mii lei pentru Asigurări și Asistența Socială capitolul 68.02, din care:
- Secțiunea de funcționare este în sumă de 211.617,00 mii lei;
- Secțiunea de dezvoltare este în sumă de 9.784,00 mii lei, nerecificandu-se;
(11) 82.352,00 mii lei pentru capitolul 70.02 Locuințe, Servicii și Dezvoltare Publică, din care:
- Secțiunea de funcționare este în sumă de 61.710,00 mii lei;
- Secțiunea de dezvoltare este în sumă de 20.642,00 mii lei, nerecificandu-se;
(12) 173.989,00 mii lei pentru Protecția Mediului capitolul 74.02, din care:
- Secțiunea de funcționare este în sumă de 163.750,00 mii lei;
- Secțiunea de dezvoltare este în sumă de 10.239,00 mii lei, nerecificandu-se;
(13) 40.148,76 mii lei pentru Transporturi capitolul 84.02, din care:
- Secțiunea de funcționare este în sumă de 31.085,76 mii lei;
- Secțiunea de dezvoltare este în sumă de 9.063,00 mii lei, nerecificandu-se.
Art. 2.2 Bugetul instituțiilor publice și activităților finanțate integral sau parțial din venituri proprii pe anul 2018 este în sumă de 32.183,27 mii lei, conform anexei nr. 1.4.
(1) 32.183,27 mii lei pentru Servicii Publice Generale capitolul 50.10, din care:
- SECTIUNEA DE FUNCTIONARE în valoare de 31.694,27 mii lei;
- SECTIUNEA DE DEZVOLTARE în valoare de 489,00 mii lei, rectificandu-se conform anexei nr. 1.4.1;
(2) 16.014,27 mii lei pentru Învățământ capitolul 65.10, din care:
- Secțiunea de funcționare este în sumă de 15.834,27 mii lei,
- Secțiunea de dezvoltare este în sumă de 180,00 mii lei, rectificandu-se conform anexei nr. 18.104.22.168;
(3) 16.169,00 mii lei pentru Locuințe, servicii și dezvoltare publică capitolul 70.10, din care:
- Secțiunea de funcționare este în sumă de 15.860,00 mii lei;
- Secțiunea de dezvoltare este în sumă de 309,00 mii lei, nerecificandu-se.
Art. 2.3. Bugetul din împrumuturi externe pe anul 2018 este în sumă de 195.294,00 mii lei și este repartizat pe secțiunea de dezvoltare, după cum urmează:
(1) 195.294,00 mii lei pentru Servicii Publice Generale capitolul 50.06, din care:
- SECTIUNEA DE FUNCTIONARE în valoare de 0,00 mii lei;
- SECTIUNEA DE DEZVOLTARE în valoare de 195.294,00 mii lei, nerecificandu-se;
(2) 195.294,00 mii lei pentru capitolul 70.06 Locuințe, servicii și dezvoltare publică.
Art. 2.4. Bugetul din împrumuturi interne pe anul 2018 este în sumă de 18.626,50 mii lei, fiind repartizat pe secțiunea de dezvoltare, după cum urmează:
(1) **18.626,50** mii lei pentru Servicii Publice Generale - capitolul 50.07, din care:
- SECTIUNEA DE FUNCTIONARE în valoare de **0,00** mii lei;
- SECTIUNEA DE DEZVOLTARE în valoare de **18.626,50** mii lei, nerectificandu-se;
(2) **18.626,50** mii lei pentru capitolul 70.07 Locuințe, servicii și dezvoltare publică.
Art. 3. Cheltuielile de capital sunt în valoare de 376.384,50 mii lei, conform programului de investiții publice, din care:
| SURSA DE FINANȚARE | BUGET RECTIFICAT 04.05.2018 | BUGET RECTIFICAT 17.05.2018 | INFLUENTE |
|--------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------|-----------------------------|-----------|
| BUGET LOCAL AL SECTORULUI 1 | 161.975,00 | 161.975,00 | 0,00 |
| BUGETUL INSTITUIȚIILOR PUBLICE ŞI ACTIVITĂȚILOR FINANȚATE INTEGRAL SAU PARTIAL DIN VENITURI PROPRII | 489,00 | 489,00 | 0,00 |
| BUGETUL CREDITELOR EXTERNE | 195.294,00 | 195.294,00 | 0,00 |
| BUGETUL CREDITELOR INTERNE | 18.626,50 | 18.626,50 | 0,00 |
Art. 4.
(1) Primarul Sectorului 1, Unitățile de Învățământ din Sectorul 1, Direcția Management Economic, precum și serviciile interesate ale Sectorului 1 al Municipiului București vor duce la îndeplinire prevederile prezentei hotărâri.
Această hotărâre a fost adoptată în ședința extraordinară a Consiliului Local al Sectorului 1 din data de 17.05.2018.
PREȘEDINTE DE ȘEDINȚĂ,
Oliver Leon Păiusi
CONTRASEMNEAZĂ,
SECRETAR
Daniela Nicoleta Cefalan
Nr.:
Data: 17.05.2018
RAPORT DE SPECIALITATE
pentru aprobarea rectificării bugetului general centralizat al Sectorului 1 pe anul 2018
În temeiul Hotărârii Consiliului General al Municipiului București nr. 30/2003 privind aprobarea exercitării de către consiliile locale ale sectoarelor 1-6 a atribuțiilor privind aprobarea bugetului local, a împrumuturilor, virărilor de credite și a modului de utilizare a rezervei bugetare și privind aprobarea Contului de încheiere a exercițiului bugetar;
În temeiul art. 19 alin. (1) lit. a) și b) și art. 20 alin. (1) lit. a) și c) din Legea nr. 273/2006 privind finanțele publice locale, cu modificările și completările ulterioare;
În temeiul Legii nr. 2/2018 - legea bugetului de stat pe anul 2018 ;
BUGETUL GENERAL CENTRALIZAT al Sectorului 1 pe anul 2018 în valoare de 1.455.330,55 mii lei se majorează cu 70,45 mii lei, devenind 1.455.401,00 mii lei și este repartizat astfel:
- **BUGETUL LOCAL** pe anul 2018 în valoare de **1.209.297,23 mii lei** se rectifica, ramanand la aceeași valoare.
- **BUGETUL INSTITUTIILOR PUBLICE SI ACTIVITATILOR FINANTATE INTEGRAL SAU PARTIAL DIN VENITURI PROPRII** pe anul 2018 în valoare de **32.112,82 mii lei** se majorează cu **70,45 mii lei**, devenind **32.183,27 mii lei**.
*Suplimentarea cu 70,45 mii lei a bugetului provine din majorarea cu aceasta suma a bugetului alocat capitolului 65.10 – Invatamant pe art. 37.10.01 – Donatii si sponsorizari.*
*Suma a fost incasata de catre Colegiul National « Sfantu Sava » si vine in completare pentru a acoperi cheltuielile de deplasare a 20 de elevi si 3 profesoari insotitori la Conferinta ISDC NASA 2018, in cadrul careia elevii vor sustine lucrariile premiate.*
BUGETUL IMPRUMUTURILOR EXTERNE in valoare de 195.294,00 mii lei nu se rectifica.
BUGETUL IMPRUMUTURILOR INTERNE in valoare de 18.626,50 mii lei nu se rectifica.
Veniturile si cheltuielile bugetului general centralizat al Sectorului 1 pe anul 2018 sunt repartizate astfel:
I. BUGETUL LOCAL este compus pe sectiuni, astfel:
- VENITURILE SECTIUNII DE FUNCTIONARE pe anul 2018 sunt in valoare de 1.047.122,23 mii lei si sunt repartizate dupa cum urmeaza:
| Denumire indicator | Cod indicator | BUGET RECTIFICAT 04.05.2018 | BUGET RECTIFICAT 17.05.2018 | INFLUENTE |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------|-----------------------------|-----------------------------|-----------|
| Venituri proprii, potrivit art.5 alin.(1) lit.a), cu exceptia veniturilor din valorificarea unor bunuri, din care: | | | | |
| Impozite, taxe, contributii (venituri DGITL Sector 1) | | 365.484,00 | 365.484,00 | 0,00 |
| Cote defalcate din impozitul pe venit (30%) | 04.02.01 | 620.000,00 | 620.000,00 | 0,00 |
| Cote defalcate din impozitul pe venit pentru echilibrarea bugetelor locale 7% | 04.02.04 | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 |
| Donatii si sponsorizari | 37.02.01 | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 |
| Subventii de la alte nivele ale administratie publice, din care: | 00.18 | 42.795,00 | 42.795,00 | 0,00 |
| Subventii ptntru finantarea drepturilor acordate persoanelor cu handicap | 42.02.21 | 41.049,00 | 41.049,00 | 0,00 |
| Subventii pentru acordarea ajutorului pentru incalzirea locuintei cu lemn, carbuni, combustibil petrolier | 42.02.34 | 5,00 | 5,00 | 0,00 |
| Subventii din bugetul de stat pentru finantarea sanatatii | 42.02.41 | 31,00 | 31,00 | 0,00 |
| Subventii pentru sprijinirea construirii de locuinte | 42.02.54 | 1.710,00 | 1.710,00 | 0,00 |
| Sume primites de la bugetul judetului pentru plata drepturilor de care beneficiaza copiii cu cerinte educationale speciale integrati in invatamantul de masa | 43.02.30 | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 |
| Sume defalcate din TVA pentru finantarea cheltuielilor descentralizate la nivelul comunelor, oraselor, municipiilor, sectoarelor si Municipiului Bucuresti | 11.02.02 | 76.629,00 | 76.629,00 | 0,00 |
| Sume defalcate din TVA pentru finantarea invatamantului particular sau confesional acreditat | 11.02.09 | 13.055,00 | 13.055,00 | 0,00 |
| Varsaminte din sectiunea de functionare pentru finantarea sectiunii de dezvoltare (cu semnul minus) | 37.02.03 | -70.840,77 | -70.840,77 | 0,00 |
• **CHELTUIELILE SECTIUNII DE FUNCTIONARE** pe anul 2018 sunt în valoare de 1.047.122,23 mii lei, astfel:
| TITLUL | Denumire indicatori | BUGET RECTIFICAT 04.05.2018 | BUGET RECTIFICAT 17.05.2018 | INFLUENTE |
|--------|---------------------|-------------------------------|-------------------------------|-----------|
| 01 | Cheltuieli curente (10+20+30+50+51+55+57+59) | 987.692,84 | 987.692,84 | 0,00 |
| 10 | Cheltuieli de personal | 205.966,90 | 205.966,90 | 0,00 |
| 20 | Bunuri și servicii | 617.895,91 | 617.895,91 | 0,00 |
| 30 | Dobanzi | 18.178,00 | 18.178,00 | 0,00 |
| 50 | Fond de rezerva bugetară la dispoziția C.L.S.1 | 500,00 | 500,00 | 0,00 |
| 51 | Transferuri curente între unități ale administrației publice | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 |
| 55 | Alte Transferuri | 17.555,00 | 17.555,00 | 0,00 |
| 57 | Asistența Socială | 94.347,63 | 94.347,63 | 0,00 |
| 59 | Alte Cheltuieli | 33.249,40 | 33.249,40 | 0,00 |
| 81 | Rambursări de credite | 60.000,00 | 60.000,00 | 0,00 |
| 85 | Plăți efectuate în ani precedenți și recuperate în anul curent | -570,61 | -570,61 | 0,00 |
**TOTAL SECTIUNE DE FUNCTIONARE PE ANUL 2018 (0181)**
| | | 1.047.122,23 | 1.047.122,23 | 0,00 |
|--------|--------------------------|--------------|--------------|-----------|
- **mii lei**
**EXCEDENT/DEFICIT SECTIUNE DE FUNCTIONARE**
| | | 0,00 |
|--------|--------------------------|--------------|
• **VENITURILE SECTIUNII DE DEZVOLTARE** pe anul 2018 sunt în valoare de 70.900,34 mii lei și sunt repartizate după cum urmează:
| Denumire indicator | Cod indicator | BUGET RECTIFICAT 04.05.2018 | BUGET RECTIFICAT 17.05.2018 | INFLUENTE |
|--------------------|---------------|-------------------------------|-------------------------------|-----------|
| Varsaminte din sectiunea de functionare pentru finantarea sectiunii de dezvoltare | 37.02.04 | 70.840,77 | 70.840,77 | 0,00 |
| Sume rezultate din valorificarea unor bunuri, din care: | 39.02 | 59,57 | 59,57 | 0,00 |
| Venituri din valorificarea unor bunuri ale instituțiilor publice | 39.02.01 | 59,57 | 59,57 | 0,00 |
| Venituri din vanzarea unor bunuri aparținând domeniului privat al statului sau al unităților administrativ-teritoriale | 39.02.07 | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 |
| Depozite speciale pentru construcții de locuințe | 39.02.10 | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 |
| Subventii de la bugetul de stat, din care: | 42.02 | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 |
| Subventii de la bugetul de stat către bugetele locale necesare susținerii derulării proiectelor finanțate din FEN postaderare | 42.02.20 | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 |
| Sume primite de la Uniunea Europeană și/sau alți donatori în contul platilor efectuate și prefinantari, din care: | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sume FEN postaderare în contul platilor efectuate și prefinantari, din care: | 45.02 | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 |
| Fondul European de Dezvoltare Regionala | 45.02.01 | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 |
| Fondul Social European | 45.02.02 | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 |
| Programe comunitare finanțate în perioada 2007-2013 | 45.02.15 | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 |
| TOTAL SECTIUNE DE DEZVOLTARE PE ANUL 2018 | 70.900,34 | 70.900,34 | 0,00 |
- **CHELTUIELILE SECTIUNII DE DEZVOLTARE** pe anul 2018 în valoare de 162.175,00 mii lei se rectifica, ramanand la aceeași valoare, astfel:
| TITLUL | Denumire indicatori | BUGET RECTIFICAT 04.05.2018 | BUGET RECTIFICAT 17.05.2018 | INFLUENTE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 51 | Transferuri între unități ale administrației publice pentru cheltuieli de capital | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 |
| 55 | Alte transferuri interne pentru cheltuieli de capital | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 |
| 58 | Proiecte cu finanțare din Fonduri externe nerambursabile (FEN) aferente cadrului financiar 2014 - 2020 | 200,00 | 200,00 | 0,00 |
| 70 | Cheltuieli de capital | 161.975,00 | 161.975,00 | 0,00 |
| 85 | Plati efectuate în anii precedenți și recuperate în anul curent | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 |
| TOTAL SECTIUNE DE DEZVOLTARE PE ANUL 2018 (51+55+56+70+85) | 162.175,00 | 162.175,00 | 0,00 |
-mii lei-
| EXCEDENT/DEFICIT SECTIUNE DE DEZVOLTARE | -91.274,66 |
Deficitul sectiunii de dezvoltare în valoare de 91.274,66 mii lei se acoperă din excedentul anilor precedenți, potrivit prevederilor art. 58, alin. 1, lit. a) din Legea nr. 273/2006 privind finanțele publice locale, cu modificările și completările ulterioare, astfel: “Excedentul anual al bugetului local rezultat la încheierea exercitiului bugetar, pe cele două sectiuni, după efectuarea regularizărilor în limita sumelor defalcate din unele venituri ale bugetului de stat (...), precum și după achitarea platilor restante se reportează în exercitiul financiar următor și se utilizează, în baza hotarărilor autorităților deliberative, astfel:
a) ca sursa de finanțare a cheltuielilor sectiunii de dezvoltare, (...)”
II. BUGETUL INSTITUTILOR PUBLICE SI ACTIVITATILOR FINANTATE INTEGRAL SAU PARTIAL DIN VENITURI PROPRIE pe anul 2018 in valoare de 32.112,82 mii lei se majoreaza cu 70,45 mii lei, devenind 32.183,27 mii lei.
- **VENITURILE SECTIUNII DE FUNCTIONARE** in suma de 24.558,44 mii lei se majoreaza cu 70,45 mii lei, devenind 24.628,89 mii lei, dupa cum urmeaza:
| Denumire indicator | Cod indicator | BUGET RECTIFICAT 04.05.2018 | BUGET RECTIFICAT 17.05.2018 | INFLUENTE |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------|-----------------------------|-----------------------------|-----------|
| Venituri din concesiuni si inchirieri (Cap. 65.10) | 30.10.05 | 1.606,46 | 1.606,46 | 0,00 |
| Alte venituri din proprietate (Cap. 65.10) | 30.10.50 | 73,10 | 73,10 | 0,00 |
| Alte venituri din dobanzi (Cap. 70.10) | 31.10.03 | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 |
| Taxe si alte venituri din invatamant (Cap. 65.10) | 33.10.05 | 816,01 | 816,01 | 0,00 |
| Venituri din prestari de servicii (Cap. 65.10) | 33.10.08 | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 |
| Contributia elevilor si studentilor pentru internate, camine si cantine (Cap. 65.10) | 33.10.14 | 8.498,75 | 8.498,75 | 0,00 |
| Venituri din valorificarea produselor obtinute din activitatea proprie sau anexa (Cap. 65.10) | 33.10.16 | 3,97 | 3,97 | 0,00 |
| Venituri din organizarea de cursuri de calificare si conversie profesionala, specializare si perfectionare (Cap. 65.10) | 33.10.17 | 0,79 | 0,79 | 0,00 |
| Venituri din serbari si spectacole scolare, manifestari culturale, artistice si sportive (Cap. 65.10) | 33.10.19 | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 |
| Venituri din contractele incheiate cu institutiile de medicina legala (Cap. 65.10) | 33.10.32 | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 |
| Alte venituri din prestari de servicii si alte activitati (Cap. 65.10) | 33.10.50 | 699,25 | 699,25 | 0,00 |
| Alte venituri din prestari de servicii si alte activitati (Cap. 70.10) | 33.10.50 | 13.223,00 | 13.223,00 | 0,00 |
| Alte venituri (Cap. 65.10) | 36.10.50 | 14,37 | 14,37 | 0,00 |
| Donatii si sponsorizari (Cap. 65.10) | 37.10.01 | 111,74 | 182,19 | +70,45 |
| Sume din excedentul anului precedent pentru acoperirea golorilor temporare de casa (Cap. 65.10) | 41.10.06 | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 |
| Subventii pentru instituti publice (Cap. 65.10) | 43.10.09 | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 |
| Varsaminte din sectiunea de functionare pentru finantarea sectiunii de dezvoltare | 37.10.03 | -1.000,00 | -489,00 | +511,00 |
**TOTAL SECTIUNE DE FUNCTIONARE PE ANUL 2018 (00.01+37.10.03)**
24.558,44 24.628,89 +70,45
- **CHELTUIELILE SECTIUNII DE FUNCTIONARE** in valoare de 31.623,82 mii lei se majoreaza cu 70,45 mii lei, devenind 31.694,27 mii lei, astfel:
| Cod | Denumire indicatori | BUGET RECTIFICAT 04.05.2018 | BUGET RECTIFICAT 17.05.2018 | INFLUENTE |
|-----|--------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------|-----------------------------|-----------|
| 01 | Cheltuieli curente (10+20+30+57+59) | 30.114,82 | 30.185,27 | +70,45 |
| 10 | Cheltuieli de personal | 3.514,14 | 3.514,14 | 0,00 |
| 20 | Cheltuieli materiale | 24.257,34 | 24.327,79 | +70,45 |
| 30 | Dobanzi | 2.300,00 | 2.300,00 | 0,00 |
| 51 | Transferuri intre unitati ale administratiei publice | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 |
| 57 | Asistenta sociala | 10,22 | 10,22 | 0,00 |
| 59 | Burse | 33,12 | 33,12 | 0,00 |
| 81 | Rambursari de credite | 1.559,00 | 1.559,00 | 0,00 |
| 85 | Plati efectuate in ani precedenti si recuperate in anul curent | -50,00 | -50,00 | 0,00 |
| | TOTAL SECTIUNE DE FUNCTIONARE 2018 | 31.623,82 | 31.694,27 | +70,45 |
- mii lei -
EXCEDENT/DEFICIT SECTIUNE DE FUNCTIONARE
-7.065,38
- mii lei -
VENITURILE SECTIUNII DE DEZVOLTARE sunt in valoare de 489,00 mii lei si sunt repartizate astfel:
| Denumire indicator | Cod indicator | BUGET RECTIFICAT 04.05.2018 | BUGET RECTIFICAT 17.05.2018 | INFLUENTE |
|---------------------------------------------------------|---------------|-----------------------------|-----------------------------|-----------|
| Varsaminte din sectiunea de functionare pentru finantarea sectiunii de dezvoltare | 37.10.04 | 489,00 | 489,00 | 0,00 |
| Venituri din valorificarea unor bunuri ale institutiilor publice | 39.10.01 | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 |
| Alte venituri din valorificarea unor bunuri | 39.10.50 | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 |
| Subventii din bugetele locale pentru finantarea cheltuielilor de capital din domeniul sanatatii | 43.10.14 | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 |
| TOTAL SECTIUNE DE DEZVOLTARE PE ANUL 2018 | | 489,00 | 489,00 | 0,00 |
- mii lei -
CHELTUIELILE SECTIUNII DE DEZVOLTARE sunt in valoare de 489,00 mii lei, fiind repartizate astfel:
| Cod | Denumire indicatori | BUGET RECTIFICAT 04.05.2018 | BUGET RECTIFICAT 17.05.2018 | INFLUENTE |
|-----|---------------------|-----------------------------|-----------------------------|-----------|
| 70 | Cheltuieli de capital | 489,00 | 489,00 | 0,00 |
| | TOTAL SECTIUNE DE DEZVOLTARE 2018 | 489,00 | 489,00 | 0,00 |
- mii lei -
EXCEDET/DEFICIT SECTIUNE DE DEZVOLTARE
0,00
Deficitul secțiunii de funcționare înregistrat în anul 2018, în valoare totală de 7.065,38 mii lei este finanțat din excedentul anilor precedenți, conform OMFP nr. 720/2014 de aprobare a normelor metodologice privind execuția bugetelor de venituri și cheltuieli ale instituțiilor publice autonome, instituțiilor publice finanțate integral sau parțial din venituri proprii și activităților finanțate integral din venituri proprii, inclusiv a bugetelor creditelor interne, bugetelor creditelor externe, bugetelor externe nerambursabile, bugetelor fondului de risc și bugetelor privind activitatea de privatizare, gestionate de instituțiile publice, indiferent de modalitatea de organizare și finanțare a acestora din 22.05.2014, astfel:
- Pentru Cap. 65.10 Învățământ, conform art. 57 alin. (1) din OMFP nr. 720/2014, excedentul anilor precedenți în valoare de 4.119,38 mii lei este utilizat pentru efectuarea de cheltuieli în anul curent;
- Pentru Cap. 70.10 Locuințe, servicii și dezvoltare publică - Administrația Piațelor Sector 1, conform art. 20 alin. (1) din OMFP nr. 720/2014, excedentul anilor precedenți în valoare de 2.946,00 mii lei este utilizat pentru efectuarea de cheltuieli în anul curent.
III. BUGETUL IMPRUMUTURILOR EXTERNE pe anul 2018 în valoare de 195.294,00 mii lei nu se rectifică și este structurat pe sectiuni, astfel:
- **VENITURILE SECTIUNII DE DEZVOLTARE** sunt în valoare de 195.294,00 mii lei:
| Denumire indicator | Cod indicator | BUGET RECTIFICAT 04.05.2018 | BUGET RECTIFICAT 17.05.2018 | INFLUENTE |
|--------------------|---------------|-----------------------------|-----------------------------|-----------|
| Sume aferente creditelor externe | 41.06.03 | 195.294,00 | 195.294,00 | 0,00 |
| TOTAL SECTIUNE DE DEZVOLTARE PE ANUL 2018 | | 195.294,00 | 195.294,00 | 0,00 |
- **CHELTUIELILE SECTIUNII DE DEZVOLTARE** sunt în valoare de 195.294,00 mii lei:
| Cod | Denumire indicatori | BUGET RECTIFICAT 04.05.2018 | BUGET RECTIFICAT 17.05.2018 | INFLUENTE |
|-----|---------------------|-----------------------------|-----------------------------|-----------|
| 70 | Cheltuieli de capital | 195.294,00 | 195.294,00 | 0,00 |
| TOTAL SECTIUNE DE DEZVOLTARE PE ANUL 2018 | | 195.294,00 | 195.294,00 | 0,00 |
EXCEDET/DEFICIT SECTIUNE DE DEZVOLTARE
IV. BUGETUL IMPRUMUTURILOR INTERNE în valoare de 18.626,50 mii lei nu se rectifică. Bugetul este structurat pe sectiuni, astfel:
- **VENITURILE SECTIUNII DE DEZVOLTARE** sunt în valoare de 18.626,50 mii lei, astfel:
| Denumire indicator | Cod indicator | BUGET RECTIFICAT 04.05.2018 | BUGET RECTIFICAT 17.05.2018 | INFLUENTE |
|--------------------|---------------|-----------------------------|-----------------------------|-----------|
| Sume aferente creditelor interne | 41.07.02 | 18.626,50 | 18.626,560 | 0,00 |
| TOTAL SECTIUNE DE DEZVOLTARE PE ANUL 2018 | | 18.626,50 | 18.626,50 | 0,00 |
- **CHELTUIELILE SECTIUNII DE DEZVOLTARE** sunt în valoare de 18.626,50 mii lei, după cum urmează:
| Cod | Denumire indicatori | BUGET RECTIFICAT 04.05.2018 | BUGET RECTIFICAT 17.05.2018 | INFLUENTE |
|-----|---------------------|-----------------------------|-----------------------------|-----------|
| 70 | Cheltuieli de capital | 18.626,50 | 18.626,50 | 0,00 |
| TOTAL SECTIUNE DE DEZVOLTARE 2017 | | 18.626,50 | 18.626,50 | 0,00 |
- **EXCEDET/DEFICIT SECTIUNE DE DEZVOLTARE**
| EXCEDET/DEFICIT SECTIUNE DE DEZVOLTARE | 0,00 |
Cheltuielile bugetului general centralizat al Sectorului 1 pe anul 2018 în valoare de 1.455.330,55 mii lei se majorează cu 70,45 mii lei, devenind 1.455.401,00 mii lei (conform anexei A) și sunt repartizate astfel:
**BUGETUL LOCAL** este în suma de 1.209.297,23 mii lei și este repartizat pe sectiuni, astfel:
| Capitol/Subcapitol | Denumire indicatori | BUGET RECTIFICAT 04.05.2018 | BUGET RECTIFICAT 17.05.2018 | INFLUENTE |
|--------------------|---------------------|-----------------------------|-----------------------------|-----------|
| 51.02 | AUTORITATI PUBLICE SI ACTIUNI EXTERNE | 76.460,72 | 76.460,72 | 0,00 |
| | - SECTIUNEA DE FUNCTIONARE | 72.148,72 | 72.148,72 | 0,00 |
| | - SECTIUNEA DE DEZVOLTARE | 4.312,00 | 4.312,00 | 0,00 |
| 51.02.01.03 | Sectorul 1 al Municipiului București | 68.360,72 | 68.360,72 | 0,00 |
| | - Sectiunea de functionare | 64.048,72 | 64.048,72 | 0,00 |
| | - Sectiunea de dezvoltare | 4.312,00 | 4.312,00 | 0,00 |
| 51.02.01.03 | A.U.Î.P.U.S.P. Sector 1 | 8.100,00 | 8.100,00 | 0,00 |
| | - Sectiunea de functionare | 8.100,00 | 8.100,00 | 0,00 |
| | - Sectiunea de dezvoltare | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 |
| Cod | Descriere | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 |
|-----|---------------------------------------------------------------------------|------|------|------|
| 54.02 | ALTE SERVICII PUBLICE GENERALE | | | |
| | - SECTIUNEA DE FUNCTIONARE | | | |
| | - SECTIUNEA DE DEZVOLTARE | | | |
| 54.02.05 | Fondul de rezerva bugetara la dispozitia autoritatilor locale | 500,00 | 500,00 | 0,00 |
| | - Sectiunea de functionare | 500,00 | 500,00 | 0,00 |
| | - Sectiunea de dezvoltare | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 |
| 54.02.10 | Servicii Publice Comunitare de Evidenta a Persoanelor | 20.251,00 | 20.251,00 | 0,00 |
| | - Sectiunea de functionare | 19.800,00 | 19.800,00 | 0,00 |
| | - Sectiunea de dezvoltare | 451,00 | 451,00 | 0,00 |
| 54.02.50 | Alte servicii publice generale Directia Generala de Impozite si Taxe Locale a Sectorului 1 | 25.648,00 | 25.648,00 | 0,00 |
| | - Sectiunea de functionare | 25.456,00 | 25.456,00 | 0,00 |
| | - Sectiunea de dezvoltare | 192,00 | 192,00 | 0,00 |
| 55.02 | TRANZACTII PRIVIND DATORIA PUBLICA | 18.178,00 | 18.178,00 | 0,00 |
| | - SECTIUNEA DE FUNCTIONARE | 18.178,00 | 18.178,00 | 0,00 |
| | - SECTIUNEA DE DEZVOLTARE | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 |
| 55.02 | Tranzactii privind datoria publica Sectorul 1 al Municipiului Bucuresti | 18.178,00 | 18.178,00 | 0,00 |
| | - Sectiunea de functionare | 18.178,00 | 18.178,00 | 0,00 |
| | - Sectiunea de dezvoltare | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 |
| 60.02 | APARARE NATIONALA | 1.091,00 | 1.091,00 | 0,00 |
| | - SECTIUNEA DE FUNCTIONARE | 700,00 | 700,00 | 0,00 |
| | - SECTIUNEA DE DEZVOLTARE | 391,00 | 391,00 | 0,00 |
| 60.02.02 | Aparare Nationala (Centrul Militar) | 1.091,00 | 1.091,00 | 0,00 |
| | - Sectiunea de functionare | 700,00 | 700,00 | 0,00 |
| | - Sectiunea de dezvoltare | 391,00 | 391,00 | 0,00 |
| 61.02 | ORDINE PUBLICA SI SIGURANTA NATIONALA | 46.992,00 | 46.992,00 | 0,00 |
| | - SECTIUNEA DE FUNCTIONARE | 35.026,00 | 35.026,00 | 0,00 |
| | - SECTIUNEA DE DEZVOLTARE | 11.966,00 | 11.966,00 | 0,00 |
| 61.02.03.04 | Politia Locala Sector 1 | 44.216,00 | 44.216,00 | 0,00 |
| | - Sectiunea de functionare | 34.726,00 | 34.726,00 | 0,00 |
| | - Sectiunea de dezvoltare | 9.490,00 | 9.490,00 | 0,00 |
| Cod | Descriere | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 |
|---------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------|------|------|------|
| 61.02.05| Protectie civila si protectia contra incendiilor Politia Locala | 2.776,00 | 2.776,00 | 0,00 |
| | - Sectiunea de functionare | 300,00 | 300,00 | 0,00 |
| | - Sectiunea de dezvoltare | 2.476,00 | 2.476,00 | 0,00 |
| 65.02 | INVATAMANT | 271.532,14 | 271.532,14 | 0,00 |
| | - SECTIUNEA DE FUNCTIONARE | 253.295,14 | 253.295,14 | 0,00 |
| | - SECTIUNEA DE DEZVOLTARE | 18.237,00 | 18.237,00 | 0,00 |
| 65.02 | Unitatile de invatamant din sectorul 1 | 112.125,64 | 112.125,64 | 0,00 |
| | - Sectiunea de functionare | 112.125,64 | 112.125,64 | 0,00 |
| | - Sectiunea de dezvoltare | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 |
| 65.02 | Lapte, Corn, Miere, Mere (AUIPUSP) | 3.115,00 | 3.115,00 | 0,00 |
| | - Sectiunea de functionare | 3.115,00 | 3.115,00 | 0,00 |
| | - Sectiunea de dezvoltare | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 |
| 65.02 | AUIPUSP – Invatamantul particular sau confesional acreditat | 13.055,00 | 13.055,00 | 0,00 |
| | - Sectiunea de functionare | 13.055,00 | 13.055,00 | 0,00 |
| | - Sectiunea de dezvoltare | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 |
| 65.02.50| Alte cheltuieli in domeniul invatamantului (AUIPUSP) | 143.211,50 | 143.211,50 | 0,00 |
| | - Sectiunea de functionare | 124.974,50 | 124.974,50 | 0,00 |
| | - Sectiunea de dezvoltare | 18.237,00 | 18.237,00 | 0,00 |
| 65.02.50| Alte cheltuieli in domeniul invatamantului (DGASPC) | 25,00 | 25,00 | 0,00 |
| | - Sectiunea de functionare | 25,00 | 25,00 | 0,00 |
| | - Sectiunea de dezvoltare | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 |
| 66.02 | SANATATE | 59.236,00 | 59.236,00 | 0,00 |
| | - SECTIUNEA DE FUNCTIONARE | 39.423,00 | 39.423,00 | 0,00 |
| | - SECTIUNEA DE DEZVOLTARE | 19.813,00 | 19.813,00 | 0,00 |
| 66.02.06.01| Spitale Generale (AUIPUSP) | 25.380,00 | 25.380,00 | 0,00 |
| | - Sectiunea de functionare | 21.273,00 | 21.273,00 | 0,00 |
| | - Sectiunea de dezvoltare | 4.107,00 | 4.107,00 | 0,00 |
| 66.02.06.01| Spitale Generale (SECTORUL 1) | 2.695,00 | 2.695,00 | 0,00 |
| | - Sectiunea de functionare | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 |
| | - Sectiunea de dezvoltare | 2.695,00 | 2.695,00 | 0,00 |
| 66.02.08| Servicii de sanatate publica (DGASPC) | 73,00 | 73,00 | 0,00 |
| | - Sectiunea de functionare | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 |
| | - Sectiunea de dezvoltare | 73,00 | 73,00 | 0,00 |
| Cod | Descriere | Functionare | Functionare | Functionare |
|---------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------|-------------|-------------|
| 66.02.50.50 | Centrul Multifunctional Caraiman | 31.088,00 | 31.088,00 | 0,00 |
| | - Sectiunea de functionare | 18.077,00 | 18.077,00 | 0,00 |
| | - Sectiunea de dezvoltare | 13.011,00 | 13.011,00 | 0,00 |
| 67.02 | CULTURA, RECREERE SI RELIGIE | 171.517,61 | 171.517,61 | 0,00 |
| | - SECTIUNEA DE FUNCTIONARE | 114.432,61 | 114.432,61 | 0,00 |
| | - SECTIUNEA DE DEZVOLTARE | 57.085,00 | 57.085,00 | 0,00 |
| 67.02.03.12 | Consolidarea si restaurarea monumentelor istorice - Sectorul 1 al Municipiului Bucuresti | 500,00 | 500,00 | 0,00 |
| | - Sectiunea de functionare | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 |
| | - Sectiunea de dezvoltare | 500,00 | 500,00 | 0,00 |
| 67.02.03.12 | Consolidarea si restaurarea monumentelor istorice - AUIPUSP | 5.000,00 | 5.000,00 | 0,00 |
| | - Sectiunea de functionare | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 |
| | - Sectiunea de dezvoltare | 5.000,00 | 5.000,00 | 0,00 |
| 67.02.05.03 | Intretinere gradini, parcuri, zone verzi, baze sportive si de agrement – ADP Sector 1 | 129.232,61 | 129.232,61 | 0,00 |
| | - Sectiunea de functionare | 85.888,61 | 85.888,61 | 0,00 |
| | - Sectiunea de dezvoltare | 43.344,00 | 43.344,00 | 0,00 |
| 67.02.05.01 | Sport - Sector 1 | 437,00 | 437,00 | 0,00 |
| | - Sectiunea de functionare | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 |
| | - Sectiunea de dezvoltare | 437,00 | 437,00 | 0,00 |
| 67.02.06 | Servicii religioase | 7.304,00 | 7.304,00 | 0,00 |
| | - Sectiunea de functionare | 1.000,00 | 1.000,00 | 0,00 |
| | - Sectiunea de dezvoltare | 6.304,00 | 6.304,00 | 0,00 |
| 67.02.50 | Alte servicii in domeniul culturii, recreerii si religiei – Centrul Cultural | 29.044,00 | 29.044,00 | 0,00 |
| | - Sectiunea de functionare | 27.544,00 | 27.544,00 | 0,00 |
| | - Sectiunea de dezvoltare | 1.500,00 | 1.500,00 | 0,00 |
| 68.02 | ASIGURARI SI ASISTENTA SOCIALA | 221.401,00 | 221.401,00 | 0,00 |
| | - SECTIUNEA DE FUNCTIONARE | 211.617,00 | 211.617,00 | 0,00 |
| | - SECTIUNEA DE DEZVOLTARE | 9.784,00 | 9.784,00 | 0,00 |
| 70.02 | LOCUINTE, SERVICII SI DEZVOLTARE PUBLICA | 82.352,00 | 82.352,00 | 0,00 |
| | - SECTIUNEA DE FUNCTIONARE | 61.710,00 | 61.710,00 | 0,00 |
| | - SECTIUNEA DE DEZVOLTARE | 20.642,00 | 20.642,00 | 0,00 |
| Cod | Descriere | Functionare | Functionare | Dezvoltare |
|---------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------|-------------|------------|
| 70.02.03.01 | Dezvoltarea sistemului de locuinte – Odai | 11.764,00 | 11.764,00 | 0,00 |
| | - Sectiunea de functionare | 1.710,00 | 1.710,00 | 0,00 |
| | - Sectiunea de dezvoltare | 10.054,00 | 10.054,00 | 0,00 |
| 70.02.03.30 | Alte cheltuieli in domeniul locuintelor – Sectorul 1 al Municipiului Bucuresti | 7.084,00 | 7.084,00 | 0,00 |
| | - Sectiunea de functionare | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 |
| | - Sectiunea de dezvoltare | 7.084,00 | 7.084,00 | 0,00 |
| 70.02.05.01 | Alimentare cu apa – Sectorul 1 al Municipiului Bucuresti | 1.396,00 | 1.396,00 | 0,00 |
| | - Sectiunea de functionare | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 |
| | - Sectiunea de dezvoltare | 1.396,00 | 1.396,00 | 0,00 |
| 70.02.05.02 | Amenajari hidrotehnice – ADP Sector 1 | 2.058,00 | 2.058,00 | 0,00 |
| | - Sectiunea de functionare | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 |
| | - Sectiunea de dezvoltare | 2.058,00 | 2.058,00 | 0,00 |
| 70.02.06 | Iluminat public si electrificari – Sectorul 1 | 50,00 | 50,00 | 0,00 |
| | - Sectiunea de functionare | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 |
| | - Sectiunea de dezvoltare | 50,00 | 50,00 | 0,00 |
| 70.02.50 | Alte Servicii in Domeniul Locuintelor si Dezvoltarii comunale – Sectorul 1 al Municipiului Bucuresti | 60.000,00 | 60.000,00 | 0,00 |
| | - Sectiunea de functionare | 60.000,00 | 60.000,00 | 0,00 |
| | - Sectiunea de dezvoltare | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 |
| 74.02 | PROTECTIA MEDIULUI | 173.989,00 | 173.989,00 | 0,00 |
| | - SECTIUNEA DE FUNCTIONARE | 163.750,00 | 163.750,00 | 0,00 |
| | - SECTIUNEA DE DEZVOLTARE | 10.239,00 | 10.239,00 | 0,00 |
| 74.02.05.01 | Salubritate – Sectorul 1 al Municipiului Bucuresti | 160.000,00 | 160.000,00 | 0,00 |
| | - Sectiunea de functionare | 160.000,00 | 160.000,00 | 0,00 |
| | - Sectiunea de dezvoltare | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 |
| 74.02.05.02 | Colectarea, tratarea si distrugerea deseurilor – Sectorul 1 al Municipiului Bucuresti | 95,00 | 95,00 | 0,00 |
| | - Sectiunea de functionare | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 |
| | - Sectiunea de dezvoltare | 95,00 | 95,00 | 0,00 |
| 74.02.06 | Canalizarea si tratarea apelor reziduale – Sectorul 1 al Municipiului Bucuresti | 6.754,00 | 6.754,00 | 0,00 |
| | - Sectiunea de functionare | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 |
| | - Sectiunea de dezvoltare | 6.754,00 | 6.754,00 | 0,00 |
| Cod | Descriere | Valoare 2017 | Valoare 2018 | Valoare 2019 |
|---------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------|--------------|--------------|
| 74.02.50| Alte servicii in domeniul protectiei mediului – Politia Locala | 7.140,00 | 7.140,00 | 0,00 |
| | - Sectiunea de functionare | 3.750,00 | 3.750,00 | 0,00 |
| | - Sectiunea de dezvoltare | 3.390,00 | 3.390,00 | 0,00 |
| 84.02 | TRANSPORTURI | 40.148,76 | 40.148,76 | 0,00 |
| | - SECTIUNEA DE FUNCTIONARE | 31.085,76 | 31.085,76 | 0,00 |
| | - SECTIUNEA DE DEZVOLTARE | 9.063,00 | 9.063,00 | 0,00 |
| 84.02.03.03| Strazi - Sectorul 1 al Municipiului Bucuresti | 2.311,00 | 2.311,00 | 0,00 |
| | - Sectiunea de functionare | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 |
| | - Sectiunea de dezvoltare | 2.311,00 | 2.311,00 | 0,00 |
| 84.02.03.03| Strazi - ADP Sector 1 | 37.621,76 | 37.621,76 | 0,00 |
| | - Sectiunea de functionare | 31.085,76 | 31.085,76 | 0,00 |
| | - Sectiunea de dezvoltare | 6.536,00 | 6.536,00 | 0,00 |
| 84.02.50| Alte cheltuieli in domeniul transporturilor - Sectorul 1 al Municipiului Bucuresti | 216,00 | 216,00 | 0,00 |
| | - Sectiunea de functionare | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 |
| | - Sectiunea de dezvoltare | 216,00 | 216,00 | 0,00 |
**TOTAL BUGET LOCAL PE ANUL 2018**
| | Valoare 2017 | Valoare 2018 | Valoare 2019 |
|--------------------------|--------------|--------------|--------------|
| - SECTIUNEA DE FUNCTIONARE | 1.047.122,23 | 1.047.122,23 | 0,00 |
| - SECTIUNEA DE DEZVOLTARE | 162.175,00 | 162.175,00 | 0,00 |
---
**Sectorul 1 al Municipiului Bucuresti – Capitolul 51.02.01.03**
Bugetul pe anul 2018 pentru capitolul 51.02.01.03 *Sectorul 1 al Municipiului Bucuresti* în valoare de **68.360,72 mii lei** se rectifica, ramanand la aceeasi valoare si este repartizat pe sectiuni astfel:
- **SECTIUNEA DE FUNCTIONARE** în valoare de 64.048,72 mii lei se majoreaza cu 1.035,35 mii lei, devenind 64.048,72 mii lei, sumele fiind repartizate dupa cum urmeaza:
- cheltuieli de personal 30.000,00 mii lei
- bunuri si servicii 24.442,91 mil lei
- alte transferuri curente in strainatate 4.500,00 mii lei
- alte cheltuieli 5.169,00 mii lei
- plati efectuate in anii precedenti si recuperate in anul curent -63,19 mii lei
- **SECTIUNEA DE DEZVOLTARE** în valoare 4.312,00 mii lei se rectifica, ramanand la aceeasi valoare, dupa cum urmeaza:
- cheltuieli de capital 4.312,00 mii lei
- plati efectuate in anii precedenti si recuperate in anul curent 0,00 mii lei
Modificarile intervenite la sectiunea de dezvoltare sunt:
- se diminueaza cu 47 mii lei bugetul alocat pentru Licenta antimalware (300 buc);
- se diminueaza cu 9 mii lei bugetul alocat pentru Licente Nitro Pro (15 buc);
- se diminueaza cu 14 mii lei bugetul alocat pentru Upgrade software pentru Registrul Agricol;
- se aloca 269 mii lei pentru achizitionarea urmatoarelor dotari independente:
- Modul legislativ privind Hotararile Consiliului Local al Sectorului 1 - 1 buc = 8 mii lei;
- Bariere - 2 buc = 21 mii lei;
- Licenta Adobe Photoshop CC - 2 buc = 5 mii lei;
- Licenta Adobe Acrobat Indesign CC - 1 buc = 3 mii lei;
- Licenta Adobe Acrobat Premiere Pro CC - 2 buc = 5 mii lei;
- Licenta Adobe Acrobat After Effects CC - 1 buc = 3 mii lei;
- Licenta Adobe Acrobat Audition CC - 3 buc = 7 mii lei;
- Licenta Nero Platinium - 2 buc = 1 mie lei;
- Licenta Corel Draw 17 - 4 buc = 11 mii lei;
- Licente AutoCad - 5 buc = 148 mii lei;
- Licenta Adobe Acrobat Reader Pro - 66 buc = 57 mii lei.
- se disponibilizeaza bugetul alocat (5 mii lei) sistemului electronic de vot - studiu de fezabilitate;
- se majoreaza bugetul alocat pentru PUZ Zona 1 Bucuresti - Targoviste nr 10 cu 20mii lei;
- se diminueaza bugetul alocat pentru PUZ zona lacului Baneasa cu 117 mii lei;
- se diminueaza bugetul alocat pentru PUZ zona Chitila Triaj cu 20 mii lei;
- se diminueaza bugetul alocat pentru PUZ zona lacurilor Grivita si Straulesti cu 127 mii lei;
- se diminueaza bugetul alocat pentru PUZ zona str. Jandarmeriei – Apicultorilor cu 100 mii lei;
- se aloca 150 mii lei pentru Sistem integrat vot electronic transcript si traducere - consultanta, asistenta tehnica si implementare.
Programul de investitii publice detaliat pe obiective/proiecte/categoriile de investitii, graficul de finantare a acestora si nota de fundamentare a cheltuielilor se regasesc anexate la buget.
**Servicii Publice Comunitare de Evidenta a Persoanelor – Capitolul 54.02.10**
Bugetul alocat pe anul 2018 pentru capitolul 54.02.10 *Servicii Publice Comunitare de Evidenta a Persoanelor Sector 1* in valoare de **20.251,00 mii lei** se rectifica, ramanand la aceeasi valoare si este repartizat pe sectiuni astfel:
- **SECTIUNEA DE FUNCTIONARE** este in valoare de 19.800,00 mii lei, dupa cum urmeaza:
- cheltuieli de personal 10.000,00 mii lei
- bunuri si servicii 9.680,00 mii lei
- alte cheltuieli 120,00 mii lei
- **SECTIUNEA DE DEZVOLTARE** este in valoare 451,00 mii lei, dupa cum urmeaza:
- cheltuieli de capital 451,00 mii lei
Modificarile intervenite asupra sectiunii de dezvoltare sunt urmatoarele:
- se disponibilizeaza intregul buget (16,00 mii lei) alocat pentru achizitionarea licentelor antimalware (82 buc);
- se aloca 16,00 mii lei achizitionarii unor dotări independente necesare activității curente:
- licente Adobe Acrobat Reader Pro (5 buc) in valoare totala de 6,00 mii lei;
- licente Adobe Photoshop CC (2 buc) in valoare totala de 5 mii lei;
- licente sistem operarc Windows (82 buc) in valoare totala de 5 mii lei.
Programul de investitii publice detaliat pe obiective/proiecte/categoriile de investitii, graficul de finantare a acestora si nota de fundamentare a cheltuielilor se regasesc anexate la buget.
II. CHELTUIELILE INSTITUTIILOR PUBLICE SI ACTIVITATILOR FINANTATE INTEGRAL SAU PARTIAL DIN VENITURI PROPRII pe anul 2018 in suma de 32.112,82 mii lei se majoreaza cu 70,45 mii lei, devenind 32.183,27 mii lei si sunt repartizate pe sectiuni astfel:
- mii lei-
| Cod | Denumire indicatori | BUGET RECTIFICAT 04.05.2018 | BUGET RECTIFICAT 17.05.2018 | INFLUENTE |
|-------|----------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------|-----------------------------|-----------|
| 65.10 | INVATAMANT | 15.943,82 | 65.014,27 | +70,45 |
| | - Sectiunea de functionare | 15.763,82 | 15.834,27 | +70,45 |
| | - Sectiunea de dezvoltare | 180,00 | 180,00 | 0,00 |
| 70.10 | Locuinte, servicii si dezvoltare publica | 16.169,00 | 16.169,00 | 0,00 |
| | Administratia Pietelor Sector 1 | | | |
| | - Sectiunea de functionare | 15.860,00 | 15.860,00 | 0,00 |
| | - Sectiunea de dezvoltare | 309,00 | 309,00 | 0,00 |
| TOTAL | BUGET FINANTAT INTEGRAL SAU PARTIAL DIN VENITURI PROPRII PE ANUL 2018 | 32.112,82 | 32.183,27 | +70,45 |
| | - SECTIUNEA DE FUNCTIONARE | 31.623,82 | 31.694,27 | +70,45 |
| | - SECTIUNEA DE DEZVOLTARE | 489,00 | 489,00 | 0,00 |
Fata de cele prezentate mai sus, supunem spre dezbatere si aprobare prezentul proiect de hotarare privind rectificarea bugetului general centralizat al Sectorului 1 pe anul 2018.
DIRECTOR EXECUTIV,
ORTANSA FRONE-BORCEA
SEF SERV. BUGET, EXEC. BUGETARA,
MARIA IONESCU
Intocmit,
Mariana Istrate
| Denumire institutii / sursa de finantare / capitol / sectiune / titlu | Buget rectificat 04.05.2018 | Buget rectificat 17.05.2018 | Influențe |
|---------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------|-----------------------------|-----------|
| **BUGETUL GENERAL AL SECTORULUI 1 AL MUNICIPIULUI BUCUREȘTI** | | | |
| Sectiunea de functionare | 1.078.446,05 | 1.078.816,50 | 70,45 |
| Sectiunea de dezvoltare | 376.584,50 | 376.584,50 | 0,00 |
| **Sectorul 1 al Municipiului București - total surse** | 564.280,72 | 564.280,72 | 0,00 |
| **Sectiunea de functionare** | | | |
| cheltuieli de personal (10) | 325.936,72 | 325.936,72 | 0,00 |
| bunuri și servicii (20) | 40.000,00 | 40.000,00 | 0,00 |
| dobanzi (30) | 194.822,91 | 194.822,91 | 0,00 |
| fonduri de rezerva (50) | 18.178,00 | 18.178,00 | 0,00 |
| alte transferuri curente (55) | 500,00 | 500,00 | 0,00 |
| alte cheltuieli (59) | 4.500,00 | 4.500,00 | 0,00 |
| rambursari de credite (81) | 60.000,00 | 60.000,00 | 0,00 |
| plăți efect în anii prec. și recap. în anul curent | -63,19 | -63,19 | 0,00 |
| **Sectiunea de dezvoltare** | 238.344,00 | 238.344,00 | 0,00 |
| tansferuri între unități ale administrației (51) | | | |
| publice | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 |
| cheltuieli de capital (70) | 238.344,00 | 238.344,00 | 0,00 |
| active financiare (72) | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 |
| plăți efect în anii prec. și recap. în anul curent | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 |
| **Sectorul 1 al Municipiului București - total buget local** | 368.936,72 | 368.936,72 | 0,00 |
| **51.02.01.03 - Sectorul 1 al Municipiului București** | | | |
| **Sectiunea de functionare** | | | |
| cheltuieli de personal (10) | 68.360,72 | 68.360,72 | 0,00 |
| bunuri și servicii (20) | 64.048,72 | 64.048,72 | 0,00 |
| alte transferuri curente (55) | 30.000,00 | 30.000,00 | 0,00 |
| alte cheltuieli (59) | 24.442,91 | 24.442,91 | 0,00 |
| plăți efect în anii prec. și recap. în anul curent | 4.500,00 | 4.500,00 | 0,00 |
| **Sectiunea de dezvoltare** | 5.169,00 | 5.169,00 | 0,00 |
| cheltuieli de capital (70) | -63,19 | -63,19 | 0,00 |
| **54.02.05 Fond de rezerva** | | | |
| **Sectiunea de functionare** | | | |
| fonduri de rezerva (50) | 500,00 | 500,00 | 0,00 |
| **54.02.10 Servicii publice de evidenta a persoanelor** | | | |
| **Sectiunea de functionare** | | | |
| cheltuieli de personal (10) | 20.251,00 | 20.251,00 | 0,00 |
| bunuri și servicii (20) | 19.800,00 | 19.800,00 | 0,00 |
| alte cheltuieli (59) | 10.000,00 | 10.000,00 | 0,00 |
| **Sectiunea de dezvoltare** | 9.680,00 | 9.680,00 | 0,00 |
| cheltuieli de capital (70) | 120,00 | 120,00 | 0,00 |
| **55.02 Tranzactii privind datoria publica si imprumuturi** | | | |
| **Sectiunea de functionare** | | | |
| dobanzi (30) | 18.178,00 | 18.178,00 | 0,00 |
| **60.02.02 Aparare Nationala** | | | |
| **Sectiunea de functionare** | | | |
| bunuri și servicii (20) | 1.091,00 | 1.091,00 | 0,00 |
| **Sectiunea de dezvoltare** | 700,00 | 700,00 | 0,00 |
| cheltuieli de capital (70) | 391,00 | 391,00 | 0,00 |
| Code | Description | Functioning Section | Development Section | Capital Expenditure | Previous Year Payments |
|------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------|----------------------|----------------------|------------------------|
| 66.02.06.01 | SPITALE GENERALE - SECTORUL 1 | | | | |
| | Sectiunea de dezvoltare | | | | |
| | cheltuieli de capital (70) | | | | |
| 67.02.03.12 | Consolidarea monumentelor istorice | | | | |
| | Sectiunea de dezvoltare | | | | |
| | cheltuieli de capital (70) | | | | |
| | plati efect in anii prec. si recap. in anul curent | | | | |
| 67.02.05.01 | Sport | | | | |
| | Sectiunea de dezvoltare | | | | |
| | cheltuieli de capital (70) | | | | |
| 67.02.06 | Servicii religioase | | | | |
| | Sectiunea de functionare | | | | |
| | sustinerea cultelor (59) | | | | |
| | Sectiunea de dezvoltare | | | | |
| | cheltuieli de capital (70) | | | | |
| | plati efect in anii prec. si recap. in anul curent | | | | |
| 70.02.03.01 | Dezvoltarea sistemului de locuinte | | | | |
| | Sectiunea de functionare | | | | |
| | sume alocate pentru sprijirea construiril de locuinte (59) | | | | |
| | Sectiunea de dezvoltare | | | | |
| | cheltuieli de capital (70) | | | | |
| 70.02.03.30 | Cheltuieli in domeniul locuintelor - reabilitare | | | | |
| | Sectiunea de dezvoltare | | | | |
| | cheltuieli de capital (70) | | | | |
| | plati efect in anii prec. si recap. in anul curent | | | | |
| 70.02.05.01 | Alimentarea cu apa | | | | |
| | Sectiunea de dezvoltare | | | | |
| | cheltuieli de capital (70) | | | | |
| 70.02.06 | Iluminat public si electricari | | | | |
| | Sectiunea de dezvoltare | | | | |
| | cheltuieli de capital (70) | | | | |
| 70.02.50 | Alte servicii in domeniul locuintelor - rambursari credite | | | | |
| | Sectiunea de functionare | | | | |
| | rambursari de credite (81) | | | | |
| | Sectiunea de dezvoltare | | | | |
| | active financiare (72) | | | | |
| 74.02.05.01 | Salubritate | | | | |
| | Sectiunea de functionare | | | | |
| | bunuri si servicii (20) | | | | |
| 74.02.05.02 | Colectarea, tratarea si distrugerea deseurilor | | | | |
| | Sectiunea de dezvoltare | | | | |
| | cheltuieli de capital (70) | | | | |
| 74.02.06 | Canalizarea si tratarea apelor reziduale | | | | |
| | Sectiunea de dezvoltare | | | | |
| | cheltuieli de capital (70) | | | | |
| 84.02.03.03 | Strazi | | | | |
| | Sectiunea de dezvoltare | | | | |
| | cheltuieli de capital (70) | | | | |
| 84.02.50 | Alte cheltuieli in domeniul transporturilor | | | | |
| | Sectiunea de dezvoltare | | | | |
| | cheltuieli de capital (70) | | | | |
| 70.06.03.30 | Alte cheltuieli in domeniul locuintelor - creditul extern | | | | |
| | Sectiunea de dezvoltare | | | | |
| | cheltuieli de capital (70) | | | | |
| CENTRUL CULTURAL SECTOR 1 | 29.044,00 | 29.044,00 | 0,00 |
|--------------------------|-----------|-----------|------|
| **67.02.50 Alte servicii in domeniile culturii, recreerii si religiei** | 29.044,00 | 29.044,00 | 0,00 |
| **Sectiunea de functionare** | | | |
| cheltuieli de personal (10) | 27.544,00 | 27.544,00 | 0,00 |
| bunuri si servicii (20) | 707,00 | 707,00 | 0,00 |
| **Sectiunea de dezvoltare** | | | |
| cheltuieli de capital (70) | 26.837,00 | 26.837,00 | 0,00 |
| 1.500,00 | 1.500,00 | 0,00 |
| 1.500,00 | 1.500,00 | 0,00 |
| UNITATI DE INVATAMANT - total surse de finantare | 128.069,46 | 128.139,91 | 70,45 |
|-------------------------------------------------|------------|------------|-------|
| **65.02 Unitati de invatamant buget local** | 112.125,64 | 112.125,64 | 0,00 |
| **Sectiunea de functionare** | | | |
| cheltuieli de personal (10) | 112.125,64 | 112.125,64 | 0,00 |
| bunuri si servicii (20) | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 |
| asistenta sociala (57) | 77.235,22 | 77.235,22 | 0,00 |
| burse (59) | 9.937,63 | 9.937,63 | 0,00 |
| plati efectuate in anii precedenti | 25.000,00 | 25.000,00 | 0,00 |
| -47,21 | -47,21 | 0,00 |
| **Sectiunea de dezvoltare** | | | |
| cheltuieli de capital (70) | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 |
| 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 |
| 65.10 Activitati finantate integral sau partial din venituri proprii | 15.943,82 | 16.014,27 | 70,45 |
|------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|------------|-------|
| **Sectiunea de functionare** | | | |
| cheltuieli de personal (10) | 15.763,82 | 15.834,27 | 70,45 |
| bunuri si servicii (20) | 244,14 | 244,14 | 0,00 |
| asistenta sociala (57) | 15.476,34 | 15.546,79 | 70,45 |
| burse (59) | 10,22 | 10,22 | 0,00 |
| plati efectuate in anii precedenti | 33,12 | 33,12 | 0,00 |
| 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 |
| **Sectiunea de dezvoltare** | | | |
| cheltuieli de capital (70) | 180,00 | 180,00 | 0,00 |
| 180,00 | 180,00 | 0,00 |
| ADMINISTRATIA UNITATILOR DE INVATAMANT PREUNIVERSITAR SI A UNITATILOR SANITARE PUBLICE - buget local | 197.861,50 | 197.861,50 | 0,00 |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|------------|-------|
| **51.02.01.03 - AUIPUSP** | 8.100,00 | 8.100,00 | 0,00 |
| **Sectiunea de functionare** | | | |
| cheltuieli de personal (10) | 8.100,00 | 8.100,00 | 0,00 |
| bunuri si servicii (20) | 3.946,00 | 3.946,00 | 0,00 |
| plati efectuate in anii precedenti | 4.162,00 | 4.162,00 | 0,00 |
| -8,00 | -8,00 | 0,00 |
| **Sectiunea de dezvoltare** | | | |
| 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 |
| **65.02.50 Administratia unitatilor de invatamant** | 159.381,50 | 159.381,50 | 0,00 |
|---------------------------------------------------|------------|------------|-------|
| **Sectiunea de functionare** | | | |
| bunuri si servicii (20) | 141.144,50 | 141.144,50 | 0,00 |
| alte transferuri (55) | 124.974,50 | 124.974,50 | 0,00 |
| asistenta sociala (57) | 13.055,00 | 13.055,00 | 0,00 |
| plati efectuate in anii precedenti | 3.115,00 | 3.115,00 | 0,00 |
| **Sectiunea de dezvoltare** | | | |
| cheltuieli de capital (70) | 18.237,00 | 18.237,00 | 0,00 |
| 18.237,00 | 18.237,00 | 0,00 |
| plati efectuate in anii precedenti | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 |
| **66.02.06.01 Spitale generale** | 25.380,00 | 25.380,00 | 0,00 |
|----------------------------------|------------|------------|-------|
| **Sectiunea de functionare** | | | |
| bunuri si servicii (20) | 21.273,00 | 21.273,00 | 0,00 |
| **Sectiunea de dezvoltare** | | | |
| cheltuieli de capital (70) | 4.107,00 | 4.107,00 | 0,00 |
| 4.107,00 | 4.107,00 | 0,00 |
| **67.02.03.12 Consolidarea monumentelor istorice** | 5.000,00 | 5.000,00 | 0,00 |
|---------------------------------------------------|------------|------------|-------|
| **Sectiunea de dezvoltare** | | | |
| cheltuieli de capital (70) | 5.000,00 | 5.000,00 | 0,00 |
| 5.000,00 | 5.000,00 | 0,00 |
| Section | Description | Amount 1 | Amount 2 | Amount 3 |
|---------|-------------|----------|----------|----------|
| 66.02.50.50 Alte institutii si actiuni sanitaire | Sectiunea de functionare | 31,088,00 | 31,088,00 | 0,00 |
| | cheltuieli de personal (10) | 18,077,00 | 18,077,00 | 0,00 |
| | bunuri si servicii (20) | 11,735,00 | 11,735,00 | 0,00 |
| | alte cheltuieli (59) | 6,292,00 | 6,292,00 | 0,00 |
| | Sectiunea de dezvoltare | 50,00 | 50,00 | 0,00 |
| | cheltuieli de capital (70) | 13,011,00 | 13,011,00 | 0,00 |
| DIRECTIA GENERALA DE ASISTENTA SOCIALA SI PROTECTIA COPIILULUI - total surse de finantare | DGASPC - total buget local | 221,499,00 | 221,499,00 | 0,00 |
| 65.02 - Alte cheltuieli in domeniul invatamantului | Sectiunea de functionare | 25,00 | 25,00 | 0,00 |
| | asistenta sociala (57) | 25,00 | 25,00 | 0,00 |
| 66.02.08 - Servicii de sanatate publica | Sectiunea de functionare | 73,00 | 73,00 | 0,00 |
| | cheltuieli de personal (10) | 73,00 | 73,00 | 0,00 |
| 68.02 - ASIGURARI SI ASISTENTA SOCIALA | Sectiunea de functionare | 221,401,00 | 221,401,00 | 0,00 |
| | cheltuieli de personal (10) | 211,617,00 | 211,617,00 | 0,00 |
| | bunuri si servicii (20) | 92,740,00 | 92,740,00 | 0,00 |
| | asistenta sociala (57) | 37,937,00 | 37,937,00 | 0,00 |
| | plati efectuate in anii precedenti | 81,270,00 | 81,270,00 | 0,00 |
| | Sectiunea de dezvoltare | -330,00 | -330,00 | 0,00 |
| | proiecte cu finantare din FEN (58) | 9,784,00 | 9,784,00 | 0,00 |
| | cheltuieli de capital (70) | 200,00 | 200,00 | 0,00 |
| DIRECTIA GENERALA DE IMPOZITE SI TAXE LOCALE - buget local | 25,648,00 | 25,648,00 | 0,00 |
| 54.02.50 Alte servicii publice generale | Sectiunea de functionare | 25,648,00 | 25,648,00 | 0,00 |
| | cheltuieli de personal (10) | 25,456,00 | 25,456,00 | 0,00 |
| | bunuri si servicii (20) | 21,016,00 | 21,016,00 | 0,00 |
| | alte cheltuieli (59) | 4,308,41 | 4,308,41 | 0,00 |
| | plati efectuate in anii precedenti | 132,00 | 132,00 | 0,00 |
| | Sectiunea de dezvoltare | -0,41 | -0,41 | 0,00 |
| | cheltuieli de capital (70) | 192,00 | 192,00 | 0,00 |
| POLITIA LOCALA - buget local | 54,132,00 | 54,132,00 | 0,00 |
| 61.02.03.04 Politia locala | Sectiunea de functionare | 44,216,00 | 44,216,00 | 0,00 |
| | cheltuieli de personal (10) | 34,726,00 | 34,726,00 | 0,00 |
| | bunuri si servicii (20) | 24,285,00 | 24,285,00 | 0,00 |
| | plati efectuate in anii precedenti | 10,552,00 | 10,552,00 | 0,00 |
| | Sectiunea de dezvoltare | -111,00 | -111,00 | 0,00 |
| | cheltuieli de capital (70) | 9,490,00 | 9,490,00 | 0,00 |
| | plati efectuate in anii precedenti | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 |
| 74.02.50 Alte servicii in domeniul protectiei mediului | Sectiunea de functionare | 7,140,00 | 7,140,00 | 0,00 |
| | cheltuieli de personal (10) | 3,750,00 | 3,750,00 | 0,00 |
| | bunuri si servicii (20) | 1,750,00 | 1,750,00 | 0,00 |
| | Sectiunea de dezvoltare | 2,000,00 | 2,000,00 | 0,00 |
| | cheltuieli de capital (70) | 3,390,00 | 3,390,00 | 0,00 |
| | plati efectuate in anil precedenti | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 |
| 61.02.05 Protectie civila si protectia contra incendiilor | Sectiunea de functionare | 2,776,00 | 2,776,00 | 0,00 |
| | bunuri si servicii (20) | 300,00 | 300,00 | 0,00 |
| | Sectiunea de dezvoltare | 2,476,00 | 2,476,00 | 0,00 |
| | cheltuieli de capital (70) | 2,476,00 | 2,476,00 | 0,00 |
| Section | Description | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 |
|---------|-------------|------|------|------|
| 67.02.05.03 - Intretinere gradini publice, parcuri | | | | |
| Functioning section | | | | |
| Personnel expenses (10) | | | | |
| Goods and services (20) | | | | |
| Other expenses (59) | | | | |
| Payments made in previous years | | | | |
| Development section | | | | |
| Capital expenses (70) | | | | |
| Payments made in previous years | | | | |
| 70.02.05.02 - Amenajari hidrotehnice | | | | |
| Development section | | | | |
| Capital expenses (70) | | | | |
| 84.02.03.03 - Strazi | | | | |
| Functioning section | | | | |
| Personnel expenses (10) | | | | |
| Goods and services (20) | | | | |
| Payments made in previous years | | | | |
| Development section | | | | |
| Capital expenses (70) | | | | |
| 70.10.50 Activities financed entirely or partially from own revenues | | | | |
| Functioning section | | | | |
| Personnel expenses (10) | | | | |
| Goods and services (20) | | | | |
| Interest payments (30) | | | | |
| Internal credit reimbursements (81) | | | | |
| Payments made in previous years | | | | |
| Development section | | | | |
| Capital expenses (70) | | | | |
| 70.07.50 - Other services in the housing sector | | | | |
| Development section | | | | |
| Capital expenses (70) | | | | |
**ADMINISTRATIA DOMENIULUI PUBLIC - total buget local**
| | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 |
|---|------|------|------|
| 168,912,37 | 168,912,37 | 0,00 |
**ADMINISTRATIA PIETELOR - total surse de finantare**
| | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 |
|---|------|------|------|
| 34,795,50 | 34,795,50 | 0,00 |
**DIRECTOR EXECUTIV,**
ORTANSA FRONE - BORCEA
**SEF SERVICIU BUGET, EXECUTIE BUGETARA,**
MARIA IONESCU
**INTOCMIT,**
MARIANA ISTRATE
**DIRECTIA MANAGEMENT ECONOMIC**
NOTĂ
privind modificările aprobate, ca urmare a amendamentului propus în ședința Consiliului Local Sector 1 din data de 04.05.2018 privind aprobarea bugetului general centralizat de venituri și cheltuieli pe titluri, articole și alineate pentru anul 2018 al Consiliului Local Sector 1
În ședința Consiliului Local Sector 1 din data de 04.05.2018 s-a aprobat de către autoritatea deliberativă proiectul de rectificare a bugetului general centralizat cu amendamentul prin care, în cadrul bugetului Poliției Locale, se reloca suma de 3.390,00 mii lei pentru reamenajarea adăpostului de câini Odăi.
În consecința, se produc următoarele modificări asupra proiectului de buget:
- Capitolul 61.02.03.04 Poliția Locală - se diminuiează bugetul alocat secțiunii de dezvoltare cu 3.390,00 mii lei. Suma se disponibilizează din obiectivul de investiții « Sistem de supraveghere video »;
- Capitolul 74.02.50 Alte servicii în domeniul protecției mediului (Poliția Locală Sector 1) se aloca secțiunii de dezvoltare suma de 3.390,00 mii lei pentru reparații capitale ale adăpostului de câini Odăi.
Amendamentul aprobat în ședința Consiliului Local Sector 1 din data de 04.05.2018 este nelegal și netemeinic din următoarele considerente:
- nu sunt respectate prevederile art. 14 alin. (3) din Legea 273/2006 privind finanțele publice locale, cu modificările și completările ulterioare, care precizează: "nicio cheltuială nu poate fi înscrișă în buget, nu poate fi angajată și efectuată dacă nu există baza legală", în sensul ca obiectivele de investiții și celelalte cheltuieli asimilate investițiilor se cuprind în programele de investiții anuale, anexe la buget, numai dacă, în prealabil, documentatiile tehnico-economice, respectiv notele de fundamentare privind necesitatea și oportunitatea efectuării cheltuielilor asimilate investițiilor, au fost elaborate și aprobate potrivit dispozițiilor legale. Poliția Locală Sector 1 nu are întocmită documentația completă (studiu de fezabilitate, indicatori tehnico-economici aprobati) pentru acest obiectiv de investiții, asa cum prevede art. 45 alin. (1) din Legea 273/2006;
- amendamentul nu a obținut aviz favorabil în ședința Comisiei de studii, prognoze economico-sociale, buget, impozite și taxe locale – domeniul buget din data de 26.04.2018, conform...
raportului privind proiectul de hotarare pentru rectificarea bugetului general centralizat pe anul 2018;
- prin adresa înregistrată la Poliția Locală cu nr. 2308/12.04.2018 consilierii USR au transmis, conform e-mail-ului din data de 11.04.2018 atașat, o solicitare prin care s-a stabilit să se intervină numai cu lucrări strict necesare și anume:
- refacere sistem canalizare și sistem apa;
- reparări boxe;
- construcție spațiul izolator pentru pui și carantina;
- instalații cu becuri infraroșii.
- în conformitate cu adresa nr. 9320/07.05.2018 și înregistrată la Sectorul I sub nr. 1556/09.05.2018 (anexată în copie), Poliția Locală menționează că aceste lucrări se încadrează în categoria reparații curente pentru care, la aprobarea bugetului initial aferent anului 2018, au fost prevăzute credite bugetare la cap. 74.02.50 Alte servicii în domeniul protecției mediului, art. 20.02 Reparații curente, în cantum de 250 mii lei, suma fiind suficientă pentru acoperirea acestor cheltuieli.
În concluzie, amendamentul a fost aprobat în ședința Consiliului Local Sector 1 din data de 04.05.2018, fără a avea temei legal.
DIRECTOR EXECUTIV,
ORTANSA FRONE-BORCEA
SEF SERV. BUDGET, EXEC. BUDGETARA,
MARIA IONESCU
Intocmit,
Mariana Istrate
OPINIE MOTIVATĂ
Eu, Daniela Nicoleta Cefalan, în calitate de Secretar al Sectorului 1 al Municipiului București, în temeiul prevederilor art. 48 alin. (1) din Legea nr. 215/2001, republicată, cu modificările și completările ulterioare, refuz contrasemnarea Hotărârii Consiliului Local al Sectorului 1 nr. 120 din 04.05.2018 – privind aprobarea rectificării bugetului general centralizat pe anul 2018, pentru următoarele motive:
În domeniul inițierii, elaborării, dezbaterii și aprobării proiectelor de hotărâri ale consiliului local, Ordonanța Guvernului nr. 35/2002 privind aprobarea Regulamentului – cadru de organizare și funcționare a consiliului local, precum și unele dispoziții ale Legii administrației publice locale nr. 215/2001, republicată, cu modificările și completările ulterioare cuprinde reglementări în detaliu, suficient de edificatoare în ceea ce privește formularea unui amendament și aprobarea acestuia. Astfel, regula în materia adoptării proiectelor de hotărâri este aceea că un proiect de hotărâre a consiliului local, trebuie avizat de către compartimentul de resort din subordinea primarului și trebuie verificat sub aspectul concordanței conținutului cu dispozițiile legale aplicabile în materie de către secretarul subdiviziunii administrativ – teritoriale.
În concret, proiectul de hotărâre privind rectificarea bugetului general centralizat pe anul 2018 înscriș pe Ordinea de zi a ședinței ordinară a Consiliului Local al Sectorului 1 din data de 04.05.2018, a fost transmis consilierilor locali, potrivit prevederilor art. 39 alin.(3) din Legea nr. 215/2001, odată cu convocarea consiliului local realizată în scris, prin intermediul Secretarului Sectorului 1 – respectiv de către Serviciul Secretariat general, audiențe, cu atribuții în acest sens, cu repectarea termenului legal de 5 zile înainte de data ședinței, repectiv la data de 27.04.2018.
În legătură cu proiectul de hotărâre mai sus menționat, în data de 24.04.2018 au fost formulate 5 amendamente de către doamna Clotilde Marie Brigitte Armand. În urma analizării amendamentelor de către structura de specialitate, Direcția Management Economic, a întocmit un Raport prin care a adus la cunoștința membrilor Consiliului Local motivele propunerii de respingere a celor 4 (I, II, III și V) amendamente, întrucât nu se respectă prevederile art. 13 "cheltuielile unui buget se acordă integral din veniturile bugetului respectiv, inclusiv excedentul anilor precedenți" și art. 14 alin.(5) „nu se indică sursa majorării cheltuielilor propuse” din Legea nr. 273/2006 privind finanțele publice locale, cu modificările și completările ulterioare, precum și prevederile OMFP nr. 1954/2005 pentru aprobarea Clasificării indicatorilor privind finanțele publice.
Raportul, întocmit în data de 26.04.2018, privind stabilirea corectă a stării de fapt și legalitatea, prin încadrarea în drept a stării de fapt, a fost prezentat, analizat și aprobat și în ședința comisiei de specialitate a Consiliului local, respectiv Comisia de studii, progroneze economico-sociale, buget, impozite și taxe locale, în ședința comisiei din data de 26.04.2018, care a avizat NEFAVORABIL aceleași amendamente, nr. I, II, III, V.
Motivul, desprins în urma documentării, verificării și analizei a fost nerespectarea procedurii
specifice, în sensul în care nu au fost indicate clar prevederile legale aplicabile care permit modificarea articolelor, alineatelor, capitolelor din proiectul de rectificare de buget propus, lipsa informațiilor coerente despre propunerile de sume disponibilizate și care nu sunt angajate de un ordonator principal de credite.
Odată cu notificarea convocării pentru participare la ședință din data de 04.05.2018, prin intermediul e-mailului, au fost puse la dispoziție consilierilor locali materialele înscrise pe ordinea de zi, respectiv, proiectul de hotărâre mai sus menționat, care cuprinde raportul de specialitate al Direcției Management Economic, expunerea de motive a primarului Sectorului 1, amendamentele propuse de doamna Clotilde Marie Brigitte Armand, raportul privind amendamentele întocmit de către Direcția Management Economic, raportul Comisiei de specialitate.
În urma dezbaterilor din ședința din data de 04.05.2018, amendamentul nr. II formulat la proiectul de hotărâre privind aprobarea rectificării bugetului general centralizat pe anul 2018, a fost adoptat de către membrii Consiliului Local al Sectorului 1 cu 20 voturi „pentru”, 5 voturi „împotrivă”. (pag. 21 din proces-verbal)
Aștept fiind, în ședința ordinară din data de 04.05.2018 a Consiliului Local al Sectorului 1 al municipiului București, proiectul de hotărâre privind aprobarea rectificării bugetului general centralizat pe anul 2018, a fost supus votului membrilor consiliului local în integralitatea sa cu amendamentul adoptat, cu 16 voturi „pentru”, 7 „abțineri”, 1 vot „împotrivă”. (pag. 25 din proces-verbal).
Având în vedere, că autoritatea abilitată de lege să adopte hotărârea Consiliului Local al Sectorului 1 al municipiului București și-a însușit amendamentul, întrucât a aprobat proiectul cu amendamentul propus, precizez faptul că, actul administrativ astfel aprobat devine obligatoriu atât pentru toți membrii consiliului local, cât și pentru aparatul de specialitate al primarului și pentru Poliția Locală a Sectorului 1.
Prin urmare, amendamentul aprobat de către consiliul local și votat cu cvorumul cerut de lege devine parte integrantă din proiectul astfel adoptat de consiliul local și ca atare este obligatoriu de la momentul înregistrării votului final.
În considerarea principiului de drept administrativ consacrat de art. 81 din Legea nr. 24/2000 privind normele de tehnică legislativă pentru elaborarea actelor normative, republicată, cu modificările și completările ulterioare, intitulat “Subordonarea față de actele de nivel superior” conform căruia “La elaborarea proiectelor de hotărâri, ordine sau dispoziții se va avea în vedere caracterul lor de acte subordonate legilor, hotărârilor și ordonanțelor Guvernului și altor acte de nivel superior”.
Raportat la conținutul Hotărârii Consiliului Local al Sectorului 1 nr. 120 din 04.05.2018 – privind aprobarea rectificării bugetului general centralizat pe anul 2018, adoptată cu amendamentul nr. II “3390 mii lei pentru reamenajarea adăpostului Odăi și cheltuieli de funcționare (650 mii – hrană și medicamente)”, invoc prevederile legale din Legea nr. 273/2006 privind finanțele publice locale, cu modificările și completările ulterioare, în temeiul căror trebuie elaborat actul de nivel inferior, după cum urmează:
“Art. 13. - Cheltuielile unui buget se acoperă integral din veniturile bugetului respectiv, inclusiv
excedentul anilor precedenți.
Art. 14. – (...)
(5) După aprobarea bugetelor locale pot fi aprobate acte normative cu implicații asupra acestora, dar numai cu precizarea surselor de acoperire a diminuării veniturilor sau a majorării cheltuielilor bugetare aferente exercitiului bugetar pentru care s-au aprobat bugetele locale respective.
Aprobarea proiectelor de investiții publice locale
Art. 44. - (1) Documentațiile tehnico-economice ale obiectivelor de investiții noi, a căror finanțare se asigură integral sau în completare din bugetele locale, precum și ale celor finanțate din împrumuturi interne și externe, contractate direct sau garantate de autoritățile administrației publice locale, se aprobă de către autoritățile deliberative.
Condiții pentru includerea investițiilor în proiectul bugetului
Art. 45. - (1) Obiectivele de investiții și celelalte cheltuieli asimilate investițiilor se cuprind în programele de investiții anuale, anexe la buget, numai dacă, în prealabil, documentațiile tehnico-economice, respectiv notele de fundamentare privind necesitatea și oportunitatea efectuării cheltuielilor asimilate investițiilor, au fost elaborate și aprobate potrivit dispozițiilor legale.
Mai mult decât atât, raportat la prevederile legale în materie, în condițiile elaborării unui amendament/proiect de hotărâre al consiliului local ce are ca obiect bugetul local, se impune respectarea prevederilor Ordinului nr. 1954/2005 pentru aprobarea Clasificăției indicatorilor privind finanțele publice precum și a Procedurii de depunere a amendamentelor la proiectul de hotărâre pentru aprobarea bugetului general centralizat de venituri și cheltuieli al Sectorului 1 al Municipiului București pe anul 2018, adusă la cunoștință membrilor Consiliului Local încă din data de 12.02.2018.
În opinia mea, amendamentul, astfel cum a fost adoptat, atât sub aspectul formei, cât și sub aspectul fondului, este contrar literei și spiritului Legii nr. 273/2006 privind finanțele publice locale, cu modificările și completările ulterioare, a Ordinului nr. 1954/2005 pentru aprobarea Clasificăției indicatorilor privind finanțele publice, a Procedurii nr. K-335 din 07.02.1018 de depunere a amendamentelor la proiectul de hotărâre pentru aprobarea bugetului general centralizat de venituri și cheltuieli al Sectorului 1 al Municipiului București pe anul 2018, precum și a scopului proiectului de hotărâre astfel cum a fost propus privind aprobarea rectificării bugetului general centralizat pe anul 2018, ce face obiectul prezentei, care urmărește stabilitatea și echilibrul bugetar, sens în care este imperios necesar, parcurgerea etapelor privind documentarea în vederea identificării fondurilor publice ce vor putea fi disponibilizate și prevăzute la articolele bugetare menționate, în conformitate cu actele normative de nivel superior.
De asemenea, textul amendamentului formulat și pe cale de consecință, al hotărârii adoptate nu respectă prevederile art. 3 alin.(2) din legea nr. 24/2000 privind normele de tehnică legislativă pentru elaborarea actelor normative, republicată: "Normele de tehnică legislativă se aplică, în mod corespunzător, și la elaborarea și adoptarea proiectelor de ordine, instrucțiuni și de alte acte normative emise de conducătorii organelor administrației publice centrale de specialitate, precum și
la elaborarea și adoptarea actelor cu caracter normativ emise de autoritățile administrației publice locale."
Totodată, amendamentul adoptat și integrat nu respectă prevederile art. 36 alin. (1) din Legea nr. 24/2000 privind normele de tehnică legislativă pentru elaborarea actelor normative, republicată: "Actele normative trebuie redactate într-un limbaj și stil juridic specific normativ, concis, sobru, clar și precis, care să exclude orice echivoc, cu respectarea strictă a regulilor gramaticale și de ortografie".
În acest context, apreciez că doar o maximă rigoare și raportare la dispozițiile legii – lato sensu, cât și stricto sensu – în ceea ce privește pregătirea elaborării, redactarea, adoptarea și intrarea în vigoare a actului administrativ poate să confere acestui caracterul de legalitate și să susțină prezumția legalității actului administrativ, conducând, totodată, la atingerea scopului propus de autoritatea administrației publice locale, acela de a soluționa o nevoie socială în acord deplin cu legea aplicabilă în materie.
Față de aspectele mai sus învederate, consider că hotărârea adoptată de Consiliul Local al Sectorului 1 al municipiului București nu respectă normele legale în materie, motiv pentru care refuz contrasemnarea Hotărârii Consiliului Local al Sectorului 1 nr. 120 din 04.05.2018 – privind aprobarea rectificării bugetului general centralizat pe anul 2018.
În susținerea celor învederate, anexez, următoarele documente:
- Adresa nr. 9320 din 07.05.2018 emisă de Poliția Locală a Sectorului 1;
- Nota nr. 1555 din 09.05.2018 emisă de către Direcția Management Economic;
- Raportul Comisiei de studii, programe economico-social, buget, impozite și taxe locale – domeniul buget – finanțe întocmit;
Secretarul Sectorului 1 al Municipiului București,
DANIELA NICOLETA CERĂLAN
PRIMARIA A FOST CERTIFICATĂ ISO 9001-2008
PRIN VIZUALIZAREA SISTEMULUI DE MANAGEMENT AL CALITĂȚII ÎN URMĂ AUDITULUI DE CERTIFICARE
DE CÂTRE ORGANISMUL ACREDITAT PENTRU
ISO 9001:2008
Bd. Banu Manta nr. 9, Sectorul 1 București; 011222
Tel. +40-21 3191013; Fax: +40-21 3191006
Buna ziua
prin prezenta doresc sa depun documentul atasat, reprezentant o solicitare catre Politia Locala a sectorului 1.
Va rog sa il transmiteti si sa-mi dati nr. de inregistrare.
multumesc
Ilinca Macarie
consilier local S1
din partea USR
10.04.2018
Către: Poliția Locală a Sectorului 1 și
Administrația Domeniului Public a Sectorului 1
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org, email@example.com,
firstname.lastname@example.org, email@example.com
Domnului Director General Sorin Băloiu
În atenția Domnului Director Economic Victor Florescu
În atenția Doamnei Director Oana Voican
În atenția Doamnei Director Executiv Haidemak Mădălina Veronica
Stimate domnule Director General
În data de 21.03.2018, în cadrul ședinței comisiei responsabile cu Adăpostul Odăi a fost
luată în discuție posibilitatea achiziționării unui teren pentru refacerea adăpostului Odăi după un
proiect nou, corespunzător nevoilor, deoarece adăpostul actual este defectuos conceput și
ameliorarea defectelor de proiectare în totalitate este imposibilă.
În acest sens vă rog să solicitați Direcției de Cadastru identificarea terenului existent în
spatele adăpostului, conform imaginii anexate.
Pentru adăpostul existent s-a considerat necesar să se intervină numai cu lucrări strict
necesare, pentru o cât mai bună funcționare până la finalizarea noului adăpost. Aceste lucrări au
fost identificate ca fiind:
refacere sistem canalizare și sistem apă
reparații țarcuri
construire spațiu izolator pentru pui și carantina
instalații becuri infraroșu
Astfel vă rog să solicitați proiectantului modificarea proiectului în sensul simplificării
intervenției adaptarea devizul la noile cerințe.
Atașează devizul existent și imaginea terenului.
Cu mulțumiri
Ilinca Macarie
Consilier local S1 din partea USR
MUNICIPIUL BUCUREȘTI
CONSILIUL LOCAL AL SECTORULUI 1
Comisia de studii, prognoze economico-sociale, buget, impozite și taxe locale – domeniul buget - finanțe (1)
RAPORT
Proiect de hotărâre privind rectificarea bugetului general centralizat pe anul 2018
Inițiator: Primarul Sectorului 1
Comisia întrunită în ședința din 26.04.2018 a luat în dezbatere Raportul de specialitate întocmit de Direcția Management Economic
În urma dezbatelor, Comisia hotărăște avizarea FAVORABILĂ/NEFAVORABILĂ a proiectului de hotărâre.
Obiecțiuni: AMENDEMENTELE PE ACEST PROIECT I, II, III, IV SE RESPING; AMENDEMENTUL V SE AVIZEAZĂ CONFORM RAPORT ANEXAT
Față de hotărârea Comisiei s-au exprimat următoarele opinii:
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
Rezultatul votului: _______________________________________
__________________________________________________________
PREȘEDINTE,
Gheorghiță Liviu Goncea
SECRETAR,
Alexandru Ștefan Deaconu
Semnătura: ________________________________
Membrii comisiei:
Steluța Todea
Ionel Florian Lixandru
Clotilde-Marie-Brigitte Armand
Semnătura: ________________________________
RAPORT
asupra amendamentelor propuse de către doamna consilier local Clotilde-Marie-Brigitte Armand în data de 24.04.2018 pentru rectificarea bugetară din data de 26.04.2018.
Amendamentele I, II, III și V se resping având în vedere următoarele prevederi legale și considerente punctuale, după cum urmează:
- Nu respectă prevederile art. 13, Legea 273/2006 privind finanțele publice locale
- cheltuielile unui buget se acoperă integral din veniturile bugetului respectiv, inclusiv excedentul anilor precedent
- Nu se indică sursa majorării cheltuielilor propuse, contrar art. 14, alin. (5), Lg. 273/2006
- Nu se respectă prevederile OMFP nr. 1954/2005 pentru aprobarea clasificării indicatorilor privind finanțele publice
Amendamentul IV
- Nu se respectă prevederile OMFP nr. 1954/2005 pentru aprobarea clasificării indicatorilor privind finanțele publice
- Prin rectificarea bugetară care va avea loc în ședința CLS 1 în data de 26.04.2018, bugetul Poliției Locale se va majora cu 1.600,00 mii lei, din care 500,00 mii lei vor fi alocat pentru sterilizarea câinilor. Diferența în valoare de 1.100,00 mii lei va fi alocată pentru menținerea sistemului informatic integrat.
DIRECTIA DIRECTOR EXECUTIV MANAGEMENT ORAȘUL BUCUREȘTI
DIRECTOR EXECUTIV ADJ. MIHAILA DANIELA BUCUR
| Nr.crt | Articolul din proiectul de hotărâre/actul/legislația/decizia/ordinul | Text: amendamentul propus (autor) | Motivatia | Amendamentul/sursa de inspirare | Motivatia |
|--------|---------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------|----------|-------------------------------|----------|
| 2 | Art. 2 61.02.03.04 Politica locala | Mentinerea bugetului propus curentilocare spre Politica administrației a sursei de finanțare, pentru reamenajarea adăpostului Odăi și schimbăriile de funcționare (650 mil. - hrana și medicamente) | Studiul de fezabilitate realizat la adăpostul de cățeluțe Odăi | Studiul de aplicare a studiului de fezabilitate realizat la adăpostul de cățeluțe Odăi |
Nume și prenume Consilier local: ARMAND GHEORGHE
Semnătura: [Signature]
Amendamentul este formulat în conformitate cu prevederile art. 43 din Regulamentul care duce organizarea și funcționarea consiliilor locale, aprobat prin QG nr. 33/2002, modificată, respectiv ale prevederilor art. 41 din ROP al CLUSI aprobat prin HCLS 1 nr. 150/30/09.2013,
Către,
Primăria Sectorului 1
Direcția Management Economic
Serviciul Buget, Execuție Bugetară
Având în vedere adresa nr. 17.926/07.05.2018 prin care ne comunicați faptul că în ședința Consiliului Local al Sectroului 1 din data de 04.05.2018 s-a aprobat de către autoritatea deliberativă proiectul de rectificare a bugetului general consolidat, cu următorul amendament:
- din Cap. 61.02. “Ordine publică și siguranță națională”, Sub cap. 61.02.03.04 “Poliție Locală” se disponibilizează suma de 3.390 mii lei și se alocă la Cap. 74.02.50-“Alte serv. în dom. prot. mediului” pentru reamenajarea adăpostului din Șos. Odăi (650 mii lei vor fi alocați pentru hrana și medicamente), vă comunicăm următoarele:
1. Mentionăm faptul că în condițiile actuale, ducerea la îndeplinire a prevederilor amendamentului mai sus menționat prin punerea în aplicare a studiului de fezabilitate realizat la adăpostul din Șos. Odăi și relocarea sumei de 3.390 mii lei de la Cap. 61.02. “Ordine publică și siguranță națională”, Sub cap. 61.02.03.04 “Poliție Locală” la Cap. 74.02.50-“Alte serv. în dom. prot. mediului” pune în pericol derularea în condiții optime a angajamentelor bugetare existente și a celorlalte cheltuieli în curs de angajare, precum și realizarea obiectivelor de investiții ale Poliției Locale Sector 1 pe anul 2018, prevăzute în bugetul initial aprobat de către autoritatea deliberativă prin H.C.L. S1 nr. 37/15.02.2018.
2. În cadrul ședinței comisiei responsabile cu Adăpostul Odăi s-a stabilit să se intervină numai cu lucrări strict necesare, și anume:
a. Refacere sistem canalizare și sistem apă;
b. Reparații boxe;
c. Construcție spațiu izolator pentru pui și carantină;
d. Instalații cu becuri infraroșii;
La aprobarea bugetului inițial pentru 2018 la Cap. 74.02.50-“Alte servicii în domeniul protecției mediului” au fost prevăzute credite bugetare la Art. 20.02 –
Reparații curente - în cuantum de 250 mii lei - fondurile fiind prevăzute pentru lucrările menționate mai sus.
3. Cu privire la suma de 650 mii lei pentru hrană și medicamente din amendamentul formulat, menționăm faptul că în bugetul inițial la Art. 20.03 - Hrană pentru animale-sumele la acest articol s-au estimat pentru procurarea hranei pentru câinii din Adăpostul de animale din Şos. Odăi nr. 3-5, costul de achiziție fiind de aproximativ 450 mii lei.
În anul 2017 la acest articol au fost aprobate credite în cuantum de 600 mii lei, plățile fiind de 563 mii lei, iar cheltuielile efective au fost de 349 mii lei, astfel considerând suma de 450 mii lei ca fiind suficienta pentru anul 2018.
La fel și pentru Art. 20.04 - Medicamente și materiale sanitare, sumele prevăzute la acest articol reprezintă cheltuieli pentru tratamentul câinilor din Adăpostul de animale și sunt estimate la 100 mii lei (medicamente 50 mii lei, materiale sanitare 30 mii lei și dezinfecțanți 20 mii lei). În anul 2017 la acest articol au fost aprobate credite în cuantum de 100 mii lei, plățile fiind de 54 mii lei, iar cheltuielile efective au fost de 41 mii lei, astfel considerând suma de 100 mii lei ca fiind suficienta pentru anul 2018.
Față de cele arătate mai sus, concluzionăm că amendamentul nu poate fi implementat în momentul de față, dar considerăm că în masură ce din execuția bugetară de pe parcursul anului 2018 se vor identifica fonduri publice ce vor putea fi disponibilizate, sumele prevăzute la articolele bugetare menționate vor putea fi suplimentate.
Director General, POLIȚIA LOCALĂ
BĂLOI SORIN
Șef Serv. Economic,
Dinu Aurelian
EXPUNERE DE MOTIVE
Văzând raportul de specialitate nr. G 1560/10.05.2018 întocmit de Direcția Management Economic;
Ținând seama de prevederile Legii nr. 24/2000 privind normele de tehnică legislativă pentru elaborarea actelor normative, republicată, cu modificările și completările ulterioare;
În temeiul art.19 alin (1), lit. a) și b) si art.20 alin (1), lit. a) și c) din Legea nr. 273/2006 privind finanțele publice locale, cu modificările și completările ulterioare;
În temeiul Legii nr. 2/2018 - legea bugetului de stat pe anul 2018;
În temeiul Hotărârii Consiliului General al Municipiului București nr. 30/2003 privind aprobarea exercitării de către consiliile locale ale sectoarelor 1-6 a atribuțiilor privind aprobarea Bugetului local, a împrumuturilor, virărilor de credite și a modului de utilizare a rezervei bugetare și privind aprobarea Contului de încheiere a exercițiului bugetar;
În temeiul art. 45, alin.(2), lit. a) , art.81, alin.(2), lit. d) și art.115, alin.(1), lit. b) din Legea 215/2001 a administrației publice locale, republicată, cu modificările și completările ulterioare;
Față de cele prezentate mai sus, îmîntez Consiliului Local al Sectorului 1 prezentul proiect de hotărâre în vederea analizării și supunerii lui spre aprobare.
PRIMAR,
DANIEL TUDORACHE | <urn:uuid:1cb5fd72-56e1-47a5-bffb-475bd33833ac> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ron_Latn/train | finepdfs | ron_Latn | 116,122 |
Ahmadinejad writes to Bush
Iran's president sent a letter to President Bush asking him to seek solutions to the current stalemate over Iran's nuclear program.
The letter from Mahmoud Ahmadinejad came as six foreign ministers planned to meet Monday in New York to discuss a possible U.N. Security Council resolution on Iran.
The United States, France, Britain, Germany, China and Russia are participating in the meeting.
Iran insists its nuclear program is peaceful, but most of the international community believes Iran is building nuclear weapons.
Peres blasts Iran
Shimon Peres threatened Iran. "Those who threaten to destroy are in danger of being destroyed," the Israeli elder statesman and Cabinet minister told an Israeli television channel.
Peres was referring to calls by Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad for Israel to be wiped off the map.
Dovish groups oppose Hamas bill
Three dovish Jewish groups came out against the Palestinian anti-terrorism act. The U.S. House of Representatives is to vote Tuesday on the act, which severely restricts assistance to the Hamas-led Palestinian Authority and non-governmental groups that assist the Palestinians.
The Israel Policy Forum, Americans for Peace Now and the Jewish Alliance for Justice and Peace each issued statements opposing the bill. Each group supports isolating Hamas, the terrorist group whose election to power in the Palestinian Authority sparked the bill.
The groups say the legislation is too far-reaching, targeting the Palestinian Authority no matter who governs it, and is too restrictive of presidential authority.
From Internet pals to real friends, blogs remaking Jewish community
By SUE FISHKOFF
LONG BEACH, Calif. (JTA) — When birthright israel and the Charles and Lynn Schusterman Family Foundation were looking to bring young Jewish innovators to Jerusalem for a conference on Jewish identity-building, they used the fastest, most effective way to get out the word: a blog.
Sure, they also had a mailing list of former birthright israel students, since the July conference, called "Return on Investment," was being timed to celebrate the arrival of birthright's 100,000th participant.
But in hiring the team behind Jewlicious.com, a popular Jerusalem-based blog, to advertise and run the four-day event, organizers knew they'd get applicants from around the world and attract cutting-edge project ideas.
They succeeded: Participants are coming from Hungary, Russia, Venezuela, India, Holland and a host of other countries. Their projects range from the Genocide Intervention Network — a Web-based non-profit that has raised $250,000 for Darfur refugees — to a Queer Shabbaton in Amsterdam.
"We were looking for people with strong opinions of what the Jewish community should be doing, or who are already putting those ideas into play," says Jewlicious co-founder David Abitbol. Even before the conference gets under way, some participants are beginning to talk to each other online, creating the basis for what organizers hope will become a community of young Jewish activists that crosses international boundaries.
It's happening all over. Blogs are how much of the under-30 crowd gets news, expresses opinions and finds friends. They're a recent phenomenon, just a few years old, but are multiplying fast, and they link to each other: Read one and you're immediately plugged into a network of similar conversations.
"It's been very quick, but it's made a tremendous impact on how people interact and how we contribute our voice to the ongoing conversation," says Laya Millman, who works on Jewlicious.com.
Each blog is unstructured, free-flowing and highly personal, but together the most popular Jewish blogs are creating a global virtual community of young, media-savvy Jews, where people who have never met face-to-face are intimately bound up in each other's lives.
Activists increasingly are translating the Internet's organizing potential into real life.
"They're moving from being a virtual community to a physical community," says Roger Bennett, senior vice president of the Andrea and Charles Bronfman Philanthropies. Many of the participants in the July event, called ROI-120, are bringing such projects to the conference.
One participant is Ariel Beery, 26, a Manhattan-based Jewish activist and co-editor of BlogsofZion. Beery sees Jewish blogs as 21st-century versions of the European coffeehouses of a century ago, places "where people would get together, argue and write something up. Each cafe would have its own literary journal; communities were built
Continued on page 2
Blogging has caught on with young Jews, creating offline connections as well
Continued from page 1 around the written word."
The blogging world, he says, is "developing its own language," which he sees as the precursor for a new worldwide forum for discussion and activism.
"In the past, your Jewish community was your synagogue, your Bundist knitting circle," Abitbol says. "Today I'm in communication more with people in different countries than I am with people in my synagogue. We're seeing a call for a way to unite all these people over the Internet, so if something is happening in France, someone on the Lower East Side can hear about it. If a group in Hungary is seeking to redefine what it is to be a Jew, people in New York can comment on it."
Abitbol and Millman were sharing their thoughts recently at Jewlicious@TheBeach2, a conference for Jewish students and recent college graduates organized by Rabbi Yonah Bookstein and Rachel Bookstein, campus rabbi and director, respectively, at several local Hillels.
This spring's conference was the Booksteins' second effort at turning virtual communities into face-to-face friendships.
It seemed to work. All over the conference, people smiled and hugged as they put faces to the personalities they knew from Jewlicious, Jewschool, Canonist, and a dozen or so other popular Jewish blogs.
"You're TAltman?" one young man shouted gleefully as he outed a popular blog contributor, who acknowledged the recognition with a smirk.
The personal bonds created by these ongoing Web conversations can be strong. New York writer Esther Kustanowitz, who runs three blogs and contributes regularly to others, met several bloggers from her sites at the conference. They'd never met before, but she says they felt like old friends.
"It's a subversion of the usual construct of celebrity," she says. "You know people not by how they look, but from the inside out."
At one workshop, Abitbol talked about a guy who mentioned Jewlicious on his blog and said he was about to visit Israel. The Jewlicious folks — who, like many bloggers, scan the blogosphere for references to their site — picked up his remark, got in touch with him, met him at the airport and took him to Ein Gedi. When they found out he hadn't had a bar mitzvah, they organized one at the Western Wall.
From blogging to instant best friends. It happens a lot, frequent bloggers say.
But are those virtual ties real? Not always, Kustanowitz cautions: "The intervening layer of technology can create false intimacy, as well as bring people together."
Katlyn McKenna begs to differ. A communications lecturer at Beersheba's Ben-Gurion University, McKenna researched relationship-forming on the Internet for her doctorate. She found that people who meet online reveal more about their true selves, like each other better and stay together longer than people who meet first in person.
McKenna started her own blog a year before she moved to Israel last fall, and found herself part of a worldwide discussion about aliyah. Within 24 hours of her arrival, she was hearing from people who read her blog, and had "an instant community" of new friends.
"The federations are freaking out," says Abitbol, who says Jewlicious.com gets 10,000 hits a day.
They needn't feel threatened, he says, if they would accept that young Jews are scattered, secular and unaffiliated, and that the old ways of bringing them together no longer work.
"In the past, if you wanted to communicate with fellow Jews, you went to synagogue or the JCC. Now some people are uncomfortable in those traditional places; they want to get together online. We're trying to offer a Jewish option," he says.
Asian Jewish paper launched
HONG KONG (JTA) — "Asia's first Jewish community tabloid," has been launched. Jewish Times Asia was started last month in response to the rapidly growing presence of Jews in China and elsewhere in the region.
The 24-page April issue includes an article on the Jewish community of Taiwan, an interview with Israel's consul-general in Hong Kong and a feature on the 15th anniversary of Hong Kong's Carmel School.
The paper had significant upscale advertising.
"I have had the idea for about 10 years," publisher and founder Philip Jay wrote in a front-page letter to readers.
"The number of Jewish residents is significantly small compared to other regions of the world. Perhaps this is why no one has ever attempted to provide this resource.
"But I think small is beautiful. It's good to be a niche in publishing."
Jay said Jewish Times Asia will be distributed free to all Jews in the region.
It will also be available to business executives and tourists at selected drop-off points at Jewish community centers and synagogues in China, India, Japan, the Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam.
Olmert’s snub of Russians could return to haunt him
By LESLIE SUSSER
JERUSALEM (JTA) — By failing to include a single Russian immigrant in his Cabinet, Ehud Olmert has made a major blunder that could shorten his term in office, undermine his Kadima party and hurt his plans for separation from the Palestinians, senior Israeli pundits say.
It was the first time since 1995 that an Israeli prime minister has formed a government without a representative from the huge immigrant community of more than 1 million. It was a mistake Ariel Sharon would never have made, pundits say.
Outraged members of the Russian community speak of a sense of betrayal, and say Kadima may have lost the Russian vote forever. More immediately, Kadima’s Russian-speaking Knesset members are threatening to defy party discipline in key Knesset votes.
The upshot could be that Olmert will have difficulty mustering a parliamentary majority for his most important policy initiative: his plan to withdraw from large chunks of the West Bank. And he might be forced to go for early elections that he could lose.
During the coalition negotiations, it seemed certain that there would be at least one Russian immigrant minister. If Avigdor Lieberman’s mainly immigrant Yisrael Beiteinu party joined the government, there would be several; and if not, Marina Solodkin, who was sixth on Kadima’s Knesset slate, was sure to be included in the party’s ministerial lineup.
But in the end none of this materialized: The coalition talks with Lieberman collapsed, and Olmert failed to appoint Solodkin. “There are no more portfolios,” Olmert reportedly told Solodkin the day appointments were made.
According to Solodkin, this was not just a personal slight. The entire Russian community, she says, feels betrayed, insulted and humiliated.
“It’s as if Kadima “slammed the door” on “hundreds of thousands of Russian immigrants looking for a political home,” she told Israeli daily Ma’ariv.
Since 1992, the Russian vote has been crucial in determining the outcome of Israeli elections. The Russians have invariably voted for the winner — Yitzhak Rabin in 1992, Benjamin Netanyahu in 1996, Ehud Barak in 1999 and Sharon in 2001 and 2008. They also have shown a readiness to defect when they feel let down or slighted: by Labor in 1996, Netanyahu in 1999 and Barak in 2001.
Barak, for example, promised a “civil revolution” to solve immigrant citizenship, marriage and burial problems, but quickly shelved it to form a coalition with the fervently Orthodox Shas Party. Ehud the first, a reference to Barak, took nearly two years to betray us, the Russians say; Ehud the second, meaning Olmert, only two days.
The Russian vote accounts for 18 to 20 seats in the 120-member Knesset. In the March 28 election, the Russians gave Olmert four or five seats. Without them, Solodkin maintains, he would not have beaten Labor’s Amir Peretz, who got hardly any Russian support.
To win Russian votes, Kadima included six immigrants on its slate and had Solodkin at No. 6, high enough to signal a guaranteed ministerial post.
“The feeling in the Russian street is that they used us and then discarded us,” Solodkin said.
Most of the Russian vote went to Lieberman, who got nine or 10 Russian seats. However, Lieberman’s inflammatory positions on Arab issues meant that Olmert would have been harshly criticized had he included Lieberman in the coalition.
Still, some people in Olmert’s camp have been implying that Solodkin, who was in charge of getting out the Russian vote, could have done better.
At the start of the campaign, Kadima’s position, with Sharon at the helm, was much stronger. Polls showed Kadima winning eight Russian immigrant seats, ahead of Yisrael Beiteinu with five. Indeed, Sharon, who was extremely popular among immigrants, was planning a strategic partnership with them similar to the one Menachem Begin enjoyed as Likud leader from the late 1950s with Sephardi immigrants from North Africa.
The result of Russian immigrant pique could be the formation of new sectarian parties primarily representing immigrant interests. If they lose the Russian vote, Olmert and Kadima could be in real trouble next time around.
Lieberman could be a major beneficiary. His spin doctor is working on a strategy designed to elevate Lieberman to the premiership, based on taking ultra-hawkish positions to capture the Israeli right and winning over immigrants by cultivating the perception that the Israeli establishment doesn’t want them as equals.
Olmert’s rejection of Lieberman as a coalition partner and his failure to give Solodkin a ministerial position played into Lieberman’s hands, pundits say.
In the meantime, Russian anger at Kadima knows no bounds. Party activists are threatening to return their membership cards en masse; immigrants who won Knesset seats on the Kadima slate are talking about building a power base in the party that will be able to exert leverage on the leadership; and Solodkin says she wants to form a forum of Russian Knesset members from all parties.
More significantly, Solodkin and Michael Nudelman, another Russian immigrant legislator, reportedly are talking to Lieberman about possible future cooperation.
Should they decide to vote against Olmert’s withdrawal, and recruit other non-immigrant Knesset members in the coalition who have doubts about the plan, the consequences for Olmert could be disastrous. The loss of Kadima votes would make him dependent on Israeli Arab parties, and could trigger an erosion of public and Knesset support for the plan. That could force an election that Olmert might not win without immigrant votes.
Why did Olmert get himself into this vulnerable position — arrogance? Short-sightedness? Inexperience at the highest level? Confidence that success in dealing with immigrant problems will turn things around?
As far as the Russian immigrants are concerned, it doesn’t really matter. They’re determined to teach the prime minister a lesson he won’t forget.
MIDDLE EAST
Olmeret seeks Jewish majority
Safeguarding Israel's Jewish majority must be a national priority, Ehud Olmeret said.
"We must ensure that the State of Israel has a definite Jewish majority, or otherwise the notion of a Jewish state will become void," the prime minister said Monday during a Knesset address in memory of Zionist visionary Theodor Herzl.
Olmeret, like his predecessor Ariel Sharon, has justified his plan to quit parts of the West Bank by invoking the demographic threat posed by a growing number of Arabs.
Many on the Israeli right, however, believe further unilateral withdrawals will spur Palestinian terrorism.
Opposition leader Benjamin Netanyahu, in his own remarks to the Knesset, said Herzl's legacy should prompt Israel to fight threats to its existence.
King pessimistic on peace
Jordan's king said time is running out for an Israeli-Palestinian peace deal.
"Everyone has to remember that the time available to us for a peaceful settlement is around two years, and I fear if this short time is over and we don't reach a settlement, that there will be nothing left for the Palestinians to negotiate over," King Abdullah said Sunday in an interview with Al-Arabiya television.
Abdullah voiced concern over Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmeret's plan to annex some West Bank settlements in the absence of peace talks with the Palestinian Authority.
But he also urged the new P.A. government under Hamas to abandon its hard line against the Jewish state.
"We hope our Palestinian brothers, and especially our brothers in Hamas, deal with everything that relates to the Palestinians' cause with complete realism," he said.
World Bank gloomy on Palestinian economy
The World Bank said Palestinian areas could soon become ungovernable because of a severe financial crisis. In a memo obtained by Reuters, the World Bank said the Palestinian Authority's financial crisis is worse than it thought.
In March, the World Bank estimated that Palestinian poverty would rise to 60 percent and unemployment to 40 percent by the end of this year.
The memo was leaked ahead of Tuesday's scheduled meeting of the diplomatic "Quartet" working to advance Israeli-Palestinian peace.
Restrictions on Palestinians eased
Israel is easing a ban on Palestinians entering from the West Bank. In one of his first moves since taking office last week, Defense Minister Amir Peretz said he would soon sign an order allowing 12,000 Palestinian laborers and merchants from the West Bank to work in Israel.
The permit largely would reverse a closure in place since March. There currently are no plans to open up the border with the Gaza Strip, given the high level of terrorist activity there.
Hamas and Fatah clash, killing three Palestinians
Three Palestinians were killed in clashes between Hamas and Fatah militiamen.
Monday's street battles in the southern Gaza Strip were the bloodiest between the factions since Hamas crushed Fatah in January elections and assumed power. Hamas said its gunmen opened fire to defend comrades kidnapped by Fatah in the town of Khan Yunis.
At least nine people were wounded.
The violence followed failed weekend talks between Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas, the Fatah leader, and Hamas' prime minister, Ismail Haniyeh, on resolving power-sharing disputes.
Israel's sweet revenge
Israeli agents used poisoned chocolate to assassinate a senior Palestinian terrorist in the 1970s, according to a new book.
"Striking Back," an expose of Mossad reprisals by Israeli intelligence veteran Aaron Klein, contains a chapter about the killing of Wadi Haddad, chief of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine.
Wanted for masterminding several airline hijackings, Haddad took refuge in Iraq in 1976. But Mossad intelligence agents, using a Palestinian turncoat, slipped him Belgian chocolates coated in a slow-acting poison that killed him over the course of a few months, Klein claims.
WORLD
German memorial draws millions
Millions have visited Germany's national Holocaust memorial since its unveiling last year.
The memorial, close to Berlin's Brandenburg Gate, has received 3.5 million visitors since it opened last May, the Jerusalem Post reported.
French Jewish leader honored
A French Jewish leader received one of the country's highest honors.
Claude-Gerard Marcus, a longtime French legislator, was made an officer of the Legion of Honor in a ceremony last week in Paris, the European Jewish Press reported.
Marcus is leader of the Judaism and Liberty group, which once worked to help Soviet Jews emigrate, and more recently has been involved in fighting anti-Semitism in France.
Exhibit opened in Belgium
Belgium's prime minister inaugurated an exhibition in memory of Belgian victims of Auschwitz.
The exhibition inaugurated Sunday reveals the depth of a "regime of hatred, nationalism and racism," Guy Verhofstadt was quoted as saying by the Polish News Agency.
"Every story about the Holocaust must be passed on, every detail must be retained, and every fact must be brought to light," he said.
Out of the 30,000 Belgian Jews killed by the Nazis — about half of the Belgian Jewish population — 25,000 were murdered at Auschwitz, a Nazi death camp located in Poland.
Matisyahu takes Europe
Matisyahu began his European tour with a midnight show in Dublin.
The Chasidic reggae performer played Saturday to a sold-out house at the Temple Bar Music Centre in the city's cultural quarter. It was the singer's first appearance in Ireland.
Promoters scheduled the unusual time to accommodate Matisyahu's observance of Shabbat.
Matisyahu stayed with local Chabad emissaries. The tour has been booked to promote Matisyahu's new album, "Youth," which was released in Europe last Friday. | <urn:uuid:37c75d0d-ce2c-4dd6-a4d1-ca6a7a6f0824> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 21,230 |
Please phone or send a note if your child is absent from school - It's not OK to be away.
Friday 15th is global wind day and to celebrate this event and highlight wind energy, Vestas will host a low key celebration at the Macarthur Rec Reserve on Saturday 16th June when Hawkesdale Macarthur is playing a home game. They plan to provide information for the community on wind as a form of renewable energy, with information on the wind towers and the Macarthur Wind Farm in particular. There will be fun activities and crafts for the children focusing on wind as a form of green energy production.
Vestas staff will be in attendance to answer your questions. Vestas is the company that supply the towers and will be on site to explain how the towers operate. The Macarthur wind farm towers will be utilizing the newest technology available.
The Macarthur wind farm is scheduled for completion early next year. In due course the Macarthur wind farm will hold the title of the largest wind farm in the Southern hemisphere.
This is an ideal opportunity to support the Hawkesdale Macarthur Football Netball teams and find out more about wind farms.
There are only 3 weeks to go! The iPads for Schools program is in its last few weeks, so please remember to keep shopping at The Target Centre for iPads vouchers.
One vouchers for every $10 you spend in the speciality stores and one for every $50 spent in Target.
Write our school name on the voucher and either bring it into our creatively decorated collection box or drop it in the collection barrel in the centre.
Let's collect as many as we can before Saturday the 30th June 2012, to help our school!
Visit www.targetcentre.com.au
For more information
Survey closing date extended
You now have until Friday 15 June to complete the South West Healthy Kids Parent and Carers survey and go in the draw to Win a family pass to fun 4 kids
OR complete it online by going to: http://www.surveymonkey.com/s/SouthWestHealthyKids_ParentsCarersSurvey
Changing Families
This parenting program is an information session that assists parents to understand the changing needs of their families. If you are recently separated or if it has been some time this session will provide useful information for all parents.
Date: Mon June 18
Time: 7pm - 8:30pm
Venue: Emmanuel College
Canterbury Road Campus Chapel
RSVP by June 13 via email to:
email@example.com
or phone 5560 0840
Separation can be difficult for parents but it’s particularly hard on children.
*We require a minimum of 20 parents to run this session, so please rsvp if you are attending.
Topics covered include:
* The challenges of separated parenting
* Effective communication & parenting strategies
* Self care and supports
* Information on Family Dispute Resolution
To be held at 7pm, on Friday 15th June 2012
at the Breakaway Creek/Knebworth Hall, Cameron’s Lane, Breakaway Creek
Admission $15 for a family, $5 for a single which includes dinner, pudding and quiz entry
BYADUK CWA presents a
Vintage Fashion Show | <urn:uuid:77afd590-67d6-44dc-8cdc-4496ad951b7d> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 3,030 |
News From Diocesan Council
December 2021
Diocesan Council Appointments
Diocesan Council: Fr David Patterson, Fr Wayne Corker (Full DC membership can be found at: www.murray.anglican.org/parishes/diocesan council)
Finance, Audit & Investment Committee: Dean
Grosse
Bishop Election Committee: Dean Grosse
General Synod Representative: Fr David Price
Advised to Council: Diocesan ABM Representative:
Ms Alison Dutton
Property Report
Jeff McHugh provided the following updates to Council. The offer on a Strathalbyn property remains although the parish has decided not to sell. The agents of the property in the South East are running an expression of interest campaign. Council supported the proposal to subdivide this land. The rental property in the Southern Suburbs has been settled and the insurers have put a proposal to us regarding the damaged church building. The Seaford Meadows Rectory has been leased. The Lameroo congregation are going through the process to recommend the sale of the church.
Risk Management
A Diocesan Council strategic profile is being created in accordance with Risk Management ISO 3100:2009.ISO 45001. The profile to cover Risk Description, Explanation of the Legislative Issues and Risk Assessment Process. Once approved by Diocesan Council, Parish Councils will then be provided with a working document so that they can create their own local Risk Management Profile as an evaluation tool. It will be critical to build a Risk Culture across the Diocese.
Integrated Accounting System
The IAS working group have been tasked with developing policies and procedures. The format of reporting is being assessed and the minimum procedures and audit requirements for parishes that operate their financials within the IAS is being developed. The anticipated deadline for this draft is 15 December. Following this the IAS Workshop will be rolled out.
Draft Regulation Appointment of Committees
A draft regulation was circulated to members prior to the meeting. Council came to a mind that the Committees should be named WHS Committee (Work Health Safety) and FAI Committee (Finance Audit Investment), and proceeded to adopt the Regulation. This can be found at:
www.murray.anglican.org/parishes/regulations
Registry Staffing
An update in relation to Registry staffing was sought and the Bishop and Jeff provided comment. It was further noted that Jasamine Irvine will be taking maternity leave from mid February.
Professional Standards Committee
The annual report of the Professional Standards Committee was circulated to members prior to the meeting.
-
Safe Ministry Records Provincial Safe Ministry The migration of records is progressing. The rollout of the program is anticipated for December/ January.
Reports From Synod Observers
The Diocesan Representatives to the Diocese of Adelaide Synod and the Diocese of Willochra Synod each submitted reports on their attendance for the information of Council.
Episcopal Standards Ordinance and Committee
It was reported that negotiations to share services between Dioceses is still on going with the proposed scope being each Dioceses' PSD, PS Board and PS Committee to act as the other's ESD, ES Committee and ES Board. It was noted that amendments to PS Ordinances might have to be made so that the Committee and Board membership meets the ES Committee and Board membership requirements. It was further noted that The Murray might still have to find a solution for a Review Panel if necessary.
(continued overleaf...)
NATSIAC
A background paper outlining membership and financial support was circulated to members prior to the meeting. Council recognises this work, however traditionally the Diocese has not contributed financially. It was agreed to obtain information to assist Councillors and Parishes consider promoting the value of providing financial assistance for this work. Councillors were asked to give thought to who could represent the Diocese in relation to membership. It was agreed to have future discussions in relation to an Organisation Reconciliation Plan and that in 2022 a Reconciliation Committee should be established. Rick Fisher was tasked with chairing a small planning committee in order to bring a proposal to the May 2022 Synod.
Parish Project Applications Above $5,000
The following Parishes have submitted projects to Council with estimated costs above $5,000 for approval which was granted;
Western Fleurieu The refurbishment of the McLaren Vale Rectory.
Millicent & Penola Repairs to barges, ridge capping and roof flashings on the Kalangadoo Church.
Mount Gambier A solar power project for the Mount Gambier Rectory.
Onkaparinga Valley A Church doorway and ramp project for the Woodside Church.
Southern Suburbs Significant interior and exterior work including plumbing and electrical for the O'Halloran Hill Rectory.
PeaceWise Training
O'Halloran Hill 5th & 12tth March 2022
Synod 2022
27th & 28th May Murray Bridge
Website www.murray.anglican.org
Facebook www.facebook.com/pages/The Diocese of The Murray | <urn:uuid:ef95ee96-bea3-4d95-ab9f-e775da40a51f> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 5,057 |
25 mei 2021
Benodigdheden voor schuilkelders in de WIZO Youth Villages
Tieners in een aantal jeugddorpen van WIZO maken gebruik van schuilkelders die ook worden gebruikt als studentenlounges. De lounges [die toegankelijk zijn vanuit ]in de slaapzalen en zijn modern en comfortabel ingericht met een kleine keuken, banken, stoelen, een tv, spelletjes en een voorraad levensmiddelen. Wanneer het veiligheidsalarm afgaat, kunnen de jongeren snel en gemakkelijk de lounge/schuilkelder in.
Voor jongeren die in oudere gebouwen van WIZO wonen, is de situatie heel anders. De slaapzalen daar zijn nog niet uitgerust met een moderne en handige lounge/schuilkelder. Tot die oude gebouwen gerenoveerd zijn, moeten jongeren en personeel op die campussen bij een veiligheidsalarm gebouwen snel verlaten en naar schuilkelders elders op het terrein. Eerder deze maand moesten jongeren en personeel daar noodgedwongen aardig wat tijd doorbrengen. En die schuilkelders zijn niet erg comfortabel, zonder meubels, spelletjes of speelgoed. Tijdens de hevigste raketaanvallen, ook wel midden in de nacht, moesten zij soms wel bijna twee uur in de schuilkelder blijven, met veel stress en angst tot gevolg. Wij kunnen samen helpen de aankoop mogelijk te maken van meubelen en andere basisbenodigdheden die de uren in de schuilkelders van WIZO iets minder onaangenaam maken.
| | item | Kosten |
|---|---|---|
| | | per stuk |
| | | in euro’s |
| 1. | EHBO-doos | |
| 2. | Bordspel | |
| 3. | Snackpakket (groot) | |
| 4. | Set van 2 zitzakstoelen | |
| 5. | Tapijt | |
| 6. | Shelter decoraties (kleurrijke wandkleden, een frisse verflaag en andere decoratieve items om een meer ontspannen omgeving te creëren) | |
| 7. | Waterkoeler en wegwerpbekers | |
www.wizo.org
Ondersteunen van getraumatiseerde jeugd bij WIZO Youth Villages
WIZO Youth Villages zijn de 24-uurs thuisbasis van meer dan 1500 jongeren, van wie de meesten uit gezinnen komen waar zij misbruik en verwaarlozing hebben meegemaakt. Omdat iedere jongere weer andere behoeften heeft, biedt WIZO een breed scala aan therapieën aan, alle met het als doel om hen te helpen emotionele problemen te overwinnen en hun leven weer op te bouwen. Therapie is een integraal onderdeel van WIZO's bijdrage aan het welzijn van de Israëlische jeugd. In deze tijden van crises (corona, raketaanvallen) is de behoefte aan therapie groter dan anders. Uw bijdrage aan de ondersteuning van therapieën voor getraumatiseerde jongeren is een investering in de toekomst van Israël.
Onderstaande prijzen zijn per jongere per jaar, maar er is minimaal twee jaar therapie nodig voor een optimaal resultaat.
Therapieën en kosten bij WIZO Youth Villages
| | Soort therapie |
|---|---|
| 1. | Therapieën met hulp van dieren |
| | • Paardrijden en het verzorgen van paarden |
| | • Therapie met kleine dieren (honden/konijnen) |
| 2. | Danstherapie |
| 3. | Psychotherapie (groep) |
| 4. | Toneeltherapie |
| 5. | Kunsttherapie |
| 6. | Muziektherapie |
| 7. | Psychotherapie (individueel) |
Dank voor uw gift!
WIZO Nederland
www.wizo.org | <urn:uuid:bfcd7327-30ee-4033-ac4d-dcfa617b99f6> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/nld_Latn/train | finepdfs | nld_Latn | 3,078 |
АНАЛИЗ НА ПОРТФЕЙЛНОТО ПРЕДСТАВЯНЕ НА КОЛЕКТИВНИТЕ ИНВЕСТИЦИОННИ СХЕМИ В БЪЛГАРИЯ
за 2011 година
Драгомир Бояджиев, firstname.lastname@example.org
СЪДЪРЖАНИЕ
УВОД ....................................................................................................................................................................... 3
За втора поредна година, Асоциация на инвестиционните мениджъри в България (БИМА) подготви своя обзор на представянето на българските колективни инвестиционни схеми. Целта на това изследване е да запознае, както специалистите от бранша, така и широката публика с моментното състояние на сектора.
Анализът ни е замислен и изготвен като удобен визуален инструмент, чрез който нашите колеги, членовете на БИМА, както и всички заинтересовани лица ще могат да получат систематизирана, изчерпателна и безпристрастно поднесена информация за действащите български колективни инвестиционни схеми. Ще имат възможност да сравнят представянето на различните фондове и да ползват поместените данни като бенчмарк в работата си. Същевременно, сме се старали да спазваме максимална простота и яснота на информацията, така че настоящото резюме да бъде от полза и за обикновения инвеститор. Да бъде ползвано за добиване на информация и да присъства като важен наръчник за сектора.
В това издание направихме няколко малки промени и допълнения в методиката, която беше ползвана за оценка на представянето от 2010 година. С цел по-коректното оценяване на нискорисковите и балансираните инвестиционни схеми въведохме претеглен синтетичен бенчмарк от рисков инструмент – широк индекс от акции и безрисков актив – емисия държавни ценни книжа (ДЦК). Също така, добавихме и изчисления за ключовия показател, следящ представянето на портфейлните мениджъри – Information Ratio, а с цел по-лесна интерпретация на резултатите включихме няколко нови визуализационни инструменти.
УВОД
Секторът на взаимните фондове в България преживя поредна тежка година в своята история. Добрата новина за управляващите дружества и вложителите в колективни инвестиционни схеми (КИС) е, че настоящата ситуация не е по-лоша от тази през 2010 година. Активите под управление на българските управляващи дружества (УД) остават почти без изменение спрямо предходния период. Липсват и сериозни сътресения в сектора. Лошата е, че все още не се вижда светлина в тунела и реализирането на устойчив ръст на активите на дружествата за момента е неясна перспектива.
Нетната стойност на активите (НСА), управлявани от български УД не отбелязва сериозна промяна и към 31 декември 2011 година достига 469.9 милиона лева. За сравнение, през предходната 2010 година тази цифра е 472 милиона лева.
По данни на Комисия за финансов надзор (КФН), към края на 2011 г. съществуват общо 34 лицензирани, местни управляващи дружества. Три от тези УД – Адамант Кепитъл Мениджмънт ЕАД, Нюуей Асет Мениджмънт АД и Ултима Кепитъл Мениджмънт ЕАД са прекратили управляваните от тях договорни фондове. Едно дружество – Интеркарт инвестмънтс АД, след подаване на искане за прекратяване на договорен фонд Оптима селект, през 2010 година и последващо оттегляне на това искане, продължава да управлява своята инвестиционната схема, като историческа информация за размера на нетните активи и стойността на дяловете на фонда не е представена нито на уеб страницата на КФН, нито на тази на дружеството. Поради горното, ДФ Оптима селект не беше включен в настоящия обзор.
Към м.декември 2011 година на пазара на инвестиционни дружества и взаимни фондове в България се предлагаха над 100 колективни инвестиционни схеми. В този обзор сме разгледали 97 КИС (ДФ и инвестиционни дружества от отворен тип) в трите основни класа – рискови и високорискови фондове, инвестиращи предимно в акции и дялови ценни книжа; балансирани взаимни фондове; нискорискови инвестиционни схеми, инвестиращи преимуществено в облигации, държавни ценни книжа и/или инструменти на паричния пазар.
Независимо от големия брой УД и КИС в сектора, той се характеризира по-скоро с олигополна структура, като най-големите три дружества (по размер на активите под управление, включващи ИД и
ДФ, без портфейли на доверително управление, застрахователи и др.) заемат почти 50% от сектора. Това са Райфайзен Асет Мениджмънт България АД, държащ 31,7%; ДСК Управление на Активи АД – 9,9% и Елана Фонд Мениджмънт АД със 7.7% от сектора. Същевременно, първите пет дружества в класацията владеят почти 2/3 от пазара на КИС в България.
Фиг. 1
Табл. 1
ДАННИ И ОГРАНИЧИТЕЛНИ УСЛОВИЯ
Всички дружества, предмет на настоящото емпирично изследване са с история на съществуване от поне една година и съответно имат исторически котировки за минимум година назад. Представянето им е разглеждано за периода от 31.12.2010 г. до 31.12.2011 година. За основа на изследването използваме седмични стойности за нетна стойност на активите на дял (НСА/дял), определени в последния работен ден от седмицата или в последния ден в който се изчислява този показател. В случаите, когато през дадена седмица от периода няма калкулирана стойност за НСА/дял за стойност на показателя през съответната седмица, ползваме приетата стойност от предходната седмица (последната публикувана стойност за НСА/дял от предходната седмица).
За целите на изследването приемаме, че характеристиките на пазарен портфейл се въплъщават в индекса MSCI EM EASTERN EUROPE ex RUSSIA. Причините за изключване на руския пазар се крият основно в размерите и характеристиките му. Сериозният брой големи публични руски компании, работещи в почти всички важни сектори, както и силният интерес на инвеститорите към тях много често изкривява цялостното представяне на индекса в който са включени. Измененията в котировките на техните акции натежават в общата постигната доходност и риск и по този начин поставят под съмнение ефективността и безпристрастността на индекса, в който присъстват.
Следвайки желанието ни да се придържаме към идеята за ефективност на пазара и да се водим по широк, географски и секторно диверсифициран индекс, покриващ държавите в които найчесто инвестират разглежданите КИС, приемаме, че MSCI EM EASTERN EUROPE ex RUSSIA е оптималният избор.
Резонен е въпросът дали този индекс е подходящ репер за представянето на ПФБК Восток, например, който инвестира само в акции от компании от бившия СССР. С цел поставянето при равни условия на всички разглеждани схеми и предвид сравнително високата (на фона на останалите разглеждани ДФ) корелация с MSCI EM EASTERN EUROPE ex RUSSIA, която ПФБК Восток показва, считаме, че ползването на споменатия индекс за бенчмарк е допустимо и в този случай.
В продължение, приемаме, че общият риск на еталонния портфейл е целево ниво за риска при разглежданите инвестиционни схеми от всички групи, т.е. целевият коефициент бета на всеки фонд от тези групи е 1.0. За безрискова норма на възвръщаемост приемаме доходността постигната на първичен пазар от емисия едногодишни български ДЦК, ISIN BG3010110008, с дата на първо откриване 8 декември 2010 г. и с матуритет 8 декември 2011 година. Емисията постигна средна доходност от 2.39%.
Както споменахме, с това издание въвеждаме малка корекция в методологията от 2010 година. Тези „настройки" засягат най-вече еталонните (базисните) портфейли с които сравняваме всеки от подсекторите. Фондовете от групата на високорисковите схеми са сравнявани с портфейл, съставен от 100% индекса MSCI EM EASTERN EUROPE ex RUSSIA; балансираните КИС са сравнявани с портфейл, изграден от равни части (50%/50%) индекса MSCI EM EASTERN EUROPE ex RUSSIA и безрисковия актив ДЦК – BG3010110008; нискорисковите ДФ и тези инвестиращи в инструменти на паричния пазар са оценявани по портфейл съставен от съответно (10%/90%) MSCI EM EASTERN EUROPE ex RUSSIA и безрисковия актив BG3010110008.
В допълнение, при изчисляването на Information ratio за всеки от фондовете сравняваме генерираната възвръщаемост с тази на бенчмарка за съответната група – със 100% MSCI EM EASTERN EUROPE ex RUSSIA за рисковите и високорисковите; с 50%/50% MSCI EM EASTERN EUROPE ex RUSSIA и BG3010110008 за балансираните схеми и с 10%/90% MSCI EM EASTERN EUROPE ex RUSSIA и BG3010110008 за нискорисковите фондове и тези на паричен пазар. При изчисляване на полустандартното отклонение в коефициента на Sortino, за целево ниво на доходност използваме средния размер на лихвения процент по безсрочни депозити за домакинствата. Според статистиката на Българска народна банка, към 31.12.2011 г. стойността на този лихвен процент е 3.67%.
МЕТОДОЛОГИЯ
Коректната и пълна оценка на доходността и риска на дадена колективна инвестиционна схема и в частност на договорен фонд е широко дискутиран проблем във финансовите среди. Съществуват редица изследвания по темата, засягащи представянето на фондове, инвестиращи и търгуващи на развитите финансови пазари. Независимо от липсата на систематични и актуални проучвания за развиващите се пазари и в частност за българския фондов пазар правилният анализ и оценка на портфейлното представяне са от съществена важност за практическия портфолио мениджмънт.
Както и при предишното издание, проучваме и класираме разглежданите КИС основно по метода на Eugene Fama 1,2 , но прилагаме и стандартни коефициенти, оценяващи качествата на портфейлното управление. Такива са коефициентите на Sharpe, Treynor, Sortino, Jensen‟s alpha, Information ratio.
Подробно обяснение на използваната актуализирана методология можете да намерите на интернет страницата на Асоциация на инвестиционните мениджъри в България (БИМА), в секция „Документи" (www.bima.bg).
ФОНДОВЕ В АКЦИИ И ВИСОКОРИСКОВИ ВЗАИМНИ ФОНДОВЕ
В настоящото резюме сме разгледали 44 взаимни фонда, менажирани от български управляващи дружества и инвестиращи предимно в акции и високорискови активи. Спрямо предходната година сме включили 4 нови фонда, които междувременно са достигнали едногодишна история на своите котировки. Това са – Елана Глобален фонд Акции, ОББ Премиум Евро акции, ПФБК Восток и Статус Глобал ETFs.
Към края на 2011 г. нетната стойност на активите под управление в този подсектор достига 136 милиона лева.
В таблица 2 сме поместили класиране на фондовете от групата, подредени според реализираната доходност за 2011 година.
Табл. 2
Източник: Българска асоциация на управляващите дружества (БАУД); Интернет страници на дружествата;
Комисия за финансов надзор (КФН); БИМА
(*) Стойностите за промяна в местата са стандартизирани
От горната таблица е видно, че за 2011 г. положителна доходност постигат фонд мениджърите на 8 фонда или едва 18% от групата (спрямо 18 фонда или 45% за 2010 г.). Същевременно 5 от фондовете (малко над 11% от общо разглежданите) успяват да победят безрисковия ни бенчмарк.
Стандартно отклонение
В процеса на анализ и оценка на портфейлното представяне, отново следваме метода на Fama, според който декомпозираме реализираната доходност на две основни части, т.е. разглеждаме постигнатия резултат (рисковата премия) като съвкупност от два основни източника, генериращи печалба (възвръщаемост) за вложилите в съответния фонд. Тези фактори на реализираната доходност са:
- Доходност от селекция, представляваща възвръщаемост на инвестиционния портфейл, генерирана от способностите на портфейлния мениджър да подбира и включва в портфейла си „най-добрите" акции, които са котирани на пазара, и
- Доходност породена от способността на мениджъра да анализира и предвижда основния пазарен тренд. Тази, втора част от общата рискова премия на фонда, дава представа за поетия от портфолио мениджъра допълнителен риск.
В таблица 3 сме представили декомпозираните стойности за постигнатата доходност за всеки от фондовете.
Табл. 3
Източник: БИМА
Доходността от селекция е основен критерий, по който определяме доколко един портфейл е управляван успешно. В общия случай тя показва дали даден портфейл се представя по-добре в сравнение с наивно избран такъв, при съответно спазване на същото ниво на риск. Също така, този показател измерва ex-post доколко портфейлът се отклонява от пазарната линия и до голяма степен дава сходна информация с коефициента на Treynor.
Фиг. 3
Очаквана доходност
На фигура 3 е показана съпоставка на доходността от селекция, спрямо общата генерирана рискова премия. В сравнение с 2010 година (фигура 4) през изминалия период виждаме и по-силна разпръснатост на очакваните/генерирани възвръщаемости. Очевидно е, че през 2011 година фонд мениджърите масово са увеличили дела на акциите в портфейлите на своите ДФ и тази допълнителна диверсификация се е отразила върху общия риск на схемите.
За съжаление, почти всички КИС от групата генерират отрицателна доходност от поетия допълнителен риск през изминалия период (вж. таблица 3 – Доходност от риск). Само един фонд – Перспектива на Общинска банка показва положителна, ненулева стойност за този показател.
За да видим как е структурирана доходността от селекция продължаваме с декомпозирането й. В случай, че общият риск на портфейла е равен на систематичния му риск, то можем да твърдим, че портфейлът на дадения фонд е перфектно диверсифициран спрямо пазарния ни бенчмарк и портфолио мениджърът не трябва да генерира допълнителна доходност, с която да възнагради инвеститорите (да оправдае липсата на диверсификация). Доходността на съответния портфейл (фонд) ще корелира идеално с представянето на индекса/бенчмарка. Във всеки случай, различен от горния, т.е. σp/σm ≠ βp, портфолио мениджърът трябва да генерира допълнителна доходност над тази на наивно избран портфейл със същия риск (еталона, пазарния портфейл).
На фигура 5 сме представили графично декомпозираните възвръщаемости за всеки фонд. Това са: доходността от диверсификация; доходността от нетна селекция; общата доходност от селекция; доходността от поемането на риск и реализираната историческа доходност.
От тази изключително нагледна графика можем да забележим веднага няколко ключови момента:
При текущите пазарни условия и при съответното ниво на поет от портфолио мениджърите риск, почти всички от разглежданите инвестиционни схеми са позиционирани в рамки, в които няма как да генерират положителна доходност за своите инвеститори. Виждаме, че доходността от поемане на риск е с положителна стойност само за ДФ Перспектива на Общинска банка. При други два фонда – ОББ Премиум Евро акции и Аврора ЮИЕ тези стойностите са практически нулеви;
Всички разглеждани фондове отчитат негативни стойности за доходност от диверсификация, т.е. за всеки от избраните инвестиционни портфейли (при избраното от портфолио мениджърите ниво на риск) съответната стойност може да бъде интерпретирана като пропусната възможност за реализиране на доходност при поетото ниво на риск;
Инвестиционните схеми отчитащи положителна доходност от нетна селекция, компенсират в определена степен тази негативна тенденция. Това е така, тъй като само когато доходността от нетна селекция е значително по-голяма от доходността от диверсификация, можем да твърдим, че инвеститорите са били подобаващо възнаградени за допълнително поетия риск.
Последното е показател за добре управляван портфейл, носещ задоволителна доходност на вложилите в него. От фигура 5 е видно, че фонд мениджърите на едва 8 фонда са диверсифицирали успешно портфейлите си и са селектирали „добри" акции. Тези КИС са: ОББ Патримониум Земя, БенчМарк фонд 4, Алфа Индекс имоти, КТБ Фонд Акции, Общинска Банка – фонд Перспектива, ЦКБ Лидер, Астра Плюс, Елана Глобален фонд Акции (EUR). Всички останали високорискови КИС не постигат необходимата доходност, която да задоволи и обезщети в достатъчна степен вложилите в тях.
Високото, положително за всички фондове ниво на поет мениджърски риск ни показва силно положителната нагласа, с която екипите, управляващи КИС са подходили към 2011 г. Това е видно и от далеч по-високите бета коефициенти, които се отчитат, в сравнение с 2010 година. Явно е, че масово очакванията са били за добро представяне на капиталовите пазари през изминалата 2011 г.
Табл. 4
Източник: БИМА
В горната таблица сме подредили фондовете според техните резултати, калкулирани за коефициента Information ratio. Този коефициент е важен показател за представянето на портфейл от финансови активи и е един от най-широко ползваните критерии за оценка на фондове. Виждаме, че независимо от втората реализирана историческа доходност, фондът Патримониум земя на ОББ показва най-добър резултат. Веднага след него се нареждат КТБ Фонд Акции, Алфа Индекс имоти и Общинска Банка – фонд Перспектива.
„Имотните" фондове – Патримониум земя и Алфа Индекс имоти, обаче са с по-лоша диверсификация (техният коефициент по Treynor е по-висок от този по Sharpe). Много възможно е, това да се дължи на тясната инвестиционна рамка в която оперират тези два фонда, тъй като те инвестират предимно в компании от имотния сектор. Но всички знаем, че по-лошата диверсификация носи и повисок риск за инвеститорите и това дали даден инвеститор ще избере фонд с по-тясна инвестиционна рамка зависи пряко от неговите желания, стратегия и интереси. В общия случай, предпочитанията ни клонят към схеми с по-добре диверсифициран портфейл.
По-високата постигната доходност, по-добрата диверсификация на портфейла и високата стойност по Sortino – втора след тази на фонда на ОББ (Коефициентът на Sortino ни дава информация за нивото на опасност от низходящи движения в цените на дяловете на фонда. Колкото стойността на този коефициент е по-висока, толкова тази опасност е по-малка) извеждат фонд Перспектива на Общинска банка на водеща позиция сред агресивно инвестиращите КИС.
Екипът на Общинска Банка Асет Мениджмънт АД затвърждава успешното си представяне, след като и през 2010 година, фонд „Перспектива" се нареди сред водещите КИС и се класира на четвърто място със 7.82%.
Фиг. 6
Information Ratio
Фиг. 7
Sortino
Sharpe
БАЛАНСИРАНИ ФОНДОВЕ
Към 31.12.2011 година, общият размер на активите под управление в групата възлиза на 110 милиона лева.
Разгледали сме 29 КИС, притежаващи балансиран рисков профил и ръководени от български управляващи дружества. В таблица 5 сме поместили класиране на фондовете от групата, подредени според реализираната доходност за 2011 година.
Табл. 5
Източник: БАУД; Интернет страници на дружествата; КФН; БИМА
През 2011 г. положителна доходност постигат фонд мениджърите на 4 балансирани фонда или малко под 14% от общата извадка (15 балансирани схеми отчетоха положителна доходност през 2010 година). От споменатите четири схеми с положителен резултат, балансираният фонд на Общинска банка
(8.34%); КТБ – фонд Балансиран (6.54%) и ЦКБ Актив (3.74%) побеждават безрисковата норма на възвръщаемост(ДЦК, ISIN BG3010110008, с реализирана доходност 2.39%).
Фиг. 8
Стандартно отклонение
В тази класификационна група е силно забележима тенденцията на запазване на позициите на фондовете спрямо предходната 2010 година. Независимо от факта, че като цяло реализираната доходност е значително по-ниска от тази за предходния разглеждан период, близо 1/5 от всички КИС не променят позициите си в общата класация на база историческата доходност. Практически, през 2011 година челната тройка остава същата както и през 2010.
Очаквана доходност
От графиката на фигура 9 виждаме, че очакваната доходност за поетото ниво на риск (доходността от селекция) е с отрицателна стойност за почти всики фондове от групата. Като цяло и тук е налице по-голяма степен на риск, поет от портфолио мениджърите спрямо 2010 година. Само три от фондовете, обаче отчитат положителни стойности за прираст от селекция. Това са вече споменатите
Общинска Банка – Балансиан фонд, КТБ – Балансиран фонд и ЦКБ Актив. Всички останали разгледани участници не възнаграждават в достатъчна степен доверието на инвестиралите в тях.
Голяма час от разглежданите схеми постигат доходност от нетна селекция около и под нулевата и така не успяват да оправдаят рисковите очаквания на своите инвеститори. Същевременно обаче, масово поетият риск не е бил оправдан и едва няколко от разгледаните участници постигат успешна диверсификация на портфейла си.
Бета коефициент
В таблица 6 сме поместили данни за декомпозираните доходности на всички КИС от групата на балансираните инвестиционни схеми, a в таблица 7 – коефициентите на Sharpe, Treynor, Sortino и Jensen‟s alpha. Изводите, които направихме по-горе при разглеждането на групата на високорисковите КИС важат с пълна сила и тук. Независимо от високите нива на възприет риск от портфолио мениджърите, много малко от разглежданите фондове успяват да възнаградят инвеститорите с ръст, който да бъде съизмерим с потенциалните опасности.
Интересни са резултатите от фигура 11, които наблюдаваме за фондовете ЮГ Маркет Оптимум и Елана Балансиран доларов фонд (в USD), а също и за Райфайзен България Балансиран доларов фонд (също в USD). Докато в случая с колективната инвестиционна схема на ЮГ Маркет Фонд Мениджмънт АД най-високата реализирана доходност от нетна селекция е компенсирана почти напълно от лоша диверсификация на портфейла и резултантната стойност е минимална, то при другите два фонда причината за ниските резултати за доходност от диверсификация са различни. Ясно е, че в тези рекордно ниски стойности е включено и влиянието на валутния риск. Волатилността на щатската валута, в която са котирани дяловете на тези фондове допълнително увеличава стойностите на техните дисперсии.
Действително, валутният риск променя драстично както крайния резултат на фондовете, така и техния риск, а в крайна сметка изменя и представата, която получаваме за начина на управлявление на двете колективни инвестиционни схеми. Същевременно, тъй като настоящият анализ е насочен специално към българската професионална и инвестиционна общественост считаме, че калкулирането на всички рискове и привеждането на резултатите към българския лев е задължително в следваната от нас методика.
Табл. 6
Източник: БИМА
Резултатите от изследването ни, които са публикувани в таблица 7 само затвърждават казаното до момента. Трите фонда, постигнали най-висока доходност през 2011 година са очаквано водещи и
при коефициентите за представяне. Независимо от факта, че по водещия в нашата методика показател – Information ratio, фондът на Корпоративна Търговска Банка измества този на Общинска Банка, той седи далеч по-добре, както според Sortino, така и според Sharpe, а отрицателният коефициент на Treynor е резонен, предвид негативният бета коефициент.
Табл. 7
Източник: БИМА
В заключение трябва да кажем, че и при балансираните КИС, както и в групата на агресивно инвестиращите фондове, колективните инвестиционни схеми, управлявани от екипа на Общинска Банка Асет Мениджмънт АД затвърждават доброто си представяне, като за втора поредна година заемат челните места по доходност и управление на риска в своите портфейли.
Фиг. 12
НИСКОРИСКОВИ ФОНДОВЕ И ФОНДОВЕ НА ПАРИЧЕН ПАЗАР
Към 31.12.2011 г. общия размер на НСА за групата възлиза на 223 милиона лева. Разгледали сме 24 взаимни фонда, управлявани от български дружества и притежаващи нискорисков инвестиционен профил. В таблица 8 сме поместили класиране на фондовете от групата, подредени според реализираната доходност за 2011 година, техните рискови показатели и реализираната рискова премия.
Табл. 8
Източник: БАУД; Интернет страници на дружествата; КФН; БИМА (*) Стойностите за промяна в местата са стандартизирани
За разлика от 2010 година, когато всички фондове приключиха на положителна територия, през 2011 три фонда от групата на нискорисковите КИС отчетоха отрицателна доходност. Това са Експат Бондс с -3.22%; TBI Евробонд с -3,51% и Стандарт инвестмънт Консервативен фонд с рекордните -17.85%. Последният е и сред най-лошо представилите се консервативни фондове през 2010 година. Същевременно, 16 фонда или 67% от групата регистрират резултат, който е равен или подобър на безрисковия ни бенчмарк. Доброто си представяне от предишния разглеждан период затвърждават Елана фонд Паричен пазар и ЦКБ Гарант, които за втора поредна година намират място в челната тройка.
Стандартно отклонение
Елана Долар фонд отново привлича внимание с високия си портфейлен риск, както и отрицателната корелация на портфейла с индексния ни бенчмарк. Както споменахме по-горе, това е продиктувано от движението на USD през изминалата година и прибавянето на валутния риск към общия риск на взаимния фонд. Изключването на компонентата валутен риск от общия риск на фонда вкарва показателите за общ и специфичен риск на Елана Долар фонд в „нормалните" за групата граници: σ = 0.13; β = 0.05. Така изчисленият коефициент бета е без отчитане на валутния риск на дяловете и при съотнасяне към еталонния ни портфейл. Въпреки това, в този случай, останалите показатели на фонда, включително неговата доходност, се влошават драстично. Коефициентът на Sortino придобива отрицателна стойност.
По реализирана доходност Елана фонд Паричен пазар се класира на трето място, но портфейлът му е показва признаци на по-добре диверсифициран и структуриран от портфейлите на фондовете класирани на първо и второ място – съответно Елана Долар фонд и ЦКБ Гарант. Този факт е подкрепен и от по-добрите показатели за доходност от риск, както и от значително по-високия коефициент на Sortino – 28.20. По тези критерии Елана фонд Паричен пазар превъзхожда двата фонда постигнали по-висока доходност.
Табл. 9
Източник: БИМА
Фиг. 14
10%
Очаквана доходност
Всички фондове от групата показват резултати за реализирана доходност от поетия риск, които са близки до нулата величини. Последното е допустимо, предвид инвестиционния фокус на групата, като случаите, в които тези показатели се комбинират с положителни стойности на реализираната доходност от селекция говорят за добре структуриран и подбран портфейл. Тук, освен водещите по отчетена доходност Елана фонд Паричен пазар, ЦКБ Гарант и ОББ Платинум облигации, трябва да споменем и добрите постижения на Елана Еврофонд, БенчМарк фонд 6 и ДСК Имоти, които независимо от поскромния краен резултат, възнаграждават инвеститорите си с добра доходност.
Доходност от селекция
Доходност от поемане на риск
Реализирана доходност
Доходност от нетна селекция
Доходност от диверсификация
Табл. 10
Източник: БИМА
От таблица 10 можем да видим, че Елана фонд Паричен пазар има челна позиция и при коефициентите, които сравняват постигнатата от него доходност с тази на еталонния ни бенчмарк портфейл.Що се отнася до риска на портфейла, неговата диверсификация и опасността от проява на спадове в стойността му, двата фонда на Райфайзен Асет Мениджмънт България АД – Райфайзен (България) фонд Защитна Инвестиция в Евро и Райфайзен (България) фонд Паричен пазар са структурирани доста по-добре. Изключително високите им коефициенти на Sortino и Sharp отличават тези два фонда от цялата група. Същевременно, много доброто представяне по критериите Information ratio и реализирана доходност, както и стойностите за бета, които са близки до нулеви превръщат Райфайзен (България) фонд Защитна Инвестиция в Евро и Райфайзен (България) фонд Паричен пазар в лидери на подсектора по отношение – доходност към ниво на поет риск.
1. Fama, E. "Efficient Capital Market: A Review of theory and Empirical work", Journal of Finance, Vol. 25, No. 2, (1970).
2. Fama, E. "Components of Investment Performance", Journal of Finance, Vol. 27, No. 3, (1972).
ОГРАНИЧЕНИЕ НА ОТГОВОРНОСТТА
Този документ е предназначен за разпространение само при такива обстоятелства, които могат да
бъдат разрешени от закона. Този документ е публикуван единствено с информационна цел, той не
представлява реклама, не е и не трябва да се тълкува като предложение за продажба или покана за
закупуване на ценни книжа или извършване на инвестиция. Асоциация на Инвестиционните
Мениджъри в България (БИМА), както и нейните членове и представители по никакъв начин не се
ангажират и не обещават постигане на печалби, не предлагат и не гарантират такива, нито поемат
отговорност за каквито и да било инвестиционни загуби. Този документ е изготвен на базата на
публично достъпна информация, получена от източници, смятани за достоверни. Инвестициите са
свързани с понасяне на финансов риск и инвеститорите трябва да действат предпазливо при
вземането на инвестиционни решения. БИМА не дава гаранции и не носи отговорност за точността и
пълнотата на информацията в този документ. Мненията, съдържащи се в доклада се основават на
информация, която е публично достъпна към момента на публикуване и подлежат на промяна без
предизвестие. Инвестициите в акции и дялове на договорни фондове не са гарантирани от държавен
гаранционен фонд, фонд за гарантиране на инвестициите или от друг вид гаранция. Ценните книжа,
описани в настоящия документ могат да не бъдат подходящи и/или допуснати за продажба в други
държави, юрисдикции или на определени категории инвеститори. Опции, деривативни продукти и
фючърси не са подходящи за всички инвеститори и търговията с тези инструменти се счита за
високорискова. Миналото представяне не е индикация за бъдещите резултати. Стойността на
инвестицията или доходите, могат да спадат, както и никога да не се възстановят в пълния си размер.
Когато една инвестиция е деноминирана във валута, различна от местната валута на ползвателя на
настоящия документ, промените в обменните курсове може да имат неблагоприятен ефект върху
крайната стойност, цената или доходността от тази инвестиция. Нито БИМА, нито някой от нейните
членове или представители поема отговорност за загуби или вреди, произтичащи от използването на
каквато и да било част от информацията, поместена в този документ. БИМА, нейните служители и
представители могат да притежават дълги и/или къси позиции във финансови инструменти и други
активи, които са представени в този документ. Този документ може да съдържа връзки към интернет
страници на трети страни. БИМА не носи отговорност за съдържанието на интернет страниците на трети
страни или на свързани интернет страници, съдържащи се в интернет страници на трети страни. Данни
и информация съдържащи се в интернет страници на трети страни не представляват част от този
документ и не са включени чрез препратки в настоящия документ. Включването на връзки и интернет
страници в този документ не предполага наличие на свързаност с БИМА. Достъпът на потребителите на
този документ до интернет страници на трети страни става на собствен риск, желателно при
запознаване с условията и правилата за поверителност на тези интернет страници, преди да публикуват
личната си информация на тях. Оповестяванията, съдържащи се в този документ се тълкуват в
съответствие с българското законодателство.
© Всички права запазени. Асоциация на Инвестиционните Менииджъри в България (БИМА) 2012,
ВСИЧКИ ПРАВА ЗАПАЗЕНИ. Никоя част от тази публикация не може да бъде копирана, репродуктирана,
разпространявана, записвана в информационна система или предавана във всякаква форма или с
всякакви средства, електронни, механични, фотокопиращи, записващи или други, без предварителното
писмено разрешение на Асоциация на Инвестиционните Менииджъри в България и нейните
представляващи.
Емитент на доклада:
Асоциация на Инвестиционните Менииджъри в България (БИМА)
А: ул. Кокиче № 4, София 1164, България
М: +359 87 8917 466
T/Ф: +359 2 9634 650
И: www.bima.bg
30 | <urn:uuid:a8efdb12-c090-443f-badb-a5755fe47512> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/bul_Cyrl/train | finepdfs | bul_Cyrl | 31,071 |
Arbeidsparticipatie: begrip, meting en een Europese vergelijking 1987-1991
Willem Dercksen en Cees van Paridon¹
Sinds twee jaar is een verhoging van de arbeidsparticipatie het belangrijkste doel van het sociaal-economisch beleid in Nederland. De Sociale Nota 1993 en het recente SER-advisie over de overlegeconomie zijn zo te zeggen geheel doortrokken van het participatievirus (Sociale Zaken en Werkgelegenheid, 1992; Sociaal-Economische Raad, 1992). In economisch opzicht is vooral de lage participatie in arbeidsjaren problematisch, in sociaal opzicht de lage arbeidsdeelname in personen. Het WRR-rapport "Een werkend perspectief" becijferde de achterstand van Nederland op de Europese Gemeenschap als geheel op 6 arbeidsjaren per 100 inwoners in de leeftijd van 15-64 jaar (minus scholieren en studenten). Dit kengetal heeft betrekking op 1987. In de Sociale Nota 1993 is de achterstand voor 1990 becijferd op 7 procentpunten (Sociale Zaken en Werkgelegenheid, 1992, bijlage 5). Is de Nederlandse positie in de EG op dit punt dus nog verder verslechterd?
In dit artikel gaan we allereerst in op het begrip arbeidsparticipatie, de operationalisering en de waarneming ervan. Hoewel het een basisbegrip is geeft het toch vaak misverstanden, vooral bij internationale vergelijking. Een moeilijkheid is dat een op dezelfde wijze gedefinieerd begrip door per land verschillende operationalisaties en manieren van waarnemen tot niet geheel vergelijkbare uitkomsten leidt. Een andere moeilijkheid is de omrekening van de arbeidsparticipatie naar arbeidsjaren. Bij de operationalisering moeten keuzes worden gemaakt. We behandelen beide zaken en expliciteren vervol-
¹ Willem Dercksen is hoogleraar sociaal-economisch beleid aan de Rijksuniversiteit Utrecht en directeur van de Onderzoeksschool AWSB. Cees van Paridon is stafmedewerker bij de WRR en tevens bijzonder hoogleraar Duitse economie aan de Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam.
gens de berekeningswijze van de arbeidsparticipatie in arbeidsjaren. Noch in het WRR-rapport noch in de Sociale Nota 1993 is deze geëxpliciteerd. Aan de uitkomsten van de berekeningen is te zien dat er verschillen zijn. De hierboven genoemde kengetallen zijn dan ook niet precies vergelijkbaar. In paragraaf 3 analyseren we de Nederlandse arbeidsdeelname in vergelijking tot die in andere EG-landen en de ontwikkeling in de periode 1987-1991. We specificeren het beeld naar leeftijd en geslacht. Nederland blijkt weliswaar iets van zijn achterstand in te lopen, maar de verschillen met andere EG-lidstaten zijn nog altijd aanzienlijk.
1. Het begrip arbeidsparticipatie
Om de arbeidsparticipatie in een land goed te kunnen beschrijven is statistische informatie nodig over de volgende begrippen: potentiële beroepsbevolking, werkenden en werklozen. Ingezetenen in de leeftijd van 15-64 jaar vormen de potentiële beroepsbevolking. Wanneer we de werkenden en werklozen daarvan af trekken resteren de economisch inactieven. Dit zijn veelal huisvrouwen, vervroegd gepensioneerden, arbeidsongeschikten, scholieren en studenten. Voor alle duidelijkheid: inactief betekent niet dat deze mensen niets doen. Ze kunnen allerlei waardevolle activiteiten verrichten. Indien zij daarvoor echter geen (financiële) beloning ontvangen, en dus ook geen belasting en sociale premies betalen, tellen zij niet mee voor de arbeidsparticipatie.
Bruto en netto arbeidsparticipatie. Arbeidsparticipatie wordt vaak gedefinieerd als het percentage werkenden binnen de potentiële beroepsbevolking. Dit noemen we de netto arbeidsparticipatie. Voor de werkenden gelden hierbij geen leeftijdsgrenzen. Ook werkenden ouder dan 64 jaar, of jonger dan 15 jaar, doen mee in de teller van het bovenstaande quotiënt. Uit gegevens van EUROSTAT blijkt overigens dat arbeid van jonge kinderen slechts in bepaalde landen waargenomen wordt. Dat betekent niet dat deze kinderarbeid er niet is. Statistisch waarnemen is iets anders dan het in werkelijkheid voorkomen. Het CBS stelt bijvoorbeeld voor kinderen jonger dan 15 jaar niet vast of zij werken, omdat het hier om een zeer gering aantal gaat. Ook de werkende 15-jarigen worden vaak niet waargenomen. EUROSTAT nam in de arbeidsmarktsurveys van de lidstaten in 1991 270.000 werkenden jonger dan 16 jaar waar. Hiervan komt 25 procent uit Italië, eveneens 25 procent uit Portugal en bijna 19 procent uit Nederland.
Het begrip werkende is op zichzelf reeds lastig. Wanneer is iemand werkend? De gebruikelijke definitie is: iedereen die in loondienst, als zelfstandige of meewerkend gezinslid arbeid verricht. Hierbij kunnen ook urengrenzen gehanteerd worden. In het verleden golden er in de Nederlandse definitie
van werkende minimum urengrenzen van 25 uur, 20 uur en 15 uur per week. Met ingang van 1984 heeft het CBS de laatste urengrens laten vallen. Sinds die tijd tellen ook alle deeltijdbanen korter dan 15 uur mee voor de vaststelling van de omvang van de werkzame beroepsbevolking. In 1991 besloot de Centrale Commissie voor de Statistiek om met ingang van 1992 een grens van 12 uur aan te leggen. De Enquête Beroepsbevolking blijft overigens wel informatie verschaffen over kleine deeltijdbanen.
Naast de netto arbeidsdeelname is ook de bruto arbeidsparticipatie een relevante indicator. Het gaat dan om de optelsom van werkenden en werklozen, weer als percentage van de potentiële beroepsbevolking. Werkloosheid is in Nederland erg restrictief gedefinieerd. Volgens de huidige definitie van het officiële werkloosheidscijfer behoren alle personen van 16-64 jaar tot de geregistreerde werkloosheid die:
- niet betaald werkzaam zijn,
- staan ingeschreven bij een arbeidsbureau,
- beschikbaar zijn om een werkkring te aanvaarden van 20 uur per week of meer.
Deze criteria zijn, met uitzondering van de 20 uren-grens, conform de aanbevelingen van de Internationale Arbeidsorganisatie. Het Centraal Planbureau hanteert een wat minder restrictieve definitie: Aan Werkzoekenden Zonder Baan (WZB) worden geen eisen gesteld omtrent de beschikbaarheid in uren. De waarneming van de Nederlandse werkloosheid gebeurt via de combinatie van gegevens van de Enquête Beroepsbevolking (EBB) en de registratie door de arbeidsbureaus. Thans is een verdere restrictie van de werkloosheidsdefinitie in discussie. Het CBS stelt voor om die werklozen niet langer mee te tellen die, blijkens eigen opgave in de EBB, niet actief naar werk zoeken. Anderzijds zouden twee andere groepen wel meegeteld moeten worden: (1) personen die niet werken, actief zoeken naar werk voor 12-19 uur per week en beschikbaar zijn, evenals (2) personen die minder dan 12 uur per week werken én actief zoeken naar werk voor 12 uur of meer per week én beschikbaar zijn. Per saldo resulteert dit in een betrekkelijk geringe daling van de officiële werkloosheid, voor 1990 van 346.000 tot 321.000 (Bierings, Imbens en Van Bochove, 1991). Deze specificatie zou ook als norm kunnen gelden voor de nu onderling niet geheel vergelijkbare werkloosheidscijfers van de EG-lidstaten.
Arbeidsparticipatie in personen en in arbeidsjaren. De arbeidsparticipatie kan uitgedrukt worden in personen of in arbeidsjaren (voltijdbanen). Met name in landen met veel deeltijdarbeid, zoals Nederland, kunnen de verschillen tussen beide indicatoren groot zijn. Momenteel werkt in Nederland circa een op de drie werknemers in deeltijd. Er zijn verschillende criteria voor
deeltijdbaan. Eén criterium is werk van minder dan 35 uur per week. De EBB 1990 laat dan zien dat 33 procent van de werkenden korter dan 35 uur per week werkt (Sociale Zaken en Werkgelegenheid, 1991). Een tweede criterium is de eigen opgave van de respondenten. Volgens dit criterium werkt in Nederland 30 procent van de werkenden in deeltijd (Sociale Zaken en Werkgelegenheid, 1990). Een groot deel van deze deeltijdwerkers heeft een baan van een of enkele uren per week. Nederland is zowel op het punt van deeltijdbanen korter dan 10 uur per week als van deeltijdbanen langer dan 10 uur per week koploper in de EG\(^2\). Vooral met de overgang in 1987 van Arbeidskrachtentelling (AKT) naar Enquête Beroepsbevolking (EBB) is de categorie kleine deeltijdbanen goed in het statistisch beeld gekomen (Van Paridon, 1989). Hoewel de definitie van het begrip werkende gelijk bleef, veranderde de uitkomst. Dit was voor een deel toe te schrijven aan een iets andere vraagstelling in de EBB, voor een ander deel aan de toepassing van computer-gestuurde enquêtering en verder aan de overgang van een enquête in het voorjaar naar maandelijkse enquêtering. Een vergelijking van de vragen in de arbeidsmarktsurveys in de verschillende lidstaten van de EG bevestigt het vermoeden dat het Nederlandse CBS de categorie werkenden nauwkeuriger waarnemt dan de statistische bureaus in de andere lidstaten. Kleine deeltijdbanen als krantenbezorger en zaterdaghulp komen hier beter in beeld. Om die reden onderscheiden we in het vervolg van dit artikel niet alleen de (netto) arbeidsparticipatie in personen, maar ook de netto arbeidsparticipatie uitgedrukt in personen die 10 uur of meer werken per week\(^3\). Dat hier gekozen is voor de grens van 10 uur per week, vloeit voort uit de aard van de bij EUROSTAT beschikbare data (deeltijdwerk gespecificeerd naar categorieën van 5 uur). De Centrale Commissie voor de Statistiek van het CBS heeft de 12-uurgrens voor de definiëring van de werkzame beroepsbevolking op empirische gronden vastgesteld. Het argument is dat een meerderheid van degenen die 12 uur per week of meer werken dit als hun voornaamste bezigheid beschouwt, terwijl van degenen die per week minder uren werken slechts een minderheid dit als voornaamste bezigheid ziet (Bierings, Imbens en Van Bochove, 1991). Voor internationale vergelijkingen valt echter ook het CBS terug op het 10-uurcriterium (CBS, 1992; Van Bastelaer, 1993).
---
\(^2\)Zie EUROSTAT (1993), tabellen 34 en 51. In Nederland werkt 11.1 procent van alle werkenden 10 uur of minder, in de EG is dat cijfer 2.9 procent. Deeltijdbanen langer dan 10 uur worden in Nederland bezet door 21.6 procent van alle werkenden, in de EG door 10.9 procent.
\(^3\)Hierbij is gebruikt gemaakt van de \textit{feitelijke} wekelijkse arbeidstijd, dwz het aantal uren dat iemand in een bepaalde periode (de referentieperiode van de arbeidsmarktsurvey) werkt. Dit begrip is te onderscheiden van de \textit{gebruikelijke} werktijd, dwz. het aantal uren dat iemand gebruikelijk werkt per week.
In een internationale vergelijking van de arbeidsparticipatie uitgedrukt in arbeidsjaren is het van belang onderscheid te maken tussen de gebruikelijke (bij CAO overeengekomen) en de feitelijke werktijd. Verschillen tussen beide ontstaan onder meer door ziekteverzuim, overwerk, werktijdverkorting, verlof en vakanties. De waarneming van deze verschillen is uiteraard gevoelig voor het moment van enquêteren. Tijdens een griepepidemie zal het verschil tussen gebruikelijke en feitelijke werktijd aanmerkelijk groter zijn dan in de eerste weken na de zomervakantie.
Daarnaast heeft EUROSTAT de ervaring dat respondenten nauwkeuriger kunnen aangeven hoeveel uur ze feitelijk in een bepaalde periode gewerkt hebben dan hoeveel uur ze volgens contract/afspraak zouden hebben moeten werken.
Voor zover naar de gebruikelijke arbeidstijd wordt verwezen kan nog gecorrigeerd worden voor het aantal uren dat een arbeidsjaar in een land telt. Voor de industrie in de EG varieert dit van 1648 uur in Duitsland tot 1935 uur in Portugal (1 oktober 1990). Op basis van Nederland = 100 is het indexcijfer voor Duitsland 95 en voor Portugal 112. Dit indexcijfer is voor de Verenigde Staten 110 en voor Japan 124 (International Labour Review, 1991, blz. 512).
Hoe berekenen we nu de netto arbeidsparticipatie in arbeidsjaren? Ofwel, hoe tellen afzonderlijke banen op tot voltijdse banen? Om deze vraag te beantwoorden is allereerst een definitie nodig van een voltijdse baan: is dat de standaard 40 uur, of moeten we uitgaan van de per land (en sector) verschillende urennorm voor een voltijdse baan? Deze vraag is in zoverre van belang dat de EG-lidstaten belangrijke verschillen vertonen in de omvang van de gewerkte werkweek, als opgegeven door diegenen die aangeven voltijds te werken. Daar komt nog een tweede aspect bij. In de EUROSTAT-survey wordt zowel gevraagd naar de feitelijk gewerkte (verder: actual) als naar het gebruikelijke aantal uren (verder: usual) dat men werkt. Ook hier kunnen belangrijke verschillen optreden, niet alleen tussen maar zeker ook binnen landen. Voor Nederland bedraagt de gemiddelde werkweek voor een voltijdse betrekking 38.4 uur volgens de actual-maatstaf, maar 39.1 uur volgens de usual-maatstaf.
In het WRR-rapport over de arbeidsparticipatie is bij de berekening van de netto arbeidsparticipatie in arbeidsjaren uitgegaan van 40 uur op basis van de actual-vraagstelling (WRR, 1990). Voor dit artikel is overgestapt op de feitelijke omvang van een werkweek, gebaseerd op de antwoorden van diegenen die voltijds werken. We hebben gekozen voor de gegevens op basis van de actual-vraagstelling, omdat volgens EUROSTAT deze data betrouwbaarder zijn dan die op basis van de usual-vraagstelling. Dat we nu niet voor een standaard-lengte van 40 uur gekozen hebben, maar voor een per land
verschillende lengte van de werkweek, is ingegeven door de observatie dat de verschillen in omvang van een voltijdse werkweek tussen de diverse landen nog verder zijn toegenomen\(^4\).
Hoe gevoelig de keuze voor een bepaalde methodiek is (actual versus usual, 40 uur versus variabele omvang werkweek), kan worden geïllustreerd aan de hand van berekeningen voor Nederland. Grafiek 1 (zie bijlage) laat zien wat de gevolgen zijn voor de netto arbeidsparticipatie in arbeidsjaren voor Nederland en voor de EG, als de vier mogelijke toepassingen (actual-40 uur, actual-variabele duur, usual-40 uur en usual-variabele duur) worden doorgerekend. De uitkomsten voor Nederland blijken dan te variëren tussen 49.3 en 51.5. Dat betekent een verschil van ruim 4 procent (2.2 procentpunten). Ter relativering geldt wel dat de uitkomsten voor de EG een nagenoeg overeenkomstige variatie te zien geven. Gaat het om de relatieve positie van Nederland binnen de EG, dan lopen de uitkomsten uiteen tussen 87.3 en 89.8 procent (minder dan 3 procent). Duidelijk is dat cijfers over arbeidsparticipatie niet op de vierkante centimeter beoordeeld moeten worden. Ontwikkelingen en relatieve posities zijn informatiever dan absolute cijfers.
2. De Europese arbeidsmarktsurvey
EUROSTAT, het statistisch bureau van de EG, organiseert jaarlijks een arbeidsmarktsurvey. Op basis van voorstellen van EUROSTAT stelt de Europese Commissie in overleg met de lidstaten een vragenlijst op, evenals de belangrijkste definities. De nationale statistische bureaus zijn verantwoordelijk voor het trekken van de steekproef en de uitvoering van de survey. Deze procedure waarborgt een grote mate van vergelijkbaarheid van de resultaten. Op een aantal punten laat de vergelijkbaarheid van de resultaten echter te wensen over. Zo hebben de statistische bureaus vrijheden om de inhoud en volgorde van vragen aan te passen aan nationale desiderata. Zoals in Nederland bleek bij de overgang van AKT op EBB is de formulering van een vraag van invloed op de beantwoording. De verschillende bureaus hebben verder ook vrijheden met betrekking tot de wijze van steekproeftrekking. Nederland kent bijvoorbeeld een maandelijkse enquête-ring, maar er zijn ook landen met een jaarlijkse survey. Voorts kan de vergelijkbaarheid beïnvloed zijn door verschillende culturele gebruiken en sociale en politieke omstandigheden op het moment en de plaats van het interview (EUROSTAT, 1990; Van Bastelaer, 1991)). Verschil in het opgeven van zwart werk is een voorbeeld: de surveys vragen naar betaald
\(^4\)We beschikken niet over de gegevens om de arbeidsparticipatie in arbeidsjaren voor 1987 te herberekenen op basis van de feitelijke omvang van een werkweek.
werk, niet naar de kleur ervan.
EUROSTAT is, in tegenstelling tot de nationale statistiekbureaus, niet onafhankelijk, maar onderdeel van de Europese bureaucratie. De wetenschappelijke verantwoordelijkheid van dit bureau heeft hierdoor minder waarborgen dan die van de nationale statistische bureaus. Verder speelt hier ook het subsidiariteitsbeginsel: EUROSTAT mag niet doen wat nationale statistiekbureaus ook (zeggen te) kunnen. In het onderhavig geval betreft dit het trekken van de steekproeven, het preciseren van vragenlijsten, het enquêteren en het verwerken van gegevens\(^5\). Door al deze factoren zijn de uitkomsten van de arbeidsmarktsurveys van de lidstaten niet volledig vergelijkbaar. Dit geldt in het bijzonder voor de waarneming van kleine deeltijdbanen. Naar de effecten van een door andere factoren veroorzaakte bias kunnen we slechts gissen.
Een voor de hand liggende oplossing is een volledig uniforme arbeidsmarktsurvey uitgevoerd door een onafhankelijk (!) Europees statistiekbureau. Daarmee zou ook een uniformering van de werkwijze mogelijk worden. Dat zou tot een minimalisering van sociaal-culturele ruis (vanwege nationale verschillen) kunnen leiden. Zo'n Europese statistiek biedt in economisch opzicht bovendien schaalvoordelen. Politiek-bestuurlijk kan een overdracht van middelen en bevoegdheden van nationale statistiekbureaus naar een Europees statistiekbureau echter worden opgevat als verlies van nationale soevereiniteit. Het zal er dan ook wel niet gauw van komen.
3. Arbeidsmarktparticipatie in EG-landen in 1987 en 1991
Gedurende de afgelopen jaren is de werkgelegenheid in Nederland fors toegenomen. Dit weerspiegelt zich in een toename van de (netto) arbeidsparticipatie, zoals terug te vinden in tabel 1. Dit geldt zowel voor de arbeidsparticipatie in personen, in personen exclusief kleine deeltijdbanen en in arbeidsjaren. Daarmee lijkt de trend doorbroken, die al sinds 1970 bestond, en waarin de arbeidsparticipatie steeds verder afnam. Tot het midden van de jaren tachtig nam de arbeidsdeelname van vrouwen weliswaar toe, maar de daling bij de mannen was zo veel sterker dat een negatief saldo resulteerde. De laatste jaren is de daling bij de mannen weer omgeslagen in een lichte toename, terwijl de stijging bij de vrouwen onverminderd is doorgegaan. Echter, ook in vrijwel alle andere EG-landen is de arbeidsparticipatie gestegen gedurende de jaren 1987-1991. Dit geldt zowel voor de arbeidsparticipatie in personen (met uitzondering van Denemarken), in personen die meer dan 10 uur werken als in arbeidsjaren.
\(^5\)Bijvoorbeeld het al dan niet gebruiken van handcomputers.
Tabel 1: Netto arbeidsparticipatie in de EG, 1987 en 1991
| | Pers.1987 | Pers.1991 | Arb.jr.1987 | Arb.jr.-1991 |
|------------------|-----------|-----------|-------------|--------------|
| Denemarken | 78 | 76 | 62 | 68 |
| Groot-Brittannië | 68 | 71 | 56 | .62 |
| Duitsland | 63 | 68 | 60 | 63 |
| Nederland | 58 | 63 | 47 | 52 |
| Luxemburg | 65 | 61 | 62 | .58 |
| Frankrijk | 59 | 61 | 53 | 58 |
| België | 56 | 56 | 53 | 53 |
| Portugal | 63 | 71 | 63 | 69 |
| Italië | 54 | 55 | 50 | 54 |
| Griekenland | 54 | 55 | 53 | 54 |
| Ierland | 51 | 53 | 49 | .50 |
| Spanje | 46 | 50 | 44 | 49 |
| EG | 59 | 62 | 53 | 58 |
| NL als % van EG | 98 | 101 | 88 | 89 |
De gegevens betreffende de arbeidsparticipatie in arbeidsjaren zijn voor 1987 en 1991 niet geheel vergelijkbaar\(^6\). We hebben voor 1991 voor een gekozen, omdat daarmee beter recht gedaan wordt aan de al grote en nog steeds toenemende verschillen in de lengte van de werkweek voor de verschillende EG-lidstaten. Voor sommige landen zijn de verschillen tussen beide berekeningswijzen gering, namelijk die landen met een voltijdse werkweek van tegen de 40 uur (Griekenland, Portugal, Ierland bijvoorbeeld). De verschillen zijn groter voor die landen waarin de arbeidstijdverkorting veel sterker is voortgeschreven (Denemarken en Nederland). De impliciete suggestie van tabel 1, namelijk dat het aandeel van deeltijdbaan
---
\(^6\)De gegevens voor 1987 zijn berekend op basis van de antwoorden op de actual-vraag, en verrekend met een werkweek van 40 uur. De gegevens voor 1991 zijn eveneens berekend op basis van antwoorden op de actual-vraag, maar nu verrekend met de feitelijke lengte van de werkweek van voltijds-werkenden. De beschikbare gegevens maakten het ons niet mogelijk om alsnog ook voor 1987 een dergelijke berekening uit te voeren.
belangrijk is afgenomen, is daarom niet terecht. Dat aandeel is juist in alle landen verder gestegen. Tenslotte geldt voor Duitsland dat de gegevens voor 1991 betrekking hebben op het herenigde Duitsland, dus inclusief de vroegere DDR.
De vergelijking met Europa. Grafiek 2 (zie bijlage) geeft weer hoe de Nederlandse uitkomsten zich verhouden tot die van de EG, voor 1987 en 1991. Het blijkt dat de Nederlandse positie in alle gevallen verbeterd is. Tegelijkertijd is te zien dat de achterstand van Nederland op de EG nog steeds zeer aanzienlijk is. Onderscheiden we de EG in twee regio’s, zoals in grafiek 3 (zie bijlage), dan blijkt dat Nederland bij de mannen min of meer in de pas loopt, maar dat bij de vrouwen de arbeidsparticipatie, uitgedrukt in arbeidsjaren, laag is, vergeleken met Noord-Europa. Vergelijken met Zuid-Europa is de participatie van Nederlandse vrouwen, uitgedrukt in arbeidsjaren, vergelijkbaar.
Arbeidsparticipatie naar leeftijd en geslacht. Opmerkelijk voor Nederland is de lage arbeidsparticipatie bij de leeftijdsgroep boven de 55 jaar. Grafiek 4 (zie bijlage) laat zien dat in de jaren 1987-1991 de arbeidsdeelname van oudere mannen verder is gedaald. De arbeidsdeelname van oudere vrouwen is een fractie toegenomen. Het saldo van de arbeidsparticipatie van 55-plussers komt nauwelijks boven de 28 procent uit, in arbeidsjaren zelfs nauwelijks boven de 22 procent.
Worden de Nederlandse uitkomsten vergeleken met de EG en de onderscheiden regio’s, dan laat grafiek 5 (zie bijlage) zien dat de arbeidsparticipatie bij de jongeren (zowel in personen, personen > 10 uur per week als arbeidsjaren), boven het Europees gemiddelde ligt, dat in de leeftijdsgroep tussen 25 en 54 jaar de verschillen qua personen beperkt maar in arbeidsjaren al iets groter zijn ten nadele van ons land, maar dat bij de ouderen Nederland ver achterblijft bij het Europees gemiddelde. Dat beeld komt ook naar voren uit de grafieken 6, 7 en 8, (zie bijlage) waarbij per onderscheiden leeftijdsgroep de uitkomsten voor Nederland en de twee EG-regio’s zijn weergegeven.
Bij de jonge werknemers (grafiek 6) springt de hoge arbeidsparticipatie van mannen en vrouwen eruit. Dit komt mede door de kleine deeltijdbanen. Bij banen van > 10 uur blijven de mannen achter op zowel de Noord- als de Zuideuropese landen. Jonge vrouwen lopen hier slechts weinig achter op hun sexe-genoten in Noordeuropese landen, en overtreffen hen in Zuideuropese
---
7 Noord-Europa: Groot-Brittannië, Denemarken, België, Luxemburg, Frankrijk, Duitsland (voor 1991 inclusief de nieuwe Länden) en Nederland. Zuid-Europa: Portugal, Spanje, Italië, Griekenland en Ierland. Ierland is bij Zuid-Europa gevoegd vanwege het overeenkomstig relatief lage inkomen per hoofd en de lage arbeidsdeelname van vrouwen.
landen. Ook bij de participatie in arbeidsjaren blijven jonge vrouwen nauwelijk achter bij Noord-Europa, terwijl mannen in deze leeftijdsgroep dat juist wel doen. Bij de groep tussen 25 en 54 jaar lopen de mannen in de pas met de andere EG-landen. Het beeld verandert echter als de kleine deeltijdbanen buiten beschouwing blijven. Ook vrouwen staan dan nog steeds op achterstand (grafiek 7). Grafiek 8 bevestigt nogmaals de opmerkelijke positie van Nederland waar het gaat om de arbeidsparticipatie van ouderen. Zowel bij de mannen als bij de vrouwen heeft Nederland een aanzienlijke achterstand.
Redenen voor deeltijdbaard. Een van de opmerkelijke kenmerken van de Nederlandse arbeidsmarkt is het hoge aandeel van deeltijdbaard. Grafiek 9 biedt informatie over de redenen van Nederlanders en Noord- en Zuid-Europeanen voor deeltijdbaard. Belangrijk is de voorkeur - om wat voor reden dan ook - voor een deeltijdbaan ten opzichte van een voltijdbaan. Een tweede reden is dat er geen voltijdbaan te vinden is. Voor Nederland hangt dit laatste wellicht samen met het reeds grote aantal deeltijdbanen. Verder volgen vooral in Nederland heel wat deeltijdwerkers een opleiding; hieronder bevinden zich de eerder genoemde krantenjongens en zaterdaghulpens. Opvallend veel respondenten geven ten slotte geen reden op.
4. Conclusies
Om de arbeidsparticipatie volledig te beschrijven is het goed te onderscheiden naar arbeidsdeelname in personen, in personen met een wekelijkse arbeidstijd van > 10 uur en in arbeidsjaren. De twee eerste indices maken onderscheid mogelijk tussen degenen voor wie betaald werk al dan geen bijzaak is in het dagelijks bestaan. De derde indicator is vooral voor economische analyses van belang.
De beste basis voor de berekening van de arbeidsparticipatie in arbeidsjaren is de feitelijk door full-timers gewerkte werkweek. De reden is dat in arbeidsmarktsurveys antwoorden op de vraag naar feitelijk gewerkte uren betrouwbaarder zijn dan die op de vraag naar gebruikelijke werktijden.
De verschillende arbeidsmarktsurveys in de lidstaten van de EG zijn niet geheel vergelijkbaar. Vooral de waarneming van arbeid van jongeren verschilt. Daarvoor valt te corrigeren door banen van < 10 uur per week buiten beschouwing te laten. Een volledige correctie voor verschillende wijzen van steekproeftrekking, enquêtering en formulering van vragen is niet mogelijk omdat de effecten hiervan niet bekend zijn. Bij internationale vergelijking van arbeidsparticipatiecijfers moet daarom in ieder geval niet achter de komma worden gekeken. Het instellen van een onafhankelijk Europees statistiekbureau dat geheel zelfstandig statistisch onderzoek verricht, zou de vergelijkbaarheid sterk kunnen bevorderen.
Alle drie indices van arbeidsparticipatie in Nederland vertonen een stijgende
lijn gedurende de jaren 1987 - 1991. Dit geldt echter voor vrijwel alle EG-landen. Nederland heeft in deze periode iets van zijn achterstand weggewerkt. Daarbij speelt mee dat Nederland de afgelopen jaren heeft kunnen profiteren van een opgaande economische conjunctuur. De vraag rijst hoe de arbeidsparticipatie zich zal ontwikkelen nu er wat meer tegenwind is. In het Centraal Economisch Plan 1993 houdt het CPB rekening met stagnerende groei en een oplopende werkloosheid. Het gevolg is een dalende arbeidsparticipatie, zowel in personen als in arbeidsjaren (grafiek 10). Zelfs bij het gunstige scenario komt de arbeidsparticipatie in arbeidsjaren in 1998 nauwelijks uit boven het nog altijd zeer lage niveau van dit moment. De noodzaak om een arbeidsparticipatie bevorderend beleid te voeren blijft onveranderd van kracht. Ontwikkelingen op de langere termijn versterken die noodzaak zelfs, zo heeft de WRR onlangs weer laten zien (WRR, 1993). Er blijft voorlopig voldoende werk aan de winkel.
Literatuur
Bastelaer A. van (1991), *Differences in the measurement of employment in the labour force surveys in the European Community*, paper (first draft, October 30, 1991), CBS, Heerlen.
Bastelaer A. van (1993), "Arbeidsdeelname in Nederland vanaf 1961 in internationaal perspectief", *Supplement bij de sociaal-economische maandstatistiek*, 1993/2.
Bierings H.B.A., Imbens J.C.M., Bochove C.A. van (1991), "De definitie van de beroepsbevolking", *Supplement sociaal-economische maandstatistiek*, 1991/2, 4-21.
Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek (1992), "Employment rates in EC perspective", *Netherlands official statistics; quarterly journal of the Central Bureau of Statistics*, vol. 7, nr. 3.
Centraal Planbureau (1993), *Centraal Economisch Plan 1993*, waarin opgenomen een verkenning tot 1998, SDU, 's-Gravenhage.
EUROSTAT (1990), *Community Labour Force Survey; A user's guide*; Luxembourg 1990.
EUROSTAT (1993), *Labour Force Survey 1991*, Luxembourg.
International Labour Review (1991), vol. 130, nr. 4, 512.
Paridon, C.W.A.M. van (1989), "De omvang van de werkgelegenheid in Nederland: Duidelijkheid gewenst!", *Economische-Statistische Berichten*, 18-10-1989, 1031-1032.
Sociaal-Economische Raad (1992), *Convergentie en overlegeconomie*; 's-Gravenhage, 1992/15.
Sociale Zaken en Werkgelegenheid, Ministerie van (1990), *Rapportage*
Arbeidsmarkt 1990, 's-Gravenhage.
Sociale Zaken en Werkgelegenheid, Ministerie van (1991), Rapportage Arbeidsmarkt 1991, 's-Gravenhage.
Sociale Zaken en Werkgelegenheid, Ministerie van (1992), Sociale nota 1993, 's-Gravenhage.
Wetenschappelijke Raad voor het Regeringsbeleid (1990), Een werkend perspectief; Arbeidsparticipatie in de jaren '90, SDU, 's-Gravenhage.
Wetenschappelijke Raad voor het Regeringsbeleid (1993), Ouderen voor ouderen; Demografische ontwikkelingen en beleid, SDU, 's-Gravenhage.
1. Arbeidsparticipatie in arbeidsjaren volgens verschillende maatstaven
Actual, variabele duur
Usual, variabele duur
Actual, 40 uur
Usual, 40 uur
Netto arbeidsparticipatie in arbeidsjaren
2. Arbeidsparticipatie in Nederland, 1987 en 1991
(EG-waarde = 100)
Netto ap, in pers.
Netto ap, in arb.jr.
Bron: WRR (1990) en Eurostat (1993)
3. Arbeidsparticipatie in Europa naar regio
Totaal, personen
Totaal, > 10 uur
Mannen, personen
Mannen, > 10 uur
Mannen, arb. jaren
Vrouwen, personen
Vrouwen, > 10 uur
Vrouwen, arb. jaren
Bron: Eigen berekeningen op basis van EUROSTAT-gegevens.
4. Arbeidsparticipatie naar leeftijd, 1987 en 1991
5. Netto arbeidsparticipatie naar leeftijd in Nederland en EG, 1991
6. Arbeidsparticipatie in Europa naar regio
15-24 jarigen
Totaal, personen
Totaal, > 10 uur
Totaal, arb. jaren
Mannen, personen
Mannen, > 10 uur
Mannen, arb. jaren
Vrouwen, personen
Vrouwen, > 10 uur
Vrouwen, arb. jaren
7. Arbeidsparticipatie in Nederland en Europa
25-54 jarigen
8. Arbeidsparticipatie in Europa naar regio
55-64 jarigen
Totaal, personen
Totaal, > 10 uur
Totaal, arb. jaren
Mannen, personen
Mannen, > 10 uur
Mannen, arb. jaren
Vrouwen, personen
Vrouwen, > 10 uur
Vrouwen, arb. jaren
9. Redenen voor deeltijdwerk
| Reden | Nederland | Noord-Europa | Zuid-Europa |
|------------------------------|-----------|--------------|-------------|
| Op school | | | |
| Ziek/arbeidsongeschikt | | | |
| Geen ft-baan te vinden | | | |
| Geen ft-baan gewenst | | | |
| Overige redenen | | | |
| Geen redenen | | | |
Aandeel t.o.v. alle werkenden
10. Ontwikkeling van de arbeidsparticipatie
(voor 1998: B = behoudend scenario, G = gunstig scenario)
| Jaar | Bruto AP | Netto AP pers | Netto AP arbj |
|------|----------|---------------|--------------|
| 1979 | | | |
| 1982 | | | |
| 1985 | | | |
| 1988 | | | |
| 1991 | | | |
| 1994 | | | |
Bron: CEP 1993
Sociale zekerheid en verticale inkomensherverdeling: een levensduurbenadering via microsimulatie
Jan Nelissen¹
Het bestaan van een sociaal zekerheidsstelsel leidt tot een inkomensherverdeling, zowel verticaal als horizontaal. De verticale herverdeling impliceert een inkomensherverdeling tussen individuen in verschillende inkomensgroepen, terwijl de horizontale herverdeling betrekking heeft op de herverdeling van inkomens tussen individuen in dezelfde inkomensgroep. Deze herverdeling is een van de expliciete doelstellingen van het sociale zekerheidsstelsel. In welke mate het stelsel herverdelend werkt, wordt door een veelheid van factoren bepaald, zoals de wijze waarop het stelsel gefinancierd wordt, demografische factoren, arbeidsmarktparticipatie, de primaire inkomensverdeling, de vermogensverdeling, het belastingstelsel, enzovoort. Dit betekent dat de herverdelende werking van het stelsel verschilt voor de diverse generaties. De gebruikelijke analyses, die zich beperken tot een jaar- danwel periode-analyse, kunnen deze verschillen niet meten. Een levensduurbenadering is noodzakelijk als de belangstelling verder gaat dan de "toevalligheden" die binnen een bepaald jaar of een bepaalde periode plaatsvinden². Deze overwegingen hebben geleid tot de volgende onderzoeksvraag: wat is de herverdelende werking van het sociale zekerheidsstelsel op het levensduurinkomen voor verschillende generaties?
Onderzoek op dit terrein is zeer schaars. In hun overzichtsartikel omtrent het effect van sociale zekerheidsprogramma's op onder meer de inkomensverdeling stellen Danziger, et al. (1981: 1014) "... no studies measure the redistributive effect of all transfers using a lifetime or even a multiyear accounting period". Deze situatie is in de tachtiger jaren niet wezenlijk veranderd. Dit betekent echter niet dat er geen onderzoek gedaan zou zijn
¹De auteur is verbonden aan de vakgroep Sociale Zekerheidswetenschap en de vakgroep Methoden en Technieken van de Faculteit der Sociale Wetenschappen van de Katholieke Universiteit Brabant. Het onderzoek werd mede mogelijk gemaakt middels een NWO-subsidie in het kader van het "Prioriteitenprogramma Bevolkingsvraagstukken". De auteur is twee referenten zeer erkentelijk voor hun commentaar op een eerdere versie van dit artikel.
²Zie bijvoorbeeld Klevmarken (1983) en Pestieau (1989). | <urn:uuid:1e4290ee-e8fb-49f5-8221-fc71e30ba2d2> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/nld_Latn/train | finepdfs | nld_Latn | 34,147 |
Convert files, video, audio, and GPS into signals for Manitou®.
The UniversalConnector module is part of the Bold MediaGateway, an award winning product that integrates different media including telephony, voice, SMS technology, and data.
The UniversalConnector converts GPS, Video, Audio, SMS, Email, ODBC database, FTP, TCP, GPRS, RSS, UDP and simple files into signals that are delivered into Manitou.
CREATE SIGNALS IN MANITOU
The UniversalConnector becomes a receiver for non-traditional transmissions. It translates SMS, Email, ODBC database, FTP, TCP, GPRS, RSS, UDP and simple files into signals for Manitou to process. Not only can Manitou receive information from a variety of sources, but it can be in many formats such as XML, JSON, comma-separated, binary, email attachments, text, and label/separator. This enables Manitou to easily process non-traditional transmissions without requiring development resources. With this technology, alarm companies can now sell different types of monitoring that they could not before.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF MONITORING
One example is the monitoring of cargo containers, where the status of the cargo doors (open or closed) plus the location signal is sent to an FTP server. These signals can now be received in Manitou. If location information is included, then a geofence can be used to qualify the signal.
Another example is a medical telemetry device which monitors the temperature for cancer patients and sends an SMS message upon temperature changes. Bold’s UniversalConnector translates these signals so they can be received in Manitou and the operators can monitor them professionally as they would with another alarm.
MONITOR EMAILS PROFESSIONALLY
Many end users have devices that send non-traditional signals such as email messages. The email account must be constantly monitored to keep track of the signal and there is the danger of missing the email and ignoring the alarm. With the UniversalConnector these signals can be received at the central station and monitored professionally. Using Manitou’s Action Patterns, operators can handle these alarms based on the business practices of the monitoring center.
GROW REVENUES AND INCREASE RMR
A key advantage of the UniversalConnector is that a central station does not need a developer or their automation provider to write code to interface the different types of devices that a customer may want. This allows you to integrate new products quickly and gives you a competitive advantage.
The UniversalConnector provides new offerings that integration companies can use for potential clients and target markets, expanding the possibilities of what is possible when it comes to monitoring. Alarm companies can increase their scope, grow revenues and increase RMR by offering these new types of monitoring opportunities.
Powered by Bold.
Bold Group has provided award-winning, trusted business solutions for the security industry for over three decades. Our core products, stages™, Manitou®, SIMS™, SedonaOffice®, and AlarmBiller® are the leading software choices for top security companies and dealers globally. To learn how to increase profitability and efficiency for your business with our full range of alarm monitoring and integrated financial management solutions, call us or visit our website.
800-255-BOLD
boldgroup.com
firstname.lastname@example.org | <urn:uuid:a69ff976-650a-4540-bf8f-8c26dfa47a7a> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 3,378 |
AVVISO PUBBLICO
COMUNE DI TERRANOVA DA SIBARI
Provincia di Cosenza
87010 Terranova da Sibari – Via Municipio,4 - Tel .n. 0981/955004 Fax n.0981/956303
http:www.comune.terranova-da-sibari.cs.it email@example.com
PROGETTO: LABORATORI RICREATIVI E DI SOCIALIZZAZIONE
Si rende noto che il Comune di Terranova da Sibari ha predisposto il Progetto: "LABORATORI RICREATIVI E DI SOCIALIZZAZIONE"
OBIETTIVI DEL PROGETTO:
- Favorire gli interventi di sostegno alle famiglie delle persone disabili, ed in particolare a quelle in condizione di maggior fragilità;
- Favorire lo sviluppo di autonomie e l'integrazione in attività ricreative e sportive di persone con disabilità, con particolare attenzione a preadolescenti e adolescenti disabili;
- Promuovere opportunità di socializzazione in collaborazione con la comunità locale, le associazioni dei familiari ed il privato sociale;
- Coinvolgere la comunità locale nel dare risposta ai bisogni di integrazione sociale e di partecipazione attiva delle persone disabili che frequentano i centri diurni e delle loro famiglie;
DESTINATARI DEL PROGETTO:
I destinatari degli interventi previsti sono persone che presentano le seguenti caratteristiche:
- soggetti con disabilità intellettiva, motoria, sensoriale o pluridisabilità in situazione di gravità certificata ai sensi della legge 104/92 art. 3 comma 3 fino a 64 anni, con particolare attenzione alle persone con età dai 12 ai 18 anni;
- residenza presso il Comune di Terranova di Sibari.
DURATA DEL PROGETTO
6 Mesi.
AFFIDAMENTO
Il progetto sarà affidato dal Responsabile del servizio competente ad apposita cooperativa sociale che dovrà avere tutti i requisiti opportunamente documentati, necessari alla realizzazione del progetto.
Le Cooperative interessate possono presentare richiesta di partecipazione, consegnandola a mano o indirizzandola all'Ufficio servizi sociali del Comune, entro e non oltre 31 marzo 2017, utilizzando il modello di domanda allegato al presente avviso.
Per ulteriori informazioni sul servizio e richiesta di chiarimenti, rivolgersi all'Ufficio Servizi sociali del Comune.
Terranova da Sibari lì, 20/03/2017 Il Responsabile del Servizio
Amministrativo (Dr. Placido Bonifacio)
Al Responsabile del Servizio Amministrativo Terranova da Sibari SEDE
DOMANDA PARTECIPAZIONE AL PROGETTO : "LABORATORI RICREATIVI E DI SOCIALIZZAZIONE"
Il/la sottoscritto/a________________________________________________________________ Nato/a :______________________________Prov. di ____________ il_____________________ Residente in Via /Piazza_____________________________________n°_________________ Comune di _____________________________C.A.P_________________Prov. di _________ Tel. _____________________________.
CHIEDE
In qualità di rappresentante/referente della cooperativa ___________________________________ Con sede legale in …………….....…...… Via_______________C.A.P………....Prov. di …...…….
Di partecipare al Progetto “LABORATORI RICREATIVI E DI SOCIALIZZAZIONE” candidandosi alla sua gestione.
A tal fine, consapevole che, ai sensi dell'art. 74 del DPR 445 del 28/12/00 “Chiunque rilasci dichiarazioni mendaci, firma atti falsi, o ne fa uso nei casi previsti dal presente T.U. è punito ai sensi del codice penale e delle leggi speciali vigenti in materia.”, sotto la propria responsabilità
DICHIARA
di aver preso visione del Progetto ed in particolare dei:
- Destinatari;
- Obiettivi di realizzazione;
- Risorse;
- Modalità e tempi di svolgimento
Data ______________
In fede
__________________________ | <urn:uuid:6ea394ab-4aab-4f3e-ac9f-479a1201c057> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ita_Latn/train | finepdfs | ita_Latn | 3,613 |
ARRETE
PORTANT REGLEMENTATION PROVISOIRE DE LA CIRCULATION
« Rue Canteloup »
N° 54 / 2024
LE MAIRE,
VU la demande en date du 04 novembre 2024 par laquelle le SDEHG, sis au 9 rue des Trois Banquets – 31080 TOULOUSE représenté par Mylène LCRAMPETTE, sollicite pour l’entreprise ETPM sis au 6 avenue du Petit Paradis – 31150 BRUGUIERES, une autorisation de travaux pour : EXTENSION DE L’ECLAIRAGE PUBLIC POUR UN PIETONNIER en agglomération, COMMUNE du VERNET.
VU le code de la voirie routière,
VU le code général des collectivités territoriales,
VU la loi 82-213 du 2 mars 1982 relative aux droits et libertés des communes, des départements et des régions, modifiée et complétée par la loi 82-623 du 22 juillet 1982 et par la loi 83-8 du 07 janvier 1983,
VU Le règlement général de voirie du 8/04/1965 relatif à la conservation et à la surveillance des voies communales,
ARRETE
ARTICLE 1
La circulation sur la rue Canteloup sera alternée par feux tricolore durant la période des travaux.
ARTICLE 2
Durée des travaux : 20 jours à compter du 18/11/2024
ARTICLE 3
Le bénéficiaire aura la charge de la signalisation réglementaire et sera responsable des accidents pouvant survenir par défaut ou insuffisance de cette signalisation.
ARTICLE 4
Toutes infractions aux instructions du présent arrêté seront constatées et poursuivies conformément aux lois et règlements en vigueur.
ARTICLE 5
Le Commandant de la Brigade de Gendarmerie d’Auterive et tous les agents des services de police sont chargés, en ce qui les concerne, de l’exécution du présent arrêté.
Au VERNET, le 13 novembre 2024.
Le Maire,
Serge DEMANGE | <urn:uuid:d1a26043-bc3f-441f-99e5-af4330e4648b> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/fra_Latn/train | finepdfs | fra_Latn | 1,617 |
Systematic genome assessment of B-vitamin biosynthesis suggests co-operation among gut microbes
Stefania Magnúsdóttir¹, Dmitry Ravcheev¹, Valérie de Crécy-Lagard² and Ines Thiele¹*
¹ Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg, ² Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
The human gut microbiota supplies its host with essential nutrients, including B-vitamins. Using the PubSEED platform, we systematically assessed the genomes of 256 common human gut bacteria for the presence of biosynthesis pathways for eight B-vitamins: biotin, cobalamin, folate, niacin, pantothenate, pyridoxine, riboflavin, and thiamin. On the basis of the presence and absence of genome annotations, we predicted that each of the eight vitamins was produced by 40–65% of the 256 human gut microbes. The distribution of synthesis pathways was diverse; some genomes had all eight biosynthesis pathways, whereas others contained no de novo synthesis pathways. We compared our predictions to experimental data from 16 organisms and found 88% of our predictions to be in agreement with published data. In addition, we identified several pairs of organisms whose vitamin synthesis pathway pattern complemented those of other organisms. This analysis suggests that human gut bacteria actively exchange B-vitamins among each other, thereby enabling the survival of organisms that do not synthesize any of these essential cofactors. This result indicates the co-evolution of the gut microbes in the human gut environment. Our work presents the first comprehensive assessment of the B-vitamin synthesis capabilities of the human gut microbiota. We propose that in addition to diet, the gut microbiota is an important source of B-vitamins, and that changes in the gut microbiota composition can severely affect our dietary B-vitamin requirements.
Keywords: B-vitamin biosynthesis, gut microbiota, genome annotation, PubSEED, subsystem
Introduction
The human gut microbiota (HGM) supplies its host with several nutrients, including amino acids (Metges, 2000) and certain B-vitamins (Hill, 1997; Rossi et al., 2011). B-vitamins are necessary cofactors for numerous aspects of human metabolism, including fat and carbohydrate metabolism and DNA synthesis. Human cells are not capable of producing B-vitamins in sufficient amounts; thus, these cells must obtain such vitamins either from the human diet or the gut microbiota (Rucker et al., 2007).
B-vitamins are found in many food products, but they are water-soluble and many of them are temperature sensitive; thus, these vitamins can easily be removed or destroyed during the cooking process. B-vitamin deficiency is common in humans and supplements of these vitamins are often used because deficiencies in these vitamins can lead to several diseases, such as pellagra (Rucker et al., 2007). Therefore, there is great interest in the B-vitamin production by the gut...
microbiota, particularly because this production is thought to play a role in maintaining the vitamin homeostasis in colonocytes (Rucker et al., 2007). Because of the large number of gut microbial species, most of which have not been cultured, experimental validation of the HGM B-vitamin pathways is infeasible, at least with the current technologies. Genome annotations provide a method for both systematic and large-scale predictions of pathways for vitamin metabolism, enabling assessments of the potential of each species for vitamin biosynthesis.
Genome annotations can be obtained using, among other methods, a genomics-based approach implemented in the PubSEED platform (Overbeek et al., 2005; Disz et al., 2010). PubSEED is a multifunctional web platform, in which one can inspect defined sets of gene functional roles (annotations) for multiple genomes at once and assign annotations to protein encoding genes (PEGs), which refer to open reading frames (ORFs). A functional role can refer to any protein-encoding gene and represents the protein function. Communities of experts define sets of functional roles, called subsystems. These subsystems usually contain functional roles that together form a metabolic pathway for a particular subset of metabolism, for example, the biosynthesis of vitamin B1 (thiamin). The subsystem can then be annotated over any number of genomes at once. In addition, the PubSEED platform offers multiple methods for the manual curation, discovery, and assignment of functional roles.
In this study, we used the PubSEED platform to analyze 256 HGM organisms for their ability to synthesize eight B-vitamins. The genomes were selected based on a published collection of microorganisms commonly found in the human gut (Qin et al., 2010). We used eight B-vitamin subsystems, which correspond to the biosynthesis of the active form of each vitamin from its known precursors, to predict the possible B-vitamin producers in the human gut as well as the potential competitors for resources from the vitamin pools in the gut. In addition, we compared our predictions to experimental data available in the literature on the B-vitamin requirements of 16 human gut microorganisms. This work presents a comprehensive assessment of the B-vitamin synthesis capabilities of the human gut microbiota.
**Materials and Methods**
The PubSEED platform (http://pubseed.theseed.org/) (Overbeek et al., 2005, 2013; Disz et al., 2010) contains fully annotated subsystems for eight B-vitamins: biotin, cobalamin, folate, niacin, pantothenate, pyridoxine, riboflavin, and thiamin (Table 1). The subsystems were populated with 256 HGM genomes. The genomes were selected based on a study by Qin et al. (2010), which reported microorganisms commonly found in the human gut. A further selection criterion was that the microbes appeared in at least 50% of the participants in the aforementioned study and that their genomes were present in PubSEED (Supplementary Table 1). For comparison, the subsystems were also populated with 257 non-HGM genomes that were isolated from human body sites other than the intestine (Supplementary Table 1). The non-HGM genomes were chosen in the following way: (1) All genomes from the Human Microbiome Project (HMP, http://www.hmpdacc.org/HMRGD/) (The Human Microbiome Project Consortium, 2012a,b) isolated from a human body site were selected; (2) HMP genomes with the body site “Gastrointestinal tract” (i.e., isolated from intestine) were excluded; (3) all genomes absent from PubSEED were excluded; (4) only one genome per species was selected; (5) among the multiple genomes for the same species, a genome with a minimal number of contigs (i.e., definitive) was selected; (6) if more than one genome with the minimal number of contigs existed, the genome with the maximal CDS number was selected. The non-HGM genomes were isolated from the following body sites: oral (127 genomes), urogenital tract (68 genomes), airways (28 genomes), skin (25 genomes), blood (7 genomes), liver (1 genome), and heart (1 genome).
**Preparing and Populating the Subsystems**
We first inspected the existing B-vitamin metabolism subsystems and determined whether the functional roles associated with the metabolism of each vitamin were consistent with most of the recent reports. To enable us to manually curate the functional roles involved in the biosynthesis of each vitamin, we copied the existing subsystems to new subsystems. We then compiled a list of HGM genomes by selecting a genome in the “Spreadsheet” tab and clicking “save genome selection.” Using “Edit List,” we selected our genomes and saved the list. Within the spreadsheet for each subsystem, we limited the display of genomes to our genome list in the window “User Sets.” To simplify our analysis, we compiled functional roles with the same metabolic functions into subsets using the “Subsets” tab. Protein encoding genes (PEGs), which encode functional roles belonging to a certain pathway, often cluster together on a chromosome. In the tab “Color Spreadsheet,” we colored the genes by cluster to better identify these co-occurring genes. Finally, for each B-vitamin subsystem, we determined sets of essential functional roles that should be present in a genome for the corresponding organism to be considered a vitamin producer (Table 2). Missing essential roles in HGM genomes were manually curated where possible as described below. The 257 non-HGM genomes were subjected to the same criteria as those for the 256 HGM genomes.
| Vitamin | Subsystem name | Subsystem curator |
|-----------|-----------------------------------------------------|-------------------------|
| Biotin | "Biotin biosynthesis" | Dmitry Rodionov |
| Cobalamin | "Coenzyme B12 biosynthesis" | Dmitry Rodionov |
| Folate | "Folate Biosynthesis" | Valérie de Crécy-Lagard |
| Niacin | "NAD and NADP cofactor biosynthesis global" | Andrei Osterman |
| Pantothenate | "Coenzyme A Biosynthesis" | Andrei Osterman |
| Pyridoxine | "Pyridoxin (Vitamin B6) Biosynthesis" | Olga Zagritko |
| Riboflavin | "Riboflavin, FMN, and FAD metabolism Extended" | Sveta Gerdes |
| Thiamin | "Thiamin biosynthesis" | Dmitry Rodionov |
*The subsystems can be accessed on the PubSEED Subsystems Editor website: http://pubseed.theseed.org/*
Manual Curation
The PubSEED platform offers several methods for manual curation. The function “Find candidates” uses four steps to search for a functional role in a target genome. First, it looks for the role in the target genome’s existing gene annotations. Then, it searches for matching proteins in the genome by performing a similarity check with protein BLAST algorithm (Altschul et al., 1990), where it compares the amino acid sequence of the gene from another genome with the amino acid sequences of all PEGs in the target genome. The third step searches for genes, which are co-localized on the chromosome with other genes from the subsystem in the target genome. Finally, a translated BLAST (tblastn) is performed, in which a query protein sequence is compared with the six-frame translation of the target genome. Another way to search for functional roles in the PubSEED platform is to examine genome annotation phylogenetic trees for sets of related proteins. Such trees show similarities among the amino acid sequences of proteins from different genome clusters together with the annotated functional role of each PEG. Trees often reveal mis-annotations of the target genes and also provide hints of the level of conservation of the sequence. For every protein-encoding gene in the PubSEED platform, it is possible to examine the NCBI Conserved Domains Database (CDD) (Marchler-Bauer et al., 2013). The database performs an RPS-BLAST algorithm (a stand-alone tool in the NCBI toolkit distribution), presents the resulting protein domain annotations on the query sequence, and lists the resulting E-values. High-confidence matches between the query sequence and conserved domains are listed as “specific hits.” Once a candidate gene was found in a genome, the functional role of the PEG was changed manually on the condition that the existing annotation was not associated with another subsystem, because changing the annotation of a PEG affects all subsystems that list the current annotation can alter the results of an existing subsystem without notifying its author. Either a new functional role was assigned to the PEG, or in the case of multiple domains or functions, the new annotation was appended to the existing ones.
Calculation of Vitamin Produced by Gut Microbes
We calculated the minimal number of microbes needed to supply a human host with the necessary B-vitamins using the following assumptions: (i) The number of bacterial cells in the colonic space is $10^{14}$ cells (Savage, 1977). (ii) The dry weight of a single bacterial cell is $4.89 \times 10^{-13}$ gDW cell$^{-1}$ (Loferer-Krößbacher et al., 1998). (iii) Intracellular vitamins in bacteria become available to the host upon cell lysis. (iv) 31.7% of bacterial cells in fecal matter has been reported to consist of dead cells (Ben-Amor et al., 2005). The ratio of dead cells in the colon could not be found, and we therefore use the measured ratio of dead cells in the feces in our calculations. (v) The intracellular concentration of vitamins was retrieved from the literature (Table 3) but represents only the capacity of those bacteria and not all gut bacteria in general. (vi) The volume of an *E. coli* cell is $1.1 \mu$m$^3$ (Kubitschek and Friske, 1986). (vii) The dry weight of an *E. coli* cell is $4.89 \times 10^{-13}$ gDW (Loferer-Krößbacher et al., 1998). (viii) *E. coli* grows anaerobically at 0.26 h$^{-1}$ (Hasona et al., 2004).
The ratio of the human daily reference intake of each vitamin coming from bacteria could then be calculated in the following manner:
$$\frac{\text{Intracellular concentration} \times \text{Weight of bacteria} \times \text{AM} \times \text{HGM ratio}}{\text{DRI}} \times 100$$
where DRI is the recommended dietary reference intake in mg/day, AM is the atomic mass of the vitamin [values from ChEBI, (Hastings et al., 2013)], and HGM is the ratio of HGM producers as predicted in this study.
### Table 2 | Combinations of essential functional roles for the biosynthesis the B-vitamins.
| Pathway | Essential functional roles |
|---------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Biotin | BioW + BioFADB |
| | BioC + BioFADB |
| Cobalamin | CbiL + CbgG + CbiGF + (CobF or CbiD) + CbiECA + CobNST+ |
| | CobAT + CbiPB + CbiUS |
| | (CbiKX or CysG) + CbiLGF + (CobF or CbiD) + CbiECA + CobAT |
| | + CbiPB + CbiUS |
| Folate | FolEBKP + pabAc + DHFS + DHFR + FPGS |
| Niacin | ASPOX + QSYN + QAPRT + NaMNAT + NADS |
| Pantothenate | KPHMT + KPRED + ASPDC + PBAL + PANK + PPCS + |
| | PPCDC + DPCK |
| Pyridoxine | dxs + gapA + PdxBFAJH |
| | PdxTS |
| Riboflavin | GTPCH2 + PyrDR + DHBPS + DMRLS + RSA + RK + FMNAT |
| Thiamin | (ThiH or ThiO) + ThiGSF + ThiCDE |
| | Thi4 + ThiCDE |
*When more than one biosynthetic pathway for one vitamin is possible, several combinations of the essential roles are listed. Each abbreviation corresponds to the single functional role (Supplementary Table 2).*
Results
Pathway Descriptions, Prediction Criteria, and Predictions
For each of the eight B-vitamins, we describe the known biosynthesis pathways and for each pathway, we present the frequency of the respective functional roles in the analyzed taxonomic groups. Based on the functional roles present in the subsystems, each HGM organism was predicted to be a producer or non-producer of the eight B-vitamins (Supplementary Table 1).
Biotin (Vitamin B8)
Biotin can be synthesized *de novo* from two pimeloyl precursors, malonyl-ACP and pimelate (Figure 1). There are five different synthesis routes (Rodionov et al., 2002; Lin and Cronan, 2011) but only three, via BioG, BioH, and BioW, could be identified in the 256 HGM genomes.
We examined the prevalence of the BioC route using the BioG role in the 256 HGM genomes. Almost all genomes from the phylum Bacteroidetes (96%) were predicted to synthesize biotin through this route. All analyzed genomes from the phylum Fusobacteria were predicted to synthesize biotin through the BioC route with BioG. A single Fusobacteria genome, *Fusobacterium* sp. D11, was missing the essential role BioC, but it was still predicted to be a producer because the genome contained all other essential roles and all its related genomes contained BioC. In the phylum Proteobacteria, 84% of the genomes were predicted to synthesize biotin. Producers from the class Epsilonproteobacteria contained the BioG role, whereas the remaining producers in the phylum, which were mostly from the class Gammaproteobacteria, contained a BioH. Only a single Gammaproteobacteria, *Escherichia* sp. 1_1_43, was a predicted non-producer.
We then examined the second biosynthesis route, in which BioW is used to convert salvaged pimelate to pimeloyl-CoA. The BioFADB pathway is then used to convert pimeloyl-CoA to biotin. This route was only observed in the Firmicutes phylum in five genomes from the Clostridia class and in *Bacillus subtilis* subsp. *subtilis* str. 168. During our analysis, we observed that all Actinobacteria genomes lacked the essential biotin biosynthesis roles. However, 19 of the 23 (83%) Actinobacteria genomes contained a BioY biotin transporter, indicating a need for biotin. The remaining four genomes, all from the family Coriobacteriaceae, contained no functional roles in the pathway at all, but they did contain biotin–protein ligases, suggesting that they require biotin.
The biotin biosynthesis subsystem contains 9 functional roles (Supplementary Table 2) and 10 metabolites. Functional roles are represented by rectangles. The major biosynthesis routes are colored green, alternative routes are blue, salvage routes are red, and known transporters are yellow. Metabolites are represented by circles, and yellow circles represent metabolites that can be salvaged from the environment in some cases. Only the core metabolites of the biosynthesis pathway are listed. Each bar graph represents the percentage of organisms in each phylum that contain the functional role.
Taken together, these findings show that the majority of Bacteroidetes, Fusobacteria, and Proteobacteria genomes contain the essential roles for biotin biosynthesis (Figure 1). The synthesis of this vitamin is completely absent in Actinobacteria genomes and is very rare in genomes of the Firmicutes phylum. In total, biotin biosynthesis is present in 40% of the HGM genomes.
**Cobalamin (Vitamin B12)**
Cobalamin biosynthesis contains the longest pathway of eight vitamins, where adenosylcobalamin is synthesized from precorrin 2 (Figure 2). The cobalamin can be synthesized either aerobically or anaerobically (blue and green pathways in Figure 2, respectively).
No HGM microbe used the aerobic biosynthesis route, whereas some non-HGM producers contained the aerobic pathway specific roles CobG and CobNST. Only two Actinobacteria of the Coriobacteriaceae family were predicted cobalamin producers, *Collinsella aerofaciens* ATCC 25986 and *Gordonibacter pamelaeae* 7-10-1-b. Only half of the genomes in the Bacteroidetes phylum (26 of 51) were predicted to be cobalamin producers being the lowest producer ratio observed for the Bacteroidetes of all eight vitamins. No taxonomic patterns were observed for the Bacteroidetes producers. Nearly half of the Firmicutes genomes (43%) were predicted to synthesize cobalamin. All Lactobacillales were predicted to be non-producers, except the six *Lactobacillus reuteri* strains that have been previously known to have this pathway (Santos et al., 2008). Only a single other Bacilli, *Listeria monocytogenes* str. 1/2a F6854, was a predicted producer of this vitamin. The remaining cobalamin producers in the Firmicutes phylum belonged to the Clostridia class, but no specific taxonomic pattern was observed. All 14 Fusobacteria were predicted to be cobalamin producers. The Proteobacteria phylum contained only ten producers, three from Delta- and seven from Gammaproteobacteria.
Taken together, we find that cobalamin biosynthesis is present in 42% of the HGM genomes. The synthesis of cobalamin is present in all Fusobacteria, but is rare in Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria. Half of the Bacteroidetes genomes are missing the
biosynthesis pathway, making cobalamin the least produced of the eight vitamins in the phylum.
**Folate (Vitamin B9)**
Folate biosynthesis includes the combination of two metabolic branches (**Figure 3**). The first branch converts guanosine triphosphate (GTP) to 6-hydromethyl-7,8-dihydropterin and the second branch converts chorismate to *p*-aminobenzoic acid (PABA). Most living organisms contain more than one folate derivative. However, because these folates are derived from dihydrofolate (DHF) or tetrahydrofolate (THF), we considered the production of either metabolite to be sufficient to assign folate producer status to a genome.
From our data, we identified 109 predicted folate producers, 86% of which included all the functional roles of the pathway or were only missing the FolQ role, which is commonly missing in genome annotations (Gerdes et al., 2012). All producers were required to have the pabAc role of the PABA synthesis branch of the pathway. The two other roles, pabAa and pabAb, were commonly missing from our genomes, and the assignment of the roles from manual inspection was not trivial. Therefore, the presence of pabAa or pabAb was not considered essential, although these roles, along with pabAc, are needed for the synthesis of PABA. A PABA auxotroph must acquire the metabolite from its growth medium and was therefore not considered to be capable of producing folates *de novo*. Only six (26%) Actinobacteria were predicted producers: five from the order Bifidobacteriales and one from the order Actinomycetales. Although most genomes in this phylum had all the necessary functional roles for THF production, they did not contain pabAc. All but four (92%) Bacteroidetes were predicted to synthesize folates; the four exceptions lacked pabAc. Only 18 Firmicutes had complete synthesis pathways. Of the remaining 112 Firmicutes genomes, 49 contained a full biosynthesis pathway but were missing the PABA branch. The other genomes were predicted non-producers, but contained roles for the conversion of dihydropteroate to THF, suggesting that they rely on folate uptake. Three Fusobacteria were predicted to be PABA auxotrophs, whereas the remaining 11 (79%) genomes contained all the essential roles for folate biosynthesis. The Proteobacteria phylum demonstrated more variability and class-specific patterns, with 71% of the organisms predicted as producers. The Betaproteobacteria included three producers, whereas two genomes from this class were missing PABA biosynthesis. All Deltaproteobacteria were predicted to be non-producers. The Gammaproteobacteria demonstrated the highest conservation of the pathway; all functional roles were present. Only two non-producers were observed in the class: *Succinatimonas hippel* YIT 12066 was missing the PABA branch, and *Escherichia* sp. 1_1_43 was missing the PABA branch, FolE, DHFS, and FPGS.
Taken together, these findings show that the folate biosynthesis pathway is present in nearly all Bacteroidetes genomes as...
well as in most Fusobacteria and Proteobacteria. Folate synthesis is rare in the Actinobacteria and Firmicutes genomes, mostly because of the absence of the PABA biosynthesis pathway. In total, folate biosynthesis is complete in 43% of the 256 HGM genomes tested.
**Niacin (Vitamin B3)**
Niacin is a group term for nicotinamide and nicotinic acid, and both of these metabolites are precursors for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). Nicotinamide and nicotinic acid can either be salvaged from the environment or produced through the recycling of NAD within the cell (Gossmann et al., 2012). In this study, an organism was considered a niacin producer when it contained the *de novo* synthesis pathway of NAD (Begley et al., 2001) (**Figure 4**).
The first route uses the functional role NaMNAT to produce deamino-NAD, which in turn is converted to NAD by NADS. NADS requires ammonia, or alternatively, NADS is coupled to a glutaminase domain (GAT) that supplies ammonia (De Ingeniis et al., 2012). In this study, the presence or absence of the GAT domain did not affect our predictions. All predicted producers among the 256 genomes contained both NaMNAT and NADS. In the case of Firmicutes, the Bacilli class contained only five producers and the Clostridia class included 44 predicted niacin producers. Most Fusobacteria were predicted to synthesize niacin, with only two predicted non-producers. Proteobacteria contained 29 predicted niacin synthesizers, but no taxa-specific patterns were observed.
Considering the prevalence of the first biosynthesis route in the gut microbiota, we wondered how common the alternative synthesis route was in these genomes. This route produces nicotinate D-ribonucleotide from quinolinic acid through NMNS and converts it to NAD using NMNAT. Only eight of the analyzed genomes contained both of these functional roles, and all contained the roles NaMNAT and NADS from the first route as well. All eight genomes belonged to the Firmicutes phylum, seven from the Clostridia class and one from Erysipelotrichia. Some prokaryotic cells share the eukaryotic NAD biosynthesis pathway from tryptophan (Kurnasov et al., 2003). However, we did not observe any evidence of an active tryptophan pathway in our list of HGM genomes. Because niacin is known to be salvaged from the environment, we investigated the functional roles associated with the uptake of three NAD precursors: nicotinamide, nicotinic acid, and N-ribosylnicotinamide. We found that the roles associated with the uptake of the nicotinamide and nicotinic acid (**Figure 4**) were only present in Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and a single Proteobacteria. Two roles associated with the conversion of salvaged niacin to nicotinate mononucleotide...
(NAM and NAPRT) were present in all five phyla, but these roles are involved in the recycling of NAD (Gossmann et al., 2012) and therefore do not necessarily indicate the presence of niacin salvage. The salvage of N-ribosylnicotinamide through PnuC, RNK, and NMNAT was only present in four Firmicutes and 18 Proteobacteria.
Taken together, these findings show that niacin biosynthesis is present in the majority of the HGM genomes. The phyla Actinobacteria and Firmicutes contain lower ratios of *de novo* producers than the other three, and in these phyla, we observed the presence of the niacin salvage pathways, which are not present in the Fusobacteria and Bacteroidetes genomes. A total of 63% of all the investigated genomes contained the NAD biosynthesis pathways.
**Pantothenate (Vitamin B5)**
Pantothenate is a precursor for coenzyme A (CoA) and it can be synthesized *de novo* from 2-dihydroprioate and β-alanine (Figure 5). Because CoA is the active form of pantothenate, we considered the *de novo* pantothenate biosynthesis pathway to be complete when a genome contained the functional roles needed for CoA biosynthesis. Although this pathway is well defined, it caused many uncertainties in our analysis. Many of the analyzed genomes were missing the roles KPHMT or ASPDC. When a genome was missing a single enzyme in the branched pathway, the organisms were still predicted to be a pantothenate producer. Some genomes were lacking the role PBAL, which is the final step of pantothenate biosynthesis. Hence, the absence of PBAL always resulted in a non-producer prediction.
According to our predictions, Fusobacteria, certain Actinobacteria, and Firmicutes do not possess the ability to synthesize pantothenate (Figure 5). These predictions were mostly based on the absence of two or more of the functional roles KPHMT, KPRED, ASPDC, and PBAL. All Bacteroidetes and 36 (95%) of the Proteobacteria genomes were predicted to be CoA producers. Only three Actinobacteria were predicted CoA producers: two of the Actinomycetales order and one Coriobacteriales. None of the Bifidobacteriales contained a full CoA biosynthesis pathway, but all genomes in the order contained the pantothenate transporter PANF. The four non-producing Coriobacteriales genomes did not contain a PANF transporter. Firmicutes displayed certain class-level similarities, with 32% of the genomes containing the essential roles for CoA biosynthesis. Only seven Bacilli, including three Bacillales and four Lactobacillales, contained all CoA-biosynthesis roles. The Clostridia class demonstrated considerable variability in the presence of roles, and no specific pattern could be observed for the lower taxa. In the phylum Proteobacteria, all organisms of the Betaproteobacteria class except
---
**FIGURE 5 | Pantothenate biosynthesis.** The pantothenate biosynthesis subsystem contains 10 functional roles (Supplementary Table 2) and 12 metabolites. Refer to Figure 1 for figure descriptions.
| Abbr. | Metabolite | Abbr. | Metabolite |
|-------|-----------------------------|-------|-----------------------------------|
| I | 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate | VII | D-4’-phosphopantothenate |
| II | 2-dihydroprioate | VIII | (R)-4’-Phosphopantothenoyl-L-cysteine |
| III | (R)-pantoate | IX | Pantetheine |
| IV | L-aspartate | X | Pantetheine 4’-phosphate |
| V | β-alanine | XI | Dephospho-CoA |
| VI | Pantothenate | XII | Coenzyme A |
one contained all essential functional roles for CoA biosynthesis, whereas none of the producers presented a PANF transporter. All Delta- and Epsilonproteobacteria were predicted to be producers. All Gammaproteobacteria contained all roles in the pathway, except a single genome of the order Aeromonadales was missing three out of the four necessary steps for pantothenate biosynthesis.
Taken together, these findings demonstrate that the synthesis of CoA from pantothenate is present in nearly all HGM genomes. However, pantothenate biosynthesis is not present in Fusobacteria and is only present in a few Actinobacteria and Firmicutes. Nearly all Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria contain a full biosynthesis pathway for both pantothenate and CoA. CoA biosynthesis is present in 51% of the HGM genomes.
**Pyridoxine (Vitamin B7)**
The coenzyme form of pyridoxine is pyridoxal 5'-phosphate and is required for several enzymes in the cell, mainly those required for the metabolism of amino acids (Dakshinamurti and Dakshinamurti, 2007). Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate can be synthesized *de novo* via two different routes (Figure 6).
We first analyzed the shorter biosynthesis route, which uses a single enzyme with two domains, represented by the functional roles PdxS and PdxT. This route joins glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and D-ribulose 5-phosphate to produce pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. Both roles must be present for an organism to be a predicted producer. The 20 Actinobacteria and 33 Firmicutes genomes that were predicted to be pyridoxine producers contained the PdxTS roles. Only three Bacteroidetes producers contained the PdxTS route: two from the Prevotellaceae family and one Rikenellaceae, *A. indistinctus* YIT 12060, which also contained the alternative biosynthesis route described below. The three Fusobacteria producers contained PdxTS; four Proteobacteria producers (i.e., the three Deltaproteobacteria and a single Gammaproteobacteria, *A. junii* SH205) also contained PdxTS.
We then examined the alternative synthesis route, which requires seven functional roles for a complete pathway made of two branches. One branch converts D-erythrose-4-phosphate to 3-amino-2-oxopropyl phosphate in four steps. The other branch converts D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate with the functional role dxs.
The pyridoxine biosynthesis subsystem contains 11 functional roles (Supplementary Table 2) and 16 metabolites. Refer to Figure 1 for figure descriptions.
(Figure 6). The two end-metabolites are joined by PdxJ and converted to pyridoxal 5'-phosphate by PdxH. Both PdxJ and PdxH were required for an organism to be a predicted pyridoxine synthesizer. Only genomes from the Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria phyla contained the roles PdxJ and PdxH in addition to the remaining essential functional roles of the pathway (Table 2); therefore, Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria were the only phyla predicted to synthesize pyridoxine via this route. All Gammaproteobacteria, with the exception of *Escherichia* sp. 1_1_43, contained a full PdxJH biosynthesis route. Only three Bacteroidetes genomes—*Bacteroides coprocola* DSM 17136, *Bacteroides coprophilus* DSM 18228, and *Bacteroides plebeius* DSM 17135—were predicted to be non-producers. All three genomes were missing PdxH but contained all other functional roles of the pathway.
The results for the two routes showed that the majority of Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria have the ability to synthesize pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. Most Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria use the longer route, and all Actinobacteria contain the shorter synthesis route. Only few Firmicutes and Fusobacteria can synthesize pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, but those that do use the shorter PdxTS route. Taken together, these findings reveal that the *de novo* biosynthesis of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate is present in 50% of the tested HGM genomes. The majority of genomes from all phyla, except for Fusobacteria, contained the role PdxK, which is involved in the salvage of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate and its two precursors.
**Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)**
Riboflavin can only be synthesized through one known pathway from GTP and D-ribulose-5-phosphate (Figure 7). The role PyrP is commonly missing in our genomes and is commonly missing in plants (Gerdes et al., 2012); thus, its absence did not affect our predictions. For an organism to be considered a predicted producer, its genome had to present all other functional roles to produce the redox cofactors FMN and FAD.
All Bacteroidetes and Fusobacteria and 36 genomes (92%) of Proteobacteria contained all essential functional roles for riboflavin biosynthesis (Figure 7, Table 2). Half of the Firmicutes were predicted to be riboflavin producers. This ratio is the largest in Firmicutes producers among all of the vitamins in our analysis. Although riboflavin biosynthesis was the most prominent in Firmicutes, no taxa-specific patterns were found. Only two genomes in the Actinobacteria phylum had all the essential roles for riboflavin biosynthesis: *Corynebacterium ammoniagenes* DSM 20306 and *Bifidobacterium longum* ATCC 15697. All Bacteroidetes were predicted producers. All but two genomes from Proteobacteria were predicted to synthesize riboflavin.
**FIGURE 7 | Riboflavin biosynthesis.** The riboflavin biosynthesis subsystem contains 10 functional roles (Supplementary Table 2) and 11 metabolites. Refer to Figure 1 for figure explanations.
The riboflavin biosynthesis pathway was the most preserved of the eight vitamins we examined, although it was absent in most of the Actinobacteria genomes and half of the Firmicutes genomes. However, all non-producing organisms from the two phyla contained the RibU riboflavin transporter role, indicating their need for the riboflavin-derived cofactors FMN and FAD. RibU was almost completely absent in the Bacteroidetes, Fusobacteria, and Proteobacteria, whereas the *de novo* synthesis pathway was found in nearly all genomes of the three phyla. The majority of all 256 genomes (65%) had the ability to produce riboflavin.
**Thiamin (Vitamin B1)**
The thiamin biosynthesis pathway consists of two branches that are joined in the final step to produce thiamin monophosphate (Figure 8) (Jurgenson et al., 2009).
All genomes in our analysis contained the ThiCD functional roles. The Thi4 role was only found in nine genomes, which were all from the Bacteroidetes phylum. The second HET-P synthesis route requires four functional roles: ThiS, ThiG, ThiF, and ThiO or ThiH. The roles ThiO and ThiH convert glycine and tyrosine, respectively, to glycine imine. The role ThiS carries a sulfur group to ThiG, which combines the sulfur with glycine imine and DXP to produce HET-P. Most predicted producers in our analysis used the ThiH role except for four genomes that contained ThiO (two from the Proteobacteria, one from the Actinobacteria, and one from the Firmicutes phylum). Only two Actinobacteria out of its 15 producers contained the ThiH or ThiO part of the pathway; because their genomes contained all other functional roles, they were predicted to be producers. In the final step, HET-P and HMP-PP are combined to produce thiamin monophosphate by ThiE. Although thiamin diphosphate is the functional version of thiamin, the production of thiamin monophosphate was considered sufficient for producer status. Only a single Bacteroidetes genome, *Prevotella salivae* DSM 15606, was missing essential functional roles for thiamin biosynthesis. In the Firmicutes phylum, no Bacilli received a producer status, whereas half of the Clostridia class genomes were predicted to synthesize thiamin. In Proteobacteria, all but one Gammaproteobacteria genome were predicted to be producers. The remaining seven producers from the phylum belonged to the Beta-, Delta-, and Epsilonproteobacteria classes.
Taken together, these results show that the synthesis of thiamin monophosphate is present in the majority of all phyla, except for Firmicutes, and this synthesis is most prevalent in Bacteroidetes and Fusobacteria. Only a few genomes in the Bacteroidetes phylum contain the role Thi4, which can replace the drawn as a metabolite because it is combined with other metabolites and recycled in the pathway. Refer to Figure 1 for figure explanations.
longer HET-P biosynthesis route. The ThiH role in the longer HET-P synthesis route is most commonly used by HGM organisms; in contrast, the ThiO role is rarely present and is only present in Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria genomes. In total, 56% of the HGM organisms have the ability to produce thiamin.
**Comparison with Experimental Data**
To assess the validity of our predictions, we compared our results with existing experimental data in the literature. Here, we considered only experimental studies that used defined media added specific B-vitamins for growth, or that tested for B-vitamin requirements or secretions specifically. We found experimental evidence of B-vitamin requirements or secretions for 11 of our HGM species. However, for four of these species, experimental data were not found for the specific species that we analyzed. In these cases, we compared the data to our analyzed strains while keeping in mind that strains within a species can differ substantially (Li et al., 2009). In total, we made eight predictions for each of the 16 strains, resulting in 128 predictions. We found that 113 of our predictions matched the experimental data (88%, Table 4). This result suggests that predictions concerning bacterial metabolism can be made based on well-annotated genomes.
**B-vitamin synthesis Patterns in HGM and other Microbial Genomes**
Examining the variation of the different synthesis pathways in our former analysis, we wondered how the combinations of the vitamins synthesized varied across the HGM genomes. Our data consist of binary information regarding the distribution of pathways in 256 HGM and 257 non-HGM genomes, i.e., the presence or absence of a vitamin biosynthesis pathway in a genome (Figure 9). We investigated the $2^8 = 256$ possible patterns of the eight studied pathways. Only 68 (27%) of the 256 possible pathway patterns were found in the 256 HGM genomes (Supplementary Table 1), suggesting that the occurrences of these B-vitamin pathways may not be independent.
To determine whether the pattern occurrence and distribution was HGM specific or a general feature of bacteria, we inspected the B-vitamin metabolism distribution in 257 bacterial genomes (non-HGM). We identified four groups: (1) 32 HGM-specific patterns, (2) 36 patterns present in both HGM and non-HGM sets, (3) 36 patterns found only in non-HGM genomes, and (4) 152 patterns found in neither. The 32 HGM-specific patterns were present in 68 (27%) of the HGM genomes, and each pattern was found in eight or fewer genomes. Three HGM-specific patterns were found in eight genomes each: (i) the presence of only niacin, pyridoxine, and thiamin pathways was found only in Actinobacteria, (ii) the absence of all pathways except for niacin was found in six Firmicutes and two Actinobacteria genomes, (iii) the presence of all pathways except for biotin and folate biosynthesis was found in five Firmicutes and three Proteobacteria genomes. The remaining HGM-specific patterns were found in four or fewer genomes each. The presence of these HGM-specific vitamin biosynthesis patterns suggests that human gut microbes have evolved to suit gut-specific conditions, resulting in complementary combinations of synthesized B-vitamins. Accordingly, we observed ten pairs of inversed patterns, in which pathways that
---
**TABLE 4 | Comparison of genomic predictions and experimental evidence.**
| Organism (SEED ID) | B | C | F | N | P | B6 | R | T | References |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----------------------------|
| *Bacteroides fragilis* NCTC 9343 (272569.17) | ● | | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | Varel and Bryant, 1974 |
| *Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron* VPI-5482 (226186.1) | ● | | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | Varel and Bryant, 1974 |
| *Bacteroides vulgatus* ATCC 8482 (435590.6) | ● | | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | Varel and Bryant, 1974 |
| *Clostridium difficile* CD196 (645462.3)<sup>a</sup> | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | Karasawa et al., 1995 |
| *Clostridium difficile* NAP07 (525258.3)<sup>a</sup> | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | Karasawa et al., 1995 |
| *Clostridium difficile* NAP08 (525259.3)<sup>a</sup> | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | Karasawa et al., 1995 |
| *Escherichia coli* str. K-12 substr. MG1655 (511145.6) | ● | | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | Davis and Mingioli, 1950 |
| *Faecalibacterium prausnitzii* A2-165 (411483.3) | ● | | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | Heinken et al., 2014 |
| *Faecalibacterium cf. prausnitzii* KLE1256 (748224.3)<sup>b</sup> | ● | | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | Heinken et al., 2014 |
| *Faecalibacterium prausnitzii* L2-6 (718252.3)<sup>b</sup> | ● | | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | Heinken et al., 2014 |
| *Faecalibacterium prausnitzii* SLS3/3 (657322.3)<sup>b</sup> | ● | | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | Heinken et al., 2014 |
| *Helicobacter pylori* 26695 (85962.1) | ● | | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | Testerman et al., 2001 |
| *Klebsiella pneumoniae* 1162281 (1037908.3)<sup>c</sup> | ● | | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | Anderl et al., 2000 |
| *Lactobacillus plantarum* WCFS1 (220668.1) | ○ | ● | ○ | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | Wegkamp et al., 2010 |
| *Listeria monocytogenes* str. 1/2a F6854 (267409.1)<sup>d</sup> | ● | | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | Tsai and Hodgson, 2003 |
| *Salmonella enterica* subsp. *enterica* serovar Typhimurium str. TN061786 (946034.3) | ● | | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | Skovran and Downs, 2000 |
<sup>a</sup>*C. difficile* VPI 10463, KZ 1626, KZ 1630, KZ 1647, and KZ 1748.
<sup>b</sup>*F. prausnitzii* A2-165.
<sup>c</sup>*K. pneumonia* Kp1 and Kp102M.
<sup>d</sup>*L. monocytogenes* 10403, EGD-e, and L028.
were present or absent in one genome were absent or present in another, respectively (Figure 10). Such pairs of organisms may be candidates for mutualistic or symbiotic interactions. For example, several Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria genomes contained all biosynthesis pathways, except for cobalamin synthesis. In the complementary pattern, found in eight Firmicutes genomes, all biosynthesis pathways, except for cobalamin synthesis, were absent. In comparison, only five pairs of inversed patterns were observed in the analyzed non-HGM genomes.
We analyzed the distribution of pathway patterns of the HGM genomes and noted similarities in the eight vitamin biosynthesis capabilities at the phylum, class, order, and family levels. Genomes in the phylum Actinobacteria demonstrated variations in pathway distributions; however, the most conserved pattern, the biosynthesis of niacin, pyridoxine, and thiamin, was present in eight (35%) genomes, and all of these genomes were from the order Bifidobacteriales and the family Bifidobacteriaceae (Figure 9, Supplementary Table 1). Pathway distribution was highly conserved in the phylum Bacteroidetes, which displayed only six different patterns. The two most common patterns in the Bacteroidetes phylum were the biosynthesis of all eight vitamins, which was present in 26 (51%) of the genomes in the phylum, and the synthesis of all vitamins except for cobalamin, which appeared in 17 (33%) of the Bacteroidetes genomes. Three genomes could not produce cobalamin and pyridoxine, and three did not meet the requirements for consideration as cobalamin and folate producers. A single organism in the Bacteroidetes phylum could produce all vitamins except for biotin and cobalamin. One genome of the family Prevotellaceae, *P. salivae* DSM 15606, was missing five biosynthesis pathways, and this organism only produced pantothenate, pyridoxine, and riboflavin. The phylum Firmicutes demonstrates the highest variability in pathway patterns, containing 43 patterns in 130 genomes. However, this variability is not surprising in light of the taxonomic diversity within the phylum itself. The most common pattern was the absence of all biosynthesis pathways and was found in 30 genomes, 26 of which belong to the Lactobacillales order of the Bacilli class. The Lactobacillales order also contained 9 out of 10 Firmicutes genomes that contained only riboflavin biosynthesis. Genomes of the Clostridia class showed an even larger diversity of pathway patterns; these genomes contained 28 out of the 43 Firmicutes patterns. The most common Clostridia pattern, the absence of all synthesis pathways except cobalamin, was found in seven organisms. All the analyzed Fusobacteria genomes belonged to the family Fusobacteriaceae and displayed conserved patterns of pathways. The most common pattern in nine of the 14 genomes was the absence of only the pantothenate and pyridoxine synthesis pathways. The pantothenate biosynthesis pathway was absent in all of the genomes, whereas all genomes contained the biosynthesis pathways for biotin, cobalamin, riboflavin, and thiamin. The phylum Proteobacteria showed surprisingly conserved patterns in light of the high divergence of the taxon. The class Gammaproteobacteria contained 12 out of the 13 Proteobacteria genomes that contained the biosynthesis of all vitamins except for cobalamin. The only other genome to show this pattern was the Betaproteobacteria *Ralstonia* sp. 5_7_47FAA. The remaining 14 patterns were only found in six or fewer genomes in the phylum, and 10 patterns were observed in only a single organism each.
Finally, few pathway patterns were shared between the five phyla. The presence of all pathways, except for cobalamin, was observed in Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria in 17, 1, and 13 genomes, respectively. Only nine out of the 68 patterns observed in the HGM genomes were shared between two phyla, whereas 58 patterns appeared in a single phylum each.
Taken together, the distribution of pathway patterns was relatively conserved, with only 68 patterns appearing in the 256 HGM genomes. A third of these patterns (20 out of 68) were the inverse of another pattern, suggesting the existence of symbiotic relationships for B-vitamin metabolism in the gut microbiota.
**Amount of HGM B-vitamins Available to the Gut**
Considering that the B-vitamin biosynthesis pathways seem to be prevalent in the human gut microbiota genomes, we wondered whether gut bacteria have the collective capacity to produce sufficient B-vitamins for daily human requirements. The assumptions underlying the calculation are described in the Method Section. Overall, only four of the eight B-vitamins are predicted to be produced in amounts that could cover at least a quarter of the suggested dietary intake (Table 5). It must be noted that the calculated values are speculative and do not represent the true amount of B-vitamins provided by the human gut microbiota.
**Discussion**
In this study, we predicted the B-vitamin biosynthesis of 256 known human gut microorganisms based on their genome annotations alone. Our key results are the following: (i) the majority of our genome-based predictions match published experimental data; (ii) B-vitamin biosynthesis is common in the HGM; and (iii) inverted patterns of vitamin synthesis suggest symbiotic relationships among HGM organisms with regard to B-vitamins. Taken together, our data support the idea that the human gut microbiota has co-evolved relationships that are specific to the gut environment.
The predictions of B-vitamin synthesis capability agreed well with experimental data suggesting that the genomic analyses of well-defined pathways can provide much information regarding strain-specific metabolism. The prediction had a 12% error rate, which represents a lower bound for the other HGM capabilities (Table 4) as we compared against well-studied organisms with a higher genome completeness than expected for genomes assembled from metagenomic studies. One example of a wrong prediction is *L. plantarum* WCFS1, in which all necessary functional roles of the biotin pathway were missing. Because biotin is not required for its growth (Wegkamp et al., 2010), either the organism does not need biotin or the manual curation of the pathway requires additional data. The *L. plantarum* WCFS1 genome contains the biotin-dependent protein biotin-protein ligase (Supplementary Table 3), which suggests a need for biotin. All analyzed *C. difficile* genomes were predicted to produce pantothenate as they contained all essential roles except ASPDC. However, pantothenate is required in the growth medium of the comparison strain (Karasawa et al., 1995). The strain difference may explain the discrepancy but it is also possible that our essential role constraints are too loose and that the absence of ASPDC should lead to a negative prediction, even when it is the only missing functional role in the pathway. The four *F. prausnitzii* genomes were missing all essential roles for folate production and were therefore predicted to require folate in their growth media. In contrast, no significant folic acid consumption of *F. prausnitzii* A2-165 has been reported (Heinken et al., 2014) and additionally, it can grow in folic acid free medium (personal communication, Dr. Delphine Saulnier). However, the genome of *F. prausnitzii* A2-165 contains an annotated folate transporter (Heinken et al., 2014) and the folate-dependent methionyl-tRNA formyltransferase (UniProt ID: C7H5H7). We propose that *F.*
---
**TABLE 5 | Estimated maximal percentage of daily reference intake of the eight vitamins that could be provided by the human gut microbiota.**
| Vitamin | Intracellular concentration [mmol/gDW] | DRI<sup>a</sup> [mg/day] | HGM<sub>ratio</sub> | %DRI from HGM |
|---------------|----------------------------------------|---------------------------|---------------------|---------------|
| Biotin | $9.0 \times 10^{-7}$ | 0.03 | 0.40 | 4.5 |
| Cobalamin | $8.5 \times 10^{-8}$ | 0.0024 | 0.42 | 31 |
| Folate<sup>b</sup> | $5.0 \times 10^{-5}$ | 0.4 | 0.43 | 37 |
| Niacin<sup>b</sup> | $3.3 \times 10^{-3}$ | 15 | 0.63 | 27 |
| Pantothenate | $2.3 \times 10^{-6}$ | 5 | 0.51 | 0.078 |
| Pyridoxine<sup>b</sup> | $5.8 \times 10^{-4}$ | 1.3 | 0.50 | 86 |
| Riboflavin | $9.0 \times 10^{-6}$ | 1.2 | 0.65 | 2.8 |
| Thiamin<sup>b</sup> | $8.7 \times 10^{-6}$ | 1.15 | 0.56 | 2.3 |
<sup>a</sup>Dietary reference intakes (Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes and Its Panel on Folate, Other B Vitamins, And Choline, 1999). Values averaged for male and female references intakes (ages 19–50).
<sup>b</sup>Atomic mass for dihydrofolic acid, nicotinic acid, pyridoxine 5'-phosphate, and thiamine monophosphate.
*F. prausnitzii* A2-165 does not require folates for growth, although the presence of folate in the growth medium might enhance the growth rate. *L. plantarum* WCF51 is missing all PABA functional roles while it has been shown to synthesize folate in the absence of folate precursors and PABA in the growth medium (Wegkamp et al., 2010). This contradiction suggests an unknown route for PABA biosynthesis, which is likely considering that two missing archaeal enzyme families in the folate biosynthesis pathway had recently been discovered (De Crecy-Lagard et al., 2012).
The two most commonly synthesized vitamins of the human gut microbiota genomes were riboflavin and niacin, with 166 and 162 predicted producers, respectively. The gut-microbial production of riboflavin has been associated with the immune response through the activation of T-cells (Kjer-Nielsen et al., 2012). Riboflavin has also been shown to be involved in the extracellular electron transport chain in *F. prausnitzii* (Khan et al., 2012). The conservation of the riboflavin biosynthesis pathway can be explained by the exclusive importance of its derivatives, FAD and FMN, because approximately 1–3% of cellular proteins are flavoproteins (De Colibus and Mattevi, 2006; Abbas and Sibirny, 2011). Niacin, a precursor for NAD, is another essential cofactor. NAD and its reduced and phosphorylated derivatives (NADH, NADP, and NADPH) have many functions in cells, such as serving as hydride donors and acceptors in redox reactions (Belenky et al., 2007; Houtkoooper et al., 2010), participation in bacterial and DNA ligase reactions (Wilkinson et al., 2001), and roles as molecules that signal the cellular redox status (Houtkoooper et al., 2010). However, the two synthesis pathways are distributed differently over the five phyla. Riboflavin synthesis is mainly found in Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, and Fusobacteria, but it is only found in half of the Firmicutes genomes and very few Actinobacteria (Figure 7). In contrast, the niacin biosynthesis pathway is more evenly distributed over the genomes of the five phyla (Figure 4). Such differences between the distributions of these two pathways can have various explanations. First, this variation may reflect their evolutionary history; riboflavin synthesis appears to be more ancient than the NAD biosynthesis pathway (Gazzaniga et al., 2009). Second, the biosynthesis of riboflavin and its derivatives is a quite straightforward pathway (Abbas and Sibirny, 2011), whereas the biosynthesis of NAD is very complex and includes numerous versions of salvage pathways in various bacterial taxa (Kurnasov et al., 2003; Gerdes et al., 2006; Galeazzi et al., 2011; Cialabrini et al., 2013).
The human gut microbiota is a large microbial community, in which metabolites are shared among individual microorganisms (Wolin, 1974; Chassard et al., 2005). The production of all vitamins and the absence of all biosynthesis pathways was one of the most common patterns in the HGM (Figure 10). The absence of all biosynthesis pathways was only found in the Firmicutes phylum, whereas the presence of all eight pathways was found mainly in the Bacteroidetes and in several Proteobacteria (Figure 9, Supplementary Table 2). This distribution of vitamin biosynthesis patterns is interesting given that a higher ratio of Bacteroidetes to Firmicutes has been linked to a healthier gut microbiota compared with that in obese individuals (Turnbaugh et al., 2006). Inversed pattern pairs in HGM was twice as frequent than in non-HGM, and 70% more genomes were associated with these pairs in the HGM compared to non-HGM (Figure 10). These results suggest that the trait of sharing B-vitamins has evolved in the gut microbes.
HGM can supply the host with biotin, folate, and riboflavin (Hill, 1997; Rossi et al., 2011). Human colonocytes contain transporters for several B-vitamins, such as RFT1 for riboflavin (Yonezawa et al., 2008), FOLR1 for folate (Crott et al., 2008), and the multivitamin transporters SMCT1 (Li et al., 2003) and SMVT (Prasad et al., 1999). It has therefore been speculated that the HGM contributes to B-vitamin homeostasis (Said, 2004) because most of the dietary vitamin absorption occurs in the small intestine. The large intestine contains the highest density of microbes in the human gut; thus, it seems likely that bacteria provide human intestinal cells with sufficient B-vitamins to avoid deficiencies during short periods of vitamin-poor diet. According to our estimation, the gut microbiota would not be able to provide the host with the daily recommended intake of B-vitamins (Table 5) and a large portion of these vitamins may be taken up by non-producing gut microbes, which compete with the host. In fact, our results indicate that human gut microbes actively synthesize B-vitamins and provide them to their neighboring bacteria through symbiotic relationships. A high fraction of the recommended pyridoxine intake and about a third of the recommended intake of cobalamin and folate could be available from the gut bacteria (Table 5). Consistently, these vitamins are thought to be produced by the human gut microbiota in addition to dietary uptake (Herbert, 1963; Roth, 1981; Leblanc et al., 2013). In fact, pyridoxine deficiency due to dietary deficiency is rarely observed (Rucker et al., 2007). Cobalamin and folate deficiencies are mainly reported in elderly people (Herbert, 1963; Andres et al., 2004; Clarke et al., 2004), who have been shown to have a less diverse and metabolically active microbiota (Woodmansey et al., 2004; Claesson et al., 2011). In addition, cobalamin and folate have several metabolites derived beyond their basic forms, and the host may not absorb these compounds. For example, it has been shown that little of the corrinoids found in human feces are gut-bacteria derived (Allen and Stabler, 2008), and it has been proposed that the most of the corrinoids produced by the gut bacteria are taken up by non-producers in the gut (Degnan et al., 2014). Vitamin B12 has recently been suggested as a modulator of gut microbial ecology (Degnan et al., 2014). We propose that other B-vitamins could also have a gut microbiota-modulating role. In this study, we have not analyzed vitamin transporters because little is known about the B-vitamin export from bacterial cells (Rodionova et al., 2014). However, if B-vitamins are released into the gut during cell lysis, any vitamin producer can be considered a vitamin source, regardless of its transporter expression. Taken together, our results highlight the fact that the microbiota does indeed contribute to the B-vitamin pool of the gut and that the host can benefit to some extent from the B-vitamin biosynthesis of the microbiota.
In conclusion, our genomic assessment of 256 HGM organisms suggests that these organisms have co-evolved in the gut and shows several possible symbiotic and competitive relations within the gut microbiota. The co-evolution of B-vitamin biosynthesis in gut microorganisms has likely benefitted the host’s vitamin homeostasis.
Acknowledgments
The presented project was supported by the Fonds National de la Recherche (FNR), Luxembourg (6951193), and cofunded under the Marie Curie Actions of the European Commission (FP7-COFUND: 6847110) as well as by the FNR under the ATTRACT programme (FNR/A12/01). This work was funded in part by the National Institutes of Health (grant no. R01 GM70641) to VD. The authors thank E. Bauer and A. Heinken for valuable discussions.
Supplementary Material
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at http://www.frontiersin.org/journal/10.3389/fgene.2015.00148/abstract
References
Abbas, C. A., and Sibiry, A. A. (2011). Genetic control of biosynthesis and transport of riboflavin and flavin nucleotides and construction of robust biotechnological producers. *Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev.* 75, 321–360. doi: 10.1128/mmbr.00030-10
Allen, R. H., and Stabler, S. P. (2008). Identification and quantitation of cobalamin and cobalamin analogues in human feces. *Am. J. Clin. Nutr.* 87, 1324–1335.
Altschul, S. F., Gish, W., Miller, W., Myers, E. W., and Lipman, D. J. (1990). Basic local alignment search tool. *J. Mol. Biol.* 215, 403–410. doi: 10.1016/s0022-2836(05)80360-2
Anderl, J. N., Franklin, M. J., and Stewart, P. S. (2000). Role of antibiotic penetration limitation in Klebsiella pneumoniae biofilm resistance to ampicillin and ciprofloxacin. *Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.* 44, 1818–1824. doi: 10.1128/AAC.44.7.1818-1824.2000
Andres, E., Loukili, N. H., Noel, E., Kaltenbach, G., Abdelghent, M. B., Perrin, A. E., et al. (2004). Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) deficiency in elderly patients. *CMAJ* 171, 251–259. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.1031155
Begley, T. P., Kinsland, C., Mehl, R. A., Osterman, A., and Dorrestein, P. (2001). The biosynthesis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotides in bacteria. *Vitam. Horm.* 61, 103–119. doi: 10.1016/S0083-6729(01)61003-3
Belenky, P., Bogan, K. L., and Brenner, C. (2007). NAD+ metabolism in health and disease. *Trends Biochem. Sci.* 32, 12–19. doi: 10.1016/j.tibs.2006.11.006
Ben-Amor, K., Heilig, H., Smidt, H., Vaughan, E. E., Abee, T., and De Vos, W. M. (2005). Genetic diversity of viable, injured, and dead fecal bacteria assessed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting and 16S rRNA gene analysis. *Appl. Environ. Microbiol.* 71, 4679–4689. doi: 10.1128/aem.71.8.4679-4689.2005
Chassard, C., Gaillard-Martinié, B., and Bernailler-Donadille, A. (2005). Interaction between H2-producing and non-H2-producing cellulolytic bacteria from the human colon. *FEMS Microbiol. Lett.* 242, 339–344. doi: 10.1016/j.femsle.2004.11.029
Cialabrini, L., Ruggieri, S., Kazanov, M. D., Sorci, L., Mazzola, F., Orsomando, G., et al. (2013). Genomics-guided analysis of NAD recycling yields functional elucidation of COG1058 as a new family of pyrophosphatases. *PLoS ONE* 8:e65595. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065595
Cicmanec, J. F., and Lichstein, H. C. (1978). Uptake of extracellular biotin by Escherichia coli biotin prototrophs. *J. Bacteriol.* 133, 270–278.
Claesson, M. J., Cusack, S., O’Sullivan, O., Greene-Diniz, R., De Weerd, H., Flannery, E., et al. (2011). Composition, variability, and temporal stability of the intestinal microbial flora of the elderly. *Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.* 108(Suppl. 1), 4586–4591. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1000097107
Clarke, R., Grimley Evans, J., Schneede, J., Nexø, E., Bates, C., Fletcher, A., et al. (2004). Vitamin B12 and folate deficiency in later life. *Age Ageing* 33, 34–41. doi: 10.1093/ageing/afi109
Crott, J. W., Liu, Z., Keyes, M. K., Choi, S. W., Jang, H., Moyer, M. P., et al. (2008). Moderate folate depletion modulates the expression of selected genes involved in cell cycle, intracellular signaling and folate uptake in human colonic epithelial cell lines. *J. Nutr. Biochem.* 19, 328–335. doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2007.05.003
Dakshinamurti, S., and Dakshinamurti, K. (2007). *Handbook of Vitamins*. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis Group.
Davis, B. D., and Mingoli, E. S. (1950). Mutants of Escherichia coli requiring methionine or vitamin B12. *J. Bacteriol.* 60, 17–28.
De Colibus, L., and Mattevi, A. (2006). New frontiers in structural flavoenzymology. *Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol.* 16, 722–728. doi: 10.1016/j.sbi.2006.10.003
De Crecy-Lagard, V., Phillips, G., Grochowski, L. L., El Yacoubi, B., Jenney, F., Adams, M. W., et al. (2012). Comparative genomics guided discovery of two missing archaeal enzyme families involved in the biosynthesis of the pterin moiety of tetrahydromethanopterin and tetrahydrofolate. *ACS Chem. Biol.* 7, 1807–1816. doi: 10.1021/cb300342u
Degnan, P. H., Taga, M. E., and Goodman, A. L. (2014). Vitamin B12 as a modulator of gut microbial ecology. *Cell. Metab.* 20, 769–778. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2014.10.002
De Ingeniis, J., Kazanov, M. D., Shatalin, K., Gelfand, M. S., Osterman, A. L., and Sorci, L. (2012). Glutamine versus ammonia utilization in the NAD synthetase family. *PLoS ONE* 7:e39115. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039115
Dempsey, W. B. (1971). Role of Vitamin B6 biosynthetic rate in the study of Vitamin B6 synthesis in Escherichia coll. *J. Bacteriol.* 108, 1001–1007.
Disz, T., Akhter, S., Cuevas, D., Olson, R., Overbeek, R., Vonstein, V., et al. (2010). Accessing the SEED genome databases via Web services API: tools for programmers. *BMC Bioinformatics* 11, 319. doi: 10.1186/1471-2105-11-319
Galeazzi, L., Bocci, P., Amici, A., Brunetti, L., Ruggieri, S., Romine, M., et al. (2011). Identification of nicotinamide mononucleotide amidase of the bacterial pyridine nucleotide cycle reveals a novel broadly conserved amidohydrolase family. *J. Biol. Chem.* 286, 40365–40375. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M111.275818
Gazzaniga, F., Stebbins, R., Chang, S. Z., Mcpeek, M. A., and Brenner, C. (2009). Microbial NAD metabolism: lessons from comparative genomics. *Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev.* 73, 529–541. doi: 10.1128/mmbr.00042-08
Gerdes, S., Lerma-Oritz, C., Frelin, O., Seaver, S. M., Henry, C. S., De Crecy-Lagard, V., et al. (2012). Plant B vitamin pathways and their compartmentation: a guide for the perplexed. *J. Exp. Bot.* 63, 5379–5395. doi: 10.1093/jxb/ers208
Gerdes, S. Y., Kurnasov, O. V., Shatalin, K., Polanuyer, B., Sloutsky, R., Vonstein, V., et al. (2006). Comparative genomics of NAD biosynthesis in cyanobacteria. *J. Bacteriol.* 188, 3012–3023. doi: 10.1128/jb.188.8.3012-3023.2006
Gossmann, T. I., Ziegler, M., Puntervoll, P., De Figueiredo, L. F., Schuster, S., and Heiland, I. (2012). NAD(+) biosynthesis and salvage—a phylogenetic perspective. *FEBS J.* 279, 3355–3363. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08559.x
Hasona, A., Kim, Y., Healy, F. G., Ingram, L. O., and Shanmugam, K. T. (2004). Pyruvate formate lyase and acetate kinase are essential for anaerobic growth of Escherichia coli on xylose. *J. Bacteriol.* 186, 7593–7600. doi: 10.1128/jb.186.22.7593-7600.2004
Hastings, J., De Matos, P., Dekker, A., Ennis, M., Harsha, B., Kale, N., et al. (2013). The ChEBI reference database and ontology for biologically relevant chemistry: enhancements for 2013. *Nucleic Acids Res.* 41, D456–D463. doi: 10.1093/nar/gks1146
Heinken, A., Khan, M. T., Paglia, G., Rodionov, D. A., Harmsen, H. J., and Thiele, I. (2014). Functional metabolic map of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, a beneficial human gut microbe. *J. Bacteriol.* 196, 3289–3302. doi: 10.1128/jb.01780-14
Herbert, V. (1963). A palatable diet for producing experimental folate deficiency in man. *Am. J. Clin. Nutr.* 12, 17–20.
Hill, M. J. (1997). Intestinal flora and endogenous vitamin synthesis. *Eur. J. Cancer Prev.* 6, S43–S45.
Houtkooper, R. H., Canto, C., Wanders, R. J., and Auwerx, J. (2010). The secret life of NAD+; an old metabolite controlling new metabolic signaling pathways. *Endocr. Rev.* 31, 194–223. doi: 10.1210/er.2009-0026
Jackowski, S., and Alix, J. H. (1990). Cloning, sequence, and expression of the pantothenate permease (panF) gene of *Escherichia coli*. *J. Bacteriol.* 172, 3842–3848.
Jurgenson, C. T., Begley, T. P., and Ealick, S. E. (2009). The structural and biochemical foundations of thiamin biosynthesis. *Annu. Rev. Biochem.* 78, 569–603. doi: 10.1146/annurev.biochem.78.072407.102340
Karasawa, T., Ikoma, S., Yamakawa, K., and Nakamura, S. (1995). A defined growth medium for *Clostridium difficile*. *Microbiology* 141(Pt 2), 371–375.
Khan, M. T., Browne, W. R., Van Dijl, J. M., and Harmsen, H. J. (2012). How can Faecalibacterium prausnitzii employ riboflavin for extracellular electron transfer? *Antioxid. Redox Signal.* 17, 1433–1440. doi: 10.1089/ars.2012.4701
Kjer-Nielsen, L., Patel, O., Corbett, A. J., Le Nours, J., Meehan, B., Liu, L., et al. (2012). MRI presents microbial vitamin B metabolites to MAIT cells. *Nature* 491, 717–723. doi: 10.1038/nature11605
Kubitschek, H. E., and Friske, J. A. (1986). Determination of bacterial cell volume with the coulter counter. *J. Bacteriol.* 168, 1466–1467.
Kurnasov, O., Goral, V., Colabroy, K., Gerdes, S., Anantha, S., Osterman, A., et al. (2003). NAD biosynthesis: identification of the tryptophan to quinolinolate pathway in bacteria. *Chem. Biol.* 10, 1195–1204. doi: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2003.11.011
Leblanc, J. G., Milani, C., De Giorgi, G. S., Sesma, F., Van Sinderen, D., and Ventura, M. (2013). Bacteria as vitamin suppliers to their host: a gut microbiota perspective. *Curr. Opin. Biotechnol.* 24, 160–168. doi: 10.1016/j.copbio.2012.08.005
Letunic, I., and Bork, P. (2007). Interactive Tree Of Life (iTOL): an online tool for phylogenetic tree display and annotation. *Bioinformatics* 23, 127–128. doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btl529
Letunic, I., and Bork, P. (2011). Interactive tree of life v2: online annotation and display of phylogenetic trees made easy. *Nucleic Acids Res.* 39, W475–W478. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkr201
Li, H., Myeroff, L., Smiraglia, D., Romero, M. F., Pretlow, T. P., Kasturi, L., et al. (2003). SLC5A8, a sodium transporter, is a tumor suppressor gene silenced by methylation in human colon aberrant crypt foci and cancers. *Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.* 100, 8412–8417. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1340846100
Li, W., Raoult, D., and Fournier, P. E. (2009). Bacterial strain typing in the genomic era. *FEBS Microbiol. Rev.* 33, 892–916. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2009.00182.x
Lin, S., and Cronan, J. E. (2011). Closing in on complete pathways of biotin biosynthesis. *Mol. Biosyst.* 7, 1811–1821. doi: 10.1039/c1mb05022b
Loferer-Krößbacher, M., Klíma, J., and Psenner, R. (1998). Determination of bacterial cell dry mass by transmission electron microscopy and densitometric image analysis. *Appl. Environ. Microbiol.* 64, 688–694.
Marchler-Bauer, A., Zheng, C., Chitsaz, F., Derbyshire, M. K., Geer, L. Y., Geer, R. C., et al. (2013). CDD: conserved domains and protein three-dimensional structure. *Nucleic Acids Res.* 41, D348–D352. doi: 10.1093/nar/gks1243
McLaren, J., Ngo, D. T., and Olivera, B. M. (1973). Pyridine nucleotide metabolism in *Escherichia coli*: III. Biosynthesis from alternative precursors *in vivo*. *J. Biol. Chem.* 248, 5144–5149.
Metges, C. C. (2000). Contribution of microbial amino acids to amino acid homeostasis of the host. *J. Nutr.* 130, 1857s–1864s.
Overbeek, R., Begley, T., Butler, R. M., Choudhuri, J. V., Chuang, H. Y., Coelho, M., et al. (2005). The subsystems approach to genome annotation and its use in the project to annotate 1000 genomes. *Nucleic Acids Res.* 33, 5691–5702. doi: 10.1093/nar/gki1866
Overbeek, R., Olson, R., Pusch, G. D., Olsen, G. J., Davis, J. J., Disz, T., et al. (2013). The SEED and the rapid annotation of microbial genomes using subsystems technology (RAST). *Nucleic Acids Res.* 42, D206–D214. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkt1226
Prasad, P. D., Wang, H., Huang, W., Fei, Y. J., Leibach, F. H., Devoe, L. D., et al. (1999). Molecular and functional characterization of the intestinal Na+-dependent multivitamin transporter. *Arch. Biochem. Biophys.* 366, 95–106. doi: 10.1006/abbi.1999.1213
Qin, J., Li, R., Raes, J., Arumugam, M., Burgdorf, K. S., Manichanh, C., et al. (2010). A human gut microbial gene catalogue established by metagenomic sequencing. *Nature* 464, 59–65. doi: 10.1038/nature08821
Rodionov, D. A., Mironov, A. A., and Gelfand, M. S. (2002). Conservation of the biotin regulon and the BirA regulatory signal in Eubacteria and Archaea. *Genome Res.* 12, 1507–1516. doi: 10.1101/gr.314502
Rodionova, I. A., Li, X., Plymale, A. E., Motamedchaboki, K., Konopka, A. E., Romine, M. F., et al. (2014). Genomic distribution of B-vitamin auxotrophy and uptake transporters in environmental bacteria from the Chloroflexi phylum. *Environ. Microbiol. Rep.* 7, 204–210. doi: 10.1111/1758-2229.12227
Rossi, M., Amaretti, A., and Raimondi, S. (2011). Folate production by probiotic bacteria. *Nutrients* 3, 118–134. doi: 10.3390/nu3010118
Roth, K. S. (1981). Biotin in clinical medicine—a review. *Am. J. Clin. Nutr.* 34, 1967–1974.
Rucker, R. B., Zempleni, J., Suttie, J. W., and McCormick, D. B. (2007). *Handbook of Vitamins*, 4th Edn. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Said, H. M. (2004). Recent advances in carrier-mediated intestinal absorption of water-soluble vitamins. *Annu. Rev. Physiol.* 66, 419–446. doi: 10.1146/annurev.physiol.66.032102.144611
Santos, F., Vera, J. L., Van Der Heijden, R., Valdez, G., De Vos, W. M., Sesma, F., et al. (2008). The complete coenzyme B12 biosynthesis gene cluster of *Lactobacillus reuteri* CRL1098. *Microbiology* 154, 81–93. doi: 10.1099/mic.0.2007/011569-0
Savage, D. C. (1977). Microbial ecology of the gastrointestinal tract. *Annu. Rev. Microbiol.* 31, 107–133. doi: 10.1146/annurev.mi.31.100177.000543
Shane, B., and Stokstad, E. L. (1976). Transport and utilization of methyltetrahydrofolates by *Lactobacillus casei*. *J. Biol. Chem.* 251, 3405–3410.
Skovran, E., and Downs, D. M. (2000). Metabolic defects caused by mutations in the isc gene cluster in *Salmonella enterica* serovar typhimurium: implications for thiamine synthesis. *J. Bacteriol.* 182, 3896–3903. doi: 10.1128/JB.182.14.3896-3903.2000
Sompolinsky, D., and Neujahr, H. Y. (1971). Studies of thiamine uptake in growing cultures and in cell fragments of *Lactobacillus fermenti*. *Acta Chem. Scand.* 25, 3054–3066.
Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes and its Panel on Folate, O. B. V., and Choline, (1998). *Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline*. Washington, DC: National Academies Press US.
Taranto, M. P., Vera, J. L., Hugenholtz, J., De Valdez, G. F., and Sesma, F. (2003). *Lactobacillus reuteri* CRL1098 produces cobalamin. *J. Bacteriol.* 185, 5643–5647. doi: 10.1128/JB.185.18.5643-5647.2003
Testerman, T. L., Mcgee, D. J., and Mobley, H. L. (2001). Helicobacter pylori growth and urease detection in the chemically defined medium Ham’s F-12 nutrient mixture. *J. Clin. Microbiol.* 39, 3842–3850. doi: 10.1128/jcm.39.11.3842-3850.2001
The Human Microbiome Project Consortium. (2012a). A framework for human microbiome research. *Nature* 486, 215–221. doi: 10.1038/nature11209
The Human Microbiome Project Consortium. (2012b). Structure, function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome. *Nature* 486, 207–214. doi: 10.1038/nature11234
Tsai, H. N., and Hodgson, D. A. (2003). Development of a synthetic minimal medium for *Listeria monocytogenes*. *Appl. Environ. Microbiol.* 69, 6943–6945. doi: 10.1128/AEM.69.11.6943-6945.2003
Turnbaugh, P. J., Ley, R. E., Mahowald, M. A., Magrini, V., Mardis, E. R., and Gordon, J. I. (2006). An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest. *Nature* 444, 1027–1031. doi: 10.1038/nature05414
Varel, V. H., and Bryant, M. P. (1974). Nutritional features of *Bacteroides fragilis* subsp. fragilis. *Appl. Microbiol.* 28, 251–257.
Wegkamp, A., Teusink, B., De Vos, W. M., and Smid, E. J. (2010). Development of a minimal growth medium for *Lactobacillus plantarum*. *Lett. Appl. Microbiol.* 50, 57–64. doi: 10.1111/j.1472-765X.2009.02752.x
Wilkinson, A., Day, J., and Bowater, R. (2001). Bacterial DNA ligases. *Mol. Microbiol.* 40, 1241–1248. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2001.02479.x
Wilson, A. C., and Pardee, A. B. (1962). Regulation of flavin synthesis by *Escherichia coli*. *J. Gen. Microbiol.* 28, 283–303. doi: 10.1099/00221287-28-2-283
Wolin, M. J. (1974). Metabolic interactions among intestinal microorganisms. *Am. J. Clin. Nutr.* 27, 1320–1328.
Woodmansey, E. J., McMurdo, M. E., Macfarlane, G. T., and Macfarlane, S. (2004). Comparison of compositions and metabolic activities of fecal microbiotas in young adults and in antibiotic-treated and non-antibiotic-treated elderly subjects. *Appl. Environ. Microbiol.* 70, 6113–6122. doi: 10.1128/aem.70.10.6113-6122.2004
Yonezawa, A., Masuda, S., Katsura, T., and Inui, K. (2008). Identification and functional characterization of a novel human and rat riboflavin transporter, RFT1. *Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol.* 295, C632–C641. doi: 10.1152/ajpcell.00019.2008
**Conflict of Interest Statement:** The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. | 927c87fc-9ca3-414a-bf94-839f02ddeb8e | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 79,074 |
РЕШЕНИЕ
№ 603/20.09.2017 г.
След като се запознах с изготвен доклад по чл. 106, ал. 6 от ЗОП и Протоколи отразяващи работата на комисията назначена със моя Заповед № 407/26.06.2017 г., в процедура за възлагане на обществена поръчка, провеждана чрез публично състезание с предмет: "Закупуване на специализиран автомобил за събиране на биоотпадъци, на нов колесен трактор, на съдове за разделно събиране на биоотпадъци, на съдове за ТБО и съоръжение за раздробяване на по-едри растителни отпадъци за община Смядово", включваща следните обособени позиции:
Обособена позиция №1 „Закупуване на специализиран автомобил за събиране на биоотпадъци - втора употреба” 1 бр.;
Обособена позиция №2 „Доставка на нови съдове за разделно събиране на биоотпадъци” - мин.50 бр.;
Обособена позиция №3 „Доставка на съоръжение за раздробяване на по-едри растителни отпадъци” - 1 бр.;
Обособена позиция №4 „Доставка на нови съдове за твърди битови отпадъци” - мин.10 бр.;
Обособена позиция №5 „Доставка на нов колесен трактор и прикачен инвентар” - 1 бр., от фактическа и правна страна констатирах следното:
Процедурата е открита с Решение № 337 от дата 23.05.2017 г., с прогнозна стойност от 153667.34 лв. без ДДС. До изтичане на срокът за подаване на оферти в Община Смядово са получени оферти от участници в процедурата за възлагане на поръчката по следните позиции: Обособена позиция №1 „Закупуване на специализиран автомобил за събиране на биоотпадъци - втора употреба” 1 бр.. Обособена позиция №3 „Доставка на съоръжение за раздробяване на по-едри растителни отпадъци” - 1 бр. и Обособена позиция №5 „Доставка на нов колесен трактор и прикачен инвентар” - 1 бр.
В процедурата не са подадени оферти за обособени позиции: Обособена позиция №2 „Доставка на нови съдове за разделно събиране на биоотпадъци” - мин.50 бр. и Обособена позиция №4 „Доставка на нови съдове за твърди битови отпадъци” - мин.10 бр., което е наложило на основание чл. 110 ал. 1, т. 1 ЗОП и във връзка с чл.108, ал. 1, т. 4 от ЗОП, Възложителят да прекрати процедурата с решение № 452/13.07.2017 г. в частта на Обособена позиция №2 „Доставка на нови съдове за разделно събиране на биоотпадъци” - мин.50 бр. и Обособена позиция №4 „Доставка на нови съдове за твърди битови отпадъци” - мин.10 бр.
По отношение на обособените позиции, за които са подадени оферти, назначената комисия е разглеждала офертите, като е оценила и класирала същите по мотиви подробно изложени в изготвенияте от същата протоколи и доклад, които приемам.
С оглед на изложеното по-горе и на основание чл. 181, ал. 6 от ЗОП, във връзка с чл.108, т. 1 и т. 4 от ЗОП и на основание взетите от комисията решения, обективирани в изтританите по-горе протоколи и доклад в обществената поръчка, взех следното
РЕШЕНИЕ:
I. ОБЯВЯВАМ КЛАСИРАНЕТО на участниците в процедурата за възлагане на обществена поръчка с предмет: "Закупуване на специализиран автомобил за събиране на биоотпадъци, на нов колесен трактор, на съдове за разделно събиране на биоотпадъци, на съдове за ТБО и съоръжение за раздробяване на по-едри растителни отпадъци за община Смядово", по обособени позиции, както следва:
Обособена позиция №3: „Доставка на съоръжение за раздробяване на по – едри растителни отпадъци” – 1 бр.;
ПЪРВО МЯСТО: Кънтри Ауто “ ООД, получил 100 т.
Обособена позиция №5: „Доставка на нов колесен трактор и прикачен инвентар“ – 1 бр.
ПЪРВО МЯСТО: „Янки“ ЕООД получил 96,17 т.
ВТОРО МЯСТО: Анимексс “ ЕООД, получил 95,00 т.
II. ОПРЕДЕЛЯМ ЗА ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛ на обществена поръчка с предмет: „Закупуване на специализиран автомобил за събиране на биоотпадъци, на нов колесен трактор, на съдове за разделно събиране на биоотпадъци, на съдове за ТБО и съоръжение за раздробяване на по-едри растителни отпадъци за община Смядово“, по обособени позиции, както следва:
Обособена позиция №3: „Доставка на съоръжение за раздробяване на по – едри растителни отпадъци” – 1 бр. участник „Кънтри Ауто “ ООД, класиран на първо място.
Обособена позиция №5: „Доставка на нов колесен трактор и прикачен инвентар“ – 1 бр. участника „Янки“ ЕООД, класиран на първо място.
III. На основание чл. 107, т. 1 от ЗОП ОТСТРАНИЯВАМ ОТ УЧАСТИЕ в обществена поръчка с предмет: „Закупуване на специализиран автомобил за събиране на биоотпадъци, на нов колесен трактор, на съдове за разделно събиране на биоотпадъци, на съдове за ТБО и съоръжение за раздробяване на по-едри растителни отпадъци за община Смядово“ офертите на:
1. Участника „Висм Ауто“ ЕООД в частта на Обособена позиция №1: „Закупуване на специализиран автомобил за събиране на биоотпадъци - втора употреба“ – 1 бр., поради не представянето на ЕЕДОП в процедурата от страна на този участник и поради невъзможността, да се извърши следващата се проверка по отношение на основанията за отстраняване и критериите за подбор.
2. Участника „Кънтри Ауто“ ООД в частта на Обособена позиция №1: „Закупуване на специализиран автомобил за събиране на биоотпадъци - втора употреба“ – 1 бр., поради отглеждането на офертата в частта на Обособена позиция №1, поради настъпили промени, които влияят на техническото състояние на предлаганият за доставка автомобил.
IV. На основание чл. 108, т. 4 от ЗОП ПРЕКРАТЯВАМ ЧАСТИЧНО обществена поръчка с предмет: „Закупуване на специализиран автомобил за събиране на биоотпадъци, на нов колесен трактор, на съдове за разделно събиране на биоотпадъци, на съдове за ТБО и съоръжение за раздробяване на по-едри растителни отпадъци за община Смядово“ в частта на Обособена позиция №1: „Закупуване на специализиран автомобил за събиране на биоотпадъци - втора употреба“ – 1 бр., поради липсата на валидно подадени оферти по обособената позиция.
На основание чл. 177 от ЗОП, във връзка с чл. 42, ал. 2, т. 1 от ЗОП и чл. 42, ал. 7 от ЗОП, настоящето Решение да се публикува в тридневен срок от издаването му в интернет страницата на Община Смядово, раздел профил на купувача, в електронното досие на поръчката: http://op.smyadovo.bg/.
На основание чл. 177 от ЗОП, във връзка с чл. 43 от ЗОП и чл. 42, ал. 7 от ЗОП, настоящето Решение да се изпрати до участниците в процедурата в тридневен срок от издаването му.
Настоящето решение подлежи на обжалване пред Комисия за защита на конкурентнияя в 10 дневен срок от получаването му.
ИВАНКА ПЕТРОВА
Кмет на Община Смядово
Заличено на основание чл. 2(2), ал. 5 от ЗЗДР | <urn:uuid:56436be5-6cf4-4f34-b544-137cf68ad9a7> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/bul_Cyrl/train | finepdfs | bul_Cyrl | 6,292 |
El Delfín Derek
Libro de Actividades
Este libro, ha sido creado especialmente para niños(as) y sus familias, con el fin de ayudarlos a sentirse más tranquilos acerca del proceso de la cateterización. Les enseñará como usar la sonda LoFric ® y el porqué podría ser necesario que la usen, aquellos niños(as) que no pueden vaciar sus vejigas en forma natural.
Este libro de actividades, complementa las instrucciones que fueron dadas por el doctor(a) o enfermera(o) del niño(a), y solo debe de servir como instrumento adicional. Si usted es un niño(a), esperamos que disfrute de las páginas que tiene este libro para colorear y de sus actividades. Si usted es un padre de familia, esperamos que encuentre de mucha utilidad la información que le damos a través de las páginas de este libro.
¿Qué es CIC?
No poder vaciar la vejiga naturalmente es más común de lo que usted piensa. Cada año, muchos niños nacen sin poder orinar normalmente como otros lo hacen, debido a diferentes razones. Entre niños de más edad y entre los adultos, las enfermedades, las heridas, las cirugías y los medicamentos pueden también resultar en dificultad para orinar. Algunos niños(as) tienen este problema solo temporalmente, mientras que otros nunca lo superan, pero la mayoría son tratados hoy en día con ¨cateterización intermitente¨ o CIC. CIC es un método de tratamiento seguro, bien probado y fácil de aprender. En simples términos, significa que vaciarás tu vejiga, con un delgado tubo plástico llamado sonda.
¿Qué es LoFric ® y porqué es recomendado?
La sonda LoFric ® es una sonda de baja fricción, que tiene una superficie especialmente tratada para que se ponga suave y resbalosa, después de sumergirla en agua por 30 segundos. Después, la sonda puede ser introducida suavemente en la vejiga, con casi no fricción alguna. No se necesita lubricación adicional.
LoFric es también, la única sonda intermitente con más de 20 años de estudios clínicos. Es la sonda hidrofílica intermitente más usada en todo el mundo.
Dentro de tu cuerpo, tienes una vejiga y dos riñones. Para mantenerte saludable, es importante que trabajen juntos. Voltea la página y te enseñaremos como es que trabajan...
Empiece
aquí
Derek
Cuando Derek toma agua, ésta se va para sus riñones. Ahí sus riñones convierten en orina aquella agua que su cuerpo no necesita.
Esta orina entonces baja a la vejiga a través de sus uréteres y se queda ahí hasta que sea tiempo de ser vaciada a través de su uretra.
Usa un lápiz para trazar el camino que una bebida toma para bajar hasta la vejiga.
Así como Derek, hay algunos niños(as) que tienen una vejiga que no trabaja en la forma que debería.
Derek necesitaba ayuda para sacar la orina. Esto lo hacía sentirse mal y un poco triste.
Él sabe lo importante que es vaciar su vejiga regularmente. Si él no lo hace, entonces podría causarle muchos problemas.
¿Qué puedo hacer? Preguntó Derek.
Así que Derek empezó su viaje en busca de una solución... estaba entusiasmado, y esperaba también encontrarse con unos amigos a lo largo del camino.
Justo como esperaba, Derek se encontró con dos amigos nuevos llamados Darla y Daren - hace un tiempo, ellos tenían problemas con vaciar sus vejigas. Le contaron a Derek que ellos ponen un tubo especial dentro de sus vejigas para sacar la orina. Se llama cateterización.
Ellos le contaron todo a Derek sobre el tubo especial, llamado "la sonda LoFric". ¡Tienen hoyos pequeños y es mágica! -decían- porque es fácil para deslizarla hacia adentro y hacia afuera. Se pone muy resbalosa cuando se moja con agua.
¡Consejos para los padres!
La sonda LoFric ® es la única sonda en el mundo, con una capa especial que reduce la fricción en la uretra hasta en un 95%, cuando la comparamos con las sondas plásticas regulares que se usan con gel. Esto significa que, habrán menos infecciones en el conducto urinario y menos lesiones en la uretra, y a lo largo, se reducirán las complicaciones. Estudios avanzados han demostrado, que el uso de LoFric resulta en un nivel de fricción de un 55% más bajo, que usando las otras sondas hidrofílicas.
Gracias a los amigos nuevos de Derek, él ahora sabía como cateterizarse con la sonda LoFric y esto lo hizo sentirse mejor. Ahora Derek te enseñará qué hacer. Trae todo lo que vas a necesitar...
¿Listo(a)? Derek dice que sigas estos pasos...
Siempre lava tus manos antes de empezar.
Deja el agua corriendo.
Abre el paquete de la sonda.
Cuidadosamente llena el paquete con agua y después cuenta hasta 30.
Ahora la sonda se siente resbalosa, así como la piel de Derek el delfín.
¿Puedes encontrar la abertura de tu uretra por donde sale la orina? Límpia esta área así como tu enfermera(o) o doctor(a) te han enseñado.
Desliza la sonda en tu vejiga así como te han enseñado. Espera hasta que la orina pare de salir. Empuja la sonda un poquito hacia adentro para estar
seguro(a) de que toda la orina se salió. Luego jala la sonda lentamente hacia afuera.
"No tengas miedo" dice Derek. "No duele y es fácil". Vea como lo hago yo - sin problema.
Algunos niños(as) no pueden del todo cateterizarse a través de la uretra como lo hace Derek. Hay niños(as) en silla de ruedas, que no pueden moverse tan fácilmente como lo puede hacer Derek. En ese caso, la cateterización se hace en forma diferente.
"Hola, yo soy el primo de Derek y me llamo Mikey. Estoy en una silla de ruedas y mi doctor(a) me ha hecho un hoyo especial en mi panza. Se llama una estoma. Así, yo puedo sacar la orina más fácil. La sonda LoFric es muy resbalosa, así que poniéndola dentro de mi panza no duele y es muy fácil".
Cuando hayas terminado, solamente bota la sonda.
Lava tus manos.
¡Eso es todo! - ¿Ves que fácil es cuando sabes hacerlo?
¡Consejos para los padres!
Enseñar al niño(a) a orinar solo(a) con una sonda, es un proceso que puede y debe tomar tiempo. Anímelo(a) a participar en la cateterización tan pronto como sea posible. Sea tranquilo y metódico, enséñelo(a) de acuerdo a sus necesidades y dependiendo de sus condiciones.
Ahora Derek está muy feliz, porque sabe lo fácil que es con la sonda LoFric. Él celebra con su primo y con sus nuevos amigos.
Si sigues los números y los conectas con un lápiz, puedes ver una forma. ¿Puedes ver lo que es?
Derek quiere saber cuál camino tomar para encontrar la sonda. Escoge un número para ver si estás correcto.
Hay 15 estrellas de mar dispersas por todo este libro. ¿Puedes encontrarlas todas?
Aquí hay dos...
?
Derek quiere colgar esta pintura en la pared, pero no tiene color. ¿La puedes colorear para él?
Derek dice, que tienes que ponerte la sonda LoFric varias veces al día.
Tu doctor(a) o enfermera(o) te dirán qué tan seguido debes de hacerlo. ¡Derek dice que uses esta página para ayudarte!
¡Trata de ver cuántas palabras puedes encontrar de las que has aprendido en este libro!
VEJIGA SONDA DELFÍN RIÑONES LOFRIC TOALLA DEREK JABÓN URETRA AGUA TUBO PLÁSTICO
Derek dice que todas las letras en estas palabras están fuera de orden. ¿Puedes ayudarlo a ponerlas bien?
(PISTA: Todas estas palabras se pueden encontrar en la página anterior)
TEACTRE =
JIEVAG =
GUAA =
LLTAOA =
CLOIFR =
NONIRSE =
AUTRER =
ABJNO =
DFELIN =
BUOT LASOCPIT =
KDEER =
Algunas de las cosas que necesitas están en este dibujo.
Pista: Referirse a página 9
El nombre de tu doctor(a) es
El nombre de tu enfermera(o) es
El tamaño que necesitas usar
es LoFric® con punta .
¡Consejos para los padres!
La sonda LoFric ® está disponible en tamaños para hombres, mujeres, adolescentes y pediátricos. El tamaño más adecuado será determinado por el doctor(a) o enfermera(o). LoFric ® está también disponible con un conveniente saquito integrado de agua o sólo con una bolsa recolectora de orina - estupendo para viajar.
El Delfín Derek
Libro de Actividades
77809-US-0506 Ref 412 | <urn:uuid:c66ee6b6-29ee-4dce-b7a5-be1e6b35721b> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/spa_Latn/train | finepdfs | spa_Latn | 7,821 |
How to Access Your Textbooks with a Browser
You can use an internet or web browser to access your books on any device. Many users prefer to access their books this way. If you are experiencing problems with the TextbookHub app, you can also view your account and all your books via a web browser on any device.
We recommend you use the Chrome browser
If you use the TextbookHub app on Chromebook, you already have the Chrome browser installed on your device. If you use another kind of device, you may need to download the Chrome browser.
1. Using Chrome, navigate to your school's unique TextbookHub URL. Your teacher can tell you what the URL for your school is.
TextbookHub.com
2. Log in to TextbookHub using your SCHOOL email address and password. Then click or tap Log In. Your bookshelf loads. Tap or click on any book to open it.
TextbookHub Help Resources
Check out the most recent help articles at help.textbookhub.com. You may find your question has already been answered there.
You can also reach out to our friendly product support team over the phone. They can help you troubleshoot the problem and find a resolution. Call toll-free 1 (855) 779-4928 or use the Chat Feature at help.textbookhub.com.
© Copyright 2021 TextbookHub
TextbookHub.com | <urn:uuid:463a6909-3301-4d00-a3ef-fc2ae3079d16> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 1,267 |
The Four Phases of Casework Practice
Below are descriptions of the four phases of the Interactional Helping Skills Model as they apply over the life of the case and concerning individual contacts.
Preliminary/Preparatory Phase
Life of the Case:
- The child welfare professional attempts to sensitize her or himself to themes that could emerge during the work. A review of case records, speaking with previously involved co-workers, a review of any previous contacts, a review of information passed on by the family or others, or the identification of subtle patterns emerging in prior work can alert the child welfare professional to the family's potential current concerns, as well as alert the child welfare professional to any personal feelings/beliefs, etc. that could impact their work.
- During this phase, the child welfare professional must develop some preliminary strategies for responding directly to indirect cues as well as strategies to overcome any barriers that the child welfare professional may bring to the helping relationship. This occurs prior to making contact.
Individual Contact:
- The efforts involved in an individual contact look identical to the efforts associated with the life of the case. The only exception is that the child welfare professional needs to make these efforts prior to each contact, thus ensuring that they are prepared and in the right frame of mind to effectively engage those with whom they will work.
Beginning/Contracting Phase
Life of the Case:
- During this phase, the child welfare professional is considering the family's perception of the situation, assessing and assuring safety, and exploring resources. The child welfare professional, as well as the families that they work with, develop a better understanding of the situation and what they can expect from one another. Ultimately, they come to an agreement (contract) on the work to be done.
- It is important to note that this is a critical time as it is during this phase when the helping relationship is being established. Research (referenced in Shulman's book, The Skills of Helping Individuals, Families, Groups, and Communities) shows that people achieve lasting change if they have a positive working relationship with the helper who assists in facilitating the change process. This is where trust and rapport are developed over time. It is not uncommon for families to offer a less significant problem to the child welfare professional in the beginning to test the child welfare professional. If they are comfortable with the child welfare professional's
The Four Phases of Casework Practice (Cont'd)
reaction, the individual may be willing to open up and share more significant problems.
- One of the most challenging issues in this phase is that there are often times when a case needs to be transferred from one child welfare professional to another (e.g. due to staff turnover, transfer of cases from intake to ongoing, etc). Rapport building must begin again with each change.
Individual Contact:
- During this phase of any given contact, two of the primary goals are to establish the purpose of the contact and to define the roles of all involved in the contact as well as related expectations. In doing so, the child welfare professional is considering the family's perception/perspective of the situation in the here and now. In keeping with the title of this phase, the child welfare professional and family are "contracting" on the work that needs to be accomplished during that contact. This "contracting" must occur surrounding the purpose of the contact and may or may not occur surrounding the roles of those involved.
- It is important to keep in mind that the family's perceptions/perspective may have changed since the last contact, so the child welfare professional will need to be prepared to adjust what they believe the purpose of the contact to be, as well as their role during the contact to meet the needs of the family. In demonstrating this willingness to adjust to the situations and needs of the family, the child welfare professional is also helping to build rapport with the family.
Middle/Work Phase
Life of the Case:
- This is where the work occurs. During this phase, the family and child welfare professional focuses on dealing with issues raised in the beginning phase or with new issues that have emerged since then (Shulman 2006, p 607). It is during this phase that the child welfare professional is constantly gathering information, conducting assessments, building upon previous assessments, and helping to facilitate change, within the family, that meets the mission of ensuring timely safety, permanence and well-being.
Individual Contact:
- As is the case when considering the life of the case, it is during this phase that the family and child welfare professional focuses on dealing with issues raised in the beginning phase or with new issues that have emerged since then (Shulman 2006, p 607). The child welfare professional's role is not only to gather information but also to share
Module 3: Using Interactional Helping Skills to
The Four Phases of Casework Practice (Cont'd)
information with families that may assist them in their efforts (e.g., planning, accessing services, etc.).
Ending/Transition Phase
Life of the Case:
- It is during this phase that the helping relationship is brought to an end. It is equally as important as the other three phases, as it is during this time that the child welfare professional must make sure that the family is in a place that they are able to be self-sufficient. This does not mean that they must manage everything on their own; rather they have the necessary supports in place or means to obtain those supports, to be successful without the children and youth agency's assistance. This is a powerful time, as it is the ending of the helping relationship, but a new beginning for the family, hopefully one with a sense of fulfillment and empowerment and a more positive look to the future. Families will likely have discovered things about themselves that they did not know before, both areas of strength and areas of concern and hopefully how to use those strengths deal with the areas of concern.
- The child welfare professional's role during this period is to review the work that has been completed, the growth that has taken place, and identify any future work that remains undone. The child welfare professional must help the family identify or reinforce the natural supports and community supports in their life that will help them to continue in their success.
Individual Contact:
- The child welfare professional's role at the end of an individual contact is to review the work that has been completed and identify any future work that needs to be completed by both the child welfare professional and family members. This future work may be what must happen by the next visit/contact or in the more distant future. It is important to note that not every visit/contact is going to end neatly with next steps identified. There will be times when the ending/transition stage efforts are simply to come to consensus on the status of discussion. Although this may initially feel uncomfortable, it will at times be necessary to allow this ambiguity to occur and sort situations out later.
(Shulman, L., 2006) | <urn:uuid:91c03071-afcf-455a-b003-2d8859b68e61> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 7,379 |
Performance Evaluations of PC5-Based Cellular-V2X Mode 4 for Feasibility Analysis of Driver Assistance Systems with Crash Warning
Takeshi Hirai \(^1,*\) and Tutomu Murase \(^2\)
\(^1\) Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
\(^2\) Information Technology Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; firstname.lastname@example.org
* Correspondence: email@example.com; Tel.: +81-52-747-6552
Received: 14 April 2020; Accepted: 20 May 2020; Published: 22 May 2020
Abstract: This paper presents the communication performance of PC5-based Cellular-Vehicle-to-Everything mode 4 (called mode 4) to measure the feasibility of a Crash Warning System (called CWS). The CWS requires nodes (e.g., cars or pedestrians) to update its location information ten times per second. This requirement provides us with a channel congestion problem. To investigate feasibility in terms of channel congestion, we evaluated communication performance in various crash scenarios by computer simulation. One of the serious scenarios is a crowded environment like large intersections. In the uniform node distribution, in which we evaluated average performance, mode 4 accommodated 26% fewer nodes than the expected one; in a realistic node distribution, mode 4 achieved 55% worse performance than the CWS requirements. Our results highlighted the need for performance improvements of mode 4 for CWS in practical uses.
Keywords: PC5-based C-V2X mode 4; sensing-based semi-persistent scheduling; driver assistance system; crash warning
1. Introduction
In order to advance the Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) concept for Smart Cities [1], driver assistance systems require Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communications. In particular, the Crash Warning System (CWS) [2], one of the essential systems using V2X, improves the safety level of driving. In this system, each communication node, simply called a node, e.g., a vehicle, a pedestrian, or a drone with communication equipment, periodically advertises its state data on its frames (simply called frames) in the broadcast mode. CWS requires reliable V2X communication, i.e., with severe Quality of Service (QoS) requirements, to accurately warn users. Of these requirements [3,4], nodes must receive status data from other nodes at rates of ten or more times per second. Additionally, nodes must warn users at least 2.5 s prior to future traffic accidents, i.e., potential crashes. Based on the QoS requirements, we have defined a performance metric called Node Accommodation Capacity (NAC), which represents the maximum number of nodes that can satisfy the QoS requirements. This metric plays an important role in proving the feasibility. We require enough large NACs to use CWS in various environments [5].
As a new V2X standard, PC5-based Cellular-V2X (C-V2X) mode 4 (simply called mode 4) [6] has been developed. Mode 4 does not require communications with base stations. This characteristic provides device-to-device communications, even out of base stations’ coverage range. It also reduces the communication costs with base stations. Instead of communications with base stations, mode 4 has a new random access mechanism—sensing-based semi-persistent scheduling (Sensing-based SPS). This random access mechanism uses a transmission history of the past 1000 milliseconds. The history supports nodes to select a slot with estimated-low interference. The new standard supports CWS, and thus, this paper focuses on CWS using mode 4.
The congestion problems of mode 4 disturb the development of CWS in terms of practical uses. In crash scenarios, mode 4 requires reliable communications. Unfortunately, some crash scenarios decrease the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR); for example, in crowded intersections or for high-speed vehicles like emergency vehicles, mode 4 experiences lower SINR than other scenarios. In such scenarios, mode 4 may not satisfy the QoS requirements. However, existing works have not evaluated the performance of mode 4 in crash scenarios. In such crash scenarios, we need to focus on nodes approaching to collide with the other nodes after a few seconds. The movements vary the SINRs between the nodes. Most of the works, like [7–16], did not focus on CWS and thus did not consider the crash scenarios for CWS. Our previous works [17–19] evaluated performance under congestion in CWS, but the nodes were fixed. Thus, these works also did not consider crash scenarios sufficiently.
In this paper, we investigate the feasibility of CWS in terms of the congestion caused by crash scenarios. In the end, we model crash scenarios in crowded intersections or for high-speed vehicles, and evaluate the performance characteristics of mode 4 in the modeled scenarios. The former scenarios are mainly related to the density of the nodes. By using the uniform node distribution, we investigate the performance limitations of mode 4 against the number of nodes, i.e., NAC. Additionally, by using realistic node distributions, we investigate the performance characteristics of mode 4 in realistic intersections. The latter scenarios depend on the relative speed of two nodes related to a potential crash. We evaluate the performance limitations of mode 4 at various relative speeds. In summary, this paper mainly contributes to investigating the NAC of mode 4 in various crash scenarios in CWS in order to show the feasibility in congestion conditions.
2. Related Works
Table 1 summarizes the existing works related to mode 4 [7–19]. Some works [7–16] evaluated the performance of PHY, MAC, or the application (such as cooperative awareness and platoon) layers of mode 4 rather than the performance in use-cases of CWS using mode 4. Our previous works [17–19] focused on the performance of mode 4 in CWS but did not cover feasibility. In the following paragraphs, we briefly explain the related works.
| Layer | Crash Scenarios | Related Works |
|------------------------|-----------------|---------------|
| **PHY and MAC Layer** | | |
| Awareness | Not assumed | [7–13] |
| Platoon | | [14,15] |
| Application Layer | | [16] |
| CWS | Assumed | This work |
Some related works have focused on the performance of mode 4 in the PHY and MAC layers. The work in [7] summarized the mechanism of mode 4. In [7], the authors evaluated the packet delivery rates of the distance between a transmitter and a receiver. The study in [8] simulated the performance of some mode 4 configuration parameters for slot selection. In [9], the authors mathematically analyzed the performance of mode 4 in terms of the error and the distance between a transmitter and a receiver. Reference [10] simulated the performance of mode 4 for frame sizes. In [11,12], the authors also simulated the performance of mode 4 for its key configuration parameters. The work in [13] enhanced the mechanisms of mode 4 to reduce collision errors by slot reselections.
The other works in [14–19] evaluated the performance of mode 4 while considering the application layer. In [14,15], the authors evaluated the performance of mode 4 in terms of cooperative awareness. Paper [14] revealed that mode 4 is characterized by greater delay and less packet delivery rates than those of IEEE802.11p. The work in [15] concluded that it might be possible to utilize mode 4 for practical uses in terms of cooperative awareness by optimizing the modulation and coding scheme.
(MCS). In [16], the authors simulated the performance of mode 4 in the use cases of the platoon, and concluded that mode 4 outperforms IEEE802.11p in the use cases. The work considers traffic accidents in terms of the platoon. However, the relative speed between platooned trucks is smaller than that in CWS. Our previous works [17–19] focused on CWS using mode 4. In [17,19], we proposed the non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) concept to overcome the congestion problem of mode 4. In [18], we investigated the behaviors of the slot selection mechanisms of mode 4. Our previous works did not however cover investigations into the feasibility of mode 4 in various crash scenarios, because the previous works focused on comparing communication systems rather than the feasibility evaluations of mode 4 in CWS.
According to the above discussions, the existing works have not investigated the feasibility of mode 4 in CWS. In this paper, we model various crash scenarios and investigate the performance of mode 4 in the modeled crash scenarios. The investigations highlight the performance limitations of mode 4 in CWS. Therefore, this paper extends the fundamental performance evaluations to the feasibility investigations for CWS.
3. System Model and Characteristics
This section explains the procedure of mode 4, the model of CWS, and the characteristics of mode 4 in CWS. In the model of CWS, we describe the warning process of CWS and the QoS requirements for accurate warnings of CWS. Explaining the characteristics help to understand our simulation results in Section 5.
3.1. Mode 4 Mechanism
Mode 4 does not require any base stations to communicate with the other nodes, unlike other C-V2X standards such as Uu-based C-V2X and PC5-based C-V2X mode 3 (called mode 3) [20]. In the Uu-based C-V2X, each node must negotiate the transmission slots with a base station before transmissions. Subsequently, the node transmits data to the base station once, and then the base station transmits the data to the other nodes. In contrast, mode 3 and mode 4 use PC5 interfaces to transmit data, i.e., sidelinks. Figure 1 shows the comparison between the characteristics of mode 4 and mode 3. Mode 3, the right figure in Figure 1, requires negotiation for a transmission slot, but directly transmits data through sidelink. In mode 4, the left figure in Figure 1, each node autonomously selects a transmission slot and directly transmits data in the slot [6]. In summary, mode 4 has no additional infrastructures and no control signals, unlike mode 3; it reduces communication costs, as compared to the other C-V2X standards. We explain the algorithm of mode 4 as follows.
**Figure 1.** The characteristics of mode 4, as compared to mode 3.
In order to communicate without base stations, each node executes Sensing-based SPS, which is a new random-access protocol. Sensing-based SPS has two different features from CSMA/CA as follows:
- Slot selection based on history: In order to select a good slot for the transmissions, each node uses the history of past slot utilization and estimates the interference of each future slot. The history includes the sensing information of all the slots, despite it transmitting or not; that is, each node
senses all the slots. This sensing information includes the received signal, the remaining number of slot utilization [7] (related to the next feature), and others.
Semi-persistent slot utilization: In order to boost the above estimation accuracy of the interference pattern, each node uses the same slot in a semi-persistent manner; in other words, each node successively uses the same frequency resource at specific times.
The basic procedure of the Sensing-based SPS has seven steps. The first four steps are to reduce the candidate slots using some carrier sensing mechanisms (Step 1–4). Specifically, each node filters the estimated slots with high interference in Steps 2–4. The last three steps operate successive transmissions (Step 5–7). We describe the steps in the following paragraphs:
Step 1. Initialization: When a frame is generated, each node initializes a set of candidate slots, $S_A$. The initial set includes all the slots during the selection window—as shown in the right part of Figure 2. The selection window is during a transmission interval $i$, e.g., 100 ms for 10 frames/s, which is after its generated time $t_g$ of the periodic frames. In contrast, the sensing history includes all the slots during the sensing window—as shown in the left part of Figure 2. As shown in Figure 2, the length of this window is standardized at 1000 ms.
**Figure 2.** The illustration of the sensing window and selection window.
Step 2. Filtering 1 (half-duplex): In this step, each node excludes non-sensed candidate slots during the sensing window from the initial set $S_A$. For example, each node cannot receive frames in the transmission slot. In these non-sensed slots, nodes cannot infer the slot usage from the past slots due to the half-duplex. The updated $S_A$ passes to the next step.
Step 3. Filtering 2 (Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP)): In this step, each node excludes specific candidate slots by the RSRP conditions from $S_A$. The RSRP conditions are as follows;
- The first condition is that one or more nodes reserve the candidate slot in the sensing window. Each node refers to the remaining number of sensing information in the past slot. Note that the frame must be decoded successfully.
- The second condition is that the RSRP of the above slots, reserved by the other nodes, is higher than the threshold. Note that, when the same transmitter reserves a transmission slot, the RSRP of the most recent slot is referred to.
From these two conditions, each node can exclude the candidate slots with deterministically high interference in this step. Figure 3 illustrates an example of Step 3. In Figure 3, in the three past slots, the nodes reserve a candidate slot of time $t$. This step is iterated until the size of $S_A$ becomes 20% or higher of the initial size in order to ensure that a sufficient amount of candidate slots are handed over to the next step. With each iteration, the RSRP threshold is reduced by 3 dB of the standard.
Step 4. Filtering 3 (Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI)): Each node excludes the candidate slots based on the average RSSI over the corresponding past slots. The corresponding past slots are defined as the slots that are traced back with the transmission interval from the candidate slot in the sensing window. Figure 4 is an example of a node calculating the average RSSI. Then, an individual node puts the $N$ top of the slots with the lowest average RSSI into the new set ($S_B$). The $N$ is standardized as the value of 20% of the number of slots. This step estimates the interference, although the nodes cannot fully identify the interference. In other words, the nodes exclude the candidate slots with the estimated-high interference.
Step 5. Random Selection: Each node randomly selects a transmission slot from $S_B$. This random selection prevents several nodes from selecting the same slot.
Step 6. Configuration: Each node randomly sets a reselection counter from a pre-defined range. Nodes reduce the counter by one every transmission. The node successively uses the same slot selected in Step 5 until the reselection counter becomes zero. The random selection of the reselection counters is effective in avoiding simultaneous reselections with other nodes. As a result, the possibility of the node selecting the same slot with other nodes is decreased.
Step 7. Successive transmissions and Reselection: Each node successively uses the selected slot and probabilistically reselects the next transmission slot after the reselection counter becomes zero. The node returns to Step 1 at a probability, called resource keeping probability. The probability is pre-defined in the range of 0–0.8; otherwise, each node maintains and uses the same slot.
3.2. Crash Warning System
3.2.1. How to Warn
In CWS, each node advertises (broadcasts) its own state data periodically and calculates the crash risks in the near future (i.e., potential crash risks), based on the obtained state data from other nodes. Figure 5 shows an example of a warning in CWS. The left illustration shows a periodical advertisement phase, and the right illustration shows a calculation phase.
**Figure 5.** The procedures of CWS: broadcast to surrounding nodes and warn the users.
In the periodical advertisement phase, each node broadcasts a frame, including its own state data in every transmission period. Each data includes the node’s location, speed, direction, time, and other information related to the node’s mobility. The data can be obtained from some sensors, such as GPSs and gyro sensors. In Figure 5, node-A broadcasts its own state data to notify other nodes of its existence.
In the calculation phase, CWS calculates the user’s potential crash risks in every receiving frame. If the risks are higher than a pre-defined value, the function warns the user, such as the driver or pedestrian. In Figure 5, node-B detects the potential crash risks with node-A from the obtained frame, and thus, warns the driver.
3.2.2. QoS Requirements
CWS has the following two QoS requirements to detect *potential crash nodes*, which are nodes that are likely to collide with other nodes.
Figure 6 illustrates an outline of the QoS requirements for node-B to detect node-A.
- **The number of received frames**: Potential crash nodes must receive ten frames/s from the corresponding potential crash nodes. Reference [3] standardizes the number of transmissions to 10 frames/s. We interpret this specification as a requirement concerning the number of received frames because receiving all of the transmitted frames is typically necessary and important in warning of potential crashes; in other words, the nodes need to obtain enough information to predict their future location in a real-time manner accurately. In Figure 6, node-B needs to receive at least ten numbers of node-A’s frames per second.
- **Warning period**: This is the period during which the system can safely warn the user. Specifically, this period is during 2.5–9.5 s prior to potential crashes [4]; in other words, the time-to-crash is within 2.5–9.5 s. To warn at a time-to-crash of 2.5 s, which is the last warning opportunity, potential crash nodes must satisfy the above requirement during the time-to-crash of 2.5–3.5 s. In Figure 6, node-B needs to warn node-A during this period.
In summary, according to the two QoS requirements, each potential crash node must receive ten frames from the corresponding potential crash nodes during 2.5–3.5 s before the potential crashes. As aforementioned, NAC is the maximum number of nodes in the communication range when the potential crash nodes can satisfy the two requirements. On average, the system can warn accurately when the number of nodes in the communication range is equal to or less than NAC. It is necessary to increase the NAC related to various factors, such as node density.
3.3. Crash Scenarios and Congestion Problem
In this section, we analyze the performance of mode 4 in some crash scenarios. The following scenarios decrease communication performance;
- Crowded intersection scenarios: crashes in crowded intersections.
- High-speed scenarios: crashes with high-speed nodes, like emergency vehicles.
To discuss the relationships between the performance of mode 4 and the scenarios, we consider an SINR during the warning period between two potential crash nodes: a transmitter $t$ and a receiver $r$. Equation (1) denotes the SINR $\gamma_r$:
$$\gamma_r = \frac{S_{tr}}{I_r + N_0}$$ \hspace{1cm} (1)
$N_0$ is noise power. $I_r$ is the interference power against the received signal at the receiver $r$. $S_{tr}$ is the received signal power from $t$ to $r$. The received signal power is formulated as follows:
$$S_{tr} = P_t C_{tr} d_{tr}^{-\alpha}$$ \hspace{1cm} (2)
$P_t$ is the constant transmission power. $d_{tr}$ is the distance between $t$ and $r$. $C_{tr}$ is the fading gain between $t$ and $r$. $\alpha$ denotes the path loss exponent. In the following sub-sections, we discuss the performance characteristics of mode 4 in the two scenarios.
3.3.1. Crowded Intersection Scenarios
Crowded intersections amplify the interference from other nodes. The interference is formulated as follows:
$$I_r = \sum_{i \in I} S_{ir}$$ \hspace{1cm} (3)
$I$ denotes the set of other transmitters at the transmission opportunity of the transmitter $t$. $|I|$ is the number of simultaneous transmitters. From Equations (2) and (3) is transformed as follows:
$$I_r = \sum_{i \in I} P_t C_{ir} d_{ir}^{-\alpha}$$ \hspace{1cm} (4)
The SINR in Equation (1) is transformed from Equation (4) as follows:
$$\gamma_r = \frac{S_{tr}}{\sum_{i \in I} P_t C_{ir} d_{ir}^{-\alpha} + N_0}$$ \hspace{1cm} (5)
From Equation (5), as $d_{ir}$ is smaller and/or $|I|$ is larger, SINR is smaller. In crowded intersections, i.e., the density of the nodes is high, the number of nodes near the transmitter is, on average,
larger than in non-crowded intersections. The trends of $d_{ir}$ and/or $|I|$ decrease SINR, and as a result, the performance of mode 4 is downgraded in such intersections.
Additionally, $|I|$ is related to the communication traffic load. Thus, the load is related to the number of transmissions per second (defined as NTS) is related to $|I|$, in addition to the density of the nodes involved in the crash scenarios. Increasing NTS increases $|I|$. Whereas, increasing NTS is expected to improve SINR because of the redundant transmissions. The two impacts also operate the degree of congestion.
3.3.2. High-Speed Scenarios
In high-speed crash scenarios, $S_{tr}$ is weaker than in low-speed scenarios. In the high-speed scenarios, potential crash nodes approach each other at high speeds. As nodes move at higher speeds, the relative speed $v_{tr}$ is higher. For example, emergency vehicles run at high-speeds. By using time-to-crash $t_{crash}$ and the relative speed, the communication distance during the warning period is shown as follows:
$$d_{ir} = v_{tr} t_{crash} \quad (6)$$
From Equations (2) and (6), the SINR is formulated as follows:
$$\gamma_r = \frac{P_t C_{tr} (v_{tr} t_{crash})^{-\alpha}}{I_r + N_0} \quad (7)$$
In order to recognize the potential crashes, the nodes need to receive frames during the warning period, i.e., $t_{crash}$ is 2.5–3.5 s at least. As the relative speed is larger at time $t_{crash}$, the communication distance is larger. As a result, the SINR is lower than that of the low-speed scenarios.
4. Evaluation Model
4.1. Crash Scenarios and Performance Metrics
Figure 7 depicts an example of the simulations. We investigated the number of received frames during the warning period at an evaluation target receiver from an evaluation target transmitter. The two target nodes were the potential crash nodes for each other; specifically, they frontally approached each other at a relative speed $v_{tr}$. This head-on crash scenario is the largest relative speed of the other scenarios, and thus, the communication distance is the largest in Equation (6). If the QoS requirements are satisfied in this scenario, the requirements are also satisfied in the other scenarios.
**Figure 7.** The abstract image of the simulation model of CWS: the transmitter and receiver are potential crash nodes.
Around the target receiver, within 300 m, the other nodes were deployed, as shown in Figure 7. All the nodes, including target nodes, shared spectrum resources in a multiple access manner. The manner causes the other nodes to play a role in the interference and competitors of slot selections for target nodes. Figure 7 shows an example in which two nodes interfere with a frame from the target transmitter at the target receiver. The signal power was strong enough at the target receiver within 300 m.
Next, we explain the dynamic ranges of the parameters modeling the crash scenarios. For crowded intersection scenarios, two kinds of densities (i.e., node distribution models) were given. The first kind of model is the uniform distribution model. This model is the most fundamental stochastic model. The model provides us with the average performance. Additionally, the stochastic model allows us to change the number of nodes in order to boost the density of the nodes. The two reasons provide an average upper limit of the number of nodes, i.e., NAC. The second one is the realistic distribution model. The model is built by Bologna data [21], which is the realistic mobility data for cars and pedestrians. From Bologna data, we modeled three intersections: large, medium, and small intersections, named A–C, respectively. The next section explains the details of the data. The NTS of each node depends on the degree of the congestion. In our simulations, NTS was also given 10–30 frames/s. Considering high-speed scenarios, we set $v_T$ at 120–240 km/h. For the scenarios, we assumed that emergency vehicles run at high speeds in urban areas. In our models, the target nodes approach at a given relative speed.
This paper showed the number of received frames during 2.5–3.5 s and NAC as a performance metric. The first metric was compared to the QoS requirements. For one of the references of NAC, we computed the *average number of nodes* (*ANN*), which is an average value over the number of nodes used in the three realistic intersections from Bologna data. ANN had 488 nodes. The number of received frames were averaged over 300 iterations in the uniform node distribution model and over 3 iterations $\times 1$ period for the traffic signal. The period of A is 105 s. B and C have no traffic signals, so we defined 112 s as the period because the duration is averaged over other traffic signals in the data. The metric was simulated by a simulator that we made. In our investigations, we could not find suitable mode 4 simulators that were able to evaluate the system-level performance in the context of CWS. We confirmed that the simulator outputted values along with the characteristics of mode 4.
### 4.2. Bologna Data and Realistic Node Distribution Models
Bologna data is the open data in iTETRIS [22] ([http://sumo.dlr.de/wiki/Data/Scenarios](http://sumo.dlr.de/wiki/Data/Scenarios)). The Bologna data was collected in Bologna (Italy) over three days from November 11 (Tue) to November 13 (Thu) in 2008 with 636 detectors.
The data includes peak hours in the morning. This data includes mobility data of pedestrians. The data is suitable to evaluate V2X performance, including Vehicle-to-Pedestrian. We obtained the mobility data from the Bologna data by Simulation of Urban MObility (SUMO) [23]. From the Bologna data, we extracted three intersections (A–C) $\times 9$ periods. Figure 8a illustrates the geographical map of the target intersections. These densities varied with time. To analyze the characteristics of the densities with time, we introduced two densities: *central density* and *system density*. The former is defined as the number of nodes within 100 m of the center point; the range was within the time-to-crash of approximately 3 s at the relative speed of 120 km/h. As the central density is large, $d_{it}$ in Equation (4) is, on average, small. System density represents the number of nodes within 300 m. As the density is large, $|I|$ in Equation (3) is also, on average, large. Figure 8b provides the average densities of each period. The trends of the system density and central density are proportional to the size of the intersections. Additionally, the system density is at its peak at 3500 s, as compared to the other times. The highest central densities were 3000 s at A, 1000 s at B, and 3500 s at C. In these periods, the performance is likely to be degraded.
4.3. Wireless Parameters
The key simulation parameters are listed in Table 2. First, the communication system model complied with the mode 4 standard [7]. A carrier frequency of 5.9 GHz was used as standard. The bandwidth was 10 MHz. The frame size was set to 190 bytes. We assumed that each frame conveyed accurate data that were sufficient to provide a warning. Additionally, we simply modeled the sub-channel of mode 4. To guarantee enough resources to transmit a frame of 190 bytes, mode 4 can have two sub-channels. Mode 4 has 1000 sub-frames/s at standard, and thus, the total number of slots was 2000 slots/s. Also, all the nodes were synchronized with GNSS.
Table 2. Key parameters in simulations.
| Crash Scenario Parameters. | Values |
|---------------------------|--------|
| NTS | 10–30 frames/s |
| Node distribution model | Uniform, Realistic |
| Relative speed | 120 km/h–240 km/h |
| Wireless Settings | Values |
|----------------------------|--------|
| Carrier frequency | 5.9 GHz |
| Bandwidth | 10 MHz |
| Frame size | 190 bytes |
| Radio propagation model | WINNER+ (LOS) B1 |
| Shadowing deviation | 3 dB (i.i.d) |
| Noise power | −110 dBm |
| SINR threshold | 5 dB |
| Configuration Settings | Values |
|----------------------------|--------|
| Reselection counter range | Linear Average |
| Initial RSRP threshold | −110 dBm |
| Resource keep probability | 0 |
Second, transmitted frames were correctly decoded when the SINRs were equal to or more than the threshold, as in [24,25]. The threshold was set to 5 dB [5]. As for SINR, radio propagation complied with the WINNER+ model [26], as recommended by METIS [27]. We used the LOS model to investigate the fundamental model and did not bind the specific NLOS environments. The propagation loss included a log-normal shadowing loss with a deviation of 3 dB, as established in [7]. We calculated the independent and identically distributed (i.i.d) shadowing loss between nodes. In the propagation
model, the antenna height of all the nodes was 1.5 m, as was used in [13]. The noise power was set to $-110$ dBm [14].
Third, sensing-based SPS was configured as follows. The initial reselection counter was calculated at random, but within a range. The range was configured so that it continued to use a slot within $0.5 \text{ s} - 1.5 \text{ s}$ for NTS $n_t$; for example, at 10 frames/s, the range was from 5 to 15. The standard determined the NTSs of 10, 20, and 50 frames/s. The ranges except for the standard NTS (from $R_{lower}$ to $R_{upper}$), were set to linear values, based on the range of 10 frames/s, as in Equation (8):
$$\begin{cases} R_{upper} = \lfloor n_t \times 1.5 \rfloor \\ R_{lower} = \lfloor n_t \times 0.5 \rfloor \end{cases}$$
(8)
The initial RSRP threshold was set to $-110$ dBm, which was the same as the noise power. The resource keeping probability was set to zero because of the most fundamental setting [7]. In other words, the nodes always reselected the next slot when the counter became zero.
5. Number of Received Frames and NAC in Two Crash Scenarios
This section presents the performance characteristics of mode 4 in crowded intersection crash scenarios and high-speed crash scenarios.
5.1. Crowded Intersection Scenarios
5.1.1. Uniform Node Distribution Models
Figure 9 shows the number of received frames for the number of nodes at the relative speed of 120 km/h. The horizontal axis is the number of nodes, and the vertical axis is the number of received frames. The legends in Figure 9 represent the NTSs. In the evaluations, all the nodes were uniformly distributed.
**Figure 9.** The number of received frames for the number of nodes in the uniform node distribution model at a relative speed of 120 km/h.
First, we explain the performance characteristics of the NTSs. In particular, at the NTS of 30 frames/s, we can observe the performance trend, which is explained in Section 3.3. At the NTS, the number of received frames was the largest until reaching 220 nodes because of the redundant transmissions. However, it was the lowest at 500 nodes due to overloading frames. The performance sharply drops as the traffic load increases. In contrast, at the NTS of 15 frame/s, the number of received frames was the largest at 420 nodes, although it was the second lowest at 300 nodes. Therefore, configuring the NTS depends on the degree of the congestion situation.
In terms of CWS, Figure 9 demonstrates that mode 4, on average, provides less performance than the QoS requirements. In Figure 9, using the NTS of 20 frames/s provided the best performance of the five NTSs; specifically, the NAC was 26% less than the ANN (i.e., 488 nodes). The NAC at the NTS exceeded the NAC at the other NTSs, like 15 frames/s or 25 frames/s, by 6%. It was also 12.5% above the NAC at the NTS of 30 frames/s. Therefore, we highlighted that mode 4 showed the best performance at the NTS of 20 frames/s but was not able to satisfy the requirements.
5.1.2. Realistic Node Distribution Models
Figures 10 and 11 depict the number of received frames in the large–small intersections at the five NTSs, respectively. The horizontal axes are the initial times of the periods of the traffic signal in each intersection. The vertical axes are the numbers of received frames. In the simulations, the relative speed of the target nodes was 120 km/h, which is to be assumed in urban areas.
**Figure 10.** The number of received frames in the large intersection.
**Figure 11.** The number of received frames in the small intersection.
Figure 10 demonstrates that the number of received frames did not satisfy the CWS requirements at any initial time in the large intersection at any NTS. From the results, using 10 frames/s and 15 frames/s showed better performance than performance at the other NTSs because the scenarios had many nodes, as compared to the other scenarios. At the initial time of 3000 s, using the NTS of 10 frames/s provided the best performance, and the number of received frames was 55% less than the QoS requirements. At the initial time of 3500 s, the suitable NTS was 15 frames/s, and the number of received frames was 52% less than the QoS requirements. The results emphasized that mode 4 failed to satisfy the requirements in the large intersection.
Figure 12 shows that mode 4 failed to satisfy the QoS requirements during many periods in the medium intersection. In particular, the performance at the initial time of 1000 s or 3500 s was lower than the performance at the other periods. In the former period, mode 4 suppressed 42% fewer numbers of received frames, as compared to the QoS requirements. In the latter period, using the NTS of 15 frames/s provided the best communication quality, but the number of received frames was 36% less than the QoS requirements. At the periods of the initial time of 4500 or 5000, mode 4 showed enough performance to satisfy the requirements at the NTSs of 15, 20, and 25 frames/s.
**Figure 12.** The number of received frames in the medium intersection.
As observed in Figure 11, the target node satisfied the QoS requirements at many periods at the small intersection. At periods except for the periods of the initial time of 3000 s or 3500 s, the number of received frames exceeded 10 frames/s. At the initial time of 3500 s or 3000 s, the target node did not receive a smaller number of frames than 10 frames at any NTS. In particular, at the initial time of 3500 s, the optimal NTS was 15 frames/s, and the number of received frames was 18% less than the QoS requirements. Therefore, we showed that mode 4 needed to improve the performance even in the medium and small intersections.
### 5.2. High-Speed Scenarios
Figures 13 and 14 depict the performance characteristics in high-speed scenarios. Figure 13 shows the number of received frames for the number of nodes at a relative speed of 240 km/h. The horizontal axis, vertical axis, and legends are the same as in Figure 9. Figure 14 provides NAC characteristics for the relative speed between the target nodes. The horizontal axis is the relative speed, and the vertical axis is NAC. These results were evaluated in the uniform node distribution model to observe the average performance.
**Figure 13.** The number of received frames for the number of nodes at the relative speed of 240 km/h in the uniform node distribution model.
The two graphs highlight that the performance of mode 4 was sharply downgraded in high-speed scenarios. At first, Figure 13 shows that the NAC was significantly less than the ANN. The most effective NTS for NAC was 15 frames/s, and the NAC was, at most, 140 nodes. The resultant NAC was 71% less than ANN. After the number of nodes was 160, the best NTS was 10 frames/s, but the performance was much below the QoS requirements. Therefore, high-speed scenarios were provided to decrease the performance. Figure 14 demonstrates that the performance sharply dropped as the relative speed increased. At the NTS of 15 frames/s, the NAC at 240 km/h was 43% below that at 120 km/h. Therefore, concerning high-speed nodes, like emergency vehicles, it is necessary to significantly improve the performance of mode 4 for effective crash warning.
6. Conclusions
This paper investigated the feasibility of mode 4 in modeled crash scenarios in terms of performance under congestion conditions. The evaluation results highlight that mode 4 failed to satisfy the QoS requirements in many crash scenarios. At first, in crowded intersection scenarios, mode 4 provided low-reliable communications. In the uniform node distribution model, which evaluated average performance, the results demonstrated that NAC was 26% lower than the ANN. As well as the average performance, we evaluated more practical performance in the realistic node distribution model built by Bologna data. In the realistic large intersection, the number of received frames was 55% smaller than the QoS requirements. The high-speed scenarios, like emergency cars in urban areas, also cause congestion. When nodes collided with each other at a relative speed of 240 km/h, the NAC was 71% below the ANN. Our feasibility evaluations highlight the necessity to improve communication performance of mode 4 by new mechanisms like Decentralized Congestion Control to use CWS in the real world.
Author Contributions: Conceptualization, T.H. and T.M.; methodology, T.H.; software, T.H.; validation, T.H.; formal analysis, T.H.; investigation, T.H.; resources, T.H., data curation, T.H.; writing—original draft preparation, T.H.; writing—review and editing, T.H. and T.M.; visualization, T.H.; supervision, T.M.; project administration, T.M.; funding acquisition, T.M. and T.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding: A part of the research is supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers JP19H04093, JP20H00592, and JP20J13436, and the Kurata Grant (No. 1401) from the Hitachi Global Foundation.
Acknowledgments: We thank Shinpei Yasukawa in NTT DOCOMO for his kind lectures on the standard of Sensing-based SPS.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
References
1. Xiong, Z.; Sheng, H.; Rong, W.; Cooper, D.E. Intelligent transportation systems for smart cities: A progress review. *Sci. China Inf. Sci.* **2012**, *55*, 2908–2914. [CrossRef]
2. ElBatt, T.; Goel, S.K.; Holland, G.; Krishnan, H.; Parikh, J. Cooperative collision warning using dedicated short range wireless communications. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 29 September 2006.
3. U.S. Department of Transportation Announces Decision to Move Forward with Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication Technology for Light Vehicles. Available online: https://www.auto-talks.com/u-s-department-transportation-announces-decision-move-forward-vehicle-vehicle-communication-technology-light-vehicles/ (accessed on 1 May 2020).
4. Bezzina, D. Light Vehicle Platform Update. In Proceedings of the IVBSS 2008 Public Meeting, Ypsilanti, MI, USA, 10–11 April 2008.
5. Hirai, T. Node Clustering Communication Method with Member Data Estimation to Improve QoS of V2X Communications for Driving Assistance with Crash Warning. *IEEE Access* **2019**, *7*, 37691–37707. [CrossRef]
6. 3GPP. *Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA), Physical Layer Procedures*. 3GPP TS 36.213 version 14.2.0 Release 14; 2017. Available online: http://www.etsi.org/standards-search (accessed on 1 May 2020).
7. Molina-Masegosa, R.; Gozalvez, J. LTE-V for Sidelink 5G V2X Vehicular Communications: A New 5G Technology for Short-Range Vehicle-to-Everything Communications. *IEEE Veh. Technol. Mag.* **2017**, *12*, 30–39. [CrossRef]
8. Bazzi, A.; Member, S. Study of the Impact of PHY and MAC Parameters in 3GPP C-V2V Mode 4. *IEEE Access* **2018**, *6*, 71685–71698. [CrossRef]
9. Gonzalez-Martin, M.; Sepulcre, M.; Molina-Masegosa, R.; Gozalvez, J. Analytical Models of the Performance of C-V2X Mode 4 Vehicular Communications. *IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol.* **2018**, *68*, 1155–1166. [CrossRef]
10. Park, Y.; Weon, S.; Hwang, I.; Lee, H.; Kim, J.; Member, S. Spatial Capacity of LTE-based V2V Communication. In Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on Electronics, Information, and Communication (ICEIC), Honolulu, HI, USA, 24–27 January 2018; pp. 1–4.
11. Nabil, A.; Marojevic, V.; Kaur, K.; Dietrich, C. Performance Analysis of Sensing-Based Semi-Persistent Scheduling in C-V2X Networks. *arXiv* **2018**, arXiv:1804.10788.
12. Toghi, B.; Mughal, M.O.; Mahjoub, H.N.; Fallah, Y.P.; Rao, J.; Das, S. Multiple Access in Cellular V2X: Performance Analysis in Highly Congested Vehicular Networks. *arXiv* **2018**, arXiv:1809.02678.
13. He, J.; Tang, Z.; Fan, Z.; Zhang, J. Enhanced collision avoidance for distributed LTE vehicle to vehicle broadcast communications. *IEEE Commun. Lett.* **2018**, *22*, 630–633. [CrossRef]
14. Cecchini, G.; Bazzi, A.; Masini, B.M.; Zanella, A. Performance comparison between IEEE 802.11p and LTE-V2V in-coverage and out-of-coverage for cooperative awareness. In Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE Vehicular Networking Conference (VNC), Torino, Italy, 27–29 November 2017; pp. 109–114.
15. Bazzi, A.; Masini, B.M.; Zanella, A. How many vehicles in the LTE-V2V awareness range with half or full duplex radios? In Proceedings of the 2017 15th International Conference on ITS Telecommunications (ITST), Warsaw, Poland, 29–31 May 2017; pp. 1–6.
16. Vukadinovic, V.; Bakowski, K.; Marsch, P.; Garcia, I.D.; Xu, H.; Sybis, M.; Sroka, P.; Wesolowski, K.; Lister, D.; Thibault, I. 3GPP C-V2X and IEEE 802.11p for Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communications in Highway Platooning Scenarios. *Ad Hoc Netw.* **2018**, *74*, 17–29. [CrossRef]
17. Takeshi, H.; Tutomu, M. NOMA Concept for PC5-based Cellular-V2X mode 4 in Crash Warning System. In Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE 90th Vehicular Technology Conference, Honolulu, HI, USA, 22–25 September 2019.
18. Takeshi, H.; Tutomu, M. Performance Characteristics of Sensing-based SPS of PC5-based C-V2X Mode 4 in Crash Warning Application under Congestion. In Proceedings of the IEEE ITSC 2019, Auckland, New Zealand, 27–30 October 2019.
19. Takeshi, H.; Tutomu, M. Practical Performance of Simple C-V2X Mode 4 using NOMA for Driver Assistant System with Crash Warning. In Proceedings of the 6th International Workshop on Smart Wireless Communications, Camden, NJ, USA, 4–6 November 2019.
20. Kawasaki, R.; Onishi, H.; Murase, T. Performance evaluation on V2X communication with PC5-based and Uu-based LTE in Crash Warning Application. In Proceedings of the IEEE GCCE 2017, Nagoya, Japan, 24–27 October 2017; pp. 1–2.
21. Bieker, L.; Krajzewicz, D.; Morra, A.P.; Michelacci, C.; Cartolano, F. Traffic simulation for all: A real world traffic scenario from the city of Bologna. *Lect. Notes Control Inf. Sci.* **2015**, *13*, 47–60.
22. Bedogni, L.; Gramaglia, M.; Vesco, A.; Fiore, M.; Härrí, J.; Ferrero, F. The Bologna ringway dataset: Improving road network conversion in SUMO and validating urban mobility via navigation services. *IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol.* **2015**, *64*, 5464–5476. [CrossRef]
23. Behrisch, M.; Bieker, L.; Erdmann, J.; Krajzewicz, D. SUMO—Simulation of Urban Mobility. In Proceedings of the SIMUL 2011, The Third International Conference on Advances in System Simulation, Barcelona, Spain, 23–28 October 2010.
24. Hadzi-Velkov, Z.; Spasenovski, B. Capture Effect in IEEE 802.11 Basic Service Area under Influence of Rayleigh Fading and Near/Far Effect. In Proceedings of the 13th IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, Lisboa, Portugal, 18 September 2002.
25. Li, X.; Zeng, Q.-A. Capture effect in the IEEE 802.11 WLANs with rayleigh fading, shadowing, and path loss. In Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Computing, Networking and Communications, Montreal, QC, Canada, 19–21 June 2006.
26. Juha, M.; Pekka, K.; Lassi, H.; Tommi, J.; Essi, S.; Esa, K. Milan, D5.3: WINNER+ Final Channel Models, Wireless World Initiative New Radio WINNER. CELTIC/CP5-026. 2010. Available online: https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/37612823/d53-winner-final-channel-models-celtic-plus (accessed on 13 April 2020).
27. METIS EU Project Consortium. Initial Channel Models Based on Measurements. ICT-317669-METIS/D1.2. 2014. Available online: https://metis2020.com/ (accessed on 13 April 2020). | c0c2072d-211a-4a2d-a948-50aea1bb9edf | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 45,431 |
α) Έστω ρ η ακτίνα του ημικυκλίου.
Το τρίγωνο ΟΓΔ είναι ισοσκελές διότι ΟΔ = ΓΔ = ρ.
Άρα ΔΟ ̂ A = Γ ̂ = 15 ο .
Η γωνία ΟΔ ̂ Ε είναι εξωτερική στο τρίγωνο ΟΓΔ, άρα OΔ ̂ E = ΔΟ ̂ A + Γ ̂ = 215 ο = 30 ο.
β) Το τρίγωνο ΟΔΕ είναι ισοσκελές διότι ΟΔ = ΟΕ = ρ. Άρα ΟΕ ̂ Δ = OΔ ̂ E = 30 ο .
̂
Η γωνία BΟE είναι εξωτερική στο τρίγωνο ΓΟΕ, άρα
̂ Ο B Ε E = Ο
̂
Δ +
̂ Γ, δηλαδή x = 30
ο
+ 15
ο
= 45
ο. | <urn:uuid:bdbf180e-7f2a-48bc-90d9-a5c7b8a953d4> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ell_Grek/train | finepdfs | ell_Grek | 405 |
Tento produkt je smart príslušenstvo, ktoré vyžaduje kúpu a inštaláciu „...s Netatmo“ štar-tovacieho ballíka a „...s Netatmo“ smart zásuviek, spínacov a/alebo smart mikromodulov ako prvé.
Obsah balíka
Bezdrôtový pohybový senzor x1
2 AA Batérie
Špecifikácie
Tento produkt môže ovládať až 20 prepínacov (s možnosťou stmievania), mikromoduly osvetlenia, káblové zásuvky a zásuvky zapojené „...s Netatmo“.
- V -
2 x AA - 1,5 V
- T -
+5°C / +45°C
- PIR -
2 - 8 m
- LUX -
5 à 1000 LUX
- de 15 s à 15 min -
Frekvenčné pásmo: 2,4 až 2,4835 Ghz
Úroveň výkonu: <10 mW
IP 44
Otvorte predný kryt
Ešte nevkladajte batérie
Zatiaľ senzor nedávajte na stenu. Montáž bude sfinalizovaná v kroku 6.
Začiatok konfigurácie pohybového senzora
Stlačte stred hlavného bezdrôtového spínača pokial sa nachvíliku nerozsvieti na zeleno, vtýdy ho pustite. LED indikátory na všetkých produktoch, ktoré máte zapojené zasvetia na zeleno.
Teraz vložte batérie do senzora
LED na senzore zablika na zeleno a vypne sa.
Spárovanie bezdrôtového pohybového senzora so smart produktom
Uistite sa, že LED na zapojených produktoch svietia na zeleno a neblikajú. Ak nie, vráťte sa na krok 2 a pokračujte krokom 4.
Pre spárovanie bezdrôtového pohybového senzora so smart spínačom, chodte na krok 4.1.1
Pre spárovanie bezdrôtového pohybového senzora so smart mikromodulom, chodte na krok 4.2.1
Pre spárovanie bezdrôtového pohybového senzora so smart zásuvkou, chodte na krok 4.3.1
4.1.1 Párovanie bezdrôtového senzora so smart spínačom
Fáza A: Držte tlačidlo ON stlačené na bezdrôtovom senzore, ktorý chcete spárovať, a potukajte tri krát na smart spínač, ktorý chcete ovládať.
Fáza B: LED na obchoch produktoch zablikajú na modro
Fáza C: LED na obchoch produktoch zasvetia na chvílik na modro a prestanú blikať
Fáza D: LED na zapojenom produkte sa rozsvieti na zeleno a LED na bezdrôtovom senzore zhasne. Párovanie bolo úspešné.
Poznámka: ak senzor zablika na zeleno zeleno červeno, odstráňte batérie a začnite na kroku 2
4.1.2. Kontrola správneho párovania
Stlačte tlačidlá ON a OFF na bezdrôtovom pohybovom senzore aby ste skontrolovali, či sa svetidlo zapne a vypne. Ak nie, vráťte sa na krok 4.1.1.
4.2.1. Spárovanie bezdrôtového pohybového senzora so smart mikromodulom
Fáza A: Držte tlačidlo ON stlačené na bezdrôtovom senzore, ktorý chcete spárovat, a potukajte tri krát na smart mikromodul, ktorý chcete ovládať.
Fáza B: LED na obroch produktoch zablikávajú na modro
Fáza C: LED na obroch produktoch zasvetia na chvíľku na modro a prestanú blikáť
Fáza D: LED na zapojenom produkte sa rozsvieti na zeleno a LED na bezdrôtovom senzore zhnasne. Párovanie bolo úspešné.
4.3.1 Spárovanie bezdrôtového pohybového senzora so smart zásuvkou
Fáza A: Držte tlačidlo ON stlačené na bezdrôtovom senzore, ktorý chcete spárovat, a potukajte tri krát na smart zásuvku, ktorú chcete ovládať.
Fáza B: LED na obroch produktoch zablikávajú na modro
Fáza C: LED na obroch produktoch zasvetia na chvíľku na modro a prestanú blikáť
Fáza D: LED na zapojenom produkte sa rozsvieti na zeleno a LED na bezdrôtovom senzore zhnasne. Párovanie bolo úspešné.
Viacnásobné párovnie
Môžete ovládať viac smart spínačov, mikromodulov a zásuviek ak zopakujete krok 4 s každým produkтом, ktorý chcete ovládať.
5 Dokončenie konfigurácie
Na dokončenie inštalacie stlačte krátko stred hlavného bezdrôtového spínača. Všetky LED indikátory na produktoch sa vypnú.
6 Odporučané miesta
7 Montáž pohybového senzora
Pre optimálne fungovanie by pohybový senzor mal byť umiestnený približne 2,50 m od zeme.
8 Nastavenie pohybového senzora
Predvolené hodnoty na pohybovom senzore sú nastavené na minimálne oneskorenie (15 sekúnd), maximálnu citlivosť na svetlo (1000 lux) a maximálnu citlivosť pre senzor (8 metrov). Ak chcete zmeniť tieto nastavenia, nasledujte kroky nižšie.
8.1 Nastavenie citlivosťi na okolité osvetlenie
Na predĺženie času, počas ktorého príslušný výrobok zostáva zapnutý (napr. Svetlo), predlžite otáčaním skrutky (potenciometera) v smere hodinových ručičiek.
8.2 Nastavenie citlivosťi na okolité osvetlenie
Aby senzor spinal iba v tme, otočte skrutku (potenciometer) proti smeru hodinových ručičiek.
8.3 Nastavenie citlivosťi pohybového senzora
Na zníženie citlivosťi pohybového senzora, otočte skrutku (potenciometer) proti smeru hodinových ručičiek. Spinat bude iba na krátšiu vzdialenosť.
9 Zavorte predný kryt
Výmena batérií
Na pridanie produktu do vašej smart inštalácie by ste mali nasledovať inštrukcie:
- v Legrand Home + Control aplikácii (Nastavenia/Pridať nový produkt sekcia)
- používateľskou príručkou z legrand.sk
Cervené LED svetlo: slabá batéria (*)
(*) 2-ročná životnosť batérií pre 50 detekcií denne s časovým oneskorením 3 minúty
ZJEDNODUŠENÉ EURÓPSKE VYHLÁSENIE O ZHODE
Dolepodpísaná Legrand
vyhlasuje, že rádioelektrické zariadenie uvedené v týchto pokynoch splňa smernicu 2014/53/EÚ.
Úplné znenie európskeho vyhlásenia o zhode je dostupné na tejto internetovej stránke:
www.legrandoc.com | <urn:uuid:eb7c9695-90a9-4d67-b312-2dc2113498f5> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/slk_Latn/train | finepdfs | slk_Latn | 5,006 |
ZAPYTANIE OFERTOWE NR 5/1.5/2018
1. Nazwa, adres i dane teleadresowe Beneficjenta
Zakład Usługowo – Handlowy ELWIKO Stanisław Dropik
ul. Andrzeja Antosiewicza 1, 71-642 Szczecin
tel. 91 810 10 20, fax: 91 810 10 22
e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org
Osoba do kontaktu:
Michał Niewiadomski – tel. 607 464 363, e-mail: email@example.com
2. Opis przedmiotu zamówienia
Przedmiotem zamówienia jest dostawa półautomatu spawalniczego o prądzie wyjściowym co najmniej 400A przy cyklu pracy 40%, wyposażonego w:
~ podajnik drutu ze sterowaniem,
~ agregat do chłodzenia cieczą,
~ przewód zespołony chłodzony cieczą,
~ reduktor z ekonomizerem (tak zwany „optymator”)
W ilości: 3 kompletów.
Wymienione wyżej urządzenia muszą być nowe i objęte gwarancją.
Cena musi zawierać koszty transportu do Szczecina, ul. Antosiewicza 1.
KOD CPV 42000000-6 Maszyny przemysłowe
42662000-4 Sprzęt spawalniczy
3. Warunki udziału w postępowaniu oraz opis sposobu dokonywania oceny ich spełniania
1) Do udziału w niniejszym postępowaniu dopuszczone będą podmioty spełniające poniższe warunki. Niespełnienie jakiegokolwiek z niżej wymienionych kryteriów skutkować będzie odrzuceniem oferty:
a) Oferent powinien posiadać odpowiednie zasoby osobowe zdolne do wykonania przedmiotu zamówienia. Ocena spełnienia tego warunku odbędzie się na podstawie złożonego oświadczenia.
b) Oferent powinien posiadać odpowiednią wiedzę i doświadczenie w zakresie objętym przedmiotem zamówienia, tj. w okresie ostatnich 36 miesięcy przed dniem składania ofert, a jeśli okres prowadzenia działalności jest krótszy, w tym okresie Oferent zrealizował minimum trzy dostawy urządzeń odpowiadających przedmiotowi zamówienia.
c) Oferent powinien znajdować się w sytuacji ekonomicznej i finansowej zapewniającej wykonanie zamówienia. Ocena spełnienia tego warunku odbędzie się na podstawie złożonego oświadczenia.
d) Oferent zadeklaruje gotowość do realizacji zlecenia w terminie wskazanym w zapytaniu ofertowym. Ocena spełnienia tego warunku odbędzie się na podstawie złożonej deklaracji.
2) Od Oferentów wymagane jest złożenie wraz z ofertą:
a) pisemnego oświadczenia o posiadaniu odpowiednich zasobów osobowych zdolnych wykonać przedmiot zamówienia, na potwierdzenie spełnienia warunku opisanego w pkt. 3 ppkt. 1) lit. a);
b) wykazu zrealizowanych dostaw na potwierdzenie spełnienia warunku opisanego w pkt. 3 ppkt. 1) lit. b). Wykaz powinien zawierać minimum: zakres dostawy, nazwę podmiotu, na rzecz którego realizowane były dostawy, rok realizacji. Do wykazu należy dołączyć dokumenty (np. referencje, protokoły zdawczo-odbiorcze, itp.) potwierdzające, że dostawy zostały zrealizowane należycie;
c) pisemnego oświadczenia o znajdowaniu się w sytuacji ekonomicznej i finansowej zapewniającej wykonanie zamówienia na potwierdzenie spełnienia warunku opisanego w pkt. 3 ppkt. 1) lit. c);
d) pisemnej deklaracji gotowości do realizacji zlecenia w terminie wskazanym w zapytaniu ofertowym na potwierdzenie spełnienia warunku opisanego w pkt. 3 ppkt. 1) lit. d);
4. Informacja o kryteriach oceny oraz wagach punktowych lub procentowych przypisanych do poszczególnych kryteriów oceny oferty.
| LP | KRYTERIUM | WAGA | MAKSYMALNA LICZBA PUNKTÓW |
|----|----------------------------------|------|----------------------------|
| 1 | Cena netto | 80% | 80 punktów |
| 3 | Udzielona gwarancja (w miesiącach)| 20% | 20 punktów |
| | RAZEM: | | 100 punktów |
5. Opis sposobu przyznawania punktacji za spełnienie danego kryterium oceny oferty.
Sposób dokonywania oceny:
Punkty w ramach kryterium cena netto będą przyznawane wg następującej formuły:
\[ A_n = \frac{C_{\text{min}}}{C_r} \times 100 \times 80\% \]
\( C_{\text{min}} \) – cena minimalna w zbiorze
\( C_r \) – cena oferty rozpatrywanej
\( A_n \) – ilość punktów przyznana ofercie
Punkty w ramach kryterium okres gwarancji w miesiącach będą przyznawane wg następującej formuły:
\[ G r = \frac{G n}{G \text{ max}} \times 100 \times 20\% \]
- \( G \text{ max} \) – najdłuższy okres gwarancji w zbiorze
- \( G r \) – okres gwarancji oferty rozpatrywanej
- \( G n \) – ilość punktów przyznana ofercie
6. Termin składania ofert
Ofertę należy złożyć nie później niż do dnia 27.04.2018 r., godz. 9:00, w formie elektronicznej na adres firstname.lastname@example.org
Otwarcie ofert nastąpi w dniu 27.04.2018 r. o godz. 9:15 w siedzibie firmy przy ulicy Antosiewicza 1 w Szczecinie.
7. Termin realizacji umowy.
Wykonawca zobowiązany jest do wykonania przedmiotu zamówienia w terminie do 31.07.2018 r. W uzasadnionych przypadkach określonych w punkcie 9 niniejszego zapytania ofertowego termin realizacji przedmiotu zamówienia Zamawiający dopuszcza zmianę terminu realizacji zamówienia.
8. Informacje na temat zakresu wykluczenia (w odniesieniu do podmiotów powiązanych).
1. Z udziału w postępowaniu wykluczone zostaną podmioty, które należą do tej samej grupy kapitałowej, w rozumieniu ustawy z dnia 16 lutego 2007 r. o ochronie konkurencji i konsumentów (Dz.U. Nr 50, poz. 331, z późn. zm.), którzy złożyli odrębne oferty, chyba, że wykażą iż istniejące między nimi powiązania nie prowadzą do zachwiania uczciwej konkurencji pomiędzy wykonawcami w postępowaniu o udzielenie zamówienia.
2. Z udziału w postępowaniu wykluczone są podmioty powiązane osobowo i kapitałowo z wnioskodawcą. Przez powiązania kapitałowe lub osobowe rozumie się wzajemne powiązania między zamawiającym lub osobami upoważnionymi do zaciągania zobowiązań w imieniu zamawiającego lub osobami wykonującymi w imieniu zamawiającego czynności związane z przygotowaniem i przeprowadzaniem procedury wyboru wykonawcy, a wykonawcą, polegające w szczególności na:
1) uczestniczeniu w spółce, jako współnik spółki cywilnej lub spółki osobowej,
2) posiadaniu co najmniej 10% udziałów lub akcji,
3) pełnieniu funkcji członka organu nadzorczego lub zarządzającego, prokurenta, pełnomocnika,
4) pozostawaniu w związku małżeńskim, w stosunku pokrewieństwa lub powinowactwa w linii prostej, pokrewieństwa drugiego stopnia lub powinowactwa drugiego stopnia w linii bocznej lub w stosunku przysposobienia, opieki lub kurateli.
9. Określenie warunków zmian umowy zawartej w wyniku przeprowadzonego postępowania o udzielenie zamówienia
Zamawiający przewiduje możliwość zmiany umowy:
1. w przypadku gdy nastąpi zmiana powszechnie obowiązujących przepisów prawa w zakresie mającym wpływ na realizację przedmiotu umowy;
2. w przypadku zaistnienia okoliczności spowodowanych czynnikami zewnętrznymi, np. siła wyższa, nieprzewidziane warunki pogodowe, mogące uniemożliwić dostawę oraz inne okoliczności zewnętrzne mogące mieć wpływ na realizację postanowień umowy.
10. Wykaz dokumentów oraz oświadczeń niezbędnych do złożenia wraz z ofertą
Oferta musi zawierać następujące elementy:
1. Pełne dane identyfikujące oferenta (nazwa, adres, nr NIP, nr KRS/EDG),
2. Datę przygotowania i termin ważności oferty
3. Oświadczenie o braku powiązań osobowych i kapitałowych stanowiące załącznik nr 1 do niniejszego zapytania ofertowego.
4. Zakres i szczegółowy opis przedmiotu oferty potwierdzający spełnienie wymagań technicznych przedmiotu zamówienia.
5. Termin gwarancji podany w miesiącach.
6. Cenę całkowitą netto i brutto
7. Warunki i termin płatności,
8. Datę realizacji przedmiotu oferty
9. Oświadczenia i dokumenty o których mowa w pkt. 3 zapytania ofertowego.
10. Dane osoby do kontaktu (imię, nazwisko, numer telefonu, adres e-mail),
11. Podpis osoby upoważnionej do wystawienia oferty.
Brak jakiegokolwiek z wyżej wymienionych elementów może skutkować odrzuceniem oferty.
11. Informacje dodatkowe
1. Termin związania ofertą upływa po 60 dniach, licząc od terminu składania ofert.
2. Zamawiający zastrzega sobie możliwość:
a) odwołania postępowania w ramach zapytania ofertowego w każdym czasie bez wskazania przyczyny,
b) zakończenia postępowania bez dokonania wyboru Wykonawcy,
c) unieważnienia postępowania ofertowego w momencie uzyskania ofert przewyższających zakładany budżet na realizację Zamówienia.
Załączniki:
1. Załącznik nr 1 – wzór oświadczenia o braku powiązań osobowych i kapitałowych
Oświadczenie o braku powiązań osobowych lub kapitałowych
Oświadczam, że ..................................................(nazwa firmy) nie jest powiązany kapitałowo lub osobowo z Zamawiającym: Zakład Usługowo-Handlowy Elwiko Stanisław Dropik w szczególności poprzez:
1. uczestniczenie w spółce jako wspólnik spółki cywilnej lub osobowej;
2. posiadanie co najmniej 10% udziałów lub akcji;
3. pełnienie funkcji członka organu nadzorczego lub zarządzającego, prokurenta, pełnomocnika;
4. pozostawanie w związku małżeńskim, w stosunku pokrewieństwa lub powinowactwa w linii prostej, pokrewieństwa drugiego stopnia lub powinowactwa drugiego stopnia w linii bocznej lub w stosunku przysposobienia, opieki lub kurateli;
...............................................................
(podpis czytelny) | <urn:uuid:4051eb99-53ad-4f5e-9282-4cc08ad69f89> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/pol_Latn/train | finepdfs | pol_Latn | 9,053 |
Große Kreisstadt Nördlingen
Bekanntmachung der Tagesordnung
Am Montag, 11.02.2019, um 16:30 Uhr findet im Sitzungssaal des Rathauses, Marktplatz 1, eine Sitzung des Haupt- und Finanzausschusses mit folgender Tagesordnung statt.
1. Genehmigung der Sitzungsniederschrift vom 04.02.2019
2. Mitteilungen
2.1. Auswertung Saisonkarten Hallenbad und Freibad (HFA 04.02.2019, TOP 3 öS)
2.2. Baumfällungen am 'Berger Graben' und 'Am Hohlen Schänzle'
3. Bekanntgabe der Beschlüsse aus nicht öffentlicher Sitzung
4. Haushaltsberatungen 2019;
- Gesamtüberblick Verwaltungshaushalt
- Grundstücks- und Gebäudeunterhalt - Anpassung der "Liste der gesetzten Maßnahmen" (Investitionsprogramm)
- Beratung und Beschlussfassung über die Aufnahme von Maßnahmen aus der "Liste zusätzlicher Maßnahmen" in das Investitionsprogramm
5. Nachträglich eingegangene Beratungsgegenstände
Anschließend findet eine nicht öffentliche Sitzung statt.
Stadt Nördlingen, 08.02.2019
gez.
Hermann Faul Oberbürgermeister | <urn:uuid:b4be436c-dbf0-4ed7-8c20-0828c4555a99> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/deu_Latn/train | finepdfs | deu_Latn | 986 |
REPUBLIKA HRVATSKA ŠIBENSKO-KNINSKA ŽUPANIJA
GRAD VODICE
GRADONAČELNIK
KLASA: 402-01/22-01/06
URBROJ: 2182-4-05/04-22-2
Vodice, 05. listopada 2022.g.
Na temelju članka 8. Pravilnika o kriterijima i načinu dodjele potpora tradicijskim i umjetničkim obrtima, zadrugama i poljoprivrednicima (KLASA: 011-01/14-01/04, URBROJ: 2182/04-04/01-14-2 od 08. 12. 2014.g. i KLASA: 402-01/22-01/05, URBROJ: 2182-4-05/04-22-1 od 15. 09. 2022.g.) Gradonačelnik Grada Vodica raspisuje dana 05. listopada 2022.g.
JAVNI POZIV za dodjelu potpora tradicijskim i umjetničkim obrtima, zadrugama i poljoprivrednicima
1. Korisnici potpora
Korisnici potpora su obrtnici vlasnici tradicijskih i umjetničkih obrta čije je prebivalište kao i sjedište obrta na području Grada Vodica, koji obavljaju djelatnost tijekom cijele godine i koji imaju status tradicijskog, odnosno umjetničkog obrta Hrvatske obrtničke komore sukladno Pravilniku o tradicijskim, odnosno umjetničkim obrtima („NN", br.: 112/2007), te poljoprivrednici koji imaju prebivalište na području Grada Vodica i upisani su u registar poljoprivrednika Agencije za plaćanje u poljoprivredi, ribarstvu i ruralnom razvoju..
1. TRADICIJSKI OBRTI: su obrti za koje je potrebno posebno poznavanje zanatskih vještina i umijeća u obavljanju djelatnosti te koji se obavljaju pretežnim udjelom ručnog rada, a koji se tehnikama proizvodnje i rada, namjenom i oblikom oslanjaju na obrasce tradicijske kulture, pa u tom smislu mogu simbolizirati lokalni, regionalni ili nacionalni identitet.
2. UMJETNIČKI OBRTI: su obrti koji se odlikuju proizvodima i uslugama visoke estetske vrijednosti, dizajnom, likovnim i drugim rješenjima uz naglašenu kreativnost i individualnost majstora obrta –umjetnika.
3. POLJOPRIVREDNICI UPISANI U REGISTAR POLJOPRIVREDNIKA: sve pravne i fizičke osobe sa sjedištem/prebivalištem na području Grada Vodica koje posjeduju poljoprivredne resurse i obavljaju poljoprivrednu djelatnost.
2. Namjena korištenja potpora:
Potpore se odobravaju za sljedeće namjene:
- poboljšanje uvjeta rada u radionici /poslovnom prostoru,
- financiranje troškova nabave novih strojeva, opreme i alata,
- edukacije vlasnika, zaposlenih i naučnika,
- izlaganje na specijaliziranim sajmovima,
- izrada promidžbenog materijala,
- financiranje zakupa prodajnog mjesta ne zelenoj tržnici na području Grada Vodica.
3. Kriteriji za dodjelu potpora:
Lista prednosti za dodjelu sredstava potpore utvrđuje se s obzirom na najveći broj osvojenih bodova.
4. Visina potpora:
Sredstva potpore dodjeljuju se za aktivnosti provedene u kalendarskoj godini u kojoj je raspisan javni poziv, kojim će se definirati broj potpora koje se dodjeljuju u toj godini.
Najviši iznos potpore može iznositi najviše 20.000,00 kuna (tradicijski i umjetnički obrti, OPG-ovi, zadruge, obrti i firme registrirani u registru poljoprivrednika), a za SOPG-ove najviši iznos potpore može iznositi 3.000,00 kuna . Potpora se dodjeljuje na način da se pola odobrenog iznosa daje kao predujam danom sklapanja Ugovora o dodjeli potpore, a preostali iznos nakon dokazane realizacije projekta.
Primatelj potpore je dužan sredstva iskoristiti isključivo namjenski najkasnije do 31.12.2022. Ukoliko ukupni iznos zahtjeva za potpore iznosi više od planiranih Proračunom Grada Vodica, odobreni iznosi po zahtjevima umanjiti će se svima u jednakom postotku.
5. Postupak odobravanja i dodjele potpora (popis dokumentacije):
Podnositelj zahtjeva za dodjelu sredstava potpore treba dostaviti sljedeću dokumentaciju:
1. ispunjeni obrazac „Zahtjeva za dodjelu potpora;
2. presliku obrtnice/registracije ili dokaza o statusu poljoprivrednika;
3. presliku osobne iskaznice vlasnika obrta/poljoprivrednika/z.z. zadruge;
4. uvjerenje o stjecanju statusa tradicijskog/umjetničkog obrta izdano od HOK-a;
5. opis proizvoda s fotografijama za koji se traži potpora;
6. troškovnik ulaganja/opis namjenskog ulaganja;
7. presliku kartice IBAN-a podnositelja zahtjeva;
8. dokaz o kategoriji: podnositelj zahtjeva –mladi; zaposlenih osoba s invaliditetom (ako posjeduje);
9. dokazi o referencama i nagradama (diplome);
10. potvrdu o podmirenim dugovanjima prema Gradu Vodice i trgovačkim društvima u vlasništvu Grada Vodica („Leć" d.o.o. i „Gradsko poduzeće" d.o.o.).
Obrazac zahtjeva za dodjelu potpora može se dobiti u Gradskoj upravi Grada Vodica u Upravnom odjelu za gospodarstvo, imovinu i prostorno planiranje, Ive Čače 8, Vodice, tel. 022/444 913, odnosno na web stranici Grada Vodica: www.grad-vodice.hr.
Popunjeni obrazac zahtjeva s pripadajućom dokumentacijom podnosi se na protokol Grada Vodica osobno, odnosno poštom na gornju adresu.
Nepotpuni i nepravodobni zahtjevi neće se razmatrati.
Konačnu odluku o dodjeli potpora donosi gradonačelnik Grada Vodica, po prijedlogu tročlanog Povjerenstva, a odobrena se sredstva isplaćuju na žiro-račun obrta/IBAN.
6. Posebne napomene
Sve prijave potencijalnih korisnika potpore koji imaju bilo kakvu nerealiziranu obvezu po prijašnjim Ugovorima o dodjeli potpore od strane Grada Vodica neće se razmatrati.
7. Trajanje Javnog poziva:
Zahtjevi za dodjelu potpora mogu se podnositi u roku 15 dana od dana objave ovoga Poziva na web stranici Grada, odnosno najkasnije do 20. 10. 2022.g. do 14,00 sati bez obzira na način dostave.
Svi podnositelji zahtjeva bit će obaviješteni o rezultatima Javnog poziva u roku od 20 dana od dana zaključenja istoga.
GRADONAČELNIK Ante Cukrov
Dostaviti:
1. Web stranica Grada
2. Upravni odjel za financije i javne prihode –ovdje
3. Dokumentacija-ovdje
4. Arhiva-ovdje | <urn:uuid:67b8bd06-01c9-4064-8372-a35c98388a5f> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/hrv_Latn/train | finepdfs | hrv_Latn | 5,543 |
ESCOLARIDADE – NIVEL FUNDAMENTAL COMPLETO
CONTEÚDOS COMUNS A TODOS OS EMPREGOS DO NIVEL FUNDAMENTAL COMPLETO
PROGRAMA DE LÍNGUA PORTUGUESA: Leitura e interpretação de textos; Ortoépia, prosódia; Ortografia (atualizada conforme as regras do novo Acordo Ortográfico); Pontuação; Divisão silábica; Acentuação tônica e gráfica (atualizada conforme as regras do novo Acordo Ortográfico); Semântica: denotação e conotação; sinônimos, antônimos, parônimos e homônimos; ambiguidade; Classes de palavras: identificação e flexões; Sintaxe: termos das orações; orações coordenadas e subordinadas; Concordância verbal e nominal; Regência verbal e nominal; Crase; Colocação pronominal.
PROGRAMA DE MATEMÁTICA: Conjuntos: Determinação de conjuntos. Relações de pertinência e inclusão. Igualdade de conjuntos. Partição de conjuntos. Operações com conjuntos (união, intersecção, diferença e complementar). Sistemas de Numeração. Números Naturais: Conceito. Operações com números naturais (adição, subtração, multiplicação, divisão, potenciação e raiz quadrada). Problemas de contagem. Expressões numéricas com números naturais. Múltiplos e Divisores (Sequências, divisor ou fator, fatoração, critérios de divisibilidade, fatoração completa.). Números primos. Decomposição em fatores primos. MDC E MMC. Problemas envolvendo números naturais. Números Inteiros: Conceito. Ordenação. Comparação. Módulo. Operações com números inteiros (adição, subtração, multiplicação, divisão, potenciação e raiz quadrada). Expressões numéricas com números inteiros. Problemas envolvendo números inteiros. Números Racionais: Conceito. Frações e números decimais. Dízimas periódicas simples e compostas. Equivalência. Ordenação. Comparação. Operações (adição, subtração, multiplicação, divisão, potenciação e raiz quadrada). Expressões numéricas com números racionais. Problemas envolvendo números racionais. Números Irracionais. Números Reais: Conceito. Representações na reta. Operações (adição, subtração, multiplicação, divisão, potenciação e raiz quadrada). Expressões numéricas com números reais. Problemas envolvendo números reais. Potências de 10 e Notação Científica. Razões e Proporções. Porcentagem. Juros. Noções de estatísticas e probabilidade. Gráficos e tabelas para tratamento da informação. Possibilidades e chances. Lógica: Quantificadores. Sentenças e Proposições. Equivalência de proposições. Proposições condicionais e bicondicionais. O uso dos conectivos, a negação, a conjunção e a disjunção. Grandezas e Medidas: Comprimento, área, volume, capacidade, massa e tempo. Equações de 1° e 2° graus: Resoluções de equações. Resoluções de problemas envolvendo equações. Sistemas de equações e inequações. Funções: A noção de função. A função como relação entre dois conjuntos. Domínio e imagem de uma função. Função de 1° e 2° graus: Conceito. Gráficos. Zeros ou raízes. Análise dos gráficos. Domínio e Imagem. Cálculo Algébrico: Fatoração. Expressões algébricas. Valor numérico. Produtos Notáveis. Simplificação de frações algébricas. MMC e MDC. Polinômios e suas operações. Geometria Plana: Noções Fundamentais. Ângulos. Polígonos. Perímetro. Áreas das principais figuras planas. Congruência. Semelhança. Relações Métricas e Razões Trigonométricas de um Triângulo Retângulo. Círculo e Circunferência (comprimento da circunferência e de arcos. Área de círculo), Raciocínio lógico.
CONTEÚDOS ESPECIFICOS DOS EMPREGOS DO FUNDAMENTAL COMPLETO
MOTORISTA: Regras de relações humanas adequadas ao trabalho. Legislação de trânsito: regras gerais de circulação. Regra de ultrapassagem. Regra de mudança de direção. Regra de preferência. Velocidade permitida. Classificação das vias deveres e proibições. Infrações básicas para a apreensão de documentos de habilitação de acordo com o Código de Trânsito Brasileiro. Infrações básicas para a cassação de documentos de habilitação. Principais crimes e contravenções de trânsito. Conhecimento de sinais sonoros e gestos de agente autoridade de trânsito. Tipos de sinalização; placas de regulamentação; advertência e indicação; sinais luminosos; Conhecimento de defeitos simples do motor. Procedimentos corretos para economizar combustível. Cuidados necessários para conservar o veículo em boas condições mecânicas. Conhecimento básico sobre sistema de freios. Defeitos simples do sistema elétrico. Porte de documentos obrigatórios do veículo e do condutor; Conhecimento de regras de hierarquias no serviço público municipal; atitudes no serviço; regras básicas de comportamento profissional para o trato diário com o público interno e externo e colegas de trabalho; Segurança do trabalho e prevenção de acidentes e incêndio. Código de Trânsito Brasileiro; Resoluções, Deliberações, Portarias e demais Leis expedidas pelos órgãos componentes do Sistema Nacional de Trânsito. Direção Defensiva. Noções de mecânica de autos. Manutenção e Limpeza de veículos. Noções de procedimentos de Primeiros Socorros. Outras questões que abordem situações, procedimentos e conhecimentos específicos do cargo a ser exercido. Ética no serviço público. Sugestões Bibliográficas: Código de Trânsito Brasileiro e suas Alterações. Manual Brasileiro de Sinalização de Trânsito – Volumes I e II. Manuais e Apostilas sobre o Novo Código de Trânsito. Noções de Primeiros Socorros no Trânsito Brasileiro. Educação no Trânsito - A Nova Legislação - Edição 2002. Manuais e Normas de Condução e Manutenção de Veículos. Código de Transito Brasileiro e suas alterações; Resoluções do CONTRAN 160 e 168.
http://www.denatran.gov.brhttp://www.denatran.gov.br/download/Resolucoes/RESOLUC AO_CONTRAN_168.pdf http://www.denatran.gov.br/dow n load/Resolucoes/RESOLUCAO_CONTRAN_160.pdf
ELETRICISTA: Grandezas Elétricas. Sistema Internacional de Unidades. Circuitos Elétricos de Corrente Contínua. Lei de Ohm. Associação série, paralela e mista de resistores. Potência e energia. Leis de Kirchhoff para as tensões e correntes. Resolução de circuitos em corrente contínua. Circuitos Monofásicos de Corrente Alternada. Corrente e Tensão senoidais. Valor de Pico. Valor Eficaz. Reatância Indutiva e Capacitiva. Impedância. Notação Fasorial. Resolução de circuitos em corrente alternada. Potência Ativa, Reativa e Aparente. Fator de Potência e Correção de Fator de Potência. Medidas Elétricas. Circuitos Trifásicos. Ligação delta e estrela. Resolução de circuitos trifásicos. Potência trifásica. Medida de potência trifásica. Diodos semicondutores. Diodo em corrente contínua. Diodo em corrente alternada: retificadores monofásicos. Eletrônica Digital: Funções e Portas Lógicas. Circuitos Combinacionais. Máquinas Elétricas: Transformadores e Motores Trifásicos de Indução. Transformadores especiais: Transformador de Potencial (TP) e Transformador de Corrente (TC). Instalações elétricas prediais e industriais. Dispositivos de Proteção e Controle. Acionamentos e Comandos elétricos. Partida de motores elétricos de indução. Sistemas de Aterramento. Materiais e Equipamentos elétricos. NR 10 - Segurança em Instalações e Serviços em Eletricidade.
ESCOLARIDADE - NÍVEL MÉDIO
CONTEÚDOS COMUNS A TODOS OS EMPREGOS DO NIVEL MÉDIO
PROGRAMA DE LÍNGUA PORTUGUESA: Leitura e interpretação de texto. Variações linguísticas. Funções da linguagem. Tipos e gêneros de texto. Coesão e coerência textuais. Ortografia (atualizada conforme as regras do novo Acordo Ortográfico): emprego de letras; uso de maiúsculas e minúsculas; acentuação tônica e gráfica; pontuação. Fonologia/ fonética: letra/fonema; encontros vocálicos, consonantais e dígrafos. Morfologia: elementos mórficos e processos de formação de palavras; classes de palavras. Sintaxe: termos das orações; orações coordenadas e subordinadas; concordância nominal e verbal; regência nominal e verbal; crase. Semântica: denotação, conotação; sinonímia, antonímia, homonímia e paronímia; polissemia e ambiguidade. Figuras de linguagem.
PROGRAMA DE MATEMÁTICA: Números naturais, inteiros, racionais, irracionais, reais e complexos; Sistema de medidas legais; Sistema monetário brasileiro; Razão e Proporção; Grandezas diretamente e inversamente proporcionais; Regra de três simples e composta; Porcentagem; Juros simples e compostos; Potenciação; Raciocínio lógico; Sequências; Progressões aritméticas e geométricas; Análise combinatória; Probabilidade; Resolução de situações problemas; Cálculo de áreas e volumes.
SUS: LEI Nº 8.080, DE 19 DE SETEMBRO DE 1990.LEI Nº 8.142, DE 28 DE DEZEMBRO DE 1990. Organização dos serviços de saúde no Brasil: Sistema Único de Saúde – Princípios e diretrizes, controle social; Indicadores de saúde; Sistema de notificação e de vigilância epidemiológica e sanitária; Endemias/epidemias: Situação atual, medidas de controle e tratamento; Planejamento e programação local de saúde, Distritos Sanitário, enfoque estratégico, História das Políticas de Saúde no Brasil; A Reforma Sanitária e a Construção do SUS; O Sistema Único de Saúde; Princípios e Base Legal do SUS; Orçamento da Seguridade Social e Formas de Financiamento do Setor; O papel das Normas Operacionais Básicas no Processo de Descentralização e Regionalização; Organização da Média e Alta Complexidade; Organização da Atenção Hospitalar; Principais Características dos Subsistemas Públicos e Privados que Integram o SUS; Setor Privado: Histórias, Modalidades e Formação; História da Epidemiologia; História Natural e Prevenção de Doenças; Epidemiologia das Doenças Crônicas não Transmissíveis; Vigilância Epidemiológica, Sanitária e Ambiental; Indicadores de Saúde; Bioestatística; Medidas de Posição/ Dispersão; Noções de Probabilidade; Testes Diagnósticos; Noções de Amostragem; Testes de Hipóteses; Saúde da Família.
CONTEÚDOS ESPECÍFICOS DO NÍVEL MÉDIO
AUXILIAR ADMINISTRATIVO: Conhecimentos sobre princípios básicos de informática, incluindo hardware, impressoras, scanners e multifuncionais. Conhecimento básico sobre Segurança da Informação. Conceitos básicos relacionados ao ambiente Windows 7, 8, 10 e suas funcionalidades: ícones, atalhos de teclado, janelas, arquivos, pastas, programas, aplicativos Microsoft Office 2010 e 2016. Conceitos básicos de Internet e Intranet e utilização de navegadores: browsers, correio eletrônico, sites de busca e pesquisa, grupos de discussão procedimentos e ferramentas de segurança aplicáveis a redes e na internet. Conceitos básicos de tarefas e procedimentos de informática: armazenamento de dados e realização de cópia de segurança (backup), organização e gerenciamento de arquivos, pastas e programas, proteção de equipamentos e de sistemas de informática. Redes de computadores e Internet: conceitos básicos, serviços, protocolos, aplicativos,
navegadores, mecanismos de buscas, acesso e compartilhamento de dados e recursos, intranet e extranet, ferramentas de comunicação, redes sociais, cloud computing. Virtualização, backup e segurança: políticas, técnicas e ferramentas. Malwares: tipos, segurança e prevenções. Invasão e outras ameaças.
AUXILIAR DE SÁUDE BUCAL: Auxiliar de Saúde Bucal e suas funções no consultório odontológico; anatomofisiologia básica; materiais, instrumentais e técnicas de instrumentação, aspiração e isolamento do campo operatório; Noções de: dentística, periodontia, radiologia, prótese, odontopediatria e endodontia. Noções de: anatomia bucal, promoção e prevenção em saúde bucal, instrumentação, higiene e limpeza, manutenção do equipamento, desinfecção e esterilização de materiais e instrumentos, biossegurança, organização da agenda e gerenciamento dos insumos necessários para o funcionamento do consultório odontológico. Cimentos e bases protetoras; materiais restauradores plásticos diretos; materiais para moldagem; instrumentos operatórios; métodos de utilização do flúor tópico e sistêmico; dieta, nutrição e cárie dentária.
AUXILIAR DE ENFERMAGEM: Fundamentos de Enfermagem: Noções básicas de saúde e doença, ações de enfermagem com relação à aferição de sinais vitais, realização de curativo, cuidado com a higiene, conforto e segurança ao paciente, preparo do paciente para exames, organização da unidade do paciente, administração de medicamentos por via oral, venosa, intramuscular, sub cutânea, ocular, nasal, retal, otológica. Biossegurança. Enfermagem Médico-Cirúrgica: Assistência de enfermagem a pacientes portadores de afecção cardiovascular, respiratória, digestiva, endócrina, renal, neurológica e hematológica. Assistência de enfermagem ao paciente cirúrgico no pré, trans e pós-operatório. Prevenção e controle de infecção hospitalar. Assistência de enfermagem a pacientes em situação de urgência. Enfermagem Materno-Infantil: Assistência de enfermagem à mulher no ciclo vital (gestante, parturiente e puerpério), no parto normal e de risco e ao recém nascido normal e de risco. Assistência à criança nas fases de lactente, pré-escolar, escolar e adolescente no seu desenvolvimento. Enfermagem em Saúde Pública: Noções de epidemiologia, cadeia epidemiológica, vigilância epidemiológica, indicadores de saúde, atenção primária em saúde. Assistência de enfermagem na prevenção e controle de doenças infecto-parasitárias, crônicodegenerativas e processo de reabilitação. Programa Nacional de Imunização. Programa de Assistência à Saúde da Mulher, Criança e do Trabalhador. Enfermagem em Saúde Mental: Integração da assistência de enfermagem às novas políticas públicas de atenção à saúde mental da criança e adultos. Exercício profissional de enfermagem: ética e legislação aplicada à enfermagem. Código de Ética dos Profissionais de Enfermagem, Resolução COFEN nº 311/2007. COFEN – Lei nº 7.498, de 25 de junho de 1986. COFEN – Decreto nº 94.406, de 08 de junho de 1987.
ESCOLARIDADE - NÍVEL SUPERIOR
CONTEÚDO COMUM A TODOS OS EMPREGOS DO NIVEL SUPERIOR
PROGRAMA DE LÍNGUA PORTUGUESA: A Comunicação: linguagem, texto e discurso; o texto, contexto e a construção dos sentidos; Coesão e coerência textuais; Intertextualidade e polifonia; A Língua: norma culta e variedades linguísticas; dialetos e registros, gíria; Língua padrão: ortografia, acentuação e pontuação; Semântica: denotação e conotação; figuras de linguagem; sinonímia, antonímia, homonímia, paronímia; polissemia e ambiguidade; Morfologia: estrutura e processos de formação de
palavras; classes de palavras: flexões, emprego e valores semânticos, com ênfase em verbos, pronomes, conjunções e preposições; Sintaxe: Termos e Orações coordenadas e subordinadas; concordância nominal e verbal; regência nominal e verbal; crase; sintaxe de colocação.
SUS: LEI Nº 8.080, DE 19 DE SETEMBRO DE 1990.LEI Nº 8.142, DE 28 DE DEZEMBRO DE 1990. Organização dos serviços de saúde no Brasil: Sistema Único de Saúde – Princípios e diretrizes, controle social; Indicadores de saúde; Sistema de notificação e de vigilância epidemiológica e sanitária; Endemias/epidemias: Situação atual, medidas de controle e tratamento; Planejamento e programação local de saúde, Distritos Sanitário, enfoque estratégico, História das Políticas de Saúde no Brasil; A Reforma Sanitária e a Construção do SUS; O Sistema Único de Saúde; Princípios e Base Legal do SUS; Orçamento da Seguridade Social e Formas de Financiamento do Setor; O papel das Normas Operacionais Básicas no Processo de Descentralização e Regionalização; Organização da Média e Alta Complexidade; Organização da Atenção Hospitalar; Principais Características dos Subsistemas Públicos e Privados que Integram o SUS; Setor Privado: Histórias, Modalidades e Formação; História da Epidemiologia; História Natural e Prevenção de Doenças; Epidemiologia das Doenças Crônicas não Transmissíveis; Vigilância Epidemiológica, Sanitária e Ambiental; Indicadores de Saúde; Bioestatística; Medidas de Posição/ Dispersão; Noções de Probabilidade; Testes Diagnósticos; Noções de Amostragem; Testes de Hipóteses; Saúde da Família.
CONTEÚDOS ESPECÍFICOS DO NIVEL SUPERIOR
ASSISTENTE SOCIAL NASF: Matrizes teórico-metodológicas e a incidência histórica sobre o Serviço Social: positivismo, fenomenologia, materialismo histórico. O Serviço Social e a questão da ideologia: fundamentos históricos e perspectivas atuais. A polêmica sobre a questão do trabalho e o Serviço Social: a categoria da práxis como referência. O Serviço Social e Solidariedade, destacando o Trabalho Voluntário, a Filantropia e o Cooperativismo como estratégias. Serviço Social e movimento social: fundamentos teórico- metodológicos; desafios históricos e construção de alternativas no processo de desenvolvimento do capitalismo mundial. Fundamentos históricoconceituais das Políticas Sociais: Justiça, Equidade, Direito e Cidadania. Descentralização, participação e controle social nas políticas sociais brasileiras. Corporativismo e clientelismo no processo de formação das políticas sociais brasileiras. O desenvolvimento histórico das políticas sociais no Brasil. As políticas sociais brasileiras no atual contexto de transformações do Capitalismo. O urbano e o rural no Brasil: possibilidades e limites das intervenções públicas. O Processo Gestão das Políticas Sociais e os sujeitos sociais envolvidos. A nova configuração do mundo do trabalho e o trabalho profissional do Assistente Social nas Instituições Públicas. A questão da Seguridade Social no Brasil e o trabalho profissional do Assistente Social. A prevalência dos programas de transferência de renda no contexto das políticas sociais brasileiras. Políticas voltadas para as questões de gênero, etnia, cultura e geração e o trabalho profissional do Assistente Social. Políticas de educação no Brasil e o trabalho profissional do Assistente Social. Políticas de Habitação no Brasil e trabalho profissional do Assistente Social. O Código de Ética Profissional do Serviço Social contextualizado. Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS): conceitos, fundamentação legal, princípios, diretrizes e articulação com serviços de saúde.
EDUCADOR FÍSICO NASF – Evolução histórica, legislação e objetivos gerais da Educação Física. A relação teoria e prática na Educação Física. Educação Física e lazer. Pedagogia da cooperação: jogos cooperativos. Corporeidade. Organização de eventos esportivos. Noções básicas de Biomecânica e Cinesiologia. Avaliação no contexto da atividade física e do esporte: medidas antropométricas e testes físicos. Treinamento desportivo: conceitos e definições; capacidades físicas; princípios do treinamento esportivo e periodização. Conceitos de atividade física, exercício físico, aptidão física e saúde. Exercício físico: riscos e benefícios à saúde na formação de crianças, jovens e adultos. Nutrição e atividade física. Primeiros Socorros. Comportamento motor: Desenvolvimento motor; Controle motor; Aprendizagem motora. Psicologia da aprendizagem, do desenvolvimento e do esporte. Regras, aspectos técnicos e táticos dos esportes: atletismo, natação, futebol de campo, futsal, basquetebol, voleibol, handebol e esportes com bastões e raquetes. Esportes adaptados. Jogos e brincadeiras. Lutas: fundamentos, regras, classificação e tipos. Danças: brasileiras; urbanas; eruditas e danças e coreografias associadas a manifestações musicais. Ginásticas: de manutenção de saúde, aeróbica, localizada e musculação; de preparação e aperfeiçoamento para a dança; esportes, jogos e lutas; ginástica olímpica e rítmica desportiva. Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS): conceitos, fundamentação legal, princípios, diretrizes e articulação com serviços de saúde.
ENFERMEIRO 20h: Fundamentos da Prática de Enfermagem: Sinais Vitais; Avaliação de Saúde e Exame Físico; Sistematização da Assistência de Enfermagem (SAE legislação); Administração de medicamentos e preparo de soluções; Integridade da pele e cuidados de feridas; Exercício Profissional de Enfermagem: legislação aplicada à Enfermagem; Assistência de enfermagem a o cliente adulto e idoso portador de afecção cardiovascular, respiratória, digestiva, endócrina, renal, neurológica, hematológica e genito-urinária; Assistência de enfermagem a paciente cirúrgico no pré-trans e pósoperatório; Assistência de enfermagem a paciente em situação de urgência e emergência; Enfermagem em Saúde Pública. Epidemiologia; Doenças infecciosas e Parasitárias; Enfermagem em Psiquiatria; Política Nacional de Saúde Mental (legislação) Rede de Atenção Psicossocial (legislação); Centros de Atenção Psicossocial (legislação); Programa Nacional de Imunização; Calendário Nacional de Vacinação (legislação – 2013); Sistema Único de Saúde (Lei n. 8080/1990 e 8142/1990); Biossegurança; Norma Regulamentadora 32; Prevenção e Controle de Infecção. Central de Esterilização; Saúde da Mulher – Política Nacional; Saúde do Homem – Política Nacional; Saúde da Criança; Saúde do Adolescente e do Jovem; Saúde do Idoso; Pessoas com necessidades especiais; Política Nacional de Humanização (documento base); Gestão em Enfermagem;
ENFERMEIRO 40H: Administração em Enfermagem. Fundamentos de Enfermagem. Enfermagem Médico-Cirúrgica e Materno-Infantil. Enfermagem no Programa de Assistência ao Adulto e Idoso. Assistência de Enfermagem em Centro Cirúrgico e Central de Material. Cuidados de Enfermagem em atendimento pré-hospitalar em emergências cardiovasculares, respiratórias, metabólicas, ginecológicas, obstétricas, psiquiátricas, pediatras e no trauma. Assistência de Enfermagem em doenças transmissíveis. Vigilância Epidemiológica. Farmacologia em Enfermagem. Saneamento Básico. Políticas de Saúde Pública: Evolução das políticas de saúde no Brasil. Participação popular e controle social. A organização social e comunitária. O Conselho de Saúde. Organização e legislação do Sistema Único de Saúde. Equipe de programa de saúde da família. Ética em Saúde. Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS): conceitos, fundamentação legal, princípios, diretrizes e articulação com serviços de saúde.
FARMACÊUTICO: Central de Abastecimento Farmacêutico: organização de almoxarifados, avaliação da área física e condições adequadas de armazenamento. Controle de estoques de medicamentos e material de consumo. Padronização dos itens de consumo; sistema de compra; sistema de dispensação de medicamentos e materiais de consumo; sistema de distribuição de medicamentos. Comissão de Farmácia e Terapêutica. Farmácia hospitalar: estrutura, conceito, objetivos, manipulação de fórmulas oficiais e magistrais, controle de qualidade, métodos de esterilização; Misturas intravenosas, nutrição parenteral. Controle de qualidade dos produtos farmacêuticos – métodos físicos, químicos, físico-químicos, biológicos e microbiológicos. Farmacoepidemiologia. Farmacologia clínica e terapêutica; vias de administração, absorção, metabolismo, biotransformação e eliminação. Farmacodependência e Farmacovigilância. Serviços/centros de informação de medicamentos. Participação do Farmacêutico dentro da Comissão de Controle de Infecção Hospitalar. Legislação Farmacêutica: Portarias MS 3.916, de 30/10/1998; 2.616, de 12/05/1998; 344, 12/05/1998; Lei 6.360, de 23/09/1976; Código de Ética Farmacêutica (Resolução CFF 596, de 21/02/2014); Resoluções do CFF 579, 26/07/2013; 300, de 30/01/1997; 308, de 02/05/1997. Organização dos serviços de saúde no Brasil. Organização e princípios do SUS, Constituição Federal artigos 196 a 200. Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS): conceitos, fundamentação legal, princípios, diretrizes e articulação com serviços de saúde.
FISIOTERAPEUTA NASF: Conhecimentos básicos: anatomia, fisiologia, histologia, bioquímica, neuroanatomia e patologia. Conhecimentos em anatomofisiopatologia das alterações musculoesqueléticas, neurológicas e mentais, cardiorrespiratórias, angiológicas e pediátricas. Fundamentos de Fisioterapia. Técnicas básicas em: cinesioterapia motora, manipulações, cinesioterapia respiratória, fisioterapia respiratória em UTI. Técnicas preventivas nas: alterações musculoesqueléticas, prevenção de escaras de decúbito, complicações do aparelho respiratório. Técnicas de treinamento em locomoção e de ambulação. Técnicas específicas para a área ambulatorial: conhecimentos básicos em eletro, foto e termoterapia. Conhecimentos básicos em mecanoterapia e em métodos e técnicas cinesioterápicas que promovam a reeducação funcional. Fisioterapia nos diferentes aspectos clínicos e cirúrgicos. Atendimento nas fases pré e pós-operatórias nas diversas patologias. Ortopedia e traumatologia - pacientes submetidos à tração transesquelética, osteossínteses e fixadores externos, amputações e alterações neurológicas periféricas. Clínica médica – pacientes com alterações cardiorrespiratórias, metabólicas, infectocontagiosas, com sequelas ou não. Neurocirurgia e Neuroclínica – pacientes com alterações de consciência ou não, submetidos a tratamento clínico, pré ou pós-operatórios de patologias neurológicas, sequelados ou não, com vários graus de acometimento. Pediatria: pacientes com alterações respiratórias, motoras ou metabólicas decorrentes de afecções cirúrgicas, neurológicas, ortopédicas e outros. Clínica cirúrgica: pacientes em pré ou pós-operatórios de cirurgias abdominais ou torácicas com alterações respiratórias ou não. Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS): conceitos, fundamentação legal, princípios, diretrizes e articulação com serviços de saúde.
FONOAUDIÓLOGO NASF: Neuroanatomofisiologia da fala, fonoarticulação, deglutição e audição. Fala e linguagem oral e escrita: desenvolvimento (etapas e aspectos). Distúrbios (desenvolvimentais, adquiridos, neurológicos, estruturais). Avaliação e terapia. Voz: distúrbios (funcionais, organofuncionais, orgânicos, neurológicos, endocrinológicos, psiquiátricos, por câncer de cabeça e pescoço, congênitos). Avaliação e terapia. Laringectomias: tipos; possibilidades de reabilitação,
uso de válvula de fala e prótese fonatória. Deglutição: desenvolvimento; distúrbios; avaliação e terapia. Disfagias: diagnóstico, tipos, evolução, avaliação e terapia. Motricidade orofacial: distúrbios; avaliação e terapia. Fonoaudiologia hospitalar: atendimento no leito, em ambulatório, UTI neonatal, pediátrica e geral. Fonoaudiologia estética: avaliação e atendimento na área de estética facial. Aperfeiçoamento vocal e de comunicação. Audiologia: desenvolvimento da audição; exames audiológicos (audiometria, imitanciometria); avaliação audiológica na criança e no adulto; exames eletrofisiológicos. Processamento auditivo: avaliação, indicações e reabilitação. Próteses auditivas: tipos, indicação, seleção e adaptação. Implante coclear: critérios de indicação e encaminhamento, habilitação e reabilitação. Audiologia educacional: estratégias, métodos e abordagens de reabilitação do deficiente auditivo; desenvolvimento de linguagem na criança deficiente auditiva; comunicação e deficiência auditiva. Libras. Saúde pública: inserção da Fonoaudiologia na saúde pública; coletividade e Fonoaudiologia; possibilidades de atuação do fonoaudiólogo na saúde pública; SUS e Fonoaudiologia. Atribuições do fonoaudiólogo na escola; assessoria e consultoria fonoaudiológica; orientação à família e aos cuidadores. Ética profissional: atribuições do fonoaudiólogo; código de ética do profissional fonoaudiólogo. Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS): conceitos, fundamentação legal, princípios, diretrizes e articulação com serviços de saúde.
NUTRICIONISTA NASF: Introdução ao estudo da nutrição. Etapas do processo de nutrição. Metabolismo e cálculo energético, Bioquímica e metabolismo dos macronutrientes; recomendações nutricionais; fatores que interferem na biodisponibilidade de nutrientes. Dietas equilibradas e dietas não convencionais Alimentos Funcionais. Alimentos para fins especiais. Alimentos diet e light. Princípios de farmacologia geral e alterações metabólicas, interações medicamentosas e medicamentos-nutrientes. Conceito e classificação das drogas quanto à origem e utilização. Farmacocinética e farmacodinâmica. Conceito e objetivos da higiene dos alimentos. Prevenção e controle das principais doenças veiculadas por alimentos. Método APPCC (análise de Perigos e Pontos Críticos de Controle). Regulamento Técnico de Boas Práticas para serviços de alimentação: procedimentos de higienização nas Unidades de Alimentação e Nutrição. Sistemas de controle da qualidade sanitária dos alimentos; avaliação da qualidade dos alimentos. Tecnologia de alimentos: Operações unitárias. Industrialização, alterações, conservação e embalagem em alimentos. Informação nutricional e rotulagem de alimentos. Aditivos e coadjuvantes. Controle de qualidade. Análise sensorial. Técnica dietética: conceito, objetivos, características dos grupos de alimentos, valor nutritivo, caracteres organoléticos. Técnicas para pesagem de alimentos. Fator de correção e conversão. Seleção, técnicas de pré-preparo e preparo dos alimentos. Hábitos alimentares. Planejamento e critérios para elaboração de cardápios. Dietética e gastronomia. Nutrição e desenvolvimento humano da gestação ao envelhecimento: aspectos fisiológicos, avaliação e recomendações nutricionais; planejamento de dietas normais; alterações, práticas alimentares e estratégias de intervenção. Avaliação antropométrica; avaliação dietética e bioquímica do estado nutricional. Métodos de avaliação de estimativa das necessidades energéticas. Indicadores bioquímicos. Exames laboratoriais: importância e interpretação. Diagnóstico em nutrição. Avaliação nutricional do paciente hospitalizado. Avaliação nutricional em situações especiais. Nutrição aplicada à atividade física: avaliação nutricional, necessidades nutricionais, refeições, suplementos alimentares e hidratação. Fisiopatologia e Dietoterapia: conceito e objetivos; terapia nutricional nas diversas enfermidades. Terapia nutricional em afecções específicas e situações especiais. Tipos de dietas. Aspectos teóricos e práticos da terapia nutricional oral, enteral e parenteral nos diversos estados patológicos. Regulamento Técnico para a
Terapia de Nutrição Enteral. Nutrição e imunomodulação. Métodos de assistência ambulatorial em nutrição. Planejamento físico de unidades de alimentação e Nutrição; Planejamento de Lactário e Banco de Leite Humano. Dimensionamento de áreas e equipamentos. Planejamento e organização, supervisão e controle. Planejamento de cardápio compras, custos, controle de estoque. para coletividades sadias e doentes; Controle de avaliação de Recursos Humanos, financeiros e materiais. Ética profissional: conceitos, fundamentações e definições utilizados no estudo da ética. Bioética. O Código de Ética do Nutricionista. Regulamentação profissional. Leis, Portarias e Resoluções de Interesse para o Profissional. Entidades Representativas da categoria: o papel dos conselhos, sindicatos e associações. Educação nutricional: conceito, objetivo, metodologias e aspectos sócio econômico-culturais. Educação em saúde: comunicação e estratégias. Estudo do comportamento alimentar, formação de hábitos alimentares e o planejamento de atividades educativas de intervenção nutricional em indivíduos e/ou populações nos diferentes campos de atuação do nutricionista. Elementos de epidemiologia; Métodos em epidemiologia: variáveis, hipóteses. Tipos de estudo em epidemiologia. Vigilância em saúde. Epidemiologia das doenças transmissíveis e das doenças e agravos não transmissíveis. Indicadores de saúde e sistemas de informação; transição demográfica e epidemiológica. Nutrição em saúde pública: análise dos distúrbios nutricionais como problemas de saúde pública. Problemas nutricionais em populações em desenvolvimento. Avaliação nutricional de coletividades. Diagnóstico dos principais problemas nutricionais. Planejamento como instrumento de intervenção nutricional em coletividades. Atuação do nutricionista na atenção básica. Alimentação e Nutrição no Núcleo de Apoio à Saúde da Família (NASF). As políticas de saúde no Brasil: História, conceitos, reforma sanitária. Sistema único de saúde: princípios, diretrizes, leis orgânicas, normas operacionais, programas e estratégias. Políticas de Alimentação e Nutrição. Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS): conceitos, fundamentação legal, princípios, diretrizes e articulação com serviços de saúde.
PSICÓLOGO NASF: Psicologia como ciência: bases epistemológicas. Pioneiros da psicologia científica. Estruturação da psicologia no século XX: escolas psicológicas. Campos de atuação: o Psicólogo e a Saúde; o Psicólogo e a Educação; o Psicólogo e as Instituições Sociais. Métodos e técnicas de Avaliação Psicológica. Modos de funcionamento normal e patológico do psiquismo humano. Psicopatologia: implicações dos distúrbios de conduta e de personalidade em geral. O psicólogo na saúde pública. Reforma Psiquiátrica. A ética, sua relação com a cultura e sua influência na constituição do psiquismo. Psicologia Social e os Fenômenos de Grupo: a comunicação, as atitudes, o processo de socialização, os grupos sociais e seus papéis; psicoterapia de grupo e orientação familiar. Teorias do desenvolvimento humano. Concepções de ensino e aprendizagem. Deficiência física e intelectual: desafios para a atuação do psicólogo. Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente (Lei 8.069/90). Estatuto do Idoso (Lei 10.741/03). Teorias e técnicas psicoterápicas. Ética Profissional. Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS): conceitos, fundamentação legal, princípios, diretrizes e articulação com serviços de saúde. . Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS): conceitos, fundamentação legal, princípios, diretrizes e articulação com serviços de saúde.
TERAPEUTA OCUPACIONAL NASF: Fundamentos históricos e epistemológicos da Terapia Ocupacional: modelos teóricos, análise de atividades, processos e recursos terapêuticos em Terapia Ocupacional. Abordagem individual e grupal. Saúde Pública – Política Pública de Saúde: o SUS, princípios, legislação, organização de políticas públicas. Exclusão e inclusão social de pessoas portadoras de deficiência e transtornos
mentais: conceitos, processos, estratégias socioassistenciais e ações da Terapia Ocupacional. Reabilitação Psicossocial: conceitos, estratégias e articulação com a Terapia Ocupacional. Abordagens socioterápicas e psicodinâmica. Terapia Ocupacional e atenção à família. Terapia Ocupacional e assistência domiciliar. Terapia Ocupacional aplicada à saúde mental e psiquiatria. Terapia Ocupacional na equipe multi e interdisciplinar em saúde. Terapia Ocupacional na assistência ao bebê de alto risco e a crianças que apresentam alterações no desenvolvimento neuro-psicomotor. Terapia Ocupacional nas áreas de neurologia, traumato-ortopedia e reumatologia. Fundamentos da Terapia Ocupacional aplicados à saúde do trabalhador. Terapia Ocupacional em geriatria e gerontologia. Ética Profissional. Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS): conceitos, fundamentação legal, princípios, diretrizes e articulação com serviços de saúde.
SANITARISTA NASF: Saúde e Sociedade. Epidemiologia e Vigilância em Saúde. Gestão e Planificação em Saúde. Organização, Políticas e Legislação do Sistema Único de Saúde. Antecedentes históricos da organização do sistema de saúde e do ordenamento das práticas de saúde no Brasil. Reforma do Estado, reforma setorial, autonomia e descentralização da política de saúde para os municípios. Aparato legal do SUS nacional e estadual, questões de financiamento, de controle social e da política de medicamentos. Ética na pesquisa em saúde, processo de trabalho e política de recursos humanos em saúde. Conceitos de saúde para a educação, a capacitação de trabalhadores e a organização das práticas de atenção integral à saúde. Controle social e relações intergovernamentais no ordenamento e condução do SUS. Estratégias tecnoassistenciais em saúde. Impacto das normas operacionais básicas sobre a organização da atenção à saúde. Programa de Saúde da Família e a produção de organizações de saúde. Características das organizações públicas de saúde. A equipe e a organização do trabalho em saúde. Enfoques de Planejamento em Saúde. Planejamento Estratégico Situacional. Avaliação em Saúde. Exclusão social, violência, gênero, etnia e grupos etários. Condições de vida e trabalho e a questão do adoecimento. Informação e comunicação em saúde: conceitos básicos, sistemas de informação e tomada de decisão. Ciências sociais em saúde. Equidade e saúde. Vigilância em Saúde (epidemiológica, sanitária e ambiental). Demografia e indicadores de saúde. Investigação Epidemiológica, Sistemas de Notificação e a epidemiologia no planejamento em saúde. Epidemiologia clínica, das doenças infecciosas, das doenças crônico-degenerativas e ocupacional. | <urn:uuid:3bb91aef-740e-4836-a33e-f458d059a7cc> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/por_Latn/train | finepdfs | por_Latn | 36,259 |
Appel à projets Culture et lien social dans les Bouches du Rhône 2022
Pour la quatrième année consécutive depuis 2019, le préfet délégué pour l’égalité des chances et la direction régionale des affaires culturelles Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur lancent conjointement un appel à projet destiné à favoriser et à soutenir les actions artistiques et culturelles dans les quartiers prioritaires de la ville des Bouches-du-Rhône au bénéfice de ses habitants.
Il s’agit de soutenir l’accès des publics de tous âges habitants les QPV, aux artistes, aux œuvres et aux pratiques artistiques. L’enjeu est de développer des projets artistiques construits avec les habitants, afin qu’ils ne soient pas seulement spectateurs mais qu’ils soient également acteurs du projet artistique. Cela s’inscrit naturellement dans la mise en place de « parcours culturels tout au long de la vie ».
1. **TERRITOIRES ET PUBLICS ÉLIGIBLES**
Cet appel à projets concerne uniquement les publics relevant des quartiers prioritaires de la politique de la ville du Département des Bouches du Rhône (*Liste jointe en annexe*).
2. **STRUCTURES ÉLIGIBLES**
Sont éligibles les structures ayant, dans leurs statuts, comme principaux objectifs la création et la diffusion d’œuvres artistiques, culturelles, patrimoniales ou scientifiques et techniques (associations culturelles, compagnies, établissements publics et services culturels des collectivités).
Les structures labellisées ou accompagnées par le ministère de la Culture et du ministère de la Cohésion des territoires et des Relations avec les collectivités territoriales peuvent répondre à l’appel à projets mais l’action proposée devra être nouvelle ou complémentaire d’une action structurante déjà portée.
Seuls les artistes professionnels et les associations et structures ayant une activité principalement culturelle peuvent répondre à l’appel à projets.
Les centres sociaux ou socioculturels ainsi que les Maisons des Jeunes et de la Culture (MJC) ne peuvent répondre en leur nom propre mais elles peuvent être partenaires d’une structure artistique et/ou culturelle qui portera le projet.
3. **SECTEURS ARTISTIQUES ET CULTURELS**
Cet appel à projets couvre l’ensemble des secteurs artistiques culturels et toutes les dimensions de la culture. Sont ainsi concernés les champs du spectacle vivant, du patrimoine, de la culture scientifique et technique, des arts plastiques, du cinéma, de la musique, de l’audiovisuel, du livre et de la lecture, et des pratiques numériques.
4. **BÉNÉFICIAIRES DU PROJET**
Les bénéficiaires des projets sont les habitants des quartiers prioritaires de la politique de la ville des Bouches du Rhône.
Seront prioritaires les projets s’adressant au public jeune (0-25 ans) en partenariat avec des structures du champ social (fédération d’éducation populaire et associations nationales de solidarité, maison de quartier, centre d’hébergement et de réinsertion sociale, centre social, bailleur social, association œuvrant dans le champ social, centre d’animation, mission locale, centre d’accueil de demandeurs d’asile, foyer d’accueil, crèches et lieux d’accueil de la petite enfance, etc. ) intervenant dans un quartier prioritaire *hors temps scolaire*.
5. **FINANCEMENTS**
La subvention accordée est fléchée principalement sur les rémunérations artistiques ou des professionnels de la culture pour les interventions auprès du public. Elle ne peut financer le coût total du projet. Les structures culturelles sont invitées à chercher d'autres sources de co-financement.
Ne sont pas éligibles les demandes :
- d'aide au fonctionnement ;
- d'aide à la création artistique ;
- d'aide à la diffusion artistique.
6. **CO-CONSTRUCTION AVEC UNE STRUCTURE SOCIALE**
Afin d'assurer l'ancrage territorial du projet, la mise en œuvre du projet artistique et culturel nécessite un partenariat entre une équipe artistique et des intervenants du champ social. L'un des objectifs est de conforter la mutualisation des moyens et les coopérations entre les acteurs travaillant dans les quartiers prioritaires.
Il est impératif que les structures culturelles consultent les délégués du préfet et les équipes de la politique de la ville, interlocuteurs privilégiés au sein des quartiers prioritaires.
7. **NATURE DU PROJET**
Seront prioritaires les projets valorisant l'appropriation culturelle par les habitants de leur cadre de vie (architectural et urbain) et la participation des habitants aux projets artistiques et culturels.
Les structures éligibles doivent construire un projet artistique mettant en œuvre une participation active et large des bénéficiaires sur une durée significative en les associant au processus de création. Elles encouragent l'égalité entre les femmes et les hommes, la mixité culturelle, sociale et intergénérationnelle en provoquant la rencontre de différents publics.
8. **SELECTION DES PROJETS**
Un comité de sélection, associant la DRAC PACA et le cabinet du Préfet délégué pour l'égalité des chances des Bouches-du-Rhône se réunira pour sélectionner les candidats.
Les projets sont choisis en fonction des critères de sélection suivants :
- qualité et contenu du projet artistique et culturel ;
- capacité de la structure culturelle à travailler en réseau sur le territoire ;
- qualité du partenariat avec un équipement culturel du territoire ;
- capacité des structures à identifier et mobiliser les bénéficiaires ;
- pertinence des objectifs et des modalités pratiques de l'évaluation ;
- co-financement.
9. **CONTENU DE LA CANDIDATURE**
La candidature à cet appel à projets doit être composée de trois éléments : un dossier descriptif de l'action dans démarches simplifiées, un dossier CERFA dûment complété et un RIB. Tout dossier incomplet sera rejeté.
Le dossier descriptif comporte notamment les éléments suivants :
- une présentation globale du projet et des partenaires choisis ;
- le nombre et le type de publics touchés (Hommes/Femmes, catégories d'âge) ;
- les formes, la durée et les modalités d'intervention auprès des publics et de leur participation, la co-construction étant un des axes prioritaires de cet appel à projet ;
- le budget prévisionnel du projet ainsi que le nombre de jours et d'heures d'intervention ;
- les dates de début et de fin de l'action.
10. **CALENDRIER**
Le dossier est à déposer exclusivement sur le formulaire de la plateforme Démarches Simplifiées avant le 03 avril 2022 minuit.
Aucun dossier ne pourra être déposé sur la plate-forme après cette date.
11. **REFERENTES PROJET**
**Direction Régionale des Affaires Culturelles PACA.**
Pôle publics et territoires
Hélène Lorson
email@example.com
**Préfecture des Bouches-du-Rhône**
Cabinet du Préfet délégué pour l'égalité des chances
Fabienne Serina
firstname.lastname@example.org
| QP013001 | Florida Parc |
|---------|--------------|
| QP013003 | Saint Henri |
| QP013005 | La Viste |
| QP013007 | La Gavotte - Peyret |
| QP013008 | Château Saint Loup |
| QP013009 | La Capelette |
| QP013031 | Centre ville |
| QP013032 | Centre Ville Canet Amavaux Jean Jaurès |
| QP013033 | La Cravache Le Troulet |
| QP013034 | La Cayolle |
| QP013035 | La Sauvagère |
| QP013036 | Benza |
| QP013037 | Saint Thys |
| QP013038 | Air Bel |
| QP013039 | La Rouguière |
| QP013040 | Valbarenne Néréides Bosquet |
| QP013041 | Les Escourlunes |
| QP013042 | Malpassé Corot |
| QP013043 | Balustrès Centaie |
| QP013044 | Frais Vallon Le Clos La Roche |
| QP013045 | Le Petit Séminaire |
| QP013046 | La Mane |
| QP013047 | Les Olives |
| QP013048 | La Simiane La Patzernelle |
| QP013049 | Bon Secours Les Rosiers Marine Bleue Grand Saint Barthélémy |
| QP013050 | Le Castellane Les Micocouliers Saint Joseph |
| QP013051 | Le Castellane La Bricarde Plan D'Aou Saint Antoine |
| QP013052 | Concoit Fuisseau Mirabeau |
| QP013053 | La Calade Campagne Lévêque |
| QP013054 | Les Argalades |
| QP013055 | Kalliste La Gravière La Solidarité |
| QP013056 | La Savine |
| QP013057 | Les Tilleuls La Maurelette |
| QP013058 | Le Cabucelle |
| QP013059 | La Visitation - Bassens |
| QP013060 | Saint André |
| QP013064 | Le Soude Bengale |
| QP013065 | Calliois La Moularde |
| QP013002 | Quartier Centre Ville |
| QP013028 | Quartier Bézalel-Bessons-Mariélie |
| QP013029 | Les Carourgues |
| QP013030 | La Monaque |
| QP013004 | Notre-Dame |
| QP013014 | Jas-De-Bouffan |
| QP013015 | Beisson |
| QP013016 | Encagnane |
| QP013D17 | Coray |
| QP013018 | Secteur Centre |
| QP013019 | La Freccoule |
| QP064007 | Quartiers Centre Ancien Et Sud Ouest |
| QP013006 | Roquecaouillie |
| QP013026 | Centre Ancien |
| QP013027 | Centre Historique |
| QP013010 | Gritfeuille |
| QP013011 | Bamiol |
| QP013012 | Le Trébon |
| QP013013 | Centre Historique - Ferrages |
| QP013020 | Le Charrel |
| QP013021 | Mas de Pouane |
| QP013022 | Notre Dame Des Marins |
| QP013023 | Canto Perdrix |
| QP013024 | Les Aiguës Douces |
| QP013025 | Les Comites |
| QP013061 | Le Prépaou |
| QP013062 | La Carraire |
| QP013063 | La Maille | | 0d1afe2c-e4a4-4091-a696-02af9bf35950 | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/fra_Latn/train | finepdfs | fra_Latn | 9,028 |
Nuove vie per la tutela della natura e del paesaggio
ARGE ALP
COMUNITÀ DI LAVORO DELLE REGIONI ALPINE
Nuove vie per la tutela della natura e del paesaggio
1. La tutela della natura ieri e oggi ................................................................. 4
1.1 Cenni storici
1.2 Quali sono gli attuali risultati delle azioni per la tutela della natura?
1.3 Quali sono i deficit e i limiti della politica di tutela della natura?
2. Sulla via verso il futuro ............................................................................. 10
2.1 Le tendenze attuali nella politica di tutela della natura e del paesaggio
2.2 I vincoli dell’Ue per la natura ed il paesaggio
2.2.1 Natura 2000
2.2.2 Agenda 2000
2.3 Le sfide future per la tutela della natura
3. Le strategie attuali per la conservazione della natura e del paesaggio ........... 20
3.1 Strategie di prevenzione
3.2 Strategie di tutela e di difesa
3.3 Strategie procedurali
4. Le tesi vincenti per la politica di tutela della natura ...................................... 42
Premessa
Una natura unica nel suo genere e la varietà dei paesaggi fanno delle Alpi un tesoro di importanza europea, da cui deriva l’alto grado di responsabilità da adottare ai fini del mantenimento e dell’evoluzione duratura del loro ambiente.
Già nel 1981 l’ARGE ALP elaborò un “Piano comune per lo sviluppo e la tutela dell’area alpina”, che nel 1996 fu adeguato alle mutate circostanze politiche e sociali. La conservazione a lungo termine del patrimonio naturale e culturale, della varietà dei paesaggi naturali e rurali, quali fondamento della qualità di vita della popolazione locale e condizione di prosperità del turismo, rappresenta tuttora un obiettivo comune e punto di riferimento primario dei paesi membri dell’ARGE ALP.
La strenua contrapposizione di tendenze ispirate alla globalizzazione od al regionalismo, al neoliberalismo od al postulato della sostenibilità presuppone un’ulteriore evoluzione ed una ricollocazione del concetto di tutela della natura.
La presente pubblicazione raccoglie i risultati di un gruppo di lavoro composto dai rappresentanti delle autorità competenti di stati, province autonome, regioni e cantoni dell’ARGE ALP e vuole illustrare le “Nuove vie per la tutela della natura e del paesaggio” in una selezione di progetti applicati con successo. Tendenza comune alle undici regioni dell’ARGE ALP è l’evoluzione della strategia di tutela passiva verso un’integrazione della tutela naturale nelle variegate forme di utilizzo del territorio. La riuscita degli intenti di tutela paesaggistica è data dunque solo in presenza di una stretta collaborazione fra tutti gli utilizzatori del patrimonio naturale e paesaggistico. La presente brossura vuole offrire il suo contributo alla formazione di una consapevolezza dei valori naturali ancora intatti e del fascino del paesaggio nonché ritemprare lo spirito d’identificazione con il proprio ambiente naturale.
Il mio ringraziamento è rivolto a tutti i partecipanti al gruppo di lavoro, in particolare alla Provincia Autonoma di Bolzano/Alto Adige, che ha diretto il progetto con la competenza e l’impegno proferiti dal suo direttore di ripartizione Natura e Paesaggio, dott. Roland Della-giacoma.
Dott. Dario Pallaoro
Presidente della Commissione ambiente, agricoltura e pianificazione del territorio
Proseguire su una via comune
La collaborazione transfrontaliera fra le regioni dell’ARGE ALP nel settore della tutela della natura vanta dei precedenti: dopo la presentazione di una convenzione per la tutela delle specie e dei biotopi, la pubblicazione di una carta unificata delle aree protette e le iniziative di successo nei settori della comunicazione e delle pubbliche relazioni sui temi della natura e del paesaggio, questo progetto si pone un traguardo complessivo.
Il mantenimento e lo sviluppo sostenibile dei paesaggi regionali tipici dell’ambiente naturale e rurale europeo risulteranno garantiti solo se sussisterà l’ampio consenso sociale. E per raggiungere quest’ultimo, non basterà percorrere un’unica via maestra, ma individuare soluzioni corrispondenti alle singole situazioni che via via si presenteranno.
Le strategie attuali per la natura ed il paesaggio fanno leva su tre punti cardine:
- **tutela e difesa** per la salvaguardia del “minimo vitale” ed il mantenimento a lungo termine dei supremi valori della natura;
- **prevenzione** attraverso l’uso sostenibile e quindi duraturo, delle risorse naturali e
- **strategie procedurali** nella ricerca di alleati della natura e del paesaggio.
La tutela della natura passa attraverso i valori collettivi e le esigenze economiche e sociali. La tutela preordinata “dall’alto” e gestita in esclusiva dalle autorità competenti è relegata oramai al passato.
Ne consegue pertanto l’adozione di nuove direttive, compiti ed approcci ambientali dell’uomo nei confronti della natura e del paesaggio:
- **la tutela della natura va integrata nelle forme di utilizzo del territorio**, cioè nei vari settori economici (agricoltura, selvicoltura, traffico, turismo, energia);
- **le strategie di tutela richiedono un’ulteriore evoluzione**. Ai fini di uno sviluppo complessivo integrato del territorio rurale, le specifiche politiche di settore devono aprirsi ad una visione più allargata. L’agricoltura multifunzionale ad esempio svolge un ruolo di primo piano con il suo apporto economico, ecologico e sociale;
- **la tutela della natura ha un ruolo di comunicazione**. La tutela della natura risulta irrealizzabile senza il coinvolgimento degli interessati. Compito primo della tutela ufficiale e non, è un’incessante opera di convincimento e la formazione di una coscienza ambientale;
- **una tutela efficace della natura sfrutta le sinergie**. Dalla collaborazione con alleati scaturiscono effetti positivi e vantaggi a favore di tutti i partecipanti. La qualità di un prodotto o di un servizio (p.es. il turismo) dipende anche dalla qualità del paesaggio. Natura e paesaggio sono caratterizzati da una continua dinamica e conseguenti mutamenti. Questo processo è inarrestabile, però possiamo determinarne la direzione. Nostro obiettivo comune è il mantenimento duraturo della qualità del paesaggio nella regione alpina in un rapporto equilibrato tra economia, società ed ambiente naturale.
*Dott. Roland Dellagiacoma*
*Coordinatore del progetto*
La tutela della natura ieri ed oggi
1.1 Cenni storici
Per comprendere lo sviluppo delle recenti politiche di tutela della natura è utile un cenno all’evoluzione storica delle scienze naturali. La storia naturale, come corrente principale della biologia del XVII e XVIII secolo, non costituiva un approccio analitico alla storia della natura, così come poi si configurò la successiva dottrina dell’evoluzione, ma piuttosto consisteva in una raccolta di “storie”, di descrizioni di tutto ciò che si trova nella natura. La svolta decisiva per superare questo approccio basato su singoli elementi, avvenne alla fine del XVIII secolo quando Alexander von Humboldt identificò il suo obiettivo di ricerca “nel mondo perceibile con i sensi nel suo insieme”. Non si trattava più di considerare in modo isolato il modo di vivere, ma piuttosto di analizzare come si forma un paesaggio in un determinato contesto geografico. Humboldt formulò i principi scientifici della geografia floristica che è diventata successivamente la base della scienza della vegetazione. Da ciò si è sviluppata in seguito l’ecologia.
La politica di tutela della natura sviluppatasi nel XX secolo, dal punto di vista della storia culturale, può essere considerata una reazione sociopolitica all’accelerazione dello sviluppo industriale avvenuta verso la fine del XIX secolo. In questa epoca si costituirono associazioni ambientaliste e per la tutela del proprio territorio. Le loro motivazioni, basate sul romanticismo, erano la passione per l’armonia della natura e l’amore per i suoi fenomeni. L’idea di conservare qualche cosa di “particolare” stava alla base delle prime disposizioni di tutela: non a caso le leggi a tutela di singole piante, ad es. della stella alpina, datano in questo periodo. Soltanto dopo la seconda guerra mondiale l’ecologia ha cominciato a fornire una base scientifica solida per la tutela della natura. Correnti funzionali della biologia, come la fisiologia, la biomatematica e le scienze sistematiche diventano più importanti e gradualmente pare possibile fornire la netta prova che bisogna tutelare la natura come base per la sopravvivenza dell’uomo e dell’intero globo. La tutela della natura e dell’ambiente cominciano a sostituire la fede nel progresso fino allora dominante.
Dal punto di vista scientifico la ricerca connessa ai temi di tutela della natura è diventata una ricerca funzionale e applicata, che ha bisogno di dati esatti, nonché di calcolare e prevedere gli sviluppi dei fenomeni naturali. Questa “ecologia funzionale” mira a conoscere ed a dominare tecnicamente grandi quantità di dati. Indicatori come biodiversità, densità, diversità e rarità forniscono argomenti a favore della tutela della natura.
Ma ancora con questo approccio l’ecologia e la tutela della natura rischiano di perdere un’altra volta la possibilità di una visione d’insieme che comprenda anche il riferimento al contesto economico-territoriale, sociale e storico.
Dallo sviluppo storico dei concetti legati alla tutela della natura e del paesaggio può essere dedotta la seguente valutazione critica: chi intendeva tutelare la natura un tempo amava il “bello” e “ciò che era minacciato”, conservava cose preziose e in tal modo diventava un musealista rivolto al passato (primo errore storico). Oggi è troppo influenzato dal biofunzionalismo e si isola in tal modo di nuovo dalla società con i suoi vari interessi di utilizzazione (secondo errore storico). In futuro la tutela
della natura deve trovare una nuova posizione e permettere l’utilizzo sostenibile e duraturo delle risorse in un contesto globale.
1.2 Quali sono gli attuali risultati delle azioni per la tutela della natura?
Un risultato del movimento politico ambientalista che si è sviluppato a partire dagli anni ’60 è il ruolo importante della prevenzione ambientale attiva nella ricerca, nell’insegnamento ed anche nell’economia. Leggi di tutela dell’ambiente e della natura esistono oggi in tutti gli Stati industrializzati.
La discussione intellettuale e politica sull’importanza dell’”azione ecologica” rispetto a quella economica ed al settore sociale continua: postulati di sostenibilità vengono confrontati con megatrends attuali come il neoliberismo e la globalizzazione.
Nonostante l’evolversi di nuove situazioni, è innegabile che la prima impostazione culturale delle azioni di tutela della natura ha conseguito notevoli successi:
- Con la istituzione del vincolo di tutela di grandi aree sotto forma di ‘isole tutelate’ è stato possibile conservare una serie di aree naturali da interventi di trasformazione irreversibile. In singole regioni dell’ARGE ALP è tutelato fino ad un terzo del territorio – approccio “tutela”.
- Il passaggio dalla mera protezione verso il controllo attivo dell’utilizzazione (nelle aree rurali ed urbane) è stato possibile attivando nuovi strumenti (tutela della natura per contratto). La tutela della natura ha così dato importanti impulsi a favore di un utilizzo sostenibile dell’agricoltura e della selvicoltura.
Le Bolle di Magadino (Ticino) rappresentano una zona di tutela naturale riconosciuta a livello internazionale, particolarmente significativa quale luogo di sosta per uccelli migratori.
I prati gibbosi del Mittenwald (Baviera) sono uno degli ultimi paesaggi da sfalcio di vaste dimensioni nell’Europa Centrale.
come anche dell’economia idrica ed ha contribuito in tal modo a favorire utilizzi più conformi alla salvaguardia del paesaggio – approccio “utilizzazione”.
Con interventi mirati di recupero ambientale e la valorizzazione di vari ambienti utilizzati per lo sfruttamento delle risorse (acque, zone di estrazione, superfici agricole, ecc.) è stato possibile riparare errori commessi nel passato. Programmi di risanamento ecologico come anche misure di compensazione e di compatibilizzazione in caso di interventi tecnici (ad esempio in caso di realizzazione di infrastrutture) hanno avuto chiari effetti positivi – approccio “cura”.
Per la tutela della natura sono previste in tutte le regioni ARGE ALP determinate procedure amministrative e strumenti di pianificazione per contribuire al controllo sulle richieste di utilizzazione da parte della società in rapporto ai principali beni naturalistici – approccio “procedurale”.
Le conoscenze tecniche e metodologiche delle scienze naturali sono aumentate notevolmente negli anni ’80. Sono oggi disponibili solide basi tecniche da applicare alle esperienze sul terreno – approccio “sapere”.
L’opinione pubblica è stata sensibilizzata sempre di più sui temi della tutela della natura e ha oggi raggiunto un maggior grado di consapevolezza rispetto agli ultimi decenni. Collegamenti con altri argomenti di attualità, come ad esempio la biodiversità e le riserve genetiche, permettono anche alla tutela della natura di costituire argomento di discussione a livello sociopolitico. L’ambiente sano è diventato un valore economico riconosciuto nella tendenza attuale – approccio “opinione pubblica”.
Le tradizionali aree di lavoro della tutela della natura, come la tutela delle specie e degli habitat, il piano del verde e la cura del paesaggio, hanno avuto degli effetti positivi sulle realizzazioni pratiche e si rispecchiano anche in forme organizzative pubbliche, leggi e atti amministrativi. Anche in seno all’ARGE ALP la tutela della natura ha acquisito sempre più la caratterizzazione di tutela sostenibile dell’ambiente. L’attualità e le possibilità di sviluppo di nuovi temi sono pertanto una realtà.
1.3 Quali sono i deficit e i limiti della politica di tutela della natura?
Come abbiamo visto, negli ultimi anni la tutela della natura e del paesaggio ha già raggiunto molti risultati e si è sviluppata continuamente. Leggi e decreti sono stati adeguati alle nuove esigenze e richieste di utilizzazione. Nuovi strumenti sono stati introdotti per poter affrontare i vari compiti. Nonostante ciò la tutela della natura pare mostrare oggi in molti settori i suoi limiti:
La tutela della natura non è riuscita a raggiungere alcuni dei suoi obiettivi centrali come la tutela delle specie. Le liste rosse diventano tendenzialmente sempre più lunghe, deficit regionali e nazionali, come anche bilanci ambientali globali, lasciano prevedere delle perdite irreperibili della biodiversità.
Tuttora esistono delle aree con deficit ecologici per quanto riguarda la biodiversità e le strutture paesaggistiche. Tra queste si annoverano soprattutto le acque e le aree agricole particolarmente favorevoli, ma anche molti ambienti boscati. Manca tuttora un bilancio positivo sulla tutela degli habitat rappresentativi (regionali, nazionali come anche internazionali).
Le azioni per la tutela della natura sono spesso in ritardo oppure intervengono soltanto quando c’è un pericolo imminente, ad es. se specie o habitat sono diventati rari. La tutela della natura reagisce anziché agire. L’elaborazione concettuale viene spesso trascurata nel lavoro quotidiano; prevale il sistema dell’intervento d’emergenza. Non vengono elaborate strategie né metodi, oppure essi non hanno l’effetto desiderato.
La tutela della natura di tipo autoritativo, cioè la tutela con leggi e decreti, incontra sempre più problemi di accettazione. Le strategie di divieto vengono percepite come limitazioni oppure ingerenza nella “cita privata”.
La tutela della natura opera spesso dall’esterno e in modo repressivo, e ciò comporta o aumenta le resistenze che sono alla base di violazioni di disposizioni e dell’ignoranza di obiettivi di tutela.
I sistemi di incentivazione per la tutela della natura spesso non sono abbastanza efficienti, la promozione di singoli settori spesso ha un effetto contrario (ad es. sostegni agrari che sono in conflitto con obiettivi di tutela della natura) oppure fissano degli standard ambientali troppo bassi.
L’informazione è il mezzo per raggiungere una conoscenza diffusa dei temi ambientali.
Spesso non è stato possibile evitare massicci interventi sugli spazi vitali
Come trattiamo il nostro paesaggio?
La tutela della natura presenta ancora delle carenze per quanto riguarda la documentazione e la fornitura di dati e documentazione di supporto in caso di conflitti; essa ha difficoltà anche quando si tratta di controllare l’efficacia di misure di cura e risanamento ambientale. Ampi programmi di monitoraggio spesso falliscono a causa delle risorse limitate dell’amministrazione.
La tutela della natura deve affrontare un problema di immagine vecchio e nuovo. Frequentemente l’istanza di tutela viene considerata come il perenne oppositore di fronte ad una maggioranza di sostenitori del progresso tecnologico ed economico. Negli ultimi tempi si constata inoltre il pericolo che la tutela della natura, insieme alla tutela dell’ambiente, venga trascurata rispetto ai prevalenti argomenti economici ed occupazionali.
Per far valere i suoi obiettivi, la tutela della natura spesso non si presenta abbastanza coraggiosa nei confronti dei vari portatori di interessi. Da ciò risultano difficoltà per la realizzazione delle sue richieste.
Un crescente scetticismo dei fruitori del territorio nei confronti delle misure di tutela della natura comportano delle difficoltà di comunicazione soprattutto quando si opera con approcci integrati di tutela. La tutela della natura da condurre “in partenariato con l’utente” è solo parzialmente efficace perché dispone di risorse economiche limitate (pagamenti di compensazione, sostegni o incentivazioni).
La tutela della natura è ormai riconosciuta a livello sociopolitico, manca però tuttora l’identificazione dell’individuo portatore di tali interessi ed una disponibilità diffusa a contribuire individualmente alle azioni per la tutela della natura.
Le campagne di informazione della tutela della natura riscontrano limiti di efficacia; l’informazione e la cooperazione corrono il pericolo di venire degradati a mero alibi se mancano autentico interesse e disponibilità.
Il volontariato nel campo della tutela della natura riscontra limiti in caso di condizioni economiche problematiche. Le attività volontarie diminuiscono, se non sono tangibili risultati positivi oppure se le proprie prestazioni vengono compromesse dal comportamento errato di altri.
All’interno dell’amministrazione vengono constatate delle difficoltà di comunicazione e di competenza; si parla spesso di una certa ‘stanchezza di pianificazione’. Aumenta lo scetticismo dei comuni nei confronti di piani di tutela della natura di autorità superiori.
Le autorità di tutela della natura e del paesaggio lottano contro risorse finanziarie e personali carenti. Nell’ambito della politica di austerità delle singole regioni devono accettare dei tagli che aumentano il deficit esistente.
Le misure da adottare nell’ambito della tutela della natura per contratto implicano sempre più risorse e competenze. Per il lavoro quotidiano e per la convinzione degli attori locali si incontrano notevoli problemi di capacità.
Spesso si manifestano conflitti non soltanto con gli interessi di utilizzazione ma anche tra i vari obiettivi di tutela della natura. È il caso soprattutto della tutela delle specie, poiché misure che sono adatte per una specie possono avere delle conseguenze negative per un’altra.
È importante riconoscere in primo luogo i deficit ed i limiti del lavoro di tutela della natura per definire di conseguenza la necessità di agire e le possibili soluzioni. L’enumerazione critica dei problemi esistenti, che sopra è stata fornita, ha questo solo scopo.
L’autorità per la tutela dell’ambiente meriterebbe migliori prospettive
2.1 Le tendenze attuali nella politica di tutela della natura e del paesaggio
Negli ultimi decenni le regioni dell’ARGE ALP hanno adottato diversi metodi di lavoro nella tutela della natura e del paesaggio. In parte questi rappresentano l’applicazione coerente di nuove conoscenze tecniche, ma spesso sono anche una conseguenza di nuove costrizioni e obblighi derivanti da minori disponibilità di tempo e di denaro:
- **Dalla segregazione all’integrazione**: l’obiettivo è di non limitare la tutela della natura ad aree isolate ma di praticarla in modo *diffuso*. In questo contesto è importante il rispetto degli obiettivi della tutela della natura e del paesaggio nell’amministrazione dei vari settori economici (agricoltura, selvicoltura, turismo, trasporti, energia).
- **Dal divieto all’offerta di consulenza**: oltre a limitare l’uso delle risorse mediante atti amministrativi, la tutela della natura agisce in modo sempre più attivo, proponendo determinati comportamenti compatibili con la natura ed offrendo consulenza agli utilizzatori (ad es. proponendo determinate date per lo sfalcio, determinate colture, metodi di costruzione alternativi, ecc.).
- **Dalla tutela autoritaria alla tutela attraverso finanziamenti e pubbliche relazioni**: oltre a misure autoritarie vengono applicati sempre di più strumenti di tutela per contratto e modelli di cooperazione.
- **Dalla tutela delle specie alla tutela dell’habitat**: A livello dei singoli paesi la tutela degli habitat è ormai affermata da alcuni decenni, mentre le convenzioni internazionali ancora riguardano in primo luogo la tutela delle specie (Convenzione di Berna, Convenzione di Washington). Con la direttiva Fauna-Flora-Habitat dell’Ue (direttiva FFH) è stato creato per la prima volta uno strumento a livello internazionale per la tutela degli habitat.
- **Dalla tutela intesa come conservazione alla tutela del processo ecologico nella sua dinamicità**: È stato ormai riconosciuto che la mera conservazione di habitat non tiene sufficientemente conto dei processi naturali, che sono processi dinamici. Questa conoscenza si rispecchia ad esempio nella crescente ammissione di wilderness in aree prescelte.
Da leggi tecniche specifiche a testi unici nella legislazione: Negli anni '90 in gran parte delle regioni ARGE ALP sono state emendate o elaborate molte leggi al riguardo. In parte singole leggi su determinati argomenti (ad es. leggi sulla tutela delle piante, di animali, sui parchi naturali) sono state sostituite con leggi più ampie sullo sviluppo della tutela della natura e del paesaggio.
Verso il decentramento delle competenze: i problemi dovrebbero essere trattati al livello amministrativo più basso possibile. Ciò contribuisce a creare una maggiore responsabilizzazione e consapevolezza, ad es. dei comuni, ed evita decisioni imposte “dall’alto”, là dove non sono necessarie. In tal modo vengono sgravate le amministrazioni superiori (ad es. l’amministrazione regionale) che possono dedicare più tempo a problemi e decisioni che sono di importanza sovracommunale o regionale.
Verso lo snellimento di procedure di autorizzazione (deregulation): il carico amministrativo dovrebbe essere ridotto con procedure più semplici. Ciò è successo ad es. nei Länder austriaci sostituendo la procedura di autorizzazione per determinati progetti con obblighi di denuncia, oppure in Alto Adige in cui, a seguito di una recente disposizione, interventi non sostanziali sul paesaggio possono essere autorizzati direttamente dal sindaco.
Verso un maggiore sforzo di coordinamento tra la pianificazione del paesaggio e la pianificazione territoriale: in tal modo viene favorita l’integrazione tra gli obiettivi di tutela della natura e sviluppo del paesaggio e la pianificazione dell’utilizzazione da
La consulenza ecologica nell’agricoltura diventa sempre più importante
È sempre più diffusa la pratica di lasciare necromassa nel bosco
La cura dei prati palustri nei Grigioni è regolata tramite contratto.
Natura 2000 offre nuove possibilità per la tutela degli spazi vitali del martin pescatore.
parte delle singole regioni. Questo approccio non è ancora regolato per legge in tutte le regioni.
Verso una maggiore partecipazione pubblica: decisioni prese senza consultarsi con gli interessati sono impopolari oltre che inefficaci. Vengono pertanto offerte sempre più informazioni sui piani di tutela della natura e vengono proposte opportunità di parteciparvi concretamente con proprie idee ed interessi.
Maggiore sostegno alle azioni di tutela della natura attraverso l’impegno di organizzazioni, associazioni e guardie della natura.
I processi sopracitati si sovrappongono, si integrano e si svolgono con diverse modalità e tempi nei diversi Stati. L’idea di sviluppare un uso delle risorse compatibile con la tutela della natura è stata attuata prima nelle regioni tedesche e austriache dell’ARGE ALP. Il decentramento di competenze nel settore della tutela della natura, nonché la realizzazione di misure di tutela su grandi aree, hanno invece caratterizzato le regioni meridionali dell’ARGE ALP. Negli ultimi anni viene constatata sempre di più una affermazione generalizzata delle tendenze descritte in tutte le regioni. Ciò potrebbe anche essere dovuto al processo di internazionalizzazione che procede a grande velocità.
2.2 I vincoli dell’Ue per la natura ed il paesaggio
La tutela della natura e del paesaggio non viene determinata esclusivamente da vincoli nazionali o regionali. Per gli Stati membri dell’Unione europea vengono fatte scelte importanti anche a livello superiore. “Natura 2000” e “Agenda 2000”, le parole d’ordine della attuale politica comunitaria, riguardanti rispettivamente la tutela della natura e la politica agricola, configurano un nuovo scenario, non privo di significative opportunità.
2.2.1 Natura 2000
Nella rete ecologica denominata “Natura 2000” dovrebbero essere indicati e salvaguardati, conformemente alla direttiva Flora-Fauna-Habitat (92/43/CEE), i biotopi e le specie selvatiche particolarmente preziose, rappresentative della varietà degli habitat d’Europa.
Questo obiettivo è una grande sfida per gli Stati membri. Attualmente sono state segnalate alla Commissione europea dagli Stati membri le prime proposte per il riconoscimento di queste aree, in seguito al quale – ed entro il 2004 – dovranno essere costituite, da parte degli Stati membri, “zone speciali di conservazione” dotate di misure atte a garantire uno stato di conservazione appropriato, oppure il miglioramento dello status delle specie e
degli habitat presenti. Per tutte le aree Natura 2000 è inoltre previsto l’obbligo di tenere sotto controllo la situazione di specie e habitat, svolgendo appositi programmi di monitoraggio.
L’adempimento di tali compiti deve essere svolto in base a programmi elaborati dai singoli paesi. Finora sono state segnalate prevalentemente aree protette già esistenti (riserve naturali, zone di tutela paesaggistica) e soltanto poche aree nuove.
La grande sfida della rete Natura 2000 consiste nell’obiettivo di non limitarsi alla tutela restrittiva delle specie e degli habitat ed all’elaborazione di piani di gestione, ma di riuscire ad utilizzare questi habitat particolari, con la partecipazione della popolazione locale, come base per ulteriori progetti di tutela della natura, che generino anche impulsi di sviluppo nei territori in cui tali siti sono inseriti.
È importante inoltre ricordare che la direttiva “Habitat” non mira soltanto a creare una rete di aree protette, ma a conservare elementi caratteristici del paesaggio – come siepi, cespuglieti o corsi d’acqua – atti a svolgere la funzione di corridoi ecologici e biotopi di connessione. In questa prospettiva si inseriscono le opportunità offerte dai regolamenti 2078/92 e 2092/91, che prevedono delle misure di estensivizzazione per l’utilizzo del territorio. Si può riconoscere cioè una convergenza di obiettivi tra la politica di tutela della natura e l’attuale politica agricola dell’Ue (Agenda 2000).
2.2.2 Agenda 2000
Il settore agricolo è di enorme importanza per la tutela della natura e del paesaggio, a causa
La Baviera ha integrato a tutti i livelli di pianificazione la pianificazione paesaggistica: i piani paesaggistici comunali sono parte integrante dei piani regolatori.
Il Land Salzburg ha vincolato il 15% del proprio territorio come zona Natura 2000. Queste aree protette contribuiscono a mantenere la varietà della flora e fauna selvatica nonché degli habitat naturali in Europa.
del suo impatto e dell’estensione sul territorio. L’orientamento di base della politica agricola ha un ruolo decisivo perché influenza lo sviluppo del paesaggio mediante l’allocazione di risorse agrarie (ad es. intensificazione, specializzazione in determinate colture, ecc.) e queste a loro volta hanno un effetto immediato sulla natura e sul paesaggio.
In passato la politica agricola comune (PAC) dell’Ue ha contribuito all’intensificazione dell’agricoltura, con sostegni alla produzione o per il drenaggio, l’irrigazione, la riconposizione fondiaria. Inoltre, a causa della concorrenza inasprita, è stata minacciata anche la sopravvivenza di molte aziende agricole tradizionali che sono di grande importanza per la conservazione di un certo grado di naturalità diffusa, in conseguenza dei loro metodi aziendali (ECNC 2000).
Dall’inizio degli anni ’90 sono in vigore norme che mirano all’estensivizzazione dell’agricoltura. Questa è necessaria da una parte per sgravare i mercati da produzioni eccessive, dall’altra per motivi ecologici e per controbilanciare i processi di intensificazione. I regolamenti 2078/92, 2080/92 e 2092/91 prevedono misure di finanziamento per processi di produzione ecocompatibili, per rimboschimento e per l’agricoltura ecologica, e rappresentano pertanto un’opportunità da cogliere per la tutela della natura.
L’Agenda 2000 definisce l’inquadramento della Politica Agricola Comune fino al 2006 prevedendo misure di politica di mercato e la salvaguardia della competitività dell’agricoltura europea. Inoltre crea le basi per una nuova politica per le are rurali come “secondo pilastro” della Politica Agricola Comune, per la quale sono di importanza i seguenti principi:
- **Il riconoscimento del ruolo multifunzionale dell’agricoltura**, cioè la considerazione delle sue funzioni sociali (ad es. conservazione della cultura contadina) ed ecologiche (ad es. biodiversità), accanto alla sua tradizionale funzione economica (la produzione).
Tra l’altro si sottolinea l’importanza di una migliore armonizzazione tra agricoltura e selvicoltura, che, soprattutto nell’area alpina, ha una grande importanza come fonte di reddito supplementare.
L’approccio integrato per lo sviluppo delle aree rurali, che mira a salvaguardare le basi economiche e la qualità di vita ma anche l’attrattiva degli insediamenti e il paesaggio antropico come prestazione e risorsa per l’insieme della società. Queste funzioni vanno ben oltre le funzioni tradizionali della politica agricola e rappresentano il passaggio da una politica settoriale verso una politica che si basa sulle specificità regionali e che coinvolge anche l’attività lavorativa all’esterno dell’azienda agricola, i prodotti regionali, lo sviluppo integrato degli insediamenti, l’infrastruttura rurale, la tutela dell’ambiente e la funzione ricreativa. I due principi qui descritti (Huber 2000) rappresentano una chance per l’inserimento della tutela della natura in altri settori (in questo caso l’agricoltura e la selvicoltura). La sovrapposizione tra agricoltura/selvicoltura e tutela della natura presente nel territorio inizia in questi anni a manifestarsi anche negli orientamenti politici.
Per la tutela della natura è significativo soprattutto il regolamento 1257/99, riguardante le misure per lo sviluppo delle aree rurali. Non è possibile presentare in questa sede tutti i contenuti di questo documento; ne vengono citati soltanto alcuni punti essenziali:
La “buona pratica agricola e selviculturale”: costituisce la base per il calcolo di diversi aiuti, come i pagamenti compensativi ed i contributi ambientali, ed è presupposto per i contributi agli investimenti. La “buona pratica agricola e selviculturale” è definita come metodo di coltivazione che corrisponde a standard verificabili – fissati nei piani degli Stati membri – e comprende il rispetto di vincoli ambientali. In questo senso devono essere evitati metodi che compromettano la tutela dell’ambiente, del paesaggio o la tutela da erosione. Le disposizioni concrete vengono elaborate dagli Stati membri: sono previsti e dovrebbero essere applicate anche disposizioni specifiche per regione, al fine di far confluire considerazioni di ordine naturalistico nella definizione della buona pratica tecnica.
I pagamenti compensativi: devono essere concessi non solo per aree svantaggiate, ma anche per aree con vincoli ambientali specifici che risultino dall’applicazione del diritto comunitario (ad es. Natura 2000, direttiva sui nitrati, tutela dei biotopi).
La baia Fußacher nel sito Natura 2000 del delta del Reno (Vorarlberg) rappresenta una zona di riposo per stormi di uccelli acquatici
L’agricoltura oltre alla produzione di generi alimentari svolge molteplici ulteriori funzioni sociali ed ecologiche
Misure ambientali agricole: sostengono processi di produzione compatibili con l’ambiente e la salvaguardia della biodiversità; le prestazioni devono comunque andare oltre la “buona pratica agricola e selvicolturale” e oltre le norme giuridiche fondamentali.
Per la concessione di aiuti agli investimenti devono essere rispettati requisiti minimi di tutela dell’ambiente, degli animali e dell’igiene.
La selvicoltura viene considerata esplicitamente – in quanto riconosciuta come fonte di reddito per il settore agricolo – per ottenere contributi diretti, ad es. per boschi con particolari funzioni di protezione o di ricreazione.
Il regolamento riguardante le misure per lo sviluppo delle aree rurali offre alcuni spunti per il sostegno di coltivazioni compatibili con la conservazione della natura e la salvaguardia di aree rurali e costituisce pertanto un passo in avanti. Bisogna comunque constatare che i mezzi stanziati a favore dello sviluppo delle aree rurali rappresentano soltanto il 10% circa del budget complessivo disponibile per il comparto agrario (ca. 4 mld. Euro) e per gli Stati membri non sono quasi previste possibilità di integrare ad esempio i finanziamenti per misure ambientali agricole.
I cambiamenti strutturali dell’agricoltura, nonché la tendenza generale verso una riduzione della produzione – dovuta alle necessità del mercato – rappresentano un’importante opportunità per le istanze di tutela della natura. Questo momento favorevole va sfruttato. Non bisogna comunque dimenticare che i processi di globalizzazione dei mercati agricoli possono ridestare nuovi pericoli per la natura ed il paesaggio, come ad esempio l’ulteriore intensificazione dell’agricoltura in aree particolarmente favorevoli ed il maggiore impiego della tecnologia genetica. In un’analisi del European Centre for Nature Conservation (ECNC 2000) viene constatato che i cambiamenti introdotti con la riforma della politica agricola hanno effetti negativi sulla biodiversità. Si fa riferimento tra l’altro al mantenimento del premio per granturco insilato. Anche se in futuro dovrà essere dato maggiore peso ai pagamenti diretti, non è del tutto certo che i minori prezzi attesi possano comportare una riduzione dell’uso di sostanze chimiche, concimi, erbicidi e pesticidi.
Complessivamente gli sviluppi attuali della Politica Agricola Comune, per quanto riguarda
la tutela della natura e del paesaggio, devono essere esaminati con attenzione e preoccupazione. I programmi elaborati sulla base del regolamento per lo sviluppo dell'area rurale vengono elaborati dagli Stati membri e soltanto il futuro ci dimostrerà fino a che punto le autorità preposte alla tutela della natura avranno la possibilità di intervenire concretamente nella loro definizione. Si manifesta chiaramente la tendenza di una maggiore varietà di possibili scelte per avviare o sostenere progetti di tutela della natura concreti attraverso le agende dell'agricoltura. Le possibilità di sostegno da parte dell'Ue offrono un maggiore margine d'azione a tale scopo. Cooperazioni con l'agricoltura offrono pertanto anche delle possibilità per la tutela della natura e del paesaggio. Una condizione necessaria è comunque l'efficace informazione sulle concrete possibilità.
2.3 Le sfide future per la tutela della natura
Dal complesso degli sviluppi attuali e dei deficit esistenti, emergono oggi una serie di sfide da affrontare nel settore della tutela della natura e del paesaggio:
- **Rispondere ai nuovi vincoli dell'Ue**: l'obbligo di attuazione dei regolamenti e delle direttive deve significare anche un'intelligente sfruttamento di tutte le conseguenti possibilità e margini d'azione, ad. es. utilizzare in modo ottimale i contributi previsti.
- **Implementare e applicare le norme giuridiche a livello regionale**: in alcune regioni dell'ARGE ALP le leggi di tutela della natura e del paesaggio sono state emendate recentemente. Sono pertanto disponibili nuove opportunità per la tutela della natura e del paesaggio. Tuttavia, la loro efficacia dipende anche dalla qualità della loro attuazione.
L’educazione ambientale dei giovani è oggi giorno di enorme importanza.
Selvicoltura naturalistica – per molti può costituire una significativa ulteriore fonte di guadagno
Impiegare i mezzi a disposizione in modo efficiente: occorre trovare vie per migliorare la qualità delle azioni per la tutela della natura e del paesaggio con risorse finanziarie e umane uguali o anche ridotte rispetto all’attuale situazione.
Evidenziare la responsabilità dei diversi soggetti: i vari processi di comunicazione tra tutti gli attori della tutela della natura e del paesaggio dovrebbero essere avviati o intensificati là dove già esistono, evidenziandone le responsabilità derivanti dai diritti esistenti (competenze, consultazione, proprietà).
In generale possiamo inoltre renderci conto che nel futuro le azioni di tutela della natura dovranno riguardare non solo siti particolari, ma anche aree con caratteristiche ecologiche medie, cioè paesaggi ‘normali’.
È sempre più evidente che la conservazione della biodiversità sarà possibile soltanto se superfici o aree relativamente grandi verranno utilizzate in maniera estensiva.
Un altro fattore decisivo per la tutela della natura e del paesaggio consiste nel riconoscere alla evoluzione naturale la sua importanza in paesaggi o concezioni di paesaggio già caratterizzati dall’ordine degli interventi antropici. In questo contesto occorre anche chiedersi fino a che punto misure dispendiose per arginare l’‘inselvatichimento’ (smottamenti, inondazioni, necromasse nel bosco, ecc.) potrebbero essere ridotte per lasciare maggior spazio a questi fenomeni naturali importanti. Ma a tal fine è necessario ottenere il consenso della società, cioè affermare una nuova concezione di “paesaggio naturale” nell’opinione pubblica diffusa. I principi di tutela della natura riconoscono che il valore di ogni paesaggio deve
essere definito attraverso la sua originalità ed individualità. I valori culturali del paesaggio sono cioè testimoni insostituibili della nostra storia. Perciò le azioni volte alla tutela della natura e del paesaggio diventano un compito collettivo e devono mirare ad aumentare il senso di responsabilità di ogni singolo individuo.
Quale paesaggio desideriamo? Le immagini mentali di paesaggio sono molto varie ...
Le strategie attuali per la conservazione della natura e del paesaggio
Lo slogan attuale dell’integrazione della tutela della natura costituisce una delle principali sfide per il futuro. Vediamo di approfondire il significato.
Una prima elementare differenziazione distingue l’applicazione di misure di tutela della natura in poche aree ed in modo intensivo (segregazione) dall’attuazione delle misure di tutela a livello diffuso su tutto il territorio (integrazione).
Integrazione
Tutela della natura ed utilizzazione del territorio in una stessa area
Combinazione
Aree di tutela e aree di produzione separate ma una accanto all’altra
Messa in rete
Segregazione
Aree di tutela e di produzione separate, eventualmente anche con zone tampone, aree protette ricomposte
Strategie di tutela della natura tra integrazione e segregazione (HAMPICKE 1991)
Lo sviluppo di questi nuovi approcci per la tutela della natura e la considerazione che le liste rosse delle specie in pericolo si allungano sempre più ci portano a dedurre che le misure di tutela della natura devono essere applicate in gran parte del territorio e su superfici più vaste di quelle attualmente protette. La richiesta attuale è di praticare la tutela della natura su tutto il territorio, il che può essere attuato soltanto con un approccio integrativo quando si tratta di paesaggi antropici (BROCCI, MATTANOVICH 1997). In aggiunta alla conservazione di una singola specie o di un habitat, l’obiettivo deve essere la “messa in rete” a livello territoriale.
Il concetto di integrazione non fa esclusivamente riferimento allo spazio, cioè ad altre aree e paesaggi diversamente utilizzati; si rivolge anche ad altri livelli, quali quello funzionale oppure temporale. Il punto centrale è comunque sempre l’integrazione socioeconomico, perché soltanto in determinate condizioni sociali possono essere raggiunti gli obiettivi di una tutela della natura capillare ed ampia. La tutela della natura riguarda pertanto diversi attori; soprattutto la politica e l’amministrazione devono attivarsi per influenzare direttamente gli utilizzatori della natura e del paesaggio (agricoltura, selvicultura, gestione delle risorse idriche, turismo).
Il messaggio centrale della nuova tutela della natura integrativa è pertanto che, nel caso ideale, la tutela della natura non è una “forma di utilizzazione” alternativa a tante altre, ma è un principio di base transsettoriale che deve valere per ogni attività rilevante per il paesaggio, deve essere quindi omnipresente in qualsiasi attività (BROCCI, MATTANOVICH 1997).
Un altro concetto di base, che va oltre quello di ‘integrazione della tutela della natura’, è lo sviluppo sostenibile in generale, inteso in conformità alla Convenzione di Rio de Janeiro (1992). In termini semplificativi, un comportamento sostenibile consiste nel riconoscimento e nell’accettazione di leggi naturali, che devono essere rispettate, in modo conscio o inconscio, da tutti i sistemi esistenti sulla terra, sia viventi che inanimati. Per ogni tipo di sviluppo esistono infatti limiti fisici e biologici, quali ad esempio quelli derivanti dalla potenza massima dell’irradiazione solare, che sta alla base di tutti i processi geofisici e biologici e che in tal modo determina la produttività degli ecosistemi. Ciò rappresenta ugualmente un limite per tutti i sistemi umani inseriti nell’ecosistema globale (BOSSEL 1998).
Il principio di sostenibilità riguarda lo sviluppo della società nel suo insieme, economico e sociale. Se la direzione principale di tale sviluppo è sbagliata, la tutela della natura e dell’ambiente da sola non è in grado di correggerlo. Se lo sviluppo economico e sociale si allontana sempre di più da quello ecologico, sono necessari profondi cambiamenti strutturali del sistema politico e sociale con un riorientamento di tutti i settori della vita (BEER 1999). Per rendere operativo il termine molto generico di “sostenibilità” possono essere specificati degli indicatori per la valutazione della capacità di vita e di sviluppo sostenibile di vari sistemi. Questi indicatori costituiscono anche valori guida per una moderna visione della tutela della natura e del paesaggio. Questi valori guida si riferiscono all’uomo, alla biosfera ed all’ambiente abiotico, quali sottosistemi del sistema globale.
Gli orientamenti per uno sviluppo sostenibile possono riferirsi a vari livelli ed azioni. Un obiettivo è di modificare in una direzione di maggior compatibilità ecologica i singoli fattori rilevanti a livello internazionale e nazionale. Un’altra via potrebbe essere di concepire, sperimentare ed implementare a livello regionale e locale progetti per uno sviluppo sostenibile (ERDMANN, FROMMBEIGER 1999).
L’ambito delle azioni riguardanti la tutela della natura e del paesaggio, dal punto di vista della sostenibilità, funge da mediatore tra sistemi abiotici, biotici ed umani, cioè come sistema di management delle risorse. Una concezione
Piantagione di siepi – grande impegno per il paesaggio nella zona del Salzburger Flachgau
Schema per la determinazione di indicatori per lo sviluppo sostenibile (BOSSEI 1998, modificato)
| Valore guida | Riferimento a sistema parziale (uomo, biosfera, ambiente abiotico) | Riferimento al sistema complessivo |
|--------------|------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------|
| Esistenza | Il sistema parziale può sopravvivere? È in grado di esistere? | Il sistema parziale contribuisce all’esistenza ed alla sopravvivenza del sistema complessivo? |
| Efficacia | È efficace ed efficiente? | Contribuisce alla funzione efficace ed efficiente del sistema complessivo? |
| Libertà di agire | Ha la libertà necessaria per poter reagire ed agire secondo le necessità? | Contribuisce alla libertà di agire del sistema complessivo? |
| Sicurezza | È stabile, l’approvvigionamento e l’esercizio sono assicurati? | Contribuisce alla sicurezza, alla tutela e alla stabilità del sistema complessivo? |
| Capacità di cambiare | È in grado di adattarsi a nuove sfide? | Contribuisce alla flessibilità e la capacità di adattarsi del sistema complessivo? |
| Coesistenza | È compatibile con sistemi parziali che interagiscono? | Contribuisce alla compatibilità del sistema? |
| Fabbisogni psichici | È compatibile con i fabbisogni psichici e la cultura? | Contribuisce al benessere psichico dell’uomo? |
Le strategie attuali per la tutela della natura e del paesaggio
Quadro delle strategie attuali per la tutela della natura e del paesaggio
moderna della funzione della tutela della natura e del paesaggio va quindi ben oltre la classica tutela delle specie.
Ma come può essere affrontata questa nuova impostazione? Pare evidente che bisogna sviluppare delle procedure vincenti per poter svolgere questo compito complesso, ed inoltre sembra chiaro che non basterà un unico principio d’azione, ma che occorrerà piuttosto una molteplicità di approcci strategici per affrontare tutti i compiti. In questo contesto vogliamo quindi parlare di strategie di tutela della natura intese come procedure vincenti di management delle risorse. Dall’analisi di un grande numero di progetti attualmente in corso in vari paesi, sono risultate principalmente emergere tre diverse linee strategiche per la tutela della natura e del paesaggio:
- strategie di tutela e di difesa
- strategie di prevenzione
- strategie procedurali
Queste strategie non sono nuove, ma negli ultimi anni è cambiato il peso di ognuna di esse. La strategia di tutela, che in passato era la più importante, è tuttora attuale, anche se ormai è riconosciuto che non può essere l’unica strategia. Viste le esperienze pratiche nel settore della tutela della natura, le strategie di tutela e di difesa non bastano per garantire anche il successo a lungo termine, cioè la salvaguardia della biodiversità esistente e degli habitat delle specie. Strategie preventive e procedurali diventano pertanto sempre più importanti. Queste strategie comprendono approcci quali l’utilizzazione ecomcompatibile delle risorse naturali, in base ai principi della sostenibilità, nonché l’uso di informazione e cooperazione quali parti integranti della strategia stessa.
In conclusione possiamo affermare che l’essenza di una politica di tutela della natura è la convivenza di strategie diverse adeguate a compiti concreti. Approcci monodimensionali (ad esempio esclusivamente la strategia di tutela) non potrebbero contribuire a risolvere efficacemente i problemi.
Nel seguito di questo lavoro vengono esemplificate brevemente le strategie sopra ricordate, descrivendo alcuni progetti – tipo scelti tra i numerosi attualmente in corso nelle regioni dell’ARGE ALP, al fine di dimostrare come gli obiettivi di tutela della natura potranno in futuro essere messi in pratica. Ogni progetto selezionato rappresenta una determinata strategia (ad es. nuova creazione, informazione, ecc.) e fa riferimento ad alcune linee di azione attuali delle rispettive regioni ARGE ALP.
Rete di biotopi estesa in tutta la regione della Baviera - realizzazione di uno sfruttamento delle risorse naturali il più possibile compatibile con l'ambiente e lo spazio
3.1 Strategie di prevenzione
Le strategie di prevenzione mirano a concedere alla natura nuovi spazi o a salvaguardare la natura attraverso l’uso sostenibile delle sue risorse.
Nuova creazione di ambienti naturali
Le caratteristiche ecologiche di determinate aree paesaggistiche rare e pregevoli dovrebbero essere salvaguardate mediante forme di uso compatibile oppure mediante una rinuncia all’utilizzazione intensiva a livello locale. Ciò può essere realizzato con la creazione di nuovi elementi paesaggistici (ad es. siepi, margini del bosco), ma anche permettendo in modo mirato lo sviluppo di certi habitat (intervento dinamico). L’idea di intervenire attivamente nella creazione di habitat o di permettere che determinati habitat si sviluppino suscita spesso problemi di accettazione nell’opinione pubblica. Questa scelta è stata applicata in maniera esemplare nel progetto per promuovere la formazione di siepi del Land Salisburgo, il quale mira a ripristinare o creare preziosi elementi paesaggistici (ad es. siepi e vegetazione arbustiva e arborea di campo), prevalentemente in zone a coltivazione intensiva e in aree poco strutturate del paesaggio.
Sostenibilità, utilizzazione compatibile con la natura e il territorio
Questa strategia mira a salvaguardare la natura ed il paesaggio senza precludere una loro utilizzazione. Nel caso ideale dovrebbe dunque essere garantita la salvaguardia proprio attraverso l’utilizzazione. Deficit e conflitti dovrebbero essere evitati in modo preventivo. Questa strategia, che in una prima fase dovrebbe essere realizzata attraverso l’uso di tutte le aree conformemente alle particolarità del sito, può contribuire notevolmente a diminuire l’impatto delle attività sul paesaggio e a creare una maggiore consapevolezza per quanto riguarda il concetto di sostenibilità: La strategia dell’utilizzazione compatibile con la natura ed il territorio è stata adottata in una serie di progetti attualmente in corso:
- Il progetto PLENUM del Baden-Württemberg: è un nuovo approccio per salvaguardare grandi aree naturalistiche e rappresenta una strategia transsettoriale per le aree rurali.
- Le Linee guida per la natura ed il paesaggio dell’Alto Adige offrono indicazioni per il futuro sviluppo del paesaggio; in primo luogo dovrebbe essere realizzato, insieme agli utilizzatori stessi del paesaggio, l’obiettivo della “tutela diffusa della natura”.
- La rete di biotopi (Biotopverbund) in Baviera si basa su di un’utilizzazione del paesaggio compatibile con la natura, sulla base di una rete costituita da aree centrali e strutture di collegamento.
- Un approccio transsettoriale per armonizzare gli obiettivi della tutela della natura con l’utilizzazione del territorio, è rappresentato anche dal “progetto pilota della corrente ecologica” del Cantone Ticino, che prevede il rispetto di standard ecologici da parte dei settori dell’economia idrica e dell’energia.
Progetto „Siepi“ – Land Salisburgo
Strategia di nuova creazione di ambienti naturali
Il progetto delle siepi fa parte dell’azione austriaca “100 km di siepi entro il 2000” che è stata lanciata dal Naturschutzbund Austriaco. L’obiettivo è di creare o ripristinare elementi paesaggistici di pregio (ad es. siepi o vegetazione arbustiva e arborea), prevalentemente in aree a coltivazione agricola intensiva.
La Ripartizione tutela della natura prevede varie misure coordinate con l’iniziativa del gruppo salisburghese dell’Österreichischer Naturschutzbund (ÖNB).
Il governo del Land ha deciso di potenziare il sistema dei contributi per la tutela della natura, prevedendo misure per la “creazione di strutture paesaggistiche”. Ciò è stato necessario soprattutto perché gli effetti positivi dell’impianto di una siepe non sono sempre evidenti ai proprietari dei terreni adiacenti, pur permettendo, a scala più ampia, il generale miglioramento paesistico ed ecologico della regione. Per tale motivo sono stati previsti quindi appositi incentivi economici.
Vengono concessi contributi fino al 100% per le piantagioni, cioè non solo per il materiale (piante, sementi, misure di protezione), ma anche per il lavoro di impianto. Inoltre vengono compensate le perdite di superficie agraria utile e gli effetti negativi della siepe in termini di ombreggiatura o diffusione radicale. È previsto anche un premio per la cura delle siepi dopo il periodo di impianto, per salvaguardare le funzioni ecologiche della siepe anche in futuro e per compensare la cura del paesaggio antropico. Il progetto di impianto può essere presentato da singole persone come anche da associazioni. Il modulo per richiedere i contributi è disponibile negli uffici dell’amministrazione, che in seguito contatta l’interessato per stabilire le misure concrete e discutere la loro realizzazione e le clausole del contratto.
Il secondo aspetto importante del progetto riguarda le pubbliche relazioni. Un depliant illustrativo: “Siepi – arterie di vita del futuro” è stato elaborato in collaborazione con varie organizzazioni per descrivere le funzioni delle siepi sia ecologiche che agricole, e per dare le prime istruzioni per l’impianto. Il Land Salisburgo prevede di pubblicare un libro sull’argomento, che si occuperà particolarmente delle siepi nella zona prealpina.
Il progetto siepi viene presentato inoltre nell’ambito della cartografia dei biotopi in corso nel Land Salisburgo, per informare sulle possibilità e per stimolare quindi ulteriori iniziative.
Grazie a misure mirate per l’impianto di siepi possono venir ricreati paesaggi tipici
Per ulteriori informazioni:
Mag. Josef Fischer-Colbrie, Ing. Josef Leitner
Amt der Salzburger Landesregierung
Abteilung 13 Naturschutz
Friedensstr. 11
5010 Salzburg
Depliant: “Hecken – Lebensadern der Zukunft”
Principali dati del progetto:
Area progettuale: interessa prevalentemente la zona prealpina nel Land Salisburgo, ma in parte anche aree vallive favorevoli
Responsabile
Abteilung Naturschutz (ripartizione tutela della natura)
Partner
ÖNB – gruppo salisburghese
Cacciatori salisburghesi
Associazione ERNTE für das Leben
Camera per l’agricoltura e la selvicoltura
Landesforstgarten
Associazione degli apicoltori e associazioni di frutticoltura e orticoltura
Periodo
continua realizzazione
Finanziamento
ad oggi 2,5 mil. ATS (180.000 Euro) finanziati dal Land Salisburgo
Progetto PLENUM - Baden-Württemberg
Strategia: utilizzazione compatibile con la natura ed il paesaggio
In Baden-Württemberg è stato sviluppato un nuovo piano per la salvaguardia di grandi aree naturali: il progetto del Land per la salvaguardia e lo sviluppo della natura e dell’ambiente (PLENUM). L’obiettivo del progetto è la **salvaguardia durevole di aree vitali**, delle loro funzioni ecologiche e dell’utilizzazione sostenibile delle risorse. Contemporaneamente dovrebbero essere create, attraverso la regionalizzazione dei cicli economici, energetici e dei capitali, nuove prospettive promettenti per il futuro delle aree rurali.
Questo approccio viene sperimentato in una prima fase in un’area – campione a Isny/Leutkirch. Sono stati formulati un modello di sviluppo e obiettivi di tutela della natura in senso stretto ma anche obiettivi diretti alla tutela del bilancio naturale e allo sviluppo regionale ecocompatibile e sociocompatibile.
Per realizzare detti obiettivi è richiesta la partecipazione degli utilizzatori del territorio che devono avviare, proporre e realizzare singoli progetti (**principio “bottom-up”**). Un gruppo PLENUM locale controlla e coordina i singoli progetti ed offre consulenza agli utilizzatori del territorio ed ai richiedenti. Questo viene sostenuto da un gruppo di progetto nel quale sono rappresentati i vari settori d’interesse (agricoltura, turismo, ecc.).
Singole attività nell’ambito di PLENUM riguardano le tematiche dell’**agricoltura ecocompatibile** (ad es. progetto stalla per bestiame giovane), della selvicoltura naturale (ad es. progetto di incentivazione della successione delle aree di taglio), della **commercializzazione** di prodotti PLENUM (ad es. progetto produzione di formaggi), del **turismo ecocompatibile** (ad es. azione “Roter Klee”), dell’**economia ecocompatibile** (ad es. eco-audit). Le misure atte a raggiungere l’obiettivo prefisso possono ottenere dei cofinanziamenti del Land. Per garantire inoltre il successo del progetto complessivo i singoli progetti devono essere messi in rete, ad es. connettendo i produttori con i trasformatori, i commercianti con i consumatori.
Dopo i primi anni di sperimentazione si intravedono gli effetti positivi del progetto; gli obiettivi sono in parte stati raggiunti anche a livello economico, stimolando degli investimenti. Se il finanziamento sarà assicurato, è previsto di estendere il progetto PLENUM in altre due aree modello della regione.
Il caseificio Isny (Baden-Württemberg) è un caseificio aperto al pubblico e crea strutture di commercializzazione ideali per prodotti di alta qualità.
**Dati principali del progetto:**
**Area di progetto**
Isny e Leutkirch nell’Allgäu del Baden-Württemberg
**Responsabile**
Ministero aree rurali
Ministero dell’Ambiente e dei trasporti
Landratsamt Ravensburg
Landesanstalt für Umweltschutz (LfU)
Deutsche Bundesstiftung Umwelt (DBU)
**Partners del progetto**
Comuni
Agricoltura e selvicoltura
Gastronomia
Industria e artigianato
**Orizzonte temporale**
Fase di pianificazione 1993–1994
Progetto modello 1995–1999
**Finanziamento**
circa 3,5 mln. DM (1,7 mln. Euro) da parte dei ministeri sopracitati, ca. 5 mln. DM (2,5 mln. Euro) come mezzi dei richiedenti e responsabili dei progetti, 1,67 mln. DM (850.000 Euro) della Fondazione tedesca ambiente (DBU)
**Per ulteriori informazioni:**
Sig. Markus Lämle, Sig. Reinöhl
Ministerium Ländlicher Raum,
Landwirtschaft und Forsten Baden-Württemberg
D-70182 Stuttgart - Kernerplatz 10
Opuscolo e Depliant:
PLENUM-Modellprojekt Isny/Leutkirch
Internet: www.plenum-modellprojekt.de
“Linee guida natura e paesaggio” – Alto Adige
Strategie d’utilizzazione compatibile con la natura ed il territorio
Nelle azioni di tutela della natura finora praticate le considerazioni di tipo strategico, come l’elaborazione di concezioni globali per area vasta, non hanno una lunga tradizione. Soltanto negli ultimi anni gli uffici amministrativi hanno iniziato ad elaborare dei programmi di tutela della natura e del paesaggio a livello provinciale. Nel Piano provinciale di sviluppo e di coordinamento territoriale “LEROP Alto Adige 2000” è prevista l’elaborazione di linee guida per la natura ed il paesaggio sotto forma di specifico piano di settore, accanto agli altri piani settoriali, come quello energetico o quello per le piste da sci e gli impianti sportivi.
Il LEROP identifica come principio - base dello sviluppo futuro la priorità del territorio, dell’ecologia e della salvaguardia della natura e del paesaggio. Le “Linee guida natura e paesaggio”, come concezione strategica per il futuro, intendono fornire gli indirizzi ecologici per assicurare in modo durevole, e dunque a lungo termine, le basi per la vita e l’economia della regione. L’obiettivo principale è un approccio integrativo e la “tutela della natura diffusa a tutto campo”, da realizzare prevalentemente insieme agli utilizzatori del territorio. A tale riguardo l’agricoltura e la selvicoltura rivestono un ruolo di primaria importanza.
A tal fine è necessario creare modelli di cooperazione adeguati ai tempi, limitando le norme regolamentari a quelle strettamente necessarie ed accompagnandole con il maggior livello possibile di comportamenti di conservazione attuati con accordi contrattuali.
Il punto centrale delle “Linee guida natura e paesaggio” sta nell’analisi delle interazioni tra la tutela della natura e del paesaggio e le diverse forme di utilizzazione del territorio, come l’agricoltura, la selvicoltura, la caccia, la gestione delle risorse idriche e l’energia, il turismo, il tempo libero, la ricreazione e la pianificazione del territorio. Visto che queste utilizzazioni occupano grandi aree e dispongono di un’ampia competenza di intervento, hanno anche un’importanza notevole per la tutela della natura e del paesaggio. Di conseguenza gli elementi maggiormente rilevanti per le linee guida natura e paesaggio devono essere integrati in tali politiche settoriali.
Per una tutela della natura e del paesaggio efficace le misure sono state riferite a particolari unità di paesaggio, che richiedono soluzioni e misure diversificate a causa delle utilizzazioni tipiche, oppure perché particolarmente sensibili. L’approccio integrativo delle “Linee guida natura e paesaggio” diventa evidente sia nell’approccio transsettoriale sia nel fatto che durante la loro elaborazione sono stati coinvolti, in gruppi di lavoro oppure contatti diretti, altre amministrazioni ed istituzioni, comuni e organizzazioni ambientaliste. Soltanto procedendo in questo modo cooperativo è infatti assicurato il necessario consenso alle azioni da impostare.
Dati principali del progetto:
Area di progetto
Territorio dell’Alto Adige
Responsabile
Ripartizione 28 Natura e paesaggio
Partners del progetto
Operatori del settore agricolo
Operatori del settore selvicolturale
Operatori nel settore dell’energia e della gestione delle risorse idriche
Soggetti della pianificazione territoriale
Comuni
Organizzazioni ambientaliste
Orizzonte temporale:
Fase di pianificazione 1997 – 1999
Fase di attuazione 2000 – 2010
Finanziamento
Mezzi della provincia
Per ulteriori informazioni:
Dr. Roland Dellagiacoma
Provincia Autonoma di Bolzano-Alto Adige
Ripartizione 28 Natura e paesaggio
Via C. Battisti 21
I-39100 Bolzano
Opuscolo: Linee guida natura e paesaggio Alto Adige
Landschaftsleitbild Südtirol
Rete di biotopi in Baviera
Strategia: utilizzazione compatibile con la natura ed il territorio
Nella dichiarazione governativa del luglio 1995 il primo ministro bavarese ha annunciato l’intenzione di creare una rete di biotopi a livello bavarese. Questo progetto è ormai contemplata dalla legge bavarese per la tutela della natura. La strategia per una tutela capillare della natura è volta ad assicurare la varietà delle specie e degli habitat. L’obiettivo è una simbiosi tra l’uomo e la natura, da raggiungere con una rete di piccole aree naturali inserite in un paesaggio utilizzato in modo ecocompatibile. Per raggiungere tale obiettivo è prevista una serie di progetti di messa in rete di biotopi in aree limitate. In tale processo dovrebbero essere incentivate iniziative locali e coinvolti in modo ottimale operatori a livello locale, anche per aumentare il consenso e l’identificazione dei privati con il patrimonio naturale.
Gli elementi della rete di biotopi riguardano aree centrali (soprattutto riserve naturali, superfici con vincoli di tutela per contratto) e strutture di collegamento (ad es. corsi d’acqua, margini boschivi, siepi) nonché l’utilizzazione sostenibile ed ecocompatibile delle superfici che si trovano tra questi biotopi.
Per la realizzazione di questa rete di biotopi viene sfruttata tutta la gamma di strumenti per la tutela della natura. I 150 progetti finora realizzati vengono attuati soprattutto dalle autorità di vario livello per la tutela della natura, con varie forme di organizzazione e di competenza. Per la messa in rete di biotopi sono previsti vari strumenti di sostegno e di finanziamento (ad es. ecosponsorizzazione, patrocinio).
Di norma i gruppi di progetto sono costituiti a livello circondariale e comunale. Tutti gli attori dei comuni, delle autorità, delle associazioni, ma anche persone private ed associazioni vengono coinvolte. In tal modo diventa possibile concentrare le nozioni tecniche in modo ottimale e sfruttarle per il progetto. Un aspetto importante per la rete di biotopi è il controllo del risultato e cioè dell’efficacia delle misure.
Esistono numerosi e diversi progetti attuativi di tale programma, situati in genere in vicinanza di corsi d’acqua, torbiere, prati aridi, ma anche in aree agricole. Vi rientrano anche azioni volte alla salvaguardia di determinate specie (ad es. lontra, pipistrelli) oppure progetti da realizzarsi in aree inesidiative. Dal punto di vista della tutela della natura vengono già registrati i primi risultati. Per potenziare ulteriormente il progetto in Baviera, l’obiettivo è di raddoppiare il numero di progetti portandoli a 300 entro il 2003.
Dati principali del progetto:
| Area di progetto | Libero Stato della Baviera |
|------------------|----------------------------|
| Responsabile | Circoscrizioni, città che non fanno parte di un circondario, comuni |
| | Associazioni per la cura del paesaggio e dei parchi naturali |
| Partners del progetto | Direzioni per lo sviluppo regionale |
| | Uffici per l’agricoltura, la selvicultura e l’economia idrica |
| | Associazioni di agricoltori e proprietari di boschi |
| | Proprietari di terreno |
| | Associazioni turistiche |
| Orizzonte temporale | attualmente 300 progetti entro il 2003 |
| Finanziamento | Fondo per la tutela della natura, mezzi stanziati per la tutela per contratto programmi per il paesaggio antropico, programmi Ue (LIFE, LEADER) |
La gestione di progetti di reti di biotopi è flessibile. Alla sua base vi deve essere un chiaro esempio di realizzazione.
Per ulteriori informazioni:
Hans-Dieter Schuster
Bayerisches Staatsministerium für Landesentwicklung und Umweltfragen
D-81925 München - Rosenkavalierplatz 2
Oppuscolo: Biotopverband
Diversi depliant su progetti concreti
Progetto “Corrente ecologica” – Cantone Ticino
Strategia: utilizzazione compatibile con la natura ed il territorio
Il progetto “corrente ecologica” mira a sviluppare un marchio ecologico per contrassegnare energia idroelettrica prodotta in base a determinati standard ecologici. La produzione di corrente elettrica in centrali idroelettriche causa spesso massicci impatti sui sistemi delle acque naturali e nelle zone rivierasche.
Per poter valutare se l’energia viene prodotta in modo ecocompatibile, è necessario sviluppare un procedimento pratico per la certificazione della corrente elettrica prodotta nelle centrali idroelettriche. In una procedura di valutazione confluiscono, oltre ad una solida base scientifica ed a considerazioni tecnologiche, anche aspetti economico-aziendali e di politica regionale. In base a ciò, vengono considerate centrali che producono “ecocorrente” tutte quelle centrali idroelettriche che da una parte adempiono ai requisiti di base e dall’altra investono un importo fisso - per KWh di corrente venduta - nel risanamento dei bacini imbriferi. Anche la definizione di questi requisiti di base e di soglie concrete fa parte del progetto. Uno dei fattori presi in considerazione è ad esempio il deflusso minimo del corso d’acqua, messo in rapporto con la qualità degli ecosistemi.
I primi rilevamenti sono stati effettuati nel 1998, seguiti da una fase biennale di sperimentazione nella Valle di Blenio in Cantone Ticino. In una successiva fase di generalizzazione, il modello del progetto pilota sarà elaborato per l’applicazione ad altre situazioni territoriali. Infine, dovrebbe essere avviata l’attuazione concreta con la certificazione di alcune centrali. La definizione del procedimento di certificazione dovrebbe basarsi su un largo consenso; sono stati istaurati contatti con una serie di istituzioni di ricerca ma anche cooperazioni con centrali interessate, erogatori di energia ed associazioni ambientaliste.
Contemporaneamente vengono elaborate le basi per l’introduzione sul mercato del prodotto “ecocorrente”. La certificazione serve ai produttori di corrente elettrica per dare una garanzia della qualità, mentre i clienti vengono informati su una valutazione documentata del prodotto. I consumatori hanno pertanto la possibilità di acquistare una parte dell’energia da produttori sensibili nei confronti dei problemi ambientali nel settore delle centrali idroelettriche. L’obiettivo a lungo termine è di stabilire una certificazione per la corrente idroelettrica uniforme per tutta la Svizzera.
Sul fiume Brenno nella Valle di Blenio (Ticino) viene sperimentata la certificazione di corrente ecologica di impianti idroelettrici
Principali dati del progetto
Area progettuale: Progetto pilota Brenno, Valle di Blenio
Responsabile
EAWAG (Eidgenössische Anstalt für Wasserversorgung, Abwasserreinigung und Gewässerschutz)
Partner
20 istituzioni di ricerca
centrali idroelettriche
erogatori di energia
associazioni ambientaliste
Periodo
Fase pilota: 1998–2000
Ulteriore sviluppo: 2000–2003
Fase di attuazione: a partire dal 2003
Finanziamento
1,5 mln. CHF (938.000 Euro) da parte del EAWAG
Per ulteriori informazioni:
Arch. Paolo Poggati
Ufficio Protezione Natura
Dipartimento Ambiente
CH-6500 Bellinzona
Internet: www.oekostrom.eawag.ch
3.2 Strategie di tutela e di difesa
Le strategie di tutela e di difesa sono dirette a salvaguardare valori naturali ed a diminuire i conflitti ed i deficit esistenti. Le strategie di tutela e di difesa hanno priorità quando si tratta di garantire un livello minimo obbligatorio di conservazione per specie e habitat.
Tutela
Questa strategia consiste nell’arginare i pericoli per la conservazione della natura e del paesaggio con un vincolo di tutela restrittivo. Si tratta dell’approccio classico applicato nelle azioni di tutela della natura e del paesaggio.
All’interno di aree ben definite vengono conservati habitat, specie o beni naturali o culturali ritenuti preziosi e degni di essere tutelati. Ai valori naturali tutelati viene riconosciuto un pregio culturale preminente, e la loro conservazione ha pertanto priorità rispetto ad ogni utilizzazione o attività. La strategia di difesa viene applicata in primo luogo là dove senza tale intervento il bene naturale sparirebbe o verrebbe comunque compromesso in maniera irreversibile. Per il successo della strategia di tutela è fondamentale non soltanto la formulazione giuridica della tutela, ma soprattutto la sua messa in pratica nel contesto territoriale. Il progetto “Nibbio” del Trentino è un progetto esemplare in questo senso: in aree a coltivazione intensiva nei fondovalle sono state realizzate misure per conservare e valorizzare zone umide che possano servire come habitat per gli uccelli migratori.
Ottimizzazione
Diverse attività dell’uomo provocano cambiamenti senza che risultino evidenti perdite misurabili a breve termine. Esistono dei deficit per quanto riguarda il livello di conoscenza, la regolamentazione e la sua applicazione, nonché conflitti dovuti alla mancata armonizzazione tra interessi e regolamentazione. Con la strategia di ottimizzazione i conflitti dovrebbero essere diminuiti e gli ostacoli o i deficit eliminati. La strategia di ottimizzazione interviene soprattutto attraverso l’attività dell’amministrazione (ad es. sostegni, procedure rilevanti per il territorio, forme di collaborazione). Essa si occupa prevalentemente di conflitti che hanno degli effetti sul paesaggio ma le cui cause sono da ricercare spesso in forme di utilizzazione del territorio incompatibili con la natura, pur se conformi con le leggi e i procedimenti amministrativi. Questa strategia sottolinea pertanto che la tutela della natura non è unicamente compito dell’autorità competente.
La strategia di ottimizzazione viene seguita in modo esemplare ad es. in un progetto della Lombardia: una nuova carta della natura dovrebbe contribuire a colmare le lacune di conoscenza e ad offrire informazioni importanti da utilizzare per assumere decisioni a livello comunale. Accanto a ciò vengono sviluppate procedure per il controllo delle iniziative amministrative, in termini di verifica di efficacia nei confronti della conservazione dei beni naturali.
**Compensazione – sostituzione**
Queste misure mirano a offrire una compensazione o sostituzione per perdite di beni naturali inevitabili a seguito di valutazione e ponderazione dei diversi interessi. La strategia si basa sul concetto che, in casi eccezionali e nell’interesse superiore, sono praticabili anche decisioni che danneggiano la natura ma, almeno in termini di bilancio complessivo, non dovrebbero essere registrate delle perdite. Il principio di compensazione viene adottato ad esempio in Svizzera nell’ambito dell’utilizzazione agricola: il progetto “Zone prioritarie per la compensazione” del cantone S. Gallo si propone appunto di istituire aree di compensazione naturalistica là dove sia ecologicamente più efficace.
Interventi nel paesaggio possono essere mitigati con l’impianto di specie autoctone o la creazione di nuovi biotopi.
Progetto “Nibbio” – Trentino
Strategia tutela
Il progetto “Nibbio” è concepito come progetto di tutela di biotopi seguendo un approccio integrato. L’obiettivo è la ristrutturazione di una rete di zone umide che un tempo erano tipiche dei fondovalle. I nodi di questa rete sono costituiti da alcuni biotopi di interesse provinciale che godono già di una tutela per legge: *Palù di Borghetto, Taio di Nomi, Foci dell’Avisio, La Rupe, Canneti di S. Cristoforo, Inghiaie e Palù di Roncegno*. Questi biotopi, che si trovano nelle valli dell’Adige e nella Valsugana, inseriti tra aree di coltivazione intensiva (viticoltura, agricoltura) in passato sono stati fortemente compromessi all’azione antropica.
Il progetto consiste nell’attuazione di una serie di misure per la tutela, il ripristino e l’ampliamento degli habitat, mirate particolarmente al miglioramento delle condizioni per il riposo, l’alimentazione e la nidificazione di *uccelli acquatici*, ma anche di *anfibi*. Tuttavia gli effetti positivi degli interventi si riflettono su tutti gli elementi dell’ecosistema e rappresentano quindi un importante contributo alla tutela dell’ambiente.
In particolare le misure per il ripristino attivo di aree compromesse comprendono l’ampliamento degli ecoton, la creazione di canali, bacini ed isole come possibilità per il rifugio per uccelli acquatici e anfibi nonché la rivitalizzazione di canneti. In alcuni casi l’acquisto del terreno è stato il necessario presupposto per la realizzazione delle misure programmate.
Il progetto *Nibbio* si è concluso con la realizzazione di tutte le misure proposte, con alcune piccole modifiche rispetto alla progettazione originale, permettendo una **rivalutazione qualitativa degli habitat** che altrimenti sarebbero stati irrimediabilmente compromessi. Dato il successo del progetto “Nibbio”, la Ue ha riconosciuto e finanziato la sua continuazione con il progetto NECTON (Nuovi Ecosistemi Torrente Noce) che prevede la rivalutazione di un’ulteriore zona umida.
**Principali dati del progetto**
| Area progettuale | 7 biotopi nei fondovalle dell’Adige e nella Valsugana |
|------------------|------------------------------------------------------|
| Responsabile | Servizi parchi e foreste demaniali |
| Partner | nessuno |
| Periodo | 1996-1997 |
| Finanziamento | 1,7 mld. Lire (878.000 Euro), il 50% cofinanziato nell’ambito di LIFE-Natura |
Per ulteriori informazioni:
Dott.ssa Antonella Agostini
Servizio Parchi e Foreste Demaniali
Trento
Via Centochiavi 112
I-38100 Trento
Opuscolo: Biotopi per l’Europa
Carta della natura – Lombardia
Strategia ottimizzazione
In Lombardia è stato avviato il progetto strategico “Programma per la tutela integrata delle specie e dei biotopi – Carta della natura” che ha l’obiettivo complessivo di attuare in Regione Lombardia la direttiva Fauna-Flora-Habitat (Rete europea Natura 2000). Il risultato principale è di fornire informazioni come base decisionale per i comuni ed applicabili non soltanto alle aree protette ma all’intero paesaggio.
In questa prospettiva la Regione Lombardia ed i Servizi Tecnici Nazionali hanno stipulato un accordo di collaborazione per elaborare la Carta della natura, prevista dalla legge quadro nazionale, garantendo anche il coinvolgimento delle autorità subordinate.
Il programma della Regione Lombardia è composto di tre obiettivi:
1. Nella Carta naturalistica della Lombardia dovrebbero essere riassunte informazioni riguardanti la flora, la fauna, i biotopi ed i geotopi in Lombardia in una banca dati, collegata con un sistema di informazione geografico.
Non si tratta di un nuovo rilevamento ma dell’organizzazione di dati già disponibili; vengono utilizzati tra l’altro pubblicazioni scientifiche e studi non pubblicati. La carta naturalistica dovrebbe servire ai comuni e ad altre istituzioni come base decisionale per la pianificazione. Questo strumento di documentazione dovrebbe inoltre essere la base per la formulazione di “direttive generali per lo sviluppo del territorio”.
2. Il finanziamento di un progetto di monitoraggio mira a rilevare e controllare il patrimonio delle specie e dei biotopi più minacciati in Lombardia mediante una valutazione della loro importanza nazionale o europea e si ricollega all’applicazione della direttiva FFH.
3. Nell’ambito dell’elaborazione di modelli di tutela integrata delle specie e dei biotopi si intendono impostare nuovi standard procedurali per il controllo delle iniziative amministrative di gestione. Queste dovrebbero non tanto porre l’accento sull’efficienza in termini di costi delle attività amministrative, ma piuttosto sull’efficacia per la tutela di beni naturali. Su questa base dovrebbero essere definite delle priorità per quanto riguarda misure di tutela e di amministrazione da una parte e dall’altra dovrebbero essere sviluppati nuovi modelli per iniziative amministrative che si inseriscano in modo efficiente nella situazione locale e sfruttino in modo ottimale le risorse pubbliche e private disponibili.
Principali dati del progetto
| Area progettuale | 440.000 ettari in Lombardia |
|------------------|----------------------------|
| Responsabile | Ufficio piani e programmi di difesa |
| Partner | amministrazione regionale e subordinate università, istituti di ricerca |
| Periodo | 1998–2000 |
| Finanziamento | 287 mln. Lire (148.000 Euro), cofinanziato dall’Ue. |
Per ulteriori informazioni:
Dott.ssa Cinzia Margiocco
Dir.Gen. Tutela ambientale
Ufficio piani e programmi di difesa
Via Stresa 24
I-20125 Milano
Definizione di aree privilegiate per la compensazione – Cantone San Gallo
Strategia compensazione/sostituzione
La legge agricola svizzera prevede che il 7% delle aree agricole deve essere coltivato come area di compensazione ecologica se l’agricoltore vuole usufruire delle misure di sostegno dello Stato (contributi in base alla superficie, ecc.). Nel sistema esistente di contributi alla coltivazione i finanziamenti non vengono sempre utilizzati in modo efficiente perché le superfici di compensazione vengono definite prevalentemente in base a criteri economico-aziendali, senza prendere sufficientemente in considerazione gli interessi ecologici. Accade così che aree di compensazione ecologica non siano disponibili in aree agricole favorevoli ma piuttosto in aree poco favorevoli (di minor valore ecologico).
Onde impiegare in modo più mirato i contributi per l’agricoltura, devono essere individuate zone prioritarie per la compensazione ecologica le quali, valutate per comune, sono identificate in habitat intatti, escludendo i boschi e gli insediamenti.
Dovrebbe inoltre essere indicato quali misure sono necessarie per mantenere una rete di habitat sufficiente o per ripristinarla. Questo processo si svolge nell’ambito della revisione del piano comprensoriale. Superfici definite dovrebbero essere inserite nel piano comprensoriale, che è vincolante per le autorità ma non per i proprietari del terreno.
L’attuazione delle misure proposte e l’effettiva utilizzazione estensiva delle aree indicate può avvenire soltanto su base volontaria oppure in base a contratti di coltivazione. Un programma di incentivazione esiste già ed è garantito per il futuro perché la politica agricola attualmente mira a compensare maggiormente anche le azioni di interesse ecologico.
In tal modo anche risorse del comparto di finanziamento agricolo vengono destinate alla tutela della natura. La ripartizione tutela della natura intende potenziare gli incentivi e impegnarsi per migliorare l’accettazione delle misure proposte, ad esempio rendendo noto il sistema di incentivazione esistente con pubbliche relazioni mirate.
Nel comune di Wartan (San Gallo) è previsto un collegamento strutturale del paesaggio p.es. tramite alberi da frutta d’alto fusto e l’impianto di siepi.
Per ulteriori informazioni:
Dr. Alfred Bruelsauer
Fachstelle für Natur- und Landschaftsschutz
Planungsamt
CH–9001 St. Gallen
3.3 Strategie procedurali
La tutela della natura e del paesaggio deve costituirsi come obiettivo trasversale che riguarda varie politiche settoriali e deve raggiungere una diffusione maggiore. Soprattutto i settori che utilizzano porzioni estese di territorio (ad es. agricoltura, selvicoltura, economia idrica) ed altre forme di utilizzazione che vi si sovrappongono (ad es. turismo e ricreazione) devono essere coinvolti maggiormente nella tutela della natura e del paesaggio. A tale scopo l’informazione e la cooperazione sono decisive.
Informazione
Le informazioni e le conoscenze necessarie dovrebbero essere a disposizione degli utilizzatori del territorio per le loro progettazioni, decisioni ed attività. La strategia di informazione ha il compito di comunicare, in collaborazione con le altre strategie procedurali, al settore politico, al pubblico e soprattutto agli interessati, l’atteggiamento di base ed i motivi per determinate decisioni. Per coinvolgere i fruitori è prioritaria la comunicazione degli obiettivi e delle modalità della futura collaborazione. Inoltre, un intenso lavoro di informazione e di relazioni pubbliche può portare ad una “correzione dell’immagine” delle azioni di tutela della natura, che tuttora hanno la fama di atteggiamenti ostativi e inhibitori. Un’organizzazione informativa ponderata e approfondita ha un largo effetto sull’opinione pubblica: un esempio la mostra tirolese “NatURkraft” allestita in occasione della fiera autunnale del 1996.
Cooperazione
La tutela della natura e del paesaggio non va intesa come disciplina tecnica, ma come funzione trasversale dei vari settori di governo del territorio. Se la tutela della natura e le autorità ad essa preposte escono dal loro isolamento, mentre le aree protette richiedono l’utilizzazione ecocompatibile, ciò deve accadere anche per altre competenze. Possibili partners di cooperazione in tale contesto sono i vari uffici amministrativi a livello regionale, provinciale e nazionale, i comuni, le organizzazioni ambientaliste e soprattutto i fruitori del territorio come diretti interessati delle misure di tutela della natura.
L’approccio cooperativo viene praticato in Vorarlberg, dove il Land sostiene i comuni nei loro compiti in materia di tutela della natura. Il progetto “Consulenza aziendale” nel Cantone dei Grigioni riguarda il settore dell’agricoltura e si propone di sperimentare, insieme agli operatori, come è possibile gestire un azienda sfruttando in maniera ottimale tutte le sovvenzioni esistenti. Un aspetto particolare nell’ambito di tale strategia è la cooperazione transfrontaliera perché richiede particolari sforzi da parte di tutti, viste le differenti condizioni di base e le tradizioni diverse. Il progetto sugli uccelli nidificanti nei prati, al quale partecipano i tre Länder Baviera, Salisburgo e Austria Superiore, è esemplare a tale riguardo. Il progetto Karwendel, con la partecipazione del Tirolo e della Baviera, mira a trovare delle soluzioni comuni per un’unica area naturale.
Mostra “NatURkraft” 1996 – Tirolo
Strategia informazione
Alla base di questo progetto sta la considerazione che, con attività mirate di informazione e di pubbliche relazioni, è possibile ottenere un maggiore consenso per le istanze di tutela della natura e del paesaggio. La mostra “NatURkraft Tirol”, organizzata nell’ambito della fiera autunnale a Innsbruck, ha presentato ai visitatori la natura e la sua tutela in Tirolo. La mostra è stata inaugurata con una conferenza sulla tutela della natura e una tavola rotonda.
Nell’ambito della mostra è stata presentata un’offerta molto varia, e l’allestimento è stato particolarmente curato per creare un’atmosfera accogliente per il visitatore. Elementi naturali (modello di montagna, gruppi di alberi, rocce, ecc.) hanno illustrato il contenuto della mostra, un manifesto di 15 m di grandezza ha presentato il Parco Karwendel.
Le principali associazioni per la tutela della natura ed organizzazioni regionali del Tirolo come pure la ripartizione di scienze naturali, hanno presentato le loro richieste e le principali attività. Pannelli informavano su determinati argomenti come i torrenti, i pipistrelli, i boschi ripariali, le aree protette in Tirolo ed il parco alpino Karwendel. Una sessione importante riguardava una presentazione del Parco nazionale Alti Tauri all’interno del modello della montagna.
Varie postazioni richiedevano la partecipazione attiva dei visitatori (ad es. microscopio, stazioni per i sensi: “stazione per l’olfatto”, “stazione per il tatto” “telefono dell’albero”). Inoltre venivano proposti esperimenti con l’elemento acqua per conoscere la sua dinamica in paesaggi fluviali. Il Parco nazionale Alti Tauri ha presentato il suo nuovo sistema di informazione dei visitatori (BIS, che permette interrogazioni dirette sul parco nazionale) come “nuova tecnologia a servizio della conservazione dei valori naturali”.
La mostra “NatURkraft Tirol” si è svolta in presenza di collaboratori esperti del Land Tirolo per informare i visitatori. Complessivamente sono state registrate più di 100.000 presenze, tra cui 50 classi scolastiche.
Dati principali del progetto:
| Area di progetto | Luogo della mostra: Innsbruck |
|------------------|-------------------------------|
| Responsabile | Abteilung Umweltschutz |
| Partners del progetto | Associazione giovanile per la tutela della natura
Area protetta Zillertaler Hauptkamm
Liceo ecologico Volders |
| Orizzonte temporale | 21.– 29.9.1996 |
| Finanziamento | ca. ATS 500.000 (36.000 Euro) da parte del Land Tirolo |
Esposizione speciale “NatURkraft Tirol” – i metodi della percezione sensoriale per diffondere la conoscenza sulla tutela dell’ambiente
Per ulteriori informazioni:
Mag. Reiner Lentner, Mag. Kostenzer
Amt der Tiroler Landesregierung
Abteilung Umweltschutz
Altes Landhaus
A- 6020 Innsbruck
Tutela della natura a livello comunale – Vorarlberg
Strategia ottimizzazione
La tutela della natura a livello comunale è definita nella nuova legge sulla tutela della natura e lo sviluppo della regione (1997) come strategia di grande importanza. Gran parte degli strumenti istituzionali della regione ora sono anche a disposizione dei comuni (istituzione di aree protette locali o monumenti naturali, pubbliche relazioni, tutela della natura con finanziamenti).
In linea di principio i comuni sono il livello ideale per la tutela della natura perché conoscono perfettamente gli attori locali, così come le località e possono agire là dove esiste il maggiore fabbisogno. Ma per i comuni si tratta di un compito nuovo, e l’amministrazione regionale intende pertanto offrire un sostegno concreto. Il piano “Naturschutz in der Gemeinde – tutela della natura nel comune” invita gli attori interessati – politici, impiegati comunali, residenti – ad occuparsi del proprio comune e del proprio spazio vitale.
Un punto importante di questo piano è che il programma di interventi non va stabilito in fase iniziale ed in via definitiva, ma piuttosto deve svilupparsi progressivamente. A tal fine è prevista l’istituzione di un gruppo di contatto “Kontaktgruppe Naturschutz durch die Gemeinden” composto da rappresentanti del Land, del distretto e dei comuni.
Nella prima fase è previsto di mettere a disposizione dei comuni un consulente per la tutela della natura, con il compito di mettere in evidenza l’importanza degli obiettivi di tutela della natura nella specifica situazione del comune. In seguito verranno definite le aree di intervento ed identificate le possibilità per attuare misure concrete. Il progetto di consulenza per la tutela della natura viene sperimentato attualmente in 10 comuni pilota. Contemporaneamente dovrebbe essere preparata una serie di misure di sostegno, tra cui l’azione “Scoprire gli spazi vitali del comune”, una giornata di informazione all’anno sulla tutela della natura, la cartella informativa “Spazio vitale comune”, l’elaborazione di documentazione sulle aree protette locali ed i monumenti naturali.
Il sostegno deve essere flessibile e tenere conto delle esigenze pratiche delle situazioni locali; soprattutto dovrebbe essere inteso come sostegno ad una crescita autonoma di consapevolezza perché i cittadini ed i comuni riconoscano di doversi assumere la responsabilità per la loro area di influenza e di competenza. Dopo le prossime elezioni comunali è prevista un’intensa attività di pubbliche relazioni per presentare ai nuovi rappresentanti comunali questa tematica in rapporto alle loro responsabilità.
Dati principali del progetto:
Area di progetto
Land Vorarlberg, comuni scelti
Responsabile
Abteilung für Umweltschutz
Partners del progetto
Comuni
Circoscrizioni
Orizzonte temporale
Fase pilota: 1999–2000
Fase di attuazione: a partire dal 2000
Finanziamento
mezzi del land, in parte finanziamenti dei comuni
La tutela dell’ambiente da parte del comune implica anche la considerazione dello spazio abitativo e vitale direttamente coinvolto
Per ulteriori informazioni:
Dr. Reinhard Beer
Amt der Vorarlberger Landesregierung
Abteilung Umweltschutz
Römerstr. 16
A-6901 Bregenz
Progettazione aziendale – Grigioni
Strategia cooperazione
L’idea di una “progettazione aziendale” è stata realizzata per la prima volta nel Cantone di Aargau (progetto Fricktal). Sull’esempio di questo progetto ne sono stati attuati altri in altri cantoni.
Nelle aree di montagna è diventato ben presto chiaro che i contadini, nell’avvalersi dei programmi di sostegno, individuavano le aree di compensazione ecologica (come prati non concimati o a sfalcio ritardato) quasi esclusivamente in zone alte o in siti molto isolati, mentre importanti biotopi come prati a secco in zone più basse non hanno tratto vantaggio dai programmi di sostegno e l’interesse per siepi o fasce erbacee era molto limitato.
I primi lavori per il progetto “progettazione aziendale” sono stati avviati nel 1995, con una impostazione di tipo olistico, che si propone cioè di applicare criteri ecologici nella coltivazione agricola ma tenendo conto della specifica struttura aziendale. Gli agricoltori sono stimolati a raggiungere una maggiore comprensione di tali criteri, nozioni tecniche ed inoltre una maggior sensibilità e considerazione per i valori naturali ed i paesaggi plasmati dall’uomo. Sin dal 1996/97 hanno partecipato al progetto circa due terzi delle aziende agricole della vallata Domleschg, nell’ambito del programma di cura del paesaggio culturale; nel 1999 sono stati coinvolti ulteriori comuni.
La condizione per poter partecipare al programma “progettazione aziendale” è di essere riconosciuto quale azienda che lavora secondo criteri di produzione biologica ed integrata e possa raggiungere un bilancio equilibrato nell’uso di fertilizzanti.
Il complesso aziendale viene analizzato e valutato insieme all’agricoltore stesso, con l’obiettivo di un graduale miglioramento di compatibilità ecologica delle colture, studiando l’idoneità dei vari siti a colture foraggere estensivo o poco intensivo. Vengono inoltre definite le superfici di compensazione in base al regolamento sul contributo ecologico (nuovo ordinamento per il pagamento diretto) e per le superfici o le strutture paesaggistiche ecologicamente importanti vengono fissati gli obiettivi da raggiungere durante il periodo contrattuale, stabilendo le operazioni di cura e manutenzione sa svolgersi in cambio di appositi compensi.
Il progetto è attualmente ancora nella fase di rodaggio, durante la quale è molto importante l’assistenza tecnica intensiva alle aziende. Oltre agli incentivi finanziari nell’ambito di contratti aziendali, i partecipanti ricavano vantaggio anche dal fatto che, grazie alla consulenza, possono sfruttare molto meglio i contributi previsti (programma di sostegno agricoltura, contributi per la tutela della natura).
Nella valle di Domleschg (Grigioni) devono venire sostituiti alberi da frutta d’alto fusto, creati pascoli sui prati aridi e ripristinati muri a secco.
Dati principali del progetto
| Area di progetto | 14 comuni del Cantone Grigioni, circa. 70 aziende agricole |
|------------------|----------------------------------------------------------|
| Responsabile | Amt für Natur und Landschaft |
| Partners del progetto | Agricoltori
Ufficio agricoltura |
| Orizzonte temporale | a partire dal 1995 |
| Finanziamento | per gran parte dai fondi destinati alla tutela della natura |
Per ulteriori informazioni:
Georg Ragaz, Josef Hartmann
Amt für Natur und Landschaft
Graubünden
Rohanstr.5
CH-7001 Chur
Il progetto Uccelli nidificanti nei prati – Salisburgo/ Baviera/ Austria Superiore
Strategia cooperazione
La coltivazione estensiva di alcune aree prealpine della Baviera, del Land Salisburgo e dell’Austria Superiore ha permesso di conservare zone di cova per uccelli. Il progetto è stato avviato nel 1997 dalla Bayerische Akademie für Naturschutz und Landschaftspflege (ANL) e mira a salvaguardare le popolazioni di uccelli nidificanti nei prati attraverso la conservazione di paesaggi antropici adatti.
L’obiettivo si ottiene salvaguardando o creando forme di paesaggio sfruttate meno intensamente; tra queste per esempio i prati da lettiera, le torbiere o i paesaggi aperti che in parte si trovano in aree protette o di tutela paesaggistica.
Nel 1998 è stata avviata, in base alla cartografia di utilizzazione e ad una valutazione della popolazione attuale di uccelli nidificanti nei prati, l’elaborazione di piani paesaggistici. Nella stessa fase gli estensori erano costantemente in contatto con gli agricoltori per valutare le varie possibilità di trasformazione e progettare azioni realisticamente praticabili.
I piani contengono quindi un elenco delle modalità di coltivazione più adatte per conservare la nidificazione degli uccelli nei prati. Tra queste si annoverano ad es. la salvaguardia o la creazione di prati da lettiera, l’idoneità delle date per lo sfalcio, la pulizia dai cespugli, la riconversione di prati con drenaggio in prati umidi, l’esecuzione dello sfalcio dall’interno verso l’esterno, la scelta adeguata del tipo di attrezzi, la creazione di zone ad acqua bassa o la pulizia dei fossati.
Nell’ambito del progetto è stato anche molto importante mettere in rete le informazioni. All’inizio gli obiettivi del progetto sono stati presentati agli agricoltori ed ai sindaci. Ulteriori attività di informazione hanno avuto luogo nella primavera 1999 ed anche nel 2000. Parallelamente all’elaborazione dei piani paesaggistici sono state organizzate delle visite da parte degli agricoltori nelle tre regioni, per conoscersi e scambiarsi esperienze. A partire dal 2000 è prevista l’attuazione delle misure progettate con lo strumento finanziario esistente della “tutela della natura per contratto”. Da parte bavarese l’80% delle superfici interessate è già stato coinvolto in questo meccanismo di finanziamento, ed anche da parte austriaca sono state incluse numerose arce.
Dov’è presente il chiurlo maggiore possono sopravvivere anche altri uccelli nidificanti nei prati.
Per ulteriori informazioni:
Dr. Susanne Stadler, Ing. Simon Wallner
Amt der Salzburger Landesregierung
Abteilung 13 Naturschutz
A-5010 Salzburg - Friedensstr. 11
Dr. Christoph Manhart
Bayerische Akademie für Naturschutz und Landschaftspflege (ANL)
D-83410 Laufen/Salzach - Postfach 1261
Mag. Simone Hüttemir
Amt der Oberösterreichischen Landesregierung
Abteilung Naturschutz
A-4020 Linz - Promenade 33
Hans-Dieter Schuster
Bayerisches Staatsministerium für Landesentwicklung und Umweltfragen
D-81925 München - Rosenkavalierplatz 2
Depliant: “Wiesenbrüter kennen keine Grenzen!”
“Attività ecocompatibili per la ricreazione e il tempo libero nel Karwendel”
EU-Interreg II Baviera/Tirol
Strategia cooperazione
L’iniziativa transfrontaliera “ Attività ecocompatibili per la ricreazione e il tempo libero nel Karwendel ” mira a salvaguardare e a sviluppare il potenziale biologico del Karwendel (in gran parte territorio di interesse europeo ai sensi della Direttiva Habitat o area protetta), mantenendo ed ottimizzando contemporaneamente il suo potenziale di ricreazione.
Nell’ambito del progetto Karwendel vengono elaborate proposte transfrontaliere, con contenuti e metodi armonizzati tra i vari paesi, e secondo una concezione ecocompatibile per l’offerta turistica e del tempo libero. Il progetto è composto di otto “moduli” dedicati ai seguenti argomenti:
- Sci, alpinismo e fauna selvatica
- Aquila reale ed utilizzazione del territorio
- Corsi d’acqua, uccelli nidificanti, ricreazione
- Ungulati e ricreazione
- Turismo nel Karwendel
- Sviluppo delle attività del tempo libero nel comune di Mittenwald
- Canyoning
- Coordinamento complessivo del progetto
Entro la fine del 2000 è previsto l’inquadramento generale del progetto, sulla base dei dati disponibili sulla tutela della natura e sul turismo, eventualmente integrati con altri rilevamenti di base; a partire dal 2001 si conta di mettere in pratica le prime misure di attuazione.
L’interesse dei comuni è stato suscitato in particolare nell’ambito del modulo “turismo”. Un obiettivo prioritario del progetto del Karwendel è il coinvolgimento il più esteso possibile di tutti gli interessati – comuni, operatori del turismo, associazioni sportive ed ambientaliste, gestori di alpeggi, cacciatori ma anche fruitori non organizzati - per poter garantire l’efficace impostazione e l’attuazione del progetto. Sono previste tre grandi manifestazioni di informazione ed alcuni workshop per il coinvolgimento dei comuni, nonché l’istituzione di un gruppo di lavoro per seguire lo svolgimento del progetto.
Il progetto Karwendel è stato avviato ufficialmente nel luglio 1999 con una grande manifestazione informativa. Anche se il progetto è ancora all’inizio, la Baviera ed il Tirol si impegnano fin d’ora perché possa trovare seguito nell’ambito di INTERREG III.
Dati principali del progetto:
Area di progetto
Karwendel dalla valle dell’Inn a Walchensee, Mittenwald, Achenkirch
Responsabile
Governo del Tirolo e Bayerisches Staatsministerium für Landesentwicklung und Umweltfragen
Partners del progetto:
Comuni, circoscrizioni
Associazioni ambientaliste
Associazioni turistiche
Orizzonte temporale
1999–2001
Finanziamento
budget complessivo ca. 613.000 Euro (= 1,2 mln. DM, 8,4 mln. ATS), di cui il 50% dall’Ue nell’ambito di INTERREG II
Per ulteriori informazioni:
Mag. Leiner
Amt der Tiroler Landesregierung
Abteilung Umweltschutz
Altes Landhaus
A-6020 Innsbruck
Hans-Dieter Schuster
Bayerisches Staatsministerium für Landesentwicklung und Umweltfragen
Rosenkavalierplatz 2
D-81925 München
Le tesi vincenti per la politica di tutela della natura
Godersi il paesaggio ed i prodotti tipici locali
Le esperienze compiute nel campo della pianificazione per la tutela della natura provano che il risultato di un progetto può essere fortemente influenzato, in maniera positiva o negativa, da determinati fattori. Da queste esperienze si possono quindi trarre indicazioni per la futura pianificazione e attuazione di progetti in questo settore.
Le tesi presentate qui di seguito non hanno nessuna pretesa di completezza o di validità assoluta. Esse riassumono comunque alcuni elementi a favore di un possibile sviluppo futuro della politica di tutela della natura e dovrebbero offrire uno stimolo e una base per un processo di discussione più ampio. La tutela della natura deve diventare un compito dell’intera società, e nello stesso tempo una responsabilità di ogni singolo individuo, colta nell’ambito delle sue possibilità. Compito fondamentale per le azioni di tutela della natura consiste quindi nel promuovere questa comprensione.
**La tutela della natura deve far parte della gestione ordinaria del territorio**
La tutela della natura ampia e diffusa su tutto il territorio può essere realizzata soltanto con l’integrazione (combinazione e messa in rete) tra i suoi obiettivi ed il normale uso del paesaggio. La sfida per una “tutela della natura diffusa e a tutto campo” resta tuttora attuale. Questo compito può essere svolto prevalentemente attraverso un’utilizzazione moderata che tenga conto delle esigenze di tutte le componenti ambientali e dell’efficienza durevole della natura.
In questo senso la tutela della natura deve coinvolgere diversi attori, soprattutto nel settore politico e amministrativo, che devono attivarsi per influenzare direttamente l’utilizzazione della natura e del paesaggio. Tra i settori d’uso non si annovera soltanto l’agricoltura – fino ad oggi partner privilegiato per le cooperazioni -, ma anche la selvicoltura, la gestione delle risorse idriche ed energetiche, il turismo ed i trasporti. Occorre dunque approfondire le alleanze esistenti e crearne di nuove.
**Le strategie di tutela devono evolversi**
Accanto all’approccio integrativo sarà naturalmente necessario proteggere gli habitat particolarmente rari o minacciati da interventi distruttivi con una **strategia di tutela** oppure adottando misure mirate a favore della tutela delle singole specie in pericolo. Anche le strategie di tutela sono tuttavia suscettibili di cambiamenti, come è dimostrato dall’esempio della “riserva di biosfera”. Questa tipologia
*Le riserve della biosfera coniugano la conservazione dei paesaggi naturali e culturali con uno sviluppo regionale orientato ecologicamente*
di riserva si riferisce ad un campione sufficientemente ampio e rappresentativo di un paesaggio naturale o culturale che, in base all’intensità dell’influenza umana, viene suddiviso in zone centrali, di cura e di sviluppo. In queste aree l’obiettivo è quello di combinare la tutela della natura con lo sviluppo del paesaggio considerato come area vitale, economica e ricreativa. Insieme alla popolazione locale dovrebbe essere innescato uno sviluppo basato su obiettivi regionali di qualità (Erdmann, Frommberger 1999).
Le riserve di biosfera rivestono una particolare importanza in contesto locale, regionale e sovraregionale a seguito degli orientamenti espressi in occasione della Conferenza di Rio. Esse fungono da paesaggi modello per stabilire modi di vivere e di lavorare ecocompatibili a lungo termine. A differenza di altre aree modello dove vengono sperimentati approcci per uno sviluppo sostenibile, gran parte delle riserve di biosfera sarà tutelata per legge. Questa tutela per legge non mira però soltanto alla “conservazione” ma anche allo “sviluppo”. Questo compito potrebbe contribuire anche alla maggiore accettazione sociale nei confronti della tutela della natura e del paesaggio.
La tutela della natura dipende dalla comunicazione
La tutela della natura richiede informazione, non soltanto sotto forma di pubbliche relazioni condotte dalle amministrazioni ad essa preposte, ma anche nell’ambito di processi di comunicazione complessi, con scambio di idee e richieste provenienti da tutti gli strati della società.
Le azioni di tutela della natura hanno bisogno, per garantirsi il successo, di persone che rivestano ruoli - chiave a livello locale: può trattarsi di un rappresentante del comune oppure di gruppi locali di interesse, ma anche solo di una personalità intraprendente ed attiva. È per suo tramite che si diffonde l’informazione sulle idee della tutela della natura e si trasmette un atteggiamento positivo per una eventuale collaborazione. Oltre all’impegno da dedicare ai processi di comunicazione, anche in futuro la diffusione della consapevolezza sui problemi ambientali ed il convincimento resteranno i compiti principali della tutela della natura. Se si vogliono raggiungere i cittadini devono essere individuate le vie di comunicazione più appropriate. Ciò implica, nei nostri tempi dominati dai media, un confronto attivo con i nuovi mezzi di comunicazione e di informazione (ad es. internet o le presentazioni multimediali) e l’utilizzo di queste a favore degli obiettivi di tutela della natura. E’ importante tenere maggiormente conto degli aspetti umani, ecologici e sociologici della comunicazione e le tecniche relative (come moderazione e mediazione) possono diventare presidi importanti.
La tutela della natura “dal basso” favorisce il processo di identificazione
Fino a qualche anno fa la pianificazione veniva fatta “dall’alto”, con la quasi totale esclusione dal processo del pubblico e degli interessati; oggi si è affermata la convinzione che è difficile realizzare progetti senza coinvolgere i cittadini. Un’opportunità particolare è offerta dallo sviluppo di veri e propri processi “bottom-up”, ad es. sotto forma di “laboratori di pianificazione” o “laboratori del futuro”, nei quali i cittadini interessati possono partecipare, elaborare piani e scenari di sviluppo e proporre soluzioni e misure di attuazione. Questo approccio trova la sua base programmatica nell’Agenda locale 21, un programma d’azione per il XXI secolo che si propone di conciliare un ambiente di alta qualità con un’economia sana, prevedendo contemporaneamente una nuova forma di partecipazione politica a livello comunale (HÄUSLER et al. 1998). L’approccio riguardante la sostenibilità, descritto nel capitolo 3, significa trasferito a livello locale - occuparsi di tutti i settori della vita e dell’economia: dall’approvvigionamento con generi alimentari, acqua, energia e materiali, al trattamento e riutilizzo dei rifiuti, dai servizi sanitari e formativi, alla produzione, al commercio e all’amministrazione. L’attuazione a livello locale dovrebbe stimolare conoscenze, creatività e impegno della popolazione e motivare i cittadini ad agire in modo autonomo e sostenibile. In tal modo vengono promosse le capacità e la disponibilità di assumersi la responsabilità per le proprie azioni a livello locale. “Processi bottom-up” portano a soluzioni consensuali, condivise dalla popolazione al momento della loro attuazione. Compito della politica di tutela della natura e del paesaggio è quindi anche di formulare delle linee guida per offrire una risposta alla domanda “Come gestiamo il nostro ambiente di vita quotidiana?”
La tutela della natura è un processo di apprendimento e di gestione
L’ulteriore sviluppo della politica di tutela della natura è un processo continuo per tutti gli interessati. Sulla base di un’analisi dei deficit e dei limiti di tale politica e delle esperienze condotte, con i loro vari meccanismi di attuazione, vengono definite le sfide future e formulati i relativi obiettivi. Questi costituiscono la base per sviluppare nuove strategie di attuazione ed idee di progetti che influiscono direttamente sulla natura e sull’ambiente. Con progetti pilota possono essere elaborati dei comportamenti e delle conoscenze che possono essere trasferiti su aree strutturalmente simili o su problemi analoghi.
Approcci “win-win” aumentano l’accettazione
I progetti di tutela della natura devono essere concepiti in modo tale da offrire un vantaggio immediato a tutti i partecipanti. Questo beneficio può, ma non deve essere necessariamen-
Tutela della natura come processo di apprendimento e di gestione (Fonte: BROGGI 1997, modificato)
te, finanziario. Può essere anche un vantaggio ideale o concettuale, ad esempio la disponibilità di prestazioni oppure di consulenza e cioè un “vantaggio di conoscenza”.
In questo contesto si tratta di creare degli stimoli per motivare la popolazione o i fruitori del territorio a partecipare ad attività oppure ad assumere iniziative, nonostante una certa stanchezza generale nei confronti della pianificazioni e dei progetti. Questi stimoli devono consistere in contributi diretti, pagati per concrete prestazioni, piuttosto che essere concessi a pioggia. Anche la prospettiva di una migliore commercializzazione di prodotti regionali di qualità, con l’introduzione di un “marchio di qualità”, può costituire un incentivo per l’economia regionale o eventualmente contribuire alla creazione di posti di lavoro e rappresenta pertanto un vantaggio per i fruitori del territorio.
Una gestione flessibile dei progetti facilita la loro attuazione
Se nella fase iniziale di progettazione non vengono definiti tutti i dettagli, ma soltanto il quadro generale, è più facile armonizzare il progetto ed adeguarlo alla situazione specifica in cooperazione con la popolazione locale. Un progetto deve perciò permettere cambiamenti e lasciare spazio a iniziative autonome. Ciò vale sia per i contenuti di un progetto di tutela della natura che per la struttura organizzativa e l’impiego di programmi di incentivazione.
La stanchezza nei confronti della pianificazione, spesso constatata in varie situazioni locali, è anche una conseguenza del loro insoddisfacente livello di attuazione. Le pianificazioni “destinate ai cassetti” non incentivano la popolazione a collaborare. E’ importante prevedere l’attuazione anche solo di aspetti parziali, secondo le esigenze o le richieste dei partecipanti, e questo già durante lo stesso processo di pianificazione. La formula vincente è: definire obiettivi piccoli e raggiungibili velocemente. In tal modo è possibile evidenziare che gli sforzi e l’impegno non sono vani.
La tutela della natura ha bisogno di sinergie
Effetti positivi possono risultare dalla collaborazione con altri progetti che condividano l’area o il settore di intervento. Ad esempio possono essere messe in comune basi di dati oppure armonizzati i contenuti di progetto per evitare doppioni e sprechi di risorse. E’ necessario comunicare e cooperare con altri pianificatori. Sfruttare sinergie significa guardare oltre l’orizzonte del proprio progetto per non chiudersi nella propria competenza e per creare, nell’ambito di una strategia complessiva globale per l’area rurale, delle strutture in rete delle quali possano usufruire tutti i partecipanti.
La tutela della natura deve sfruttare le attuali tendenze della società
L’ambito di azione della tutela della natura è collocato tra richieste sociali ed economiche. La sua portata viene limitata e condizionata dalle politiche generali e dagli sviluppo economici dominanti. Si pone tra l’altro la domanda se e fino a che punto la tutela della natura possa o debba opporsi agli sviluppi globali, ad esempio nella politica agricola, economica o
dei trasporti... Ma ci si potrebbe chiedere invece in quali termini la tutela della natura potrebbe inserirsi in questi processi e trarne vantaggio. Ciò significa che bisogna cercare possibili soluzioni nel sistema esistente per poter intervenire a tutela della natura e controllare le trasformazioni in senso eco-compatibile (ad es. con la collaborazione in analisi per grandi progetti o valutazioni di impatto ambientale, ecc.). Significa passare da un atteggiamento passivo - di reazione - ad uno attivo - di azione! Questa passaggio viene spesso criticato dalla impostazione classica di tutela della natura, ma può essere opportuno, se non si vogliono rifiutare tutte le possibilità di partecipazione. Un controllo cooperativo può raggiungere lo scopo probabilmente più efficacemente di una opposizione generale. Questo approccio implica anche l’ammissibilità di interventi che danneggiano la natura. In caso di perdite di valori naturali, possono essere negoziate misure compensative o sostitutive: tutte le parti devono sviluppare la disponibilità a negoziare. Naturalmente ci saranno anche dei casi in cui, per motivi prevalenti di tutela della natura sugli altri interessi in gioco, considerazioni del genere non sono proponibili.
La tutela della natura è finanziabile
Uno dei fattori chiave per la realizzazione di progetti è il loro finanziamento garantito. Senza questo non è possibile avviare dei programmi di tutela della natura per contratto o altre misure. Esistono varie soluzioni per garantire il finanziamento della tutela della natura a lungo termine: uno consiste nel procurare notevoli mezzi finanziari, ad es. sfruttando in maniera ottimale i contributi previsti a livello nazionale e comunitario. Per la realizzazione di progetti di tutela della natura a livello Ue è possibile attingere al programma LIFE oppure alle iniziative comunitarie LEADER e INTERREG. Ma anche i nuovi fondi strutCofinanziamento dell’Ue nell’ambito di LIFE-Natura: 94 progetti in tutta Europa sono stati sostenuti con un totale di 64,8 milioni di EURO
turali (FESR, FSE) possono essere sfruttati per ottenere finanziamenti per la formazione, per misure volte ad acquisire consapevolezza, per infrastrutture (ad es. per centri visitatori nei parchi naturali). Progetti con una concezione convincente hanno buone possibilità di ottenere dei contributi. L’ideale sarebbe utilizzare i contributi per stimolare progetti che si svilupino in futuro in modo autonomo e dinamico e che a lungo termine si autofinanziano.
Un altro punto importante è l’analisi strategica dei flussi finanziari, cioè l’analisi sulla destinazione dei finanziamenti e sugli effetti che questi producono. Esiste una serie di contributi per altri settori che sono controproducenti per gli obiettivi della tutela della natura o in conflitto con i canali di finanziamento ad essa dedicati. Questa sovrapposizione non è opportuna sia per un settore che per l’altro e a lungo termine non è neanche finanziable. Con un’analisi dei flussi finanziari, oppure un vincolo per l’amministrazione dei contributi, i mezzi possono essere impiegati in modo più efficiente e con risparmi per tutti gli attori. L’impiego efficiente dei mezzi disponibili, necessario a causa dei bilanci ridotti nella maggior parte delle regioni ARGE ALP, richiede anche la definizione di priorità quando si tratta di svolgere compiti di tutela della natura; a tal fine devono essere applicati strumenti adeguati.
L’attuazione coerente dell’integrazione tra tutela della natura ed gli altri settori amministrativi ha delle conseguenze per il finanziamento delle azioni di tutela. Se infatti la tutela della natura non spetta più esclusivamente alle autorità ad essa preposte e se i suoi obiettivi vengono integrati anche in altri settori amministrativi, ne risulta uno sgravio per gli scarsi mezzi oggi disponibili per questo settore. L’utilizzo ecocompatibile del territorio non viene più raggiunto con “azioni di emergenza”.
Il controllo del risultato costituisce la base per miglioramenti
Il regolare controllo è di importanza strategica per verificare l’efficacia delle misure prese, oppure l’efficienza dei mezzi impiegati. Per controllare i cambiamenti continui dell’ambiente è indispensabile l’osservazione integrata dell’ambiente stesso. Il controllo del risultato richiede la definizione di obiettivi chiari e quantificabili. Devono essere definiti criteri per misurare il successo ed i risultati del controllo devono essere gestiti in maniera ragionevole. Il controllo costituisce un sostegno per l’autorità preposta alla tutela della natura, perché in tal modo può giustificare le sue richieste rivolte anche alle altre autorità.
Il controllo del risultato è di particolare importanza per la cooperazione. Esso verifica se i partners hanno realizzato le prestazioni stabilite nell’accordo di cooperazione e fornisce anche la prova per le prestazioni eseguite, aumentando la trasparenza dell’attività amministrativa. E’ importante comunicare i successi, per dimostrare ai partecipanti che vale la pena impegnarsi. In tal modo è possibile dimostrare dove possono essere raggiunti dei miglioramenti in futuro.
Conclusioni
E’ un atto di coraggio tentare di definire in un testo così breve i principali elementi vincenti di una tematica vasta come la tutela della natura e del paesaggio. Il pericolo di interpretare in modo sbagliato i futuri sviluppi della società o della natura potrebbe far fallire l’intento, condizionati come si è dall’obbligatoria incompletezza o da una volontaria presunzione. Nonostante ciò pare oggi sufficientemente assicurato che il successo di iniziative di tutela della natura in futuro potrà essere raggiunto soltanto in collaborazione con i principali fruitori del territorio. Cambiamenti dei metodi di utilizzazione caratterizzeranno il paesaggio anche in futuro. La tutela della natura e del paesaggio deve differenziare i suoi compiti, obiettivi e linee guida in base a criteri territoriali e sociali. Soltanto obiettivi differenziati sono compatibili con un paesaggio autonomo e inconfondibile. La tutela della natura deve essere variegata, creativa ed adeguata ai bisogni della specifica situazione locale. Più che mai per aver successo è necessario definire chiaramente le priorità per la tutela della natura e del paesaggio. Perdite definitive e processi paesaggistici irreversibili determinano le priorità delle misure. Se un’azione non riesce, un’altra può dare un piccolo contributo ad uno sviluppo ecocompatibile e duraturo. In fin dei conti la tutela della natura e del paesaggio è un continuo tentativo, nel quale dobbiamo comunque cimentarci.
I controlli d’efficacia nella tutela dell’ambiente devono essere resi comprensibili.
NUOVE VIE PER LA TUTELA
Fonti
PROVINCIA AUTONOMA BOLZANO-Alto Adige (1999): Linee guida natura e paesaggio Alto Adige.
BAYERISCHES STAATSMINISTERIUM FÜR LANDESENTWICKLUNG UND UMWELTFRAGEN (2000): Leitfaden Kommunikation im Naturschutz. München.
BEER, R. (1999): Naturschutz strategisch betrachtet. Referat anlässlich der Tagung der Oberösterreichischen Umweltakademie „Naturschutzgebiete – das zeitgemäße Naturschutzkonzept“.
BOSSEL, H. (1998): Globale Wende: Wege zu einem gesellschaftlichen und ökologischen Strukturwandel. München.
BROGGI, M. F. (1997): Informeller Wegweiser. In: Garten + Landschaft 2/1997. S. 29–32. Berlin.
BROGGI, M. F., MATTANOVICH, E. (1997): Inventaritis – Krise und Ausweg.
ERDMANN, K.-H., FROMMBERGER, J. (1999): Neue Naturschutzkonzepte für Mensch und Umwelt. Biosphärenreservate in Deutschland. Berlin.
EUROPEAN CENTRE FOR NATURE CONSERVATION (ECNC) (2000): Evaluating the linkages between Agricultural Policy and biological diversity in the EU: Building blocks for an EC agricultural Action Plan on Biodiversity.
HÄMPICKE, U. (1991): Naturschutz-Ökonomie. Stuttgart.
HÄUSLER, R. ET AL. (1998): Lokale Agenda 21. Zukunft braucht Beteiligung. Wie man Agenda-Prozesse initiiert, organisiert und moderiert. Bonn.
HUBER, B. (2000): „Weiterentwicklung und Fördermöglichkeiten einer umweltkonformen europäischen Landwirtschaft“. Vortrag im Rahmen eines Arbeitskreises der ARGE ALP, „Natur- und Landschaftsschutzstrategien“, am 21.1.2000 in Salzburg.
Impressum
Editore:
Comunità di Lavoro Regioni Alpine
Commissione Ambiente, Agricoltura e Planificazione del territorio
Membri del gruppo di lavoro
„strategie di tutela“:
Baviera - Hans-Dieter Schuster
Baden-Württemberg - Markus Lämmle
Grigione - Georg Raqaz
San Gallo - Alfred Bruelsauer
Ticino - Paolo Poggiaiti
Vorarlberg - Reinhard Beer
Tirolo - Rainer Lentner
Salisburgo - Josef Fischer-Colbrie
Lombardia - Cinzia Margiocco
Alto Adige - Roland Dellagiacoma, Andreas Mumelter
Trentino - Antonella Agostini
Coordinamento progetto:
Roland Dellagiacoma
Provincia Autonoma di Bolzano-Alto Adige
Redazione e consulenza tecnica:
Büro RaumUmwelt - Vienna
Ernst Mattanowich
Ursula Buchgraber
Traduzione:
Edith Schwaiger, Schwaz
Impostazione grafica:
Hermann Battisti, Bolzano
Stampa:
Athesiadruck, Bolzano
1ª edizione maggio 2000
Immagini:
Amt der Tiroler Landesregierung (7, 37, 47); Amt für Natur und Landschaft Graubünden (8, 12, 36, 39); Archiv für Kunst und Geschichte, Berlin (4); Provincia Autonoma Bolzano-Alto Adige, Ripartizione natura e paesaggio (4, 6, 11, 12, 18, 27, 35, 46); Baumeister Oswald (7); Battisti Hanna (copertina); Bayerische Akademie für Naturschutz und Landschaftspflege (13); Bayerisches Staatsministerium für Landesentwicklung und Umweltfragen (9, 23, 28, 44); Büro RaumUmwelt, Wien (48); Erdmann, K.H., Frommberger, J. (1999): Neue Naturschutzkonzepte für Mensch und Umwelt (10); Euregio, Salzburg, Berchtesgadener Land, Traunstein (40); Grabherr Markus (15); Hauser Franz (42, 50); Jäger Lois (19); Land Salzburg, Abteilung Naturschutz (14); Landespressestelle Vorarlberg (8, 17); Leitner Alexander (21); Marktgemeinde Wolfurt (38); Michor Klaus (31); Morlock Andreas (26); Museo Cantonale di Storia Naturale Ticino (29); Ochseneiter Augustin (15); Planungsamt Kanton St. Gallen (34); Provincia Autonoma di Trento, Servizio Parchi e Foreste Demaniale (30, 31, 32); Regione Lombardia, Jolanda Negri (16); Retter Wolfgang, Lienz (25); Stoltefaut Franz (5); Ufficio Protezione della Natura Ticino (5); Wildbiologische Gesellschaft München (41)
The shadows of trees on the ground create an interesting pattern of light and dark areas. | d1710751-6912-4c3c-acf6-902b0c596ba4 | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ita_Latn/train | finepdfs | ita_Latn | 122,122 |
St John's & St Clement's C of E Primary School
Adys Road, London SE15 4DY
Telephone: 020 7525 9210
Email: email@example.com
Friday 15 th January 2021
Dear Parents
There have been many times this week when we have seen our school values in action and have been reminded of the importance of drawing strength from others and how wonderful our school community truly is.
Mr Bell would like to send thanks to all those who have sent thoughtful emails and to the wonderful staff who continue to work diligently.
Free School Meals
Families entitled to Free School Meals will continue to receive vouchers. The government have updated their advice to support the use of vouchers. If you think you may be eligible please contact the school office.
Well done parents
Parents, please give yourselves a huge round of applause. It is not easy to home school and yet you have done an amazing job. Be kind to yourselves. Take the pressure off. And let's all hope for some better weather next week to be able to get the children out to run off some energy!
Online learning
Technology resources have been given to families that need them. If you are having difficulties accessing online learning please let us know.
Our online learning provision brings together the mix of live sessions and recorded sessions that research shows are effective, and that we also felt would work best in terms of support and flexibility for our families. This is also in line with the guidance published this week by both the DfE and OFSTED. Thank you for embracing the new technology and systems and for all the positive feedback.
St John's & St Clement's C of E Primary School
Adys Road, London SE15 4DY
Telephone: 020 7525 9210
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
SJSC Staff
Teachers are working in school in the Critical Worker and Vulnerable provision, creating daily online learning videos, giving feedback via Seesaw, hosting live Zoom sessions, as well as continuing to attend meetings and training. Support staff are in school every day and are working hard to provide a warm and supportive environment for all who are in school.
This is of course our job and vocation. However, we are incredibly proud of their work, thoughtfulness and passion and would like to recognise this and say thank you.
We understand the stresses and strains these difficult times bring. When communicating with staff, we ask you bear in mind that our staff are also meeting such challenges. Rudeness or aggressive behaviours are not acceptable. Our love and support goes out to the whole community and we encourage you to get in touch with us or each other if things are difficult.
Celebration assemblies
It was great to see so many of you join our celebration assemblies today. To end the week by saying well done, highlighting the wonderful efforts of our children and coming together as a school was a joy. If you couldn't join this week, please do come along next week. The details are on Seesaw.
Wishing you all a good weekend.
Kind regards
Joseph Bell
Alli Crank
Headteacher Deputy Headteacher | <urn:uuid:0c1c1bc3-4a27-46c6-9910-49bd65cfe42e> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 3,081 |
August 5, 2010
Reducing the IOER Rate: An Analysis of Options 1 [Footnote 1. This note draws on a series of staff memos prepared for the December 2008 FOMC meeting. Those earlier notes did not posit explicit levels for the interest rate paid on excess reserves. End footnote 1.]
Chris Burke, Spence Hilton, Ruth Judson, Kurt Lewis, and David Skeie
This note examines the likely impact that reducing the interest on excess reserves (IOER) rate would have on short-term money market rates and money market functioning, including possible implications for money market funds. 2 [Footnote 2. Much of the economic benefit to lowering the IOER rate would depend on its impact on longer-term interest rates, which, in addition to its direct impact on short-term rates, might be affected by the degree to which lowering the IOER rate were also seen as a signal about the future path of policy. However, in this memo, we restrict our analysis to the direct effects on the level of short-term rates, and on whether there could be market disruptions that could interfere with the transmission of lower short-term rates to long-term rates. End footnote.] Three cases are examined: cutting the IOER rate to a level of about 10 basis points, reducing the rate to zero, and setting a negative IOER rate. 3 [Footnote 3. In all cases, the rate of interest paid on all required reserve balances is assumed to match the IOER rate. End footnote.] We assume that aggregate reserve levels will remain at exceptionally high levels and that discretionary open market operations are not otherwise employed to influence the level of short-term money market rates.
Overall, we would anticipate that cutting the IOER rate by 15 basis points, to a level of 10 basis points, would reduce overnight money market rates by a somewhat lesser amount, likely leaving them in a range centered between 5 and 10 basis points. The greatest potential impacts on financial market structure and functioning might be expected to arise through the effects of lower money market rates on money market funds (MMFs), although on balance we would not anticipate significant disruptions in this case. However, predicting these effects becomes progressively more challenging for levels of the IOER set closer to zero, and uncertainty is compounded by the possible impacts of recent regulatory changes for money market funds.
Setting the IOER rate to zero instead would probably leave short-term money market rates slightly above zero. Trading volumes in overnight markets, particularly bank wholesale funding markets, would likely be much reduced. The potential for investor reallocations out of MMFs would also be greater. Even with reduced trading volumes, the lower short-term rates would still likely be transmitted out the yield curve and hence could result in more accommodative financial conditions. However, the effect would be fairly modest, given the limited room for short-term interest rates to decline.
It is difficult to identify and quantify all of the potential effects of setting the IOER rate below zero. The ability of both depository institutions (DIs) and the public to hold currency would seem almost certain to prevent a sizable negative IOER rate from translating into significantly negative short-term rates. It is possible, but not certain, that setting the IOER rate at modestly negative levels, for example around -10 basis points,
1 This note draws on a series of staff memos prepared for the December 2008 FOMC meeting. Those earlier notes did not posit explicit levels for the interest rate paid on excess reserves.
2 Much of the economic benefit to lowering the IOER rate would depend on its impact on longer-term interest rates, which, in addition to its direct impact on short-term rates, might be affected by the degree to which lowering the IOER rate were also seen as a signal about the future path of policy. However, in this memo, we restrict our analysis to the direct effects on the level of short-term rates, and on whether there could be market disruptions that could interfere with the transmission of lower short-term rates to long-term rates
3 In all cases, the rate of interest paid on all required reserve balances is assumed to match the IOER rate.
might exert some further modest downward pressure on market rates without inducing institutions and individuals to shift into currency.
Option 1: Lowering IOER to about 10 Basis Points 4 [Footnote 4. While most of the discussion in this section focuses on the specific case of the IOER rate at 10 basis points, the analysis should generalize to IOER rates up to 15 basis points. However, it is not clear to what extent the analysis should generalize to rates below 10 basis points. End footnote.]
Effects on Rates and Trading Activity in Short-term Funding Markets
If the IOER rate were to be reduced to 10 basis points, average overnight unsecured domestic bank funding rates (U.S.-brokered Eurodollars and federal funds transactions) and secured rates for financing government securities (repo) would in general likely trade in a range slightly below the rate paid on excess reserves, and the same funding patterns that are observed today would likely persist. Experience over the past year suggests that lenders who are not eligible for IOER are often willing to accept yields as low as 5 basis points in the market instead of leaving their funds uninvested, as they still cover their transaction costs and (with the exception of the GSEs discussed below) face risks similar to those of leaving deposits uninvested at their clearing bank. 5 [Footnote 5. Conversations with market participants active in wholesale markets suggests that transactions costs typically account for 1 basis point or less on most wholesale transactions in bank funding and repo markets. End footnote.] In addition, there have been days when the effective rate was at or only slightly below the IOER rate and even DIs already holding large excess reserve positions have continued to borrow in the federal funds market, suggesting that these institutions are willing to participate in trades at very narrow rate spreads. 6 [Footnote 6. Figure 1 displays the effective federal funds rate and the high and low rates for brokered trades for 2010 to date. The presence in the market of non-IOER eligible participants that seek to invest large balances each day has created arbitrage opportunities for banks to borrow at rates below the IOER rate and maintain those funds as excess reserves, resulting in risk-free earnings. End footnote.] As a result, a range of 5 to 10 basis points for the effective federal funds rate and other measures of money market rates seems likely. 7 [Footnote 7. From December 16, 2008, to July 21, 2010, the daily fed funds effective rate averaged 16 basis points. For much of that period, average daily rates of 14 to 15 basis points were common, but more recently theses rates have been closer to 20 basis points. U.S.-brokered Eurodollar rates have tended to be slightly higher and Treasury repo rates more often somewhat lower than these fed funds levels. End footnote.]
Thus, we would anticipate that a portion, but not all, of a 15-basis-point reduction in the IOER rate would be reflected in a reduction in overnight money market rates. Some degree of volatility associated with idiosyncratic late-day trading, sharp swings in dealers' collateral positions, statement dates, and other factors would be expected to continue to push rates outside their typical ranges on occasion. 8 [Footnote 8. While most borrowing in bank funding markets might continue to occur at market rates slightly below the IOER rate, credit tiering and ongoing needs of some banks to cover their structural deficiencies (even with high aggregate excess reserve levels) would be expected to lead to some trading above the IOER rate. End footnote.] With trading patterns not expected to be disrupted in any significant way, we would expect the decline in overnight
4 While most of the discussion in this section focuses on the specific case of the IOER rate at 10 basis points, the analysis should generalize to IOER rates up to 15 basis points. However, it is not clear to what extent the analysis should generalize to rates below 10 basis points.
5 Conversations with market participants active in wholesale markets suggests that transactions costs typically account for 1 basis point or less on most wholesale transactions in bank funding and repo markets.
6 Figure 1 displays the effective federal funds rate and the high and low rates for brokered trades for 2010 to date. The presence in the market of non-IOER eligible participants that seek to invest large balances each day has created arbitrage opportunities for banks to borrow at rates below the IOER rate and maintain those funds as excess reserves, resulting in risk-free earnings.
7 From December 16, 2008, to July 21, 2010, the daily fed funds effective rate averaged 16 basis points. For much of that period, average daily rates of 14 to 15 basis points were common, but more recently theses rates have been closer to 20 basis points. U.S.-brokered Eurodollar rates have tended to be slightly higher and Treasury repo rates more often somewhat lower than these fed funds levels.
8 While most borrowing in bank funding markets might continue to occur at market rates slightly below the IOER rate, credit tiering and ongoing needs of some banks to cover their structural deficiencies (even with high aggregate excess reserve levels) would be expected to lead to some trading above the IOER rate.
market rates associated with this cut in the IOER rate to be transmitted across the yield curve just as similar-sized declines occurring at higher rate levels would be.
GSE Participation and Federal Funds Transactions
Evidence suggests that the GSEs, which have the option to hold risk-free balances at the Fed but are not eligible to earn interest on those reserves, would also likely continue to lend to banks overnight in unsecured federal funds transactions if rates were at least 5 basis points or so, but such an outcome is not certain. 9 [Footnote 9. Reactions by GSEs could vary, as their lending behavior in different markets is not homogeneous. Also, GSEs might have a slightly lower rate threshold for curtailing lending in secured markets than in unsecured markets, although even repo transactions against Treasury collateral are not generally viewed as being entirely free of risk. End footnote.] Over the past year or so, some GSEs have occasionally preferred to leave cash at the Fed rather than lend when overnight market rates have fallen below 10 basis points or so, and staff conversations have confirmed that this placement of funds at the Fed has been a deliberate strategy for some individual GSEs. However, it is unclear to what degree this behavior reflects a strategic bargaining posture with borrowing institutions rather than solely a judgment about the risk-adjusted profitability of placing funds on an unsecured basis at rates below 10 basis points. Indeed, we have also observed lending by individual GSEs in unsecured markets at rates well below 10 basis points, and some recent discussions with GSEs indicate that the absolute lower bound of rates at which they would be willing to make fed funds sales could even be below 5 basis points. Nonetheless, the GSEs might reduce their lending in overnight markets if the rates they received were consistently below 10 basis points.
If the GSEs were to reduce or cease their lending into the market, volume in the brokered federal funds market would be significantly reduced. This change would likely make the calculated effective federal funds rate less representative of broader market conditions, and therefore of less use for the FOMC's policy deliberations. GSEs account for a substantial, though not precisely known, share of brokered federal funds transactions. If fed funds transactions volume were to decline substantially, the daily effective rate might become more influenced by idiosyncratic late-day trades. 10 [Footnote 10. In particular, late-day trading could impart some upward bias to the effective funds rate as a measure of the central tendency for overnight rates, as late-day trades, which sometimes occur at relatively high rates when banks struggle to cover unexpected deficiencies in illiquid market conditions, would account for a greater share of total transaction volume. For this reason, and for other considerations raised elsewhere in this note, if policymakers wished to continue to identify a range of effective federal funds rate outcomes with its policy stance, they may wish to set the upper end of that range slightly above the IOER rate. Alternatively, a different market rate reference or objective might be adopted. End footnote.] But apart from the possible effects on the calculation of the daily effective federal funds rate, the withdrawal of GSEs from fed funds lending is not necessarily problematic. GSE lending makes up a relatively small portion of total lending in overnight wholesale funding markets. As a result, the overall functioning of money markets, and in particular the ability of financial institutions to obtain funding in these markets to cover structural balance sheet deficiencies, would not likely be harmed.
9 Reactions by GSEs could vary, as their lending behavior in different markets is not homogeneous. Also, GSEs might have a slightly lower rate threshold for curtailing lending in secured markets than in unsecured markets, although even repo transactions against Treasury collateral are not generally viewed as being entirely free of risk.
10 In particular, late-day trading could impart some upward bias to the effective funds rate as a measure of the central tendency for overnight rates, as late-day trades, which sometimes occur at relatively high rates when banks struggle to cover unexpected deficiencies in illiquid market conditions, would account for a greater share of total transaction volume. For this reason, and for other considerations raised elsewhere in this note, if policymakers wished to continue to identify a range of effective federal funds rate outcomes with its policy stance, they may wish to set the upper end of that range slightly above the IOER rate. Alternatively, a different market rate reference or objective might be adopted.
Impact on Money Market Funds
The greatest potential impacts on financial market structure and functioning might be expected to arise through effects of lower money market rates on money market funds (MMFs). These funds currently have about $2.8 trillion in assets under management, with about $360 billion held in Treasury-only and Treasury-repo ("Treasury-focused") funds and about $1.6 trillion held in "prime" funds (Figure 2). The amounts invested in funds of this type have dropped considerably since early 2009, shortly after the IOER rate was reduced to 25 basis points, apparently reflecting investors' attempts to obtain higher yields on alternative assets. In general, the pace of runoffs at money funds has moderated in recent months.
Very low short-term interest rates have already reduced revenues for nearly all MMFs. Yields on MMFs' portfolio instruments have fallen short of the fees they normally charge, and many fund managers have waived fees to prevent negative net yields. Further declines in short-term rates would likely trigger additional outflows and further reduce industry revenues. Based on comparisons of current MMF expense ratios with those that prevailed in August 2008—when money market yields generally exceeded all MMF expense ratios—it appears that fees have been reduced for at least one third of all current MMF assets under management. 11 [Footnote 11. This figure is calculated by summing the assets under management in all of the funds for which the current gross yield falls short of the expense ratio reported in August 2008, and likely under-represents actual fee reductions. End footnote.] Pressures have been, and would continue to be, most pronounced in Treasury-focused MMFs, where such fee reductions affect about two-thirds of assets. To a lesser degree, other types of MMFs, such as government and agency as well as tax-exempt funds, would also come under significant additional strain such that further prolonged low interest rates could potentially generate some consolidation and liquidations. In contrast, prime MMFs are likely to be more resilient to the types of reductions in short-term rates that would be result from a lower IOER rate.
Even with further declines in revenues, it remains unclear whether fund sponsors would opt to close MMFs. In early 2009, several fund managers indicated that they believed that Treasury-focused MMFs could survive roughly a year in the current low interest rate environment, but fund closures have been minimal to date. Fund sponsors' decisions to keep MMFs open likely reflect more than just a profit-loss determination at individual funds. 12 [Footnote 12. For example, some money fund managers have closed Treasury as well as government and agency funds to new investors but have kept them open for existing investors. End footnote.] The value of maintaining MMFs as part of a menu of investment products may be important for asset managers, and sponsors may choose alternatives to fund liquidation to avoid losing customers and business lines.
On balance, we would expect declines in short-term market rates associated with a cut in the IOER rate to a level of 10 basis points to prompt additional outflows from MMFs as investors seek higher yields. At the same time, the prospect of some fund closures would have to be countenanced, with Treasury-focused funds likely the most affected.
11 This figure is calculated by summing the assets under management in all of the funds for which the current gross yield falls short of the expense ratio reported in August 2008, and likely under-represents actual fee reductions.
12 For example, some money fund managers have closed Treasury as well as government and agency funds to new investors but have kept them open for existing investors.
However, we would expect MMFs to remain a significant source of funding in short-term money markets, albeit at possibly reduced levels.
Effects of Changes in Money Market Funds on Money Markets
Although severe further attrition within the money fund industry as a whole is not seen as a likely outcome of lowering IOER to 10 basis points, this possibility cannot be excluded. To the degree that shareholders in MMFs instead invest directly in money market instruments, asset holdings and trading flows and relationships might shift, with some degree of temporary disruption possible. But after these adjustments, the remaining impact on money market rates should be limited. Treasury-focused funds, which are most likely to be significantly affected by lower rates, have a very limited effect on the market for Treasury securities because these funds hold a relatively small share of outstanding Treasury bills. Institutional investors hold over 75 percent of the money in Treasury-focused funds, and many of these investors probably could participate directly in the underlying markets.
The consequences could be somewhat different in the event of large-scale attrition or liquidation of MMFs if investors re-allocated their funds mostly into bank deposits or other bank liabilities rather than directly into wholesale money markets. This outcome seems more likely for retail investors, who represent about one-third of the assets under management at MMFs and who likely would be less able to participate directly in these wholesale money markets. Instead of lending in money markets, banks would have the option to earn 10 basis points risk free by holding these funds, and would therefore not have the same incentives to recycle funds previously invested in MMFs at rates lower (or even just slightly higher) than the IOER rate. In such a case, institutions with large structural deficiencies, such as securities dealers, might have to pay rates slightly above the IOER rate to obtain funding. Thus, at positive IOER rate levels, a large scale reallocation of some short-term funds away from MMFs into banks would tend to partially countervail the downward pressure on overnight funding rates of a reduced IOER.
Option 2: Lowering the IOER Rate to Zero
Effects on Short-Term Money Market Rates and Trading Flows
Cutting the IOER rate to zero would remove incentives that banks currently have (and would still be expected to have even at an IOER rate of 10 basis points) to borrow in the market in order to arbitrage between funding rates and the IOER rate, eliminating one current source of demand in funding markets. However, financial institutions that rely on money markets to cover structural balance sheet deficiencies, including securities dealers and some banks, would still demand overnight and other short-term financing. Thus, we would anticipate that overnight money market rates could fall to the minimal levels needed to induce prospective lenders (which would now include banks holding sizable surplus reserves) to lend, which could be at rates as low as 5 basis points or even somewhat less.
Volumes in the overnight bank funding market (including both U.S.-brokered Eurodollar and federal funds transactions) could drop off significantly as banks ceased to arbitrage
funding markets to earn the rate paid on excess reserves. Associated with this decline in trading volume could be some atrophying of the supporting infrastructure, which could have longer-run implications for market functioning (including changes possibly associated with shifts in funding out of MMFs, which are discussed below). 13 [Footnote 13. After the Bank of Japan's quantitative easing policy ended, money market activity generally recovered, although uncollateralized trading volumes never fully returned to earlier levels. However, there are some significant differences between Japanese and U.S. institutional arrangements. For more detail, refer to "Japanese Money Markets during Periods of Low or Zero Interest Rates," Fang Cai and Clara Vega, memo to the FOMC, December 5, 2008. End footnote.] Borrowing volumes by dealers in secured funding markets would likely be much less affected. 14 [Footnote 14. This discussion largely assumes that cutting IOER to zero would not directly affect the incentives that borrowers in these markets might have to change their reliance on these funding markets. It is not obvious, for example, whether dealers would have a clear incentive to either increase or decrease their securities inventories. However, narrowing and even reversing the spread between the IOER rate and overnight funding rates could alter banks' demand for and the distribution of excess reserves. End footnote.] GSEs might remain participants in secured overnight money markets, and banks might even be induced to re-enter these markets as lenders more regularly. But while incentives for money market trading might be lessened or removed, we would not anticipate that this would cause rates in the overnight sector to become de-linked from longer-term rates.
Effects on MMFs
Previous research projected nearly complete revenue losses for Treasury-focused funds at effective market rates in the low single digits. 15 [Footnote 15. "Effects of Very Low Policy Rates on Money Market Funds," Patrick Dwyer, Patrick McCabe, Brian Mulligan, and Steve Oliner. Memo to the FOMC, December 5, 2008. End footnote.] Such losses could be enough to lead to widespread closures of these funds, although prime funds would likely continue to function despite some additional revenue losses with the IOER rate at zero. Even if MMF sponsors were willing to absorb the revenue losses associated with lower market rates, the lower returns to investors on these funds and even the reduced lending opportunities these funds could face might lead to a potentially substantial acceleration in money fund outflows into direct trading or bank liabilities. To an even more substantial degree than would be anticipated in the case where the IOER rate were cut to just a modestly positive level, MMF liquidations would be likely to prompt a significant reallocation into bank deposits. But unlike the case in which the IOER rate is left at a modestly positive level, banks would have an incentive to reinvest these funds at prevailing money market rates.
Additional Effects
A cut in the IOER rate to zero, associated declines in short-term market rates, and increasing inflows into bank deposits could have important implications for the banking sector. 16 [Footnote 16. To a lesser degree, some of these effects would likely materialize even with smaller cuts in the IOER rate. End footnote.] Deposit inflows would reduce bank leverage ratios, although for the most part these ratios are comfortably above regulatory standards. With money market yields declining, rates on deposit liabilities already at or near zero, and the spread between the
13 After the Bank of Japan's quantitative easing policy ended, money market activity generally recovered, although uncollateralized trading volumes never fully returned to earlier levels. However, there are some significant differences between Japanese and U.S. institutional arrangements. For more detail, refer to "Japanese Money Markets during Periods of Low or Zero Interest Rates," Fang Cai and Clara Vega, memo to the FOMC, December 5, 2008.
14 This discussion largely assumes that cutting IOER to zero would not directly affect the incentives that borrowers in these markets might have to change their reliance on these funding markets. It is not obvious, for example, whether dealers would have a clear incentive to either increase or decrease their securities inventories. However, narrowing and even reversing the spread between the IOER rate and overnight funding rates could alter banks' demand for and the distribution of excess reserves.
15 "Effects of Very Low Policy Rates on Money Market Funds," Patrick Dwyer, Patrick McCabe, Brian Mulligan, and Steve Oliner. Memo to the FOMC, December 5, 2008.
16 To a lesser degree, some of these effects would likely materialize even with smaller cuts in the IOER rate.
IOER rate and rates in wholesale funding markets likely to narrow, banks' net interest margins could decline somewhat. 17 [Footnote 17. With $1 trillion of excess reserves, elimination of a 5-basis-point spread between the IOER rate and bank funding costs, which may approximate the effective current spread, would represent a net annual loss of $500 million to the banking sector, or about 0.4 basis points on industry ROA. End footnote.] Banks are likely to respond to these pressures by cutting effective returns on bank deposits and by raising service charges where possible to offset their impact on bank balance sheets and spreads. Public demand for currency could expand, although Japan's experience with near-zero rates for many years does not suggest that currency demand would likely create severe distortions.
One previous concern, the possible impact on Treasury market liquidity of very low market rates, would likely be greatly eased because of the recent adoption of a penalty fee for delivery fails on trades in Treasury cash and repo markets. Absent this penalty, liquidity in Treasury cash markets had suffered in low interest rate environments in the past as the effective cost for fails was very low and the incidence of such fails increased substantially. The penalty fee appears to have been effective in reducing the incidence of delivery fails in the current low rate environment, and it would be expected to remain effective even if the IOER rate were set to zero. However, other financing markets, including those for MBS, would remain vulnerable to this risk. Indeed, the level of fails in the agency MBS market is already very elevated.
Option 3: Lowering the IOER Rate below Zero
Negative IOER in Other Countries
Assessing the possible impact of a negative IOER rate is challenging because there is virtually no domestic or international experience with negative policy rates on which to draw. In Sweden, the Riksbank has, since July 2009, maintained a negative interest rate on excess deposits held overnight by DIs. However, the Riksbank's daily and weekly market operations are aimed at maintaining overnight rates within a corridor whose lower bound is positive. The deposit facility, for which the rate is negative, is normally little used, and its rate thus has little direct impact on market rates. The Bank of England reportedly considered a negative rate target in its internal deliberations, but never implemented such a policy.
Legal and Practical Obstacles for Setting the IOER Rate Below Zero
There are several potentially substantial legal and practical constraints to implementing a negative IOER rate regime, some of which would be binding at any IOER rate below zero, even a rate just slightly below zero. Most notably, it is not at all clear that the Federal Reserve Act permits negative IOER rates, and more staff analysis would be needed to establish the Federal Reserve's authority in this area. In addition, the Federal Reserve computer systems used to calculate and manage interest on reserves do not currently allow for the possibility of a negative IOER rate, although these systems could be modified over time if needed. 18 [Footnote 18. A rough estimate is that a few months would be required to make the needed system changes. End footnote.] Moreover, if negative IOER rates were to pull Treasury bill yields into negative territory, the Treasury would encounter difficulties
17 With $1 trillion of excess reserves, elimination of a 5-basis-point spread between the IOER rate and bank funding costs, which may approximate the effective current spread, would represent a net annual loss of $500 million to the banking sector, or about 0.4 basis points on industry ROA.
18 A rough estimate is that a few months would be required to make the needed system changes.
because it cannot accept negative rates at its auctions, although presumably it could modify its systems as well. Finally, as discussed further below, at sufficiently negative IOER rates, DIs might opt to shift a significant quantity of their reserve balances into currency. Present Federal Reserve inventories of currency, at about $200 billion, would not be adequate to cover large-scale conversion of the nearly $1 trillion in reserve balances to banknotes. 19 [Footnote 19. Production capacity for $100 bills, the largest denomination in production, is uncertain, but is no more than $500 billion per year. In the extreme, presumably production of larger-denomination banknotes could be reinstated, but at least one year's lead time would be required before production of such notes could begin. There is precedent for the use of denominations up to $10,000 in general and for denominations up to $100,000 for transactions between the Federal Reserve and the Treasury. In addition, the information that currency production is being ramped up substantially, or that any other changes to banknote management are being made, could have large and unpredictable consequences if such changes were misinterpreted as pointing to higher inflation. End footnote.] While the operational and legal impediments to a negative IOER rate are likely to be significant, for the remainder of this discussion we will assume that they can be overcome.
Currency and Substantially Negative IOER Rates
The ability of both DIs and the public to hold currency in place of any instrument yielding a negative return could prevent a sizable negative IOER rate translating into significantly negative short-term rates. With sufficiently negative IOER rates, DIs would substitute currency in the form of vault cash for reserve balances on a substantial scale to evade the costs associated with holding reserve balances, thereby significantly reducing reserve levels. In addition to reducing the total costs DIs face as a result of a negative IOER rate, sharply lower levels of reserve balances would likely prevent reductions in the IOER rate from being fully passed through to short-term market rates. At the same time, investors, including bank depositors, could counter attempts by banks to pass along a large negative IOER rate in the form of sharply higher service fees by increasing their own holdings of currency, subject to their own storage costs, which would further reduce reserve balances.
The exact point at which it would become cost effective to convert reserve balances to currency is uncertain, though it would presumably differ from bank to bank. For large denominations, the cost of shipping banknotes is on the order of one basis point; in addition, banks would have to cover the costs of storing additional vault cash holdings, which are in the range of 3 basis points per month (36 basis points per year). 20 [Footnote 20. These estimates are very rough and are based on rental of space for relatively small volumes of notes. It is not clear whether costs would increase linearly or at a higher or lower rate for larger volumes. We would not anticipate that DIs would be moving currency back and forth between their vaults and the Federal Reserve in response to short-term payment flows, which would entail higher transportation costs, but rather would adopt reserve management strategies that would primarily involve increasing currency holdings and working with the implied lower reserve balances over extended periods. Specifically, we would anticipate that profit-maximizing DIs would manage their currency inventories conditional on transportation and storage costs for banknotes, the IOER rate, borrowing rates, and daylight and overnight overdraft fees. In addition, it should be noted that the Federal Reserve's existing custodial inventory program allows DIs to convert some denominations of currency held in their vaults to balances without physically moving it. End footnote.] Thus, a
19 Production capacity for $100 bills, the largest denomination in production, is uncertain, but is no more than $500 billion per year. In the extreme, presumably production of larger-denomination banknotes could be reinstated, but at least one year's lead time would be required before production of such notes could begin. There is precedent for the use of denominations up to $10,000 in general and for denominations up to $100,000 for transactions between the Federal Reserve and the Treasury. In addition, the information that currency production is being ramped up substantially, or that any other changes to banknote management are being made, could have large and unpredictable consequences if such changes were misinterpreted as pointing to higher inflation.
20 These estimates are very rough and are based on rental of space for relatively small volumes of notes. It is not clear whether costs would increase linearly or at a higher or lower rate for larger volumes. We would not anticipate that DIs would be moving currency back and forth between their vaults and the Federal Reserve in response to short-term payment flows, which would entail higher transportation costs, but rather would adopt reserve management strategies that would primarily involve increasing currency holdings and working with the implied lower reserve balances over extended periods. Specifically, we would anticipate that profit-maximizing DIs would manage their currency inventories conditional on transportation and storage costs for banknotes, the IOER rate, borrowing rates, and daylight and overnight overdraft fees. In addition, it should be noted that the Federal Reserve's existing custodial inventory program allows DIs to convert some denominations of currency held in their vaults to balances without physically moving it.
negative IOER rate below about -35 basis points might have the potential to trigger a significant reduction in banks' reserve balance holdings, at least among those that actively manage their accounts. The aggregate effect of DIs' actions to convert reserve balances to currency on a large scale would tend to counteract the effect a negative IOER rate would have on funding rates. 21 [Footnote 21. The impact of lower reserve levels on market rates is difficult to anticipate. Market rates will depend on the levels of the primary credit and IOER rates (assumed to be modestly positive and negative, respectively), the distribution of reserve shocks DIs face, and their level of reserve balances. A lower level of balances is expected to be associated with higher market rates. However, this effect might not be pronounced unless reserve levels fell well below current levels. End footnote.]
Impact of a Modestly Negative IOER on Short-Term Interest Rates
At a modestly negative IOER rate, that is, between 0 and -30 basis points, DIs might not find it cost-effective to convert a significant portion of their excess reserves to currency, and such a rate could put some further downward pressures on short-term rates. In addition, whether or not most excess reserves were converted to vault cash, any negative IOER rate would still affect banks reaching the end of the day with excess balances from either supply shocks or intentional buffer stocks. These banks would face lower rates in a negative-IOER environment, and moderate further declines in short-term rates could potentially occur. Additionally, a negative IOER rate would likely result in attempts by DIs to pass along the costs associated with holding excess reserves to investors and depositors, and could induce some trading in short-term markets at negative rates, although competitive pressures and the expected duration of the negative rate would likely play a role in determining the actual impact on rates. 22 [Footnote 22. Banks and bank holding companies have a number of options for passing along costs to their customers and counterparties, including higher account fees and lower deposit rates. It is not obvious how banks would choose to operate in this case. End footnote.]
The degree to which a modest reduction in the IOER rate below zero would put further downward pressure on market rates is uncertain and would be importantly affected by the presence of IOER-ineligible firms (the GSEs and FHLBs in particular), which would tend to limit the size of a possible pass-through to market rates. 23 [Footnote 23. In addition to the possible changes in GSE and FHLB behavior, foreign private institutions, if faced with actually earning negative rates, could lobby their home country central banks to offer dollar-denominated accounts at zero or just slightly negative rates, with those central banks holding balances on deposit at the Fed at a zero rate. End footnote.] If a negative IOER rate did not apply to these institutions, they would be in a position to arbitrage the reserves market, accepting balances from market participants at rates just slightly below zero to earn a risk-free zero return. In the limit, these non-IOER participants could hold nearly all excess balances, severely limiting any pass-through from a negative IOER rate to negative market rates. 24 [Footnote 24. Recall that the counterparty restrictions for the GSEs limit only lending counterparties; any institution is in a position to lend funds to the GSEs. End footnote.] However, it is difficult to know the extent to which these participants would be willing to expand their balance sheets in order to conduct such arbitrage.
21 The impact of lower reserve levels on market rates is difficult to anticipate. Market rates will depend on the levels of the primary credit and IOER rates (assumed to be modestly positive and negative, respectively), the distribution of reserve shocks DIs face, and their level of reserve balances. A lower level of balances is expected to be associated with higher market rates. However, this effect might not be pronounced unless reserve levels fell well below current levels.
22 Banks and bank holding companies have a number of options for passing along costs to their customers and counterparties, including higher account fees and lower deposit rates. It is not obvious how banks would choose to operate in this case.
23 In addition to the possible changes in GSE and FHLB behavior, foreign private institutions, if faced with actually earning negative rates, could lobby their home country central banks to offer dollar-denominated accounts at zero or just slightly negative rates, with those central banks holding balances on deposit at the Fed at a zero rate.
24Recall that the counterparty restrictions for the GSEs limit only lending counterparties; any institution is in a position to lend funds to the GSEs.
The preceding discussion has focused on the implications of the availability of currency and the possible activities of the GSEs for the impact of a negative IOER rate on market rates. It suggests that negative IOER rates are unlikely to reduce market rates dramatically more than an IOER of zero. However, that result hinges on the exact level of rates that would trigger large-scale shifts from reserves into currency, and on the behavior of non-IOER participants in funding markets. Beyond their possible effect on market interest rates, negative IOER rates would likely result in dramatically reduced trading volumes in funding markets, as in the case with the IOER rate set to zero, and in further reductions in the profitability of MMFs, with an increased likelihood that some MMFs, especially Treasury-focused funds, would leave the market.
10 of 11
Source. iMoneyNet.
11 of 11 | <urn:uuid:917b1a37-95ff-470d-85a5-6cf059823303> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 41,900 |
Ten Key Mastery Week 4 Tips Lessons 13 through 17 and Optional Lesson (Timing) 1
Ten Key Mastery Website
Do each lesson AT LEAST three times. If you find any of the reaches in these lessons difficult, do them five times instead of three times.
* Lesson 13 is a 1-minute timing with the 123, 741, 852, 963 and 0 keys. Be patient with yourself when practicing all these key reaches.
* Lesson 14 is a 1-minute timing with just the 456 keys. You'll probably find these reaches quite easy!
* Lesson 15 is a 1-minute timing working with the 456 and 0 keys. Try not to look at the keys when doing the timing.
* Lesson 16 is another 1-minute timing. Take a break before doing this lesson if you haven't had one in a while. You'll practice with the 123 456, 741, 852, 963, and 0 keys. With all these different reaches, this lesson will be more challenging than the last two.
* Lesson 17 is another fairly easy 1-minute timing. You'll practice with the 789 keys in this lesson.
* Optional Lesson (Timing 1) is a 2-minute timing with all the vertical keystrokes. The timing is on Page C-2 in your textbook. For those using the screen-based version, you'll need to click the down arrow on the Lessons icon and change it from Standard to Optional to access the Optional Lessons. | <urn:uuid:001b0e94-4c37-4f27-9153-7347e2df2c6f> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 1,268 |
BULLDOG GIRLS WHO WANT TO LEARN ABOUT CODING
Register on the School Website
September 21—October 2
7 Elementary School Girls
7 Middle School Girls
Girls if you want to learn about:
https://girlswhocode.com/
Coding
Loops
Variables
Team Work
Conditionals Time Management
Functionals
Confidence Communication
Sign up on the website /
See Dr. Donaldson or Mrs. Chaney http://www.rcboe.org/richmond hill — Click Clubs and Organizations | <urn:uuid:48e422f1-0b2f-45ee-a46d-63acf4054619> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 455 |
DEURES DE RECUPERACIÓ MÚSICA 3R D'ESO
DATA D'ENTREGA: dia de l'examen de música de recuperació
Utilitza aquest document per repassar per a l'examen de recuperació. ÉS OBLIGATORI FER-LO I PRESENTAR EL MATEIX DIA DE L'EXAMEN. Pots imprimir el document i fer els exercicis en el mateix full, o pots utilitzar-lo per només mirar, i copiar els exercicis i respostes (entregant-lo com si fos un treball, amb la seva portada i índex, recorda copiar els enunciats)
PER SUPERAR LA MATÈRIA ES COMPTABILITZARÀ: EL 20% LA NOTA DEL CURS, EL 45% DE LA NOTA AQUESTS DEURES I EL 35% L'EXAMEN ESCRIT
Amb aquest dossier de recuperació, no necessites estudiar del llibre. S'ha resumit tots els conceptes importants treballats al llarg del curs, i com veuràs, s’assembla al teu dossier de classe.
És important que et fixis en que hi ha 3 parts: una de llenguatge musical, una amb els apunts de la història de la música i exercicis, i l’última part on has de resumir els conceptes importants de la història. Prepara’t molt bé aquesta tercera part, perquè a l’examen sortiran preguntes basades en aquest resum també (i els exercicis de les altres parts del dossier).
1. LLENGUATGE MUSICAL
ACTIVITATS QUADERN VIRTUAL
Entra a l’enllaç web que hi ha a continuació i realitza totes les activitats del quadern virtual sobre notes i figures.
http://clic.xtec.cat/qv_biblio/act.jsp?activity_id=21
Recorda que has de saber les notes i les figures musicals, així com transcriure bé una partitura musical (copiar-la igual).
A continuació tens exercicis per practicar aquests conceptes, fixa-t’hi bé perquè a l’examen sortiran exercicis molt semblants o iguals.
1. Fixa't amb el següent esquema:
VALORS DE LES NOTES = DURADA
RODONA
BLANCA
NEGRA
CORXERA
1. Escriu el nom del valor de la nota:
\[ \text{o} = \]
\[ \text{d} = \]
\[ \text{j} = \]
\[ \text{n} = \]
\[ \text{n} = \text{SEMICORXERA} \]
\[ \text{n} + \text{n} = \text{nn} \]
2. Escriu les equivalències:
\[ \text{o} = 2\_\_\_\_ \]
\[ \text{d} = 2\_\_\_\_ \]
\[ \text{j} = 2\_\_\_\_ \]
\[ \text{n} = 2\_\_\_\_ \]
\[ \text{nn} = 1\_\_\_\_ \]
3. Completa els següents valors:
\[ \text{o} = 2 \]
\[ 4 \] = 1 _______
\[ 2 \] = 1 _______
\[ 4 \] = 1 _______
\[ 2 \] = 1 _______
4. Fixa't amb els números que hi ha escrit sota les notes. Escrivi el nom dels valors de les notes de següent melodia en els números que hi ha a continuació:
\[
\begin{align*}
&1 &1 &2 &2 \\
&2 &2 &1 &1 &1 &3 \\
&2 &2 &1 &1 &1 &2 &2 \\
&1 &1 &1 &1 &3
\end{align*}
\]
1= __________
2= __________
3= __________
VALORS DELS SILENCIS
| VALOR DE NOTA | VALOR DEL SILENCI |
|---------------|-------------------|
| O | RODONA |
| | |
| | BLANCA |
| | |
| | NEGRA |
| | |
| | CORXERA |
| | |
| | SEMICORXERA |
1. Escriu el nom del valor dels següents silencis:
\[ \text{silenci 1} = \text{__________} \]
\[ \text{silenci 2} = \text{__________} \]
\[ \text{silenci 3} = \text{__________} \]
\[ \text{silenci 4} = \text{__________} \]
\[ \text{silenci 5} = \text{__________} \]
1. Pinta amb els següents colors el valor de les notes de la melodia anterior:
- Rodona amb verd
- Blanca amb vermell
- Negra amb blau
2. Pinta amb els següents colors els valors de les notes de la melodia següent:
- Blanca amb vermell
- Negra amb blau
- Corxera amb lila
- Semicorxera amb taronja
\[
\begin{align*}
&\text{Hashi venuna hashi venuna a donai} \\
&\text{le cha yenuna shuva, venuna} \\
&\text{Cha desh Cha d} \\
&\text{Yame i nu ke ke dem}
\end{align*}
\]
1. Copia la clau de sol:
Clau de sol
Pentagrama (5 línies)
2. Llegeix el nom de les notes:
do re mi fa sol la si do'
Pinta les notes amb els següents colors:
- el do vermell
- el mi blau
- el la groc
- el si taronja
- el re verd
- el do negra
- el sol lila
- el fa gris
3. Escrivi el nom de les notes i pinta-les amb els mateixos colors de l'exercici
1. Escriviu el nom a les següents notes i pinta-les amb els mateixos colors de l'exercici 2.
2. Dibuixa les següents notes i pinta-les amb els mateixos colors de l'exercici 2:
mi sol fa re do do'
si mi la re fa do
3. Fixa't amb les fletxes:
4. Fixa’t amb les següents notes:
do re mi fa sol la si do’ re’ mi’ fa’
5. Escriví el nom de les notes i pinta-les amb els colors de l’exercici 2:
2. Història de la música
2.1. La música medieval (500-1500)
Aquest període de 1.000 anys de durada estigué marcat per la concepció teocèntrica, que considera Déu el centre de l'Univers. Això va determinar una música de gran espiritualitat. L'exemple més conegut és el cant gregorià, una música religiosa destinada al culte diví.
El cant gregorià
Orígens
A l'Edat Mitjana, l'Església veu la necessitat d'unificar la litúrgia, especialment la missa, i que els cants siguin comuns per a tots els fidels. Preocupat per la unitat dels cristians, el papa Gregori I (590-604), mana recopilar les diferents melodies que es canten des de fa segles i crear-ne d'altres noves. Amb això, pretén establir una mateixa litúrgia per a tots els creients.
D'altra banda, amb la finalitat de facilitar la transmissió i la conservació de la música, s'idea un sistema de notació o escriptura musical.
El que actualment coneixem com a cant gregorià constitueix un ampli repertori musical religiós que comprèn des del segle V al XIII i que s'ha convertit en el cant oficial de l'Església Catòlica.
1. Llegeix les afirmacions següents sobre l'antifona i assenyala si són vertaderes o falses.
| Hi intervenen veus sense acompanyament d'instruments, és a dir, és un cant a capella. |
|-----------------------------------------------|
| Es tracta d'un cant amb una sola melodia cantada a l'uníson: és monòdic. |
| Té un ritme regular amb pulsacions molt insistentes. |
| El text està en llatí i el seu contingut és religiós. |
| Es tracta d'una música solemne que està al servei del text. |
| Es produeixen contrastos bruscos, de molt fort a molt suau. |
Música trobadoresca
Paral·lelament al cant gregorià, de caràcter religiós, es va desenvolupar la música trobadoresca, de caràcter profà, que era utilitzada pels trobadors per acompanyar les seves poesies. A Catalunya i a Occitània és on va començar aquest moviment, que després es va estendre per tot Europa. Els trobadors són els creadors de la cançó popular i els joglars, els intèrprets.
Els trobadors són grans poetes que componen a la vegada els versos i la música. De procedència noble, s’eduquen en els monestirs i les escoles catedralícies. Sorgeixen a França al voltant del segle XI i utilitzen la llengua pròpia de la seva regió en lloc del llatí, que és la llengua usada per l’Església.
Els trobadors creen un tipus de cançó refinada i culta que parla d’amor cortès i elogia la dama, l’espirit cavalleresc i els herois de les croades.
Entre els trobadors més importants es troben Adam de la Halle i Alfons X el Savi.
Els joglars, en el seu origen, són recitadors que toquen instruments, ballen, canten i realitzen jocs davant els cortesans i plebeus. A més, divulguen i fan populars les creacions musicals dels trobadors. Els joglars porten les notícies sobre les batalles i els esdeveniments d’interès per les diferents poblacions; per això són ben rebuts per la gent del poble. Un dels joglars més famosos és Marcabrus, que resideix a la cort de Castella i Lleó al segle XII.
Un altre grup de músics poetes són els denominats goliards. Es caracteritzen per les seves composicions burlesques i crítiques cap a la societat del seu temps. Alguns goliards procedeixen d’ambients universitaris i vesteixen amb hàbit de monjo encara que no siguin religiosos. Aquests músics interpreten una sèrie de composicions que imiten amb to burlesc les cançons dels trobadors. De vegades, utilitzen el llatí.
Característiques de la música medieval religiosa: el cant gregorià.
- Cant *a capella* (sense acompanyament instrumental).
- El text és en llatí, la llengua oficial de l’Església.
- La música està al servei del text, amb ritme lliure.
- La textura és monòdica.
- És cantada per homes.
Característiques de la música medieval profana: trobadors, goliards i joglars.
- Música monòdica, acompanyada per instruments, en general sil·làbica i amb figures melismàtiques.
- El ritme pot ser regular o lliure.
- El text és en llengua vulgar (occità, francès o alemany), no en llatí.
- El tema preferit és l’amor cortès.
1. “In taberna quando sumus” és, per la seva rima i melodia, una seqüència (són idèntiques cada dos versos). Assenyala si són vertaderes o falses les següents afirmacions, després d’escoltar “In taberna quando sumus”:
És una música vocal *a capella*
Es tracta d’un cant polifònic perquè té una sola melodia
Canten un text en què s’utilitza la mateixa rima cada dos versos
És un cant melismàtic
La melodia és idèntica cada dos versos i resulta molt repetitiva
El ritme és més marcat que el de les melodies gregorianes
Un instrument produceix la mateixa nota, constant, de manera gairebé ininterrompuda.
Utilitza la llengua pròpia de trobadors i joglars
2. Una cançó trobadoresa: *Tant m’abelis*, Berenguer de Palou.
Escolta aquesta cançó del trobador Berenguer de Palou i fixa’t en els aspectes següents:
- Es tracta d’una cançó monòdica o polifònica?...............................................................
- En la introducció, els instruments toquen junts o bé dialoguen entre ells?
- Llegeix la traducció del poema i escolta la cançó seguint el text.
| Tan plaent m’és l’amor, la felicitat, el cant, |
| tan alegre i ple de cortesia, |
| que, per molt que el món m’oferís, |
| no fóra prou per poder-ho acceptar, |
| car sé prou bé que la meva dama té les claus |
| de tots els béns que espero i desitjo, |
| i que res de tot això no tindré sense ella. |
| El seu valor, la seva cara humil, |
| la seva veu dolça, la seva gentilesa |
| em fa sentir en tot moment sa senyoria, |
| no hi ha dama que m’empari tant. |
| I si el seu cor no m’escolta |
| i amb pietat no em reté, |
| de l’Amor, ja no n’obtindré cap plaer. |
2.2. El Renaixement (1500-1600)
El Renaixement és un període d'expansió de les ciències i dels descobriments geogràfics. El centre de l'Univers era l'home (antropocentrisme) i no pas Déu (teocentrisme). La invenció de la impremta contribueix a la difusió de la cultura per tot Europa.
La polifonia iniciada a la 2a meitat de l'edat medieval, continua sent la característica musical principal, ara amb un accent expressiu diferent, gràcies a l'Humanisme de l'època.
Van aparèixer els cançoners, en què es recollien composicions a diverses veus en formes variades. A les terres de parla catalana, els cançoners són testimoni de la música feta a les corts renaixentistes i cal destacar-ne el Cançoner del duc de Calàbria.
Les cançons exploren temes relacionats amb les preocupacions i les emocions humanes (el plaer de l'amor i el dolor quan es perd, l'alegria de la festa, la bellesa de la natura, la companyonia, ...). Moltes d'elles tenen un aire de dansa, amb una textura senzilla de tipus homofònic (totes les veus van alhora cantant).
**Característiques de la música renaixentista: la curiositat i l'afany de conèixer el funcionament de la natura i de l'ésser humà.**
- Triomf i culminació del gran descobriment medieval: **la polifonia**. La majoria de composicions són a 4 veus (no existeix la melodia sola).
- El llatí perd protagonisme a favor de la llengua de cada país i el contingut dels textos resulta més accessible a la gent.
- Augmenta l'afició per la música, gràcies a la impremta.
- Dins de la polifonia podem trobar l'estil homofònic (més senzill) i el contrapuntístic (més complicat).
- Les peces són molt homogènies. Mantenen el mateix caràcter al llarg de tota l'obra.
1. Escolta una nadala de Juan del Encina que pertany al *Cancionero de Palacio*: “Hoy comamos y bebamos”. Formava part d'una égloga que es representava per carnestoltes. Quan l'escoltis, fixa't en les següents característiques:
- ritme flexible i variat.
- cant sil·làbic del text.
- temes preferits per Juan del Encina: amorosos i divertits.
2. Escolta aquesta dansa: “pavana Belle que tiens ma vie” Anònima. Escolta primer la versió instrumental i després la versió cantada. És un exemple del costum d'adaptar les danses d'èxit a la veu.
La necessitat de música per a les cerimònies civils i el culte religiós creix durant el Renaixement.
Els bons llocs de treball es concentren en la cort i en l'Església: la demanda de músics per a les capelles cortesanes i eclesiàstiques és constant. Els músics s'iniciaven cantant en el cor i, a partir d'aquí, ascendien lentament. Una vegada contractats, rebien un salari. Entre les seves obligacions, hi havia la d'acompanyar els seus senyors en els desplaçaments: si dibuixéssim en el mapa d'Europa els viatges dels compositors del Renaixement, aquest esdevindria una veritable teranyina d'anades i vingudes. Aquesta mobilitat contribuí a la difusió de procediments i d'estils musicals.
Els bons músics es cotitzaven molt, perquè contribuïen a donar esplendor i prestigi a la cort. Tant era així que les capelles rivalitzaven entre elles per aconseguir els compositors més valorats del moment, d'una manera semblant a com els clubs de futbol actuals es disputen les estrelles d'aquest esport. La gent poderosa invertia part de la seva riquesa a fomentar les arts, actuant de mecenes.
2.3. El Barroc (1600-1750)
Durant aquest període s'estabilitzen les grans monarquies europees, que s'envolten de pompa, luxe i grandiositat. Es produeixen grans avenços en les ciències i les matemàtiques. La població viu pobrament i és delmada per epidèmies de malalties encara incurables.
L'art barroc neix a Itàlia, però ràpid es difon per tot Europa. És un art decoratiu, sensual, tot moviment i contrast. El seu estil és molt expressiu, amb un gran sentit del dramatisme. Pot arribar a ser efectista i luxuriant a causa de la passió per la fantasia i l'ornamentació.
Bach en el cinema
Johann Sebastian Bach és el compositor més important de l'època barroca i un dels més universals i genials. Per aquest motiu, algunes de les seves grans obres han estat
escollides pels creadors de bandes sonores per acompanyar també grans obres cinematogràfiques.
1. Escolta la Tocata i fuga en re menor BWV 565, de Johann Sebastian Bach. Molts directors de cinema han escollit aquesta obra per recrear un ambient de terror i suspens.
Si mires aquest enllaç veuràs la partitura mentres avança la música: [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-xQncdT9QGA](http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-xQncdT9QGA)
Observa el símbol de calderó (serveix per allargar el so tant com es vulgui) els silencis i el mordent (significa que cal tocar la nota de la partitura seguida de la nota inferior i tornar ràpidament a la nota de la partitura). Aquests 3 elements i que sigui una tonalitat menor creen una sensació de suspens i terror des de l’inici de l’obra.
### Característiques de la música barroca: realisme, grandiositat i dinamisme
| Característiques estètiques |
|-----------------------------|
| **Característica predominant:** EL CONTRAST. |
| Tendència cap a l’expressionisme, és a dir, cap a la manifestació de la realitat de forma exagerada. |
| Dramatisme, expressió de sentiments dramàtics en l’obra musical mitjançant els contrastos. |
| De tempo, entre fragments ràpids i fragments lents. |
| Timbrics, entre famílies d’instruments. |
| Força emotiva de la paraula en la música vocal, que dóna una visió de la música il·limitada i grandiosa. |
| La imatge barroca de Déu correspon a la d’un rei poderós. En conseqüència, la música religiosa esdevé tan grandiosa, ornamentada, expressiva i sensual com la música profana. |
**L’entorn social de l’època:**
- monarquies autoritàries: utilitzen la música com una manifestació més del seu poder.
- la religió: l’església serà l’altre gran motor de la música, amb el propòsit d’arribar als fidels a través de cerimònies amb grans formes musicals.
**Autors:** Bach Vivaldi Haendel Pachelbel.
Característiques musicals
- El ritme és mecànic, repetitiu i molt marcat.
- La textura més utilitzada és el contrapunt - les veus es persegueixen i s’imiten-, que serà substituït progressivament per l’homofonia.
- Desenvolupament del baix continu, interpretat per contrabaixos o per instruments de teclat.
- Alternança d’acords dissonants i consonants per crear els estats de tensió i fusió.
- Separació entre música vocal i música instrumental.
- Sorgeix l’orquestra i es perfeccionen els grups de cambra (petits grups instrumentals).
2. Escolta Zadok the priest, de Georg Haendel (1685-1759).
Aquesta obra de Haendel, contemporani de Johann Sebastian Bach, et recordarà molt l’actual himne de la Lliga de Campions, un exemple més que la música històrica té un gran lligam amb l’actualitat.
3. Escolta aquest fragment de música religiosa; és un cor d’el Messies, de Händel, un dels oratoris més coneguts, que s’acostuma a cantar per Nadal.
Analitza’n alguns aspectes:
• Tria els adjectius que defineixin millor el caràcter del fragment.
ÍNTIM RECOLLIT GRANDIÓS SERÈ VICTORIÓS
• El fragment seleccionat s’inicia de forma fugada. Digues amb quin ordre entren les veus del cor.
SOPRANOS CONTRALTS TENORS BAIXOS
• En els darrers compassos, la textura és:
CONTRAPUNT HOMOFONIA
2.4. El Classicisme (1750-1820)
Les grans monarquies europees exercien un poder absolut, que és qüestionat per primera vegada arran de la Revolució Francesa de 1789. Un gran moviment cultural i progressista – la Il·lustració – promou l’ideal d’igualtat i de benestar per a tothom a través de l’educació i el coneixement. Les actituds es regeixen per la raó i el sentit comú. El gust pel saber es tradueix en un gran desenvolupament de la investigació i la ciència.
L'art d'aquest període s'inspira en els ideals de la cultura clàssica de Grècia i Roma. La raó i la intel·ligència brillen al servei de la bellesa i de l'equilibri.
Impera la idea generalitzada que la música és un entreteniment innocent que serveix per fer la vida més agradable. És a dir, que la moderació, l'ordre i el bon gust presideixen la música clàssica.
El resultat és una música elegant, enginyosa, que busca la bellesa en la simplicitat, la proporció i l'equilibri.
És expressiva, però sense perdre mai les formes; en el classicisme es té un gran respecte per les formes.
Mica en mica, la música es va desenvolupant en els cercles de la burgesia i de la noblesa. Al mateix temps, els concerts públics van anar adquirint cada vegada més importància. Els músics classicistes es declararen artistes independents, abandonaren els mecenes i començaren a fer un art cada vegada més elegant i agradable per a un públic que havien de convèncer.
El Capitoli d'E.E.U.U. d'estil neoclàssic.
**Mozart en el cinema**
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart és el músic del període del classicisme més conegut. Tot i la seva curta vida, va tenir una producció musical extensa que sovint ha estat utilitzada en les bandes sonores. Una obra molt universal és el “Rondó a la turca”.
3. Assenyala amb una B o una C les característiques següents, segons si predominen en el Barroc o en el Classicisme:
| Línies rectes | Línies corbes |
|---------------|--------------|
| Simplicitat | Ornamentació |
| Contrastos | Matisos |
| Espectacularitat | Subtilesa |
| Dramatism | Moderació |
**DE L’ÒPERA BARROCA A L’ÒPERA CLÀSSICA**
Malgrat que l’òpera s’inventa en el Barroc, en el classicisme aconsegueix una naturalitat que la fa més pròxima i accessible.
L’òpera barroca estava pensada per complaure un cercle tancat d’aristòcrates i poderosos, a qui agradaven els temes heroics i els personatges mitològics i irreals.
En l’òpera clàssica, les situacions són més familiars i els personatges es comporten de manera creïble: sembla que sentin de debò emocions humanes, com la il·lusió, la vanitat, el desig, la gelosia, el perdó, l’ambició, la tristesa, la tendresa o tantes d’altres. Els canvis produïts en la societat acosten l’òpera a un públic més ampli.
La humanitat de l’òpera clàssica
Llegeix l’argument de l’òpera de Mozart *Cosi fan tutte*.
**ARGUMENT**
Dues germanes joves estan desesperades perquè els seus promesos han d’anar a la guerra. Tanmateix, ben aviat, dos nois molt atractius comencen a rondar-les; en realitat són els seus promesos, disfressats per tal de no ser reconeguts.
Què pretenen els dos nois amb aquest engany malintencionat? Doncs demostrar a un amic –el senyor Alfons–, que no creu en la fidelitat de les dones, que les seves promeses no són com les altres, sinó que elles els seran fidels durant la seva –fingida– absència.
Efectivament, les dues germanes, bojament enamorades dels seus promesos, estan desconsolades, però no per gaire temps. A causa de les idees que Despina els inculca –és la serventa desvergonyida– i dels afaflacs dels nous pretendents, que arriben a l’extrem d’emmetzinar-se per amor, cedeixen a la temptació de deixar-se estimar.
Hi haurà morts i venjances? Doncs no: tot acaba en perdó i reconciliació. La conclusió de l’obra és típicament clàssica: encara que les dues noies han demostrat la seva debilitat, no per això són menys encantadores. La debilitat forma part de l’espècie humana. A més... qui ha enganyat a qui?
**ÀRIA DE DESPINA**
In uomini, in soldati
esperare fedeltà?
Non mi fate sentir, per carità! (bis)
Di pasta simile son tutti quanti;
le fronde mobili, l’aure inconstanti
han piú degli uomini stabilità.
Mentite lagrime, fallaci sguardi,
voci ingannevoli, vezzi bugiardi,
son le primarie lor qualità (bis).
In noi non amano che il lor diletteto,
poi ci dispreggiano, neganci affetto,
né val da barbari chieder pietà...
¿D’un home, d’un soldat
esperar fidelitat?
Si us plau, no em feu riure!
Tots plegats són de la mateixa pasta;
el fullam mobil, l’oreig voluble
tenen més estabilitat que un home.
Llàgrimes fingides, mirades falses,
veus enganyoses, càricies i mentides;
aquestes són les seves principals qualitats.
De nosaltres, només en busquen diversió,
després et menyspreen i et neguen l’afecte;
de res no serveix implorar-los pietat...
- El senyor Alfons no té gaire bon concepte de les dones. Resumeix el concepte que Despina, la serventa, té dels homes.
- Escota una intervenció de Despina. És una noia molt pràctica i recomana a les seves senyores que surtin i es diverteixin. Mozart escriu per a Despina una música de gran senzillesa, que subratlla el caràcter popular d’aquest personatge.
*Ària. Così fan tutte.* W.A. Mozart
2.5. El Romanticisme (1820-1900)
Si durant l'època del classicisme la música estava al servei de la claredat i la perfecció formal, durant el romanticisme estava al servei dels sentiments apassionats de l'home romàntic. Durant el segle XIX, la burgesia aconsegueix tenir cada vegada més influència econòmica i reclama també el seu propi espai en el poder polític. Després de diverses revolucions, s'estenen progressivament formes de govern més participatives.
El romanticisme és una etapa de pensament idealista i radical, en què es valora la llibertat per damunt de tot. Sorgeixen els nacionalismes i les actituds es regeixen més pels sentiments que per la raó.
L'artista romàntic és individualista: utilitza l'art per expressar les seves idees i sentiments personals, rebutja les normes imposades des de fora. Un fet anecdòtic però que il·lustra aquesta tendència, és la desaparició de les perruques, accessoris del vestuari que uniformava l'aspecte de les persones.
La imatge de l'artista incomprès, tancat en ell mateix i allunyat de la realitat, prové d'aquesta època. Quan l'artista és reconegut per la societat, és elevat a la categoria de geni i lloat per la gent fins a l'exageració. La mentalitat romàntica és la responsable del fenomen dels fans: per primer cop, la societat percep l'artista com una persona diferent, única i irrepetible.
Les personalitats dels músics del Romanticisme, lluny de la fredor d'èpoques passades, fan que els productors de cinema estiguin interessats a fer-ne biografies, en què la música dels compositors és la gran protagonista.
El romanticisme sent passió per tot allò que és llunyà, mègic i irreal. Tant en la música com en la literatura i la pintura hi ha referències constants a indrets exòtics o meravellosos, éssers fantàstics, la natura misteriosa, antigues llegendes...
La música romàntica abandona l'equilibri clàssic per buscar una expressió més directa i apassionada dels sentiments i les emocions.
Característiques de la música en el romanticisme: subjectivisme, expressió de sentiments i llibertat creadora
| Característiques estètiques |
|----------------------------|
| - El músic és un artista lliure, el contingut preval a la forma. |
| - Nacionalismes: s’incorporen melodies populars. |
| - És molt important l’expressió dels sentiments de l’autor i per tant la inspiració. |
| - La font d’inspiració és el món interior i les èpoques i terres llunyanes i llegendàries. |
| Característiques musicals |
|--------------------------|
| - El ritme és més lliure i depèn dels sentiments momentanis del compositor. |
| - La melodia és l’element més important. |
| - Instruments: orquestra simfònica (amb percussió i director) i piano. |
| - El timbre s’enriqueix molt gràcies als avenços tècnics aplicats als instruments. |
El romanticisme espectacular
Durant el romanticisme, l’orquestra pràcticament dobla el nombre d’instruments respecte del període anterior.
Les grans formes instrumentals del classicisme (sonata, simfonia i concert), continuen vigents, però cada cop són més lliures: la imaginació romàntica i les formes tancades són incompatibles.
L’esquema clàssic de la simfonia es respecta cada cop menys, de manera que sorgeixen noves formes per l’orquestra, més obertes, que permeten als compositors desfermar la seva fantasia. En molts casos s’usa l’orquestra amb una finalitat narrativa, com el poema simfònic o en les obres per a ballet.
Beethoven, entre el classicisme i el romanticisme
Les modes no canvien de cop i volta, ni perquè sí: sempre necessiten un creador que impulsi una nova tendència. Aquest creador treballa amb la idea de donar una nova forma als objectes –els mobles, els pantalons, la forma dels cotxes, les sabates...– i busca la manera de dur-la a la pràctica.
Beethoven fou un creador molt important: va emprendre el camí de la moda de la música clàssica, és a dir, una música equilibrada, construïda amb unes normes estrictes, que busca la bellesa i que no reflecteix les emocions dels compositors, i la va portar per nous camins.
Aquest compositor va omplir la música de passions, va anar alliberant i esbotzant les formes, va buscar, més que la bellesa pura, la bellesa comunicadora de passions, de sentiments, una música que reflecteix el moment personal del compositor. | <urn:uuid:eacc4403-9ed9-4705-aa09-446216349df3> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/cat_Latn/train | finepdfs | cat_Latn | 27,008 |
DEVELOPPEMENT D'UNE METHODE DE MESURE DE L'IMPEDANCE GLOBALE D'UNE INSTALLATION POUR LA TRANSMISSION CPL
Imène Elfeki, Ismail Aouichak, Thierry Doligez, Yves Raingeaud, Jean-Charles Lebunetel
To cite this version:
Imène Elfeki, Ismail Aouichak, Thierry Doligez, Yves Raingeaud, Jean-Charles Lebunetel. DEVELOPPEMENT D'UNE METHODE DE MESURE DE L'IMPEDANCE GLOBALE D'UNE INSTALLATION POUR LA TRANSMISSION CPL. 19ème Colloque International et Exposition sur la Compatibilité ÉlectroMagnétique (CEM 2018), Jul 2018, Paris, France. hal-02020568
HAL Id: hal-02020568
https://hal-univ-tours.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02020568
Submitted on 15 Feb 2019
HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.
L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.
DEVELOPPEMENT D'UNE METHODE DE MESURE DE L'IMPEDANCE GLOBALE D'UNE INSTALLATION POUR LA TRANSMISSION CPL
Imene ELFEKI 1, 2 , Ismail AOUICHAK 1 , Thierry DOLIGEZ 2 , Yves. RAINGEAUD 1 , Jean-Charles LEBUNETEL 1
1 GREMAN CNRS 7347, Université de Tours 2 Laboratoire des Applications Numériques (LAN)
Résumé. L'impédance d'accès au réseau au niveau du smart compteur Linky pour la communication CPL bas débit dépend de l'impédance globale d'une installation. L'intérêt de ce papier est de mesurer l'impédance globale d'une installation domestique en utilisant un filtre LCL pour masquer l'impédance du réseau. La variation fréquentielle et temporelle de l'impédance globale d'une maison dans la bande de fréquence entre 30kHz et 500 kHz est mesurée en plusieurs scénarii. La classification des charges domestiques selon leurs impacts sur l'impédance globale de l'installation est indispensable pour améliorer la communication CPL bas débit dans un réseau basse tension.
I. INTRODUCTION
L'utilisation du réseau de distribution basse tension pour la communication courant porteur en ligne CPL est une solution qui intéresse de nombreux distributeurs d'énergie dans le monde. Le principal avantage des communications CPL réside dans l'utilisation de l'infrastructure de câbles existante entre le poste de transformation HTA\BT et le compteur intelligent côté client.
La réglementation dans le domaine de la CEM comme la norme française NF EN 50065 et le Comité européen de l'électrotechnique CENELEC a spécifié le niveau maximum de la transmission sur les réseaux électriques basse tension. Dans la bande CENELEC-A de 35,9 kHz à 90,6 kHz le niveau maximum est défini de 134 dBμV à 120 dBμV en monophasé et triphasé. Dans la bande FCC de 150 kHz à 487 kHz, le niveau de transmission maximal est fixé à 66 dBμV [1].
La transmission CPL dans un réseau basse tension se caractérise par une faible impédance d'accès spécifiquement côté client [1,2].
Les installations domestiques d'un même réseau électrique sont physiquement liées les unes aux autres, de sorte que l'impédance d'accès mesurée dans de nombreux ouvrages [3, 4,5] dépend principalement de l'impédance d'entrée de l'installation du client et de l'impédance du réseau. Dans cet article, nous présentons la mesure d'impédance totale d'une installation domestique en fonction des charges connectées. Pour réaliser la variation temporelle et fréquentielle d'une impédance d'une installation, un filtre LCL est dimensionné pour masquer l'impédance du réseau qui est variable au cours du temps et en fonction de la fréquence.
Dans la section II, la conception du filtre est présentée. La section III développe en détails la méthode de mesure proposée pour les mesures de l'impédance globale de l'installation. Le test et la validation de la méthode seront introduits dans la section IV. La section V présente les résultats de mesures. La classification des charges selon leurs impacts sur l'impédance globale de l'installation sera étudiée dans la section VI.
II. DIMENSIONNEMENT DU FILTRE
Le filtre LCL est réalisé pour masquer l'impédance du réseau qui est variable en fonction du temps et en fréquence. L'impédance du filtre doit être élevée car l'impédance d'installation domestique à mesurer est en parallèle avec le filtre connecté au réseau. Si l'impédance du filtre est trop faible, l'impédance du filtre risque de masquer l'impédance de l'installation domestique. L'impédance du filtre doit également être invariante dans le temps.
Pour respecter cette spécification, un filtre LCL est proposé avec une première bobine L1 égale à 3,6 mH, une capacité égale à 5 μF et une seconde bobine L2 de valeur égale à 0,5 mH. Ces inductances sont dimensionnées pour conduire des courants de 20A. Pour éviter les problèmes de saturation, les inductances sont réalisées avec un noyau à air. Le schéma électrique du filtre est présenté dans la fig. 1 et 2.
III. METHODE DE MESURE DE L'IMPEDANCE D'UNE INSTALLATION SOUS TENSION
Le filtre est installé du coté client entre le disjoncteur principale et le tableau électrique comme c'est présenté dans la fig. 2.
Le système d'acquisition consiste à la mesure du paramètre de réflexion S11 à l'aide d'un analyseur de réseau [6]. L'impédance est calculée de l'expression (1) :
La méthode de mesure est basée sur les deux mesures : impédance de référence et impédance totale.
III.1. Mesure de l'impédance de référence Zref
Cette impédance de référence représente l'impédance du réseau cascadée avec l'impédance du filtre lorsque l'installation du client est déconnectée du réseau.
Les résultats de mesure en temps-fréquence du Zref sont présentés dans la fig. 5. La méthode de mesure consiste à balayer en mode zéro SPAN chaque fréquence pendant 20 millisecondes. Le nombre de fréquences balayées est fixé à 201 points dans la bande de 30 kHz à 500 kHz. Cette mesure est synchronisée avec la fréquence 50 Hz du réseau.
Zref varie de 100 Ω à 10 kΩ, elle est supérieure aux impédances du réseau généralement mesurée et caractérisée par un comportement invariant pendant la période de 20 millisecondes. Le filtre permet donc de masquer la variation temporelle de l'impédance du réseau [7, 8, 9, 10]. La mesure de référence sera utilisée pour extraire l'impédance de l'installation Zinstallation.
III.2. Mesure de l'impédance totale Ztotal et la déduction de Zinstallation
Ztotal est égale à l'impédance de référence Zref en parallèle avec l'impédance de l'installation client Zinstallation quand l'installation est connectée au réseau basse tension.
Zinstallation est déduite de Zref et Ztotal selon les expressions (3) et (4).
Ztotal est très faible en le comparant à Zref. Nous concluons donc que Ztotal est quasiment égale à Zinstallation, donc l'impédance mesurée est directement l'impédance de l'installation du client.
IV. TEST DE LA METHODE
La validation de la méthode est effectuée en mesurant l'impédance d'une charge connue. Cette étape permet de vérifier que le filtre a une impédance suffisamment élevée devant la charge. La mesure de l'impédance de la charge connue est réalisée par deux méthodes:
- A travers une mesure directe avec l'analyseur de réseau présentée dans la fig. 7.
- En utilisant la méthode proposée présentée à la fig. 8.
Les résultats de mesure de la charge connue par les deux méthodes sont affichés dans le fig. 9.
Les résultats de mesures sont quasiment identiques. Pour évaluer la précision de la méthode proposée, l'erreur entre les deux mesures consiste à l'écart entre la mesure directe de la charge et la mesure par la méthode proposée. L'erreur calculée dans la fig. 10 ne dépasse pas 1Ω sur toute la bande de fréquence.
V. RESULTATS DE MESURE DE L'IMPEDANCE D'UNE MAISON INDIVIDUELLE
La liste des charges connectées dans la maison se compose d'un ordinateur portable, d'un lave-linge, d'un sèche-linge, d'une imprimante, d'une lampe, d'un réfrigérateur, d'un four, d'une micro-onde, d'une cafetière, d'un robot, une box internet, 2 plug CPL, une chaudière, une VMC, un chargeur de téléphone, un canapé électrique et des volets électriques.
La Zinstallation est mesurée lorsque l'installation est connectée au réseau. La mesure est effectuée lorsque tous les charges sont en mode de fonctionnement OFF.
V.1. Variation fréquentielle de l'impédance globale de l'installation domestique
La mesure est effectuée dans la bande de fréquence de 30 kHz jusqu'au 500 kHz à 12h. Le résultat de mesure est présenté dans la fig. 11.
L'impédance totale d'une maison varie en fonction de la fréquence. Son comportement est inductif. L'impédance globale est faible à cause de la mise en parallèle des charges domestiques.
V.2. Mesures des variations temporelles sur la période du réseau
Les mesures de la variation de l'impédance d'une installation durant une période du secteur ont été synchronisées avec la fréquence de 50 Hz [11].
Le comportement variant dans le temps de l'impédance globale de l'installation montre une forte variation dans la bande des fréquences basses. Cette variation temporelle est due au bruit présent en basse fréquence lié à la présence d'appareil incluant des convertisseurs AC/DC.
VI. CLASSIFICATION DES CHARGES DOMESTIQUES SELON LEUR IMPACT SUR L'IMPEDANCE GLOBALE DE L'INSTALLATION
Dans cette partie, la configuration de mesure est utilisée pour mesurer Zinstallation dans plusieurs scénarios pour étudier l'impact de:
- l'impédance du câble électrique et des disjoncteurs,
- les charges dues à leur connexion à l'installation et au mode de fonctionnement de la charge (ON ou OFF).
VI.1. Impact des Câbles et des disjoncteurs
Pour mesurer l'impédance due à ces éléments, nous avons mesuré Zinstallation lorsque toutes les charges sont déconnectées.
Les résultats présentés dans la fig. 13 montrent une impédance élevée en basses fréquences. L'impédance diminue en fonction de la fréquence. La phase négative représente l'impact élevé de l'impédance des câbles.
VI.2. Impact des charges domestiques
Pour étudier l'impact de certaines charges domestiques sur l'impédance globale de l'installation, Zinstallation est mesurée dans plusieurs scénarios.
a - L'impact des charges en mode OFF
Zinstallation est mesurée lors du branchement des charges à l'installation. Le mode de fonctionnement est fixé sur OFF pour toutes les charges. De nombreuses mesures montrent deux types de charges:
- Charges non impactantes
- Charges impactantes
L'étude de l'impact du branchement des charges domestiques est classée dans le tableau suivant:
Tableau 1: classification des charges selon son impact lors du branchement au réseau domestique
Des nombreuses charges ont un impact majeur sur l'impédance globale de l'installation. Les charges impactantes sont caractérisées par une faible impédance dans la bande de fréquence de 30 à 500 kHz. Certaines charges comme la machine à laver, le chargeur de téléphone et certains types de lampes n'entraînent aucune variation fréquentielle du module de l'impédance, mais génèrent certains types de bruit visible par les variations de la phase.
b - Impact des charges en mode ON
En général, les charges domestiques sont toujours connectées à l'installation en mode OFF et l'utilisateur les met en fonctionnement lorsqu'il en a besoin. Dans cette partie tous les appareils domestiques sont connectés au réseau en mode OFF et chaque appareil est mis en fonctionnement individuellement. L'intérêt consiste à classer les charges en fonction de leur impact sur l'impédance globale de l'installation lorsqu'elles passent de l'état OFF vers ON. Des nombreuses mesures sont effectuées dans différents scénarios montrent deux types de charges :
- Charges non impactantes
- Charges impactante
Fig. 17. Impact du robot et du micro-onde
L'étude de l'impact du changement du mode de fonctionnement des charges domestiques est classée dans le tableau suivant:
Tableau 2: classification des charges selon l'impact de leur mode de fonctionnement
La plupart des charges n'ont pas d'impact lorsque le mode de fonctionnement passe à ON à part le téléviseur, le robot, le micro-onde et la machine à café. Ce sont des appareils utilisés ponctuellement qui peuvent influencer des transmissions CPL dans la bande 9kHz-500kHz. Il est difficile de prévoir le moment optimal pour éviter de transmettre en même temps que le fonctionnement de ces appareils.
CONCLUSION
Cet article décrit une méthode de mesure de l'installation domestique globale dans la bande de fréquences entre 30 et 500 kHz. Un filtre LCL est utilisé pour masquer l'impédance du réseau. Son impédance est élevée et son comportement est invariant à court terme. La configuration développée permet la mesure de l'impédance d'installation sans connaissance préalable des charges connectées. Les variations temporelles et fréquentielles de l'impédance d'une installation sont étudiées. La classification de l'impact de la connexion des charges et le changement du mode de fonctionnement est effectué suite à la réalisation de différents scénarios de mesure de l'impédance globale de l'installation. Les résultats de mesure présentés peuvent être utilisés pour calculer l'impédance d'accès dans n'importe quel point du réseau en mettant en parallèle les impédances d'installations domestiques présentes sur la même branche du réseau basse tension.
REFERENCES
[1] K. Razazian, M. Umari, A. Kamalizad, V. Loginoc, M. Navid, « G3-PLC Specification for Powerline Communication: Overview, System Simulation and Field Trial Results », Power Line Communications and Its Applications (ISPLC) IEEE International Symposium , June 2010.
[2] H. Bouassam, M. Rifi, V. Degardin, « Influence of load impedances on the quality of Power Line Communication », International Conference on Electrical Sciences and Technologies in Maghreb (CISTEM), 2014.
[3] Guangbin Chu, Jianqi Li, Weilin Liu, « NarrowBand Power Line Channel Characteristics for Low Voltage Access Network in China », IEEE
International Symposium Power Line Communications and Its Applications ISPLC, 2013.
[4] G. Hooijen," Channel Model for the Residential Power Circuit Used as a Digital Communications Medium", IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, vol. 40, no. 4, november 1998.
[5] Martin Sigle, Wenqing Liu, and Klaus Dostert, « On the Impedance of the Low-Voltage Distribution Grid at Frequencies Up to 500 kHz », IEEE International Symposium Power Line Communications and Its Applications ISPLC, 2012.
[6] M. Ait Ou Kharraz, C. Lavenu, P. Jensen, « Characterization of the Input Impedance of Household Appliances in the FCC Frequency Band », IEEE International Symposium Power Line Communications and Its Applications ISPLC, 2017.
[7] M. Arzbergerl, K. Dostert, T. Waldeck, M. Zimmermann, « Fundamental Properties of the Low Voltage Power Distribution Grid », IEEE International Symposium Power Line Communications and Its Applications ISPLC, 1997
[8] Jorg Bausch, Timo Kistner, Marko Babic, Klaus Dostert, « Characteristics of Indoor Power Line Channels in the Frequency Range 50-500 kHz », IEEE International Symposium on Power Line Communications and Its Applications, 2006
[9] Antoniali Massimo, and Andrea M. Tonello, « Measurement and characterization of load impedances in home power line grids », IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, Volume: 63, Issue: 3, March 2014.
[10] Corripio, FJ Canete, and al. « Analysis of the cyclic short-term variation of indoor power line channels », IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, Volume: 24, Issue: 7, July 2006.
[11] Adrian Z. Amanci, Francis P. Dawson, « Synchronization System with Zero-Crossing Peak Detection Algorithm for Power System Applications », International Power Electronics Conference IPEC, 2010. | <urn:uuid:ab24c35f-f0fc-4815-b361-a08613540347> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/fra_Latn/train | finepdfs | fra_Latn | 15,919 |
ALEXANDRIA TOWNSHIP
PLANNING COMMISSION
MEETING PACKET FOR May 29, 2013
Call to Order
Adopt Agenda
Approve Minutes – April 22, 2013
Public Hearing
1. None
Zoning Administrator's Report
New Business:
Old Business:
1. Sign Ordinance Status Update
2. Ordinance Updates – variance criteria to comply with statutory amendments, sign ordinance, other possible/desired amendments
3. (continued) Training – Developing Effective Comprehensive Plans
4. Discussion – Comprehensive Plan Update
Adjournment
**NOTE: This is a preliminary agenda, subject to change at any time.
PRELIMINARY AGENDA
Alexandria Township Planning Commission
May 29, 2013
6:00 p.m. – Township Conference Room
STAFF REPORT
Issue:
Sign Ordinance Status Update
Agenda Item: Old Business - 1
Background: Douglas County has schedule a public hearing for their draft updates to the sign ordinance for May 28, 2013 at 7:00 pm (their regular meeting starts at 6:00 pm and the hearing for the sign ordinance will be at 7:00 pm).
A copy of the proposed sign ordinance is attached.
You are all welcome to attend the public hearing, however as previously mentioned by Bonnie after she had spoken with Clerk Raisanen, you would be attending as a citizen and not as a representative of the Township Planning Commission (i.e. you would not receive a per diem).
While our May 29 meeting will be after the public hearing, I would imagine that we could still provide comments to the County either prior to or soon after their hearing. We will plan to discuss the draft at our meeting and if there are any comments, I will pass them along to the County.
SECTION V. PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
V. SIGNS
1. Findings, Purpose, and Intent.
a. Findings. Douglas County hereby finds as follows:
(1.) Exterior signs have a substantial impact on the character and quality of the community.
(2.) Signs provide an important medium through which individuals may convey a variety of messages.
(3.) Signs can create traffic hazards, aesthetic concerns, and detriments to property values, thereby threatening the public health, safety, and welfare.
2. Purpose and Intent. It is not the purpose or intent of these sign standards to regulate the message displayed on any sign; nor is it the purpose or intent of this Ordinance to regulate any building design or any display not defined as a sign, or any sign which cannot be viewed from the outside of a building. The purpose and intent of this Section is to:
a. Regulate the number, location, size, type, illumination, and other physical characteristics of signs within the County in order to protect and promote the public health, safety, and welfare.
b. Maintain, enhance, and improve the aesthetic environment of the County by preventing visual clutter that is harmful to the appearance of the community.
c. Improve the visual appearance of the County while providing for effective means of communication, consistent with constitutional guarantees and the County's goals of public safety and aesthetics.
d. Allow a wide variety of sign types in commercial zones, and a more limited variety of signs in other zones, subject to the standards set forth in this sign ordinance.
e. Allow certain small, unobtrusive signs incidental to the principal use of a site in all zones when in compliance with the requirements of this sign ordinance.
f. Prohibit signs whose location, size, type, illumination or other physical characteristics negatively affect the environment and where the communication can be accomplished by means having a lesser impact on the environment and the public health, safety and welfare.
g. Provide for fair and consistent enforcement of the sign regulations set forth herein under the zoning authority of the County.
3. Definitions.
The following words and terms, when used in this Sign Ordinance, shall have the following meanings, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise:
Abandoned sign - any sign and/or its supporting sign structure which remains without a message or whose display surface remains blank for a period of one (1) year or more, or any sign which pertains to a time, event or purpose which no longer applies, shall be deemed to have been abandoned. Signs applicable to a business temporarily suspended because of a change in ownership or management of such business shall not be deemed abandoned unless the property remains vacant for a period of one (1) year or more. Any sign remaining after demolition of a principal structure shall be deemed to be abandoned. Signs which are present because of being legally established nonconforming signs or signs which have required a conditional use permit or a variance shall also be subject to the definition of abandoned sign.
Awning – see "Canopy"
Balloon sign - a sign consisting of a bag made of lightweight material supported by helium, hot, or pressurized air which is greater than twenty-four (24) inches in diameter.
Billboard – see "Off-Premise highway sign"
Cabinet sign - any wall sign that is not of channel or individually mounted letter construction.
Canopy - a roof-like cover, including an awning, often of fabric, plastic, metal or glass, which projects from the wall or roof of a building- usually over a door, entrance, or window; or a freestanding or projecting cover above an outdoor service area, such as at a gasoline service station. A marquee is not a canopy.
Canopy sign - any sign attached to the underside or constructed upon a canopy or awning.
Changeable copy sign, Non-electronic - A non-electronic sign or portion of a sign which is characterized by interchangeable letters and figures.
Changeable copy sign, Electronic – An electronic sign or portion thereof with characters, letters, or illustrations that can be changed or rearranged without altering the face or the surface of the sign. Such signs include, but are not limited to, signs using cathode-ray tubes (CRT), light-emitting diode (LED) displays (including organic LED screens), plasma displays, liquid-crystal displays (LCD), projection screens or other similar technologies.
Commercial Speech – speech advertising a business, profession, commodity, service or entertainment.
Digital sign – see "Changeable copy sign, Electronic"
Directional Sign – A sign whose message is intended to guide the circulation of persons and motorists within a site or to a particular off-site location.
Flag - any fabric or similar lightweight material attached at one end of the material, usually to a staff or pole - which is itself either freestanding or attached to a building, awning, canopy or other structure - so as to allow movement of the material by
Draft Sign Ordinance – Douglas County
atmospheric changes and which contains distinctive colors, patterns, symbols, emblems, insignia, or other symbolic devices.
Freestanding sign - any sign which has supporting framework that is placed on, or anchored in, the ground and which is independent from any building or other structure.
Hanging sign - any sign that is suspended from the underside of a horizontal plane surface and is connected to this surface and/or to the surface of structural elements supporting that surface.
Illuminated sign - any sign which contains or uses an element designed to emanate light or any sign which has lighting directed upon it to increase its visibility.
Legally established nonconforming sign - any sign and its support structure lawfully erected prior to the effective date of this ordinance which fails to conform to the requirements of this ordinance. A sign which was erected in accordance with a variance granted prior to the adoption of this ordinance and which does not comply with this ordinance shall be deemed to be a legal nonconforming sign. A sign which was unlawfully erected shall be deemed to be an illegal sign.
Marquee sign - any sign painted, mounted, constructed or attached in any manner, on a marquee.
Monument sign - any freestanding sign with its sign face mounted on the ground or mounted on a base at least as wide as the sign.
Motion sign – any sign which in part or in total rotates, moves, or creates the appearance of movement through changing light or color effect or intermittent illumination or animation, or appears to quiver or vibrate in light or while reflecting heat waves.
Non-commercial speech – dissemination of messages not classified as Commercial Speech which include, but are not limited to, messages concerning political, religious, social, ideological, public service and informational topics.
Off-premise sign – a commercial speech sign which directs the attention of the public to a business, service or product sold or offered at a location not on the same parcel where such business sign is located. For purposes of this sign ordinance, easements and other appurtenances shall be considered to be outside such parcel of land and any sign located or proposed to be located in an easement or other appurtenance shall be considered an off-premise sign.
Off-premise directional sign - an off-premise sign which serves to direct potential customers or visitors to a specific business, service or location located within two (2) miles of the sign location.
Off-premise highway sign – an off-premise sign that is located within 100 feet of the right-of-way of a highway, whether federal, state or county, having a posted or statutory speed limit of 55 or greater miles per hour and whose messaging is directed toward motorists on the highway.
On-Premise sign - a commercial speech sign which directs the attention of the public to a business, service or product sold or offered at the same parcel where such business sign is located. For purposes of this sign ordinance, easements and other appurtenances shall be considered to be outside such parcel of land and any sign located or proposed to be located in an easement or other appurtenance shall be considered an off-premise sign.
On-Premise directional sign – A sign, generally informational, that has a purpose secondary to the use of the property upon which it is located, intended to facilitate the movement of pedestrians and vehicles within the site and identify the location and nature of businesses, services or other activities located on the premise.
On-premise messages – identify or advertise an establishment, person, activity, goods, products or services located on the premises where the sign is installed.
Pole sign - any freestanding sign which has its supportive structure(s) anchored in the ground and which has a sign face elevated above ground level by pole(s) or beam(s) and with the area below the sign face open.
Portable sign - any sign which is manifestly designed to be transported by vehicle or moved by hand, including those placed or mounted on a vehicle, by trailer or on its own wheels, even though the wheels of such sign may be removed and the remaining chassis or support is converted to another sign or attached temporarily or permanently to the ground. Portable signs include sandwich and other signs designed to be easily carried or worn by a person, signs pulled, placed in or on a vehicle and signs on the side of semi-trailers, box trucks or other such equipment.
Principal building or structure - the building or structure in which the primary use of the lot is conducted. Lots with multiple principal uses may have multiple principal buildings or structures, but storage buildings, garages, and other clearly accessory uses shall not be considered principal buildings.
Projecting sign - any sign which is affixed to a building, wall, awning or canopy in such a manner that it displays more than one (1) sign surface or where its leading edge extends more than twelve (12) inches beyond the surface of such building or wall face.
Roof line - the upper-most edge of the roof or in the case of an extended facade or parapet, the upper-most height of said facade.
Roof sign, Constructed - any sign erected and constructed wholly on and above the roof of a building.
Roof sign, Painted – any sign painted on the roof surface of a building
Sign – any letter, word or symbol, poster, picture, statuary, reading matter or representation in the nature of advertisement, announcement, message or visual communication, whether painted, posted, printed, affixed or constructed, including all associated brackets, braces, supports, wires and structures, which is displayed in the public view for informational or communicative purposes.
Sign face - the surface of the sign upon, against, or through which the message of the sign is exhibited.
Sign structure - any structure including the supports, uprights, bracing and framework which supports or is capable of supporting any sign.
Wall sign - any sign attached parallel to the outside wall of a building, painted on the wall surface, or erected and confined within the limits of an outside wall of any building or structure, which is supported by such wall or building, and which displays only one (1) sign surface.
Water-Oriented Business Sign – A sign which is directed and placed by a permitted or legal nonconforming business so as to be visible to boaters, swimmers or other recreational users of a waterbody.
Window sign - any sign, pictures, symbol, or combination thereof, designed to communicate information about an activity, business, commodity, event, sale, or service, that is placed inside a window or upon the window panes or glass and is visible from the exterior of the window.
4. Permits Required. No sign, unless specifically exempted by this ordinance, shall be erected, altered, reconstructed, or moved without first securing a sign permit from the County. The content of the sign shall not be reviewed or considered in determining whether to approve or deny a sign permit.
5. Exemptions. The following signs shall not require a permit. These exemptions, however, shall not be construed as relieving the owner of the sign from the responsibility of its erection and maintenance, and its compliance with the provisions of this ordinance or any other law or ordinance regulating the same.
a. The changing of the display surface on a previously approved or legal nonconforming painted or printed sign provided that no structural changes are made and the sign face does not increase in size.
b. Up to three (3) unilluminated signs per parcel which are each six (6) square feet or less in size.
c. Personal/Decorative Signs: Unilluminated signs of any size which are 1) attached to a building and do not extend above an eave, and 2) are clearly for non-commercial purposes, and 3) are for personal enjoyment and not intended to draw attention from the general public.
d. Public and Traffic Signs: Any public sign (directional, safety, danger, trespassing, traffic, warning, public information or public organization) erected by, or on the order of, a duly constituted public office of City, Township, County, State, or Federal governments.
e. Integral Signs: Names of buildings, dates of erection, monumental citations, commemorative tablets and the like when carved into stone, concrete or similar
material or made of bronze, aluminum or other permanent type construction and made an integral part of the structure.
f. Private Traffic Direction Signs: Signs directing traffic movement onto a premise or within a premise, not exceeding eight (8) square feet in area for each sign.
g. The established or official flag, pennant or insignia of any nation, organization of nations, state, province, county, city, any religious, civic or fraternal organization, or educational institution: provided, however, that a flag used in connection with commercial promotion or as an advertising device shall be regulated as a sign under this ordinance. Exempt flags may be of any height or size.
h. Roof signs, Painted
i. Canopies or awnings which are supported by a building, extend no further than three feet from the façade of the building, and which have a minimum clearance of eight (8) feet above ground level. Signs which are painted on, hanging from, or otherwise affixed to a canopy or awning shall be subject to the requirements of a wall sign.
j. Temporary signs not exceeding the time limits listed under Section 7 of this ordinance.
6. Prohibited Signs. The following signs are prohibited signs:
a. Any sign, signal, marking or device which purports to be or is an imitation of or resembles any official traffic control device or railroad sign or signal, or emergency vehicle signal, or which attempts to direct the movement of traffic or which hides from view or interferes with effectiveness of any official traffic-control device or any railroad sign or signal. Private traffic direction signs shall not be subject to this prohibition.
b. Signs attached to public street/traffic signs, utility poles, bridges, towers, or similar public structures or property. Signs in violation of this subdivision may be removed by authorized personnel at the County's discretion, without advance notice to the sign owner.
c. Any other structure, banner, balloon, trailer, building, portable device, or anything visible from a public road which is used as an advertising device is prohibited unless specifically authorized by this ordinance.
d. No sign shall be permitted to obstruct any door, fire escape, stairway or other opening intended to provide ingress or egress of any building or structure.
e. Signs which use highly reflective surfaces and that may create a blinding effect when exposed to light.
f. Signs shall not be permitted within public right-of-way or easements nor shall a sign extend into the airspace over such a right-of-way or easement, except with the express permission of the regulatory authority.
g. Signs which are affixed to wireless telecommunication or other tower structures, except as are necessary or required for safety and/or maintenance.
h. Portable signs (unless exempted as a temporary sign), motion signs and inflatable signs in all zoning districts except Commercial/Industrial districts.
7. Temporary Signs. All temporary signs, whether permitted or exempt, shall meet the following specifications and any applicable requirements of section 8 (General Provisions) of this ordinance.
a. General:
(1.) Height: Shall not exceed 15 feet, except when attached to the wall of a building.
(2.) Setbacks: May be placed up to, but not extend over, a property line, except where greater setbacks are required from a lake or stream by this ordinance.
(3.) Anchoring: Shall be securely anchored to the ground or to a structure so as to prevent damage or displacement during winds of 80 miles per hour or greater.
(4.) Temporary signs shall be allowed as either a on-premise sign or an offpremise directional sign (located within two miles of the business, service or location being advertised).
b. The following shall be considered temporary signs when located on a property for twelve (12) months or less:
(1.) Signs advertising a new subdivision or development
(2.) Real estate signs, pertaining to the sale or lease of a building or property, including off-site directional signs
(3.) Unilluminated signs identifying an engineer, architect, contractor or product engaged in or used in the construction of a building
c. The following shall be considered temporary signs when located on a property for no more than forty-five (45) days in any six-month period:
(1.) Signs announcing any public, charitable, educational or religious event or function
(2.) Signs announcing a temporary seasonal event, sale, or service such as for the sale of Christmas trees, pumpkins, corn mazes, or fruit picking or for boat storage, located within two (2) miles of the property where the event is to take place
d. Portable signs shall be considered temporary signs when located on a property for no more than fourteen (14) days in any ninety (90) day period:
e. Non-commercial speech signs shall be considered temporary signs when located on a property from August 1 to ten (10) days following a general election and thirteen (13) weeks prior to any special or township election until ten (10) days after said election:
f. Temporary signs that have not been removed within the specified period may be ordered removed by the County, unless permitted as a permanent sign, where allowed.
8. General Provisions.
a. On-Premise/Off-Premise signs. Unless specifically noted otherwise, all non-exempt signs referred to in this ordinance shall be considered on-premise signs.
b. Spacing. Signs located within twenty-five (25) feet of any other sign may be considered one sign for the purposes of this ordinance if they are placed in such a way as to circumvent the size limitations imposed on any one sign, as determined by the County.
c. Setbacks. All sign setbacks as required by this ordinance shall be measured to the furthest horizontal extent of the sign.
d. Height. All maximum heights as required by this ordinance shall be measured to the furthest vertical extent of the sign.
e. Sign Area Calculation. The area within the frame shall be used to calculate the square footage (rounded to the nearest foot), regardless of whether or not more than one side is used. If such letters or graphics are mounted directly on a wall or fascia or in such way as to be without a frame, square footage shall be calculated as the area within the periphery around such letters or graphics in a plane figure bounded by straight lines connecting the outermost points thereof. Symbols, flags, pictures, wording, figures, or other forms of graphics painted on or attached to windows, walls, awnings, freestanding structures, suspended by balloons or kites or on persons, animals, or vehicles are considered a sign and are included in calculating the overall square footage. Double-faced signs which have a 90 degree angle or less between the two faces need only count one face for the purpose of calculating area. Three or more faces on a sign shall be counted against the maximum size allowed.
f. Illumination. Where allowed, illumination for signs, whether internal or external, shall be so constructed and maintained so that the source of light is diffused and not directly visible by a motorist or pedestrian viewing the sign.
g. No sign shall be placed in such a way that it creates a safety hazard by obstructing lines of sight for motorists or pedestrians or physically blocks a pedestrian corridor.
h. Electronic Changeable Copy Signs - Where allowed, electronic changeable copy signs shall meet the following requirements, in addition to any other requirements that would otherwise apply:
(1.) Any electronic changeable copy sign capable of displaying pictures, graphics, video or scrolling words/numbers, whether such displays are permitted or not, shall be limited to a total of thirty-two (32) square feet of such area.
(2.) Messages or graphics displayed on an electronic changeable copy sign must be presented in a static manner, with the message changing no more than once every five (5) seconds. The images and messages displayed must be complete in themselves, without continuation in content to the next image or message or to any other sign.
(3.) Electronic changeable copy signs which scroll, flash, strobe, blink, pulse, fade, illuminate with varying light intensity or changing colors, or create the illusion of movement (including video displays) are prohibited.
(4.) Any electronic changeable copy sign designed for the sole purpose of displaying printable characters (letters, numbers, punctuation marks or symbols) in a static format shall be regulated as a non-electronic changeable copy sign, provided that the digital display may change its message not more than once per hour.
(5.) No sign may be of such intensity or brilliance as to impair the vision of a motor vehicle driver with average eyesight or to otherwise interfere with the driver's operation of a motor vehicle. Electronic changeable copy signs shall automatically dim by at least 50 percent between one-half hour after sunset and one-half hour prior to sunrise.
(6.) No sign may be of such intensity or brilliance that it interferes with the effectiveness of an official traffic sign, device or signal.
(7.) Electronic changeable copy signs must be designed to freeze the display or turn the display completely off if it malfunctions.
(8.) Sign owners must immediately turn an electronic changeable copy sign off when notified by the county that it is not complying with the standards of this ordinance.
i. Sign Lettering: All lettering or numbering shall be such that it is readable by a passing motorist at a glance. Unless otherwise required/allowed by this ordinance or by the requirements of a conditional or interim use permit, all letters, numbers and symbols (except periods, commas, dashes or other punctuation marks typically smaller than letters) shall be at least 6 inches in height (capital letters) and 4.5 inches in height (lowercase letters).
j. Freestanding Canopies or Awnings: A freestanding canopy, such as above an outdoor service area, or a freestanding awning, when permanently or semi-permanently affixed to the ground, shall be permitted as a structure and are themselves not considered signs for the purposes of this ordinance. Signs that are an integral part of, or which are attached to, a freestanding canopy or awning shall be regulated as a wall or projecting sign.
9. Fees.
Sign permit fees are as established by the adopted fee schedule.
10. Specific Regulations by Zoning District.
a. Residential and Residential Shoreland Districts
(1.) Signs requiring an administrative permit
(a) Wall, projecting or marquee signs between six (6) and twelve (12) square feet in size
(b) Up to one (1) freestanding sign no greater than twelve (12) square feet in size and six (6) feet in height that is related to an on-premise, licensed childcare business or other nonresidential program regulated under Minnesota Statutes 245A.14 or successor statutes.
(2.) Signs requiring a conditional use permit
(a) Wall, projecting or marquee signs between twelve (12) and thirty-two (32) square feet in size
(b) Off-premise directional signs as follows (lesser sizes may be required by the County in areas where normal and customary speeds are deemed to be slower than the posted or statutory speed limit):
(c) Freestanding signs up to sixteen (16) square feet in size and up to eight (8) feet in height related to an allowed or permitted business.
(d) Two (2) freestanding, non-exempt signs per parcel
(3.) Prohibited signs
(a) Signs larger than thirty-two (32) square feet in size.
(b) Signs with a total height greater than eight (8) feet above the grade of the adjoining roadway, unless a wall sign placed on a permitted building.
(c) Off-premise highway signs
(d)
Electronic changeable copy signs
(e) Roof signs, Constructed
(f) More than two (2) freestanding, non-exempt signs per parcel.
(g) Signs identified in Section 6 of this ordinance.
(4.) Setbacks
(a) Road: Two (2) feet from a road or railroad right-of-way or twenty (20) feet from the centerline of a traveled surface, whichever is more restrictive.
(b) Other property lines: 10 feet or a distance equal to 110% of the height of the sign, whichever is greater.
(c) Ordinary High Water Level (not applicable to wall signs):
10
i. General Development Lakes:
a) Unsewered: 37.5 feet
b) Sewered: 25 feet
ii.
Recreational Development Lakes: 50 feet
iii. Natural Environment Lakes: 75 feet
(5.) Illumination
(a) Internal illumination: Not allowed
(b) External illumination: Allowed
b. Rural Residential District
(1.) Signs requiring an administrative permit
(a) Wall, projecting or marquee signs between six (6) and thirty-two (32) square feet in size
(b) Up to one (1) freestanding sign no greater than sixteen (16) square feet in size and six (6) feet in height that is related to an on-premise, licensed childcare business or other nonresidential program regulated under Minnesota Statutes 245A.14 or successor statutes.
(2.) Signs requiring a conditional use permit
(a) Wall, projecting or marquee signs greater than thirty-two (32) square feet in size
(b) Off-premise directional signs as follows (lesser sizes may be required by the County in areas where normal and customary speeds are deemed to be slower than the posted or statutory speed limit):
(c) Freestanding signs up to sixteen (16) square feet in size and up to fifteen (15) feet in height related to an allowed or permitted business.
(d) Two (2) freestanding, non-exempt signs per parcel.
(3.) Prohibited signs
(a) Signs larger than forty-eight (48) square feet in size.
(b) Signs with a total height greater than fifteen (15) feet above the grade of the adjoining roadway, unless a wall sign placed on a permitted building.
(c) Off-premise highway signs
11
(d) Electronic changeable copy signs
(e) Roof signs, Constructed.
(f) More than two (2) freestanding, non-exempt signs per parcel.
(g) Signs identified in Section 6 of this ordinance.
(4.) Setbacks
(a) Road: Two (2) feet from a road or railroad right-of-way or twenty (20) feet from the centerline of a traveled surface, whichever is more restrictive.Other property lines: 10 feet or a distance equal to 110% of the height of the sign, whichever is greater.
(5.) Illumination
(a) Internal illumination: Not allowed
(b) External illumination: Allowed
c. Agricultural District
(1.) Signs requiring an administrative permit
(a) Wall, projecting or marquee signs between six (6) and forty-eight (48) square feet in size
(b) Up to one (1) off-premise, permanent directional sign up to twelve (12) square feet in size
(c) Up to one (1) freestanding sign no greater than sixteen (16) square feet in size and eight (8) feet in height that is related to an on-premise, licensed childcare business or other nonresidential program regulated under Minnesota Statutes 245A.14 or successor statutes.
(2.) Signs requiring a conditional use permit
(a) Wall, projecting or marquee signs between forty-eight (48) and sixtyfour (64) square feet in size
(b) Off-premise directional signs as follows (lesser sizes may be required by the County in areas where normal and customary speeds are deemed to be slower than the posted or statutory speed limit):
(c) Freestanding signs up to thirty-two (32) square feet in size and up to fifteen (15) feet in height, and wall signs up to ten percent (10%) of a building façade which faces a street, related to an allowed or permitted business.
(d) Roof signs, Constructed
12
(e) More than one (1) freestanding, non-exempt signs per parcel.
(3.) Prohibited signs
(a) Signs larger than sixty-four (64) square feet in size.
(b) Signs with a total height greater than fifteen (15) feet above the grade of the adjoining roadway, unless a wall sign placed on a permitted building.
(c) Off-premise highway signs
(d) Electronic changeable copy signs
(e)
.
(f) More than two (2) freestanding, non-exempt signs per parcel.
(g) Signs identified in Section 6 of this ordinance.
(4.) Setbacks
(a) Road: Two (2) feet from a road or railroad right-of-way or twenty (20) feet from the centerline of a traveled surface, whichever is more restrictive.Other property lines: 10 feet or a distance equal to 110% of the height of the sign, whichever is greater.
(5.) Illumination
(a) Internal illumination: Not allowed
(b) External illumination: Allowed
d. Commercial/Industrial Zones
(1.) Signs requiring an administrative permit
(a) Wall, projecting or marquee signs between six (6) and sixty-four (64) square feet in size or Wall signs up to ten percent (10%) of a building façade which faces a street. Such signs may be internally or externally illuminated.
(b) Up to two (2) permanent freestanding signs per property as follows:
i. Sign A: No greater than sixty-four (64) square feet in size and thirty five (35) feet in height.
ii. Sign B: No greater than sixty-four (64) square feet in size and fifteen (15) feet in height.
(c) Permanent off-premise directional signs advertising a business within two (2) miles of the sign not greater than thirty-two (32) square feet in size
(2.) Signs requiring a conditional use permit
(a) Wall, projecting or marquee signs greater than sixty-four (64) square feet in size or Wall signs up to ten percent (10%) of a building façade which faces a street.
13
(b) Permanent off-premise directional signs advertising a business located within two (2) miles of the sign between 32 and 64 square feet in size (lesser sizes may be required by the County in areas where normal and customary speeds are deemed to be slower than the posted or statutory speed limit):
(c) Off-premise highway signs subject to the following limitations:
i. Messaging area:
a) 675 sq ft: Within 100 feet of the right-of-way of a highway having a posted or statutory speed limit of greater than 65 miles per hour
b) 250 sq ft: All other areas within the Commercial or Industrial zoning districts.
ii. Spacing:
a) No closer than 300 feet to a road or railroad intersection
b) No closer than 500 feet to another off-premise highway sign
(d) Up to one (1) pole or monument sign no greater than one hundred (100) square feet in size when located along highways with a posted speed limit of greater than 65 miles per hour.
(e) Illuminated freestanding signs
(f) Electronic changeable copy signs
(g) Non-Temporary Portable signs
(h)
Motion signs
(i) Inflatable signs
(j) Roof signs, Constructed
(k) More than two (2) freestanding signs per parcel.
(l) Signs with more than two faces
(3.) Prohibited signs
(a) Signs with a total height greater than thirty-five (35) feet above the grade of the adjoining roadway, unless a wall sign placed on a permitted building.
(b) Signs identified in Section 6 of this ordinance.
(4.) Setbacks and Height
(a) Road:
14
i. Signs less than 10 feet in height: 2 feet from a road or railroad right-of-way or twenty (20) feet from the centerline of a traveled surface, whichever is more restrictive.
ii. Signs from 10 to 20 feet in height: 10 feet from a road or railroad right-of-way or twenty (20) feet from the centerline of a traveled surface, whichever is more restrictive.
iii. Signs greater than 20 feet in height: 20 feet from a road or railroad right-of-way or twenty (20) feet from the centerline of a traveled surface, whichever is more restrictive.
(b) Other property lines: 10 feet or a distance equal to 110% of the height of the sign, whichever is greater.
(c) Maximum height
i. Along roads with a posted speed limit of 40 miles per hour or greater: 35 feet
ii. Along roads with a posted speed limit of less than 40 miles per hour: 20 feet
11. Additional Provisions for Water-Oriented Business Signs
In addition to regulations applicable to the relevant zoning district, on shoreland properties where resorts, bait shops, restaurants or other permitted or legal nonconforming businesses exist, the following shall apply to signs located so as to be visible from a lake or stream:
a. Signs requiring an administrative permit
(1.) Unilluminated wall signs no greater than twenty-four (24) square feet in size, or ten percent (10%) of a building façade which faces a waterbody, whichever is greater.
(2.) Projecting signs no greater than twelve (12) square feet in size
(3.) Up to one (1) unilluminated freestanding sign, no greater than thirty-two (32) square feet in size, per water frontage.
b. Signs requiring a conditional use permit
(1.) Wall signs greater than twenty-four (24) square feet in size
(2.) Hanging signs greater than (12) square feet in size.
(3.) Illuminated signs
(4.) Roof signs, Constructed
c. Prohibited signs
(1.) Signs larger than thirty-two (32) square feet in size.
(2.) Off-premise directional sign
(3.) Electronic changeable copy signs
15
(4.) Portable signs
(5.) Motion signs
(6.) Inflatable signs
(7.) More than one (1) freestanding signs per parcel.
(8.) Signs with a total height greater than twenty-five (25) feet above the ordinary high water elevation, unless a wall sign placed on a permitted building.
d. Setbacks
(1.) Ordinary High Water Mark: No sign may be placed within a shore impact zone, except wall signs on legal, nonconforming buildings.
(2.) Other property lines: 10 feet or a distance equal to 110% of the height of the sign, whichever is greater.
e. Maximum height: 15 feet
f. Maximum size: 32 square feet
12. Non-Conforming Signs
It is recognized that signs exist within the zoning districts which were lawful before this sign ordinance was enacted, which would be prohibited, regulated or restricted under the terms of this chapter or future amendments. It is the intent of this sign ordinance that legal nonconforming signs and supporting structures shall not be enlarged upon, expanded or extended, nor be used as grounds for adding other signs or uses prohibited elsewhere in the same district. It is further the intent of this sign ordinance to permit legal nonconforming signs and supporting structures existing on the effective date of this sign ordinance, or amendments thereto, to continue as legal nonconforming signs or supporting structures provided such signs are safe, are maintained so as not to be unsightly, and the sign has not been abandoned or removed subject to the following provisions.
a. No sign or supporting structure shall be enlarged or altered in a way which increases its nonconformity.
b. Should such sign or sign structure be destroyed by any means to an extent greater than fifty (50) percent of its replacement cost and no permit has been applied for within 180 days of when the property was damaged, it shall not be reconstructed except in conformity with the provisions of this ordinance.
c. Should such sign or supporting structure be moved for any reason for any distance whatsoever, it shall thereafter conform to the regulations for the zoning district in which it is located after it is moved.
d. No existing sign devoted to a use not permitted by the zoning code in the zoning district in which it is located shall be enlarged, extended or moved except in changing the sign to a sign permitted in the zoning district in which is it located.
13. Inspection, Maintenance, Removal
16
a. Inspection
Any sign for which a permit is required may be inspected periodically by the County for compliance with this Ordinance and all other applicable laws.
b. Maintenance
(1.) The owner, lessee or manager of any monument sign and the owner of the land on which the same is located shall keep grass or weeds and other growth cut and debris and rubbish cleaned up and removed from the lot on which a sign is located.
(2.) All signs shall contain current information. Outdated signs or signs with information that is outdated shall be removed by the property owner.
(3.) Painting, repainting, cleaning and normal maintenance and repair of a sign or sign structure is required to protect the sign and prevent its deterioration and maintain its neat appearance. Such maintenance is allowed without permit unless a structural change is made.
(4.) Any sign located in the County which may now be or hereafter become out of order, rotten or unsafe, and every sign which shall hereafter be erected, altered, resurfaced, reconstructed or moved contrary to the provisions of this section, shall be removed or otherwise properly secured in accordance with the terms of this section by the owners thereof or by the owners of the grounds on which said sign shall stand, upon receipt of proper notice so to do, given by the issuing authority. No rotten or other unsafe sign shall be repaired or rebuilt except in accordance with the provisions of this section and upon a permit issued by the issuing authority.
c. Removal
(1.) Abandoned signs shall be removed by the owner or lessee of the premises upon which the sign is located when the business which it advertises is no longer conducted on the premises.
(2.) Illegally erected signs shall be removed by the owner or lessee of the premises upon which the sign is located upon notice by the County of its illegal status.
(3.) If the owner or lessee fails to remove an abandoned or illegally erected sign, the County shall remove it in accordance with this section. These removal provisions shall not apply to abandoned signs where a succeeding owner or lessee conducts the same type of business and agrees to maintain the signs as provided in this Ordinance or changes copy on the signs to advertise the type of business being conducted on the premises and provided the signs comply with the other provisions of this Ordinance.
(4.) Any sign which becomes structurally unsafe or endangers the safety of a building or premises or endangers the public safety must be taken down and removed by the owner, agent, or person having the beneficial use of the building, structure or land upon which the sign is located.
17
(5.) The County shall order the removal of any sign erected or maintained in violation of this Ordinance. Ten (10) days notice in writing shall be given to the owner of such sign, or of the building, structure or premises on which such sign is located, to remove the sign or to bring it into compliance with the Ordinance. Upon failure to remove the sign or to comply with this notice, the County may remove the sign. The County may remove the sign immediately and without notice if it reasonably appears that the condition of the sign is such as to present an immediate threat to the safety of the public. Any costs of removal incurred by the County shall be assessed to the owner of the property on which such sign is located and may be collected in the manner of ordinary fee collection or in the manner of taxes and all costs shall be assessed against the property. Signs located within the right-of-way of County Roads may be removed by the County at any time without notice.
18
STAFF REPORT
Issue:
Ordinance Updates
Agenda Item: Old Business - 2
Background: In March, the Commission discussed a number of possible ordinance updates that could be made. A number of those items were identified for further discussion. These include:
1. Amending the criteria required to obtain a variance from zoning regulations (in response to changes made to state law by the MN Legislature). We are awaiting changes along these lines from Douglas County, which is anticipated to be held at the same time as the public hearing for the sign ordinance. We can then react to their changes and make sure we are being as restrictive as the County with our own changes.
2. Considering whether the Township wants to regulate "vacation rentals" – particularly in lakeshore areas. At the April 1 Town Board meeting, it was noted that the Commission should consider the impact of such regulations on the rental of homes or properties to students at Alexandria Technical and Community College, which often rent homes on a weekly basis for 10 week blocks.
Staff has attached several documents for the Commission's review. These are the same documents handed out at the May 2012 meeting when this was first discussed. What has changed since that time is that the state legislature does not appear to be actively pursuing restrictions on the regulation of vacation rentals as they were in 2012. Still, it may be useful to see what they were thinking if the Township decides to move forward with some regulations.
The attached materials include:
a. Information on two bills currently in discussion at the state legislature. They are H.F. 1523 and S.F 1190. Both prevent a community from regulating vacation rentals as an interim use, but appear to allow regulation as a conditional use. They also allow regulation of a number of specific concerns – including number of guests, sewage treatment, noise and screening.
b. A document from the League of MN Cities website, that summarizes the two bills above and notes that the League, the Association of MN Counties and the MN Association of Townships oppose these two bills. They argue that such matters should be left up to local governments (and presumably that if a local government wants to regulate them as interim uses, they should be able to).
c. A document from Minnesota Tourism summarizing issues that a person considering renting out a home as a vacation rental needs to consider.
d. A copy of the section of the Stearns County ordinance that regulates vacation rentals.
Staff feels it would be best for the Planning Commission to first discuss and answer the question as to whether they feel the Township needs to regulate such uses. There are a number of challenges to enforcing any regulations that we've partially discussed in the past, fairness issues, (verifying compliance on weekends when it will most likely be an issue, measuring noise complaints, etc…) that should be weighed against the potential benefits (reducing neighborhood conflicts over noise, cleanliness, parking, etc…)
3. Discussion of possible updates to the Township's "small animal ordinance" regulating the keeping of animals such as chickens, ducks, miniature pigs and other such animals – but not including cats and dogs (Section V.V). In particular:
a. Should the keeping of small animals be prohibited entirely on lots less than one acre in size?
b. Should the lot size where small animals would be unregulated be reduced from 5 acres to some lesser amount?
c. A general consensus to separate the various types of small animals regulated under the ordinance into different categories and then regulate them differently (i.e. fowl vs. hoofed animals, etc…)?
A draft of possible amendments to the small animal ordinance is attached as a starting point for discussion.
4. Discussion of possible updates of the Township's "home occupation" ordinance.
A draft change to the home occupation ordinance (Section V.U) is enclosed, to address the specific issue of whether selling one or two used vehicles, trailers, or farm machinery is subject to the ordinance or not. At this point, such sales would be considered a high-activity home occupation because they have direct evidence of the "business" and have outdoor storage involved (of the vehicle itself).
If the Commission agrees to some kind of exception for such sales (which include limits on the number of days per year this is allowed, or the total number of vehicles per year, etc…), it might consider whether there are other such types of sales that would be listed as exceptions to the home occupation regulations.
5. Discussion of whether changes are needed to the ordinance to lessen any barriers that might exist for homeowners wishing to install small-scale solar panels on their property (there was discussion that these should certainly be allowed to be installed on a building, but perhaps not on a free-standing pole or other such support).
Staff is enclosing an example ordinance from Minneapolis which specifies the height and other regulations that apply to the installation of solar panels. The intent would be to clarify that such installations are allowed and what types of regulations apply.
SENATE STATE OF MINNESOTA EIGHTY-SEVENTH LEGISLATURE S.F. No. 1190
(SENATE AUTHORS: CHAMBERLAIN and Vandeveer)
Section 1.
Sec. 2.
http://www.lmc.org/page/1/vacahomezoning.jsp[5/21/2012 9:45:23 AM]
Vacation Home Rental
Posted By pdian On July 23, 2009 @ 2:00 pm In | Comments Disabled
Information for owners of vacation home rental property in Minnesota
In recent years, vacation home rentals have been emerging in Minnesota. One characteristic of vacation home rental that distinguishes it from most other types of lodging is that there is not an on-site manager. To make this is a safe, viable, and economically beneficial development, there is a need to provide both guidance and regulation to these entrepreneurs. The opportunity to address a consumer market interested in this lodging option can generate economic benefits throughout an area. There are more than 100,000 seasonal, recreational or occasional use homes in Minnesota.
While the State of Minnesota does not have a specific definition of "vacation home rental property," many legal and regulatory issues related to vacation home rental are currently covered in state and local statutes and regulations. This page has been created to help Minnesota vacation home rental property owners understand the regulations to which they must adhere. This information may be updated frequently.
Regulations and licensing [1]
[2]
Fire safety
Health regulations [3]
Insurance requirements [4]
Real estate requirements
[5]
Septic, plumbing and water quality compliance [6]
Shoreland Conservation Standards [7]
Tax regulations [8]
Zoning regulations
[9]
General operating concerns [10]
Promoting your vacation home rental property
Other resources
[12]
Regulations and licensing
Fire safety
Vacation home rental property owners must be aware of and follow applicable fire safety codes.
2007 Minnesota State Fire Code
[13]
Home fire safety information [14]
Carbon monoxide information
[15]
Contact:
firstname.lastname@example.org
[16]
Health regulations
Vacation home rental owners should understand and comply with licensing required by the Minnesota Department of Health (MDH). According to the MDH, Minnesota Statutes Chapter 157 [17] and Minnesota Rule Chapter 4625 (although not specifically defining vacation home rental) would apply to a facility offering sleeping accommodations to the public.
http://industry.exploreminnesota.com/side1/vacationhome/printpage/[5/22/2012 11:24:25 AM]
[11]
Requirements, permits, licenses and fees:
More information on MDH's licensing and plan review can be found here: Explanation of plan review process [18]
There is a fee for plan review and an application and process to follow. Fees are found in Minnesota Statutes Chapter 157 [17] and Minnesota Rule Chapter 4625. New (not previously licensed) vacation home property facilities must submit plans and go through a plan review process [18] . After plans are approved the facility can build (if totally new) and then they can apply for a license to operate. There is an annual license fee. Licenses are renewed annually.
Current means of enforcement
local Food, Beverage and Lodging Licensing Jurisdictions [19] .
MDH has a well-established enforcement process that starts with an inspection and orders for compliance. Inspections to assure compliance with laws are conducted on a regular basis according to risk categories. Fines can be levied for noncompliance and licenses can be revoked. Establishments can be ordered to close. Vacation home properties must also comply with
Definitions
General information on lodging rule and statute. [17]
Lodging establishments meeting these definitions [20] must be licensed in Minnesota . Currently, most vacation home rental property would be licensed as a hotel or motel.
Contacts: Gary Edwards, R.S.
Minnesota Department of Health
651-201-4513
email@example.com
[21]
State and local environmental health contacts [22] (.pdf)
Minnesota Department of Health's Web site [23]
Insurance requirements
Contact your insurance agent for guidance on commercial use of a residential property.
Shoreland Conservation Standards
Shoreland rules are currently being updated by the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources through a stakeholder committee review process. Vacation home rental has been identified for consideration in this revision process.
More information on shoreland regulations.
[24]
Real Estate Requirements
If you are renting your vacation home through a real estate licensee/management company, you should verify that the real estate licensee is licensed through the Minnesota Department of Commerce at 651-201-2768.
Real Estate licensees, who provide property rental and management services as licensed under chapter 82, are allowed to operate vacation home rental management businesses without an additional license. The vacation home rental unit or units themselves may require additional licensing, which may be provided by the unit owner or the rental management company or broker. For more information, see
Desk top reference guide: Vacation home rentals [25] .
Contact: Heather Mavencamp
Minnesota Association of REALTORS
®
952-912-2661
firstname.lastname@example.org [26]
Septic, plumbing and water quality compliance
Septic systems at vacation rental homes need to be properly managed and maintained. Here are some important considerations for the vacation rental home owner:
Do not advertise vacation rental homes to accommodate more people than there are bedrooms; septic systems are sized to handle wastewater for about two people per bedroom.
Remember that many "city people" are unfamiliar with septic systems and may flush things they
http://industry.exploreminnesota.com/side1/vacationhome/printpage/[5/22/2012 11:24:25 AM]
shouldn't and use more water than they need to. You should educate your guests to help avoid problems.
MPCA recommends that you discuss the septic system with a licensed septic system maintainer and follow their advice on pumping frequency and other maintenance issues.
Be mindful of the amount of water used in a short period of time. Too much water going to your septic tank can result in backups to the house, tank overflows, and possible damage the to the drainfield. This could potentially be an issue if the owners or housekeeper would come in and wash all the bedding and towels, do all the dishes, and wash the floors etc. in one day. Try to limit the amount of water used in a short period of time by spanning cleaning activities over a period of a few days if water use will be high.
For a list of licensed septic maintainers, inspectors and other professionals, please refer to the MPCA's Subsurface Sewage Treatment System Program [27] , which provides additional information on many related topics that may be helpful.
Contact:
Gretchen Sabel
Minnesota Pollution Control Agency
651-757-2686
email@example.com [28]
Tax regulations
Vacation home rental owners must understand and comply with federal, state and local taxes [29] .
Minnesota Department of Revenue Sales and Use Tax Division Mail Station 6330 St. Paul, MN 55146-6330 651-296-6181 800-657-3777
firstname.lastname@example.org
[30]
www.revenue.state.mn.us
[31]
Zoning regulations
Cities, counties and townships have their own zoning and nuisance ordinances. There are 87 counties and 853 cities in Minnesota with planning and zoning authority. Zoning decisions are made at the local level. Education and communication are the overall key to developing workable local implementation.
Contacts:
Contact the city zoning department if your property is in city limits or the county planning and zoning department if outside of a city boundary
League of Minnesota Cities Directory
[32]
General operating concerns: recommendations for vacation home rental property owners
Operating a commercial business venture alongside your neighbors' residences can lead to conflict. These conflicts, if not addressed on a voluntary basis, will lead to a need for additional regulation. Vacation home property owners should consider the following:
Do not allow overcrowding/ensure guests know maximum occupancy
Provide 24-hour-per-day contact to local manager for guests and neighbors
Inform guests how to handle maintenance issues that arise – who to contact
Provide guidance to guests on noise levels
Advise guests on parking capacity/RV parking and driving responsibly in the neighborhood
Post proper business signage
Assure guests know how/where to properly dispose of garbage
Specify whether you allow outside camping, and where on the property this is acceptable
Post rules for responsible use of recreational equipment
Assure guests are aware of property lines/Advise guests on trespassing
Advise neighbors of manager/owner phone numbers
Advise guests on campfires/fireworks and firearms
Consider applicable property association bylaws
Have a plan for handling malicious complaints
http://industry.exploreminnesota.com/side1/vacationhome/printpage/[5/22/2012 11:24:25 AM]
Promoting your vacation home rental property
List your vacation home rental property in Explore Minnesota Tourism's database.
In providing this information you are ensuring that you are in compliance with any required licensing and taxation laws.
Contact:
Kimberly Clarke
651.757.1842
Explore Minnesota Tourism
email@example.com
[33]
Other resources
Association of Minnesota Counties
[34]
Congress of Minnesota Resorts
[35]
League of Minnesota Cities Directory
[32]
Local Public Health Association of Minnesota
[36]
Minnesota Association of Realtors® [37]
Minnesota Association of Townships
[38]
Minnesota Resort and Campground Association
[39]
Minnesota Seasonal Recreational Property Owners Coalition [40]
Minnesota Vacation Rental Association
[41]
University of Minnesota Tourism Center [42]
Legislature's Vacation Home Rental Report – January 2009 [43]
Looking to rent a vacation home property?
See listings in Explore Minnesota's database
[44]
Article printed from industry.exploreminnesota.com: http://industry.exploreminnesota.com
URL to article: http://industry.exploreminnesota.com/side1/vacationhome/
URLs in this post:
[1] Regulations and licensing: #randl
[2] Fire safety:
#fire
[3] Health regulations:
#health
[4] Insurance requirements:
#ins
[5] Real estate requirements:
#real
[6] Septic, plumbing and water quality compliance:
#sep
[7] Shoreland Conservation Standards: #shore
[8] Tax regulations:
#tax
[9] Zoning regulations:
#zone
[10] General operating concerns:
#genop
[11] Promoting your vacation home rental property: #promote
[12] Other resources: #other
[13] 2007 Minnesota State Fire Code: http://www.fire.state.mn.us/FireCode/FireCode.html
[14] Home fire safety information: http://www.fire.state.mn.us/PublicEducation/HomeFireSafety.html
[15] Carbon monoxide information: http://www.fire.state.mn.us/CO/CO.htm
[16] firstname.lastname@example.org: mailto:email@example.com
[17] Minnesota Statutes Chapter 157: http://www.health.state.mn.us/divs/eh/lodging/rule.html
[18] plan review process: http://industry.exploreminnesota.com/licensing-and-plan-review-forminnesota-vacation-home-rentals/
[19] local Food, Beverage and Lodging Licensing Jurisdictions:
http://www.health.state.mn.us/divs/eh/food/license/delegation.html
[20] meeting these definitions : http://www.health.state.mn.us/divs/eh/lodging/index.html
[21] firstname.lastname@example.org: mailto:email@example.com
[22] State and local environmental health contacts:
http://www.health.state.mn.us/divs/eh/food/license/locals.pdf
http://industry.exploreminnesota.com/side1/vacationhome/printpage/[5/22/2012 11:24:25 AM]
[23] Minnesota Department of Health's Web site:
[24] More information on shoreland regulations.: http://mndnr.gov/waters/shoreland.html
http://www.health.state.mn.us/divs/eh/lodging/lodgingplan.htm
[25] Desk top reference guide: Vacation home rentals: http://industry.exploreminnesota.com/desktopreference-guide-vacation-home-rentals/
[27] MPCA's Subsurface Sewage Treatment System Program:
[26] firstname.lastname@example.org: mailto:email@example.com
http://www.pca.state.mn.us/programs/ists/index.html
[29] federal, state and local taxes: http://industry.exploreminnesota.com/tax-regulations-forminnesota-vacation-home-rental-property/
[28] firstname.lastname@example.org: mailto:email@example.com
[30] firstname.lastname@example.org:
mailto:email@example.com
[32] League of Minnesota Cities Directory: http://www.lmc.org/page/1/city-directory.jsp
[31] www.revenue.state.mn.us: http://www.revenue.state.mn.us
[33] firstname.lastname@example.org: mailto:email@example.com
[35] Congress of Minnesota Resorts: http://www.minnesota-resorts.com
[34] Association of Minnesota Counties: http://www.mncounties.org
[36] Local Public Health Association of Minnesota: http://www.mncounties2.org/lpha
[38] Minnesota Association of Townships: http://www.mntownships.org
[37] Minnesota Association of Realtors®: http://www.mnrealtor.com
[39] Minnesota Resort and Campground Association: http://www.hospitalitymn.com
[41] Minnesota Vacation Rental Association:
[40] Minnesota Seasonal Recreational Property Owners Coalition: http://www.msrpo.org
http://www.minnesotavacationrentalassociation.com/index.htm
[43] Legislature's Vacation Home Rental Report – January 2009:
[42] University of Minnesota Tourism Center: http://www.tourism.umn.edu
http://industry.exploreminnesota.com/vacation-home-rental-report-january-2009
http://www.exploreminnesota.com/experience/71/directory/lodging?catid=64,195&ia=true
[44] See listings in Explore Minnesota's database:
Click here to print.
Copyright © 2009 industry.exploreminnesota.com. All rights reserved.
free diner dash gamesdiner dash flo through timedinner dash 3
http://industry.exploreminnesota.com/side1/vacationhome/printpage/[5/22/2012 11:24:25 AM]
buffered from adjacent residential uses with landscaping, fencing or other acceptable methods of screening in accordance with Section 7.23 of this Ordinance.
H. The small truck terminal shall not generate excessive customer or client traffic that is detrimental to the character of the surrounding properties.
I. There shall be no indication of offensive noise, vibration, smoke, dust, odors, heat or glare at or beyond the property line.
J. The small truck terminal shall not generate hazardous waste unless a plan for off-site disposal of the waste is approved.
K. The small truck terminal at a dwelling with an on-site sewage treatment system shall only generate normal domestic household waste unless a plan for off-site disposal of the waste is approved.
6.58 Vacation/Private Home Rental
6.58.1 Performance Standards
A Vacation/Private Home Rental shall be subject to the administrative requirements of Section 4.18 of this Ordinance and the following performance standards:
A. Submittal of an application signed by the property owner and including the following: a current water test from an accredited laboratory with test results for nitrate-nitrogen and coliform bacteria, a compliance inspection of the existing sub-surface sewage treatment system and a to-scale drawing of the location and dimensions of the structure intended for licensing and all associated accessory structures, parking areas, shore recreation facilities and sewage treatment systems.
B. The occupancy of a Vacation/Private Home Rental shall be limited to no more than two persons per bedroom plus two additional persons per building, not to exceed a maximum of twelve (12) persons; or no more than one (1) person for every fifty (50) gallons of water per day that the building's sub-surface sewage treatment system is designed to handle, whichever is less.
C. Parking shall meet the requirements of Section 7.19 of this Ordinance Designated parking areas shall be off-street parking.
.
D. On premise signs are prohibited.
E. The Vacation/Private Home Rental shall be connected to an approved subsurface sewage treatment system. The sub-surface sewage treatment system shall be designed and constructed with a design flow of fifty (50) gallons of water per person per day to handle the maximum number of guests for which the facility is permitted. The sub-surface sewage treatment system shall include a flow measurement device. Flow measurement readings and monitoring of the sub-surface sewage treatment system shall be recorded monthly and records shall be made available to the Department upon request. The use of holding tanks for Vacation/Private Home rental units shall be prohibited.
F. Rental of recreational vehicles shall not be allowed.
G. The Planning Commission may impose conditions that will reduce the impact of the proposed use on neighboring properties and nearby
waterbodies. Said conditions may include but not be limited to a fence or vegetative screening along a property line or a native buffer along the shoreline.
H. The owners of Vacation/Private Home Rentals shall ensure that the noise standards of Minnesota Rules, chapter 7030; or successor rules, are met. The Planning Commission may impose a quiet hours standard in order to assist in achieving this goal and to reduce the potential impacts on neighboring properties.
I. The owners of Vacation/Private Home Rentals shall, at a minimum, comply with Minnesota Statutes, chapter 504B; or successor statue and make available to all tenants the Minnesota Attorney General's annual statement summarizing the significant legal rights and obligations of landlords and residential tenants, as described in Minnesota Statues, section 504B.275; or successor statute.
J. The licensee shall keep a report, detailing use of the home by recording, at a minimum, the name, address, phone number and vehicle license number of all guests using the property. A copy of the report shall be provided to the Department upon request.
I. No more than two Vacation/Private Home rentals will be allowed on a parcel. Construction of more than one single family dwelling unit or Guest Cottage shall only be allowed on a parcel that meets the requirements of Sections 10.2.8 and 10.2.12 of this Ordinance. More than two Vacation/Private Home rentals on the same parcel or on contiguous parcels under common ownership shall constitute a resort and must meet the standards set forth in Section 10.2.23 of this Ordinance.
6.58.2 License Required
A Vacation/Private Home Rental shall be licensed by the County and shall meet the requirements of Stearns County Ordinance Number 204; or successor ordinances.
6.59 Warehousing, Storage, Distribution and Wholesale Facilities
6.59.1 Performance Standards
Except as provided in Section 9.11.2 of this Ordinance, warehousing, storage, distribution and/or wholesaling facilities shall be subject to the administrative requirements of Section 4.8 of this Ordinance and the following performance standards:
A. The site shall be served by a minor arterial or higher functional class of roadway, except that the proposed use may be served by a lesser functional class of roadway if the responsible road authority grants written permission for such use at the proposed location.
B. The parcel shall have a lot area no less than four (4) times the area of the building footprint.
C. The use shall comply with all applicable local, state and federal laws, rules, regulations and ordinances.
D. Buildings shall meet the setback requirements of the applicable zoning district.
SECTION III. ZONING DISTRICT REGULATIONS
B. Uses Permitted. 1 2 The following set of tables establishes the uses permitted, permitted by conditional or interim use permit, or not permitted. All uses are subject to the requirements or performance standards of this ordinance. Performance standards applicable to uses in all zoning districts are given in Section V.
Key: A = Allowed, no permit required; P = A use allowed, but which may require a land use permit; CU = A use requiring a Conditional Use Permit; IU = A use requiring an Interim Use Permit; X = not permitted.
SECTION V. PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
V. KEEPING OF ANIMALS
The purpose of these regulations is to permit and regulate the keeping of small animals not otherwise regulated by this ordinance as livestock or under Alexandria Township Ordinance #117 (dogs and cats) as may be amended from time to time. These regulations are intended to To provide a higher development standard and to control the keeping of small animals so as to preserve the residential nature of certain areas. .
1. General
a. Poisonous, venomous, wild or exotic animals are prohibited throughout the Township.
b. Unless kept entirely within a dwelling (not including attached garages), the keeping of animals subject to this ordinance is not allowed on lots less than one acre in size or with a width of 60 feet or less.
b. To provide a higher development standard and to control the keeping of small animals so as to preserve the residential nature of certain areas. This The remainder of this section shall be applicable to all parcels of land within which are: 1) within a platted subdivision; and 2) are three acres or less in size; and 3) within the Urban Residential, Rural Residential or shoreland district zoning districts that contain five acres or less.
2. Definitions
Animal, Small: Animals or fowl not otherwise defined as livestock by this ordinance, as a dog or cat under Alexandria Township Ordinance #117 as may be amended from time to time, or as a "regulated animal" under Minnesota Statutes 346.155. Small animals shall, except for dogs and cats, include any animal kept as a pet or for the purpose of food production (either for personal consumption or sale) such as, but not limited to, chickens, guinea hens, geese, ducks, turkeys, pigeons, peacocks, rabbits,
1 Amended 7/2/2007 (Resolution #07-09)
3 Added 5/21/2012 (Resolution #12-05)
2 Amended 12/7/2009 (Resolution #09-05) to reflect addition of interim uses
miniature pigs, mink, ferrets, nonvenemous snakes less than 6 feet in length, parrots and other birds, and other animals or fowl of similar size and type. Small animals or fowl under 3 months in age shall not be included when computing the number of allowed small animals or fowl. Beekeeping shall not be considered a small animal for the purpose of these regulations (see Section V.W for regulations specific to beekeeping).
Large Fowl/Poultry: Geese, turkeys, peacocks
Small Fowl/Poultry: Chickens, guinea hens, ducks, pigeons, parrots and other birds.
Small Reptiles/Amphibians: Snakes, lizards, iguanas, chameleons, salamanders, turtles, frogs
Small Mammals: Rabbit, mink, ferret, miniature/pot-belly pigs
3. Regulations
This ordinance establishes three general categories of regulations affecting small animals. The three general categories are defined as follows:
a. Small animals kept within a dwelling. Any small animals kept completely and entirely within a dwelling are not regulated by this ordinance. These are animals that are generally kept as pets and are contained within cages, aquariums, or other similar enclosures. Small reptiles/amphibians and talking birds (parrots, parakeets, cockatoos, etc…) are only allowed within this category.
b. Small animals kept within an attached or detached accessory building (or in a fenced area of up to 36 sq ft that must be attached to an accessory buildingsetback from neighboring property lines at least 25 feet). The keeping of up to three (3) small animals shall be allowed as an allowed or an interim use, provided that such animals are sufficiently contained so as to prevent their running at large or entering the premise of any neighboring property. The maximum number of animals allowed shall be as follows:
b.c. Small animals running at large or in numbers greater than three. Small animals in numbers greater than three (3), or small animals that are allowed to run at large or are otherwise uncontained within a building or shelter shall not be permitted.
4. Performance Standards
a. Disposal of Animal Feces. A property owner shall clean and properly dispose of animal feces on a daily or weekly basis, or as necessary to ensure that odors do not become a nuisance to any nearby property owner or the public.
b. Noise. No owner shall permit any animal under his or her custody or control to create a nuisance by way of crying, howling, screeching, growling or other vocalization.
c. Maintenance of facilities/enclosures. All facilities, buildings or other enclosures for the housing of small animals shall be constructed of material appropriate for the animal involved, contain and restrain the animal they are designed or built to contain without causing injury to, or depriving the animal of necessary environmental elements, and be maintained in good repair.
STAFF REPORT
Issue:
Comprehensive Plan Update
Agenda Item: Old Business - 3
Background: Once the training session on developing Comprehensive Plans has been completed, the intent is that the Planning Commission begin discussing whether/how it would like to update the Township's 2006 Comprehensive Plan.
The Town Board has provided some direction in this regard. Specifically, they have indicated that they do not see the need for a major update nor the need for a major effort to involve the public in any update (certainly the public is welcome to attend Planning Commission meetings where it is discussed, but the idea would be to not spend resources on having multiple community "workshops" such as were held when the 2006 Comprehensive Plan was first developed.
The Town Board feels that the Commission should discuss and propose updates in "sections" – bringing those proposed updates to the Town Board for their review and approval one or two at a time. | <urn:uuid:26864504-94dd-4c69-9020-402b9cf4ed1b> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 72,824 |
GUIDE FOR BASIC ACCOUNTING AND REPORTING NONFIDUCIARY DEPOSIT FUNDS WITH INVESTMENT AUTHORITY AND CLEARING ACCOUNTS
EFFECTIVE FISCAL YEAR 2016
UNITED STATES STANDARD GENERAL LEDGER DIVISION GOVERNMENTWIDE ACCOUNTING BUREAU OF THE FISCAL SERVICE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TREASURY
Table of Contents
2 of 78 December 2016
Version History
Proprietary Attributes
3 of 78 December 2016
*Effective with USSGL Bulletin 2016-05 with the Period 11 GTAS reporting window there will be a validation to no longer allow the Z domain value with Deposit Funds.
Crosswalks Impacted – Prior to Bulletin 2016-05 update
4 of 78 December 2016
Crosswalks Impacted by Fed/NonFed Attribute Change: Investments in U.S. Treasury Securities – Effective FY 2016
5 of 78 December 2016
Background
Prior to FY 2012, USSGL account 2400, "Liability for Nonfiduciary Deposit Funds, Clearing Accounts, and Undeposited Collections," was used to report both deposit fund and clearing account activities. Monies deposited into a clearing account belong to the Federal government, whereas deposit funds do not. Nonfiduciary deposit funds do not have a budgetary impact. Budgetary accounting entries are presented in Section I only for the Bureau of the Fiscal Service Treasury Account Symbol (TAS). Fiscal Service entries are presented in order to understand, from a governmentwide perspective, that the transactions properly eliminate between Fiscal Service and the agency purchasing the securities.
Nonfiduciary Deposit Funds
Nonfiduciary deposit funds are deposit funds that do not meet the definition and characteristics of fiduciary activities in SFFAS 31. For example, deposit funds that are excluded from being reported as fiduciary activities in SFFAS 31, paragraphs 13-15 are nonfiduciary deposit funds. According to SFFAS No 31, Accounting for Fiduciary Activities, paragraph 31. " . . . .non-entity assets under an entity's custody or management should be reported in the entity's financial statements, except for non-entity assets meeting the definition of fiduciary assets, which should not be recognized on the balance sheet, but should be disclosed in accordance with the provisions of SFFAS 31, Accounting for Fiduciary Activities. Non-entity assets recognized on an entity's balance sheet should be segregated from entity assets. An amount equal to non-entity assets recognized on the balance sheet should be recognized as a liability (due to Treasury or other entities)." It is acknowledged that deposit funds should only record non-entity asset and corresponding liability on the agencies balance sheet. If flow accounts are recorded in a deposit fund, contra flow accounts are needed, so that the agency's net position will not be impacted resulting in a distortion of the agency's net position.
Clearing Accounts
USSGL guidance recognizes an offsetting liability for clearing account deposits. The two arguments for recognizing the offsetting liabilities for clearing account deposits are:
1) Accrual Method of Accounting
If agencies adhere to basic accounting principles of accrual method, then the performing agency should have recorded the revenue with corresponding receivable when the revenue was earned. We have determined that if a financing resource is recorded in a clearing account for this particular event, then it will result in double counting of revenue, therefore overstating the net position of the performing agency.
2) Principle of Conservatism
6 of 78 December 2016
We recognize a clearing account may have many different types of collections and may require different accounting treatments. As a result, we have applied conservatism principle to the clearing account collections. Conservatism should be used when a degree of skepticism is warranted and where prudence in financial accounting and reporting is applied. If there are two reasonable alternatives, the more conservative option should be chosen to have an alternative that will result in less income or less asset value. Conservatism principle anticipates or discloses losses but gains do not have a similar treatment. For clearing account collections, recognition of liability was chosen over recognition of the financing source to prevent any possible double counting of revenue.
References: Deposit Funds
FASAB, SFFAS No. 1, Selected Assets and Liabilities, Paragraph 26
Both entity assets and non-entity assets under an entity's custody or management should be reported in the entity's financial statements. Non-entity assets reported in an entity's financial statements should be segregated from entity assets. An amount equal to non-entity assets should be recognized as a liability (due to Treasury or other entities) in the entity's financial statements.
FASAB, SFFAS 7, Accounting for Revenue and Other Financing Sources, Paragraph 239
* A number of transactions in which there is no net inflow of resources (or the net inflow is less than the full amount of the transaction) because one asset is exchanged for another or there is an increase in both assets and liabilities.
The final group of transactions in this appendix consists of transactions that produce amounts not recognized as revenues, gains, or other financing sources. Although in some instances there is overlap with other groups, they are presented together as a convenient reference to amounts not classified in any of the other categories. They include:
* Certain transfers and donations that do not affect net cost or net position.
* Deposit fund transactions.
* A number of transactions involving direct loans and loan guarantees, which are recognized as expenses or reductions in expenses according to the standards in SFFAS No. 2, Accounting for Direct Loans and Loan Guarantees.
FASAB, SFFAS 31, Accounting for Fiduciary Activities, Paragraphs 7, 31, 26, 29, and 35
[7] Numerous "fund groups" are used in reporting to the Treasury Fiscal Service and the OMB. For example, "deposit funds" may be used for monies that do not belong to the Federal Government. Regardless of how a fund group may be classified in reporting to the Treasury Fiscal Service or to the OMB, only those activities that meet the definition of fiduciary activity promulgated in this standard are subject to the reporting requirements of this standard. Activities that do not meet the definition of fiduciary activities promulgated in this standard are not subject to the reporting requirements of this standard. Deposit funds that do not meet the definition of fiduciary activities, and therefore are not disclosed in the fiduciary note disclosure, should be recognized in the principal financial statements.
7 of 78 December 2016
[31] This standard affects current standards for reporting non-entity assets. Paragraphs 26 and 29 of SFFAS 1, Accounting for Selected Assets and Liabilities, are amended as follows:
[26] Both entity assets and non-entity assets under an entity's custody or management should be reported in the entity's financial statements, except for non-entity assets meeting the definition of fiduciary assets, which should not be recognized on the balance sheet, but should be disclosed in accordance with the provisions of SFFAS 31, Accounting for Fiduciary Activities. Non-entity assets reported in recognized on an entity's financial statements balance sheet should be segregated from entity assets. An amount equal to nonentity assets recognized on the balance sheet should be recognized as a liability (due to Treasury or other entities) in the entity's financial statements.
[29] Non-entity cash. Non-entity cash is cash that a federal entity collects and holds on behalf of the U.S. Government or other entities. In some circumstances, the entity deposits cash in its accounts in a fiduciary custodial capacity for the U.S. Treasury or other federal component entities, or in a fiduciary capacity for non-federal parties.
(b) Non-entity cash meeting the definition of a fiduciary asset should not be recognized on the balance sheet, but should be disclosed in accordance with the provisions of SFFAS 31, Accounting for Fiduciary Activities.
(a) Non-entity cash recognized on the balance sheet should be reported separately from entity cash.
[35] This standard also amends paragraphs 84 and 102 of SFFAC 2, Entity and Display, as follows: Paragraph [102] Custodial collections do not include deposit funds, i.e., amounts held temporarily by the government (e.g., bidders' earnest money or guarantees for performance) or amounts held by the Government as an agent for others, (e.g., state income taxes withheld from Federal employees' salaries that are to be transferred to the states.). Both of These types of collections can be considered assets and liabilities until they are returned to the depositor or forwarded to the organization entitled to the funds should be reported in accordance with the provisions of SFFAS 31, Accounting for Fiduciary Activities.
Treasury Financial Manual (TFM), Volume 1, Part 2, Chapter 1500, DESCRIPTION OF ACCOUNTS RELATING TO FINANCIAL OPERATIONS
Fiscal Service establishes deposit fund accounts to record monies that do not belong to the Federal Government. Deposit funds are a liability in the Government's central summary general ledger since those assets do not belong to the Government. The deposit fund account (liability) classification is proper for any account that meets one of the following three criteria:
Section 1535—Deposit Fund Accounts are defined as:
* Monies withheld from Government payments for goods and services received. Agencies may treat this transaction as a deposit fund liability only when they have charged a budget account and the Government is holding the funds pending payment (for example, payroll deductions for savings bonds or State income taxes).
* Monies the Government is holding awaiting distribution based on a legal determination or investigation. This category includes monies in dispute (between the Government and outside parties) where ownership is in doubt and there is no present basis for estimating ultimate distribution.
8 of 78 December 2016
* Deposits received from outside sources for which the Government is acting solely as a banker, fiscal agent, or custodian. This includes certain cash and investments held outside of Treasury. Also, refer to TFM Volume I, Part 2, Chapter 3400 for additional information.
TFM Volume 1, Part 2-4700 (Published May 2016)
4705.20e—Reporting of Government Account Series (GAS) Investments with Fiscal Service Purchased by Agencies Using Fiduciary or Non-fiduciary Funds. Treasury GAS securities purchased using a non-fiduciary fund are normally classified as intragovernmental. The investments in GAS securities by non-fiduciary funds and the associated USSGL accounts should be reported with a federal/non-federal attribute domain value of "F" with a corresponding federal trading partner of 020 for Treasury. Treasury GAS securities purchased using a fiduciary fund are classified as public/non-federal. The investments in GAS securities by a fiduciary fund and the associated USSGL accounts should be reported with a federal/non-federal attribute domain value of "N" and no trading partner.
OMB Circular A11, Preparation, Submission and Execution of the Budget
You use deposit funds to account for monies that do not belong to the Government. This includes monies held temporarily by the Government until ownership is determined (such as earnest money paid by bidders for mineral leases) or held by the Government as an agent for others (such as State and local income taxes withheld from Federal employees' salaries and not yet paid to the State or local government). We exclude deposit fund transactions, as such, from the budget totals because the funds are not owned by the Government. Therefore, the budget records transactions between deposit funds and budgetary accounts as transactions with the public. For example, when the mineral leasing process has been completed, the winning bidder's earnest money is transferred from the deposit fund to the appropriate receipt account and the budget records a receipt. Similarly, outlays are recorded in an agency's salaries and expense account when a Federal employee is paid, even though some of the amount is transferred to a deposit fund for State and local income taxes withheld and paid later to the State and local government. Deposits and associated disbursements are recorded in the same account.
20.12(f) Deposit funds.
OMB Circular A-136, Financial Reporting Requirements
Investments. Investments in Federal securities will be reported separately from investments in non-Federal securities. Investments in Federal securities include non-marketable par value Treasury securities, market-based Treasury securities, marketable Treasury securities, and securities issued by other Federal entities. Non-Federal securities include those issued by State and local governments, Government-Sponsored Enterprises, and other private corporations. Investments are normally reported at acquisition cost or amortized acquisition cost (less an allowance for losses, if any). The components of investments, including the market value
II.4.3.3 Assets
9 of 78 December 2016
of market-based and marketable Treasury securities, will be disclosed (Note 5). (See SFFAS No. 1 for further information on investments in par value Treasury securities and in marketable and market-based Treasury securities expected to be held to maturity.) Reporting entities with material investments in Treasury securities attributable to Funds from Dedicated Collections must include in the required Note (Note 5) on Investments as described in SFFAS No. 27, as amended by SFFAS No. 43. Agencies with non-fiduciary deposit funds with investment authority that report intragovernmental FBWT should also report investments in Treasury securities as intragovernmental.
TFM Volume 1, Part 2-4700 Appendix 10 5.3 – Business Rules for Investments (Published May 2016) Government Account Series (GAS) Securities: Fiscal Service accounts for GAS security Investments as follows, and the investing
o Amortization method on market-based notes, bonds, zero coupon bonds, Treasury Inflation Protected Securities (TIPS), and Floating Rate Notes (FRN): Uses the effective interest method calculated by Invest One. Amortization begins on the day of purchase. Market-based notes, bonds, and TIPS purchased at premium will be amortized to the call date. Please contact the Federal Investments Program at firstname.lastname@example.org for more information on FRNs.
agency must post the calculated balances as provided by Fiscal Service.
o Amortization method on market-based bills: Uses the straight-line method for amortization on market-based bills. Amortization begins the day after purchase.
o Interest accruals: Interest accruals begin the day after purchase and are calculated using actual calendar days. Inflation compensation earned on non-business days should be included in the interest accruals until the next business day when it is converted to principal.
o Carrying value: Fiscal Service reports all fixed-value Treasury securities at amortized cost value per SFFAS No. 5. Therefore, trading partners that are required to report Treasury securities at fair market value per Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) standards must not report these market adjustments and unrealized gains or losses using Fiscal Service as their trading partner.
o Early redemption: Early redemptions may be transacted using the specific id method or the first-in/first-out method if the accounts own multiple taxlots. If not specified, the FIFO method will be used.
o Required reporting: Fiscal Service must report GAS security investment transactions on behalf of its trading partner to via IPAC and CTA. Fiscal Service's trading partners are responsible for reporting all non-investment receipts and disbursements to Fiscal Service. Fiscal Service provides its trading partners with a Monthly Statement of Account report in FedInvest for the agency to reconcile with their CARS Account Statement Expenditure Activity report. Fiscal Service also provides its trading partners with a Monthly Accrual Confirmation Report in FedInvest to reconcile to their USSGL account balances.
References: Clearing Accounts
Clearing accounts are amounts that are known to belong to the Federal government but held temporarily until additional information is collected to correctly identify the collections into appropriate receipt or expenditure accounts.
OMB Circular A11, Preparation, Submission and Execution of the Budget
(e) Clearing accounts.
20.12 What do I need to know about accounts and fund types?
You use clearing accounts to temporarily account for transactions that you know belong to the Government while you wait for information that will allow you to match the transaction to a specific receipt or expenditure account. For example:
* To temporarily credit unclassified transactions between Federal agencies, including Intragovernmental Payment and Collection (IPAC) transactions.
* To temporarily credit unclassified transactions from the public when there is a reasonable presumption that the amounts belong to a Federal Government account other than miscellaneous receipts in the Treasury.
You should not use clearing accounts to mask an over obligation or over expenditure of an expenditure account.
TFM, Volume 1, Part 2 – Chapter 1500 DESCRIPTION OF ACCOUNTS RELATING TO FINANCIAL OPERATIONS 1520.25—Clearing Accounts
Fiscal Service establishes clearing accounts to temporarily hold unidentifiable general, special, or trust funds collections that belong to the Federal Government until they are classified to the proper receipt or expenditure account by the Federal entity. An "F" preceding the last four digits of the fund account symbol identifies these accounts. Clearing accounts consist of the "3800" series fund group preceded by the two-digit department regular code. Agencies should use the following:
* Budget clearing account (suspense), __F3875, to temporarily credit unclassified transactions from the public when there is a reasonable presumption that the amounts belong to their agencies.
* Undistributed intergovernmental payments account, __F3885, to temporarily credit unclassified transactions between Federal agencies, including Intra-governmental Payment and Collection (IPAC) transactions.
Clearing accounts 1 listed in the Federal Account Symbols and Titles (FAST) Book
1 OMB Circular A11, Section 20.12, What do I need to know about accounts and fund types?
2 TFM Volume I, Bulletin No. 2007-07, "Reporting agencies that have justifiable business needs for keeping a suspense account may submit a waiver to OMB and Fiscal Service to request the continued use of the F3875 and/or F3885 suspense accounts for specific business purposes. Agencies must submit a written waiver request to OMB and Fiscal Service (see paragraph 9) by January 31, 2008. . . ."
Characteristics of Fund Types and Their Accounts: Clearing accounts: What is the Purpose of the account? "Temporarily hold general, special, or trust fund Federal Government collections or disbursements to the applicable receipt or expenditure accounts. (Amounts in clearing accounts should not be used to make outlays or payments)"
New USSGL Account and Change to Existing USSGL Account (Effective FY 2016)
New USSGL Account (Effective FY 2016)
Account Title: Contra Expense- Nonfiduciary Deposit Fund Intragovernmental Administrative Fees
Account Number: 679500
Normal Balance: Credit
Definition: The amount that offsets intragovernmental administrative fees paid by nonfiduciary deposit funds, in compliance with
SFFAS 7, paragraph 239.
Justification: Deposit Funds are non-budgetary accounts and cannot have results of operations. However, intragovernmental expenses need to be recorded to offset intragovernmental revenues in the performing federal agency.
Change to Existing USSGL Account (Effective FY 2016)
Account Title:
Contra Revenue for Interest Revenue- Investments
Account Number: 531800
Normal Balance: Debit
Old Definition: The amount reflecting a reduction in revenue for interest accrued on investments when realization is not expected. New Definition: The amount reflecting a reduction in revenue for interest accrued on investments when realization is not expected, or to offset intragovernmental interest revenue in nonfiduciary deposit funds with investment authority, in compliance with SFFAS 7, paragraph 239.
Justification: Deposit Funds are non-budgetary accounts and cannot have results of operations. However, intragovernmental revenues need to be recorded in non-fiduciary deposit funds with investment authority to offset intragovernmental interest expense paid by Treasury Fiscal Service.
New USSGL Account and Change to Existing USSGL Account (Effective FY 2012)
Changes to Existing USSGL Account (Effective FY 2012)
Old Definition: Amounts offsetting undeposited collections and collections deposited in nonfiduciary deposit funds and clearing accounts, including suspense accounts, awaiting disposition or reclassification. This account does not close at yearend.
Account Number: 240000
Old Account Title: Liability for Nonfiduciary Deposit Funds, Clearing Accounts, and Undeposited Collections
New Account Title: Liability for Nonfiduciary Deposit Funds and Undeposited Collections
Normal Balance: Credit
New Definition: Amounts offsetting undeposited collections and collections deposited in nonfiduciary deposit funds awaiting disposition. This account does not close at yearend.
Justification: Funds deposited into a clearing account belongs to the Federal Government therefore, a separate accounts was needed to separately identify clearing account transactions from a nonfiduciary deposit fund.
New USSGL Account (Effective FY 2012)
Liability for Clearing Accounts
Definition: The amount that offsets collections deposited in clearing accounts awaiting disposition or reclassification. This account does not close at year-end.
Account Title:
Account Number: 241000
Normal Balance: Credit
Justification: To separately identify clearing account transactions from nonfiduciary deposit fund transactions.
Listing of USSGL Accounts Used in This Scenario
Budgetary
407000 Anticipated Collections From Federal Sources
411900 Other Appropriations Realized
420100 Total Actual Resources - Collected
421000 Anticipated Reimbursements and Other Income
422100 Unfilled Customer Orders Without Advance
425100 Reimbursements and Other Income Earned - Receivable
426100 Actual Collections of Business-Type Fees
426600 Other Actual Business-Type Collections From Non-Federal Sources
445000 Unapportioned Authority
461000 Allotments - Realized Resources
462000 Unobligated Funds Exempt From Apportionment
490100 Delivered Orders - Obligations, Unpaid
490200 Delivered Orders - Obligations, Paid
Proprietary
101000 Fund Balance With Treasury
134200 Interest Receivable - Investments
131000 Accounts Receivable
137000 Administrative Fees Receivable - Not Otherwise Classified
161100 Discount on U.S. Treasury Securities Issued by the Bureau of the Fiscal Service
161000 Investments in U.S. Treasury Securities Issued by the Bureau of the Fiscal Service
161200 Premium on U.S. Treasury Securities Issued by the Bureau of the Fiscal Service
211000 Accounts Payable
161300 Amortization of Discount and Premium on U.S. Treasury Securities Issued by the Bureau of the Fiscal Service
Section I. Case Study: Nonfiduciary Deposit Funds with Investment Authority
Section I. Case Study: Nonfiduciary Deposit Funds with Investment Authority
A beginning trial balance is not applicable in Year 1.
Year 1
1. To record cash collections into nonfiduciary deposit fund.
2. To record investment of Treasury securities by a nonfiduciary deposit fund that has investment authority.
B127
3. To record amortization of the discount on the Fiscal Service securities. (Net interest revenue is not recognized in a deposit fund. See SFFAS No.7, paragraph 239.). Because a deposit fund must always have a net position of zero, the increase in total assets held by the deposit fund created by the amortization of the discount is offset by an increase in the corresponding liability for the deposit fund assets.
TC
E124
4. To record appropriation received for payment of interest.
A104
5. To record accrual of interest due from Fiscal Service for interest on U.S. Treasury securities. (Net interest revenue is not recognized in a deposit fund. See SFFAS No.7, paragraph 239)
TC
B418
6. To record GAS securities interest payment from Fiscal Service to the deposit fund.
TC
B112
B134
7. To record administrative fees earned for administering the deposit fund by an agency that has the authority to charge an administrative fee to be paid by a nonfiduciary deposit fund. The nonfiduciary deposit fund should also record a contra expense. (See SFFAS 7, paragraph 239.) The intragovernmental payable and receivable would be eliminated on the government-wide financial report if the administrative fees were unpaid as of the financial statement date. However, the receivable from the nonfiduciary deposit fund is not a budgetary resource until collected. (Deposit funds are not in the budget, and receivables from deposit funds are not budgetary resources, regardless of whether the deposit funds are fiduciary or nonfiduciary.)
8. To record payment of administrative fees to Agency 40's operating fund.
100
100
900
100
100
111,900
Closing Entries (For Agency Operating Fund)
Closing Entries – Agency 40 Operating Fund
C1. To record the consolidation of actual collections.
C2. To record the closing of revenue, expense, and other financing source accounts to cumulative results of operations.
Closing Entry – Agency 40 Deposit Fund
C3. To record the closing of revenue, contra revenue, expense and contra expense in the nonfiduciary deposit fund (which will net to zero cumulative results of operations in the deposit fund).
Year 1 Post Closing Trial Balance
Year 1 Financial Statements
SF 133: Report on Budget Execution and Budgetary Resources & Budget Program and Financing Schedule (Schedule P) – AGENCY 40
SF 133: Report on Budget Execution and Budgetary Resources & Budget Program and Financing Schedule (Schedule P) – AGENCY 40
Reclassified Financial Statements:
0
Year 2
Note: Only Transactions and Trial Balances for Agency 40 are shown for Year 2
Year 2 Opening Trial Balance
1. To record amortization of the discount on the Fiscal Service securities for six months. (See SFFAS No.7, paragraph 239.)
2. To record accrual of six months of interest due from Fiscal Service for interest on U.S. Treasury securities. (See SFFAS No.7, paragraph 239.)
3. To record interest payment from Fiscal Service received by the deposit fund.
4. To record administrative fees earned for administering the deposit fund. As a nonbudgetary account, the nonfiduciary deposit fund should not have results of operations. (See SFFAS 7, paragraph 239.) The intragovernmental payable and receivable would be eliminated on the governmentwide financial report if the administrative fees were unpaid as of the financial statement date. However, the receivable from the nonfiduciary deposit fund is not a budgetary resource until collected. (Deposit funds are not in the budget, and receivables from deposit funds are not budgetary resources, regardless of whether the deposit funds are fiduciary or nonfiduciary.)
5. To record payment of administrative fees to Agency 40's operating fund.
6. U.S. Treasury Investments early redemption at a gain of $300.*
7. To disburse part of the deposit fund's assets to non-federal parties in accordance with legislation and/or judicial orders.
8. To transfer the remainder of the deposit fund's assets to the General Fund of the U.S. Government in accordance with legislation and/or judicial orders.
Year 2 Pre-Closing Trial Balance
Year 2 Closing Entries – Agency 40 Operating Fund
C1. To record the consolidation of actual collections.
C2. To record the closing of revenue, expense, and other financing source accounts to cumulative results of operations.
Year 2 Closing Entries – Agency 40 Deposit Fund
C3. To record the closing of revenue, contra revenue, expense and contra expense in the nonfiduciary deposit fund (which will net to zero cumulative results of operations in the deposit fund).
Year 2 Post-Closing Trial Balance
Section II. Case Study: Clearing Accounts
Section II. Case Study: Clearing Accounts
I. Unidentified Collection from Nonfederal Sources Year 1
1) To record revenue earned from nonfederal entity
2) To record nonfederal collection deposited into a clearing account. The collection belongs to the Federal government but appropriate agency operating fund is not yet identified.
PRE-CLOSING ADJUSTING TRIAL BALANCE YEAR 1
Closing entries for Year 1
C1. To record the closing of revenue to cumulative results of operations.
POST-CLOSING TRIAL BALANCE YEAR 1
Year 2
Beginning Trial Balance
1) To record anticipated collections from nonfederal entity.
2. To record reclassification of collection from a clearing account once amounts are identified to appropriate agency account (reverse the original entry recorded in the clearing account).
Agency 40 PRE-CLOSING TRIAL BALANCE YEAR 2
CLOSING ENTRIES FOR END OF YEAR 2
C1. To record the consolidation of actual net funded resources.
POST-CLOSING TRIAL BALANCE YEAR 2
-
-
-
Nonfiduciary Deposit Funds with Investment Authority and Clearing Accounts
Effective Fiscal 2016
SF 133: Report on Budget Execution and Budgetary Resources & Budget Program and Financing Schedule (Schedule P)
YEAR 2
Budget Program and Financing Schedule (Schedule P) YEAR 2
SF 133: Report on Budget Execution and Budgetary Resources &
II. Unidentified Collection from Federal Sources
Year 1
1) Agency 30 - To record appropriation received, apportioned and allotted; Agency 40- To record anticipated reimbursement for services provided
2) To record reimbursable agreement without advance that was previously anticipated
2a) To record revenue earned for services provided to agency 30 by agency 40. The cost incurred by agency 40 to provide service is not shown in this scenario.
3) To record Federal collection that are deposited into a clearing account but not yet identified to appropriate agency 40's operating account.
Note: TFM, 2-4700, section 4706.30 – " . . . Trading partner code "00" is limited to the House of Representatives, Senate, classified transactions, or any truly unidentifiable activity/balances."
Nonfiduciary Deposit Funds with Investment Authority and Clearing Accounts
YEAR 1
Effective Fiscal 2016 PRE-CLOSING TRIAL BALANCE
CLOSING ENTRIES FOR END OF YEAR 1
C1. To record the consolidation of actual net funded resources.
C2. To record the closing of paid delivered orders to total actual resources.
C4. To record the closing of Unexpended Appropriations Used and Received to Unexpended Appropriations- Cumulative.
POST-CLOSING TRIAL BALANCE YEAR 1
25.
26.
Nonfiduciary Deposit Funds with Investment Authority and Clearing Accounts Effective Fiscal 2016
Total Budgetary Financing Sources
(calc. 21..24)
Total Unexpended Appropriations
(calc. 20 + 25)
-
-
27.
Net Position
(calc. 17 + 26)
-
-
-
100
SF 133: Report on Budget Execution and Budgetary Resources & Budget Program and Financing Schedule (Schedule P)
SF 133: Report on Budget Execution and Budgetary Resources & Budget Program and Financing Schedule (Schedule P)
II. Unidentified Federal Collections
Year 2 – Only illustrates Agency 40 activities
Beginning Trial Balance
1) To record a classification of money from the clearing account to appropriate operating fund (reverse the original entry recorded in the clearing account).
PRE-CLOSING TRIAL BALANCE YEAR 2
CLOSING ENTRIES FOR END OF YEAR 2
C1. To record the consolidation of actual net funded resources.
POST-CLOSING TRIAL BALANCE YEAR 2
-
SF 133: Report on Budget Execution and Budgetary Resources & Budget Program and Financing Schedule (Schedule P)
Year 2
SF 133: Report on Budget Execution and Budgetary Resources & Budget Program and Financing Schedule (Schedule P)
Year 2 | <urn:uuid:0b8fbe5f-2ccf-4275-8451-161c435121bb> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 32,870 |
Tarif- und Preisübersicht
| | Mayen Ostbahnhof | Rieden Waldsee | Weibern Hommersberg/ Freibad | Engeln Bahnhof | Kempenich Alter Bahnhof |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mayen Ostbahnhof | – | 3 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
| Rieden Waldsee | 3 | – | 4 | 4 | 4 |
| Weibern Hommersberg/Freibad | 5 | 4 | – | 1 | 1 |
| Engeln Bahnhof | 5 | 4 | 1 | – | 1 |
| Kempenich Alter Bahnhof | 5 | 4 | 1 | 1 | – |
| Preisstufe | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Einzelfahrschein Erwachsene | 1,90 | 3,00 | 3,80 | 4,90 | 6,00 | 7,10 | 8,20 | 9,90 |
| Ermäßigter Einzelfahrschein (Kinder bis 14 Jahren) | 1,15 | 1,80 | 2,30 | 2,95 | 3,60 | 4,25 | 4,90 | 5,95 |
| Tageskarte | 4,30 | 6,10 | 7,60 | 9,70 | 12,00 | 14,40 | 16,40 | 20,00 |
| Minigruppenkarte (bis 5 Personen, Mo–Fr ab 9 Uhr) | 7,60 | 10,20 | 15,30 | 19,70 | 23,00 | 23,00 | 23,00 | 23,00 |
Zuzügliche Kosten
Bei Fragen
| 3,00 € | pro Erwachsenenfahrrad |
|---|---|
| 2,00 € | pro Kinderfahrrad |
| 2,00 € | Online-Reservierung bis 5 Personen |
Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Mosel GmbH (VRM) Tel. 08005 / 986986 · www.vrminfo.de
Verkehrsbetriebe Mittelrhein-Ahrweiler Verkehrs-GmbH Tel. 02633 / 200 96 00 www.verkehrsbetriebe-mittelrhein.de
Stand: 06/2018. Alle Angaben ohne Gewähr. Änderungen vorbehalten. | <urn:uuid:e40b8f83-e209-432a-acc5-2fbcd2861842> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/deu_Latn/train | finepdfs | deu_Latn | 1,277 |
KRITÉRIÁ NA ZLOŽENIE HODNOTIACICH KOMISIÍ
A POSTUP PRI KREOVANÍ HODNOTIACICH KOMISIÍ
schválené uznesením Súdnej rady Slovenskej republiky č. 63 zo 16. októbra 2017
Čl. I
1) Súdna rada Slovenskej republiky (ďalej len „súdna rada"), podľa § 27b zákona č. 385/2000 Z.z. o sudcoch a prísediacich a o zmene a doplnení niektorých zákonov v znení neskorších predpisov (ďalej len „zákon o sudcoch"), volí a odvoláva členov hodnotiacich komisií. Funkčné obdobie členov hodnotiacej komisie je päť rokov.
2) Návrhy na člena hodnotiacich komisií môžu súdnej rade podať: člen súdnej rady, minister spravodlivosti, stavovská organizácia sudcov, kolégiá predsedov sudcovských rád, sudcovské rady. Pre rozhodovanie súdnej rady o zvolení člena hodnotiacej komisie je potrebné pripojiť k návrhu kandidáta za člena hodnotiacej komisie: stručnú prezentáciu kandidáta so zameraním na oblasť výkonu súdnictva, ktorej sa kandidát venuje, príp. venoval, dĺžku sudcovskej praxe kandidáta, jeho profesijný životopis a súhlas s kandidatúrou za člena hodnotiacej komisie. V prípade návrhu kandidáta , ktorý nemá prerušený výkon funkcie sudcu podľa § 24 ods. 4 zákona o sudcoch, je potrebné pripojiť aj stanovisko predsedu príslušného súdu, na ktorom kandidát vykonáva sudcovskú funkciu k stavu súdneho oddelenia kandidáta (príp. senátu, v ktorom je kandidát zaradený rozvrhom práce), ako aj k celkovému personálnemu stavu na súde so zameraním na stav vybavovania príslušnej súdnej agendy, v ktorej pôsobí navrhovaný kandidát a štatistické výkazy navrhovaného kandidáta za obdobie posledných päť rokov. Uvedené doklady je výnimočne možné predložiť najneskôr do začatia zasadnutia súdnej rady, na ktorej sa má voľba o navrhovanom kandidátovi uskutočniť.
3) Súdna rada pri voľbe členov hodnotiacich komisií zohľadňuje aj vysoký morálny štandard a integritu sudcu.
Čl. II
1) Hodnotiace komisie pre jednotlivé obvody krajských súdov by mali byť v zložení:
A. 1 člen s prevažujúcou rozhodovacou súdnou praxou v oblasti trestného práva,
1 člen s prevažujúcou rozhodovacou súdnou praxou v oblasti občianskeho práva,
1 člen s prevažujúcou rozhodovacou súdnou praxou v oblasti obchodného práva, alebo
B. 1 člen s prevažujúcou rozhodovacou súdnou praxou v oblasti trestného práva, 1 člen s prevažujúcou rozhodovacou súdnou praxou v oblasti správneho práva, 1 člen s prevažujúcou rozhodovacou súdnou praxou v oblasti občianskeho práva, alebo
C. 1 člen s prevažujúcou rozhodovacou súdnou praxou v oblasti trestného práva, 1 člen s prevažujúcou rozhodovacou súdnou praxou v oblasti správneho práva, 1 člen s prevažujúcou rozhodovacou súdnou praxou v oblasti obchodného práva, alebo
D. 1 člen s prevažujúcou rozhodovacou súdnou praxou v oblasti trestného práva, 1 člen s prevažujúcou rozhodovacou súdnou praxou v oblasti rodinného práva, 1 člen s prevažujúcou rozhodovacou súdnou praxou v oblasti obchodného práva.
2) Kreovanie hodnotiacich komisií súdna rada uskutoční v dvoch krokoch:
Krok A : Kreovanie databázy zvolených kandidátov na členov hodnotiacich komisií.
Krok B: Kreovanie trojčlenných hodnotiacich komisií pre hodnotenie sudcov jednotlivých obvodov krajských súdov .
Čl. III
Kreovanie databázy zvolených kandidátov za člena hodnotiacej komisie
1) Súdna rada z návrhov kandidátov na člena hodnotiacej komisie podaných podľa čl. I bod 2 týchto kritérií, zvolí kandidátov na členov hodnotiacich komisií tak, aby vytvorila databázu kandidátov na členov hodnotiacich komisií v počte minimálne dva a maximálne osem kandidátov na členov hodnotiacich komisií s prevažujúcou rozhodovacou súdnou praxou v oblasti trestného práva, ďalej databázu kandidátov na členov hodnotiacich komisií v počte minimálne štyri a maximálne šestnásť kandidátov na členov hodnotiacich komisií s prevažujúcou rozhodovacou súdnou praxou v oblasti občianskeho práva alebo obchodného práva, alebo aj prípadne s prevažujúcou rozhodovacou súdnou praxou v oblasti správneho práva alebo rodinného práva.
2) Databázu uvedenú v čl. III bod 1 môže súdna rada dopĺňať do maximálne určeného počtu kandidátov na členov hodnotiacich komisií za jednotlivé oblasti práva podľa potrieb doplnenia počtu hodnotiacich komisií alebo doplnenia členov hodnotiacich komisií.
3) Pri voľbe kandidátov na člena hodnotiacej komisie sa prihliadne na skutočnosť, aby databázy kandidátov na členov hodnotiacich komisií boli tvorené sudcami alebo sudcami s prerušeným výkonom funkcie podľa § 24 ods. 4 zákona o sudcoch
z viacerých obvodov krajských súdov ( s cieľom dosiahnuť rovnomerné zloženie databázy pri obsadení maximálneho počtu kandidátov na členov hodnotiacich komisií).
Čl. IV
Kreovanie trojčlenných hodnotiacich komisií pre sudcov jednotlivých obvodov krajských súdov
1) Počet hodnotiacich komisií pre hodnotenie sudcov z jednotlivých obvodov krajských súdov je minimálne dve a maximálne osem komisií.
2) Súdna rada zvolí členov trojčlenných hodnotiacich komisií zo sudcov uvedených v databáze zvolených kandidátov na členov hodnotiacich komisií tak, aby ich zloženie spĺňalo predpoklady uvedené v čl. II bod 1 týchto kritérií, a zároveň určí, pre sudcov z obvodu ktorých krajských súdov/ktorého krajského súdu, bude komisia hodnotenie vykonávať. Z hodnotenia vytvorenej trojčlennej hodnotiacej komisie sú vylúčení sudcovia z obvodu toho krajského súdu, ktorého sudcom je člen tejto hodnotiacej komisie.
3) V prípade, že nie je vytvorený maximálny počet hodnotiacich komisií, potrebu doplnenia komisií súdna rada zváži podľa predpokladaného počtu sudcov podliehajúcich hodnoteniu podľa § 27a ods. 1 písm. a) a e) zákona o sudcoch.
4) V prípade zmeny v počte hodnotiacich komisií, súdna rada zmení aj určenie obvodov krajských súdov, pre ktorých zmenený počet komisií bude vykonávať hodnotenie (za dodržania zákonného predpokladu uvedeného v § 27b ods. 2 veta druhá zákona o sudcoch).
5) Pred voľbou za člena trojčlennej hodnotiacej komisie podľa kľúča uvedeného v bode 2 tohto článku, kandidát na člena hodnotiacej komisie vysloví svoj súhlas/nesúhlas so zvolením za člena hodnotiacej komisie pre príslušný obvod/obvody krajského súdu/krajských súdov. Vyslovenie nesúhlasu má za následok vyradenie z databázy zvolených kandidátov na členov hodnotiacich komisií.
V Bratislave, 16. októbra 2017
JUDr. Lenka Praženková predsedníčka Súdnej rady Slovenskej republiky | <urn:uuid:70945593-f7de-441f-b3f8-3b5d717a9579> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/slk_Latn/train | finepdfs | slk_Latn | 6,347 |
National Judicial Academy
P-1366: South Zone-I: Regional Conference on Contemporary Judicial Developments and Strengthening Justice through Law & Technology
21 st – 22 nd October, 2023
Resource Persons | <urn:uuid:850dc064-e4e3-4d25-8a84-7713125feb85> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 204 |
Transtracheal Doppler: A New Procedure for Continuous Cardiac Output Measurement
Jerome H. Abrams, M.D.,* Roland E. Weber, Ph.D.,† Kenneth D. Holmen, M.D.‡
An endotracheal tube with a 5 mm diameter ultrasonic transducer incorporated into its distal end was inserted into the tracheas of six anesthetized dogs. The device provides for ultrasound measurement of aortic diameter and blood velocity in the ascending aorta to obtain cardiac outputs. Because measurements are made proximal to the origins of the aortic arch vessels, total cardiac output is obtained. Procedures for measurement of aortic diameter, aortic blood velocity, and cardiac outputs are discussed. The results that were used to empirically determine the angle of incidence of the ultrasound beam that gave the best least squares fit over a range of thermodilution cardiac outputs. For an angle of incidence of 62.3°, the relationship between cardiac output determined by thermal dilution and by transtracheal Doppler was transtracheal Doppler cardiac output = -6.9 + 1.19 thermal dilution cardiac output. $R^2 = .82$. The results from this preliminary assessment of the feasibility of measuring cardiac output in dogs using transtracheal Doppler suggest that additional studies should be pursued. Additional issues that require investigation include confirmation of constancy of human anatomy and demonstration of lack of tracheal trauma from the Doppler equipped endotracheal tube. (Key words: Measurement technique, cardiac output; transtracheal Doppler.)
The importance of measuring cardiac output is well established,¹⁻⁴ and several methods for its determination exist. Indicator dilution techniques,⁴ which are commonly used, require invasion of the vascular system and provide intermittent measurements of cardiac output that reflect instantaneous conditions of preload, afterload, or inotropy. The direct Fick method⁵ is best used in awake, alert, and hemodynamically stable patients and may not be suitable for the operating room or intensive care unit. Transthoracic electrical impedance⁶ requires placement of electrodes that may interfere with surgical procedures. Doppler ultrasound probes placed at the suprasternal notch⁷ and the esophagus⁸ have been used for continuous cardiac output determination. The suprasternal notch may not be accessible during certain surgical procedures, such as open heart surgery, and the procedure requires an estimate of the diameter of the ascending aorta. The esophageal Doppler probe measures blood velocity in the descending aorta, distal to the origins of the aortic arch vessels. It requires ascending aorta velocity calibration, obtained by a suprasternal notch probe, and an estimate of the ascending aortic diameter.
A new procedure for continuous measurement of cardiac output, in which a Doppler ultrasound probe is placed in the trachea, is proposed in this paper. The dimensions of the ascending aorta and the blood velocity in the ascending aorta, proximal to the origins of the aortic arch vessels, are measured. In particular, an ultrasound probe is combined with an endotracheal tube. The benefits of this procedure include: 1) the measurement is made in the ascending aorta proximal to the origins of the aortic arch vessels; 2) the relationship between the ascending aorta and trachea should be more constant than that between the descending aorta and esophagus; and 3) no additional instruments need be inserted into the patient for cardiac output determination.
The requirements and possible limitations for transtracheal Doppler cardiac output monitoring are: 1) the Doppler probe must be inserted low enough into the trachea to aim below the aortic arch and the aortic arch vessels but remain safely above the carina; 2) since ultrasound is highly attenuated in certain tissues, the cartilage of the trachea wall must be studied for ultrasound transmission characteristics; and 3) the dimension of and the blood velocity in the ascending aorta must be measured, a problem that reduces to determining the angle of intersection of the ultrasound beam with the aorta. This paper reports preliminary investigations into these requirements and the feasibility of cardiac output measurement in dogs using a Doppler probe incorporated as part of an endotracheal tube.
Materials and Methods
Since the ultimate application of transtracheal Doppler is measurement of cardiac output in humans, the anatomic relationships of the ascending aorta and trachea must be known in detail. Although described in many standard anatomic references,⁹,¹⁰ the details of this relationship and the possibility of placing a transducer within the trachea above the carina, but low enough to allow the ultrasound beam to intersect the ascending aorta proximal to the origins of the arch vessels, could not be determined with certainty. Thus, dissections of the thoracic contents of
autopsy specimens were performed which verified that the anatomy was favorable for appropriate transducer placement in humans.\textsuperscript{§}
Transmission of ultrasound through tracheal tissue was tested in an \textit{ex vivo en bloc} preparation of pig ascending aorta, aortic arch, descending aorta, and trachea. A colloid suspension was pumped through the aorta to simulate red blood cells. To verify that the ultrasound transmission characteristics of the trachea were acceptable, an ultrasound transducer was placed in the trachea and ultrasound signals reflected from the flowing colloid suspension in the aorta were measured.
A transtracheal Doppler probe was developed (fig. 1). It embodies two important features. The first is the inclusion of a 5 mm diameter ultrasonic transducer at the distal end of the endotracheal tube. The transducer is a lead zirconate titanate piezoelectric crystal designed to operate at 5 mHz. The transducer is mounted in a molded, polyvinyl chloride holder to maintain a fixed angle with respect to the longitudinal axis of the endotracheal tube. The second feature, since ultrasound is highly attenuated in air, is a balloon cuff to assure acoustic contact of the transducer with the anterolateral wall of the trachea. The cuff has been fabricated to be a prolate ellipsoid with its major axis displaced with respect to the longitudinal axis of the endotracheal tube. When inflated, the cuff forces the transducer into contact with the tracheal wall. The electrical leads from the transducer are contained within the wall of the endotracheal tube.
The electronics unit used to drive the transducer and process the Doppler ultrasound information was an Applied Biometrics\textsuperscript{®} ABCOM cardiac output computer. The unit operates in a pulsed Doppler mode with a carrier frequency of 5 mHz. When driven by the Applied Biometrics electronics unit, the ultrasound power output was below the FDA guidelines for cardiac ultrasound use. The continuous cardiac output data were digitized and accumulated for 20-s time intervals to average over the variation due to the ventilator cycle.
The volume flow rate of blood can be calculated from the blood velocity and the cross sectional area of the aorta as follows:
$$Q = \bar{v}A$$
where $Q =$ volume flow rate of blood; $\bar{v} =$ average blood velocity; and $A =$ area of aortic cross section.
The blood velocity in the aorta and the dimensions of the aorta were measured with a pulsed Doppler ultrasound beam aimed at the aorta as shown in figure 2. The blood velocity was calculated from the Doppler shift using the following equations:\textsuperscript{11–13}
$$\bar{v} = \frac{C\Delta f}{2f_0 \cos \phi}$$
(2)
where $\bar{v} =$ average blood velocity; $C =$ velocity of ultrasound in tissue; $\Delta f =$ Doppler shift; $f_0 =$ ultrasound carrier frequency; and $\phi =$ angle of ultrasound beam with respect to flow.
The cross-sectional area of the aorta was determined by range gating the Doppler signal in 1 mm steps in a direction perpendicular to the transducer through the aorta to ranges as far as 60 mm away from the transducer. Because wall motion has a distinctive audio quality, the walls of the aorta were located by audio representation of the Doppler shift. These findings were corroborated by a decrease in velocity to near background at the same distance where the audio representation of the Doppler shift changed. In this manner, the range $r$ shown in figure 2 was determined. The cross-sectional area of the aorta was assumed to be circular and the diameter was calculated from the measured range by:
$$d = r \sin \phi$$
(3)
where $d =$ diameter of aorta; $r =$ range; and $\phi =$ angle of ultrasound beam with respect to flow.
\textsuperscript{§} Abrams JH, Weber RE, Holmen KD: Unpublished data.
With this diameter, the area A can be calculated from:
\[ A = \pi (d/2)^2 \]
(4)
The calculation of both velocity and area involve the angle \( \phi \), which must be determined empirically. A worst case was constructed by grouping all of the cardiac output data from all of the dogs. The measured variables, Q from thermodilution, \( \Delta f \), and r were inserted into equations 1, 2, 3, and 4 and the angle \( \phi \) was allowed to vary until a best least squares fit was obtained. The value of \( \phi \) that produced a minimum residual sum of squares was used.
After obtaining institutional approval for animal studies, laboratory evaluation of the Doppler probe was done in six mongrel dogs, 20–43 kilograms. The dogs were anesthetized with pentobarbital, 30 mg/kg, and anesthesia was maintained using increments of pentobarbital. Following orotracheal intubation, the lungs were ventilated with a Harvard volume ventilator with tidal volumes of 15 ml/kg and respiratory rates of eight to ten breaths per minute. A 5-French pediatric pulmonary artery catheter with a thermistor for thermodilution cardiac output measurement was inserted via a jugular vein cutdown and positioned fluoroscopically. The dog was then positioned supine. The transtracheal Doppler probe (fig. 1) and the Applied Biometrics® ABCOM ultrasound monitor were used for all measurements. Because the human transtracheal Doppler probe was of insufficient length to reach proper position in the dog, tracheostomy was performed, and the transtracheal Doppler probe was inserted after the standard endotracheal tube was removed. The procedure for inserting the transtracheal Doppler probe was the following. First, the transtracheal Doppler probe was inserted without regard to the position of the transducer. The cuff was inflated and the dogs’ lungs ventilated. Second, after ventilating for 2 to 3 min, the balloon cuff was deflated and the tube positioned for maximum intensity of the audio representation of the Doppler shift. And, third, the balloon cuff was then re-inflated using the minimum air leak technique.
Using an Edwards Model #9200A cardiac output computer, thermodilution cardiac output was measured in triplicate and the average used for comparison with the transtracheal Doppler measurements.
**Results**
Position of the transtracheal Doppler probe above the carina and below the aortic arch vessels was verified by the presence of equal breath sounds bilaterally in the dogs and by autopsy examination of the position of the probe. Acoustic contact and ultrasound transmission through the trachea were adequate to allow measurements of aortic dimensions and of blood velocity in the ascending aorta.
Data obtained included a typical velocity profile, shown in figure 3. The ordinate is velocity as calculated by equation 2 from the Doppler shift. The abscissa is the distance from the transducer. Aortic dimensions were obtained from the velocity profile and the characteristic wall motion sound in the audio representation of the Doppler shift.
In this example, the aortic near wall is at 6 mm and the far wall at 27 mm, typical dimensions for the dogs studied. Velocity data for the flow calculation were taken from the middle of the velocity profile.
Figure 4 shows a scatter plot of transtracheal Doppler cardiac outputs versus thermodilution cardiac outputs. The transtracheal Doppler cardiac outputs were calculated using the angle $\phi$ which gave the best fit using a least squares criterion. The residual sum of squares was a minimum for $\phi = 62.3^\circ$. Results are expressed as the average of triplicate determinations ± standard deviation. The best fit equation is $y = -0.69 + 1.19x$. $R^2$ is 0.820.
**Discussion**
The present study was undertaken to demonstrate feasibility of the transtracheal Doppler procedure for continuous measurement of cardiac output. For the transtracheal Doppler procedure to work, several conditions must be met. First, the anatomy must be suitable. Since the ultimate goal is use of the transtracheal Doppler procedure in humans, the anatomic suitability of the trachea and ascending aorta was verified by the dissection of autopsy thoracic contents. These dissections suggested that a transducer could be placed in the trachea of a human, at a safe distance from the carina, and still emit an ultrasound beam that would intersect the ascending aorta proximal to the origins of the aortic arch vessels. Second, acoustic contact must be adequate, and tracheal tissue must transmit ultrasound with suitable signal-to-noise characteristics. Satisfactory transmission of the ultrasound beam through the trachea has been verified in both *ex vivo* and *in vivo* experiments at power levels well below the FDA guidelines for cardiovascular ultrasound devices. No thermal damage to the trachea was noted in the dogs on bronchoscopic examination or at autopsy.
Third, ascending aortic dimensions and blood velocity measurements are required. The data presented in figure 3 demonstrate that the near and far walls of the ascending aorta and the velocity of blood in the ascending aorta can be determined using pulsed Doppler technology with a transducer placed in the trachea. An empirical angle, $\phi$, can be fit to the data. The observers chose a worst case for analysis. The data from all of the dogs were analyzed together without regard to size of the dog or species of the dog. An angle was then empirically found using a least squares criterion. That the data can be fit over a size range of dogs, from 20–43 kg, and over a range of cardiac outputs, from 2.33–4.32 l/min, suggests that mediastinal anatomy is sufficiently reproducible and that the probe positioning procedure is suitable for cardiac output measurement in animals of vastly different sizes.
The largest source of error is that from determining aortic diameter by range gating. Since area is proportional
to the radius squared, the error increases rapidly. In figure 4, the error bars reflect the standard deviation for triplicate measurements for the thermodilution and transtracheal Doppler cardiac outputs. Of note is the small variance in cardiac outputs obtained by the transtracheal Doppler procedure for repeated measurements.
The results presented are clearly preliminary and are meant to show feasibility of the transtracheal Doppler procedure in dogs. For the ultimate application in humans, the anatomic relationships may be different. Thus, extensive work must be done in humans to confirm the constancy of the anatomy, ensure atraumatic contact of the transducer, and develop positioning procedures that do not interfere with the ventilation of the patient's lungs. In addition, further work must be done to compare dimension measurements with those obtained by B-mode echocardiography and cardiac output calculations with thermodilution cardiac outputs.
In summary, initial feasibility studies of the transtracheal Doppler procedure in dogs indicate that the procedure shows promise for measuring continuous cardiac outputs. Measurement of cardiac output can be done in dogs proximal to the origins of the aortic arch vessels. Acoustic contact can be satisfactorily maintained, and the lungs can be adequately ventilated during measurement of cardiac outputs. The transtracheal Doppler data can be fit to thermodilution cardiac outputs for a range of dog size, 20–43 kg, and of cardiac output, 2.38–4.32 l/min. The procedure raises the possibility of providing continuous cardiac output in humans. Patients for whom endotracheal intubation is necessary for other reasons could have continuous cardiac outputs obtained without additional risk.
The authors wish to thank E. J. Mikolajczyk and M. L. Olson for expert assistance and K. Kuchenmeister for tireless help in preparing this manuscript.
References
1. Weissman C: Measuring oxygen uptake in the clinical setting. Oxygen Transport and Utilization. Edited by Bryan-Brown GW, Ayres SM. Fullerton, Society of Critical Care Medicine, 1981, pp 25–64
2. Vender JS: Invasive cardiac monitoring. Critical Care Clinics 4: 455–477, 1988
3. Cerra FB: Hypermetabolism, organ failure and metabolic support. Surgery 101:1–14, 1987
4. Guyton AC, Jones CE, Coleman TG: Circulatory Physiology: Cardiac Output and Its Regulation. Philadelphia, WB Saunders, 1973, pp 4–80
5. Seitzer A, Sudrann RB: Reliability of the determination of cardiac output in man by means of the Fick principle. Circ Res 6:485–490, 1958
6. Porter JM, Swain ID: Measurement of cardiac output by electrical impedance plethysmography. J Biomed Eng 3:222–231, 1987
7. Huntsman LL, Stewart DK, Barnes SR, Franklin SB, Coloucos JS, Hessel EA: Noninvasive Doppler determination of cardiac output in man: clinical validation. Circulation 77: 595–602, 1983
8. Mark JB, Steinbrook RA, Gugino LD, Maddi R, Hartwell B, Sherman D, DiSena V, Rids WN: Continuous noninvasive monitoring of cardiac output with esophageal Doppler ultrasound during cardiac surgery. Anesth Analg 65:1013–1020, 1986
9. Gray H: Anatomy of the Human Body, 30th edition. Edited by Clemente CD. Philadelphia, Lea & Febiger, 1985, pp 728–730
10. Hollinshead WH: Textbook of Anatomy, 4th edition. Philadelphia, Harper & Row, 1985, pp 520–522
11. Baker DW: Pulsed ultrasonic Doppler blood-flow sensing. IEEE Transactions on Sonics and Ultrasonics SU17:170–185, 1970
12. Harvey CJ, Cole JS: An ultrasonic pulsed Doppler system for measuring blood flow in small vessels. J Appl Physiol 37:626–629, 1974
13. Blair AK, Lucas GL, Hsiao HS, Wilson BR: A removable extra luminal Doppler probe for continuous monitoring of changes in cardiac output. J Ultrasound Med 2:357–362, 1983 | <urn:uuid:900fc7bb-94ef-4b56-842c-0256da45c055> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 18,422 |
ORDEN EJECUTIVA DEL GOBERNADOR DE PUERTO RICO,
HON. RICARDO A. ROSSELLÓ PARA ESTABLECER EL GRUPO DE
TRABAJO MULTISECTORIAL PARA LOGRAR PARIDAD EN FONDOS
MEDICAID Y MEDICARE
POR CUANTO: El Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA), otorgó una asignación en bloque de $6,400 millones en fondos Medicaid para el plan de salud del Gobierno de Puerto Rico, comúnmente conocido como la Reforma de Salud, la cual es administrada por la Administración de Seguros de Salud (ASES).
POR CUANTO: Aunque dicha asignación estaba destinada a cubrir los gastos de la Reforma de Salud hasta finales de 2019, las estrategias deficientes en el manejo de estos fondos implementadas por la pasada administración resultaron en que dichos fondos se agoten durante este año 2017, poniendo en una grave situación a dicho sistema.
POR CUANTO: La situación fiscal del Gobierno de Puerto Rico es más crítica que nunca en la historia de la isla. El proceso de transición con la pasada administración y el Informe del Departamento del Tesoro reveló un déficit presupuestario el cual se estima que está en cerca de 7,000 millones de dólares.
POR CUANTO: El déficit presupuestario dificulta considerablemente la capacidad de sufragar, con fondos locales, el costo de la Reforma de Salud desde el 2018 en adelante, el cual ronda en cerca de 2,000 millones de dólares anuales.
POR CUANTO: Lograr la paridad de fondos en Medicaid es vital para que se pueda continuar sufragando la Reforma de Salud de forma tal que los residentes de Puerto Rico no pierdan el acceso a servicios de salud de calidad. No obstante, la pasada administración no realizó los cambios administrativos necesarios para que se pudiese evaluar la propuesta de paridad de fondos federales en el programa Medicaid.
POR CUANTO: El Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) del Departamento de Salud de Estados Unidos, requiere que todas las jurisdicciones establezcan la plataforma Medicaid Management Information System (MMIS) para procesar la información necesaria para inscribir los proveedores, determinar la elegibilidad de los pacientes, y realizar la autorización y pago de reclamaciones.
POR CUANTO: CMS también requiere que se establezca un Medicaid Fraud Control Unit (MFCU) independiente de la agencia estatal que administra los
fondos Medicaid para investigar y encausar a proveedores y pacientes que hagan uso indebido de dichos fondos.
POR CUANTO: Desde el año 2011, el Gobierno de Puerto Rico comenzó con el proceso para establecer un MMIS y MFCU para el manejo y uso adecuado de los fondos Medicaid. No obstante, durante el pasado cuatrienio, dicho proceso fue paralizado.
POR CUANTO: Según trascendió en las vistas de transición con la pasada administración, hasta tanto no se establezcan las plataformas MMIS y MFCU en Puerto Rico, el CMS no estaría en posición para recomendar una propuesta de paridad en fondos federales para el programa Medicaid.
POR CUANTO: Puerto Rico ha estado participado del programa Medicare desde su implementación. No obstante, ha existido una gran disparidad entre los beneficios que reciben los puertorriqueños que participan del programa.
POR CUANTO: Aun cuando los puertorriqueños aportan la misma cantidad al programa Medicare que el resto de las jurisdicciones, los puertorriqueños reciben cerca de 43% menos en el pago de beneficios en Medicare Advantage, no existe una inscripción automática en la Parte B del Programa y el pago de los servicios hospitalarios equivale al 53% de la media en el resto de Estados Unidos.
POR CUANTO: Los retos a los que nos enfrentamos ponen al relieve la necesidad de establecer una estrategia unificada, multisectorial, cohesiva y planificada de forma tal que se logre la paridad de fondos en los programas Medicaid y Medicare, tan necesaria para garantizar servicios de salud a todos los puertorriqueños.
POR CUANTO: Mediante esta Orden Ejecutiva, se crea un Grupo de Trabajo multisectorial con el objetivo de establecer estrategias, en coordinación con el Gobernador de Puerto Rico y la Comisionada Residente, para lograr la paridad de fondos en los programas Medicaid y Medicare.
POR TANTO: YO, RICARDO A. ROSSELLÓ NEVARES, Gobernador de Puerto Rico, en virtud de los poderes que me confieren la Constitución y las leyes del Gobierno de Puerto Rico, por la presente decreto y ordeno lo siguiente:
SECCIÓN 1ra. Se crea un Grupo de Trabajo multisectorial con el objetivo de establecer estrategias para lograr la paridad de fondos en los programas Medicaid y Medicare.
SECCIÓN 2da. El Grupo de Trabajo, que estará dirigido por el Secretario de Estado y realizará sus funciones ad honorem, estará compuesto por los siguientes miembros:
(1) Secretario de Salud;
(2) Director Ejecutivo de ASES;
(3) Director Ejecutivo de la Administración de Asuntos Federales (PRFAA);
(4) Presidente de la Asociación de Hospitales;
(5) Presidente del Colegio de Médicos-Cirujanos de Puerto Rico;
(6) Presidente de la Asociación de Productos de Medicare Advantage (MMAPA);
(7) Presidente de la Asociación de Farmacias de la Comunidad; y
(8) Tres miembros adicionales nombrados por el Gobernador.
SECCIÓN 3ra. Este Grupo de Trabajo coordinará, junto con el Gobernador, la estrategia de política pública dirigida a lograr paridad de fondos en los programas Medicaid y Medicare y presentará alternativas para cumplir con los requisitos establecidos por las agencias federales que sean necesarios para alcanzar la igualdad en asignaciones presupuestarias y beneficios.
SECCIÓN 4ta. El Grupo de Trabajo también coordinará esfuerzos junto al Gobernador y la Comisionada Residente a nivel federal, dirigidos a lograr que Puerto Rico sea tratado en igualdad de condiciones a los estados en el desembolso y manejo de fondos de los programas Medicaid y Medicare.
SECCIÓN 5ta. RENDICIÓN DE INFORMES A los treinta (30) días luego de aprobarse esta Orden Ejecutiva, el Grupo de Trabajo rendirá un informe inicial al Gobernador sobre las posibles estrategias de política pública para lograr la paridad en fondos Medicaid y Medicare para su evaluación y aprobación final. Luego de que se aprueben las estrategias recomendadas, el Grupo de Trabajo rendirá informes periódicos sobre el avance de las mismas, así como cualquier reto o área de oportunidad adicional que haya que evaluar en aras de cumplir con los objetivos de esta Orden Ejecutiva.
SECCIÓN 6ta. Esta Orden Ejecutiva deja sin efecto cualquier otra orden ejecutiva que en todo o en parte, sea incompatible con ésta, hasta donde existiera tal incompatibilidad.
SECCIÓN 7ma. VIGENCIA: Esta Orden Ejecutiva entrará en vigor inmediatamente y se mantendrá vigente hasta que sea enmendada o revocada por una Orden Ejecutiva posterior o por disposición de ley.
SECCIÓN 8va. NO CREACIÓN DE DERECHOS EXIGIBLES. Esta Orden Ejecutiva no tiene como propósito crear derechos substantivos o procesales a favor de terceros, exigibles ante foros judiciales, administrativos o de cualquier otra índole, contra el Gobierno de Puerto Rico o sus agencias, sus oficiales, empleados o cualquiera otra persona.
SECCIÓN 9na. PUBLICACIÓN. Esta Orden Ejecutiva debe ser presentada inmediatamente en el Departamento de Estado y se ordena su más amplia publicación.
EN TESTIMONIO DE LO CUAL, expido la presente Orden Ejecutiva bajo mi firma y hago estampar el gran sello del Gobierno de Puerto Rico, en La Fortaleza, en San Juan, Puerto Rico, hoy 16 de enero de 2017.
RICARDO ROSSELLO NEVARES
GOBERNADOR
Promulgada de conformidad con la Ley, hoy 16 de enero de 2017
LUIS G. RIVERA MARÍN
SECRETARIO DE ESTADO | 4a7931a0-e16f-43e1-8661-cc9571bfc618 | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/spa_Latn/train | finepdfs | spa_Latn | 7,567 |
Intertek Standard of High-Performance Mark for Footwear (International Market) – Durable
- PU – humidity ageing (7 days, 70°C, 100% humidity
All the above to be performed after accelerated ageing in accordance with ISO 20870 :
- Other materials – heat ageing (7 days, 70°C)
| | | | No damage, no change | No damage, no change |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| | | No worse than slight damage at 4,000 cycles | No worse than slight damage at 4,000 cycles | No worse than slight damage at 4,000 cycles |
| Shoe lace to shoe lace abrasion | ISO 22774 method 1 | | | |
| | | No worse than slight damage at 4,000 cycles | No worse than slight damage at 4,000 cycles | No worse than slight damage at 4,000 cycles |
| Shoe lace to lace carrier abrasion | ISO 22774 method 3 | | | |
| Zipper reciprocation | EN 16732 | | | |
- PU – humidity ageing (7 days, 70°C, 100% humidity)
All the above to be performed after accelerated ageing in accordance with ISO 20870 :
- Other materials – heat ageing (7 days, 70°C)
* Test items according to Product Environmental Footprint (PEF), Duration of service "Aspirational" level requirements # Upon client request, if no damage was found on prescribed number of cycles, continue the test until failure was found
Open-toed shoes include: Casual/fashion sandals, flip-flops, open-toed slippers & athletic sandals
Closed-toed shoes include: Casual/fashion shoes, slippers, protective shoes & athletic shoes Boots include Casual/fashion boots, protective boots, polymer boots & athletic boots | <urn:uuid:ce65cd9b-bb67-4598-9b33-8f339f72a5c6> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 1,536 |
Hamon-Valls : les réactions politiques de la matinée
Les élus ont aussi regardé le dernier débat de la primaire de la gauche. Et voici ce qu'ils en pensent…
Valérie Pécresse, la présidente de la région Ile-de-France a répondu aux questions d'Elizabeth Martichoux le 26 janvier sur RTL. Elle a avoué "avoir eu ce plaisir" de suivre le débat. Une ironie qu'elle a compléter par un bilan concret et moins marrant : "Je constate une fracture béante entre deux gauches irréconciliables", a-t-elle ajouté. "Une gauche de gouvernement qui a échoué et qui est qui est complètement en panne d'idées neuves. Manuel Valls. Et puis une gauche utopiste, qui n'a aucune crédibilité sur la mise en œuvre de ses propositions. Benoît Hamon", a précisé Valérie Pécresse.
Valérie Pécresse : "Je constate une fracture...par rtl-fr
Même si Benoît Hamon est annoncé d'ores et déjà comme un grand gagnant de la primaire de la gauche. Il est toujours critiqué sur son projet. Ainsi Didier Guillaume, invité sur Public Sénat ce matin, a indiqué que "le projet de Benoît Hamon n'est pas financé et finançable".
1/2
Didier Guillaume: " Le projet de Benoît Hamon n...par publicsenat
Vincent Peillon de son côté assure sur France Info qu'il est convaincu du rassemblement de la gauche. Toutefois, il ne donne pas de consigne de vote…
Primaire de la gauche. Vincent Peillon...par franceinfo
Quant à Benoît Hamon, il était invité de Jean-Jacques ce matin sur BFMTV et RMC. Il y a déclaré qu'en cas de victoire à la primaire de la gauche, il ira "jusqu'au bout", peu importe si les sondages ne lui sont pas favorables pour la présidentielle. "On n'est pas candidat à l'élection présidentielle pour faire un tour de piste", a-t-il précisé. "Il y aura un bulletin de vote Benoît Hamon à l'élection présidentielle", a assuré le député des Yvelines.
Hamon ira "jusqu'au bout" en cas de victoire à... par BFMTV
2/2 | <urn:uuid:c45a368d-a3f2-43ef-b285-0f74cc628796> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/fra_Latn/train | finepdfs | fra_Latn | 1,889 |
POLITICA SUI COOKIE DI NAPOLEON T.O.
Cosa sono e come funzionano i cookie? In questa pagina troverete informazioni dettagliate sui cookie e istruzioni su come gestirli dal vostro computer. Iniziamo dalle domande frequenti...
Cosa sono i cookie?
I cookie sono piccole porzioni di informazione posizionate sul vostro computer o dispositivo mobile quando visitate la maggior parte dei siti web. Il loro scopo è garantirvi la migliore esperienza di utilizzo possibile quando visitate più volte uno stesso sito web.
Perché NAPOLEON T.O. si serve dei cookie?
I cookie ci consentono di migliorare il contenuto, le funzionalità e la velocità dei siti di NAPOLEON T.O., permettendoci allo stesso tempo di capire cosa piace e non piace ai nostri utenti e di adattare il sito alle loro esigenze. Utilizziamo i cookie anche per far sì che gli annunci presenti sul nostro sito rispecchino maggiormente i vostri interessi.
NAPOLEON T.O. si serve dei cookie per garantirvi siti web utili, intuitivi e interessanti ai fini delle vostre ricerche.
Senza l'impiego dei cookie un sito web non è in grado di ricordare le preferenze o le credenziali di accesso dell'utente alla sua prossima visita. Ad esempio, consentendo al vostro browser di salvare i cookie non sarete costretti ad inserire il vostro nome utente ad ogni accesso: i cookie ci aiuteranno a ricordare questa informazione per voi.
Ecco un elenco dei principali cookie utilizzati da NAPOLEON T.O. e informazioni sul loro funzionamento.
Quali cookie utilizza NAPOLEON T.O.?
Cookie dei siti web visualizzati e cookie di terze parti
NAPOLEON T.O. si serve di varie tipologie di cookie. I "cookie dei siti web visualizzati" vengono impostati da NAPOLEON T.O., mentre i "cookie di terze parti" vengono impostati dai nostri partner. I cookie di terze parti non riconoscono i vostri dati personali, ma solo il vostro computer non appena accedete al nostro sito e, a volte, anche ai siti di altre aziende. Questi cookie ci aiutano anche a raccogliere importanti informazioni sull'utilizzo del sito (website analytics). Troverete maggiori informazioni in merito a seguire.
Cookie permanenti e cookie di sessione
Cookie strettamente necessari
Cookie dei social network
Come la maggior parte dei siti web, ci serviamo anche dei "cookie di sessione", che restano sul vostro computer durante la permanenza sul nostro sito web, per poi essere cancellati alla chiusura del browser. I "cookie permanenti" invece vengono salvati sul browser per essere utilizzati al vostro prossimo accesso il siti di NAPOLEON T.O..
Questi cookie vi permettono di navigare sul nostro sito e utilizzarne tutte le funzionalità essenziali. Senza di essi il nostro sito non funzionerebbe correttamente e gli utenti non sarebbero in grado di usare i nostri principali servizi. I cookie strettamente necessari vi consentono di utilizzare funzionalità indispensabili durante il processo di acquisto o di effettuare l'accesso sicuro alle pagine del vostro account.
Come suggerisce il nome, questi cookie consentono ai nostri utenti di condividere contenuti attraverso i social network di terze parti. Questa tipologia di cookie viene impostata dal fornitore dei servizi di social network.
Come gestire i cookie?
Dopo aver passato in rassegna il funzionamento dei cookie e il loro utilizzo da parte di NAPOLEON T.O. per migliorare la vostra esperienza di utenti, ecco alcuni utili consigli per aiutarvi nella gestione dei cookie dal vostro computer.
Potete impostare o modificare i controlli del vostro browser per cancellare o disabilitare i cookie. Tuttavia, scegliendo di disabilitare i cookie potreste accedere con limitazioni ad alcune funzionalità e aree del nostro sito web. Sul sito www.allaboutcookies.org troverete istruzioni semplici per gestire i cookie su diversi tipi di browser.
Gran parte dei network pubblicitari offre la possibilità di rifiutare i cookie. Per saperne di più sulla gestione e/o sulla disabilitazione di cookie pubblicitari consultate i siti Digital Advertising Alliance e Your Online Choices.
Adesso i cookie per voi non hanno più segreti. | <urn:uuid:9de55c90-225d-43c1-a6f5-f5bc3d799522> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ita_Latn/train | finepdfs | ita_Latn | 4,095 |
EKONOMICKÁ UNIVERZITA V BRATISLAVE
Akademický rok:
Fakulta:
OBCHODNÁ
Študijný program:
PODNIKANIE V OBCHODE
2019/2020
Stupeň štúdia/Ročník
: PRVÝ/TRETÍ
ROZVRH HODÍN EXTERNÉHO ŠTÚDIA NA ZIMNÝ SEMESTER PRE KONZULTÁCIU V BRATISLAVE
| P R E D M E T | Hod. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | | 21.9. | 28.9. | 5.10. | 12.10. | 19.10. | 26.10. | 2.11. | | 9.11. | | 16.11. | 23.11. | 30.11. | 7.12. | |
| Informatika Hlavatý,Polya | 20s | | | | | | | | | | | | *R,O | | *O | *R,O |
| Produkt a kvalita Košútová | 20s | | | | | | SB018 R | | SB018 R,O | | | | | SB018 R,O | | |
| Distribučné systémy a logistika Drábik, Rehák | 20s | | | | | B207 R,O | | | | | B207 R,O | | | | B207 R | |
| Cudzí jazyk 1 FAJ | 16s | B1.06 R,O | B1.06 R,O | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Cudzí jazyk 2 FAJ | 16s | | | A4.09 R,O | A4.09 R,O | | | | | | | | | | | |
| VP2 – Bezpečnosť výrobkov na trhu Košútová | 12s | | | | | | SB018 O | | | | | | 22.11. SB018 R,O | | | |
R – ráno:
8,30 – 11,45
O – odpoludnia: 13,00 – 16,15
R1 8,30 – 10,00 R2 10,15 – 11,45
O1 13,00 – 14,30 O2 14,45 – 16,15
Učebňa:
B207, B1.06, A4.09, PC učebňa *D208, SB018
Poznámka: Študijné oddelenie OF je pre potreby študentov externého štúdia otvorené v sobotu 28. 09. a 23. 11. 2019 od 8.00 do 13.00 hodiny
Vyučovanie bude prebiehať aj v piatok 22.11. v PC učebni SB018 v čase 13,30-20,05 hod. | <urn:uuid:dcb09fbd-57b7-4f40-8a1c-b4a6b58532b3> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/slk_Latn/train | finepdfs | slk_Latn | 1,557 |
Der Tag wächst
Elmar Simma
Inhalt
Ein-sichten ins Leben
Die helle Seite
Die dunkle Seite
Ach, Gott! | <urn:uuid:cf94c2c1-af44-415c-95ad-8ca8956dea72> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/deu_Latn/train | finepdfs | deu_Latn | 105 |
1 Prepare to use respirator
Place fingers from both hands on top of the nosepiece and both thumbs underneath. Bend slightly at center of nosepiece (1a). Unfold the respirator by pulling top part (with nosepiece) up and bottom part down so the respirator is open all the way (1b). Straps should be held on the top panel.
2 Place respirator on face
Place respirator against your face with the bottom under your chin, and the nosepiece across the bridge of your nose. Hold respirator on your face with one hand. With your other hand pull the bottom securely under your chin (2a).
Pull one strap over your head and position it around your neck and below your ears (2b).
Pull second strap over your head and position it high on the back of your head (2c).
If desired, tabs on side of respirator can be used to adjust for a comfortable fit (2d). Make certain facial hair, hair, jewelry and clothing are not between your face and the respirator as they will interfere with fit. Make certain respirator is completely opened and edges lay flat against the face.
Adjust for a comfortable fit by pulling bottom edge under chin while holding top edge on nose (2e).
3 Adjust the nosepiece
Place your fingertips from both hands at the top of the nosepiece. Use both hands to bend the nosepiece to fit snugly against your nose and face (3).
⚠️ The respirator may not fit as well if you pinch the nosepiece using one hand. Use two hands.
Slide fingers down both sides of the nosepiece to seal it against your nose and face.
4 Check the respirator to face seal
Perform a User Seal Check. To check the respirator-to-face seal, place both hands completely over the respirator and exhale (4). Be careful not to disturb the position of the respirator.
If air leaks around the nose, readjust the nosepiece as described in step 3. If air leaks around respirator edges, adjust position of straps and make certain respirator edges fit snugly against the face.
If you CANNOT achieve proper seal DO NOT enter the contaminated area.
Removal instructions
See step 2b and place hand over respirator to maintain position on face.
Remove strap resting high on the back of your head.
Still holding respirator in position, pull strap resting on your neck over your head and remove respirator.
⚠️ WARNING
These respirators help reduce exposures to certain airborne particulates. Before use, the wearer must read and understand the User Instructions provided as a part of the product packaging. A written respiratory protection program must be implemented meeting all the requirements of OSHA 1910.134 including training, fit testing and medical evaluation. In Canada, CSA standards Z94.4 requirements must be met and/or requirements of the applicable jurisdiction, as appropriate. Misuse may result in sickness or death. For proper use, see package instructions, supervisor, or call 3M OH&ESD Technical Service in USA: 1-800-243-4630 and in Canada at 1-800-267-4414. | <urn:uuid:dd5f9ff8-5fd8-410a-9718-596ceb724e3e> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 2,952 |
Pièces nécessaires à la constitution d'un dossier d'inscription
- Fiche de renseignements
- Questionnaire médical
- Fiche d'engagement sur le BIP
- Règlement intérieur (1 exemplaire résident, 1 exemplaire dossier)
- Convention de location (remis lors de l'attribution d'un logement)
- Mandat de prélèvement SEPA + RIB
- Caution (égale à 1 mois de loyer) par prélèvement
- Attestation d'assurance pour les garanties suivantes : responsabilité civile, risques locatifs, dégâts des eaux, vol et incendie (à remettre avant d'avoir les clés)
- Photocopie de la carte vitale
- Photocopie de la carte mutuelle
- Photocopie de la carte d'identité recto-verso
- Photocopie du livret de famille
- Photocopie du dernier avis d'imposition ou de non-imposition
- Photocopie de la taxe foncière (propriétaire)
- Attestation de loyers (locataire)
- Certificat d'hébergement (autres)
17 communes du Mâconnais se sont groupées pour créer en 1984, un ensemble de 73 logements pour personnes âgées (Berzé-la-Ville, Berzé-le-Châtel, Bussières, Chevagny, Davayé, Fussé, Hurigny, Igé, La Roche-vineuse, Milly-Lamartine, Pierreclos, Prissé, Serrières, Sologny, Solutré, Vergisson, Verzé). Cette maison possède de nombreux services mis en place pour aider, accompagner le plus longtemps possible les résidents tout en privilégiant la qualité du cadre de vie.
Le Syndicat Intercommunal assure la gestion des logements et des services dédiés aux résidents : assistance par un système d’appel Bip, repas du midi au restaurant de la résidence, service de laverie et de nombreuses animations (gymnastique, ateliers manuels, courses en grande surface...)
La Résidence Autonomie de l’Eau Vive se veut ouverte sur l’extérieur et sécurisante à l’intérieur. Qualité des services, propreté, respect, gentillesse et compréhension sont les points forts de cette réalisation destinée à être un lieu de vie pour nos aînés.
**Etablissement non médicalisé.**
Des services sont à la disposition des résidents.
- Assistance 24/24 avec un bip
- Restauration tous les midis tous les jours de l’année et une soupe pour le soir
- Bibliothèque
- Lingerie
- Soins assurés par les praticiens libéraux de votre choix.
- Passage d’une pédicure toutes les 5 semaines
- Aide aux Courses
- Coiffeur
Les animations.
Loto, Gymnastique douce, atelier tablette numérique, atelier mémoire, jeux de société, belote, scrabble ainsi que des après-midi récréatifs animés par des chanteurs et musiciens.
Tarifs au 1 janvier 2022
Redevance par mois :
- T 1 = 489 €
- T 2 = 579 €
- T 3 = 649 €
Repas : 358 € pour 30 repas pris dans le mois.
FICHE DE RENSEIGNEMENTS
NOM :
N° du logement :
NOM de jeune fille :
N° du garage :
PRENOMS :
N° DE TELEPHONE :
SITUATION FAMILIALE :
DATE ET LIEU DE NAISSANCE :
PROFESSION ANTERIEURE :
ADRESSE MAIL :
Personnes à prévenir en cas d'urgence :
NOM et PRENOM : Parenté :
ADRESSE :
N° DE TELEPHONE :
ADRESSE MAIL :
NOM et PRENOM : Parenté :
ADRESSE :
N° DE TELEPHONE :
ADRESSE MAIL :
NOM et PRENOM : Parenté :
ADRESSE :
N° DE TELEPHONE :
ADRESSE MAIL :
Informations diverses :
N° de SECURITE SOCIALE :
ORGANISME DE SECURITE SOCIALE :
ADRESSE :
N° de MUTUELLE
MUTUELLE :
ADRESSE :
NOM DU MEDECIN TRAITANT :
N° DE TELEPHONE :
MEDECINS SPECIALISTES :
INFIRMIER :
N° DE TELEPHONE :
N° ALLOCATAIRE C.A.F. ou M.S.A. :
ADRESSE :
ASSURANCE LOGEMENT :
VEHICULE POSSEDE :
MARQUE :
N° IMMATRICULATION :
DATE D'ARRIVEE :
DATE DE DEPART :
Questionnaire médical confidentiel à compléter par le médecin traitant
NOM..................................................Prénom...............................................
Date de naissance ..........................................
Nom et adresse du médecin ...........................................
Evaluation de la validité et de l'autonomie
Transfert et déplacement :
- l'intéressé peut-il se déplacer ......................... oui non
- seul.......................................................... oui non
- avec un support mobile, canne, déambulateur.. oui non
- peut-il faire sa toilette seul.......................... oui non
- peut-il se lever seul................................. oui non
- peut-il s'habiller seul............................... oui non
Etat sensoriel :
- l'intéressé présente-t-il des troubles ............... oui non
- de l'ouïe .................................................. oui non
- de la vue .................................................. oui non
Etat psychique :
- l'intéressé présente-t-il des troubles psychiques graves tels que :
- désorientation temporo spatiale .................. oui non
- troubles caractériels .............................. oui non
- difficultés relationnelles majeures............. oui non
Besoins de santé :
- l'intéressé suit-il un traitement .................... oui non
- nécessitant une surveillance médicale régulière ... oui non
- nécessitant des soins infirmiers .................... oui non
- nécessitant des soins de rééducation .............. oui non
- l'intéressé suit-il un régime alimentaire, lequel .... oui non
En fonction de ces données, la personne vous paraît-elle apte à vivre dans une résidence non médicalisée pour personnes âgées ?
Date et signature
Nous vous remettons un BIP, propriété du Syndicat Intercommunal du Hameau de l’Eau Vive ; il vous est attribué personnellement (numéroté).
Cet appareil vous est prêté pendant la durée de votre location à l’Eau Vive.
Toutefois, nous vous demandons de vous engager à restituer cet appareil lors de votre départ, en bon état de fonctionnement ; les frais de remise en état ou le remplacement de l’appareil seront à votre charge.
Nous vous demandons de signer ce document lors de la remise du BIP ; nous vous remercions de cet engagement.
Je m’engage à prendre le plus grand soin de mon BIP d’appel ; les frais de remise en état ou le remplacement de l’appareil, en cas de perte seront à ma charge
Madame ou Monsieur ..................................................................
Fait à La Roche Vineuse, le
Signature précédée de la mention « Lu et Approuvé »
SYNDICAT INTERCOMMUNAL DU CENTRE D'ACCUEIL DU
HAMEAU DE L'EAU VIVE
Résidence autonomie Eau Vive
629, route du Hameau de l'Eau Vive
71960 LA ROCHE VINEUSE
Téléphone : 03 85 36 63 40
E-Mail : firstname.lastname@example.org
DEPOT DE GARANTIE
Je soussigné................................................................. autorise la résidence de l'Eau Vive à prélever mon dépôt de garantie concernant la location de mon logement :
Bât...........n°....................route du Hameau de l'Eau Vive 71960 La Roche Vineuse,
d'un montant de ..................€ sur mon compte bancaire dont le RIB est joint.
Fait à La Roche Vineuse, le...........................
Signature
En signant ce formulaire de mandat, vous autorisez LE SYNDICAT EAU VIVE à envoyer des instructions à votre banque pour débiter votre compte, et (B) votre banque à débiter votre compte conformément aux instructions de SYNDICAT EAU VIVE.
Vous bénéficiez du droit d'être remboursé par votre banque selon les conditions décrites dans la convention que vous avez passée avec elle. Une demande de remboursement doit être présentée :
- dans les 8 semaines suivant la date de débit de votre compte pour un prélèvement autorisé.
**DESIGNATION DU TITULAIRE DU COMPTE A DEBITER**
Nom, prénom :
Adresse :
Code postal :
Ville :
Pays :
**DESIGNATION DU CREANCIER**
Résidence Autonomie de l'Eau Vive
629 route du Hameau de l'Eau Vive
71960 LA ROCHE VINEUSE
**DESIGNATION DU COMPTE A DEBITER**
**IDENTIFICATION INTERNATIONALE (IBAN)**
**IDENTIFICATION INTERNATIONALE DE LA BANQUE (BIC)**
( )
**Type de paiement** : Paiement récurrent/répétitif X
Paiement ponctuel
Signé à :
Signature :
**DESIGNATION DU TIERS DEBITEUR POUR LE COMPTE DUQUEL LE PAIEMENT EST EFFECTUE (SI DIFFERENT DU DEBITEUR LUI-MEME ET LE CAS ECHEANT)** :
Nom du tiers débiteur :
**JOINDRE UN RELEVE D'IDENTITE BANCAIRE (au format IBAN BIC)**
Rappel :
En signant ce mandat j'autorise ma banque à effectuer sur mon compte bancaire, si sa situation le permet, les prélèvements ordonnés par Résidence Autonomie de l'Eau Vive. En cas de litige sur un prélèvement, je pourrai en faire suspendre l'exécution par simple demande à ma banque. Je réglerai le différend directement avec la Résidence Autonomie de l'Eau Vive.
Les informations contenues dans le présent mandat, qui doit être complété, sont destinées à n'être utilisées par le créancier que pour la gestion de sa relation avec son client. Elles pourront donner lieu à l'exercice, par ce dernier, de ses droits d'opposition, d'accès et de rectification tels que prévus aux articles 38 et suivants de la loi n°78-17 du 6 janvier 1978 relative à l'informatique, aux fichiers et aux libertés. | <urn:uuid:5725c5d7-ba20-4d09-84e0-6d63ee746550> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/fra_Latn/train | finepdfs | fra_Latn | 8,768 |
OMAR GALLIANI
Nuove anatomie
Litografia a colori di Omar Galliani cm 56,4 x 41,5 numerata e firmata a mano dall’Artista, prodotta in 80 esemplari 1/80-80/80, è stata stampata dalla Bertani & C industria grafica e realizzata da ISTORECO in occasione del 70° della Liberazione.
L’opera è acquistabile presso ISTORECO
RS
Rivista semestrale di ISTORECO
(Istituto per la storia della Resistenza
e della Società contemporanea in
provincia di Reggio Emilia)
Anno XLVIII
N. 120 ottobre 2015
Direttore
Massimo Storchi
Direttore Responsabile
Carlo Pellacani
Coordinatore di redazione
Glauco Bertani
Comitato di Redazione:
Michele Bellelli, Lorenzo Capitani, Mirco
Carrattieri, Alberto Ferraboschi, Alessandra
Fontanesi, Benedetta Guerzoni, Giovanni
Guidotti, Marzia Maccafferri, Marco Marzi,
Andrea Montanari, Fabrizio Montanari,
Francesco Paolella, Ugo Pellini, Nando
Rinaldi, Antonio Zambonelli.
Direzione, Redazione, Amministrazione
Via Dante, 11 - Reggio Emilia
Telefono (0522) 437 327 FAX 442.668
http://www.istoreco.re.it
e.mail: email@example.com
Cod. Fisc. 80011330356
Prezzo del fascicolo € 13,00
numeri arretrati il doppio
Abbonamento annuale € 20,00
Abbonamento sostenitore € 73,00
Abbonamento benemerito € 365,00
Abbonamento estero € 50,00
I soci dell'Istituto ricevono gratuitamente
la rivista
I versamenti vanno intestati a ISTORECO,
specificando il tipo di Abbonamento,
utilizzando il Conto Corrente bancario
UNICREDIT
n. IT 051 02008 12834 000 100 280157
oppure il c.c.p. N. 14832422
La collaborazione alla rivista è fatta solo
per invito o previo accordo con la Redazione.
Ogni scritto pubblicato impegna
politicamente e scientificamente l'esclusiva
responsabilità dell'autore.
I manoscritti e le fotografie non si restituiscono.
Stampa
GRAFITALIA – Via Raffaello, 9 Reggio Emilia
Tel. 0522 511.251
Fotocomposizione
ANTEPRIMA – Via Raffaello, 9 Reggio Emilia
Tel. 0522 271.185
Editore proprietario
ISTORECO (Istituto per la Storia della
Resistenza e della Società contemporanea
in provincia di Reggio Emilia)
Registrazione presso il Tribunale di Reggio
Emilia n. 220 in data 18 marzo 1967
Foto di copertina:
– ABCDario di guerra. Disegni parole
di Golia. Torino, S. Lattes & C. Editori;
R. Bemporad & Figlio; N. Zanichelli,
[1915], vedi “Abbecedari” in C. Panzzi,
Fonti iconografiche nelle raccolte della
Biblioteca Panzzi (infra)
– Umberto Brugnoli, Gas asfissianti,
1917-1918 in L. Gasparini, Le fonti
visive per la storia della prima guerra
mondiale e i fotografi reggiani (infra)
Foto sfondo sezioni:
Esercito italiano Milano, Cartoccio, s.d.
Partecipano al conflitto anche 12
battaglioni ciclisti e cinque compagnie
di motomitragliatrici, del corpo
bersaglieri, “Raccolta Moratti” in C.
Panzzi, op. cit.
Indice
Editoriale
Simonetta Gilioli, Una donna come presidente nel 50° di ISTORECO 5
Cinquantesimo-5/11/1965-5/11/2015. La costituzione dell’Istituto storico della resistenza e della guerra di liberazione per la provincia di Reggio Emilia. Documento 7
LA GRANDE GUERRA
Roberto Tassoni, Una guerra che nessuno voleva 13
Marco Marzi, Un tentativo di educazione pacifista dell’infanzia all’alba della Grande Guerra. I testi scolastici di Amilcare Storchi e Virginio Carnevali 41
Valeria Zini, Le riviste studentesche reggiane e la Grande Guerra 61
ArchiviaRE la Grande Guerra, seminario sulle fonti per la storia della prima guerra mondiale a Reggio Emilia 67
Atti del seminario organizzato da ISTORECO, Provincia, Biblioteca Panizzi, Archivio di Stato, Ausl nell’ambito della Settimana della didattica in archivio “Quante storie nella storia” tenutosi il 5 maggio 2015 nella Sala del Planisfero della Biblioteca Panizzi di Reggio Emilia.
Interventi di: Mirco Carrattieri, Introduzione – Luciana Bonilauri, L’archivio e la ricerca storica, alcune domande p. 71 – Roberto Marcuccio, Archivi e fonti storiche in Biblioteca, p. 75 – Laura Gasparini, Il fondo fotografico della Biblioteca Panizzi, p. 90 – Chiara Panizzi, La Grande Guerra, fonti iconografiche nelle raccolte della Biblioteca Panizzi di Reggio Emilia, p. 98 – Alberto Ferraboschi, «Lenire gli strazi e i luti che la guerra semina attorno». La Grande Guerra nell’archivio della Provincia di Reggio Emilia, p. 101 – Paola Meschini, Le fonti dell’Archivio di Stato sulla Grande Guerra, p. 117 – Chiara Bombardieri, I soldati ricoverati nell’Ospedale psichiatrico San Lazzaro di Reggio Emilia, p. 126 – Michele Bellelli, I fondi del Polo archivistico di Reggio Emilia, p. 131
Massimo Storchi (a cura di), «Ragazzi, io cambio posizione… nessuna voce, nessun movimento. Erano tutti morti?». Diario dalla trincea di Giovanni Casali 137
Carlo e Silvia Perucchetti, Lorenzo Capitani (a cura di), Canti dei soldati, tradizione, memoria, storia. Un nuovo progetto di ricerca del Centro studi musica e Grande Guerra 143
Le interviste
Mariachiara Conti (a cura di), Storie di GAP, intervista a Santo Peli 149
Memorie e biografie
Adriano Riatti, La scintilla negli occhi, Fidia Piattelli Yaakov 161
Giglio Mazzi “Ali”, Gli Alleati a Reggio Emilia e il “passaggio del fronte” 173
Didattica
Giulia Luppi, *Le Case di latitanza. Progetto delle classi terze della scuola secondaria di I grado “A. Allegri” dell’Istituto comprensivo di San Martino in Rio, a.s. 2014/15* 181
Attività dell’Istituto
Sandro Parmiggiani, Omar Galliani, *Nuove anatomie: la verità del corpo prende la parola contro l’oblio. Un’opera per il 70° della Resistenza* 189
Recensioni 191
descrizione della vita dell’autore di fronte ai tragici eventi di quegli anni sanguinosi: gli anni della gioventù con le «allegre festicciole» interrotte dal «Calvario del dolore... con l’esodo forzato dei bei ragazzi imberbi».
Verso dopo verso Romei presenta poi il suo servizio militare come radiotelegrafista del battaglione Val Chiese e i suoi commilitoni e contrerranei. Il 30 luglio la traddotta militare con la bordo la Tridentina partiva verso l’Urss dove «... il fronte ci aspettava in fiamme nella sua crudeltà, tetra, infernale...». Quasi ogni giorno fino al 29 ottobre è ricordato con brevi versi che richiamano alla memoria un evento o una persona. Da quella data, quando «l’ordine improvviso di partire diretti al fronte giunse perentorio, puntare al fiume Don per impedire ai russi l’ingresso nel nostro territorio», c’è uno stacco nella narrazione che porta direttamente al capodanno 1943. È il periodo che coincide con la prima parte dell’offensiva sovietica contro l’ARMIR.
Con l’inizio dell’anno nuovo prende il via la ritirata del corpo alpino, che naturalmente costituisce la parte più importante e toccante dei ricordi dell’autore; giorno dopo giorno sono rievocate le tappe della disfatta fino al momento culminante della battaglia di Nikolajevka. «Raggiunto che avemmo il battaglione sul colle dominante Nikolajevka, la scena che ci apparve in quel vallone fu come una tragedia gigantesca» dove «la scena più scabrosa, conturbante in quella valle infernale, anche la neve era sanguinante, su noi regnò lo spirito del male».
L’ultima data riportata è quella del 13 febbraio 1943 quando i superstiti della ritirata salgono su un treno ospedale che li porterà nelle retrovie, ponendo fine all’era di conquista e alla brama d’invasioni che aveva portato oltre duecentomila italiani a combattere in Russia.
Una piccola appendice finale mostra alcune fotografie di Andrea Romei durante il suo servizio militare e alle riunioni del reduci.
Michele Bellelli
P. GIORGI, R. ERKENS (a cura di), Alberto Franchetti. L’uomo, il compositore, l’artista, Libreria Musicale Italiana, Lucca 2015, s.i.p.
La storia di Reggio Emilia nel tardo Ottocento s’intreccia strettamente con la vicenda di alcune importanti famiglie della borghesia ebraica italiana. Tra queste spicca la famiglia Franchetti che incise profondamente sulla vita economica, sociale e culturale locale, lasciando tracce indelebili nella comunità reggiana. Anche per queste ragioni è da salutare con favore la pubblicazione del volume curato da Paolo Giorgi e Richard Erkens dedicato ad Alberto Franchetti, esponente di rilievo della vita artistica e musicale italiana nel passaggio tra Otto e Novecento. L’opera, realizzata dall’Associazione per il musicista Alberto Franchetti, in collaborazione con il Comune di Reggio Emilia/ Biblioteca Panizzi e con il sostegno di Stefano e Ileana Franchetti, raccoglie e amplia gli atti del convegno internazionale svoltosi a Reggio Emilia nel 2010 in occasione del 150° anniversario della nascita dell’artista.
Realizzato dopo una complessa gestazione, il libro aggiunge un originale tassello al ricco mosaico di studi dedicato alla famiglia Franchetti colmando un indubbio vuoto storiografico. Infatti, nonostante l’ormai vasta e consolidata letteratura disponibile sulle vicende dell’eminent casata, la figura di Alberto Franchetti ha scontato un deficit d’interesse destinato a riflettersi anche sul piano della ricerca. Il lavoro curato da Giorgi ed Erkens costituisce dunque la prima monografia in lingua italiana dedicata a un musicista e compositore che, per alcuni aspetti, rappresenta una personalità paradigmatica della grande borghesia ebraica cosmopolita.
Nato a Torino nel 1860 dal barone Raimondo Franchetti sr. e da Sara Luisa Rothschild, Alberto Franchetti si formò agli studi musicali nel raffinato ambiente italotedesco d’origine all’interno di un network di relazioni sociali selezionato ed esclusivo, con legami familiari e amicali in tutta Europa. Nonostante la vocazione itinerante del compositore, Franchetti può essere considerato a tutti gli effetti reggiano d’adozione. A Reggio Emilia, infatti, oltre a soggiornare a lungo, ottenne i suoi primi successi musicali (nel 1888 al Teatro municipale debuttò con l’opera di esordio, *Asraël*) unendosi anche in matrimonio con Margherita Levi, discendente di un’altra influente casata della borghesia ebraica reggiana. Esponente di spicco della «giovane scuola di compositori» (comprendente Giacomo Puccini, Pietro Mascagni e Umberto Giordano), Franchetti salì alla ribalta della scena musicale europea tra Otto e Novecento con opere di notevole successo (*Germania* e *Cristoforo Colombo*) impegnandosi nel rinnovamento del melodramma italiano. Dopo aver conosciuto grande notorietà, collaborando anche con personalità come Gabriele D’Annunzio (*La figlia di Iorio* del 1906), Franchetti conobbe una precoce emarginazione dagli ambienti artistici a partire dagli anni Venti. Ormai dimenticato e lontano dalla ribalta della notorietà morì a Viareggio nel 1942. La parabola discendente di Franchetti (così come il successivo oblio che avvolse a lungo l’opera franchettiana) secondo l’interpretazione dei curatori del volume sarebbe ascrivibile principalmente alle difficoltà del compositore di emanciparsi dalla temperie culturale ottocentesca per «adeguarsi e reagire a quel profondo e radicale cambiamento socio-culturale che investì l’Europa intorno al 1920» (p. XVI).
L’articolazione tematica del volume e le competenze scientifiche degli autori dei saggi rendono la pubblicazione anzitutto un’opera pregevole per gli studi musicologici in grado di restituire la statura e le qualità artistiche di Franchetti. Tuttavia il libro si rivolge non solo agli studiosi di storia della musica, ma offre motivi d’interesse anche per un pubblico più vasto. Infatti, come ulteriore pregio del volume va riconosciuto lo sforzo di contestualizzazione della vicenda umana e artistica di Franchetti, fuori dal rischio di una storia autoreferenziale e “separata”. Da un lato, dunque, il taglio interpretativo di alcuni densi saggi (in particolare quelli firmati da Antonio Rostagno, Davide Ceriani e Luca Zoppelli), consente di evidenziare i molteplici fili intercorrenti tra la produzione franchettiana e i condizionamenti sociali, culturali e politici del tempo. Dall’altro lato, vari interventi contribuiscono a gettare luce sulla vicenda storica della famiglia Franchetti, anche in relazione al contesto reggiano. Pertanto, agli specifici saggi dedicati alla variegata produzione franchettiana (comprendente opere liriche, sinfoniche e cameristiche) si affiancano contributi su materiali documentari presenti in biblioteche e archivi italiani nonché su aspetti biografici in grado di contestualizzare la vicenda umana e artistica di Franchetti. In particolare, è da segnalare l’accurata analisi e descrizione catalografica del Fondo Alberto Franchetti conservato presso la Biblioteca Panizzi, nato nel 2013 grazie alla donazione di materiali autografi e sconosciuti da parte degli eredi diretti del compositore e per tramite dell’Associazione per il musicista Alberto Franchetti. In questa stessa
prospettiva è poi da segnalare l’aggiornata biografia elaborata da Roberto Marcuccio e un vivace contributo sulla famiglia Franchetti redatto dal pronipote Alberto Franchetti jr. comprendente anche interessanti annotazioni sul rapporto della famiglia Franchetti con la tradizione ebraica.
In definitiva, si tratta di un’opera solida in grado di aprire innovativi percorsi di ricerca non solo nel campo degli studi musicologici ma anche per la ricostruzione dell’esperienza collettiva di una delle più note famiglie della borghesia ebraica dell’Italia liberale.
Alberto Ferraboschi
P. L. TEDESCHI, *L’arvisèria*, ABao AQu, Bosco Mesola (FE) 2015, pp. 160, 12,00 euro
Dedicato all’esperienza resistenziale della reggiana Serena Pergetti, il volumetto accoglie il saggio di Pierluigi Tedeschi già apparso in anteprima sul n. 117 di questa rivista, qui corredatto da un originale studio semantico sul valore delle parole di Emanuele Ferrari (che ha effetti anche sul titolo della pubblicazione) e da intriganti soluzioni figurative che Erica Spadaccini ha effettuato sulle lettere dal carcere e su foto giovanili di Serena Pergetti. A questi apporti si aggiunge il contributo di Laura Artioli, quasi la prosecuzione-completamento del suo saggio *Storia delle storie di Lucia Sarzi* già recensito su queste pagine, che costituisce il perno attorno al quale ruota l’intera opera.
Laura Artioli, infatti, effettua – attraverso le lettere e le testimonianze di Serena Pergetti – il racconto dell’apporto, ancora in attesa di essere inserito in una ricerca complessiva sulla Resistenza reggiana con taglio storiografico e non solo memoriale, di un gruppo di donne reggiane alla lotta per la liberazione dal regime nazi-fascista, e allo stesso tempo recepisce una prima conferma documentale del ruolo avuto da Lucia Sarzi (e della sua famiglia, dunque) nell’attività partigiana che si è svolta nella pianura padana. Si tratta di due risultati importanti, che permettono di consolidare i riferimenti e le informazioni circa Serena Pergetti, Lucia Sarzi, Marianna Prandi, Nalfa Bonini, Teresa Merzi e Dorina Storchi, donne con storie diverse ma accomunate dall’essere state incarcerate per delazione dell’ucraino Nicolaj, sbandato dopo la dispersione della “banda Cervi” alla fine del 1943; ma anche dei Sarzi (che non hanno lasciato alcun documento). Com’è stato appurato, l’ucraino Nicolaj non troverà altra via per scampare alla repressione fascista che denunciare tutti coloro che lo avevano accolto, *in primis* le donne citate.
L’analisi che Laura Artioli compie sugli scritti di Serena Pergetti fornisce un ritratto a tutto tondo di questa giovane resistente, della sua consapevolezza politica e delle ansie e speranze che accompagnano i cinque mesi della sua lunga detenzione al carcere dei Servi, prima, e al carcere di San Tomaso, poi.
Sulla lunga detenzione interverrà, con efficace sintesi, la stessa Serena nel 1971, quando dichiarerà: «Avevamo ugualmente il coraggio di cantare le canzoni partigiane che ci insegnava Lucia». Un’affermazione che svela il clima euforico che le giovani seppero condividere tra le miserie e le sofferenze del carcere, facendolo prevalere sui momenti tristi, sopportati con forza e non fornendo mai ai fascisti la soddisfazione di vederle piangere.
Attraverso le lettere di Serena Pergetti si materializza una testimonianza significativa della partecipazione femminile alla Resistenza reggiana, meritevole di essere conoscio- | 158be54c-90d6-4004-a8e1-78937a6bce11 | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ita_Latn/train | finepdfs | ita_Latn | 16,098 |
1
GBH will audit mortgage documents for this report. Documents such as sales contracts, court proceedings and other documents that are not specifically related to the client's mortgage and closing, will not be audited. Client(s) understands that all documents that are forwarded to GBH will become property of GBH and will not be returned to client(s). Your completed audit will be sent to you via e-mail from your Case Manager.
Client(s) understands that GBH is a facilitator and a Mortgage Assistance Firm. GBH is not a Modification Specialist Company or Foreclosure Related Home Rescue Servicer. GBH will not give legal advice to Client(s), but defer to GBH Attorney's once retained. The report produced is a comprehensive report generally used in court for Truth-In-Lending Act (TILA) violations, Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act (RESPA) violations or Title and Securitization matters. The report generated is NOT a Foreclosure Related Home Rescue Service pursuant to F.S. 501.1377. The purpose of the report is to educate the client on any Federal or State Violations in their loan package and violations from their Lender.
.
You are hiring GBH to conduct an accurate and fair audit regardless of the depth of violations found. Payment for the audit is based on the work being performed and not the final results.
B. ITEMS NEEDED (Please submit a complete file)
Please check the boxes as you get your documents together. The most important part of the audit is having the proper paperwork and making sure all documents are legible.
Form 1003 (Loan Application)
Mortgage or Deed of Trust
Warranty Deed (if applicable)
Signed Note
Note Rider
Addendum to the Note
RESPA Servicing or Transferring Disclosure
Appraisal Report
Mortgage Statement from recent servicer
Court Filings (if applicable)
Disclosure Statement referencing MERS (Mortgage Electronic Registration System) (if applicable)
Affiliated Business Agreement (if applicable)
Any recent correspondence, default or bankruptcy notices (if applicable)
All information from your current lender, including loan modification paperwork and any recent court document that you may have with the existing lender
Current servicer’s information and loan number
Any court documents from your current servicer. This is important, because recent transfers will not show up in our searches and could alter the outcome of your audit.
C. ENTIRE AGREEMENT
1. This agreement and the terms and conditions contained herein, shall constitute the entire agreement and the complete understanding between GBH and the client(s), unless amended by a subsequent written instrument signed by GBH and the Client(s). The laws of the state of Florida shall govern this agreement.
2. Client agrees to remit payment for services outlined.
3. CLIENT AGREES TO PAY THE AMOUNT INDICATED TO GBH AS STATED AND AGREED UPON PRIOR TO ENGAGEMENT AGREEMENT FOR SERVICES BEING PROVIDED. CLIENT IS PAYING FOR THE FAIR AND ACCURATE REPORT.
Terms and Conditions
I/We understand that we are entering into an agreement for the purchase of an audit. The cost of the audit is for services provided.
Borrower #1.
Case Manager
NAME:__________________________ NAME:________________________
PRINT NAME:______________________ PRINT NAME___________________
Borrower#2DATE:________________________
NAME:_____________________________
PRINT NAME:_______________________ | <urn:uuid:90be9d51-1fcb-4368-b707-04324f11ffeb> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 3,451 |
ZPRÁVA Z LIGOVÉHO UTKÁNÍ BDL SK. B
| Domácí | T.J. Sokol Holice |
|---|---|
| Hosté | TJ Spartak Přerov |
| Sestava družstva | Tomáš Mareček, Patrik Levý, Tomáš Sochůrek, Jakub Tlučhoř, Dominik Veselý, Vít Vohradník, Marek Vojtíšek |
| Počet diváků | 10 |
| Číselný popis vývoje utkání (př. 1:0, 1:3, 4:3, 4:5, 5:5) | 1:0, 7:0 |
| Popis rozhodující události (chybějící opory, zlomové momenty, překvapivý výsledek zápasu) | Utkání s Přerovem nebylo o žádné rozhodující události. Zásadní byla rozdílná kvalita obou týmů. Hráči soupeře jsou zatím ve fázi přechodu k dorosteneckému nohejbalu a spíše sbírají zkušenosti, náš tým hledá optimální sestavy a vyhlíží následující těžká utkání s Českým Brodem, Modřicemi a Zbečníkem, v nichž pro nás bude jakýkoliv bodový zisk úspěchem. |
| Komentář trenéra (spokojenost/nespokojenost, nejlepší hráči, výkony rozhodčích) | Z hlediska kvality nelze utkání hodnotit příliš vysoko. Ani jeden z týmů nepředvedl nic oslnivého. Potěšující je, že na hráčích obou týmů je patrný výkonnostní růst. Zajímavostí utkání byla účast pouze jednoho rozhodčího. |
| Datum | Zpracovatel |
|---|---|
| 15. 4. 2019 | Marek Líbal |
Termín pro zaslání zprávy:
do konce prvního pracovního dne po skon č ení utkání na e-mail email@example.com | <urn:uuid:8eb90e02-45db-4887-ac87-850d376389db> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ces_Latn/train | finepdfs | ces_Latn | 1,261 |
June 7, 2016
Comox Valley Regional District
600 Comox Road
Courtenay, BC V9N 3P6
Attention: Karin Albert, Parks Planner
Dear Ms. Albert:
Re: Reconsideration of original application for a Conservation Covenant in the Agricultural Land Reserve (ALR)
Please find attached the Reasons for Decision of the Agricultural Land Commission (Resolution #189/2016) as it relates to the above noted application. As agent, it is your responsibility to notify your client(s) accordingly.
Your attention is drawn to s. 33(1) of the Agricultural Land Commission Act (ALCA) which provides a person affected the opportunity to submit a request for reconsideration.
33(1) On the written request of a person affected or on the commission's own initiative, the commission may reconsider a decision of the commission under this Act and may confirm, reverse or vary it if the commission determines that:
(a) evidence not available at the time of the original decision has become available,
(b) all or part of the original decision was based on evidence that was in error or was false.
Please note that pursuant to s. 33.1 of the ALCA, the Chair may direct the executive committee to reconsider this panel decision if, within 60 days from the date of this decision, he considers that the decision may not fulfill the purposes of the commission as set out in s. 6 of the ALCA or does not adequately take into account the considerations set out in s. 4.3 of the ALCA. I can advise you that in this case, the Chair has already reviewed the decision and has instructed me to communicate to you that he does not intend to exercise that authority in this case.
Further correspondence with respect to this application is to be directed to Liz Sutton at email@example.com)
Yours truly,
PROVINCIAL AGRICULTURAL LAND COMMISSION
Per: Liz Smith
Colin J. Fry, Director of Policy and Planning
Enclosure: Reasons for Decision (Resolution #189/2016)
AGRICULTURAL LAND COMMISSION FILE 53995
RECONSIDERATION OF PANEL DECISION
REASONS FOR DECISION OF THE ISLAND PANEL
Application was submitted pursuant to s. 20(3) of the Agricultural Land Commission Act
Request for Reconsideration submitted pursuant to s. 33 of the Agricultural Land Commission Act
Applicant:
Paul Ashley
Sharon Ashley
Wayne Bradley
Peggy Carswell
Christine Bruels
Jason Cook
David Groseclose
Nanette Groseclose
Jeremy Crowder
Gordon Gage-Cole
Mary Louise Gage-Cole
Wayne Heise
Renee Poisson
Stephen Smith
Marlene Smith-Schlakwijk
Janet Hansen
Nancy Kitching
Susan Sandland
Janet Fairbanks
(the “Applicants”)
Agent: Comox Valley Regional District (the “CVRD”)
Application before the Island Regional Panel: Jennifer Dyson, Panel Chair
Honey Forbes
Clark Gourlay
THE APPLICATION
[1] The legal description of the Property involved in the application is:
Parcel Identifier: 006-808-484
Lot 5, Block A, District Lot 166, Comox District, Plan 1845
(the “Property”)
[2] The Property is generally described as being located on River Avenue North and is known as the Tsolum River Common.
[3] The Property is 2.3 ha in area.
[4] The Property is located completely within a designated agricultural land reserve (“ALR”) as defined in section 1 of the Agricultural Land Commission Act (the “ALCA”).
[5] The Property is located within Zone 1 as defined in subsection 4.2 of the ALCA.
[6] Pursuant s. 20(3) of the ALCA, the Applicants wish to donate the Property to the CVRD as a community park and to register a conservation covenant against the Certificate of Title of the Property to protect the natural values of the Property in perpetuity (the “Proposal”). This aspect of the Proposal requires a non-farm use application as s. 22(2) of the ALCA stipulates:
22(2) A covenant that restricts or prohibits the use of agricultural land for farm purposes has no effect until approved by the commission.
The Commission takes the position that a proposal to prohibit the use of land for farm purposes is by its very nature a non-farm use of land in the ALR.
In addition, the CVRD wishes to register an easement to a well and waterline in favour of four nearby properties who use the well in the summer.
(collectively the “Application”).
[7] By Resolution #216/2015, dated July 27, 2015, the Island Panel refused the conservation covenant portion of the Proposal, and approved the easement. In reaching its decision, the Commission concluded:
- The Panel found that the Property has good agricultural capability;
- The Panel reviewed the draft conservation covenant provided by the Applicant which, if registered, would prohibit the use of the covenant area from being used for agriculture in perpetuity. The Panel considered the size of the proposed covenant area, the agricultural capability of the Property, and the extent to which the covenant would restrict or prohibit agriculture. The Panel finds that the covenant would essentially prohibit the use of 2.3 ha of land from any agricultural use, and as such finds that the proposed covenant is inconsistent with the purposes of the ALCA.
- While the Panel did not support the conservation covenant, the panel referred the Applicants to s. 3(1)(f) and (g) of BC Regulation 171/2002 (Agricultural Land Reserve Use, Subdivision and Procedure Regulation) which may provide the same uses proposed for the park without prohibiting the agricultural use of the land in the future.
- With respect to the easement for a well and waterline in favour of four nearby properties who use the well in the summer, the Panel had no objections to this aspect of the Application.
[8] On December 23, 2015 the Island Panel received the Applicant’s request for reconsideration of Resolution #216/2015.
**FINDINGS**
[9] With respect to agriculture, the revised conservation covenant proposes the following:
- A Protected Riparian Area 50 metre wide streamside buffer adjacent to the Tsolum River to be left in a natural state; and
- Outside of the Protected Riparian Area agricultural would not be precluded but would be limited to growing of grass, grains, and/or vegetables.
[10] The Property has good agricultural capability (Class 2 and Class 3), and is capable of a wide range of agricultural uses and is located within the ALR. As such, the Property should remain available for agricultural uses. The Panel reviewed the revised conservation covenant, and while the amendments allow for growing of grasses, grains, and vegetables, the Panel finds that the covenant remains highly restrictive to agriculture.
DECISION
[11] For the reasons given above, the Panel refuses the Proposal for a conservation covenant.
[12] Panel Chair Jennifer Dyson, concurs with the decision.
Commissioner Honey Forbes, concurs with the decision.
Commissioner Clark Gourlay, concurs with the decision.
[13] Decision recorded as Resolution #189/2016.
A decision of the Panel is a decision of the Commission pursuant to s. 11.1(5) of the Agricultural Land Commission Act.
Or
A decision of the Executive Committee is a decision of the Commission pursuant to s. 10(3) of the Agricultural Land Commission Act.
*****
Upon instruction of the Panel, I have been authorized to release the Reasons for Decision by Resolution #189/2016. The decision is effective upon release.
Colin J. Fry, Director of Policy and Planning
June 6, 2016
Date Released | <urn:uuid:0c8ee7e5-4dd6-46c0-9479-7667e8ece8f7> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 7,318 |
Privitak 1. Privremenici rezultati
Tabela privremenih rezultata - Interni natječaj za izbor kandidata i dodjelu bespovratnih potpora za odlazne mobilnosti studenata u svrhu studija/stručne prakse u okviru programa Erasmus+ KA1_131 projekta mobilnosti između programskih zemalja broj 2023-1-HRO1-KA131-HED-131512 za prijave pristigle do 18. siječnja 2024. godine.
| RB | Ime i prezime | Odjel Veleučilišta | Vrsta mobilitosti | razdoblje boravka | trajanje boravka dani | dodatni dani za putovanje (standardni green/stan /bez/dard) | prijevoz | top-up dodatak potpori | Zemlja ustanova primatelj | bodovi odobrenje | obrazloženje |
|----|---------------------|--------------------|------------------|------------------|----------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------|----------|------------------------|--------------------------------|----------------|--------------|
| 1 | Tea Saračević | SMŠ-BIP | | 15.-19.04.2024 | 5 | 4 zeleno | ne | Češka, CZ CESKE04 | 16 | | |
| 2 | Mišav Šafrahtzer | SMŠ-BIP | | 15.-19.04.2024 | 5 | 4 zeleno | da | Češka, CZ CESKE04 | 16 | | |
| 3 | Marko Knezević | SMŠ-BIP | | 15.-19.04.2024 | 5 | 4 zeleno | da | Češka, CZ CESKE04 | 16 | | |
| 4 | Sebastijan Blimi | SMŠ-BIP | | 08.-12.04.2024 | 5 | 2 standard | da | Francuska, F BORDEAUS6 | 19 | | |
| 5 | Vanesa Ivanković | SMŠ-BIP | | 15.-19.04.2024 | 5 | 4 zeleno | ne | Češka, CZ CESKE05 | 16 | | |
| 6 | Martina Cerovski | SMŠ-BIP | | 15.-19.04.2024 | 5 | 4 zeleno | da | Češka, CZ CESKE06 | 16 | | |
| 7 | Leona Ahmeti | SMŠ-BIP | | 08.-12.04.2024 | 5 | 2 standard | da | Francuska, F BORDEAUS6 | 19 | | |
| 8 | Dunja Klarić | SMŠ-BIP | | 08.-12.04.2024 | 5 | 2 standard | da | Francuska, F BORDEAUS6 | 19 | | |
U Vukovaru, 19. siječnja 2024. godine
Predsjednik Erasmus Povjerenstva: Doc. dr. sc. Sanja Gongeta, prof. struč. stud.
[Signature] | <urn:uuid:bb46a059-9c4c-4fb2-a5e2-6b550945e65a> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/hrv_Latn/train | finepdfs | hrv_Latn | 3,121 |
Las solicitudes deben presentarse al menos una semana antes del evento.
La tarifa de permiso de $50 debe pagarse antes de la emisión del permiso de venta minorista temporal de alimentos. Los vendedores no deben abrir al público antes de pagar y obtener el permiso. Los permisos de venta minorista temporal de alimentos no son transferibles y solo son válidos en una única ubicación. Para operar en cualquier evento se necesita un permiso emitido por la ciudad, pero no es una aprobación para participar en cualquier evento específico. La participación en un evento específico queda a criterio del coordinador del evento.
Presente las solicitudes al Departamento de Salud Ambiental, División de Protección de la Salud del Consumidor (“CHPD”, por sus siglas en inglés) a firstname.lastname@example.org o personalmente en nuestra oficina. Los pagos pueden hacerse en línea luego de recibir un comprobante o en persona a través cheque, orden de dinero, o efectivo (se necesita el cambio exacto).
Los vendedores sujetos a la Ley de Alimento Casero no están cubiertos por este permiso.
(sí está sujeto a la Ley de Alimentos Caseros, deténgase aquí, no presente una solicitud de permiso; puede encontrar información sobre la ley en https://www.cabq.gov/environmentalhealth/food-safety)
| INFORMACIÓN DEL SOLICITANTE |
|-----------------------------|
| Nombre del propietario/operador: |
| Nombre del establecimiento: |
| Dirección permanente: | Ciudad/estado/código postal: |
| Nombre del evento: | Organizador del evento: |
| Fecha de inicio del evento: | Fecha de finalización del evento: |
| (Los permisos de venta minorista temporal de alimentos son válidos por un periodo de 7 días para una ubicación fija. De lo contrario, solicite una dispensa). |
| Dirección del evento: |
| N.º de teléfono del solicitante: | Correo electrónico del solicitante: |
| N.º de teléfono alternativo: |
| PERSONA A CARGO |
|-----------------|
| (si no es el solicitante) |
| La persona que estará en el lugar y es responsable de la seguridad del alimento. |
| Nombre: |
| Dirección: | Ciudad/estado/código postal: |
| N.º de teléfono: | Dirección de correo electrónico: |
| N.º de teléfono alternativo: |
INFORMACIÓN DEL ECONOMATO
Un **economato es necesario** para la producción de todos los productos minoristas.
Se necesita una copia del **permiso de economato**.
Se necesita una copia **del acuerdo de economato**, a menos que usted también sea el dueño del economato.
| Nombre del economato: |
|-----------------------|
| Dirección: | Ciudad/estado/código postal: |
| N.º de teléfono: | Dirección de correo electrónico: |
| N.º de teléfono alternativo: |
CUESTIONARIO
1. ¿Tiene un permiso sanitario activo con el Departamento de Salud Ambiental de la Ciudad de Albuquerque? ☒No.
☐Sí: Adjunte una copia del permiso sanitario ambiental activo.
2. ¿Qué tipo de lavabo tiene disponible para lavarse las manos?
☒Lavabo con plomería, ¿tiene disponible agua caliente? ☒Sí. ☐No.
☐Contenedor de flujo de gravedad, ¿tendrá disponible agua caliente? ☒Sí. ☐No.
3. ¿Se desinfectarán y limpiarán los utensilios?
☒Sí, tengo un lavabo de tres compartimentos. ☐No,
☐utilizaré utensilios descartables.
4. ¿Se transportará alimentos potencialmente peligrosos al evento?
☒No.
☐Sí: Explique cómo el alimento potencialmente peligroso se mantendrá en temperaturas seguras durante el transporte.
ADJUNTOS REQUERIDOS
1. Copia del menú completo.
2. Copia del permiso de economato, si corresponde.
3. Acuerdo de economato, si corresponde.
4. Copia del registro de negocios de la Ciudad de Albuquerque, si corresponde.
5. Copia de la licencia para la manipulación de huevos del Departamento de Agricultura de Nuevo México (NMDA, por sus siglas en inglés), si corresponde.
6. Copia de las etiquetas del Departamento de Agricultura de los Estados Unidos (USDA, por sus siglas en inglés), si corresponde.
7. Copia de cualquier permiso de la División de Protección a la Salud del Consumidor del Departamento de Salud Ambiental de la Ciudad de Albuquerque, si corresponde.
Nombre **TODOS** los alimentos que se venderán.
VENTAS PROHIBIDAS: alimentos que contienen cannabis, sushi, mariscos crudos, coles y productos lácteos sin pasteurizar.
Los productores, distribuidores o vendedores minoristas de huevos deben presentar una copia de su licencia para la manipulación de huevos del NMDA.
La carne debe ser inspeccionada por el USDA y debe venderse congelada y en su empaque original. El solicitante debe proporcionar una muestra de sus etiquetas USDA.
CONTROL DEL TIEMPO Y LA TEMPERATURA PARA ALIMENTOS DE SEGURIDAD: deben prepararse y empaquetarse en un economato y ofrecerse a la venta en porciones individuales.
*TODOS LOS PRODUCTOS DEBEN ETIQUETARSE CORRECTAMENTE Y SE DEBEN MANTENER LAS TEMPERATURAS ADECUADAS DURANTE EL TRANSPORTE, LA EXHIBICIÓN Y LA VENTA/SERVICIO.*
| ALIMENTO | TEMPERATURA DEL ALIMENTO Y MÉTODO DE CONSERVACIÓN |
|----------|--------------------------------------------------|
| Ejemplo: Helado | En un congelador móvil a 0 °F |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
SOLICITUD DE DISPENSA
☐ Solicito una dispensa del siguiente requisito de la Ordenanza de Vendedores Minoristas, del Mercado de la Carne y Mayoristas § 9-6-2 et. seq.:
Motivo de la solicitud de la dispensa:
☐ Este requisito impone una carga económica no prevista en mi negocio.
☐ Este requisito impone una dificultad no prevista en mi negocio.
Evidencia que respalde la solicitud de la dispensa: (brinde una explicación en la que describa por qué el requisito crea una carga económica o dificultad no prevista o ambos para su negocio. Esta explicación es necesaria para que Salud del Consumidor examine su solicitud. Si se marca el cuadro de dispensa y esta sección está en blanco, la solicitud está incompleta y Salud del Consumidor denegará la dispensa.)
Al firmar abajo, afirmo y certifico que:
☐ Toda la información contenida en esta solicitud es correcta;
☐ Notificaré al CHPD de cualquier cambio a la información proporcionada;
☐ Cumpliré con todos los requisitos de la Ordenanza de Vendedores Minoristas, del Mercado de la Carne y Mayoristas de la Ciudad de Albuquerque, §§ 9-6-2-1 et. seq. de ROA (Ordenanzas revisadas de Albuquerque) 1994, ya que se relaciona con establecimientos de alimento temporal;
☐ Entiendo que la Ordenanza de Vendedores Minoristas, del Mercado de la Carne y Mayoristas de la Ciudad de Albuquerque sección § 9-6-2-4 limita las operaciones bajo este permiso a una ubicación fija durante un periodo de tiempo que no debe exceder los siete días;
☐ Entiendo que para obtener una dispensa, debo solicitar una dispensa según lo dispuesto en § 9-6-2-18 de la Ordenanza de Vendedores Minoristas, del Mercado de la Carne y Mayoristas.
☐ He leído y entiendo la Ley de Alimento Casero §25-12-1 et seq. de los NMSA (Estatutos Anotados de Nuevo México) 1978. No preparo o vendo “alimentos caseros” como se define en la misma y no estoy sujeto a la Ley de Alimentos Caseros;
☐ Todo “alimento potencialmente peligroso”, como se define en 9-6-2-1 ROA 1994, se prepara en un establecimiento que cumple con los requisitos de §§ 9-6-2-1 et seq ROA 1994; y
☐ Tengo el derecho de permitir, y permito, que el CHPD acceda al establecimiento de comida nombrado arriba y sus registros con el fin de hacer cumplir §§9-6-2-1 et seq. ROA 1994.
Nombre impreso del solicitante: ____________________________
Firma del solicitante: ____________________________
Fecha: ____________________________
Firma de autoridad sanitaria: ____________________________
Solamente para uso oficial
☐ N.º de cheque ________ ☐ Pago en línea ☐ Efectivo
Monto pagado: $ __________ Fecha: ____________
Empleado de la EHD: ____________________________ | <urn:uuid:eb6df771-8c6f-446b-979b-eadaf016d72f> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/spa_Latn/train | finepdfs | spa_Latn | 7,961 |
Comune di CASALPUSTERLENGO
Provincia di Lodi
Progr. Serv. 62 Progr. Gen. 552
Data
11/06/2020
Codice 10942
ATTO DI LIQUIDAZIONE
SERVIZIO:
AFFARI GENERALI
OGGETTO:
CIG ZC029EE289 - AFFIDAMENTO DEL SERVIZIO DI SCARTO DI ATTI DELL'ARCHIVIO COMUNALE (UFFICI FINANZIARI)
ATTO DI LIQUIDAZIONE N. 552 DEL 11/06/2020
OGGETTO:
CIG ZC029EE289 - AFFIDAMENTO DEL SERVIZIO DI SCARTO DI ATTI DELL'ARCHIVIO COMUNALE (UFFICI FINANZIARI)
GIOVANNI
EVENTUALI ANNOTAZIONI: Liquidazione dopo 135 gg dal ricevimento della fattura perché l'incarico non era stato terminato per ritardo di nulla osta della Soprintendenza, nulla osta indispensabile per poter procedere alla distruzione della documentazione da scartare e ad inviare alla Soprintendenza stessa il relativo verbale
Riscontrata la regolarità dell'esecuzione, delle prestazioni effettuate, il rispetto delle condizioni contrattuali e dei requisiti merceologici, si trasmette il presente atto di liquidazione per il pagamento del documento/i come sopra specificato.
Si attesta altresì che sono stati verificati gli adempimenti relativi alla disciplina di tracciabilità dei pagamenti di cui agli artt. 3 e 6 della Legge 136 del 2010, come modificato dalla Legge 217 del 2010 nonché gli adempimenti relativi alla disciplina del Documento Unico di Regolarità Contributiva (DURC) di cui al Decreto del Ministero del Lavoro e della Previdenza Sociale del 24 Ottobre 2007 e successive modificazioni ed integrazioni.
ALLEGATI:
1. DURC;
2. DICHIARAZIONE CONTO DEDICATO.
IL RESPONSABILE DEL SERVIZIO
Documento firmato digitalmente ai sensi dell'art. 24 del D.Lgs. n. 82/2005 e depositato presso la sede dell'Amministrazione Comunale di Casalpusterlengo. Ai sensi dell'art. 3 del D.Lgs. 39/93 si indica che il documento è stato emanato da: | <urn:uuid:ab455c7a-f2d9-4840-a8af-f2c07cbdb7ad> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ita_Latn/train | finepdfs | ita_Latn | 1,787 |
Fiche d'information sur le produit
Nom du fournisseur ou marque commerciale : TEKA
Référence du modèle: HSB 630 P
General product parameters:
Paramètres des compartiments: | <urn:uuid:553bef55-b28c-4968-b63b-5336efa31d76> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/fra_Latn/train | finepdfs | fra_Latn | 175 |
Well Intervention
1 11/16" Radial Bond Tool
The Radial Bond Tool (RBT) facilitates a detailed, qualitative analysis of the zonal isolation achieved by cementing services.
Effective hydraulic isolation from water-bearing formations is crucial to maximise the productivity of hydrocarbon-bearing reservoirs. Poor cementing allows unwanted fluid transfers between zones resulting in the potential for lost or unwanted production.
The RBT allows the detection of poor cement conditions before perforating, enabling productive measures to be taken. Additionally, its small size, rigid isolator and powerful transmitter allow through-tubing operations after the completion string is in place. In addition to the traditional 3ft amplitude and 5ft VDL, the RBT has a radially segmented, calibrated amplitude measurement. This focuses the transmitted sonic pulse circumferentially, allowing the differentiation of small axial channels as opposed to poor or contaminated cement.
Applications
- Evaluation of cement bond behind casing
- Evaluation of cement to formation bond
- Determination of zonal isolation
- Identification of cement top
- Micro-annulus detection
- Channel identification from cement map
Features and benefits
- Single transmitter, 3ft (near) and 5ft (far) receivers
- 6-segmented radial receiver array for radial imaging
- Variable sampling rates to maximise data acquisition
- Interchangeable telemetry cartridge
- Slotted sleeve design for improved rigidity, strength and acoustic isolation
- Can be deployed through small completions and tubing restrictions to log the liner below (minimum clearance +0.25 inches above tool diameter)
- Fully combinable with other UltraWire and UltraMemory tools
- Memory/Surface Read Out (SRO) capable
© Expro Group
Well Intervention
Well integrity monitoring
| Temperature | 177 Deg C |
|---|---|
| Pressure | 138 MPa |
| Tool diameter | 43 mm |
| Tool length (make-up) | 3.03 m |
| Tool length (transport) | 3.13 m |
| Tool weight | 18.1 kg |
| Supply voltage | |
| Power/current | |
| Receivers | |
| Signal output | |
| Measure point 3-ft Amp 5-ft VDL | 153.9 cm 123.4 cm |
| Logging speed @50 Kbps @100 Kbps | 21 m/min 30 m/min |
| Borehole environment | |
© Expro Group | <urn:uuid:4eaac6f2-fc30-47f8-a370-6ae146684994> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 2,241 |
METHODES POUR LIMITER LA NON-REPONSE POUR LA VAGUE 3 D'UNE ENQUETE LONGITUDINALE
Virginie JOURDAN 1 (*)
(*) Département des statistiques, des études et de la documentation (DSED) Direction générale des étrangers en France (DGEF) Ministère de l'Intérieur
Résumé
L'enquête longitudinale sur l'intégration des primo-arrivants (Elipa) est une enquête qui s'est déroulée en trois vagues, en 2010, 2011 et 2013. Le champ est constitué d'une population particulière, assez difficile à joindre et à suivre lors d'une opération longitudinale. Il s'agit de migrants récemment installés en France, susceptibles d'une grande mobilité résidentielle, voire de revenir dans leur pays d'origine. Pour cela, différentes méthodes pour limiter l'attrition avaient été mises en place a priori.
On présentera la méthode de construction du groupe des « non répondants potentiels » et une évaluation de l'efficacité de la mesure prise. On terminera par un bilan critique des mesures qui ont été mises en œuvre pour le contrôle de l'attrition dans l'enquête Elipa.
Pour la troisième et dernière vague de l'enquête Elipa, des outils complémentaires ont été mis en place. L'analyse détaillée de la non réponse des deux premières vagues a permis d'identifier des « non répondants potentiels ». Il s'agit de personnes dont la probabilité de ne pas être contacté par un enquêteur ou de ne pas accepter de répondre à l'enquête est élevée, au vu de l'information disponible en 2011, mais qui ont répondu en 2010 et 2011. En s'appuyant sur ces informations, trois actions ont été mises en place en 2013.
Abstract
The Longitudinal Survey on the Integration of First-Time Arrivals (Elipa) was carried out in three waves, in 2010, 2011 and 2013. The interviewees are migrants recently settled in France, likely to move frequently and even to come back to their country of origin. Thus, the field is a specific population, quite difficult to contact and to follow during a longitudinal operation. In order to limit attrition, different methods have been set up.
We will present the method of construction of the potential nonrespondents and an assessment of the effectiveness of the action. We will conclude with a critical assessment of the measures that have been implemented to control attrition in the Elipa survey.
For the third and final wave of the Elipa survey, some additionnal tools had been established. The nonresponse analysis of the first two waves identified « potential nonrespondents ». Those people answered the first two waves, but their likelihood of not being contacted by an interviewer or of refusing to answer the survey is high, given the available information in 2011. Based on this information, three actions were implemented in 2013.
Mots-clés
Collecte, attrition, enquête longitudinale, immigration
1 firstname.lastname@example.org
1. Une enquête longitudinale sur les nouveaux migrants
L'Enquête Longitudinale sur l'Intégration des Primo-Arrivants (Elipa) interroge les personnes qui, pour la première fois, détiennent un titre de séjour d'au moins un an en 2009. C'est une enquête nonobligatoire coordonnée par le Département des Statistiques, des Études et de la Documentation (DSED) qui se déroule en trois vagues : en 2010, 2011 et 2013. L'enquête Elipa s'est notamment appuyée sur l'expérience de précédentes enquêtes étrangères qui ont été réalisées sur cette population de nouveaux migrants (en Australie, au Canada, aux Etats-Unis et en Nouvelle-Zélande). Ces dernières portent toutefois sur des périodes de collecte différentes (entre le milieu des années 1990 et la fin des années 2010) et sont réalisées en deux ou trois vagues [1]. En France, la Direction de la recherche, des études, de l'évaluation et des statistiques (Drees) a également mené une enquête sur les détenteurs d'un premier titre de séjour : l'enquête Parcours et Profils des Migrants (PPM). Celle-ci a été réalisée en deux vagues et s'est déroulée en 2006 et 2007.
Le CAI a été mis en place en 2003 et est devenu obligatoire depuis 2007 [2]. Il est destiné à tous les nouveaux migrants s'installant en France de manière durable, à l'exception des étudiants. Il s'agit d'un contrat entre l'Etat et le nouvel arrivant qui consiste à accompagner le migrant en lui proposant différentes formations : une journée de formation civique, une journée de formation « Vivre en France » ; puis, selon les besoins, une formation linguistique gratuite pouvant aller jusqu'à 400 heures de cours, un bilan de compétences professionnelles ou un accompagnement social.
L'objectif de l'enquête Elipa est d'appréhender le parcours d'intégration des migrants nouvellement arrivés en France, au plus près de leur parcours. Les thèmes abordés dans cette enquête sont la connaissance du parcours migratoire ; la connaissance du parcours d'intégration dans ses quatre dimensions (acquisition de la langue française, intégration professionnelle, accès au logement et vie sociale) ; la connaissance du parcours administratif et de ses difficultés ; et l'évaluation du dispositif d'accompagnement des nouveaux migrants via les contrats d'accueil et d'intégration (CAI). Ce dernier point est important car les signataires du CAI constituent le champ de l'enquête Elipa.
La base de sondage correspond au fichier des signataires du CAI. Les personnes interrogées ont 18 ans ou plus et sont ressortissantes des pays tiers à l'Espace économique européen (EEE) et la Suisse. Cependant, la Roumanie et la Bulgarie étaient encore en 2009 dans la situation des pays tiers pour les migrations au motif professionnel. Les signataires du CAI regroupent les migrations familiales, les migrations professionnelles et les réfugiés. Les étudiants ne signent pas de CAI. L'enquête s'est déroulée dans quatre régions que sont l'Ile-de-France, la Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, le Rhône-Alpes et l'Alsace. Ces quatre régions regroupent 66 % des signataires du CAI, mais l'enquête est bien représentative de la France métropolitaine. Enfin, les personnes interrogées ont eu la possibilité de choisir entre 14 langues d'enquête. Les langues sélectionnées sont : l'arabe, le turc, le chinois, le russe, l'anglais, le serbe, le tamoul, le bengali, l'espagnol, le vietnamien, le thaï, l'albanais, le soninké et le français. Cela représente 93 % des signataires du CAI.
2. Des taux de réponse plutôt satisfaisants
Initialement, l'objectif de l'enquête Elipa était d'interroger 6 000 nouveaux migrants en 2010 et 4 500 personnes un an plus tard, soit un taux de réponse de 75 %. Pour la dernière vague, l'objectif était d'obtenir, en 2013, 3 000 personnes répondant à l'ensemble des trois vagues, soit un taux de réponse de nouveau égal à 75 % (Tableau 1). Contrairement à d'autres enquêtes, comme par exemple l'enquête Érfi (Étude des relations familiales et intergénérationnelles) [3], les personnes non répondantes en vague 2 dans Elipa ne sont pas réinterrogées en vague 3. Ainsi, les personnes répondantes en 2013 ont toutes également répondu en 2010 et 2011.
Tableau 1 – Objectifs de taille de l'échantillon et résultats obtenus
Sources : Elipa vagues 1 à 3 (2010-2013) - DSED
Ces objectifs ont été atteints puisque le nombre de personnes enquêtées est de 6 107 personnes en 2010 et de 4 756 personnes en 2011. Le taux de réponse en 2011 s'élève donc à 78 % en 2011. Ce taux de réponse est relativement satisfaisant. En comparaison, le taux de réponse de l'enquête PPM qui porte sur la même population en 2007 est de 62 %, soit 16 points de différence. Cette différence s'explique par des non contacts plus fréquents dans l'enquête PPM que pour Elipa, la part des refus étant identique dans les deux enquêtes [1].
De manière générale, les taux de réponse sont donc plutôt satisfaisants sur une population qui est particulièrement difficile à joindre. Les nouveaux migrants forment une population très mobile. Entre 2010 et 2011, 26 % d'entre eux ont déménagé [5]. Entre 2011 et 2013, cette proportion s'élève à 34 %. En l'espace de trois ans, 51 % des nouveaux migrants ont déménagé au moins une fois. À titre de comparaison, la mobilité résidentielle annuelle dans la population générale touche environ une personne sur dix [6,7]. En outre, Elipa est une enquête non-obligatoire ce qui tend à diminuer le taux de réponse. A titre d'exemple, seules les quatre premières vagues de l'enquête SRCV sur les neuf étaient obligatoires. À partir de la cinquième vague, le taux de réponse diminue de 10 points, conséquence de la non-obligation [4].
En troisième vague, les objectifs sont également atteints : 3 573 personnes ont été interrogées sur les 3 000 espérées. Le taux de réponse correspond exactement à l'objectif, soit 75 %. Ce taux résulte de deux facteurs qui se sont en partie compensés. D'une part, l'intervalle d'années plus long entre la deuxième et la troisième vague (deux ans contre un an) a joué à la baisse sur le taux. D'autre part, l'enquête a bénéficié de l'effet « positif » de la dernière vague. Des travaux sur l'enquête SRCV (statistiques sur les revenus et les conditions de vie des ménages), panel rotatif sur 9 années, ont montré qu'il est en effet plus facile pour les enquêteurs d'argumenter et d'obtenir une réponse positive la dernière année d'enquête [4]. En outre, ce point avait été particulièrement souligné à l'occasion de la formation des enquêteurs de l'enquête Elipa.
3. Les outils mis en place pour limiter l'attrition dans l'enquête Elipa
L'attrition est la diminution de la taille de l'échantillon au fil des années, en raison de non réponses telles que des refus, des déménagements ou encore des sorties de champ de l'enquête. L'attrition d'un échantillon est d'autant plus problématique que la population répondante n'a pas les mêmes caractéristiques que les non-répondantes. Dans le cas d'Elipa, ces personnes sont potentiellement celles qui rencontrent le plus de difficultés à s'intégrer.
Pour limiter l'attrition de l'échantillon, plusieurs outils ont été mis en place pour limiter les pertes à cause d'un déménagement d'une part, et limiter les pertes pour refus d'autre part. De plus, un travail en amont du terrain de la troisième et dernière vague a permis de mettre en place de nouveaux outils spécifiques pour limiter l'attrition.
3.1. Les outils pour limiter les pertes à cause des déménagements
Pour éviter une trop grande déperdition de l'échantillon, TNS-Sofres a mis au point un suivi des personnes entre chaque interrogation [1]. Les personnes qui déménagent ou changent de numéro de téléphone peuvent notifier leurs nouvelles coordonnées en renseignant un coupon réponse fourni par l'enquêteur lors de son premier passage. En plus de cela, tous les six mois, la Sofres réalise un suivi des personnes enquêtées, en deux temps, pour récupérer les nouvelles adresses. Tout d'abord la Sofres téléphone aux personnes enquêtées. Ensuite, si la personne enquêtée n'est pas joignable, la Sofres envoie un coupon réponse avec une enveloppe T par voie postale. En outre, certaines personnes enquêtées informent la Sofres sur leurs nouvelles coordonnées grâce au numéro vert. Entre les deux premières vagues espacées d'un an un seul suivi est réalisé par TNS-Sofres. Entre les deuxième et troisième vagues, espacées cette fois-ci de deux années, trois suivis sont réalisés. Il est à noter que pour le premier suivi entre les vagues 2 et 3, un e-mail a été envoyé aux personnes n'ayant pas été jointes par téléphone et n'ayant pas renvoyé de coupon-réponse afin de récupérer leurs coordonnées. L'adresse e-mail était demandée au moment de l'enquête. Toutefois, cela n'a pas eu le résultat escompté. Cet outil n'a plus été réutilisé par la suite.
La forte mobilité des nouveaux-migrants [5] joue sur l'attrition de l'échantillon. L'appariement sécurisé de l'enquête avec une base administrative telle que le fichier des titres de séjour est un outil complémentaire au suivi mis en place par TNS-Sofres. Il s'agit du fichier AGDREF, signifiant Application de gestion des dossiers des ressortissants étrangers en France. Les concepteurs de l'enquête PPM n'ont pas eu recours à ce fichier administratif mais proposaient déjà cet outil pour développer les enquêtes longitudinales auprès de cette population [8]. Elipa, en reprenant cette idée, a donc tiré les principaux enseignements de l'enquête PPM.
Le fichier des signataires du CAI, utilisé comme base de sondage et de redressement, permet ainsi d'améliorer le suivi des personnes. Grâce à ce fichier il devient possible à chaque interrogation de récupérer l'adresse postale la plus récente.
La plupart des personnes interrogées dans Elipa ont obtenu un titre de séjour qu'elles doivent renouveler chaque année et ce, cinq fois de suite avant de prétendre à une carte de résident valable 10 ans. Ainsi, chaque année pendant ses premières années de vie en France, le migrant doit renouveler son titre de séjour auprès de la préfecture et fournir sa dernière adresse. L'accès à cette information permet de disposer d'une adresse très récente. A chaque renouvellement, la préfecture enregistre leur nouvelle adresse pour leur envoyer leur convocation.
Cet appariement est facilité par un identifiant commun dans le fichier des signataires du CAI et dans celui des titres de séjour : le numéro « AGDREF ». Il est renseigné dans 90 % des cas mais les erreurs de saisie ne sont pas rares. C'est pourquoi ce numéro était redemandé aux personnes interrogées en vague 1, et parfois en vague 2. La réponse à cette question n'est pas obligatoire mais est très utile pour le bon déroulement du suivi des enquêtés. Ce traitement a explicitement été déclaré à la CNIL.
Dans les faits, le rôle du fichier AGDREF s'est avéré double. D'une part, il a rempli son objectif principal, à savoir récupérer de nouvelles adresses non collectées par le suivi initial (suivi téléphonique et coupon). D'autre part, il a aussi eu un rôle qui peut être qualifié de qualitatif. Ce fichier a permis de « corriger » certaines coordonnées, les adresses étaient parfois mieux libellées dans le fichier AGDREF que dans le fichier de TNS-Sofres 2 .
Enfin, lors des deuxième et troisième vagues, TNS-Sofres a mis à disposition des enquêteurs une fiche de contact sur laquelle étaient inscrites les coordonnées les plus récentes (adresse et numéro de téléphone). Elle rappelait aussi l'historique des coordonnées de la personne enquêtée, à savoir l'ensemble des coordonnées connues depuis le début de l'enquête. Ainsi, au moment de l'enquête, l'enquêteur avait à sa disposition l'ensemble des informations connues sur la personne à interroger.
3.2. Les outils pour limiter les pertes à cause des refus
Au-delà de ces outils, des moyens sont également mis en place pour réduire au maximum le taux de refus. Une partie non négligeable des nouveaux migrants ne sont pas issus de pays francophones et rencontrent des difficultés en français [9]. Pour cette raison, l'enquête Elipa est réalisée en 14 langues grâce au recrutement d'enquêteurs bilingues. Les nouveaux migrants n'étant pas suffisamment à l'aise en français pour répondre à un questionnaire d'environ une heure en face à face pouvaient donc également répondre à l'enquête.
En outre, dans la mesure du possible, les personnes étaient affectées aux mêmes enquêteursinterprètes que dans la première vague. A titre d'exemple, le taux de réponse en 2011 était de 81 % lorsque l'enquêteur était le même contre 77 % quand il s'agissait d'un autre enquêteur.
En plus de cela, toutes les personnes interrogées lors de la première vague reçoivent une lettre-avis accompagnée d'une plaquette de présentation de quelques résultats de la précédente vague environ deux semaines avant le début de chaque enquête de terrain. Ces deux documents étaient envoyés dans la langue effective de l'entretien de la dernière interrogation.
Comme pour la première vague, TNS-Sofres ouvre pendant toute la durée de l'enquête un numéro vert (appel gratuit depuis un poste fixe) où les personnes pourront obtenir des renseignements complémentaires sur l'enquête mais aussi sur les modalités de contact avec TNS-Sofres, en français ou en anglais. Cet outil était nettement plus utilisé avant la première interrogation car les appelants avaient alors besoin d'être rassurés sur les objectifs de l'enquête et sur l'incidence éventuelle de leur
2 TNS-Sofres, après la collecte de nouvelles adresses, procède tout de même à une correction des libellés ou des fautes de frappe éventuelles. En effet, certains enquêteurs dont le français n'est pas la langue maternelle éprouvent parfois des difficultés dans la rédaction des libellés d'adresses.
participation sur le renouvellement de leur titre de séjour. En deuxième et troisième vagues, les appels concernaient surtout des changements de coordonnées.
4. Les outils spécifiques pour limiter l'attrition de la troisième vague
Dans les enquêtes transversales, l'analyse de la non réponse se limite, de manière générale, aux variables provenant de la base de sondage (caractéristiques sociodémographiques, caractéristiques du logement...selon la base de sondage utilisée) ainsi qu'aux variables renseignées par les enquêteurs décrivant l'environnement du logement comme la zone géographique ou le type d'habitat [10].
Un des avantages des enquêtes longitudinales est, qu'à partir de la deuxième interrogation, l'analyse de la non-réponse peut être menée plus finement dans la mesure où l'on dispose de l'ensemble des variables de la vague précédente. Dans le cadre de l'enquête Elipa, en plus des variables dites « classiques » (bien souvent sociodémographiques), peut être également analysé l'impact des variables de gestion d'enquête, des variables du CAI, des variables liées à la vie sociale ainsi que des variables sur les compétences linguistiques. L'ensemble de ces variables permet d'affiner considérablement les modèles de non-réponse. L'utilisation de l'ensemble des réponses données en vague 1 permet d'apporter une analyse plus fine de l'analyse de la non réponse en vague 2 et de caractériser ces individus n'ayant pas répondu.
4.1. L'analyse de la non-réponse en vague 2
Les analyses mettent en évidence des profils d'individus différents suivant le non-contact et le refus.
les personnes qui présentent un désintérêt pour le CAI. De plus, ce sont aussi des personnes qui ne se montrent pas intéressées par l'enquête au moment de la première interrogation. En effet, les enquêteurs ont perçu leur accueil comme moyen ou réservé. Le contact avec la personne enquêtée s'est fait plutôt au mois de juin, c'est-à-dire le dernier mois de la période de collecte. De plus, il est possible, dans Elipa, d'engager des enquêtes qualitatives pour approfondir des thématiques difficiles à traiter dans un questionnaire fermé. Ces dernières enquêtes seraient alors menées par des chercheurs intéressés par ces sujets d'études. Les non-répondants en vague 2 refusent plus fortement que les autres le principe d'une post-enquête qualitative et n'acceptent donc pas d'avoir un entretien plus approfondi avec un chercheur.
La modélisation est réalisée séparément pour le non contact et le refus. Pour chaque modèle, une vingtaine de variables sur les quelques 130 sont sélectionnées de manière à obtenir un modèle que l'on souhaite optimal. De précédents travaux présentent ces résultats de manière détaillée [11]. De manière générale, la non-réponse de la deuxième vague de l'enquête Elipa concerne les jeunes et
Ainsi, ces analyses mettent en évidence de nombreux déterminants de nature variée. Que ce soit pour le non-contact ou pour le refus, les variables sociodémographiques ne suffisent pas à expliquer la non réponse. La contribution d'autres variables issues, dans notre cas, du premier passage de l'enquêteur, devient un atout considérable et permet d'affiner les modèles de non-réponse.
4.2. Vers une définition des « non-répondants potentiels » de la vague 3
L'objectif initial pour la vague 3 était d'interroger au moins 3 000 nouveaux migrants. Compte tenu des résultats satisfaisants obtenus aux deux premières vagues, on espérait que cet objectif soit atteint assez facilement, sauf évènements inattendus. Un nouvel objectif a donc été défini : augmenter au mieux la taille de l'échantillon de cette troisième vague. L'objectif ici n'est pas d'améliorer l'enquête en général, mais plutôt d'avoir la possibilité de travailler sur certaines sous-populations aux effectifs parfois réduits (les réfugiés par exemple).
- une probabilité d'être contacté
A partir de ces modèles de non-réponse de la deuxième vague, sont calculées, pour chaque individu :
- et une probabilité d'accepter de répondre à l'enquête.
Ces deux probabilités sont calculées indépendamment l'une de l'autre. Ainsi, on détermine les « futurs » mauvais répondants. Autrement-dit, sachant que l'on connait les caractéristiques des non répondants de la vague 2, seront examinées les personnes ayant répondu bien que leur probabilité de participer à l'enquête était faible.
Les non répondants potentiels peuvent avoir (Figures 1) :
Les potentiels non-répondants de la vague 3 sont les personnes ayant répondu en vague 2, et qui, compte tenu de leurs caractéristiques, sont potentiellement difficilement joignables et / ou refusantes en vague 3. Le champ est donc bien les répondants de la vague 2, et on se demande si ces derniers répondront en vague 3.
- Soit un faible contact : il s'agit des 10 % des nouveaux migrants qui présentent la plus faible probabilité d'être contacté. Le seuil du premier décile s'établit à 0,761 de probabilités d'être contacté. Cela signifie que les 10 % de personnes les moins susceptibles d'être jointes pour réaliser l'enquête ont une probabilité d'être jointe inférieure à 76,1 %.
- Soit une faible acceptation : il s'agit des 10 % des nouveaux migrants qui présentent la plus faible probabilité de réaliser l'enquête sachant que l'on a été contacté. Dans ce cas, le seuil du premier décile s'établit à 0,855 de probabilités d'accepter. Cela signifie que les 10 % de personnes les moins susceptibles d'accepter l'enquête ont une probabilité d'accepter inférieure à 85,5 %.
Figures 1 – Répartition des probabilités potentielles (estimées) d'être contacté et/ou d'accepter de répondre à l'enquête Elipa à la troisième vague selon les centiles
Probabilités d'être contacté
Sources : Elipa vague 1 et vague 2.
Ce travail présente toutefois deux limites principales. La première est qu'il n'est pas possible de savoir si la non-réponse a les mêmes caractéristiques en vague 2 et en vague 3. La deuxième est que l'intervalle inter-vague entre les vagues 2 et 3 est de deux ans, contre un an seulement pour les deux premières vagues. Cet allongement de l'intervalle est également susceptible de jouer sur les caractéristiques différentielles de la non-réponse en vague 3.
Au final, si on isole, parmi les deux séries de probabilités, la même proportion de personnes ayant une faible probabilité de participer à l'enquête (environ 10 %), on obtient deux sous-populations (Tableau 2) :
- une sous-population « refusante ».
- une sous-population « difficilement contactable » (le plus souvent en raison des déménagements),
Le recouvrement de ces deux sous-populations n'est que partiel. Alors que 18 % présentent une faible probabilité de participer à l'enquête (que ce soit pour un non contact ou pour un refus), seulement 2 % ont à la fois une faible probabilité d'être contacté et une faible probabilité d'accepter l'enquête, soit un peu moins d'une centaine de personnes. Compte tenu du faible effectif de ces dernières, seules les 481 personnes difficilement joignables et les 484 personnes qui risquent de refuser l'enquête seront analysées, sans tenir compte du recouvrement de ces deux sous-populations. Au total, 869 personnes, sur les 4 756 personnes enquêtées en vague 2, seraient particulièrement concernées par la non-réponse en vague 3.
Tableau 2 – Dénombrement des non-répondants potentiels de la vague 3
Sources : Elipa vague 1 et vague 2.
4.3. Caractéristiques des non-répondants potentiels
Il est donc nécessaire de distinguer les non-répondants potentiels en raison d'un refus et les nonrépondants potentiels en raison d'une absence de contact. Ce travail a été réalisé dans de précédents travaux [12] et ne sera pas détaillé ici. Mais il est toutefois possible de caractériser dans les grandes lignes la sous-population des non-répondants potentiels, même si les variables pour un même thème sont parfois différentes pour le refus ou le non-contact.
Ainsi, de manière générale, les non-répondants potentiels forment une population qui n'est que peu intéressée par le thème de l'enquête Elipa, à savoir le parcours d'intégration des nouveaux migrants en France.
Les non-répondants potentiels sont principalement originaires d'Asie, principalement de Chine et de Turquie. Leur réseau social est plutôt communautaire. Leurs amis en France sont de la même origine qu'eux et ils fréquentent des cafés où les personnes appartiennent également à la même origine. Les non-répondants potentiels ont encore des liens forts avec leur pays d'origine. Par exemple, leur conjoint y vit encore ou bien ils y partent en vacances. De plus, ils rencontrent des difficultés en français. Ils déclarent plus souvent que les autres ne pas parler bien le français. Ce sont aussi des personnes qui ont souvent bénéficié de la formation linguistique proposée dans le cadre du CAI. En outre, le contact avec l'enquêteur s'est plutôt réalisé en fin de période de collecte (au mois de juin) et l'enquêteur a plus souvent signalé à la fin de l'entretien que la personne interrogée avait plus souvent de difficultés à comprendre le français. Enfin, leurs projets en France pour les années à venir incluent peu la France. Si la plupart des personnes interrogées souhaitent s'installer en France définitivement, les non-répondants potentiels déclarent plus souvent rester en France quelques années puis partir dans un autre pays ou bien faire des allers et retours entre l'étranger et la France. Ils ne souhaitent pas non plus demander la nationalité française plus tard.
4.4. Quelles recommandations pour le terrain de la vague 3 ?
Bien évidemment, l'ensemble des analyses de la non-réponse potentielle en vague 3 ne peuvent pas être utilisées pour la formulation de recommandations. La plupart d'entre elles n'ont pas d'applications pratiques en termes de recommandations.
Toutefois, trois actions ont été mises en œuvre. La première action concerne le contact tardif des personnes potentiellement non-répondantes. En vague 1 et en vague 2, la collecte s'est déroulée sur plus de trois mois, de mars à juin. Quelle que soit la vague, les personnes ayant une probabilité faible de participer à l'enquête étaient plus souvent contactées au mois de juin, soit à la fin de la période de collecte. En accord, avec TNS-Sofres, il a été décidé de proposer aux enquêteurs un quota de ces personnes à interroger dès les premières semaines de collecte. Ainsi, comme le contact est plus difficile pour ces personnes, le temps de relance est allongé. Cette mesure concerne les personnes ciblées comme potentiellement non-répondantes et ayant répondu à l'enquête au mois de juin, que ce soit pour la vague 1 ou la vague 2.
La troisième et dernière action concerne les autres caractéristiques de la non-réponse potentielle. Il est proposé d'utiliser le dépliant de résultats envoyé avec la lettre-avis (et traduit dans les langues de l'enquête) pour mettre en avant les thèmes qui touchent plus particulièrement les non-répondants potentiels de la vague 3.
La deuxième action concerne le fait que les enquêteurs aient déclaré, lorsqu'il y a eu des difficultés pendant l'entretien, que la raison principale des difficultés rencontrées pendant l'entretien était des difficultés à comprendre le français pour des personnes pourtant interviewées en français. Dans ce cas, il est possible de leur proposer une des 12 langues étrangères de l'enquête Elipa.
5. L'attrition des vagues 2 et 3
Par différence avec le taux de réponse, le taux d'attrition de l'enquête Elipa est de 22 % en 2011, il s'élève à 25 % en 2013. Au total, entre 2010 et 2013, l'attrition concerne 41 % de l'échantillon (Tableau 3).
Dans le détail, la non-réponse se décline en deux catégories [1] : le non contact d'une part et le refus d'autre part. Le non contact correspond aux personnes qui, malgré le suivi inter-vague mis en place, n'ont pu être recontactées. Il s'agit principalement de personnes qui sont absentes pour une longue durée, de personnes absentes qui n'ont pas pu donner un rendez-vous avant la fin de l'enquête ou bien de personnes ayant déménagé et dont l'adresse n'a pas été retrouvée. En vague 2 le taux de non-contact représente 15 % de l'échantillon initial, il s'élève à 20 % en vague 3. Le refus provient des personnes qui ont été contactées mais qui ont refusé de répondre. Le taux de refus a légèrement diminué entre les vagues 2 et 3, il est passé de 7 % à 4 %.
Tableau 3 – Suivi du contact entre la première et la troisième vague
Sources : Elipa vague 2 et vague 3 - Suivi des contacts de TNS Sofres.
Ainsi, quelle que soit la vague, l'attrition dans l'enquête Elipa s'explique essentiellement par le noncontact. Mais si l'attrition a logiquement légèrement augmenté entre la vague 2 et la vague 3 en raison de l'intervalle de temps plus large entre les deux enquêtes, sa composition est différente. En vague 3, le non-contact a augmenté et le refus a légèrement diminué. Ainsi, en 2011 le non contact et le refus expliquent respectivement 70 % et 30 % de l'attrition, ces proportions s'élèvent à 82 % et 18 % en 2013.
6. Quel impact des outils spécifiques mis en place en vague 3 ?
6.1. Prendre contact avec certains non-répondants potentiels dès les premières semaines d'enquête (les « fiches prioritaires »)
6.1.1. Taux de réponse des fiches prioritaires
La première action consistait à encourager les enquêteurs de prendre contact avec un certain nombre de non-répondants potentiels et qui, au cours de l'une des deux premières vagues, avaient été interrogés au mois de juin (le dernier mois de la collecte). Sur les 869 nouveaux migrants considérés comme non-répondants potentiels, 190 étaient concernés par cette mesure (22 % d'entre eux). Concrètement, au moment de la formation des enquêteurs, les fiches de contact des personnes à interroger étaient distribuées à chaque enquêteur. Ces fiches mentionnent les coordonnées postales et téléphoniques des personnes à interroger. Afin que les enquêteurs repèrent facilement ce sousensemble de non-répondants potentiels, il est inscrit « fiche prioritaire » sur la fiche de contact de ces personnes. Par facilité de langage, les fiches prioritaires désigneront désormais l'ensemble de ces 190 personnes non-répondantes potentielles ayant fait l'objet d'un suivi particulier au moment de la collecte de la troisième vague d'Elipa.
Les résultats sont les suivants (Tableau 4) : alors que le taux de réponse est de 75 % pour l'ensemble des nouveaux migrants, il est moins important pour les non-répondants potentiels (67 %, soit 8 points de moins). Dans le détail, 67 personnes sur les 190 fiches prioritaires ont répondu, soit un taux de réponse de 65 %. Le taux de réponse des autres nouveaux migrants, repérés comme non-répondants potentiels mais ne faisant pas l'objet d'un suivi particulier au moment de la collecte, est un peu plus élevé (68 %). Le taux de réponse des fiches prioritaires est donc plus faible de 10 points que pour l'ensemble des nouveaux migrants.
La formation des enquêteurs a insisté sur l'importance de ces fiches prioritaires. Il a été expliqué que ces dernières faisaient l'objet d'un suivi à part et, qu'en prenant un premier contact dès les premières semaines de la collecte, le temps de relance était allongé pour ces personnes plus particulièrement difficiles à joindre. Ce point n'a soulevé aucune difficulté auprès des enquêteurs. Il est à noter, que compte tenu du nombre relativement faible de fiches prioritaires, tous les enquêteurs n'ont pas nécessairement eu de fiches prioritaires.
Tableau 4 – Taux de réponse en vague 3 selon le profil des personnes enquêtées
Sources : Elipa vagues 1 à 3.
Tout au long de la période de collecte au printemps 2013, le taux de réponse des fiches prioritaires a toujours été inférieur à celui de l'ensemble des nouveaux migrants (Figure 2). Mais l'écart, assez réduit au cours des premières semaines (quelques points seulement), s'est élargi au fil de la collecte et a atteint 10 points.
Plusieurs explications sont susceptibles de comprendre cet écart. D'une part, celui-ci pourrait trouver sa source dans une absence de contact au moment de l'enquête. Si les personnes n'ont pas été contactées ou l'ont été que tardivement, cela tendrait à une moindre réponse à l'enquête. D'autre part, une fois les personnes contactées, l'écart peut s'expliquer par le type de contact établi. En effet, les fiches prioritaires peuvent refuser plus souvent de participer à l'enquête ou bien encore déménager plus souvent. De même, il se pourrait que malgré les multiples tentatives des enquêteurs, les fiches prioritaires restent plus fréquemment injoignables.
29/3
5/4
12/4
19/4
26/4
3/5
10/5
17/5
24/5
31/5
7/6
14/6
21/6
Source : Elipa vague 3.
6.1.2. Comparaison des contacts établis entre les fiches prioritaires et l'ensemble des nouveaux migrants
Initialement, les fiches prioritaires ont les caractéristiques de personnes difficilement joignables et pour lesquelles la non-réponse serait plus forte. Ces personnes ont-elles bien été contactées plus tôt que les autres ? Dans la réalité, les personnes signalées comme « fiches prioritaires » ont été contactées au même rythme que les autres nouveaux migrants, à l'exception d'une période d'environ trois semaines au mois d'avril pendant laquelle le rythme des contacts s'est ralenti (Figure 3). Cependant, ce retard a été rattrapé dès le début du mois de mai. Ainsi, les fiches prioritaires, à défaut d'avoir été contactées dès les premières semaines de l'enquête, ont tout de même été contactées au même rythme que les autres nouveaux migrants, alors même qu'il s'agit d'une population particulièrement difficile à joindre. Cela nous donne également une autre information : le plus faible taux de réponse observé pour les fiches prioritaires ne s'explique pas par un moindre contact de la part de l'enquêteur.
Source : Elipa vague 3.
6.1.3. Comparaison du type de contact établi entre les fiches prioritaires et l'ensemble des nouveaux migrants
Aussi peut-on se demander si le contact, lorsqu'il a eu lieu, est différent pour les fiches prioritaires et l'ensemble de personnes enquêtées. Autrement-dit, qu'est-ce qui explique le taux de réponse moins important pour les fiches prioritaires ? Refusent-ils plus souvent l'enquête que l'ensemble des nouveaux migrants ou bien déménagent-ils plus souvent ?
Ainsi, en demandant aux enquêteurs de les enquêter au plus tôt, il n'est pas impossible que l'on ait pu interroger un certain nombre de ces fiches prioritaires grâce notamment à un temps de relance peut être plus long. Mais cela ne peut pas être confirmé, le taux de réponse restant inférieur pour les fiches prioritaires. Finalement, ces analyses confirment que les fiches prioritaires ont été particulièrement bien ciblées ; mais elles ne permettent toutefois pas de conclure clairement quant à un effet positif sur le taux de réponse de ces fiches prioritaires.
Parmi les personnes contactées au moins une fois, la part des refus des fiches prioritaires est quasiment identique à celle de l'ensemble des nouveaux migrants (Figures 4, courbe rouge). Ce n'est donc pas un refus plus fréquent pour les fiches prioritaires qui expliquerait l'écart des taux de réponse. En réalité, deux éléments expliquent en grande partie la différence des taux de réponse. Le premier élément est la part des interviews impossibles plus fréquente pour les fiches prioritaires que pour l'ensemble des nouveaux migrants (courbe verte). Les interviews impossibles comprennent pour plus de la moitié des déménagements (en France, à l'étranger, ou sans indication de lieu de destination), pour environ un tiers des absences de longue durée et le reste correspond à des adresses inaccessibles 3 . Le deuxième élément est la part des absences des personnes contactées toujours plus fréquente pour les fiches prioritaires que pour l'ensemble des nouveaux migrants. Sur ce dernier point, peut-être aurait-on pu insister auprès des enquêteurs quant à la relance de ces personnes déjà contactées. Toutefois, ce constat confirme bien que les fiches prioritaires sont toujours plus difficiles à enquêter car plus difficiles à approcher. Les absences sont, de manière générale, plus fréquentes ; que ce soit de manière temporaire ou pas.
3 Les décès sont également compris dans les interviews impossibles mais ceux-ci ont été rares, les nouveaux migrants formant une population jeune.
Figures 4 – Evolution de la composition du type de contact parmi les personnes contactées au moins une fois au cours de la période de collecte en 2013
Source : Elipa vague 3.
6.2. Modifier la langue de l'entretien pour les personnes en difficulté en français
Pour les personnes interviewées en français dont l'enquêteur signalait à la fin de l'entretien qu'une moindre aisance en français était la principale difficulté rencontrée pour mener l'entretien, il était proposé pour la dernière vague de modifier la langue de l'entretien.
Après l'envoi de la lettre-avis en vague 1 et au moment de l'étape de pré-recrutement téléphonique réalisée par TNS-Sofres pour recueillir l'accord des personnes pour participer à cette enquête, l'enquêteur détermine notamment avec la personne la langue dans laquelle se déroulera l'entretien en face à face. Cette phase de pré-recrutement téléphonique est proposée dans les 13 langues sélectionnées et en français. En vague 2, la langue de l'entretien retenue était la langue effective de l'entretien de la vague 1. Toutefois, il est possible que certaines personnes enquêtées aient surestimé leur capacité à répondre à une enquête en français, d'autant plus que celle-ci dure entre ¾ d'heure et une heure. Aux personnes enquêtées en français et ayant rencontré des difficultés en français, il est possible de leur proposer de nouveau une des 12 langues étrangères de l'enquête 4 . Cette proposition était également faite aux personnes dont la probabilité de participer à l'enquête n'est pas considérée comme faible, ces dernières pouvant également se sentir plus à l'aise pour répondre à la troisième vague si elles ont la possibilité d'être enquêtées dans une autre langue.
Avec du recul, il aurait été intéressant de mettre en place cette action dès le premier suivi inter-vague, à condition toutefois que les travaux sur la non-réponse potentielle soient suffisamment avancés pour que cela soit possible. Ainsi, comme trois suivis inter-vagues étaient prévus en l'espace de deux ans, cela aurait permis d'augmenter les chances de les joindre au moins une fois pour les interroger sur leur langue d'entretien.
Cette action a été mise en place juste avant la troisième vague, au moment du dernier suivi téléphonique qui s'est déroulée quelques semaines avant l'enquête en grandeur réelle. Sur les 130 personnes concernées, 78 ont été jointes par téléphone au cours du troisième suivi 5 . Parmi ces dernières, 10 personnes ont souhaité modifier leur langue d'entretien, les autres souhaitaient toujours être interrogées en français. Dans la réalité, cette action n'a donc pas d'effet sur le taux de réponse, elle a simplement permis à une dizaine de personnes d'être plus à l'aise au moment de l'entretien. Les problèmes ressentis par l'enquêteur par rapport à la langue d'entretien pourraient être finalement plus liés au test linguistique réalisé dans la première moitié de l'entretien. Cela nous renseigne tout de même sur le fait que les langues d'entretien ont, de manière générale, été correctement affectées.
6.3. Le dépliant de résultats
La dernière action a consisté à mettre en avant, dans le dépliant de résultats envoyé avec la lettre- document et découvrent comment sont utilisées leurs réponses.
avis, les thèmes qui touchent plus particulièrement les non-répondants potentiels. L'élaboration du dépliant de résultats de la deuxième vague pour la vague 3 est un compromis entre un discours encourageant de l'évolution de cette immigration entre la vague 1 et la vague 2 et les difficultés persistantes rencontrées par cette population, et notamment par les non-répondants potentiels de la vague 3. Ainsi, d'une part, la diminution du chômage entre les deux vagues et les meilleures conditions de logement des nouveaux migrants sont soulignées ; et d'autre part, ces informations sont contrebalancées en précisant que le chômage reste élevé et que certaines personnes rencontrent toujours des conditions de logement difficiles. Un autre exemple est celui de la formation linguistique proposé dans le cadre du CAI. Les non-répondants potentiels de la vague 3 ont plus souvent suivi une formation linguistique que les autres. Dans le paragraphe effectuant le bilan de la formation linguistique, il est expliqué que la plupart des bénéficiaires obtiennent le Dilf (diplôme initial de langue française) suite à cette formation, mais aussi que les nouveaux migrants la jugent insuffisante pour apprendre à écrire et parler le français. Ainsi, la lecture du dépliant pourrait leur faire prendre conscience que leur avis est pris en compte dans les analyses réalisées à partir de l'enquête. Un dépliant avait déjà été envoyé en vague 2 sans toutefois tenir compte des caractéristiques des non-répondants. S'il n'est pas possible de mesurer directement le rôle d'un tel document, il est probable que celui-ci contribue à l'amélioration du taux de réponse. Au moment de la vague 2, certaines personnes enquêtées ont évoqué, de leur propre initiative, ce document aux enquêteurs dans des termes positifs. Les personnes enquêtées voient dans ce dépliant une prise en considération de leurs réponses, mais aussi de la personne elle-même. En outre, cette plaquette leur permet d'avoir une vision globale de l'ensemble des réponses, de voir comment elles se situent par rapport à l'ensemble, et de constater notamment qu'elles ne sont pas les seules à rencontrer des difficultés. En quelque sorte, les personnes interrogées peuvent se sentir « rassurées » à la lecture du
Pour conclure sur ces outils spécifiques, il est essentiel de rappeler que les trois actions ont été mises en place au moment de la troisième vague d'Elipa. Elles visaient à augmenter la taille de l'échantillon de la troisième vague de manière à effectuer des analyses sur certaines sous-populations souvent difficiles à enquêter en raison d'une non-réponse plus forte. Ces populations ont été ciblées grâce à l'analyse de la non-réponse. Ces populations difficiles à enquêter correspondent à 18 % de l'échantillon de la vague 2, soit 869 personnes. Sur ces dernières, seulement une partie d'entre elles sont concernées par l'une des trois actions mises en place : 190 pour les fiches prioritaires et 130 pour modifier éventuellement la langue d'entretien. S'il est possible de limiter l'attrition, il est
4 En raison d'effectifs faibles à la première vague, l'albanais n'est plus proposé à partir de la deuxième vague.
5 Pour les 52 personnes non jointes au téléphone, un coupon-réponse a été envoyé à leur domicile afin qu'elles réactualisent leurs coordonnées. Des travaux précédents ont montré que ce procédé fonctionne relativement bien [1]. Toutefois, il n'a pas été possible de leur demander si elles souhaitaient modifier leur langue d'entretien.
toutefois évident qu'il n'est pas possible de la faire totalement disparaître. En effet, d'une part en raison du faible nombre de personnes directement concernées par les deux premières actions 6 . D'autre part, ces trois actions viennent compléter un dispositif déjà mis en place entre les deux premières vagues (et reconduit pour la troisième vague) dont il a déjà été montré qu'il fonctionne relativement bien [1] compte tenu que la population des nouveaux migrants est une population initialement très mobile et difficile à joindre.
Bibliographie
[1] Domergue, F., Jourdan, V., « Le contrôle de l'attrition entre les deux premières vagues d'Elipa 2010-2011 », article présenté aux XI èmes Journées de Méthodologie Statistique de l'Insee, Paris, 2012.
[2] Régnard, C., Domergue, F., « Les nouveaux migrants en 2009 », Infos migrations, n°19, janvier 2011.
[3] Régnier-Loilier, A., Guisse, N., « La déperdition au fil des trois vagues de l'enquête longitudinale Érfi-GGS », article présenté au 7e Colloque francophone sur les sondages, Rennes, 2012.
[4] Burricand, C., Lorgnet, J.-P., « L'attrition dans SRCV : Déterminants et effets de l'attrition sur la mesure des variables », article présenté aux XI èmes Journées de Méthodologie Statistique de l'Insee, Paris, 2012.
[5] Jourdan, V., « Les conditions de logement des nouveaux migrants changent et s'améliorent la première année », Infos migrations, n°74, octobre 2014.
[6] Donzeau, N., Pan Khé Shon, J.-L., « L'évolution de la mobilité résidentielle en France entre 1973 et 2006 : nouvelles estimations », Population, vol.64, n°4, pp.779-795, Ined, 2009.
[7] Royer, J.-F., « Quatre observations sur la mobilité résidentielle en France Métropolitaine », Documents de travail du CREST, n°10, Insee, 2007
[8] Bèque, M., « L'enquête Parcours et Profils des migrants. Une approche statistique originale », Revue Européenne des Migrations Internationales, vol 25, n°1, pp 215-234, 2009.
[9] Le Quentrec-Creven, G., « L'aisance en français des primo-arrivants », Infos migrations, n°28, novembre 2011.
[10] Le Lan, R., « Enquêtes ménages : vers la fin de la baisse des taux de réponse ? », Courrier des statistiques, n°128, septembre-décembre 2009.
[11] Domergue, F., Jourdan, V., « L'analyse de la non réponse pour Elipa 2 », contribution associée aux XI èmes Journées de Méthodologie Statistique de l'Insee, Paris, 2012.
[12] Jourdan, V., Bouvier, G., « Prévention de l'attrition dans une enquête longitudinale », article présenté au 7e Colloque francophone sur les sondages, Rennes, 2012.
6 En ce qui concerne la troisième action (dépliant de résultats), elle concerne de manière générale l'ensemble des nouveaux migrants, et de manière plus particulière les non-répondants potentiels. Toutefois, cette action n'est pas aussi directement tournée vers ces personnes que les deux premières actions. | <urn:uuid:c36b6498-5f3d-45d6-8e35-77d9855e9631> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/fra_Latn/train | finepdfs | fra_Latn | 46,589 |
NÁVRH A STANOVENÍ ROZHODNÉHO DNE PRO NÁROK NA DIVIDENDU PŘI ROZDĚLENÍ ZISKU ZA ROK 2017 u společnosti ČEZ.
Na plánovanou Valnou hromadu akciové společnosti ČEZ v den 22.6. 2017 navrhoji Rozhodný den pro nárok na dividendu ČEZu za rok 2017, tedy den, den pátek 13.července 2018, který bude a je stanoven po svolané valné hromadě a Rozhodný den počátku výplaty dividendy na již obvykle stanoveném a ustáleném termínu společnosti ponechávám, tedy termín výplaty 01.Srpna 2018.
Děkuji.
akcionář Honzajk Radek | <urn:uuid:f1353d6a-6223-4533-8af4-4bbc5ce1a659> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ces_Latn/train | finepdfs | ces_Latn | 507 |
Download File PDF Mi Hai Detto
Mi Hai Detto è un romanzo di Giorgio Faletti, pubblicato nel 2013. Il libro è ambientato in una città immaginaria e racconta le vicende di un gruppo di giovani che si ritrovano coinvolte in un dramma sentimentale.
Il protagonista, Marco, è un ragazzo di diciotto anni che vive con la madre e il fratello minore. Un giorno, mentre sta camminando per le strade della città, incontra una ragazza misteriosa chiamata Anna. La loro storia d'amore si sviluppa lentamente, ma subisce molte ostacoli.
Tra i personaggi principali ci sono anche Federica, la migliore amica di Anna, e Matteo, il ragazzo di cui Anna è innamorata. I tre si ritrovano coinvolti in un conflitto che metterà alla prova la loro amicizia e l'innamoramento.
Il libro è scritto in prima persona da parte di Marco, che ci fa veder la sua visione del mondo e dei suoi pensieri. L'autore utilizza tecniche narrative innovative per costruire la trama e far emergere i personaggi.
Mi Hai Detto è un romanzo che affronta temi come l'amore, la amicizia, la famiglia e la青春. L'autore riesce a creare un'atmosfera intensa e coinvolgente, facendo emergere i sentimenti dei personaggi e coinvolgendo il lettore nella loro storia.
In conclusione, Mi Hai Detto è un romanzo interessante e coinvolgente che affronta temi importanti della vita. L'autore riuscì a creare un'atmosfera intensa e coinvolgente, facendo emergere i sentimenti dei personaggi e coinvolgendo il lettore nella loro storia. | <urn:uuid:8a3a1438-055d-410f-95df-ab8ac85c883b> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ita_Latn/train | finepdfs | ita_Latn | 1,484 |
Spielfrei: TSG Horburg und Umgebung 1
Tabelle
"Gut Holz wünscht Euer Staffelleiter | <urn:uuid:683d649a-386f-454d-8d14-1aea2cfd7018> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/deu_Latn/train | finepdfs | deu_Latn | 86 |
CONTENIDO:
ESTATAL
PODER EJECUTIVO - PODER LEGISLATIVO
Decreto número 151, que reforma y adiciona diversas disposiciones de la Ley de Participación Ciudadana del Estado de Sonora.
Decreto número 152, que reforma, deroga y adiciona diversas disposiciones del Código Penal del Estado del Estado de Sonora, de la Ley que Regula el Funcionamiento y Operación de yunques y recicladoras para el Estado de Sonora, de la Ley que Establece el Sistema Integral de Justicia para Adolescentes del Estado de Sonora y del Código de Procedimientos Penales para el Estado de Sonora.
Decreto número 153, que reforma y adiciona diversas disposiciones de la Ley de Tránsito del Estado de Sonora y de la Ley de Ordenamiento Territorial y Desarrollo Urbano del Estado de Sonora.
Decreto número 155, que reforma diversas disposiciones de la Ley de Equilibrio Ecológico y Protección al Ambiente del Estado de Sonora y de la Ley de Hacienda Municipal del Estado de Sonora.
GUILLERMO PADRÉS ELÍAS, Gobernador del Estado Libre y Soberano de Sonora, a sus habitantes sabed:
Que el Honorable Congreso del Estado, se ha servido dirigirme el siguiente
DECRETO:
NÚMERO 152
EL H. CONGRESO DEL ESTADO LIBRE Y SOBERANO DE SONORA, EN NOMBRE DEL PUEBLO, TIENE A BIEN EXPEDIR EL SIGUIENTE:
DECRETO
QUE REFORMA, DEROGA Y ADICIONA DIVERSAS DISPOSICIONES DEL CÓDIGO PENAL DEL ESTADO DE SONORA, DE LA LEY QUE REGULA EL FUNCIONAMIENTO Y OPERACIÓN DE YUNQUES Y RECICLADORAS PARA EL ESTADO DE SONORA, DE LA LEY QUE ESTABLECE EL SISTEMA INTEGRAL DE JUSTICIA PARA ADOLESCENTES DEL ESTADO DE SONORA Y DEL CÓDIGO DE PROCEDIMIENTOS PENALES PARA EL ESTADO DE SONORA.
ARTÍCULO PRIMERO.- Se reforman los artículos 308, párrafo tercero, 308 Bis y 308 Bis A y se adiciona el artículo 308 Bis D, todos del Código Penal del Estado de Sonora, para quedar como sigue:
Artículo 308.- ...
I a la XII.- ...
...
A quien transporte o posea alguno de los objetos materiales referidos en la fracción IX cuyo valor exceda de doscientas veces el salario mínimo diario general vigente en la capital del Estado, siempre que no pueda justificar su legítima procedencia, le será aplicable la sanción prevista en el primer párrafo de este artículo.
Artículo 308 Bis.- Se sancionará con pena de cinco a quince años de prisión y hasta mil días multa, al que realice alguno de los siguientes actos, respecto de vehículos de propulsión mecánica robados:
I.- Los desmantele o comercialice conjunta o separadamente sus partes, sin la documentación que compruebe que el vehículo de propulsión mecánica no sea robado o de procedencia ilícita;
II.- Enajene, trafique, permute o realice cualquier transacción del traslado de dominio de uno o más vehículos de propulsión mecánica a sabiendas de su procedencia ilícita;
III.- Altere, modifique, elabore o reproduzca, de cualquier manera, la documentación que acredite la propiedad o los datos de identificación o la documentación que acredite el pago de la tenencia, de uno o más vehículos de propulsión mecánica, sin la autorización de la autoridad competente para hacerlo;
IV.- Detente, posea o custodie instrumentos para la alteración, modificación, elaboración o reproducción, de documentación que acredite la propiedad o los datos de identificación o la documentación que acredite el pago de las contribuciones de un vehículo automotor, o bien, elabore o posea documentación y elementos de identificación falsos, de uno o más vehículos de propulsión mecánica, con el propósito de su comercialización ilícita;
V.- Detente, posea, custodie, traslade o adquiera uno o más vehículos de propulsión mecánica con conocimiento de que son de procedencia ilícita o que, por su forma de adquisición, se advierta su origen ilegal;
VI.- Detente o posea algún vehículo de propulsión mecánica que haya sido robado, salvo adquisición de buena fe; o
VII.- Utilice uno o más vehículos de propulsión mecánica robados en la comisión de otro u otros delitos dolosos.
A quien aporte recursos económicos ó de cualquier índole, para la ejecución de las actividades descritas en las fracciones anteriores, se le considerará copartícipe en los términos del artículo 11 de este Código.
Si en los actos mencionados participa algún servidor público que tenga a su cargo funciones de prevención, persecución o sanción del delito o de ejecución de penas, además de las sanciones a que se refiere este artículo, se le aumentará pena de prisión hasta en una mitad más y se le inhabilitará para desempeñar cualquier empleo, cargo o comisión públicos por un período igual a la pena de prisión impuesta.
Salvo los vehículos nuevos adquiridos directamente en las agencias distribuidoras de autos, se considerará adquisición de buena fe de un vehículo usado el contar con la constancia que expida previamente, la Procuraduría General de Justicia del Estado, de que en sus registros no se encuentra reporte de robo respecto del vehículo de que se trate o el haber celebrado o ratificado, ante Notario Público, Corredor Público, Juez de Primera Instancia en funciones de Notario Público o Síndico del Ayuntamiento que corresponda, ya sea el interesado o un representante designado por este, en su caso, el convenio o contrato de compraventa respectivo al vehículo de que se trate.
Cuando el vehículo haya sido dado de baja por el propietario anterior y dado de alta por el nuevo propietario ante la Secretaría de Hacienda del Estado de Sonora o de otro estado del País.
Si además de las hipótesis delictivas previstas en este artículo, resultare cometido otro, se aplicarán las reglas relativas al concurso de delitos.
Artículo 308 Bis A.- Se aplicará una pena de dos a diez años de prisión, al que sin tomar las medidas indispensables para cerciorarse de su procedencia legítima, desmantele o comercialice de manera conjunta o separadamente sus partes de uno o más vehículos de propulsión mecánica, o a quien las adquiera, detente, posea, custodie, enajene o transmita de cualquier manera a sabiendas de su origen.
Por desmantelamiento se entenderá la acción de desarmar y desbaratar de manera total o parcial la estructura del vehículo.
Artículo 308 Bis D.- Comete el delito de robo de vehículo de propulsión mecánica presunto, y se sancionará con pena de dos a diez años de prisión, la persona que se introduzca a un vehículo, sin la autorización de quien puede disponer de éste, con la finalidad de apoderarse del vehículo o algunas de sus partes.
ARTÍCULO SEGUNDO.- Se reforman los artículos 7, fracción X, 24, fracción II y 26 y se adicionan las fracciones XI y XII al artículo 7, todos de la Ley que Regula el Funcionamiento y Operación de Yunques y Recicladoras para el Estado de Sonora, para quedar como sigue:
Artículo 7.- ...
I a la IX.- ...
X.- Proporcionar, mensualmente, a la Secretaría y a la Procuraduría General de Justicia, la lista de materiales y copia fotostática de las identificaciones oficiales de todas las personas de quienes adquirieron material reciclable de cualquier tipo;
XI.- Poner en lugar visible del establecimiento la lista de encargados de la semana del Yunque o Recicladora, con su nombre y foto, al igual de su horario de trabajo, con el objetivo de que las autoridades puedan verificar quien es el encargado en todo momento; y
XII.- Las demás que esta ley y otros ordenamientos jurídicos establezcan.
Artículo 24.- ...
I.- ...
II.- No poner en lugar visible del establecimiento el original o copia certificada de la autorización o revalidación y de la constancia de inscripción del Yunque o Recicladora ante el Registro y la lista de encargados de la semana del Yunque o Recicladora, con su nombre y foto, al igual de su horario de trabajo, con el objetivo de que las autoridades puedan verificar quien es el encargado en todo momento;
III a la XI.- ...
Artículo 26.- Las infracciones a lo establecido en la presente ley, se sancionarán por parte de la Secretaría y, en su caso, por los ayuntamientos, conforme a los siguientes supuestos:
I.- Amonestación con apercibimiento:
En lo previsto en la fracción VIII del artículo 24 de esta ley, cuando se cometan por primera ocasión;
II.- Multa:
Cuando se cometan por primera vez los supuestos previstos en las fracciones II, III, IV, V, IX y X, así como cuando se cometa por segunda ocasión el supuesto previsto en la fracción VIII, del artículo 24 de esta ley; y
III.- Clausura temporal o permanente, parcial o total:
Cuando se cometan por segunda vez los supuestos previstos en las fracciones II, III, IV, V, IX y X, así como cuando se cometan los supuestos previstos en las fracciones I, VI, VII y XI, todas del artículo 24 de esta ley.
ARTÍCULO TERCERO.- Se reforma el artículo 129 de la Ley que Establece el Sistema Integral de Justicia para Adolescentes del Estado de Sonora, para quedar como sigue:
Artículo 129.- La medida de internamiento para el tratamiento consiste en el internamiento del adolescente en un centro dependiente del Instituto por la comisión de una conducta tipificada como delito por las leyes penales calificada como grave que se señalan en este artículo, del que no se le permita salir hasta en tanto cumpla con la medida o exista una orden judicial que así lo decrete.
Esta medida deberá ser aplicada únicamente en los siguientes casos:
a) Homicidio Doloso;
b) Feminicidio;
c) Violación;
d) Robo considerado como grave;
e) Robo de Vehículos de Propulsión Mecánica;
f) Trata de Personas;
g) Corrupción de Personas Menores de Edad;
h) Sustracción de Menores e Incapaces; y
i) Extorsión.
El término de la medida de internamiento para el tratamiento no podrá exceder de siete años.
ARTÍCULO CUARTO.- Se reforma el artículo 66, párrafo tercero del Código de Procedimientos Penales para el Estado de Sonora, para quedar como sigue:
Artículo 66.- ...
...
Cuando se realice un cateo sin contar con la orden judicial correspondiente, la diligencia carecerá de valor probatorio.
TRANSITORIO
ARTÍCULO ÚNICO.- El presente decreto entrará en vigor al día siguiente de su publicación en el Boletín Oficial del Estado de Sonora.
Comuníquese al Titular del Poder Ejecutivo para su sanción y publicación en el Boletín Oficial del Gobierno del Estado.- SALÓN DE SESIONES DEL H. CONGRESO DEL ESTADO Hermosillo, Sonora, 04 de diciembre de 2014.- C. JUAN MANUEL ARMENTA MONTAÑO, DIPUTADO PRESIDENTE.- C. JOSÉ L. VILLEGAS VÁSQUEZ, DIPUTADO SECRETARIO.- C. KARINA GARCÍA GUTIÉRREZ, DIPUTADA SECRETARIA.- RÚBRICAS.
Por tanto, mando se publique en el Boletín Oficial del Gobierno del Estado y se le dé el debido cumplimiento.
Dado en la Residencia del Poder Ejecutivo, en la ciudad de Hermosillo, Sonora, a los diez días del mes de diciembre del año dos mil catorce.- SUFRAGIO EFECTIVO. NO REELECCIÓN. EL GOBERNADOR DEL ESTADO.- GUILLERMO PADRÉS ELIAS.- EL SECRETARIO DE GOBIERNO.- LIC. ROBERTO ROMERO LÓPEZ.- RÚBRICAS. | <urn:uuid:5fa36a26-f6da-4688-8017-c67591e3d712> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/spa_Latn/train | finepdfs | spa_Latn | 10,807 |
| Schooljaar: |
|---|
| Ouderraad: |
| Onderwerp: |
| Datum: |
Uitgewerkt verslag ouderraad 02.
Aanwezig:
Ann Jespers (directeur), Tineke De Decker, Katleen De Rooster, Stijn Van den Eede, Ann Robbens, Carla Goossens, Inge Lambrechts, Sofie De Wit, Steffie Putzeys, Darlien Stercq, Pieter Mollemans, Eva Zagers, Tina Bastiaens en Ward Vermeiren
Afwezig (verontschuldigd):
Liesbeth Willaert, Dieter Goossens, Bart Moens en Eva Ghys
Verslaggever:
Ward Vermeiren.
Uitwerking voorstellen en afspraken:
1. Goedkeuring verslag voorgaande vergadering.
- Het verslag van mei wordt nog uitgewerkt door Ann Robbens en zal later goedgekeurd worden.
- Het verslag van september werd goedgekeurd. Bij dit verslag hoort een verduidelijking…
o Er is wat onduidelijkheid ontstaan over hoe de initiatiefnemers het 'voorstel' zien om een klas te pimpen. De meeste ouders geven tijdens de verjaardag van hun kind geld aan een klascadeau. Enkele ouders kwamen op het idee om dit geld anders te bestelen en het geld te gebruiken om materiaal aan te kopen om de klas te pimpen. Uiteraard gebeurt dit in onderling overleg met de leerkracht en directie ter goedkeuring.
Bovendien is elke ouder vrij om dit voorstel te ondersteunen. Het gaat om kleine ingrepen, zoals de verwarming opnieuw te schilderen, een tafeltje, kastje, deur, bankje of bakje te vernieuwen, … Het is de bedoeling dat de ouders dit zelf voor hun rekening nemen, ter ondersteuning van de juf.
Elke klas kan op termijn wat opsmukwerk krijgen, maar misschien brengt dit andere klassen op hetzelfde idee … in plaats van een boekenbon. Het is dus zeker niet de bedoeling dat Eva, Eef en Tina de hele school pimpen. (Dit inspirerende plan van de ouders zal verder opgenomen worden bij het project pimp je speelplaats) Het eigen budget besteden deze ouders op een andere manier …
2. Welkom nieuw lid.
- We verwelkomen graag een nieuw lid, zijnde Darlien Stercq.
- Korte voorstelling van alle leden en een korte uitleg omtrent het doel van deze werkgroep. (zie verslag september)
3. Directie.
- Geen meldingen.
4. Schoolraad.
- Er gebeurde een rondgang met de preventie adviseur bouwwerken. Alle noodzakelijke werken werden in kaart gebracht. De nodige papieren zijn aangekomen om de nodige aanbesteding te bekomen, echter heeft het dossier wel de nodige vertragingen opgelopen. Na de paasvakantie kan men effectief starten met de werkzaamheden.
Men dient wel nog te wachten met de definitieve goedkeuring van AGION, het agentschap voor infrastructuur in het onderwijs.
- Voor meer informatie verwijzen we graag naar de verslagen van de schoolraad. Meer informatie omtrent het nascholingsbeleid, de veilige schoolomgeving, het website plan, het ondersteuningsnetwerk, de talrijke projecten op school, …vindt u terug in dit verslag.
5. Werkgroepen/ouderraadactiviteiten.
5.1. Evaluatie:
A. Kiva-feest:
- Dank aan alle ouders om te helpen. Zonder de steun van deze ouders zijn dergelijke activiteiten onmogelijk. Keer op keer spreken we over een fijne samenwerking, waarbij de sfeer primeert. Een centje extra is uiteraard mooi meegenomen voor andere projecten, maar het doel er achter, waarbij er een plaats is voor iedereen komt op de eerste plaats.
- Het KIVA feest blijft behouden en het is de bedoeling deze vroeg in het schooljaar te plannen. Vrijdag blijft voor veel leerlingen met naschoolse activiteiten een moeilijke dag. Desondanks deze datum reeds vroeg vermeld stond op de schoolkalender, dient men de datum op verschillende manieren beter te communiceren. Zo kunnen er nog meer kinderen aanwezig zijn.
- Er was nog wat onduidelijkheid wat het KIVA feest precies inhoudt en wat er van de ouders verwacht werd. De workshops waar je iets kreeg hadden veel succes, maar deze zaten snel volzet… Op deze manier waren er een aantal ontgoochelingen omdat er niet altijd plaats was voor elk kind.
- Het was mooi om te zien dat de kinderen op een aangename manier met elkaar omgingen, zeker wanneer de ouders samen met hun kind speelden. Soms bleven ouders iets drinken, waardoor de toegang geweigerd werd. De workshops waar men iets kreeg, hadden net nog iets meer succes desondanks het ruime aanbod.
- Het sluitblok was kort en krachtig, waardoor er meer ouders bleven en niet moesten vluchten voor vermoeide kinderen.
B. Dag van de leerkracht:
- Het idee van de briefjes kon op veel sympathie rekenen. De leerkrachten kregen veel briefjes, wat de verrassing compleet maakte. De zeeklassers waren het zelfs niet vergeten en zorgden voor een extra leuke dag.
- Een extra dankuwel voor Steffie Putzeys die het concept voorstelde en de organisatie op zich nam. Er mag uiteraard altijd hulp gevraagd worden aan andere ouders, al was de voorbereidingstijd heel beperkt.
- Het team kreeg ook peren, voor een perengoed team
!
5.2. Stand van zaken:
A. Pimp je speelplaats:
- Er vond een vergadering plaats op dinsdag 03 oktober 2017. Hierbij werd de werkgroep versterkt door 2 nieuwe leden of zeg maar experten, zijnde Roald van Hoeij en Matthias Vermoesen. Zij brachten een nieuwe drive in het project. We bereidden er de toekomstplannen voor, alsook de planning voor een eerste werkdag.
- Voorstelling plannen voor dit schooljaar. De werkgroep zal zich fixeren op 2 grote projecten. Het speelhuisje wordt volledig afgebroken en zal plaats maken voor een vernieuwd speelhuisje. Het creëren van een buitenklas, waarbij seizoenen zullen beleefd worden in de kring en de leerlingen zich in een groene omgeving zullen bevinden. Uiteraard kan dit eveneens dienen als een rustplaats of kunnen er lessen gegeven worden rond sociale vaardigheden. Dit zal de toekomst uitwijzen.
- Er werd reeds naar iedereen een mail gestuurd voor een eerste werkdag. Deze werkdag zal plaatsvinden rond de herfstvakantie. Een doodle werd opgesteld. Helpende handen zijn meer dan welkom.
Doel van deze werkdag:
Een plan uittekenen van hoe de buitenklas er concreet uit zal zien. (zal op de plaats zijn waar het speelhuisje staat)
Verder afbreken van het speelhuisje. (normaal reeds begonnen door de werkman)
Wanneer er nog tijd is, kunnen we de beukenhaag verplaatsen...
Een tijdelijke afsluiting plaatsen. Leerlingen zullen wel kunnen piepen wat de nieuwsgierigheid natuurlijk enkel groter maakt. (veiligheid)
- Warme oproep om uit te kijken naar een krijtbord voor de buitenklas. Alvast bedankt.
B. Kaas en wijn:
- Belangrijke activiteiten mogen doorgespeeld worden aan Mevr. Ann Jespers, liefst kant en klaar . Zij zal deze meldingen doorgeven aan het parochieblad. (vb. reclame voor de kaas- en wijnavond)
- De kaas- en wijnavond vindt plaats op 02 december 2017. Enkel ouders zijn welkom. Mevr. Ann Jespers doet een warme oproep via de facebookpagina van de school om tijdig een babysit te zoeken. Om alles gezellig en werkbaar te houden, zal de maximumcapaciteit behouden worden tot maximum 100 personen.
- De parochiezaal St. Cecilia is bezet, waardoor deze activiteit zal doorgaan op school. Ward Vermeiren kan tafels en stoelen gratis lenen, als is het nog even wachten op een definitief antwoord.
- De leerpuntjes van de vorige editie neemt men mee. Deze editie wordt er eveneens gewerkt met een kaas- en vleesbuffet om alles vlotter te laten verlopen.
- Er is geen dessertenbuffet, maar men biedt wel Hasseltse koffie en verwenkoffie aan.
- De prijzen blijven behouden, alsook de gratis aperitief bij aankomst. De wijn is goed en er gebeurt een voorstelling, wat zeer professioneel overkomt. Vraag tot het kopen van een fles wijn als geschenkenpakket gebeurt niet, gezien de leverancier zich vlak bij de school bevindt.
- De voorbereidingen verlopen vlot, maar de werkgroep is nog op zoek naar volgende elementen:
o Spots naar boven Eva doet navraag op haar werk.
o Plan van de refter doormailen en vragen wat de mogelijkheden zijn!
o Inkleding van stijl = een strak concept
o Zwarte doeken. Eva en Ward doen navraag, maar men kan zich informeren bij de jeugddienst!
o Sfeerverlichting. Opletten voor kaarsen! Geen open vuur in school voor de veiligheid.
o Reclame: filmpje 'cheese' met leerlingen…
C. Oudercafé:
- Carla Goossens is de coördinator. Deze activiteit gaat door op vrijdag 27 oktober 2017.
- Oproep tot extra kandidaten. Eva Zagers, Steffie Putzeys (klaarzetten) en Ward Vermeiren (afbraak) bieden hun hulp al aan.
- Tina Bastiaens kan niet aanwezig zijn, maar zal wel de soep voorzien. Ze zet de soep 's morgens in de keuken.
- Kleinschalig, maar gezellig houden. Op vraag van de nieuwe ouders werd er nog eens uitgelegd wat een oudercafé precies inhoudt. Dit zal ook nog eens gecommuniceerd worden naar alle ouders. Eveneens wordt nog eens benadrukt dat de ouders nog steeds verantwoordelijk zijn voor hun kinderen en dat ze er niet van mogen uitgaan dat de school toezicht houdt. De afspraken blijven gelden zoals gewone schooldagen.
- Kinderen willen verkleed naar school komen. Er was verwarring of dit nu wel of niet moest. Naar volgend schooljaar zal men dit beter voorbereiden.
- Ward Vermeiren krijgt de e-mailadressen van de ouders van de onthaalklas van mevr. Ann Jespers. Deze ouders ontvangen eveneens een uitnodiging om kennis te maken met de school.
D. Grootouderfeest:
- Deze activiteit, enkel voor de kleuterklassen, zal doorgaan op woensdag 15 november 2017 in de zaal St. Cecilia, de zaal net naast de school.
- Het is nog een groot geheim waarover het gaat. Voor deze activiteit zoekt de school nog enkele groene koekendozen (van Delacre). Afbeeldingen met de koning op zijn ook steeds welkom.
- Oproep tot kandidaten voor de catering en kalenderverkoop. Stijn Van den Eede, Tina Bastiaens, Steffie Putzeys en Ward Vermeiren kunnen ondersteunen. Eva Zagers en Tineke De Decker kunnen eventueel bij onvoldoende volk. Er zijn voldoende thermossen, tassen en ondertassen aanwezig.
- De kalenders worden verzorgd door Nick Publie. Enkel de 12 de foto moet deze week nog getrokken worden. Tijdens het grootouderfeest start de officiële verkoop van de kalenders. Bedankt Nick voor deze prachtige collector item.
6. Varia:
- Drank tijdens de middagpauze.
Enkele kinderen gaven aan dat ze tijdens de middagpauze nog dorst hadden, maar dat ze hun beker niet mochten bijvullen. Er wordt sinds kort gewerkt met grote flessen water in plaats van kleine, individuele flessen.
Mevr. Ann Jespers stelt duidelijk dat iedereen drank krijgt indien een leerling nog dorst heeft. Dit probleem werd vandaag reeds gemeld en opgelost.
Mevr. Ann Jespers benadrukt dat ze het heel positief vindt dat alles gemeld wordt. Pas dan kan er gereageerd worden. De directeur bespreekt samen met haar team hoe ze deze afspraak om tijdens de speeltijd te drinken praktisch kunnen aanpakken.
Er is een verschil tijdens het zomer- en winterweer.
- Juf Leen is op 22 september bevallen van een zoontje, Aiko. Alles gaat heel goed met mama en zoon. Uiteraard wensen we haar een dikke proficiat en een hele fijne tijd met elkaar.
- Warme maaltijden. Eva Zagers en Ward Vermeiren zoeken dit verder uit. Het voorstel mag doorgegeven worden aan de directeur.
9. Volgende vergadering ouderraad:
- De volgende ouderraad gaat door op dinsdag 14/11/2017 om 20u00. | <urn:uuid:a678cde3-5eec-492b-a149-2ac7c22fc6e2> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/nld_Latn/train | finepdfs | nld_Latn | 11,128 |
TIM WHOLESALE NEWS
Attuazione delle misure di disaggregazione previste alla Delibera 321/17/CONS per i servizi ULL e SLU
2 Febbraio 2018
Le Imprese System, al fine di poter essere selezionate per la fornitura in modalità disaggregata delle attività di provisioning ed assurance on-field delle linee ULL e SLU, sono soggette ad un preventivo processo di qualificazione sulla base di oggettivi requisiti di esperienza, affidabilità, solidità finanziaria, qualificazione del personale, dotazione tecnica e qualità delle prestazioni.
Per l'avvio dell'iter di qualificazione, l'impresa interessata deve compilare e firmare il modulo (clicca qui), ed inviarlo alla casella di posta dedicata email@example.com.
Pagina 1 di 1 | <urn:uuid:944b437c-2975-460a-9444-29355b6ebdfb> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ita_Latn/train | finepdfs | ita_Latn | 722 |
CUESTIONARIO PARA DETECCIÓN DE ALTAS CAPACIDADES
Para aplicar a niñas y niños de 9 a 14 años de edad*
En el cuestionario que presentamos a continuación, aparecen afirmaciones que describen conductas, así como posibles aprendizajes logrados por su hija o hijo.
La escala de respuesta para cada afirmación intenta reflejar el grado en el que usted observa esa conducta, desde "casi nunca" hasta "siempre".
En el cuestionario que presentamos a continuación, aparecen afirmaciones que describen conductas de su hijo/a o aprendizajes logrados por él/ella mismo/a.
Este cuestionario tiene como objeto la identificación, a través de pautas observables de niños y niñas con capacidad superior. No tomándose en cuenta en este caso los logros o el rendimiento académico.
Es persistente y
Nunca
Casi nunca
A veces
Casi siempre
Siempre
*Basado en Pérez y López (2007)
En total este cuestionario contiene 30 afirmaciones con 5 opciones de respuesta (escala Lickert): Nunca (+1), Casi nunca (+2), A veces (+3), Casi siempre (+4) y Siempre (+5). Las preguntas señaladas con (*) deber ser evaluadas en el sentido inverso del extremo de la evaluación (por ejemplo: 5 se contabiliza como 1).
Luego de realizar el cuestionario considere que el resultado de la puntuación tiene un puntaje de corte (o mínimo) de 70 puntos.
Resultado: N puntos (igual o superior a 70 puntos)
Si el resultado es superior a 70 puntos es posible que su hija o hijo presente Altas Capacidades y quizás Superdotación.
A partir del resultado de este test de screening le sugerimos realizar un proceso de detección que dé cuenta en forma precisa de las necesidades educativas especiales de la niña o niño descrita (o), para ayudarle a desarrollar la mejor versión de si mismos.
Resultado: N puntos (inferior a 70 puntos)
Con una puntuación inferior a 70 puntos no hay señas claras de presencia de Altas Capacidades o Superdotación, sin embargo, ante cualquier duda recomendamos enviarnos un correo con preguntas y consultas.
Preguntas y consultas:
- firstname.lastname@example.org para consultas técnicas.
- email@example.com para consultas educativas. | <urn:uuid:4ea0a436-253d-41aa-b053-6af7f8a78357> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/spa_Latn/train | finepdfs | spa_Latn | 2,129 |
SPONSORING-ANTRAG
Nur vollständig ausgefüllte Formulare werden behandelt.
Gesuchsteller
Ansprechperson (Name/Vorname)
Adresse
PLZ/Ort
E-Mail
Telefon
Anlass
Ort und Datum
Dauer
Wer führt Elektroinstallation aus?
Sponsoring-Gesuch
Sponsoringkonzept
Naturalgabe
Beitragsgesuch CHF
Leihmaterial
T-Shirt
Anzahl
EWA-Zelt
Werbemöglichkeiten
Inserat
Höhe
mm Breite
mm
schwarz-weiss
farbig
Blachen
Lautsprecherdurchsage
Beamerpräsentation
Ansprechperson für Werbung
E-Mail
Telefon
Kontoangaben
Kontoinhaber
Bank/PC
IBAN
Ort, Datum
Unterschrift
Wird durch EWA ausgefüllt! Antrag bewilligt
Ja Nein
Datum / Visum
Betrag
CHF
Naturalgabe (netto)
CHF
T-Shirt
Anzahl
Datum/Visum
Laufnummer
Innovation und Qualität seit 125 Jahren.
Elektrizitätswerk Altdorf AG, Herrengasse 1, 6460 Altdorf, T 041 875 08 75, www.ewa.ch
1
7.
01.20
20
/ AAU1135.docx | <urn:uuid:f370e85d-b63f-48a2-a6e6-5bd860da6ce2> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/deu_Latn/train | finepdfs | deu_Latn | 886 |
VERBALE DI ACCORDO SINDACALE
Oggi 8 giugno 2020 si sono incontrate, in modalità telematica,
le Società Conbipel SpA, rappresentata da Roberto Perosino, HR Manager e Procuratore Speciale,
e
la Filcams-CGIL rappresentata dal Segretario Nazionale Jeff Nonato,
la Fisacfat-CISL rappresentata dalla Segretaria Nazionale Elena Maria Vanelli,
la Uiltucs-UIL rappresentata dal Segretario Nazionale Paolo Andreani.
Premesso che
La Società è aderente a Federdistribuzione e applica il vigente ccnl della Distribuzione Moderna Organizzata;
la Società gestisce con proprio personale una rete di negozi distribuiti in più di 5 Regioni sul territorio nazionale;
In conseguenza dell'emergenza Covid-19, la Società ha posto tutto il personale in stato di temporanea sospensione lavorativa per causa di forza maggiore, a seguito della chiusura imposta di tutti i negozi e attività collegate della Società, con ricorso all'utilizzo delle 9 settimane di cassa integrazione in deroga di cui all'art. 22 del Decreto “Cura Italia”;
Si continuano a riscontrare notevoli difficoltà al riavvio delle attività stesse, dovute a scarsa affluenza di clientela presso i punti vendita per il perdurare dell'emergenza Covid-19, con forte riduzione del fatturato e delle ore lavorate.
Tutto ciò premesso, dopo ampia e cordiale discussione, le parti
si danno reciprocamente atto che con la comunicazione inviata dall'Azienda alle OO.SS.in data 3 giugno 2020, avente ad oggetto “Richiesta estensione ammortizzatori sociali Emergenza Covid-19” e con il seguente incontro, tenutosi in modalità telematica in data 4 giugno 2020, è stata esperita la procedura di informazione, consultazione e esame congiunto;
concordano quanto segue:
- al fine di assicurare la percezione di un reddito ai dipendenti durante il periodo di sospensione e/o riduzione lavorativa al termine dell'utilizzo delle prime 9 settimane di cassa integrazione in deroga Covid-19, stante la dimensione e tipologia della Società e verificata la necessità di applicare anche retroattivamente la copertura, lo strumento utilizzabile viene individuato nel ricorso alle ulteriori settimane di cassa integrazione in deroga Covid-19 di cui all'art. 70 del D.L. 34/2020 “Rilancio”;
- la Società farà ricorso alla cassa integrazione in deroga, per un periodo di ulteriori 9 settimane, secondo le modalità (5+4 settimane) e le tempistiche previste dal Decreto Legge 19 maggio 2020 n. 34 “Rilancio” e successiva conversione in legge, a partire dal 11 maggio 2020
e con inizio differenziato in base al completo utilizzo, da parte delle singole unità produttive, di tutte le prime 9 settimane di cassa integrazione in deroga Covid-19.
- il ricorso alle ulteriori 5+4 settimane di cassa integrazione in deroga riguarderà complessivamente n. 1628 lavoratori, appartenenti alle unità produttive indicate nella tabella allegata A, per un totale massimo teorico, relativamente alle prime cinque settimane, di 238.637 ore.
- gli importi previsti dalla cassa integrazione saranno erogati in forma diretta dall'INPS.
- per le unità produttive riaperte, la Società assicura una equa rotazione del personale che svolga mansioni fungibili. La Società assicura, inoltre, il rispetto delle disposizioni normative a garanzia della salute e della sicurezza dei lavoratori e della clientela e applica integralmente il Protocollo condiviso Governo-Parti sociali del 24 aprile 2020 e successivi provvedimenti integrativi.
8 giugno 2020
Filcams-CGIL
Fisascat-CISL
Uiltucs-UIL
Conbipel S.p.A | <urn:uuid:07684cc3-2aa5-46e4-adc4-8b6d513553f5> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ita_Latn/train | finepdfs | ita_Latn | 3,507 |
34th Congress / 34e Congrès
Victoria 2000
29 May - 2 June
Theme: The Role of the Pacific in Climate and Weather
Thème: L'influence de l'océan Pacifique sur le climat et le temps
www.cccma.bc.ec.gc.ca/cmos2000
Program and abstracts
Programme et résumés
UNIVERSITY OF VICTORIA
34th Congress / 34e Congrès
Victoria 2000
29 May - 2 June
mai - juin
Theme: The Role of the Pacific in Climate and Weather
Thème: L'influence de l'océan Pacifique sur le climat et le temps
www.cccma.bc.ec.gc.ca/cmos2000
CO-EDITORS/CO-ÉDITEURS:
Dr. George Boer
Dr. Howard Freeland
Program and abstracts
Programme et résumés
UNIVERSITY OF VICTORIA
ISBN 0-9698414-7-7
Cover design by Vivek Arora
| Section | Page |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------|------|
| A word from the president of CMOS | ii |
| Un mot du président de la SCMO | iii |
| Quelques mots à propos de la Société | iv |
| About the Society | iv |
| Local arrangements committee | v |
| Comité organisateur | v |
| Scientific program committee | vi |
| Comité di programme scientifique | vi |
| Student travel bursary recipients | vii |
| Bénéficiaires des bourses de voyages pour étudiants | vii |
| Commercial exhibits | viii |
| Expositions commerciales | viii |
| Plenary speakers | xv |
| Conférenciers des plénières | xv |
| Social events | xvi |
| Événements sociaux | xvi |
| Committee meetings | xvi |
| Réunions des comités | xvi |
| Instructions for internet access during CMOS 2000 | xvi |
| Instructions pour l'accès à l'internet durant le congrès SCMO 2000 | xvi |
| Week at a glance | xvii |
| Un aperçu de la semaine | xvii |
| Sessions schedule | xviii|
| Horaire des présentations | xviii|
| Abstracts | 1 |
| Résumés | 1 |
| Author index | 111 |
| Index des auteurs | 111 |
| Author addresses | 115 |
| Adresses des auteurs | 115 |
On behalf of the CMOS Council and Executive, it is a pleasure for me to welcome you to the 34th Annual Congress of the Canadian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society in beautiful Victoria, British Columbia. The University of Victoria, where we are meeting, is the centre of burgeoning activity in the oceanic and atmospheric sciences. The UVic School of Earth and Ocean Sciences is the home of a powerful group in oceanography and ocean modelling. The Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis of the Meteorological Service of Canada, which has been located here since 1994, is the heart of Canada’s very important contributions to global climate modelling. The institution for which I work, the Canadian Institute for Climate Studies is also on this campus. It channels funding from Environment Canada to university climate researchers across the country through the Climate Research Network. Within a few miles of UVic are the Institute of Ocean Sciences, the heart of Canada’s West Coast oceanographic activity and Royal Roads University with its new and very active program in environmental studies. Victoria is also the home of numerous private sector firms in both oceanography and meteorology.
As always, CMOS Congresses are organised by local volunteers. This practice has the advantage that every Congress is a bit different from its predecessors with the happy result that each is memorable because of its unique local flavour. This year, Centre Chair Greg Flato, aided and abetted by Scientific Program Committee co-chairs George Boer and Howard Freelend, Local Arrangements Chair John Fyfe, Commercial Exhibits Chair Diane Masson and many others too numerous to mention, have put together a program of scientific and social events second to none.
Congress is not just a scientific and social event but is also an occasion for Council and the CMOS committees to meet and carry on some of the essential business of the Society. These meetings are open to all interested members and I would urge you to take part. This year your Council has new responsibilities regarding the establishment of the Canadian Foundation for Climate and Atmospheric Sciences, charged with managing an important new source of funding for our sciences.
All signs point to the beginning of a new era of expansion for Canadian science in general and for meteorology and oceanography in particular. I am very much looking forward to participating in this 34th national Congress for CMOS and at the same time celebrating the many contributions of the Vancouver Island Centre to our Society and our sciences. Congratulations to all the organisers and Welcome to all participants!
Ian Rutherford
President
Il me fait plaisir au nom du Conseil et de l'exécutif de la SCMO, de vous souhaiter la bienvenue au 34e congrès annuel de la Société canadienne de météorologie et d'océanographie dans la belle ville de Victoria en Colombie-Britannique. L'Université de Victoria où nous nous réunissons est le centre d'une activité croissante en océanographie et météorologie. À l'Ecole des sciences de la terre et de l'océan à UVic travaille une équipe très respectée dans les domaines de l'océanographie et de la modélisation de l'océan. Le Centre canadien pour l'analyse et la modélisation du climat, une division du Service météorologique du Canada situé à UVic depuis 1994, est au coeur de l'importante contribution canadienne à la modélisation du climat. L'Institut canadien pour les études du climat, avec qui je travaille présentement, est aussi situé sur le campus de l'Université. L'Institut est responsable de l'octroi des subventions d'Environnement Canada aux chercheurs membres du Réseau canadien de recherche sur le climat. Tout près de l'Université se trouve l'Institut des sciences de l'océan, le coeur de l'activité en océanographie de la côte ouest, et l'Université Royal Roads et son nouveau programme en études environnementales. À Victoria on retrouve aussi de nombreuses firmes du secteur privé oeuvrant dans le domaine de l'océanographie et de la météorologie.
Comme toujours, l'organisation du congrès de la SCMO est confiée à des bénévoles locaux. Cette pratique a l'avantage que chaque congrès est légèrement différent de ces antécédents, et due à la saveur locale de chacun, ils sont donc tous plus mémorables les uns que les autres. Cette année, le comité organisateur fut dirigé par le président du Centre de l'Ile de Vancouver Greg Flato, avec l'aide des coprésidents du comité scientifique George Boer et Howard Freeland, le président des arrangements locaux John Fyfe, le président des exposants commerciaux Diane Masson ainsi que plusieurs autres bénévoles que je ne peux malheureusement pas tous nommer. Les membres de ce comité ont élaboré un programme scientifique de première classe et des événements sociaux sans pareils.
Le Congrès est non seulement un évènement scientifique et social mais aussi l'occasion pour le Conseil et les comités de la SCMO de se réunir pour discuter de divers enjeux et du futur de la Société. Toutes ces réunions sont ouvertes aux membres et je vous encourage à y participer. Cette année le Conseil s'est vu confier une nouvelle responsabilité; la mise sur pied de la Fondation canadienne pour les sciences du climat et de l'atmosphère. Cette Fondation sera chargée de la gestion d'une nouvelle source importante de fonds pour nos sciences.
Tout semble indiquer que nous sommes à l'aube d'une nouvelle ère d'expansion de la science en général, et de nos sciences en particulier. J'anticipe avec grand plaisir participer dans les activités de ce 34e congrès national de la SCMO et célébrer en même temps les nombreuses contributions du Centre de l'Ile de Vancouver à nos sciences et à notre Société. Mes félicitations aux organisateurs et encore bienvenue aux congressistes!
Ian Rutherford
Président
UN MOT DU PRÉSIDENT DE LA SCMO
Quelques mots à propos de la Société
La Société canadienne de météorologie a été formée en 1967, à partir d'un chapitre de la Royal Meteorological Society. Lorsque les océanographes s'y sont joints en 1977, le nom de la société est devenu Société canadienne de météorologie et d'océanographie. La Société fut incorporée sous ce nom en 1984.
La SCMO est une organisation nationale regroupant des individus, centres et chapitres voués à la promotion au Canada de la météorologie et de l'océanographie, ainsi que des disciplines environnementales connexes, sous tous leurs aspects. La Société offre aussi la certification d'experts conseils en météorologie et l'approbation des présentateurs Météo.
Quatorze centres locaux ou sections sont les pivots des activités locales et régionales. Les intérêts scientifiques de la Société incluent la météorologie opérationnelle, la climatologie, l'hydrologie, la pollution de l'air, la météorologie agricole et forestière, la mesométéorologie, les glaces flottantes, et l'océanographie chimique, physique et halieutique.
La Société offre des bourses de voyages à des étudiants pour assister aux congrès annuels, une bourse de voyage à un enseignant pour l'atelier "Project Atmosphere" de l'AMS/NOAA, et la bourse du troisième cycle "Weather Research House/SCMO/CRSNG".
Les principales publications de la Société sont le CMOS Bulletin SCMO bimestriel et Atmosphere Ocean (A-O), une revue scientifique trimestrielle qui présente des articles, préalablement soumis à la critique, sur les résultats de recherche originale. La SCMO a aussi une page d'accueil sur son site web où on trouve de l'information générale sur la SCMO et ses activités, ainsi que sur la science et l'enseignement de la météorologie et de l'océanographie au Canada.
On trouvera plus d'information sur la SCMO à http://www.scmo.ca
About the Society
The Canadian Meteorological Society was formed in 1967 from a branch of the Royal Meteorological Society. In 1977 when the oceanographic community joined, the name of the Society was changed to the Canadian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society (CMOS). The Society was subsequently incorporated with this name in 1984.
CMOS is a national society, individuals, centres and chapters dedicated to advancing all aspects of atmospheric science, oceanography, and related disciplines in Canada. The Society also offers accreditation to meteorological consultants and endorsement of media weathercasters.
Fourteen Society centres and chapters across Canada serve as focal points for local and regional activities. Scientific interests of the Society include: operational meteorology, climatology, hydrology, air pollution, agriculture/forestry meteorology, mesoscale meteorology, floating ice, physical, chemical and fisheries oceanography.
The Society offers travel bursaries for students to attend Annual Congresses, a secondary school teacher travel bursary for the AMS/NOAA Workshop "Project Atmosphere", and the "Weather Research House/CMOS/NSERC" graduate student supplementary scholarship.
The main publications of CMOS are the bimonthly "CMOS Bulletin SCMO" and Atmosphere-Ocean (A-O), a quarterly refereed journal for the publication of results of original research. The Society also, maintains an electronic web site, with information on the Society and its activities, and meteorological and oceanographic science and education across Canada.
Detailed information on CMOS can be found on this web site at http://www.cmos.ca
Chair: John Fyfe
Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis
Meteorological Service of Canada
Social: Greg Flato
Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis
Meteorological Service of Canada
Treasurer: Bob Lake
Victoria, BC
Registration: Gary Reid
GEMS Registration Services
Nanaimo, BC
Sue Dunlop
Centre for Earth and Ocean Research
University of Victoria
Secretary: Wanda Lewis
School of Earth and Ocean Sciences
University of Victoria
Translation: Richard Harvey
Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis
Meteorological Service of Canada
Exhibits: Oscar Koren
Concord, Ontario
Diane Masson
Institute of Ocean Sciences
Fisheries and Oceans Canada
Mike Berkley
Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis
Meteorological Service of Canada
Media: Doug Bancroft
Maritime Forces Pacific
Website and Design: Vivek Arora
Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis
Meteorological Service of Canada
Co-Chairs: G. J. Boer
Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis
Environment Canada
H. J. Freeland
Institute of Ocean Sciences
Fisheries and Oceans Canada
P. Austin
Department of Geography
University of British Columbia
K. Denman
Institute of Ocean Sciences
Fisheries and Oceans Canada
M. Foreman
Institute of Ocean Sciences
Fisheries and Oceans Canada
M. Horita
Applications and Services
Environment Canada
W. Hsieh
Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences
University of British Columbia
N. McFarlane
Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis
Environment Canada
T. Oke
Department of Geography
University of British Columbia
H. Ritchie
Recherche en prévision numérique
Environnement Canada
R. Stull
Department of Geography
University of British Columbia
Claude Bélanger
*Institut des sciences de la mer de Rimouski*
Natacha Bernier
*Dalhousie University*
Betty Carlin
*Dalhousie University*
Richard E. Danielson
*McGill University*
Bertrand Denis
*Université du Québec à Montréal*
Jian Feng
*McGill University*
Selma R. Maggiotto
*University of Guelph*
Ramzi Mirshak
*University of British Columbia*
Xin Qiu
*York University*
Christine Rigby
*University of Guelph*
Ayrton Zadra
*McGill University*
Proven Monitoring Solutions
From the High Arctic to the prairies, and from the summits of the Rockies to offshore Newfoundland, Campbell Scientific (Canada) Corporation offers proven solutions to a wide range of measurement and control applications. Our dataloggers are directly compatible with sensors used to measure a wide variety of parameters. Applications range from environmental, oceanographic, forestry, agriculture, transportation and industry. Data retrieval, remote programming, real time monitoring and control are available via hardwire links, RF Telemetry, telephone (line and cellular) and satellite links (GOES, ARGOS).
Let our 22 years experience work for you
Campbell Scientific (Canada) Corp.
Products
- Ice Profiling Sonar
- WaveSonar
- Acoustic Scintillation Flow Meter
ASL Environmental Sciences
1986 Mills Road
Sidney, British Columbia
Canada V8L 5Y3
Tel: (250) 656-0177
Fax: (250) 656-2162
Web Site: www.aslenw.com
Email: email@example.com
Seimac your trusted technology partner with over 25 years of experience and an excellent reputation for the provision of site-specific marine meteorology, offshore environmental monitoring equipment and services, sophisticated software development, satellite telecommunications design & manufacturing and software/hardware integration to the ocean research community and to the transportation, public utility and defence industries.
We provide cost-effective and value-added instruments and services to meet our clients' specific needs.
271 Brownlow Avenue
Dartmouth, Nova Scotia B3B 1W6
Tel: 902-468-3007
Toll Free: 1-888-473-4622
Fax: 902-468-3009
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
www.seimac.com
Delivering custom engineered tracking, meteorological & data solutions
Is Weather Vital To You? It is to us!
Meteorological Service of Canada - Atlantic
Providing weather forecasts and warnings for Atlantic Canadians from three forecast centres:
• New Brunswick Weather Centre: Fredericton N.B.
• Maritimes Weather Centre: Dartmouth, N.S.
• Newfoundland Weather Centre: Gander, Nfld.
Consult directly with the operational meteorologist for expert weather advice. Call 1-900-565-5555(English) 1-900-565-4455(French)
Environment Canada
Your window on the weather
Canadian Institute for Climate Studies
CICS is a not-for-profit Canadian corporation, located on the Campus of the University of Victoria
- Supporting informed decisions through Climate Research, Consulting and Interpretation
- Serving and informing the climate-sensitive: government, industry and individuals
- Assisting Environment Canada reach its research goals by providing cost-effective management of the Climate Research Network
- Providing access to Climate Model Output
- Interpreting climate issues for industry across Canada
- Serving its members interests
Membership in the Institute provides benefits - call for information or visit our website: http://www.cics.uvic.ca/
130 Saunders Annex, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2
Tel: (250) 721-6236; Fax: (250) 721-7217;
E-mail: email@example.com
METEOROLOGICAL SERVICE OF CANADA/SERVICE MÉTÉOROLOGIQUE DU CANADA
Environment Canada recently announced that the Meteorological Service of Canada (MSC) and in French, Service météorologique du Canada (SMC), is officially the national institution with responsibility for weather forecasts and warnings, the national water survey, the ice service and science of the atmosphere, climate and air quality. As such, the work of MSC is as the principal scientific authority on the atmosphere, and related elements of the hydrosphere and cryosphere.
The goals of MSC are to apply meteorological and hydrological science to:
- Help save lives
- Help avoid health risks
- Help reduce property losses
- Contribute toward the enhancement of economic productivity
- Contribute toward the adoption of the best environmental policies
Environnement Canada a annoncé récemment que le Service météorologique du Canada (SMC)/ Meteorological Service of Canada (MSC) est l'institution nationale officielle ayant la responsabilité des prévisions et avertissements météorologiques, des relevés hydrologiques du Canada, du service des glaces, de la science de l'atmosphère et climatique, et de la qualité de l'air. En ce sens, le travail du SMC est donc celui de la principale autorité scientifique dans le domaine atmosphérique et en ce qui concerne les éléments connexes de l'hydrosphère et de la cryosphère.
Les objectifs du SMC consistent à appliquer les principes scientifiques de la météorologie et de l'hydrologie pour:
- aider à sauver des vies;
- aider à éviter des risques pour la santé;
- aider à réduire les pertes de biens;
- contribuer à améliorer la productivité économique;
contribuer à l'adoption de meilleures politiques environnementales.
In business since 1830, Kipp & Zonen has an established worldwide reputation for offering quality solar radiation measurement instrumentation.
The vast Kipp & Zonen product range includes global and direct measurement instrumentation for visible solar radiation, UV-A, UV-B, and IR (infrared) radiation measurements.
Kipp & Zonen sensors and accessories are suitable for a wide variety of solar applications, ranging from atmospheric research and routine environmental monitoring, to material testing research.
When it comes to measurement accuracy, product reliability, and customer support, Kipp & Zonen is the better solution.
Kipp & Zonen Inc. 390 University Ave., Fredericton, NB, Canada E3B 4J2
Ph: 506-454-1415 Fx: 506-455-8095 Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Web site: www.kippzonen.com
Weather Reporting
Small Systems
Simple
Fixed or Portable
Economical
Efficient
Big Results
Qualimetrics
An Air Weather Inc Company
1-800-824-5873
Fax: 974-921-1182
web: www.qualimetrics.com
Email: email@example.com
The Weather Network/MétéoMédia
TWN and MM, Canada's leading private sector weather information providers are national 24-hour specialty television networks owned by Pelmorex Inc. A leader in the multimedia weather business, Pelmorex Inc. holds an international patent on PMX technology, enabling localization of content to users across the country. Pelmorex has also developed one of the most advanced computer forecasting engines.
Each week, over eight and a half million Canadians rely on TWN and MM for up-to-the minute accurate weather forecasts. www.theweathernetwork.com and www.meteomedia.com are among the most visited Canadian information web sites, generating over 35,000 unique user sessions per day.
Meteorologists at The Weather Network:
TWN's meteorologists work in a fast-paced environment, providing accurate forecasting information for Canadians across the country. They provide value-added meteorological services to the consumer via products such as the golf forecast, pollen count, UV network, the bug forecast, and marine forecast.
Working in a team environment, TWN meteorologists work in a state of the art forecasting centre, analysing, interpreting and disseminating meteorological data to provide detailed updates of now-casting material to the on-air Presenters and Producers, especially in cases of active or severe weather.
Meteorologists also have the opportunity to go on air - radio or television - to deliver forecasting information first hand!
The American Meteorological Society (AMS) publishes eight prestigious scientific journals, a number of which are on display. The Society also organizes national and international meetings, specialized conferences, symposia and workshops. The AMS also provides many opportunities for professional development by offering short courses and workshops each year. The AMS provides a number of exhibition opportunities for manufacturers of hardware and systems, service providers and publishers of text books, reference books and electronic media. A calendar of upcoming meetings and exhibitions is available at the AMS booth. The Certified Consulting Meteorologist (CCM) Program is a service for the general public. The CCM Program was established to certify that certain individuals have been tested and found to meet or exceed standards of technical competence, character and experience for those who seek advice and consultation in meteorology to the public. Project ATMOSPHERE is one of several educational initiatives of the AMS to foster teaching of atmospheric topics across the curriculum in grades K-12. The Society administers an array of undergraduate scholarships and graduate fellowships with the support of its membership, corporations and government agencies.
ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE AT YORK UNIVERSITY
Undergraduate Programs The Department of Earth and Atmospheric Science at York University offers undergraduate programs including Specialized Honours B.Sc. (Atmospheric, Earth or Space and Communication Science streams) as well as Honours Double Major and Honours Major/Minor Programs with other departments and faculties at York University. An Atmospheric Chemistry stream exists as a Double Major with Chemistry and Earth and Atmospheric Science.
Certificate Programs The Department of Earth and Atmospheric Science offers a Certificate in Meteorology recognized by the Meteorological Service of Canada as satisfying one of their entrance requirements as a meteorologist as well as a Certificate in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing.
Research/Graduate Studies Research and teaching activities span a range of topics from aerosol chemistry, cloud microphysics and small scale turbulence, micro, meso and synoptic scale meteorology to global scale phenomena affecting weather and climate. Numerical modelling plays a central role in many of the research studies. There are excellent opportunities for collaborative research with the Meteorological Service of Canada (MSC).
Students who are interested in graduate studies in Earth and Atmospheric Science may apply through the Centre for Research in Earth and Space Science, the Department of Physics and Astronomy, and the Department of Chemistry. Further information on graduate studies can be obtained at the following website:
http://www.yorku.ca/faculty/grads/handbook/handbook.htm
In 1996, York University became the third Canadian university to acquire membership in the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR).
Department of Earth and Atmospheric Science
Faculty of Pure and Applied Science
York University
4700 Keele Street
Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3
Tel: 416-736-5245
Fax: 416-736-5817
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Website: www.eas.yorku.ca
ESI Environmental Sensors Inc. (www.esica.com) is an environmental technology corporation, specializing in the design, manufacture, and distribution of instrumentation and systems for environmental measurement. ESI began as a manufacturer and supplier of oceanographic instrumentation, and the focus of the Marine Division is on the distribution of over 50 environmental instruments in North America. ESI's land based division provides precision moisture monitoring products in Agriculture, Forestry, Civil Engineering applications, for Irrigation control, and in moisture profiling. The Company also provides industry and institutional clients with specialized systems for a wide range of applications, including marine research and oil pipeline leak detection, coastal environmental impact studies and pollution monitoring.
For more information contact:
ESI Environmental Sensors Inc.
100 – 4243 Glanford Avenue
Victoria, BC V8Z 4B9
Tel: 250-479-6588 Fax: 250-479-6588 Toll Fee: 800-799-6324
email: email@example.com web: www.esica.com
The Meteorological Service of Canada is responsible for monitoring air and water, producing weather warnings and weather forecasts throughout Canada. Professional meteorologists provide standard and specialized products in order to assist Canadians in making decisions related to their personal safety, the security of their property and the success of their businesses. Parts of these data and forecasts are available at no charge to Canadians through various dissemination systems such as www.WeatherOffice.com and through the media. Other value added products and services such as extended marine forecasts or professional consultation services are available or can be created through Environment Canada cost recovery services.
Contact us: 604-664-9033
The Contact Us button at www.WeatherOffice.com
The Meteorological Service of Canada
Commercial Services Division
Pacific & Yukon Region
Environment Canada
120-1200 West 73rd Avenue
Vancouver, British Columbia
V6P 6H9
Environment Canada is “The Source” of weather information in Canada
The Institute of Ocean Sciences (IOS) is Fisheries and Oceans Canada’s research centre for the coastal waters of British Columbia, the North Pacific Ocean and the Western Arctic. Housed at IOS, the Canadian Hydrographic Service is responsible for surveying and charting navigable waters. Research activities of the Ocean Science and Productivity Division at IOS provide the scientific basis for assessing the effect of changes in ocean conditions.
L’Institut des sciences de la mer (ISM) est le centre de recherche de Pêches et Océans pour la côte de la Colombie-Britannique, l’Océan Pacifique Nord et l’ouest de l’Arctique. À l’ISM, le service canadien hydrographique a la responsabilité de produire les cartes marines. Les activités de recherche du groupe de la science de l’océan et productivité à l’ISM fournit la base scientifique nécessaire pour évaluer et comprendre les changements océaniques.
For more information and general enquiries:
1-604-666-0384 (Phone)
1-604-666-1847 (Fax)
firstname.lastname@example.org (Email)
www.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/sci/pages/ios.htm
Fisheries and Oceans Canada Pêches et Océans Canada
PLENARY SESSION 1
The dominant patterns of North American climate variability
J.M. Wallace
University of Washington, Seattle, WA
PLENARY SESSION 2
Teleconnections and ENSO – The tropical problem (with implications for midlatitudes)
D. Neelin
University of California, Los Angeles, CA
Next steps in ocean observing systems and climate forecasting
Ants Leetmaa
CPC/NCEP/NWS/NOAA, Washington, D.C
PLENARY SESSION 3
The Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program (ARM)
T. Ackerman
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA
Advances in understanding and forecasting of the weather of the west coast of North America
Clifford F. Mass
Dept. of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington
PLENARY SESSION 4
Ocean biogeochemical cycles and climate change
K. Denman
Institute of Ocean Sciences, Sidney, BC
PICES, Pacific climate and marine ecosystems
S. McKinnell
North Pacific Marine Science Organization (PICES), Sidney, BC
### SOCIAL EVENTS
| Time | Event | Location |
|---------------|------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------|
| **Sunday, May 28** | | |
| 1800–2000 | Ice Breaker | Michele Pujol Room, Student Union Bldg. |
| **Tuesday, May 30** | | |
| 1220–1350 | Awards Luncheon | Cadboro Dining Room |
| 1745–1900 | CCRN/CCCma Reunion | Felicita’s Pub, Student Union Bldg. |
| **Wednesday, May 31** | | |
| 1830–1930 | Cocktails | Caddy’s Lounge, Cadboro Commons Bldg. |
| 1930–2130 | Banquet | Cadboro Dining Room |
### COMMITTEE MEETINGS
| Time | Meeting | Location |
|---------------|----------------------------------------|-------------------|
| **Sunday, May 28** | | |
| 0900–1200 | Publications Committee | Room B 025 |
| 1230–1430 | University Education Committee | Room B 025 |
| 1300–1600 | SCORE/ECOR Meeting | Room B 024 |
| 1500–1700 | Science Committee | Room B 025 |
| 1500–1600 | CMOS Vice President and Centre Chairs Meeting | Room B 203 |
| 1600–1800 | CMOS Council | Room B 028 |
| **Monday, May 29** | | |
| 2000–2130 | Annual General Meeting | Univ. Lounge |
| **Tuesday, May 30** | | |
| 1800–2000 | School and Public Education Committee Meeting | Room B 025 |
| 1800–1930 | Weathercast Endorsement Committee | Room B 024 |
| **Wednesday, May 31** | | |
| 1220–1330 | MAGS Working Lunch | Room B 025 |
| 1220–1330 | Private Sector Committee | Room B 024 |
| **Thursday, June 1** | | |
| 1330–1530 | NSERC Town Hall | Cinecenta |
| **Friday, June 2** | | |
| 0900–1700 | Ice Modelling Workshop | TBA |
Note: All rooms are located in the Student Union Building (SUB)
---
**INSTRUCTIONS FOR INTERNET ACCESS DURING CMOS 2000**
Congress attendees wishing internet access (e.g. to read their e-mail) can do so by going to the U.Vic student computing facility located on the main floor of the Clearihue Building (room A112). Present your Congress identification badge to a consultant at the front counter and ask to be logged in as a visitor. You will then be logged in on your choice of a MAC or PC workstation. From there you may use the ‘telnet’ command to connect to your home machine (you must know its complete domain name or IP address). Please note that this service is provided as a courtesy by the University, to be used only for legitimate purposes.
| Time | Clearihue Building, Wing A | Other Activities Cinecenta |
|--------------|----------------------------|-----------------------------|
| | Room 207 | Room 307 | Room 309 | Room 311 | |
| **Sunday, May 28** | | | | | |
| 1800–2000 hrs | Ice Breaker at the Student Union Bldg. | | | | |
| **Monday, May 29** | | | | | |
| 0830–0950 hrs | Welcome, Plenary Session 1 at the Cinecenta, Student Union Bldg. | | | | |
| 0950–1020 hrs | Health Break Michele Pujol Room, Student Union Bldg. | | | | |
| 1020–1220 hrs | Climate variability and change 1 | Ocean mixing | Data assimilation | Flow over inhomogeneous surfaces | EC Meteorologists’ Forum |
| | 5 | 8 | 11 | 14 | |
| 1220–1330 hrs | Lunch | | | | |
| 1330–1510 hrs | Climate variability and change 2 | Coastal oceanography 1 | Environmental prediction | Plant/atmosphere fluxes 1 | |
| | 17 | 19 | 22 | 25 | |
| 1510–1540 hrs | Health Break, Michele Pujol Room, Student Union Bldg. | | | | |
| 1540–1720 hrs | Climate variability and change 3 | Coastal oceanography 2 | Meso-scale prediction | Plant/atmosphere fluxes 2 | |
| | 27 | 29 | 32 | 34 | |
| **Tuesday, May 30** | | | | | |
| 0830–0950 hrs | Plenary Session 2 at the Cinecenta, Student Union Bldg. | | | | |
| 0950–1020 hrs | Health Break, Michele Pujol Room, Student Union Bldg. | | | | |
| 1020–1220 hrs | Observed climate and variability | Thermohaline circulation | Long-range forecasting | Boundary layers 1 | |
| | 37 | 40 | 43 | 46 | |
| 1220–1340 hrs | Awards Luncheon at the Cadboro Dining Room, Cadboro Commons Bldg. | | | | |
| 1350–1510 hrs | Ocean & coupled models and processes | Ocean boundary layer | Value of weather services 1 | Boundary layer clouds | |
| | 49 | 51 | 53 | 55 | |
| 1510–1540 hrs | Health Break, Michele Pujol Room, Student Union Bldg. | | | | |
| 1540–1720 hrs | Climate variability and change 4 | Surface waves | Value of weather services 2 | Boundary layers 2 | |
| | 57 | 60 | 63 | 64 | |
| **Wednesday, May 31** | | | | | |
| 0830–0950 hrs | Plenary Session 3 at the Cinecenta, Student Union Bldg. | | | | |
| 0950–1020 hrs | Health Break, Michele Pujol Room, Student Union Bldg. | | | | |
| 1020–1220 hrs | Dynamics and balances | Eddies and waves | Operational meteorology | Radiation measurements | |
| | 67 | 70 | 72 | 75 | |
| 1220–1330 hrs | Lunch | | | | |
| 1330–1510 hrs | CRCM | Canyon and channel flow | The Atlantic Storm of 21 January, 2000 | Clouds, aerosols and radiation | |
| | 77 | 79 | 82 | 85 | |
| 1510–1540 hrs | Health Break, Michele Pujol Room, Student Union Bldg. | | | | |
| 1540–1740 hrs | Regional analysis and verification | Cryosphere | GEWEX/MAGS | Aerosols and atmospheric chemistry | |
| | 88 | 90 | 93 | 96 | |
| 1830–1930 hrs | Cocktails at Caddy’s Lounge, Cadboro Commons Bldg. | | | | |
| 1930–2130 hrs | Banquet at Cadboro Dining Room, Cadboro Commons Bldg. | | | | |
| **Thursday, June 1** | | | | | |
| 0830–0950 hrs | Plenary Session 4 at the Cinecenta, Student Union Bldg. | | | | |
| 0950–1020 hrs | Health Break, Michele Pujol Room, Student Union Bldg. | | | | |
| 1020–1220 hrs | MC2 | Bio-physical interactions | Land surface and hydrology | Surface energy balance and microclimate | |
| | 99 | 102 | 104 | 108 | |
| 1220–1330 hrs | Lunch | | | | |
| 1330–1530 hrs | | | | | NSERC Town Hall |
**Note:** The bold page numbers in the lower right-hand corners locate the abstracts for each session.
### Sunday, May 28
| Time | Event |
|------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------|
| 1800–2000 | Ice Breaker at the Student Union Building |
### Monday, May 29
#### AM1 0830–0950
**Plenary Session I**
- **Cinecinta**
- (1) Welcomes
- (2) The dominant patterns of North American climate variability, J.M. Wallace
**Chair:** J. Fyfe
**Chair:** G. Boer
#### 0950–1020
**Health Break, Michele Pujol Room, Student Union Building**
#### 1020–1220
**Room 207 Climate variability and change 1**
- **Chair:** F. Zwiers
**Room 307 Ocean mixing**
- **Chair:** H. Melling
**Room 309 Data assimilation**
- **Chair:** D. Steenbergen
**Room 311 Flow over inhomogeneous surfaces**
- **Chair:** C. Wagner-Riddle
| Time | Topic | Speaker(s) |
|--------|----------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------|
| 10:20 | What is the Arctic Oscillation? | Lionel Pandolfo |
| | 1. Reynolds stresses from a vertical beam ADCP. | Steven Stringer |
| | 1. Ozone data assimilation using the 3D-Var assimilation system of | Sandrine Edouard |
| | the Canadian Meteorological Center (CMC). | |
| 10:40 | The influence of the stratospheric circulation on the annular modes | John Fyfe |
| | of climate variability in a middle atmosphere model. | |
| | 2. Problems with measurements of the oceanic rate of dissipation | Paul Macoun |
| | using shear probes. | |
| | 2. The Canadian 3D-Var analysis scheme on model vertical coordinate. | Clément Chouinard |
| 11:00 | Mid-latitude cyclones and the North Atlantic Oscillation: A natural | Lionel Pandolfo |
| | symbiosis. | |
| | 3. Estimates of dissipation in the ocean mixed layer using a | Neil S. Oakey |
| | quasi-horizontal microstructure profiler. | |
| | 3. The use of RTOVS/ATOVS data in the new CMC 3D variational analysis.| Clément Chouinard |
| 11:20 | Climate change in atmospheric recurrent regimes under increased | C. Juno Hsu |
| | greenhouse gas forcing. | |
| | 4. Observations of enhanced mixing in the abyssal canyons of the | Louis St. Laurent |
| | Brazil Basin. | |
| | 4. Impact of ACARS/AMDar data in the new CMC 3D-Var analysis system.| Réal Sarrasin |
| 11:40 | A regime view of Northern Hemisphere atmospheric variability and | John Fyfe |
| | change under global warming. | |
| | 5. Mixing in San Juan Channel. | Teijana Ross |
| | 5. Empirical orthogonal functions for modelling 3D-Var forecast error| Mark Buehner |
| | statistics. | |
| 12:00 | Vertical mixing and tracer budgets in stratified estuaries. | R. Pawlowicz |
| | 6. Numerical simulation of wind in plant canopies. | Jean-Paul Pinard |
**Lunch**
#### 1220–1330
#### 1130–1510
**Room 207 Climate variability and change 2**
- **Chair:** G. Brunet
**Room 307 Coastal oceanography 1**
- **Chair:** M. Foreman
**Room 309 Environmental prediction**
- **Chair:** J. Abraham
**Room 311 Plant/atmosphere fluxes 1**
- **Chair:** D. Spittlehouse
| Time | Topic | Speaker(s) |
|--------|----------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------|
| 13:30 | Projection of enhanced greenhouse warming onto modes of climate | Daithi Stone |
| | variability. | |
| | 1. Internal tides and waves in a complex estuary. | Rich Pawlowicz |
| | 1. RPN coupled modelling for environmental prediction research. | Harold Ritchie |
| 13:50 | The cold ocean-warm land pattern in CCC GCM. | Jian Sheng |
| | 2. Inertial motions in Lake Ontario from coincident current meter | Badal Pal |
| | and drifter measurements. | |
| | 2. Drift trials in the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence to improve | Peter C. Smith |
| | Search-and-Rescue (SAR) planning. | |
| | 1. The carbon budget of Canadian forests. | Werner A. Kurz |
| | 2. Winter measurements of N\textsubscript{2}O, NO and NO\textsubscript{2} fluxes using a micrometeorological method, following fall applications of various fertilizers. | Selma R. Maggiotto |
| Time | Session 1: PM1 | Session 2: PM2 |
|-------|---------------|----------------|
| 14:10 | 3. Middle atmosphere response to CO₂ doubling with the Canadian Middle Atmosphere Model (CMAM). *Jean de Grandpré*
Denis Gilbert
3. Monthly mean and tidal flows in Cabot Strait.
Claude Bélanger
4. Perturbation and recovery of chemical species due to the Mount Pinatubo eruption as modeled by the Canadian Middle Atmospheric Model. *Darryl Chartrand*
5. Mineral dust and climate change. *Cathy Reader*
Daniel Bourgault
5. Response of an estuary to changes in river flow. *Hal Ritchie*
5. A study of the extra-tropical re-intensification of former Hurricane Earl using Canadian Meteorological Centre regional analyses and ensemble forecasts. *S. Desjardins*
5. Cuvette studies of isoprene emission and NO₂ deposition associated with agricultural plants. *Christine Rigby*
Gordon Drewitt |
**Health Break**
| Time | Session 1: PM2 | Session 2: PM2 |
|-------|---------------|----------------|
| 1540–1720 | **Room 207**
Climate variability and change 3
*Chair: T. Shepherd*
G. J. Boer
1. Climate sensitivity and climate state.
Michael W. Stacey
2. Cyclones, precipitation, and global warming. *Steven Lambert*
Guoqi Han
3. Extreme sea-level sensitivity to changes in storminess. *Natacha Bernier*
Burkard Baschek
4. The effects of simulated climate change on the hydrology of major river basins. *Vivek Arora*
David A. Greenberg
4. A finite-element model of the Arctic Archipelago. *Joshua P. Hacker*
5. Influence of a step-like coastline on basin scale vorticity budget, for A-B-C-grid shallow water equation models and a quasi-geostrophic model. *Frederic Dupont*
5. Models of coastally trapped disturbances: Validation from realistic simulations. *P. L. Jackson*
5. Environmental controls of carbon dioxide fluxes above a Pacific Northwest Douglas-fir forest. *Eva-Maria Jork*
5. Water vapour and carbon dioxide fluxes above a boreal deciduous forest. *M. A. Arain*
5. Climate change, Douglas-fir growth and carbon sequestration. *D.L. Spittlehouse* |
| Time | Session | Topic | Speaker(s) | Chair(s) |
|------------|----------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------|-------------------|
| 0830–0950 | Plenary Session 2 | (1) Teleconnections and ENSO – The tropical problem (with implications for midlatitudes), D. Neelin
(2) Next steps in ocean observing systems and climate forecasting, A. Leetmaa | D. Neelin, A. Leetmaa | W. Hsieh |
| 0950–1020 | Health Break | | | |
| 1020–1220 | Room 207 | Observed climate and variability | S. Lambert | |
| | Room 307 | Thermohaline circulation | C. Garrett | |
| | Room 309 | Long-range forecasting | L. Lefaivre | |
| | Room 311 | Boundary layers I | I. McKendry | |
| 10:20 | 1. Climate Station History Metadata Project. | On a stabilizing feedback to the ocean thermohaline circulation. | Stephen C. Newbigging | Slava Kharin |
| | Anna Deptuch-Staff | | | Roland Stull |
| 10:40 | 2. Gridded climate data for the prairie provinces. | Changes in Northwest Atlantic Deep Water properties in the early 1990's. | R. F. Hopkinson | Normand Gagnon |
| | R. F. Hopkinson | Probabilistic approach to seasonal forecasting. | | Jennifer Salmond |
| 11:00 | 3. Characteristics of daily and extreme temperatures over Canada. | Stability of the Mediterranean’s thermohaline circulation under modified flux forcing. | Barrie Bonsal | Paul Myers |
| | Ewa Milewska | Bootstrap estimation of errors in predicting Niño 3.4 SST anomalies. | | Yuval |
| 11:20 | 4. Bias in the observations of precipitation amounts from AWOS. | Response of the thermohaline circulation to cold climates. | Ewa Milewska | Zhaomin Wang |
| | Reg Dunkley | Long-lead prediction of summer precipitation over the Canadian prairies – A Brief overview and present status. | | Edmund R. Garnett |
| 11:40 | 5. Brief intense rainfalls are becoming more frequent in Vancouver B.C. | A thermally and mechanically driven model of the ACC. | Reg Dunkley | Richard Karsten |
| | | Midlatitude Pacific SSTs: Equilibrium and transient atmospheric responses and implications for seasonal forecasting. | | Nick Hall |
| 12:00 | 6. An exploration of precipitation variability in the southern Canadian Cordillera over the past four centuries. | Circulation within the North Water Polynya in Baffin Bay. | Emma Watson | Humphrey Melling |
| | | Numerical modelling of sub-grid scale momentum and heat fluxes over a heterogeneous surface. | | Sreerama Daggupaty |
| 1220–1340 | Awards Luncheon at Cadboro Dining Room | | | |
| 1350–1510 | Room 207 | Ocean and coupled models and processes | G. Flato | |
| | Room 307 | Ocean boundary layer | R. Lueck | |
| | Room 309 | Value of weather services I | | |
| | Room 311 | Boundary layer clouds | P. Austin | |
| 13:50 | 1. CMIP1 evaluation and intercomparison of coupled climate models. | Turbulence and bubbles in the surf zone. | Steven Lambert | Roblyn Kendall |
| | | Keynote address: Societal aspect of weather: Implications for research and policy. | | Roger A. Pielke |
| 14:10 | 2. Sensitivities of a global OGCM to variability in surface forcing. | Numerical modelling studies of processes on the ocean sloping bottom boundary layer. | Warren Lee | Ming Li |
| | | Value of climate and weather products. | | Valerie Sexton |
| | | Entrainment and mixing in buoyancy-sorting cumulus parameterizations.| | Ming Zhao |
| Time | Session 1 | Session 2 | Session 3 |
|------------|------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------|
| 14:30 | 3. Seasonal variability in the Northwest Atlantic.
Jinyu Sheng | 3. Calibration of an oceanic mixed layer model for coupling to CRCM.
Charles Tang | 3. The summertime cycle along the central Oregon coast.
Soline Bielli |
| 14:50 | 4. Coupling between wind-driven currents and mid-latitude storm tracks.
Francois Primeau | 4. Sensitivity of oceanic mixed layer to surface forcing.
Serge D’Alessio | 4. Development and implications of a parameterization for transient shallow cumulus convection.
Knut von Salzen |
| 1510–1540 | Health Break | | |
| 1540–1720 | Room 207
Climate variability and change 4
Chair: J. Fyfe 57 | Room 307
Surface waves
Chair: D. Masson 60 | Room 309
Value of weather services 2
63 | Room 311
Boundary layers 2
Chair: P. Taylor 64 |
| 15:40 | 1. Nonlinear principal component analysis and its extensions.
William Hsieh | 1. Evaluation of the risk of erosion and flooding along coastal British Columbia.
Laurie Neil | 1. Weather prophets: The private industry perspective.
Ron Bianchi | 1. Convective transport theory for surface fluxes.
Roland Stull |
| 16:00 | 2. Nonlinear canonical correlation analysis, and its application to studying ENSO.
William Hsieh | 2. Storm Wind Study (SWS II) – Wind and wave evaluation.
Ewa Dunlap | 2. The economic context of weather information generation and dissemination.
Kim Rollins | 2. An algebraic heat flux turbulence model for flows dominated by buoyancy effects.
Slavko Vasic |
| 16:20 | 3. ENSO simulation and prediction using a hybrid coupled model.
Youmin Tang | 3. Storm Wind Study II (SWS-II) – The effects of swell on the wind stress.
Fred W. Dobson | 3. Panel discussion: Value of weather services.
Moderator: Richard Berry | 3. Third-order moment closure through a mass-flux approach.
Kenzu Abdella |
| 16:40 | 4. The influence of ENSO and PDO across the Canadian prairies.
Bill Hartman | 4. Validation study of CMC ocean wave forecasting system.
Roop Lalbeharry | 4. Lagrangian simulations and eddy diffusivities for blowing snow.
Peter A. Taylor |
| 17:00 | 5. Gauging impacts of climate change on the Pacific Northwest using the Pacific Decadal Oscillation and ENSO.
Philip Mote | | 5. An object-oriented approach to micrometeorological modeling.
Brian Crenna | |
| Time | Session 1: PM1 | Session 2: PM2 |
|------------|----------------|----------------|
| 14:10 | 3. Various convection schemes applied on short climate simulations with the CRCM. *Dominique Paquin* | 3. Observations of the flow of abyssal water through the Samoa Passage. *Howard Freeland* | 3. Real-time forecasts of the January 21st storm surge in Atlantic Canada. *Josko Bohanovic* | 3. Sea salt radiative forcing in CCC GCM. *Jiangnan Li* |
| 14:30 | 4. Large-scale forcing for the Canadian RCM. *Sébastien Biner* | 4. Mixing and exchange in the Bosphorus. *Frank Gerdes* | 4. The wave in Channel Head. *John MacPhee* | 4. Simulations of aerosol optical depth using the CCCma GCM as compared to AERONET and AVHRR data. *Ulrike Lohmann* |
| 14:50 | 5. Western Mediterranean sea-level rise: Changing exchange flow through the Strait of Gibraltar. *Teijana Ross* | 5. Dynamic fetch and the “rogue” wave event at Port-aux-Basques. *R. Bigio* | 5. Cirrus horizontal inhomogeneity and solar albedo bias. *Betty Carlin* |
| 1510–1540 | **Health Break** | |
| 1540–1740 | **Room 207**
*Regional analysis and verification*
*Chair: R. Laprise* | **Room 307**
*Cryosphere*
*Chair: H. Melling* | **Room 309**
*GEWEX/MAGS*
*Chair: R. Stewart* | **Room 311**
*Aerosols and atmospheric chemistry*
*Chair: P. Ariya* |
| 15:40 | 1. A spectral analysis technique suitable for limited area grids. *Bertrand Denis* | 1. The warm summer of 1998 and its effect on sea ice and glacier melt in the Canadian Arctic Islands. *Tom Agnew* | 1. Twin Otter flux measurements in the Mackenzie GEWEX Study (MAGS). *Ian MacPherson* | 1. Are chlorine and bromine cycles involved in atmospheric S (IV) to S (VI) conversion? *P.A. Ariya* |
| 16:00 | 2. Correlation between various CRCM and CGCMII fields over western Canada under different greenhouse gases concentrations. *Hélène Côté* | 2. Interannual variability of accumulated snow in the Columbia basin, British Columbia. *William Hsieh* | 2. Analysis of airborne flux observations in the Mackenzie GEWEX Study (MAGS). *Peter H. Schuepp* | 2. Simulations of sulphur dioxide, sulphate and aerosol concentrations with NARCIM for the North Atlantic Regional Experiment (NARE). *Henry Leighton* |
| 16:20 | 3. A permutation approach to the validation of short regional climate model simulations. *Murray D. MacKay* | 3. A comparison of modelled sea-ice concentration with observational data from 1958 to 1998. *Anne E. Armstrong* | 3. Solar radiation budgets for the Mackenzie GEWEX study (MAGS) from ScarB and AVHRR measurements. *J. Feng* | 3. The continuity equation for the stratospheric aerosol and its characteristic curves. *Jiangnan Li* |
| 16:40 | 4. Evaluation of the performance of a mesoscale model during FIRE.ACE. *Bernard Bilodeau* | 4. Decadal variability of the Arctic sea ice thickness. *Blandine L’Hevered* | 4. Closing the MAGS water budget. *G.S. Strong* | 4. Measurements of the accumulation size aerosols during NODEM. *Ulrike Lohmann* |
| 17:00 | 5. Sea-ice variability in the CCCma CGCM2 Coupled Model. *Gregory Flato* | 5. Precipitation recycling over the Mackenzie Basin. *Kit K. Szeto* | | 5. Sulphur budget in Northern Aerosol Regional Climate Model (NARCM). *Lubos Spacek* |
| 17:20 | 6. Is there a dominant timescale of natural climate variability in the Arctic? *Lawrence A. Mysak* | | | 6. Development of a global atmospheric mercury model. *Ashu P. Dastoor* |
| 1830–1930 | **Cocktails at Caddy’s Lounge, Cadboro Commons Bldg.** | | | |
| 1930–2130 | **Banquet at Cadboro Dining Room, Cadboro Commons Bldg.** | | | |
| Thursday, June 1 |
|------------------|
| **AM1** | 0830–0950 | Plenary Session 4
| | | *Cinecenta*
| | (1) Ocean biogeochemical cycles and climate change, *K. Denman*
| | (2) PICES, Pacific climate and marine ecosystems, *S. McKinnell*
| | Chair: *H. Freeland* |
| 0950–1020 | | **Health Break** |
| 1020–1240 | **Room 207**
| | **MC2**
| | **Chair: R. Stull**
| | **Room 307**
| | **Bio-physical interactions**
| | **Chair: D. Mackas**
| | **Room 309**
| | **Land surface and hydrology**
| | **Chair:**
| | **S. Hamilton**
| | **Room 311**
| | **Surface energy balance and microclimate**
| | **Chair:**
| | **T. Oke** |
| 10:20 | 1. A renewed community for mesoscale modeling.
| | *Stéphane Chamberland*
| | 1. Modeling dynamical circulation and nutrient pathways on the eastern Scotian Shelf.
| | *Guoqi Han*
| | 1. The evaluation of land surface moisture budget in the CCCma GCM3 AMIP2 simulation.
| | *Vivek Arora*
| | 1. Net radiation at the BERMS sites.
| | *Alan Barr* |
| 10:40 | 2. Canadian participation to the Mesoscale Alpine Programme (MAP).
| | *Stéphane Chamberland*
| | 2. Current and nutrient pathway simulations for the western continental margin of Vancouver Island.
| | *Michael Foreman*
| | 2. Enhancing soil moisture simulation in land surface models: testing of WatCLASS with the BOREAS data archive.
| | *K.R. Snelgrove*
| | 2. Needle shading and bark reflectivity to solar radiation at the surface of spruce leaders for leader temperature modelling.
| | *Brian G. Sieben* |
| 11:00 | 3. High resolution mesoscale modeling for air quality in southern Ontario.
| | *Xin Qiu*
| | 3. Wind-driven circulation and lobster larvae dispersion around the Magdalen Islands, Gulf of St. Lawrence.
| | *Denis Lefaivre*
| | 3. Generation of streamflow with WatCLASS: Theories and impacts on the soil moisture budget.
| | *K.R. Snelgrove*
| | 3. Observation and modelling of heat storage fluxes in roofs.
| | *Stephanie Meyn* |
| 11:20 | 4. The Asian dust event of April 1998: 1. Impact on the Lower Fraser Valley, B.C.
| | *Ian McKendry*
| | 4. The effect of diurnal zooplankton migration on acoustically-measured currents.
| | *Michael Ott*
| | 4. The simulation of complex land cover in regional climate studies.
| | *Diana Verseghy*
| | 4. An algorithmic scheme to predict hourly urban heat island magnitude.
| | *Tim Oke* |
| 11:40 | 5. The Asian dust event of April 1998: 2. MC2 simulations of downmixing.
| | *Josh Hacker*
| | 5. A modeling study of soil damping effects on runoff generation during a flash flood event.
| | *Lei Wen*
| | 5. Tests of the performance of an algorithmic scheme of the hourly urban heat island.
| | *Mark Barton* |
| 12:00 | 6. On the GWD parametrization scheme in MC2.
| | *Wensong Weng*
| | 6. The Bear Creek Hydrometeorological Project.
| | *Robert Nissen*
| | 6. Modelling the 3-D surface temperature of urban areas viewed by remote sensors.
| | *Andres Soux* |
| 12:20 | 7. Georgia Basin climate and hydrology – from time to space and the future.
| | *Paul Whitfield* |
1. Welcomes
2. The dominant patterns of North American climate variability
J.M. Wallace
University of Washington, Seattle, WA
Named modes of variability with their respective acronyms and enthusiasts abound in the climate literature. But if the redundant and strongly interrelated modes are grouped together appropriately there are only a few such phenomena that figure prominently in global and North American climate variability. Meteorologists have been aware of their existence for over half a century, but it is only relatively recently that they've been able to exploit them in climate diagnosis and prediction.
The El Niño / Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon impacts North American climate on time scales ranging from seasons up to a year or two. I will summarize these effects and document the time history of this phenomenon extending back over the past 140 years. ENSO-like variability is also evident on the decade-to-decade time scale, particularly over the North Pacific. For example, the shift toward more El Niño-like conditions over the North Pacific around 1976-77 has had a significant influence on wintertime temperatures and rainfall over western North America. With the benefit of hindsight, several such 'regime shifts' can be identified in the climate record but whether such shifts can be diagnosed in real time remains questionable. And whether this ENSO-like decade-to-decade variability is distinctive enough to deserve a name of its own (like 'Pacific Decadal Oscillation'), or whether it is more appropriately viewed as a low frequency component of ENSO remains to be seen.
The circulations of both hemispheres exhibit ringlike (or 'annular') modes of variability encircling the poles that fluctuate in time scales ranging from a week to decades. They are marked by opposing fluctuations in barometric pressure over the polar cap regions and midlatitudes, together with opposing variations in the strength of the westerlies at subpolar and subtropical latitudes. The Northern Hemisphere annular mode impacts winter weather over the throughout much of midlatitudes and it appears to be coupled to the wintertime stratospheric circulation in a very interesting way. For reasons that are not entirely clear at this point, this mode has exhibited a trend over the past 30 years toward lower pressure over the Arctic and stronger subpolar westerlies extending upward into the stratosphere. This trend has contributed substantially to the milder winters over North America (except Alaska and Labrador) and over most of Eurasia in recent years.
1. Teleconnections and ENSO – The tropical problem (with implications for midlatitudes)
D. Neelin
*University of California, Los Angeles, CA*
Teleconnections from El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) to other regions create the societally important impacts, and yet the dynamics of teleconnections remains a challenging problem even as basic mechanisms of ENSO itself have become better understood. Dynamical teleconnection mechanisms will be reviewed, and recent work on tropical teleconnections, including the effects of moist convection, will be presented. Traditional views of how tropical descent anomalies occur, and the traditional view of the midlatitude problem, which takes the tropical source as given, appear questionable. Implications for both tropical and midlatitude teleconnections will be discussed.
2. Next steps in ocean observing systems and climate forecasting
Ants Leetmaa
*CPC/NCEP/NWS/NOAA, Washington, D.C.*
Two classes of climate variability have been identified which may provide some predictability on seasonal to longer time scales over North America. The first class includes ENSO and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) which are associated with changes in tropical convection, i.e. represent coupled modes. The second class is associated with changes in strength and location of atmospheric zonal flows in middle and high latitudes. In this class lies the Arctic Oscillation/North Atlantic Oscillation (AO/NAO). A basic global ocean observing system of remotely sensed and *in situ* observations exists that is of considerable use in studying these, especially in the tropical Pacific where the TAO array was implemented on an operational basis. However, the overall system needs to be expanded to allow for detailed diagnostic studies and long term continuity.
A number of multi-season forecasts are routinely produced for tropical Pacific SST variability. Arguably the most skillful of these use coupled general circulation models which utilize ocean data assimilation to initialize the forecasts. The skill in these forecasts lies in the central and eastern Pacific. Experiences indicate that forecasting of sea surface temperature anomalies in this area is just the first step in exploiting the predictability that might lie in the coupled system. Large SST and rainfall anomalies have been present in the tropical Indian Ocean, in the Indonesian region, the far eastern Pacific, and the Atlantic which modeling and diagnostic studies have shown played a role in producing significant seasonal temperature and rainfall responses in different parts of the globe.
The global ocean observing system will expand in the coming years. There will be more continuity and improvements in remotely sensed surface wind data sets and for altimetric measurements of sea level. Expansions of the TAO type moored arrays are being undertaken for the Atlantic and proposed for the Indian Ocean. The first steps are being taken to deploy global arrays of autonomous profilers that measure temperature and salinity. Surface sampling from VOS temperature, salinity, and fluxes will be enhanced.
To fully utilize these measurements for improved understanding and forecasts of the impact of climate variability over North America requires the development and implementation of ocean data assimilation systems where fields from dynamical models are corrected by the actual measurements to get the best estimate of the state of the ocean. These analyses are used for initial conditions for climate forecast systems and for analyses to document what the ocean is doing. Also by routinely comparing models and data, model shortcomings can be identified and both the models and forecasts improved. NCEP has limited experience in doing this for the ENSO problem but is expanding its efforts to the global domain and to incorporate the new data sets.
1. The Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program (ARM): Ground-based remote sensing of clouds and radiation
Thomas Ackerman
*Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA*
The goal of ARM is to improve the understanding of cloud and radiation processes and the parameterization of these processes in climate models through a combined data collection, data analysis, and modeling program. The ARM program operates continuous ground-based remote sensing facilities in the Southern Great Plains (SGP; Oklahoma, USA), the Tropical Western Pacific (TWP; Manus Island, Papua New Guinea, and the Republic of Nauru), and the North Slope of Alaska (NSA; Barrow, Alaska, USA). The data collected at these facilities are being used to study, among many other problems, cloud occurrence climatologies, effects of clouds on the surface radiation budget, and cloud microphysical properties. The microphysical retrievals focus largely on the properties of stratiform clouds. Results of several studies of stratus properties are available, as well as one detailed study of cirrus properties. These studies provide new insights into cloud physics processes in the atmosphere and cloud and radiation interactions.
The two sites located in the Tropical Western Pacific are providing a unique data set on tropical radiation, water vapor, and clouds. Satellite observations have documented relationships between top of atmosphere radiation, which is obviously modulated by cloud properties, and large-scale dynamics. The quantitative impact on the surface radiation budget and solar energy deposition into the ocean, however, is understood much less well. During June-July of 1999, the ARM program, in conjunction with NOAA and the Japanese Marine Science and Technology Center (JAMSTEC), sponsored a field program at Nauru. This field program deployed two research vessels and a small aircraft at Nauru. The results of this program provide a new look at the spatial scale of radiation and cloud variability in the tropical Pacific and the impact of clouds on solar input to the ocean and atmosphere. Analysis of these data and other ARM data is in its infancy, but holds great promise to improve our understanding of cloud and radiation processes.
2. Advances in understanding and forecasting of the weather of the west coast of North America
Clifford F. Mass
*Dept. of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington*
During the past two decades there has been a dramatic increase in our knowledge of the mesoscale meteorology of the Pacific Northwest and British Columbia. The regional weather circulations of the area are dominated by the interactions between the synoptic scale flow and the substantial local terrain. These local weather features—including gap flows, downslope windstorms, windward precipitation enhancement, lee rainshadows, diurnal circulations, and convergence zones, to name only a few—have been studied using both conventional observations and special field programs using dual-Doppler aircraft. High resolution mesoscale modeling has proven capable of duplicating many of these regional weather features, and has become a potent research tool. Major aspects of this new knowledge will be reviewed in the presentation.
The research programs at the University of Washington (UW), University of British Columbia (UBC), and other regional institutions have revealed the potential for skillful mesoscale forecasting over the area using high resolution numerical weather prediction (NWP). Based on these suggestive results, mesoscale NWP down to 4-km has been run operationally for several years at the UW and UBC. This talk will review the performance of these local weather prediction efforts and their implications for forecasting over western North America and elsewhere. Finally, the presentation will review the latest regional efforts to test ensemble forecasting and the coupling of regional atmospheric, hydrology, and air quality models.
1. Ocean biogeochemical cycles and climate change
K. Denman
*Institute of Ocean Sciences, Sidney, BC*
As we enter the new millennium, at least three global issues require research in the oceans. First, the climate appears to be changing due to the increase of CO₂ in the atmosphere because of human activity, and the oceans, as the global repository or flywheel for heat, water and mobile carbon, are integrally involved in climate change. Second, climate change combined with global overfishing are forcing the harvest of marine resources to change from a hunter-gatherer activity to aquaculture, an agrarian activity. Third, the coastal domain (200m above to 200m below sea level) occupies 18% of the surface of the globe, is home to about 60% of the global population, supplies about 90% of the world fish catch, and receives 75–90% of the suspended sediment load of rivers with its cargo of known and unknown contaminants.
Central to the scientific research required to address these issues is that they are inherently multidisciplinary and they involve coupled biogeochemical cycles. For example, the ocean’s role in the global carbon cycle involves transports and transformations. Transports of carbon in the ocean are conducted by organisms and by physical oceanographic processes at all scales. Transformations of carbon are conducted by organisms (inorganic/organic, dissolved/particulate) and through geochemistry (precipitation/dissolution of calcium carbonate). The cycling of carbon is fundamentally linked to the cycles of virtually every other element, especially iron, nitrogen, sulphur, oxygen, and phosphorus. I am involved in developing coupled biogeochemical/ocean circulation models to explore how North Pacific planktonic ecosystems and biogeochemical cycling will respond to changes in climate. The models produce significant responses – both in the recent past and into the future, but existing observations are inadequate for critical evaluation of model performance. Will there be better observations in the future?
2. PICES, Pacific climate and marine ecosystems
S. McKinnell
*North Pacific Marine Science Organization (PICES), Sidney, BC*
The North Pacific Marine Science Organization was established by an international convention in 1992 to promote and coordinate marine science in the North Pacific, especially north of 30°N. Although the governments of Canada, China, Japan, Korea, Russian and the United States constitute the current formal membership of the organisation, participation in PICES, from the executive to the working groups, is almost entirely by scientists. A major development in marine science in the North Pacific during the late 20th century was the growing awareness of the relationship between climate and marine ecosystems, particularly for commercially exploited species.
The discovery of large-scale patterns of recruitment success and failure among species, and their co-variation with North Pacific climate patterns, stimulated the first major science program in PICES – Climate Change and Carrying Capacity Program (CCCC). The goal of the program is to address how climate variability affects ecosystem structure and the productivity of key biological species at all trophic levels in the open ocean and in coastal ecosystems. PICES and the CCCC program are providing a forum to integrate North Pacific marine ecosystem science from physics to upper trophic level biota. The first phase of research was to identify the spatial and temporal patterns of variability and much of the current success has been achieved in retrospective studies using correlative approaches. This progress will be reviewed by examining key published and soon-to-be published papers on basin-scale comparisons, North Pacific climate regime shifts, and scales of ecosystem variability. The next phases of research will focus on mechanisms and will increasingly require better and more comprehensive data, and the talents of modelers and process-oriented researchers. PICES will be leading these developments by supporting projects such as the NEMURO lower trophic level model, the implementation of ARGO, the development of new and better ecosystem sensors, and by providing the forum to exchange marine ecosystem ideas in the North Pacific.
1. What is the Arctic Oscillation?
Adam Monahan\textsuperscript{1}, Lionel Pandolfo\textsuperscript{1}, and John Fyfe\textsuperscript{2}
\textsuperscript{1}Dept. of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of British Columbia
\textsuperscript{2}Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis, Meteorological Service of Canada
Recently, the Arctic Oscillation (AO) has been put forth as the principal mode of short-term climate variability in the atmosphere. The AO is usually obtained by performing a principal component analysis (PCA) on geopotential heights, a linear statistical technique that finds patterns which maximise the variance of the field.
We will present results obtained by applying a non-linear generalisation of PCA (NLPCA) to the height fields from the NCAR/NCEP Reanalyses. Our one-dimensional approximation to the height field variability, which would correspond to the first mode of PCA if the dynamics were linear, does not describe the conventional AO. Instead, the variability we capture is characterised by three quasi-stationary states. Two of them weakly resemble opposite phases of the AO. We will describe these three states and their relationship to atmospheric modes of climate variability obtained by other methods like PCA, rotated PCA, cluster analysis and maximum penalised likelihood estimator.
2. The influence of the stratospheric circulation on the annular modes of climate variability in a middle atmosphere model
John Fyfe\textsuperscript{1} and Elisa Manzini\textsuperscript{2}
\textsuperscript{1}Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis, Meteorological Service of Canada
\textsuperscript{2}Max Planck Institute for Meteorology
The aim of this study is to better understand the troposphere-stratosphere coupling in the annular modes of climate variability (also known as the Arctic and Antarctic Oscillations, or the AO and AAO). The annular modes are spatially the largest and dynamically the most fundamental modes of variability spanning the troposphere and stratosphere, yet questions remain as to their maintenance and transition. Towards addressing these questions we take a modelling approach and analyze two simulations of a middle atmosphere model where the simulations differ only in how the gravity wave spectrum is treated. In a simulation where the gravity wave spectrum is launched from the tropopause, the AO is quite realistic and is characterized in its positive phase by 1) upward and equatorward planetary wave propagation from the troposphere into the middle atmosphere 2) upper stratospheric and lower mesospheric planetary and gravity wave zonal-wind driving and 3) polar stratospheric wind and temperature tendencies which are hypothesized to contribute to the AO phase transitions. In a simulation where the gravity wave spectrum is launched from the surface the AO stratospheric structure and dynamics are unrealistic for reasons that are discussed. Similar comparisons are made for the AAO, and inter-hemispheric differences between the observations and simulations highlighted. Finally, we explore the connection between stratospheric sudden warmings and extreme negative phase AO.
3. Mid-latitude cyclones and the North Atlantic Oscillation: A natural symbiosis
Declan Quinn\textsuperscript{1} and Lionel Pandolfo\textsuperscript{2}
\textsuperscript{1}Dept. of Mathematics, University of British Columbia
\textsuperscript{2}Dept. of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of British Columbia
Cyclonic systems are a ubiquitous feature of mid-latitude weather. In the Northern Hemisphere they are most prevalent over the east coast of large continents and the adjacent ocean. For the North Atlantic region, many studies have linked the surface climatology of storm tracks with the phases of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). Since the NAO represents the principal mode of atmospheric climate variability for that region, this link could potentially be used to predict storminess once the tendency of the NAO is determined. However, the physical mechanisms responsible for a storms/NAO link have not yet been clearly established.
We have analysed the fields of sea level pressure, sea surface temperature, surface air temperature, surface sensible heat flux and latent heat flux and related their patterns of variability to those characterising the intensity and frequency of surface storms over the North Atlantic. The results that we will present establish the symbiotic relationship between storminess, as measured by storm frequency and intensity, and the NAO. We will discuss the implication of these results for the predictability of storminess and the NAO.
4. Climate change in atmospheric recurrent regimes under increased greenhouse gas forcing
C. Juno Hsu and Francis Zwiers
Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis, Meteorological Service of Canada
We have identified recurrent regimes of atmospheric states in a reduced phase space by testing against the null hypothesis that the atmospheric states are normally distributed and can be described by an AR(1) process. Both the observational NCEP reanalysis data and CCCma model simulations with and without increased GHG forcing were analyzed. The reduced phase space is described by the leading northern hemisphere EOFs or by sectorial EOFs of the Atlantic region and the Pacific region. Statistical tests were developed to check whether the short time series can be used to identify significant changes in the frequency of occurrence of certain flow patterns.
For the sectorial analysis (as opposed to the global NH analysis) of the model simulation, the time series are sufficiently long to clearly show that the increased GHG forcing leads to a change in the frequencies of occurrence of the recurrent regimes. For the observational analysis, the time series is found to be too short for the changes in the recurrent regimes to be statistically significant in all cases except for the changes in the flow pattern corresponding to the COWL pattern. The changes in the COWL pattern which occurred in recent decades are found to be robust.
5. A regime view of Northern Hemisphere atmospheric variability and change under global warming
Adam Monahan\textsuperscript{1}, John Fyfe\textsuperscript{2}, and Greg Flato\textsuperscript{2}
\textsuperscript{1}Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of British Columbia
\textsuperscript{2}Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis, Meteorological Service of Canada
The leading mode of wintertime variability in Northern Hemisphere sea level pressure (SLP) is the Arctic Oscillation (AO). It is usually obtained using linear principal component analysis, which produces the optimal, although somewhat restrictive, linear approximation to the SLP data. Here we use a recently introduced nonlinear principal component analysis to find the optimal nonlinear approximation to SLP data produced by a 1001 year integration of the CCCma coupled general circulation model (CGCM1). This approximation's associated time series is strongly bimodal and partitions the data into two distinct regimes. The first and more persistent regime describes a standing oscillation whose signature in the mid-troposphere is alternating amplification and attenuation of the climatological ridge over Northern Europe, with associated decreasing and increasing daily variance over Northern Eurasia. The second and more episodic regime describes a split-flow south of Greenland with much enhanced daily variance in the Arctic. In a 500 year integration with atmospheric CO$_2$ stabilized at concentrations projected for year 2100, the occupation statistics of these preferred modes of variability change, such that the episodic split-flow regime occurs less frequently while the standing oscillation regime occurs more frequently.
Monday, 29 May
1020–1220 hrs
Room 207
Session AM2
CLIMATE VARIABILITY AND CHANGE 1
Chair: F. Zwiers
1. Reynolds stresses from a vertical beam ADCP
Steven Stringer and Richard Dewey
*University of Victoria*
Juan de Fuca Strait is a coastal channel with strong mean, tidal, and internal wave velocities. Since 1996 we have been studying the interactions between these flows. In the summer of 1999 we deployed three acoustic Doppler current profilers and three thermistor chains near the northern side/slope to investigate boundary – interior flow interactions. Of special interest is the calculation of the mean Reynolds stresses $\overline{u'w'}$ and $\overline{u'v'}$, representing vertical and horizontal momentum fluxes, respectively. A new ADCP with three oblique beams and one vertical beam was recently obtained and deployed in 1999. While spatial gradients affect the estimates of both $u$ and $w$ from a standard ADCP, this is only true of $u$ for the new instrument. Since $w'$ is likely to be more inhomogeneous than $u'$, we will investigate the improvement of calculating Reynolds stress from the vertical beam ADCP.
A statistical comparison of the two estimates of $w'$ measured independently by the vertical beam and by the three oblique beams will be presented. Of interest is the coherency as a function of both range and frequency. This comparison is repeated for the estimates of $w'$ from a traditional ADCP moored in the same area. Finally, the Reynolds stress is calculated from both instruments to identify any bias in the Reynolds stress estimated from a standard ADCP with four oblique beams.
2. Problems with measurements of the oceanic rate of dissipation using shear probes
Paul Macoun and Rolf G. Lueck
*School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria*
The air-foil shear probe is the only tool currently available for the measurement of the rate of dissipation of kinetic energy in the ocean. The rate of dissipation is used, among other things, to estimate the vertical diffusivity of the ocean which is a major parameter controlling the overturning circulation and the depth of the thermocline. The ability of shear probes to resolve all of the wavenumbers (or spatial scales) of velocity fluctuations is determined by their physical dimensions and by the rate of dissipation. For most oceanic work the current shear probes are adequate. However, dissipation rates are very large in boundary regions, such as the near surface layer and coastal channels. In these regions the spatial resolution is inadequate.
New shear probes with linear dimensions one-half of a conventional probe were tested in Sansum Narrows using the horizontal turbulence profiler TOMI. Side by side comparisons of the probes clearly indicate that the new probes have twice the spatial resolution of the regular one. Thus, the improvement in the resolved rate of dissipation is 16 times. However, the comparison also shows that the response originally proposed by Ninnis (1984), a response widely used to adjust oceanic measurements, is overly optimistic by nearly a factor of 2. This implies under-estimation in previous work and a more turbulent ocean. Also, the form of the response proposed by Ninnis cannot be correct and is better described by a single space-constant low-pass filter.
3. Estimates of dissipation in the ocean mixed layer using a quasi-horizontal microstructure profiler
Neil S. Oakey, Blair J.W. Greenan, and Fred W. Dobson
Bedford Institute of Oceanography
Some recent measurements of the mixed layer in oceans and lakes have indicated that the rate of the dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy, epsilon, is much higher than expected from a purely shear-driven wall layer. This enhancement has usually been attributed to wave breaking. In this study, measurements of dissipation in the open ocean mixed layer on the continental shelf off Nova Scotia are integrated with air-sea flux estimates and directional wave spectra to further study this issue. A quasi-horizontal gliding microstructure profiler provides estimates of epsilon starting within 2 m of the ocean surface as it slowly descends through the mixed layer. Results from this experiment demonstrate that the proposed scaling of the WAVES and SWADE experiments for epsilon based on wind and wave parameters holds for the case of a simple wind sea in which the swell can be easily separated. In more complex situations, epsilon remains enhanced relative to the classical wall layer, however, the proposed scaling that decays as $z^{-2}$ does not hold.
4. Observations of enhanced mixing in the abyssal canyons of the Brazil Basin
Louis St. Laurent
School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria
The abyssal Brazil Basin is bounded on the west by the continent of South America, and on the north, south and east by the Mid Atlantic Ridge (MAR). The bottom waters that circulate in this basin are imported from the Argentine Basin through the Verna Channel. Though some warm classes of bottom water leave the Brazil Basin through deep passages near the equator, the coldest classes of bottom water are transformed by mixing and upwelled in the basin's interior.
Observations of turbulent dissipation indicate that mixing levels are enhanced in regions of rough topography near the MAR. In particular, mixing levels are strongest in the abyssal canyons of MAR fracture zones. Furthermore, canyons are sites of strong diapycnal advection. Estimates of diapycnal upwelling suggest that water-mass transformation in canyons plays a significant role in the basin-scale mass budget of bottom waters.
5. Mixing in San Juan Channel
Tetjana Ross and Frank Gerdes
University of Victoria
San Juan Channel – the central waterway through the San Juan Islands, Washington – is one of three major passages between the Strait of Georgia and Juan de Fuca Strait. It acts as a mixing site for the 200 km long estuary system that extends from the Fraser River to the Pacific.
We present results from a study of tidal flow in San Juan Channel, done as part of a five week summer course in Coastal and Estuarine Geophysical Fluid Dynamics at Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington.
Long-channel CTD (Conductivity, Temperature, Depth) sections show that fresh Fraser water enters from the north. It extends south to a mixing region at mid-channel where it is heavily stirred and mixed with deeper, more saline water.
Cross-channel ADCP (Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler) and CTD measurements taken simultaneously at two cross-sections for an entire tidal period allowed the amount of mixing in the channel to be estimated by two methods: calculation of fluxes across diapycnal surfaces and calculation of Thorpe scales. The estimates of eddy diffusivity from these two methods were in agreement.
The Foreman tide model was applied to the channel and was used to predict tidal currents and trace particle paths. The modeled tidal excursions were compared with those estimated from ADCP and GPS-tracked surface drifter measurements.
6. Vertical mixing and tracer budgets in stratified estuaries
Rich Pawlowicz and Trish Bellchamber
University of British Columbia
Although conceptual understanding of estuarine flow dominated by surface outflow and deep inflow is straightforward, actual computation of transports is less simple, especially in cases where multiple channels exist. Tracers are sometimes useful in addressing such issues but specification of realistic flow geometries often leads to ambiguities and hence underdetermined systems. Here it shown that a theory can be developed uniquely relating changes in salinity and temperature with transport and mixing parameters in a 2 layer exchange flow. Along-channel changes in the slope of T/S correlations are virtually independent of vertical mixing, but are directly related to horizontal layer transport and the input of heat through the surface. Changes in the layer salinity can be related to various ratios of horizontal and vertical (mixing) transports. Combining these two features of the theory permits a diagnostic determination of Lagrangian transport and mixing from standard hydrographic observations of layer temperature and salinity, and an estimate of the surface heat input. The theory is successfully applied to observations made in Haro Strait, British Columbia. Extension of the theory allows the computation of budgets for other nonconservative tracers, e.g. nutrients.
1. Ozone data assimilation using the 3D-Var assimilation system of the Canadian Meteorological Center (CMC)
Sandrine Edouard, Paul-Antoine Michelangeli, Simon Pellerin, Pierre Gauthier, and Gilbert Brunet
RPN, Environnement Canada
The Canadian 3D-var assimilation system (3D-var) has been used to produce univariate ozone analyses based on total ozone measurements. During the northern hemisphere winter of 1997, TOVS data were used in a data assimilation cycle driven by the Global Environmental Multiscale model (GEM) extended up to 1 mb, treating ozone as a passive tracer. The dynamics variables were updated every 24-hr using the CMC analyses (up to 700 mb) and the UKMO analyses (above 700 mb).
The resulting analyses show the deficiencies of total ozone data to correctly retrieve ozone vertical distribution, which is in this case entirely dominated by the dynamics of the model, the background-error statistics and the lack of chemistry.
To assess the impact of the vertical information, results of ozone profiles assimilation are shown using a Lidar satellite-based instrument ORACLE, under development. The lack of chemistry in the data assimilation system is investigated and some preliminary results will be shown.
2. The Canadian 3D-Var analysis scheme on model vertical coordinate
Clément Chouinard\textsuperscript{1}, Mark Buehner\textsuperscript{1}, Cécilien Charette\textsuperscript{1}, Luc Fillion\textsuperscript{1}, Pierre Gauthier\textsuperscript{1}, Pierre Koclas\textsuperscript{2}, Josée Morneau\textsuperscript{2}, Réal Sarrazin\textsuperscript{2}, and Judy St-James\textsuperscript{2}
\textsuperscript{1}Meteorological Service of Canada, ARMA, Dorval
\textsuperscript{2}Meteorological Service of Canada, CMDA, Dorval
The design and testing of the new three-dimensional variational analysis scheme (3D-Var) for the operational GEM Global Environmental Multi-scale (GEM) model with vertical h-coordinate is described. We hereinafter refer to this version as E-3D-Var. The currently operational version of 3D-Var (hereinafter referred to as O-3D-Var) uses 16 mandatory pressure levels as vertical coordinate and the observations are specified at these pressure levels. The major change considered in E-3D-Var concerns the direct analysis of increments on the model's vertical coordinate. Most Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) centers have been using their model's vertical geometry in the analysis step for some time. In its first implementation, it was decided to evaluate the E-3D-VAR against O-3D-VAR using the same basic observational data set i.e. geopotential from radiosondes and SATEM thickness data. Results from pre-implementation suites will be presented highlighting differences to the currently operational 3D-Var.
This new version of 3D-Var is based on a completely new set background-error statistics based on ensemble prediction or short-term lagged forecasts (NCEP method) including better balance constraints. As will be shown, this new version should facilitate the use of new types of data such as TOVS, ACARS/AMDAR, SSM/I, and Scatterometer data.
3. The use of RTOVS/ATOVS data in the new CMC 3D variational analysis
Clément Chouinard\textsuperscript{1} and Jacques Hallé\textsuperscript{2}
\textsuperscript{1}Meteorological Service of Canada, ARMA, Dorval
\textsuperscript{2}Meteorological Service of Canada, CMDA, Dorval
The CMC is currently testing in pre-implementation suite a global 3D-var analysis system formulated on terrain-following coordinate system (E-3D-Var). If the results are as positive as they were in off-line suites, this version could be operational before June 2000. This incremental E-3D-var system will also be used for the preparation of the regional model analyses, so that both the global and regional systems will produce analysis increments on their respective vertical grid with the top level still at 10 hPa. In this version, temperature and surface pressure are used as mass variables even though geopotentials from radiosondes and SATEM geopotential thickness still represent the main source of continental and remotely sensed data. Preliminary tests to replace SATEM retrievals with RTOVS/ATOVS radiances from data assimilation experiments and 10-day forecasts will be presented. These show that significant progress can be achieved using RTOVS/ATOVS radiance data rather than SATEM retrievals, and that radiance data monitoring and quality control are key components of the analysis system.
4. Impact of ACARS/AMDAR data in the new CMC 3D-Var analysis system
Réal Sarrazin\textsuperscript{1}, Bruce Brasnett\textsuperscript{1}, Cécilien Charette\textsuperscript{2}, Clément Chouinard\textsuperscript{2}, Pierre Kocias\textsuperscript{1}, and Gilles Verner\textsuperscript{1}
\textsuperscript{1}Meteorological Service of Canada, CMC, Dorval
\textsuperscript{2}Meteorological Service of Canada, ARMA, Dorval
A new global 3D-var analysis system formulated on terrain-following coordinate system (E-3D-Var) is currently being testing in pre-implementation phase at CMC. This version of the 3D-Var system could be operational by June 2000 depending on the results of this parallel testing. This incremental E-3D-var system will also be used for the preparation of the regional model analyses, so that both the global and regional systems will produce increments on their respective vertical grid with the top level still at 10 hPa. In this version, temperature and surface pressure are used as mass variables even though geopotentials from radiosondes and SATEM geopotential thickness still represent the main source of continental and remotely sensed data. Work is underway to incorporate automated aircraft observations (ACARS/AMDAR) into the E-3D-Var. The quality control of both wind and temperature aircraft data are performed with new modules (background check and variational quality control). Results obtained from data assimilation experiments and 10-day forecasts will be presented. These show that significant progress can now be achieved by incorporating new data types into the operational data assimilation system, and that data monitoring and quality control are key components of the analysis system.
5. Empirical orthogonal functions for modelling 3D-Var forecast error statistics
Mark Buehner, Pierre Gauthier, and Gilbert Brunet
Data Assimilation and Satellite Meteorology Division, Meteorological Service of Canada
The forecast error statistics of the Canadian 3D-var under development (Gauthier et al. 1999) are estimated from an ensemble of lagged forecasts (NMC method). To obtain a satisfactory result, it is common practice to impose many simplifying assumptions on the structure of the error covariances such as stationarity, homogeneity, and isotropy. Our goal is to explore the impact of using a more general formulation of the forecast error statistics. The proposed approach and preliminary results will be presented.
We use empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) estimated directly from an ensemble that is representative of the forecast error within the assimilation cycle. The EOFs are the leading eigenvectors of the complete (non-homogeneous, non-isotropic) forecast error covariance matrix that are statistically significant. The ensemble may be derived using either the lagged-forecast method, or from a set of perturbed forecasts valid at the analysis time, or a combination of the two. Therefore the approach may be applied using both stationary and non-stationary statistics. Approaches have also been developed to use the current representation of the forecast statistics for the covariances in the null space of the EOFs and to localise the horizontal correlations.
Preliminary results demonstrate that the use of EOFs calculated from an ensemble of $O(100)$ error samples is feasible and provides qualitatively reasonable analysis increments. Some non-isotropic features in the structure functions appear to be meteorologically significant.
1. A revision to the Davenport roughness classification for cities and sheltered country
Tim Oke\textsuperscript{1}, Alan Davenport\textsuperscript{2}, Sue Grimmond\textsuperscript{3}, and Jon Wieringa\textsuperscript{4}
\textsuperscript{1}University of British Columbia
\textsuperscript{2}University of Western Ontario
\textsuperscript{3}Indiana University
\textsuperscript{4}Wageningen University
Surface roughness knowledge is needed for most boundary layer analysis and modelling, but for applications it is seldom available from local measurements. To estimate roughness visually or from maps, Davenport (\textit{J. Am. Soc. Civ. Eng.}, 1960) classified all the then available well-exposed profile data for a wide range of terrain. Wieringa (\textit{Bull. Am. Met. Soc.}, 1980; \textit{J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aer.}, 1992) validated Davenport's eight roughness classes for open and moderately rough terrain and for forests, and extended its range to smooth terrain and open water. The classification is widely used, e.g. by WMO.
Recently, more good experimental roughness data have become available for cities (Grimmond and Oke, \textit{Bound. Layer Met.}, 1998; \textit{J. Appl. Met.}, 1999), as well as for very heterogeneous landscapes from tethered balloon observations in Britain and in the Sahel. This made it possible to validate the high-roughness classes more fully. Some shifts in roughness class descriptions prove to be necessary in order to account for differences in turbulence generation between bluff buildings and porous vegetation.
A slightly reformulated Davenport roughness classification is presented. It gives us a field-validated working tool to estimate effective aerodynamic roughness across the full range of real world terrain for application in wind engineering and boundary layer modelling over non-complex terrain.
2. Comparison between wind tunnel and field measurements of turbulent flow in forest clearings
Michael Novak\textsuperscript{1}, Jon Warland\textsuperscript{2}, Alberto Orchansky\textsuperscript{1}, and Rick Ketler\textsuperscript{1}
\textsuperscript{1}Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of British Columbia
\textsuperscript{2}Department of Land Resource Science, University of Guelph
Public pressure is forcing the forest industry to develop harvesting and management practice alternatives to traditional clearcutting. One option is patch cutting in which small clearings alternate with uncut forest. The optimum size and the wind and turbulence pattern within a clearing greatly affect the stability of the surrounding edge trees to windthrow and the microclimate experienced by newly established tree seedlings. The wind tunnel is an excellent tool to investigate these issues because clearing size and other related variables, such as clearing surface roughness and the density of surrounding trees, can be investigated systematically, quickly, and relatively cheaply. We made wind tunnel measurements of mean wind speed and turbulence in clearings of various sizes, orientations, and shapes using a triaxial hot-film anemometer. We will compare some of these with field measurements made at the Sicamous Creek Silvicultural Systems Research Area in the British Columbia Interior with propellor and sonic anemometers. The operational-scale clearings at this site are square with areas of 0.1, 1, and 10 ha. Comparisons with the field measurements of Gash (1986, \textit{BLM 36}: 227–237) near a forest-heath interface will also be reported. The effects of surface roughness, surrounding tree density, and clearing shape on within-clearing wind and turbulence will be presented.
3. Modified microclimate behind a windbreak
John D. Wilson
*Department of Earth & Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta*
The Rao-Wyngaard-Cote (RWC) second-order closure model, popularly used to examine local advection in response to changes in surface temperature and moisture, has been implemented in such a way as to also allow for shelter-belts, often occurring along fencelines bounding altered land surfaces.
Numerical simulations are compared with existing observations of the modified mean temperature field, in the wake of a windbreak of height $H$ standing at $x = 0$, and show the daytime warm zone over $0 \leq x/H \leq 8$, with a cool zone farther to leeward.
4. Shear stresses and coherent motions downwind of variable-width shelterbelts
J. S. Warland\textsuperscript{1}, M. D. Novak\textsuperscript{2}, A. L. Orchansky\textsuperscript{2}, and R. Ketler\textsuperscript{2}
\textsuperscript{1}Dept. of Land Resource Science, University of Guelph
\textsuperscript{2}Faculty of Agricultural Science, University of British Columbia
We present results from a wind tunnel study of shelterbelts consisting of model spruce trees of uniform height placed in either 1, 2, 4 or 8 staggered rows perpendicular to the flow. Trials were run either in laminar flow or with upstream turbulence. Measurements were made of the three wind components using a tri-axial hot-film anemometer and recorded at 500 Hz. Wind and turbulence profiles were measured from the floor up to 4 times the tree height at 8 locations between 0.3 to 18 tree heights downwind of the shelterbelts. We will present an analysis of the shear stress budgets and coherent eddy motions at these measurement locations. The mixing-layer analogy will be used to quantify the effect of up-wind turbulence.
5. Internal boundary layers revisited and guidelines extended
Sergey Savelyev\textsuperscript{1}, Peter A Taylor\textsuperscript{1}, and John L. Walmsley\textsuperscript{2}
\textsuperscript{1}Department of Earth and Atmospheric Science, York University
\textsuperscript{2}Guest Scientist at Air Quality Research Branch, Meteorological Service of Canada
The Guidelines for flow above a change in surface roughness developed by Walmsley et al in 1989 were limited to strong wind, neutral stratification situations in part because of intended applications to wind energy and wind engineering. Current work aimed at utilising an extension of the guidelines in calculations of evaporation and gas transfer from lakes and ponds often has to deal with lower wind speeds and non-neutral stratification. As a part of this study we are revisiting the guidelines in order to allow calculations of the internal boundary-layer depth based on upwind roughness length (rather than downwind) and to include the effect of non-neutral stratification in the upstream flow. In addition the extended guidelines will allow for step changes in surface temperature, as these often accompany flow from land to water surfaces.
6. Numerical simulation of wind in plant canopies
Jean-Paul Pinard and John D. Wilson
Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta
Wind flow through several different plant canopies (a coniferous forest, a maize crop, and two artificial wind tunnel crops) is computer-simulated using a simple first-order closure (eddy diffusivity $K$ is proportional to a turbulence length scale times the root of turbulent kinetic energy). Simulations are compared against observations, and against earlier simulations (using second-order closure) described by Katul and Chang (1999). The variables of interest include the mean horizontal wind speed, the mean shear stress, and the turbulent kinetic energy, all of which vary with height $z$ in the canopy. Results show that the mean wind speed and shear stress given by the first-order closure compare very well with the Duke Forest measurements and with the second-order models.
1. Projection of enhanced greenhouse warming onto modes of climate variability
Dáithí Stone\(^1\), Andrew Weaver\(^1\), and Ronald Stouffer\(^2\)
\(^1\)School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria
\(^2\)Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory / NOAA, Princeton University
Variations in long term atmospheric circulation often take the form of large scale patterns. A possible interpretation of climate change due to rising levels of greenhouse gases is that such a change is projected onto these natural modes of variability. Inherent in this interpretation is the assumption that these patterns remain as dominant modes of variability in climates different from today.
The present study examines the validity of this assumption and the resulting interpretation. It compares 1000 years of global annual mean sea level pressure (SLP) and surface air temperature (SAT) in the climates resulting from \(b\), \(2x\), and \(4x\) pre-industrial concentrations of atmospheric CO\(_2\) simulated by the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory R15 coupled general circulation model. Empirical Orthogonal Function analysis is used to identify the modes, using both normal and standardised versions of the data fields.
While the SLP modes of covariance (normal data) and correlation (standardised data) are dominant in all three climates, only some of the SAT modes of correlation remain important. The projection of the climate change onto these modes will be presented.
2. The cold ocean-warm land pattern in CCC GCM
Jian Sheng
Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis
Wallace et al. (1996) identified the cold ocean-warm land (COWL) pattern as the anomalously warm cold-season months over the high-latitude continents. The COWL pattern in the CCC coupled GCM integrations have been investigated. The control run of the coupled GCM simulates the COWL reasonably well with somewhat smaller amplitudes. Results from the control, the double CO\(_2\) and the transient runs are compared. Indications of the COWL pattern as a forced mode due to the increased CO\(_2\) in the atmosphere are discussed.
3. Middle atmosphere response to CO\(_2\) doubling with the Canadian Middle Atmosphere Model (CMAM)
Jean de Grandpré, Victor I. Fomichev, Stephen R. Beagley, and John C. McConnell
York University, Toronto
The middle atmosphere (MA) response to the increase of anthropogenic greenhouse gases is a complex phenomenon and a subject of concern about the future evolution of the climate system. Trend analysis of observations taken over the past few decades suggest that a significant cooling between 2–10K/decade has occurred in various areas of the MA. A major concern associated with such a cooling is the impact on the long term evolution of the ozone layer and on the processes driving ozone depletion in polar regions.
The CMAM model has been used to study the response of the MA to a ‘double CO\(_2\)’ scenario. The model includes an interactive photochemical module to incorporate the coupling between ozone and temperature which is an important source of uncertainties in such studies. The model has been run in both interactive and non-interactive mode to address specifically the nature of the feedback mechanisms involved. It has been run with a non-interactive ocean to
produce a first estimation of the direct radiative response (cooling to space) due to the CO₂ increase which is the most significant forcing mechanism leading to the MA cooling over tropical and mid-latitude regions. The results show the presence of a negative feedback between ozone and temperature which reduce the magnitude of the cooling due to the doubled CO₂ concentration. Results also show small but significant changes in the ozone distribution throughout the MA associated with the CO₂ increase. This experiment is a first step toward a more comprehensive study that would include interactive ocean and transient sources of other greenhouse gases such as methane and nitrous oxide.
4. Perturbation and recovery of chemical species due to the Mount Pinatubo eruption as modeled by the Canadian Middle Atmospheric Model
Darryl Chartrand¹, J. Jiang², S. Beagley¹, J. de Grandpré¹, J-P. Blanchet³, and J. McConnell¹
¹Department of Earth and Atmospheric Science, York University
²JPL/NASA
³Université de Québec à Montréal
The eruption of Mount Pinatubo injected about 20 Mt of SO₂ into the stratosphere which subsequently was converted to stratospheric aerosols. The enhanced stratospheric aerosol number density cools the troposphere but it also results in increased stratospheric radiative heating rates and heterogeneous chemistry rates. The Canadian Middle Atmosphere Model (CMAM) is a fully interactive 3D model which has been used to study both the short term (a few months after the eruption) and long term (a few years) effects of the eruption of Mount Pinatubo on the atmosphere. The aerosol surface areas were derived from extinction coefficients from SAGE II observations. The model also includes important mid-latitude heterogeneous chemistry reactions. Preliminary analysis shows that the total water in the stratosphere as diagnosed by the tape recorder effect was affected. The ratio of active to inactive ozone destruction catalytic species such as NOy and Cly were also impacted. Results will show the chemical effects of enhanced aerosol loading as well as the recovery of the atmosphere several years after the eruption.
5. Mineral dust and climate change
Cathy Reader¹, Norman McFarlane², and George Boer²
¹Centre for Earth and Ocean Research, University of Victoria
²Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis
An on-line passive mineral dust aerosol model has been introduced into the Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis (CCCma) second generation atmospheric general circulation model. Fixed SST time-slice simulations are performed using sea surface temperatures from coupled atmosphere-ocean transient runs of the CCCma coupled model with carbon dioxide and sulphate aerosol effects corresponding to present day and projected future conditions. The resulting atmospheric dust distributions and deposition patterns are discussed in the context of possible future effects on radiative forcing and CO₂ draw down by trace element fertilization of the ocean.
1. Internal tides and waves in a complex estuary
Rich Pawlowicz
*University of British Columbia*
A spring/neap cycle in stratification correlated with modulations in tidal forcing can be seen in many estuaries and suggests that tides must be converted into mixing turbulence through some mechanism. The interaction of tidal forcing with sills is an obvious candidate. Since this behavior is strongly linked with the tide it is presumably highly regular, re-occurring in a similar fashion not only from tide to tide but also from year to year. Here I describe the time-dependent baroclinic behavior observed between two sills in a complex estuary (Haro Strait, British Columbia). Both large-scale low-frequency and small-scale high-frequency waves are generated. A theory is developed in order to understand the spatial patterns observed in temperature and velocity and it is shown that the Victoria Sill predictably generates a first mode internal tide with peak amplitude of 1 m/s. This is large enough that non-linear evolution occurs as the wave propagates away from the sill.
2. Inertial motions in Lake Ontario from coincident current meter and drifter measurements
Badal Pal\(^1\), Richard E. Thomson\(^2\), Alexander B. Rabinovich\(^3\), and Raj Murthy\(^4\)
\(^1\)Canadian Inst. for Climate Studies, Univ. of Victoria
\(^2\)Institute of Ocean Sciences, Sidney, B.C.
\(^3\)P. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Moscow, Russia
\(^4\)National Water Research Institute, Burlington, Ontario
We describe the cross-shore structure and seasonal variations of near-inertial oscillations in Lake Ontario along a transect starting from the Darlington Power Generating Station on the north shore of the lake. The analysis is based on concurrent measurements by moored 10 m-depth current meters and 3.5 m drogued satellite-tracked drifters deployed between April and October, 1990. The results show the following. (1) Fluctuations in the velocity field were predominantly in the near-inertial (0.7–1.8 cpd) and low-frequency (0.7 cpd) bands. Near-inertial currents were intermittent, wind-driven and dominated by the clockwise rotary component of motion. The peak frequency of inertial oscillations was blue-shifted by 4.7% of the local inertial frequency (\(f = 1.388\) cpd). (2) Near-inertial motions intensified with offshore distance whereas low-frequency motions peaked at about 4 km offshore, and then decayed with offshore distance. A sharp nearshore rise in the kinetic energy of near-inertial and low-frequency motions implies a coastal boundary layer of 5–7 km width. (3) In spring, when the lake was unstratified, near-inertial currents were weak (2–5 cm/s). With the onset of summer stratification, strong inertial currents were observed by all current meters except the mooring 1 km from shore. The rms speed of near-inertial currents reached a maximum of 15–20 cm/s from August through September in the offshore region. (4) In summer, the energy of inertial motions at 3.5 m depth was an order of magnitude greater than at 10 m depth. (5) Coherence estimates from the current meter records show that near-inertial motions remain well correlated over a cross-shore distance of 11 km.
3. Monthly mean and tidal flows in Cabot Strait
Denis Gilbert
*Institut Maurice-Lamontagne*
Cabot Strait is a 104 km wide, 500 m deep strait between Cape Breton and Newfoundland, at the entrance to the Gulf of St. Lawrence. In 1996, six current-meter moorings were deployed to measure the spatial and temporal structure of the flow through the Strait. Preliminary estimates give a mean inflow of about 0.8 Sv and a mean outflow of about 0.9 Sv for the June to November period for which we had simultaneous data from all instruments. A great deal of short-term current variability is superimposed onto those mean flows. We will examine this by focussing on the tidal currents in particular.
4. Observation of a summer renewal event in the Saguenay Fjord
Claude Bélanger\textsuperscript{1}, Yves Gratton\textsuperscript{2}, and François J. Saucier\textsuperscript{3}
\textsuperscript{1}Institut des sciences de la mer de Rimouski (ISMER)
\textsuperscript{2}INRS-eau
\textsuperscript{3}Maurice Lamontagne Institut, Dept. Fisheries and Oceans
The Saguenay Fjord is a 3-basin shallow-silled fjord discharging in the St. Lawrence estuary a few kilometers from the inner end of the Laurentian Channel. Among multi-basin fjords, the Saguenay can be considered as a typical since most of the time the density of the deep water of its inner basin is higher than the density of the deep water of its seaward basins. In fjords, deep water inflows occur when water entering across the sill is denser than the resident deep water. Due to its greater density, it sinks to the bottom displacing the resident deep water. If sufficient volumes of dense water enter the fjord, the complete renewal of the deep water occurs. In shallow-silled fjords, deep water inflows may occur as a series of pulses of denser water. According to the literature on the Saguenay Fjord, intrusions important enough to affect the entire inner basin are expected in winter. So far only partial replacements reaching halfway up in the inner basin have been observed in summer. An observation campaign has been held between May and early November 1998. CTD profiles were regularly sampled at a set of stations covering the entire length of the fjord and data from moored CTD and current meters were also obtained. The data show that, starting from the usual inverse gradient situation, a complete renewal of the deep water of the fjord has occurred in the second half of the summer, followed by a return to the inverse gradient situation. The wind over the St. Lawrence estuary has played a major role in the timing of the observed event through its effects on the density field at the mouth of the fjord. The details of this renewal event will be presented.
5. Response of an estuary to changes in river flow
Daniel Bourgault\textsuperscript{1}, François J. Saucier\textsuperscript{2}, and Charles A. Lin\textsuperscript{1}
\textsuperscript{1}McGill University
\textsuperscript{2}Maurice Lamontagne Institute, Dept. of Fisheries and Oceans
Climate warming over the St. Lawrence basin would increase evaporation and thus reduce the freshwater runoff through the St. Lawrence River, by up to 40% as suggested by some climate models in a $2 \times CO_2$ scenario. In order to evaluate the impact of such a change on the circulation and mixing in the St. Lawrence Estuary, a simplified laterally-averaged estuarine circulation model has been developed. The model includes tidal propagation, river flow, a realistic topography, and a turbulence closure that considers the bottom turbulence and the damping effect of stratification. The model reproduces the important physical processes that are known to occur and that control mixing, in particular the interaction of the stratified tidal flow with the topography (internal tides, high-frequency internal waves, density currents, hydraulic controls). Along with the bottom friction, these processes contribute to the mixing of the water column and buoyancy distribution that, in turn, determines the baroclinic pressure gradient driving the residual circulation of partially stratified estuaries.
Numerical results as well as available observations are used to quantitatively describe the effect of changes in river flows on the salt distribution, on the stratification, on the spatial and temporal variability of vertical mixing conditions and, on the intensity of the residual circulation.
1. RPN coupled modelling for environmental prediction research
Harold Ritchie, Pierre Pellerin, and Christiane Beaudoin
Recherche en prévision numérique
The coupled numerical modelling group at Recherche en prévision numérique (RPN) is supporting research and development for environmental prediction based on coupling a variety of numerical prediction models. Much of this is being accomplished through the Atlantic Environmental Prediction Research Initiative (AEPRI) in Halifax, Nova Scotia, in collaboration with other government, industry, and academic partners. In the past year significant progress has been made in projects particularly in collaboration with the Meteorological Service of Canada (MSC) – Atlantic and the Oceanography Department of Dalhousie University (Dal). The main ongoing coupled modelling and AEPRI sub-projects are: atmosphere-ocean coupling via the NSERC/MARTEC/AES Industrial Research Chair in Regional Ocean Modelling and Prediction in the Oceanography Department at Dal, coupling data assimilation and prediction systems for coastal applications, modelling the extratropical transition of hurricanes and typhoons, coupled atmosphere-wave models, coupled atmosphere-hydrology models, coupling with estuary models, and developing expert systems for marine applications. Numerous Environment Canada (EC) scientists have gained valuable experience and made significant progress in projects in the areas of storm surge prediction, improved oil spill trajectory modelling, wave modelling, severe weather prediction, and streamflow prediction, including preparing some new and innovative forecast products which are on the point of becoming operational. AEPRI has advanced to the point where it will soon become even more inter-disciplinary and provide an opportunity to integrate activities amongst EC’s various sectors. For example, the SLICK oil spill model is being used to give support to a project to study birds oiled at sea, and the AEPRI partners are principal investigators in projects on the prediction and mitigation of coastal flooding, as well as for a coupled atmosphere/ocean/biological/chemical observing and prediction system to study pollution in coastal inlets.
This presentation gives a status report, including results from several of the sub-projects not represented elsewhere in this Congress, and outlines plans for the future.
2. Drift trials in the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence to improve search-and-rescue (SAR) planning
Peter C. Smith and Donald J. Lawrence
Ocean Sciences Division, DFO, Bedford Institute of Oceanography
A set of three drift trials were conducted in the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence during Nov.-Dec., 1999, with the goals: 1) to test operational procedures for search-and-rescue and 2) to assess the skill of the newly-developed Dalhousie University Coastal Ocean Prediction System. The observed drift rates of three different types of target drifters Accurate Surface Tracker (AST), 4-person life raft (LR), and a shallow-draft disc (LCD) and two configurations of Self-Locating Data Marker Buoys (SLDMB), used for rescue operations, will be described, along with ancillary observations including hydrographic, Doppler current, bottom pressure, and wind data. Differences in target-specific mean drift will be discussed in light of leeway factors assigned to each drifter type, and the rates of horizontal dispersion for each cluster of buoys will be quantified and intercompared for later model comparisons.
3. Operational forecasting of surface drifter trajectories in Cabot Strait
Josko Bobanovic and Keith Thompson
Dalhousie University, Oceanography Department
We report on the most recent developments of Dalhousie Coastal Ocean Prediction System. In late November and early December 1999, a joint experiment was organised by the Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Canadian Coast Guard and Dalhousie to collect surface drifter data and validate model forecasts in real time. The dynamical model used to make forecast is based on the Princeton Ocean Model. It is driven by surface winds and forced to relax back to a climatological mean density field. The open boundary conditions at zero and tidal frequencies are derived using data assimilation the synoptic variability in the open boundary conditions is determined by a large-scale storm surge model.
A series of fifteen 48-hour forecasts was performed in real-time during the experiment. Predicted drifter trajectories in general agree well with the observations. Larger errors were observed for drifters that are more affected by the wind suggesting that the forecasts are sensitive to the specification of leeway factors and quality of forecast winds. Other sources of error is the specification of the local density field and baroclinic instabilities associated with it. An optimal interpolation scheme is used to assimilate various data sets into the model including surface drift, temperature and salinity data.
4. Validation of an oilspill trajectory model against a shallow drifter buoys deployment when driven by more realistic surface oceanic currents instead of oceanic depth averaged climatological currents
Serge Desjardins\textsuperscript{1}, Hal Ritchie\textsuperscript{1}, Josko Bobanovic\textsuperscript{2}, and Keith Thompson\textsuperscript{2}
\textsuperscript{1}Environment Canada
\textsuperscript{2}Dalhousie University
The MSC SLICK oil spill model has been demonstrated to be a very useful tool to predict the trajectories and the horizontal spreading of oil slicks occurring in marine environments even when driven by climatological ocean depth averaged currents.
The oil spill model includes parameterizations of various physical processes representing the movement and weathering of an oil slick. The movement of the slick is affected by wind-driven, tidal and depth averaged currents. The latter two currents are specified as external inputs and may themselves be results from models developed for those specific purposes. In the present version of SLICK, those two external inputs are based on tide tables and climatology. The purpose of the present work is to replace the climatological fields by outputs from a more realistic surface oceanic current model developed at Dalhousie University, which is already driven (one way interactive coupling) by three-hourly 10 m wind and atmospheric pressure forecast fields supplied daily by the Canadian Meteorological Centre (CMC).
At the conference we will present results based on a field study, conducted in December 1999 in Cabot Strait in collaboration with Dalhousie University/BIO and the Canadian Coast Guard. We will present results from SLICK (or another oil spill trajectory model) runs driven by climatological currents and numerical surface oceanic currents, and verify them against the corresponding observations supplied by a deployment of shallow drifter buoys.
5. A study of the extra-tropical re-intensification of former hurricane Earl using Canadian Meteorological Centre regional analyses and ensemble forecasts
Suhong Ma\textsuperscript{1}, John Gyakum\textsuperscript{2}, Hal Ritchie\textsuperscript{1}, Jim Abraham\textsuperscript{1}, Chris Fogarty\textsuperscript{1}, and Ron McTaggart-Cowan\textsuperscript{2}
\textsuperscript{1}Meteorological Service of Canada, Environment Canada, Dartmouth NS
\textsuperscript{2}Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, Montreal QC
Former hurricane Earl re-intensified rapidly while travelling through Canadian waters in September 1998. Its sea level pressure decreased 36hPa over a 36 hour period, and it caused heavy rain in Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia and over Newfoundland. A diagnostic study is conducted from a potential vorticity (PV) perspective using Canadian Meteorological Centre (CMC) regional analysis data. Former hurricane Earl's re-development was related to the interaction between a pre-existing low level PV anomaly and an upper level PV anomaly with its associated baroclinic zone. The key to the rapid intensification was the juxtaposition of the surface warm anomaly and the upper level PV anomaly, resulting in rapid re-intensification over the 36 hour period following 00 UTC 05 September 1998. This process was accompanied by a cold air intrusion and warm air wrapping up. As well, the behaviour of the operational CMC numerical weather prediction models was examined, particularly using output from the ensemble forecast system. This study concludes that the initial PV associated with former hurricane Earl (before re-intensification) is essential for the models to capture the strong re-intensification. All the members (except member-2 initialized at 00 UTC 3 September) which reached a minimum sea level pressure of less than or equal to 980hPa properly simulated the cold air intrusion and warm air wrapping up process, confirming the importance of baroclinic instability in the rapid re-intensification.
1. The carbon budget of Canadian forests
Werner A. Kurz
ESSA Technologies Ltd.
Terrestrial carbon (C) budgets should be based on a systems approach that accounts for the dynamics of all significant C stocks. The appropriate indicator for the net change in landscape-level (1 million ha) forest ecosystem C stocks is net biome production (NBP), which is calculated as net ecosystem production (NEP) minus losses from natural and anthropogenic disturbances. Stage of stand development and recent (30 years) disturbance history are the two overriding factors that determine the annual net C balance of a stand. At the landscape-level, age-class structure and disturbance regime are the primary characteristics that determine the annual net C balance. At both the stand and landscape level, environmental conditions (temperature, water balance, etc.) modify the short-term and long-term C dynamics. Carbon budgeting approaches based on forest inventories, such as the Carbon Budget Model of the Canadian Forest Sector, yield estimates of net biome production, but that model does not simulate physiological processes that may be affected by environmental changes. Flux measurements are important to help develop and parameterize models of ecosystem response to environmental conditions. To obtain landscape-level C budgets, results from flux measurements must be put into a systems framework with which to calculate NBP. We will review the estimates of NBP of the forests in Canada, demonstrate the role of changes in disturbance regimes during this century, and discuss some of the key uncertainties in these estimates.
2. Winter measurements of $N_2O$, NO and $NO_2$ fluxes using a micrometeorological method, following fall applications of various fertilizers
Selma R. Maggiotto and Claudia Wagner-Riddle
Dept. of Land Resource Science - University of Guelph
Atmospheric nitrous oxide concentration increase is of concern due to its greenhouse effect and its role in the destruction of the stratospheric ozone. Cultivated areas are a major anthropogenic source of this gas. Nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide are involved in the ground level chemistry of ozone and pollution. Increase in NO$_x$ emissions during winter and spring-thaw have been observed, and seem to be affected by management practices. The effect of winter and early spring conditions on NO and NO$_2$ fluxes has not received the same attention. The impact of the use of nitrogen fertilizers on gaseous emissions during winter and spring-thaw is not well understood and was the objective of this research. A micrometeorological method was used to measure winter and early spring $N_2O$, NO and $NO_2$ fluxes from a ryegrass area where three different mineral fertilizers were applied during the previous growing season. The fertilizers used were urea (U), slow-release urea (SRU) and ammonium nitrate (AN), and there was a control plot, with no fertilizers (C). Data collection occurred from November 1997 to March 1998.
Nitrous oxide emissions during December, January and February were small, averaging 2.21, 2.84, 0.25 and 0.11 ng m$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$ for U, SRU, AN and C plots respectively. March showed an increase of emissions, and the SRU plot had the highest emissions, averaging 25.6 ng m$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$, followed by U and AN (13.3 and 1.6 ng m$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$ respectively). Higher fluxes occurred at the end of the month, when air and soil temperatures increased rapidly. Total amounts of $N_2O$-N were significantly higher from SRU and U plots, and were related to mineral nitrogen content of the soil.
Nitric oxide fluxes from all plots were small during the measurement period (0.6 ng m$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$). NO flux from fertilized plots was significantly higher than from C plot during January to March. NO$_x$ fluxes were always negative (-5 ng m$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$) indicating uptake by the surface and some days of high concentration of NO$_x$ (45 ppb) were related to the most negative fluxes calculated. No significant difference in NO$_x$ fluxes among the experimental plots was observed.
3. Cuvette studies of isoprene emission & NO\textsubscript{2} deposition associated with agricultural plants
Christine Rigby\textsuperscript{1}, T. J. Gillespie\textsuperscript{1}, and J. Rudolph\textsuperscript{2}
\textsuperscript{1}University of Guelph
\textsuperscript{2}York University
Isoprene reacts with OH in the presence of NO\textsubscript{2} to form ground-level ozone, a secondary pollutant commonly found in photochemical smog. Cuvette studies have been used to monitor emission of isoprene from velvet bean leaves and deposition of NO\textsubscript{2} onto soybean leaves.
Globally, biogenic emissions of isoprene greatly outweigh those from anthropogenic sources, leading to problems associated with source identification and remediation. A study has been carried out to determine the stability of the $^{13}$C/$^{12}$C ratio in isoprene from velvet bean leaves under different light, temperature and leaf age regimes. Potentially, an inventory of typical ratios could be collected, allowing for rapid identification of sources and strengths from ambient air samples.
NO emission from soils has been thought to contribute to ozone formation in the troposphere in airsheds affected by urban air pollution. However, NO is rapidly oxidized to NO\textsubscript{2} close to the ground and uptake of NO\textsubscript{2} by leaves of agricultural crops may exceed emission of NO from soil microbes. This would allow for a net sink of NO\textsubscript{2} and a decrease in secondary pollutant formation. This study examines the pathway and rate of deposition of NO\textsubscript{2} onto leaves of soybean plants.
4. Measurement of soil carbon dioxide efflux using soil chambers in a coastal temperate rain forest
Gordon Drewitt, Altaf Arain, Andrew Black, Elyn Humphreys, Eva Jork, Zoran Nesic, and Robert Swanson
University of British Columbia, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences
This paper will discuss some preliminary results obtained using an automated closed loop soil chamber system to measure carbon dioxide efflux from the forest floor in a coastal temperate rain forest near Campbell River, B.C. This research station has been in operation as an Ameriflux site during the last two years with climate measurements and above canopy eddy correlation fluxes measured continuously during this period. The soil chamber system is designed to sequentially measure carbon dioxide accumulation in six chambers during a half hour period by closing the chamber lids for five minutes each. The chambers cover approximately 0.2 square meters which allow emissions from a relatively large patch of soil to be observed while the use of many chambers allow some issues of spatial heterogeneity over a larger scale to be addressed. A method of calibrating the chamber leakage using daily injections of low volumes of carbon dioxide enable unattended measurements to continue for up to a week duration.
While being notoriously difficult to obtain, chamber measurements of soil respiration can provide important insights into the processes affecting forest ecosystem productivity and the factors controlling soil carbon storage. During the month of August 1999 two chambers were in operation at the Campbell River for system testing purposes and to obtain preliminary estimates of soil respiration. Results show that soil temperature, as expected, has a strong influence on respiration rates and that magnitudes of flux can vary substantially over relatively small distances on the forest floor. Results obtained from this study will be compared to those obtained from a boreal forest ecosystem using similar chambers.
1. Climate sensitivity and climate state
G. J. Boer
Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis, Meteorological Service of Canada
The magnitude and nature of the response of the climate system to a change in forcing depends on an array of physical processes. The climate sensitivity, defined as the temperature change that would occur if the amount of CO$_2$ in the atmosphere were doubled and the system were allowed to come to a new equilibrium, is used to characterize model behaviour, to calibrate simplified models, and to scale model results when applied to a range of forcings.
The equilibrium climate change calculation which gives the climate sensitivity is easily done for models with a slab ocean but is seldom done for models with a full three-dimensional ocean because of the several millennia required to reach a new equilibrium. An effective climate sensitivity may be calculated in the non-equilibrium case and there is evidence that it varies with climate state. This is shown to be the case for the CCCma coupled general circulation model where the effective climate sensitivity increases with forcing level to a value somewhat higher than that indicated by the equilibrium slab-ocean calculation.
2. Cyclones, precipitation, and global warming
Steven Lambert
Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis - Meteorological Service of Canada
Climate model simulations predict that the number of mid-latitude winter cyclones will decrease with enhanced greenhouse warming. Although the total number of simulated cyclones decreases, the number of intense cyclone events increases. A possible explanation of this is that the levels of increased moisture accompanying greenhouse warming lead to increased latent heat release and increased development of mature cyclones. Results showing the relationship between precipitation and intensity of simulated cyclones are presented and discussed.
3. Extreme sea-level sensitivity to changes in storminess
Natacha Bernier$^1$, Keith Thompson$^1$, Josko Bobanovic$^1$, Harold Ritchie$^2$, and Serge Desjardins$^2$
$^1$Dalhousie University
$^2$Environment Canada
We use a validated storm surge model (Bobanovic 1997) to examine the sensitivity of return period of extreme sea-levels to changes in storminess. The surge model is a 2-D, barotropic and driven by winds and air pressure. It covers the Atlantic Canadian shelves. The wind and air pressure fields were obtained every three hours from September 1996 to February 1997. They are scaled up by factors of 10, 20, and 30% in order to simulate variations in storm intensity. The new fields are then used to drive the surge model. The variance in sea-level is calculated for the present climate and possible future scenarios. Using extremal probability analysis, changes in the sea-level variance are related to the return period of extreme sea-levels. We find that changes in variance are location dependent. The most vulnerable region, the one for which the increase in variance is larger for a given wind increase, is identified to be the Gulf of St. Lawrence.
4. The effects of simulated climate change on the hydrology of major river basins
Vivek Arora and George Boer
Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis, Meteorological Service of Canada
Changes in the climatology of precipitation, evapotranspiration, and soil moisture lead also to changes in runoff and streamflow. The potential effects of global warming on the hydrology of 23 major rivers are investigated. The runoff simulated by the CCCma coupled climate model for the current climate is routed through the river system to the river mouth and compared with results for the warmer climate simulated to occur towards the end of the century. Changes in mean discharge, in the amplitude and phase of the annual streamflow cycle, in the annual maximum discharge (the flood) and its standard deviation, and in flow duration curves are all examined. Changes in flood magnitudes for different return periods are estimated using extreme value analysis.
In the warmer climate there is a general decrease in runoff and in annual mean discharge, although this is not uniform and discharge increases for some rivers. Middle and high latitude rivers typically show marked changes in the amplitude and phase of their annual cycle associated both with a decrease in snowfall and an earlier spring melt in the warmer climate. Low latitude rivers exhibit changes in mean discharge but modest changes in their annual cycle. Changes in flow duration curves characterise the different kinds of behaviour exhibited by different groups of rivers.
1. The energetics and influence of the $M_2$ tide on the circulation of a two-silled fjord
Michael W. Stacey\textsuperscript{1} and Yves Gratton\textsuperscript{2}
\textsuperscript{1}Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston ON
\textsuperscript{2}INRS-Eau, Sainte-Foy, PQ
A laterally-integrated, two-dimensional numerical model is used to examine the influence of the $M_2$ tide on the circulation in the Saguenay Fjord, a two-silled fjord (with a large inner and a small outer basin) located on the north shore of the St. Lawrence Estuary. The influence of freshwater runoff on the circulation in the fjord is also taken into account. The simulated $M_2$ tidal velocity near the surface in the outer basin can exceed 1 m/s. The $M_2$ tide in the inner basin is much less vigorous, but it still has velocity amplitudes of about 10 cm/s in the deepest part of the inner basin. The $M_2$ tide has a significant influence on the sub-tidal circulation because much of the vertical mixing associated with the tidally-generated internal motions occurs in the smaller outer basin. Therefore, the density at depth in the outer basin decreases faster than it does in the inner basin, and the resulting horizontal pressure gradient causes a bottom flow of water from the inner to the outer basin across the inner sill. This reverse renewal is evident in both the available observations and the simulation.
According to the numerical model most of the $M_2$ energy withdrawn from the surface tide is fed into the internal tide. A significant amount of tidal energy is also advected by the mean flow velocity. The diffusive flux of tidal energy (i.e., the energy flux that is associated with motions that are sub-grid scale according to the model) is small. Most of the dissipation in the fjord occurs in the outer basin and is concentrated near the sills. Because of the sub-tidal circulation, the baroclinic pressure (i.e., the total pressure but with the influence of the surface displacement removed) is associated with energy fluxes greater than 150 MW within the fjord. These fluxes represent a large redistribution of energy within the fjord, and their horizontal divergence along the fjord is almost in balance with the rate of change of potential energy.
2. Seasonal and interannual variability of sea surface heights and slopes on the Scotian and Newfoundland Shelves
Guoqi Han, Charles L. Tang, and Peter C. Smith
Bedford Institute of Oceanography
The TOPEX/Poseidon (T/P) altimeter data from 1992 to 1998 have been used to study seasonal sea surface height variability on the Scotian and Newfoundland Shelves. The altimetric results are compared with steric heights, numerical model solutions and tide gauge data at Halifax and St. John's. The altimetric observations interpolated from nearby T/P data agree favorably with the tide-gauge data. The seasonal variation has a range of about 10 cm, with a maximum in late fall and a minimum in late spring. The comparison also indicates that the seasonal variability consists of steric effect, and local and large-scale wind responses. Along-track sea surface slopes are calculated from T/P sea surface height anomalies. The altimetric sea surface slopes indicate seasonal changes in shelf edge flows. The interannual sea level variability is also examined.
3. Topographically induced tidal mixing
Burkard Baschek, David Farmer, and Svein Vagle
Institute of Ocean Sciences, Sidney, Canada
Topographically induced tidal mixing processes have been studied in the estuarine regime of Haro Strait, B.C., Canada. Measurements with vessel mounted Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler, Echo Sounder, towed CTD, and measurements of the distribution of gas bubbles along several transects across tidal fronts in that area provide information about the temporal evolution of the fronts and associated eddies.
The strong tidal flow in Spieden Channel forms two front lines as it enters Haro Strait. These two front lines meet as the dense water sinks rapidly under the slowly moving surface water. It spreads at intermediate depths of 50-100m and mixes with the resident water mass. The boundary between the two water masses tilts and stretches with time due to effects of the density gradient and the strong currents. The highly energetic eddies, which are generated in the frontal zone, are stretched by these processes, which increases their circulation intensity, while the corresponding vortex tilting transforms horizontal into vertical circulation. Gas bubbles are trapped by the eddies and are drawn down to depths of up to 120m. The vertical current speed in these downwelling regions sometimes exceeded 0.5 m/s. These violent processes may play an important role in the aeration of the water masses exchanged between semi-enclosed basins and the open ocean.
4. A finite-element model of the Arctic Archipelago
David A. Greenberg\textsuperscript{1}, Paul S. Chapman\textsuperscript{1}, and M.G.G. Foreman\textsuperscript{2}
\textsuperscript{1}Coastal Ocean Science, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, N.S.
\textsuperscript{2}Ocean Productivity, Institute of Ocean Sciences, Patricia Bay, B.C.
Some of our early efforts modelling the tides and mean flows in the Arctic Archipelago have been described in past CMOS congresses. To look at the transport through the islands it is necessary to determine the frictional effect from the tidal currents. Modelling the tides in these complex areas has many intricacies. Steps in the process so far have involved: the least squares determination of the open boundaries by fitting to observations, iterating with the linear model to get the nonlinear effect of friction, throwing out obvious bad data, including geopotential effects, considering frictional effects from seasonal ice cover and expanding the domain to include more of the deep Arctic Ocean to properly allow for $M_2$ shelf waves in these high latitudes. In this presentation we will present the progress in modelling the tides and the tidal friction effects on the mean flow.
5. Influence of a step-like coastline on basin scale vorticity budget, for A-B-C-grid shallow water equation models and a quasi-geostrophic model
Frederic Dupont, David N. Straub, and Charles A. Lin
McGill University, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences Dept.
Global vorticity budgets in A-B-C-grid shallow water equation and quasi-geostrophic models of wind driven ocean circulation with free-slip boundary conditions are examined. We first note that for the shallow water models that, vorticity is a higher order variable with respect to velocity. Thus a discretized vorticity equation is only defined only at locations surrounded by velocity nodes. Therefore, the vorticity budget is only defined on a subdomain that excludes boundary grid nodes. At finite resolution, this implies that there can be an advective flux of vorticity across the perimeter of the vorticity-model-domain. For rectangular basins for which grid axes are aligned with the basin walls, this flux tends to zero as resolution is increased—as one would expect. We also consider the case in which the grid is rotated with respect to the basin, so that a step-like coastline results. Increased resolution then leads to more steps and, because of the singular geometry of steps, it is no longer obvious that this flux will vanish with infinite resolution. We note that, for the quasi-geostrophic model, the advective flux is smaller than for the shallow water equation models at the same resolution and that it does not show any strong dependence on the rotation of the grid with respect to the basin. We compare the results of the results of the different shallow water models with those of the quasi-geostrophic model at different resolution and rotation angle.
1. High-resolution real-time forecast research over W. Canada
Roland Stull, Henryk Modzelewski, Josh Hacker, and Xingxiu Deng
*University of British Columbia*
Daily, real-time, ensemble forecasts for Western Canada have been made at UBC for over 4 years. Experiments have been run with 3.3 km grid spacing over the Georgia Basin, and with multi-model, multi-IC, multi-physics ensembles. These research findings could be useful for high-res forecasts by operational centers. In particular, output of many traditional weather fields is useless in very-small domain mesoscale forecasts in complex terrain (e.g., isobars, contours, thickness, vorticity). Grid-cell forecasts in steep terrain must be localized during post processing to remove altitude biases. Ensemble forecasts on outer coarser meshes improve predictability upstream over the Pacific, while higher resolution on inner finer meshes is most important over complex terrain. Forecast case studies will be shown for fine mesoscale wind effects, including the Olympic Mountain Convergence Zone over Vancouver and Victoria. Research needs for further improvements at fine resolution will be discussed.
2. Verification of high-resolution numerical weather models for snow avalanche forecasting
Claudia Roeger, David McClung, Roland Stull, Josh Hacker, and Henryk Modzelewski
*University of British Columbia*
The objective is to determine whether output from high-resolution numerical weather prediction (NWP) models can be used as input for improved snow avalanche forecasting. Two high-resolution, real-time, numerical weather forecast models that are currently running at UBC are verified. The models use grid spacings of 3.3 km for the Whistler/Blackcomb ski area in the British Columbia Coast Mountains, and 2 km for Kootenay Pass in the Columbia Mountains. Standard statistical methods are used to compare the forecasts with surface observations of manual and automatic weather stations. Results of key parameters for avalanche forecasting, such as precipitation rate (snowfall) or wind, will be shown.
3. Heavy precipitation in the Greater Vancouver Regional District: The White Rock storm of 1999.
Brad Snyder\(^1\), Russell Higginson\(^2\), Marc Trudeau\(^2\), and Trevor Smith\(^3\)
\(^1\)Meteorological Service of Canada, Applications Services.
\(^2\)University of British Columbia
\(^3\)Meteorological Service of Canada, Pacific Weather Centre.
Long duration precipitation events are commonplace over coastal British Columbia and are generally well handled by numerical models and by meteorologists. In contrast, short duration very heavy precipitation events are less common and not forecast as well by those concerned. Indeed, mesoscale models which are routinely available to the forecasters, often fall short of capturing such local scale events.
This paper will present a case of heavy rains over south-western British Columbia. Specifically, the case of flooding on 8 June 1999 affecting the city of White Rock will be investigated. The focus of the discussion will be on the particular meteorological processes involved and the predictability of such storms given the tools available to the forecaster. Other similar cases will be described which suggest similar processes at work and further emphasize the difficulty of local scale forecasting.
4. Ensemble forecasting a bust
Joshua P. Hacker, S. Kravenhoff, and R. B. Stull
University of British Columbia Atmospheric Sciences
Tuesday, 9 February 1999, residents of the British Columbia (BC), Canada, lower mainland (Vancouver area) began preparing for an intense maritime cyclone that was forecast to bring heavy snow and rain, and strong winds to the area the evening of 10 Feb. The morning of 10 Feb., the local forecast office issued both a wind warning, with winds forecast to reach 60–80 km per h, and a snowfall warning with accumulations of 4–8 cm that evening. The afternoon forecast update also included wind and snowfall warnings, with the winds expected to increase to 70–90 km per h, and rainfall accumulations of 50 mm on 11 Feb. The low-pressure center was forecast to lay a few hundred km off the central BC coast by that evening, with the associated front (warm occluded) having crossed the lower mainland overnight on 10 Feb. By 1600 PST 11 Feb., the winds at Vancouver International Airport (YVR) were recorded as approximately 20 km/h, and the region did not receive significant precipitation until after 0400 PST 14 Feb.
Model guidance for this storm event was poor, prompting an investigation into the source of error for the forecast. To estimate the effect of initial condition uncertainty, a short-range ensemble system is developed and tested on a LAM grid for a 10-day period surrounding the storm. To estimate the effect of model uncertainty, a physics-based ensemble is run for the same period. Results suggest that the IC-based ensemble is a good first-order estimate of IC uncertainty. The behavior of the ensemble also suggests a fairly good sampling of the IC probability density function. Comparing the results with the physics-based ensemble shows that the IC uncertainty is more important than model uncertainty for this case.
5. Models of coastally trapped disturbances: Validation from realistic simulations
P. L. Jackson\textsuperscript{1}, K. J. Tory\textsuperscript{1}, and C. J. C. Reason\textsuperscript{2}
\textsuperscript{1}Environmental Studies Program, University of Northern British Columbia
\textsuperscript{2}School of Earth Sciences, University of Melbourne
Numerical simulations of the 15–17 May 1985 atmospheric Coastal Trapped Disturbance (CTD) event along the west coast of North America are compared with the schematic model of CTD evolution developed by Skamarock et al. (1999) (SRK99) which was based upon more idealized simulations. It is shown that the general evolution of the May 1985 CTD is consistent with the SRK99 schematic model. It is further shown that secondary effects not contained in the SRK99 simulations, such as diurnal radiation variations and mesoscale topographic variations, can account for the variable CTD initiation and propagation observed both in nature and in the present numerical simulations. Diurnal radiation variations, coupled with differential heating of land and ocean, appear to play an important role in setting up the alongshore temperature gradient necessary for CTD formation and evolution. The modelled CTD is found to change dynamical characteristics from an initial Kelvin wave / bore similar to that discussed in Ralph et al. (1999) to a gravity current, and this change is consistent and coincident with a sharp change in translation speed of the disturbance.
References
Ralph, F.M., L. Armi, J.M. Bane, C. Dorman, W.D. Neff, P.J. Neiman, W. Nuss, P.O.G. Persson, 1998: Observations and analysis of the 10–11 June 1994 coastally trapped disturbance. \textit{Mon. Wea. Rev.}, 126, 2435–2465.
Skamarock, W.C., R. Rottuno, J.B. Klemp, 1999: Models of coastally trapped disturbances. \textit{J. Atmos. Sci.}, in press.
1. Environmental controls of carbon dioxide fluxes above a Pacific Northwest Douglas-fir forest
Eva-Maria Jork\textsuperscript{1}, T. Andrew Black\textsuperscript{1}, Gordon B. Drewitt\textsuperscript{1}, Elyn R. Humphreys\textsuperscript{1}, Zoran Nesic\textsuperscript{1}, Nigel J. Livingston\textsuperscript{2}, M. Altaf Arain\textsuperscript{1}, Michael D. Novak\textsuperscript{1}, and Dave L. Spittlehouse\textsuperscript{3}
\textsuperscript{1}University of British Columbia, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences
\textsuperscript{2}University of Victoria, Department of Biology
\textsuperscript{3}BC Ministry of Forests, Research Branch
This paper reports carbon sequestration by a 50-year-old, 33-m-tall Douglas-fir (\textit{Pseudotsuga menziesii} (Mirb.) Franco) forest (an Ameriflux site) near Campbell River, Vancouver Island. We investigated environmental controls on CO\textsubscript{2} fluxes (Fc) for 1997–99 and developed empirical models. Because anabatic/katabatic winds and land-sea circulations affect this sloping site, the significance of advective and drainage flows was assessed.
Eddy-covariance fluxes were measured by a 3-dimensional sonic anemometer (R2, Gill Instruments), a krypton open-path hygrometer (KH20, Campbell Scientific Inc.), and an infrared-gas analyzer (6262, LI-COR Inc.), mounted at the 43-m height on a 51-cm triangular tower. The analyzer, which had a 4-m-long heated sampling tube, was temperature-controlled and automatically calibrated daily. Half-hour fluxes were calculated on-line by a PC and transmitted daily to UBC via modem/cellular phone. A 3000 Amp-hour 12-V battery/generator system supplied power.
Photosynthesis occurred throughout the year resulting in CO\textsubscript{2} uptake frequently exceeding 20 and 10 \(\mu\)mol/m\textsuperscript{2}/s in spring/summer and winter, respectively. Relating daily mean CO\textsubscript{2} uptake to photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), air temperature, saturation deficit and soil moisture (qv) using residual analysis, we developed a model explaining 68 of the total variance. Similarly, a respiration model derived from relationships between nighttime mean Fc (when friction velocity 0.2 m/s) and soil temperature, qv and PAR on the previous day accounted for 67 of the measured variance.
Clearly affected by the El-Niño and La-Niña events, carbon uptake was 31 higher in 1999 (514 gC/m\textsuperscript{2}) than in 1998 (394 gC/m\textsuperscript{2}), as a result of lower 1999 temperatures reducing respiratory loss and gross photosynthesis by 12 and 3, respectively. These high uptake rates suggest that West Coast forests play an important role in the global carbon cycle. Climate change, however, is likely to significantly alter their sink capacity because CO\textsubscript{2} exchange between forests and the atmosphere is strongly affected by environmental factors.
2. Carbon fluxes following harvesting and fire in the boreal forest
Brian Amiro
Canadian Forest Service, Northern Forestry Centre
Disturbances by fire and harvesting are thought to control the carbon balance of the Canadian boreal forest. However, there are few direct measurements of carbon fluxes following disturbances to provide data needed to refine mathematical models. The eddy covariance technique was used with paired towers to measure fluxes simultaneously at disturbed and undisturbed sites over periods of about one week during the growing season. The disturbances were: a one-year-old burned jackpine stand that experienced an intense crown fire near Fort Providence, Northwest Territories a one-year-old clearcut aspen area near Peace River, Alberta and a ten-year-old burned, mixed forest near Prince Albert National Park, Saskatchewan. Nearby mature forest stands of the same types were also measured as controls. Daytime CO\textsubscript{2} fluxes were much reduced at the harvested site, but night-time CO\textsubscript{2} fluxes were identical to that of the mature aspen forest. The overall effect was that the harvested site was a carbon source of about 2.4 g carbon m\textsuperscript{-2} day\textsuperscript{-1}, while the mature site was a sink of about –4 g carbon m\textsuperscript{-2} day\textsuperscript{-1}.
The one-year-old burn had a continuous CO₂ efflux of about 0.8 g carbon m⁻² day⁻¹ compared to the mature jackpine forest sink of ~0.5 g carbon m⁻² day⁻¹. The 10-year-old burned site had half-hour CO₂ fluxes that were slightly less than a mature site, but there was no significant difference between the daily integration (~1.3 g carbon m⁻² day⁻¹ at mature site and ~2.9 g carbon m⁻² day⁻¹ at 10-year-old burn site). It appears that most of the effect occurs within the first ten years following disturbance, but more data are needed on other forest and disturbance types for the first 20 years following the disturbance event.
3. Water vapour and carbon dioxide fluxes above a boreal deciduous forest
M. A. Arain¹, T. A. Black¹, A.G. Barr², D.L. Verseghy³, and E. H. Hogg⁴
¹Biometeorology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
²Climate Research Branch, Atmospheric Environment Service, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
³Climate Research Branch, Atmospheric Environment Service, Downsview, ON, Canada
⁴Northern Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Edmonton, AL, Canada
Water vapour and carbon dioxide fluxes above land surfaces are sensitive to changes in temperature and precipitation patterns and associated feedback processes. In this paper, the responses of these fluxes to interannual climatic variability over the last five years (1994–1999) in a boreal aspen ecosystem in Saskatchewan, Canada will be presented. These fluxes are being measured using the eddy covariance technique as part of the Boreal Ecosystem Research and Monitoring Sites (BERMS) program. The primary climatic control on carbon sequestration was spring temperature. Warm springs caused early leaf emergence and significantly increased ecosystem photosynthesis but had little effect on respiration. Implications of early leaf emergence on evaporation and water use efficiency will be discussed. Results of using the Canadian Land Surface Scheme (CLASS) to simulate the effects of interannual variability on these fluxes will also be reported. A single-layer process-based two-leaf (sunlit and shaded) model of canopy conductance and photosynthesis (based on the Farquhar approach) was incorporated into CLASS.
4. Evaporation from a Canadian West Coast Douglas-fir forest: Seasonal patterns and controls
Elya R. Humphreys¹, T. Andrew Black¹, Eva-Maria Jork¹, Gordon B. Drewitt¹, Zoran Nesic¹, Dave L. Spittlehouse², and M. Altaf Arain¹
¹University of British Columbia, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences
²BC Ministry of Forests, Research Branch
This presentation reviews the past two years of eddy covariance measurements of latent and sensible heat flux made above a 50-year-old, 33-m tall Douglas-fir forest near Campbell River, Vancouver Island. This stand is part of the Pacific Northwest seasonal temperate rainforest where winters are typically wet and mild, while summers are warm and dry. These conditions provide a unique opportunity to illustrate how the physical and physiological controls on evaporative water loss and energy exchange may change abruptly between and within the seasons.
One particular challenge with year-round, tower-based eddy covariance measurements is to ensure data quality under extremely challenging weather conditions. High humidity and contaminants in the sampling tube leading to the closed-path infra-red gas analyzer were found to cause water vapour signal attenuation. A convenient correction procedure dealing with the resultant flux underestimation is presented.
Annual water loss to the atmosphere from this canopy was dominated by dry canopy, summer evaporation, primarily through the process of transpiration. Between April and September, total evaporation accounted for 74 and 71 percent of the 415 mm and 375 mm of water lost to the atmosphere in 1998 and 1999, respectively. However, evaporation rates were clearly limited by the surface conductance through physiological control of water loss. Surface conductance became increasingly limiting as soil water potential decreased and atmospheric saturation deficit increased. Winter evaporation rates during November through February were far from negligible ranging from 10.2 to 20.2 mm per month. Sensible heat fluxes were observed to be generally directed downwards toward the canopy as heat was removed from the air to support evaporation of intercepted rainfall. Given a non-zero atmospheric saturation deficit and sufficient turbulence, significant evaporation rates from the wet canopy were observed during both the day and night.
5. Climate change, Douglas-fir growth and carbon sequestration
D.L. Spittlehouse
B.C. Ministry of Forests
The 1.1 million hectares of second growth Douglas-fir forests in coastal BC are sequestering 1 to 5 Mt carbon/yr. Annual growth is strongly related to summer moisture availability. A forest water balance model and forests growth and yield model were used to assess change in growth over the next 50 years due to a change in summer rainfall and evaporative demand. The relationship between summer water availability and growth had a slope of 2 t C in total above and below ground biomass at 50 years per mm of available water. The effect of reduced rainfall and increased temperature on summer water availability and growth was calculated for a transient climate change scenario over 50 years. Growth was reduced during this period by 15 to 25 t C/ha depending on the site, about a 5% reduction in growth. Increased photosynthesis rates due to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration may offset some of this reduction, but further reductions could occur through increased occurrence of fire, disease and pests.
1. Climate Station History Metadata Project
Anna Deptuch-Stapf and Robert Morris
Climate and Water Products Division, Meteorological Service of Canada
Accurate analysis, application and interpretation of historical climatic data require detailed knowledge of the observing program and instruments from the observing locations. This is true for climate change monitoring and detection research, calculating climatic normals, or conducting other specialized or applied climatological studies. The need for climate station metadata includes instruments and their siting and maintenance, and information about the observation program such as schedules and procedures. Canadian participation in the WMO Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) requires that digital copies of historical climate data and metadata be available at a designated WMO World Data Center.
Paper inspection reports for more than 7000 climate stations, dating back to the 1800s, are archived with the Meteorological Service of Canada in Toronto. Climate Change Action Fund funding was secured for the project – Digitization and Accessibility of Climate Station History MetaData. This project is concerned with digitizing the paper station records, and organizing, indexing and providing access to the resulting information in digital files.
The purpose of this paper is to describe the project for the climate change research community and other users of climate data, and provide an update on its status. Particular attention will be placed on file format and accessibility options with illustrative examples provided for a number of GCOS stations.
2. Gridded climate data for the prairie provinces
R. F. Hopkinson
Environment Canada, Prairie & Northern Region
In contrast to the gridded climate data based on the rehabilitated temperature and precipitation data sets, this set of gridded climate data (monthly mean temperature and total precipitation) uses all of the monthly data in the National Climate Archive. The purpose of this data set is not to detect climate change but rather to provide as much detail as possible on a 50 km grid spacing on a polar stereographic secant projection true at 60°N. Prior to the 1950s, only the southern prairies had sufficient data for complete coverage and prior to 1900, only part of southern Manitoba. Applications of this gridded data include distributed input to hydrologic models, GIS, detailed Palmer Drought Index analysis for various applications, regional water resource assessments and spatial analysis of avian botulism outbreaks to name a few. The paper will describe how the station data were analyzed to the grid, the limitations of the gridded data and a few applications of the gridded climate data.
3. Characteristics of daily and extreme temperatures over Canada
Barrie Bonsal, Xuebin Zhang, Lucie Vincent, and William Hogg
Climate Research Branch, Meteorological Service of Canada
This study examines 20th century trends and variability in Canadian daily minimum and maximum temperature with particular emphasis on extremes. Using recently updated, homogenized daily data, spatial and temporal characteristics of daily and extreme temperature related variables are analyzed on a seasonal basis for the periods 1900–98 (over southern Canada), and 1950–98 (over the entire country). From 1900–98, the majority of southern Canada shows significantly increasing trends to the lower and higher percentiles of the daily minimum and maximum temperature distribution. The results translate into fewer days with
extreme low temperature during winter, spring, and summer and more days with extreme high temperature during winter and spring. No consistent trends are found for the higher percentiles of summer daily maximum temperature indicating little change to the number of extreme hot summer days. Over south-western Canada, increases are larger to the left-hand side of the daily minimum and maximum temperature distribution resulting in significant decreases in intraseasonal daily temperature variability. Results from 1950–98 display substantial regional differences, especially, during winter and spring. This involves significant increases to the low and high percentiles over the west, and decreases over the east.
The largest daily temperature trends (both minimum and maximum) occur during winter and early spring when substantial warming is observed. For summer, increases are only associated with daily minimum temperature. Autumn displays varying results with some late season cooling, mainly over western regions. The observed warming trends have had a substantial effect on several economically sensitive indices. This includes significant increases to the number of growing and cooling degree days, and significant decreases to the number of heating degree days. In addition, the length of the frost free period is significantly longer over most of the country.
4. Bias in the observations of precipitation amounts from AWOS
Ewa Milewska
Meteorological Service of Canada
Meteorological Service of Canada uses Automated Weather Observing System (AWOS) to automate principal weather stations. One-year long (1995/1996) concurrent man and AWOS daily observations are used to detect the presence of systematic biases in precipitation amounts for the purpose of adjusting long-term climatological time series. While AWOS uses modified AES Fisher and Porter Weighing Gauge for precipitation totals, observers read rainfall amounts from the manual AES Standard Type B Rain Gauge, and snowfall amounts from the Nipher Snow Gauge which are sometimes combined with ruler measurements of snow depth. In most cases AWOS is located in open areas close to the runways, usually a few hundred meters away from the old manned site. Preliminary results indicate that, overall, AWOS greatly overestimates, by up to 165%, small precipitation amounts of 5 mm or less, while underestimating, by up to 12%, the amounts higher than 5 mm. The instrumental differences seem to be the major reason for this disagreement.
5. Brief intense rainfalls are becoming more frequent in Vancouver B.C.
Reg Dunkley
Environment Canada
Engineers from the City of Vancouver, British Columbia noticed that the frequency of rainstorm related flooding episodes within the City had increased in recent years. Environment Canada meteorological investigations of some of these flooding episodes revealed that such incidents were usually associated with intense downpours lasting less than one hour. As a result, this study concentrated on rainfall durations of 10 minutes, 15 minutes and 30 minutes in length. The archived tipping bucket rainfall intensity data for Vancouver International Airport from the 36 year period 1961 to 1996 was examined. This dataset consisted of values of the daily maximum rainfall amounts for each of the standard duration periods (5, 10, 15, 30 and 60 minute intervals as well as 2, 6, and 12 hour intervals). For each year, the number of days when the rainfall intensity exceeded 10 mm/hour was determined. It was found that for all duration intervals, there was a substantial increase in rainfall intensity when the decade ending in 1976 was compared to the decade ending in 1986. For 15 and 30 minute durations, this increasing trend continued and the number of days for the decade ending in 1996 were nearly
double the number of days for the decade ending in 1976. Histograms of the number of days per year when rainfall intensity exceeded 10 mm/hour suggest that intense rainfalls are more frequent after 1976. This coincides to the time when the North Pacific pressure pattern and Pacific Decadal Oscillation underwent a step like change. A comparison with rainfall measurements taken at airports in Victoria, Abbotsford and Comox did not show a similar trend which suggests that the recent changes in Vancouver were localized. It is not obvious what elevated the frequency of intense rainfall events in the 1980's and through the 1990's in Vancouver but it is conceivable that increased urbanization and development played a role.
6. An exploration of precipitation variability in the southern Canadian Cordillera over the past four centuries
Emma Watson and Brian Luckman
The University of Western Ontario
Several studies have identified links between conditions in the Pacific Ocean and precipitation and temperature anomalies in western North America. Particular attention has focussed on the widespread impacts of low-frequency variability in the Pacific Ocean. Unfortunately, instrumental records are too short to characterise these low-frequency variations adequately. Tree-ring chronologies provide annually-resolved proxy records of climatic variables that are influenced by conditions over the Pacific and may potentially provide data on this low frequency variability over much longer timescales.
Moisture-sensitive tree-ring chronologies have been used to develop high-quality (i.e., well-verified) precipitation reconstructions for individual meteorological stations in the southern Canadian Cordillera (Banff, Jasper, Cranbrook, Westwold, Kamloops and Penticton). The longest of these extends back to 1430 and explains over half of the variance in the instrumental precipitation record of the last 100 years (Watson, 1998). Similarities in the low-frequency variations in these reconstructions suggest a common, large scale forcing. A dense, irregularly spaced network of 50 tree-ring chronologies has been developed from moisture-stressed sites in the southern Canadian Cordillera in the area between Alexis Creek, Prince George, Jasper and Waterton. Preliminary results suggest that, though often dissimilar at high frequencies, low pass filtered chronologies display coincident intervals of enhanced and reduced growth (i.e. wet and dry conditions) possibly indicative of large-scale circulation anomalies. These analyses also indicate that relationships between the chronologies are not consistent through time suggesting variations in the dominant control of precipitation or possibly interplay between multiple controls. This chronology network can be used to explore spatial patterns of precipitation in the southern Canadian Cordillera over the last 2–3 centuries and the nature and cause(s) of any coherent low-frequency precipitation variability. The reconstructions may also permit the exploration of the variability of precipitation (and possibly its dominant controls) related to changing background climate during this period that can complement modelling experiments.
1. On a stabilizing feedback to the ocean thermohaline circulation
Stephen C. Newbigging, Lawrence A. Mysak, and Zhaomin Wang
Centre for Climate and Global Change Research and The Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University
A coupled ocean-atmosphere one-hemisphere box model of the ocean thermohaline circulation (THC) is presented which is a modification of that investigated by Nakamura, Stone and Marotzke. As in Nakamura et al. the atmospheric heat and moisture transports are parameterized as functions of the atmospheric temperature and temperature gradient. However, in contrast to the Nakamura et al. model, in which the atmospheric surface temperature is diagnosed from the sea surface temperature (SST), here the atmospheric temperature is allowed to vary independently. The effect of this refinement on the behavior of the THC under high latitude freshwater perturbations is shown to be stabilizing. Specifically, the destabilizing effect of atmospheric freshwater and heat transports is shown to be about 25% smaller when surface air temperatures are allowed to vary independently as compared to when they are diagnosed directly from SST.
2. Changes in Northwest Atlantic Deep Water properties in the early 1990's
R.M. Hendry and I.M. Yashayaev
Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Bedford Institute of Oceanography
Northwest Atlantic Deep Water (NWADW) is the densest deep water mass of the northern North Atlantic. NWADW is a diluted form of Denmark Strait Overflow Water (DSOW) that originates in the Greenland Sea and is exported to the North Atlantic through Denmark Strait. Interannual variations in air-sea interaction modulate the formation and export of DSOW, and thus change the thermohaline circulation of the North Atlantic. NWADW moves from its northern source region to the deep North Atlantic via deep boundary flows. A component of the deep boundary current follows a counterclockwise path around the perimeter of the deep Labrador Sea and exits to the south on the western side. The waters carried by this deep flow continue into the Newfoundland Basin and beyond as the classical Deep Western Boundary Current. An analysis of changes in NWADW properties in the deep Labrador Sea based on historical data and annual transects carried out since 1990 shows spatially and temporally coherent patterns of interannual variability. A relative maximum in Labrador Sea NWADW temperature and salinity in the late 1980's was followed by a period of freshening and cooling that produced near-record-low temperatures in 1996. Newfoundland Basin measurements from 1990-1995 allow some insight into the downstream evolution of these changes. The temperature and salinity of the densest layers on the continental rise in the western Newfoundland Basin co-varied with the Labrador Sea changes during the 1990-1995 period: changes in source properties appear to move relatively rapidly along the boundary. The temperature and salinity in the deepest waters in the interior of the Newfoundland Basin also varied during this period, but the changes are less easy to interpret.
3. Stability of the Mediterranean's thermohaline circulation under modified flux forcing
Paul Myers\(^1\), Keith Haines\(^2\), and Stephan Matthiessen\(^2\)
\(^1\)Department of Physics and Physical Oceanography, Memorial University of Newfoundland
\(^2\)Department of Meteorology, University of Edinburgh
A series of experiments with an ocean general circulation model of the Mediterranean forced by surface fluxes of heat and freshwater are performed. The amount of excess evaporative loss from the basin is varied from 20% to 125% of today's value. Small increases (up to 10%) of excess evaporation, similar to what has been suggested to be presently occurring within the basin, produce a linear response, with increased salinity and enhanced circulation, but no major differences in the basic circulation mode. The behavior is also linear for decreases in excess evaporation, with a decrease in salinity, weakening of the circulation and of convection. The deep waters become unventilated (which could lead to sapropel formation in paleoclimatic times) while the main source of intermediate water formation switches to the Adriatic. However, large increases in excess evaporation produce very non-linear behavior, with enhanced mixing at the Strait of Gibraltar leading to rapid salinification of the basin, changes in the convection locations, and then an eventual circulation collapse to produce a mode very similar to that seen in the reduced excess evaporation experiments (albeit with very different hydrography). In all cases, the main west-east thermohaline cell remains stable.
4. Response of the thermohaline circulation to cold climates
Zhaomin Wang and Lawrence A. Mysak
Centre for Climate and Global Change Research and Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University
A simple coupled atmosphere-ocean-sea ice-land surface-ice sheet model (Wang and Mysak, 2000a, 2000b) is employed to study the response of the thermohaline circulation (THC) to various global coolings. The global cooling scenarios are realized by reducing the present day atmospheric CO\(_2\) concentration gradually over a 5000-year period to different values and then maintaining these final values in the model for around 10 ka. Generally, it is found that the response of the THC to global cooling is nonlinear: For a slightly cold climate, the North Atlantic overturning cell (NAOC) and the Pacific upwelling become intensified. For a very cold climate, the NAOC may be weakened or even collapsed. The associated Pacific upwelling for a very cold climate also becomes weak when the NAOC is weakened and intermediate deep water may form in Pacific when the NAOC is collapsed. The results suggest that a very cold climate may lead to a decrease of the meridional density gradient and an increase of the vertical density difference (lower layer density minus upper layer density), which can weaken or shut down the NAOC.
Further sensitivity experiments are done to investigate the haline-only or thermal-only effects on the THC during global cooling. As the climate is cooled in these experiments, the model is adjusted so that there is no effect on the ocean temperature or there is no effect on the ocean salinity. The global cooling induced reduced atmospheric poleward moisture transport and the growing of continental ice masses lead to the intensification of the NAOC. The global cooling induced oceanic cooling may lead to the weakening or shutting down of the NAOC. Therefore, we conclude that the thermal effect is dominant in the weakening or shutting down of the NAOC. Based on the above model results, we propose that the climate during the LGM may favor a not so strong THC mode in contrast, the climate during the initiation and early stages of the last glaciation may favor a stronger THC mode.
5. A thermally and mechanically driven model of the ACC
Richard Karsten, Helen Jones, and John Marshall
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Inspired by laboratory experiments and eddy-resolving numerical simulations, a simple theory for the structure of a circumpolar current is developed. Cooling and sucking within a given radius of the center of a rotating cylindrical tank combined with heating and pumping elsewhere are used to generate a temperature front and associated flow. This mirrors the forcing that supports the ACC: up-welling and cooling of polar waters to the south with warming and subduction to the north. Sustained thermal and mechanical forcing promote and strengthen the front which becomes baroclinically unstable, the growing waves feeding off the available potential energy to form vigorous eddies. Once the flux of buoyancy due to these eddies is sufficient to balance the surface buoyancy flux a statistically steady current is observed. Relationships are derived for the depth of penetration, width and strength of this current in terms of the surface buoyancy flux and wind stress. Despite the simplicity of our assumptions, our formulae give surprisingly reasonable predictions of the vertical scale and speed of the ACC.
6. Circulation within the North Water Polynya in Baffin Bay
Humphrey Melling\textsuperscript{1}, Grant Ingram\textsuperscript{2}, and Yves Gratton\textsuperscript{3}
\textsuperscript{1}Institute of Ocean Sciences, Sidney, Canada
\textsuperscript{2}St Georges College, University of British Columbia, Canada
\textsuperscript{3}INRS-Eau, Sainte-Foy, Canada
The North Water is a recurrent polynya at the northern end of Baffin Bay. As part of the International North Water Project, recording current meters were moored within this polynya during 1997–98 to study the physical reasons for its existence. The North Water is dominated by a strong southward flow of cold water and ice from the Arctic Ocean. Although most of the warm West Greenland Current crosses Baffin Bay to the south of the polynya, a branch provides a modest northward flow of warm water up the eastern side. When the inflow of ice from the north is blocked in Smith Sound, the continued drift out of northern Baffin Bay is sufficient to create the North Water, without oceanic heating. The warm northward flow is diverted by the complex glaciomarine topography near the Carey Islands, where it loses much of its heat through re-circulation into and isopycnal mixing with the Arctic outflow. The remnant that continues north is overrun by cold Arctic waters of lower salinity. However, upwelling near the Greenland coast forced by Ekman transport brings the warm water to the base of the turbulent surface layer where it is entrained. The resulting flux of sensible heat provides about one third of the surface heat loss and reduces ice growth correspondingly. Brine-driven convection provides the energy for entrainment. Therefore, the sensible heat forcing of the polynya is dependent upon freezing. In particular, since the sensible heat flux decreases as ice growth slows in spring, this mechanism cannot explain the early appearance of ice-free waters.
1. Skill of seasonal hindcasts as function of the ensemble size
Slava Kharin\textsuperscript{1}, Francis Zwiers\textsuperscript{1}, and Normand Gagnon\textsuperscript{2}
\textsuperscript{1}Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis, Meteorological Service of Canada
\textsuperscript{2}Canadian Meteorological Centre, Meteorological Service of Canada
Forecast skill as function of the ensemble size is examined in a 24-member ensemble of northern winter hindcasts produced with the second generation general circulation model of the Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis. These integrations are initialized from the NCEP reanalyses lagged by 6 hours prior to the forecast season. The sea surface temperatures are forecasted by persisting the monthly mean anomaly observed prior to the forecast period. Potential predictability of the lower boundary forced variability is estimated.
The skill maximum of zero time lead forecasts in the first 1–2 weeks, when the skill originates predominately from the initial conditions, is achieved for relatively small ensemble sizes. The forecast skill in the rest of the season increases monotonically with the ensemble size. The skill of DJF Z500 hindcasts in the Northern Hemisphere and in the Pacific/North America sector improves substantially when the ensemble size increases from 6 to 24. The statistical skill improvement is also better for larger ensembles.
2. Probabilistic approach to seasonal forecasting
Normand Gagnon and Richard Verret
Weather Element Division, Development Branch, Canadian Meteorological Centre
Dynamical atmospheric models have been used at the Canadian Meteorological Centre (CMC) to produce temperature and precipitation seasonal forecasts. The models used are the Canadian Climate Centre for modelling and analysis (CCCma) General Circulation Model second generation (GCMII) and the Recherche en Prévision Numérique (RPN) Global Spectral model (SEF). An ensemble of six members of each model is run using different atmospheric initial conditions lagged by six hours. The models are forced by sea surface temperature, sea ice cover and snow field.
The CMC operational products issued are in the form of categorical anomalies (below, normal and above) over Canada. These categorical forecasts are made using, as a predictor, the difference between the 12 member ensemble mean field and a 26 year climate (deterministic method). A probabilistic approach is proposed to try to extract additional information from the ensemble member dispersion. Forecast probabilities are calculated by counting the number of individual members in each of the three categories at every location and then by dividing by the ensemble size.
To estimate the skill of the models, the forecast system was tested in hindcast mode over the period 1969 to 1994 (Historical Forecasting Project). A comparison between the deterministic and probabilistic approaches is done. The performance of the probabilistic forecast based on Relative Operating Characteristics curves were generally equivalent to the deterministic ones. However, it could be concluded from reliability diagrams that the approach based on probability as a clear advantage. The probabilistic forecasts carry more information and therefore could be potentially more useful in decision making processes. A summary of the performance obtained using the two approaches will be presented and discussed.
3. Bootstrap estimation of errors in predicting Niño 3.4 SST anomalies
Yuval
University of British Columbia
A method to estimate the errors of predictions of tropical Pacific SST anomalies is presented. The error estimation process is based on bootstrap resamplings of the data and construction of a large number of bootstrap prediction replicas. A statistic calculated on the set of bootstrap replicas which corresponds to each of the actual predictions is used to estimate upper and lower limits on the predictions. The error estimation process is demonstrated on neural networks prediction of the Niño 3.4 index. It can be applicable to other data prediction problems and in any case where the predicting model can be developed in an automatic manner. The error estimates complement the information provided by the predictions by evaluating their relative uncertainties. Integrated in the error estimation process is a scheme to flag predicted anomalies as significant warm or cold events and it shows a reasonable qualitative capability of sorting predictions into El Niño, La Niña or neutral states up to nine months in advance.
4. Long-lead prediction of summer precipitation over the Canadian prairies – A brief overview and present status
Edmund R. Garnett
University of Saskatchewan
The prairie region of Western Canada is one of the world's major agricultural areas producing an annual average of about 22.9 million tones of spring wheat during 1990–1995. A key determinant of spring wheat yield and protein is June and especially July rainfall. Interannual climatic variability contributes to large deviations in production and poses a threat to the agro ecosystem and rural sustainability especially during times of low prices. The effect of the 1988 drought on agriculture is an indicator of society's vulnerability to such events. Canada's agricultural production decreased by 12.7 in 1988 and the drought was estimated to have caused a direct production loss of 1.8 billion (in 1981 dollars). Advance knowledge of summer weather and reliable estimates of grain production and quality is thus of considerable importance to grain producers, marketers and planners. Specifically, there is a need for a statistical teleconnection based model for the long-lead forecasting of climate, yield and quality.
There are many forcing functions governing the amount of precipitation, that occurs on the Canadian Prairies during the summer months. These include the El Niño/Southern Oscillation phenomenon, the Pacific North American Teleconnection (PNA) flow pattern, the position and strength of the Pacific High, the size, shape and long wave positions associated with the circumpolar vortex, North Pacific sea surface temperatures, North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and feedback mechanisms between the surface and atmosphere. Less direct influences are factors such as the QBO, Eurasian snowcover and performance of the Indian monsoon.
Simple empirical analysis as well as statistical regression techniques are being used to investigate various teleconnective linkages. Regression equations are being developed that include a suite of physically sound variables for explaining a large portion of Canadian prairie precipitation and temperature variation and ultimately for developing estimates of Western Canadian spring wheat yield and quality with a lead time of 3 to 6 months.
5. Midlatitude Pacific SSTs: Equilibrium and transient atmospheric responses and implications for seasonal forecasting
Nick Hall, Jacques Derome, and Hai Lin
Dept. Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, Montreal
A global climate model based on dynamical equations and empirical forcing is used to assess the sensitivity of the extratropical circulation to anomalies in the midlatitude Pacific SST.
Long equilibrium integrations show that the response varies widely with the position and strength of the SST anomaly. Comparisons with linear time independent stationary wave calculations reveal that nonlinear transient eddies play an important role in shaping the response. Characteristic patterns of the response bear close resemblance to natural modes of low frequency variability. As well as changing the mean state of the circulation, a Pacific SST anomaly can also skew the probability distribution functions associated with projections onto these natural modes.
Multiple ensemble forecast experiments show that seasonal forecasts are affected by an SST anomaly in a way that is highly sensitive to large scale changes in the initial condition, even when statistically significant ensemble means are considered. While the mean response over all initial conditions resembles the equilibrium solution, there is no guarantee that this response will appear for any given initial condition. Linear analysis fails to provide a reliable link between initial condition and forecast response.
1. Wind and temperature profiles in the radix layer
Roland Stull and Edi Santoso
*University of British Columbia*
In the large center region of the convective boundary layer is a uniform layer where wind speed and potential temperature are nearly constant with height. Below this uniform layer (UL), wind speed decreases to zero at the ground, while potential temperature increases to the surface skin value. This whole region below the uniform layer was identified by Santoso and Stull (1998) as the radix layer (RxL), and is of order of hundreds of meters thick. Within the RxL lies the classical surface layer (order of tens of meters thick) that obeys traditional Monin-Obukhov similarity theory.
The RxL depth is shown to depend on friction velocity, Deardorff velocity, and boundary layer depth. The wind RxL is usually thicker than the temperature RxL. Using RxL depth, UL wind speed, and UL potential temperature as length, velocity and temperature scales, respectively, one can form dimensionless heights, velocities, and temperatures. When observations obtained within the RxL are plotted in this dimensionless framework, the data collapse into similarity curves. Empirical profile equations are proposed to describe this RxL similarity. When these profile equations are combined with the flux equations from convective transport theory (Stull 1994), the result are new flux-profile equations for a deep region within the bottom of the convective boundary layer.
These RxL profile similarity equations are calibrated using data from four sites with different roughnesses: Minnesota, BLX96-Lamont, BLX96-Meeker, and BLX96-Winfield. The empirical parameters are found to be invariant from site to site, except for the profile shape parameter for wind speed. This parameter is found to depend on standard deviation of terrain elevation, rather than on the aerodynamic roughness length. The resulting parameter values are compared with independent data from a forested fifth site, Koorin, and it is found that displacement height must be subtracted from all the heights in the RxL profile equations.
2. Turbulent fluxes in the very stable nocturnal boundary layer.
Jennifer Salmond
*University of British Columbia*
Turbulence in the very stable nocturnal boundary layer (NBL) is typically intermittent, existing in isolated layers and pockets that may only sporadically break through to the surface. These characteristics present a challenge to the accurate measurement and calculation of scalar fluxes. Although difficult to characterise and poorly understood, turbulent fluxes in the very stable NBL have significant practical implications for air quality. The resulting vertical mixing can both inhibit the build-up of surface based pollutants and introduce pollutants to the surface from aloft.
During the summer of 1998 a field experiment was undertaken in the Lower Fraser Valley, British Columbia to study nocturnal fluxes of ozone during stagnant anti-cyclonic conditions. Under these conditions, strong radiative cooling near the surface resulted in a shallow very stable boundary layer, frequently capped by a low-level jet. Qualitative analysis of the data showed periodic bursts of turbulence at a variety of scales. However, the characteristics of both the turbulence and the turbulent fluxes were difficult to infer from traditional quantitative analytical techniques. The turbulence was typically non-stationary, dominated by a variety of different frequency regimes, and showed a poorly defined spectral gap. The flux estimates were sensitive to both local and flux averaging lengths and it was hard to identify the periodic scalar fluxes from within the averaged data sets. Further, it was difficult to apply standard spectral analysis techniques without significant data reduction (through quality control) or correction procedures.
This paper explores the potential of a comparatively new analytical tool - wavelet analysis - for evaluating turbulent fluxes. This technique, considered both an extension to and departure from Fourier analysis, is well suited to non-stationary signals containing localised multi-scale features or singularities. It has the potential to make a significant contribution to the evaluation of intermittent fluxes in the very stable nocturnal boundary layer.
3. Predicting joint frequency distributions in the surface layer
Larry Berg and Roland Stull
Atmospheric Science Programme, The University of British Columbia
Joint frequency distributions (JFDs) can be formed using any combination of thermodynamic or dynamic variables, for example vertical velocity vs. temperature or moisture vs. temperature. These JFDs can be a useful tool for investigating turbulent fluxes or cumulus formation in the atmospheric boundary layer. Several authors have proposed theories explaining the shape of JFDs of vertical velocity vs. temperature and moisture vs. temperature. Theoretical JFDs will be compared to those measured with an instrumented aircraft flying near the surface during Boundary Layer Experiment 1996.
An extension to the theory for JFDs of vertical velocity vs. temperature will be presented. This extension, which is based on the observed Bowen ratio and the surface energy balance, can be used to generate JFDs using variables that are estimated in numerical models of the atmosphere.
The JFDs of moisture vs. temperature are approximately ellipsoidal, in agreement with theory. Unfortunately, there are differences between the tilt of the theoretical and observed JFDs. However, there appears to be a relationship between the tilt of the observed JFDs and the observed Bowen ratio.
4. Spatial and temporal variability of mixed layer depth and entrainment zone thickness
Pascal Hägeli and Douw Steyn
Atmospheric Science Program, The University of British Columbia
Mixed layer depth and entrainment zone thickness are extracted from two large LIDAR data sets with a recently developed technique. The entrainment flux ratio (which is often used to model entrainment in atmospheric boundary layer models) can be calculated from these two quantities. This ratio is generally believed to be in the range of 0.1 and 0.4. An qualitative analysis of time series (MERMOZ II data set) confirms this range of values under equilibrium conditions (afternoon hours), but also shows that it clearly underestimates the importance of entrainment during the morning hours when the mixed layer depth is growing most rapidly. An examination of the spatial distribution of the entrainment flux ratio (Pacific 93 data set) shows that this parameter is spatially highly variable, even during equilibrium hours in the afternoon. In regions where the boundary layer has to adjust to new boundary conditions at the ground, values much larger than 0.4 can be observed. Although these results can only be interpreted qualitatively, they suggest that currently used entrainment parameterisations in boundary layer models are not sufficient to capture the entrainment process properly.
5. Numerical modelling of sub-grid scale momentum and heat fluxes over a heterogeneous surface
Sreerama Daggupaty and Jianmin Ma
*Meteorological Service of Canada, (ARQI)*
Surface momentum and heat fluxes over a forest region, located at the southeast of Lake Erie, were investigated by using a three-dimensional boundary layer meteorological model BLMESO-2.9. To take into consideration of the effects of sub-grid scale transfer of momentum and heat which are not resolved by the model grid spacing, a parameterization scheme was introduced into the model to attempt to relate the spatially averaged fluxes to an aggregate of surface roughness lengths. This parameterization scheme is implemented by applying the concept of effective roughness length and the height scales of momentum and heat transfer over roughness changes. It was found that both spatially averaged momentum and heat fluxes are weighted towards rough surface over the interface between an agriculture land and forest land. The deviations of the grid averaged surface momentum and heat fluxes are estimated for the model grid size (5 km for BLMESO2-9 and 1 km for sub-grid scale). A comparison of the grid averaged fluxes with the fluxes without averaging are made. Results suggest that the effects of sub-grid scale momentum and heat transfer over heterogeneous terrain on the correct estimation of surface fluxes should be paid great attention.
6. An airborne case study of evolving Kelvin-Helmholtz waves
Fikrettin Celik
*University of Wyoming*
In a stably stratified atmospheric layer due to shear instability in the flow Kelvin-Helmholtz (KH) waves form and kinetic energy of the flow turns into eddy dissipation energy (or turbulent kinetic energy).
A KH wave train showing all the stages in the evolution of a KH wave was documented by an instrumented airplane (Wyoming King Air) in the atmosphere. From the aircraft observations, it shown before the breaking stage doubling in wavelength was occurred and billows were formed. It was observed that convective and shear forces in the billows cause development of secondary instability. The secondary instability stage is the breaking of the waves and formation of clear-air turbulence (CAT). Results from the aircraft measurements will be discussed.
1. CMIP1 evaluation and intercomparison of coupled climate models
Steven Lambert and George Boer
Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis
The climates simulated by 15 coupled atmosphere/ocean climate models participating in the first phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP1) are intercompared and evaluated. Results for global means, zonal averages, and geographical distributions of basic climate variables, and where possible, their departures from observations, are presented.
2. Sensitivities of a global OGCM to variability in surface forcing
Warren Lee, Greg Flato, and George Boer
Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis, Meteorological Service of Canada
The NCAR NCOM 1.3 ocean model (Gent et al. 1998) has been modified for use in the third generation CCCma coupled climate model (CGCM3). A series of ocean-only experiments are conducted to investigate the sensitivity of the model to variability in forcing.
Twenty years of daily ocean surface windstresses, heat and moisture fluxes from a simulation with the AGCM3 atmospheric model with specified observed monthly mean SSTs and sea-ice (following AMIP2) are used. The data are used to force the ocean model in three different ways with:
1. 20 years of individual daily values which are then repeated
2. 1 year of daily climatological mean values (i.e. the average of the 20 values for that day) which are then repeated
3. daily values interpolated from twelve climatological monthly means which are then repeated.
The heat and moisture fluxes into the ocean are also modified by relaxation terms toward observed surface temperature and salinity values.
3. Seasonal variability in the Northwest Atlantic
Jinyu Sheng and Richard Greatbatch
Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University
A three-dimensional eddy-resolving ocean model was applied to study seasonal variabilities in temperature, salinity (TS) and currents of the Northwest Atlantic. The model resolution is 1/3 degree by 1/3 degree in horizontal and 33 z-levels in vertical. The model was initialized with January mean TS climatology constructed recently by Geshelin et al., 1999 and forced by monthly-mean COADS surface wind and flows through model open boundaries. The model TS fields at sea surface and along open boundaries were restored to the monthly mean climatology with a time scale of about 10 days. The flow across the open boundaries was taken to be the combination of a baroclinic component determined from density using the thermal wind and a barotropic component determined from the large-scale diagnostic calculation of the whole North Atlantic produced by Greatbatch et al., 1991.
We first ran the model in prognostic mode with temperature and salinity evolving freely with the flow. The model results during the first-year simulation reproduced many well-known circulation features in the study region, including the Labrador Current and North Atlantic Current and their interaction over the Newfoundland basin. The model also reproduced reasonably well the seasonal cycle of the mixed layer depth and temperature over the most areas of the study region. The model results however deteriorated gradually with model
To improve the model skill we developed a novel data assimilation technique. The main idea is to adjust the flow field towards climatology, while still permitting a mesoscale eddy field and still allowing the temperature and salinity fields to evolve freely with the flow. The model results produced using this technique will be presented and show a significant improvement over those produced without data assimilation.
4. Coupling between wind-driven currents and mid-latitude storm tracks
François Primeau\textsuperscript{1} and Paola Cessi\textsuperscript{2}
\textsuperscript{1}Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis
\textsuperscript{2}Scripps Institution of Oceanography
A model for the interaction between the midlatitude ocean gyres and the wind-stress is formulated for a shallow water, spherical hemisphere with finite thermocline displacement and the latitudinal dependence of the long Rossby wave speed.
The oceanic currents create a temperature front at the midlatitude intergyre boundary which is strongest near the western part of the basin. The intergyre temperature front affects the atmospheric temperature gradient in the storm-track region increasing the eddy transport of heat, and the surface westerlies. The delayed adjustment of the gyres to the wind-stress causes the westerly maximum to migrate periodically in time with a decadal period. There is a linear relationship between the period of the coupled oscillation and the delay time for the adjustment of ocean gyres to changes in the wind-stress. The coupled oscillation involves oceanic temperature anomalies which circulate around the subpolar gyre.
1. Turbulence and bubbles in the surf zone
Roblyn Kendall, David Farmer, and Svein Vagle
Institute of Ocean Sciences
The natural surf zone is a very active environment. During an experiment near the Scripps Pier in 1997, an extensive data set was collected by instruments supported by a frame fixed to the sea floor. Measurements of the wave field, turbulent velocity fluctuations, and bubble size distributions were acquired. As the tide receded, observations were obtained from different locations within the surf zone.
During periods of high tide, when the measurements were obtained seaward of the active surf zone, low levels of turbulence were observed. As the water depth decreased and the frequency of breaking increased, the levels of turbulence rose. Air injected into the water by a breaking wave is affected by the turbulence. There is a rapid evolution of the size distribution as bubbles at either end of the size spectrum disappear quickly, due either to dissolution or to buoyancy sorting. However, bubbles of intermediate size are redistributed within the water column by turbulence, and remain in suspension longer than would be expected in the presence of buoyancy forces alone. The evolution of the measured bubble size distributions is analyzed in terms of the observed turbulence levels, both in the presence and in the absence of frequent wave breaking.
2. Numerical modelling studies of processes on the ocean sloping bottom boundary layer
Ming Li
Institute of Ocean Sciences
There is increasing evidence that oceanic sloping bottom boundaries not only affect momentum distribution in ocean circulation but also generate most of the mixing in the ocean interior. However, these effects are poorly represented in Ocean General Circulation Models. To investigate processes on the sloping boundaries, we have developed a hierarchy of numerical models, including 1D turbulence closure model, Large Eddy Simulation model (LES) and Princeton Ocean Model (POM). A solid boundary usually imposes a no-slip boundary condition. However, the cross-slope buoyancy force may shut down the Ekman layer so that the interior flow sees a nearly free-slip boundary condition. We examine the role of sloping interior isopycnals in setting the momentum boundary condition. Interaction between barotropic tides and bottom topography generates internal tides and internal waves, which can break and cause turbulent mixing. We shall present some preliminary results obtained from the POM and LES models. We will also discuss possible ways to incorporate these process studies into Ocean General Circulation Models.
3. Calibration of an oceanic mixed layer model for coupling to CRCM
Charles Tang and Brendan DeTracey
Bedford Institute of Oceanography/DFO
To downscale large-scale outputs of global coupled ocean-atmosphere models, a Niiler-Kraus type oceanic mixed layer has been developed for coupling to the Canadian Regional Climate Model (CRCM). The temporal and spatial variations of the mixed layer of the east-coast oceans are studied using oceanographic data taken from the Newfoundland marginal ice zone, the Labrador Sea and the Atlantic. Sea-ice, topography and vertical structure of water properties are found to be the dominant factors of regional-scale air-sea fluxes. The mixed layer model is calibrated using NCEP/NCAR re-analysis and ship data from Ocean Weather Station Bravo and other weather stations in the northwestern North Atlantic. Both monthly and 6-hourly atmospheric data are used to simulate the annual and interannual variations of sea surface temperature. Sensitivity of the results to the model parameters are investigated.
4. Sensitivity of oceanic mixed layer to surface forcing
Serge D’Alessio\(^1\), Kenzu Abdella\(^2\), and Norm McFarlane\(^3\)
\(^1\)University of Waterloo
\(^2\)Trent University
\(^3\)Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis
This talk will concentrate on the response of the upper ocean to atmospheric forcing. Specifically, we have examined the sensitivity to different surface flux parameterizations. To accomplish this we have adopted the surface flux parameterizations of Large and Pond \((JPO, 1982)\), Martin \((JGR, 1985)\) and Abdella and McFarlane \((BLM, 1996)\) in conjunction with the one-dimensional, second-order, turbulence closure scheme of D’Alessio, Abdella and McFarlane \((JPO, 1998)\). It has been observed that the Abdella and McFarlane scheme is particularly sensitive to the parameterization of the surface roughness length. In order to adequately deal with this sensitivity, a new parameterization has been proposed which is more appropriate than currently used parameterizations and improves the overall agreement between the observed and simulated sea-surface temperature (SST). This parameterization involves modifying the familiar Charnock formula, which relies solely on wind generation, to also include a contribution arising from the thermal stability. The observational data sets used in this investigation include: data from ocean weathership station Papa (OWS P), and data from the LOTUS experiment. Comparisons between simulations and observations, which will be presented, indicate that the SST computed over the year-long simulation at OWS P can be quite sensitive to the surface forcing scheme applied.
1. Keynote address: Societal aspect of weather: Implications for research and policy
Roger A. Pielke
*National Center for Atmospheric Research*
Weather and climate are resulting in growing impacts on society. At the same time the atmospheric sciences are rapidly developing products - primarily predictive - in hope that decision makers might better cope with weather. Central to improved responses to weather and climate, including an appreciation for the use and value of predictions, is better understanding of the interrelation of human and atmospheric factors in creating vulnerabilities (and opportunities) with respect to weather and climate. This talk will discuss (a) the methods and data used by researchers who study the societal impacts of weather and climate, (b) the reasons underlying the apparent growth in weather-related impacts, and (c) implications of this research for the research and policy communities with particular attention to the use and value of forecasts and the role of multidisciplinary research as a mechanism to better link scientific research with the needs of end users.
2. Value of climate and weather products
Valerie Sexton
*Environmental Economics Branch, Environment Canada*
Weather and climate products and services should be valued for three reasons. First, the benefits of these products and services can be contrasted to their costs to indicate the level of funding or investment merited. Second, valuation can be used to compare emerging technologies, systems, techniques, services and research which indicate which take priority given limited resources. Third, valuation can make a significant contribution to distinguishing between services and products which constitute the provision of a public good and which merit the charging of fees.
In the final analysis, what we seek to value is weather information and the impact that actions taken in response to that information (or not taken) have. As in all valuation exercises, one can apply the Revealed Preference or Contingent Valuation approaches to determine this. The former encompasses both Directly Observed Values and Indirectly Observed Values used to attach values to weather-related services and products. Actual expenditures on services and products are taken to show their value under the Directly Observed Values approach, whereas it is assumed that the value of weather-related information is capitalized into the prices of certain goods in the Indirectly Observed Values method. Contingent Valuation, on the other hand, is the established non-market valuation method, where by means of a survey, the willingness to pay of individuals for weather information is discerned.
The challenges associated with using these approaches include identification of forecast-sensitive users, estimating user response in the absence of forecasts, and a lack of data on which to base a valuation. The predictive nature of the subject area adds a further wrinkle, as the relationship between accuracy and value must be ascertained and the methodologies for doing so are not fully developed.
Valuation of meteorological services and products is an emerging area of study, both methodologically and in terms of applications of valuation tools. At present the area of study is not a well coordinated one, either in Canada or abroad. A comprehensive and cohesive research plan is required if valuation techniques are to be extended and improved to support the decision-making process. For instance, what is the basis upon which an overall evaluation of these services and products should be done? Is a geographic division best, i.e., by province or region or for the country? Should services be valued according to the type of weather
phenomena they relate to or by the type of impact they have? There is at present no established framework for analysis which answers these types of questions.
One possible approach to setting up a framework to guide the valuation process would include the following:
1. Organization of a multidisciplinary Working Group to guide the process which would consist of meteorologists, economists, and users of products and services.
2. Decision on what scope and basis the valuation would be organized and undertaken (geographical, impacts, type of weather event).
3. Review of valuation literature and techniques that would support valuation and identification of knowledge and tools gaps. Group would encourage research in these areas.
4. Valuation on agreed upon basis, according to the impact the information generated has on individuals and their expression of preferences through market behaviour or expressed willingness to pay.
1. Satellite measurements of layer-cloud spatial variability
Gregory Lewis\(^1\), Philip Austin\(^1\), and Malgorzata Szczodrak\(^2\)
\(^1\)Atmospheric Science Programme, University of British Columbia
\(^2\)Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami
The spatial scale dependence of cloud properties like liquid water content and reflectivity has been the subject of much recent work. Aircraft and satellite studies of individual layer clouds have typically found power-law scaling of the power spectrum over a limited spatial domain of the form \(k(-b)\), where \(k\) is the (one-dimensional) spatial wavenumber and \(b\) is the scaling exponent. Knowledge of this scaling behaviour provides information about the underlying physical processes determining cloud variability (advection, precipitation, etc.), and can be used in the development of sub-grid scale parameterizations of cloud variability in climate models.
We have examined the scaling behaviour of visible reflectivity, thermal emission, cloud liquid water path and droplet size in twenty-five 256 \(\times\) 256 km scenes using radiances measured by the polar-orbiting AVHRR instrument. We compare scaling behaviour in these scenes found by the radially-integrated 2-dimensional power spectrum and the second-order structure function. Both techniques show a scaling regime with an exponent of \(b - 2\) (\(k(-2)\)) for scales between 1–10 km, with a transition at roughly 6–10 km. At scales larger than 10 km, the radially integrated second order structure function shows power law scaling with \(b - 1.3\). In our talk we will compare these results with other recent work, and discuss the sensitivity of the scaling measurements to image anisotropy, solar zenith angle, noise and missing data.
2. Entrainment and mixing in buoyancy-sorting cumulus parameterizations
Ming Zhao and Philip Austin
Atmospheric Science Programme/University of British Columbia
Buoyancy-sorting cumulus parameterizations require the specification of the rate of mixing between the undilute plume and its environment. Two important assumptions are generally made in order to close this kind of model. One is an assumption or empirical determination of the amount of undilute sub-cloud air at each of the model levels. The other is an assumption of a uniform probability distribution for mixing between the undilute air and environment air.
We examine the sensitivity of this kind of scheme to these mixing assumptions. Using BOMEX phase III data (non-precipitating case) we focus on the impact of mixing and buoyancy-sorting processes on the equilibrium characteristics of the cloud field and examine additional physical constraints on the assumed mixing distribution. This work will help us with our future design of a new convection scheme in global circulation model.
3. The summertime cycle along the central Oregon coast
Soline Bielli\(^1\), P. Barbour\(^1\), R. Samelson\(^1\), E. Skyllingstad\(^1\), and J. Wilczak\(^2\)
\(^1\)Oregon State University
\(^2\)NOAA/ETL, Boulder
During spring and summer, the west coast of the United States is under the influence of the Pacific High located off northern California coast and a thermal low inland. This typical regime brings persistent northerly winds along the coast. We use the Advanced Regional Prediction System (ARPS) mesoscale atmospheric model with a triply nested grid (36/12/4 km) centered over Newport to study the dynamics of the summertime lower atmosphere along the central Oregon coast. Verification of the model against RASS profiler located in Newport and the buoy 46050 located west of Newport during summer 1999 shows a good behavior of the model.
Simulations are presented of four consecutive days in September 1998 during which the winds were northerly and strong along the coast. The strength and position of the coastal low-level jet oscillate diurnally. After reaching a minimum between 1500 and 1800 UTC, the northerly winds strengthen near the coast in late afternoon. A sea breeze circulation develops around 2100 UTC and the cross-shore wind above the marine boundary layer presents a double maximum of offshore flow possibly related to an inertial oscillation and apparently phase-locked to the diurnal forcing. The diurnal variation is three-dimensional with momentum advection important to the along-shore momentum balance. The results for these four days are compared with the Newport wind profiler data.
4. Development and implications of a parameterization for transient shallow cumulus convection
K. von Salzen and N. A. McFarlane
Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis
Non-precipitating shallow cumulus clouds contribute considerably to the mixing of heat and moisture in the trade wind regions. Although they are not resolved in large-scale models, these clouds have such a significant impact on the resolved processes that their effects must be parameterized in atmospheric models. Currently, different parameterizations of shallow cumulus clouds in large-scale models exist. In this study, new approaches and a parameterization used in operational models of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) are considered. Major differences in the parameterizations are the treatment of entrainment processes and cloud life cycles. The implications of the different concepts employed in the parameterizations are discussed with respect to in-cloud properties, entrainment, detrainment, and updraft fluxes for a period during the Barbados Oceanographic and Meteorological Experiment (BOMEX) in 1969. Results of large-eddy simulations (LES) available for this period are used to test and evaluate the approaches.
1. Nonlinear principal component analysis and its extensions
William Hsieh
*University of British Columbia*
Recent advances in neural network modelling have lead to nonlinear principal component analysis (NLPCA), capable of nonlinearly generalizing the classical multivariate method PCA (also known as EOF analysis). A three-way comparison between PCA, NLPCA and rotated PCA (RPCA) on the tropical Pacific sea surface temperature field revealed that NLPCA had better feature extraction capability than both RPCA and PCA, and was able to improve on the representation of the El Niño-La Niña phenomena.
While PCA cannot represent a propagating wave by one mode, an extension of the NLPCA allows propagating waves to be extracted in a single mode. Further extension of the NLPCA to complex variables (e.g. 2-dimensional velocity fields) will be presented.
2. Nonlinear canonical correlation analysis, and its application to studying ENSO
William Hsieh
*University of British Columbia*
The canonical correlation analysis (CCA) is widely used to extract the correlated modes between two datasets. A nonlinear generalization of CCA has been achieved through the use of feedforward neural networks. Tested on datasets with correlated nonlinear structures, the nonlinear CCA (NLCCA) method was able to retrieve the underlying nonlinear structures in moderately noisy conditions.
When applied to the tropical Pacific sea level pressure and sea surface temperature fields, the NLCCA extracted a coupled nonlinear ENSO (El Niño-Southern Oscillation) mode. The asymmetry between El Niño and La Niña states was well modelled by the NLCCA.
3. ENSO simulation and prediction using a hybrid coupled model
Youmin Tang and William Hsieh
*University of British Columbia*
A hybrid coupled model with a nonlinear neural network atmosphere coupled to a dynamical ocean (NHCM) has been developed for the tropical Pacific, and compared with a hybrid coupled model with a linear regression atmosphere (LHCM). The NHCM is found to slightly better capture the cold tongue of the eastern Pacific and the warm pool in the western Pacific Ocean. The POP (Principal Oscillation Pattern) analysis shows that the NHCM can produce more realistic ENSO oscillatory behaviour, with a period of about 57 months in comparison with a period of 87 months in the LHCM. With the gradual increase of coupling strength, both NHCM and LHCM exhibit phase-locking, eventually locking to a biennial oscillation with peaks in winter, indicating that the seasonal cycle is important in the low-frequency oscillations of both coupled models. The NHCM phase-locking is more realistically scattered, in the contrast to the very narrow phase-locking of the LHCM.
Sensitivity experiments show that in the absence of external forcing, neither NHCM nor LHCM displays the irregular behaviour of ENSO oscillations, suggesting that nonlinear chaotic behaviour might not play a central role in ENSO oscillations, and stochastic forcing is likely to cause the irregularity of ENSO.
Some ENSO prediction experiments are being carried out by the NHCM and the LHCM, and the prediction results will be presented.
4. The influence of ENSO and PDO across the Canadian prairies
Dennis Dudley and Bill Hartman
Meteorological Service of Canada
The influence of El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) on seasonal weather across the Canadian prairies is investigated. Average standardized temperature and precipitation anomalies at five sites (Calgary, Medicine Hat, Saskatoon, Regina, Brandon) are calculated for all ENSO and PDO episodes between 1933–1993.
In general, the influence of PDO on prairie temperatures is strongest during winter and spring, with little influence on summer or fall temperatures. Warm ENSO episodes (El Niño) produce above average winter temperature anomalies (average here indicates anomalies within 0.32 standard deviations of the mean) across all stations, with positive anomalies increasing eastward. During concurrent El Niño and positive PDO episodes, positive temperature anomalies increase dramatically at all sites in winter and spring. During these times, the PDO explains more of the variance for the observed temperature anomalies than does ENSO.
Cold ENSO episodes (La Niña) produce below average winter temperatures at all stations. These temperature anomalies become much larger (colder) when La Niña years occurred together with negative PDO years, particularly in the spring over the east.
Average precipitation anomalies during various ENSO and PDO phases are smaller and noisier than those found in the temperature data. While all sites show negative precipitation anomalies during El Niño winters and springs, only Calgary shows a statistically significant decrease in winter precipitation. However, when El Niño years combine with positive PDO years, all sites show below average precipitation anomalies in winter and spring, with Calgary much below normal in winter.
Cold ENSO episodes (La Niña) produce a wide variance of anomalies in winter precipitation across the prairies. However, during negative PDO periods, La Niña years produce a clear and consistent precipitation bias with all stations recording much above average precipitation in winter and above average precipitation in summer.
5. Gauging impacts of climate change on the Pacific Northwest using the Pacific Decadal Oscillation and ENSO
Philip Mote, Alan Hamlet, and Nathan Mantua
JISAO/SMA Climate Impacts Group, University of Washington
As a basis for estimating the potential impacts of future climate change on natural resources in the Pacific Northwest, we have performed quantitative analyses of the impacts of past variations. In particular, the low-frequency variations of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) provide a useful surrogate for gauging the impacts of possible future climate change. Subtle changes in temperature and precipitation associated with the PDO have had a dramatic impact in the past on the region's water resources, on salmon abundance, and on forest fires. In the PNW, the primary impacts pathway is via the region's water resources.
Scenarios for future climate suggest that changes in temperature and precipitation will raise snow lines and cause snow to melt earlier in the year. Thus, the annual cycle of the water supply and the annual flow amount are expected to change. Similar, albeit probably smaller, changes have been noted on decade-to-decade time scales as a result of PDO climate variations. Such changes in snowpack and summer water supply would cause drought stress in forests, possibly leading to extensive and permanent reductions in forested area, and spawning and rearing difficulties for salmon (in addition to the difficulties posed by rising water temperatures). Winter landslides and flooding could also become more frequent.
For humans, the consequences of climate change extend beyond the abovementioned direct effects on natural resources. Reductions in summer water supply would increase stress on managed watersheds due to unavoidable conflicts among water supply for irrigation and urban uses, instream flow, recreation, hydropower, and other uses that rely on storage of winter snowpack. The effects of increasing regional population are expected to exacerbate conflicts over declining water supplies.
1. Evaluation of the risk of erosion and flooding along coastal British Columbia
Laurie Neill\(^1\), William Crawford\(^2\), Peter Chandler\(^2\), Brad Snyder\(^1\), Mert Horita\(^1\), and Kenneth Chan\(^1\)
\(^1\)Applications & Services, Meteorological Service of Canada.
\(^2\)Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada
We present preliminary results of a climate change project to assess areas at risk to erosion and coastal flooding along the British Columbia coast due to slowly rising sea levels, combined with winds, high tides and El Niño events. The impact of atmospheric forcing on sea level is examined for a set of extreme events that have occurred over the past 30 years. Specific weather patterns conducive to high water levels and coastal erosion are identified, and the impact of ENSO is assessed. We will discuss ways in which this knowledge can be applied to forecasting these events and the impact of climate change. Areas particularly subject to erosion or flooding are identified, along with an assessment of costs of damage and remedial action.
2. Storm Wind Study (SWS II) – Wind and wave evaluation
Ewa Dunlap\(^1\), Val R. Swail\(^2\), Bridget Thomas\(^3\), R. J. Anderson\(^4\), and F. W. Dobson\(^4\)
\(^1\)Weathervane Scientific Inc., PO Box 31030, Halifax, NS Canada B3K 5T9
\(^2\)Environment Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Downsview, ON Canada M3H 3T4
\(^3\)Environment Canada, 45 Alderney Drive, Dartmouth, NS Canada B2Y 2N6
\(^4\)Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, PO Box 1006, Dartmouth, NS Canada B2Y 4A2
The results of the analysis of marine storm winds and waves measured during the Storm Wind Study II Experiment that took place between 25 October 1997 and 9 April 1998 at the Grand Banks Hibernia site will be discussed. This was a joint project among Environment Canada, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, and the Southampton Oceanographic Centre. The Bedford Institute of the Oceanography vessel CCGS Hudson was present on site during the period of 17 November to 6 December 1997.
An extensive set of well calibrated data gathered during this experiment provides excellent material for the evaluation of a variety of wind and sea state sensors for their ability to function reliably and provide accurate and consistent information in high sea states. The analysis includes time series, scatter diagrams, regression analysis and the interpretation of the inter-comparison results.
This study is focused on the comparison between operational and research type data in high sea states. In particular, the operational wind data include data from a standard meteorological service NOMAD buoy, a Coastal Climate Minimet buoy, the GTS-derived standard WMO observations from CCGS Hudson and the Hibernia and Shoemaker platforms. The research meteorological data are derived from the CCGS Hudson bow mast anemometers and thermistors. The evaluation of wave data is based on the NOMAD buoy wave sensors, GTS-derived standard WMO observations from CCGS Hudson and the Hibernia and Shoemaker drilling platforms and the MIROS wave radar mounted on the Hibernia platform. The research wave data include directional wave data from a Datawell Directional Waverider buoy.
The study provides important information for both climatological and operational applications of data from buoys, ships and drilling platforms.
3. Storm Wind Study II (SWS-II) - the effects of swell on the wind stress
Fred W. Dobson\(^1\), Robert J. Anderson\(^1\), Peter K. Taylor\(^2\), and Margaret J. Yelland\(^2\)
\(^1\)Fisheries & Oceans Canada
\(^2\)Southampton Oceanographic Centre
The second Storm Wind Study (SWS-II) was a joint project among Environment Canada, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, and the Southampton Oceanographic Centre. The experimental area was the Hibernia site on the Grand Banks of Newfoundland, and the experiment covered the period 25 October 1997-9 April 1998. The Bedford Institute of Oceanography vessel CCGS Hudson was at the site from 17 November – 6 December 1997. An extensive set of meteorological and directional wave data were gathered from the Hudson and nearby buoys, often during strong winds and high sea states. These data will be used to investigate the influence of swell on the area rate of momentum transfer from air to sea the wind stress.
Recent work by two of the authors (Taylor & Yelland, *The Dependence of Sea Surface Roughness on the Height and Steepness of the Waves*, submitted to *JPO*, 2000) has suggested that the aerodynamic roughness of the sea surface, scaled by the significant wave height, can best be characterized as a function of the overall wave steepness as measured by the ratio of significant height to wavelength at the peak of the spectrum. The wave parameters include the influence of the swell. This work predicts the counter-intuitive observation that open-ocean roughnesses are often considerably lower than would be expected for a fully-developed pure wind sea. For SWS-2, good agreement was obtained between average values of the observed and predicted roughness. However, there was significant scatter for individual roughness predictions. This was assumed to be due to the neglect of the directional difference between wind sea and swell, and the use of the peak wavelength to characterise the spectrum.
The present analysis will use the extensive and well-calibrated set of directional wave spectra, wind stress, and wind data from SWS-2, to investigate the detailed effects of the directional properties of the wave field both sea and swell on the observed wind stress values. The results will be presented for several case studies during the experiment period.
4. A validation study of CMC ocean wave forecasting system
Roop Lalbeharry
*Meteorological Research Branch, Meteorological Service of Canada*
The Canadian Meteorological Centre (CMC) implemented in its operational wave forecasting system regional versions of the third generation global ocean wave model WAM Cycle-4 (WAM4) in February 1996, one for the northeast Pacific and one for the northwest Atlantic, replacing the first generation Canadian Spectral Ocean Wave Model in operation since December 1990. The 10 m level wind forcing is obtained from the CMC global atmospheric model (now GEM-global) for driving the Pacific wave model and from its regional model for driving the Atlantic wave model.
Analyzed and forecast model wave and wind parameters are evaluated against moored buoy-measured data in the coastal and shelf regions in the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of North America for the period December 1996 to August 1999. The evaluation is presented in the form of seasonal scatter plots and summary tables, time histories of the seasonal verification statistics and time series of individual model and buoy data at selected buoy locations and periods to highlight seasonal differences in model performance and impacts due to atmospheric model replacement and grid changes. The results were further compared with the results obtained from other recent studies to assess the performance of the CMC regional wave models with respect to the global wave models running in operational mode at other international wave forecasting centres.
The observations suggest that the Pacific Ocean has more wave and wind variability and swells than the Atlantic Ocean and that there is seasonal variation of this variability. This study will examine the model's ability to depict this greater variability. The evaluation results indicate that there is some positive impact on the performance of the wave model resulting from the replacement of the CMC global and regional atmospheric models and from the changes made to these models.
1. Weather prophets: The private industry perspective
Ron Bianchi
The Weather Network/MeteoMedia
The economic value of forecasts and meteorological services are the raison d'etre in any weather-based private enterprise. This presentation will use a business model to discuss the current state of the market, different types of customers, and customer expectations regarding meteorological products and services. The role of verification as a competitive advantage, and the industry's need to put an increased emphasis on verification will be discussed. As well, discussion regarding competing interests between "science" and "entertainment", and their respective economic values, will be introduced. And finally, provocative discussion will be provided regarding the economic value to society of forecasts that stimulate economic activity, such as forecasts that generate the purchasing of snow shovels, batteries, air-conditioners, etc.
2. The economic context of weather information generation and dissemination
Kim Rollins and Jeremy S. Brown
University of Guelph
Weather information, improvements in forecasting, and dissemination services are highly valued by society. The basic economic reasoning is that weather events generate some risk, and most members of society are risk averse. Thus, forecasting information that can reduce uncertainty is as valuable as the costs avoided by reducing risk. Technological advances are continually increasing the options available to produce and disseminate information to user groups, which are becoming more specialized. There has been much interest and applied research in estimating the economic value of weather information. These values indicate that the benefits to society are substantial. But what do these values indicate in the larger context of public sector weather policy and decision-making? What are appropriate goals for public agencies that generate and provide weather information? Should all attempts be made to provide the highest quality services to the public in all situations? The costs of some services might not justify their use in every situation in which they are technically feasible. What services should the public pay for and what are appropriate prices? Public sector budgets ideally reflect the opportunity cost of the same dollars spent in other areas, such as health and education. An additional dollar invested in any one area reflects the opportunities lost in investing it elsewhere. Economic analysis offers much more than simply a means of accounting for benefits and costs, and is most useful in providing decision rules for investing to optimize public and private welfare in the long term. This paper will review the basic economic framework in which public and private goods are produced and disseminated to the public so as to maximize societal benefits over a broad mix of goods and services within the context of weather information provision.
3. Panel discussion: Value of weather services
Moderator: Richard Berry
Meteorological Service of Canada
PANEL: Roger Pielke Jr., Valerie Sexton, Ron Bianchi, and Kim Rollins
1. Convective transport theory for surface fluxes
Roland Stull and Edi Santoso
*University of British Columbia*
Convective transport theory (CTT) estimates near-surface turbulent fluxes from differences of mean variables between the surface skin and the mid-mixed layer (ML). The rate of this turbulent transport is proportional to the product of a convective velocity times an empirical transport coefficient (Stull 1994). To further investigate CTT, five topics are discussed:
1) New data from three different sites within Boundary Layer Experiment – 1996 (BLX96) are presented, and used to evaluate CTT.
2) Old data from six other field programs (BLX83, Koorin, FIFE, Monsoon 90, HAPEX-MOBILHY, and TOGA-COARE) are re-analyzed to test CTT.
3) Evidence from virtually all of these experiments indicates that the empirical transport coefficients for momentum fluxes depend on surface roughness, while those for heat fluxes do not.
4) Positive turbulent heat fluxes are observed to exist near the bottom of the ML even when there is zero potential temperature difference between the surface skin and the mid-ML. Evidence suggests that positive heat fluxes could also occur when the surface skin has a slightly colder potential temperature than the mid-ML, implying a flux that is opposite or counter to the potential-temperature difference.
5) Such counter-difference fluxes could be explained by an infrared radiative transfer from the surface skin, or by non-equilibrium conditions during rapidly-changing insolation near sunset.
2. An algebraic heat flux turbulence model for flows dominated by buoyancy effects
Slavko Vasic\textsuperscript{1}, Charles Lin\textsuperscript{2}, and Yves Delage\textsuperscript{3}
\textsuperscript{1}CERCA - Centre de Recherche en Calcul Applique, Montréal
\textsuperscript{2}Centre for Climate and Global Research Change, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University
\textsuperscript{3}Division de Recherche en Prévision Numérique, Service de l'Environnement Atmosphérique, Dorval
Accurate prediction of complex transport processes usually requires an application of advanced turbulence models. Essentially, all turbulence models that account for the contribution of different physical effects in turbulence excitation and its damping belong to this category. Second-moment closure models are the most prominent advanced models. Models of this type incorporate the effects of stress anisotropy, streamline curvature, buoyancy and cross-interactions between fluctuating and mean fields. These facts enable the advanced turbulence models to simulate transport processes more precisely. Direct numerical simulations and large-eddy simulation techniques are still very expensive to use as predictive tools. The second moment closure approach is inexpensive and, more importantly, capable of predicting the most significant flow and heat transfer characteristics with required high accuracy. However, a variety of physical and thermodynamical processes that occur in most geophysical turbulent flows may pose substantial difficulties in the consistent application of this approach. Simpler model formulations are thus necessary.
At present, algebraic models of turbulent heat flux may be regarded as a good compromise between simple eddy-viscosity/diffusivity models and the advanced second-moment closure turbulence models. By a suitable truncation of the differential second-moment closure models,
derived algebraic models retain most characteristics of their parent models. Reasonable prospect is then held for predicting specific features of buoyant turbulent flows. In the prediction of the well-known Deardorff's experimental case of unsteady turbulent penetrative convection of an unstable mixed layer, we show that a particular variant of an algebraic heat flux model is able to accurately predict such buoyancy dominated flows.
3. Third-order moment closure through a mass-flux approach
Kenzu Abdella\textsuperscript{1} and Arthur Petersen\textsuperscript{2}
\textsuperscript{1}Trent University, Peterborough, Canada
\textsuperscript{2}Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
The parameterization of the third moments, the flux of the heat flux and the flux of the potential temperature variance is considered. It is shown that parameterizations of these moments using the mass-flux approach with top-hat profile assumption lead to a significant underestimation resulting in an inaccurate representation of second moments in the convective boundary layer. It is also shown that the underestimation is a result of the top-hat profile assumption in which the sub-plume contributions to the total fluxes are ignored. By including these contributions a new parameterization is proposed. The proposed parameterization satisfies the physical requirements of symmetry and realizability and it gives results that are in fair agreement with the large-eddy simulations (LES) data.
4. Lagrangian simulations and eddy diffusivities for blowing snow
Peter A. Taylor, P.Y. Li, and Jingbing Xiao
Department of Earth and Atmospheric Science, York University
We present results from the application of a Lagrangian Simulation Model to inertial particles as part of a study on blowing snow. We limit the model to the neutrally stratified boundary-layer on the basis that blowing snow occurs in high wind speeds and close to the ground so that the ratio of height to the Obukov length will be small. The initial model used in this study was a first-order 1D Langevin equation model for fluid element trajectories plus an added gravitational settling velocity ($w_s$). The present model allows the option of reducing the velocity auto-correlation timescale for particles. However in the cases of interest for blowing snow modelling the particles are generally close to the ground where the Lagrangian timescale (which controls the timestep in the model) is of a similar magnitude to the inertial timescale associated with the particle adjusting towards its settling velocity. In these circumstances an Inertial Particle Model is more appropriate. In this approach fluid velocities in the neighbourhood of a fluid element are assumed to satisfy the Langevin equation (with a reduced Lagrangian timescale compared to simply following a fluid element) and the equation of motion is solved for the particle with drag based on the difference in velocity between the particle and the surrounding fluid. The eddy diffusivities calculated from the concentration profiles predicted from the present model for a range of $w_s/u$ and $z_0$ values (where $u$ and $z_0$ are the friction velocity and roughness length respectively) will be compared with those from Businger's (1965) theory and with our parallel studies with the PIEKTUK model, in which particles are also allowed to sublimate.
5. An object-oriented approach to micrometeorological modeling
Brian Crenna
*Department of Earth & Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta*
Despite a decade of propaganda promoting object-oriented design in computer programming, it is likely that much of that done in meteorological research is still procedural in style. The newer approach may be unfamiliar and its benefits in scientific programming unclear. An object-oriented microscale transport simulation tool being developed will be presented, as well as some results obtained using it. Its design imparts flexibility in configuring the underlying numerical models, while providing structural clarity and simplifying enhancements to the program.
1. Shaken, or stirred? Transport and mixing in the atmosphere
Theodore G. Shepherd
Department of Physics, University of Toronto
The nature of transport and mixing in the atmosphere depends very much on the spectrum of atmospheric motions. In the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, the dominance of large-scale motions means that tracer fields are stirred, leading to the formation of filamentary structures and coarse-grain homogenization (in spite of small-scale inhomogeneity). This is the opposite limit to Fickian diffusion, where the dominant motions are presumed to be subgrid-scale and where tracer homogenization is achieved first at small scales and only later at large scales. In the mesosphere, the emergence of a shallow spectrum of gravity-wave energy at synoptic scales leads to an intermediate regime, where diffusivity is expected to be length-scale dependent and where Richardson's law is expected to hold. In such a regime, the tracer fields are more shaken than stirred.
2. A fine balance: Constraints on vortical/gravity-wave interactions
Theodore G. Shepherd
Department of Physics, University of Toronto
Although the atmosphere supports a wide range of frequencies, it is an observed fact that (at least below the mesosphere) the low-frequency vortical motion dominates over high-frequency inertia-gravity waves. Understanding why this is the case remains an open question. There has been much work on identifying a slow manifold, but virtually none on its stability. It is proposed that the atmosphere remains close to balance because of constraints arising from the Hamiltonian structure of geophysical fluid dynamics, akin to the KAM (action) surfaces that prevent thermalization in the classic Fermi-Pasta-Ulam system of coupled oscillators. Results from low-order models are described and the connection to the fluid equations discussed.
3. Empirical normal mode diagnosis of variability in dynamical core experiments
Ayrton Zadra\textsuperscript{1}, Gilbert Brunet\textsuperscript{2}, Jacques Derome\textsuperscript{1}, and Bernard Dugas\textsuperscript{2}
\textsuperscript{1}Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University
\textsuperscript{2}Numerical Prediction Research Division, Atmospheric Environment Service
A diagnostic algorithm based on the Empirical Normal Mode (ENM) decomposition technique (Brunet, 1994 \textit{J. Atmos. Sci. – JAS}; Brunet and Vautard, 1996 \textit{JAS}; Charron and Brunet, 1999 \textit{JAS}) is used in a comparative study of variability in two dynamical core experiments. Data are provided by the Canadian Global Environmental Multiscale (GEM) model, forced according to the benchmark calculations proposed by Held and Suarez (1994 \textit{Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc.}) and Boer and Denis (1997 \textit{Climate Dyn.}). We expect this diagnostic study to provide an objective assessment of properties of the model’s dynamical core. The ENM algorithm begins by expanding data in a zonally symmetric basic state plus a sum of empirical modes of wind, pressure, specific volume and potential vorticity, classified according to their wave-activities and propagation properties. A simple stochastic modelling is used to explain characteristics of the frequency spectrum of large-scale modes. Properties of some energetic, mid-latitude, upper-tropospheric ENMs are compatible with those of quasi-modes, defined by Rivest et al. (1992 \textit{JAS}) as superpositions of singular modes sharply peaked in the phase-speed domain. Results are also compared with an ENM diagnosis of analyzed winter data, provided by the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalyses. This comparison shows that the Boer-Denis forcing is successful in reproducing many features of the observed atmospheric variability.
4. Dynamics and predictability of ensemble forecasts
Bill Merryfield and Greg Holloway
Institute of Ocean Sciences
Geophysical fluid predictability is approached by considering moment equations for the evolution of quasigeostrophic flows. We consider evolution of mean potential vorticity and of variance about the mean for ensembles whose members are randomly distributed about some initial state. Advective effects are represented by conservative terms describing advection of moment fields by the mean velocity, as well as non-conservative terms which generate variance and dissipate mean potential vorticity. These non-conservative terms depend on fluctuations from the mean and amplify rapidly as ensemble dispersion increases. General properties of these equations are examined from ensemble numerical simulations and from the perspective of nonequilibrium statistical mechanics.
5. Comparison of western and eastern North Pacific cold-season cyclones in terms of kinetic energy and eddy energy conversion
Richard Danielson, John Gyakum, and David Straub
McGill University
Local quasi-Lagrangian kinetic energy budgets, as well as a set of eddy/mean energy budget equations which reveal the importance of energy dispersion in the process denoted downstream baroclinic evolution by Orlanski and coauthors, are applied to more than 40 cold-season cyclones over each of the eastern and western North Pacific Ocean regions. Composites made from the two groups of budget calculations using NCEP reanalyses are grouped relative to the onset of maximum surface deepening but follow the associated tropopause depressions (defined as pressure maxima on the dynamic tropopause).
In terms of the total kinetic energy budget, balance at upper-levels is largely between energy generation and horizontal flux convergence, whereas at the surface it is between generation and friction. Differences in our two groups are related to a positive energy tendency and generation during periods when the western group is mainly over land. Otherwise over the ocean both groups are associated with a negative energy tendency and generation, and positive flux convergence at upper levels. In including friction with the budget residual, positive values at upper levels at the end of surface deepening are suggestive of a subgrid-scale energy source.
Related to the western cyclones, another composite cyclone appears to form downstream, whereas for the eastern group a preexisting upstream composite cyclone appears to have been present. Eddy energy conversion in the western cases is quite weak initially and increases dramatically (20W/m² or 30W/m²) during surface deepening. By contrast the eddy energy conversion of the eastern cases is weak (5W/m² or 10W/m²) but relatively constant from 2.5 days prior to surface deepening.
6. Are changes in temperature over the Mackenzie River Basin affected by global-scale energy fluctuations?
Werner Wintels and John R. Gyakum
Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University
We have shown in previous studies that approximately half of all collapses of Northern Hemisphere available potential energy (APE) over a 17-year period are characterized by midlatitude surges of warm air over the Bering Sea. Intense warm advection is generated by the baroclinic intensification of stationary upstream cyclones near Eastern Siberia and large-scale anticyclones centered near the Alaska/Yukon border. The objectives of this case study are to 1) quantify the contribution of this regional circulation to the observed APE collapses and 2) assess the potential of variations in this circulation's frequency and intensity for affecting changes in the climate of the Mackenzie River Basin (MRB).
We perform energy and thermal budgets on two consecutive APE collapses during a remarkable two-week fall of global APE between 24 Jan and 5 Feb 1989 using the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis. An original budget algorithm that includes the effect of orography is employed. The second collapse is dominated by a large-scale regime that features a surge of warm air over the Bering Sea that extends into the high arctic before wrapping around a record-breaking Alaska/Yukon anticyclone into the MRB.
1. Generation of eddies in winter along the northwest coast of North America
William Crawford and Josef Cherniawsky
*Canadian Hydrographic Service, Institute of Ocean Sciences*
Mesoscale eddies are formed in winter at several regions along the West Coast of Canada and the Alaskan Panhandle and migrate into the Gulf of Alaska, carrying nutrients and coastal waters. Some of the largest eddies were observed during the 1997/98 El Niño winter. To determine the influence of El Niño events on eddy size and numbers we investigated the historical XBT measurements, drifter tracks, satellite altimeter data, and historical profiles of temperature and salinity measured from research vessels. Data since 1992 indicate that the largest eddies are generally formed in strong El Niño winters. We will present results on the typical water type of these eddies and their impact on the water mass in the Gulf of Alaska.
2. Parameterization of the effect of sub-grid-scale buoyancy forcing variability in an OGCM convection scheme
Konstantin Zahariiev, Norm McFarlane, and George Boer
*Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis*
Previous studies have shown that the thermohaline circulation in ocean general circulation models exhibits sensitivity to the parameterization of convection and to its location and amount. These models typically use a convective adjustment scheme to remove gravitational instabilities resulting from surface heat losses due to buoyancy forcing. The convective scheme operates on values of buoyancy forcing, model temperature, and salinity, which represent averages over a grid square. However, buoyancy forcing would typically vary on spatial scales much smaller than that resolved by the ocean models; consequently there might be events on a sub-grid scale where convection would occur even though the horizontally-averaged buoyancy loss is not large enough to trigger convection in the model for the entire grid square. We propose a parameterization scheme to account for this variability of buoyancy forcing, for use in OGCMs, and present model results using this modified convective adjustment scheme.
3. Could ocean eddies set the stratification of the main thermocline?
John Marshall\(^1\), Helen Jones\(^1\), Richard Karsten\(^1\), and Richard Wardle\(^2\)
\(^1\)Massachusetts Institute of Technology
\(^2\)University of Chicago
In previous work we have shown that localized surface cooling can be balanced by lateral geostrophic eddy flux in the creation of deep convective chimneys. Now, in a series of laboratory and numerical experiments, we study the simultaneous heating and pumping of fluid downward from the surface, as an analogue of a sub-tropical gyre. A stratified warm lens of fluid is formed and its ensuing baroclinic instability produces a lateral eddy flux which balances the surface forcing and equilibrates the lens setting, in the statistically steady state, its depth and temperature. A simple theory successfully explains the temperature and depth of penetration of the warm lens.
In this paper we discuss the ramifications of these ideas for our understanding of the processes that set the stratification and depth of the main thermocline. We hypothesize that, on the scale of ocean gyres, the tendency to overturn isothermal surfaces induced by persistent differential heating and Ekman pumping, is balanced by their flattening by baroclinic instability. If the rate of working of ocean eddies is the same as that observed in our laboratory and numerical experiments, then this mechanism could account for the observed depth and stratification of the main thermocline.
4. Shelf waves in the Gulf of Alaska
Josef Cherniawsky, Michael Foreman, William Crawford, and Falconer Henry
Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Institute of Ocean Sciences
We observe diurnal shelf waves in Northeast Pacific from the TOPEX/Poseidon derived tidal constituents $K_1$ and $O_1$. The location and amplitudes of these waves in the altimeter sea level data agree quite well with those obtained from a large-scale finite-element tidal model. Examples of these waves are presented for two areas: (1) near the mouth of Juan de Fuca Strait and (2) off Cook Inlet and Kodiak Island in the northern Gulf of Alaska. In addition to the long-wavelength (500 to 1000 km) prograde shelf waves, the model also predicts smaller-amplitude (about 1 cm) retrograde waves along the shelf-break off Cook Inlet, with a wavelength of about 100 km.
5. Large amplitude internal wave excitation below a turbulent mixing region
Kathleen Dohan and Bruce Sutherland
University of Alberta
Laboratory experiments have been performed to examine the excitation of internal waves from the base of a turbulent mixing region and to study how the structure of the turbulence is itself modified by the wave excitation process. We report on a variation of the classical oscillating grid experiments in which the mixing box, filled with uniformly stratified salt water, has a large (4:1) aspect ratio. A non-intrusive technique is used both to characterize the turbulence time and length scales and to measure accurately the internal wave amplitudes and frequencies. Pearlescent dye reveals the evolution of small-scale coherent structures in the turbulent mixing region. The small-scale structures become embedded within two large-scale oppositely rotating vortices with the vorticity vector directed horizontally out the wide side of the tank. The structure in the mixing region is thus similar to that for Langmuir cells except that there is no mean vertical shear in the experiments. Below the mixing region standing internal waves are generated with wavelengths comparable to the size of the large-scale vortices in the mixing region. In typical experiments the measured amplitude of the waves is as large as five percent of their horizontal wavelength. In moderately stratified fluid the amplitude decreases with increasing stratification.
6. Internal wave transmission across a reflecting level in uniform shear
Bruce Sutherland
University of Alberta
Recent laboratory experiments and numerical simulations have demonstrated that the surface mixing region of the ocean may generate internal waves with large amplitudes. Such waves propagate with frequency close to the background buoyancy frequency. Subsequently, a series of fully nonlinear numerical simulations have been performed to examine the propagation of large amplitude internal waves into weakly stratified fluid and through shear layers. This work will report on the results of simulations of internal wavepackets propagating in uniform shear and uniform stratification. The sign of the shear is established so the intrinsic frequency of the waves increases with depth. The simulations show that downward propagating small amplitude wavepackets reflect upward at the depth predicted by linear theory. For horizontally periodic large amplitude waves, they are found to reflect well above this depth. Surprisingly, however, large amplitude horizontally compact waves are found to propagate well below the reflection level. Particularly for waves with intrinsic frequency close to the background buoyancy frequency, weakly nonlinear effects continually modulate the waves so that they propagate steadily downward with negligible reflection. A simple analytic theory is derived to predict at what amplitude transmission through a reflecting level should occur.
1. Improving the GEM model for medium-range forecasting and analysis
Sylvie Gravel\textsuperscript{1}, Michel Roch\textsuperscript{1}, Bernard Dugas\textsuperscript{1}, and Anne-Marie Leduc\textsuperscript{2}
\textsuperscript{1}Division de la recherche en prévision numérique, Meteorological Service of Canada
\textsuperscript{2}Canadian Meteorological Centre, Meteorological Service of Canada
The newest version of the Global Environmental Multiscale (GEM) model for medium-range applications is described. Emphasis is given to the features of the new model that differ from those of the model that became operational in October 1998. Results from assimilation cycles, and large ensembles of simulations are presented, along with the diagnostics that identify some of the weaknesses of the old system.
2. Automated model validation of clouds, radiation and diurnal cycle using satellite data
Louis Garand and Marc Larocque
MSC
GOES-EAST and GOES-WEST data from full disks are used to automatically validate clouds, radiation and skin temperature for 18-h, 24-h, 30-h and 36-h forecasts daily. Satellite data are then used every 6-h to evaluate the diurnal cycle. A web site has been created to display the results on a case-by-case basis as well as on monthly statistics. The variables which are validated are cloud amount, cloud height, outgoing brightness temperature (the equivalent of the satellite image) and surface skin temperature. The system is in the state of relatively advanced development. The presentation will show its important application, especially to physics modelers who wish to objectively evaluate the impact of new parameterizations. So far the system has been developed for the global model at $1^\circ \times 1^\circ$ resolution. It will eventually be extended to validate the regional model and the expected scale for this will be about 13 km.
3. An update on updateable MOS
Pierre Bourguin\textsuperscript{1}, Laurence J. Wilson\textsuperscript{1}, Franco Petrucci\textsuperscript{2}, and Richard Verret\textsuperscript{2}
\textsuperscript{1}Recherche en Prévision Numérique
\textsuperscript{2}Centre Météorologique Canadien
The Canadian updateable model output statistics (UMOS) became fully operational this spring. The essence of UMOS is that most of the preparation for the statistical processing is carried out in real time, allowing frequent and rapid redevelopment of the equations. A weighting scheme is attached to the system to ensure smooth transition during a significant model change where latest data from the newer model are given higher priority, while retaining enough data to ensure generation of stable statistical relationships. A second weighting scheme is also included to ensure smooth transition from one season to another.
The current operational version of UMOS uses multiple linear regression with forward stepwise predictor selection applied to predictands 3h spot temperature, 3h wind direction and wind speed and 6h probability of precipitation greater or equal than 2mm. Equations have been developed and updated for nearly 800 forecast sites in Canada. Where sample sizes are too small to support stable statistical relationships, stations with similar predictand climatology were grouped together for equation development.
Current UMOS research work is focused on extending the system to prediction of multi-category predictands such as cloud amounts. Following comparison results which show that
MDA works better than CART for cloud amount, we have started to implement MDA into the UMOS framework.
This presentation will give an overview of the various aspects of the UMOS system and its current operational setting as well as the newest multi-category tools. Some verification statistics will also be shown.
4. TAF tools: Development of TAF guidance – Part I: Very-short range forecast
Pierre Bourguoin\textsuperscript{1}, Richard Verret\textsuperscript{1}, Lawrence Wilson\textsuperscript{2}, and Jacques Montpetit\textsuperscript{2}
\textsuperscript{1}Centre météorologique canadien, Dorval, Canada
\textsuperscript{2}Recherche en prévision numérique, Dorval, Canada
Terminal aviation forecasts (TAFs) are site-specific forecasts that are currently prepared every 6h manually, using guidance from the operational numerical weather prediction (NWP) models and available observations. TAFs include forecast information on ceiling, visibility, weather, obstructions to visibility and wind. It is believed that gains in forecast production efficiency can be realised by automating as much of the production process as possible, leaving the final control of the forecast contents with the operational forecaster. We use statistical methods because they are cheap compared to other solutions. There are three major components of the project, one for very-short range forecasts, one for the short range and finally, one that will blend the two techniques together and possibly incorporate other available information.
Numerical weather prediction models have difficulties forecasting precise weather elements for a specific site as needed for a TAF. Persistence, especially conditional climatology, is in fact very difficult to beat during the first few hours. It has been shown that a system based on observations is superior to persistence climatology and to NWP-based statistical systems. To take advantage of these results, we are developing a very short-term forecasting technique based solely on current available observations. We will use about 40 years of hourly observations to develop forecast equations relating observations at a time to observations at a later time $T_0 + dT$. The equations will be developed using a Multiple Discriminant Analysis (MDA) technique. MDA has recently been shown to give superior forecasts to CART for cloud amount. Most of the work so far has been devoted to the construction of a large database consisting mainly of hourly observations.
5. TAF tools: Development of TAF guidance – Part II: Short range forecast
Jacques Montpetit\textsuperscript{1}, Lawrence Wilson\textsuperscript{1}, Pierre Bourguoin\textsuperscript{2}, and Richard Verret\textsuperscript{2}
\textsuperscript{1}Recherche en prévision numérique, Dorval, Canada
\textsuperscript{2}Centre météorologique canadien, Dorval, Canada
Terminal Aviation Forecasts (TAFs) are site-specific forecasts that are currently manually prepared every 6h, using guidance from the operational Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) models and available observations. TAFs include forecast information on ceiling, visibility, weather and wind. It is believed that gains in forecast production efficiency can be realised by automating as much of the production process as possible, leaving the final control of the forecast contents with the operational forecaster. We use statistical methods because they are cheap compared to other solutions. There are three major components of the project, one for very-short range forecasts, one for the short range and finally, one that will blend the two techniques together and possibly incorporate other available information.
Numerical weather prediction models have difficulties forecasting precise weather elements for a specific site as needed for a TAF. Observation-based systems may provide the best possible forecast at very-short ranges but their skills degrade rapidly in time. For that reason, a
technique based on NWP output should prove to be superior for short range forecasts beyond about 6h. It was decided to develop a perfect-prog system to forecast the different elements required to write a TAF. Reanalyses from the National Centre for Environmental Prediction are used to derive site-specific predictors such as temperature, vorticity, moisture advection, stability indices, etc. The predictors are paired with observations which have been processed to be representative of a time-step of 3h. The same Multiple Discrimant Analysis technique described in Part I: Very-Short Range Forecast is used to develop equations relating predictors and observations. The presentation will describe the technique design and results to date.
6. The Cooperative Program for Operational Meteorology, Education and Training (COMET)
Patrick Dills\textsuperscript{1}, Timothy Spangler\textsuperscript{1}, Wendy Schreiber-Ashbire\textsuperscript{1}, and Richard Cianflone\textsuperscript{2}
\textsuperscript{1}University Corporation for Atmospheric Research / COMET, Boulder, CO
\textsuperscript{2}National Weather Service, Office of Meteorology, Boulder, CO
The COMET Program was established in 1989 by the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research. Its primary sponsors are the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the Air Force Weather Agency, and the Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command. COMET Program objectives are to provide intensive education and training for operational meteorologists, increased collaboration between the operational and research communities, and improved formal university education to provide future meteorologists with enhanced educational and professional qualifications.
The COMET Education and Training Program consists of in-residence and teletraining courses, multimedia-based learning modules, and on-line resources. A variety of residence courses, 1 to 7 weeks in length, are offered on topics in mesoscale meteorology and hydrology. Shorter teletraining sessions are offered on specialized mesoscale topics. The courses are taught by university faculty and operational weather forecasters and combine conceptual lecture presentations with case-based laboratory exercises. Students are primarily National Weather Service (NWS) operational forecasters, but seats are made available to the university community, AES Canada, and the private sector as well. Multimedia-based learning (MBL) modules, delivered via CD-ROM or the World Wide Web, provide professional development for operational forecasters and others in the atmospheric science community. These MBL modules are developed in consultation with subject matter experts from the academic and operational meteorology communities. The COMET Program, in collaboration with the NWS Training Center in Kansas City and the Operational Support Facility in Norman have made online resources available to the larger meteorological community via a meteorology education and training Web site:
http://meted.ucar.edu/
These resources include a rich library of case study materials that has been developed to support courses and MBL module development. The MetEd Web site is the primary location for all Web-based materials produced by the three NWS training programs, and includes other information and resources pertinent to meteorology training and education. Additional meteorological education and training products are currently under development, including live and archived Webcasts of residence classroom presentations.
The COMET Outreach Program sponsors cooperative and partners projects and fellowships aimed at the advancement of applied research in mesoscale meteorology by fostering collaborative research between academic researchers and operational forecasters. This program also sponsors regional meteorology workshops and symposia.
1. Determination of integrated water vapour using a GPS sensor in southern Ontario: Initial results
Frank Seglenieks\textsuperscript{1}, Brian Proctor\textsuperscript{2}, Erika Klyszejko\textsuperscript{1}, Craig Smith\textsuperscript{2}, and Eric Soulis \textsuperscript{1}
\textsuperscript{1}Department of Civil Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
\textsuperscript{2}Environment Canada, NHRC, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
Although a relatively new science, the measurement of atmospheric water vapor using GPS receivers has been demonstrated to give results comparable to more conventional forms of water vapour measurement. Most of the studies involving this type of technology have taken place in the southern United States. This study involves comparing integrated water vapour measurements using a GPS receiver located north of the University of Waterloo in Waterloo, Ontario.
The method is based on the GPS signal being delayed as a result of passing through the atmosphere. This delay is caused by the dipole moment of water molecules that impedes the propagation of electromagnetic radiation through the atmosphere. The effects of the ionosphere can be removed using characteristics of the GPS signal, and the residual delay can be split into the hydrostatic delay and the wet delay.
The hydrostatic delay can be independently calculated using surface pressure measurements. The integrated water vapour can then be related to the wet delay using a proportionality constant. This constant varies depending on atmospheric conditions with the most significant factor related to the mean temperature of the atmosphere. The mean temperature can be estimated using ground temperature measurements, however a more accurate value of the constant can be found using a temperature profile of the atmosphere.
The location of the GPS receiver used in this study is near a weather station on the north campus of the University of Waterloo. This allows accurate measurement of surface meteorological parameters to be used in the calculation of integrated water vapour.
This study presents the initial comparisons of integrated water vapour measured from the GPS receiver and profiles produced by the corresponding CMC GEM model runs.
2. Measurements Of Pollution In The Troposphere (MOPITT) global measurements of tropospheric composition
James R. Drummond\textsuperscript{1} and MOPITT Science Team\textsuperscript{2}
\textsuperscript{1}Department of Physics, University of Toronto
\textsuperscript{2}Several Institutions
The MOPITT instrument was launched on NASA’s Terra spacecraft on December 18, 1999. The contamination covers were opened on February 18, 2000. By the end of June, the instrument will be producing scientific data.
MOPITT is designed to measure carbon monoxide and methane over the entire globe for a period of five years. The horizontal resolution will be 22km × 22km and carbon monoxide data will be resolved into three levels in the troposphere. Other instruments on the Terra spacecraft will measure the surface properties, giving a unique view of the atmosphere/surface interaction.
This paper will present some preliminary results from the first few months of operation. Although at the time of the Congress, much will still remain to be done with the data and with the quality control process, it is hoped that the quality will be sufficient to demonstrate the potential of these measurements.
The MOPITT instrument has been financed by the Canadian Space Agency and was constructed by COMDEV International of Cambridge, Ontario.
3. Measurements of the A-band on the AIRS/CLOUDSAT Simulator Experiment
W.F.J. Evans\(^1\), E. Puckrin\(^1\), G. Isaac\(^2\), and H. Barker\(^2\)
\(^1\)Trent University
\(^2\)Meteorological Service of Canada
Clouds can enhance the path of solar photons by up to a factor of 10. Measurements of the absorption spectrum of solar radiation by the Atmospheric or A-band of molecular oxygen at 762 nm can be used to derive cloud top altitude and photon path length. A NASA satellite called CLOUDSAT will fly an A-band spectrometer, a LIDAR and a cloud RADAR in 2003. An CMS experiment to simulate the CLOUDSAT data set was flown at Ottawa in the December, 1999 through February, 2000 period. On the aircraft, nadir measurements as well as upward viewing spectral measurements were made. On the ground at Mirabel, a BOMEM DA8 was used to take high resolution spectra of clouds as the aircraft flew an overpass pattern. Spectra and photon path length measurements will be presented. The future application of the A-band to obtain path lengths for cloud studies will also be discussed.
4. Using scanning radars as radiometers: Why not?
Frederic Fabry and Isztar Zawadzki
Dept. Atmospheric & Oceanic Sciences, McGill University
Many meteorologists and scientists studying the atmosphere use radars to obtain information on the location and severity of precipitating systems, and obtain information on winds from the scattering of microwaves on targets. Others use radiometers to measure the integrated vapor and integrated liquid water content of the atmosphere from the emission of microwaves in the atmosphere. Although both types of instruments use microwaves to make their measurements, they obtain different and sometimes complementary information by different methods. Yet the hardware present in the two instruments has many similarities, and radars have essentially all the equipment needed to make radiometric measurements, albeit at different frequencies than radiometers typically function. In this presentation, I will show some initial radiometric-like measurements made by several radars owned by McGill and how these complement the more classic active measurements.
5. Polarization diversity at the remote sensing facilities of McGill University
Isztar Zawadzki\(^1\), Frédéric Fabry\(^1\), Abnash Singh\(^1\), Alamelu Kilambi\(^1\), Marielle Gosser\(^2\), and Fédéric Cazenave\(^2\)
\(^1\)MRO, McGill University
\(^2\)Laboratoire d'Etude des Transferts en Hydrologie et Environnement France.
The McGill S-band radar has been upgraded to add polarization diversity capability. In addition a small low-cost, transportable X-band RHI radar with Doppler and dual polarization (called X-POLITO) was built at MRO. The latter is intended for microphysical studies and as a test-bed for evaluation of microwave attenuation studies and possible hydrological use of radar operating at attenuating frequencies. The polarization diversity in both systems is based on the transmission at 45 degrees and reception of the separated vertical and horizontal components. The reception is simultaneous in the S-band radar and alternate in X-POLITO with the switching between the two components done by a low power switch at the reception. While the scanning rate of the S-band radar is determined by the requirements of its operational use X-POLITO has no restrictions. It is intended as a tool for special studies and as a complementary instrument to the S-band radar. If collocated the two radars can be operated as a dual wavelength, dual polarization system. Located at a distance the system can provide dual Doppler observations as well as some of the advantages of the dual polarization dual wavelength.
1. The new version of the Canadian Regional Climate Model. Part I: Model formulation and its simulation of current climate.
Daniel Caya, René Laprise, Michel Giguère, Hélène Coté, Sébastien Biner, Dominique Paquin, and Anne Frigon
Département des sciences de la terre et de l'atmosphère, Université du Québec à Montréal
A new version of the Canadian RCM has been developed and used to produce a new set of climate change scenario simulations. Improvements in the new version of the Canadian Regional Climate Model (CRCM) include, among others, the use of Kain-Fritsch cumulus parameterisation, reduced lateral diffusion, a larger computational domain and a more frequent lateral boundary nesting. A ten-year long simulation driven by the Canadian CGCM-I for conditions corresponding to the current climate will be compared to different observed climatologies.
Results from a five-year simulation employing a different nesting technique in which the CRCM large scale circulation is forced toward the large-scale circulation of the driven data will also be presented. We will compare the obtained climate with the one produced by the conventional lateral boundary nesting technique.
2. The new version of the Canadian Regional Climate Model. Part II: Transient greenhouse gases concentration and aerosols forcing simulations.
René Laprise, Daniel Caya, Michel Giguère, Hélène Coté, Sébastien Biner, Dominique Paquin, and Anne Frigon
Département des sciences de la terre et de l'atmosphère, Université du Québec à Montréal
The recently developed version of the Canadian RCM is driven by the Canadian Coupled GCM version I (CGCM-I) to produce transient greenhouse gases (GHG) and aerosols scenarios. The CRCM is used for time-slice simulations covering the periods 2040 to 2050 and 2080 to 2090 when driven by the corresponding periods of a CGCM-I 250-year coupled simulations. Results will be presented for these two time slices corresponding to periods with roughly double and triple current GHG concentrations, and compared with corresponding GCMII results.
3. Various convection schemes applied on short climate simulations with the CRCM
Dominique Paquin, Daniel Caya, and Michel Giguère
Département des sciences de la terre et de l'atmosphère, Université du Québec à Montréal
Three convective schemes are now available in the Canadian Regional Climate Model (CRCM): the moist convective adjustment taken from the Canadian General Circulation Model version ii, the Kain-Fritsch scheme, and the Meso-NH deep convection parameterization scheme developed by Peter Bechtold (Lab. d'Aérologie, Toulouse). The Kain-Fritsch and the Meso-NH are mass flux schemes using the same general frameworks, a CAPE removal convective closure, but the Meso-NH SCHEME also applies this assumption to shallow convection. In order to see the influence of various convection schemes, July monthly simulations with the three schemes and various options were made over a domain covering the western part of Canada. Results and analysis of these simulations will be presented.
4. Large-scale forcing for the Canadian RCM
Sébastien Biner, Daniel Caya, and René Laprise
Département des sciences de la terre et de l’atmosphère, UQAM
A new nesting strategy has been implemented in the Canadian RCM (CRCM). This strategy consists in forcing the large-scale circulation of the RCM toward the corresponding large-scale circulation of the driving data. The forcing is only applied to the large large-scale and therefore does not directly affect the fine-scale details produced by the CRCM.
The methodology used to force the CRCM large-scale circulation is presented. The large-scale component of selected CRCM fields is extracted by using a low-pass filter. The corresponding fields from the driving data are treated using the same filter. A forcing proportional to the difference between the two large-scale fields is then applied to the CRCM field. The method is controlled by parameters defining the low-pass filter and by the amplitude and vertical distribution of the forcing coefficient. The results of different sensitivity tests are showed.
1. Dynamics of advection-driven upwelling over a submarine canyon
Susan Allen\(^1\) and Barbara Hickey\(^2\)
\(^1\)Dept. Earth and Ocean Sci., Univ. of BC
\(^2\)School of Oceanography, Univ. of Washington
During upwelling favourable conditions, submarine canyons are regions of enhanced upwelling. During a several day upwelling event, the response over the canyon can be separated into two phases: an initial, very strong, transient response and a later, much longer, "steady" advection-driven response. The latter phase is considered here. Recent observational evidence has shown that the flow around submarine canyons of quite different geometry (Barkley Canyon: 6 km long, 400 m deep, 8 km wide versus Astoria Canyon: 22 km long 450 m deep 9 km wide) is qualitatively similar. We present a scale analysis to estimate the depth of upwelling, the flux of upwelled water and the vorticity in various parts of the water column. For three measurable quantities: the depth of upwelling, the vorticity deep in the canyon and the presence or absence of a rim-level eddy, the results from the scale analysis are compared to observations and results from laboratory models.
Scale analysis shows that the dynamics of upwelling over a canyon is determined by combinations of several non-dimensional numbers: a Rossby number \((Ro = U/f r)\), a Froude number \((Fr = U/NH)\) and a Burger number \((S = NH/L)\) and a combination of geometric parameters \((Ge)\) where \(U\) is the inflow velocity at rim depth, \(f\) is the Coriolis parameter, \(r\) is the radius of rotation of the isobaths around the head of the canyon, \(N\) is the buoyancy frequency at rim depth, \(H\) is the depth of the shelf-break and \(L\) is the length of the canyon. \(Ge\) is function of the length of the canyon, the width of the canyon at the mouth and the width of the canyon mid-way along the length. The depth of upwelling is determined by \((F(Ro) Fr/S))^{1/2}\) where \(F\) is a tanh-like function. The vorticity of the deep water within the canyon is determined by \((F(Ro) Fr S)^{-1/2}\). The presence or absence of eddy at rim level is determined by \(Ge/(F(Ro)Fr)^{1/3}\). The comparison to the observations support the scale analysis.
2. Approximating submarine canyon upwelling through laboratory spin-up experiments
Ramzi Mirshak and Susan Allen
University of British Columbia
Submarine canyons are common bathymetric features that cut into the continental shelf from the continental slope. Canyons are areas of enhanced upwelling and downwelling. We estimate the flux of water upwelled onto the continental shelf through a submarine canyon by means of laboratory spin-up experiments.
The laboratory setup is designed to mimic a submarine canyon cutting into the shelf/slope topography of the coastal ocean. A forcing is induced by varying the rotation rate of the tank such that scaled flow rates are comparable to those found over a submarine canyon, such as Astoria canyon. An axisymmetric (canyon-free) case is used as a benchmark and these results are compared to theoretically predicted spin-up rates. It is found that the introduction of a submarine canyon to the system can accelerate the rate at which the water in the tank achieves solid body rotation. Upwelling observed within the canyon during spin-up as a result of vortex stretching enhances the radially outward flow generated by Ekman pumping.
3. Observations of the flow of abyssal water through the Samoa Passage
Howard Freeland
*Institute of Ocean Sciences*
During the fall of 1994 a conductivity-temperature-depth/hydrographic survey was carried out as part of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment one-time survey, Line P15N. The survey included standard water properties required by WOCE. Line P15N extended southwards from the Aleutian Islands along 165°W into the vicinity of the Samoa Passage. The line was adjusted to follow the axis of the Passage, and time was found to complete a cross-section survey across the Passage. This paper will present geostrophic computations of flow velocities through the Samoa Passage, including transport estimates, and will present longitudinal plots of properties. The longitudinal plots show evidence of hydraulic control at the sill in the Samoa Passage. We determine a best estimate of northward transport of water colder than 1.2°C (potential temperature) to be 8.4 Sv with an average current speed of 6.7 cm/s. This is consistent with the hypothesis that the flow is controlled.
4. Mixing and exchange in the Bosphorus
Frank Gerdes\(^1\), David Farmer\(^1\), Huseyin Yuce\(^2\), and Erhan Gezgin\(^3\)
\(^1\)Institute of Ocean Sciences
\(^2\)Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Istanbul
\(^3\)Dep. of Navigation, Hydrography and Oceanography, Istanbul
We describe results of a study of circulation in the Bosphorus. Measurements were acquired with a 300kHz acoustic Doppler profiler, a 100kHz echo-sounder and a profiling CTD, with differential GPS reference.
In the Bosphorus a two layer-exchange flow occurs with fresher Black Sea water moving South over a deeper more saline layer moving North. The exchange is hydraulically controlled by a contraction and a sill. Contrary to predictions from inviscid hydraulics the interface in the subcritical flow is not horizontal but slopes steeply throughout the strait. Our observations indicate that fluid exchange between the layers and frictional effects contribute to the balance of forces within the strait.
Observations from transverse runs from one bank to the other show significant variability associated with channel curvature. Echo-sounder images reveal the presence of shear flow instability at various locations. At these the gradient Richardson was found to be smaller or of the order of \(1/4\).
The upper layer and lower layer transports are influenced by a daily land/sea breeze. Net volume fluxes increase from 5000 to 10,000 m\(^3\)/s within a few hours.
Analysis of the velocity and density fields in terms of volume and salt conservation provides a basis for inferring the effects of turbulent transport between the layers. We estimated an upward flux of 1200 m\(^3\)/s and a downward flux of 300 m\(^3\)/s over the southern 10km of the Bosphorus.
5. Western Mediterranean sea-level rise: Changing exchange flow through the Strait of Gibraltar
Tetjana Ross\(^1\), Chris Garrett\(^1\), and Pierre-Yves Le Traon\(^2\)
\(^1\)University of Victoria
\(^2\)CLS Space Oceanography Division, France
Sea-level rise caused by climate change is a matter of concern all around the world and particularly in the Mediterranean, where there have been many studies of sea-level changes. Most studies consider the Mediterranean as a closed basin, thus overlooking the exchange flow through the Strait of Gibraltar as a possible cause of Mediterranean sea-level changes.
We show how a western Mediterranean sea-level rise of more than 10 mm/year from 1994 through 1997, found in monthly mean sea-level data from tide-gauges and Topex/Poseidon satellite altimetry, can be interpreted as a change in the Gibraltar exchange flow. The rise was accompanied by a four year decrease of nearly 40% in the sea-level drop along the Strait, which suggests a move to more submaximal exchange flow, since the predicted along-strait sea-level drop for submaximal flow is half that for maximal. A decrease in the cross-strait sea-level drop was also seen, suggesting the decreased surface inflow velocities that would accompany more submaximal flow. Thus, it seems a switching of hydraulic flow states in the Strait, likely triggered by changes in Mediterranean deep water formation, caused the rise.
1. Synoptic description of the Atlantic storm of January 21, 2000
John MacPhee\textsuperscript{1}, Bill Richards\textsuperscript{2}, and Ted McIldoon\textsuperscript{3}
\textsuperscript{1}Newfoundland Weather Centre, Gander, NF
\textsuperscript{2}New Brunswick Weather Centre, Fredericton, NB
\textsuperscript{3}Maritimes Weather Centre, Dartmouth, NS
Atlantic Canada was battered by a winter storm on Friday and Saturday, January 21st and 22nd, 2000. This Cape Hatteras Low dropped to an exceptionally low 94.6 kpa when it was 90 nautical miles south of Halifax. The central pressure remained below 95.0 kpa as it tracked northward across the Central Gulf of St. Lawrence, making it one of the few storms known to have been below 95.0 kpa while over Gulf waters. This storm was well handled by the Numerical Weather Products (NWP) which forecast its formation and movement (several days) in advance. The forecasts issued by all three Weather Centres in Atlantic Region accurately predicted the depth of the low, wind speeds and, for the most part (with the exception of being a little light for the 22-0600Z period) significant wave heights associated with the storm.
We will show how this low developed, discuss the return period for a low of this depth over the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and consider what warnings were issued and how well they were distributed and understood. The effort put into a Storm Damage Survey turned up some complaints about the Warnings issued for Higher than Normal Water Levels. What have we learned from this feedback? What changes could or should be made? An overview of the snowfall/rainfall amounts will the wrap-up the presentation.
2. Storm-surge, sea-ice, and wave impacts of the 21–22 January 2000 storm in coastal communities of Atlantic Canada
Donald Forbes\textsuperscript{1}, George Parkes\textsuperscript{2}, Charles O’Reilly\textsuperscript{3}, Réal Daigle\textsuperscript{4}, Robert Taylor\textsuperscript{5}, and Norm Catto\textsuperscript{5}
\textsuperscript{1}Geological Survey of Canada, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth NS B2Y 4A2
\textsuperscript{2}Maritimes Weather Centre, Meteorological Service of Canada, Dartmouth NS B2Y 2N6
\textsuperscript{3}Canadian Hydrographic Service, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth NS B2Y 4A2
\textsuperscript{4}New Brunswick Weather Centre, Meteorological Service of Canada, Fredericton NB E3B 6Z3
\textsuperscript{5}Department of Geography, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s NF A1B 3X9
A deep low passing northward over the Maritimes on 21–22 January 2000 caused severe impacts at numerous coastal locations. With minimum central pressure of 94.5 kPa at 1800 UTC 110 km SSE of Halifax, the storm passed 55 km east of Charlottetown at 0000 UTC and thence north across the Gulf. Coincidence of a 1.2 m storm surge with perigean high tides intensified the impact of the storm at many sites. Waves of 5–7 m significant height in the Cabot Strait area, with much higher extremes, caused very severe impacts in southwest Newfoundland (MacPhee, this session) and eastern Nova Scotia. Flooding and wave damage to coastal infrastructure were recorded at several communities on the Burin Peninsula, but damage in eastern Newfoundland was largely restricted to sites that sustained more severe impacts from hurricanes in 1999. Combined waves and surge overtopped the barrier beach and main road access at Souris PEI, causing serious erosion, and significant damage was sustained at other sites in eastern and western PEI. The storm surge was most severe in Northumberland Strait, causing record high water levels and flooding parts of the downtown core in Charlottetown, as well as serious flooding in Mt Stewart PEI, Summerside PEI, and Shediac Bay NB. Buildings were floated off their foundations and transported alongshore at Malagash NS. A striking feature of this storm was the extent of sea-ice ride-up and pile-up onshore in PEI and NB. While sea ice limited wave action and protected the north shore of PEI (where the storm of 22 December 1998 was more severe), ice ride-up dislodged a lighthouse in Charlottetown and devastated the wharf at Robichaud NB. Shore-ice pile-up along the Gulf coast of NB, in places over the crest of coastal dunes, caused significant damage and exceeded anything in the recollection of coastal residents.
3. Real-time forecasts of the January 21st storm surge in Atlantic Canada
Josko Bobanovic\(^1\), Keith Thompson\(^1\), Serge Desjardins\(^2\), and Hal Ritchie\(^2\)
\(^1\)Dalhousie University, Oceanography Department
\(^2\)Environment Canada
During January 20–22, the Atlantic provinces were hit by an extremely powerful storm that resulted in large amounts of snow and virtually paralyzed the life on January 21. The storm was associated with an extra-tropical system that moved along the east coast of the US with very strong winds (storm to hurricane force wind or recorded peak wind of Southerly 96 km/h gusting to 137 km/h and central pressure of 944 mb). Strong winds and low pressure provided forcing for a dramatic storm surge (in excess of 1.4 meters) in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence that resulted in serious flooding along northern shore of Nova Scotia, around PEI and New Brunswick.
We attempt to analyze the conditions and consequences of such a powerful storm surge from the atmospheric and oceanographic points of view. Atmospheric forecasts (wind and pressure) are compared to the CMC (Canadian Meteorological Centre) surface analyses, surface observations to examine the skill of the forecast model for 24 and 48 hours. The operational storm surge model for the Atlantic Canada has been available in research mode for over a year through a joint effort by Dalhousie and Environment Canada. Here, we analyze the 24 and 48 hour forecast skill for the January 21 storm surge. We compared tide gauge observations against model predicted sea level and found that model was capable of forecasting the surge event with high degree of skill.
4. The wave in Channel Head
John MacPhee
Newfoundland Weather Centre, Gander, NF
The Channel Head portion of Port Aux Basques was hardest hit of all Newfoundland communities by the January storm. Here lives were almost lost and many people suffered great financial loss. Two events battered this area in the morning hours of Saturday, January 22. There were storm to hurricane force winds in the area Friday night and into Saturday morning. The recorded peak wind of 1852G74 KTS (Southerly 96 KM/H gusting 137 KM/H) was at 01:30 AM NST (22–0500Z). The sea state had increased sharply with the significant wave running at 6 to 8 metres from the south. In the greater Port Aux Basques region the water levels were running well above the tidal normals, resulting from a combination of tide, large significant wave heights and storm surge. In short, the area was experiencing storm conditions. On top of these storm conditions, which existed along the full southwest and south coasts of Newfoundland, at approximately 3:00 AM NST Saturday the first of two large waves struck the Channel Head area. This first wave did damage to homes and vehicles and was both large and unusual enough to draw people out of their homes. A second wave struck the area about 10 minutes after the first large wave, causing great personal loss (insurance will not cover the damage) and nearly taking lives.
This presentation will discuss the first notification of this event and the steps followed in investigating it. Why was there a delay in acknowledging that the area was struck by a large wave? Why is it hard to conduct a damage investigation by phone? An explanation of how the wave height was determined will also be presented.
5. Dynamic fetch and the "rogue" wave event at Port-aux-Basques
R. Bigio\textsuperscript{1}, R. Lalbeharry\textsuperscript{2}, and B. R. Thomas\textsuperscript{3}
\textsuperscript{1}Meteorological Service of Canada, Environment Canada, Halifax
\textsuperscript{2}Meteorological Service of Canada, Environment Canada, Downsview
\textsuperscript{3}Meteorological Service of Canada, Environment Canada, Dartmouth
During the storm of January 20–22, 2000, at least two large rogue waves hit Port-aux-Basques in southwestern Newfoundland causing an estimated 500K damage. Environment Canada personnel who inspected the damage concluded that the crest of the bigger of the two waves was about 9 m at the Channel Head residential area of Port-aux-Basques, and was at least 1.5 m at the lighthouse on Channel Head Island. Heights are referenced to the low tide level. Damage was caused by both heavy surf and storm surge. Other communities on the south coast of Newfoundland and the eastern shores of Nova Scotia also experienced destructive waves and storm surge.
Dynamic (or trapped) fetch occurs when the generating area moves with the wave group it generates (Bigio, 1996). In such conditions, waves can grow without limit until the generating area changes speed or direction.
The motion of the storm centre and the presence of long-period waves suggest that dynamic fetch was involved. Buoy data are examined to test this hypothesis. Possible causes of the rogue waves at Channel Head are examined.
The track of this storm and the associated dynamic fetch brought high-energy long-period waves across the continental shelf to the east coast of Nova Scotia and the south coast of Newfoundland. The combination of high heights and long periods also created very dangerous wave conditions over the shallower banks of the Scotian Shelf. The long period, and hence the long wavelength, of the waves meant that they were in transitional-depth water as they passed over these banks. The effects of shoaling and refraction are discussed. The deep-water storm waves are compared to wave climate statistics.
Wave simulations from the operational ocean wave model WAM are also compared with the buoy observations to examine how well the WAM performed in generating the extreme sea states observed for this storm case.
1. Cloud droplet size formation by ripening process: Roles of radiative processes
Fikrettin Celik
*Enviro-Meteo Services Inc.*
Initiation of rain in warm clouds requires broad droplet size spectra and existence droplets with diameter 40 micrometers for the onset of collision-coalescence processes. Large number of studies were devoted for this problem, however, this is still an unsolved problem.
Cloud droplet size spectra are unstable due to presence of droplets with different size and salinity. Inside of a cloud, curvature and the salinity effects of the droplets are the driving forces for the instability. Because of this instability droplet spectra broaden to large and small sizes without any external forcing mechanism (ripening process). Radiative cooling near the top of a cloud is another process that modifies the formation of droplet size spectra. The roles of radiative processes on the ripening process will be discussed. Aircraft observations and numerical simulations will be presented.
2. The absorption of NIR solar radiation by liquid water in clouds
W.F.J. Evans and E. Puckrin
*Trent University*
In current climate models, clouds do not absorb much more solar radiation than a clear atmosphere. Spectral measurements with FTIR spectroscopy of the transmission of solar infrared radiation through clear and cloudy skies has indicated that clouds absorb unexpectedly large amounts of near-infrared (NIR) radiation. The amounts are unexpected in the sense that radiation codes, including sophisticated algorithms such as MODTRAN4, cannot model this strong absorption effect. The absorption fingerprint of the mystery absorber in the cloud transmission spectra matches the spectrum of liquid water. We also have observed the spectrum of liquid water absorption in the transmission spectrum of fog, which has a composition similar to clouds, suggesting that it is possibly associated with drizzle in clouds. The same spectral signature of liquid water in the cloud NIR absorption has been observed from an aircraft on the AIRS project.
The liquid water absorption is not explained by Mie theory for cloud droplets in the size range from 10 to 20 microns. The absorption cannot be simulated using MODTRAN4 or other radiation codes. We postulate that the liquid water in the form of drizzle in clouds is absorbing the NIR solar radiation. The effect seems to be associated with precipitating clouds and includes Virga in many clouds which does not reach the ground. A possible explanation is that there is a bimodal droplet distribution with water droplets greater than 200 microns radius causing the absorption drizzle consists of droplets around 500 microns. Daily measurements over the last 4 years, utilising separate filtered pyranometers to determine the ratio of NIR absorption to visible absorption, have been used to further investigate and quantify this effect. The absorbed flux is strongly dependent on the cloud type, and the size of the absorbed flux is in the 50 to 100 W/m² range at solar noon. Under clear conditions, the ratio of NIR to Total short wave is usually about 40%. Under cloudy conditions this ratio can be reduced from 40% to 15%. In terms of fluxes, this ratio can be reduced from 350/900 W/m² down to 60/350 W/m². The absorption of NIR flux can be up to 150 W/m² by a particular cloud deck. On a globally averaged basis this corresponds to 13 to 25 W/m², in comparison to the 3 W/m² flux imbalance due to the increase in all of the greenhouse gases. Overall, clouds have been estimated to produce a net cooling effect of about 20 W/m². Our measurements indicate that cloud absorption can be over 100 W/m² for individual clouds, implying some clouds have a net warming instead of a cooling effect. The energy absorption of NIR short wave by clouds on a global basis may be a missing factor in GCMs, important to modelling the climate problem. This NIR absorption effect is not reproduced by the current radiation schemes in climate models.
3. Sea salt radiative forcing in CCC GCM
Steven Dobbie\textsuperscript{1}, Jiangnan Li\textsuperscript{2}, Richard Harvey\textsuperscript{2}, and Peter Chylek\textsuperscript{1}
\textsuperscript{1}Dalhousie University
\textsuperscript{2}Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis
The single scattering optical properties of sea salt solution particles are parameterized as a function of relative humidity for various dry size distribution. The accuracy of the parameterization is typically within 10% as compared to exact Mie calculation. In addition to the optical properties, the growth of droplet mass ratio and effective radius of the size distribution are also parameterized in terms of the relative humidity. The parameterization was implemented in the Canadian General Circulation Model GCMIII, and an estimate of the first order globally and yearly averaged solar direct radiative forcing due to sea salt is estimated to be $-0.15 \text{W/m}^2$ (cooling). The monthly trends in the two hemispheres are presented and discussed.
4. Simulations of aerosol optical depth using the CCCma GCM as compared to AERONET and AVHRR data
Ulrike Lohmann and Glen Lesins
Dalhousie University
The general circulation model (GCM) of the Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis (CCCma) solves prognostic equations for the mass mixing ratios of sulfate aerosols, hydrophobic and hydrophilic organic and black carbon, dust and sea salt. Sources due to fossil fuel use, biomass burning, volcanoes, oceanic DMS emissions, deserts, forests emitting organic carbon precursors and bursting of white-cap bubbles are given from different source inventories. The aerosols are subject to transport, dry and wet deposition and chemical transformation in case of sulfates. For radiative purposes we consider each species to be distributed log-normally following the OPAC climatology (Hess et al. 1998). Since some aerosol species swell as the relative humidity increases, while others like black carbon and dust do not, the optical properties can be different if the various aerosol species are assumed to be externally mixed or internally mixed. The AERONET (Aerosol robotic network) data (Holben et al. 1999) provide measurements of aerosol optical depth at different continental sites complementing nicely the information over the oceans obtained by AVHRR (Husar et al. 1997). The comparison with AVHRR and AERONET data will tell us if the simulated aerosol optical depth is in closer agreement with the observations when the species are externally or internally mixed. Sensitivity studies with different mixing assumptions, mode radii and widths of distributions will also be carried out.
5. Cirrus horizontal inhomogeneity and solar albedo bias
Betty Carlin\textsuperscript{1}, Qiang Fu\textsuperscript{1}, Ulrike Lohmann\textsuperscript{1}, Gerald G. Mace\textsuperscript{2}, Jennifer M. Barnett\textsuperscript{2}, and Kenneth Sassen\textsuperscript{2}
\textsuperscript{1}Dalhousie University
\textsuperscript{2}University of Utah
Cloud subscale variability within typical grid cells of large scale models (such as climate models) may introduce a significant cloud albedo bias because of the plane parallel assumption for the cloud. In the last few years, research efforts have been focusing on the solar albedo bias related to the subtropical marine boundary layer clouds. In this study, we have investigated the horizontal inhomogeneity of cirrus clouds and the related solar albedo bias using the time series of cirrus microphysical and optical properties derived from the cloud radar and lidar at the SGP ARM site and Salt Lake City, respectively. We consider the gamma probability density function as a fit to the observed cirrus cloud optical depth distribution and then demonstrate that the gamma weighted (GW) radiative transfer method as proposed by Barker (1996) can reduce the albedo bias. We also discuss possible parameterizations of the standard deviation of cirrus optical depths (which is needed for the GW method) by using parameters provided by large scale models.
1. A spectral analysis technique suitable for limited area grids
Bertrand Denis\textsuperscript{1}, Jean Côté\textsuperscript{2}, and René Laprise\textsuperscript{1}
\textsuperscript{1}Université du Québec à Montréal
\textsuperscript{2}Recherche en prévision numérique, Service météorologique du Canada
Two-dimensional spectral analysis is a popular way of analyzing atmospheric data on the globe. This is because the sphere is a suitable domain for spectral transforms that work on periodic data. On the other hand, meteorological fields on limited area grids are non-periodic and the direct application of the periodic Fourier transform produces spectra with distorted tails. To avoid that problem, we use a transform called the discrete cosine transform (DCT). The DCT is a widely used transform for compression of digital images such as MPEG and JPEG, but its use for atmospheric spectral analysis is novel.
We will show how this technique compares to another technique that consists in detrending the data before applying a periodic Fourier transform (Errico, 1985). Some spectra from the Canadian Regional Climate Model (CRCM) will be displayed. Finally, we will show how the DCT transform can be used advantageously for extracting information at specific spatial scales by spectrally filtering the atmospheric fields.
2. Correlation between various CRCM and CGCMII fields over western Canada under different greenhouse gases concentrations
Hélène Côté, René Laprise, and Daniel Caya
Département des Sciences de la Terre et de l'Atmosphère, Université du Québec à Montréal
The limited area Canadian Regional Climate Model (CRCM) is nested in the Canadian GCM to produce time-slice experiments in a transient greenhouse gases concentration scenario. CRCM simulations have been performed for three ten-year time windows. These three periods correspond approximately to contemporary, doubled and 3 time GHG concentrations. The one-way nesting technique consists in providing some GCM fields at the boundary of the regional domain. Beyond a narrow transition zone, the CRCM is free to develop its own circulation.
In order to quantify how much the CRCM simulated climate is controlled by the driving CGCMII simulation, the correlation coefficients between the two climates has been computed for each grid point of the regional domain. Spatial distribution of the correlation coefficient for some selected variables will be shown for each of the three time windows. The correlation coefficient will also be used to compare two CRCM contemporary GHG concentration simulations nested by the same CGCMII integration but with different nesting techniques.
3. A permutation approach to the validation of short regional climate model simulations
Murray D. MacKay
Climate Processes and Earth Observation Division, MSC
Short regional climate model simulations are routinely compared with observations, though because of extremely small sample sizes (often only a single season or year is simulated) it is generally difficult to establish whether any model-reality differences are statistically significant. In the following, a permutation technique based on the Pool Permutation Procedure of Preisendorfer and Barnett is proposed to estimate the statistical significance of similarities between spatial fields as simulated by a regional climate model, and observations, when the climate model is nested within operational analyses (i.e. perfect lateral boundary conditions). To illustrate the technique, we consider a short simulation over the Mackenzie River Basin of northwestern Canada made using the Canadian Regional Climate Model, and focus our attention on accumulated monthly precipitation and monthly average screen temperature. For comparison we have a 45 year gridded, monthly climate dataset produced by the Meteorological Service of Canada over the same region, based on adjusted operational climate station data.
4. Evaluation of the performance of a mesoscale model during FIRE.ACE
Bernard Bilodeau\textsuperscript{1}, Jocelyn Mailhot\textsuperscript{1}, André Tremblay\textsuperscript{2}, Anna Glazer\textsuperscript{2}, and Stéphane Bélair\textsuperscript{1}
\textsuperscript{1}Recherche en prévision numérique
\textsuperscript{2}Cloud Physics Research Division
In support of the FIRE.ACE field project, a special modeling system had been set up in Iuuvik, NWT, from 6 April to 1 May 1998 to provide forecast guidance for the Convair flight operations. The MC2 (Mesoscale Compressible Community) model was run at high-resolution (10 km) everyday to give an accurate picture of mesoscale features, especially with regards to the Arctic cloud structure and distributions, near-surface winds and temperatures. Prior to the experiment, changes had been made to the physics package in order to improve the treatment of surface processes over land and ice-covered oceans, and to refine the treatment of Arctic stratus clouds. A preliminary evaluation of this package has been done recently. Since then, we have refined further the definition of surface properties in the model physics. Moreover, we have fine-tuned the coupling of the condensation scheme with the radiation modules. A model rerun for the entire experiment period was performed, in order to generate a reliable database that will be used for further studies.
An overview of the various aspects of the modeling system will be presented at the Congress. Verification statistics against surface and radiosonde observations for the entire period will be shown, as well as detailed comparisons of model and observed surface energy budgets over SHEBA ice station.
1. The warm summer of 1998 and its effect on sea ice and glacier melt in the Canadian Arctic Islands
Tom Agnew\textsuperscript{1}, Bea Alt\textsuperscript{2}, Roger DeAbreu\textsuperscript{3}, Sharon Jeffers\textsuperscript{3}, and Roy Koerner\textsuperscript{4}
\textsuperscript{1}Climate Research Branch, Meteorological Service of Canada
\textsuperscript{2}Balanced Environments Associates
\textsuperscript{3}Canadian Ice Service, Meteorological Service of Canada
\textsuperscript{4}Geological Survey of Canada
The globally warm summer of 1998 has been characterized by record reductions in sea ice cover over the Beaufort and Chukchi Seas (McPhee, et al., 1999, Maslanik et al., 1999, Agnew et al., 1999). It also had a major impact on sea ice and glacier melt in the Canadian Arctic Islands especially the Queen Elizabeth Islands. In 1998, for the first time since 1962, both the multi-year fast ice plugs in Sverdrup Basin and Nansen Sound broke up. However analysis of the historic records of composite sea ice charts in the High Arctic Islands indicates the summer of 1962 (and possibly 1981) was just as extreme as 1998 in both sea ice and glacier mass balance and the 35 year record of maximum open water percent and glacier mass balance have to date shown no significant trends. The maximum open water record for 1961-1998 suggests a possible change in the Queen Elizabeth Islands ice regime starting in the early 1980's which may explain the lack of trend. The summer of 1998 was none the less the first year in the latter period to experience extremely light sea ice conditions in the high arctic islands (as well as in the eastern arctic islands) and provides a glimpse of what the future may hold for cryospheric conditions in the area.
The paper combines research and operational methods to investigate these phenomena and examines in particular the extreme summers of 1998, 1962 (and 1981) as well as the trends in sea ice extent, the ice motion in the vicinity of the multiyear ice plugs, the change in regime in the early 1980's and the relationship of the complex Queen Elizabeth Island sea ice regime to change at the hemispheric scale. This paper is a report on work to date and proposed future work.
2. Interannual variability of accumulated snow in the Columbia basin, British Columbia
William Hsieh\textsuperscript{1} and Benyang Tang\textsuperscript{2}
\textsuperscript{1}University of British Columbia
\textsuperscript{2}Jet Propulsion Lab
Snow water equivalent anomalies (SWEA) measured around April 1 by stations in the Columbia basin area in British Columbia, Canada were studied for their interannual variability during the period 1950-1999, particularly in relation to El Niño/La Niña events and to high and low PNA (Pacific-North American) atmospheric circulation patterns. Composites of the SWEA showed that SWEA were negative during El Niño years, positive during La Niña years, negative during high PNA years, and positive during low PNA years. High PNA appeared to have the most impact on the SWEA, followed by La Niña, then El Niño, and finally by low PNA. In the Columbia basin area, La Niña effects (relative to El Niño effects) on SWEA decrease northward and eastward, but strengthen with elevation.
Composites of the Pacific sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTA) during the ten lowest SWEA years revealed weak signals, with El Niño warm SSTA present only during spring and early summer in the preceding year, and the SSTA pattern consistent with a high PNA present by fall and winter. In contrast, composites of the SSTA during the ten highest SWEA years showed strong La Niña cool SSTA starting around May in the preceding year and lasting onto winter.
3. A comparison of modelled sea-ice concentration with observational data from 1958 to 1998
Anne E. Armstrong\textsuperscript{1}, Lawrence A. Mysak\textsuperscript{1}, and L.-Bruno Tremblay\textsuperscript{2}
\textsuperscript{1}Dept. of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences and Centre for Climate and Global Change Research, McGill University
\textsuperscript{2}Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University
A comparison between observed and simulated sea-ice concentration (SIC) is presented. The observations come from the GISSST data set and the simulated data was obtained from a 41-year simulation using a sea-ice dynamic model based on a granular material rheology. EOF analysis is employed initially to validate the modelled SIC. Results show a good agreement between simulated and observed SIC EOF patterns: centers of action in the Greenland, Barents, Beaufort and East Siberian seas are well reproduced. The model is then used to obtain a better physical understanding of the processes responsible for these modes.
4. Decadal variability of the Arctic sea ice thickness.
Blandine L'heveder\textsuperscript{1} and Marie-Noelle Houssais\textsuperscript{2}
\textsuperscript{1}Department of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, McGill, Montreal.
\textsuperscript{2}LODYC, UPMC, Paris.
The natural low frequency variability of the sea ice thickness in the Arctic is investigated based on a 10 000 years simulation with a one-dimensional thermodynamic sea ice model forced by random perturbations of the air surface temperature and solar radiation. The simulation results suggest that atmospheric random perturbations are integrated by the sea ice. Moreover those perturbations occurring at the onset of melting may result in a global shift of the melting season and therefore force the largest ice thickness anomalies, which are successively amplified in summer by the albedo feedback and damped in winter by the feedback of the heat conduction through the ice.
The power spectrum of the ice anomalies suggests that the thickness of the perennial ice should vary preferentially on a timescale of approximately 20 years. The shape of the spectrum is consistent with that of a first order Markov process in which the characteristic time scale of the ice fluctuations would be the relaxation time scale associated with the linear feedback. The equivalent Markov model is constructed by linearizing the ice growth rate anomaly equations and allows us to derive an analytical expression of the feedback. The characteristic time scale depends explicitly on those model parameters involved in the atmosphere-ice interaction but also on the mean seasonal characteristics of the forcing and of the ice thickness.
5. Sea-ice variability in the CCCma CGCM2 Coupled Model
Gregory Flato
Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis, Meteorological Service of Canada
The CCCma's second generation coupled model, CGCM2, includes a simplified sea-ice dynamics scheme. The resulting ice motion allows for net ice growth in some areas and net ice melt in others (notably the northern North Atlantic). Wind-driven variability in ice motion can therefore be reflected in variability in surface freshwater (and heat) fluxes, which can in turn drive variability in ocean properties and circulation. The talk will illustrate variability in modelled ice coverage, thickness and export from the Arctic obtained from a 1000 year control integration of the model. Correlations with variability in other climate quantities will be examined and comparisons to available observations will be made. The talk will end with some results from a simulation with changing greenhouse gas and aerosol forcing to illustrate potential future changes in Arctic ice cover and its variability.
6. Is there a dominant timescale of natural climate variability in the Arctic?
Silvia A. Venegas\textsuperscript{1} and Lawrence A. Mysak\textsuperscript{2}
\textsuperscript{1}Danish Center for Earth System Science (DCESS), Niels Bohr Institute for Astronomy, Physics and Geophysics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
\textsuperscript{2}Centre for Climate and Global Change Research and Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec
A frequency-domain singular value decomposition performed jointly on century-long (1903–1994) records of North Atlantic sector sea ice concentration and sea level pressure poleward of 40°N reveals that fluctuations on the interdecadal and quasidecadal timescales account for a large fraction of the natural climate variability in the Arctic. Four dominant signals, with periods of about 6–7 years, 9–10 years, 16–20 years and 30–50 years, are isolated and analyzed. These signals account for about 60–70% of the variance in their respective frequency bands. All of them appear in the monthly (year-round) data. However, the 9–10-year oscillation especially stands out as a winter phenomenon.
Ice variability in the Greenland, Barents and Labrador Seas is then linked to coherent atmospheric variations and certain oceanic processes. The Greenland Sea ice variability is largely due to fluctuations in ice export through Fram Strait and to the local wind forcing during winter. It is proposed that variability in the Fram Strait ice export depends on three different mechanisms, occurring on the 6–7 year timescale, the 9–10 year timescale and the 16–20 year timescale. Also, a marked decreasing trend in ice extent since around 1970 (30–50-yr timescale) is linked to a recently reported warming in the Arctic. The Barents Sea ice variability is associated with the nature of the penetration of Atlantic waters into the Arctic Basin, which is affected by two distinct mechanisms, one of which is related to the NAO pattern (9–10 year timescale) and the other to the ocean gyres (16–20 year timescale). Ice variability in the Labrador Sea, on the other hand, appears to be determined by thermodynamical effects produced by the local wind forcing, which is closely related to the 9–10 year NAO timescale, and by advection of ice anomalies into this sea from the Greenland-Irminger Sea (6–7-yr timescale).
1. Twin Otter flux measurements in the Mackenzie GEWEX Study (MAGS)
Ian MacPherson\textsuperscript{1}, Peter Schuepp\textsuperscript{2}, and Raymond Desjardins\textsuperscript{3}
\textsuperscript{1}National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario
\textsuperscript{2}McGill University, Montreal, Quebec
\textsuperscript{3}Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario
This paper describes the operation of the NRC Twin Otter atmospheric research aircraft as part of the university component of the Canadian GEWEX Enhanced Study (CAGES), an intensive observation period of MAGS. The aircraft was instrumented to measure the vertical fluxes of sensible and latent heat, momentum and CO\textsubscript{2} and supporting meteorological and radiometric data. The focus of the aircraft program was the measurement of the heat and moisture exchange between the surface and the atmosphere, for comparison with ground-based flux data and, ultimately, the improvement of models used to predict these exchanges over extended areas of the Mackenzie basin. Twenty-five project flights were flown from Inuvik, NWT, over well-defined and repeatable ground tracks, including a 16×16-km grid pattern, a 100-km regional run, and tracks over forest and the Mackenzie Delta. Flights from May 21–June 8, 1999 captured the critical snow-melt period and initial greening of the vegetation, and a second series from July 5–14 provided comparative summer data when transpiration from the vegetation contributed a greater portion of the latent heat flux. Details of the flight program and a summary of the resulting flux measurements will be presented.
2. Analysis of airborne flux observations in the Mackenzie GEWEX Study (MAGS)
Peter H. Schuepp\textsuperscript{1}, J. I. Macpherson\textsuperscript{2}, S. O. Ogunjemiyo\textsuperscript{3}, N. Neumann\textsuperscript{4}, P. Yau\textsuperscript{1}, and B. Nagarajan\textsuperscript{1}
\textsuperscript{1}McGill University, Montreal
\textsuperscript{2}National Research Council, Ottawa
\textsuperscript{3}University of California at Santa Barbara
\textsuperscript{4}National Water Research Institute, Saskatoon
This paper will complement a parallel paper submitted by MacPherson et al., which describes the operation of the Canadian Twin Otter flux research aircraft in MAGS, and resulting flux estimates of sensible heat, latent heat and carbon dioxide over tundra, delta and forested regions in the northern Mackenzie Basin. It will focus on the following aspects: (a) Energy balance closure and partitioning: The proportion of available energy allocated to sensible and latent heat flux, as opposed to that used in storage and ground flux, varied by factors up to 10 during the observation period (snow-melt to early summer conditions), and the partitioning between sensible and latent heat flux (Bowen Ratio) by factors up to 5. The physical and physiological processes that must be understood in modelling such variability in the surface boundary condition for biosphere-atmosphere exchange will be discussed (b) Link to remote sensing: The spatial distributions of observed fluxes will be compared against radiometric surface characteristics from satellites in an attempt to determine the potential of using satellite-based remote sensing for estimation of surface-atmosphere exchange in northern ecosystems (c) Link to boundary-layer modelling: Airborne data obtained over regional, forested transects with and without presence of small lakes will be examined against preliminary results of 3-d MC2 modelling in an attempt to assess the effects of small lakes on regional evaporation.
3. Solar radiation budgets for the Mackenzie GEWEX Study (MAGS) from ScaRaB and AVHRR measurements
J. Feng\(^1\), H.G. Leighton\(^1\), M.D. Mackay\(^2\), N. Bussières\(^2\), P.H. Schuepp\(^3\), and I. Macpherson\(^4\)
\(^1\)Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University
\(^2\)Meteorological Service of Canada, Downsview, ON
\(^3\)Department of Natural Resource Sciences, Macdonald Campus of McGill University
\(^4\)Flight Research Laboratory, National Research Council
Solar radiation budgets at the top of the atmosphere and at the surface are determined for the Mackenzie GEWEX Study from radiances measured by the ScaRaB instrument on the METEOR 3/7 satellite and the AVHRR on NOAA polar orbiters. Data from two periods are analyzed: the summer of 1994 when data from both the ScaRaB and AVHRR were available, and 1998–99, which was the project period of detailed study for a full water year but for which only AVHRR data are available.
ScaRaB, with its simultaneous measurements of narrowband and broadband radiances from the same pixels is ideally suited for generating narrowband to broadband conversions. Conversion functions specific to the Mackenzie Basin are determined for eight different surface types, clear and overcast conditions, and a wide range of sun and viewing geometries. Relationships between AVHRR channel 1 and ScaRaB narrowband radiances are deduced from radiative transfer calculations. These two steps are combined to provide conversions of AVHRR channel-1 radiances to broadband radiances. Top-of-the-atmosphere (TOA) fluxes are obtained from the broadband radiances and ERBE angular distribution models. TOA fluxes deduced from the AVHRR measurements in 1994 show very good agreement with the fluxes determined from ScaRaB giving confidence in the narrowband to broadband conversions.
Surface fluxes are deduced from the TOA fluxes using the algorithm of Li et al. (1993), which in addition to the TOA flux requires the column water vapour amount and the solar zenith angle. Surface fluxes for both the 1994 and 1998–99 measurement campaigns are compared with net solar fluxes measured from instrumented towers and a low-flying instrumented aircraft. Results for the 1994 data showed good agreement between the net solar fluxes deduced from the satellite measurements and the aircraft and tower measurements.
Monthly averages of the hourly fluxes deduced from the satellite measurements are compared with the corresponding fluxes from the Canadian Regional Climate Model (CRCM). For the summer of 1994 the agreement between the fluxes from the model and the satellite data at the TOA is good, with the mean difference in the daily average fluxes being 0.82 W m\(^{-2}\), −19.4 W m\(^{-2}\), −5.5 W m\(^{-2}\) and 2.6 W m\(^{-2}\). This indicates primarily that the model is doing a good job of reproducing the observed cloud amounts and albedos. However, there are significant differences between model and satellite-derived values of the partitioning of the solar flux absorbed at the surface and in the atmosphere. The current version of the CRCM overestimates the net surface solar radiation budgets by about 15%. There is evidence that suggests that this discrepancy will be reduced with the next version of the CRCM, which will include an improved physics package.
4. Closing the MAGS water budget
G.S. Strong\textsuperscript{1}, Brian Proctor\textsuperscript{2}, Muvin Wang\textsuperscript{3}, and Ric Soulis\textsuperscript{4}
\textsuperscript{1}GEWEX/MAGS Secretariat
\textsuperscript{2}Meteorological Service of Canada
\textsuperscript{3}Dalhousie University
\textsuperscript{4}University of Waterloo
A particularly elusive science problem for MAGS (The Mackenzie GEWEX Study) has been the closure of the atmospheric moisture budget and rationalizing it against the surface water budget. Two major sources of error are recognized: the difficulty in estimating inter-annual surface water storage, resulting in poor estimates of evapotranspiration (using $P - R = E$) and, the inability of two soundings per day to properly account for evapotranspiration in atmospheric estimates of $P - E = R$ (through computations of flux convergence and the local rate of change of vertically-integrated precipitable water).
This presentation will show how MAGS is overcoming these problems through the use of hydrologic and atmospheric models to estimate inter-monthly basin storage, and through additional daily soundings at select sites to better estimate the diurnal signature in precipitable water resulting from local evapotranspiration. In this way, closure of monthly water budgets is now possible within acceptable error limits.
5. Precipitation recycling over the Mackenzie basin
Kit K. Szeto
Climate Processes and Earth Observation Division, Meteorological Service of Canada
The study of precipitation recycling (PR), i.e., the contribution of local evaporation to local precipitation, is essential to the quantification of regional water cycles and in understanding the roles of land-atmosphere interactions in governing the regional climate. The precipitation recycling ratio, defined as the relative contribution of recycled precipitation to total precipitation, is estimated for the Mackenzie basin by using the NCEP reanalysis data. The spatial and temporal variability of PR over the basin will be presented and compared to those previously estimated for other major river basins. This study is the first systematic investigation of PR over the Mackenzie basin. Both the importance of high-latitude climate processes in governing PR over the region and the roles of PR plays in affecting the discharge from the basin will be discussed.
1. Are chlorine and bromine cycles involved in atmospheric S (IV) to S (VI) conversion?
P. A. Arlya, A. Khalizov, and B. Viswanathan
*Departments of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences and Chemistry, McGill University*
Although acidification of atmospheric waters acid-rain is amongst the most important area of environmental sciences, contemporary chemical models fail to explain the large observed concentration of S(VI) species resulted from the oxidation of S(IV) in the atmosphere. Kinetics and mechanistic investigations of the reaction between atomic chlorine and sulfur dioxide have depicted that sulfur and chlorine cycles may indeed be interconnected. However, there are very limited thermodynamics and kinetics data available to determine the extent of this interaction. In this paper, we present our preliminary results on theoretical (*ab initio*) and kinetics and mechanistic (FTIR/MS) investigation of SO$_2$ and Cl/ClO, Br/BrO reactions. The relevance of chlorine and bromine cycles in the atmospheric conversion of sulfur (IV) into sulfur (VI) will be discussed.
2. Simulations of sulphur dioxide, sulphate and aerosol concentrations with NARCM for the North Atlantic Regional Experiment (NARE)
Henry Leighton$^1$, Andrew Teakles$^1$, Richard Leaitch$^2$, and Knut von Salzen$^3$
$^1$Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University
$^2$Meteorological Service of Canada, Downsview
$^3$Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis, Victoria
As part of the North Atlantic Regional Experiment (NARE), an intensive field experiment was held in 1993 off the coast of Nova Scotia. Although the main goals of the experiment were to understand the influence of eastern North America on ozone over the North Atlantic and to learn more about the chemistry of the marine clouds in the area, the extensive data that were collected provide a useful test of the Northern Aerosol Regional Climate Model (NARCM). Researchers from the MSC, in co-operation with scientists from the National Research Council of Canada (NRC), Ottawa, made a number of chemical, microphysical and thermodynamic measurements from the NRC DHC-6 Twin Otter aircraft in the vicinity of Yarmouth, Nova Scotia. The study covered the period from August 6 to September 8, 1993 and included a total of 48 Twin Otter flights.
NARCM is being developed as a tool for studying the impact of aerosols on climate. It is a three-dimensional limited-area model with the feature that includes explicit size-distributed aerosols as prognostic and interactive constituents. For the purpose of comparing NARCM output with data from NARE, NARCM was run for a 2-week period from August 24 to September 8 over a domain that included eastern North America and the western Atlantic. Results of the comparisons show considerable variability. SO$_2$ concentrations from the model tend to be greater than those from the observations, particularly at higher altitudes. The reverse is true for sulphate, where concentrations from the model tend to smaller than those observed. Possible explanations for these differences will be presented.
3. The continuity equation for the stratospheric aerosol and its characteristic curves
Jiangnan Li and George Boer
Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis, Meteorological Service of Canada
A four-dimensional continuity equation for particles undergoing growth process in the atmosphere is introduced. It is applied to the stratospheric aerosol in the simplified case of two dimensions under the assumption of horizontal homogeneity. In the radius range beyond which coagulation is important, the analytical solution of the equation gives the characteristic curve for the aerosol in the stratosphere and determines the relation between the growth and the settling distance of the particle. This relation, which includes the effect of a background vertical motion, essentially determines the aerosol size distribution. The resulting size distribution is too narrow in comparison with observations but introducing diffusive processes into the governing continuity equation results in a size distribution close to that observed. The approximate analytic results give insight into the relative roles of condensation, particle fall velocity, vertical motion, and diffusion in determining the aerosol size distribution which are verified by numerical calculation.
4. Measurements of the accumulation size aerosols during NODEM
Martin Montero\textsuperscript{1}, Ulrike Lohmann\textsuperscript{2}, and Glen Lesins\textsuperscript{2}
\textsuperscript{1}Instituto Mexicano de Tecnologia del Agua
\textsuperscript{2}Dalhousie University
As part of the Northern Oceans DMS Emission Model (NODEM) project, aerosol sampling was taken during a cruise in the North Atlantic from September 18 to October 2, 1999, covering a large part of the remote North Atlantic, the Labrador Sea, and the southwest of the Canadian coast. The measurements were conducted using a PCASP-100X probe which counts and sizes the particles into 15 size bins between 140 and 3000 nm using a light scattering technique. The accumulation mode particles studied here are important because in this mode contributions from both the non-sea-salt sulfate (related to DMS) and the sea-salt component of the marine aerosols can be found. First analyses have shown that a possible correlation between aerosol number concentration and actual wind speed (measured at the ship) is far from evident. This correlation is very well known for sea-salt aerosols but here we are dealing with accumulation mode sea-salt particles which have a residence time of about 60 hours (Gong and Barrie, 1997) and therefore depend less on instantaneous wind speed than larger particles. Back trajectory analysis allows us to categorize the aerosol data according to their different origins. Aerosol size distribution for the different categories, correlations with wind speed and a classification according to DMS or sea-salt particles will be presented during the talk.
5. Sulphur budget in Northern Aerosol Regional Climate Model (NARCM)
Lubos Spacek\textsuperscript{1}, Jean-Pierre Blanchet\textsuperscript{1}, Knut von Salzen\textsuperscript{2}, Henry Leighton\textsuperscript{3}, Sunling Gong\textsuperscript{4}, and Len Barrie\textsuperscript{5}
\textsuperscript{1}University of Quebec at Montreal
\textsuperscript{2}Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis
\textsuperscript{3}McGill University
\textsuperscript{4}Atmospheric Environment Service, Toronto
\textsuperscript{5}Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
The Northern Aerosol Regional Climate Model underwent severe tests last year. Model performance was compared with meteorological analyses, ground-based atmospheric chemistry observations, and LIDAR vertical profiles for the period from 13 to 19 September 1994. A sulphur budget for eastern North America calculated for this period showed that the sulphur cycle of the model is closed with the precision of 7%. The fraction of SO\textsubscript{2} emitted that was deposited, dry deposited and horizontally transported out of the domain were 23, 22 and 55% respectively. The fraction of SO\textsubscript{2} oxidized to SO\textsubscript{4}\textsuperscript{2-} within the domain in clear air and within the clouds was 36 and 16%. A detailed analysis of these results with respect to their precision will be given.
6. Development of a global atmospheric mercury model
Ashu P. Dastoor
Air Quality Research Branch, Meteorological Service of Canada
During the last decade, a number of large-scale numerical regional models with varying degree of complexity have been developed for the transport and transformation of mercury in the atmosphere. However, unlike other heavy metals, mercury has been identified to have a long residence time (of the order of one to two years) which makes it a global pollutant. This is due to the fact that the most significant form of mercury in the atmosphere, namely elemental mercury exists in gaseous form, it is chemically least reactive, has low solubility in water and takes part in volatilization process at the earth surface. Therefore, although very useful in analyzing episodic situations, the regional scale models developed thus far are limited in their capability in providing insights into mercury budgets, long term trends, trans-boundary exchanges and polar mercury pollution because they have to depend on prescribed background concentrations and lateral boundary fluxes of mercury. Global atmospheric mercury model is a more appropriate tool to address the questions related to mercury cycle in the atmosphere.
Recently at Meteorological Service of Canada (MSC), we have developed a Global/Regional Atmospheric Heavy Metals Model (GRAHM). GRAHM is an Eulerian Multiscale model. It has been developed starting from Canadian Meteorological Centre (CMC) operational weather forecasting model GEM (Global Environmental Multiscale Model). The model integrates dynamic equations for all meteorological processes and physio-chemical processes for mercury species in the atmosphere. The model has variable resolution in vertical as well as horizontal. The model uses hybrid vertical levels with 3-D finite element spatial discretization. The time discretization is two-time-level semi-Lagrangian scheme. The transport scheme for the tracers in the atmosphere employs a mass conserving 3-D quasi-monotonic semi-Lagrangian scheme. By making use of the variable resolution grid in horizontal, the model could be used for simulations on scales from global to urban. Gas and aqueous phase chemistry parameterizations for mercury in the model are adapted from Petersen et al. 1998 (TCM). Global emissions for 1990 for anthropogenic sources of mercury available from Global Emission Inventory Activity (GEIA) have been used for the model development. The model and the results on the global distribution of mercury from model integrations will be presented at the conference.
1. A renewed community for mesoscale modeling
Robert Benoit, Stéphane Chamberland and Wei Yu
Recherche en Prévision Numérique, MSC
In 1994, the Meteorological Research Branch (MRB) of Environment Canada delivered MC2 as the first mesoscale model to the community of Canadian modelers. A rather large community benefited from the coupling of MC2 to a comprehensive physics library; this spurred many experiments and mesoscale case studies. Then came a time when the central support could no more be given.
In the current context, MRB sees again the value of the community mesoscale modeling effort and created a group dedicated to it. The main goals of this group are to promote, unify and support mesoscale research done in universities and other laboratories with the MRB-CMC modeling developments in that matter. As the new LAM version of the GEM model becomes fully tested, the model proposed to the community will change from the MC2 at first, to the GEM-LAM.
The group will seek modern and efficient ways to disseminate up-to-date information on the models and on the ongoing projects of the community. While users' problem-solving has to remain, the accent will be put on keeping the mesoscale community well-connected and well-equipped with performing research tools.
An outline of the models, the type of services offered by the group, and examples of planned developments will be presented.
2. Canadian participation to the Mesoscale Alpine Programme (MAP)
Robert Benoit, Wei Yu, and Stéphane Chamberland
Recherche en Prévision Numérique, MSC
After four years of preparation, MSC and other Canadian researchers recently completed their participation to the field phase of the Mesoscale Alpine Programme (MAP) – an experiment designed to improve weather forecasting in mountainous regions. This international meteorological experiment, based in the densely instrumented European Alps, is unique because of the region's physical geography and the proximity to the Mediterranean that together lead to extreme meteorological phenomena.
As a partner of the MAP, Canada provided support in validating fine-scale models in collaboration with Alpine European countries. The Numerical Prediction Research Division (RPN, Dorval) has adapted its MC2 weather forecasting model for MAP and combined it with the Swiss national forecasting system, to ensure complete and very finescale (3 km mesh) coverage of daily changes in all phenomena across the Alpine mountains – a world first in the 'operational' forecasting field. The project was a collaborative project with the Swiss Meteorological Institute (SMI Zurich) and the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zurich).
Nature was cooperative and 17 IOPs took place to measure the influence of topography on precipitation in the Alps, the alpine atmospheric flow, the boundary layer near ground level, cloud processes, strong valley winds, and turbulence/waves aloft. An overview of the model configuration and overall performance is presented along with simulation and early validation results from selected MAP cases. Some critical aspects that require particular attention in future research are also addressed.
3. High resolution mesoscale modeling for air quality in southern Ontario
Xin Qiu\textsuperscript{1}, Peter A. Taylor\textsuperscript{1}, and Fred Conway\textsuperscript{2}
\textsuperscript{1}Department of Earth and Atmospheric Science, York University
\textsuperscript{2}Atmospheric Science Division, Environment Canada, Toronto
The Canadian Mesoscale Compressible Community (MC2) with certain selfnesting strategies is applied to air pollution meteorology studies in the Hamilton Region of Southern Ontario. The frequency and magnitude of exceedances of the ozone air quality objective are strongly affected by the presence of the Great Lakes. Ground-level ozone concentrations are observed to be higher within relatively narrow bands along the shorelines of the Lower Great Lakes. It has been argued that ozone and fine particulate pollution in Southern Ontario are very strongly linked to the influence of lake breezes. However, there are known deficiencies in the current state of modeling of lake breeze circulations, and of associated convective structures. MC2 high resolution simulation (1–2km) is able to illustrate detailed meteorological fields in the Lower Great Lakes area, including the development and evolution of land and lake breezes with different flow patterns, the effect of varying roughness and heat/moisture sources within an urban environment, the development and evolution of thermal internal boundary layers and the geographic and temporal variation of the boundary layer height. Additionally, a passive tracer has been used in the modelling to illustrate the combined effects of mesoscale flow and local thermal circulations on the transport of air pollution.
4. The Asian dust event of April 1998: 1. Impact on the Lower Fraser Valley, B.C.
Ian McKendry
The University of British Columbia
For the first time, long-range transport of mineral aerosol (Kosa) from Western China of southwestern British Columbia is documented. This late April 1998 event coincided with an episode of reduced dispersion and photochemical smog in the Lower Fraser Valley. Filter samples in the region show a massive injection of crustal elements (Si, Fe, Al and Ca) with concentrations of Si approximately double those previously recorded. Ratios of these elements to Fe are shown to be statistically similar to ratios observed in Kosa aerosol events in Hawaii and China. On the basis of the difference between observed and expected elemental concentrations and reconstructed soil mass in the episode, it is estimated that Asian dust contributed up to 50 of observed PM10 in the LFV, the remainder being attributed to local sources. Comparison of the April 1998 event with two spring meteorological analogues is consistent with this estimate.
Given the expected growth in fossil fuel consumption in Asia and recent observations of anthropogenic pollutants reaching western Washington State, this event illustrates the extent to which air quality in western North America may be increasingly affected by Asian pollutant emissions.
5. The Asian dust event of April 1998: 2. MC2 simulations of downmixing
Josh Hacker and Ian McKendry
University of British Columbia
The MC2 model is used to investigate the transport of tropospheric mineral aerosol emanating from a dust storm in western China into the boundary layer over western North America. MC2 was modified to permit tracking of passive tracers and was initialised with an aerosol distribution based on satellite and lidar data. Simulations suggest that mineral dust was incorporated into the planetary boundary layer as a result of strong subsidence and mountain wave activity that permitted interception of lower tropospheric elevated aerosol layers by surface based mixing processes over the mountainous interior of the southern BC and Washington State. Surface easterly (outflow) winds then transported this material into the Lower Fraser Valley where it contributed significantly to total particulate loadings and an intense haze. This mechanism is consistent with the observed spatial and temporal distribution of PM10.
The mechanisms identified over the mountainous regions of western North America are also likely to contribute to the interception of anthropogenic pollutants that cross the North Pacific in the free troposphere.
6. On the GWD parametrization scheme in MC2
Wensong Weng and Peter Taylor
Department of Earth & Atmospheric Science, York University
When stably stratified air flows over orography, gravity waves may be excited. Such waves may propagate to considerable altitude before being dissipated or absorbed. They can play an important role in transporting momentum vertically between source and sink regions where it dissipates or absorbs, and may significantly affect the large-scale mean flow. In large-scale models these effects are described by a so-called Gravity Wave Drag (GWD) parametrization scheme.
The present scheme in MC2 (v4.7) is based on simplified linear theory for vertically propagating gravity waves generated in statically stable flow and make use of a representation of the subgrid-scale topography for exciting the mesoscale gravity waves and a wave saturation concept proposed by Lindzen (1981) (see McFarlane, 1987 and McLandress and McFarlane, 1993).
In our present study, experimental runs with and without this scheme are carried out over the Appalachian area. The results and the impact of the parametrization scheme and of a coding error found in the GWD implementation are discussed, together with a discussion of the topographic input.
1. Modeling dynamical circulation and nutrient pathways on the eastern Scotian Shelf
Guoqi Han and John Loder
*Bedford Institute of Oceanography*
A three-dimensional finite element model with an advanced turbulence closure scheme is used to compute climatological seasonal-mean and tidal currents over the eastern Scotian Shelf. The model circulation fields are then used to simulate nutrient pathways from Cabot Strait onto the Scotian Shelf. The circulation model solution consists of density-, wind-, and boundary-driven flows. Major tidal constituents are also specified as elevation boundary conditions to better represent turbulent mixing, bottom friction, and to account for contribution of tidal rectification to the mean flow. The model solutions indicate prominent seasonal and longshore changes of the shelf-scale currents and persistent topographic-scale circulation over banks and basins and along cross-shelf trenches. The computed currents compare favorably with observations. Lagrangian particle-tracking experiments are carried out to model nutrient pathways over the eastern Scotian Shelf.
2. Current and nutrient pathway simulations for the western continental margin of Vancouver Island
Michael Foreman and Peter Chandler
*Institute of Ocean Sciences*
As part of the Global Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics research programme (GLOBEC), a three-dimensional finite element model has been used to simulate summer currents and nutrient pathways off the west coast of Vancouver Island, Canada. The current calculations were forced with seasonal winds, climatological ocean density fields, and elevation-specified boundary conditions that were adjusted via inversion to more accurately represent the California Undercurrent and estuarine flow in Juan de Fuca Strait. Tides were included in the simulations in order to correctly represent turbulent mixing, bottom friction, and the contribution of tidal rectification. The model currents compared favourably with observations, capturing strong shears both vertically in Juan de Fuca Strait, and horizontally and vertically across the continental shelf and slope. Several Lagrangian particle-tracking experiments were conducted to simulate nutrient pathways and to explain biological productivity on the continental shelf.
3. Wind-driven circulation and lobster larvae dispersion around the Magdalen Islands, Gulf of St. Lawrence
Denis Lefaivre, Patrick Ouellet, and François J. Sauzier
Institut Maurice-Lamontagne, Min. Pêches et Oceans
The dispersion of the early life stages by currents is often thought of as a key process for good year-class in marine populations. Depending on the circulation, the larvae may remain near the coast and settle in great numbers to favourable bottom habitats, or otherwise be transported away. This hypothesis is tested for lobster near the Magdelen Islands using field measurements and the results of a circulation model. The interannual variability of the wind-driven currents and Lagrangian trajectories of larvae in the coastal region were examined through numerical experiments.
A three-dimensional coastal ocean model is developed for the Magdalen Shallows. The model is driven by hourly wind observations. New measurements from near surface drifters, an onboard Doppler current meter, and near-bottom anchored current meters, were used to calibrate the model. Sensitivity analyses and the comparisons with the observations showed that four key parameters control the circulation patterns: 1) The time response of the ocean currents to the wind stress, 2) The wind stress threshold to generate the currents, 3) The contribution of the direct wind stress to the current in the top meter of the water column, and 4) The influence of the coastal topography on the wind stress direction and intensity. After calibration, Lagrangian experiments accounting for the vertical migration behaviour were carried out to reproduce the larvae’s trajectories from their sites of emergence to settlement. The model results are compared with observations of larvae concentrations for the years 1996 and 1997, for which significant differences are found in post-larvae abundance.
4. The effect of diurnal zooplankton migration on acoustically-measured currents
Michael Ott
School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria
Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (ADCPs) have been used for more than twenty years to measure three-dimensional velocities in a wide range of oceanic environments. Backscatter intensity data have also been used to measure not only the abundance and distribution of various species of zooplankton, but also to follow their vertical diurnal migration. With speeds of up to 0.05 m/s and depth excursions of up to 500 m, zooplankton can be actively swimming at speeds comparable to the vertical velocity over large depths and for significant proportions of the day. While there have been elaborate analyses of the errors and biases inherent within the ADCP technique itself, the effect of these migrating zooplankton on the measured velocities has not yet been entirely determined.
ADCP velocity and backscatter data from Juan de Fuca Strait are used to compare the accuracy of the measured vertical velocity during periods and over timescales at which zooplankton are believed to be passively advected with that during times of active migration. Integrations of the vertical velocity, measured during the passage of internal waves closely match the corresponding vertical oscillations in the backscatter record, indicating that biases inherent in the vertical velocity are better than 0.003 m/s when zooplankton are passively advected. This bias is compared to the effect that zooplankton have on the measured vertical velocity during their morning and evening migrations.
1. The evaluation of land surface moisture budget in the CCCma GCM3 AMIP2 simulation
Vivek Arora and George Boer
Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis
Moisture budget at the land surface is analyzed in the Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis (CCCma) third generation general circulation model's (GCM3) AMIP2 simulation using monthly data. GCM3 is similar to GCM2 in many respects, however, also includes several new key features. A new module for treatment of land surface processes, CLASS, is also introduced in GCM3. CLASS includes 3 soil layers, a snow layer where applicable, and a vegetative canopy treatment. In the AMIP2 simulation, GCM3 is integrated for a 17 year period (1979-1995) with specified observed monthly mean sea surface temperatures (SST) and sea-ice concentrations.
The analysis show that over the land surface globally averaged mean annual precipitation and runoff rates compare well with observations, although there are discrepancies in the simulation of regional precipitation, and consequently runoff, estimates. Moisture at the land surface, in CLASS, is processed via three moisture reservoirs – the canopy, the snow, and the ground. Moisture fluxes for these reservoirs are investigated and show that the canopy plays a major role in determining the partition of precipitation into evapotranspiration and runoff at the land surface. On a global average it contributes to 72% of the total evapotranspiration.
The analysis of moisture fluxes for the ground moisture reservoir show that the precipitation is the primary contributor to the variability of soil moisture. This variability is dissipated by runoff and evapotranspiration, however, runoff plays a much larger role here because evapotranspiration estimates show little variability. In regions where evapotranspiration is controlled by the atmospheric conditions (as opposed to soil moisture), it contributes to soil moisture variability rather than dissipating it. Overall the results suggest that evapotranspiration does not significantly contributes to soil moisture variability, and that most of the variability in soil moisture and runoff is contributed by variability in precipitation.
2. Enhancing soil moisture simulation in land surface models: Testing of WatCLASS with the BOREAS Data Archive
K. R. Snelgrove\textsuperscript{1}, E. A. Whidden\textsuperscript{2}, E. D. Soulsi\textsuperscript{1}, and N. Kouwen\textsuperscript{1}
\textsuperscript{1}Dept. of Civil Engineering, University of Waterloo
\textsuperscript{2}Dept. of Geography, McGill University
The BOREAS Project undertaken in Manitoba and Saskatchewan had as its major goal to improve our understanding of the interactions between the boreal forest biome and the atmosphere. Measurements taken during this field experiment provide a unique opportunity to validate theories developed for Canadian land surface models. One area under development within CLASS (Canadian Land Surface Scheme) has been the addition of a streamflow generation component by the completion of an interface with the WATFLOOD hydrologic model. Testing of this model, called WatCLASS, centers on the partitioning of precipitation into runoff, evaporation and moisture storage. While runoff data in the form of streamflow are widely measured, other quantities such as evaporation and storage are not. Of primary concern in the WatCLASS linkage is the ability to calibrate on streamflow data alone and provide improved representation of latent heat flux to atmospheric models. With both evaporation and runoff measured (and to a limited extent storage) during the BOREAS project, a program has been developed to determine whether evaporation simulations are enhanced as refinements in streamflow generation are made.
The test program involves the use of WatCLASS with data from three scales namely tower scale, study area scale and BOREAS transect scale. Meteorological forcing data sets for each
of these scales have been developed as part of the BOREAS Follow-On Project and involves the interpolation of available point data to form a new spatial data set and the filling-in of missing point data in a consistent manner. This new data set provides 3 complete years of hourly data for 4 study area towers, for the North and South Study areas at a 2 kilometer resolution and for the BOREAS Hydromet Region at 50 kilometer resolution. Because a majority of the validation data are available at the point scale, streamflow generation theory and controlling parameters will be developed at this fine scale and used at progressively large scales. The goal of the study is to have parameters, developed at fine scales, transferable to the larger modelling area such that streamflow, the most widely available validation data set, is well represented.
3. Generation of streamflow with WatCLASS: Theories and impacts on the soil moisture budget
E.D. Soulis, K.R. Snelgrove, F.R. Seglenieks, and N. Kouwen
Dept. of Civil Engineering, University of Waterloo
Improved soil moisture simulation using modern land surface process models have provided atmospheric simulations with an enhanced lower boundary condition. Validation of soil moisture improvements within these models has proven to be problematic because of the spatial heterogeneity of soil water and the difficulty in its direct measurement over large areas. One approach toward soil moisture validation has been the incorporation of streamflow hydrology within land surface models and the exploitation of the connection between soil moisture storage and observed streamflow. While the ability to validate on streamflow provides important evidence related to soil moisture, it is not absolute since streamflow is an integration of the various upstream moisture stores. The distribution of soil moisture within the soil column must be considered since it is important for both atmospheric energy partitioning and streamflow generation. High moisture levels near to the surface are likely to produce both enhanced runoff and evaporation while, at depth, soil moisture becomes less available for evaporation and lower soil hydrologic conductivities restrict runoff generation.
Efforts at the University of Waterloo have been directed toward the improvement in the soil moisture simulations with CLASS (Canadian Land Surface Scheme) by providing a direct linkage with the hydrologic model WATFLOOD. This linkage is directed at the CLASS soil column and the removal of water from its topmost soil layer in a hydrologically sound manner. Providing this mechanism for runoff generation reduces near surface soil moisture during and immediately following rainfall events. Data from the BOREAS Northern Study Area Old Black Spruce Tower Site (NSA-OBS) will be used to demonstrate the benefits of the new runoff generation mechanisms for particular storm events. The goal of this poster is to present the revised runoff generation theories proposed for CLASS and assess their impact on the evaporation and runoff generation.
A new program, called WatCLASS, is being used to test the scheme. The code uses WATFLOOD streamflow routing and the modified version of CLASS for the vertical water budget calculations.
4. The simulation of complex land cover in regional climate studies
Diana Verseghy
*Meteorological Service of Canada, Downsview*
The land surface exhibits small-scale heterogeneities at scales far smaller than even regional climate models are generally run. The degree of scale mismatch can range from relatively slight, as in the case of the HAPEX-Mobily study area, to extreme, as in the case of the BOREAS region. In the HAPEX-Mobily study area, the two main land cover types were coniferous forest and agricultural areas, with relatively minor sub-grid scale heterogeneity. In the case of the BOREAS area, the land cover consisted of a highly complex mixture of coniferous forest, deciduous forest, wetlands, lakes and burned areas, at scales often considerably below that of regional modelling grids. Land surface models attempting to address such a modelling problem must adopt some form of a mosaic approach to characterize the different land cover types present however, the model physics must also be capable of handling the highly distinctive energy and moisture transfer processes within such sub-grid elements. Satellite data must be relied upon to provide key input variables, and the limitations of such data must be recognized. This presentation will describe improvements that have been made to CLASS, the Canadian Land Surface Scheme, to handle such modelling challenges, and work that is underway to begin modelling studies over the BOREAS area using CLASS coupled with the Canadian Regional Climate Model.
5. A modeling study of soil damping effects on runoff generation during a flash flood event
Lei Wen\(^1\), Charles A. Lin\(^{1,2}\), Wei Yu\(^3\), Michel Béland\(^1\), and Yves Delage\(^3\)
\(^1\)Centre de Recherche en Calcul Appliqué (CERCA), Montréal
\(^2\)Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, and Centre for Climate and Global Change Research, McGill University, Montréal
\(^3\)Recherche en prévision numérique, Atmospheric Environment Service, Environment Canada, Montréal
A common theory in runoff generating processes in humid and semi-humid regions is that runoff may not be produced until the soil moisture content of the aeration zone reaches field capacity, and thereafter runoff equals the excess almost without further loss for clay-type soils. For sandy-type soils, further loss would occur with a steady infiltration rate. Using Horton’s runoff generation and Kirkby interflow theory, a hydrograph at the watershed outlet can be separated into three components, overland flow, interflow, and ground flow. These hypotheses have been validated and supported by many field observations.
In this study, we examine results from a regional atmospheric model (MC2, Mesoscale Compressible Community Model) coupled to a land surface model (CLASS, Canadian Land Surface Scheme) for the 1996 Saguenay severe precipitation event. The three flow components are simulated for this event. Runoff generated for the Ha Ha River basin, a Saguenay sub-basin, is compared with a reconstructed hydrograph. The results show some damping effects on runoff generation for clay-type soils, consistent with the theory. Further modification of CLASS is needed for sandy-type soil for runoff generation.
6. The Bear Creek Hydrometeorological Project
Robert Nissen, Laurie Neil, David Hutchinson, and Stuart Hamilton
Applications and Services, Environment Canada
One of the main objectives of the Bear Creek Hydrometeorological Project is to improve stream runoff predictions in the Greater Vancouver Regional District. A major problem has been to accurately quantify the precipitation input to these watersheds in a timely fashion. The existing network of rain gauges does not accurately reflect the spatial and temporal distribution of precipitation inputs. A Doppler weather radar located in Aldergrove can provide more detailed estimates of the precipitation inputs. However, the success of radar in accurately estimating precipitation depends on choosing an appropriate radar reflectivity-rainfall rate (Z-R) relation to fit local meteorological conditions. Since the conversion of radar reflectivities to rainfall rates is dependent on the raindrop size distribution, a Joss-Waldvogel disdrometer has been installed in the Bear Creek watershed to assist in choosing suitable Z-R relations. Stream hydrographs and rain gauge network data are used to estimate precipitation event volumes for the basin, and these event volumes are compared to derived values from the radar data. In this presentation, preliminary results obtained during the winter and spring of 2000 will be shown.
7. Georgia Basin climate and hydrology – From time to space and the future
Paul Whitfield, Norm Wade, and Jillian Martin
Environment Canada
Water plays a primary role in the determining of the nature of ecosystems. This study considers the nature of inputs and outputs of water within the Georgia Basin. This is accomplished through the analysis of climate and hydrologic records. These records are time series of observations at specific locations within the basin. Climate data from stations in the Georgia Basin were assessed to determine summer and winter temperature ranges, rainfall and snowfall amounts. Stream discharge and watershed runoff from a selection of hydrologic stations throughout the Georgia Basin were assessed to determine the dominant form or forms of runoff that contributed to the stream discharge of a given drainage area. Hydrological and meteorological stations have a tendency to be located where it is convenient to maintain them, near settlements and in valley bottoms. Therefore, away from cities and at higher elevation there are no data and thus estimates need to be made based upon spatial interpretation. Derived climate and hydrologic information has been extrapolated or interpolated to the spatial extent of the study area using knowledge of the geography of the basin and the physiography of the particular stations and their drainage areas. This resulted in delineated regions in the Georgia Basin. From a climate perspective, a particular form of precipitation dominates in the winter either snow or rain. The complexity of the landscape results in a broad transition zone where either snow or rain can be expected during winter. From a hydrologic perspective, the relative roles of rainfall and the melting of the snowpack in the generation of the hydrograph at a particular point are assessed. Streamflow has spatial memory, the point where streamflow is measured is at the boundary of an area which generates the observed signal. Strong snowmelt signal frequently persists downstream into regions where rainfall dominates the climate. Extrapolation of these results into the future based upon future climate scenarios is discussed.
1. Net radiation at the BERMS sites
Alan Barr and Joe Eley
*Environment Canada - Climate Research Branch*
The Boreal Ecosystems Monitoring Sites (BERMS) are an opportunity to study the functioning of Boreal ecosystems as a whole and net radiation is most of the system energy input. Net radiation is measured at each of the three ecosystem representative sites with simple net radiometers and with a suite of short-wave and long-wave radiometers. This provided both good system back-up and an opportunity to study the performance of both measurement systems. In addition, an intercomparison of five types of net radiometer instrument was undertaken over 10-month period in the field.
The characteristics of the five net radiometer instruments were determined. The implications of these characteristics are discussed with respect to the precise measurement of system net radiation. Some suggested routes to more accurate estimates are made, using all or most of the components of the system available.
2. Needle shading and bark reflectivity to solar radiation at the surface of spruce leaders for leader temperature modelling
Brian G. Sieben
*Department of Forest Sciences, University of British Columbia, and Cirrus Environmental Consulting*
Knowledge of spruce leader temperatures is required to predict the temperature dependent development potential of the spruce weevil, *Pissodes strobi*, which develops inside young leaders. The temperature dependent development potential of the spruce weevil as measured in accumulated degree-days can be utilised for hazard rating purposes. The solution of an energy balance equation to predict leader temperatures required the determination of the bark albedo and the evaluation of the role of needles in reducing the amount of available solar radiation at the surface of the bark.
The leader bark albedo of interior spruce, *Picea glauca x engelmannii*, was determined by measuring bark reflectivity every 10 nm over a 250 to 2500 nm range in an integrating sphere and by weighting the reflectivity values by the modelled solar spectrum at ground level. The solar spectrum was found to change throughout the day as the solar path length changed with solar elevation, thus, the relative weighting of the individual measured bark reflectivity values changed throughout the day. The albedo or average weighted reflectivity of the leader bark to global solar radiation was approximately 43% at noon during summer in Vancouver, BC. The albedo of the leader bark was approximately 54% in the morning and afternoon during summer in Vancouver, BC.
The amount of needle shading on the spruce leader bark surface was determined using a ray tracing computer simulation. The amount of needle shade was found to vary by needle angle, needle length, needle density and by solar elevation. Minimum needle shading occurred when the solar elevation was equal to the needle angle. Maximum needle shading occurred when the solar elevation was greater than the needle angle where multiple needle shading resulted in near total shading. Multiple needle shading may partly explain the observed decrease in leader temperatures near noon. At solar elevations below the needle angle, shading was typically 40 to 60% depending on needle angle, needle density and needle length.
3. Observation and modelling of heat storage fluxes in roofs
Stephanie Meyn and Tim Oke
University of British Columbia
Heat storage uptake and release constitutes a large term in the heat balance of cities. This flux is difficult to measure but can be parameterized using relations between the net radiation and the heat flux conducted into and out of the typical materials that form the surface of cities. When weighted by the abundance of such surfaces in a given urban area, these relations have been found to give storage values in broad agreement with those found as a residual in the heat balance, if all other terms are measured directly (Grimmond and Oke, 1999, JAM; 38, 922–940). The urban heat storage parameterization could be improved if there were more and better estimates of the net radiation vs storage relation for typical roofs. In order to accomplish this the heat storage characteristics of 6 different roof assemblies (typical of many North American residential and industrial/commercial buildings) in Vancouver, B.C. were studied. Field observations of the radiative and conductive fluxes and the concurrent thermal and wind conditions were gathered and analyzed. The daily net radiation vs heat conduction relations showed hysteresis loop behaviour similar to that shown and statistically-described by Camuffo and Bernardi (1982). The statistical coefficients necessary to the parameterization scheme were extracted. The observations were also used to verify the Simple Transient Analysis of Roofs (STAR) model developed at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). The ORNL model was then used to estimate Camuffo and Bernardi-type coefficients for other roof types, thereby potentially extending the usefulness of the scheme to a wider range of cities.
4. An algorithmic scheme to predict hourly urban heat island magnitude
Tim Oke
University of British Columbia
The ability to predict and retrodict the magnitude of urban heat islands (UHI) in the urban canopy layer (UCL) is of utility to those involved in correcting long-term temperature records, heating and air-conditioning, air pollution photochemistry, assessing urban mixing depths, etc. At present there is no operational scheme for the UHI which has the merits of simplicity and universality. One approach is to construct a purely statistical formula similar to that pioneered by Sundborg, but the coefficients must be derived from pre-existing observations and are geographically specific to the city, and there is no temporal component. Another approach is to run a full numerical model but the input data requirements and expertise to run it are often too large for operational purposes and the output may not be applicable to the UCL.
A method to estimate the magnitude of the hourly urban heat island (UHI). It derives from empirical evidence regarding the maximum magnitude of UHIs from many cities, their typical diurnal variation, and their modulation by weather controls. The maximum UHI for a given city on extensive flat terrain is known to occur at night in ideal (calm, cloudless) weather, and its magnitude is primarily related to urban-rural differences of horizon screening (sky view factor) and thermal properties (thermal admittance) of the substrate. Increasing wind speed (a surrogate for turbulent mixing and advection), and increasing cloud amount / decreasing cloud height (surrogates for radiative exchange), diminish the magnitude of the maximum UHI according to known empirical relations. The temporal variation of the UHI through a day is shown to follow a broadly generalizable pattern that is also incorporated. Universality is introduced by normalizing both the UHI magnitude (to that of the maximum for the city), and the temporal pattern (to the times of sunset and sunrise). The aim is to retrodict UHI magnitude in the UCL for any city, in all weather conditions, and at any time of day within about one Celsius degree in the mean, or up to about two degrees on an hourly basis. The predictive capability will degrade depending on the forecast accuracy. The present scheme is thought to be relevant to the case of a compact city in extensive flat terrain. The algorithms are not yet capable of handling cases where thermal advection (synoptic or mesoscale fronts, cold air drainage, leading edge effects) or anthropogenic heating play a large role in thermal fields.
5. Tests of the performance of an algorithmic scheme of the hourly urban heat island.
Mark Barton and Tim Oke
*University of British Columbia*
The central areas of cities are on average warmer than their surrounding rural areas - this is the so-called Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect. The genesis of this thermal phenomenon is attributable to the modification of the surface heat balance, which in turn is due to changes in surface and atmospheric properties, accompanying urban development. Current approaches to predicting the magnitude of the UHI at screen-level (within the urban canopy layer) are either complex energy balance models or simple multiple linear regression relations. Here we present tests of the simple algorithmic scheme of Oke (1998) that takes an intermediate path. It uses empirical algorithms relating the UHI to measures of urban structure, weather, rural surroundings and time to estimate the magnitude of the hourly UHI in most weather conditions and all seasons for a city in the temperate latitudes. At this time it does not account for the influences of frontal passage, coasts, topographic form or large anthropogenic heat fluxes that also affect temperature differences across the landscape.
The performance of the scheme is tested using three data sets. The first consists of semi-continuous hourly UHI and standard weather station data from an observational programme in Uppsala, Sweden by Taesler in 1976–77. The second makes use of a classic set of vehicle traverse data, also from Uppsala. It was collected by Sundborg in 1948–49 on more than 200 occasions, at all times of day and night, and under a wide range of weather conditions. The third set consists of 3 years (1997–99) of continuous hourly data from Lodz, Poland gathered by Klysik and Fortuniak. Preliminary results of the performance of the scheme are presented.
6. Modelling the 3-D surface temperature of urban areas viewed by remote sensors.
Andres Soux\(^1\), Tim Oke\(^1\), and James Voogt\(^2\)
\(^1\)University of British Columbia
\(^2\)University of Western Ontario
The nature of the surface controls many of the climatic features of the urban environment. There is much interest in using remotely-sensed data to interpret and analyze urban surface characteristics. Uncritical acceptance of such data can lead to erroneous conclusions regarding surface characteristics. For example, in areas of well-defined three-dimensional surface structure, such as cities, remote sensors viewing at nadir tend to oversample horizontal surfaces at the expense of vertical ones. Conversely, off-nadir sensors disproportionately view vertical surfaces. These biases induce a directional dependence on the measured surface emittance which in turn can lead to imprecise parameterizations of climatically important variables such as surface temperature (and the associated turbulent fluxes) if these effects are not taken into account.
The unique nature of the urban surface and its impact on the interpretation of remotely-sensed data are discussed. A numerical model that attempts to portray the three-dimensional structure of the urban surface is presented, and its role in influencing sensor view factors is demonstrated. In conjunction with an urban canopy layer energy balance model, remotely-sensed surface temperatures are predicted. Output from the scheme is tested using observations obtained in a light industrial area of Vancouver, B.C. Results show very good agreement between measured and modelled temperatures over a range of sensor orientations and times.
| Author | Page Numbers |
|------------------------------|--------------|
| Abdella, Kenzu | 52, 65 |
| Abraham, Jim | 24 |
| Ackerman, Thomas | 3 |
| Agnew, Tom | 90 |
| Allen, Susan | 79 |
| Alt, Bea | 90 |
| Amiro, Brian | 34 |
| Anderson, R. J. | 60, 61 |
| Arain, M. A. | 26, 34, 35 |
| Ariya, P. A. | 96 |
| Armstrong, Anne E. | 91 |
| Arora, Vivek | 28, 104 |
| Austin, Philip | 55 |
| Barbour, P. | 56 |
| Barker, H. | 76 |
| Barnett, Jennifer M. | 87 |
| Barr, A.G. | 35, 108 |
| Barrie, Len | 98 |
| Barton, Mark | 110 |
| Baschek, Burkard | 30 |
| Beagley, S. R. | 17, 18 |
| Beaudoin, Christiane | 22 |
| Bélair, Stéphane | 89 |
| Béland, Michel | 106 |
| Bélanger, Claude | 20 |
| Bellchamber, Trish | 10 |
| Benoit, Robert | 99 |
| Berg, Larry | 47 |
| Bernier, Natacha | 27 |
| Bertrand, Denis | 88 |
| Bianchi, Ron | 63 |
| Bielli, Soline | 56 |
| Bigio, R. | 84 |
| Bilodeau, Bernard | 89 |
| Biner, Sébastien | 77, 78 |
| Black, T. A. | 26, 34, 35 |
| Blanchet, J-P. | 18, 98 |
| Bobanovic, Josko | 23, 27, 83 |
| Boer, G. J. | 18, 27, 28, 49, 70, 97, 104 |
| Bonsal, Barrie | 37 |
| Bourgault, Daniel | 21 |
| Bourgouin, Pierre | 72, 73 |
| Brasnet, Bruce | 12 |
| Brown, Jeremy S. | 63 |
| Brunet, Gilbert | 11, 13, 67 |
| Buehner, Mark | 11, 13 |
| Bussières, N. | 94 |
| Carlin, Betty | 87 |
| Catto, Norm. | 82 |
| Caya, Daniel | 77, 78, 88 |
| Cazenave, Fédéric | 76 |
| Celik, Fikrettin | 48, 85 |
| Cessi, Paola | 50 |
| Chamberland, Stéphane | 99 |
| Chan, Kenneth | 60 |
| Chandler, Peter | 60, 102 |
| Chapman, Paul S. | 30 |
| Charette, Cécilien | 11, 12 |
| Chartrand, Darryl | 18 |
| Cherniawsky, Josef. | 70, 71 |
| Chouinard, Clément | 11, 12 |
| Chylek, Peter | 86 |
| Cianflone, Richard | 74 |
| Conway, Fred | 100 |
| Côté, Hélène | 77, 88 |
| Côté, Jean | 88 |
| Crawford, William | 60, 70, 71 |
| Crema, Brian | 66 |
| D’Alessio, Serge | 52 |
| Daggupaty, Srerama | 48 |
| Daigle, Réal | 82 |
| Danielson, Richard | 68 |
| Dastoor, Ashu P. | 98 |
| Davenport, Alan | 14 |
| de Grandpré, J. | 17, 18 |
| DeAbreu, Roger | 90 |
| Delage, Yves | 64, 106 |
| Deng, Xingxiu | 32 |
| Denman, K. | 4 |
| DeTuch-Stapf, Anna | 37 |
| Derome, Jacques | 45, 67 |
| Desjardins, Raymond | 93 |
| Desjardins, Serge | 23, 27, 83 |
| DeTracey, Brendan | 52 |
| Dewey, Richard | 8 |
| Dills, Patrick | 74 |
| Dobbie, Steven | 86 |
| Dobson, F. W. | 9, 60, 61 |
| Dohan, Kathleen | 71 |
| Drewitt, Gordon | 26 |
| Drewitt, Gordon B. | 34, 35 |
| Drummond, James R. | 75 |
| Dudley, Dennis | 58 |
| Dugas, Bernard | 67, 72 |
| Dunkley, Reg. | 38 |
| Dunlap, Ewa | 60 |
| Dupont, Frederic | 31 |
| Edouard, Sandrine | 11 |
| Eley, Joe | 108 |
| Evans, W.F.J. | 76, 85 |
| Fabry, Frédéric | 76 |
| Farmer, David | 30, 51, 80 |
| Feng, J. | 94 |
| Fillion, Luc | 11 |
| Flato, Greg | 7, 49, 91 |
| Fogarty, Chris | 24 |
| Fomichev, Victor I. | 17 |
| Forbes, Donald | 82 |
| Foreman, M.G.G. | 30, 71, 102 |
| Freeland, Howard | 80 |
| Frigon, Anne | 77 |
| Fu, Qiang | 87 |
| Fyfe, John | 5, 7 |
| Gagnon, Normand | 43 |
| Author | Page |
|------------------------------|------|
| Garand, Louis | 72 |
| Garnett, Edmund R. | 44 |
| Garrett, Chris | 81 |
| Gauthier, Pierre | 11, 13 |
| Gerdes, Frank | 9, 80 |
| Gezgin, Erhan | 80 |
| Giguière, Michel | 77 |
| Gilbert, Denis | 20 |
| Gillespie, T. J.¹ | 26 |
| Glazer, Anna | 89 |
| Gong, Sunling | 98 |
| Gosset, Marielle | 76 |
| Gratton, Yves | 20, 29, 42 |
| Gravel, Sylvie | 72 |
| Greatbatch, Richard | 49 |
| Greenan, Blair J.W. | 9 |
| Greenberg, David A. | 30 |
| Grimmond, Sue | 14 |
| Gyakum, John R. | 24, 68, 69 |
| Hacker, Josh | 32, 33, 101 |
| Hägeli, Pascal | 47 |
| Haines, Keith | 41 |
| Hall, Nick | 45 |
| Halle, Jacques | 12 |
| Hamilton, Stuart | 107 |
| Hamlet, Alan | 59 |
| Han, Guoqi | 29, 102 |
| Hartman, Bill | 58 |
| Harvey, Richard | 86 |
| Hendry, R.M. | 40 |
| Henry, Falconer | 71 |
| Hickey, Barbara | 79 |
| Higginson, Russell | 32 |
| Hogg, E. H. | 35 |
| Hogg, William | 37 |
| Holloway, Greg | 68 |
| Hopkinson, R. F. | 37 |
| Horita, Mert | 60 |
| Houssais, Marie-Noëlle | 91 |
| Hisieh, William | 57, 90 |
| Hsu, C. Juno | 6 |
| Humphreys, Elyn R. | 26, 34, 35 |
| Hutchinson, David | 107 |
| Ingram, Grant | 42 |
| Isaac, G. | 76 |
| Jackson, P. L. | 33 |
| Jeffers, Sharon | 90 |
| Jiang, J. | 18 |
| Jones, Helen | 42, 70 |
| Jork, Eva-Maria | 26, 34, 35 |
| Karsten, Richard | 42, 70 |
| Kendall, Roblyn | 51 |
| Keiter, R. | 14, 15 |
| Khalizov, A. | 96 |
| Kharin, Slava | 43 |
| Kilambi, Alamelu | 76 |
| Klyszejko, Erika | 75 |
| Koclas, Pierre | 11, 12 |
| Koerner, Roy | 90 |
| Kouwen, N. | 104, 105 |
| Krayenhoff, S. | 33 |
| Kurz, Werner A. | 25 |
| L'heveder, Blandine | 91 |
| Lalbeharry, R. | 61, 84 |
| Lambert, Steven | 27, 49 |
| Laprise, René | 77, 78, 88 |
| Larocque, Marc | 72 |
| Lawrence, Donald J. | 22 |
| Le Traon, Pierre-Yves | 81 |
| Leaitch, Richard | 96 |
| Leduc, Anne-Marie | 72 |
| Lee, Warren | 49 |
| Leetmaa, Ants | 2 |
| Lefavvre, Denis | 103 |
| Leighton, H.G. | 94, 96, 98 |
| Lesins, Glen | 86, 97 |
| Lewis, Gregory | 55 |
| Li, Jiangnan | 86, 97 |
| Li, Ming | 51 |
| Li, P.Y. | 65 |
| Lin, Charles A. | 21, 31, 64, 106 |
| Lin, Hai | 45 |
| Livingston, Nigel J. | 34 |
| Loder, John | 102 |
| Lohmann, Ulrike | 86, 87, 97 |
| Luckman, Brian | 39 |
| Lueck, Rolf G. | 8 |
| Ma, Jianmin | 48 |
| Ma, Subong | 24 |
| Mace, Gerald G. | 87 |
| Mackay, M.D. | 89, 94 |
| Macoun, Paul | 8 |
| MacPhee, John | 82, 83 |
| Macpherson, I. | 93, 94 |
| Maggiotto, Selma R. | 25 |
| Mailhot, Jocelyn | 89 |
| Mantua, Nathan | 59 |
| Manzini, Elisa | 5 |
| Marshall, John | 42, 70 |
| Martin, Jillian | 107 |
| Mass, Clifford F. | 3 |
| Matthiesen, Stephan | 41 |
| McClung, David | 32 |
| McConnell, John C. | 17, 18 |
| McFarlane, N. A. | 18, 52, 56, 70 |
| McIldoon, Ted | 82 |
| McKendry, Ian | 100, 101 |
| McKinnell, S. | 4 |
| McTaggart-Cowan, Ron | 24 |
| Melling, Humphrey | 42 |
| Merryfield, Bill | 68 |
| Meyn, Stephanie | 109 |
| Michelangeli, Paul-Antoine | 11 |
| Milewska, Ewa | 38 |
| Mirshak, Ramzi | 79 |
| Modzelewski, Henryk | 32 |
| Author | Page Numbers |
|------------------------------|--------------|
| Monahan, Adam | 5, 7 |
| Montero, Martin | 97 |
| Montpetit, Jacques | 73 |
| MOPITT Science Team | 75 |
| Morneau, Josée | 11 |
| Morris, Robert | 37 |
| Mote, Philip | 59 |
| Murthy, Raj | 19 |
| Myers, Paul | 41 |
| Mysak, Lawrence A. | 40, 41, 91, 92|
| Nagarajan, B. | 93 |
| Neelin, D. | 2 |
| Neil, Laurie | 60, 107 |
| Nesci, Zoran | 26, 34, 35 |
| Neumann, N. | 93 |
| Newbigging, Stephen C. | 40 |
| Nissen, Robert | 107 |
| Novak, M. D. | 14, 15, 34 |
| O'Reilly, Charles | 82 |
| Oakey, Neil S. | 9 |
| Ogunjemiyo, S. O. | 93 |
| Oke, Tim | 14, 109, 110 |
| Orechansky, A. L. | 14, 15 |
| Ott, Michael | 103 |
| Ouellet, Patrick | 103 |
| Pal, Badal | 19 |
| Pandolfo, Lionel | 5, 6 |
| Paquin, Dominique | 77 |
| Parkes, George | 82 |
| Pawlowicz, Rich | 10, 19 |
| Pellerin, Pierre | 22 |
| Pellerin, Simon | 11 |
| Petersen, Arthur | 65 |
| Petrucci, Franco | 72 |
| Pielke, Roger A. | 53 |
| Pinard, Jean-Paul | 16 |
| Primeau, François | 50 |
| Proctor, Brian | 75, 95 |
| Puckrin, E. | 76, 85 |
| Qiu, Xin | 100 |
| Quinn, Declan | 6 |
| Rabinovich, Alexander B. | 19 |
| Reader, Cathy | 18 |
| Reason, C. J. C. | 33 |
| Richards, Bill | 82 |
| Rigby, Christine | 26 |
| Ritchie, Hal | 23, 24, 83 |
| Ritchie, Harold | 22, 27 |
| Roch, Michel | 72 |
| Roeger, Claudia | 32 |
| Rollins, Kim | 63 |
| Ross, Tetjana | 9, 81 |
| Rudolph, J. | 26 |
| Salmond, Jennifer | 46 |
| Samelson, R. | 56 |
| Santosio, Edi | 46, 64 |
| Sarrazin, Réal | 11, 12 |
| Sassen, Kenneth | 87 |
| Saucier, François J. | 20, 21, 103 |
| Savelevyev, Sergey | 15 |
| Schreiber-Abshire, Wendy | 74 |
| Schuepp, Peter H. | 93, 94 |
| Seglenieks, F.R. | 75, 105 |
| Sexton, Valerie | 53 |
| Sheng, Jian | 17 |
| Sheng, Jinyu | 49 |
| Shepherd, Theodore G. | 67 |
| Sieben, Brian G. | 108 |
| Singh, Abnash | 76 |
| Skyllingstad, E. | 56 |
| Smith, Craig | 75 |
| Smith, Peter C. | 22, 29 |
| Smith, Trevor | 32 |
| Snelgrove, K. R. | 104, 105 |
| Snyder, Brad | 32, 60 |
| Soulis, E.D. | 75, 95, 104, 105|
| Souix, Andres | 110 |
| Spacek, Lubos | 98 |
| Spangler, Timothy | 74 |
| Spittlehouse, Dave L. | 34, 35, 36 |
| St. Laurent, Louis | 9 |
| Stacey, Michael W. | 29 |
| Steyn, Douw | 47 |
| St-James, Judy | 11 |
| Stone, Dáithí | 17 |
| Stouffer, Ronald | 17 |
| Straub, David N. | 31, 68 |
| Stringer, Steven | 8 |
| Strong, G.S. | 95 |
| Stull, Roland | 32, 33, 46, 47, 64|
| Sutherland, Bruce | 71 |
| Swail, Val R. | 60 |
| Swanson, Robert | 26 |
| Szczodrak, Malgorzata | 55 |
| Szeto, Kit K. | 95 |
| Tang, Benyang | 90 |
| Tang, Charles L. | 29, 52 |
| Tang, Youmin | 57 |
| Taylor, Peter A. | 15, 65, 100, 101|
| Taylor, Peter K. | 61 |
| Taylor, Robert | 82 |
| Teakles, Andrew | 96 |
| Thomas, B. R. | 60, 84 |
| Thompson, Keith | 23, 27, 83 |
| Thornton, Richard E. | 19 |
| Tory, K. J. | 33 |
| Tremblay, André | 89 |
| Tremblay, L.-Bruno | 91 |
| Trudeau, Marc | 32 |
| Vagle, Svein | 30, 51 |
| Vasic, Slavko | 64 |
| Venegas, Silvia A. | 92 |
| Verner, Gilles | 12 |
| Verret, Richard | 43, 72, 73 |
| Verseghy, D.L. | 35, 106 |
| Vincent, Lucie | 37 |
| Author | Page |
|------------------------------|------|
| Viswanathan, B | 96 |
| von Salzen, K | 56, 96, 98 |
| Voogt, James | 110 |
| Wade, Norm | 107 |
| Wagner-Riddle, Claudia | 25 |
| Wallace, J.M. | 1 |
| Walmsley, John L | 15 |
| Wang, Muyin | 95 |
| Wang, Zhaomin | 40, 41 |
| Wardle, Richard | 70 |
| Warland, J. S. | 14, 15 |
| Watson, Emma | 39 |
| Weaver, Andrew | 17 |
| Wen, Lei | 106 |
| Weng, Wensong | 101 |
| Whidden, E. A. | 104 |
| Whitfield, Paul | 107 |
| Wieringa, Jon | 14 |
| Wilczak, J. | 56 |
| Wilson, John D | 15, 16 |
| Wilson, Lawrence | 72, 73 |
| Wintels, Werner | 69 |
| Xiao, Jingbing | 65 |
| Yashayev, I.M. | 40 |
| Yau, P. | 93 |
| Yelland, Margaret J | 61 |
| Yu, Wei | 99, 106 |
| Yuce, Huseyin | 80 |
| Yuval | 44 |
| Zadra, Ayrtom | 67 |
| Zaharev, Konstantin | 70 |
| Zawadzki, Isztar | 76 |
| Zhang, Xuebin | 37 |
| Zhao, Ming | 55 |
| Zwiers, Francis | 6, 43 |
Abdella, Kenzu
Trent University
Department of Mathematics
Peterborough, Ontario, K9J 7B8, Canada
Email: email@example.com
Phone: 705-748-1543
Fax: 705-748-1630
Ackerman, T.
The Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Richland, WA, USA
firstname.lastname@example.org
Agnew, Tom
Climate Research Branch, Meteorological Service of Canada
4905 Dufferin Street, Downsview
Ontario, M3H 5T4, Canada
Email: email@example.com
Phone: 416-739-4385
Fax: 416-739-5700
Allen, Susan
Dept. Earth and Ocean Sci.,
Oceanography, Univ. of BC
6270 University Boul., Vancouver
BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Phone: 250-363-6659
Fax: 250-363-6746
Amiro, Brian
Canadian Forest Service
Northern Forestry Centre
5320 - 122 Street, Edmonton
Alberta, T6H 3S5, Canada
Email: email@example.com
Phone: 780-435-7217
Fax: 780-435-7359
Arain, M. A.
Biometeorology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences,
University of British Columbia
266B-2357 Main Mall, Vancouver
British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Phone: 604-822-9119
Fax: 604-822-4400
Ariya, P. A.
Departments of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences and Chemistry
McGill University
805 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal
PQ, H3A 2K6, Canada
Email: email@example.com
Phone: (514) 398-6931
Fax: (514) 398-3797
Armstrong, Anne E.
Dept. of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences and Centre for Climate and Global Change Research,
McGill University
805 Sherbrooke Street West
Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2K6, Canada
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Phone: (514) 398-7448
Fax: (514) 398-6115
Arora, Vivek
Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis
Meteorological Service of Canada
PO Box 1700, STN CSC, Victoria
BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada
Email: email@example.com
Phone: (250) 363-8246
Fax: (250) 363-8247
Barr, Alan
Environment Canada - Climate Research Branch
11 Innovation Blvd., Saskatoon
Sask, S7N 3H5, Canada
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Phone: (306) 975-5685
Fax: (306) 975-6516
Barton, Mark
University of British Columbia
Department of Geography
1984 West Mall, Vancouver
B.C., V6T 1Z2, Canada
Email: email@example.com
Phone: (604) 822 2663
Fax: (604) 822 6150
Baschek, Burkard
Institute of Ocean Sciences
P.O. Box 6000
Sidney, BC V8L 4B2, Canada
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Phone: 1-250-363-6587
Fax: 1-250-363-6798
Bélanger, Claude
Institut des sciences de la mer de Rimouski (ISMER)
310 allée des Ursulines, Rimouki
Québec, G5L 3A1, Canada
Email: email@example.com
Phone: 418-723-1986 (poste 1442)
**AUTHOR ADDRESSES**
**Berg, Larry**
Atmospheric Science Programme
The University of British Columbia
1984 West Mall, Vancouver
BC, V6T 1Z2, Canada
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Phone: (604) 822-6620
Fax: (604) 822-6150
**Natacha Bernier**
Dalhousie University
1355 Oxford Street, Halifax
Nova Scotia, B3H 4J1, Canada
Email: email@example.com
Phone: 902-494-7007
Fax: 902-494-2885
**Bianchi, Ron**
The Weather Network/MeteoMedia
1 Robert Speck Parkway, Suite 1600,
Mississauga, Ontario, L4Z 4B3, Canada
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Phone: 905 566-9511 ext. 268
**Bielli, Soline**
Oregon State University
COAS, 104 Ocean Admin Bldg.
Corvallis, Oregon
97331-5503, USA
Email: email@example.com
Phone: 1 541 737 6997
Fax: 1 541 737 2064
**Bigio, R.**
Meteorological Service of Canada,
Environment Canada, Halifax
Weather Services Centre Halifax (N35),
Maritime Forces Atlantic, PO Box 99000
Stn FORCES, Halifax
NS, B3K 5X5, Canada
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Phone: 902-427-0550 extn. 6374
Fax: 902-427-6381
**Bilodeau, Bernard**
Recherche en prévision numérique
2121, route transcanadienne, Dorval
Québec, H9P 1J3, Canada
Email: email@example.com
Phone: (514) 421-7210
Fax: (514) 421-2106
**Binet, Sébastien**
Département des sciences de la terre et de
l'atmosphère, UQAM
C.P. 8888, Succ. centre-Ville, Montréal
PQ, H3C 3P8, Canada
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
**Phone:** (514) 987-3000-4412
**Fax:** (514) 987-7749
**Bobanovic, Josko**
Dalhousie University
Oceanography Department
1355 Oxford Street, Halifax
NS, B3H 4J1, Canada
Email: email@example.com
Phone: 902-494-1257
Fax: 902-494-3877
**Boer, G. J.**
Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis,
Meteorological Service of Canada
University of Victoria, Victoria
B.C., V8W 2Y2, Canada
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Phone: 250-363-8224
Fax: 250-363-8247
**Bonsal, Barrie**
Climate Research Branch, Meteorological Service of Canada
4905 Dufferin Street, Downsview
Ontario, M3H 5T4, Canada
Email: email@example.com
Phone: 416-739-5709
Fax: 416-739-5700
**Bourgault, Daniel**
McGill University
Centre de Recherche en Calcul Appliqué,
5160, boul. Decarie, suite 400x 99000 Stn
FORCES, Montréal
Québec, H3X 2H9, Canada
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Phone: (514) 369-5275
Fax: (514) 369-3880
**Bourgouin, Pierre**
Recherche en Prévision Numérique
2121 route Transcanadienne, Dorval
Québec, H9P 1J3, Canada
Email: email@example.com
Phone: (514) 421-4781
Fax: (514) 421-2106
**Buehner, Mark**
Data Assimilation and Satellite Meteorology Division, Meteorological Service of Canada
2121 Trans-Canada Hwy, Dorval
Quebec, H9P 1J3, Canada
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Phone: (514) 421-4613
Carlin, Betty
Dalhousie University
1355 Oxford Street, Halifax
Nova Scotia, B3H 4J1, Canada
Email: email@example.com
Phone: 902-494-3557
Fax: 902-494-3877
Caya, Daniel
Département des sciences de la terre et de l'atmosphère
Université du Québec à Montréal
C.P. 8888, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal
Québec, H3C 3P8, Canada
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Phone: (514) 987-3000 poste 3126
Fax: (514) 987-7749
Denis, Bertrand
Université du Québec à Montréal
Dept. Sc. Terre, UQAM, BP 8888,
Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal
Québec, H3C 3P8, Canada
Email: email@example.com
Phone: 514-987-3000 ext 4996
Fax: 514-987-7749
Celik, Fikrettin
University of Wyoming
Department of Atmospheric Sciences
Laramie
Wyoming, 82070, USA
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Phone: (780) 483 8215
Chamberland, Stéphane
Recherche en Prevision Numerique, MSC
2121 Trans-Canada N., Suite 554
Dorval, Quebec, H9P 1J3, Canada
Email: email@example.com
Phone: (514) 421-4784
Fax: (514) 421-2106
Chartrand, Darryl
Department of Earth and Atmospheric Science, York University
4700 Keele St., Toronto
ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Phone: 416-992-5759
Fax: 416-736-5817
Cherniawsky, Josef
Fisheries and Oceans Canada
Institute of Ocean Sciences
9860 W. Saanich Road
Sidney, B.C., V8L 4B2, Canada
Email: email@example.com-
MPO.GC.Ca
Phone: 250-363-6549
Fax: 250-363-6323
Chouinard, Clément
Meteorological Service of Canada,
ARMA, Dorval
2121 Trans Canada Highway, Dorval
Quebec, H9P 1J3, Canada
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Phone: 514-421-4761
Fax: 514-421-2106
Côté, Hélène
Département des Sciences de la Terre et de l'Atmosphère
Université du Québec à Montréal
P.O.Box 8888, Stn Downtown, Montreal
Quebec, H3C 3P8, Canada
Email: email@example.com
Phone: 514-987-3000 ext 6813
Fax: 514-987-7749
Crawford, William
Canadian Hydrographic Service
Institute of Ocean Sciences
9860 West Saanich Road
Victoria, BC, V8L 4B2, Canada
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Phone: 250 363-6369
Fax: 250 636-6323
Crenna, Brian
Department of Earth & Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta
1-26 ESB, University of Alberta
Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E3, Canada
Email: email@example.com
Phone: (780) 432-1042
D'Alessio, Serge
University of Waterloo
200 University Avenue
Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Phone: (519) 885-1211, ext. 5014
Fax: (519) 746-0274
Daggupaty, Sreerama
Meteorological Service of Canada (ARQI)
4905 Dufferin Street
Downsview, Ontario, M3H 5T4, Canada
Email: email@example.com
Phone: 416-739-4451
Fax: 416-739-5708
AUTHOR ADDRESSES
Danielson, Richard
McGill University
805 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal
Quebec, H3A 2K6, Canada
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Phone: (514) 398-3764
Fax: (514) 39 -6115
Dastoor, Ashu P.
Air Quality Research Branch,
Meteorological Service of Canada
5th Floor, 2121 Trans Canada Hwy,
Dorval, Quebec, H9P 1J3, Canada
Email: email@example.com
Phone: (514) 421-4766
Fax: (514) 421-2106
de Grandpré, Jean
York University, Toronto
4700 Keele St, Toronto
Ontario, M3J 1P3, Canada
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Phone: (416) 736-2100 extension: 22848
Fax: (416) 736-5817
Denman, K.
Institute of Ocean Sciences
Sidney, BC, Canada
email@example.com
Phone: (250)-363-6346
Fax: (250)-363-6746
Deptuch-Stapf, Anna
Climate and Water Products Division,
Meteorological Service of Canada
4905 Dufferin Street, Downsview
Ontario, M3H 5T4, Canada
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Phone: (416) 739-4140
Fax: (416) 739-4446
Desjardins, Serge
Environment Canada
45 Alderney Drive, 16th floor,
room 1640, Dartmouth
Nouvelle-Ecosse, B2Y 2N6, Canada
Email: email@example.com
Phone: (902)-426-5148
Fax: (902)-426-9158
Dills, Patrick
University Corporation for Atmospheric
Research / COMET, Boulder, CO
P.O. Box 3000, Boulder
CO, 80307-3000, USA
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Phone: (303) 497-8357
Dobson, Fred W.
Fisheries & Oceans Canada
Bedford Institute of Oceanography
1 Challenger Dr., Dartmouth
NS, B2Y 4A2, Canada
Email: email@example.com
Phone: (902) 426-3584
Fax: (902) 426-7827
Drewitt, Gordon
University of British Columbia
Faculty of Agricultural Sciences
2357 Main Mall, Vancouver
British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Phone: 604-822-5654
Fax: 604-822-5593
Drummond, James R.
Department of Physics, University of
Toronto, 60 St George Street, Toronto
Ontario, M5S 1A7, Canada
Email: email@example.com
Phone: 416-978-4723
Fax: 416-978-8905
Dudley, Dennis
Meteorological Service of Canada
1441 Aviation Park N.E., Calgary
Alberta, T2E 8M7, Canada
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Phone: (403) 299-3534
Fax: (403) 299-3922
Dunkley, Reg
Environment Canada
Suite 120 1200 W 73rd Ave, Vancouver
British Columbia, V6P 6H9, Canada
Email: email@example.com
Phone: 604-664-9065
Fax: 604-664-9066
Dunlap, Ewa
Weathervane Scientific Inc.,
P.O. Box 31030, Halifax
NS, B3K 5T9, Canada
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Phone: (902) 889 3535
Fax: (902) 889 3535
Dupont, Frederic
McGill University, Atmospheric and
Oceanic Sciences Dept.
805 W Sherbrooke, Burnside Hall,
Montreal, QC, H3A 2K6, Canada
Email: email@example.com
Phone: 369-5232
Fax: 369-3880
Edouard, Sandrine
RPN, Environnement Canada
2121, North Service road
Trans-Canada highway, Dorval
Quebec, H9P 1J3, Canada
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Phone: (514) 421-4625
Fax: (514) 421-2106
Evans, W.F.J
Trent University
Dept. of Physics, Peterborough
Ontario, K9J 7B8, Canada
Email: email@example.com
Phone: 705 748-1622
Fax: 705 748-1569
Fabry, Frederic
Dept. Atmospheric & Oceanic Sciences
McGill University
805 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal
QC, H3A 2K6, Canada
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Phone: 514 398-3652
Fax: 514 398-7755
Feng, J.
Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University
805 Sherbrooke Str. W., Montreal
QC, H2X 2E2, Canada
Email: email@example.com
Phone: (514) 288-3579
Fax: (514) 398-3765
Flato, Gregory
Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis
Meteorological Service of Canada
PO Box 1700, Victoria
BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Phone: 250-363-8233
Fax: 250-363-8247
Foreman, Michael
Institute of Ocean Sciences
9860 West Saanich Rd.,
P.O. Box 6000, Sidney
B.C., V8L 4B2, Canada
Email: email@example.com
Phone: 250-363-6306
Fax: 250-363-6746
Freeland, Howard
Institute of Ocean Sciences
P. O. Box 6000, Sidney
B.C., V8L 4B2, Canada
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Phone: (250)-363-6590
Fax: (250)-363-6746
Fyfe, John
Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis
Meteorological Service of Canada
University of Victoria,
PO Box 1700, Victoria
BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada
Email: email@example.com
Phone: (250) 363-8236
Fax: (250) 363-8247
Gagnon, Normand
Weather Element Division
Development Branch
Canadian Meteorological Centre
2121, route Transcanadienne, Dorval
Québec, H9P 1J3, Canada
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Phone: 514-421-4712
Fax: 514-421-4657
Louis Garand
MSC
2121 Trans-Canada Highway, Dorval
Que, H9P1J3, Canada
Email: email@example.com
Phone: 514-421-4749
Fax: 514-421-2106
Garnett, Edmund R.
University of Saskatchewan
1337 College Drive, Saskatoon
Saskatchewan, S7N 0W6, Canada
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Phone: 306-966-5675
Fax: 306-934-2683
Gerdes, Frank
Institute of Ocean Sciences
9860 West Saanich Road, Sidney
BC, V8L 4B2, Canada
Email: email@example.com
Phone: (250) 363-6587
Fax: (250) 363-6798
Gilbert, Denis
Institut Maurice-Lamontagne
850 route de la Mer, C.P. 1000, Mont-Joli
Québec, G5H 3Z4, Canada
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Phone: 418-775-0570
Fax: 418-775-0546
Gravel, Sylvie
Division de la recherche en prévision numérique
Meteorological Service of Canada
2121, route Trans-canadienne, 5e étage
Dorval, Québec, H9P 1J3, Canada
Email: email@example.com
Phone: 416-739-4126
Fax: 416-739-4221
Greenberg, David A.
Coastal Ocean Science
Bedford Institute of Oceanography
P.O. Box 1006, Dartmouth
Nova Scotia, B2Y-4A2, Canada
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Phone: 902 426-2431
Fax: 902 426-6927
Hacker, Joshua P.
University of British Columbia
Atmospheric Sciences
1984 West Mall ste. 217, Vancouver
BC, V6T 1Z2, Canada
Email: email@example.com
Phone: (604) 822 6620
Fax: (604) 822 6150
Hägeli, Pascal
Atmospheric Science Program
The University of British Columbia
1984 West Mall, Vancouver
B.C., V6T 1Z2, Canada
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Phone: 604) 822 6407
Fax: 604) 822 6150
Hall, Nick
Dept. Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences
McGill University, Montreal
805 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal
QC, H3A 2K6, Canada
Email: email@example.com
Phone: 514 398 8217
Fax: 514 398 6115
Han, Guoqi
Bedford Institute of Oceanography
P.O. Box 1006, Dartmouth
NS, B2Y 4A2, Canada
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Phone: (902) 426-6927
Fax: (902) 426-6927
Hendry, R.M.
Department of Fisheries and Oceans,
Bedford Institute of Oceanography
Box 1006, Dartmouth
NS, B2Y 4A2, Canada
Email: email@example.com
Phone: (902) 426 9156
Fax: (902) 426 7827
Hopkinson, R. F.
Environment Canada
Prairie & Northern Region
300 - 2365 Albert Street, Regina
Saskatchewan, S4P 4K1 , Canada
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Phone: (306) 780-5739
Fax: (306) 780-5311
Hsieh, William
University of British Columbia
Oceanography/EOS 6270 Univ.Blvd.,
Vancouver B.C., V6T 1Z4, Canada
Email: email@example.com
Phone: (604) 822-2821
Fax: (604) 822-6091
Hsu, C. Juno
Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling
and Analysis
Meteorological Service of Canada
3964 Gordon Head Rd., Victoria
BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Phone: 250-363-8230
Fax: 250-363-8247
Humphreys, Elyn R.
University of British Columbia
Faculty of Agricultural Sciences
266B-2357 Main Mall, Vancouver
BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
Email: email@example.com
Phone: 604 822-5654
Fax: 604 822-4400
Jackson, P. L.
Environmental Studies Program,
University of Northern British Columbia
3333 University Way, Prince George
BC, V2N 4Z9, Canada
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Phone: (250) 960-5985
Fax: (250) 960-5539
Jork, Eva-Maria
University of British Columbia
Faculty of Agricultural Sciences
266B-2357 Main Mall, Vancouver
British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
Email: email@example.com
Phone: 604 822-5654
Fax: 604 822-4400
Karsten, Richard
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge
MA, 02139-4307, USA
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Phone: 1-617-253-5458
Fax: 1-617-253-4464
Kendall, Roblyn
Institute of Ocean Sciences
9860 West Saanich Road, Sidney
BC, V8L 4B2, Canada
Email: email@example.com
Phone: (250) 363-6587
Kharin, Slava
Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis
Meteorological Service of Canada
UVic, P.O. Box 1700 STN CSC,
Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Phone: (250) 363-8240
Fax: (250) 363-8247
Kurz, Werner A.
ESSA Technologies Ltd.
1765 8th Street, Vancouver
BC, V5K 2B0, Canada
Email: email@example.com
Phone: (604) 7332996
L'heveder, Blandine
Department of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, McGill University
805 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal
Quebec, H3A 2K6, Canada
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Phone: (514)-398-7448
Fax: (514)-398-6115
Lalbeharry, Roop
Meteorological Research Branch,
Meteorological Service of Canada
4905 Dufferin Street, Downsview
ON, M3H 5T4, Canada
Email: email@example.com
Phone: (416) 739-4912
Fax: (416) 739-4221
Lambert, Steven
Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis
Meteorological Service of Canada
P. O. Box 1700, Victoria
B. C., V8W 2Y2, Canada
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Phone: (250) 363-8241
Fax: (250) 363-8247
Laprise, René
Département des sciences de la terre et de l'atmosphère
Université du Québec à Montréal
C.P. 8888, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal
Québec, H3C 3P8, Canada
Email: email@example.com
Phone: (514) 987-3000 poste 3302
Fax: (514) 987-7749
Lee, Warren
Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis
Meteorological Service of Canada
University of Victoria
P.O. Box 1700, STN CSC, Victoria
B.C., V8W 2Y2, Canada
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Phone: (250) 363-8235
Fax: (250) 363-8247
Leetmaa, Ants
Climate Prediction Center
NCEP/NWS/NOAA
Washington, DC, USA
email@example.com
Lefaivre, Denis
Institut Maurice-Lamontagne
Min. Pêches et Océans
850 de la mer, P.O. Box 1000,
Mont-Joli, Quebec, G5H 3Z4, Canada
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Phone: 418-775-0568
Fax: 418-775-0546
Leighton, Henry
Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University
805 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal
Quebec, H3A 2K6, Canada
Email: email@example.com
Phone: 514-398-3766
Fax: 514-398-6115
Lewis, Gregory
Atmospheric Science Programme
University of British Columbia
Geography Rm. 217, 1984 West Mall
Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z2, Canada
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Phone: (604) 822-2175
Fax: (604) 822-6150
Li, Jiangnan
Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis
University of Victoria, PO Box 1700
Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada
Email: email@example.com
Phone: 250-363-8232
Fax: 250-363-8247
Li, Ming
Institute of Ocean Sciences
9860 West Saanich Road, Sidney
B.C., V8L 4B2, Canada
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Phone: 250-363-6343
Fax: 250-363-6746
Lohmann, Ulrike
Dalhousie University
Dept. of Physics, Halifax
N.S., B3H 3J5, Canada
Email: email@example.com
Phone: (902) 494-2324
Fax: (902) 494-5191
MacKay, Murray D.
Climate Processes and Earth Observation Division, MSC
4905 Dufferin Str., Downsview
Ontario, M3H 5T4, Canada
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Phone: (416) 739-5710
Fax: (416) 739-5700
Macoun, Paul
School of Earth and Ocean Sciences,
University of Victoria
P.O. Box 3055, Victoria
BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada
Email: email@example.com
Phone: (250) 721-6080
MacPhee, John
Newfoundland Weather Centre
PO Box 370, Gander
NF, A1V 1W7, Canada
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Phone: 709-256-6623
Fax: 709-256-6604
MacPherson, Ian
National Research Council Canada
Building U-61, Montreal Rd., Ottawa
Ontario, K1V 9G2, Canada
Email: email@example.com
Phone: (613)-998-3014
Fax: (613)-952-1704
Maggiotto, Selma R.
Dept. of Land Resource Science
University of Guelph, Guelph
Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Phone: (519) 824-4120 ext. 6671
Fax: (519) 824-5730
Mass, C.
Department of Atmospheric Sciences
University of Washington
Seattle, WA, USA
email@example.com
McKendry, Ian
The University of British Columbia
251-1984 West Mall, Vancouver,
British Columbia, V6T 1Z2, Canada
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Phone: 604-822-4929
Fax: 604-822-6150
McKinnell, S.
North Pacific Marine Science Organization (PICES)
Sidney, BC, Canada
email@example.com
Phone: (250) 363-6826
Melling, Humphrey
Institute of Ocean Sciences
9860 West Saanich Road, Sidney
BC, V8L 4B2, Canada
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Phone: 250-363-6552
Fax: 250-363-6746
Merryfield, Bill
Institute of Ocean Sciences
9860 West Saanich Road, Sidney
B.C., V8L 4B2, Canada
Email: email@example.com
Phone: 250-363-6402
Fax: 250-363-6746
Meyn, Stephanie
University of British Columbia
Department of Geography,
1984 West Mall, Vancouver
B.C., V6T 1Z2, Canada
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Phone: (604) 822 2663
Fax: (604) 822 6150
Milewska, Ewa
Meteorological Service of Canada
4905 Dufferin Street, Downsview
Ontario, M3H 5T4, Canada
Email: email@example.com
Phone: (416) 739 4349
Fax: (416) 739 5700
Mirshak, Ramzi
University of British Columbia
6270 University Blvd., Vancouver
British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Phone: (604) 822-9283
Fax: (604) 822-6091
Montpetit, Jacques
Recherche en prévision numérique
2121 Route Transcanadienne, Dorval
Québec, H9P 1J3, Canada
Email: email@example.com
Phone: 514-421-4769
Fax: 514-421-2106
Mote, Philip
JISAO/SMA Climate Impacts Group
University of Washington
Box 354235, Seattle
WA, 98195-4235, USA
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Phone: (206) 616-5346
Fax: (206) 616-5775
Myers, Paul
Department of Physics and Physical Oceanography
Memorial University of Newfoundland
283 Prince Phillip Drive, St. John’s
Newfoundland, A1B 3X7, Canada
Email: email@example.com
Phone: 709-737-8888
Fax: 709-737-8739
Mysak, Lawrence A.
Centre for Climate and Global Change Research and Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences
McGill University
805 Sherbrooke West, Montreal
Quebec, H3A 2K6, Canada
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Phone: (514) 398-3768
Fax: (514) 398-6115
Neelin, D.
Department of Atmospheric Sciences
University of California
Los Angeles, CA, USA
email@example.com
Neil, Laurie
Applications & Services
Meteorological Service of Canada
120 1200 West 73rd Ave, Vancouver
BC, V6P 6H9, Canada
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Phone: 604-664-9071
Fax: 604-664-9066
Newbigging, Stephen C.
Centre for Climate and Global Change Research and The Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences
McGill University
805 Sherbrooke St W, Montreal
Quebec, H3A 2K6, Canada
Email: email@example.com
Phone: 514-398-7448
Fax: 514-398-6115
Nissen, Robert
Applications and Services
Environment Canada
120 - 1200 West 73rd Avenue, Vancouver
British Columbia, V6P 6H9, Canada
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Phone: (604) 664-9069
Fax: (604) 664-9066
Novak, Michael
Faculty of Agricultural Sciences,
University of British Columbia
266B-2357 Main Mall, Vancouver
British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
Email: email@example.com
Phone: (604) 822-2875
Fax: (604) 822-8639
Oakey, Neil S.
Bedford Institute of Oceanography
1 Challenger Drive, Dartmouth
Nova Scotia, B2Y 4A2, Canada
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Phone: 1-902-426-3147
Fax: 1-902-426-7827
Oke, Tim
University of British Columbia
Department of Geography
Vancouver B.C., V6T 1Z2, Canada
Email: email@example.com
Phone: 604-822-2900
Fax: 604-822-6150
**AUTHOR ADDRESSES**
**Ott, Michael**
School of Earth and Ocean Sciences
Gordon Head Complex, Univ. of Victoria
P.O. Box 1700 Victoria,
British Columbia, V8W 2Y2, Canada
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Phone: (250) 472-4010
**Pal, Badal**
Canadian Inst. for Climate Studies
Univ. of Victoria, Saunders Annex
Victoria, B.C., V8W 2Y2, Canada
Email: email@example.com
Phone: (250) 472-4680
Fax: (250) 721-7217
**Pandolfo, Lionel**
Dept. of Earth and Ocean Sciences
University of British Columbia
6270 University Blvd., Vancouver
BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Phone: (604) 822-1814
Fax: (604) 822-6091
**Paquin, Dominique**
Département des sciences de la terre et de l'atmosphère
Université du Québec à Montréal
Case postale 8888, succursale Centre-Ville
Montréal, Québec, H3C 3P8, Canada
Email: email@example.com
Phone: (514) 987-3000 poste 4412
Fax: (514) 987-7749
**Parkes, George**
Maritimes Weather Centre
Meteorological Service of Canada
45 Alderney Drive, Dartmouth
NS, B2Y 2N6, Canada
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Phone: (902) 426-4816
**Pawlowicz, Rich**
University of British Columbia
Dept. of Earth and Ocean Sciences,
6270 University Blvd., Vancouver
BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
Email: email@example.com
Phone: (604) 822-1356
Fax: (604) 822-6091
**Pielke, Roger A.**
National Center for Atmospheric Research
PO Box 3000, Boulder
CO, 80307-3000, USA
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
**Phone:** 303-497-8111
**Fax:** 303-497-8125
**Pinard, Jean-Paul**
Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta
1-26 Earth Sciences Building,
Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E3, Canada
Email: email@example.com
Phone: 780-433-4775
**Primeau, François**
Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis, P.O. Box 1700, Victoria BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Phone: 250 363 8263
**Qiu, Xia**
Department of Earth and Atmospheric Science, York University
4700 Keele St., Toronto
Ontario, M3J 1P3, Canada
Email: email@example.com
Phone: (416)736-2100 ext 44559
Fax: (416)736-5817
**Reader, Cathy**
Centre for Earth and Ocean Research
University of Victoria, PO Box 3055
Victoria, BC, V8W 3P6, Canada
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Phone: (250)-472-4060
Fax: (250)-472-4030
**Rigby, Christine**
University of Guelph
Department of Land Resource Science,
Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
Email: email@example.com
Phone: (519) 824-4120 ext. 2458
**Ritchie, Hal**
Meteorological Service of Canada,
Environment Canada, Dartmouth NS
45 Alderney Drive, Dartmouth
Nova Scotia, B2Y 2N6, Canada
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Phone: 902-426-5610
Fax: 902-426-9158
**Ritchie, Harold**
Recherche en prevision numerique
2121 Trans-Canada Highway, Dorval
Quebec, H9P 1J3, Canada
Email: email@example.com
Phone: 514-421-4739
Fax: 514-421-2106
Roeger, Claudia
University of British Columbia
Department of Geography,
1984 West Mall, Vancouver
BC, V6T 1Z2, Canada
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Phone: 604-822-6620
Fax: 604-822-6150
Rollins, Kim
Department of Agricultural Economics and
Business, Guelph
Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
Email: email@example.com
Phone: (519) 824-4120 Ext. 3890
Fax: (519) 767-1510
Ross, Teijana
University of Victoria
Department of Physics,
P.O. Box 3055, Victoria
BC, V8W 3P6, Canada
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Phone: (250) 472-4010
Fax: (250) 472-4030
Salmond, Jennifer
University of British Columbia
1984 West Mall, Vancouver
British Columbia, V6T 1Z2, Canada
Email: email@example.com
Phone: (604) 822-2663
Fax: (604) 822-6150
Sarrazin, Réal
Meteorological Service of Canada
CMC, Dorval
2121 Trans Canada Highway, Dorval
Québec, H9P 1J3, Canada
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Phone: 514-421-4655
Fax: 514-421-4657
Savelyev, Sergey
Department of Earth and Atmospheric
Science, York University
4700 Keele St., Toronto
Ontario, M3J 1P3, Canada
Email: email@example.com
Phone: (416) 736-2100 extn 33479
Schuepp, Peter H.
McGill University, Montreal
Macdonald Campus
Dept. of Natural Resource Sciences,
Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue 000 Stn FORCES,
Montreal, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Phone: 514-398-7935
Fax: 514-398-7990
Seglenieks, Frank
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Waterloo, Waterloo
ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
Email: email@example.com
Phone: 519-888-4567 ext 6112
Fax: 519-888-6197
Sexton, Valerie
Environmental Economics Branch
Environment Canada
24th Floor, 10 Wellington Street, Hull
Quebec, K1A 0H3, Canada
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Phone: 819 994 6215
Sheng, Jian
Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling
and Analysis
P.O. Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria
BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada
Email: email@example.com
Phone: (250) 363-8239
Fax: (250) 363-8247
Sheng, Jinyu
Department of Oceanography
Dalhousie University, Halifax
Nova Scotia, B3H 4H1, Canada
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Phone: (902) 494-2718
Fax: (902) 494-2885
Shepherd, Theodore G.
Department of Physics
University of Toronto, Toronto
ON, M5S 1A7, Canada
Email: email@example.com
Phone: (416) 978-6824
Sieben, Brian G.
Department of Forest Sciences,
University of British Columbia and
Cirrus Environmental Consulting
2424 Main Mall, Vancouver
BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Phone: 604-264-1420
Fax: 604-822-9102
**AUTHOR ADDRESSES**
**Smith, Peter C.**
Ocean Sciences Division, DFO,
Bedford Institute of Oceanography
P.O. 1006, Dartmouth
Nova Scotia, B2Y 4A2, Canada
Email: email@example.com
Phone: (902) 426-3474
Fax: (902) 426-6927
**Snelgrove, K.R.**
Dept. of Civil Engineering,
University of Waterloo, Waterloo
Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Phone: 519-888-4567 x6112
Fax: 519-888-6197
**Snyder, Brad**
Meteorological Service of Canada,
Applications Services
120 1200 West 73rd Ave, Vancouver
BC, V6P 6H9, Canada
Email: email@example.com
Phone: 604-713-9518
Fax: 604 664-9066
**Soux, Andres**
University of British Columbia
Department of Geography,
1984 West Mall, Vancouver
B.C., V6T 1Z2, Canada
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Phone: (604) 822 2900
Fax: (604) 822 2900
**Spacek, Lubos**
University of Quebec at Montreal
Earth Sciences Department
P.O. Box 8888, Stn Downtown, Montreal
Quebec, H3C 3P8, Canada
Email: email@example.com
Phone: (514)-987-3000-6914
Fax: (514)-987-7749
**Spittlehouse, D.L.**
B.C. Ministry of Forests Research Branch
PO Box 9519 Stn. Prov Govt,
Victoria, BC, V8W 9C2, Canada
Email:firstname.lastname@example.org
Phone: 250-387-3453
Fax: 250-387-0046
**St. Laurent, Louis**
School of Earth and Ocean Sciences,
University of Victoria
Gordon Head Complex
P.O. Box 3055, Victoria
British Columbia, V8W 2Y2, Canada
**Email:** email@example.com
**Phone:** 1-250-472-4008
**Fax:** 1-250-472-4030
**Stacey, Michael W.**
Royal Military College of Canada
P.O. Box 17000 Stn Forces, Kingston
Ontario, K7K 7B4, Canada
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Phone: (613) 541-6000 (ext 6414)
Fax: (613) 541-6040
**Stone, Daithí**
School of Earth and Ocean Sciences
University of Victoria
P.O. Box 3055, Victoria
British Columbia, V8W 3P6, Canada
Email: email@example.com
Phone: (250)-472-4003
Fax: (250)-472-4004
**Stringer, Steven**
University of Victoria
P.O. Box 3055, Victoria
BC, V8W 3P6, Canada
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Phone: (250) 472-4008
Fax: (250) 472-4030
**Strong, G.S.**
GEWEX/MAGS Secretariat
241 Hollands Drive, 52450 RR 222,
Ardrossan, Alberta, T8E 2G3, Canada
Email: email@example.com
Phone: (780) 922-0665
Fax: (780) 951-8635
**Stull, Roland**
University of British Columbia
6339 Stores Rd (EOS Dept)
Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Phone: 604-822-5901
Fax: 604-822-6150
**Sutherland, Bruce**
University of Alberta
539 Central Academic Building,
Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G1, Canada
Email: email@example.com
Phone: (780) 492-0573
Fax: (780) 492-6826
Szeto, Kit K.
Climate Processes and Earth Observation Division
Meteorological Service of Canada
4905 Dufferin Street, Downsview
Ontario, M3H 5T4, Canada
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Phone: 416-739-4889
Fax: 416-739-5700
Tang, Charles
Bedford Institute of Oceanography/DFO
P.O. Box 1006, Dartmouth
N.S., B2Y 4A2, Canada
Email: email@example.com
Phone: 902-426-2960
Fax: 902-426-6927
Tang, Youmin
University of British Columbia
Dept. of Oceanography,
6270 University Boulevard,
Vancouver, B.C., V6T 1Z4, Canada
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Phone: 604-822-5691
Fax: 604-822-6091
Taylor, Peter A.
Department of Earth and Atmospheric Science, York University
4700 Keele St., Toronto
Ontario, M3J 1P3, Canada
Email: email@example.com
Phone: (416) 736-2100 extn 77707
Vasie, Slavko
CERCA - Centre de Recherche en Calcul Applique, Montreal
5160, boul. Decarie, bureau 400, Montreal
Quebec, H3X 2H9, Canada
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Phone: (514) 369-5270
Fax: (514) 369-3880
Verseghy, Diana
Meteorological Service of Canada, Downsview
4905 Dufferin St., Downsview
ON, M3H 5T4, Canada
Email: email@example.com
Phone: (416) 739-4422
Fax: (416) 739-5700
von Salzen, K.
Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis
PO Box 1700, STN CSC, Victoria
B.C., V8W 2Y2, Canada
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Phone: (250) 363-8230
Fax: (250) 363-8247
Wallace, J.M.
Department of Atmospheric Sciences
University of Washington
Seattle, WA, USA
email@example.com
Wang, Zhaomin
Centre for Climate and Global Change Research and Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences,
McGill University
805 Sherbrooke West, Montreal
Quebec, H3A 2K6, Canada
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Phone: (514) 398-7448
Fax: (514) 398-6115
Warland, J. S.
Dept. of Land Resource Science
University of Guelph, Guelph
Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
Email: email@example.com
Phone: (519) 824-4120 ext. 6374
Fax: (519) 824-5730
Watson, Emma
The University of Western Ontario
Department of Geography, London
Ontario, N6A 5C2, Canada
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Phone: 519 673 1225
Wen, Lei
Centre de Recherche en Calcul Appliqué (CERCA), Montréal
5160, boul. Decarie, bureau 400, Montreal
Quebec, H3X 2H9, Canada
Email: email@example.com
Phone: (514) 369-5269
Fax: (514) 369-3880
Weng, Wensong
Dept. Earth & Atmospheric Science,
York University
4700 Keele Street, Toronto,
Ontario, M3J 1P3, Canada
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Phone: (416) 736-2100 ext. 33479
Fax: (416) 736-5817
**AUTHOR ADDRESSES**
**Whitfield, Paul**
Environment Canada
700 - 1200 West 73rd Avenue, Vancouver
BC, V6P 6H9, Canada
Email: email@example.com
Phone: (604) 664-9238
Fax: (604) 664-9195
**Wilson, John D.**
Department of Earth & Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta
1-26 Earth Sciences Building
Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E3, Canada
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Phone: 780 492 0353
**Wintels, Werner**
Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences
McGill University
805 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal
QC, H3A 2K6, Canada
Email: email@example.com
Phone: 514-487-5202
Fax: 514-398-6115
**Yuval**
University of British Columbia
1461-6270 University Boulevard,
Vancouver
British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Phone: (604) 822-5691
Fax: (604) 822-6091
**Zadra, Ayrtom**
Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences
McGill University
805 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal
Quebec, H3A 2K6, Canada
Email: email@example.com
Phone: 514-398-3764
Fax: 514-398-6115
**Zahariev, Konstantin**
Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis
P.O.Box 1700, STN CSC,
University of Victoria, Victoria
B.C., V8W 2Y2, Canada
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Phone: 250-363-8246
Fax: 250-563-8247
**Zawadzki, Isztar**
MRO, McGill University
805 Sherbrooke St W., Montreal
Quebec, H2A 3K6, Canada
Email: email@example.com
Phone: 514-398-1034
Fax: 514-398-6115
**Zhao, Ming**
Atmospheric Science Programme/University of British Columbia
Geography 217, 1984 West Mall,
Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z2, Canada
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Phone: (604) 822-2175
Fax: (604) 822-6150
Canadian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society
Société canadienne de météorologie et d’océanographie
34th Congress / 34e Congrès
Victoria 2000 | 0551521e-3cec-485d-8ada-cd3e2ad9cf0d | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 452,142 |
Utilisez le bouton "Envoyer par Courriel" ou envoyez à: TICA, Inc. P.O. Box 2684 Harlingen TX 78551 email@example.com
The International Cat Association, Inc.
Demande d'Enregistrement de Chat Domestique
Wherever you are, you're in TICA's World! Fabulous felines, fun and friendship.
Instructions:
1. Téléchargez le formulaire.
Envoyer par Courriel
2. Ouvrez le formulaire en Adobe Acrobat Reader.
3. Complétez le formulaire.
4. Sauvegardez et choisissez le bouton "Envoyer par Courriel".
Date:
Prénom:
Prénom:
Adresse:
Localité:
Pays:
Puce:
Couleur:
P: +1 956.428.8046
F: +1 956.428.8047
Page 1 of 3 www.tica.org
Données de Contact
Nom de Famille:
Adresse Email:
Ancienne Adresse Email:
Cochez s'il s'agit d'une nouvelle adresse email.
Données du Propriétaire
Nom de Famille:
Adresse Email:
Code Postal:
État:
N°de Téléphone:
Noms de Tous les Propriétaires:
En cas de propriétaires multiples et si les noms sont séparés par un "&", tous les propriétaires devront signer les papiers pertinents. En cas de propriétaires multiples et si les noms sont séparés par un "/", n'importe quel propriétaire pourra signer les papiers pertinents (exemple demande d'enregistrement d'une portée). Veuillez noter qu'un transfert de propriétaire devra toujours être signé par tous les propriétaires, quelque soit le symbole utilisé ("&" ou "/").
Données du Chat
Nom du Chat:
Le nom du chat, le nom de la chatterie et le mot "of" (devant un suffixe) ne peut pas dépasser les 35 caractères (espaces inclus). Si le nom est plus long que 35 caractères, le suffixe sera automatiquement supprimé (si applicable). Le nom du chat ne peut pas contenir des caractères spéciaux (&, ', #, ö, é, etc.). Le nom, l'adresse et la localité du propriétaire ne sont pas autorisés dans le nom du chat sauf s'ils font partie d'une chatterie enregistré auprès de la TICA. Pour les restrictions additionnelles, veuillez vous référer au Règles d'Enregistrement 39.5, 39.6, 39.7, and 39.8. Les Chat Domestiques ne peuvent pas avoir un nom de chatterie enregistré dans leur préfix.
Les titres sont uniquement attribués au Chat Domestiques castrés/stérilisés.
Couleur des Yeux:
Date de Naissance:
Sexe:
Longueur du Poil:
Date de Castration/Sterilization:
Cochez si le nom et l'adresse email sont les mêmes que ci-dessus. En cas de propriétaires multiples, complétez leurs adresses sur la dernière page de ce formulaire.
Revised: 5 Sep 2017
Wherever you are, you're in TICA's World! Fabulous felines, fun and friendship.
The International Cat Association, Inc.
Demande d'Enregistrement de Chat Domestique
Données de Paiement
Options de Paiement:
Carte de Crédit:
Nom de Famille
Prénom
N° de Carte de Credit
Mois
Année
Code CCV
N° de Transaction PayPal:
Exemple: 3J8774681T9040110
Signature:
SIGN
F: +1 956.428.8047
Page 2 of 3
Revised: 5 Sep 2017
Wherever you are, you're in TICA's World! Fabulous felines, fun and friendship.
The International Cat Association, Inc.
Demande d'Enregistrement de Chat Domestique
Informations Supplémentaires
Prénom:
Adresse:
Localité:
Pays:
Prénom:
Adresse:
Localité:
Pays:
Prénom:
Adresse:
Localité:
Pays:
Prénom:
Adresse:
Localité:
Pays:
En cas de multiples propriétaires, veuillez noter les noms et les adresses ici..
Nom de Famille:
Adresse Email:
Code Postal:
État:
N°de Téléphone:
Nom de Famille:
Adresse Email:
Code Postal:
État:
N°de Téléphone:
Nom de Famille:
Adresse Email:
Code Postal:
État:
N°de Téléphone:
Nom de Famille:
Adresse Email:
Code Postal:
État:
N°de Téléphone:
F: +1 956.428.8047
Page 3 of 3
Revised: 5 Sep 2017 | <urn:uuid:8ae87fa2-0819-4d0a-8188-e2040f90d911> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/fra_Latn/train | finepdfs | fra_Latn | 3,627 |
RENDICONTO DELLA RACCOLTA FONDI A SOSTEGNO DEL CONTRASTO ALL'EMERGENZA EPIDEMIOLOGICA DA COVID-19
(art. 99, comma 5, del decreto-legge 17 marzo 2020, n. 18, convertito dalla legge 24 aprile 2020, n. 27)
Ente/Amministrazione Presidenza del Consiglio dei ministri – Dipartimento della protezione civile - C.F. 97018720587.
Raccolta fondi svolta dal 07/04/2020 al 03/12/2021.
Conto corrente utilizzato: Conto corrente bancario cod. Iban IT66J0306905020100000066432, aperto presso l'Istituto Intesa Sanpaolo e intestato al Dipartimento della protezione civile.
Responsabile: dott. Gaetano Mignone
RELAZIONE ILLUSTRATIVA DELLA RACCOLTA FONDI
(indicare le spese sostenute fornendo idonea documentazione)
Il conto corrente è stato aperto a seguito di una raccolta promossa da un donatore che ha versato la somma di 5 milioni di euro a favore dei familiari dei medici, degli infermieri, degli operatori sanitari e dei soggetti con mansioni di supporto e assistenza ai sanitari deceduti a causa del contagio da Covid- 19, contratto nell'esercizio delle proprie funzioni – "Fondo sempre con voi". Stante il numero elevatissimo di operazioni, sono in corso interlocuzioni con Banca intesa per disporre del numero di operazioni totali e, in particolare, del numero di operazioni superiori a 100 mila euro.
La procedura è regolata dall'ordinanza del Capo del Dipartimento della protezione civile n. 693 del 17/08/2020, come modificata dalla n. 726 del 17/12/2020.
La valutazione delle istanze è stata affidata ad apposita Commissione, presieduta da un Presidente della Corte dei conti, operante a titolo gratuito.
Le somme sono state versate nel conto di tesoreria 22330 per essere riassegnate nel pertinente capitolo istituito ad hoc 765, del Bilancio autonomo della Presidenza del Consiglio dei ministri, CR 13 ed i relativi pagamenti ai beneficiari sono stati effettuati con ordini di pagare mediante portale Sicoge.
Sono state ammesse n. 298 domande di nuclei familiari, per un totale di 594 beneficiari. Ad oggi il totale residuo disponibile è pari ad € 2.483.498,70 (comprensivo delle richieste restituzioni in atto), da utilizzare con assoluto vincolo di destinazione.
Il conto corrente è chiuso.
Firma del Rappresentante Legale
______________________________
____________________________ Firmato digitalmente da: GAETANO MIGNONE Data: 27/05/2022 11:01:20
FABRIZIO
CURCIO
27.05.2022
09:47:43 UTC
Firma del Responsabile
____________________________ Firmato digitalmente da: GAETANO MIGNONE Data: 27/05/2022 11:01:20 | <urn:uuid:a037baa8-b722-4496-a70b-3a579aa162e7> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ita_Latn/train | finepdfs | ita_Latn | 2,531 |
Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
Кампания за опасни отпадъци в Асеновград
вторник, 11 юни 2024
Община Асеновград организира кампания за безвъзмездно предаване на опасни отпадъци. Акцията ще се проведе тази събота (15.06.24 г.) от 11:00 ч. до 18:00 ч. Мястото е обичайното - на паркинга пред ДИП „България". Мобилният пункт ще предостави възможност на гражданите да предадат безвъзмездно опасни отпадъци, останали в домовете им.
А именно: луминесцентни лампи; бояджийски материали, като напр. лакове, бои, разтворители и разредители за бои, мастила, терпентин, лепила; домакински препарати и химикали, като напр. перилни и почистващи препарати с опасни вещества, белина, дезинфектанти, препарати за растителна защита и борба с вредителите, киселини, основи, реактиви и др.; замърсени опаковки или опаковки, съдържащи остатъци от опасни вещества; фармацевтични продукти, като напр. лекарства с изтекъл срок на годност.
page 1 / 1 | <urn:uuid:3ea8c3ad-fe04-48f4-9250-f6a533cfc3f6> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/bul_Cyrl/train | finepdfs | bul_Cyrl | 932 |
Tabulatúra
régizene-együttes
Régi hangszerek
A középkor hangszereinek egy része a keresztes háborúk eredményeképpen került át Európába, egy részüket a kontinens déli részén élő araboktól vettük át, de néhány, főleg a későbbi időkben népszerűvé váló hangszer őse ebben az időben alakult ki Európában. A hangszerek elnevezése koronként, nyelvenként, tájegységenként és még zenei csoportonként is változtak, így már az komoly feladat lehet, hogy esetenként kidertsük, az adott hivatkozásban mit takar pontosan egy líra, chitarra, viola, tibia elnevezés; sőt, egy időben még a hegedő és koboz szavunk is jelenthetett egyebet, mint amire ma használjuk.
Csak példaképpen megemlítve: a viola az angolszász területekenen ma brácsát jelent, ugyanitt a viol név a viola da gambát, a violin a hegedű, míg a spanyolban ugyanez a szó vihuela-ként gitárfélét takar, a portugáloknál pedig hasonló néven egy ciszterszerű gitárfélét jelent, vielle a középkorban a tekerőlant, a violone pedig egy gambatestű basszus-vonós neve lett. Ugyanilyen kaotikus nevezéktan jellemző a kithara-chitarra-citera-guitarre-gittern-cisztercitole névhalmazra is, vagy a líra név rengeteg, különféle hangszert jelölő változataira.
A fúvósok közül megkülönböztethetünk fa- és rézfúvósokat, melyeknek azonban mai szempontok szerint való felosztása nem mindig lehet sikeres, hiszen abban az időben (XII-XV. század) a hangszerek testének anyaga és formája, valamint a megszólaltatás módja (ajak- és nyelvsípos, vagy trombitaszerű, fuvola- vagy blockflöte-rendszerű) nem mindig volt rendszerezhető. Egyes trombitaszerű hangszerek fából épített korpusszal, dupla- és szimplanádas hangszerek eltérő formákban készültek - a kor az útkeresés, újítások és kísérletezések kora volt, ami miatt számos hangszer hosszabb-rövidebb pályafutás után nyomtalanul el is tűnt, beleolvadt más hangszercsoportokba, vagy éppen átadta a helyét kifinomultabb megszólaltathatóságú, fejlettebb játéktechnikájú utódainak. És, bár ez a tendencia igaz a vonósok és pengetősök körében is, mégis a leglátványosabban a fúvós(aerofon) hangszerek vonatkozásában jelentkezik.
A barokk előtti zene tehát megszámlálhatatlan fajtájú, méretű, nevű és hangszínű kisebbnagyobb szimpla- és duplanádas, ajaksípos és trombitaféle hangszert termett, de ezek egy része inkább a korra jellemző zenei kísérletezés következményeképp született. Néhány közülük azonban már rendelkezett a hangszercsaláddá válás lehetőségével - a reneszánsz filozófiája amúgy is a hasonlóságnak, a rendszerezésnek kedvezett, így aztán a vonósok mellett az ajaksípos furulyák, a fuvolák, a nyelvsípos görbekürtök (krummhorn, cromorne), a harsonák, és még néhány fafúvós hangszer kezdett azonos szerkezettel, négy-ötféle méretben megjelenni. A kor homofóniája és az emberi hang, a vox humana hangszeres utánzásának igénye, a kórusmuzsika felsőbbrendűségének elve miatt a klasszikus reneszánszban ez a fajta felfogás dominált, később azonban a zenészek - talán épp a hangzó szólamok összeállításának hangszeres korlátai miatt - kezdték észrevenni az eltérő hangszínű és hangmagasságú fafúvósok egyidejű megszólaltatásának szépségeit is. Monteverdi korában a hangszerek egyénisége már szempont, de a korábbi időszakokban is sokhelyütt épp az egyházi, a "komoly" zene ellensúlyozásaképpen használják a vegyes hangszerelést, bár ebben a korban a szerzők még leggyakrabban ad libitum szólamokkal dolgoznak, sokszor alkalmi, vagy éppen változó összetételű zenekarokkal, ahol a mai értelemben vett hangszerelés még nem létezett. A középkor és a reneszánsz legjelentősebb fafúvósai: görbekürt, chalumeau, pommer, dulcián, furulyák, harántfuvola, zergekürt. Harsonák és trombiták, gyakran pedig a cinknek nevezett, játszólyukakkal épített trombitafélék képviselték a ma rézfúvósnak nevezett hangszercsoportot
Tabulatúra
régizene-együttes
- gyakran azonban ezek teste is faépítésű volt. Jellegzetes régi magyar hangszerek a duda, a töröksíp, a hatlyukú furulya, a tilinkó és az honfoglaláskori kettőssíp - ezek leginkább népzenénkben és népzenei rokonságot mutató zenéinkben élnek tovább. A töröksíp a Rákócziszabadsághar kurucainak jelképpé vált hangszere volt, ezért a hatalom a szabadságharc bukása után elrendelte megsemmisítésüket, ezért ma már csak korabeli leírások alapján készült kópiái léteznek.
A húros hangszerek két nagy családja, a vonósok és a pengetősök, hasonló sokszínűséget mutattak a középkorban.
Az arab-perzsa eredetű lantfélék eredetileg szinte kizárólag plektrummal (pengetővel) pengetett hangszerek voltak, a vonó későbbi találmány, ami azonban arab területeken is gyorsan elterjedt. A középkor klasszikus arab lantja, az ud egy archaikusabb formájában került át Európába, ahol hamarosan ujjal pengetett technikát és a nyakán érintőket kapott, miáltal a játéktechnikája is megváltozott, europanizálódott. A középkori arab ellenőrzés alatt álló területeken még egymás mellett létezhetett az ún. hosszú nyakú és rövid nyakú lantok családja - az európai lantfélék a rövid nyakúakból fejlődhettek tovább, de pl. a mai moldvai csángók kobzája igen archaikus keleti jellegeket őriz, melyben tovább él az ezer évesnél is régebbi bizánci lantoknak a formája. A középkor legnépszerűbb lantféléi a guiterne és a citole voltak; érintővel felszerelt, fém- vagy bélhúros, kis testű, általában négyhúros, nem húrpáros, pengetővel megszólaltatott hangszerek voltak, dallamjátszásra alkalmasabbak, mint akkordikus játékra. Később a lantok teste megnőtt, nyakuk szélesebbé és kicsit hosszabbá vált, a húrokat húrpárok váltották fel, ujjal pengették őket, így 6-7-10 húrpáros, megnövekedett hangterjedelmű, polifon és akkordjátékra is jóval alkalmasabb hangszerré váltak. Eközben a XV. századtól a gitártestű, valamint a gitárok és lantfélék tulajdonságait ötvöző pengetősök is fejlődésnek indultak vihuela, chitarra, ciszter, pandora, stb. néven.
A középkor népszerű pengetőseinek másik csoportját a lírafélék, a hárfa-család tagjai képviselik. Az eredetileg kevés húrú, pentaton hangolású antik eredetű lírákat a középkorban felváltotta a kelta hárfa néven jegyzett hangszer, amelyen még nem kromatikus, de már diatonikus zenét lehetett játszani. Ez a hangszer egészen a modern pedálhárfák feltalálásáig nem sokat változott, legfeljebb méreteiben. A pengetősök harmadik típusába a pszaltériumot és rokonait sorolhatjuk; ez a hangszercsalád is antik eredetű, keretre, később trapéz alakú rezonáns testre feszített húrjaival akkordikus és dallamjátékra egyaránt alkalmas volt, és helyenként szinte eredeti, ősi formájában megőrizték a közelmúlt parasztzenészei, akik maguk is építették. Fejlettebb változata a cimbalom, mely pedállal ellátva már a klasszikus zenében is felhasználhatóvá vált. Említésre érdemes pengetős hangszer még a citera, melynek középkori ősei között a pszaltérium- és a lapos hátú gitárfélék egyaránt ott kellett, hogy legyenek.
A vonós hangszerek korai reprezentánsa, a rebek és a fidula, két különböző típusú hangszer. A rebek háta domború, lanthoz hasonló testtel építik, rövidebb és szélesebb a nyaka. Érdekessége, hogy ívben hajlott fogólapja alatt gyakran képeztek ki boltozatos üreget, amely így a hangszertest mellett szintén rezonánsként működött, erősebbé, teltebbé téve a hangszer egyébként nazálisabb, élesebb hangját. Általában három húrral szerelték fel, hangolása tág határok között változott. Manapság már csak régizenészek használják, illetve népi hangszerként változatai ismertek Kréta szigetén (ahol lyra a neve), illetve a Balkán-félszigeten, (ahol gadulkának nevezik, de ott ölben tartva játszanak rajta.)
A klasszikus hegedű a XVI. század óta szerepel az európai zenében - bár eleinte sokkal kevésbé arisztokratikus hangszernek tartották, mint manapság. Fénykorát a barokk concertók
Tabulatúra
régizene-együttes
és hegedűvirtuózok korában élte, de mint szóló- és szimfonikus zenekari hangszer azóta is a legnépszerűbb hangszerek egyike. A XVII. században hirtelen fejlődésnek indult, kiszorítva a gambákat - ezeket a halk, arisztokratikus, régi típusú vonósokat - a színről. A XVII. században a gambafélék és a violafélék (azaz a "hegedű-család") már jól elkülöníthető egymástól: a gambák közül csak a mai nagybőgő élte túl (ha nem is teljesen változatlanul), a századokat a nem historikus zenében. Ennek a hangszernek az alakját összehasonlítva a cselló-hegedűbrácsaformával a különbség még ma is szembetűnő. Az eredeti gambáknak csapott válla, egyszerűen homorú közepe, általában C-alakú hanglyuka, lapos háta és a leggyakrabban lantszerű érintői vannak, míg a violaféléknek a válla is és a középső keskenyedése is ívelt, hangrése f-alakú, ami pedig a vonókezelést illeti, nagyon sokban eltér egymástól a kéztartás, a vonó alakja, súlya, de még az ívelése is.
A vonósok legérdekesebb, legfurcsább képviselője a tekerőlant (symphonia, vielle a roue, organistrum, nyenyere, forgólant, stb.), egyike a legjellegzetesebb középkori hangszereinknek, amellett érdekes, történetileg is említésre méltó hangszer. Megszólalási módja is eredeti - a játékos gyantás fakorongot forgatva hozza rezgésbe a korongra feszülő húrokat, miközben másik kezével érintőket (közismert tekerős nevén "kottákat") nyomva a húrra annak hosszát, és ezzel hangmagasságát változtatva játszik dallamot. A tekerőnek emellett még több sajátos hangja is létezik - legfontosabbak ezek közül az állandóan szóló burdonhúrok, melyek az európai zene később kialakuló polifóniáját megelőző időszak, a trecento előtti korok egyszerűbb, állandó alaphanggal kísért többszólamúságából erednek. Képezhetők a tekerővel sajátos reccsenő hangok is, melyek által a zenei hangsúlyozás, a dallam ritmusa is kiemelhető ez szintén a korai zeneiség egyik eleme.
Ennek a hangszernek a jelentősége oly nagy volt, lévén a korának legfejlettebb, legösszetettebb hangszere (ne feledjük, a korabeli összhangzattan épp ilyen típusú muzsikákról szólt), hogy különféle elnevezéseinek nyomai a mai zenében is fellelhetők. Hívták "organistrumnak" az állandóan zengő burdonhúrok orgánumáról, volt a neve "forgatólant", főképp francia területeken, de talán legérdekesebb a "symphonia" név, amely eredetileg együtthangzást jelentett, és csak később vált a szimfonikus zenék jelzőjévé. A tekerő, amely ebben az időben kimondottan arisztokratikus hangszer volt, a későbbiekben egészen koldushangszerré vált, hasonlóan a rebekhez, amely szintén valami hasonló pályát futott be. A múlt század elején már "kolduslant", "nyenyere" névvel illették, régi fénye megkopott, a kor, amit képviselt, elfelejtődött. Ma reneszánszát éli, historikus hangszerként ugyanolyan megbecsülés övezi ezt az érdekes, régi hangszert, mint fénykorában, mikor fejedelmek udvaraiban játszottak rajta. | <urn:uuid:eb2f6cb0-7c66-430b-8b04-9ad0f27d5a6d> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/hun_Latn/train | finepdfs | hun_Latn | 10,911 |
LEHI CITY PLANNING COMMISSION MEETING
Minutes from the Lehi City Planning Commission meeting held on Thursday, August 14, 2008 in the Lehi City Council Chambers.
Members Present: Kerry Schwartz, Carolyn Player, Vaughn Pickell, Derek Byrne, Marilyn Schiess,
Members Absent: Janys Hutchings – excused, Carolyn Nelson – excused, Jason Willes, Chris Bleak
Others:
Dianna Webb, Christie Hutchings, Noreen Edwards, Frankie Christofferson, Lorin Powell
Meeting began at 7:10 p.m.
Vaughn Pickell announced that Traverse Mountain has withdrawn their application at this time.
REGULAR AGENDA
3.1 GINGER PALMER – REQUESTS APPROVAL OF A MAJOR HOME OCCUPATION TO OPERATE THE GINGER HOUSE PRESCHOOL FROM HER HOME LOCATED AT 961 WEST 3350 NORTH IN AN EXISTING R-1-10 ZONE.
Christie Hutchings presented the request and stated that the applicant is requesting 12 children per session and will have only one session on Tuesday and Thursday. She said that she has passed her safety inspection.
Ginger Palmer was present for the request.
Kerry Schwartz moved to grant final approval of Ginger Palmer's request for a Major Home Occupation to operate The Ginger House Preschool from her home located at 961 West 3350 North in an existing R1-10 zone based on it meeting City code and that she has passed her inspections with the city. Second by Marilyn Schiess. Motion carried unanimous.
3.2 LINDSAY ROSS – REQUESTS APPROVAL OF A MAJOR HOME OCCUPATION TO OPERATE LINDSAY ROSS PHOTOGRAPHY FROM HER HOME LOCATED AT 1501 EAST 400 NORTH IN AN EXISTING R-1-8 ZONE.
Christie Hutchings presented the request and stated that the applicant will be doing the majority of her work offsite but there will be some coming to her home and she has passed her safety inspection.
Lindsay Ross was present for the request.
Kerry Schwartz asked if there is an in home studio.
Lindsay Ross said it will just be the studio. She may have only 2 or 3 come to her home at any one time because she will only be open for appointments.
Derek Byrne moved to grant final approval of Lindsay Ross's request for a Major Home Occupation to operate Lindsay Ross Photography from her home located at 1501 East 400 North in an existing R-1-8 zone. Second by Carolyn Player. Motion carried unanimous.
3.3 STEPHANIE JENSEN – REQUESTS APPROVAL OF A MAJOR HOME OCCUPATION TO OPERATE A PRESCHOOL FROM HER HOME LOCATED AT 1938 WEST 1540 NORTH IN AN EXISTING RA-1 ZONE.
Christie Hutchings presented the request and stated that the applicant would only have two sessions with 8 children and she has passed her safety inspection.
Stephanie Jensen was present for the request and stated that the sessions will be Tuesday and Thursday and Wednesday and Friday.
Marilyn Schiess moved to grant final approval of Stephanie Jensen's request for a Major Home Occupation to operate a preschool from her home located at 1938 West 1540 North in an existing RA-1 zone. Second by Carolyn Player. Motion carried unanimous.
3.4 MERLIN SQUIRES – REQUESTS APPROVAL FOR THE SQUIRES BUSINESS PARK CONDON CONVERSION LOCATED AT 100 SOUTH 1350 EAST IN A COMMERCIAL ZONE. (Continued from the July 10, 2008 meeting)
Christie Hutchings said that he is asking to be tabled to the next meeting.
Kerry Schwartz moved to table this item until the next meeting on the August 28, 2008. Second by Derek Byrne. Motion carried unanimous.
3.5 LEHI CITY – REQUESTS SITE PLAN APPROVAL FOR THE LEHI LEGACY CENTER OVERFLOW PARKING LOTS: SOUTH OVERFLOW PARKING LOT LOCATED AT 60 NORTH 100 WEST IN AN EXISTING MIXED USE ZONE AND NORTH OVERFLOW PARKING LOT LOCATED AT 160 NORTH 100 WEST IN AN EXISTING R-3 ZONE.
Christie Hutchings presented the request and said that this is initiated by the city. The north parking area would have 40 parking stalls and the south would have 64 stalls.
Kerry Schwartz asked about the north lot. He stated that it doesn't show the access that is currently there to Marlin's property.
Marlin Peterson said that the gate was put there but it won't be needed now.
Tony Trane was present for the request and stated that those larger trees will need to be taken out unfortunately.
Derek Byrne asked about the xeroscaping.
Tony Trane said that the south lot has been changed – some of the neighbors on the south were more concerned with the closeness of the parking stalls and wanted more of a solid type fence. The City Council likes that idea and it also adds 13 more parking stalls.
Kerry Schwartz asked about this being consistent with our policy as far as land use.
Christie Hutchings said it is a permitted use.
Vaughn Pickell opened this item up for public input at 7:30 p.m.
Dave and Ruth Hoyt live south of the south lot and Dave said that Tony Trane did a good job as far as working with them and they are fine reducing that landscape buffer as long as it is a solid fence like stamped concrete.
Ruth Hoyt said it needs to be done because the city hasn't taken care of it.
Tony Trane said it would be a 6 foot pre-cast concrete fence.
Kerry Schwartz moved to grant final approval for Lehi City's request for Site Plan for the Lehi Legacy Center overflow parking lots: South overflow parking lot located at 60 North 100 West in an existing Mixed Use zone and North overflow parking lot located at 160 North 100 West in an existing R-3 zone with the stipulation that they are following the drawing provided tonight designating the fence in the south parking lot and as per the drawings for the north parking lot. Second by Marilyn Schiess. Motion carried unanimous.
3.6 MOUNTAIN HOME DEVELOPMENT – REQUESTS REVIEW OF AN AMENDMENT TO THE EXISTING TRAVERSE MOUNTAIN CONCEPT PLAN ON PROPERTY LOCATED FROM APPROXIMATELY 500 WEST TO 3000 WEST AND SR-92 TO THE UTAH COUNTY LINE WHICH WAS PREVIOUSLY APPROVED ON AUGUST 28, 2007 TO:
A. MOVE DENSITIES WITHIN THE PROJECT
B. CREATE HIGHER DENSITY AREAS
C. REVISE BUILDABLE AREAS
(Tabled from the July 10, 2008 meeting)
This item was withdrawn by the applicant.
3.7 MOUNTAIN HOME DEVELOPMENT – REQUESTS REVIEW OF AN AMENDMENT TO THE EXISTING TRAVERSE MOUNTAIN AREA PLAN TO:
A. REVISE POD II-6B FROM LOW DENSITY TO MEDIUM DENSITY
B. REVISE POD VII-1B FROM LOW DENSITY TO HIGH DENSITY
C. REVISE PODS I-4 AND I-11 TO ALLOW COMMERCIAL WITH 40 UNITS PER ACRE
D. REVISE FRONTAGE, SETBACK AND HEIGHT REQUIREMENTS
(Tabled from the July 10, 2008 meeting)
This item was withdrawn by the applicant.
PUBLIC HEARINGS
4.1 JOHN THOMAS – REQUESTS REVIEW AND RECOMMENDATION FOR A ZONE DISTRICT AND ZONE DISTRICT MAP AMENDMENT ON PROPERTY LOCATED AT APPROXIMATELY 41 NORTH 200 WEST FROM AN R-3 TO A MIXED USE ZONE.
Public Hearing opened at 7:10 p.m.
Christie Hutchings presented the request and stated that the property to the south and the rear are both in the Mixed Use zone. The applicant has indicated that he would like to have a small business with few employees.
There was no applicant present for the request.
Public Hearing closed at 7:40 p.m.
Derek Byrne said he has no problem recommending approval.
Derek Byrne moved to recommend approval of John Thomas's request for a Zone District and Zone District Map Amendment on property located at approximately 41 North 200 West from an R-3 to a Mixed Use zone finding that it conforms with the General Plan. Second by Carolyn Player. Motion carried unanimous.
4.2 CASEY TAYLOR – REQUESTS REVIEW AND RECOMMENDATION FOR A ZONE DISTRICT AND ZONE DISTRICT MAP AMENDMENT ON PROPERTY LOCATED AT APPROXIMATELY 1245 WEST MAIN STREET FROM AN R-1-8 TO A COMMERCIAL ZONE.
Public Hearing opened at 7:10 p.m.
Christie Hutchings presented the request and said that the applicant is asking for Neighborhood Commercial. His property is split by the node. It is currently zoned R-1-8 and is part of an existing subdivision but is the only one that has access off Main Street and was an existing home. They are only requesting zoning right now; they don't have any plans for it other than to sell it. The DRC did not move it forward to Planning Commission because they didn't want to create a pocket.
Adam Cowie was present for the request and stated that the property owners to the east (Smiths and Kapps) own next to this and these areas are still in the county – they aren't even in the city yet. He said that Blake Kapp said he was looking to go Commercial instead of Neighborhood Commercial.
Public Hearing closed at 7:47 p.m.
Kerry Schwartz asked about the commercial on the other side and then this being Neighborhood Commercial. He said we're breaking the pattern of NC.
Adam Cowie said that the NC is a better fit for this location.
Derek Byrne said that he will probably go against this because until the new roads are open which will redirect the traffic he will not approve commercial on Main Street.
Kerry Schwartz said that uses in a NC are more for small scale areas which is more appropriate for this site.
Marilyn Schiess said she feels the same way.
Carolyn Player moved to recommend approval of Casey Taylor's request for a Zone District and Zone District Map Amendment on property located at approximately 1245 West Main Street from an R-1-8 to a Neighborhood Commercial zone based on it's consistency with the General Plan and include DRC comments. Second by Marilyn Schiess. Motion carried 4-1 with Derek Byrne opposed.
4.3 STAN LEWIS & LARRY HADFIELD – REQUEST REVIEW AND RECOMMENDATION FOR A ZONE DISTRICT AND ZONE DISTRICT MAP AMENDMENT ON APPROXIMATELY 16.1 ACRES OF PROPERTY LOCATED GENERALLY AT 1100 WEST 1000 SOUTH FROM TH-5 TO A COMMERCIAL ZONE.
Public Hearing opened at 7:10 p.m.
Christie Hutchings presented the request and stated that when this item was before the Planning Commission for the General Plan Amendment you recommended denial but the City Council approved it. So now the applicants are here for a zone change. She said some of the concerns were with access and having straight commercial instead of NC.
Kerry Schwartz asked why the City Council felt that commercial was ok with this where we have been trying to keep the lots larger with the VLDRA.
Lorin Powell said that it is purely related to 10 th South and that they felt that commercial was better there.
Dianna Webb said that access may still be an issue.
Steve Holbrook said that the amount of land that's there isn't large enough for anything big to come in – but there would be good neighborhood commercial there even though it is not zoned as NC. They didn't feel that there would be anything large put in there.
Derek Byrne said that at the last meeting there were other neighbors that came in and wanted commercial on their property as well.
Larry Hadfield was present for the request and stated that when we put this in the other property owners had no objection to it – the only one that showed up to that last meeting was Drew Downs.
Dianna Webb said that she has received an application by Sue Collier for the rest of that property
Public Hearing closed at 8:10 p.m.
Marilyn Schiess moved to recommend approval of Stan Lewis & Larry Hadfield's request for a Zone District and Zone District Map Amendment on property located generally at 1100 West 1000 South from TH-5 to a Commercial zone seeing it does conform to the General Plan and include DRC comments. Second by Derek Byrnes. Motion carried unanimous.
4.4 DALE BENNETT – REQUESTS REVIEW AND RECOMMENDATION OF ZONING ON THE BARNETT ANNEXATION, APPROXIMATELY 6.85 ACRES OF PROPERTY LOCATED AT APPROXIMATELY 1300 WEST BULL RIVER ROAD TO A PROPOSED TH-5 ZONE.
Public Hearing opened at 7:10 p.m.
Christie Hutchings presented the request and stated that they just want to go to TH-5 at this time.
Marty Sheer, Laurie Barnett and Earl Lelegren were present for the request.
Public Hearing closed at 8:11 p.m.
Kerry Schwartz moved to recommend approval of Dale Bennett's request for TH-5 zoning on the Barnett Annexation, approximately 6.85 acres of property located at approximately 1300 West Bull River Road based on the fact that it is consistent with the General Plan and include DRC comments. Second by Carolyn Player. Motion carried unanimous.
4.5 KENT & ANN BAILEY – REQUEST REVIEW AND RECOMMENDATION OF ZONING ON THE (FREEDOM ACRES) BAILEY ANNEXATION, APPROXIMATELY 5.14 ACRES OF PROPERTY LOCATED AT APPROXIMATELY 1300 SOUTH 1900 WEST TO A PROPOSED TH-5 ZONE.
Public Hearing opened at 7:10 p.m.
Christie Hutchings presented the request and stated that they are also requesting TH-5. She said there are some issues with fire protection from the County and they felt that it would be better if they came into the City.
Ann Bailey was present for the request.
Public Hearing closed at 8:13 p.m.
Derek Byrne moved to recommend approval of Kent & Ann Bailey's request for TH-5 zoning on the (Freedom Acres) Bailey Annexation, approximately 5.14 acres of property located at approximately 1300 South 1900 West including DRC comments. Second by Carolyn Player. Motion carried unanimous.
4.6 MATT RASBAND – REQUESTS PRELIMINARY SUBDIVISION REVIEW FOR DISCOVERY OFFICE PARK PHASE II LOCATED AT APPROXIMATELY 200 SOUTH INTERSTATE PLAZA DRIVE IN AN EXISTING COMMERCIAL ZONE.
Public Hearing opened at 7:10 p.m.
Christie Hutchings presented items 4.6 and 4.6A together and stated that this is for the 2 nd phase of the office park. This phase is slightly under what is required for landscape and parking but if you look at the over all its fine.
Matt Rasband was present for the request.
Public Hearing closed at 8:16 p.m.
Kerry Schwartz moved to grant final approval of Matt Rasband's request for Preliminary Subdivision review for Discovery Office Park Phase II located at approximately 200 South Interstate Plaza Drive in an existing Commercial zone including DRC comments and based on its further expansion of the subdivision and conformity to the uses in that area. Second by Marilyn Schiess. Motion carried unanimous.
4.6A MATT RASBAND – REQUESTS SITE PLAN APPROVAL FOR THE DISCOVERY OFFICE PARKS PHASE II LOCATED AT APPROXIMATELY 200 SOUTH INTERSTATE PLAZA DRIVE IN A COMMERCIAL ZONE.
Discussion included under item 4.6.
Public Hearing closed at 8:17 p.m.
Derek Byrne moved to grant final approval of Matt Rasband's request for Site Plan approval for the Discovery Office Park Phase II located at approximately 200 South Interstate Plaza Drive in a Commercial zone as discussed tonight. Second by Carolyn Player. Motion carried unanimous.
4.7 LEHI CITY – REQUESTS REVIEW AND RECOMMENDATION OF AN AMENDMENT TO THE LEHI CITY DEVELOPMENT CODE CHAPTER 4, REMOVING THE WORDING THAT CREATES THE MARCH/ SEPTEMBER WINDOW FOR FILING AMENDMENTS TO THE LEHI CITY GENERAL PLAN.
Public Hearing opened at 7:10 p.m.
Christie Hutchings presented the request and stated that these requests always went to City Council for an application outside the window and they were always being granted.
Public Hearing closed at 8:19 p.m.
Kerry Schwartz moved to recommend approval of Lehi City's request for an amendment to the Lehi City Development Code Chapter 4, removing the wording that creates the March/ September window for filing amendments to the Lehi City General Plan for administrative economy. Second by Marilyn Schiess. Motion carried unanimous.
4.8 LEHI CITY – REQUESTS REVIEW AND RECOMMENDATION OF AN UPDATE TO THE MODERATE INCOME HOUSING ELEMENT OF THE LEHI CITY GENERAL PLAN.
Public Hearing opened at 7:10 p.m.
Christie Hutchings said that this is for an amendment required by the state that we do a yearly analysis with in the city.
Kim Struthers stated that we don't have to look at the full range - they focus on the 80% - we're trying to do an EDA. Some of those funds have to be applied to moderate income housing unless we can show that we have that covered.
Discussed what those funds go for.
Kim Struthers explained exactly what we're trying to do.
Frankie Christofferson discussed how this works through the Consortium.
Public Hearing closed at 8:30 p.m.
Kerry Schwartz moved to recommend approval of Lehi City's request for an update to the Moderate Income Housing Element of the Lehi City General Plan based on the consistency with the States recommendation to update the plan. Second by Marilyn Schiess. Motion carried unanimous.
4.9 LEHI CITY – REQUESTS REVIEW AND RECOMMENDATION ON AMENDMENTS TO THE LEHI CITY GENERAL PLAN LAND USE MAP ADDING NEW MASTER PLANNED TRAILS WEST OF THE JORDAN RIVER, ADDING CONNECTOR TRAILS BETWEEN THE JORDAN RIVER PARKWAY AND THE EAST RAIL ROAD TRAIL AT APPROXIMATELY 2300 WEST AS WELL AS NORTH OF PILGRIM'S LANDING, AND MAKING ADJUSTMENTS TO THE ALIGNMENT OF THE SPRING CREEK TRAILS.
Public Hearing opened at 7:10 p.m.
Christie Hutchings presented the request and stated that we are adding two connector trails - there is a slight change in the Spring Creek Development.
Kim Struthers said that Councilman Holbrook approached us about the Welby Jacobs Canal and Saratoga has one through there Harvest Hills development. We would like to put a trail on the north side of 2100 North to provide some pedestrian movement outside of that roadway. Steve Holbrook is working with UDOT on having a farm access under Redwood Road so he can run his farm and he has land on both sides of Redwood. As we bring this trail in we may be able to coordinate that so we can take pedestrians under Redwood Road. Also 2300 West would go up under I-15 and use the crossing as Thanksgiving Point across to the Jordan River Trail.
Public Hearing closed at 8:36 p.m.
Kerry Schwartz moved to recommend approval of Lehi City's request for amendments to the Lehi City General Plan Land Use Map adding new master planned trails west of the Jordan River, adding connector trails between the Jordan River Parkway and the east Rail Road Trail at approximately 2300 West as well as north of Pilgrim's Landing, and making adjustments to the alignment of the Spring Creek trails with a recommendation to consider the underpass for crossing on Redwood Road associated with the Holbrook Annexation because these are important facilities for the residents of Lehi and include DRC comments. Second by Carolyn Player. Motion carried unanimous.
4.10 LEHI CITY – REQUESTS REVIEW AND RECOMMENDATION OF AN AMENDMENT TO THE LEHI CITY GENERAL PLAN LAND USE ELEMENT, ADDING A NEW MODERATE HIGH DENSITY LAND USE CLASSIFICATION TO BOTH THE GENERAL PLAN TEXT AND MAP.
Public Hearing opened at 7:10 p.m.
Christie Hutchings presented the request and stated in order to get this General Plan and zone you would have to have a detailed concept and you would be required to have a PUD overlay.
Vaughn Pickell said to be consistent with the moderate or intermediate high density – page 14 of definitions. He said that we should go with the Intermediate.
Discussed replacing all 'Moderate' with 'Intermediate' in all documents and tables.
Public Hearing closed at 8:45 p.m.
Discussed combining both items in one motion.
Derek Byrne moved to recommend approval of Lehi City's request for changes related to adding a new Moderate High Density zone and land use classification including the Lehi City General Plan Land Use Element, the Lehi City Development Code Chapter 5, Tables 05.030A and 05.040A, Chapter 12 and Section 27.040 changing all references to the 'Moderate High Density' to 'Intermediate High Density' as discussed. Second by Carolyn Player. Motion carried unanimous.
4.11 LEHI CITY – REQUESTS REVIEW AND RECOMMENDATION ON AMENDMENTS TO THE LEHI CITY DEVELOPMENT CODE AND PLANNING ZONE MAP, CREATING A NEW MODERATE HIGH DENSITY RESIDENTIAL (R-2.5) ZONE. DEVELOPMENT CODE CHAPTERS TO BE AMENDED INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING:
A. CHAPTER 5, ESTABLISHMENT OF ZONING DISTRICTS AND TABLES 05.030A AND 05.040A, ADDING THE R-2.5 ZONE.
B. CHAPTER 12, DEVELOPMENT STANDARDS, ADDING STANDARDS FOR THE R-2.5 ZONE.
C. SECTION 27.040, WATER RIGHTS CONVEYANCE, ADDING THE R-2.5 ZONE TO THE WATER RIGHTS CONVEYANCE TABLE.
Public Hearing opened at 7:10 p.m.
Discussion included under item 4.10.
Public Hearing closed at 8:45 p.m.
Discussed combining both items in one motion.
Derek Byrne moved to recommend approval of Lehi City's request for changes related to adding a new Moderate High Density zone and land use classification including the Lehi City General Plan Land Use Element, the Lehi City Development Code Chapter 5, Tables 05.030A and 05.040A, Chapter 12 and Section 27.040 changing all references to the 'Moderate High Density' to 'Intermediate High Density' as discussed. Second by Carolyn Player. Motion carried unanimous.
APPROVAL OF MINUTES
5.1 APPROVAL OF MINUTES FROM THE JUNE 12, 2008 MEETING. (Tabled from the July 10, 2008 meeting)
Marilyn Schiess moved to approve the minutes from the June 12, 2008 meeting. Second by Carolyn Player. Motion carried unanimous.
5.2 APPROVAL OF MINUTES FROM THE JULY 3, 2008 WORK SESSION.
Carolyn Player moved to approve the minutes from the July 3, 2008 work session. Second by Marilyn Schiess. Motion carried unanimous.
5.3 APPROVAL OF MINUTES FROM THE JULY 8, 2008 MEETING.
Kerry Schwartz moved to approve the minutes from the July 8, 2008 meeting. Second by Carolyn Player. Motion carried unanimous.
5.4 APPROVAL OF MINUTES FROM THE JULY 10, 2008 MEETING.
Marilyn Schiess moved to approve the minutes from the July 10, 2008 meeting. Second by Derek Byrne. Motion carried unanimous.
CITY BUSINESS
Dianna Webb said she has to submit applications for the Planning Conference in September by the end of the month for anyone that wants to attend.
Christie Hutchings said that on Sept 11 th at 6 p.m. there is a Blueprint Jordan River at the Senior Center.
ADJOURN
Carolyn Player moved to adjourn. Second by Kerry Schwartz. Motion carried unanimous.
Meeting ended at 8:50 p.m.
Date Approved_________________________________
Chairman_____________________________________
Secretary______________________________________ | <urn:uuid:7f327f03-787b-4f3d-a18c-75e9ab86eae9> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 21,833 |
ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΗ ΣΤΡΑΤΗΓΙΚΗ ΓΙΑ ΤΗΝ ΥΛΟΠΟΙΗΣΗ ΤΟΥ ΚΩ∆ΙΚΑ ΕΦΑΡΜΟΓΗΣ ΟΡΓΑΝΩΝ ΤΟΥ ∆ΙΕΘΝΟΥΣ ΝΑΥΤΙΛΙΑΚΟΥ ΟΡΓΑΝΙΣΜΟΥ (ΚΩ∆ΙΚΑΣ III)
«Η Ελληνική ∆ηµοκρατία ασκεί αποτελεσµατικά τις αρµοδιότητές της ως Κράτος Σηµαίας, Κράτος Λιµένα και Παράκτιο Κράτος, αναλαµβάνοντας τις κατάλληλες πρωτοβουλίες για την αποτελεσµατική εφαρµογή των σχετικών ∆ιεθνών Συµβάσεων του ∆ΝΟ που αφορούν τους τοµείς που απαριθµούνται στο Μέρος Ι παρ. 6 του Κώδικα ΙΙΙ (A. 28/ Res. 1070/10.12.2013), και των οποίων αποτελεί συµβαλλόµενο µέρος. Στο πλαίσιο αυτό διασφαλίζεται η αποτελεσµατική εφαρµογή και επιβολή του συνόλου της νοµοθεσίας, των συναφών κανονισµών και συστάσεων από την ελληνική ναυτιλιακή διοίκηση και, κατ' επέκταση, η αποτελεσµατική άσκηση των αρµοδιοτήτων της χώρας ως Κράτος Σηµαίας, Κράτος Λιµένα και Παράκτιο Κράτος»
ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΗ ΣΤΡΑΤΗΓΙΚΗ ΓΙΑ ΤΗΝ ΥΛΟΠΟΙΗΣΗ ΤΟΥ ΚΩ∆ΙΚΑ ΕΦΑΡΜΟΓΗΣ ΟΡΓΑΝΩΝ ΤΟΥ ∆ΙΕΘΝΟΥΣ ΝΑΥΤΙΛΙΑΚΟΥ ΟΡΓΑΝΙΣΜΟΥ (ΚΩ∆ΙΚΑΣ III)
I. Πρόλογος
Οι θαλάσσιες µεταφορές αποτελούν αναπόσπαστο στοιχείο του συστήµατος διακίνησης του παγκόσµιου εµπορίου και βασικό πυλώνα διενέργειας των διασυνοριακών µεταφορών υποστηρίζοντας, κατ' αυτόν τον τρόπο, τις παγκόσµιες αλυσίδες εφοδιασµού. Ο συγκεκριµένος οικονοµικός τοµέας δηµιουργεί απασχόληση και έσοδα σε ένα ευρύ φάσµα δραστηριοτήτων.
Η Ελλάδα αποτελεί ένα από τα µεγαλύτερα ναυτιλιακά κράτη στο κόσµο και η ελληνική ναυτιλία είναι ένας από τους πλέον δυναµικούς τοµείς της εθνικής οικονοµίας. Η ελληνική ναυτιλία διατηρεί ηγετικό ρόλο στη διεθνή ναυτιλιακή βιοµηχανία, παρέχοντας υψηλής ποιότητας υπηρεσίες µεταφορών µε σύγχρονο στόλο και λειτουργώντας σύµφωνα µε τα πλέον σύγχρονα πρότυπα διαχείρισης, ασφάλειας και προστασίας του θαλασσίου περιβάλλοντος.
Η ελληνική ναυτιλία, η οποία δραστηριοποιείται κυρίως στην παροχή υπηρεσιών διεθνών θαλασσίων µεταφορών µε τρίτες χώρες, επιβαρύνεται ιδιαίτερα από τις δυσµενείς επιπτώσεις περιφερειακών ή εθνικών µέτρων που διαφοροποιούνται από τα πρότυπα του ∆ιεθνούς Ναυτιλιακού Οργανισµού (∆ΝΟ). Στο πλαίσιο αυτό, πάγια επιδίωξη της ελληνικής ναυτιλιακής διοίκησης αποτελεί η προώθηση της αποστολής του ∆ΝΟ για τη διασφάλιση υψηλών επιπέδων ασφάλειας της ναυσιπλοΐας και της ανθρώπινης ζωής στη θάλασσα και την περαιτέρω προώθηση της βιώσιµης ναυτιλίας. Η υιοθέτηση και εφαρµογή διεθνών προτύπων που θα ισχύουν για όλα τα πλοία, ανεξαρτήτως της σηµαίας την οποία φέρουν, αποτελεί το µοναδικό εχέγγυο για την εξασφάλιση ισότιµων όρων για τη ναυτιλία διεθνώς και τη διατήρηση υψηλών επίπεδων ασφάλειας της ναυσιπλοΐας και προστασίας του θαλασσίου περιβάλλοντος. Επιπλέον, ιδιαίτερη έµφαση αποδίδεται στις αρχές της ∆Σ για το ∆ίκαιο της Θάλασσας (UNCLOS), 1982, και τους γενικά αποδεκτούς διεθνείς κανόνες και πρότυπα, τα οποία έχουν υιοθετηθεί στο πλαίσιο της εν λόγω ∆Σ και παρέχουν την απαιτούµενη νοµική βεβαιότητα για την περαιτέρω προώθηση της προστασίας και αειφόρου ανάπτυξης των ωκεανών, διασφαλίζοντας παράλληλα την ελευθερία της ναυσιπλοΐας στην ανοικτή θάλασσα και το σεβασµό των εθιµικών δικαιωµάτων ναυσιπλοΐας.
Η εν λόγω Στρατηγική έχει καταρτιστεί από την Ελληνική ∆ηµοκρατία προς υποβοήθηση των εµπλεκόµενων Υπουργείων και Φορέων στην εφαρµογή των βασικών υποχρεώσεων της χώρας ως Κράτος Μέλος του ∆ΝΟ. Η Στρατηγική βασίζεται στις απαιτήσεις του Ψηφίσµατος A.1070 (28) της Συνέλευσης του ∆ΝΟ, ήτοι στον Κώδικα Εφαρµογής των Οργάνων του ∆ΝΟ (Κώδικας III), όπως έχει ενσωµατωθεί και ισχύει στην εθνική νοµοθεσία.
Το Υπουργείο Ναυτιλίας και Νησιωτικής Πολιτικής (ΥΝΑΝΠ) και το Λιµενικό Σώµα - Ελληνική Ακτοφυλακή (Λ.Σ.-ΕΛ.ΑΚΤ.) είναι οι κύριοι Φορείς για την εφαρµογή των ∆ιεθνών Συµβάσεων του ∆ΝΟ σε συνεργασία µε συναρµόδια Υπουργεία – Φορείς για την παροχή εξειδικευµένων υπηρεσιών προς εκπλήρωση των διεθνών υποχρεώσεων της χώρας που απορρέουν από τις ∆ιεθνείς Συµβάσεις του ∆ΝΟ. Κάθε Φορέας θα συνεργάζεται µε τους συναρµόδιους Φορείς µε στόχο τη διασφάλιση εκπλήρωσης των υποχρεώσεων της Ελλάδας ως Κράτος Σηµαίας, Κράτος Λιµένα και Παράκτιο Κράτος.
Οι υποχρεώσεις Κράτους Σηµαίας, Κράτους Λιµένα και Παράκτιου Κράτους αποτελούν βασική αρµοδιότητα του Λ.Σ.-ΕΛ.ΑΚΤ εκτός από τις περιπτώσεις όπου: (i) σχετικές αρµοδιότητες έχουν ανατεθεί σε αναγνωρισµένους Οργανισµούς, οι οποίοι τελούν υπό την εποπτεία της ελληνικής ναυτιλιακής διοίκησης, και (ii) σχετικές αρµοδιότητες ασκούνται από συναρµόδιους Φορείς σε συνεργασία µε το Λ.Σ. – ΕΛ.ΑΚΤ. Η παρούσα Στρατηγική καταγράφει λεπτοµερώς τις αρµοδιότητες που απορρέουν από τις ∆ιεθνείς Συµβάσεις του ∆ΝΟ στο πλαίσιο εφαρµογής του Κώδικα ΙΙΙ.
II. Όραµα
Η Ελληνική ∆ηµοκρατία ασκεί αποτελεσµατικά τις αρµοδιότητές της ως Κράτος Σηµαίας, Κράτος Λιµένα και Παράκτιο Κράτος, αναλαµβάνοντας τις κατάλληλες πρωτοβουλίες για την αποτελεσµατική εφαρµογή των σχετικών ∆ιεθνών Συµβάσεων του ∆ΝΟ, που αφορούν στους τοµείς που απαριθµούνται στο Μέρος Ι παρ. 6 του Κώδικα ΙΙΙ (A. 28/ Res. 1070/10.12.2013) και των οποίων αποτελεί συµβαλλόµενο µέρος. Με τον τρόπο αυτό διασφαλίζεται η αποτελεσµατική εφαρµογή και επιβολή του συνόλου της νοµοθεσίας, των συναφών κανονισµών και συστάσεων, από την ελληνική ναυτιλιακή διοίκηση.
III. Γενικός Στόχος,
Η Ελλάδα διατηρεί µια ναυτιλιακή διοίκηση ικανή να διασφαλίσει την πλήρη συµµόρφωση της χώρας µε όλες τις υποχρεώσεις της ως Κράτος Σηµαίας, Κράτος Λιµένα και Παράκτιο Κράτος αναλαµβάνοντας τις απαιτούµενες ενέργειες για την αποτελεσµατική εφαρµογή των ∆ιεθνών Συµβάσεων του ∆ΝΟ, των οποίων αποτελεί συµβαλλόµενο µέρος.
IV. Πολιτική για την επίτευξη των στόχων
Η Ελληνική Ναυτιλιακή ∆ιοίκηση δεσµεύεται να εξασφαλίσει υψηλά πρότυπα ασφάλειας της ναυσιπλοΐας και πρόληψης της θαλάσσιας ρύπανσης στα χωρικά ύδατα της Ελλάδας και στα πλοία που φέρουν τη σηµαία της.
Η ανωτέρω δέσµευση πηγάζει από την ιστορική, ηθική, νοµική και κοινωνική ανάγκη εξασφάλισης της έγκαιρης και αποτελεσµατικής συµµόρφωσης της χώρας µε τις διατάξεις της ∆Σ για το ∆ίκαιο της Θάλασσας, τους διεθνείς κανονισµούς, διαδικασίες και πρακτικές του ∆ΝΟ και άλλων υποχρεωτικών οργάνων στα οποία η Ελλάδα είναι συµβαλλόµενο µέρος, καθώς και, στον αναγκαίο βαθµό, µε το ενωσιακό κεκτηµένο.
V. ∆ιάρκεια και λεπτοµέρειες εφαρµογής
Η Στρατηγική εφαρµόζεται από τα στιγµή που τίθεται σε ισχύ το 2021, µέσω κατάλληλης κοινοποίησής της σε όλους τους εµπλεκόµενους Φορείς και τη ναυτιλιακή βιοµηχανία, και θα παραµείνει σε ισχύ έως την 31.12.2027, ανταποκρινόµενη σε ένα τυπικό κύκλο επιθεωρήσεων των ΚΜ του ∆ΝΟ 1 . Για την υλοποίηση της Στρατηγικής υπογράφεται Μνηµόνιο Συνεργασίας µε τους συναρµόδιους Φορείς που δεν υπάγονται στο ΥΝΑΝΠ.
Το ΥΝΑΝΠ αποτελεί τον αρµόδιο φορέα για την εποπτεία και το συντονισµό εφαρµογής της Στρατηγικής. Ο συντονισµός µέχρι την επιθεώρηση της ελληνικής ναυτιλιακής διοίκησης από το ∆ΝΟ (∆εκέµβριος 2021) θα πραγµατοποιηθεί µέσω της Συντονιστικής Οµάδας Προετοιµασίας της Επιθεώρησης (ΣΟΠ) που συνεστήθη σύµφωνα µε την αριθµ. 2213.6-3.2/ 77044/ 2018/ 18.10.2018 Απόφαση ΥΝΑΝΠ. Μετά την επιθεώρηση της Ελληνικής Ναυτιλιακής ∆ιοίκησης, θα συγκροτηθεί µε Υπουργική Απόφαση Οµάδα Συντονισµού, η οποία θα συγκαλείται σε ετήσια βάση, προκειµένου να αξιολογεί την εφαρµογή της Στρατηγικής.
VI. Ελληνική Ναυτιλιακή ∆ιοίκηση
Προκειµένου να εκπληρώσει τις υποχρεώσεις της ως συµβαλλόµενο µέρος στις διεθνείς συµβάσεις του ∆ΝΟ και της ∆ιεθνούς Οργάνωσης Εργασίας (∆ΟΕ), η Ελληνική ∆ηµοκρατία διαθέτει ναυτιλιακή διοίκηση αποτελούµενη από:
Το Υπουργείο Ναυτιλίας και Νησιωτικής Πολιτικής (ΥΝΑΝΠ): η Πολιτεία έχει αναθέσει σε εξειδικευµένο διοικητικό φορέα, το ΥΝΑΝΠ, τη διοίκηση και υποστήριξη της Ελληνικής ναυτιλίας. Το ΥΝΑΝΠ επιδιώκει την περαιτέρω ενίσχυση της οικονοµικής συνεισφοράς της ναυτιλίας στην ανάπτυξη της εθνικής οικονοµίας, τη διασφάλιση της προστασίας της ανθρώπινης ζωής στη θάλασσα, της ασφάλειας των πλοίων και της προστασίας του θαλασσίου περιβάλλοντος. Το έµπειρο, εξειδικευµένο και επιστηµονικά καταρτισµένο προσωπικό του Υπουργείου (στελέχη του Λ.Σ.-ΕΛ.ΑΚΤ. και πολιτικό προσωπικό) βρίσκεται σε διαρκή ετοιµότητα καθ' όλη τη διάρκεια του έτους, ηµέρα και νύχτα (24/7), για να διαχειριστεί µε υψηλή τεχνογνωσία ζητήµατα που αφορούν στα ελληνικά πλοία και τους
1 Βλ. επίσης και την απαίτηση διενέργειας επιθεώρησης της διοικητικής αρχής από το ∆ΝΟ ανά επταετία σύµφωνα µε την Οδηγία 2009/21/ΕΕ.
ναυτικούς τους σε ολόκληρο το κόσµο. Επιπρόσθετα, το ΥΝΑΝΠ έχει αναλάβει την πρωταρχική ευθύνη κατάρτισης και δηµοσίευσης του νοµοθετικού πλαισίου (συµπεριλαµβανοµένων, µεταξύ άλλων, του Κώδικα ∆ηµοσίου και Ιδιωτικού Ναυτικού ∆ικαίου και των Κανονισµών ναυσιπλοΐας στα χωρικά ύδατα) που κατατείνει στη διασφάλιση υψηλών όρων ασφάλειας της ναυσιπλοΐας και της ανθρώπινης ζωής στη θάλασσα, στην ασφάλεια των πλοίων και την προστασία του θαλάσσιου περιβάλλοντος, µε στόχο την αποτελεσµατική λειτουργία της ελληνικής εµπορικής ναυτιλίας. Συµπληρωµατικά, το ΥΝΑΝΠ αναλαµβάνει τις απαραίτητες πρωτοβουλίες για την εξάλειψη της ναυτιλίας που δε συµµορφώνεται µε τα ισχύοντα πρότυπα και την περαιτέρω διασφάλιση παροχής υψηλής ποιότητας ναυτιλιακών υπηρεσιών, διενεργώντας επιθεωρήσεις σε πλοία που φέρουν την ελληνική σηµαία αλλά και σε πλοία τρίτης σηµαίας, στο πλαίσιο των αρµοδιοτήτων της της χώρας ως Κράτος Λιµένα, ενώ παράλληλα προωθεί και διαχειρίζεται το ελληνικό νηολόγιο και λαµβάνει µέτρα για την ελαχιστοποίηση του περιβαλλοντικού αντίκτυπου της ναυτιλίας. Υπό το πρίσµα των ανωτέρω, το ΥΝΑΝΠ λειτουργεί ως ο αρµόδιος συντονιστικός φορέας για την εφαρµογή της Στρατηγικής και την εκπλήρωση των υποχρεώσεων της χώρας ως Κράτος Σηµαίας, Κράτος Λιµένα και Παράκτιο Κράτος όπως αυτές απορρέουν από τις ισχύουσες ∆ιεθνείς Συµβάσεις του ∆ΝΟ.
Το Υπουργείο Εθνικής Άµυνας (ΥΠΕΘΑ): Οι ακόλουθοι Φορείς λειτουργούν υπό το Υπουργείο Εθνικής Άµυνας:
(β) Η Εθνική Μετεωρολογική Υπηρεσία (ΕΜΥ) είναι η αρµόδια εθνική αρχή µε αποκλειστική δικαιοδοσία για την παροχή θαλάσσιων µετεωρολογικών υπηρεσιών. Στο πλαίσιο εφαρµογής του GMDSS, έχει αποδεχθεί το ρόλο παροχής «Υπηρεσιών Έκδοσης» ("Issuing Service") για την METAREA-3 και «Υπηρεσιών Προετοιµασίας» ("Preparation Service") για το ανατολικό τµήµα της εν λόγω περιοχής, καθώς και για τις ανάγκες παροχής υπηρεσιών πληροφοριών και προειδοποίησης του IMO/WMO Worldwide Met-Ocean Information and Warning Service (WWMIWS), ενώ είναι και ο συντονιστής του "METAREA-3" 3 . Επιπρόσθετα, η ΕΜΥ διατηρεί πλοία-µετεωρολογικούς σταθµούς στο πλαίσιο εφαρµογής του προγράµµατος Voluntary Observing Ship (VOS) του Παγκόσµιου Μετεωρολογικού Οργανισµού, προωθώντας µε κάθε ευκαιρία τους στόχους του εν λόγω προγράµµατος. Προκειµένου να βελτιώσει τις υπηρεσίες της προς τους ενδιαφερόµενους και να συµβάλει στην ανάπτυξη των µετεωρολογικών υπηρεσιών σε ευρωπαϊκό και διεθνές επίπεδο, η ΕΜΥ έχει αναπτύξει στενή συνεργασία σε ευρωπαϊκό και διεθνές επίπεδο µε αντίστοιχούς οργανισµούς, 4
(α) Η Υδρογραφική Υπηρεσία του Πολεµικού Ναυτικού (ΥΥ ΠΝ) είναι ο αρµόδιος κρατικός φορέας που έχει την αποκλειστική δικαιοδοσία και πιστοποίηση για τη σύνταξη, έκδοση, συµπλήρωση και διόρθωση των επίσηµων ναυτικών χαρτών της Ελλάδας και των ενηµερώσεων αυτών, καθώς και για την έκδοση, συµπλήρωση και διόρθωση των επίσηµων ναυτιλιακών εκδόσεων 2 . Επίσης, η ΥΥ εκδίδει σε έντυπη ή/και ηλεκτρονική µορφή, ναυτιλιακά βοηθήµατα και οδηγίες, αγγελίες, µηνύµατα και ανακοινώσεις, κυµατικές προγνώσεις και ωκεανογραφικές πληροφορίες, συµβάλλοντας στην προαγωγή και ανάπτυξη της ναυτιλίας και στην ασφάλεια της ναυσιπλοΐας. Τέλος, η ΥΥ αποτελεί τον Εθνικό Συντονιστή για τη διαχείριση και λειτουργία του συστήµατος NAVTEX, σύµφωνα µε όσα ορίζουν η εθνική και διεθνής νοµοθεσία και πρακτική.
(γ) η Υπηρεσία Φάρων του Πολεµικού Ναυτικού (ΥΦ ΠΝ) είναι αρµόδια για την κατασκευή, εφοδιασµό, επισκευή, συντήρηση και η λειτουργία του συνόλου των ναυτιλιακών βοηθηµάτων σύµφωνα µε το ν. 4278/2014. Επιπρόσθετα, είναι αρµόδια για την έκδοση και δηµοσίευση σχετικών αγγελιών προς τους ναυτιλλόµενους µε σκοπό την επίτευξη υψηλών επιπέδων ασφάλειας ναυσιπλοΐας.
2 Σκοπός της ΥΥ είναι η σπουδή των Ελληνικών και ξένων θαλασσών και ακτών, η µελέτη των συνθηκών της ναυσιπλοΐας, η συµβολή στην ανάπτυξη και προαγωγή επιστηµών και τεχνών που συνδέονται µε τη ναυσιπλοΐα, τη ναυτιλία και τη ναυτική µετεωρολογία. Ειδικότερα η ΥΥ συλλέγει, επεξεργάζεται και αξιοποιεί πληροφορίες και δεδοµένα για την παραγωγή προϊόντων και υπηρεσιών που σχετίζονται µε τους τοµείς της Υδρογραφίας, της Ναυτικής Χαρτογραφίας, της Ναυτιλίας και της Στρατιωτικής Ωκεανογραφίας, µε σκοπό: (i) την υποστήριξη και κάλυψη των επιχειρησιακών απαιτήσεων του ΠΝ και γενικότερα της Εθνικής Άµυνας, σε θέµατα αρµοδιότητας της, (ii) τη συµβολή στην ασφάλεια των ναυτιλλοµένων στις ελληνικές και γειτνιάζουσες θάλασσες, (iii) την προστασία του θαλασσίου περιβάλλοντος, (iv) τη συµβολή στην ανάπτυξη της οικονοµίας της νησιωτικής χώρας και (v) τη συνδροµή και υποστήριξη του έργου δηµοσίων υπηρεσιών, νοµικών ή φυσικών προσώπων και ιδιωτικών φορέων εφόσον απαιτηθεί.
4 Η ΕΜΥ εκπροσωπεί την Ελλάδα στους ακόλουθους διεθνείς οργανισµούς: WMO, ECMWF, EUMETSAT, EUMETNET, ECOMET, IMO, IHO, ICAO και NATO
3 Βλ. σχετ. την υπό στοιχεία MSC.1/Circ.1310/Rev.1/21.11.2014 εγκύκλιο του ∆ΝΟ "Revised Joint IMO/IHO/WMO Manual on Maritime Safety Information – MSI"
Το Υπουργείο Περιβάλλοντος, Ενέργειας και Κλιµατικής Αλλαγής: Κύρια αποστολή του Υπουργείου αποτελεί η προστασία του φυσικού περιβάλλοντος και των πόρων του, η βελτίωση της ποιότητας ζωής, ο µετριασµός και η προσαρµογή στις επιπτώσεις της κλιµατικής αλλαγής και η ενίσχυση µηχανισµών και φορέων για την περιβαλλοντική διακυβέρνηση. Ως εκ τούτου, εµπλέκεται σε ζητήµατα που άπτονται της προστασίας του θαλασσίου περιβάλλοντος, ενώ είναι επίσης υπεύθυνο για τη χορήγηση αδειών και την τήρηση µητρώου προµηθευτών πετρελαιοειδών.
Την Ελληνική Υπηρεσία ∆ιερεύνησης Ναυτικών Ατυχηµάτων και Συµβάντων (ΕΛΥ∆ΝΑ), η οποία αποτελεί τον αµερόληπτο και διοικητικά αυτοτελή Οργανισµό του Ελληνικού Κράτους που είναι αρµόδιος να διεξάγει διερευνήσεις θεµάτων ασφάλειας (τεχνικές διερευνήσεις) σε ναυτικά ατυχήµατα και συµβάντα, τα οποία συµβαίνουν σε άµεση σχέση µε την λειτουργία πλοίων υπό Ελληνική σηµαία, πλοίων ανεξαρτήτου σηµαίας, εντός των Ελληνικών χωρικών υδάτων ή της περιοχής έρευνας και διάσωσης της Ελλάδας, εφόσον παρέχεται συνδροµή ή αρωγή από παράκτιες Υπηρεσίες του Ελληνικού Κράτους, καθώς και σε οιοδήποτε ατύχηµα ή συµβάν θεωρείται ότι αφορά σε ουσιώδη συµφέροντα του Ελληνικού Κράτους. Η ΕΛΥ∆ΝΑ συστάθηκε µε το ν. 4033/2011 (Α΄ 264).
VII. Στόχοι της Στρατηγικής
Οι κύριοι στόχοι της στρατηγικής είναι οι ακόλουθοι:
1. Αποτελεσµατική εφαρµογή και επιβολή των ∆ιεθνών Συµβάσεων του ∆ΝΟ (ως συµβαλλόµενο Κράτος, Κράτος Σηµαίας, Κράτος Λιµένα και Παράκτιο Κράτος).
2. ∆ιαρκής επανεξέταση για την εξακρίβωση της αποτελεσµατικότητας της Πολιτείας όσον αφορά στην εκπλήρωση των διεθνών της υποχρεώσεων. Για το σκοπό αξιολόγησης της Στρατηγικής, τα οριζόµενα στο Παράρτηµα Ι στοιχεία θα υποβάλλονται, σε ετήσια βάση, στην Οµάδα Συντονισµού από τους Φορείς που έχουν την υποχρέωση εφαρµογής και επιβολής των διατάξεων των ∆ιεθνών Συµβάσεων του ∆ΝΟ.
3. Αποτελεσµατική Συνεργασία µεταξύ των συναρµόδιων Φορέων. Tο ΥΝΑΝΠ και οι συναρµόδιοι Φορείς, που έχουν την υποχρέωση εφαρµογής των ∆ιεθνών Συµβάσεων του ∆ΝΟ στις οποίες η χώρα µας είναι συµβαλλόµενο µέρος, θα συνεργάζονται για να εξασφαλίσουν την αποτελεσµατική εφαρµογή των εν λόγω Συµβάσεων. Η συνεργασία θα υλοποιείται µέσω της Οµάδας Συντονισµού που περιγράφεται στο Μέρος V της Στρατηγικής ή/ και µέσω ενός Μνηµονίου Συνεργασίας ή άλλης συµβατικής ρύθµισης, ανάλογα µε το Φορέα που συµµετέχει στην εφαρµογή της Στρατηγικής.
Στόχος αρ. 1: Αποτελεσµατική εφαρµογή και επιβολή των ∆ιεθνών Συµβάσεων του ∆ΝΟ
Η Ελλάδα έχει ορισµένα δικαιώµατα και υποχρεώσεις βάσει διαφόρων διεθνών πράξεων. Κατά την άσκηση των δικαιωµάτων της, η Ελλάδα αναλαµβάνει πρόσθετες υποχρεώσεις ως συµβαλλόµενο κράτος, κράτος σηµαίας, κράτος λιµένα και παράκτιο κράτος.
1. Υποχρεώσεις ως συµβαλλόµενο Κράτος
Η Ελλάδα έγινε µέλος του ∆ΝΟ το 1958. Έκτοτε η Ελλάδα έχει επικυρώσει όλες τις µείζονες ∆ιεθνείς Συµβάσεις του Οργανισµού που προάγουν την ασφάλεια της ναυσιπλοΐας, την ασφάλεια των πλοίων, την προστασία του θαλασσίου περιβάλλοντος και κοινωνικά ζητήµατα. Ειδικότερα η Ελληνική ∆ηµοκρατία είναι συµβαλλόµενο µέρος στις ακόλουθες ∆ιεθνείς Συµβάσεις:
ii. Πρωτόκολλο του 1988 της ∆ιεθνούς Σύµβασης για την Ασφάλεια της Ανθρώπινης Ζωής στη Θάλασσα, 1974 όπως τροποποιήθηκε (SOLAS PROT 1988), Ν. 2208/1994.
i. ∆ιεθνής Σύµβαση για την Ασφάλεια της Ανθρώπινης Ζωής στη Θάλασσα, 1974, όπως τροποποιήθηκε (SOLAS 1974), Ν. 1045/1980.
iii. ∆ιεθνής Σύµβαση για την Πρόληψη της Ρύπανσης από Πλοία, 1973, όπως τροποποιήθηκε από το Πρωτόκολλο του 1978 (MARPOL 73/78), Ν. 1269/1982.
,
iv.Πρωτόκολλο του 1997 της ∆ιεθνούς Σύµβασης για την Πρόληψη της Ρύπανσης από Πλοία 1973, όπως τροποποιήθηκε από το Πρωτόκολλο του 1978 (MARPOL PROT 1997), Ν. 3104/2003.
v. ∆ιεθνής Σύµβαση για τα Πρότυπα Εκπαίδευσης, Πιστοποίησης και Τήρησης Φυλακών των Ναυτικών, 1978, όπως τροποποιήθηκε (STCW 1978/95), Ν. 1314/1983.
vii. Πρωτόκολλο του 1988 της ∆ιεθνούς Σύµβασης περί Γραµµών Φορτώσεως, 1966 (LL PROT 1988), Ν. 2209/1994., Π.∆. 119/2007
vi. ∆ιεθνής Σύµβαση περί Γραµµών Φορτώσεως, 1966 (LL 66), Α.Ν. 391/1968.
viii. ∆ιεθνής Σύµβαση για τη Καταµέτρηση της Χωρητικότητας των Πλοίων, 1969 (Tonnage 69), Ν. 1373/1983.
ix. Σύµβαση για τους ∆ιεθνείς Κανονισµούς για την Αποφυγή των Συγκρούσεων στη Θάλασσα, 1972 (COLREG 1972), Π.∆. 93/1974.
Οι Συµβάσεις του ∆ΝΟ ενσωµατώνονται στην εθνική νοµοθεσία σύµφωνα µε την προβλεπόµενη από το Σύνταγµα διαδικασία, δηλαδή µε κυρωτικό νόµο, που δηµοσιεύεται στην Εφηµερίδα της Κυβέρνησης (δυαδική προσέγγιση). Οι τροποποιήσεις µεταφέρονται στην εθνική έννοµη τάξη είτε µε προεδρικά διατάγµατα είτε µε υπουργικές αποφάσεις, ανάλογα µε τις σχετικές διατάξεις του αντίστοιχου κυρωτικού νόµου. Οι τροποποιήσεις δηµοσιεύονται επίσης στην Εφηµερίδα της Κυβέρνησης. Οι δεσµευτικές αποφάσεις του ∆ΝΟ σχετικά µε τους υποχρεωτικούς κώδικες ενσωµατώνονται είτε µε προεδρικά διατάγµατα είτε µε υπουργικές αποφάσεις που δηµοσιεύονται στην Εφηµερίδα της Κυβερνήσεως.
Οι αρµόδιες ∆ιευθύνσεις του ΥΝΑΝΠ αναλαµβάνουν την ευθύνη µεταφοράς των επικυρωµένων ∆ιεθνών Συµβάσεων, όπως έχουν τροποποιηθεί, στην εθνική νοµοθεσία και τη δηµοσίευσή τους στην Εφηµερίδα της Κυβέρνησης. Η θέσπιση των εθνικών µέτρων για την εφαρµογή των επικυρωµένων διεθνών συµβάσεων είναι συνεχής διαδικασία, που ξεκινά µετά την υιοθέτηση µιας υποχρεωτικής απαίτησης στο πλαίσιο ∆ιεθνούς Σύµβασης του ∆ΝΟ. Επιπλέον, το ΥΝΑΝΠ πληροί τις υποχρεωτικές απαιτήσεις αναφοράς που καθορίζονται στις ∆ιεθνείς Συµβάσεις του ∆ΝΟ, µέσω της τακτικής υποβολής πληροφοριών στο σύστηµα δεδοµένων GISIS του Οργανισµού.
,
Μετά τη µεταφορά ή τροποποίηση µιας ∆ιεθνούς Σύµβασης του ∆ΝΟ στην εθνική νοµοθεσία, το σχετικό νοµικό κείµενο (νόµος, προεδρικό διάταγµα, υπουργική απόφαση) δηµοσιεύεται σε ΦΕΚ προκειµένου να είναι προσβάσιµο στο κοινό. Στη συνέχεια, κοινοποιείται περαιτέρω στα ενδιαφερόµενα µέρη, µέσω Εγκυκλίου ή επιστολής γνωστοποίησης, η οποία εκδίδεται για το σκοπό αυτό.
Οι αρµόδιοι για την εφαρµογή κάθε νοµοθετικής πράξης κρατικοί Φορείς αξιολογούν, σε διάφορα στάδια, την ανάγκη για περαιτέρω ανάληψη πρωτοβουλιών, όπως λήψη µέτρων για περαιτέρω ρύθµιση κανονιστικών ή τεχνικών πτυχών που απορρέουν από την εφαρµοστέα νοµοθεσία ή ερµηνεία της κλπ. Η ανατροφοδότηση που παρέχεται από τα εµπλεκόµενα µέρη κατά τη διαδικασία εφαρµογής, καθώς και τα αντίστοιχα αιτήµατα, λαµβάνονται υπόψη.
Κατά την εφαρµογή των ∆ιεθνών Συµβάσεων του ∆ΝΟ, το ΥΝΑΝΠ διενεργεί έλεγχους κράτους σηµαίας στα πλοία που φέρουν την ελληνική σηµαία και επιθεωρήσεις κράτους λιµένα στα πλοία που φέρουν τρίτη σηµαία και διαπλέουν τα χωρικά ύδατα της Ελληνικής ∆ηµοκρατίας.
2. Υποχρεώσεις ως Κράτος Σηµαίας
Ο ελληνικός στόλος απαρτίζεται κυρίως από πλοία που δραστηριοποιούνται στο διεθνές εµπόριο. Η Ελλάδα αποδίδει ιδιαίτερη έµφαση στην τήρηση των υποχρεώσεων της ως Κράτος Σηµαίας. Η εποπτεία της εφαρµογής των απαιτήσεων των ∆ιεθνών Συµβάσεων του ∆ΝΟ στα υπό ελληνική σηµαία πλοία διενεργείται τόσο από το Λ.Σ.-ΕΛ.ΑΚΤ. όσο και από Αναγνωρισµένους Οργανισµούς. Οι αυστηρές προϋποθέσεις για τη διενέργεια των εν λόγω επιθεωρήσεων από τα στελέχη του ΥΝΑΝΠ και τους Αναγνωρισµένους Οργανισµούς εξασφαλίζει την εξάλειψη των πλοίων που δεν πληρούν τα διεθνή πρότυπα ασφάλειας ναυσιπλοΐας και προστασίας του θαλασσίου περιβάλλοντος. Επιπρόσθετα, υφίστανται διαδικασίες για τη διοικητική διερεύνηση των ναυτικών ατυχηµάτων στο πλαίσιο αµιγούς εθνικής νοµοθεσίας.
2.1 Επιθεωρήσεις και έλεγχοι
Το ΥΝΑΝΠ, αναγνωρίζοντας τη σηµασία της διατήρησης υψηλού επιπέδου ασφάλειας ναυσιπλοΐας, διενεργεί έγκαιρα επιθεωρήσεις σε όλα τα υπό ελληνική σηµαία πλοία που εκτελούν εθνικά και διεθνή δροµολόγια, αξιοποιώντας ικανό προσωπικό και εφαρµόζοντας τους ισχύοντες διεθνείς και εθνικούς κανονισµούς και πρότυπα .
Το ΥΝΑΝΠ διενεργεί επιθεωρήσεις για τη διασφάλιση του απαιτούµενου από τις ∆ιεθνείς Συµβάσεις του ∆ΝΟ τεχνικού επιπέδου του εθνικού στόλου. Όλες οι επιθεωρήσεις και έλεγχοι διενεργούνται σε βαθµό και µε τρόπο που διασφαλίζουν τη συµµόρφωση µε τα εθνικά µέσα (τα οποία εφαρµόζουν τις αντίστοιχες ∆ιεθνείς Συµβάσεις του ∆ΝΟ στις οποίες η χώρα είναι συµβαλλόµενο µέρος), καθώς και τις σχετικές συστάσεις και βέλτιστες πρακτικές.
Με επίγνωση της σηµασίας της απρόσκοπτης και άµεσης πρόσβασης σε δεδοµένα που αφορούν τον εθνικό στόλο και τις πραγµατοποιηθείσες επιθεωρήσεις, το ΥΝΑΝΠ έχει αναπτύξει και διατηρεί µια βάση δεδοµένων επιθεώρησης πλοίων, στην οποία συλλέγεται, αποθηκεύεται, επεξεργάζεται και διαχέεται πληροφοριακό υλικό στους συναρµόδιους Φορείς/ Υπηρεσίες ΥΝΑΝΠ.
2.2 Εποπτεία Αναγνωρισµένων Οργανισµών'
Το ΥΝΑΝΠ δύναται να εξουσιοδοτεί Αναγνωρισµένους Οργανισµούς να διενεργούν επιθεωρήσεις και να παρέχουν υπηρεσίες πιστοποίησης ή να ανακαλεί τυχόν παρασχεθείσα εξουσιοδότηση, κατ εφαρµογή της εθνικής, ενωσιακής και διεθνούς νοµοθεσίας. Με στόχο τη διατήρηση της ελληνικής σηµαίας στη Λευκή Λίστα του Μνηµονίου Συνεννόησης του Παρισιού για τον έλεγχο των πλοίων από το κράτος του λιµένα, οποιαδήποτε εξουσιοδότηση ή ανάκληση αυτής αξιολογείται, λαµβάνοντας επιπρόσθετα υπόψη τις επιδόσεις του Αναγνωρισµένου Οργανισµού στους τοµείς ασφάλειας ναυσιπλοΐας και πρόληψης της ρύπανσης των πλοίων στα κατά τόπους περιοχικά Μνηµόνια Συνεννόησης.
Οι Αναγνωρισµένοι Οργανισµοί υπόκεινται σε κανονιστική εποπτεία από το ΥΝΑΝΠ. Το ΥΝΑΝΠ, συνάπτοντας συµφωνία µε τους Αναγνωρισµένους Οργανισµούς, τους αναθέτει την επίβλεψη πλοίων που φέρουν ελληνική σηµαία, αλλά παραµένει υπεύθυνο για το επίπεδο ασφάλειας των εν λόγω πλοίων. Προκειµένου να ικανοποιήσει τις διεθνείς απαιτήσεις, το ΥΝΑΝΠ εφαρµόζει το υπό στοιχεία MSC. 349 (92) Ψήφισµα του ∆ΝΟ «Κώδικας για τους Αναγνωρισµένους Οργανισµούς» (RO Code).
2.3 Ψηφιακό Νηολόγιο Πλοίων και Παροχή Ψηφιακών Υπηρεσιών
Το ΥΝΑΝΠ έχει εκκινήσει τη διαδικασία ανάπτυξης ολοκληρωµένου συστήµατος πληροφοριών για την παροχή σύγχρονων ψηφιακών υπηρεσιών στη ναυτιλιακή κοινότητα, το οποίο αφορά τις διοικητικές διαδικασίες που σχετίζονται µε την νηολόγηση πλοίων. Το ηλεκτρονικό σύστηµα νηολόγησης πλοίων θα διασυνδέεται και µε λοιπές βάσεις δεδοµένων της Ελληνικής ναυτιλιακής διοίκησης.
2.4 Εκπαίδευση και Πιστοποίηση Ναυτικών
Η Ελληνική ∆ηµοκρατία αναγνωρίζει ότι η ασφάλεια της ναυσιπλοΐας, η ασφάλεια των πλοίων, η προστασία του θαλασσίου περιβάλλοντος καθώς και η αποδοτική επιχειρησιακή οργάνωση και λειτουργία του στόλου εξαρτώνται σε µεγάλο βαθµό από τη συµπεριφορά και τα προσόντα των πληρωµάτων των πλοίων. Οι ναυτικοί εκπαιδεύονται και πιστοποιούνται σύµφωνα µε τις απαιτήσεις της ∆ιεθνούς Σύµβασης για τα Πρότυπα Εκπαίδευσης, Πιστοποίησης και Τήρησης Φυλακών των Ναυτικών (STCW 78/95), όπως έχει τροποποιηθεί και ισχύει.
Το ΥΝΑΝΠ έχει αναπτύξει µια ισορροπηµένη ναυτιλιακή πολιτική που συµβαδίζει µε τις σύγχρονες τεχνολογικές εξελίξεις και ανταποκρίνεται στις οικονοµικές, κοινωνικές και εµπορικές προκλήσεις. Το ελληνικό σύστηµα δηµόσιας ναυτικής εκπαίδευσης και κατάρτισης εξασφαλίζει υψηλό επίπεδο επαγγελµατικής κατάρτισης. Ο απώτερος στόχος του ΥΝΑΝΠ είναι να διασφαλίσει την τήρηση της ποιοτικής και αναβαθµισµένης δηµόσιας ναυτικής εκπαίδευσης µε βάση τις τρέχουσες και µελλοντικές απαιτήσεις και τα ενωσιακά και διεθνή πρότυπα. Η εν λόγω επιλογή υπαγορεύεται επίσης από το γεγονός ότι υπάρχει παραδοσιακά σηµαντική προσχώρηση νέων στο ναυτικό επάγγελµα, ενώ η ανάγκη για περισσότερους και καλύτερα εκπαιδευµένους ναυτικούς συναρτάται επίσης µε την αύξηση του παγκόσµιου στόλου και τις τεχνολογικές εξελίξεις.
Το ΥΝΑΝΠ είναι υπεύθυνο για την ανάπτυξη και εφαρµογή προγραµµάτων εκπαίδευσης και δια βίου κατάρτισης των ναυτικών, την εύρυθµη λειτουργία των Ακαδηµιών Εµπορικού Ναυτικού, το σχεδιασµό και την εφαρµογή πολιτικών που αποσκοπούν στην περαιτέρω προσέλκυση νέων στο ναυτικό επάγγελµα, καθώς και στην έκδοση πιστοποιητικών των ναυτικών. Η συνεχής αναδιοργάνωση και ο εκσυγχρονισµός του συστήµατος ναυτικής εκπαίδευσης και κατάρτισης αποτελεί πάγια επιδίωξη του ΥΝΑΝΠ, προκειµένου οι Έλληνες ναυτικοί να παραµείνουν ανταγωνιστικοί και να έχουν άµεση πρόσβαση στην απασχόληση.
Στο πλαίσιο αυτό, η Ελληνική Ναυτιλιακή ∆ιοίκηση ανταποκρίνεται πλήρως στις σύγχρονες απαιτήσεις που τίθενται από τη κοινοτική και διεθνή νοµοθεσία, ενσωµατώνοντας και εφαρµόζοντας εγκαίρως όλες τις σχετικές τροποποιήσεις.
Ταυτόχρονα, και έχοντας υπόψη ότι η ναυτική κατάρτιση και η περαιτέρω εκπαίδευση θεωρείται πυλώνας για την ανάπτυξη και περαιτέρω επέκταση της ελληνικής τεχνογνωσίας στον τοµέα της ναυτιλίας, η Ελλάδα εφαρµόζει Σύστηµα ∆ιαχείρισης Ποιότητας σύµφωνα µε το πρότυπο EN ISO 9001/2015, επενδύει στον τεχνολογικό εκσυγχρονισµό των Ακαδηµιών Εµπορικού Ναυτικού, εκµεταλλευόµενη τα διαθέσιµα ενωσιακά χρηµατοδοτικά προγράµµατα (ΕΣΠΑ 2014-2020, 20212027) και εγκαθιστά σύγχρονα πληροφοριακά συστήµατα για την προαγωγή της ηλεκτρονικής εκπαίδευσης. Το υφιστάµενο δίκτυο Ακαδηµιών Εµπορικού Ναυτικού στην Ελλάδα παρέχει εκπαίδευση πλήρως εναρµονισµένη µε τις σύγχρονες ανάγκες της ναυτιλίας, παράλληλα µε την ίδρυση νέων Σχολείων Επιµόρφωσης Ναυτικών και την αναβάθµιση των υπαρχόντων Κέντρων Επιµόρφωσης Ναυτικών (ΚΕΣΕΝ) και τη διοργάνωση ανοιχτών συνεδρίων σχετικά µε επίκαιρα θέµατα της ναυτιλίας.
2.5 ∆ιερεύνηση ναυτικών Ατυχηµάτων
Η Ελληνική ∆ηµοκρατία αναγνωρίζει τη ζωτική σηµασία διερεύνησης των ναυτικών ατυχηµάτων πλοίων που φέρουν την ελληνική σηµαία προκειµένου εξακριβωθούν τα αίτια που προκάλεσαν το ναυτικό ατύχηµα ή συµβάν. Η διερεύνηση των ναυτικών ατυχηµάτων διεξάγεται σύµφωνα µε το υπό στοιχεία MSC. 255 (84) Ψήφισµα του ∆ΝΟ, όπως ενσωµατώθηκε στην εθνική νοµοθεσία µε την αριθ. 611.22/14/3013 Υπουργική Απόφαση (ΦΕΚ 3199), και το Ψήφισµα Α.1075 (28) του ΙΜΟ και, όπου απαιτείται, η συνεργασία µε άλλα ενδιαφερόµενα κράτη συντονίζεται από την ΕΛΥ∆ΝΑ.
Οι διερευνήσεις που διεξάγει η ΕΛΥ∆ΝΑ (http://www.hbmci.gov.gr/indexEng.htm) είναι ανεξάρτητες από τυχόν ποινικές, αστικές, πειθαρχικές και διοικητικές έρευνες που διενεργούνται µε σκοπό τον καθορισµό υπαιτιότητας και απόδοσης ευθυνών και στοχεύουν αποκλειστικά στην εξακρίβωση των αιτιών που προκάλεσαν ναυτικό ατύχηµα ή συµβάν, µε σκοπό την πρόληψη παρόµοιων ατυχηµάτων στο µέλλον, συµβάλλοντας µε τον τρόπο αυτό στην ενίσχυση της ασφάλειας της ναυσιπλοΐας συνολικά. Στο πλαίσιο αυτό, εκδίδονται συστάσεις ασφαλείας, που απευθύνονται σε όλους τους εµπλεκόµενους ή ενδιαφερόµενους στο ναυτικό ατύχηµα (ενδεικτικά στους διαχειριστές / ιδιοκτήτες, στη ∆ιοίκηση και σε άλλους ναυτιλιακούς φορείς). Κατά τη διεξαγωγή των ερευνών, η ΕΛΥ∆ΝΑ λαµβάνει ιδιαίτερα υπόψη τις κατευθυντήριες γραµµές σχετικά µε τη «δίκαιη µεταχείριση των ναυτικών», όπως ορίζονται στα υπό στοιχεία A. 987 (24) και LEG 3. (91) Ψηφίσµατα του ∆ΝΟ.
3. Υποχρεώσεις ως Κράτος Λιµένα
Το Προεδρικό ∆ιάταγµα αριθ. 16/2011 (A 26), όπως έχει τροποποιηθεί και ισχύει, το οποίο ενσωµάτωσε στην εθνική νοµοθεσία την Οδηγία 2009/16/ΕΕ, αποτελεί τη νοµική βάση για τη διενέργεια επιθεωρήσεων από το κράτος λιµένα στην Ελλάδα.
Η Ελλάδα είναι ιδρυτικό µέλος του Μνηµονίου Συνεννόησης των Παρισίων για τον έλεγχο των πλοίων υπό ξένη σηµαία από το κράτος λιµένα (Paris MoU) από το 1982. Στο πλαίσιο αυτό, η Ελλάδα συµµορφώνεται πλήρως µε τις απαιτήσεις του Μνηµονίου Συνεννόησης και εφαρµόζει τις διαδικασίες που απορρέουν αυτό, όσον αφορά τη διενέργεια επιθεωρήσεων του κράτους λιµένα.
Στον τοµέα της ασφάλειας στη θάλασσα, σε πλήρη εναρµόνιση µε την ισχύουσα διεθνή και ενωσιακή νοµοθεσία, η Ελλάδα διασφαλίζει τη συµµόρφωση, παρακολουθώντας στενά τις σχετικές εξελίξεις. Σε αυτό το πλαίσιο, οργανώνει και εποπτεύει τις επιθεωρήσεις πλοίων υπό ξένη σηµαία που καταπλέουν σε ελληνικά λιµάνια και αγκυροβόλια, σύµφωνα µε τις διαδικασίες επιθεώρησης που προβλέπονται από το Μνηµόνιο Συνεννόησης των Παρισίων για τον έλεγχο των πλοίων υπό ξένη σηµαία από το κράτος λιµένα και την προαναφερθείσα νοµοθεσία της ΕΕ, προκειµένου να διασφαλιστεί ότι η κατασκευή, η διαχείριση, η επάνδρωση, ο εξοπλισµός και τα εν γένει επίπεδα ασφάλειας επί του πλοίου είναι σύµφωνα µε τις απαιτήσεις των διεθνών συµβάσεων.
4. Υποχρεώσεις ως Παράκτιο Κράτος
Η Ελλάδα έχει ακτογραµµή που εκτείνεται σε περισσότερα από 18.400 χλµ., διαθέτει περισσότερα από 9.000 νησιά στην επικράτειά της και γεωστρατηγικά βρίσκεται στο σταυροδρόµι τριών ηπείρων. Πάνω από 125.000 πλοία το χρόνο διέρχονται από τα χωρικά ύδατα της χώρας, τα περισσότερα από τα οποία είναι αλιευτικά σκάφη και σκάφη αναψυχής. Ως παράκτιο κράτος, η Ελλάδα επιδιώκει να διασφαλίσει αποτελεσµατικές υπηρεσίες για την παροχή υψηλών επιπέδων ασφάλειας της ναυσιπλοΐας σύµφωνα µε τη ∆ιεθνή Σύµβαση για την Ασφάλεια της Ζωής στη Θάλασσα (SOLAS 1974), Κεφάλαιο V και προστασίας του θαλάσσιου περιβάλλοντος από τη ρύπανση.
Οι παρεχόµενες υπηρεσίες του Παράκτιου Κράτους διασφαλίζουν τη διαθεσιµότητα και παροχή ολοκληρωµένων και επακριβών πληροφοριών σχετικά µε τους κινδύνους για τη ναυσιπλοΐα και την ανθρώπινη ζωή στη θάλασσα µέσω προώθησης ναυτιλιακών προειδοποιήσεων και µετεωρολογικών προγνώσεων. Επιπλέον, η ανάπτυξη και διαχείριση κατάλληλων συστηµάτων ασφαλείας για την ασφάλεια της ναυσιπλοΐας στις θαλάσσιες περιοχές που υπάγονται στην ελληνική δικαιοδοσία διασφαλίζει την εγκυρότητα των πληροφοριών, οι οποίες δηµοσιεύονται σε ναυτικούς χάρτες και εκδόσεις και περιοδικά και επικαιροποιούνται, λαµβάνοντας υπόψη τον όγκο της θαλάσσιας κυκλοφορίας και το επίπεδο των κινδύνων, ώστε να παρέχουν επαρκή βοηθήµατα στην πλοήγηση. Σε περίπτωση απειλής για την ανθρώπινη ζωή στη θάλασσα, το Ενιαίο Κέντρο Έρευνας και ∆ιάσωσης παρέχει αποτελεσµατικές υπηρεσίες έρευνας και διάσωσης (SAR - βλ. σχετ. παρ. 4.4.5). Η ασφάλεια της ναυσιπλοΐας υποστηρίζεται µέσω του συστήµατος αναφοράς πλοίων και της πορείας αυτών, η αποτελεσµατικότητα του οποίου αξιολογείται σε συνεχή βάση.
4.1 Προστασία Θαλασσίου Περιβάλλοντος
Το ΥΝΑΝΠ είναι ο αρµόδιος Φορέας για την πρόληψη της θαλάσσιας ρύπανσης από πετρέλαιο και άλλες επιβλαβείς ουσίες, καθώς και για την επίβλεψη και το συντονισµό των επιχειρήσεων για την αντιµετώπιση περιστατικών θαλάσσιας ρύπανσης στη θάλασσα και τις ακτές από πλοία και χερσαίες πηγές. Ο στόχος αυτός επιτυγχάνεται µε τη κατάλληλη προετοιµασία και ανάληψη των απαραίτητων ενεργειών, την αξιοποίηση ειδικευµένου εξοπλισµού και την ενεργό συµµετοχή κρατικών και ιδιωτικών φορέων σύµφωνα µε το Εθνικό Σχέδιο Έκτακτης Ανάγκης για την αντιµετώπιση περιστατικών θαλάσσιας ρύπανσης, έτσι ώστε, σε περίπτωση ατυχήµατος ή ακόµη και κινδύνου ρύπανσης της θάλασσας ή των ακτών, να αναλαµβάνεται εγκαίρως συντονισµένη δράση για τη µείωση των πιθανών δυσµενών επιπτώσεων στο θαλάσσιο περιβάλλον.
Πλέον του Εθνικού Σχεδίου Έκτακτης Ανάγκης για την αντιµετώπιση περιστατικών θαλάσσιας ρύπανσης, η Ελλάδα συνεργάζεται στενά µε τον Ευρωπαϊκό Οργανισµό για την Ασφάλεια στη Θάλασσα (EMSA), αξιοποιώντας στο βέλτιστο βαθµό τις ολοκληρωµένες υπηρεσίες θαλάσσιας επιτήρησης και τις δυνατότητες επιχειρησιακής συνδροµής του Οργανισµού οι οποίες παρέχονται για την αντιµετώπιση περιστατικού ρύπανσης (δεδοµένα δορυφορικής παρακολούθησης, δίκτυο πλοίων EMSA για την αντιµετώπιση θαλάσσιας ρύπανσης).
,
Επιπλέον, το ΥΝΑΝΠ λαµβάνει τα κατάλληλα µέτρα για τη µείωση της θαλάσσιας ρύπανσης εξασφαλίζοντας ότι τα απόβλητα που δηµιουργούνται από πλοία και τα κατάλοιπα φορτίου δεν απορρίπτονται στο θαλάσσιο περιβάλλον αλλά παραδίδονται σε λιµενικές εγκαταστάσεις υποδοχής καταλοίπων. Η συµµόρφωση µε τους διεθνείς κανονισµούς διασφαλίζεται µέσω στοχευµένων επιθεωρήσεων και ανάπτυξης κατάλληλου καθεστώτος επιβολής κυρώσεων που αποθαρρύνει την παραβίαση της κείµενης νοµοθεσίας. Λαµβάνοντας υπόψη τους στόχους βιώσιµης ανάπτυξης αριθµ.13 «Ανάληψη επείγουσας δράσης για την καταπολέµηση της αλλαγής του κλίµατος και τις επιπτώσεις της» και 14 «∆ιατήρηση και αειφόρος χρήση των ωκεανών, των θαλασσών και των θαλάσσιων πόρων», το ΥΝΑΝΠ επιδιώκει την απαγόρευση και εξάλειψη απορρίψεων στο θαλάσσιο περιβάλλον προκειµένου να διασφαλιστεί ότι δεν δηµιουργούνται σηµαντικές επιπτώσεις ή κίνδυνοι για τα θαλάσσια οικοσυστήµατα, την ανθρώπινη υγεία και τη νόµιµη χρήση της θάλασσας.
4.2 Ναυτιλιακές Προειδοποιήσεις
Η ∆ιεύθυνση Ασφάλειας Ναυσιπλοΐας της ΥΥ ΠΝ είναι υπεύθυνη για τη διαχείριση του συστήµατος εκποµπής πληροφοριών για την ασφάλεια στη θάλασσα (Maritime Safety Information - MSI). Τα µηνύµατα MSI αποτελούνται από προειδοποιήσεις ναυσιπλοΐας 5 , πρόγνωση καιρού και προειδοποιήσεις METEO, µε σκοπό την ενηµέρωση των ναυτικών για θέµατα που επηρεάζουν την ασφάλεια της πλοήγησης, οι οποίες µεταδίδονται είτε µέσω της Υπηρεσίας NAVTEX 6 ή / και στις συχνότητες VHF και MF. Επιπλέον, η ΥΥ ΠΝ εκδίδει αγγελίες και προαγγελίες για την ενηµέρωση των ναυτιλλοµένων σε θέµατα που επηρεάζουν την ασφάλεια της ναυσιπλοΐας.
4.3 Μετεωρολογικές Υπηρεσίες
Η ΕΜΥ παρέχει ναυτιλιακού χαρακτήρα µετεωρολογικές υπηρεσίες, συµπεριλαµβανοµένων: (α) υπηρεσιών για την ανοικτή θάλασσα, τις υπεράκτιες, παράκτιες και τοπικές περιοχές, οι οποίες συµπεριλαµβάνουν ναυτικές προειδοποιήσεις 7 και προβλέψεις. Για την παροχή των εν λόγω πληροφοριών εφαρµόζεται ένα Σύστηµα ∆ιαχείρισης Ποιότητας, το οποίο ορίζει υψηλά πρότυπα για την ακρίβεια των θαλάσσιων προβλέψεων, τη συχνότητα εκποµπών, την ικανοποίηση των τελικών χρηστών κ.α. και είναι πιστοποιηµένο µε τα πρότυπα EN ISO 9001:2015, (β) υπηρεσιών µετεωρολογικής υποστήριξης επιχειρήσεων ναυτικής έρευνας και διάσωσης, και (γ) υπηρεσιών για την υποστήριξη επιχειρήσεων αντιµετώπισης θαλάσσιας ρύπανσης σε εθνικό και διεθνές επίπεδο ως µέρος του συστήµατος WMO Marine Pollution Emergency Response Support System (MPERSS).
4.4 Υδρογραφικές Υπηρεσίες
Η ΥΥ ΠΝ µελετά, καταρτίζει, δηµοσιεύει και διανέµει ναυτικούς χάρτες, δηµοσιεύσεις και ναυτιλιακά βοηθήµατα σε έντυπη ή ηλεκτρονική µορφή, καλύπτοντας τις ανάγκες του εµπορικού ναυτικού και τις επιχειρησιακές απαιτήσεις του Πολεµικού Ναυτικού και των Ένοπλων ∆υνάµεων γενικότερα. Επιπλέον, η ΥΥ ΠΝ διεξάγει ωκεανογραφικά, χαρτογραφικά και θαλάσσια έργα και µελέτες και αναλαµβάνει τη διεξαγωγή ερευνητικών προγραµµάτων για τη συλλογή δεδοµένων και πληροφοριών που απαιτούνται για τη δηµιουργία προϊόντων σχετικών µε την υποστήριξη του Πολεµικού Ναυτικού και την κάλυψη των αναγκών των στρατιωτικών και άλλων υπηρεσιών. Επιπρόσθετα, η ΥΥ ΠΝ έχει εγκαταστήσει, λειτουργεί και παρακολουθεί σύστηµα µέτρησης της στάθµης της θάλασσας (National Tide Gauge Network), καθώς και σταθµούς για τη µέτρηση παραµέτρων διαφόρων φυσικών
5 Ενδεικτικά µεταδίδονται τα ακόλουθα: 1. Προβλήµατα φανών/ πυρσών, σηµαντήρων και λοιπών βοηθηµάτων πλοήγησης που επηρεάζουν κύριες θαλάσσιες εµπορικές οδούς, 2. Επικίνδυνα ναυάγια εντός ή πλησίον περιοχών συχνής θαλάσσιας κυκλοφορίας και σήµανσή τους, 3. ∆ηµιουργία νέων ή τροποποίηση υφιστάµενων ναυτιλιακών σηµάνσεων, 4. Γνωστοποίηση παρουσίας µεγάλων ρυµουλκούµενων σε θαλάσσιες διαδροµές/ περιοχές πυκνής κυκλοφορίας, 5. Λοιποί ναυτικοί κίνδυνοι (συµπεριλαµβανοµένων παρασυρόµενων πλοίων, πάγου, ναρκών εµπορευµατοκιβωτίων και λοιπών αντικειµένων άνω των 6 µέτρων κ.α.), 6. Περιοχές διεξαγωγής επιχειρήσεων έρευνας και διάσωσης – καταπολέµησης θαλάσσιας ρύπανσης, 7. Γνωστοποίηση παρουσίας ανευρεθέντων βράχων, υφάλων και ναυαγίων που ενδέχεται να αποτελούν κίνδυνο για τη ναυσιπλοΐα και απαιτείται σήµανσή τους, 8. Αλλαγή για λόγους ανωτέρως βίας η αναστολή καθιερωµένων θαλάσσιων εµπορικών διαδροµών, 9. Γνωστοποίηση εργασιών τοποθέτησης υποβρύχιων αγωγών/ καλωδίων, σεισµικών ερευνών θαλάσσιας έρευνας χρήσης επανδρωµένων ή µη υποβρυχίων ή άλλων υποβρύχιων δραστηριοτήτων οι οποίες δύναται να προκαλέσουν κίνδυνο στην ασφάλεια της ναυσιπλοΐας, 10. Τοποθέτηση ερευνητικού/ επιστηµονικού εξοπλισµού εντός ή πλησίον περιοχών συχνής θαλάσσιας κυκλοφορίας, 11. Τοποθέτηση υπεράκτιων εγκαταστάσεων εντός ή πλησίον περιοχών συχνής θαλάσσιας κυκλοφορίας, 12. ∆υσλειτουργία υπηρεσιών ραδιοπλοήγησης/ ραδιοφωνίας/ δορυφορικών συστηµάτων, 13. Λοιπές πληροφορίες που ενδέχεται να επηρεάσουν την ασφάλεια της ναυσιπλοΐας στην περιοχή, όπως ναυτικές ασκήσεις, εκτοξεύσεις πυραύλων, διαστηµικές/ πυρηνικές δοκιµές κλπ, 14. Λειτουργικές δυσλειτουργίες που εντοπίζονται στο ECDIS, συµπεριλαµβανοµένων ζητηµάτων ENC, 15. Πράξεις πειρατείας και ένοπλης ληστείας, 16. Τσουνάµι και λοιπά φυσικά φαινόµενα, όπως µη φυσιολογικές αλλαγές της στάθµης της θάλασσας, 17. Πληροφορίες του ΠΟΥ, 18. Πληροφορίες που σχετίζονται µε την ασφάλεια των πλοίων. 6 H YY ΠΝ εκδίδει µηνύµατα NAVTEX σχετικά µε την ασφάλεια στη θάλασσα, ως εθνικός συντονιστής του συστήµατος, σε
7 Σύµφωνα µε το υπό στοιχεία A.705(17) Ψήφισµα του ∆ΝΟ "Promulgation of Maritime Safety Information (MSI)"
συνεργασία µε το ΥΝΑΝΠ, την ΕΜΥ, τον ΟΤΕ και άλλους αρµόδιους φορείς.
φαινοµένων, όπως κύµατα, ρεύµατα κ.λπ., µε σκοπό τη συλλογή δεδοµένων προκειµένου αξιοποιηθούν στο πλαίσιο αναβάθµισης των παρεχόµενων υπηρεσιών της. Τέλος, η ΥΥ ΠΝ σχεδιάζει και διεξάγει υδρογραφικές έρευνες µε συνδροµή υδρογραφικών-ωκεανογραφικών σκαφών για τη σύνταξη σχετικών µελετών και διαγραµµάτων, τα οποία, στη συνέχεια, αξιοποιούνται για την ενηµέρωση των χαρτών και ναυτικών δηµοσιεύσεων.
4.5 Υπηρεσίες Έρευνας και ∆ιάσωσης
Σε περίπτωση απειλής της ανθρώπινης ζωής στη θάλασσα, το ΥΝΑΝΠ παρέχει υπηρεσίες έρευνας και διάσωσης (SAR) σε βάση 24/7.
,
Ειδικότερα, ο συντονισµός περιστατικών SAR που εµπίπτουν εντός της περιοχής ευθύνης της Ελληνικής ∆ηµοκρατίας (SRR), η οποία συµπίπτει µε το FIR ATHINAI και έχει κατατεθεί στα αρµόδια Όργανα του ∆ΝΟ, παρέχονται από το Ενιαίο Κέντρο Συντονισµού Έρευνας και ∆ιάσωσης (ΕΚΣΕ∆) 8 το οποίο λειτουργεί µε βάση τις διαδικασίες και συστάσεις του ∆ΝΟ, όπως αυτές παρέχονται από το Εγχειρίδιο IAMSAR του Οργανισµού. Η περιοχή ευθύνης SAR εκτείνεται σε περισσότερα από 1.150.000 Km 2 .
Tο ΕΚΣΕ∆ είναι υπεύθυνο για την προαγωγή αποτελεσµατικής οργάνωσης υπηρεσιών Ε-∆ και για τον συντονισµό της διεξαγωγής των επιχειρήσεων ναυτικής και αεροπορικής Ε-∆ µέσα στην περιοχή ευθύνης του.
Οι επικοινωνίες κινδύνου και ασφάλειας παρακολουθούνται και συντονίζονται από τον παράκτιο ραδιοσταθµό (CRS) του OLYMPIA Radio, ο οποίος διαχειρίζεται από τον OTE, και αποτελείται από τέσσερα υπο-δίκτυα που καλύπτουν καθολικά αντίστοιχες θαλάσσιες περιοχές για λογαριασµό του Λ.Σ.-ΕΛ.ΑΚΤ., σύµφωνα µε την ισχύουσα συµβατική δέσµευση. Μέρος του δικτύου ραδιοσταθµών του OLYMPIA Radio αποτελεί και ο επίγειος σταθµός εδάφους (LES) Θερµοπυλών, ο οποίος είναι υπεύθυνος για τις δορυφορικές επικοινωνίες Inmarsat. Το Λ.Σ.-ΕΛ.ΑΚΤ. είναι επίσης πάροχος υπηρεσιών εδάφους για συναγερµούς κινδύνου του συστήµατος COSPAS-SARSAT, διαχειριζόµενος ένα κέντρο ελέγχου αποστολής, λήψης και διανοµής δορυφορικών σηµάτων κινδύνου του συστήµατος COSPAS – SARSAT (GRMCC) συνδεδεµένο µε τους σχετικούς σταθµούς GEOLUT, LEOLUT και MEOLUT.
Ειδικότερες προβλέψεις υφίστανται και για την παροχή Υπηρεσιών Τηλεϊατρικής Βοήθειας (TMAS) στους ναυτικούς µέσω του OLYMPIA Radio CRS. Επιπλέον, το Λ.Σ.-ΕΛ.ΑΚΤ. διαχειρίζεται επιπρόσθετους παράκτιους σταθµούς (ΕΚΣΕ∆ Πειραιά και Ραδιοσταθµός Ασπροπύργου), τόσο για τη κάλυψη επιχειρησιακών αναγκών όσο και για επικοινωνίες κινδύνου, ως εναλλακτικό µέσο του OLYMPIA Radio CRS. Όλες οι σχετικές πληροφορίες υποδοµής του GMDSS κοινοποιούνται σε τακτά χρονικά διαστήµατα στο ∆ΝΟ για την επικαιροποίηση του "GMDSS Master Plan".
Το Λ.Σ.-ΕΛ.ΑΚΤ. συνεργάζεται στενά σε εσωτερικό επίπεδο µε όλους τους συναρµόδιους Φορείς/ Υπηρεσίες, όπως το Πολεµικό Ναυτικό, την Πολεµική Αεροπορία, την Ελληνική Αστυνοµία, την Πυροσβεστική Υπηρεσία, τη Γενική Γραµµατεία Πολιτικής Προστασίας, το Εθνικό Κέντρο Άµεσης Βοήθειας κ.α. Υπό το πρίσµα αυτό, η συµβολή των Ενόπλων ∆υνάµενων είναι ζωτικής σηµασίας, λαµβάνοντας υπόψη ότι το Πολεµικό Ναυτικό παρέχει µονάδες επιφανείας και εναέρια µέσα και η Πολεµική Αεροπορία παρέχει εναέρια µέσα για την ενίσχυση των επιχειρησιακών δυνατοτήτων παροχής υπηρεσιών Έρευνας και ∆ιάσωσης. Ενθαρρύνεται επίσης η συνεργασία µε τον ιδιωτικό τοµέα σε τοπικό επίπεδο, όπου οι τοπικές Λιµενικές Αρχές καταρτίζουν τοπικά σχέδια έκτακτης ανάγκης αποτυπώνοντας όλες τις σχετικές πληροφορίες για την αντιµετώπιση περιστατικών και διαχείριση κρίσεων που λαµβάνουν χώρα στην περιοχή δικαιοδοσίας τους (ενδεικτικά συµπεριλαµβάνονται: δίκτυο εθελοντών, δηµοτικές υποδοµές, τοπικές ενώσεις και σύλλογοι). Το Λ.Σ.ΕΛ.ΑΚΤ. έχει θεσπίσει τις απαραίτητες διαδικασίες σύµφωνα µε τον Κανονισµό V /7.3 της ∆Σ SOLAS για την ανάπτυξη σχεδίων συνεργασίας µεταξύ των επιβατηγών πλοίων και των αρµόδιων υπηρεσιών παροχής υπηρεσιών έρευνας-διάσωσης, λαµβάνοντας συνάµα µέτρα για παροχή σχετικών οδηγιών
8 Οι δραστηριότητες του ΕΚΣΕ∆ υποβοηθούνται σε περίπτωση που απαιτηθεί από πέντε περιφερειακούς σταθµούς, της Πάτρας, Χανίων, Ρόδου, Μυτιλήνης και Θεσσαλονίκης
στους εµπλεκόµενους φορείς, διενέργεια ασκήσεων σε τακτά χρονικά διαστήµατα, καθώς επίσης και διασφάλιση εφαρµογής της σχετικής νοµοθεσίας.
Επιπρόσθετα, ο OTE παρέχει υπηρεσίες GMDSS στις αρµόδιες εθνικές αρχές για την υποστήριξη επιχειρήσεων SAR. Οι επικοινωνίες διενεργούνται σύµφωνα µε τα πρότυπα του ∆ΝΟ και γενικώς περιλαµβάνουν: συνεχή παρακολούθηση διεθνών συχνοτήτων εκποµπής µηνυµάτων κινδύνου, ανταλλαγή πληροφοριών – δεδοµένων κινδύνου και ασφάλειας, δελτία GMDSS (πληροφορίες για την ασφάλεια στη θάλασσα, δελτία πρόγνωσης καιρού, ιατρικές πληροφορίες κλπ). Οι λειτουργίες δικτύου εναρµονίζονται µε τα πρότυπα GMDSS. Οι συντεταγµένες θέσεων των παράκτιων σταθµών έχουν δηλωθεί στο Master Plan του ∆ΝΟ από το Λ.Σ.-ΕΛ.ΑΚΤ.
.
Τέλος, τα τοπικά σχέδια έκτακτης ανάγκης, που έχουν καταρτιστεί από τις Λιµενικές Αρχές για την περιοχή αρµοδιότητάς τους, υποβάλλονται στο Αρχηγείο Λ.Σ.-ΕΛ.ΑΚΤ. και, σε τακτά χρονικά διαστήµατα, αξιολογούνται µε τη διενέργεια ασκήσεων σε τοπικό επίπεδο. Το Λ.Σ.-ΕΛ.ΑΚΤ. διατηρεί στοιχεία επί περιστατικών SAR και επικοινωνιών κινδύνου σε µηναία και ετήσια βάση. Όλα τα στοιχεία που συλλέγονται αξιοποιούνται για την αξιολόγηση της αποτελεσµατικότητας του µηχανισµού SAR, προκειµένου οι επιµέρους διαδικασίες να παραµένουν ενηµερωµένες και αποτελεσµατικές ∆ειγµατοληπτικοί έλεγχοι διενεργούνται επίσης σε τακτά χρονικά διαστήµατα προς επιβεβαίωση της ακρίβειας των υποβληθέντων πληροφοριών καθώς και διαπίστωση συµµόρφωσης µε τους κανόνες και τις διαδικασίες.
4.6 Ναυτιλιακά Βοηθήµατα
Η ΥΦ ΠΝ είναι αρµόδια για την ίδρυση, τροποποίηση ή κατάργηση φάρων και ναυτιλιακών βοηθηµάτων καθώς και την κατασκευή, εφοδιασµό, επισκευή, συντήρηση και λειτουργία του συνόλου του φαρικού δικτύου του Ελλαδικού χώρου. Οι σχετικές πληροφορίες για τα ναυτιλιακά βοηθήµατα προωθούνται στην ΥΥ ΠΝ για την έκδοση και δηµοσίευση σχετικών αγγελιών προς τους ναυτιλλόµενους.
4.7 Πορειογράφηση πλοίων, συστήµατα αναφοράς πλοίων και υπηρεσίες παρακολούθησης θαλάσσιας κυκλοφορίας (VTS)
Η αποτελεσµατική διαχείριση της θαλάσσιας κυκλοφορίας στη χωρική θάλασσα διασφαλίζεται από τρία (03) IMO TSS and ATBA 9 και από επτά (07) Κέντρα Παρακολούθησης Θαλάσσιας Κυκλοφορίας, 10 τα οποία λειτουργούν σύµφωνα µε το αριθµ. Α. 857 (20) Ψήφισµα του ∆ΝΟ, ως υποχρεωτικά συστήµατα αναφοράς, σε εθνικό επίπεδο. Το σύνολο των Κέντρων Παρακολούθησης Θαλάσσιας Κυκλοφορίας παρέχουν υπηρεσίες πληροφοριών (INS).
Επιπρόσθετα, σε εθνικό επίπεδο, βρίσκεται σε πλήρη επιχειρησιακή λειτουργία η Εθνική Ενιαία Ναυτιλιακή Θυρίδα για την υποβολή διατυπώσεων από πλοία που καταπλέουν σε ή /και αποπλέουν από ελληνικούς λιµένες.
Στόχος αρ. 2: ∆ιαρκής επανεξέταση και εξακρίβωση της αποτελεσµατικότητας της Πολιτείας όσον αφορά στην εκπλήρωση των διεθνών της υποχρεώσεων
Ο εντοπισµός και η εξάλειψη των µη συµµορφώσεων αποτελούν βασικό στοιχείο ενός Συστήµατος ∆ιαχείρισης Ποιότητας. Αποτελεί προϋπόθεση για την ανάληψη επιτυχηµένων προληπτικών και διορθωτικών ενεργειών µε σκοπό την αντιµετώπιση εντοπισµένων ελλείψεων και την αποφυγή επανεµφάνισης τους. Στο πλαίσιο αυτό, τα βασικά βήµατα, οι µέθοδοι και οι τεχνικές που εφαρµόζονται, προκειµένου να διενεργείται αποτελεσµατικά η ανάλυση αρχικών αιτιών, αντικατοπτρίζονται αντίστοιχα στις διαδικασίες του Συστήµατος Ποιότητας. Υπό το πρίσµα των ανωτέρω, οι επιχειρησιακές ∆ιευθύνσεις του ΥΝΑΝΠ, οι οποίες είναι επιφορτισµένες µε την εφαρµογή των ∆ιεθνών Συµβάσεων του ∆ΝΟ, διαθέτουν ένα πλήρως τεκµηριωµένο Σύστηµα ∆ιαχείρισης
9TSS Σαρωνικού Κόλπου (A.338 (IX)/12 Nov. 1975), TSS Προσέγγισης Λιµένα Θεσσαλονίκης (MSC 85/2008), ΑΤΒΑ Περιοχής νήσων Β. Σποράδων (A. 827 (19)/23-11-1995)
10 Κέντρα παρακολούθησης θαλάσσιας κυκλοφορίας Πειραιά, Πάτρας, Ρίου, Κέρκυρας, Ηγουµενίτσας, Ραφήνας και Λαυρίου (στο παρόν στάδιο τα τελευταία δύο κέντρα παρέχουν πληροφορίες σε εθελοντική βάση), τα οποία αποτελούν το Εθνικό Σύστηµα Παρακολούθησης Θαλάσσιας Κυκλοφορίας (VTMIS).
Ποιότητας (Σ∆Π), πιστοποιηµένο µε τα πλέον πρόσφατα Πρότυπα ISO (ISO 9001: 2015), το οποίο παρέχει πολιτικές και στόχους για τη θέσπιση και διατήρηση των επιδιώξεων της ελληνικής ναυτιλιακής διοίκησης. Τα αρµόδια στελέχη του ΥΝΑΝΠ πρέπει να είναι εξοικειωµένα και δεσµεύονται στην εφαρµογή, την επιβολή, τη µέτρηση και την επίτευξη των στόχων που ορίζονται στο Σ∆Π. Ο κίνδυνος αποτελεί εγγενές στοιχείο σε όλες τις πτυχές ενός Σ∆Π, για το λόγο αυτό έχει θεσπιστεί µια συστηµατική προσέγγιση για τον εντοπισµό, την ελαχιστοποίηση και τη διαχείριση ανακυπτόντων κινδύνων. Ο εντοπισµός πιθανών περιπτώσεων µη συµµόρφωσης και οι ενέργειες για την αποτροπή της επανεµφάνισης τους είναι µια συνεχής διαδικασία, η οποία κατατείνει στη διασφάλιση της βελτίωσης της απόδοσης του Φορέα.
Παράλληλα, έχει τεθεί σε εφαρµογή µια εσωτερική εγκύκλιος που καθορίζει το πλαίσιο εσωτερικής επανεξέτασης και αξιολόγησης των ∆ιευθύνσεων του ΥΝΑΝΠ, οι οποίες εµπλέκονται στην εφαρµογή των σχετικών Οργάνων του ∆ΝΟ από το 2007. Η εγκύκλιος επικαιροποιήθηκε το 2020, προκειµένου να ανταποκρίνεται στις σύγχρονες απαιτήσεις.
,
Πέραν των ανωτέρω, η Ελληνική Ναυτιλιακή ∆ιοίκηση παρακολουθεί την απόδοσή της χρησιµοποιώντας τα στοιχεία που αναφέρονται στο Παράρτηµα 1. Όπως αναφέρθηκε, τα στοιχεία που ορίζονται στο Παράρτηµα 1 θα πρέπει να υποβάλλονται σε ετήσια βάση στην Οµάδα Συντονισµού.
Στόχος αρ. 3: Αποτελεσµατική Συνεργασία µεταξύ των Συναρµόδιων Φορέων.
Όπως αναδεικνύεται από τη Στρατηγική, απόλυτη προτεραιότητα για την επίτευξη, διατήρηση και βελτίωση της απόδοσης της Ελληνικής Ναυτιλιακής ∆ιοίκησης στο σύνολό της αποτελεί η παρακολούθηση και επαλήθευση της αποτελεσµατικότητας όλων των εµπλεκόµενων Φορέων όσον αφορά την εκπλήρωση των υποχρεώσεών τους που απορρέουν από τις ∆ιεθνείς Συµβάσεις του ∆ΝΟ.
Το ΥΝΑΝΠ και οι λοιποί συναρµόδιοι Φορείς συνεργάζονται για την επίτευξη του κοινού στόχου ενίσχυσης της εφαρµογής των ∆ιεθνών Συµβάσεων του ∆ΝΟ. Η εν λόγω συνεργασία επιτυγχάνεται σύµφωνα µε τη διαδικασία που καταγράφεται στο Μέρος V της παρούσας Στρατηγικής.
| Στόχος | Στοιχεία προς Αξιολόγηση |
|---|---|
| Αποτελεσµατική Εφαρµογή και Επιβολή ∆ιεθνών Συµβάσεων | 100% συµµετοχή σε συναντήσεις Επιτροπών – Υποεπιτροπών του ∆ΝΟ |
| | 100% έγκαιρη ενσωµάτωση των ∆ιεθνών Συµβάσεων του ∆ΝΟ στην εθνική νοµοθεσία |
| | 100%γνωστοποίηση εθνικής νοµοθεσίας στον ∆ΝΟ σε συνάρτηση µε µεταφορά στο εθνικό δίκαιο και εφαρµογή των ∆ιεθνών Συµβάσεων του Οργανισµού |
| Εφαρµογή και Παρακολούθηση Στρατηγικής | Αξιολόγηση σε ετήσια βάση των Μνηµονίων Συνεργασίας ή/και έτερων συµβατικών ρυθµίσεων που έχουν συναφθεί µεταξύ των συναρµόδιων Φορέων για την εφαρµογή της Στρατηγικής |
| | Ετήσια Υποβολή των απαιτούµενων στοιχείων, όπως καταγράφονται στο παρόν Παράρτηµα, στην Συντονιστική Οµάδα για την αξιολόγηση της Στρατηγικής |
| Στόχος | Στοιχεία προς Αξιολόγηση |
|---|---|
| Επιθεωρήσεις και Έλεγχοι | ∆ιατήρηση της Ελληνικής Σηµαίας στη λευκή λίστα του Paris MoU |
| | Παρακολούθηση (διερεύνηση) ποσοστού 100% των περιπτώσεων κράτησης ελληνικών πλοίων στο πλαίσιο επιθεωρήσεων από το κράτος Λιµένα |
| Επίβλεψη Αναγνωρισµένων Οργανισµών | Κάθε δύο έτη θα ακολουθείται πρόγραµµα εποπτείας για την επίβλεψη των Αναγνωρισµένων Οργανισµών |
| | εντός 5ετίας |
|---|---|
| | 100% απόκριση σε αιτήµατα επιθεώρησης/ πιστοποίησης πλοίων ελληνικής σηµαίας |
| | ∆ιενέργεια εσωτερικής αξιολόγησης της γνώσης και της επίδοσης των επιθεωρητών σηµαίας σε ετήσια βάση |
| Εκπαίδευση και Πιστοποίηση Ναυτικών | ∆ιατήρηση της Ελλάδας στον Κατάλογο Συµµόρφωσης της ∆Σ STCW (Εγκύκλιος MSC.1/Circ.1164 – Λευκή Λίστα) |
| ∆ιερεύνηση Απορρίψεων κατά παράβαση των Κανονισµών της ∆Σ MARPOL | ∆ιερεύνηση 100% των περιπτώσεων απορρίψεων κατά παράβαση των Κανονισµών της ∆Σ MARPOL σύµφωνα µε τα αρθ. 4 και 6 της εν λόγω Σύµβασης |
| Αποτελεσµατική ∆ιερεύνηση Ναυτικών Ατυχηµάτων | ∆ιατήρηση επικαιροποιηµένης βάσης δεδοµένων για τα ναυτικά ατυχήµατα / συµβάντα που αφορούν ελληνικά πλοία |
| | Καθιέρωση τεκµηριωµένης διαδικασίας εισαγωγής, εκπαίδευσης, διαρκούς επιµόρφωσης και αξιολόγησης των ερευνητών |
| | ∆ιερεύνηση ποσοστού 100% των περιστατικών των πολύ σοβαρών ναυτικών ατυχηµάτων που εµπίπτουν στο πεδίο εφαρµογής του Κώδικα ∆ιερεύνησης Ναυτικών Ατυχηµάτων του ∆ΝΟ |
| Στόχος | Στοιχεία προς Αξιολόγηση |
|---|---|
| Έγκαιρη Μετάδοση Ναυτικών Προειδοποιήσεων | Αναµετάδοση ποσοστού 100% των ναυτικών προειδοποιήσεων/ µηνυµάτων που έχουν ληφθεί |
| ∆ιασφάλιση Παροχής Μετεωρολογικών Υπηρεσιών | Μετάδοση δελτίων καιρικών συνθηκών τουλάχιστον 2 φορές ηµερησίως |
| Αποτελεσµατική Παροχή | Επικαιροποίηση του συνόλου των ναυτικών χαρτών, εφόσον απαιτείται |
| Υδρογραφικών Υπηρεσιών | | |
|---|---|---|
| Αποτελεσµατική Παροχή Φαρικών Υπηρεσιών | Αντιµετώπιση κάθε δυσλειτουργίας φάρων/ βοηθηµάτων ναυσιπλοΐας | ΥΦ ΠΝ |
| Αποτελεσµατική Παροχή Υπηρεσιών Έρευνα & ∆ιάσωσης | ∆ιαχείριση του συνόλου των κλήσεων παροχής βοήθειας σε ναυτικά περιστατικά έρευνας & διάσωσης | ΕΚΣΕ∆ |
| | Αξιολόγηση αποτελεσµατικότητας σχεδίων συνεργασίας για περιστατικά Έρευνα – ∆ιάσωσης µεταξύ Ε/Γ πλοίων διεθνών πλόων και ΕΚΣΕ∆ τουλάχιστον σε ετήσια βάση | ΕΚΣΕ∆ |
| Πρόληψη και Αντιµετώπιση Περιστατικών Ρύπανσης | Καθιέρωση Σχεδίων Έκτακτης Ανάγκης για την αντιµετώπιση περιστατικών θαλάσσιας ρύπανσης | ΥΝΑΝΠ |
| ∆ιερεύνηση Απορρίψεων κατά παράβαση των Κανονισµών της ∆Σ MARPOL | ∆ιερεύνηση 100% των περιπτώσεων απορρίψεων κατά παράβαση των Κανονισµών της ∆Σ MARPOL σύµφωνα µε τα αρθ. 4 και 6 της εν λόγω Σύµβασης | ΥΝΑΝΠ |
| Στόχος | Στοιχεία προς Αξιολόγηση |
|---|---|
| Αποτελεσµατικό Σύστηµα Επιθεωρήσεων Κράτους Λιµένα | ∆ιενέργεια του ελάχιστου απαιτούµενου αριθµού επιθεωρήσεων Κράτους Λιµένα προς επίτευξη του ισόρροπου µεριδίου ευθύνης, σύµφωνα µε τις διαδικασίες του ΜΣ των Παρισίων |
| | Επίτευξη του στόχου επιθεωρήσεων πλοίων για τον έλεγχο των καυσίµων σχετικά µε την περιεκτικότητά τους σε θείο |
| Αποτελεσµατική παροχή ευκολιών υποδοχής καταλοίπων σε λιµένες / τερµατικούς σταθµούς (επαρκείς για τη λήψη όλων των κατηγοριών αποβλήτων | ∆ιεξοδική διερεύνηση όλων των αναφορών που ελήφθησαν από πλοία που προσεγγίζουν σε ελληνικούς λιµένες / τερµατικούς σταθµούς σχετικά µε εικαζόµενες ανεπάρκειες ευκολιών υποδοχής καταλοίπων |
| και καταλοίπων φορτίου που παράγονται από πλοία που συνήθως προσεγγίζουν στους εν λόγω λιµένες / τερµατικούς σταθµούς) | |
|---|---|
| Περιβαλλοντικές Υποχρεώσεις του Κράτους Λιµένα | ∆ηµιουργία και τήρηση Μητρώου Προµηθευτών Καυσίµων |
| ∆ιερεύνηση Απορρίψεων κατά παράβαση των Κανονισµών της ∆Σ MARPOL | ∆ιερεύνηση 100% των περιπτώσεων απορρίψεων κατά παράβαση των Κανονισµών της ∆Σ MARPOL σύµφωνα µε τα αρθ. 4 και 6 της εν λόγω Σύµβασης | | <urn:uuid:d5c63f2c-7bbf-4eaa-95ea-9f0b0e137abe> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ell_Grek/train | finepdfs | ell_Grek | 52,124 |
UNIVERSITATEA "AL. I. CUZA" IAŞI
FACULTATEA DE PSIHOLOGIE ŞI ŞTIINŢE ALE EDUCAŢIEI
DOMENIUL: PSIHOLOGIE
SPECIALIZAREA: PSIHOLOGIE
DURATA STUDIILOR: 3 ANI
FORMA DE INVATAMANT: ZI
PLAN DE ÎNVĂŢĂMÂNT
Diploma acordată: licenţiat in PSIHOLOGIE
Nr.
crt.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
E - examen
C - cursuri
C - colocviu
S - seminarii
Pr - notă la proiect
L - lucrări
RECTOR,
Prof.dr. Vasile IŞAN
DECAN,
DIRECTOR DEPARTAMENT,
Prof.dr. Ion DAFINOIU
Prof.dr. Corneliu HAVÂRNEANU
seria 2009-2012
L
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
P
0 | <urn:uuid:60f9f805-0c56-4afb-b9a7-a0c0f674d784> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ron_Latn/train | finepdfs | ron_Latn | 564 |
Lettore di Prossimità Sfera 353200
Manuale uso ed installazione
www.bticino.com
Lettore di Prossimità Sfera
Manuale uso ed installazione
| Capitolo | Pagina |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------|
| Informazioni generali | 4 |
| Avvertenze e consigli | 5 |
| Avvertenze normative | 5 |
| Vista frontale | 6 |
| Vista posteriore | 7 |
| Installazione | 8 |
| Montaggio | 8 |
| Smontaggio | 10 |
| Utilizzo del dispositivo | 12 |
| Configurazione da dispositivo | 12 |
| Badge gestore impianto | 13 |
| Nuovo badge gestore impianto | 13 |
| Cancellazione badge gestore impianto | 15 |
| Badge passepartout | 16 |
| Nuovo badge passepartout | 16 |
| Cancellazione badge passepartout | 18 |
| Badge residente | 19 |
| Nuovo badge residente (M= 00) | 19 |
| Cancellazione badge residenti (M=00) | 21 |
| Nuovo badge gestore appartamento (M= 01) | 23 |
| Cancellazione badge gestore appartamento (M= 01) | 25 |
| Nuovo badge gestore residente (M= 01) | 26 |
| Cancellazione badge residenti (M= 01) | 28 |
| Reset | 28 |
| Configurazione da software | 29 |
| Collegamento al PC | 29 |
Informazioni generali
Il Lettore di Prossimità Sfera deve essere usato unicamente su sistemi digitali 2 fili BTicino.
Possibili mostrine da abbinare al Lettore di Prossimità Sfera Bticino:
Mostrina 353205
Mostrina 353201/02/03
Avvertenze e consigli
Prima di procedere con l'installazione è importante leggere attentamente il presente manuale. La garanzia decade automaticamente per negligenza, uso improprio, manomissione per opera di personale non autorizzato.
Avvertenze normative
Leggere attentamente prima dell'uso e conservare per un riferimento futuro
- Divieto di toccare le unità con le mani bagnate
- Divieto di utilizzo di pulitori liquidi o aerosol
- Divieto di occludere le aperture di ventilazione
- Divieto di modificare i dispositivi
- Divieto di rimuovere parti di protezione dai dispositivi
- Divieto di installare le unità in prossimità di liquidi e polveri
- Divieto di installare le unità in prossimità di fonti di calore
- Divieto di installare le unità in prossimità di gas nocivi, polveri metalliche o simili
- Divieto di fissaggio delle unità su superfici non adatte
Rischio caduta dei dispositivi a causa di cedimento della superficie su cui sono installati o installazione inappropriata
Togliere l'alimentazione prima di ogni intervento sull'impianto
Attenzione: le operazioni di installazione, configurazione, messa in servizio e manutenzione devono essere effettuate esclusivamente da personale qualificato. Assicurarsi che l'installazione a parete sia effettuata correttamente
Effettuare la posa dei cavi rispettando le normative vigenti
Collegare i cavi di alimentazione secondo le indicazioni
Per eventuali espansioni di impianto utilizzare solo gli articoli indicati nelle specifiche tecniche
Vista frontale
1. Pulsante reset programmazione.
2- Connettore Mini USB per programmazione.
3. LED rosso acceso: accesso negato o errore programmazione.
4. LED verde acceso: accesso consentito o programmazione riuscita.
5. Antenna.
Vista posteriore
1. Collegamento pulsante serratura (CP-P1) e tamper (CP-P2 - applicazione futura).
2. Contatti relè locale.
3. Collegamento al BUS.
4. Connettore per il collegamento ai moduli successivi.
5. Connettore per il collegamento dai moduli precedenti.
6. Sede configuratori.
Installazione
Montaggio
Attenzione: le operazioni di installazione, configurazione, messa in servizio e manutenzione devono essere effettuate esclusivamente da personale qualificato.
Lettore di Prossimità Sfera
Manuale uso ed installazione
4 5 6
Smontaggio
Lettore di Prossimità Sfera
Manuale uso ed installazione
1. Rimuovere il coperchio posteriore.
2. Inserire il cavo di alimentazione e il cavo di comunicazione.
3. Inserire il cavo di alimentazione e il cavo di comunicazione.
4. Inserire il cavo di alimentazione e il cavo di comunicazione.
5. Inserire il cavo di alimentazione e il cavo di comunicazione.
6. Inserire il cavo di alimentazione e il cavo di comunicazione.
7. Inserire il cavo di alimentazione e il cavo di comunicazione.
Utilizzo del dispositivo
Il Lettore di Prossimità Sfera BTicino permette ai residenti l’apertura di una serratura mediante il riconoscimento di codici univoci, letti da appositi badge.
Il dispositivo è costituito da un’antenna che permette la lettura di badge (transponder) e da indicatori luminosi e sonori per il controllo della corretta memorizzazione dei codici contenuti nei badge. La trasmissione dei codici si ha avvicinando il badge al lettore di prossimità.
Configurazione da dispositivo
La programmazione può avvenire secondo due modalità:
- tramite il software TiSferaDesign
- tramite specifiche procedure da effettuare con il lettore
Per effettuare la memorizzazione dei codici gestore impianto è necessario rimuovere la mostrina e premere il pulsante di programmazione evidenziato nella legenda.
Una volta memorizzati i badge nel lettore, essi consentiranno l’apertura della serratura.
È possibile programmare quattro differenti tipi di badge:
GESTORE IMPIANTO Badge che permette l’accesso alla programmazione degli altri codici. Ha solo diritto di programmazione e non di accesso.
GESTORE APPARTAMENTO Definendo un badge d’appartamento sarà possibile utilizzarlo per la programmazione dei badge residenti di quell’appartamento. Ha solo diritto di programmazione e non di accesso.
PASSEPARTOUT Consente l’apertura della serratura a cui è associato il posto esterno. Non è vincolato a nessun appartamento. Ha solo il diritto di accesso e non di programmazione.
RESIDENTI Consente l’apertura della serratura a cui è associato il posto esterno. E’ vincolato ad un appartamento dell’impianto. Ha solo il diritto di accesso e non di programmazione.
Il Lettore di Prossimità al primo avvio non ha nessun badge preimpostato.
**Badge gestore impianto**
Per motivi di sicurezza è previsto un badge “GESTORE” programmato direttamente dall’installatore, tramite il quale è possibile l’accesso alla programmazione degli altri badge (gestore appartamento, passepartout e residenti).
Per accedere alla modalità di programmazione è necessario assegnare un badge gestore impianto al dispositivo. È possibile memorizzare fino a 20 badge gestore impianto.
Il lettore di prossimità segnalerà l’avvenuta accettazione o cancellazione del badge con segnali acustici e l’accensione del LED verde.
La trasmissione di un badge non riconosciuto o un errore di programmazione (es. memoria piena o badge già utilizzato) comporta l’interruzione della programmazione. Tale interruzione verrà segnalata da un beep lungo e accensione LED rosso.
**Nuovo badge gestore impianto**
1. Tieni premuto il pulsante di programmazione fino al lampeggio del LED verde e tono di conferma.
2. Rilascia il tasto e avvicina il badge **gestore impianto** al lettore, per effettuare la memorizzazione.
Il lampeggio del LED verde e un beep breve confermano la memorizzazione del badge **gestore impianto**.
3. Puoi continuare ad inserire ulteriori badge gestore impianto (max 20), uno di seguito all’altro.
4. Premi brevemente il pulsante di programmazione o attendere 30 secondi per uscire dalla procedura. Un beep breve e lo spegnimento del LED indicano la fine della sequenza di programmazione. Il Lettore di Prossimità Sfera è pronto per il normale funzionamento.
La sequenza di programmazione deve iniziare entro 30 secondi dalla pressione del tasto di programmazione e dev’essere svolta in un’unica fase.
Cancellazione badge gestore impianto
1. Premi e mantieni premuto il pulsante di programmazione; il LED verde lampeggia.
2. Continua a tenere premuto il pulsante; il dispositivo emette 1 beep al secondo e dopo 10 secondi un beep lungo.
Il LED rosso lampeggia e successivamente si spegne per indicare la cancellazione eseguita.
La procedura cancellerà tutti i badge gestore impianto memorizzati.
Per interrompere la procedura di cancellazione rilasciare il pulsante di programmazione prima del beep lungo.
Per una cancellazione selettiva utilizzare il software TiSferaDesign.
**Badge passepartout**
Per accedere alla programmazione di un badge “Passepartout” è necessario essere in possesso di un badge gestore impianto. È possibile memorizzare fino a 100 badge passepartout.
Il Lettore di Prossimità segnalerà l’avvenuta accettazione o cancellazione del badge con segnali acustici e l’accensione del LED verde. La trasmissione di un badge non riconosciuto o un errore di programmazione (es. memoria piena o badge già utilizzato) comporta l’interruzione della programmazione. Tale interruzione verrà segnalata da un beep lungo e accensione LED rosso.
**Nuovo badge passepartout**
1. Avvicina un badge gestore impianto; il lettore emette un beep breve e il LED verde lampeggia. La fase di programmazione è avviata.
2. Avvicina un nuovo **badge passepartout** al lettore per la memorizzazione. Il lampeggio del LED verde e un beep breve confermano la memorizzazione del **badge passepartout**.
3. Puoi continuare ad inserire ulteriori badge passepartout (max 100), uno di seguito all’altro.
4. Premi brevemente il pulsante di programmazione o attendi 30 secondi per uscire dalla procedura.
Un beep breve e lo spegnimento del LED indicano la fine della sequenza di programmazione.
Il Lettore di Prossimità Sfera è pronto per il normale funzionamento.
⚠️ La sequenza di programmazione deve iniziare entro 30 secondi e dev’essere svolta in un’unica fase.
Cancellazione badge passepartout
1. Avvicina il badge gestore impianto al lettore; il dispositivo emette un beep e il LED verde lampeggia. Ripetere l’operazione per tre volte di seguito.
Attendere 5" fra un’operazione e la successiva
Il dispositivo emette un beep lungo di conferma. Il LED rosso lampeggia e successivamente si spegne per indicare la cancellazione eseguita.
La procedura cancellerà tutte i badge passepartout e gestore appartamento memorizzati. Per una cancellazione selettiva utilizzare il software TiSferaDesign.
**Badge residente**
Per accedere alla programmazione di un badge “RESIDENTE” è necessario essere in possesso di un badge gestore impianto o d’appartamento (a seconda della modalità impostata).
Configurando il dispositivo con M= 00 si potranno assegnare ad esso 5 badge residenti associati per appartamento.
Configurando il dispositivo con M= 01 si potrà assegnare il badge gestore all’appartamento, con il quale effettuare successivamente la programmazione dei badge residenti.
Il Lettore di Prossimità segnalerà l’avvenuta accettazione o cancellazione dei badge con segnali acustici e l’accensione del LED verde. La trasmissione di un badge non riconosciuto o un errore di programmazione (es. memoria piena o badge già utilizzato) comporta l’interruzione della programmazione. Tale interruzione verrà segnalata da un beep lungo e accensione LED rosso.
**Nuovo badge residente (M= 00)**
M= 00 ➔ gestione residenti con gestore impianto.
1. Avvicina **un badge gestore impianto**;
il lettore emette un beep breve e il LED verde lampeggia.
La fase di programmazione è avviata.
2. Tramite il modulo tasti (352000, 352100) o display (352500), seleziona l’appartamento a cui associare il badge residente;
il lettore emette un beep per conferma.
3. Avvicina un nuovo **badge residente** al lettore per la memorizzazione. Il lampeggio del LED verde e un beep breve confermano la memorizzazione del **badge residente**.
4. Puoi continuare ad inserire ulteriori badge residenti (max 5 per appartamento), uno di seguito all’altro.
5. Premi brevemente il pulsante di programmazione o attendi 30 secondi per uscire dalla procedura. Un beep breve e lo spegnimento del LED indicano la fine della sequenza di programmazione. Il Lettore di Prossimità Sfera è pronto per il normale funzionamento.
**!** La sequenza di programmazione deve iniziare entro 30 secondi e dev’essere svolta in un’unica fase.
Cancellazione badge residenti (M=00)
M= 00 ➔ gestione residenti tramite gestore appartamento.
1. Avvicina un badge gestore impianto
il lettore emette un beep breve e il LED verde lampeggia.
2. Tramite il modulo tasti (352000, 352100) o display (352500), seleziona l’appartamento a cui associare il badge residente; il lettore emette un beep per conferma.
3. Passa lo stesso badge gestore precedentemente utilizzato per confermare la cancellazione.
Il dispositivo emette un beep lungo di conferma.
Il LED rosso lampeggia e successivamente si spegne per indicare la cancellazione eseguita.
La procedura cancellerà tutti badge residenti memorizzati.
Per una cancellazione selettiva utilizzare il software TiSferaDesign.
Nuovo badge gestore appartamento (M= 01)
M= 01 ➔ gestione residenti tramite gestore appartamento.
1. Avvicina un badge gestore impianto; il lettore emette un beep breve e il LED verde lampeggia. La fase di programmazione è avviata.
2. Tramite il modulo tasti (352000, 352100) o display (352500), seleziona l’appartamento a cui associare il badge residente; il lettore emette un beep per conferma.
3. Passa un nuovo badge gestore appartamento vicino al lettore per la memorizzazione. Il lampeggio del LED verde e un beep breve confermano la memorizzazione del badge gestore appartamento.
Il LED verde rimane fisso per 2 secondi e successivamente si spegne. Un beep breve e lo spegnimento del LED indicano la fine della sequenza di programmazione. Il Lettore di Prossimità Sfera è pronto per il normale funzionamento.
La sequenza di programmazione deve iniziare entro 30 secondi e dev'essere svolta in un'unica fase.
Cancellazione badge gestore appartamento (M= 01)
M= 01 gestione residenti tramite gestore appartamento.
1. Avvicina il badge gestore impianto al lettore;
il dispositivo emette un beep e il LED verde lampeggia.
Ripetere l’operazione per tre volte di seguito.
Il dispositivo emette un beep lungo di conferma.
Il LED rosso lampeggia e successivamente si spegne per indicare la cancellazione eseguita.
La procedura cancellerà tutte i badge passepartout e gestore appartamento memorizzati.
Per una cancellazione selettiva utilizzare il software TiSferaDesign.
Nuovo badge gestore residente (M= 01)
M= 01 ➔ gestione residenti tramite gestore appartamento.
1. Avvicina un badge gestore appartamento; il lettore emette un beep breve e il LED verde lampeggia. La fase di programmazione è avviata.
2. Passa un nuovo badge residente vicino al lettore, per la memorizzazione. Il lampeggio del LED verde e un beep breve indicano la memorizzazione del badge residente.
3. Puoi continuare ad inserire ulteriori badge residenti (max 5 per appartamento), uno di seguito all’altro.
4. Premi brevemente il pulsante di programmazione o attendi 30 secondi per uscire dalla procedura.
Un beep breve e lo spegnimento del LED indicano la fine della sequenza di programmazione.
Il Lettore di Prossimità Sfera è pronto per il normale funzionamento.
La sequenza di programmazione deve iniziare entro 30 secondi e dev’essere svolta in un’unica fase.
Cancellazione badge residenti (M= 01)
Per la cancellazione dei badge residenti utilizzare il software TiSferaDesign
Reset
Nel caso si avesse la necessità di cancellare tutti i badge precedentemente memorizzati è possibile resettare il Lettore di Prossimità Sfera.
Attenzione: togli alimentazione (BUS).
1. Togli l'alimentazione (BUS); tieni premuto il pulsante di programmazione e poi ridai alimentazione. Tenendo premuto il pulsante attendi un beep prolungato. Il LED rosso si accende fisso per 4 secondi.
Configurazione da software
Collegamento al PC
Per trasferire la configurazione effettuata con il software TiSferaDesign o l’aggiornamento del firmware, collegare il Lettore di Prossimità Sfera al PC utilizzando un cavo USB-miniUSB.
Per l’aggiornamento del firmware è necessario alimentare il dispositivo.
Lettore di prossimità Sfera connesso tramite cavo USB viene riconosciuto dal PC come porta virtuale (VIRTUAL COM).
BTicino Spa si riserva il diritto di variare in qualsiasi momento i contenuti illustrati nel presente stampato e di comunicare, in qualsiasi forma e modalità, i cambiamenti apportati. | 24128db6-ea6b-40ee-a671-caecdf298a37 | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ita_Latn/train | finepdfs | ita_Latn | 17,551 |
Rimini je bezpochyby nejznámějším a nejrušnějším střediskem středního Jadranu. Město má antický původ a dodnes se zde dochovala řada římských a středověkých památek, např. Augustův oblouk, most Ponte di Tiberio a renesanční chrám Tempio Malatestiano. K atmosféře letoviska neoddelitelně patří typické pizzerie, kavárny a diskotéky s pulzujícím životem až do pozdních nočních hodin. Jsou zde obrovské možnosti sportovního a společenského vyžití pro všechny generace.
Riviéra v Rimini se skládá z několika částí. Marina Centro je samotné centrum města a je ideální pro milovníky zábavy a ruchu, prostě pro všechny, kdo chtějí být vždy v centru dění. Nachází se zde jedinečné delfinárium. Miramare je nejjižnější částí Rimini a nachází se v blízkosti letiště. Navštívit zde můžete zábavní park Fabialandia. Rivazzurra, Marbello a Bellariva jsou menšími a klidnějšími částí Rimini. Najdete zde však dostatek restaurací, cukráren i obchodů. Část Rivabella a San Giuliano jsou výhodně položeny nedaleko centra města. Jedná se o lokalitu, která je tvořena hotely a rezidencemi, současně však za pár minut dojdete do centra města, kde najdete nepřeberné množství obchodů,
barů a restaurací. Viserba a Rimini Viserbella jsou velmi oblíbenými částmi města s výhodnou polohou nedaleko centra, současně však se všemi službami při ruce. Nachází se zde známý park miniatur Italia in Miniatura nebo mineralní pramen Sacramora. Nejsevernější částí je Torre Pedrera s typickou širokou písečnou pláží. Jde o menší a klidnější část, jejíž hlavní výhodou je příznivá cena.
Počasí v Rimini
Počasí v Rimini se vyznačuje typickým středomořským klimatem a během letních měsíců zde bývá velmi teplá. Nejvyšší teploty bývají během prázdninových měsíců července a srpna, pohybují se okolo 28 °C. V mimosezóně (květen, červen a září) panují teploty asi 24 °C. Teplota moře se přes prázdniny pohybuje okolo 26 °C. V květnu a červnu je to cca 20 °C a v září je průměrná teplota moře 23 °C.
Program zájezdu:
1. den/ pátek:
v podvečerních hodinách odjezd z nástupních míst, Praha, Brno, Bratislava
2. den/ sobota:
příjezd do Rimini okolo poledne, ubytování v hotelu, volno s možností koupání v moři, večeře v hotelu
3. den/ neděle:
po snídani dopolední procházka historickým centrem Rimini s průvodcem, fakultativně aperitiv a ochutnávka typického pokrmu „piadina romagnola“, odpoledne odjezd na místo turnaje (výstaviště v Rimini), trénink, akreditace, slavnostní zahájení, odjezd do hotelu, večeře
4. den/ pondělí:
snídaně, transfer na turnaj v určených časech, dvouhry – kvalifikace, transfer zpět do hotelu v určených časech, večeře
5. den/ úterý:
snídaně, transfer na turnaj v určených časech, dvouhry, čtyřhry – kvalifikace, transfer zpět do hotelu v určených časech, večeře
6. den/ středa:
snídaně, volné dopoledne, po obědě odjezd na výlet do San Marino, degustace v některém z vinařství v okolí Rimini, návrat ho hotelu
7. den/ čtvrtek:
snídaně, transfer na turnaj v určených časech, pavouk dvouhry, transfer zpět do hotelu v určených časech, večeře
8. den/ pátek:
snídaně, transfer na turnaj v určených časech, pavouk čtyřhry, transfer zpět do hotelu v určených časech, večeře
9. den/ sobota:
snídaně, ukončení ubytování, transfer na turnaj, semifinále a finále dvouhry a čtyřhry, závěrečný ceremoniál, odjezd zpět do ČR
10. den/ neděle:
Příjezd do ČR v dopoledních hodinách
Hotel Valparaiso ***, Via Catania, 12 - 47900 Rivazzurra di Rimini
http://hotelvalparaiso.it/
Hotel se nachází v centru Rivazzurra, jen pár kroků od moře, je vybaven veškerým komfortem a je ideální pro ty, kteří chtějí strávit odpočinkovou dovolenou s dobrým jídlem. Hotel byl v roce 2014 kompletně zrekonstruován. Najdete zde klidné a rodinné prostředí, spoustu zábavy a dobré nálady. Vynikající kuchyně, na kterou dohlíží přímo majitel, nabízí dvě menu z masa a ryb doplněná bohatým bufetem předkrmů a teplé i studené zeleniny. Probuzení vám zpříjemní bohatý sladký i slaný snídaňový bufet s mnoha pochoutkami a domácími dezerty.
Vybavení hotelu:
bar, výtah, TV sál, půjčovna kol, hotelový trezor, klimatizovaná jídelna, animace na pláži, možnost pronájmu plážového servisu (za poplatek)
Vybavení pokojů:
dvoulůžkové pokoje se SPR+WC, sprchový box, balkon, TV, klimatizace
Cenová nabídka:
V ceně zájezdu je zahrnuto:
ubytování 7 nocí ve dvoulůžkovém pokoji s polopenzí (bez nápojů u večeře), Hotel Valparaiso***
(vzdálenost cca. 10 km od výstaviště), cesta autobusem Lux tam i zpět (nástupní místa Praha, Brno, Bratislava), průvodce na místě, příjezd sobota 25.6., odjezd 2.7. v sobotu po skončení MEV, neděle
prohlídka centra RIMINI s průvodcem, denní dopravní transfer hotel/hala 3* denně, středa volný den - návštěva San Marina spojená s ochutnávkou vína, startovné hráč 185 EUR, doprovod 65 EUR, komplexní cestovní pojištění včetně storna zájezdu.
(pojištění UNIQA bude zveřejněno jako samostatná příloha na webu ČMKV).
Připojištění COVID-19 za 350,- Kč/ osoba/ zájezd
V ceně zájezdu není zahrnuto:
Plážový servis cca. 12 EUR (slunečník + 2 lehátka)
Povinné poplatky splatné na místě: pobytová taxa cca 2 € za osobu a den.
Ceny jídla a potravin: restaurace 18 EUR, cappuccino 1,5 EUR, pivo 2 EUR, víno 6 EUR, voda 0,5 EUR, mléko 1,5 EUR, chleba 2 EUR, cigarety 6 EUR.
**Cena zájezdu je 22 300,- Kč (hráč)**
**19 300,- Kč (doprovod)**
K přihlášení na zájezd prosím využijte předběžnou přihlášku, která je na webu ČMKV. Vyplněnou zašlete emailem na firstname.lastname@example.org. Kapacita zájezdu je 48 osob.
**Neváhejte a přihlaste se včas!**
Po zaplacení zálohy 5000,- Kč (registrace hráče), případně 2000,- Kč (doprovod), bude přihláška považována za závaznou. Zálohu je nutné uhradit do 30. 11. 2021 na č. ú. 3173337123/0800 . Uveďte text RIMINI a příjmení a jméno, VS – rodné číslo bez lomítko
**Doplňující informace:**
Tyto informace a služby budou vydány a zveřejněny CK LUDOR později. Mezi účastníky zájezdu budou prezentovány vedoucím zájezdu, případně jeho zástupcem.
Jedná se o tyto informace:
Odjezdové časy z nástupních míst (Praha, Brno a Bratislava), doplacení rozdílové ceny zájezdu na účet CK LUDOR v průběhu roku 2022 (termín bude upřesněn později).
Vedoucí zájezdu: Dušan Molitoris, email@example.com, +420 723 225 095
Zástupce vedoucího: Tomáš Danaj, firstname.lastname@example.org, +420 736 651 784
Na setkání s Vámi se těší CK LUDOR STRÁŽNICE | a791bfa8-bd10-49b9-8729-092bc5094235 | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ces_Latn/train | finepdfs | ces_Latn | 6,359 |
City of Batesville, Indiana
Batesville, Indiana | 132 S. Main Street | (812) 933-6100 | www.batesvilleindiana.us
City Calendar
Large Trash Pickup
Feb. 2
BAAC Art Auction
Feb. 8 6 p.m.
City Council/ Board of Works
Feb. 11 6:30 p.m.
EDC
Feb. 15 8 a.m.
Park Board
Feb. 20 6:30 p.m.
RDC
Feb. 27 6:30 p.m.
Water & Gas
Feb. 28 Noon
In This Issue:
* Large Trash pickup
* Drug use survey
* BAAC Art Auction
* Northside Park donations needed
* Ice Cream coming to Liberty Park?
* Hill-Rom expands
Ice Rink, Cherry Thing-A-Ling's in February
Schmidt's Bakery will celebrate its President's Day tradition of serving Cherry Thing-A-Ling's from Thursday, February 14 to Tuesday, February 19.
The annual event that attracts 5,000 people to downtown Batesville will be expanded to include an ice rink from 5-9 p.m. Friday, February 15 and 10 a.m. to 8 p.m. on Saturday, February 16.
Batesville Main Street and the City of Batesville organized the rink which will be at the Village Green parking lot. It is available for all ages and skates are provided. There is no cost to participate as Main Street will accept free-will donations.
The 60 by 80-foot synthetic ice rink rental was made possible by financial support and in-kind donations from 20 local organizations.
The bakery, owned by Bertie and Clem Schmidt, has served the deep-fried cherry fritters for more than a half century. Being available only once a year, this President's Day weekend tradition is based on the legend of George Washington chopping down a cherry tree.
"We are blessed to have the community embrace this and look forward to it every year, this is something that makes Batesville exciting," said owner Bertie Schmidt.
In 2018, the final tally was 118,910 Cherry Thing-A-Ling's sold which was the largest ever.
State of the City on Feb. 19
Mayor Mike Bettice will deliver the State of the City on Tuesday, February 19, at the Batesville Middle School Commons.
Mayor Bettice will review city finances, provide information on projects and initiatives in 2019 and be available for questions and feedback. The presentation will begin at 6 p.m. and is open to the public.
Council OK's tax abatement for Hill-Rom expansion
Hill-Rom will invest more than $4 million to upgrade two local sites while adding 35 engineering jobs to Batesville in 2019.
The initiative led City Council to unanimously approve a 30 percent property tax abatement over the next ten years.
The company will add an expansion onto the Innovation Center and will upgrade the interior of the Ritter Plant.
Construction is expected to begin in February and be complete in the fall. Hill-Rom plans to fill the jobs by July.
Large trash pickup set for Feb. 2
The first large trash collection of the year will be Saturday, February 2. Items should be set outside the night before to ensure they are collected. Pickup starts at 5 a.m. Saturday.
Some acceptable items include furniture, appliances, paint cans and clothing.
Rumpke will not collect items such as construction materials, auto parts, metal framing or any electric devices containing mercury.
For a complete list click the Resident Resources tab on the City website. The next large trash collection is scheduled for May 4.
Fire Department Offers Winter Safety Tips
The bitter cold we experienced last month serves as a reminder to take precautions to avoid house fires. Batesville Fire & Rescue has some tips to keep you and your family safe.
On January 30, the fire department responded to a chimney fire on Hillcrest Avenue. The fire was quickly extinguished and there was no damage to the structure.
To prevent chimney fires, have a professional inspect and clean your chimney and vents every year.
Other tips:
* Space heaters need to be plugged directly into an electrical outlet
* Never use an extension cord with a space heater.
* If you buy a space heater, make sure it has an automatic shut-off switch.
* Keep portable generators outside and away from windows, as far away as possible from your home.
* Be sure to install and test carbon monoxide alarms at least once a month.
* Keep and maintain fire extinguishers in the home.
* Be sure to disconnect and drain your garden hose during cold weather.
* Keep anything that can burn at least 3 feet away from space heaters.
* If you detect a gas leak, or smell gas, call 911.
If you've got any questions about these tips, feel free to call Batesville Fire & Rescue at (812) 934-2230.
Batesville Outdoors
Parks and Recreation Department
Ice Cream Shop planned for Liberty Park
Batesville Parks and Recreation Board approved a request by New Horizons to repurpose a vacant Liberty Park building into an ice cream shop.
New Horizons and Parks Commissioner Mike Baumer unveiled a remodeling concept to the Board. Donations are needed in order to remodel the building. The project could be complete by 2020.
The ice cream business would allow New Horizons associates to learn skills like food preparation and money management. The shop could also be utilized by other community organizations.
Donations sought for Northside Park
Batesville Parks Department is keeping busy this winter by preparing for the future park on Six Pine Ranch Road.
The City officially broke ground on the park in September and the Parks Department has accepted gifts and donations from individuals, businesses, and community organizations.
In January, the department assembled picnic tables and benches which will be placed at the park when it opens.
Sponsors are still needed for a trash can, small message board and an additional picnic table.
"Any donated item will have a small plaque attached indicating the donor if requested," said Parks Commissioner Mike Baumer. "Items can be donated by individuals, groups, or businesses."
Contact the Parks Dept. at (812) 212-0603 or visit the Memorial Building for more information.
Drug Coalition substance abuse survey now open
The Coalition for a Drug Free Batesville is currently requesting community members participate in the 2019 Community Perception Survey.
This survey asks community members about their thoughts on a variety of topics around substance use and abuse.
The Coalition then uses the results from this survey to look at what the community perception is on specific topics to allow them to create what their focus of work will be over the next year and beyond.
Those who complete the survey, will be put in to a drawing for a $50 gift card if you choose to include your name and e-mail address at the completion of the survey.
To take the survey go to: https://www.surveymonkey.com/r/2019BatesvilleCommunitySurvey.
Craft Your Life in Batesville
Stay Connected!
Mayor Mike Bettice firstname.lastname@example.org
Council Member Kevin Chaffee (At-large)
email@example.com
Council Member Darrick Cox (District 1)
firstname.lastname@example.org
Council Member Tracy Rohlfing (District 2)
email@example.com
Council Member Jim Fritsch (District 3)
firstname.lastname@example.org
Council Member John Irrgang (District 4)
email@example.com
City Services
(812 area code)
Remember When?
This photo shows the railroad signal tower on the main railroad line east of Batesville toward Morris. The signal tower was built in 1898. (Paul Wycoff) | <urn:uuid:e816c5bc-2a0f-4487-aad3-4685c3e42471> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 7,295 |
Special Educational Needs & Disability (SEND)
Mediation Training Programme
An advanced course for trained and experienced mediators, wishing to carry out mediations in the field of special educational needs and disability, formally approved by the Civil Mediation Council and the College of Mediators, April 2019.
Overall Aim of the Course
The overall aim of the course is to equip mediators (those with an initial recognised mediation qualification) to be competent to work in the specialist area of SEND mediation, and to be able to apply to the College of Mediators and the Civil Mediation Council for registration as a specialist mediator in SEND.
The aim of the course specifically is for participants to gain awareness, knowledge, and experience of Special Educational Needs and Disability legislation, context, and local processes and procedures, as well as relevant mediation skills.
Why Study with Global Mediation?
Established in 1999, Global Mediation is widely recognised as the leading SEND Mediation provider in the UK, offering high quality, fully audited and accredited mediation services, and an extensive range of education and training programmes. We currently work in over 60 Local Authorities across the UK, and boast a panel of more than 30 qualified, experienced and dedicated mediators, with 4 additional In-House Specialist Mediators, all of whom are supported by a team of permanent office staff in our North London based offices. Most recently we have engaged in a period of pioneering project work in partnership with the DfE, in order to produce our innovative SEND Mediator Training Course — an advanced course for qualified mediators wishing to carry out mediations in the field of special educational needs and disability, formally approved by the Civil Mediation Council and the College of Mediators (April 2019). Successful completion of a SEND Mediation Training Course is now required to achieve validation from the Civil Mediation Council and the College of Mediators in order to then qualify and practice as a specialist SEND mediator. Within our profession, the move to become accredited, supported by the DfE, is a hugely positive step and one which we are enthusiastic about — and fully committed to.
Completing a training course in SEND Mediation at Global Mediation will equip you with the necessary knowledge, skills and understanding required to practise as a specialist SEND mediator. You will also be able, where necessary, to apply to the College of Mediators and the Civil Mediation Council for membership.
Who is the SEND Training Course for?
The course is aimed at professional mediators with an invested interest in mediating disputes within the field of Special Educational Needs and Disability. Mediation practitioners applying for the course will need to have attended and be able to evidence successful completion of a foundation course in mediation.
| ✓ | Qualified mediator status | Essential |
| ✓ | Experience of mediation practice | Essential* |
| ✓ | Experience in the field of Special Educational Needs and Disability | Desirable |
| ✓ | Clear commitment to equal opportunities, inclusion and diversity | Essential |
| ✓ | Fluency in English | Essential |
* The SEND Mediation Training Course is for qualified, experienced mediators wishing to specialise in the field of Special Educational Needs and Disability mediation. Applicants are required to have successfully lead a minimum of three mediation cases (in any area) prior to applying. All individual and relevant mediation experience, extent of mediation skills and confidence in mediating will be taken into account upon application. Please contact us to discuss further.
Course Overview
1. Pre-Course Mediation Observation
2. Induction Event
3. Pre-Course Reading
4. Part A
5. Part B
Taught Component:
- Taught Training – Modules 1 – 4
Day 1:
- Legislative Framework
- Contextual Knowledge
Day 2:
- Practice and Conduct
- Local Processes and Procedures
Professional Practice & Casework:
- Module 5 – 12 hours – A minimum of 3 supervised graduated casework opportunities:
1. Observation
2. Co-Mediation
3. Lead Mediator Role
- Two hours written and verbal feedback in order to reflect on practice (assessed)
Course Support: Two individual tutorials to support you throughout the course and discuss future plans. Work is supported and assessed by an experienced SEND mediator. Assistance with application to the COM or CMC if required.
Requirements: – 100% attendance of modules 1–4 required – Completion of Module 5 will usually take between 3-12 months following the Taught Component of the course, dependent on individual circumstances and tutor availability. Three assessed mediation cases are a minimum requirement and additional supported cases may be required, carrying an additional fee.
Certificate on Satisfactory Completion
Approval as accredited to undertake SEND mediations Submission of application to the Civil Mediation Council and the College of Mediators.
Support
We will support you from start to finish, and will ensure you are put at ease to be able to participate fully with the group throughout the training. We will start with an Induction to give us a chance to get to know each other, and to allow you to ask any questions ahead of the course. To enable you to get the very best from the course, we will support you before, during and after the training in order for you to access individual support, to explore possible future mediation opportunities and to assist with any concerns or queries.
Fundamental to our teaching and learning is the principle of maximum engagement of all participants and utilizing their prior experience, knowledge and skills for the benefit of the whole group. Our principle is that we learn together. Applicants are encouraged to share with us any individual or specific needs with regard to this training, so that consideration can be given to providing support, reasonable adjustments, or other assistance as soon as possible.
Practical Arrangements
Where possible, the course will be delivered in person. We aim to ensure that the venues we select are fully accessible, offer parking where possible, and are easily reached by public transport. Please note that travel and accommodation expenses are not included.
Remote Learning
Where courses are delivered virtually, course content will incorporate teaching sessions, activities and opportunities to learn from pre-recorded and live role play mediation scenarios. Participants will be expected to have their own internet access and a basic competence in using an online platform. Please do let us know if you need any support in this area.
How to Apply
To register your interest or to request upcoming course dates, please contact us at:
email@example.com
We will send you an application form which you will be asked to return with your CV, a covering letter and details of your mediation certification.
Interview
The interview will be conducted by at least one of the course leaders. It is an opportunity for us to find out what has motivated you to apply for the course, and for you to find out a little more about the course content, the course staff and what to expect upon successful completion of the course, and finally to establish whether the course is right for you. Interviews will be conducted via telephone or teleconferencing, by arrangement.
Applicants are encouraged to share with us any individual or specific needs with regard to this training, so that consideration can be given to providing support, reasonable adjustments, or other assistance.
Programme Staff
Our programme staff team are skilled within the fields of both mediation and Special Educational Needs and Disability, and draw on their breadth of knowledge and experience in order to deliver and complement the high-quality course content.
Click on a photo below to see the presenter’s profile.
Polly Walker
Polly Walker is an accredited mediator, having joined Global Mediation as a panel member in 2014, moving to the role of In-House Mediator during 2018.
Polly’s area of expertise resides in special needs education. Originally training as a primary school teacher, she transitioned to a career focusing on special educational needs, working closely with children and young people presenting with a range of special educational needs, and their families and relevant professionals, within a variety of educational settings. She is committed to all matters of social inclusion and as a result, became a published author, having written and illustrated two children’s books with themes around diversity, self-esteem, and conflict resolution.
Polly is extremely passionate about mediation, viewing the process as a valuable opportunity for empowerment, cohesive problem solving and the development of positive communication and mutual understanding. She is highly regarded for her approach — she is professional and assertive, yet warm and engaging, and wholly committed to fairness and neutrality. She has over twelve years of mediation experience, and extensive experience of mediating SEND disputes, as well as workplace and community disagreements. She has delivered Peer Mediation Training for children and young people in schools.
Polly is recognised as an accredited SEND Mediator, awarded by the College of Mediators and the Civil Mediation Council.
Emeritus Professor Irvine Gersch
Emeritus Professor Irvine Gersch is the past Director of Programmes in Educational and Child Psychology at the University of East London. Prior to this, he worked as a teacher, an educational psychologist and as Principal Educational Psychologist. He has been on the board of Global Mediation since the company’s inception and now works as a Consultant, with special responsibility for training, quality assurance, safeguarding and business development.
He is widely published on subjects including school of leadership and management; listening to children and behaviour management; parenting; mediation and conciliation in special educational needs; the future of SEN and psychology, and coaching and mentoring.
He has acted as advisor for the Government in SEN and has received two annual awards from the British Psychological Society for distinguished contributions to the profession of educational and child psychology in 2002 and 2016.
Irvine is currently a member of the College of Mediators and the Civil Mediation Council Panel of Assessors, having served on the DfE working party, developing standards and training for SEND mediators.
Irvine is recognised as an accredited SEND Mediator, awarded by the College of Mediators and the Civil Mediation Council.
Martha Monday
Martha is Mediation Director, with oversight of the mediator teams at Global. She has extensive mediation experience, having worked as a SEND mediator for over 20 years. She is also trained in family and workplace mediation.
She practised simultaneously as a family law barrister for 16 years, and has a Masters in Law, but left the Bar in 2016 to concentrate upon her mediation practice, preferring the investigative, empowering and non-adversarial approach offered by this process of dispute resolution.
Martha is a member of the national SEND Assessment/Standards Panel and a member of the Board of Directors of the College of Mediators.
Emma Gersch
Emma Gersch is Director of Global Training Group (GTG), mediator, trainer, coach and theatre director. Emma has been a key player in the creation of Global Mediation’s training programmes, including this training course in SEND Mediation. For the past 20 years, Emma has blended her creative background in the theatre to devise and deliver practice based, innovative and dynamic training for business clients including the NHS, the British Red Cross, ZSL London Zoo, UEL, Unilever, Lloyds TSB and TripAdvisor.
Emma’s areas of training expertise are in interpersonal and communication skills, and she regularly delivers training in areas of courageous conversations, positive communication, culture and change management, mediation, and conflict management. As a coach, Emma is a co-author of the Philosophical Life Compass and coaches groups and individuals in transitional life decisions. As an Academic, Emma was Senior Teaching Fellow at Bath Spa University, is a member of the Higher Education Faculty at Shakespeare’s Globe and has taught and directed at London Drama schools including Royal Central School of Speech and Drama, Lamda and ArtsEd. Emma is Artistic Director of Moving Stories Theatre Company, specialising in modern adaptations of Shakespeare and community storytelling projects.
GIVE US A CALL
0208 441 1355
SEND US AN EMAIL
firstname.lastname@example.org
VISIT OUR WEBSITE
globalmediation.co.uk
VISIT US
Molteno House
302 Regents Park Road
London N3 2JX | e16631a5-0de2-423c-84a2-a4f5b5411c8d | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 12,878 |
MAYOR CAROLINE SIMMONS
CITY OF STAMFORD OFFICE OF ADMINISTRATION
888 WASHINGTON BOULEVARD P.O. BOX 10152 STAMFORD, CONNECTICUT 06904-215
MEMORANDUM
DATE: January 12, 2022
TO:
Caroline Simmons, Mayor
Board of Representatives
Board of Finance
FROM: Erik J. Larson, Purchasing Manager
CC:
Matt Quiñones, Director of Operations
RE:
Notification of Critical Emergency Purchases
In accordance with Section 23-18.3 of the Stamford Code of Ordinances, please accept this notification of the following COVID-19 related critical emergency purchase(s) listed below:
Originally NTE
PURCHASING MANAGER ERIK J. LARSON
Phone: (203) 977-4107
Email: email@example.com | <urn:uuid:0c93ea20-76dc-4bc2-b952-523c03d464d5> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 668 |
Welcome to your Date Night Experience!
Congratulations on prioritizing one another— After all, your relationship needs you!
To get the most out of each date we have made the following suggestions:
♥ ♥ Stay positive!
This is not the time to tell the other what he or she has done wrong.
Be future focused. Focus on what you want your relationship to be like in the future. Don't concentrate on past failures. (It's okay to remember past successes).
Talk about your relationship. Do not talk about your job, children, in-laws, etc., unless it's part of the topic of the date.
♥ ♥ Give a gift of love.
Some discussion items will excite you more than others. On the less exciting ones, give a gift of love.
Participate enthusiastically!
Don't force it. If you get on a negative track, stop that discussion. Move on to another topic that you both feel good about.
♥ ♥ If you get stuck, ask for help.
If an issue comes up that you can't handle together, talk to a marriage coach at a local church or counseling center.
♥ ♥ Use good communication skills.
Be prepared for some surprises and new insights about each other. They can open new opportunities for growth and intimacy in your relationship. The following are several specific tips for a great date experience:
1. Be honest, yet never unkind.
2. Remember to start your sentences with "I" and let them reflect back on you.
3. Resist attacking the other or defending yourself.
4. Be specific and positive.
Dessert
It is a Priority
The Perfect Ending
Relationships are strengthened when we make it a priority to express care and Affection. A couple's closeness deepens when they make a special effort to know one another's preferences for affection and then take initiative to give.
Intimacy is intentional! So be intentional about:
♥ ♥ Dating Your Partner.
Take turns describing your perfect date. Listen carefully for how you might give to each other and make the perfect date come true.
My perfect date would include …
♥ ♥ Prioritizing the Sexual Needs of Your Partner.
Take turns expressing your desires for physical intimacy with one another. Relationships are strengthened when couples are vulnerable with their sexual preferences. I would love to keep the heat in our relationship by…
♥ ♥ Verbalizing Love
Now that I know a little bit more about your preferences and your need for Affection, I'm looking forward to planning a date for us that includes _____, because I love you and want to show you my love in ways that are meaningful to you.
Provided in partnership with:
DATE NIGHT MENU
Love Gives
Affection
Appetizers
Remembering Good Times
Early Romance
Remember some of the most romantic moments that you've shared with your partner. Take turns choosing one of those memories and describe it in detail to your partner. Use the questions below to help communicate the whole story:
♥ ♥ Where did this memory take place?
♥ ♥ What words were said?
♥ ♥ What sparked the romance?
♥ ♥ What made it special?
♥ ♥ Celebrate your experiences of genuine love and romance.
Looking Deeper
Now that you've spent more time (maybe even years) together, it's still important to be intentional about knowing your partner deeply. So think again about the romantic moments you mentioned above.
Share those memories with your partner using these sentence starters:
♥ ♥ I felt loved in those moments with you because…
♥ ♥ That time was so perfect for me because…
♥ ♥ I knew that I loved you because…
Main Course
A Well Balanced Dish
Expressing Affection
Giving the gift of Affection means: Expressing your care through physical touch and verbalized love.
Couples often think Affection only means sex. While sex is certainly one fantastic expression of physical touch, couples can often benefit from more expressions of non-sexual touching!
Try this. Do a little brainstorming. Think of six ways you might express your love for your partner … that don't involve sex.
Are you up for the challenge?!
Just to make sure that you know we haven't forgotten the importance of physical intimacy, each of your responses could begin with the letters:
HOTSEX
We've listed a few ideas to get you started:
H – Hold hands and go for a walk
O –________________________
T – Take initiative to give a back massage
S – Sit closely together on the sofa
E –________________________
X – RelaX together before your morning routine
Come up with 6 of your own non-sexual ways of expressing love to each other and note them below:
♥ ♥ _____________________________________
♥ ♥ _____________________________________
♥ ♥ _____________________________________
♥ ♥ _____________________________________
♥ ♥ _____________________________________
♥ ♥ _____________________________________
After you've brainstormed your own ideas for non-sexual touching and have a list to choose from, talk about your top 3 preferences with your partner.
Take turns sharing some of these sentences with each other:
I would love it if we spent time…
It would mean a lot to me if we could…
I would enjoy if we could…
Entrée 2: Affection Connection
Affection also means putting your feelings into words.
Talk with your partner about the words that have made an Affection connection in your relationship. Maybe it was the first time that your partner said the words, "I love you."
You might remember a special card or tender expression of emotion. Take turns sharing these responses with each other:
♥ ♥ I really sensed your genuine love for me when you said…
♥ ♥ I feel certain of your love for me when you say things like… | <urn:uuid:06a91aad-61b3-47fe-b71c-d4714235e3c1> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 5,582 |
5/18
UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS
Office of Institutional Research and Planning
TABLE 7-102
ACTUAL CASH EXPENDITURES BY PROGRAM GENERAL USE FUNDS ONLY FISCAL YEAR 1992-2018
University of Kansas - Lawrence Campus
(Millions of Dollars)
(continued)
UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS
Office of Institutional Research and Planning
5/18
TABLE 7-102 (concluded) ACTUAL CASH EXPENDITURES BY PROGRAM GENERAL USE FUNDS ONLY FISCAL YEAR 1992-2018 University of Kansas - Lawrence Campus (Millions of Dollars)
Source: Budget Office, University of Kansas - Lawrence. | <urn:uuid:2df9d414-260d-4902-9ce0-0f8ce36e5310> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 544 |
Cooperativa de Ahorro y Crédito "San Gabriel" Ltda.
www.sangabriel.fin.ec
(06) 2290 999 – Extensión 1019
San Gabriel – Tulcán – Julio Andrade – Huaca – Bolívar – Pimampiro – Ibarra - Quito
01
INFORMACIÓN DE LOS CONSEJOS
Bolívar – Pimampiro – Ibarra – Quito
(06) 2290 999 + Extensión www.sangabriel.fin.ec
CARACTERÍSTICAS DE LOS MIEMBROS EN LOS CONSEJOS
| Detalle | Adminsitra | ción |
|---|---|---|
| Tiempo promedio de permanencia como miembros de los consejos que se encuentran en funciones a la fecha de presentar la información. | 2 AÑOS 2 MESE | S |
Número de desviaciones observadas en al aplicación del apartado de valores y principios éticos y de conducta.
EN 2023, NO SE PRESENTARON CONFLICTOS DE INTERÉS.
GOBIERNO COOPERATIVO 2023
Bolívar – Pimampiro – Ibarra - Quito www.sangabriel.fin.ec
02
PROMEDIO DE GASTOS POR CONSEJO
Bolívar – Pimampiro – Ibarra – Quito
(06) 2290 999 + Extensión www.sangabriel.fin.ec
NIVEL DE GASTOS INVERTIDOS CONSEJOS
| Detalle | A | dminsitración |
|---|---|---|
| Número de Sesiones por cada Consejo | | 53 |
| Gastos efectuados frente al número de Sesiones | | 3 5.924,56 |
| Gastos promedio efectuados por sesión | | 6 77,82 |
El promedio de gastos realizados por cada sesión del Consejo de Administración es de $677,82 USD
GOBIERNO COOPERATIVO 2023
Bolívar – Pimampiro – Ibarra - Quito
(06) 2290 999 + Extensión www.sangabriel.fin.ec
01
MIEMBROS TOTALES DE CONSEJOS QUE ASISTEN A REUNIONES
Bolívar – Pimampiro – Ibarra – Quito
(06) 2290 999 + Extensión www.sangabriel.fin.ec
NÚMERO DE MIEMBROS QUE ASISTIERON POR REUNIÓN
| Sesión Consejo de Adminsitración | Asistentes |
|---|---|
| 12/01/2023 ordinaria | 5 |
| 20/01/2023 ordinaria | 5 |
| 07/02/2023 ordinaria | 5 |
| 14/02/2023 ordinaria | 5 |
| 06/03/2023 ordinaria | 5 |
| 26/04/2023 ordinaria | 5 |
| 03/05/2023 ordinaria | 5 |
| 09/05/2023 ordinaria | 5 |
| 17/05/2023 ordinaria | 5 |
| 07/06/2023 ordinaria | 5 |
| 14/06/2023 ordinaria | 5 |
| 22/06/2023 ordinaria | 5 |
| 29/06/2023 ordinaria | 5 |
| 10/07/2023 ordinaria | 5 |
| 20/07/2023 ordinaria | 5 |
| 27/07/2023 ordinaria | 5 |
En 2023, se realizaron 53 sesiones del Consejo de Administración
| 03/08/2023 ordinaria | 5 |
|---|---|
| 17/08/2023 ordinaria | 5 |
| 24/08/2023 ordinaria | 5 |
| 31/08/2023 ordinaria | 5 |
| 14/09/2023 ordinaria | 5 |
| 21/09/2023 ordinaria | 5 |
| 28/09/2023 ordinaria | 5 |
| 05/10/2023 ordinaria | 5 |
| 18/10/2023 ordinaria | 5 |
| 26/10/2023 ordinaria | 5 |
| 09/11/2023 ordinaria | 5 |
| 28/12/2023 ordinaria | 5 |
| 17/01/2023 extraordinaria | 5 |
| 23/01/2023 extraordinaria | 5 |
| 24/01/2023 extraordinaria | 5 |
| 26/01/2023 extraordinaria | 5 |
| 27/01/2023 extraordinaria | 5 |
|---|---|
| 27/02/2023 extraordinaria | 5 |
| 28/02/2023 extraordinaria | 5 |
| 14/03/2023 extraordinaria | 5 |
| 22/03/2023 extraordinaria | 5 |
| 30/03/2024 extraordinaria | 5 |
| 08/04/2023 extraordinaria | 5 |
| 10/04/2023 extraordinaria | 5 |
| 18/04/2023 extraordinaria | 5 |
| 28/04/2024 extraordinaria | 5 |
| 02/05/2023 extraordinaria | 5 |
| 31/05/2023 extraordinaria | 5 |
| 30/10/2023 extraordinaria | 5 |
| 14/11/2023 extraordinaria | 5 |
| 16/11/2023 extraordinaria | 5 |
| 22/11/2023 extraordinaria | 5 |
| 27/11/2024 extraordinaria | 5 |
|---|---|
| 07/12/2023 extraordinaria | 5 |
| 12/12/2023 extraordinaria | 5 |
| 14/12/2023 extraordinaria | 5 |
| 21/12/2024 extraordinaria | 5 |
La asistencia de los miembros del Consejo de Administración, en cada una de las Sesiones efectuadas, es del 100%
Bolívar – Pimampiro – Ibarra - Quito
GOBIERNO COOPERATIVO 2023
www.sangabriel.fin.ec
www.sangabriel.fin.ec
(06) 2290 999 - Extensión 1019
San Gabriel – Tulcán – Julio Andrade – Huaca – Bolívar – Pimampiro – Ibarra - Quito
Cooperativa de Ahorro y Crédito "San Gabriel" Ltda.
¡Sólida y Solvente desde 1961!
TRANSPARENCIA Diciembre de 2023 | <urn:uuid:a522c638-31d0-46f8-a504-12500c079c32> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/spa_Latn/train | finepdfs | spa_Latn | 3,876 |
John Allen Chalk: Personal Correspondence
1-22-1962
To: Claude Gardner
John Allen Chalk
Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.harding.edu/hst-chalk-personal
Recommended Citation
Chalk, J. A. (1962). To: Claude Gardner. Retrieved from https://scholarworks.harding.edu/hst-chalk-personal/4683
This Letter is brought to you for free and open access by the John Allen Chalk at Scholar Works at Harding. It has been accepted for inclusion in John Allen Chalk: Personal Correspondence by an authorized administrator of Scholar Works at Harding. For more information, please contact firstname.lastname@example.org.
Harding University Scholar Works at Harding
John Allen Chalk
January 1962
Professor Bond Fleming Department of Philosophy 1lills aps Colleg J ackson , M ississippi
Dear Professor Fleming:
I have received communication concerning my rejection as a candidat e for the" ioodrow· ilson Fellowship . « In that communie tion it wa s suggested that the committee would be happy to f orward my fil e to a school ~,ere I was being consider ed for en awa rd .
Ple2se send that fil e to D r. J. Wesley Hoffm~nn, Department of History, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee . Your attention in this matter wi ll be deeply appr e ciat ed .
Sincerely yours,
Jon Allen Chalk
JAC/ sw cc: Dr. J . Wesl y Hoffmann, Department of History, University of T en n essee , Knoxville , T ennessee . | <urn:uuid:b704531c-89ff-4085-881d-ae5f70863a16> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 1,426 |
TIMETABLE
ROUTE NO. 978
Cross Harbour Route No. 978
SPECIAL DEPARTURES ROUTE NO. 978B
From Fanling (Chi Fuk Headway
From Wan Chai (North)
Circuit)
(minutes)
Temporary Public
Transport Interchange
Mondays to Fridays (except Public Holidays)
07:20 a.m.
-
-
-
-
-
Headway
(minutes)
- -
5 July 2021 | <urn:uuid:d358d988-6b9c-4819-a709-4bc8cb5690ed> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 314 |
Protokoll til årsmøte 2020 for Lønnealleen Borettslag
Organisasjonsnummer: 850508852
Møtet er blitt gjennomført heldigitalt fra 28. april kl. 18:00 til 6. mai kl. 18:00.
Antall deltagere: 66. Dette utgjør totalt 32 % av totalt antall stemmeberettigede.
Følgende saker ble behandlet på årsmøtet:
1. Konstituering
Det ble foreslått å godkjenne den måten årsmøtet er innkalt på (årsrapport er lagt i samtlige postkasser og også sendt pr. e-post).
Som protokollvitner til å signere protokollen digitalt ble foreslått Sven-Robby Dierkes og Kate Korseth.
Som tellekorps til å telle opp analoge (manuelle) stemmer ble foreslått Liv Stokke Nilsson og Kate Korseth.
Vedtak
Godkjent
Antall stemmer for: 59
Antall stemmer mot: 0
Antall blanke stemmer: 2
Flertallskrav: Alminnelig (50%)
2. Årsrapport og årsregnskap for 2019
Godkjenning av årsrapport og årsregnskap for 2019.
Styret foreslo overføring av årets resultat (overskudd kr 130 473) til egenkapital slik at udekket tap (negativ egenkapital) reduseres.
Vedtak
Godkjent
Antall stemmer for: 61
Antall stemmer mot: 0
Antall blanke stemmer: 2
Flertallskrav: Alminnelig (50%)
3. Fastsettelse av honorarer
A) Godtgjørelse for styret ble foreslått satt til kr 280 000,- (som ikke innebærer noen økning fra i fjor).
B) Godtgjørelse for valgkomiteen ble foreslått satt til kr 6 000,-
Vedtak
Godkjent
Antall stemmer for: 56
Antall stemmer mot: 2
Antall blanke stemmer: 2
Flertallskrav: Alminnelig (50%)
4. Valg av delegert til OBOS' generalforsamling og valgkomité
D) Som delegert med vara til OBOS' generalforsamling for 1 år ble foreslått:
Espen Blinge, Sigrid Undsets vei 1 (som delegert)
Kate Korseth, Sigrid Undsets vei 3 (som varadelegert)
E) Som valgkomité for 1 år ble foreslått:
Kate Korseth, Sigrid Undsets vei 3
Liv Stokke Nilsson, Sigrid Undsets vei 3
Vedtak
Godkjent
Antall stemmer for: 53
Antall stemmer mot: 2
Antall blanke stemmer: 4
Flertallskrav: Alminnelig (50%)
5. Valg av tillitsvalgte
Følgende ble valgt:
Styreleder: Espen Blinge
Styremedlem: Julie Røkkum Tvedt
Styremedlem: Petter Kandre
Protokollen godkjent av undertegnede:
Espen Blinge /s/ Sven-Robby Dierkes /s/ Kate Korseth /s/
Møteleder Protokollvitne Protokollvitne
Ved valgene på generalforsamlingen og i konstituerende styremøte har styret fått følgende sammensetning: | <urn:uuid:603e50ee-8def-4aec-8b4c-223c3666ace6> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/nob_Latn/train | finepdfs | nob_Latn | 2,408 |
Aiotteko tutkijaksi vai poliitikoksi?
Max Weberin analyysi tieteestä ja politiikasta ammatteina Risto Ikonen
Max Weber 2009. Tiede ja politiikka. Kutsumus ja ammatti. [Alkuteokset Wissenschaft als Beruf 1917, Politik als Beruf 1919]. Suomentanut Risto Hannula ja Tapani Hietaniemi. Tampere: Vastapaino. 150 s.
Kirjakustantamo Vastapainon klassikkosarja on saanut tärkeän lisän kahdesta Max Weberin (1864–1920) luennosta, jotka julkaistiin vuonna 1919 nimikkeillä Wissenschaft als Beruf ja Politik als Beruf. Nyt näiden suomennokset ovat ilmestyneet yksien kansien välissä nimellä Tiede ja politiikka. Hyvä niin, sillä Weberin henkisestä perinnöstä on oltu montaa mieltä. Hänen tekstiensä on väitetty myötävaikuttaneen diktatuurille myönteisen mielialan muodostumiseen 1920-luvun Saksassa. Nyt julkaistut luennot antavat tarpeellista lisävaloa joihinkin kritiikkiä herättäneisiin ajatuksiin, kuten vaatimuksiin tieteen arvovapaudesta ja virkamiesten ehdottomasta lojaalisuudesta sekä karismaattisen johtajuuden tarpeellisuudesta. Luennoista on korvaamatonta apua yritettäessä hahmottaa näiden ajatusten syntyhistoriaa. Teksteillä on tärkeä sijansa myös ihmistieteiden itseymmärryksen kannalta, sillä vaikeapa on keksiä tutkimusalaa, joka voisi jättää Weberin tykkänään huomiotta.
Max Weber kuului varakkaaseen liikemiessukuun. Hänen setänsä oli menestyksekäs liikemies, jonka johdolla suvun omistamasta pellavatehtaasta tuli kansainvälistä kauppaa käyvä moderni liikeyritys. Juristin koulutuksen saanut Weberin isä oli Berliinin kaupunginhallinnon korkea virkamies ja kansallisliberaalisen puolueen (Nationalliberale Partei) paikallisosaston vaikutusvaltainen jäsen (Mommsen 1984, 1–3). Perheen ja suvun vaikutus näkyy Max Weberin akateemisessa urassa. Hän aloitti opiskelunsa vuonna 1882 opiskellen oikeustiedettä, taloustiedettä, antiikin historiaa, filosofiaa ja teologiaa. Ajan tapaa noudattaen Weber kävi opintojensa ohella sotilaskoulutuksen ja valmistui reservinupseeriksi. Akateemiselta koulutukseltaan hän oli oikeushistorioitsija ja yliopistollisten oppituolien haltijana kansantaloustieteilijä. (Turner 2001.) Weberin monipuolinen oppineisuus käy ilmi hänen tunnetuimmasta teoksestaan, joka on kapitalismin syntyhistoriaa valottava Protestanttinen etiikka ja kapitalismin henki.
Weber eli suurimman osan elämästään keisarillisessa Saksassa, jossa ylimysjohtoisuus kietoutui merkillisellä tavalla yhteen virkavaltaisuuden ja militarismin kanssa. Jotkut puhuvat jopa "Saksan erityistiestä" (Sonderweg), jolla tarkoitettiin lähinnä byrokratialle rakentuvaa hallintotapaa. Tämän vastinparina oli angloamerikkalainen tai ranskalainen edustuksellinen demokratia. (Ks. Pombeni 2008, 43.) Saksan huikea teollinen kehitys 1800-luvun lopulla näytti aikalaisten mielestä todistavan, että harvainvaltaisesti hallittu keisarikunta
toimi tehokkaammin kuin Britannia tai Yhdysvallat.[1] Talouskehityksestä vastaava keskiluokka oli kuitenkin käytännössä pelattu poliittisen kentän ulkolaidalle.
Vuonna 1848 saksalainen porvaristo oli yrittänyt laajentaa poliittisia oikeuksiaan nousemalla muiden uudistusmielisten rinnalla vastustamaan ylimysvaltaa. Kansanousun voimasta yllättyneet valtaapitävät eivät voineet muuta kuin antaa hetkellisesti periksi. Onnistuneen vallansiirron seurauksena Frankfurtiin kokoontui eri saksalaisvaltioiden edustajista koostuva kansalliskokous, joka otti tehtäväkseen laatia yhdistyvälle Saksalle perustuslain. Merkittävä osa kansalliskokouksen edustajista oli yliopiston professoreita. Keväällä 1849 perustuslakiluonnos valmistui. Tällä välin oli syrjäytetty valtaeliitti kuitenkin ehtinyt koota uudelleen voimansa. Samalla kansalliskokouksen rivit alkoivat rakoilla ja osa edustajista jätti kokouspaikan. Tynkäparlamentiksi kutistunut kokous hajotettiin lopulta väkivalloin, minkä seurauksena sivistysporvaristo joutui hautaamaan valtapoliittiset haaveensa. Jäljelle jäi Besitz und Bildung, ammatti ja koulutus, joiden harjoittamiseen keskiluokka tulevina vuosikymmeninä keskittyi. Max Weber oli tämän perinteen jatkaja: hän oli omaksunut keskiluokan liberaalit katsantokannat ja sivistysporvariston elämäntavan. (Ks. Pfaff 2002, 90; Llange 2007, 485.)
Tiede ja politiikka -teos koostuu kahdesta yleistajuisesta esitelmästä. Vuonna 1917 pidetyn luennon teemana oli tiede ja vuonna 1919 pidetyssä luennossa taas politiikka. Tiedettä koskevan esitelmän Weber puhui vapaasti, politiikkaa koskevassa osuudessa hänellä oli apunaan suppea asiasanaluettelo. Painetut tekstit perustuvat pikakirjoituksella tehtyihin luentomuistiinpanoihin, joiden puhtaaksi kirjoitetut versiot Weber on tarkistanut ja osin myös laajentanut (Hietaniemi 2009, 19).
Tekstejä voi lukea jo sellaisenaan. Luentoihin perehtymistä kuitenkin auttaa, kun pidetään mielessä se historiallinen ympäristö ja yhteiskunnallinen asetelma, joissa ne on pidetty. Ensiksi on huomattava, että molemmissa luennoissa järjestäjätaho on sama, nimittäin Münchenissä toimiva Vapaiden ylioppilaiden liiton (Freistudentischer Bund) Baijerin osasto. Vapaiden ylioppilaiden liitto oli nykyisten ylioppilaskuntien edeltäjä, joka tuohon aikaan oli jo syrjäyttänyt aiemmat, aatelisarvoon tai sotilaspalvelukseen perustuvat opiskelijoiden yhteenliittymät (ks. Hietaniemi 2009, 9–10). Edeltäjistään poiketen vapaiden ylioppilaiden liitto rajasi toimintansa akateemisiin kysymyksiin, kuten opiskelijoiden sosiaalisen aseman parantamiseen ja opetuksen ja oppimisen vapauden edistämiseen.
Toiseksi on huomattava, että ensimmäisen luennon aikoihin Saksan keisarikunta kävi pitkää ja kuluttavaa sotaa, joka johti sittemmin vanhan valtiojärjestyksen luhistumiseen. Jälkimmäisen luennon aikaan oltiinkin jo rakentamassa uutta ja aiempaa demokraattisempaa Saksaa. Tai niin ainakin luultiin tehtävän.
Tieteen ja politiikan erottaminen
Esitelmien kuulijakunta koostui opiskelijoista, jotka olivat faktisesti kyseenalaistaneet keisarikunnalle ominaisen säätytietoisuuden ja militarismin ja jotka faktisesti joutuisivat korjaamaan sen, minkä vanha valta oli raunioittanut. Sijoittuivatpa opiskelijat yhteiskunnassa mihin tehtävään hyvänsä, heidän oli ymmärrettävä, mikä merkitys tieteellä oli arkielämän kannalta ja millä tavoin poliittinen päätöksenteko toimii. Tulevaa ennakoiden Weber tarkasteli tiedettä ja politiikka nimenomaan korkeampia elämänarvoja sisällään pitävänä kutsumuksena, als Beruf. Oppineen nuorison oli nyt aika panna toimeen se, mitä Frankfurtin kokouksessa oli 70 vuotta aikaisemmin hahmoteltu.
Ensimmäisen, tiedetyötä käsittelevän luennon teeman Weber kiteyttää seuraavasti: "minkälaiseksi hahmottuu sellaisen ylioppilaan asema, joka on päättänyt ryhtyä ammattimaiseksi tieteenharjoittajaksi akateemisessa yhteisössä?" Tieteentekemisen ammattilaisena Weber ei tietenkään tyydy antamaan käytännönläheistä ohjausta oppineiden tietä kulkeville. Sen sijaan hän rakentaa tarkastelemalleen aiheelle viitekehyksen, joka ylittää paikalliset olosuhteet. Niinpä aloittelevan tieteentekijän uraa kuvatessaan Weber vertaa saksalaista tieteentekijän uraa amerikkalaiseen, jolloin nykylukijakin pääsee kurkistamaan saksalaisen Privatdozentin karuun arkeen. Hänellähän oli lupa ja jopa velvollisuus opettaa saamatta kuitenkaan muuta palkkaa kuin opiskelijoita koottavan pienen luentopalkkion. Amerikkalaisissa yliopistoissa työskentelevien assistenttien asema oli hieman parempi, olihan heillä turvanaan säännöllinen palkkatulo.
Akateemiselle uralle aikovan oli valmistauduttava kestämään pettymyksiä. Professoriksi nimittämisen Weber rinnastaa paavin ja Yhdysvaltojen presidentin valintaan. Näille kolmelle on yhteistä se, että periaatteessa tehtävään pitäisi valita pätevin ja paras hakija. Käytännössä kyse oli kuitenkin lähinnä sattumapelistä.[2] Jos oli hyvä tutkija mutta huono opettaja, tiedeura saattoi jämähtää paikalleen, varsinkin jos valitsijat pitivät arvossa suuria opiskelijamääriä. Jos taas sattui olemaan juutalainen, urahaaveet sai ainakin tuon ajan Saksassa hylätä kokonaan. Myös henkilökohtaisilla suhteilla oli oma merkityksensä. Weber pitikin ihmeteltävänä, että kaikesta tästä huolimatta saatettiin tehdä myös oikeaan osuneita valintoja. Kiipijät ja mukavat keskikertaisuudet saattoivat olla varmoja valinnastaan vain sellaisissa maissa, joissa professorit nimitettiin yksinomaan poliittisin perustein. Urakehityksen sattumanvaraisuus oli kuitenkin tunnustettava ja se oli kyettävä jopa hyväksymään:
Kaikille [tiedeuraa harkitseville] on tehtävä omantunnonkysymys: uskotteko katkeroitumatta ja turmeltumatta kestävänne sitä, että vuodesta toiseen keskinkertaisuus toisensa jälkeen kohoaa yläpuolellenne? Kaikilta saa tietysti saman vastauksen: tietenkin elän vain "kutsumukselleni" – mutta ainakin minä olen havainnut vain harvan jaksavan saamatta sielulleen vahinkoa. (Tiede ammattina, 33.)
Weberin mielestä tiedetyö tarvitsee tuekseen samalla tavoin oivallusta kuin mitä menestyvä yrittäjä tarvitsee omissa liiketoimissaan tai taiteilija luomistyössään. Taiteilijaan nähden tieteentekijä oli sikäli onnettomassa asemassa, ettei tieteessä voinut olettaa saavansa aikaan mitään pysyvää. Tärkeinkin löydös vanhentui muutamassa kymmenessä vuodessa.[3] Kaiken lisäksi tieteen oivallus ei tule itsestään, sen eteen on tehtävä ankarasti työtä. Tämä taas edellytti intohimoa tutkittavia asioita kohtaan. Niinpä tieteentekijän oli oltava kiinnostunut itse asiasta, ei tutkimuksen oletetuista seurauksista.
Mutta minkä tähden tieteen parissa sitten askarrellaan? Onko tieteellä ammattina arvoa ihmiskunnan kokonaiselämän kannalta? Weber tähdentää, ettei tiede pysty paljastamaan sen enempää luonnon, Jumalan kuin ihmiselämänkään tarkoitusperiä. Tässä hän noudattaa David Humen periaatetta, jonka mukaan siitä, miten asiat ovat, ei voida päätellä sitä, miten asioiden pitäisi olla. Weber katsookin, että tieteentekijän täytyy pidättäytyä arvottamasta asioita. Niinpä esimerkiksi luennoitsija ei saa esitellä omia poliittisia näkemyksiään:
Aito opettaja varoo visusti tyrkyttämästä korokkeeltaan minkäänlaista kannanottoa, hän ei yritä vaikuttaa sen enempää suoraan kuin suggestionkaan avulla – kaikkein vilpillisintähän on tietenkin turvautua ujutukseen ja "antaa tosiasioiden puhua". (Tiede ammattina, 51.)
Kantaansa Weber perustelee sillä, että luentosalissa voi olla vain yksi, joka puhuu, ja hän on luennoitsija. Opiskelijoiden ei ole lupa häiritä tai keskeyttää luennoitsijan esitystä. Tähän saksalaisesta yliopistokulttuurista motivoituvaan kantaan Weber palaa tuon tuostakin. Luennoitsijan ehdoton auktoriteettiasema asettaa moraalisen velvoitteen: opiskelijoille oli annettava tilaa muodostaa omat näkemyksensä. Tieteentekijän tehtävänä ei ole antaa valmiita vastauksia, miten eri tilanteissa pitäisi toimia tai millä tavoin tietyistä asioista pitäisi ajatella.
Onko tieteellä sitten mitään annettavaa käytännön elämälle. Ainakin se pystyy murtamaan ajatuskiteytymiä. Tämän taidon edistämistä Weber näyttäisi suorastaan pitävän opettajan eettisenä velvollisuutena:
Hyödyllisen opettajan ensimmäinen tehtävä on opettaa oppilaansa tunnustamaan epämukavat tosiseikat eli sellaiset, jotka ovat hänen puoluekantansa näkökulmasta epämukavia [---]. Uskon että jos akateeminen opettaja saa kuulijansa totuttautumaan siihen, hänen saavutuksensa on suurempi kuin vain älyllinen; olisin valmis käyttämään siitä jopa niin vaateliasta ilmaisua kuin "moraalinen saavutus [---]". (Tiede ammattina, 53.)
Weberin tähdentämä tieteen arvovapaus, Wertfreiheit, ei siten tarkoita metodologista kannanottoa, kuten Talcot Parsons asian taannoin ymmärsi (ks. Hennis 1994). Tieteessä voidaan tutkia myös hyvään elämään tai oikeaan toimintaan liittyviä kysymyksiä. Tieteentekijä ei voi kuitenkaan esiintyä lopullisten vastausten antajana. Jos hän haluaa tuoda henkilökohtaisen kantansa esiin, silloin on syytä siirtyä puhumaan luentosalin sijasta paikkoihin, joissa kuulijat voivat ilmaista vastakkaisen mielipiteensä.
Pitäessään jälkimmäistä, politiikan kutsumusluonnetta tarkastelevaa esitelmäänsä, Weber itse oli ollut jo jonkin aikaa aktiivinen politiikan toimija. Sodan lopputuloksen käydessä ilmeiseksi Weber oli ennakoinut tulossa olevaa vallanvaihtoa kirjoittamalla lehtiartikkeleita, joissa hän pohti perustuslain uudistamistarvetta. Sodan päättymisen jälkeen hänet oli kutsuttu sisäministeriön kokoaman, perustuslakiuudistusta valmistelevan työryhmän jäseneksi. Hän oli jopa asettumassa ehdolle parlamenttivaaleissa, mutta liberaalipuolueen johto ei hyväksynyt häntä listoilleen. (Pfaff 2002, 95; Llange 2007, 494.) Tästä huolimatta Weber halusi pitää tieteen ja politiikan toisista erillään. Miten tähän ristiriitaiselta vaikuttavaan kantaan pitäisi oikein suhtautua?
Tiedettä käsittelevässä esitelmässään Weber antaa ymmärtää, että omaa arvopohjaansa esiin tuova luennoitsija toimii kuin profeetta tai demagogi. Arkipuheessa näillä termeillä on
selvästi kielteinen sivumerkitys. On kuitenkin syytä huomata, ettei Weber tälläkään kertaa halua esittää omaa arvoarvostelmaansa. Itse asiassa hän viittaa noilla termeillä tiettyjä elämänaloja edustavien ihmisten ideaalityyppeihin. Siinä missä tiedetyön ideaalityyppi on erilaisiin arvolähtökohtiin neutraalisti suhtautuva ja omia ennakkoluulojaan jatkuvasti kyseenalaistava tutkija-luennoitsija, samalla tavoin uskonnon alueella ideaalityyppi on sisäistä näkyään julistava profeetta ja politiikan piirissä puolueensa linjauksista vastaava demagogi.
Kaksi tieteentekijää, joiden toimintaa Weber piti arveluttavana. Vasemmalla kasvatuksen historiassakin huomioitu professori ja filosofi F. W. Foerster, joka kirjoitti sodan aikana pasifistisia kirjoituksia. Oikealla natsien myöhemmin esikuvakseen nostama historioitsija ja professori D. Schäfer, joka antoi julkisen tukensa Saksan sotatoimille ja muun muassa kannatti rajoittamattoman sukellusvenesodan aloittamista. Kuvat: http://de.wikipedia.org
Weber toteaa yksiselitteisesti, etteivät profetia ja demagogia kuulu luentosaliin. Talcot Parson katsoi tämän tarkoittavan sitä, että arvokysymykset oli jätettävä tieteellisen tarkastelun ulkopuolelle. Tästä ei kuitenkaan ole kysymys. Tieteentekijän ero profeettaan ja demagogiin nähden kiteytyy siinä, että ensiksi mainitun on tarkasteltava arvovaihtoehtoja puolueettomasti, kun jälkimmäinen voi ja hänen pitääkin edustaa jotain selvästi määritettyä arvonäkökulmaa. Politiikassa puolueellisuus on välttämättä tarpeen. Tieteessä täytyy kuitenkin toimia puolueettomasti: "Käytännön poliittinen kannanotto ja poliittisten kuvioiden ja puolueiden asennoitumisten analyysi ovat [-] kaksi eri asiaa". (Tiede ammattina, 50). Tämä weberiläinen maksiimi nähdään usein yrityksenä turvata tieteen autonomisuus poliittisen vallan vaikutusyrityksiä vastaan. Asetelma ei ole näin yksinkertainen, sillä arvoneutraaliuden vaatimus voidaan nähdä myös keinona suojella poliittista päätöksentekoa tieteeltä. Weberin on todettukin olevan yksi ankarimmista teknokratian ja byrokratian kriitikoista. (Eliaeson & Palonen 2004, 142.)
Tarpeellinen ammattipoliitikko
Politiikan Weber rajaa koskemaan toiminnan johtamista poliittisissa yhteenliittymissä, mikä tuohon aikaan tarkoitti valtion johtamista tai valtioon vaikuttamista. Valtio puolestaan on legitiimisenä pidetty ja väkivallan käytön mahdollisuuteen perustuva herruussuhde, jossa herruudenalaiset tunnustavat hallitsijoidensa auktoriteetin. Weberin mukaan herruuden legitiimisyysperusteita on kolmenlaisia. Ensiksi on "ikuisen eilisen" auktoriteetti eli tapoihin ja traditioon perustuva herruus. Toiseksi on armolahjaan, ilmestykseen, sankaruuteen
tai muihin persoonallisiin tekijöihin perustuva karismaattinen herruus. Tähän ryhmään kuuluvat profeetta, valittu sotaruhtinas ja kansan valtaan nostama demagogi tai puoluejohtaja. Kolmantena on lakien säätämiseen ja kirjattuihin pätevyysehtoihin perustuva legaalinen herruus. Hallitsijoiden ja herruussuhteeseen suostuvien lisäksi on olemassa vielä kolmas ryhmä, hallintohenkilökunta, joiden tottelevaisuus perustuu joko sosiaaliseen arvonantoon tai aineellisiin palkintoihin. (Politiikka ammattina 70-74.)
Weber erottaa toisistaan tilapäispoliitikot, sivutoimipoliitikot ja kokopäiväpoliitikot. Me kaikki kuulumme ensiksi mainittuihin äänestäessämme vaaleissa tai esittäessämme jotain asiakysymystä koskevan mielipiteemme vaikkapa lehden mielipidepalstalla. Sivutoimipoliitikkoja ovat muun muassa sellaiset julkisyhteisöjen luottamushenkilöt, jotka osallistuvat poliittiseen toimintaan tarpeen niin vaatiessa. Heille politiikka ei ole sen enempää aineellisesti kuin aatteellisestikaan etusijalla. Politiikan ammattilaisina Weber pitää ihmisiä, jotka ovat kokopäiväisesti mukana yhteiskunnallisessa päätöksenteossa. Politiikasta voi tulla ammatti kahdella tapaa: ihminen voi elää joko "politiikalle" tai "politiikasta" ("für" die Politik, "von" der Politik).[4] Edellisessä tapauksessa poliittinen toiminta koetaan jo sinällään palkitsevaksi. Syynä voi olla vallantunnon aiheuttama nautinto tai se, että tuntee tekevänsä työtä hyvän asian puolesta. Sitä vastoin politiikasta elävälle tärkeintä on työstä saatava aineellinen palkkio. (Politiikka ammattina, 79–81.)
Äkkiseltään ajateltuna voisi kuvitella, että asian vuoksi politiikkaan osallistuminen olisi toivottavampaa kuin se, että politiikka nähdään vain yhtenä mahdollisena elinkeinona. Weberin mielestä asetelma ei ole näin yksinkertainen. Jotta joku eläisi vain politiikalle, tämä merkitsee sitä, ettei hän ole riippuvainen politiikanteosta saatavista suorista palkkioista. Varsinainen elanto olisi siten saatava muualta. Tämä vinouttaa valtarakenteen:
Kun valtiota johtaa ihmiset, jotka (sanan taloudellisessa merkityksessä) elävät pelkästään politiikalle eivätkä politiikasta, se merkitsee väistämättä poliittisesti johtavien kerrostumien 'plutokraattista' rekrytointia (Politiikka ammattina, 82).
Jos siis poliittisesta toiminnasta ei makseta erillistä palkkiota, valta tulee keskittymään varakkaiden käsiin. Esimerkkinä Weber mainitsee säätyherrat, joiden vuositulot perustuvat maakorkoon, arvopapereihin tai esimerkiksi eläkkeeseen. Elannon hankinnasta vapaina nämä voivat omistautua politiikalle, ilman että siitä hänelle erikseen maksetaan. Tämä ei kuitenkaan tarkoita sitä, etteikö ilman palkkiota poliittiseen päätöksentekoon osallistuva hyötyisi taloudellisesti toimistaan. Hän pystyy näet herruuttaan hyödyntämällä edistämään omia taloudellisia intressejään. Politiikan ulkopuolelle jäisivät muun muassa ne, jotka ammattinsa tähden ovat liiaksi kiinni ansiotyössään. Tämä koskee yhtä hyvin tavallista palkkatyöntekijää kuin modernia liikemiestä tai vaikkapa ammatissaan menestyvä lääkäriä. Myös omistamaton väestönosa jäisi kokonaan vaille edustusta. Weber tähdentääkin, että ---
Ei-plutokraattisten [---] johtajien ja heidän seuraajiensa rekrytointiin liittyy se itsestään selvä edellytys, että nämä asianosaiset saavat säännönmukaiset ja luotettavat ansiotulot poliittisesta toiminnastaan (Politiikka ammattina, 83).
Weber tekee selvän eron ammattipoliitikkojen ja virkamieskunnan välillä. Vaikka virkamieslaitos onkin kehittynyt poliittisen palkkiojärjestelmän pohjalta, aidon virkamiehen tulee tieteentekijän tapaan pidättäytyä politiikan teosta. Siinä missä tieteentekijän tehtävä on analysoida asioita monipuolisesti ja omat mieltymykset sivuuttaen, samaan tapaan virkamiehen on toteutettava esimiehensä käskyt, vaikka ne olisivat ristiriidassa virkamiehen
omien käsitysten kanssa. Virkamiehen kunnia edellyttää saatujen käskyjen toteuttamista ikään kuin ne vastaisivat hänen omaa vakaumustaan. Vastaavasti poliitikon ja ennen kaikkea poliittisen johtajan kunnia edellyttää täyden vastuun ottamista tekemistään päätöksistä. Poliittisen järjestelmän toimivuus edellyttää, että virkamiehet toimivat sine ira et studio, so. ilman vihaa ja puolueellisuutta. (Politiikka ammattina, 97–98.)
Politiikan ammattilaisten pääryhmät
Weber erottaa neljä ammattipoliitikon luokkaa, nimittäin demagogit, journalistit, puoluetoimitsijat ja etujärjestöjen työntekijät. Demagogit ovat kamppailijaluonteita, jotka karismaansa tukeutuen johtavat joukkojaan. Tämän johtajademokratian vaihtoehtona on johtajaton demokratia, joka tarkoittaa "kutsumusta vailla olevien 'ammattipoliitikkojen' herruutta" (Politiikka ammattina, 126). Demagoginen johtajuus käyttää hyväkseen puhetta ja painettua sanaa. Jälkimmäistä edustaa oma ammattikuntansa, journalistit. Weber tähdentää, että hyvä journalismi ei vaativuudessaan eroa muista oppineiden töistä. Yhteiskunnallisista kysymyksistä kirjoittavalla journalistilla oli samoja kiinnostuksen kohteita kuin ammattipoliitikolla. Toimittajatyö saattoi avata väylän myös poliittiseen valtaan, joskin tietyin rajoituksin:
[---] journalistinen ura, niin paljon jännitystä ja vaikutusmahdollisuuksia, ennen muuta poliittista vastuullisuutta, siihen muuten voikaan liittyä, ei ole (täytyy ehkä odottaa, ennen kuin voi sanoa ei enää tai ei vielä) normaali poliittisten johtajien esiin nousemisen väylä. (Politiikka ammattina, 101.)
Demagogi on nimenomaan kansanvaltaan tai – Weberin sanoin – plebisitääriseen demokratiaan kuuluva hahmo. Kansanjohtajaa ei kuitenkaan voi olla ilman seuraajia. Poliittinen yhteenliittymä on aina asiakysymyksistä kiinnostuneiden yhteenliittymä. Puolueen esimuotona olivat ylimysten seurueet, joissa ei vielä ollut tarvetta erityiselle puoluekoneistolle. Vasta demokratian ja yleisen äänioikeuden tullessa voimaan puoluekoneistosta muodostui ratkaisevan tärkeä toimija. Puolueaktiivien lisäksi koneistoon kuuluu erikseen palkattu puoluetoimitsijoiden joukko. Puoluekokoukseksi järjestäytyneenä tämä koneisto valitsee puolueelle johtajan ja määrittää puolueen ohjelman. Jos puolue ei kykene valitsemaan itselleen karismaattista johtajaa, demagogia, valta hajaantuu keskenään kilvoittelevien puolueylimysten kesken. Se voi siirtyä myös kokonaan puolueen toimihenkilöille, jolloin puolue byrokratisoituu.
Millainen sitten olisi politiikka ammattina? Weberin mukaan todennäköisimpiä uravaihtoehtoja olivat journalistiikan lisäksi toimiminen puolueorganisaation tai jonkin etujärjestön palveluksessa. Vanhan vallan aikana lehtimiestä tai puoluetoimitsijaa ei arvostettu, sillä olihan edellinen rahasta kirjoittaja ja jälkimmäinen taas rahasta puhuja. Molemmat olivat kuitenkin mielenkiintoisia ja tärkeitä tehtäviä, tarjosivathan ne paitsi näköalapaikan historiallisesti merkittäviin tapahtumiin myös mahdollisuuden vallan käyttöön. Tehtävien menestyksekäs hoitaminen vaatii kuitenkin kolmea erityisominaisuutta. Ensiksi tarvitaan intohimoa "asiaa" kohtaan. Tämä taas tarvitsee tuekseen vastuullisuutta, minkä muotoutuminen edellyttää taas kolmatta tekijää, suhteellisuudentajua eli kykyä etäännyttää itsensä asioista ja ihmisistä – oma itse mukaan lukien. Viimeksi mainittu ominaisuus on erityisen tärkeä poliitikkona toimivalle. Hänen täytyy näet yhä uudelleen ja uudelleen voittaa "[---] oma alhainen omahyväisyytensä, joka on kaiken asialle omistautumisen ja etäisyyden ottamisen tappava vihollinen" (Politiikka ammattina, 129).
Tässä näkyy tieteentekijän ja poliitikon ero selvimmillään. Tiedemies voi olla kuinka
omahyväinen tahansa, ilman että siitä olisi mainittavaa haittaa tieteen harjoittamiselle. Sen sijaan poliitikon omahyväisyys, joka Weberin mielestä ilmenee haluna asettaa itsensä mahdollisimman näkyvästi etualalle, rappeuttaa helposti politiikanteon perustan:
Mitä enemmän demagogin on pakko tukeutua "vaikutukseen", sitä enemmän hän on aina vaarassa sekä ajautua näyttelijäksi että ottamaan liian kevyesti vastuun toimintansa seurauksista ja ainoastaan pohtimaan "vaikutusta", jonka hän onnistuu saamaan aikaan. (Politiikka ammattina, 130.)
Vaikka poliitikolla täytyykin olla tahtoa valtaan, tästä ei pidä tulla itsetarkoitus. Toimintaa ei voi rakentaa sen varaan, millaisen vastaanoton se kansassa saa. Nykypäivään sovellettuna tämä tarkoittaisi sitä, että jos ulkoisesta vaikutelmasta ja mielipidemittauksista tulee toimintaa ohjaavia periaatteita, lopputuloksena on kaikista sisältökysymyksistä tyhjennetty valtapoliitikko, jolle tärkeintä ei ole jonkin asian edistäminen vaan pelkästään oman valtaaseman säilyttäminen.
Weberin luonnehdintoja: Karismaattisen August Bebelin (vas.) jälkeen Saksan sosialidemokraattisessa puolueessa vallan ottivat puolueylimykset ja -virkailijat. Karl Liebknecht ja Rosa Luxemburg (kesk.) olivat kukistettuja "katujen diktaattoreja". Gladstonen karismaattinen johtajuus muistutti yksinvaltaa. Kuvat: http://de.wikipedia.org ja http://en.wikipedia.org
Politiikon "hyvä"
Miksi jonkin asian ajamista pidetään tärkeänä? Weberin vastaus on yksiselitteinen, kysymys on uskosta:
[Poliitikko] voi palvella kansallisia tai ihmiskuntaan perustuvia, sosiaalisia, eettisiä, maallisia tai uskonnollisia päämääriä, häntä voi elähdyttää vahva usko edistykseen – samantekevää missä merkityksessä – tai sitten hän voi viileästi hylätä tällaisen uskon. Hän voi myös väittää olevansa "aatteen" palveluksessa tai haluavansa periaatteessa kieltää tällaiset arkipäivälle ulkoiset päämäärät, mutta silti hänellä täytyy aina olla jonkinlainen usko. (Politiikka ammattina, 131.)
Poliittisen toiminnan eettiset periaatteet Weber jakaa kahteen vastakkaiseen päälinjaan:
poliitikko voi toimia joko vakaumuseettisesti (Gesinnunsethik) tai vastuullisuuseettisesti (Verantwortungsethik). Vakaumusetiikassa poliittisen harkinnan lähtökohtana on tietty uskomusjärjestelmä, jonka pohjalta käytännön toimintalinjaukset johdetaan. Mitään sellaista ei saa tehdä tai hyväksyä, joka on ristiriidassa vakaumukseen nähden. Niinpä esimerkiksi ekologisiin asioihin keskittyvä puolue ei voisi hyväksyä kulutuskykyä lisääviä toimenpiteitä eikä uusliberalismia edustava puolue yritystukiaisia. Vakaumuspoliitikolle tärkeintä ei ole osallistua mahdollisimman hyvien poliittisten ratkaisujen etsimiseen vaan pysyä uskollisena omille periaatteilleen.[5] Sitä vastoin vastuullisuusetiikassa poliittisia päätöksiä arvioidaan sen mukaan, millaisia seurauksia niillä voi tulevaisuudessa olla. Vastuullisuuseetikko ottaa huomioon, etteivät ihmiset välttämättä toimi niin kuin heidän toivotaan toimivan.
Hyvien päämäärien tavoittamiseen kytkeytyy lukuisissa tapauksissa moraalisesti arveluttavia tai vähintäänkin vaarallisia keinoja ja täytyy myös samalla hyväksyä huonojen sivuvaikutusten mahdollisuus [---] (Politiikka ammattina, 138).
Weber ei ota kantaa, pitäisikö poliitikon uraa harkitsevan noudattaa vakaumusetiikka vai vastuullisuusetiikkaa. Itse asiassa hän kieltää, että kyseessä olisi toisensa poissulkevat näkökannat. Ihminen voi yhtaikaisesti toimia vastuullisuuseettisesti mutta silti jossain kohdassa pysyä vakaumuksessaan. Näin nämä kaksi eettistä periaatetta täydentävät toisiaan. Weber toteaakin, että "vasta yhdessä ne muodostavat aidon ihmisen, sen, jolla saattaa olla 'kutsumus politiikkaan'." (Politiikka ammattina, 148; ks. Llange 2007, 491–492.)
Weber piti politiikkaa käsittelevän luentonsa tammikuun 28. päivä vuonna 1919. Ensimmäinen maailmansota oli päättynyt vain reilut kaksi kuukautta aikaisemmin, 11. päivä marraskuuta 1918. Tätä ennen, marraskuun 9. päivä, Saksa oli julistettu tasavallaksi. Joulukuun puolivälissä pidetyissä vaaleissa valittiin jäsenet perustuslakia säätävään kansalliskokoukseen, joka aloitti toimintansa helmikuussa 1919. Tunnelmat olivat tuolloin epävarmat, sillä Weberin pitäessä puhettaan oli kulunut vasta pari viikkoa spartakistikommunistien vallankumousyrityksestä. Saksan poliittinen tilanne oli sekava ja tulevaisuus epävarma. Eri ryhmittyvät ottivat mittaa toisistaan eikä kukaan tiennyt, miten valtakamppailu oli päättyvä.
Keisariajan Saksa oli ollut epädemokraattinen ja militaristinen valtio. Tappio sodassa ja vanhan vallan kaatuminen herätti kansanvaltaisuutta kaivanneiden toiveet paremmasta tulevaisuudesta. Historian todellista kulkua ennakoiden Weber kuitenkin uskoi reaktion ajan koittavan. Politiikan kevättä ei siten seuraisikaan kesä vaan "jäisen hämärä ja kova arktinen yö". Juuri tuossa tilanteessa tarvittiin ihmisiä, jotka tunsivat maailman sellaisena kuin se todellisuudessa on, ihmisiä, jotka ymmärsivät, että politiikka tarkoittaa "hyvin hidasta kovien lankkujen poraamista samanaikaisesti intohimolla ja suhteellisuudentajulla varustettuna" (Politiikka ammattina, 149). Pelkkä ihanteisiin tukeutuminen ei riittänyt. Oli pysyttävä lujana, vaikka tilanne näyttäisikin toivottomalta, sillä muuten ei voitaisi toteuttaa edes sitä, mikä sillä hetkellä olisi mahdollista. Juuri tässä oli Weberin mielestä politiikan ydin, se oli "mahdollisen taitoa"[6]. Mahdollista ei taas voinut saavuttaa, jos ei kyennyt yhä uudelleen tarttumaan mahdottomaan. Kovien lankkujen poraaminen ei käy päinsä, jos kuvittelee omien ajatusten uppoavan kuulijakuntaan kuin kuuma veitsi voihin. Tarvitaan sitkeyttä ja mielenlujuutta:
Ainostaan hänellä, joka on varma, ettei hän hajoa siihen, että maailma hänen näkökulmastaan katsottuna suhtautuu liian tyhmästi tai ilkeästi sitä kohtaan, mitä hän maailmalle tahtoisi tarjota ja joka kaikkea sitä vastaan kykenee sanomaan: "sittenkin", vain hänellä on "kutsumus" politiikkaan (Politiikka ammattina, 150).
On riipaisevaa lukea noita esitelmän päätössanoja. Siinä kuudetta vuosikymmentään käyvä professori opastaa akateemista nuorisoa politiikan realiteetteihin. Niin tiedettä kuin politiikkaakin käsittelevät esitelmät ovat selvästi opetuspuheita. Tieteen maailmaa kuvatessaan Weber tyytyy tähdentämään, mitä tieteentekijän ei pidä tehdä, nimittäin ryhtyä mittailemaan uskonkäsitysten paremmuutta. Politiikkaa koskevassa puheessaan hän puolestaan tuo esiin, mitä politiikan ammattilaisen pitää tehdä, nimittäin edistää itsepintaisesti mutta samalla vastuullisesti vakaumuksensa mukaisia asioita.
Weber-kritiikki ja nykymerkitys
Max Weber kuoli kesäkuussa 1920, siis vajaat puolitoista vuotta politiikkaluentojen jälkeen. 56-vuotiaana hänestä tuli yksi miljoonista ensimmäisen maailmansodan jälkeisen influenssaepidemian uhreista. Elinaikanaan hän ehti saattaa julkaisukuntoon vain pienen osan siitä tieteellisestä tuotannosta, jolle hänen maineensa nykypäivänä perustuu. Weberiä on kritisoitu siitä, että hänen puoluetoimitsijoille ja virkamiehille asettama velvoite totella kyselemättä poliittisen johdon – ja siten myös demagogin – tahtoa muistuttaa liian paljon natsiaatteeseen sisällytettyä "johtajaperiaatetta" (Führerprinzip). Sen mukaanhan johtaja oli kirjoitetun lain yläpuolella. Arvostelu kulminoitui vuonna 1964, jolloin keskeisiksi Weberkriitikoiksi nousivat Herbert Marcuse ja Jürgen Habermas. (Turner 2001.)
Oliko Weber sitten luomassa ideologista perustaa kansallissosialismille? Ei hän voinut millään tietää, että vain reilut kymmenen vuotta hänen kuolemansa jälkeen valtaan nousee ultrakansallinen ja ultramilitaristinen puolue, jonka nimessä yhdistyy kaksi keisarikunnan loppuvuosien vaikutusvaltaisinta aatetta, nationalismi ja sosialismi. Weber ei liioin voinut tietää, että tuon puolueen johdossa olisi karismaattisen johtajan arkkityyppi, jonka valtaannousua tuki kuolemaan asti uskollisten puoluetoimitsijoiden joukko[7]. Nyt käännettyjen tekstien valossa kritiikki vaikuttaakin liioitellulta. Jos Weber jossain hairahtui niin siinä, että hän kuvasi tieteen ja politiikan käytänteitä aivan liian osuvasti. Voikin väittää, että kriitikot toimivat samaan tapaan kuin tarinan kuningas, joka huonon uutisen saatuaan mestautti viestintuojan.
Tässä yhteydessä on hyvä pohtia hieman tarkemmin, miksi Weber piti karismaattista johtajuutta niin hyvänä asiana. Viime kädessä kyse on yhteiskunnan dynamiikasta. Juridisrationaaliseen harkintaan sen enempää kuin traditioonkaan perustuvat herruudenmuodot eivät suosineen olevien olojen perinpohjaista muuttamista. Tähän tarvittiin karismaattista johtajuutta. Weber ei kuitenkaan väittänyt, että tällainen herruuden muoto olisi muita arvokkaampi. Muutoksen tapahduttua alkaa näet karisman "arkipäiväistyminen". Muuttunut tilanne kiinnitetään lakeihin ja instituutioiden käytänteisiin, jolloin karismaattinen herruus korvautuu asteittain traditioon ja juridis-rationaaliseen päättelyyn perustuvilla herruuden lajeilla. Karismaattinen johtaja edustaa siten muutosvoimaa, joka mahdollistaa ajan myötä muodostuneista käytänteistä ja ajatuskivettymistä irtautumisen. (Ks. Pombeni 2008, 43–47.) Karismaattinen johtajuus ei voi kestää kauaa, sillä se on siirtymäkauden ja ennen kaikkea vallankumouksen johtajuutta. (Llange 2007, 487.)
Jos weberiläinen politiikkakäsitys pitää paikkansa, muun muassa kotoisesta eduskunnastamme pitäisi löytyä kolmen eri ideaalityypin toimijoita. Katsotaanpas! Ensiksi pitäisi olla niitä, jotka oikeuttavat valta-asemansa vastustamalla olemassa olevien rakenteiden muuttamista. He istuvat poteroissaan ja puolustavat saavutettuja asemia. Tavan takaa muistellaan niitä kunniakkaita taisteluja, joiden ansiosta nykytilanteeseen on päädytty (traditioon perustuva herruuden legitimaatio).
Toinen ryhmä pitää taas tärkeänä lakipykäliä ja "kylmiä lukuja". Näiden pohjalta muotoilluista tulevaisuudenkuvista valitaan politiikan lähtökohdaksi se parhaalta vaikuttava vaihtoehto. Tämä ryhmä katsoo tulevaan mutta ikään kuin bunkkerin ampuma-aukosta käsin. Vakiintuneet käytänteet ja ajatustottumukset rajaavat näkymää, joten vaihtoehtoja ei ole paljoa nähtävissä. Itse asiassa niitä on olemassa vain yksi. Taistelua jatketaan itsepintaisesti välittämättä hirvittävistä miestappioista (herruuden juridis-rationaalinen legitimaatio).
Kolmas ryhmä on valmis hylkäämään niin traditionaalisen kuin juridis-rationaalisenkin ajattelun lähtöoletukset. Sen sijaan halutaan tavoitella sitä, mikä muiden mielestä on mahdotonta. Tasaisesti tappioita tuottavasta ja päättymättömältä vaikuttavasta asemasodasta halutaan päästä eroon keinolla millä hyvänsä. Katse on tulevassa. Katse ei kuitenkaan kohdistu vain siihen, mitä voimme nähdä, vaan myös siihen, mitä siellä voisi ja pitäisi näkyä (herruuden visionääris-karismaattinen legitimaatio).
Pikaisesti ajateltuna eduskunnastamme tuntuisi löytyvän näiden kaikkien ryhmien edustajia. Lisäksi siellä näyttäisi olevan poliitikkoja, jotka ovat nousseet asemaansa toimittuaan ensin joko journalistina, puoluetoimitsijana tai eri etujärjestöjen toimitsijana. Kaiken kaikkiaan Weberin herruudelle rakentuva poliittisen toiminnan malli näyttäisi soveltuvan hyvin myös oman aikamme poliittisen järjestelmän kuvaamiseen.
Ihmistieteilijän perusteos
Werberille ominaista on, että vaikka hän puhui omasta ajastaan, tarkastelu siirtyy tuon tuostakin yleiselle tasolle. Siksi molemmat luennot ovat yhä tänä päivänä ajatuksia herättävää luettavaa. Luentojen otsikoissa oleva saksankielinen termi 'Beruf' on suomennoksissa käännetty kahdella termillä 'ammatti' ja 'kutsumus' (ks. Hietaniemi 2009, 11). Vielä muutama vuosikymmen sitten oli Suomessakin tapana puhua ammatista kutsumuksena ja käytettiinpä opettajan ja sairaanhoitajan kaltaisista tehtävistä nimitystä kutsumusammatti. Tavallisen ammatin ja kutsumuksen välinen ero – näin ainakin suomalaisessa kulttuuripiirissä – oli se,
että edellistä tehdään ensisijassa palkan tähden, kun taas jälkimmäisessä tärkeintä on se asia, jota kutsuun vastannut haluaa edistää. Nykyään tällainen puhetapa on selvästi harvinaistunut. Saksan kielessä erottelua ammatteihin ja kutsumusammatteihin ei kuitenkaan tarvitse tehdä, sillä siellä jokainen ammatti on samalla myös kutsumus.
Kaiken kaikkiaan Tiede ja politiikka on antoisa lukukokemus. Rohkenen väittää, että se on tänä päivänä ajankohtaisempi kuin parikymmentä vuotta sitten, jolloin weberiläinen katsantokanta sijoittui kahden atomisodanuhkaa ylläpitävän sotilasmahdin välissä olevalle eikenenkään maalle. Kääntäjät ovat onnistuneet hyvin työssään. Tosin politiikkaa koskevassa osiossa on kohtia, joissa suomenkielisen tekstin alta voi tunnistaa saksan kielen monimutkaiset lauserakenteet. Ei tämä ole mitenkään huono asia, sillä näin lukija tuntee pääsevänsä entistäkin lähemmäksi weberiläistä ajatusmaailmaa. Toisaalta, laadukkaasta jäljestään huolimatta käännös on kuitenkin aina käännös. Onneksi merkitysvivahteista kiinnostunut lukija voi epävarmoissa kohdissa turvautua alkukielisiin teksteihin, ne on nimittäin saatavilla myös verkossa (Max Weber 1919, 1922). Innokkaimmilla on mahdollisuus lukea myös alkuperäisiä fraktuuralla painettuja laitoksia, sillä ne on asianharrastajien iloksi julkaistu valokuvamuodossa (Wikimedia: Politik als Beruf; Wissenschaft als Beruf). Pieteetillä tehdyn käännöstyön ansiosta alkukielisiä tekstejä voi helposti lukea rinnan suomennosten kanssa.
Mutta ei niin paljon hyvää etteikö jotain huonoakin: Weberin tekstit ovat sisällöltään niin rikkaita, että niihin perehtyminen kaipaisi tuekseen asiasanahakemistoa. Vähintäänkin olisi voitu tehdä niin, että tekstien keskeiset teemat olisi tuotu esiin apuotsikoiden avulla, kuten esimerkiksi englanninkielisissä käännöksissä on tehty. Vaan ehkäpä tässäkin näkyy kääntäjien kunnioittava suhtautuminen alkutekstiä kohtaan. Weberin hyväksymissä laitoksissa ei näet ole sen enempää väliotsikoita kuin asiasanaluetteloakaan.
Tässä tarkasteltavaan käännökseen liittyy traaginen sivujuonteensa. Wissenchaft als Beruf -luennon kääntäjä Risto Hannula ehti siirtyä tuonilmaisiin ennen teoksen julkaisemista. Kriitikkona ja kulttuuritoimittajana päivätyönsä tehnyt Hannula oli kuollessaan 71-vuotias. Hänen Weber-käännöksensä on julkaistu aiemmin Klaus Mäkelän juhlakirjassa 1980luvulla. Käsillä olevaa teosta varten käännöksen tarkisti ja alaviittein varusti Tapani Hietaniemi, joka vastasi myös Politik als Beruf -luennon käännöstyöstä. Vain muutama kuukausi teoksen ilmestymisen jälkeen päättyi äkillisesti myös Tapani Hietaniemen elämä. Kuollessaan hän oli 51-vuotias. Ihmiset katoavat, ajatukset elävät.
Viitteet
[1] Vuodelta 2010 löytyy vastaavanlainen esimerkki: Kiina on yksipuoluemaa, jota hallitaan käytännössä diktatorisin ottein. Sen talouskasvu hakee kuitenkin vertaistaan maailmassa. Keisariajan Saksan tapaan Kiina on estänyt ammattiliittojen toiminnan. Harvainvaltainen järjestelmä mahdollistaa myös Kolmen rotkon padon kaltaisten jättimäisten hankkeiden toteuttamisen tarvitsematta hukata aikaa ja energiaa neuvonpitoihin paikallisten asukkaiden kanssa.
[2] Weber itse toteaa tulleensa kutsutuksi professorinvirkaan enemmän eräiden sattumien kuin tieteellisten näyttöjensä ansiosta: "Kuvittelenkin että minulla tämän kokemuksen vuoksi on tavallista tarkempi silmä havaita, kuinka epäoikeutettu on ollut niiden monien kohtalo, joiden kanssa sattuma on leikitellyt ja yhä leikittelee täsmälleen päin vastoin [kuin omassa tapauksessani] ja jotka kaikesta kyvykkyydestään huolimatta eivät tässä valintakoneistossa pääse ansaitsemalleen paikalle." (Tiede ammattina 29–30.)
[3] Tieteen ja taiteen välinen vertailu jää yllättävän hataraksi, sillä näihin kumpaankin pätee,
että vain osa tuotoksista säilyttää arvonsa muita pidempään. Weber uskoo kuitenkin löytäneensä ratkaisevan eroavuuden: Tieteellinen työ on valjastettu palvelemaan edistystä. [---] Koko tieteellisen työn mielekkyys perustuu siihen, että tieteen on [---] uhrauduttava sille, että jokainen tieteellinen "täyttymys" merkitsee uusia "kysymyksiä" ja sen päämääränä on tulla "ylitetyksi" ja vanhentua. (Tiede ammattina, 38–39.) – Weberin tuotannon pysyvä arvo kumoaa jo itsessään tämän väitteen.
[4] Tämän jaon Weber oli omaksunut James Bryceltä, joka teoksessaan The American commonwealth (ensimmäinen painos 1889) esitteli politiikan ammattilaisten kaksi perustyyppiä "living for and off politics". (Palonen 2006, 34; Pombeni 2008, 43.)
[5] Vakaumusetiikassa on ongelmallista se, että epätäydellisessä maailmassa voi hyvää tarkoittavilla päätöksillä olla kielteisiä seuraamuksia. Weberin ajatusta voi konkretisoida parilla lähihistoriasta poimitulla esimerkillä: Neuvostoliitossa leivän hintaa pidettiin keinotekoisesti alhaisena, jotta kenenkään ei tarvitsisi korkean hinnan tähden nähdä nälkää. Aikaa myöten tämä johti kuitenkin siihen, että ihmiset alkoivat korvata leivällä hinnaltaan kalliimpaa eläinrehua. Omana aikanamme on köyhien maiden maataloutta pyritty edistämään kehittämällä aiempaa satoisempia viljalajikkeita. Nämä kuitenkin tarvitsevat keinolannoitteita, minkä tähden viljelijät alkavat jo muutaman huonon vuoden jälkeen uhkaavasti velkaantua. Epätoivoisimmat ajautuvat itsemurhaan. Hyvin aikomuksin toteutettu uudistus johti siten kurjuuden lisääntymiseen.
[6] "Kunst des Möglichen", tämä politiikan määritelmä on peräisin Bismarckilta. Erottuakseen tästä reaalipolitiikan arkkityypistä Weber kuitenkin lisäsi, että tavoitellakseen mahdollista poliitikon täytyy joskus tavoitella sellaista, mikä näyttää mahdottomalta. (Llange 2007, 484.)
[7] Arvatenkin juuri Adolf Hitler on saattanut jotkin Weberin esittämät ajatukset huonoon valoon, puolustelivathan joukkotuhosta syytetyt toimiaan sillä, että he olivat vain "noudattaneet heille annettuja käskyjä". Toisaalta on huomattava, että toimiva hallinto edellyttää, etteivät virkamiehet ja puoluetoimitsijat kaappaa itselleen tehtäviä, jotka kuuluvat poliittisten päättäjien toimialaan. Hitlerin valtaannousu johtui demokratialle epäedullisista suhdanteista, jotka Weber politiikkaluennossaan tarkkasilmäiseen tapaansa ennakoi. Weber näet toteaa, että ainoa tapa lopettaa sodat on tehdä rauha, jossa osapuolet pakotetaan palaamaan lähtötilanteeseen (Politiikka ammattina, 135–136). Hitlerin valtaannousu olisi ollut mahdottomuus ilman Versaillesin rauhaa, jossa Saksasta tehtiin sodan ainoa syypää, minkä varjolla Saksalle langetettiin ankarat sotakorvaukset. Kun sitten sodan päättymisen jälkeen näkyvään asemaan nousi kaksi aiemmin poliittisen vallan ulkopuolella pidettyä ryhmää, nimittäin sosiaalidemokraattinen puolue ja juutalaiset, antoi tämä lisäpontta väitteelle "selkään puukottajista", jotka olivat osaltaan aiheuttaneet Saksan alennustilan. (Pfaff 2002, 93.)
Verkosta löytyvät alkukieliset tekstit
Weber, Max 1919. Politik als beruf [www-lähde]. <http://www.textlog.de/weber_politik_beruf. html> (Luettu 2.5.2010)
Weber, Max 1922. Wissenschaft als beruf [www-lähde]. <http://www.textlog.de/weber_wissen_ beruf.html> (Luettu 2.5.2010)
Wikimedia, Politik als Beruf [www-lähde]. <http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Politik_als_ Beruf> (luettu 10.5.2010)
Wikimedia, Wissenschaft als Beruf [www-lähde]. <http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ Wisenschaft_als_Beruf> (luettu 10.5.2010)
Kirjallisuus
Eliaesaon, Sven & Palonen, Kari 2004. Introduction: Max Weber's relevance as a theorist of politics. Max Weber Studies 4 (2), 135–142.
Hennis Wilhelm 1994. The meaning of 'Wertfreiheit' on the background and motives of Max Weber's "Postulate". Sociological Theory 12 (2), 113–125.
Hietaniemi, Tapani 2009. Johdatusta Max Weberin tieteeseen ja politiikkaan. Teoksessa Max Weber, Tiede ja politiikka. Tampere: Vastapaino, 7–21.
Llange, Marcus 2007. Max Weber on the relation between power politics and politival ideals. Constellations 14 (4), 483–497.
Mommsen, Wolfgang J. 1984. Max Weber and German politics 1890–1920. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Palonen, Kari 2006. Sombart and Weber on Professional Politicians. Max Weber Studies 6 (1), 33–50.
Pfaff, Steven 2002. Nationalism, charisma, and plebiscitary leadership: the problem of democratization in Max Weber's political sociology. Sociological Inquiry 72 (1), 81–107.
Pombeni, Paolo 2008. Charismatic leadership between ideal type and ideology. Journal of Political Ideologies 13 (1), 37–54.
Turner, S.P. 2001. Weber, Max (1864–1920). International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences. Oxford: Elsevier, 16401–16407.
KT Risto Ikonen on yliopistonlehtori Itä-Suomen yliopistossa. | <urn:uuid:8627f766-6fbc-4a9d-ab04-a929c6e5ea32> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/fin_Latn/train | finepdfs | fin_Latn | 43,616 |
Metro Centre at Owings Mills
LAI Baltimore Chapter – October, 2016 meeting
On October 19 th , Lynn Abeshouse of Abeshouse Partners visited the Baltimore Chapter of LAI to present an overview of the only Baltimore County transit oriented development (TOD) known as Metro Centre at Owings Mills.
Lynn began her presentation by taking us back to 1984, which is when Baltimore County promulgated a new Master Plan designating Owings Mills and White Marsh as the two major growth areas of the County. This designation enabled the flow of Federal and State transportation dollars to build I‐795, Red Run Blvd, and other transportation infrastructure within Owings Mills. And following the flow of transportation dollars, The Rouse Company developed the Owings Mills Mall and 2 high‐rise office buildings, whose anchor tenant was Alexander & Alexander. Thus began a wave of commercial and residential development within Owings Mills that is still ongoing. Thousands of housing units and millions of SF of office and industrial space has been developed in the decades that followed Owings Mills' designation as a growth area of Baltimore County, but the "Town Center", now known as Metro Centre, didn't begin to be developed until "about 5 years ago", according to Lynn.
"About 5 years ago, Willard Hackerman (renowned local businessman who started Whiting Turner Construction, and who passed away in 2015), called Howard Brown with an offer to joint venture" the development of the Town Center. Howard accepted the invitation, and together he and Mr. Hackerman developed the initial component of Metro Centre, which consisted of a structured parking garage capable of accommodating just under 3,000 cars. Today Howard Brown has sole control of Metro Centre and is steadily developing this huge project.
Metro Centre consists of 45 acres of land at the intersection of I‐795 and Painters Mill Road, directly adjacent to the Owings Mills Metro Station. Below is the master site plan for Metro Centre:
To date, phase 1 includes (i) the Baltimore County Community College and Library building of 120,000 sf; (ii) 232 one and two bedroom apartments in two buildings with 56,000 SF of 1st floor retail; (iii) a 143,000 SF office building with 47,000 SF of 1 st floor retail; and (iv) two structured parking garages with just under 5,000 parking spaces. In addition, a 235 room hotel will break down in early 2017 in a JV with David Hillman of Southern Management. "Howard's philosophy is to build on spec", so that tenants can "kick the tires" and not have to rely on their own imaginations to envision what it would be like to lease an apartment or an office space within Metro Centre. Interestingly, the road systems leading into Metro Centre allow cars to exit I‐795, in both northbound and southbound directions, and arrive on the project's main avenue (Grand Central Avenue) without being inconvenienced by a traffic light, as highlighted in this overview:
With just its current development to date, Metro Centre attracts 50,000 visitors per month to the College and Library, 5,000 Metro commuters park each day, and more than 1M people each year commute from Owings Mills into Baltimore City using the Metro. With the bulk of Metro Centre yet to be developed, those already impressive numbers will likely skyrocket over the coming decades. In fact, all development to date has been confined to Metro Centre's "South Campus". The "North Campus" will add approx. 650,000 additional SF of office space, serviced by a 3,200 space parking garage, and a 46,000 SF upscale grocery store.
With an already sizable foundation of prominent corporate businesses located within Owings Mills (T. Rowe Price, Carefirst, Toyota, and ADP to name a few), the emergence of a true walkable, TOD town center will greatly enhance the appeal of Owings Mills as a live/work/play environment.
As Lynn completed her overview of Metro Centre, a question arose regarding a sizable new retail development nearby, known as Foundry Row. How will this new retail development, with its "hot" anchor tenant, Wegmans, affect the prospects and viability of Metro Centre? Lynn opined that the addition of such high quality retail in close proximity to Metro Centre will be good for all of Owings Mills. However, the attendant increase in auto traffic is of significant concern, considering that nearby Reisterstown Road is already overcrowded. Lynn further opined that these likely overcrowded traffic conditions will push people towards Metro Centre. Her implication was clear: It's good to be a sexy TOD in this increasingly crowded world. | <urn:uuid:a3053ea9-4db7-4695-86d3-bd5b49982dbd> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 4,625 |
CAMERA DEPUTAŢILOR
LEGE
pentru respingerea Ordonanţei de urgenţă a Guvernului nr. 176/2008 privind majorarea capitalului social al CEC BANK – S.A.
Camera Deputaţilor adoptă prezentul proiect de lege.
Articol unic. – Se respinge Ordonanţa de urgenţă a Guvernului nr. 176 din 19 noiembrie 2008 privind majorarea capitalului social al CEC BANK – S.A., publicată în Monitorul Oficial al României, Partea I, nr. 804 din 2 decembrie 2008.
Acest proiect de lege a fost adoptat de Camera Deputaţilor în şedinţa din 9 iunie 2010, cu respectarea prevederilor art. 76 alin. (2) din Constituţia României, republicată.
PREŞEDINTELE CAMEREI DEPUTAŢILOR
Roberta Alma Anastase | <urn:uuid:4a542e19-703d-40e6-b980-08bdf1ad3fc7> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ron_Latn/train | finepdfs | ron_Latn | 671 |
Merenkulun ja vesiliikenteen ympäristöasiat
Vesitiepäivä 2020 –seminaari, Lappeenranta
29.1.2020
Suna Kymäläinen, liikenne- ja viestintävaliokunnan pj (sd.)
Lähtökohta: Marinin hallituksen ohjelma
Liikenteen päästöjen puolittaminen 2030 mennessä
Suomesta hiilineutraali yhteiskunta 2035 mennessä
Päästövähennyksiä täytyy tehdä kaikissa liikennemuodoissa
Vesiliikenne tarjoaa päästövähennyksiin hyvät mahdollisuudet – liikenne pois kumipyöriltä
Hallitusohjelmakirjaukset
Laaditaan sisävesiliikenteen kehittämisohjelma ottaen huomioon elinkeinoelämän ja vesiensuojelun kannalta parhaat kohteet.
Osana liikenteen päästöjen vähentämiseen tähtääviä toimia edistetään sisävesiliikennettä EU:n tavoitteiden mukaisesti esimerkiksi pidentämällä Saimaan kanavan sulut hyödyntäen EU:n rahoitusmahdollisuus.
Järvimatkailun edistämiseksi ja vesien laadun parantamiseksi voidaan toteuttaa kanavahankkeita yhteistyössä alueen toimijoiden kanssa.
Mm. Saimaan kanavan sulkujen pidentäminen mahdollistaa suuremman laivakoon ja lastikapasiteetin pienempi hiilijalanjälki/kuljetettu tonni
12-vuotinen valtakunnallinen liikennejärjestelmäsuunnitelma
Liikennejärjestelmää kehitetään kokonaisuutena pitkäjänteisesti yli hallituskausien
Mahdollistaa laajemman kokonaiskuvan ja suunnittelun sekä hankkeiden ajoittamisen pidemmälle aikavälille, mikä näkyy myös kustannuksissa ja isompien investointien läpiviemisessä koko maassa.
Sosiaalinen kestävyys, alueellinen tasapainoisuus, sujuva liikkuminen, ilmaston lämpenemisen hillintä
Merenkulku ja vesiliikenne osana muuta liikennejärjestelmää!
Liikenne Itämerellä ja Saimaalla
Itämeri yksi maailman liikennöidyimmistä meristä
Kytkeytyminen eurooppalaisiin TEN-Tverkkoihin: Itämeren kautta kulkevat sekä Skandinavia–Välimeri että Pohjanmeri–Itämeri -ydinverkkokäytävät
Merten moottoritie (MoS) -tavoitteen seurauksena merikuljetukset voisivat luoda vaihtoehdon maantiekuljetuksille
Suomen satamat 2017 (sis. Saimaan satamat)
Vienti: 51,5 Mt
Saimaan kanava Suomen merkittävin sisävesireitti
Tuonti: 47,3 Mt
Ympäristöhaittojen vähentäminen: Vesiliikennelaki (782/2019)
Viime vuonna säädettiin uusi vesiliikennelaki, jossa otetaan kantaa myös ympäristöhaittojen ehkäisemiseen ja torjumiseen
Käsiteltiin liikenne- ja viestintävaliokunnassa
Mm. 5 §:ssä säädetään vesikulkuneuvon käyttämistä koskevista yleisistä velvollisuuksista: vesillä liikkuminen ei saa aiheuttaa vaaraa tai merkittävää tai tarpeetonta haittaa tai häiriötä luonnolle tai muulle ympäristölle, kalastukselle, yleiselle luonnon virkistyskäytölle tai muulle yleiselle tai yksityiselle edulle.
Traficom voi myös mm. kieltää vesikulkuneuvolla liikkumisen määrätyllä vesialueella (101 §).
132 §: Lain noudattamisen valvonta kuuluu ympäristöhaittojen ehkäisemisen ja niiden torjumisen osalta toimivaltaiselle elinkeino-, liikenne- ja ympäristökeskukselle sen toimialueella.
Ympäristöhaittojen vähentäminen: Rikkidirektiivi
Vuoden 2015 alusta alusten rikin oksidipäästöjä koskevat määräykset tiukentuivat myös Itämeren alueella EU:n rikkidirektiivin seurauksena.
Alusten polttoaineen rikkipitoisuus max 0,1 %
Taustalla Kansainvälisen merenkulkujärjestön (IMO) hyväksymät uudistetut ilmansuojelumääräykset
Vaihtoehtoja: Matalarikkiset polttoaineet, rikkipesurit tai vaihtoehtoiset polttoaineet kuten nesteytetty maakaasu (LNG)
Laivaliikenteen rikkipäästöt vaikuttavat ilmanlaatuun erityisesti tiheästi asutuilla rannikkoseuduilla. Rikkiin on sitoutuneena myös pienhiukkasia, jotka ovat erityisen haitallisia ihmisen terveydelle.
Tutkimusten mukaan polttoaineen rikkipitoisuuden rajoittaminen on vähentänyt merkittävästi rikkidioksidin määrää ilmassa Itä- ja Pohjanmeren rannikoilla.
Peloista huolimatta ei merkittävästi heikentänyt Suomen vientiteollisuuden kilpailukykyä.
Ympäristöhaittojen vähentäminen: NECA-sopimukset
Kansainvälisen merenkulkujärjestön IMO:n meriympäristökomitea hyväksyi 2016 Itämeren ja Pohjanmeren typen oksidipäästöjen erityisalueiksi (NECA), joilla typen oksidipäästöjä valvotaan ja joilla typen oksidipäästöjä pitää vähentää 80 %.
1.1.2021 jälkeen rakennettaviin laivoihin tulee asentaa katalysaattori tai niiden tulee siirtyä käyttämään LNG:ta polttoaineena.
LNG täyttää NECA-päästövaatimukset sekä vähentää lisäksi alusten rikkipäästöt lähes kokonaan, samoin merkittävästi hiukkaspäästöjä sekä noin 20 % CO2-päästöjä.
LNG:n saatavuus tulee EU:n vaihtoehtoisten polttoaineiden infrastruktuuria koskevan direktiivin mukaisesti taata kaikissa eurooppalaisten TEN-ydinverkkojen satamissa vuoteen 2025 mennessä.
Päätös vähentää Itämeren typpikuormitusta ja rehevöitymistä (Itämeren suurin ympäristöongelma).
Lisäkustannukset Suomeen suuntautuvalle merenkululle todennäköisesti vähäiset (Kustannukset pienenevät kun LNG:n käyttö lisääntyy).
EU:n vihreän kehityksen ohjelma (European Green Deal)
EU edelläkävijänä ilmastotavoitteissa – Euroopasta ensimmäinen ilmastoneutraali maanosa 2050 mennessä
Huom. Suomen omat tavoitteet kunnianhimoisemmat!
Toimenpiteitä seitsemällä politiikan alalla, näistä yksi on kestävä liikkuvuus
Vesiliikenne tuottaa 13,4 % EU:n liikennesektorin kasvihuonekaasupäästöistä
Vrt. tieliikenne 71,7 %
Vesiliikenteen osalta EU:n vihreän kehityksen ohjelmassa kaavaillaan mm. päästökaupan laajentamista koskemaan merenkulkualaa. | <urn:uuid:c51260ae-9576-4906-bcce-df4ae3367c6b> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/fin_Latn/train | finepdfs | fin_Latn | 5,314 |
GF FIDELITE - P
31 juillet 2020
VALORISATION
FRAIS
CLASSIFICATION ET PROFIL DE RISQUE
CLASSIFICATION Multi-actifs
1 2
4 5
Risque plus faible
Rendement potentiellement
6 7
Risque plus élevé
Rendement potentiellement plus élevé
Il nest pas certain que la catégorie de risque et de rendement affichée demeure inchangée et le classement du fonds est susceptible dévoluer dans le temps. Pour plus dinformations sur les risques du Fonds, veuillez-vous reporter à la partie risques du prospectus.
OBJECTIF D'INVESTISSEMENT
L'objectif du fonds est de rechercher une performance, à moyen terme, supérieure à celle mesurée par son indice de référence. Le FCP est investi jusqu'à 100% de son actif net (ou jusqu'à 110% de l'actif net dans le cas du recours à l'emprunt d'espèces) en OPCVM français ou européens, et jusqu'à 30% de son actif en FIA et fonds d'investissement respectant les 4 critères définis par l'article R.214-13 du Code monétaire et financier. Les principales zones géographiques d'investissement sont l'Europe, les Etats-Unis et la zone Asie-Pacifique. Le FCP peut investir sur les marchés émergents (hors OCDE) dans une limite de 10% de son actif. Le FCP est exposé, via des OPCVM, FIA et fonds d'investissement, entre 0% et 35% de son actif, au risque actions de tous secteurs et de toutes capitalisations boursières. La part monétaire est comprise entre 0% et 100% de l'actif. L'exposition obligataire est comprise entre 0% et 100% de l'actif. Le FCP peut investir en obligations d'état ou en obligations privées, non spéculatives selon les analyses de la société de gestion. Le FCP peut cependant investir jusqu'à 20% de son actif dans des titres spéculatifs. Le FCP pourra investir en obligations convertibles
ANALYSE DE LA PERFORMANCE AU 31 JUILLET 2020
PRINCIPALES CARACTÉRISTIQUES
Allocation d'actifs diversifiée et flexible pour s'adapter à l'environnement et aux anticipations de marché
Fonds patrimonial avec un objectif de valorisation maîtrisée du capital
Profil défensif avec une exposition aux actions internationales de maximum 35 % de l'actif du portefeuille
Les performances passées ne préjugent pas des performances futures et peuvent être trompeuses. Les performances sont indiquées après déduction des frais et charges pour la période concernée. Toutes les données relatives à la performance les rendements reflètent le réinvestissement de dividendes et ne prennent pas en compte les commissions et les frais induits par l'émission et le rachat dactions/de parts.
Veuillez prendre connaissance des informations importantes figurant à la fin du présent document. Tout investissement dans le fonds/compartiment comporte des risques, y compris de perte éventuelle de capital. Veuillez lire les KIID et le prospectus pour en savoir plus à propos de ces risques. Les informations légales concernant le fonds/compartiment sont disponibles sur le site web : www.generali-investment.com
Lindicateur de référence a été modifié le 30 janvier 2018. Auparavant, lindicateur de référence était : 30% EONIA coupons nets réinvestis / 50% JPM EMU all maturity coupons nets réinvestis / 20% MSCI World calculé dividendes nets réinvestis depuis Février 2013.
ogra
N
N
N
N
N
N N
N
N
0010113894
N
N
N
N
N
001
0010113894
0113894
0010113894
N
0010113894
N
0010113894
DATE
DATE
DATE
DATE
DATE
DATE DATE
DATE
DATE
20200731
DATE
DATE
DATE
DATE
DATE
20200731
20200731
20200731
DATE
20200731
DATE
20200731
PortfolioRef
PortfolioRef
PortfolioRef
14844
PortfolioRef
PortfolioRef
PortfolioRef
PortfolioRef
14844
14844
14844 PortfolioRef
14844
PortfolioRef
14844
0007165631
20200731
14844
0010113894
20200731
14844
Market N/A EQ-Sec
PortfolioCurCode
PortfolioCurCode
PortfolioCurCode
PortfolioCurCode
PortfolioCurCode
N/A N/A
LEVEL1TYPE
LEVEL1TYPE
LEVEL1TYPE
PortfolioCurCode
LEVEL1TYPE
LEVEL1TYPE
PortfolioCurCode
PortfolioCurCode LEVEL1TYPE
LEVEL1TYPE
PortfolioCurCode
PortfolioCurCode LEVEL1TYPE
EUR
MISS.RULE
LEVEL1TYPE
PortfolioCurCode
PortfolioCurCode
LEVEL1TYPE
PortfolioCurCode
EUR
LEVEL1TYPE
LEVEL1TYPE
PortfolioCurCode
EUR
EUR PortfolioCurCode
EUR
PortfolioCurCode
EUR
EUR
0010113894 20200731 EUR 14844 0010113894 20200731 EUR 14844 POSITIONS & TRANSACTIONS
0010113894
20200731
14844
2908761018
20200731
14844
0010113894 20200731 14844 0010113894 20200731 14844 02079K1079 20200731 14844 TOP 10 DU MOIS PRÉCÉDENT
0010113894
20200731
14844
001
3278
600006
20200731
14844
001
0010113894
133
0010113894
00BHJYC05
0010113894
0010570767
097
608
336
1
NET_M1
Sub-fund
NET_M1
Sub-fund
11
NET_M1
N/A
NET_YTD
Benchmar Absolute
NET_YTD
Sub-fund Sub-fund
NET_YTD
Benchmar Absolute
Sub-fund
NET_PREVIOU
NET_PREVIOU
NET_PREVIOU
Benchmar Absolute
Sub-fund
Sub-fund Benchmar
100.00 100.00
Benchmar
Sub-fund
Sub-fund
Benchmar
Benchmar
Sub-fund
59.08
Benchmar Absolute
Benchmar
Sub-fund
1.57
99.98 Sector
98.43
Sector
0.02
Benchmar Absolute
-0.00001500
Benchmar Absolute
0.00
0.00000000
49.96
99.83
70.22
Gross % of portfolio
28.20790100
0.02 0.29 Biens d'équipement
1.57
39.34
0.00
0.00
LEVEL1TYPE
n/a
LEVEL1TYPE
Liquidités
EUR SecurityName
MISS.RULE
SecurityName
USD SARTORIUS
Liquidités
< 5 Mds
CAD
>30 Mds
0.20
0.00
0.01
15.65
EMERA INC (EMA CT) Services aux
HKD
10-30 Mds
ALPHABET INC-CL C Médias et loisirs
NZD KEISEI ELECTRIC
0.00
0.00
0.00 Transpo
0.00
3.44
rts er
0.00
0.96
0.00
0.00
0.00
Rating
0.00
0.00000000
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00 -0.12 CHOCOLADEFABRIKENAlimentation, boissons 0.00
tion, boissons 0.00
cifié
0.00
0.00
EUR
EUR
EUR
EUR
EUR
EUR
RATIOS
ANALYSE DES PERFORMANCES ET DES INDICATEURS DE RISQUES
DRAWDOWN
Veuillez prendre connaissance des informations importantes figurant à la fin du présent document. Tout investissement dans le fonds/compartiment comporte des risques, y compris de perte éventuelle de capital. Veuillez lire les KIID et le prospectus pour en savoir plus à propos de ces risques. Les informations légales concernant le
fonds/compartiment sont disponibles sur le site web : www.generali-investment.com
Les performances des titres en portefeuille ne représentent pas la performance globale du portefeuille. Chaque titre en portefeuille affiche une performance indépendante des autres titres. Le gérant peut modifier lallocation du portefeuille de manière discrétionnaire.
Gross % of portfolio
Curren
N/A N/A
CONTRIBUTION AU RENDEMENT À LA FIN DU MOIS PRÉCÉDENT
Fonds Benchmark
MODALITÉS DE SOUSCRIPTION / RACHAT
Information importante
Le produit est un fonds commun de placement (FCP) de droit français dont la société de gestion est Generali Investments Partners S.p.A Società di gestione del risparmio. Les informations contenues dans le présent document relatives aux produits et services fournis par Generali Investments Partners S.p.A. Società di gestione del risparmio sont exclusivement données à titre purement informatif. Par ailleurs, elles ne constituent ni en totalité, ni en partie, une offre, une recommandation personnalisée ou une sollicitation en vue de la souscription ou du rachat de parts du fonds. Ce document ne constitue en aucun cas une recommandation implicite ni explicite d'une stratégie ou d'un conseil en investissement. Avant toute transaction, l'investisseur doit avoir pris connaissance des documents réglementaires en vigueur qui lui ont été communiqués. Les informations contenues dans ce document sont régulièrement mises à jour par Generali Investments Partners S.p.A. Società di gestione del risparmio qui n'assume aucune responsabilité en cas d'erreurs ou d'omissions et en cas de pertes ou dommages résultant de l'utilisation de ces informations à d'autres fins que celles pour lesquelles elles sont prévues. Les performances passées ne préjugent pas des performances futures. Nous ne pouvons garantir que les performances futures auront une quelconque correspondance avec les performances mentionnées dans le présent document. Il est recommandé de vérifier la réglementation en vigueur, consultable sur notre site Internet www.generaliinvestments.com. Le client devra lire attentivement le Document d'Information Clé pour l'Investisseur (DICI), qui doit lui être soumis avant toute souscription ainsi que le prospectus ; ces documents sont disponibles sur notre site Internet (www.generali-investments.com) et auprès des distributeurs. Generali Investments est la marque commerciale de Generali Investments Partners S.p.A. Società di gestione del risparmio, Generali Insurance Asset Management S.p.A. Società di gestione del risparmio, Generali Investments Luxembourg S.A. and Generali Investments Holding S.p.A.. Generali Investments fait partie du Groupe Generali créé en 1831 à Trieste sous le nom de Assicurazioni Generali Austro-Italiche.
Veuillez prendre connaissance des informations importantes figurant à la fin du présent document. Tout investissement dans le fonds/compartiment comporte des risques, y compris de perte éventuelle de capital. Veuillez lire les KIID et le prospectus pour en savoir plus à propos de ces risques. Les informations légales concernant le fonds/compartiment sont disponibles sur le site web : www.generali-investment.com
Certaines informations contenues dans ce reporting proviennent de sources externes à Generali Investments Partners S.p.A. Società di gestione del risparmio. Néanmoins, Generali Investments Partners S.p.A. Società di gestione del risparmio décline toute responsabilité quant à lexactitude et à lexhaustivité des informations en question.
www.generali-investments.com | <urn:uuid:382b9aa6-abeb-43d6-8f21-49584816bdd5> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/fra_Latn/train | finepdfs | fra_Latn | 9,664 |
Kockázatszűrő nyilatkozat
Név:
Csoport:
| Kérdés | Igen | Nem |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------|------|-----|
| Jelentkezett-e Önnél az elmúlt három nap során újonnan kialakult | | |
| láz vagy hőemelkedés (37,5 C); | | |
| fejfájás, rossz közérzet, gyengeség, izomfájdalom; | | |
| száraz köhögés, nehézlégzés, légyszomj, szapora légvétel; | | |
| torokfájás, szaglás/ízérzés elvesztése; | | |
| émelygés, hányás, hasmenés? | | |
| Érintkezett-e az elmúlt 14 napban igazoltan koronavírus fertőzésben szenvedő beteggel? | | |
| Érintkezett-e az elmúlt 14 nap során olyan személyvel, akit hatósági karanténban különítettek el koronavírus fertőzés gyanúja miatt? | | |
| Járt-e 14 napon belül külföldön, vagy fogadott-e külföldről érkezett vendéget? | | |
| Érintkezett-e az elmúlt 14 napban olyan emberrel, akinek láza, köhögése, légyszomja volt? | | |
| Ha bármelyik kérdésre igen választ adott, rendelkezik-e 2 db, a kontaktálást / tüneteket követő negatív teszttel | | |
Büntetőjogi felelősségem tudatában kijelentem, hogy az állításaim a valóságot tükrözik.
2021. hó nap
........................................... ...........................................
kiskorú gondviselője tanuló | <urn:uuid:a1639ad9-6bcb-438b-9635-b13fa1662094> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/hun_Latn/train | finepdfs | hun_Latn | 1,558 |
Dünnwalder Kommunalweg
Legende
- Einengung
- Umleitung
- Sperrung
- Fahrbahneinengung
- Einbahnstraße
- Fahrverbot
- Baustellenampel | <urn:uuid:a9670af8-4a26-40b3-8a81-242d18cf3d5c> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/deu_Latn/train | finepdfs | deu_Latn | 133 |
Liebe Ollersdorferinnen und Ollersdorfer!
Zu Beginn dieses Jahres darf ich Ihnen viel Erfolg und Zufriedenheit, vor allem aber Gesundheit wünschen! In seiner letzten Sitzung am 6. Jänner 2025 hat der Gemeinderat mit zahlreichen Beschlüssen – darunter dem Budget 2025 – die Grundlagen für die geplanten Arbeiten im heurigen Jahr geschaffen. Leider war bereits Ende November 2024 nach Erhalt der Vorschau auf die zu erwartenden Abgaben an das Land Burgenland, die der Gemeinde ohne entsprechende Belege und ohne Kontrollmöglichkeiten gleich direkt von den Ertragsanteilen abgezogen werden, klar, dass tiefgreifende Einsparungen im Haushalt vorgenommen werden müssen. Mit rund 200.000 Euro Mehrkosten belastet das Land unsere Gemeinde. Als Gemeindeverantwortlicher würde ich nichts lieber tun, als Geld für alle vorhandenen Wünsche zur Verfügung zu stellen. Nur wenn es aufgrund des eingeschlagenen Kurses das Landes von Jahr zu Jahr weniger wird, ist dies – wenn ich die mir übertragene Verantwortung dem Steuerzahler gegenüber auch wahrnehme – leider nicht möglich. Populistische Forderungen und Aussagen, was nicht noch alles getan werden hätte sollen, sind dabei jedoch keine Lösungen. Vielmehr geholfen wäre unserer Gemeinde, gemeinsam gegen die Abzocke durch das Land und für die Interessen von Ollersdorf einzutreten. Nähere Informationen zum Budget 2025, zu den geplanten Arbeiten und zu den nötigen Einsparungsmaßnahmen können Sie in diesen Gemeindenachrichten nachlesen.
Bedanken möchte ich mich bei Ihnen auch dafür, dass Sie im Rahmen der Landtagswahl am 19. Jänner 2025 Ihr demokratisches Wahlrecht so zahlreich wahrgenommen haben. Eine Wahlbeteiligung von 88,26 % zeigt von Ihrem Interesse an den Geschehnissen in Ihrem Heimatbundesland. Ich darf Ihnen auch mitteilen, dass ich aufgrund des Wahlergebnisses den Einzug in den burgenländischen Landtag geschafft habe und möchte Ihnen gleichzeitig versichern, dass ich als Landtagsabgeordneter mit bestem Wissen und Gewissen die Interessen des Burgenlandes, vor allem aber die Interessen unseres Ollersdorf, vertreten werde.
Ihr
Bürgermeister
Gemeinderatsbeschlüsse
In seiner Sitzung am 6. Jänner 2025 hat der Gemeinderat folgende Beschlüsse gefasst:
*) ein Statut für den seit 1. Jänner 2025 von der Gemeinde übernommenen Caritas-Kindergarten zu erlassen
*) das Bedarfserhebungs- und Entwicklungskonzept des Kindergartens zur Kenntnis zu nehmen
*) mit der Gemeinde Hackerberg eine Vereinbarung über die jährliche Kostenbeteiligung für den Betrieb des Kindergartens abzuschließen.
*) mit den Gemeinden Hackerberg und Stinatz eine Kooperationsvereinbarung betreffend die gemeindeübergreifende Kinderbetreuung im Bereich des Kindergartens für die Ferientage und Fenstertage abzuschließen
*) den Dienstpostenplan der Marktgemeinde Ollersdorf im Burgenland wie im Voranschlagsentwurf vorgesehen festzulegen
*) den mittelfristigen Finanzplan für die Jahre 2026 – 2029 mit jeweils positiven Salden im Finanzierungshaushalt anzunehmen
*) die Höhe des Kassenkredites bei der Raiffeisenregionalbank Güssing-Jennersdorf mit 340.000 Euro unverändert zu lassen
*) im Jahr 2025 einen Kredit in Höhe von 185.000 Euro für die Sanierung des Wasser-Hochbehälters im Hocheck aufzunehmen
Voranschlag 2025
Ergebnishaushalt
| | EUR |
|------------------|-----------|
| Erträge | 2,620.400 |
| Aufwendungen | 2,690.800 |
| Saldo | -70.400 |
Finanzierungshaushalt
| | EUR |
|------------------|-----------|
| Einzahlungen | 2,688.300 |
| Auszahlungen | 2,685.100 |
| Saldo | 3.200 |
### Geplante Hauptausgaben
| Ausgabe | Betrag |
|----------------------------------------------|---------|
| Verwaltung | EUR 437.500 |
| Versicherungen | EUR 10.600 |
| Instandhaltung Gemeindeamt | EUR 6.000 |
| Ortsfeuerwehr | EUR 39.200 |
| Leasing Tanklöschfahrzeug | EUR 27.300 |
| Volksschule inkl. | EUR 161.100 |
| Nachmittagsbetreuung | EUR 50.000 |
| Schulbeiträge | EUR 9.000 |
| Hauptschulen | EUR 3.800 |
| Berufsschulen | EUR 8.500 |
| Sonder Schulen | EUR 496.900 |
| Musikschulen | EUR 6.000 |
| Kindergarten | EUR 177.600 |
| Jugendtaxi, Seniorentaxi und Familienpaket | EUR 107.700 |
| Sozialabgaben an das Land | EUR 6.400 |
| Sozialhilfe (+ 44,51 %) | EUR 51.300 |
| Behindertenhilfe (+ 28,22 %) | EUR 95.700 |
| Sanitätsbeitrag Land | EUR 26.700 |
| Jugendwohlfahrt (+ 35,72 %) | EUR 69.000 |
| Spitalsbeitrag (+ 64,72 %) | EUR 59.800 |
| Rettungsbeitrag (+ 90,72 %) | EUR 50.000 |
| Landesumlage | EUR 162.800 |
| Tierkörperverwertungsbeiträge | EUR 15.000 |
| Straßeninstandhaltung | EUR 4.000 |
| Straßen- u. Wegeausbau | EUR 34.800 |
| Schneeräumung und Splitt | EUR 2.500 |
| Wasserverband Thermenland | EUR 2.500 |
| Wasserversorgung laufender Betrieb (inkl. Tilgung und Zinsen) | EUR 2.500 |
| Ausbau Wasserversorgungsanlage | EUR 2.500 |
| Sanierung Wasserhochbehälter Hocheck | EUR 2.500 |
| Abwasserverband | EUR 2.500 |
| Kanal (inkl. Tilgung u. Zinsen) | EUR 2.500 |
| Ausbau der Kanalisationsanlage | EUR 2.500 |
| Müllbeseitigung | EUR 2.500 |
| Straßenbeleuchtung | EUR 2.500 |
| Ausbau Kinderspielplatz | EUR 2.500 |
| Beitrag Streminstandhaltung | EUR 2.500 |
| Fremdenverkehrsförderung | EUR 2.500 |
| Betriebsförderungen | EUR 2.500 |
| Darlehensrückzahlung (Ortsdurchfahrt, Hochwasserschutz Kölbing) | EUR 2.500 |
| Ortsbildpflege | EUR 2.500 |
| Vereinssubventionen | EUR 2.500 |
| Projekt LocalRes | EUR 2.500 |
| Girozinsen und -spesen | EUR 2.500 |
### Erwartete Haupteinnahmen
| Einnahme | Betrag |
|-----------------------------------------------|---------|
| Ertragsanteile | EUR 986.200 |
| Grundsteuer A | EUR 2.100 |
| Grundsteuer B | EUR 60.000 |
| Kommunalsteuer | EUR 80.000 |
| Wasserbezugsgebühr | EUR 75.000 |
| Kanalanschlussgebühr | EUR 8.000 |
| Kanalbenützungsgebühr | EUR 250.000 |
| Abfallbehandlungsabgabe | EUR 21.000 |
| Friedhofsentgelte | EUR 6.500 |
| Bedarfszuweisungen | EUR 150.000 |
| Personalkostenförderung Kinderg. | EUR 205.000 |
| Einnahmen Kinderg. Hackerberg | EUR 35.000 |
| Elternbeiträge Kindergarten | EUR 21.200 |
| Rückersatz Kosten Flächenwidmung | EUR 16.000 |
| Mieten | EUR 8.000 |
| Zuschüsse für Wasserleitung u. Kanalbau | EUR 23.500 |
| Kreditaufnahme Sanierung | EUR 185.000 |
| Wasserhochbehälter Hocheck | EUR 6.000 |
| Wasseranschlussgebühren | EUR 5.000 |
| Zählermieten | EUR 10.000 |
| Elternbeiträge Nachmittagsbetr. | EUR 37.000 |
| Beitrag Land Güterwegbau | EUR 5.000 |
| Stromverkauf Photovoltaik | EUR 25.000 |
| Förderungen EU Projekt LocalRes | EUR 310.000 |
| Förderung für Arbeitnehmer Bund | EUR 39.600 |
| Zuschuss vom Pflegefonds Bund | EUR 12.000 |
| Kanalmitbenützung durch Land | EUR 4.300 |
### Vorhaben 2025
Der finanzielle Spielraum aller Gemeinden wird durch die exorbitante Steigerung der Abgaben an das Land Burgenland immer geringer. Während im Jahr 2024 noch 350.600 Euro für Abgaben an das Land Burgenland vorgesehen waren, sind es für 2025 bereits 507.500 (+ 44,76 % !!!). Zusätzlich wurden durch eine Änderung der Richtlinien für die Personalkostenförderung der Kindergärten – die am 20. Dezember 2024 ohne vorherige Ankündigung erfolgte – rund 50.000 Euro weniger ausbezahlt. **Insgesamt fehlen Ollersdorf daher für das Jahr 2025 allein durch diese Maßnahmen rund 200.000 Euro.** Dass diese Vorgangsweise des Landes Burgenland zwangswise Konsequenzen für die Gemeindebürgerinnen und Gemeindebürger nach sich zieht, ist leider unumgänglich. Nachstehend finden Sie nähere Informationen dazu.
Aussetzung Förderungen
Aufgrund der vorher erwähnten Fakten war es leider nötig, ab 1. Jänner 2025 folgende Fördermaßnahmen der Gemeinde bis auf weiteres auszusetzen:
*) Heizkostenzuschuss
*) Zuschuss für Jahres-, Semester- und Klimatickets für Studenten
*) Förderung von Alternativenergieanlagen
*) Zuschuss zum Fahrsicherheitstraining
*) Bildungsehrung
Folgende weitere Maßnahmen sind ebenfalls nötig geworden:
*) Absage des traditionellen Golfturnieres
*) Reduzierung der maximal zu beziehenden Jugendtaxischeine von 30 auf 10 Stück pro Jahr und anspruchsberechtigter Person
Vereinsförderungen:
Obwohl allen Gemeindeverantwortlichen bewusst ist, dass Vereine äußerst wertvolle Arbeit für die Dorfgemeinschaft leisten, mussten aufgrund der leider sehr uneinsichtigen Vorgangsweise des Landes Burgenland – seit Jahren explodieren die Abgaben an das Land, ohne dass dagegen auch nur ansatzweise etwas unternommen wird – auch im Vereinsbereich Einsparungen vorgenommen werden. Diese kommen dadurch zum Ausdruck, dass im Budget des Jahres 2025 leider keine finanziellen Unterstützungen für Vereine vorgesehen werden konnten. Aufrecht bleiben hingegen die „Naturalförderungen“ für die Vereine – wie z. B. Erlass der Wasserbezugsgebühren, Erlass der Kanalbenützungsgebühren, Übernahme der Heizkosten für den Pensionistenverein, mietfreies Probelokal für den Gesangverein usw.
Sollten sich die Rahmenbedingungen ändern und die Abzüge des Landes wieder jenes Niveau erreichen, das sie noch 2024 hatten, werden alle ausgesetzten Fördermaßnahmen wieder in Kraft treten!
Arbeitsschwerpunkte 2025
Sanierung Wasserhochbehälter Hocheck
Die Decke des Wasserhochbehälters im Hocheck im Bereich des Hauses Prenner ist „in die Jahre“ gekommen und muss saniert werden. Die Kosten dafür werden auf rund 185.000 Euro geschätzt und müssen fremdfinanziert werden.
Wasserver- und Abwasserentsorgung
Die im Bereich der Kreuzung Bergsteig/Neudauer Landstraße sowie in der Oswaldgasse neu geschaffenen Wasserversorgungs- und Abwasserbeseitigungsanlagen werden abfinanziert.
Erweiterung Kinderspielplatz
Um den Kinderspielplatz der Gemeinde attraktiver zu gestalten und zusätzliche Spielangebote zu schaffen, wurde im heurigen Jahr erweitert. Dafür wurde im Budget ein Betrag von 40.000 Euro zur Verfügung gestellt.
Glasfaserausbau
Der im Jahr 2024 begonnene Ausbau des Glasfasernetzes konnte nicht vollständig abgeschlossen werden. Die Fertigstellung des Ausbaues samt der nötigen Wiederherstellungsarbeiten ist für 2025 geplant.
Gewässerökologische Maßnahmen an der Strem
Am 12. Dezember 2024 wurde der Ortsbevölkerung ein lang gehegtes Projekt vorgestellt. In Kooperation mit der zuständigen Wasserbauabteilung der Republik Österreich ist es gelungen, dafür eine 100%ige Bundesförderung zu lukrieren, dh. die geplanten Maßnahmen verursachen der Gemeinde keinerlei Kosten. Vom Bereich der Hottergrenze Litzelsdorf bis zu den jetzt bereits bestehenden „Aufweitungen“ im Bereich des Radweges werden die Uferbereiche abgesenkt, Altarme errichtet und neue Mäander geschaffen. Dadurch wird einerseits Lebensraum für zahlreiche Pflanzen- und Tierarten verbessert, gleichzeitig dienen die Maßnahmen auch als natürlicher Hochwasserschutz. Die Gesamtinvestitionen für dieses Projekt werden sich auf rund 2 Millionen Euro belaufen.
Radweg Ollersdorf – Stinatz
Mit dem Bau des Radweges Ollersdorf – Stinatz entlang der L378 Wolfauer Landesstraße wird in Kürze begonnen. Durch diese Maßnahme soll einerseits die Verkehrssicherheit in diesem Bereich erhöht, andererseits das touristische Angebot sowie das Angebot zur Freizeitgestaltung erhöht werden. Die Kosten werden durch Sonderbedarfszuweisungsmittel und Tourismusfördermittel abgedeckt. Der Gemeinde selbst entstehen keine Kosten.
Kreditrückzahlungen
Trotz der stark gestiegenen Abzüge des Landes Burgenland und der damit verbundenen weniger vorhandenen finanziellen Mitteln für die Gemeinde können noch rund 89.000 Euro an Schulden abgebaut werden. In diesem Bereich ist die Marktgemeinde Ollersdorf in der glücklichen Lage, dass Bürgermeister Bernd Strobl im Jahr 2018 einen Vergleich mit
der Hausbank unserer Gemeinde abgeschlossen und Fixverzinsungen der Kredite bis zum Ende der Laufzeit in der Höhe von 0,65 bzw. 0,55 % vereinbart hat. Es gibt in der Gemeinde lediglich einen variabel verzinsten Kredit, für den zurzeit 4,55 % Zinsen bezahlt werden müssen.
**Gebühren 2025**
Die Vorgangsweise des Landes Burgenland, die Abzüge der Gemeinde von den Ertragsanteilen innerhalb eines Jahres um mehr als 44 % zu erhöhen, hat leider auch zur Folge, dass die Kanalbenützungsgebühr und die Abfallbehandlungsabgabe erhöht werden mussten. Die übrigen Abgaben und Gebühren bleiben unverändert.
Die Gebühren stellen sich für 2025 wie folgt dar:
| Service | EUR |
|----------------------------------------------|-------|
| Wassergebühr je m³ (exkl. 10% MWSt.) | 1,90 |
| Zählermiere pro Jahr (exkl. 10% MWSt.) | 12,70 |
| Leichenhallengebühr 1. Tag | 60,00 |
| für jeden weiteren Tag | 15,00 |
| Grabstellengebühr – Einfachgrab | 95,00 |
| Grabstellengebühr – Doppelgrab | 105,00|
| Kindergrab bis zu 10 Jahren | 65,00 |
| Urnengrabstelle Urnenhain einmalig | 1600,00|
| Urnengrabstelle Urnensäulen einmalig | 3100,00|
| Wasseranschluss | 1500,00|
| Abfallbehandlungsabgabe | |
| je Objekt (exkl. 10% MWSt.) | 39,00 |
| Hundeabgabe | 14,50 |
| Grundsteuer A, B jeweils | 500 v. H. |
| Kanalbenützungsgebühr: | |
| a) Sockelbetrag pro Objekt: EUR 1,10 je m² Berechnungsfläche, zuzüglich | |
| b) EUR 2,40 pro m³ der im vergangenen Kalenderjahr bezogenen Wassermenge. | |
**Bauschutt**
Aufgrund der massiv angestiegenen Mengen von im Altstoffsammelzentrum Litzelsdorf angeliefertem Bauschutt kommt es ab 1. Jänner 2025 zu folgenden Änderungen:
*) Die Anlieferung von Bauschutt ist an Werktagen von 7.00 bis 7.30 Uhr möglich, zusätzlich ist eine Anlieferung auch zu den Öffnungszeiten der Sperrmüllsammlung möglich.
*) Als Kostenbeitrag für die Entsorgung werden 15 Euro je angefangenen Kubikmeter Bauschutt eingehoben.
Die bisher gewohnte Anlieferung von Bauschutt auf dem Platz der Fa. Erdbau Ewald Krammer ist ab sofort nicht mehr möglich!!!
**Heizkostenzuschuss Gemeinde 2024**
Bisher war es üblich, dass jene Personen, die vom Land Burgenland einen Heizkostenzuschuss erhalten haben, den dafür vorgesehenen Heizkostenzuschuss der Gemeinde in Höhe von 160 Euro antragslos automatisch erhalten haben. Da die Daten der Anspruchsberechtigten nunmehr vom Land Burgenland nicht mehr an die Gemeinde weitergegeben werden, ist es für die Anspruchsberechtigten nötig, einen gesonderten Antrag im Gemeindeamt zu stellen. Voraussetzung dafür ist der Hauptwohnsitz in Ollersdorf i. Bgld., der Bezug des Wärmepreisdeckels sowie ein maximales Jahreshaushaltseinkommen von 23.000 Euro. Anträge für das Jahr 2024 können bis 31. März 2025 im Gemeindeamt gestellt werden.
**Fahrtkostenzuschuss**
Pendler und Lehrlinge, die trotz Verkehrsverbund für die Fahrt zu ihrem Arbeitsplatz auf ein eigenes Fahrzeug angewiesen sind, können einen Fahrtkostenzuschuss beantragen, wenn
*) die Antragstellerin/ der Antragsteller im Burgenland den Hauptwohnsitz hat;
*) der Dienstort mehr als 20 km vom Wohnort entfernt u. mit öffentlichen Verkehrsmitteln nicht erreichbar ist;
*) das Bruttojahreseinkommen 50.000 Euro nicht übersteigt. Bei Alleinverdienern erhöht sich die Einkommensgrenze um 10 % für jedes Kind, für das der Antragsteller Familienbeihilfe bezieht
Antragsformulare liegen im Gemeindeamt auf. Anträge für 2024 müssen bis spätestens 30.6.2025 beim Amt der Bgld. Landesregierung einlangen.
**Meldung von Hunden**
Aus gegebenem Anlass wird der § 6 des Bgld. Hundeaabgabegesetzes in Erinnerung gerufen:
(1) Wer einen Hund, für den die Abgabe zu entrichten ist, erwirbt, einen zugelaufenen Hund behält oder mit einem Hund, für den die Abgabe zu entrichten ist, neu in die Gemeinde zuzieht, hat dies dem Gemeindeamt binnen 2 Wochen anzugeben. Dasselbe gilt, wenn ein Hund das Alter von 6 Wochen erreicht.
(2) Binnen 2 Wochen muss jeder Hund, der abgeschafft worden, abhanden gekommen oder eingegangen ist, beim Gemeindeamt abgemeldet werden.
### Landtagswahlen 19. Jänner 2025 – Ergebnis Ollersdorf i. Bgld.
| Partei | Stimmen '25 | Prozent '25 | Mandate '25 | Stimmen '20 | Prozent '20 | Mandate '20 | Differenz |
|--------|-------------|-------------|-------------|-------------|-------------|-------------|-----------|
| SPÖ | 374 | 44,84% | | 343 | 45,86% | | -1,02% |
| ÖVP | 271 | 32,49% | | 279 | 37,30% | | -4,81% |
| FPÖ | 154 | 18,47% | | 53 | 7,09% | | +11,38% |
| GRÜNE | 27 | 3,24% | | 46 | 6,15% | | -2,91% |
| NEOS | 7 | 0,84% | | 22 | 2,94% | | -2,10% |
| HAUS | 1 | 0,12% | | 0 | 0,00% | | 0,12% |
(Quelle: Land Burgenland)
### Vorzugsstimmen in Ollersdorf i. Bgld.
**SPÖ:**
- Jürgen Dolesch: 102
- Tanja Illedits: 289
- Kevin Friedl: 50
**ÖVP:**
- Bernd Strobl: 234
- Sabine Trinkl: 43
- Emmerich Zax: 11
**FPÖ:**
- Thomas Grandits: 46
- Maria Unger: 12
- Josef Fürbass: 10
**GRÜNE:**
- Sylvia Sammer: 8
- Regina Fröhlich: 5
- Ursula Stoißer: 5
**HAUS:**
- Herbert Polzhofer: 1
**NEOS:**
- Daniel Szankovich: 2 | <urn:uuid:14192aae-568f-4eb0-b36f-d2725c8c80f0> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/deu_Latn/train | finepdfs | deu_Latn | 19,194 |
Meeting Minutes 06.06.94
Student Government Association BBC, Florida International University
Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/sgabbc-archive
Recommended Citation
Student Government Association BBC, Florida International University, "Meeting Minutes 06.06.94" (1994). SGA BBC Document Archive. 362.
https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/sgabbc-archive/362
This work is brought to you for free and open access by FIU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in SGA BBC Document Archive by an authorized administrator of FIU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact firstname.lastname@example.org.
Meeting called to order at 3:47 PM by President Abramson.
Roll Call:
Council Members
Brian Abramson, President
Jason Feldstein, Vice President
Whit Hollis, SGC Advisor
Arthur Papillon, Jr., Student Services Chair
Cori Basulto, Academic Affairs Chair
Kathy Dennis
Steve Benen
Richard Williams
Guerda Jean-Baptiste
Liz Jacobi
Melanie Bent
Mimmo Sollazzo
Salah Negash
Guests
Sue Koester, ARA Manager
Nakisha Armbrister
Approval of Minutes:
As minutes for the first two meetings had not yet been approved, they were brought up for approval at this meeting. Previous minutes were amended as follows:
Minutes for the May 9 meeting were amended to show that Arthur Papillon was appointed as Chair of the Student Services Committee and Cori Basulto was appointed as Chair of the Academic Affairs Committee; moved by Steve Benen, seconded by Arthur Papillon, motion passed without objection.
Minutes for the May 23 meeting were amended to show that Cori Basulto has requested that each council member find two students to serve on the Academic Affairs Committee, and that the Lower Division Reps should each recommend three to five people, and that Richard Williams had volunteered to serve on the Elections Procedures Evaluations Committee along with Jason Feldstein and Liz Jacobi; moved by Steve Benen, seconded by Richard Williams, motion passed without objection.
President's Report:
Nominations for Certificates of Appreciation made by Steve Benen, Cori Basulto, Richard Williams, and Brian Abramson.
President Abramson clarified the process of appointments: it is the duty of the SGC President to make appointments, which the
council may approve or disapprove. Any individuals suggested for appointment should first be introduced to the President.
President Abramson reminded the council that the FSA conference will be held at FIU North Campus on June 25-26.
President Abramson reminded the council that the first two Freshman Orientation sessions are to be held on June 23 and 24, and June 27 and 28, and we should have as many council members participating as possible.
Public Relations report: President Abramson met with Public Relations Officer Brian Yaden on Thursday, June 2. Mr. Yaden suggested that SGC focus on two or three big projects, such as passage of the ad valorem tax and establishing ridership for the shuttle in order to enhance our public image.
Committee Reports:
President Abramson met with UP President Ranier Gonzalez and negotiated on the division of overflow funds. North Campus will have a budget of close to $400,000 for this coming year, but $100,000 will go to the University Center. We should also be providing additional funding to the Black Student Leadership Conference and the Graduate Students Association.
Melanie Bent has accepted appointment to the Finance Committee, but the final seat remains open, as Johnathan Hall has declined nomination to this seat. President Abramson asks that council members bring suggestions for an individual to fill this seat to the Finance Chair. If none are forthcoming, and no other students show interest, President Abramson agreed to recommend Graduate Representative Richard Williams to the seat.
Student Services Chair: Arthur Papillon reports that the new parking lot will be finished in about two weeks. The black-top has already been put down and the lines will be painted within the next few weeks.
Mr. Papillon also brought up the matter of the Student Lounge, which has been closed as a lounge and is now being used only for meetings. Many students are upset that their recreational use of this space has been cut off. President Abramson suggested that a petition be drafted to protest this action. Mr. Papillon will follow up on the status of the Lounge.
Academic Affairs Chair: Cori Basulto reports that Liz Jacobi has been appointed Vice Chair of the Academic Affairs Committee. Claudine Gayle has declined appointment as Secretary of Academic Affairs, but Ms. Basulto has a second choice for the position whom she has not yet asked.
Old Business:
Steve Benen has contacted the Dade County Elections Department and learned that they are not willing to conduct a deputization class here as they do not feel they will have a good turnout. He will instead arrange a car-pool for those council members and others who wish to become registrars to the appropriate office.
President Abramson brought up the matter of the Student Services Conference, to which we have been invited to send a representative. The conference will be held on November 19-22 in Orlando, and will cost $279 per person for registration. The general consensus of the council was in favor of sending one or several representatives.
New Business:
President Abramson asked for an SGC rep to volunteer to coordinate blood drives with the Red Cross.
There will be a Cultural Fest in the Fall of this year, and it would be very good PR for the council to be involved. Mimmo Sollazzo suggested that we should contact the United Nations and see if they can send us a speaker. President Abramson asked Mr. Sollazzo to follow up on that idea, and to also contact the Model United Nations through the University Park SGC.
President Abramson noted that the next SGC meeting will be held on Monday, June 20 at 3:30 PM in the SGC conference room. There will be an executive board meeting on June 13, and a budget reviews meeting on June 17 at 2:00 PM.
Advisors Report:
Whit Hollis reports that the first candidate for the position of Student Activities Advisor has been interviewed, and that the remaining two candidates will be available for interviews by the students on June 7 and June 8, at 2:30 PM on each day.
Sue Koester from ARA, the new cafeteria company, answered concerns from the council. Ms. Koester noted that some prices may have appeared to go up because previous cashiers were not charging the right prices for certain food items. Jason Feldstein noted that many of the less expensive pasta dishes were no longer sold in the cafeteria.
Community Comments:
President Abramson asked the council members to discuss their opinions of the progress of the SGC. Response was generally positive.
Meeting was adjourned by unanimous vote. | <urn:uuid:a8c90df0-0522-43b6-840b-2f81b52f1e4c> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 6,869 |
RECOGIDA DE RESIDUOS OLEOSOS Y RESIDUOS PELIGROSOS
ZONA DE RECOCLAJE
RECOGIDA DE AGUAS DE SENTINAS
TORRETA DE EMERGENCIA (EXIT/PORT / SALVAMAR)
ESCALERA DE GATO
TORRETA DE SUMINISTRO AGUA/ELECTRICIDAD
INSTALACIONES SANITARIAS (URINARIOS, DOCHAS, VESTUARIOS...)
GASOLINERA
INSTALACIONES PARA LAVADO Y REPARACIÓN DE EMBARCACIONES
RAMPA Y GRUA
CAPITANÍA ORIGINAL DEL PUERTO
ACCESO PARA PERSONAS DISCAPACITADAS
APARCAMIENTO
RESTAURANTE
CAFETERÍA
COMERCIOS
PUNTOS CONEXIÓN WIFI
PUNTO DE ENCUENTRO | <urn:uuid:976f2a96-b4ea-4eee-a59a-4cd895e56381> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/spa_Latn/train | finepdfs | spa_Latn | 508 |
Hannover Messe 2019, Halle 9, Stand D35
Softwareupdate für Planungs- und Simulationstool
- Integration in den digitalen Workflow mit Datenaustausch über AutomationML
- Import und Simulation vorhandener TIA Portal Projekte V15.1
- Konfigurationsmöglichkeit modularer Switche
- Simulation von Broadcast mit Festlegung von Broadcast Grenzen
Siemens bringt eine neue Version des Software-Tools zur Auslegung und Simulation von Profinet-Automatisierungsnetzwerken auf den Markt. Der Siemens Network Planner Sinetplan V2.0 unterstützt den Anlagenplaner, -bauer und betreiber von Automatisierungsanlagen und Profinet Netzwerken bereits in der Planungsphase und ermöglicht die professionelle und vorausschauende Simulation des Netzwerkes einer Anlage. Siemens zeigt auf der Hannover Messe 2019 die neuen Features mit denen sich Sinetplan V2.0 in den digitalen Planungs- und Engineerings-Workflow integriert.
Die neue Software ermöglicht dem Anwender eine effiziente Netzwerkplanung und Validierung – Projektierungsdaten einer geplanten Automatisierungsanlage können mittels des Datenaustauschformats „AutomationML" (Automation Markup Language) aus ECAD-Systemen (Electronic Computer-Aided Design) oder dem TIA Selection Tool übernommen werden und nach einer Simulation der Netzwerkteilnehmer, der Netzwerkbelastung und möglichen Anpassung wieder exportiert werden, das gewährleistet Planungs- und Ausfallsicherheit auch in Zeiten rasant steigender Datenmengen. Mit Sinetplan V2.0 lassen sich weiter vorhandene TIA Portal Projekte V15.1 importieren und simulieren und modulare Switche konfigurieren. Sinetplan V2.0 stellt das geplante Netzwerk transparent, virtuell dar und ermöglicht neue Chancen, das Netzwerk zu optimieren, Netzwerkressourcen bestmöglich auszuschöpfen und Reserven einzuplanen. So lassen sich Probleme bei der
Inbetriebnahme oder
Siemens AG
Communications
Leitung: Clarissa Haller
Informationsnummer: PR2019040195DIDE
Presse
Hannover, 01. April 2019
Ausfälle im Produktivbetrieb vermeiden. Dies erhöht die Produktionsverfügbarkeit und trägt zur Verbesserung der Betriebssicherheit bei. Um die Abnahme der Anlage transparenter zu machen, bietet Sinetplan V2.0 die Möglichkeit die Simulation zu dokumentieren.
Hintergrundinformation
Im Automatisierungsumfeld nehmen die Themen Digitalisierung und Simulation einen immer größeren Stellenwert ein. Die Vorteile liegen auf der Hand, eine virtuelle Anlage in Betrieb zu nehmen bevor die Umsetzung in der Realität erfolgt. Dies gilt ebenso für ein virtuelles Produkt als auch für den digitalen Zwilling von Automatisierungsabläufen.
Und da in diesem Kontext gleichermaßen auch die Vernetzung und somit das Datenaufkommen deutlich zunimmt, ist es von entscheidender Bedeutung auch die Kommunikation virtuell abzubilden, anstelle im Nachgang kostenintensive strukturelle Änderungen in der realen Anlage vornehmen zu müssen. Fehlerhafte Auslegung oder Überlast eines Profinet-Netzwerks kann zu Beeinträchtigung der Gesamtapplikation und im schlimmsten Fall zu Produktionsausfällen führen. Mit dem Siemens Network Planner Sinetplan lässt sich ein Profinet-Netzwerk bereits in der Planungsphase auf Betriebssicherheit prüfen: ob ein Netz topologisch geeignet aufgebaut ist, welche Reserven der gewählte topologische Aufbau bietet und wie man das Netzwerk vor unvorhersehbaren Lastspitzen (Bursts) schützt. Dazu berechnet das Tool die Netzwerkauslastung durch den zeitkritischen zyklischen Profinet IO Datenverkehr sowie den azyklischen, TCP/IP-basierten Datenverkehr von etwa Remote Operate Servern, Kameras, PCs oder Webserverzugriffen. Abhängig von Topologie und angeschlossenen Netzwerkteilnehmern werden die Netzlasten simuliert und kritische Stellen aufgezeigt, bei denen die Netzwerkauslastung zu hoch ist. Zum Beispiel werden dabei Worst-Case Queuebelegungen der Ports sowie der Verbindungen berechnet. Mit geringem Aufwand lässt sich dann die Netztopologie umplanen und erneut eine Simulation starten. Das Ergebnis der Berechnung und Simulation kann in einem detaillierten Report gespeichert werden.
Siemens bringt eine neue Version des Software-Tools zur Auslegung und Simulation von Profinet-Automatisierungsnetzwerken auf den Markt. Der Siemens Network Planner Sinetplan V2.0 unterstützt den Anlagenplaner, -bauer und betreiber von Automatisierungsanlagen und Profinet Netzwerken bereits in der Planungsphase und ermöglicht die professionelle und vorausschauende Simulation des Netzwerkes einer Anlage.
Diese Presseinformation sowie ein Pressebild finden Sie unter www.siemens.com/press/PR2019040195DIDE
Weitere Informationen finden Sie unter www.siemens.de/sinetplan
Weitere Informationen zu Siemens auf der Hannover Messe 2019 unter www.siemens.com/presse/hm19 und www.siemens.de/hannovermesse
Ansprechpartner für Journalisten
Andreas Friedrich
Tel.: +49 1522 2103967; E-Mail: firstname.lastname@example.org
Folgen Sie uns in Social Media
Twitter: www.twitter.com/siemens_press und www.twitter.com/SiemensIndustry
Blog: https://blogs.siemens.com/mediaservice-industries-de
Siemens Digital Industries (DI) ist ein Innovationsführer in der Automatisierung und Digitalisierung. In enger Zusammenarbeit mit Partnern und Kunden, treibt DI die digitale Transformation in der Prozess- und Fertigungsindustrie voran. Mit dem Digital-Enterprise-Portfolio bietet Siemens Unternehmen jeder Größe durchgängige Produkte, Lösungen und Services für die Integration und Digitalisierung der gesamten Wertschöpfungskette. Optimiert für die spezifischen Anforderungen der jeweiligen Branchen, ermöglicht das einmalige Portfolio Kunden, ihre Produktivität und Flexibilität zu erhöhen. DI erweitert sein Portfolio fortlaufend durch Innovationen und die Integration von Zukunftstechnologien. Siemens Digital Industries hat seinen Sitz in Nürnberg und beschäftigt weltweit rund 75.000 Mitarbeiter.
Die Siemens AG (Berlin und München) ist ein führender internationaler Technologiekonzern, der seit mehr als 170 Jahren für technische Leistungsfähigkeit, Innovation, Qualität, Zuverlässigkeit und Internationalität steht. Das Unternehmen ist weltweit aktiv, und zwar schwerpunktmäßig auf den Gebieten Stromerzeugung und -verteilung, intelligente Infrastruktur bei Gebäuden und dezentralen Energiesystemen sowie Automatisierung und Digitalisierung in der Prozess- und Fertigungsindustrie. Durch das eigenständig geführte Unternehmen Siemens Mobility, einer der führenden Anbieter intelligenter Mobilitätslösungen für den Schienen- und Straßenverkehr, gestaltet Siemens außerdem den Weltmarkt für Personen- und Güterverkehr. Über die Mehrheitsbeteiligungen an den börsennotierten Unternehmen Siemens Healthineers und Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy gehört Siemens zudem zu den weltweit führenden Anbietern von Medizintechnik und digitalen Gesundheitsservices sowie umweltfreundlichen Lösungen für die On- und Offshore-Windkrafterzeugung. Im Geschäftsjahr 2018, das am 30. September 2018 endete, erzielte Siemens einen Umsatz von 83,0 Milliarden Euro und einen Gewinn nach Steuern von 6,1 Milliarden Euro. Ende September 2018 hatte das Unternehmen weltweit rund 379.000 Beschäftigte. Weitere Informationen finden Sie im Internet unter www.siemens.com. | <urn:uuid:28c2f180-636b-4d5c-ac22-f8e8dce28e6a> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/deu_Latn/train | finepdfs | deu_Latn | 7,213 |
Progress to Change
formerly Ripon and Leeds Diocesan
Council for Social Concern
Trustees' Annual Report and Accounts
1 APRIL 2014 TO 31 MARCH 2015
CONTENTS
2
8
Summarised Accounts
The summarised accounts shown in the Annual Report are not full statutory accounts but a summary of information extracted from those accounts. For more information, the full accounts and the auditors' report can be consulted. Copies may be obtained from the secretary - Mrs S Teet, 20 New Market Street, Leeds, LS1 6DG. Tel: 0113 245 6772.
The full audited accounts were approved by the Trustees on 15 September 2015 and, together with the annual report, have been submitted to the Charity Commission. The opinion of the auditor was unqualified.
CHARITY INFORMATION
Progress to Change
(Formerly known as Ripon & Leeds Diocesan Council for Social Concern)
Company Limited by Guarantee. Company No. 3286672. Charity No. 1065423.
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
TRUSTEES/DIRECTORS as at 31 March 2015:
Appointed by the Bishop of Leeds (formerly Ripon & Leeds):
Mrs. Sallie Davies (Chairman)
Mr. Frank Blake
Revd Canon Kathryn Fitzsimons Mr. Nigel Wainman .
Appointed by the Bishop of Leeds (formerly via the Council for Mission):
Mrs. Helen White Mr. Adrian Lodge
Appointed by the Trustees:
Mrs. Louise Bloomfield
Retiring Trustees: Revd. Dr. Colin Cheeseman
Mrs Jan Betts
Revd. Canon Adrian Alker
Mr. Ian Bradshaw resigned
Mrs Elaine Webster
October 2014
October 2014
January 2015.
February 2015
March 2015
Mrs. Susan Teet
20 New Market Street, Leeds, LS1 6DG.
0113 245 6772
www.rldcsc.co.uk / www.progresstochange.co.uk
Company Secretary:
Registered Office:
Telephone:
Website:
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
Bankers:
NatWest Bank plc, 8 Park Row, Leeds, LS1 5HD
Royal Bank of Scotland
Auditors:
Gibson Booth, New Court, Abbey Rd. North, Shepley, HD8 8BJ
Solicitors:
Wrigleys, 19 Cookridge Street, Leeds, LS2 3AG
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
MANAGEMENT BOARD MEMBERS:
Chair:
Mrs Sallie Davies
Deputy Chair: Mrs. Helen White
Treasurer:
Mr. Frank Blake
Executive Members: Mr. Adrian Lodge; Revd. Canon Kathryn Fitzsimons;
Mr. Nigel Wainman.
Non-Executive Members: Mrs. Carol Cochrane; Mrs. Jill Dilks; Mrs. Judith Poole, JP.
Strategic Manager: Mrs. Louise Cantley
The NPS Contract Manager (Community) has observer status at Operational Meetings.
STATEMENTS OF PURPOSE
Progress to Change
(formerly known as Ripon & Leeds Diocesan Council for Social Concern) Company Limited by Guarantee. Company No. 3286672. Charity No. 1065423.
OBJECTS:
* To maintain the premises known as Ripon House and Cardigan House as Approved Premises within the meaning of the Offender Management Act 2007 and
* To support and further all or any charitable activities carried out in connection with the Church of England in the Diocese of Ripon and Leeds and in particular
The promotion of temperance and of higher standards of moral life in the individual, the family and the community;
The rehabilitation of offenders and particularly those addicted to drugs or alcohol or otherwise in need of help;
The relief of distress or suffering arising from offending behaviour.
Memorandum & Articles of Association
******************************
CURRENT CRITERIA FOR GRANT GIVING:
* Grants given only within the Diocese of Ripon and Leeds (to be widened to the Diocese of West Yorkshire and the Dales)
* Present funding of projects is examined carefully, as are other possible sources
* Particular consideration is given to people within the criminal justice system who have mental health and/or multiple needs.
* There is no percentage split on giving, but an awareness of the balance between groups and individuals is maintained
* Grants may be made to individuals as well as groups. Groups should be of charitable status or seeking it.
* The Trust's hostels are supported throughout
* Criteria are reviewed every five years – last reviewed March 2011.
* Grants will generally be between £100 and £1,000.
* The Trustees meet bi-monthly. Grant applications will be considered at their March and September meetings.
******************************
More information about our work can be found on our website:
www.rldcsc.co.uk / www.progresstochange.co.uk
3
COMPANY REPORT
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 MARCH 2015
STRUCTURE, GOVERNANCE and MANAGEMENT
a) Governing Document
Progress to Change (formerly known as the Ripon and Leeds Diocesan Council for Social Concern) is a Company Limited by Guarantee and incorporates the work of the two Approved Premises – Ripon House and Cardigan House – and their related assets and liabilities. Our registered charity number is 1065423. The charity has its office at 20 New Market Street, Leeds, LS1 6DG.
Social Concern was incorporated on 3 December 1996. Following a special resolution, the company was incorporated under the revised name of Ripon & Leeds Diocesan Council for Social Concern with effect from 27 December 2000.
As a result of the creation of the Diocese of Leeds in 2014, and following a special resolution, the company was incorporated under the revised name of Progress to Change with effect from 15 August 2015.
During 2008 the Trustees reviewed and updated the Memorandum and Articles of Association of the Company. These were amended by a Special Resolution dated 29 July 2008, and are currently in the process of review.
b) Recruitment and Appointment of Trustees.
Note: As a result of diocesan changes the appointment process and Articles of Association are currently being reviewed.
The Trustees of Progress to Change and the Board members are the same people. Under the requirements of the Memorandum and Articles of Association the Trustees are appointed by the Council for Mission and the Bishop of Ripon & Leeds to serve for a period of four years, after which they can be re-appointed for one further term of four years. One member is similarly appointed by the Board of Trustees.
Members have a wide range of backgrounds and skills, bringing expertise in business, education, the judiciary, social work and the Church.
To ensure a broad skills mix, Trustees are requested to provide a list of their skills on appointment. A skills inventory is maintained and, in the event of particular skills being lost due to retirement, efforts are made to recruit individuals with appropriate
c) Organisational Structure
The Board of Trustees of up to 9 members has met quarterly and is responsible for the strategic direction and policy of the charity. Management of the two Approved Premises (also referred to as hostels) has been delegated to a Management Committee and to the Strategic and Operational Managers.
As from 1 January 2015 meetings of the Board of Trustees and Management Committee were combined – MC members becoming non-executive members of the combined Management Board. Meetings are held bi-monthly.
The Managers have responsibility for day to day operational management of the hostels, individual supervision of staff and ensuring that the staff teams continue to develop skills and working practices in line with best practice.
d) Trustee Induction and Training
New members are provided with an information pack. Additionally, gaps in knowledge are identified by individual members and visits and training are organized to enable members to have sufficient information about the work of the charity to contribute effectively.
e) Risk Management
The Trustees have conducted a review of the major risks to which the charity is exposed and confirm that systems have been established to review risks regularly and that they have taken the necessary steps to mitigate the risks the charity faces.
Policies and procedures are in place to ensure compliance with health and safety regulations for staff, residents and visitors to the hostels. These procedures have been reviewed and updated by the mentor service to ensure that they continue to meet the needs of the charity.
f) Related Parties
In so far as it is complementary to the charity's objects, the charity is guided by local and national policies. The hostels work in association with the National Probation Service, Community Rehabilitation Companies, local GP practices, Safer Leeds, Together Women Project, local housing organisations, alcohol and drugs services and other third sector organisations.
Nationally, the hostels work collaboratively with their funders the Ministry of Justice and National Offender Management Service. We are also a member of the National Approved Premises Association (NAPA), ensuring that national standards are constantly attained.
The Trustees thank all our partner agencies for their commitment to and assistance with our work.
OBJECTS AND ACTIVITIES
The charity's purposes as set out in the objects contained in the company's Memorandum of Association are to:
to maintain the premises known as Ripon House and Cardigan House as Approved Premises within the meaning of the Offender Management Act 2007, and to support and further all or any charitable activities carried out in connection with the Church of England in the Diocese of Ripon and Leeds and in particular:
- the promotion of temperance and of higher standards of moral life in the individual, the family and the community;
- the rehabilitation of offenders and particularly those addicted to drugs or alcohol or otherwise in need of help;
- the relief of distress or suffering arising from offending behaviour.
These objects were last reviewed and updated in 2008, and are currently being updated. The Trustees have referred to the guidance contained in the Charity Commission's general guidance on public benefit when reviewing our aims and objectives and in planning our future activities
The focus of our work
The charity supports those individuals who are on post custody licence, community order or bail. Cardigan House mainly works with men assessed as posing a high risk of harm to the public. Ripon House works with women assessed as posing a high or medium risk of harm to the public
A qualified Approved Premises Manager and trained staff team liaise closely with the Probation Service, Ministry of Justice, National Offender Management Service, and Criminal Justice System. Staff work with residents to help them address their offending behaviour, and so reduce the risk of re-offending and the risk of harm to the public.
Achievements and Performance
Each year the Trustees agree a range of targets and objectives for the coming year. The Strategic Manager also prepares a Business Plan which is approved and monitored by the Management Committee.
The Trustees have appraised their performance and achievements over the past year. They, together with both hostels, have met their targets.
Financial Review
Each hostel submits an annual budget to the Trustees for approval. Budget Reviews take place at every Management Board meeting (a minimum of six such meetings per year). Both hostels continue to manage their finances in a prudent and resourceful way.
a) Principal Funding Sources
The Ministry of Justice is the principal funder of both Cardigan House and Ripon House. Detailed information on this and the Trust's Finances is set out in the Financial Accounts at the end of this Report.
b) Reserves Policy
The Board of Trustees/Directors, as part of its strategic planning, aims to maintain the central reserves at a level which is sufficient to enable the Council to fulfil its charitable objectives and its responsibilities as an employer.
The Directors have established a policy whereby the funds of the Approved Premises not committed or invested in tangible fixed assets ('the free reserves') are maintained at a level which the Board feels is sufficient to maintain the continuing activities of the charity on the basis of the funding arrangements with the Ministry of Justice. The level of reserves is reported to the Ministry of Justice via the Charity's Annual Report.
Why reserves are needed.
As part of its Business Risk Assessment, the Board has established that the charity needs to maintain short-term and long-term reserves to reduce the impact of risks from internal and external factors.
1) The Approved Premises need to hold short-term reserves to meet the costs of un-planned events and planned internal maintenance of the buildings.
2) As owner of the two properties known as Cardigan House and Ripon House, the Board needs to hold sufficient central reserves to cover major building works and underwrite any capital grant funding provided by the Ministry of Justice.
3) The Board also has overall responsibility for the employment of staff and, should income sources be disrupted, needs to have sufficient reserves to meet ongoing costs until further funding is secured.
Level of reserves.
In considering the level of reserves the Board took into account key areas of financial risk. These equate to approximately 50 per cent of annual operating costs.
In 2011, the Board began to charge rent to Ripon House AP and Cardigan House AP for use of the buildings. The rental income is being transferred into the Central Reserves Fund until a satisfactory balance has been achieved.
Should the reserves fall below an agreed level, the Trustees will take action to raise additional funds in order to keep the charity financially healthy. If reserves exceed the target figure, the surplus would be applied in accordance with the Charity's primary aims and objectives.
Investment of reserves.
The reserves of the charity are held in the freehold property, investments managed by CCLA, and short term bank accounts.
With regard to risk, as the balance of the Central Reserves Fund increases, investment advice will be sought by the Trustees when necessary.
c) Investment Policy
Objectives
The overall financial objectives are:
- effective management of the charity's assets that are not required for imminent use.
- to protect the reserves of the charity and maximise investment income..
The Investment objectives are to:
- produce the best financial return within an acceptable level of risk
- produce a total return of at least RPI plus 3% over the long term
Risk
- inflation risk mitigated through investment in tangible and intangible assets
- capital volatility can be tolerated if the exposure is limited
- diversification of assets is required
- sterling base currency
- minimum A* credit rating for deposit taking institutions, maximum £100k cash deposit per counterparty
Liquidity
- the Board of Trustees aims to distribute grants of £500 to £1,000 per annum
- minimum 70% in assets realisable within 3 months
- minimum 6 months worth of total running costs in cash or lower risk liquid investments.
Time Horizon
- long term
Ethical Policy
- invested in line with the charity's aims
Management, Reporting and Monitoring
- Progress to Change uses CCLA, a professional investment management firm. An annual valuation is produced.
- two authorised signatories are required to sign instructions to the investment manager.
- the Board of Trustees agrees investment strategy and monitors the investment assets.
Approval and Review
This policy has been approved by the Trustees and will be reviewed annually
Plans for the Future
The following Aims and Objectives have been agreed for 2015/16:
Aim: We will continue to manage the affairs of the Charity in accordance with the requirements of the Charity Commission, the MOJ, our memorandum and articles of association, and in line with our financial plans.
Objectives:
To complete the change of name procedures.
To formalise our relationships with the new diocese, especially the appointment of new Trustees and Diocesan representation on the Board of Trustees.
To finalise the implementation and communication to staff of the new pension scheme before the due date for auto-enrolment.
To prepare a first feasibility study for the possibility of providing 'follow-on' accommodation.
RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE TRUSTEES
The trustees (who are also the directors of Progress to Change for the purposes of company law) are responsible for preparing the Trustees Annual Report and the financial statements in accordance with applicable law and regulations.
Company law requires the trustees to prepare financial statements for each financial year. Under that law the trustees have elected to prepare the financial statements in accordance with United Kingdom Generally Accepted Accounting Practice (United Kingdom Accounting Standards and applicable law). Under company law the trustees must not approve the financial statements unless they are satisfied that they give a true and fair view of the state of affairs of the charitable company and the income and expenditure of the charitable company for that period.
In preparing these financial statements, the trustees are required to:
- select suitable accounting policies and then apply them consistently;
- observe the methods and principles in the Charities SORP;
- make judgements and accounting estimates that are reasonable and prudent;
- prepare the financial statements on the going concern basis unless it is inappropriate to presume that the charitable company will continue in operation.
- state whether applicable UK Accounting Standards have been followed, subject to any material departures disclosed and explained in the financial statements;
The trustees are responsible for keeping adequate accounting records that are sufficient to show and explain the charitable company's transactions and disclose with reasonable accuracy at any time the financial position of the charitable company and enable them to ensure that the financial statements comply with the Companies Act 2006. They are also responsible for safeguarding the assets of the charitable company and hence for taking reasonable steps for the prevention and detection of fraud and other irregularities.
In so far as the trustees are aware:
- there is no relevant audit information of which the charitable company's auditor is unaware; and
- the trustees have taken all steps that they ought to have taken to make themselves aware of any relevant audit information and to establish tha the auditor is aware of that information.
Auditors
A resolution to reappoint Gibson Booth as auditors for the ensuing year will be proposed at the forthcoming annual general meeting.
Signed on behalf of the trustees
Registered office: 20 New Market Street Leeds LS1 6DG
…….……………………………………
Mrs Sarah Davies, Chairman
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
CHAIRMAN'S REPORT
It has been a very busy year with a number of major decisions taken. Perhaps the one which has occupied most time has been the issue of the adoption of a pension scheme to comply with the government's auto-enrolment requirements. After much discussion, the Trustees agreed to close the current West Yorkshire Pension Fund (WYPF) scheme to new members and adopt the Peoples' Pension. This scheme will be offered to all staff who are not in the current WYPF scheme and to all new members of staff joining us. It remains to be seen just how many make the decision to opt out.
As with pension schemes throughout industry, the West Yorkshire Pension Fund is in deficit. We continue to make the additional annual payments requested by the Fund and to make a
contribution to reducing our deficit.
The other major change which has impacted on the work of the Trustees has been the reorganisation of the Probation Service into two parts – the National Probation Service remaining in the public sector and dealing with offenders convicted of serious offences and the Community Rehabilitation Companies which will be in the private sector and deal with all other offenders. Approved premises work with serious offenders and so we remain in close relationship with the National Probation Service. Ripon House works with residents convicted of a wider range of offences and it may be that we shall develop a contact with the CRCs, but as yet this has not happened.
The split of the Probation Service has led to a number of changes which have impacted on our relationship with it. The contract the Service was proposing was not acceptable to us and we were advised that much work would have to be done before we should sign. If we continue to use NPS staff as hostel managers we should have to pay VAT on their salaries. We should also have to pay an increased pension contribution. This is not financially viable and the decision has been taken that, when the current managers leave, we shall employ our managers directly.
After many years of close working relationships with the West Yorkshire Probation Trust we now find ourselves almost as rivals. As before, we have to have a NPS representative at meetings at which we discuss operational issues but it is no longer appropriate that they have sight of our financial affairs or be party to discussions relating to staff. The decision was taken, therefore, to take the opportunity to re-organise our meetings and the membership who attend. A meeting to discuss operational matters is held with attendance by NPS, followed by a private meeting. The membership of the old Management Committee has been merged with the Trustees. Non-trustees take a full part in the discussions of the private meeting, but do not have voting rights on matters concerning the Trustees. The new committees are working well and the Trustees value the additional input they now have to their meetings.
At the same time as reorganising the meeting composition and schedule, the opportunity was taken to re-consider the format of the AGM. Attendance has always been problematic and the training element difficult to arrange. It was decided, therefore, to hold the AGM at our September meeting and arrange training as the need arises.
The merging of the dioceses in West and North Yorkshire has prompted a further set of decisions. Our current name – Ripon and Leeds Diocesan Council for Social Concern – is no longer accurate and the area covered by the new Diocese is much wider. RLDCSC has never really explained who we are and what we do. So, after much searching for names, the decision was taken to change our name to Progress to Change and to maintain our link with the Diocese by way of a strap line 'in association with the Diocese of West Yorkshire and the Dales'. In the coming months the legal formalities will be completed and a new identity formed. One change we have made is to widen our grant giving area to match that of the new.
Because of the pressure caused by pensions, diocesan reorganisation and changes to the Probation Service, it has been difficult to focus on the future direction of the Charity. However, the decision has been taken to explore the possibility of extending our work into the provision of 'follow-on' accommodation and it is hope that progress will be made during 2015/2016.
Finally, I have to report changes to the Trustees. Colin Cheeseman resigned at last year's AGM as he was retiring and moving away from the area. I was appointed as Chair to replace Colin. Jan Betts also resigned at the AGM due to other commitments. Canon Adrian Alker resigned early 2015 as he was retiring and had moved away from the area. Ian Bradshaw was unable to continue as he has had a succession of serious illnesses which made it difficult for him to fulfil his obligations as a Trustee. Elaine Webster has been offered a post with VSO in Cambodia for 18 months which makes it impossible for her to continue. We were sorry to lose them all and thank them for their contributions. In their place we are delighted to welcome Louise Bloomfield. Nigel Wainman and Canon Kathryn Fitzsimons. Without the work of the Trustees
and the other members of the Board the valuable work with which we are associated could not be done.
The report would not be complete without thanking Louise Cantley and her staff for their work over the year – our Approved Premises and the work done in them continue to improve. All those who visit, whether from Probation or the community, are full of praise for what they see.
Sallie Davies June 2015
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
STRATEGIC MANAGER'S REPORT
Introduction
The past year has been dominated by changes to the Criminal Justice System on a national level. At the end of May 2014 West Yorkshire Probation Trust was dissolved, along with other Probation Trusts and the National Probation Service (NPS) and Community Rehabilitation Companies (CRC) were born. Work was split between the two with the NPS retaining very high and high risk of harm offenders and medium and low risk offenders being managed by the CRCs. The Approved Premises Estate, including the Independent Approved Premises were retained as part of the NPS. This change continues to present a number of opportunities and challenges for Independent Approved Premises.
At a time of huge uncertainty we have continued to develop the staff teams, structures and what we are able to offer residents while they are with us. We have taken on 'Footsteps Training' at both premises, in order to develop residents' ability to manage themselves and work towards living 'better lives'. In addition we have begun to work towards the Enabling Environments Award (EE) at Ripon House which involves examining and improving every aspect of what we do and how we do it. We are also involved in the Approved Premises National Review, which involves looking at structures, risk management, public protection and rehabilitation. The overall aim of this is a better more efficient service.
Despite the uncertainty we have continued to focus on the risks and needs presented by residents and have maintained a good level of service. Our aim is simple – to reduce the risks presented by residents and enable residents to address issues in their lives, so that they can move-on to live successfully in the community.
Transforming Rehabilitation
In the latter stages of 2014, the Community Rehabilitation Companies were put out to tender. In the North East Division, of which we are part, there are now a number of different providers. Purple Futures (an organisation consisting: of Interserve plc, a private organisation; 3SC, a social enterprise; Addaction, a charity; P3, a charity; and Shelter, a charity) was successful in bidding to run West Yorkshire Community Rehabilitation Company. They have started to set the future direction of work, although at this time little has changed at ground level.
A number of issues regarding access to systems have been resolved. We have retained our computer systems and NPS email addresses. We are able to access all computer records for residents across North East Division, whether they are NPS or CRC cases and we can get temporary access to those residents from outside the North East for the duration of their stay
at Ripon House or Cardigan House. Access to computer based and other training continues to be problematic, where it does exist it involves travel across the division. Hopefully this will improve.
The other major issue caused by the split was our access to Criminal Record Checks for new and existing staff. We were not able to resolve this with the NPS, or CRC's so we have accessed a service provided by North Yorkshire County Council. The Council operates as an umbrella body for organisations who complete less than 100 checks per annum. This is working well and enables us to be self-sufficient in applying for necessary checks.
The shared manager 'on call' system may be replaced in the future. The NPS has indicated that it may move to running its own rather than a shared system. We have operated separate systems in the past, but this would increase our costs substantially and there is a 'quality of life' issue for managers, who would then be 'on call' one week in three rather than one week in eight. We hope that this issue will be considered further.
Contract
Our current Contract with the Ministry of Justice, National Offender Management Service (NOMS) lasts until the end of March 2016. There is a facility to role this over for a further two years taking it to March 2018. In May 2014 the management of all the Independent Approved Premises contracts moved across to the NPS. After a brief spell with Paulette Forbes-Williams the management of our contracts was moved to Simon Fraser who is the NPS Head of Approved Premises for West Yorkshire and South Yorkshire. Simon also attends our operational meetings. The role of the NPS in managing our contracts seems to be a conflict of interest, although NOMS does not view this as an issue. We continue to achieve targets around occupancy, successful completions and ratios in relation to numbers of high and medium risk offenders. At the time of writing we do not know what will happen in 2016, much depends on the outcomes of the Approved Premises Review.
Enabling Environments (EE Award)
This work was delayed in getting off the ground, mainly because of difficulties involved in recruiting Psychologists. Ripon House does not have its own Psychologist, but has support from Claire Sehair and Roxanna Zomorrody one day per month. Their main role is to support the staff team in terms of working with residents with a range of difficulties. The National Enabling Environments in Prisons and Probation Project (NEEPPP) is run via the Royal College of Psychiatrists - Centre for Quality Improvement. There are ten standards to achieve in order to receive the quality kite mark. This will assess whether our service is appropriate for working with women with personality disorder, and going through the process, making changes to practice where necessary should have a positive impact on our work with all residents. We participated in a four hour briefing led by Drew Agnew in April. We are currently beginning work on our Portfolio.
Footsteps
In August 2014, Jackie Walker delivered a briefing for staff on the Footsteps behavioural change programme. There are ten modules in the Footsteps programme allowing an individual luxury time to explore where in life they currently are, and where they could be if they so choose. The sessions range from developing self-belief and embracing change, through to becoming emotionally intelligent and managing stress. Jackie then provided training for a number of staff from Cardigan House and Ripon House. Staff have used the material to provide one to one sessions for residents and a couple of groups have been delivered at Cardigan House, with very positive feedback from residents. We hope to offer more group programmes and embed it in our regime at both premises over the next twelve months.
Review of the Approved Premises Estate
A national review has recently commenced and it will look at every aspect of Approved Premises from the staffing and delivery model through to quality standards and communications. The main aim of the review is to identify where efficiency savings could be made. I am involved in the Independent Approved Premises and Women's Approved Premises work streams. The timescale is very tight with reports due in the Autumn.
Partnership Work
We have maintained our relationships with other West Yorkshire Approved Premises and Probation Officers. Key individuals remain in post in NPS North East Division, although we now have to develop relationships across the whole of North East Division. Other key relationships with MAPPA, Together Women, Bradford University and various Housing Projects continue.
During the past year we have continued to develop our relationship with the other Independent Approved Premises. The meeting of the Faith Approved Premises Cluster Group has become an annual event at St Deiniols and is useful for sharing innovations and supporting one another.
Staffing
As stated in Sallie's introduction the other major change brought about by the NPS is in relation to seconded staff. We have therefore taken the decision to employ our own Team Managers when David McLeish and Eugene Doherty return to the NPS. We have mixed feelings regarding this issue, but the financial implications alone mean it is no longer a viable position.
Cardigan House Approved Premises
David McLeish has continued to lead the staff team and is likely to remain in post until the end of 2015. David has overseen the move to a changed model of staffing, which is working well. In August 2014, the two Residential Officers (RO's) Jo Clayson and Linda Fell changed their job roles to Case Managers and started working 9am to 5pm Monday to Friday, rather than different shifts. This has enabled them to focus on key work with residents and be more available to communicate with Probation Officers. They also attend MAPPA, do some prerelease visits to prisoners and generally assist residents with move-on plans and attending appointments.
Andy Brown currently works a split role as Project Worker and Hostel Worker. In addition to maintaining the gardening project, Andy has got the workshop up and running, enabling residents to participate in furniture restoration, learning new skills and developing their confidence. The workshop has provided a useful addition to what we are able to offer in terms of structured activities.
Over the year the staff team has been stable. Three Hostel Workers were appointed in August 2014 to support new working arrangements. Marc Neal, Richard Sunderland and Rebecca Moss joined the staff team. Rebecca left in December 2014 and Emma Wraith was appointed in March 2015. Chantelle Haslam, joined the staff team as a Receptionist / Administrator in November 2014. She has brought with her considerable experience of work with our service users gained at Forest Bank Prison.
There were three significant departures during the year. Alwyn Roberts (gardener) retired in August 2014 at the age 75. He had taken on the role as a hobby at age 60, following leaving his previous role. The gardens are now looked after by Andy Brown and residents as part of the project team. Will Toms (RO) left to join the NPS and undertake the PQF in order to qualify as a Probation Officer. He had built significant experience during his time as a Hostel Worker and RO. Sean Harvey (temporary Hostel Worker) left to join GeoAmey as a prison escort.
Congratulations go to Angie Lupton who successfully completed her six months social work placement from Bradford University and has now commenced work as part of the relief pool.
Ripon House Approved Premises
Eugene Doherty has continued to manage the staff team for the past year. He is set to return to the NPS in Autumn 2015. During his 5 years he has cemented Ripon House's role as a Women's Approved Premise, expanding our range of partners and developing our one to one interventions.
The staff team has been stable throughout 14/15, with one departure and one addition. Lindsay Grimes, Assistant Residential Officer (ARO) left in February 2015 to take up a new role in mental health support and Chantelle Mapuranga was appointed to the role in April 2015. Chantelle had been covering the vacant position on a temporary basis, following qualifying as a social worker.
The house staff at both premises continue to do an excellent job keeping the place clean and tidy, feeding residents good quality meals and creating a positive atmosphere where residents are able to develop and flourish.
Finally, the Finance and Administration Department, which operates from Ripon House, but covers both premises has continued to develop under the leadership of Rachel Kyle. During 2014 we were approached by two Independent Approved Premises in Newcastle, Ozanam House and St Christopher's. They previously had their payrolls administered by Northumbria Probation Trust, but following the dissolution of the Northumbria Probation Trust this had transferred to the Northumbria Community Rehabilitation Company. This was no longer a viable arrangement following the sale of the CRC's and they wanted it to be done by another independent approved premise. The Finance Team started administering the payrolls for both premises in April 2015. This is additional business and appears to be going well.
We thank all staff, residents and partner agencies who have been involved with Cardigan or Ripon over the past year and we wish all those who have departed to pastures new a happy and successful future.
The future
The future for independent approved premises is uncertain, but this is no different to any other position in the Criminal Justice Service, whether NPS or CRC. Both staff teams continue to work with residents to a high standard and embrace change. The next year will be important in terms of the reports of the different elements of the Approved Premises Review and where efficiency savings are identified. We hope that this will be positive for our service and that we will continue to be part of public protection and rehabilitation services. As well as being high risk to others, many men and women who come to us are also amongst the most needy in society and this is an ongoing problem that prison does not resolve and is not going to disappear. We will continue to provide a safe environment where residents can get assistance to try and live 'better lives'.
Louise Cantley Strategic Manager June 2015 | <urn:uuid:e378f3e5-cc27-4991-bce9-877faf3cf4c6> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 37,549 |
Hyper-personalized rich-media ads for every unique visitor using GCP
Optimics, Czech Republic • www.optimics.cz
The challenge
A leading European automobile manufacturer provides its international distributors to host a car configurator on their global and regional websites, allowing visitors to customize any of the company's automobile offerings to their heart's extent. With the goal of maintaining a seamless customer journey, the automobile company wanted to retarget website visitors with personalized ads that incentivize potential customers to return to the configurator. However, this task deemed significantly challenging as creating ads for millions of unique SKUs seemed humanly impossible. In 2020, the company decided to move towards integrating web personalization as a core component of their retargeting efforts.
Partnering with Optimics
The automobile company partnered with Optimics to design a custom-tailored solution that would create dynamic advertisement banners that are seamlessly integrated with Google Campaign Manager 360, to serve a hyper-personalized ad to each website visitor. The dynamic ad banners would contain image renders of the exact car configuration created by potential customers. The banner's CTA would frictionlessly resume the customer's journey on the company's web car configurator.
The solution
The team at Optimics developed a cloud-based solution that builds batches of dynamic ad banners with personalized target URLs on a mass scale. It integrates with the company's on-premise legacy infrastructure and keeps the cloud data up-to-date with the company's latest offerings via scheduled batch processes. This would mean that when a potential customer would leave the company's web configurator for another website, they would be served a dynamic ad banner showcasing the exact car configuration they created.
The results
Thanks to the utility offered by Optimics' cloud solution, 10 of the company's international distributors requested access to run pilot campaigns, generating over 2 million dynamic creative banners and saving thousands of hours of manual work. Using Google's Cloud Platform, Optimics made it possible to horizontally and dynamically scale computational resources to regulate costs and provide maximum cost-to-performance benefits. Even with a significantly higher CPC that comes with leveraging "rich-media" creatives, the campaigns set up by Optimics' solution led to 32% lower Cost Per Lead than previously run conventional marketing campaign advertisements.
Hyper-personalized dynamic creatives
Countries adopted the pilot, proving demand and utiliy
10
2M+
32%
Lower Cost Per Lead (CPL) than conventional ads | <urn:uuid:a90909e5-346a-4468-86f5-a562b25259cc> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 2,690 |
СТАНОВИЩЕ
от проф. д-р Георги Теохаров Тупаров Нов български университет, Департамент „Информатика", ПН 4.6 Информатика и компютърни науки
Относно материалите, представени за участие в конкурс за заемане на академичната длъжност "доцент" в област на висше образование:
4. Природни науки, математика и информатика, професионално направление: 4.6 Информатика и компютърни науки, за нуждите на департамент „Информатика" на Нов български университет (НБУ), обявен в Държавен вестник бр. 84 от 21.10.2022 г. и на интернет страницата на НБУ.
В конкурса за заемане на академичната длъжност „доцент", участва единствен кандидат гл. ас. д-р Методи Георгиев Трайков от департамент „Информатика" на НБУ.
Становището е изготвено на основание заповед № 3-РК-68/01.12.2022 г. на Ректора на НБУ и заседание на Научното жури от 06.01.2023 г.
1. Кратки биографични данни
Единственият кандидат гл. ас. д-р Методи Трайков придобива последователно ОКС „Бакалавър" през 2012 г. и „Магистър" през 2013 г. по „Информатика" от Природо-математическия факултет на ЮЗУ „Неофит Рилски". През 2017 г. защитава успешно дисертационен труд на тема „Математически модели и алгоритми за предсказване на пространствената структура на протеини" за придобиване на ОНС „доктор" в професионално направление 4.6 Информатика и компютърни науки. Преподавателската му дейност започва през 2013 г. и продължава и досега в ЮЗУ „Неофит Рилски", Нов български университет и Американския университет в България.
2. Общо описание на представените материали
Представените материали – справки, публикации и др. отговарят на изискванията на ЗРАСРБ, Правилника за неговото приложение и Наредбата за развитие на академичния състав на НБУ.
Съгласно представената авторска справка, кандидатът участва в конкурса с 1 монография, 7 индексирани в Scopus/Web of Science (WoS) публикации, всичките с SJR, като от тях 2 са с IF, и 11 цитирания в Scopus. Всички представени за участие в конкурса публикации са на английски език и не са използвани за придобиване на ОНС „доктор".
3. Наукометрични показатели на кандидата съгласно ЗРАСРБ и изискванията на Наредбата за развитие на академичния състав на НБУ
В приведената по-долу таблица се вижда, че представените научни трудове отговарят на минималните национални изисквания (по чл. 2б, ал. 2 и 3 на ЗРАСРБ) (групи А, Б, Г и Д) и съответно на изискванията на НБУ (групи Ж, З, И) за придобиване на академичната длъжност „доцент" в ПН 4.6 „Информатика и компютърни науки".
| Група | А | Б | Г | Д | Ж | З |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Минимален брой точки | 50 | 100 | 200 | 50 | 50 | 70 |
3. Обща характеристика на научната, научно-приложната и други дейности на кандидата, имащи отношение към конкурса
Изследванията на кандидата и приносите в тях (научни, научно приложни, приложни) са в областта на компютърно моделиране при решаването на проблеми в биологията и по-специално на модели на нагъването на протеини.
Кандидатът е представил обстойно претенциите си за научни, научно приложни и приложни приноси в авторската справка, особено тези от монографичния труд, които приемам по принцип и оставям за детайлна оценка на рецензентите.
Също така, трябва да се отбележи, че д-р Трайков има сериозна публикационна активност. Във WoS и Scopus могат да бъдат намерени съответно 7 и 18 индексирани публикации в които той е съавтор.
Кандидатът активно участва в научни проекти – представен е списък с общо 13 проекта, един от които има чисто приложен характер. Поради това приемам за допустими останалите 12, което е повече от достатъчно в случая.
4. Отражение на научните публикации на кандидата в литературата
Съгласно WoS и Scopus кандидатът има повече от 70 цитирания на негови публикации, като има h-index 4 без самоцитирания поотделно във всяка една тези индексиращи системи. Големият общ брой цитирания говори достатъчно за отражението на изследванията му в научната литература като цяло.
5. Оценка на личния принос на кандидата
Кандидатът за академичната длъжност „доцент" – д-р Трайков има богат изследователски опит. Притежава необходимите компетентности за организиране и провеждане на научни изследвания. Представените публикации за участие в конкурса (с изключение на монографичния труд) са в съавторство, което смятам за доказателство за уменията му да работи в екип. Тъй като не са представени разделителни протоколи за принос на всеки от съавторите, приемам, че участието на всички съавтори е равностойно.
6. Лични впечатления за кандидата
Имам отлични впечатления за кандидата. Познавам лично д-р Трайков още като мой студент в Югозападния университет в Благоевград и съм наблюдавал отблизо неговото успешно развитие като изследовател и преподавател в няколко университета.
7. Критични бележки
Нямам забележки към кандидата.
8. Заключение:
След като се запознах с представените в конкурса документи, научните публикации и приносите в тях потвърждавам, че кандидатът отговаря напълно на изискванията на ЗРАСРБ, правилника към него и на Наредбата за развитието на академичния състав на НБУ за заемане на академичната длъжност „доцент" в област на висшето образование 4. Природни науки, математика и информатика, професионално направление 4.6 Информатика и компютърни науки. В частност кандидатът удовлетворява минималните национални изисквания в професионалното направление и не е установено плагиатство в представените по конкурса научни трудове.
Давам своята положителна оценка на кандидатурата.
Въз основа на гореизложеното, препоръчвам на научното жури да предложи на Академичния съвет на НБУ да избере д-р Методи Георгиев Трайков да заеме академичната длъжност „доцент" в професионално направление 4.6 Информатика и компютърни науки.
20.02.2023 г.
проф. д-р Георги Тупаров | <urn:uuid:7b1107c3-c5b5-48f7-9b29-05d3ce092f66> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/bul_Cyrl/train | finepdfs | bul_Cyrl | 5,709 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.