text large_stringlengths 39 13.3M | id large_stringlengths 36 47 | repo_tree_path large_stringclasses 20 values | source_dataset large_stringclasses 1 value | lang large_stringclasses 20 values | num_chars uint32 39 13.3M |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
The dangerous trade in wild life: biodiversity offset schemes in Australia
Brendan Grigg Lecturer, Flinders University Law School
My presentation:
* An introduction to offset schemes
* A close look at the offset schemes in:
– SA
– NSW and Victoria
* The role of property
* The influence of Commonwealth Policy
* Evaluation and implications for Earth jurisprudence and Wild Law
Species lost in SA:
DEH, No Species Loss: A Nature Conservation Strategy for South Australia 2007-2017,p29
New South Wales:
Extinct
* 80 species
Endangered
* 1000 species, populations and communities
What is an offset scheme?
* "voluntary conservation activities that are designed to offset residual, unavoidable damage to biodiversity caused by development activities"
* "not meant to compensate for poor environmental management"
* "additional to other measures that are in place to avoid or minimise environmental damage"
Native Vegetation Act 1991 (SA)
Native Vegetation:
"a plant or plants of a species indigenous to South Australia including a plant or plants growing in or under waters of the sea"
Principles of Clearance:
- Native vegetation should not be cleared if:
(a) it comprises a high level of diversity of plant species; or
(b) it has significance as a habitat for wildlife; or
(c) it includes plants of a rare, vulnerable or endangered species; or ... etc
Significant environmental benefit
where:
"a significant environmental benefit, which outweighs the value of retaining the vegetation, is achieved through the imposition of conditions and the taking of other action by the applicant"
(section 29(4a)(b)(i))
Market based offset schemes:
Generally:
NSW Biobanking Scheme:
Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 (NSW)
MAIN ELEMENTS:
* The establishment of a biobank site through biobank agreements between the Minister and the landowner
* The creation of biodiversity credits for management actions that are carried out or proposed to be carried out to improve or maintain biodiversity values on the biobank site.
* The statutory biobanking assessment methodology is used to determine how many and what type of credits are created.
* Enabling the credits to be used to offset the impact of development on biodiversity values.
"Biodiversity values"
* the composition, structure and function of ecosystems, and includes (but is not limited to) threatened species, populations and ecological communities, and their habitats
* Section 4A Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 (NSW
DEMAND:
Biobanking Statements
SUPPLY:
Biobanking Agreement
No go areas!
Biodiversity as property
Clearly identifiable
Flexible
Enforceable
Secure
Transferable
Permanent
Divisible
Source: Maguire R, and
Phillips , A, 2011: 242
Commonwealth influence:
* Australian Government, Australian Government Biodiversity Policy: Consultation Draft (August 2011)
* Australian Government, EPBC Act Environmental Offsets Policy: Consultation Draft (August 2011)
* "The proper valuation of biodiversity allows us to create more effective and efficient policy responses, including through: market-based approaches for biodiversity protection and management; reforming perverse incentives; and reducing losses through regulation and pricing (for example, by creating a market for offsets). Being able to value biodiversity also encourages appropriate levels of investment in ecological infrastructure as we should invest in other public-good infrastructure."
Consultation Draft (August 2011), 4
Positives:
1. Biodiversity: Asset vs Liability
2. Voluntary and local decision-making
3. Flexibility to concentrate regeneration and restoration efforts
Negatives:
1. The science
2. A quantifiable, fungible unit of value?
A Sustainable Future for Victoria: Getting Environmental Regulation Right Final Report July 2009, p174-175
* the market for offsets was "too thin, resulting in uncertainty about the 'price' of vegetation credits, which in turn, discourages landholders from supplying potential offsets until they can be sure of market values. The thinness of the market may also reflect that offset buyers may require a certain quantity and type of vegetation, but a single offset provider may be unable to supply the total offsets required, or may be unwilling to supply a portion of their offset due to the risk that they will have a small area left over which becomes harder to sell. This is referred to as the 'offset package problem' and its effect is to increase the time and transaction costs involved in finding offsets"
* "Biodiversity is a capital asset. Maintenance of the asset should be financed from societal income not by selling off the capital base. Yet this is the essence of biobanking: allowing the biodiversity values on development land to be lost on the basis that part of the proceeds can be used to better maintain native vegetation elsewhere. ... Biobanking seeks to justify loss of native vegetation on the basis that what is left will be improved, and to this extent attracts the criticism that it is not sustainable, as it funds vegetation management from selling off parts of the vegetation base itself. It is suggested that a more accurate, plain English description of the effect of successful offsetting is "improve the biodiversity management of an ever-diminishing stock of remnant vegetation" rather than "overall maintenance of improvement of biodiversity values."
(Robinson (2009) 26 EPLJ 221) | <urn:uuid:bbdefef1-aac1-485e-8128-cd1181d8fc2e> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 5,447 |
CIRUGÍA LAPAROSCÓPICA EN UROLOGÍA: BREVE RESEÑA HISTÓRICA Y ESTADO ACTUAL DEL ARTE
LAPAROSCOPIC SURGERY IN UROLOGY: BRIEF HISTORICAL REVIEW AND CURRENT STATE OF THE ART
DR. JOSÉ M. CAMPERO (1), DR. SERGIO GUZMÁN (1), DR. MARCELO KERKEBE, MBA (1) (2), DR. ALEJANDRO MERCADO PHD (1) (3).
(1) Departamento de Urología, Clínica Las Condes. Santiago, Chile.
(2) Servicio de Urología, Hospital DIPRECA. Santiago, Chile.
(3) Servicio de Urología, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile. Santiago, Chile.
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
RESUMEN
La cirugía urológica tiene una antigüedad insospechada. El abordaje laparoscópico ha estado en el armamentario de la especialidad desde sus inicios. Sin embargo, recién en las últimas décadas y gracias al gran desarrollo tecnológico en imágenes e instrumental, es que se ha logrado introducir casi rutinariamente en la práctica urológica. Los beneficios de la cirugía laparoscópica son incuestionables y la evidencia nos muestra que cada vez será mayor la tendencia a realizar cirugías por esta vía. El advenimiento de la cirugía laparoscópica asistida por robot ha permitido en los últimos años implementar este abordaje para cirugías más complejas, que parecían imposibles de realizar de otra forma que no fuera por vía abierta. El propósito de esta revisión es describir con una perspectiva histórica el desarrollo de la cirugía mínimamente invasiva en urología y sus principales aplicaciones hoy en día.
Palabras clave: Laparoscopía, cirugía mínimamente invasiva, cirugía asistida por robot, robótica.
SUMMARY
Urological surgery has an unsuspected age. The laparoscopic approach has been in the specialty's armamentarium since its beginnings. But only in recent decades and thanks to the great technological development in images and instruments, is that it has been almost routinely introduced into urological practice. The benefits of laparoscopy are unquestionable and the evidence shows that the tendency to perform surgeries in this way will be greater every time.
The advent of robot assisted laparoscopic surgery in recent years has allowed surgeons to implement this approach for more complex surgeries, which seemed impossible to perform otherwise than by open surgery. The purpose of this review is to describe with a historical perspective the development of minimally invasive surgery in urology and its main applications today.
Key words: Laparoscopy, minimally invasive surgery, robot-assisted surgery, robotics.
INTRODUCCIÓN
Desde finales del siglo pasado, la cirugía urológica abierta ha sido reemplazada en gran parte por cirugías y procedimientos mínimamente invasivos, lo que se ha logrado gracias a la mejora continua de la tecnología video-endoscópica y desarrollo de nuevo instrumental, con implementación de principios físicos y la introducción de cirugía asistida por robot. En esta reseña, se resume el desarrollo de las tecnologías, se discute el rol de la laparoscopía en cirugías urológicas específicas y se especula sobre el futuro de cirugía mínimamente invasiva en urología.
ASPECTOS HISTÓRICOS
El desarrollo de la laparoscopía como técnica mínimamente invasiva es el fruto de sucesivos y progresivos eventos desde la época de Hipócrates, casi 500 años antes de Cristo. La palabra "laparoscopía" proviene de la combinación de las palabras de raíz griega "lápara" y "skopo", que significan
"abdomen" y "observar", respectivamente; esto es, "mirar dentro del abdomen" (1).
Desde la antigüedad y en diferentes civilizaciones, se manifestaba el interés por explorar las cavidades corporales a través de los orificios naturales, con rudimentarios instrumentos que tenían esta finalidad. Existen registros en manuscritos babilónicos sobre el uso de estos instrumentos y espejos que reflejaban la luz natural, para hacer exploraciones a través del ano o la vagina.
No obstante, la primera descripción clara del uso de estos instrumentos se atribuye al cirujano español de origen árabe Abulcasis (Abu-al-Qasim-al-Zahrawi, 936-1013 d.C.). Fue él quien describió por primera vez el uso de ellos para explorar el cuello uterino. El desarrollo de estos instrumentos se mantuvo a nivel rudimentario por casi otros 700 años (2).
En los albores de la revolución industrial, Bozzini, médico militar alemán inventó el "Lichtleiter" o "conductor lumínico". Consistía en una óptica con una fuente de luz de vela. En un modelo cadavérico efectuó exploraciones de la vejiga y exploró la cavidad abdominal a través de heridas causadas por trauma. El escepticismo científico y religioso de sus colegas, sumado a lo rudimentario del instrumento, impidieron su desarrollo (Figura 1) (3).
Casi 40 años después, en 1853, el urólogo francés Antonin Jean Desormeaux, mejoró el sistema óptico y la fuente lumínica, creando el primer "endoscopio", instrumento que le permitió realizar intervenciones terapéuticas a través de la uretra tratando estenosis, papilomas y gonorreas. Gracias a sus intervenciones y aprovechando el descubrimiento de los efectos anestésicos del cloroformo, Desormeaux es considerado como el padre de la cirugía endoscópica (4).
Principalmente en Europa, se sucedieron los mejoramientos a los instrumentos endoscópicos pudiendo ampliar la gama de procedimientos terapéuticos.
Otro urólogo en 1879, Maximilian Nitze, usó lentes de aumento e incorporó en la punta del instrumento el foco eléctrico descubierto previamente por Thomas Alva Edison. En este período, gracias al trabajo de Nitze, se produjo uno de los mayores avances en endoscopía (Figura 2) (5).
A principio de 1900, el ginecólogo ruso Dimitri von Ott, utilizó el endoscopio de Nitze a través de una pequeña incisión abdominal sentando las bases para la laparoscopía ginecológica (6).
Anteriormente Georg Kelling, médico internista alemán, había utilizado un insuflador manual para cohibir sangrados digestivos intraluminales y luego, buscando menos morbilidad que una laparotomía, enfocó su interés en sangrados intraperitoneales. Uniendo las tecnologías existentes, Kelling, fue el primero en establecer un campo de trabajo para la laparoscopía abordando el abdomen insuflado y con al menos otros dos accesos para controlar sangrados intraperitoneales (Figura 3). En forma paralela, el médico internista sueco, Hans Christian Jacobeus reportó en 1910 su experiencia en laparoscopía para tratar la ascitis tuberculosa. Siendo ambos médicos internistas, no se interesaron por otras aplicaciones para su novedosa técnica (7,8).
En los años 20 comenzaron a publicarse estudios referente a los efectos de la absorción de aire insuflado en la cavidad peritoneal y el ginecólogo húngaro Janos Veress inventó una aguja con un obturador que cubría el bisel, minimizando la posibilidad de producir daño a las vísceras al ingresar al abdomen para efectuar el pneumoperitoneo. Esta aguja se ocupa rutinariamente en las cirugías laparoscópicas de la actualidad (9).
FIGURA 1. Conductor lumínico de Phillipe Bozzini. La fuente de luz era una vela
FIGURA 3. George Kelling y su insuflador manual para realizar pneumoperitoneo
Con el desarrollo de los insufladores, el reconocimiento de los beneficios de utilizar el dióxido de carbono por sobre el aire ambiental asociado al refinamiento de los endoscopios, creció la popularidad de la laparoscopía diagnóstica. En esos años la delantera la llevaban los ginecólogos, haciendo procedimientos terapéuticos, pero limitados al utilizar una sola punción.
Después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial dos hechos revolucionaron las imágenes en laparoscopía; el primero fue el refinamiento del lente óptico por un físico británico, Profesor Harold H. Hopkins; y el segundo fue la incorporación del sistema de transmisión de luz fría por el vástago del lente por un alemán dedicado al desarrollo de instrumentos quirúrgicos, Karl Storz (Figura 4).
FIGURA 4. Karl Storz y su fuente de luz fría
A mediados de los años 60 el ginecólogo alemán Kurt Semm, con su aparato de insuflación automática de CO 2 , de registro del flujo de gas y de la presión intraabdominal, asociado a los inventos anteriormente descritos, hizo que la laparoscopía ginecológica tuviera un auge mundial, incluso en EE.UU. que hasta entonces casi había desahuciado la técnica (10,11).
La video-laparoscopía se creó al adicionar una cámara al endoscopio rígido, permitiendo ahora que todo el equipo quirúrgico participara asistiendo al cirujano laparoscopista (12). Con esto se "democratizó" la cirugía en el pabellón, todos los presentes podían ver, opinar y asistir. Así como aprender directo de la experiencia de cirujanos expertos.
El ginecólogo Kurt Semm contribuyó al desarrollo de la cirugía laparoscópica creando múltiples aparatos que son de uso habitual en esta técnica hasta el día de hoy. Refinó técnicas quirúrgicas e ideó el Pelvitrainer (una cajas de simulación ex vivo muy útil para entrenamiento en técnica laparoscópica). Realizó la primera apendicectomía laparoscópica en 1981. Sin duda, un cirujano adelantado a su época (11,13). En el anecdotario de estos avances se recuerda que esto le trajo choques con sus propios colegas quienes decían que debía evaluarse neurológicamente ya que, "solo alguien con daño cerebral podría realizar cirugía laparoscópica". En 1975 le propuso a los cirujanos generales de la Universidad de Kiel realizar colecistectomías laparoscópicas, lo cual fue rechazado tajantemente.
Vale la pena mencionar que, de forma mucho menos beligerante y siempre dentro de un ámbito académico, el desarrollo de la cirugía laparoscópica urológica en Chile también sufrió una fuerte resistencia por parte de algunos de nuestros colegas en el período de implementación de esta técnica. En la actualidad esta actitud no sólo ha cambiado, sino que urólogos sienten la necesidad de incorporar el aprendizaje de estas técnicas debido al beneficio que han observado en el tratamiento de sus pacientes.
El salto cuántico, el punto sin retorno de la cirugía laparoscópica, lo marca la colecistectomía laparoscópica. La historia en este punto es controvertida. Ya en 1979 se efectuó la primera colecistectomía laparoscópica experimental, siendo reportada solo en 1987. En 1983 el cirujano ruso Lukichev describió este procedimiento como tratamiento de colecistitis aguda en humanos. Pero por estar en idioma ruso, su publicación no tuvo difusión (14).
El cirujano alemán Erich Müche inspirado en el trabajo de Semm, realizó una colecistectomía laparoscópica exitosa en 1985 y fue publicada en 1986 (15).
En marzo de 1987, Philippe Mouret en Lyon, Francia, publicó la que fue reconocida por años como la primera colecistectomía laparoscópica. En EE.UU., en 1988, el cirujano Barry McKernan publicó su primera colecistectomía laparoscópica y tres meses después, el cirujano Eddie Reddick en Tennessee, hizo lo mismo. Lo curioso es que todos, desconociendo los trabajos de Müche, tampoco sabían de las experiencias de los demás antes mencionados. Se debe recordar que en esos tiempos la divulgación científica era considerablemente más lenta de lo que es hoy.
Como se puede apreciar en esta breve reseña histórica, la inquietud científica en pos de ofrecer a los pacientes un menor trauma quirúrgico, ha sido el motor del desarrollo de esta ahora difundida técnica.
INCORPORACIÓN DE LA LAPAROSCOPÍA EN CIRUGÍA UROLÓGICA
La primera nefrectomía abierta exitosa registrada en el mundo fue realizada por el cirujano alemán Gustav Simon en la universidad de Heidelberg el año 1869. Se reconoce el intento previo del cirujano canadiense Dr. William Hingston en 1868 en Montreal (16).
Apoyándose en la experiencia mínimamente invasiva descrita previamente en este artículo y en el uso de endoscopios desde su invención, la urología no podía permanecer indiferente a esta tecnología. El problema principal, sin embargo, lo confería la ubicación retroperitoneal de los órganos urológicos mayores y la ausencia de una cirugía frecuente (alguna "colecistectomía") sobre estos en que "entrenarse".
Solo después de 122 años, en diciembre del 1990 el Dr. Ralph Clayman (Figura 5), en la Universidad de Washington (St. Louis, EE.UU.), realizó la primera nefrectomía radical lapa-
FIGURA 5. Impulsores de la laparoscopía urológica
A la izquierda Dr. Ralph Clayman, quien realizó la primera nefrectomía laparoscópica mientras trabajaba en la Universidad de Washington, St. Louis (EE.UU.). A la derecha el Dr. Octavio Castillo, padre de la cirugía laparoscópica urológica en Chile y reconocido formador de urólogos laparoscopistas en el mundo.
roscópica en un paciente octogenario con un tumor de 3cm, descubierto accidentalmente en un estudio radiológico por trauma (17). Después de una larga disquisición en el comité de ética e investigación, y habiendo explicado detalladamente al paciente la posibilidad de falla del procedimiento, sangrado o diseminación del tumor, éste eligió ser sometido a un procedimiento laparoscópico. Con un tiempo quirúrgico de 7 horas y la necesidad de transfundir 1 unidad de sangre, en un principio, no fueron evidentes las ventajas de esta técnica sobre la cirugía abierta convencional, sin embargo marcó el punto de no retorno en la cirugía mínimamente invasiva en el campo de la urología.
En Chile, la cirugía laparoscópica urológica fue impulsada y desarrollada a principios de los 90 por el urólogo Dr. Octavio Castillo Cádiz. El Dr. Castillo publicó la serie de sus primeras 20 nefrectomías laparoscópicas en 1995 (18). No deja de llamar la atención que dentro de estos 20 casos, sólo 2 correspondían a patología oncológica (1 carcinoma de células renales y 1 tumor de pelvis renal). Probablemente esto fue el reflejo de la gran resistencia inicial a incorporar esta técnica en cirugía oncológica. Desde aquellos años, el Dr. Castillo ha formado a una gran cantidad de urólogos tanto nacionales como extranjeros, mostrando su enorme talento quirúrgico y su generosidad docente, ayudando a implementar esta técnica en diversos centros y para diversas indicaciones. Estas características lo han distinguido como un referente internacional y merecedor de numerosos reconocimientos. El Dr. Castillo desarrolló luego el abordaje de la prostatectomía radical laparoscópica y fue pionero en el uso de robótica en latinoamérica (Figura 5).
Desde los años noventa hasta la actualidad la cirugía laparoscópica se ha convertido en un estándar de la especialidad. Son pocas las indicaciones actuales para un abordaje primario abierto. Las diferencias en dolor postoperatorio, sangrado, recuperación, cosmética, infecciones comparado con la cirugía abierta son extremadamente evidentes (19). Los planes de formación de urólogos actuales han tenido que modificarse fuertemente por esta razón.
INCORPORACIÓN DE LA ROBÓTICA A LA CIRUGÍA UROLÓGICA
Los avances tecnológicos llevaron a varios intentos de incorporar "robots" en cirugía. La cirugía laparoscópica hacía esto tecnológicamente posible y esto encendió la intención tanto de la NASA como del ejército de Estados Unidos a avanzar en la creación de una plataforma robótica que permitiera realizar cirugía a distancia. Soñar con operar inmigrantes en otro planeta o soldados en el campo de batalla, sin arriesgar a los cirujanos empezó a dejar de ser ciencia ficción.
Derivado de estos esfuerzos el año 2000 en EE.UU., la compañía INTUITIVE desarrolla un nuevo sistema de cirugía robótica que toma control de la laparoscopía y provoca una nueva revolución la cirugía mínimamente invasiva. Este sistema es el llamado robot quirúrgico "Da Vinci", que hoy ya va en su quinta versión (20).
Desde el comienzo sus ventajas técnicas eran evidentes, le entregaba a la cirugía laparoscópica una nueva capacidad de visión tridimensional (3D) en alta definición (HD), una movilidad del instrumental con articulaciones intracorpóreas que permiten rangos de movimiento incluso mayores al humano (Figura 6).
Evitando los controles engorrosos y haciendo que el cirujano use movimientos naturales, escalados a las pinzas robóticas, se logró que esta técnica resulte más intuitiva para los cirujanos, en comparación con las técnicas laparoscópicas. Esta cualidad "intuitiva" le dio el nombre a la empresa. La laparoscopía requiere de habilidades complejas, con una curva de aprendizaje larga y lenta. En cambio el robot permite simplificarlas y ha demostrado ventajas en la facilitación de la cirugía y resultados operatorios que en algunos casos son superiores o por lo menos similares desde el punto de vista médico.
(Gentileza de Reich Chile SpA.)
NEFRECTOMÍAS RADICALES LAPAROSCÓPICAS
Inicialmente, en todo el mundo y en Chile, la cirugía laparoscópica se destinó principalmente al tratamiento de patologías benignas misceláneas. Cualquier comunicación respecto de tratar patologías oncológicas era fuertemente resistida mientras no existiera evidencia de su seguridad oncológica. Afortunadamente hubo perseverancia de los pioneros y luego evidencia.
El año 1995, en Chile el Dr. Castillo publicó sus primeras nefrectomías. Sin embargo, la indicación más frecuente de nefrectomía es el tumor renal y habiendo comenzado la experiencia en cirugías oncológicas, con el propósito de no cometer errores y sabiendo que el trabajo era observado con interés y recelo por parte de la comunidad urológica, se definieron limitaciones respecto del tamaño y ubicación del tumor para realizar un abordaje laparoscópico.
Se utilizó esta técnica en tumores pequeños que idealmente no deformaran el contorno renal, lo que dejaba afuera a un gran número de casos de tumores renales (18).
El enemigo era quizás la lumbotomía (Figura 7), la más mutilante de las incisiones abdominales y por eso rápidamente la literatura científica y los congresos urológicos internacionales se inundaron de experiencias clínicas, mostrando la factibilidad de realizar estas cirugías y mostrando que los resultados en la evaluación de los parámetros quirúrgicos eran superiores en recuperación y del punto de vista oncológico en el peor de los casos, comparables con la cirugía abierta convencional (21).
Como se comentó anteriormente, a diferencia de la cirugía general en donde "se cuenta" con la "vesícula biliar", los urólogos no contaban con órganos que permitieran procedimientos de mediana o baja complejidad para entrenarse en laparoscopía. Anatómicamente, el retroperitoneo, requiere de una disección laboriosa, sólo para acceder al órgano comprometido y luego resolver quirúrgicamente el problema que demanda la intervención. Además de la dificultad técnica, la dificultad que había para acceder a equipos e instrumentos en los servicios públicos hizo que muy pocos, en esa época, pudieran adquirir una casuística y experiencia sólida. Con los años, fruto de la cooperación entre colegas, programas de entrenamiento y menores costos esta técnica se convirtió en el estándar que es hoy en día.
FIGURA 7. Comparación de incisiones
A) Toraco-Lumbotomía Izquierda para Nefrectomía Radical Abierta. B) Puertos para Nefrectomía Laparoscópica. (Con la debida autorización
de los pacientes).
Aunque hoy parezca increíble, en las guías clínicas europeas y americanas, no fue hasta el año 2007, en que la nefrectomía radical laparoscópica fue incorporada como indicación de primera línea para el tratamiento del cáncer renal localizado.
Las ventajas del abordaje laparoscópico son indiscutibles y están dadas por una mejor visualización, menor sangrado, menor dolor, menor traumatismo en la pared abdominal y mejor cosmética (22).
Actualmente como una asistencia a la laparoscopía es posible hacer la cirugía por vía robótica. En estos casos la relación costo beneficio es discutible, dado que la ventaja más importante del robot es la ayuda en la reconstrucción de la vía urinaria y en estos casos radicales se trata principalmente de extirpación. Es posible pensar que el robot permita abordar disecciones más complejas, linfadenectomías más extensas, pero esto está aún por demostrarse.
Otro de los temas a analizar en este punto tiene que ver con el acceso retroperitoneal laparoscópico. La cirugía urológica abierta fue tradicionalmente retroperitoneal. Esto debido que en los inicios de la gran cirugía las complicaciones al entrar en el abdomen eran mayores. Paradojalmente, siendo éste el ambiente natural del urólogo en cirugía abierta, el espacio quirúrgico limitado y la casi total ausencia de puntos de reparo anatómico hizo que en la cirugía laparoscópica urológica, la mayoría de los accesos se realicen en forma transabdominal.
La vía retroperitoneoscópica tendría la ventaja, en casos seleccionados, de limitar el trauma quirúrgico. Sin embargo, la experiencia clínica no mostró diferencia en las complicaciones perioperatorias (23).
Como veremos en los puntos siguientes su indicación actualmente está reservada principalmente a cirugías de tumores renales de la cara posterior del riñón. O cuando, por condiciones especiales del paciente, el retroperitoneo sea el único acceso de abordaje quirúrgico posible (ej. múltiples cirugías abdominales, abdomen sellado). O simplemente la "preferencia" del cirujano entrenado (23,24).
Debido a que se realiza sólo ocasionalmente es recomendable que quienes se dediquen a la cirugía mínimamente invasiva urológica también se entrenen en el manejo del acceso retroperitoneal.
Otra variante a discutir es la nefrectomía radical laparoscópica "mano asistida". Se define como acceso laparoscópico, pero incorporando una mano al campo operatorio a través de una incisión limitada en la pared abdominal. Fue propuesta como un facilitador de la transición desde la cirugía abierta a la laparoscopía pura. Actualmente no ofrece ventajas y está limitada a ser una alternativa a la conversión a cirugía abierta ante la dificultad de progresión quirúrgica, o a la nefrectomía de donante renal, donde la incisión de extracción se usa como acceso (25).
NEFRECTOMÍAS PARCIALES
En la historia de la urología fue la ausencia de diálisis la que llevó al Dr. Novick en la Cleveland Clinic a tratar a pacientes que tenían un riñón único o con insuficiencia renal con nefrectomía parcial. De esta situación de necesidad surgió la evidencia de que oncológicamente la cirugía parcial es equivalente en sobrevida a la cirugía radical para tumores pequeños (26).
A principios de los 2000 se produjo la paradoja de que se podía operar un tumor renal grande por vía mínimamente invasiva, pero para operar tumores pequeños debía hacerse cirugía abierta, por la dificultad técnica de realizar disección adecuada y reconstrucción hemostática, todo esto contra el reloj de la isquemia renal, en que desde el comienzo de la resección del tumor hasta el final de la reparación del riñón no deben pasar idealmente más de 20 minutos (27).
La nefrectomía parcial laparoscópica necesitaba de instrumental especial, clips hemostáticos especiales y de cirujanos con coraje. Si la cirugía corría sin eventos, entonces ganaba todas las ventajas del abordaje mínimamente invasivo, pero si se alarga la isquemia o sangra, entonces solo quedarían las ventajas cosméticas.
Actualmente el abordaje robótico podría facilitar tanto la disección como la reconstrucción y puede hacer más accesible una técnica compleja a cirujanos con capacidades normales. Por esto es que en centros donde se cuenta con robot muchos de los pacientes se operan robot asistidos. La impresión actual es que el uso del robot permitiría tener menos isquemia y avanzar en la cirugía de tumores más complejos en que hace 5 años habríamos optado por una cirugía radical. Pero esto es algo que deberá ser demostrado en el futuro (28,29).
Otro cambio interesante tiene que ver con los bordes quirúrgicos. En los inicios de la técnica se buscaba un margen amplio con el tumor, pero esto justo en los pacientes en los que se desea preservar función renal al máximo. Actualmente se sabe que basta un margen mínimo, frecuentemente dado por la pseudo-cápsula tumoral por lo que hoy se acepta que la enucleación del tumor es tan buena como
la resección en tejido sano. Esta técnica fue tempranamente promovida a nivel nacional y luego ratificada en publicaciones de la especialidad (30,31).
NEFRECTOMÍAS PARCIALES EN TUMORES TÉCNICAMENTE COMPLEJOS
Al poco andar se presentaron casos de cada vez mayor dificultad técnica, lo que nos llevó a identificar un subgrupo de pacientes con lo que se denominó "tumores renales técnicamente complejos". Casi en simultáneo se proponía en la literatura especializada el mismo concepto (28).
Este subgrupo consistía en tumores mayores a 5cm de diámetro, ubicados en la cara superior del polo superior, menos del 50% exofíticos o totalmente intrarrenales y tumores a menos de 1cm del hilio renal. Hasta hace algunos años, estos casos casi invariablemente se trataban mediante una cirugía radical laparoscópica o se desechaba la alternativa laparoscópica por una cirugía convencional abierta.
Otro grupo de tumores complejos corresponde a tumores renales múltiples, como en casos de tumores familiares o Von Hippel Lindau, o tumores en riñón único.
Actualmente este escollo se ha salvado exitosamente en la mayoría de los casos. Como siempre primero concentrando casos en cirujanos expertos y luego entrenando estos a otros; y posteriormente, con la ayuda de la tecnología y mejor instrumental, uso de la cirugía robótica, fluorescencia de los vasos intra-renales, entre otros. (32). Uno de los aportes novedosos es la utilización de modelos impresos en 3D para la planificación de la cirugía (Figura 8) (33).
FIGURA 8. Uso de modelos impresos en 3D para planificar el abordaje laparoscópico o robótico de la nefrectomía parcial compleja
A)Tumor Intrarrenal completo B) Tumor del Hilio Renal
ADRENALECTOMÍA LAPAROSCÓPICA
El advenimiento de la imagenología permite el diagnóstico incidental frecuente de tumores suprarrenales. En ocasiones además estos tumores son funcionantes y manifiestan síndromes hormonales característicos.
La glándula suprarrenal, por su ubicación en lo profundo del retroperitoneo, es un órgano de muy difícil acceso mediante cirugía abierta. Era necesario efectuar amplias y traumáticas laparotomías para un acceso cómodo y seguro.
Desde el año 1992, con la cirugía laparoscópica se rompió este paradigma y ahora esta cirugía es simple, segura y con un mínimo trauma. Son cirugías que habitualmente no toman más de una hora y en la mayoría de los casos no requiere más de 24 horas de hospitalización.
En este caso es de la máxima importancia un adecuado estudio hormonal. Especialmente dirigido a diagnosticar y preparar adecuadamente a los pacientes portadores de Feocromocitoma. No obstante, incluso en estos casos la cirugía laparoscópica, ya sea convencional o robótica, ha mostrado beneficios claros sobre la cirugía abierta (34).
Es interesante observar la evolución del enfoque de éste problema y darse cuenta que conceptos que se arrastran desde la cirugía convencional influyen hasta el día de hoy en la elección e indicación del tratamiento de los tumores adrenales. Hasta hace no mucho tiempo la recomendación en las guías clínicas era operar un tumor de la glándula suprarrenal no funcionante o incidentaloma con un diámetro mínimo de 6cm. Aunque esto representaba un elevado riesgo de malignidad entre el 25% y 37%, se justificaba esperar hasta este tamaño para compensar el enorme traumatismo ocasionado por la cirugía abierta convencional (35). La recomendación actual en las guías clínicas es operar un incidentaloma con 4cm de diámetro, que representa un riesgo de malignidad entre el 2% y 3% (35).
Los bajos niveles de complicaciones, el mínimo trauma quirúrgico y la facilidad que otorga la protocolización y estandarización de la suprarrenalectomía laparoscópica han llevado a replantear el límite sobre el cual consideramos extirpar un adenoma no funcionante. En nuestro departamento se ha optado por operar estos tumores cuando miden > 3cm porque un tumor de este tamaño ya tiene prácticamente reemplazada la glándula en su totalidad y ésta dejó de tener una función normal. Entonces predomina el riesgo del 1% de malignidad por sobre su función. Durante la extirpación quirúrgica de un tumor suprarrenal, es de vital importancia no dañar o comprometer la integridad del tumor ya que esto significa la posibilidad de una recidiva local cercana al 95% y deja al paciente fuera de cualquier posibilidad de un tratamiento curativo. Mientras menor sea el volumen del tumor, se facilita la cirugía y es menor el riesgo de comprometer la integridad de la lesión.
Es interesante considerar que en la vesícula biliar, de forma paradojal, ante un pólipo vesicular de 1cm, teniendo un 1% de riesgo de malignidad, se efectúan colecistectomías en el 100% de los casos (36). En las guías clínicas no se considera esta situación y se proponen diferentes enfoques para un mismo riesgo estadístico. Cabe señalar que el cáncer de vesícula biliar y el carcinoma suprarrenal comparten su extrema agresividad, teniendo como único tratamiento curativo la cirugía en etapas tempranas de la enfermedad.
LINFADENECTOMÍA RETROPERITONEAL LUMBOAÓRTICA LAPAROSCÓPICA
Otra situación en que la cirugía laparoscópica ha producido un beneficio significativo es en los tumores testiculares no seminomatosos en etapa I. Estos tumores pueden tener hasta un 20% de metástasis silentes en el retroperitoneo al momento del diagnóstico. El paciente en conjunto con su tratante pueden decidir si hacer un seguimiento estricto, realizar quimioterapia profiláctica o ir a la linfadenectomía de etapificación (37).
Antes del advenimiento de la laparoscopía, la linfadenectomía podía ser una gran y riesgosa cirugía para efectuar una etapificación linfonodal del retroperitoneo para luego decidir la estrategia de tratamiento. Era necesario efectuar laparotomías que abarcaban desde el apéndice xifoides hasta el pubis.
Mediante la técnica laparoscópica se ha observado la misma efectividad en cuanto a la obtención de linfonodos, con un procedimiento delicado pero sencillo y con una baja morbilidad. Como es común a casi todos los procedimientos laparoscópicos, la recuperación de los pacientes y el reintegro a sus actividades normales es muy rápida.
En estos casos, en nuestro centro se siguen las plantillas de disección de Weissbach, que además de las ventajas de una linfadenectomía reducida, presenta la mantención de la eyaculación cercana al 100% (38,39).
La preservación de la eyaculación es un punto de gran importancia, especialmente tratándose de hombres jóvenes. Además la laparoscopía muestra una mejor relación costo-beneficio, comparado a la cirugía convencional para obtener el mismo resultado (40).
PROSTATECTOMÍA RADICAL LAPAROSCÓPICA Y ASISTIDA POR ROBOT
El cáncer de próstata es el cáncer urológico más frecuente. Su tratamiento quirúrgico abierto se estandarizó alrededor de los años 90, gracias a los trabajos del Dr. Patrick Walsh y su comprensión anatómica de la pelvis y la función sexual masculina, publicados una década antes (41).
El año 1998 diversos grupos europeos publicaron los primeros casos de prostatectomía radical Laparoscópica (42,43). Esta compleja técnica lograba llevar los beneficios de la invasión mínima al paciente, pero presentaba desafíos quirúrgicos propios de la reconstrucción funcional en la pelvis, que requería de cirujanos especialmente hábiles y expertos. Por eso el tratamiento quirúrgico del cáncer prostático es probablemente el ámbito en el cual la introducción de la laparoscopía fue históricamente más resistida.
De todas formas, a nivel internacional y nacional hubo centros que perseveraron y lograron demostrar la seguridad y efectividad de este abordaje, con resultados al menos equivalentes a la cirugía abierta, con beneficios siempre controvertidos como una menor estadía hospitalaria, menor sangrado y menor dolor postoperatorio.
Como se mencionó anteriormente, en paralelo se desarrollaban los primeros robots quirúrgicos y ante el desafío técnico de la prostatectomía, la asistencia robótica con su visión tridimensional, instrumental con muñecas flexibles y manejo intuitivo rápidamente encontró un nicho de desarrollo. Las primeras Prostatectomias Radicales Laparoscópicas asistidas con robot se publicaron el año 2003 (44).
Desde entonces se ha convertido en el abordaje preferido en centros que cuentan con la tecnología y ha propiciado una verdadera epidemia de crecimiento de la robótica en el mundo y en Chile (Figura 9).
Los beneficios del abordaje robótico son evidentes en cuanto a menor sangrado, disminución del dolor, mejor calidad de la anastomosis uretro-vesical y por esto menos necesidad de sonda Foley. Desde el punto de vista oncológico es por lo menos igual que la cirugía abierta (45). Las preguntas sobre recuperación de continencia y función sexual (eréctil) aún están en evaluación, con todas las dificultades que esto significa. Pero los meta-análisis actuales permiten pensar en ventajas hacia el uso de la robótica, con una recuperación más rápida de la continencia y de la potencia sexual en comparación con las técnicas abiertas y laparoscópicas puras (46-48).
Pese a la dificultad de encontrar evidencia científica que la apoye, la prostatectomía laparoscópica asistida por robot ya es una técnica establecida que se acerca a los 20 años de seguimiento. En los EE.UU. alrededor del 90% de los cánceres de próstata se operan por abordaje robótico. Pero esto tiene implicancias de costo que son difíciles de evaluar, especialmente para países como el nuestro. En Chile actualmente contamos con siete robots funcionando activamente.
(Gentileza Reich SpA.)
EL FUTURO: MÁS ROBOTS, MEJORES IMÁGENES Y ENTRENAMIENTO SIMULADO
El concepto de cirugía laparoscópica tiene muchas aristas, pero sin duda ha sido una de las revoluciones históricas de la cirugía, casi tan grandes como el desarrollo de la anestesia y de los antibióticos. Los cambios tecnológicos hoy suceden a una velocidad impensada. Cada día nos enfrentamos a mejoras sutiles que cambian nuestro quehacer.
Los urólogos hoy nos atrevemos a nuevos abordajes para cirugías tan complejas como la cistectomía radical con reconstrucción robóticas o plastías ureterales y vesicales, porque confiamos en el instrumental mínimamente invasivo y nos entrenamos para usarlo. Las posibilidades sólo crecen.
La laparoscopía es un campo en desarrollo, los instrumentos mejoran, agregando flexibilidad a las pinzas, sistemas de hemostasia mejores, mejor definición de imágenes, visión tridimensional.
Con la laparoscopía se ha incorporado la "simulación", es decir entrenamiento continuo o planificación individual preoperatoria de un caso difícil. En el futuro será habitual imprimir en 3D los hallazgos del paciente y hacer un "ensayo general" ex-vivo para prepararse al procedimiento. Como en la aviación comercial, los centros de excelencia están empezando a exigir "horas en simulador" certificadas para poder acceder a operar pacientes reales. De este modo la cirugía mínimamente invasiva mueve el estándar de seguridad en pabellón haciéndolo más estricto que nunca en la historia.
Ya están comenzando a verse más empresas tecnológicas involucradas en este desarrollo. Se espera que esto reduzca los costos haciendo más asequible la laparoscopía y la robótica a todo nivel.
Los robots del futuro aportarán "háptica" (sensación táctil), integración intraoperatoria con las imágenes radiológicas del paciente, conexión on-line con colegas interconsultores, radiólogos, patólogos o expertos a distancia. Este desarrollo se producirá a una velocidad que sin duda excederá la capacidad científica de demostrar beneficios a cada paso.
Desarrollos que provienen del mundo de la robótica se traspasarán a la laparoscopía más simple, mejorando las imágenes, la tridimensionalidad y la ergonomía del instrumental. De este modo se irán democratizando estos beneficios.
Incluso hoy, innovadores chilenos están activamente desarrollando instrumental magnético para laparoscopía. Sistema que permite dejar una pinza dentro del paciente
y manipularla desde el exterior, evitando toda incisión (49).
SÍNTESIS
La cirugía mínimamente invasiva, laparoscópica y/o robótica, ofrece múltiples beneficios a los pacientes por sobre la cirugía abierta y ha tenido gran aplicación en cirugías urológicas.
cirugías laparoscópicas y es de esperar que los costos se reduzcan con el tiempo y permitan hacer más accesible esta técnica para todos los pacientes.
Con el refinamiento de los procedimientos quirúrgicos, el rápido desarrollo tecnológico, el entendimiento acelerado del "big data" que posibilitará la inteligencia artificial, ni la mente más imaginativa puede ilustrarnos lo que vendrá.
Aquellas cirugías que más se resistían a la introducción de la laparoscopía convencional, hoy han sucumbido frente a la cirugía asistida por robot. Del mismo modo, esta herramienta ha permitido que más cirujanos puedan llevar a cabo
Ninguno de estos actuales eventos habría sido posible sin las etapas anteriores descritas al inicio. Lo que viene, la "cirugía del futuro", es difícil de predecir, imaginársela ahora es casi ciencia ficción (50).
Los autores declaran no tener conflictos de interés, en relación a este artículo.
REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS
1. Laparoscopy (n.d.). Disponible en: http://www.dictionary.com/ browse/laparoscopy. [Accedido el 5 de Septiembre de 2017].
2. Weber A. Historia y evolución de la cirugía endoscópica. En: VegaMagalon J, editor. Tratado de cirugía general. México: Manual Moderno; 2008. p. 195-200.
3. Bozzini PH. Lichtleiter. Eine Erfindung zur Anschauung innerer Teile und Krankheiten. J Prak Heilk. 1806;24:107-9.
4. Desormeaux AJ. The endoscope and its application to the diagnosis and treatment of affections of the genitourinary passages. Chicago Med J. 1867;24:177-94.
5. Nitze M. Eine neue Beobachtungs-und Untersuchungsmethode für Harnröhre, Harnblase und Rektum. Wien Med Wsch 1879;29:649-52.
6. von Ott DO. Ventroscopic illumination of the abdominal cavity in pregnancy. Z Akush Zhenskikl Boleznei. 1901;15:7-10.
7. Kelling G. Über die Oesophagoskopie, Gastroskopie und Koelioskopie Münch Med Wschr. 1902;49:21-4.
8. Jacobaeus HC. Kurze Übersicht über meine Erfahrungen mit der Laparoskopie. Münch Med Wschr. 1911;58:2017-21.
9. Veress J. Neues Instrument zur Ausführung von Brust-oder Bauchpunktionen und Pneumothorax behandlung Deut Med Wschr. 1938;64:1480-3.
10. Hopkins HH. On the diffraction theory of optical images. Proc R Soc London. 1953;217:408-32.
11. Semm K. Advances in pelviscopic surgery. Curr Probl Obstet Gynecol. 1982;15:1-24.
12. Berci G, Brooks PG, Paz-Partlow M. TV laparoscopy. A new dimension in visualization and documentation of pelvic pathology. J Reprod Med. 1986;31(7):585-8.
13. Semm K. Pelviscopy - Operative Guidelines for Minimally Invasive Surgery Following an Organ Oriented Classification. Germany: UFK Kiel; 1992.
14. Lukichev OD, Filimonov MI, Zybin IM. A method of laparoscopic cholecystostomy. Khirurgiia (Mosk). 1983;8:125-7.
15. Blum CA, Adams DB. Who did the first laparoscopic cholecystectomy? . J Min Access Surg. 2011;7(3):165-8.
16. Moll F, Rathert P. The surgeon and his intention: Gustav Simon (1824-1876), his first planned nephrectomy and further contributions to urology. World J Urol. 1999 Jun;17(3):162-7.
17. Clayman RV, Kavoussi LR, Soper NJ, Dierks SM, Meretyk S, Darcy MD, et al. Laparoscopic nephrectomy: initial case report. J Urol 1991; 146: 278-282. J Urol. 1991;146(2):278-82.
18. Castillo OA, Van Cauwelaert R, Wohler C, Aguirre C, Azócar G, Bagarran B, et al. Nefrectomía laparoscópica: experiencia clínica en 20 pacientes. . Rev Chil Cir. 1995;47(3):235-9.
19. Cwach K, Kavoussi LR. Past, present, and future of laparoscopic
renal surgery. Investig Clin Urol. 2016;57(Suppl 2):S110-S3.
20. Lanfranco AR, Castellanos AE, Desai JP, Meyers WC. Robotic surgery: a current perspective. Ann Surg. 2004 Jan;239(1):14-21.
21. Desai MM, Gill IS, Ramani AP, Matin SF, Kaouk JH, Campero JM. Laparoscopic radical nephrectomy for cancer with level I renal vein involvement. . J Urol. 2003; ;169(2):487-9.
22. Caddedu JA, Ono Y, Clayman RV, Barret PH, Janetschek G, Fentie DD, et al. Laparoscopic nephrectomy for renal cell cancer: evaluation of efficacy and safety: a multicenter experience. Urology. 1998;52(5):773-7.
23. Taue R, Izaki H, Koizumi T, Kishimoto T, Oka N, Fukumori T, et al. Transperitoneal versus retroperitoneal laparoscopic radical nephrectomy: a comparative study. Int J Urol. 2009;16(3):263-7.
24. Fan X, Xu K, Lin T, Liu H, Yin Z, Dong W, et al. Comparison of transperitoneal and retroperitoneal laparoscopic nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BJU Int. 2013;111(4):611-21.
25. Elmaraezy A, Abushouk AI, Kamel M, Negida A, Naser O. Should
hand-assisted retroperitoneoscopic nephrectomy replace the standard laparoscopic technique for living donor nephrectomy? A meta-analysis. Int J Surg. 2017;40:83-90.
26. Sajadi KP, Goldman HB. The history of urology in Cleveland, Ohio. Urology. 2010;76(6):1293-7.
27. Thompson RH, Lane BR, Lohse CM, Leibovich BC, Fergany A, Frank I, et al. Every minute counts when the renal hilum is clamped during partial nephrectomy. Eur Urol. 2010;58(3):340-5.
28. Masson-Lecomte A, Bensalah K, Seringe E, Vaessen C, de la Taille A, Doumerc N, et al. A prospective comparison of surgical and pathological outcomes obtained after robot-assisted or pure laparoscopic partial nephrectomy in moderate to complex renal tumours: results from a French multicentre collaborative study. BJU Int. 2013;111(2):256-63.
29. Laviana AA, Hu JC. Current controversies and challenges in roboticassisted, laparoscopic, and open partial nephrectomies. World J Urol. 2014;32(3):591-6.
30. Campero JM, Ramos CG, Valdevenito R, Mercado A, Fullá J. Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy: A series of one hundred cases performed by the same surgeon. Urol Ann. 2012;4(3):162-5.
31. Laryngakis NA, Guzzo TJ. Tumor enucleation for small renal masses. Curr Opin Urol. 2012;22(5):365-71.
32. Cornejo-Davila V, Nazmy M, Jr., Kella N, Palmeros-Rodriguez MA, Morales-Montor JG, Pacheco-Gahbler C. Use of near infrared fluorescence during robot-assisted laparoscopic partial nephrectomy. Actas Urol Esp. 2016;40(3):190-4.
33. Porpiglia F, Bertolo R, Checcucci E, Amparore D, Autorino R, Dasgupta P, et al. Development and validation of 3D printed virtual models for robot-assisted radical prostatectomy and partial nephrectomy: urologists' and patients' perception. World J Urol. 2017. Publicado Online 10 de Noviembre. DOI: 10.1007/ s00345-017-2126-1
34. Solorzano CC, Lew JI, Wilhelm SM, Sumner W, Huang W, Wu W, et al. Outcomes of pheochromocytoma management in the laparoscopic era. Ann Surg Oncol. 2007;14(10):3004-10.
35. Allolio B, Fassnacht M. Clinical review: Adrenocortical carcinoma: clinical update. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91(6):2027-37.
36. Zielinski MD, Atwell TD, Davis PW, Kendrick ML, Que FG. Comparison of surgically resected polypoid lesions of the gallbladder to their pre-operative ultrasound characteristics. J Gastrointest Surg. 2009;13(1):19-25.
37. Stephenson AJ, Sheinfeld J. Management of patients with low-stage nonseminomatous germ cell testicular cancer. Curr Treat Options Oncol. 2005;6(5):367-77.
38. Campero JM, Montiglio C. Linfadenectomía laparoscópica en pacientes portadores de tumores testiculares no-seminomatosos etapa I. Rev Chile Urol. 2002;65(2).
39. Weissbach L, Boedefeld EA, Horstmann-Dubral B. Surgical treatment of stage I non-seminomatous germ cell testis tumor. Eur Urol. 1990;17:97-106.
40. Castillo OA, Sánchez-Salas R, Secin FP, Campero JM, Foneron A, Vidal-Mora I. Primary laparoscopic retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for clinical stage I nonseminomatous germ-cell testis tumor. Actas Urol Esp. 2011;35(1):22-8.
41. Walsh PC, Lepor H, Eggleston JC. Radical prostatectomy with preservation of sexual function: anatomical and pathological considerations. Prostate. 1983;4(5):473-85.
42. Guillonneau B, Cathelineau X, Barret E, Rozet F, Vallancien G. Laparoscopic radical prostatectomy. Preliminary evaluation after
28 interventions. Presse Med. 1998;27(31):1570-4.
43. Filkenstein J, Eckersberger E, Sadri H, Taneja SS, Lepor H, Djavan B. Open versus laparoscopic versus robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy: the european versus US experience. Rev Urol. 2010;12(1):35-43.
44. Menon M, Tewari A. Robotic radical prostatectomy and the Vattikuti Urology Institute technique: an interim analysis of results and technical points. Urology. 2003;61(4 Suppl 1):15-20.
45. Tewari A, Sooriakumaran P, Bloch DA, Seshadri-Kreaden U, Hebert AE, Wiklund P. Positive surgical margin and perioperative complication rates of primary surgical treatments for prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis comparing retropubic, laparoscopic, and robotic prostatectomy. Eur Urol. 2012;62(1):1-15.
46. Seo HJ, Lee NR, Son SK, Kim DK, Rha KH, Lee SH. Comparison of Robot-Assisted Radical Prostatectomy and Open Radical Prostatectomy Outcomes: A Systematic Review and MetaAnalysis. Yonsei Med J. 2016;57(5):1165-77.
47. Ficarra V, Novara G, Rosen RC, Artibani W, Carroll PR, Costello A, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of studies reporting urinary continence recovery after robot-assisted radical prostatectomy. Eur Urol. 2012;62(3):405-17.
48. Ficarra V, Novara G, Ahlering TE, Costello A, Eastham JA, Graefen M, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of studies reporting potency rates after robot-assisted radical prostatectomy. Eur Urol. 2012;62(3):418-30.
49. Rivas H, Robles I, Riquelme F, Vivanco M, Jimenez J, Marinkovic B, et al. Magnetic Surgery: Results From First Prospective Clinical Trial in 50 Patients. Ann Surg. 2018;267(1):88-93.
50. Campero E. Desarrollo de la cirugía moderna. Bol Hosp San Juan de Dios. 1994;41(1):70-2. | <urn:uuid:93bc5066-ca0c-48e2-be3e-23e58237fe4b> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/spa_Latn/train | finepdfs | spa_Latn | 45,783 |
Infoparlement
Europapolitik – Sommersession Juni 2015
Gerne lassen wir Ihnen die europapolitische Vorschau der Neuen Europäischen Bewegung Schweiz (Nebs) auf die Sommersession Juni 2015 des eidgenössischen Parlaments zukommen.
Während dieser parlamentarischen Session werden verschiedene wichtige Vorstösse zur zukünftigen Europapolitik verhandelt.
Drei Punkte sind hervorzuheben:
- Personenfreizügigkeit ist unantastbar
Die Personenfreizügigkeit ist eine der vier Grundfreiheiten und damit ein Grundpfeiler der europäischen Integration. Die Schweiz hat aus Brüssel eine definitive Antwort erhalten: Die Personenfreizügigkeit ist unverhandelbar. Weder Kontingente, noch Inländervorrang, noch Schutzklausel sind mit der Personenfreizügigkeit vereinbar und können damit nicht ausgehandelt werden.
- Klärende Abstimmung ist unumgänglich
Die Abstimmung vom 9. Februar hat ein Dilemma ohne Lösung geschaffen: Die Schweizer Bevölkerung hat mit einer knappen Mehrheit die Einführung von Kontingenten gewünscht. Diese stehen im Gegensatz zur Personenfreizügigkeit, ihrerseits Basis der Bilateralen Verträge, die von den Bürgerinnen und Bürgern angenommen und mehrmals bestätigt wurden. Dieses Dilemma kann nur durch eine klärende Abstimmung gelöst werden, die den Schweizerinnen und Schweizern die Möglichkeit gibt, zwischen der Verteidigung der Bilateralen Verträge und den Kontingenten zu wählen. Die Nebs ist der Ansicht, dass diese Abstimmung unumgänglich ist und so zeitnah wie möglich stattfinden muss.
- Unsere Verhandlungsposition darf nicht geschwächt werden
Die EU hat der Schweiz eine Frist gesetzt: die der Ausweitung der Personenfreizügigkeit auf Kroatien. Wenn das Zusatzprotokoll zur Personenfreizügigkeit nicht unterschrieben wird, kann die Schweiz am Forschungsprogramm «Horizon 2020» ab 2016 nur noch als Drittstaat teilnehmen. Der Bundesrat kann das Protokoll zur Erweiterung der Personenfreizügigkeit auf Kroatien jederzeit unterschreiben. Die EU hat 28 Mitgliedstaaten und keiner darf diskriminiert werden.
Sekretariat
KALENDER
| Dienstag, 02.06.15 8.15 - 13.00 | SR | Geschäft des Parlaments: «Delegation EFTA/Europäisches Parlament. Bericht» (15.010). |
|---|---|---|
| | SR | Geschäft des Parlaments: «Delegation bei der Parlamentarischen Versammlung der OSZE. Bericht» (15.011). |
| | SR | Geschäft des Parlaments: «Parlamentarierdelegation beim Europarat. Bericht» (15.012). |
| Montag, 08.06.15 14.30 - 21.45 | NR | Geschäft des Parlaments: «Delegation EFTA/Europäisches Parlament. Bericht» (15.010). |
| | NR | Geschäft des Parlaments: «Delegation bei der Parlamentarischen Versammlung der OSZE. Bericht» (15.011). |
| | NR | Geschäft des Parlaments: «Parlamentarierdelegation beim Europarat. Bericht» (15.012). |
| Dienstag, 09.06.15 8.00 – 13.00 | NR | Postulat Pfister Gerhard: «Freihandel zwischen der EU und den USA. Opportunitätsstrategie der Schweiz» (14.4186). |
| Mittwoch, 10.06.15 8.00 – 12.30 | NR | Postulat Fraktion SP: «Die Europadiskussion neu eröffnen» (14.3121). |
| | NR | Motion Reimann Lukas: «EU-Beitrittsgesuch. Klarheit schaffen» (14.3219). |
| | NR | Motion Jacqueline Fehr: «Ende des Zweiten Weltkrieges. 70-Jahr-Gedenk- und Dankesfeier am 8. Mai 2015» (14.3338). |
| | NR | Motion Aebi Andreas: «Primäre aussenpolitische Zielsetzung für die Schweiz» (14.3619). |
| Mittwoch, 17.06.15 8.00-13.00 & 15.00-19.00 | SR | Parlamentarische Initiative Bourgeois Jacques: «Bundesgesetz über die technischen Handelshemmnisse. Lebensmittel vom Cassis-de-Dijon-Prinzip ausnehmen» (10.538). |
| | SR | Standesinitiative Bern: «Cassis-de-Dijon-Prinzip» (11.321). |
| | SR | Interpellation Gutzwiller Felix: «Erasmus plus und Horizon 2020. Die Schweiz als Drittland» (15.3212). |
|---|---|---|
| Donnerstag, 18.06.15 8.15-13.00 & 15.00-19.00 | SR | Postulat Rechsteiner Paul: «Bericht zum Schweizer Franken» (15.3367). |
| | SR | Postulat Graber Konrad: «Zukunftsperspektiven für die Schweiz» (15.3017). |
| | SR | Postulat Cramer Robert: «Starker Franken und Einkaufstourismus» (15.3208). |
| | SR | Postulat WAK-SR (14.302): «Anliegen des Kantons Tessin. Ausgangslage und Entwicklungsperspektive» (15.3012). |
| | SR | Standesinitiative Tessin: «Aufkündigung des Grenzgängerabkommens und Neuverhandlung des Doppelbesteuerungsabkommens» (14.302). |
| | SR | Standesinitiative Tessin: «Sonderstatus für das Tessin und andere von den negativen Auswirkungen der Freizügigkeit besonders stark betroffene Randregionen» (14.303). |
| | SR | Standesinitiative Tessin: «Das Tessin gestaltet seine Zukunft selbst» (14.304). |
3
NATIONALRAT
(Ständerat ab Seite 7)
WICHTIGE GESCHÄFTE
MITTWOCH, 10. JUNI 2015, 8.00 - 12.30 UHR
Postulat Fraktion SP (Sprecherin: Claudia Friedl): «Die Europadiskussion neu eröffnen»
Der Bundesrat beantragt die Annahme des Postulates.
Status: Im Rat noch nicht behandelt (Bekämpft von Walter Müller)
Text: «Der Bundesrat wird beauftragt, nach dem Vorbild des Integrationsberichtes von 1999 eine vergleichende Analyse möglicher Auswirkungen der Fortsetzung des Bilaterismus mit oder ohne neue institutionelle Lösung und eines EU-Beitrittes auf die Schweiz vorzulegen.»
Kommentar: Schon vor dem 9. Februar 2014 wurde klar, dass die Bilateralen Verträge in ihrer aktuellen Form nicht mehr zeitgemäss sind. Die «institutionellen Fragen» bleiben ungelöst. Die EU hat schon vor der Abstimmung zur Masseneinwanderungsinitiative betont, dass ohne institutionellen Rahmen kein neuer Vertrag über den Marktzugang abgeschlossen werden kann. Der Bundesrat soll deshalb die verschiedenen Möglichkeiten für die Beziehungen Schweiz-EU aufzeigt und eine aktive Mitgliedschaft nicht aus den Augen verlieren. Die Nebs empfiehlt die Annahme des Postulats.
Motion Aebi: «Primäre aussenpolitische Zielsetzung für die Schweiz» (14.3619).
Der Bundesrat beantragt die Ablehnung der Motion.
Status: Im Rat noch nicht behandelt
Text: «Der Bundesrat wird beauftragt, die Organisationsverordnung für das Eidgenössische Departement für auswärtige Angelegenheiten (OV-EDA) unter Artikel 1, "Ziele und Funktionen", mit folgendem Ziel als prioritäre Handlungsmaxime des EDA zu ergänzen: die Wahrung der Unabhängigkeit und Neutralität der Schweiz.
Demzufolge soll Artikel 1 Absatz 1 OV-EDA wie folgt geändert werden: "Das Eidgenössische Departement für auswärtige Angelegenheiten (EDA) beachtet bei der Wahrung der aussenpolitischen Interessen der Schweiz prioritär die Unabhängigkeit und Neutralität der Schweiz und legt für die übrigen, verfassungsmässigen Aufträge eine Rangfolge fest.».
Kommentar: Gemäss Bundesverfassung sind die grundlegenden Interessen, die mit unserer Aussenpolitik gewahrt werden sollen, die Unabhängigkeit, die Sicherheit und die Wohlfahrt des Landes. Die Bundesverfassung sollte unter den zu wahrenden Interessen und zu fördernden Werten keine Priorisierung vornehmen. Die Nebs empfiehlt die Ablehnung dieser Motion.
Sekretariat
(14.3121).
ANDERE GESCHÄFTE
MONTAG, 8. JUNI 2015, 14.30 - 21.45 UHR
Geschäft des Parlaments: «Delegation EFTA/Europäisches Parlament. Bericht» (15.010).
Bericht der Schweizer Delegation beim Parlamentarierkomitee der EFTA-Länder und für die Beziehungen zum Europäischen Parlament vom 31. Dezember 2014
Die Delegation ist sowohl um eine nachhaltige Kontaktpflege zum Europäischen Parlament als auch um einen aktiven Austausch innerhalb der EFTA und zu deren zahlreichen Handelspartnern bemüht. Während die Treffen mit Vertretern des Europäischen Parlaments in erster Linie dazu dienen, komplexe Sachverhalte zu diskutieren und um gemeinsame Interessen zu erörtern, stehen im Rahmen der EFTAAktivitäten die Diversifikation und Dynamisierung des grenzüberschreitenden wirtschaftlichen Austauschs im Zentrum, mit dem Ziel der Sicherung von Wettbewerbsvorteilen und der Verringerung allfälliger Diskriminierungen. Mit Blick auf die Pflege der Beziehungen zum Europäischen Parlament setzt sich die Delegation weiter für eine Intensivierung des interparlamentarischen Dialogs durch eine schrittweise Erhöhung der Frequenz der Treffen zwischen beiden Delegationen ein
Geschäft des Parlaments: «Delegation bei der Parlamentarischen Versammlung der OSZE. Bericht» (15.011).
Bericht der Schweizer Delegation bei der parlamentarischen Versammlung der OSZE vom 31. Dezember 2014
Die Delegation bewertet das Jahr des Schweizer OSZE-Vorsitzes als sehr positiv. In einem Jahr, in dem das Vertrauen in einen unerschütterlichen Frieden in Europa aufgrund der allgegenwärtigen Ukrainekrise ins Wanken geraten ist, hat die OSZE als Forum für den Dialog über Frieden und Sicherheit an Glaubwürdigkeit gewonnen.
Geschäft des Parlaments: «Parlamentarierdelegation beim Europarat. Bericht» (15.012).
Bericht der Schweizer Parlamentarierdelegation beim Europarat vom 31. Dezember 2014
Die Schweizer Parlamentarierdelegation beim Europarat vertritt im Auftrag der Bundesversammlung die Schweiz in der Parlamentarischen Versammlung des Europarates.
Gemäss Artikel 9 Absatz 2 der Verordnung der Bundesversammlung über die Pflege der internationalen Beziehungen unterbreitet sie hiermit den eidgenössischen Räten den Bericht über die wesentlichen Elemente ihrer Tätigkeit im Jahr 2014.
DIENSTAG, 9. JUNI 2015, 8.00 - 13.00 UHR
Postulat Pfister Gerhard: «Freihandel zwischen der EU und den USA. Opportunitätsstrategie der Schweiz» (14.4186)
Der Bundesrat beantragt die Annahme des Postulates.
Status: Im Rat noch nicht behandelt
Text: Der Bundesrat wird beauftragt, einen Bericht zu erstellen, der die Strategie der Schweiz aufzeigt, wenn die Transatlantische Handels- und Investitionspartnerschaft (TTIP) zwischen der EU und den USA und das neue Abkommen über den Handel mit Dienstleistungen (Tisa) zustande kommen sollten. Die Strategie soll auf die Chancen und Opportunitäten fokussiert sein, die sich für die Schweizer Wirtschaft bei den beiden Abkommen ergeben können.
MITWOCH, 10. JUNI 2015, 8.00 - 12.30 UHR
Motion Reimann: «EU-Beitrittsgesuch. Klarheit schaffen» (14.3219).
Der Bundesrat beantragt die Ablehnung der Motion.
Status: Im Rat noch nicht behandelt
Text: «Der Bundesrat wird beauftragt, das Gesuch des Bundesrates über die Aufnahme von Beitrittsverhandlungen mit der Europäischen Union (Beitrittsgesuch) zurückzuziehen.»
Motion Jacqueline Fehr: «Ende des Zweiten Weltkrieges. 70-Jahr-Gedenk- und Dankesfeier am 8. Mai 2015» (14.3338).
Der Bundesrat beantragt die Annahme der Motion.
Status: Im Rat noch nicht behandelt (bekämpft von Christoph Mörgeli)
Text: «Der Bundesrat wird beauftragt, am 8. Mai 2015 zum 70-Jahr-Jubiläum des Endes des Zweiten Weltkrieges koordinierend und unterstützend zu Gedenk- und Dankesfeiern beizutragen und all jenen zu danken, welche damals und seither zum europäischen Friedenswerk beigetragen haben, indem sie Institutionen aufbauten, welche neue Kriege unmöglich machen sollen.»
STÄNDERAT
WICHTIGE GESCHÄFTE
MITTWOCH, 17. JUNI 2015, 8.00 – 13.00 & 15.00 – 19.00 UHR
Parlamentarische Initiative Bourgeois Jacques: «Bundesgesetz über die technischen Handelshemmnisse. Lebensmittel vom Cassis-de-Dijon-Prinzip ausnehmen» (10.538)
Status: behandelt vom Nationalrat (Fristverlängerung zur Frühjahrssession 2016)
Text: Gestützt auf Artikel 160 Absatz 1 der Bundesverfassung und auf Artikel 107 des Parlamentsgesetzes reiche ich folgende parlamentarische Initiative ein:
Das Bundesgesetz über die technischen Handelshemmnisse (THG) ist so zu ändern, dass die Lebensmittel vom Geltungsbereich des Cassis-de-Dijon-Prinzips ausgenommen sind.
Kommentar: «Cassis-de-Dijon» ist ein fundamentales Prinzip der Europäischen Union. Die Schweizer Konsumentinnen und Konsumenten profitieren stark von diesem Grundsatz. Die Preise sind seit der Einführung allgemein gesunken. Die Argumente gegen das «Cassis-de-Dijon-Prinzip» basieren nicht selten auf protektionistischen Motiven. Die Nebs empfiehlt die Ablehnung dieser Parlamentarischen Initiative.
Sekretariat
ANDERE GESCHÄFTE
MONTAG, 8. JUNI 2015, 14.30 - 21.45 UHR
Geschäft des Parlaments: «Delegation EFTA/Europäisches Parlament. Bericht» (15.010).
Bericht der Schweizer Delegation beim Parlamentarierkomitee der EFTA-Länder und für die Beziehungen zum Europäischen Parlament vom 31. Dezember 2014
Die Delegation ist sowohl um eine nachhaltige Kontaktpflege zum Europäischen Parlament als auch um einen aktiven Austausch innerhalb der EFTA und zu deren zahlreichen Handelspartnern bemüht. Während die Treffen mit Vertretern des Europäischen Parlaments in erster Linie dazu dienen, komplexe Sachverhalte zu diskutieren und um gemeinsame Interessen zu erörtern, stehen im Rahmen der EFTAAktivitäten die Diversifikation und Dynamisierung des grenzüberschreitenden wirtschaftlichen Austauschs im Zentrum, mit dem Ziel der Sicherung von Wettbewerbsvorteilen und der Verringerung allfälliger Diskriminierungen. Mit Blick auf die Pflege der Beziehungen zum Europäischen Parlament setzt sich die Delegation weiter für eine Intensivierung des interparlamentarischen Dialogs durch eine schrittweise Erhöhung der Frequenz der Treffen zwischen beiden Delegationen ein
Geschäft des Parlaments: «Delegation bei der Parlamentarischen Versammlung der OSZE. Bericht» (15.011).
Bericht der Schweizer Delegation bei der parlamentarischen Versammlung der OSZE vom 31. Dezember 2014
Die Delegation bewertet das Jahr des Schweizer OSZE-Vorsitzes als sehr positiv. In einem Jahr, in dem das Vertrauen in einen unerschütterlichen Frieden in Europa aufgrund der allgegenwärtigen Ukrainekrise ins Wanken geraten ist, hat die OSZE als Forum für den Dialog über Frieden und Sicherheit an Glaubwürdigkeit gewonnen.
Geschäft des Parlaments: «Parlamentarierdelegation beim Europarat. Bericht» (15.012).
Bericht der Schweizer Parlamentarierdelegation beim Europarat vom 31. Dezember 2014
Die Schweizer Parlamentarierdelegation beim Europarat vertritt im Auftrag der Bundesversammlung die Schweiz in der Parlamentarischen Versammlung des Europarates.
Gemäss Artikel 9 Absatz 2 der Verordnung der Bundesversammlung über die Pflege der internationalen Beziehungen unterbreitet sie hiermit den eidgenössischen Räten den Bericht über die wesentlichen Elemente ihrer Tätigkeit im Jahr 2014.
MITTWOCH, 17. JUNI 2015, 8.00 – 13:00 UHR
Standesinitiative Bern: «Cassis-de-Dijon-Prinzip» (11.321).
Status: behandelt vom Nationalrat (Der Initiative wird keine Folge gegeben)
Text: Gestützt auf Artikel 160 Absatz 1 der Bundesverfassung reicht der Kanton Bern folgende Standesinitiative ein:
In der Schweiz für den schweizerischen Markt produzierte Lebensmittel müssen den schweizerischen, gesetzlich vorgeschriebenen Qualitätsnormen entsprechen.
Interpellation Gutzwiller Felix: «Erasmus plus und Horizon 2020. Die Schweiz als Drittland» (15.3212).
Status: Im Rat noch nicht behandelt
Text: Die EU-Kommission hat entschieden, die Schweizer Assoziierung an den Programmen Erasmus plus und Horizon 2020 zu sistieren und die Schweiz solange als Drittland zu behandeln, bis die Auswirkungen der Masseneinwanderungsinitiative geklärt werden. Während für einige Teilprogramme Übergangslösungen ausgehandelt werden konnten, bleiben gewisse Teilprogramme für die Schweiz unzugänglich.
Vor diesem Hintergrund wird der Bundesrat gebeten, die folgenden Fragen zu beantworten:
1. Welche Auswirkungen hat die Behandlung der Schweiz als Drittland konkret?
2. Für welche Teilprogramme konnten keine Übergangslösung ausgehandelt werden und welche Auswirkungen hat dies auf betroffene Unternehmen (insbesondere KMU)? Welche Branchen sind besonders betroffen?
3. Wie beurteilt er den bisherigen Erfolg und den Wegfall der Teilprogramme "Innovation in KMU" und "Zugang zu Risikofinanzierung"
DONNERSTAG, 18. JUNI 2015, 08.15 - 13.00 & 15.00 – 19.00 UHR
Postulat Rechsteiner Paul: «Bericht zum Schweizer Franken» (15.3367).
Der Bundesrat beantragt die Annahme des Postulates.
Status: Im Rat noch nicht behandelt
Text: Der Bundesrat wird eingeladen, einen Bericht zum Schweizerfranken und seiner volkswirtschaftlichen Funktion unter den gegenwärtigen Bedingungen und den absehbaren künftigen Entwicklungen zu erstellen oder erstellen zu lassen.
Postulat Graber Konrad: «Zukunftsperspektiven für die Schweiz» (15.3017).
Der Bundesrat beantragt die Annahme des Postulates.
Status: Im Rat noch nicht behandelt
Text: Der Bundesrat wird ersucht zu prüfen, wie den zurzeit schwierigen Perspektiven der Schweiz mit einem engagierten Schritt in die Zukunft begegnet werden kann. Dazu soll er auf Grundlage der sich aktuell bietenden Opportunitäten (z. B. Starker Franken, Negativzinsen usw.) ohne Verzug in einer Auslegeordnung verschiedentlich diskutierte Vorschläge im Detail auf Stärken und Schwächen bzw. Chancen und Risiken analysieren, darüber Bericht erstatten und eine Bestvariante zur Umsetzung vorschlagen.
Postulat Cramer Robert: «Starker Franken und Einkaufstourismus» (15.3208).
Der Bundesrat beantragt die Ablehnung des Postulates.
Status: Im Rat noch nicht behandelt
Text: Der Bundesrat wird gebeten, die Zweckmässigkeit eines Massnahmenplans zu prüfen mit dem Ziel, wirksam gegen den Einkaufstourismus vorzugehen. Die Problematik ist in den Grenzgebieten, in denen die negative Wirkung des starken Frankens besonders stark zu spüren ist, speziell virulent. Davon betroffen sind namentlich der Detailhandel sowie das Hotel- und das Gastgewerbe. Mögliche Massnahmen wären eine Intensivierung der Zusammenarbeit mit den Lebensmittelkontrollbehörden, eine bessere Information der Konsumentinnen und Konsumenten und die Aufstockung des Grenzwachtpersonals in den Grenzgebieten.
Postulat WAK-SR (14.302): «Anliegen des Kantons Tessin. Ausgangslage und Entwicklungsperspektive» (15.3012).
Der Bundesrat beantragt die Annahme des Postulates.
Status: Im Rat noch nicht behandelt
Text: Der Bundesrat wird beauftragt, die Massnahmen darzulegen, die er getroffen hat und weiter treffen wird, um die in den Standesinitiativen 14.302, 14.303, 14.304 geäusserten Sorgen und Anliegen des Kantons Tessin aufzunehmen. Dabei sollen insbesondere die Massnahmen, Handlungsmöglichkeiten und die allfälligen Fortschritte in den Bereichen Grenzgängerbesteuerung, Doppelbesteuerungsabkommen mit Italien und Personenfreizügigkeit dargestellt werden.
10
Standesinitiative Tessin: «Aufkündigung des Grenzgängerabkommens und Neuverhandlung des Doppelbesteuerungsabkommens» (14.302).
Status: Im Rat noch nicht behandelt
Text: Der Kanton Tessin möchte die Aufkündigung und Neuverhandlung des Abkommens zwischen der Schweiz und Italien bezüglich der Besteuerung der Grenzgänger und der finanziellen Kompensation für die italienischen Grenzgemeinden
Standesinitiative Tessin: «Sonderstatus für das Tessin und andere von den negativen Auswirkungen der Freizügigkeit besonders stark betroffene Randregionen» (14.303).
Status: Im Rat noch nicht behandelt
Text: Der Kanton Tessin wünscht die Gründung eines temporären Ausnahmesystems bezüglich des freien Personenverkehrs um der speziellen Situation der Grenzkantone Rechnung zu tragen.
Standesinitiative Tessin: «Das Tessin gestaltet seine Zukunft selbst» (14.304).
Status: Im Rat noch nicht behandelt
Text: Gestützt auf Artikel 160 Absatz 1 der Bundesverfassung reicht der Kanton Tessin folgende Standesinitiative ein:
Der Kanton Tessin fordert den Bund auf, im Ausführungsgesetz zum neuen Artikel 121a der Bundesverfassung den Kantonen die Zuständigkeit zu übertragen, die jährlichen Höchstzahlen und Kontingente für Grenzgängerinnen und Grenzgänger für ihr Kantonsgebiet festzulegen, um so zu gewährleisten, dass die Bedürfnisse der einzelnen Kantone und der Wille der jeweiligen Kantonsbevölkerung angemessen berücksichtigt werden.
Weitere Informationen finden Sie auf www.parlament.ch. Alle Debatten können dort live mitverfolgt werden.
11 | <urn:uuid:405eb7eb-4ef6-4817-a0b1-451c457f2cd4> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/deu_Latn/train | finepdfs | deu_Latn | 19,778 |
What They're Saying
It is imperative that the FCC resolve these questions, make its decision on spectrum, and move forward. The bottom line is that we have to move decisively to auction the C-Band spectrum and bring resolution on the L-Band. Our economic future is at stake. We have to bear in mind in making these spectrum decisions, that given the narrow window we face, the risk of losing the 5G struggle with China should vastly outweigh all other considerations.
This 35 MHz is not just one spectrum option to advance 5G. Properly understood, it is absolutely critical to a viable U.S. 5G deployment strategy.
—UNITED STATES ATTORNEY GENERAL WILLIAM BARR
CCA urges you to swiftly approve the use of the L-Band frequencies, which could bring additional critical mid-band spectrum online this year. A key differentiator of the L-Band proceeding is that the associated spectrum can be deployed immediately in support of 5G services. Additionally, as both Ericsson and Nokia have determined, the proposed use of those frequencies are complementary to 5G uses of other bands, such as the C-Band.
—COMPETITIVE CARRIERS ASSOCIATION (CCA)
Ligado has sought to meet every reasonable interference-based objection. It deserves a straight up and down vote on its ending application. Because grant of the Application as modified would provide new services without creating harmful interference to existing users, the Commission should grant the application as modified.
—DANIEL GOLDIN, FORMER NASA ADMINISTRATOR
CTIA has long advocated for measures that bring new spectrum to market and promote innovation, investment, and competition. The Commission should act promptly on Ligado's license modification request.
These efforts by Ligado to bring more spectrum to market deserve the Commission's prompt attention.
—CTIA
The efforts of Ligado go above and beyond to protect sensitive neighbors, and it is time to see this spectrum put to a more socially beneficial use.
— PUBLIC KNOWLEDGE
—INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY & INNOVATION FOUNDATION (ITIF)
Ligado has proven that it is a good partner, and it will take ample steps to mitigate potential harm. It has addressed the concerns of other parties, including offering proven plans to upgrade outdated equipment to achieve better outcomes. The company deserves the right to try, and the many industries, millions of consumers, and thousands of potential employees, deserve to enjoy this next generation technology – as well as better and more resilient GPS systems. As the private sector has stepped up, now it's time for the government to do its part.
—ROSLYN LAYTON, AMERICAN ENTERPRISE INSTITUTE (AEI)
The 35 MHz of mid-band Ligado spectrum represents a significant potential contribution to U.S. leadership in 5G. The Commission, together with the National Telecommunications and Information Administration, have been attempting to move more spectrum into the private sector, particularly by freeing up government spectrum. Failure to approve the Ligado license modifications would have the opposite effect, transferring a large block of spectrum from the commercial sector back to the government.
—TECHNOLOGY POLICY INSTITUTE (TPI)
Given the tremendous value of the L-band spectrum and the potential economic benefits – potentially in the hundreds of billions of dollars – to be realized from putting it to use, further delay in considering Ligado's hybrid terrestrial-satellite network application is costly. Acting on the application presents an opportunity to further America's advancement in the global race to 5G and to enable next-generation IoT services.
—FREE STATE FOUNDATION | <urn:uuid:6ea32f00-0fff-4453-ac5f-3296867bd80b> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 3,643 |
of Digital Governance
Digitally signed by Ministry
ΑΔΑ: ΨΦΝΩ469ΗΞΤ-Μ5Χ
Date: 2024.03.22
Reason:
10:22:00 EET
Location: Athens
Αλεξανδρούπολη, 22 - 03 - 2024
Αρ. Πρωτ.: 424
ΑΡΙΘΜΟΣ ΔΙΑΚΗΡΥΞΗΣ: 04/2024
ΠΕΡΙΛΗΨΗ ΔΙΑΚΗΡΥΞΗΣ
Δημόσιου Ανοικτού Ηλεκτρονικού Διαγωνισμού για την «Παραχώρηση Υπηρεσιών Συλλογής και Διαχείρισης Στερεών Αποβλήτων και Καταλοίπων Φορτίου των Πλοίων που Καταπλέουν στη Θαλάσσια Περιοχή Αρμοδιότητας της Ο.Λ.Α. Α.Ε.
CPV (κύριο αντικείμενο): 90500000-2 (Υπηρεσίες σχετιζόμενες με απορρίμματα και απόβλητα)
Ο Οργανισμός Λιμένος Αλεξανδρούπολης Α.Ε. (Ο.Λ.Α. Α.Ε.) προκηρύσσει ανοικτό ηλεκτρονικό διαγωνισμό, για την «ΠΑΡΑΧΩΡΗΣΗ ΥΠΗΡΕΣΙΩΝ ΣΥΛΛΟΓΗΣ ΚΑΙ ΔΙΑΧΕΙΡΙΣΗΣ ΣΤΕΡΕΩΝ ΑΠΟΒΛΗΤΩΝ ΚΑΙ ΚΑΤΑΛΟΙΠΩΝ ΦΟΡΤΙΟΥ ΤΩΝ ΠΛΟΙΩΝ ΠΟΥ ΚΑΤΑΠΛΕΟΥΝ ΣΤΗ ΘΑΛΑΣΣΙΑ ΠΕΡΙΟΧΗ ΑΡΜΟΔΙΟΤΗΤΑΣ ΤΗΣ Ο.Λ.Α. Α.Ε.», που διενεργείται σύμφωνα με τους όρους της υπ' αριθμ. 04/2024 διακήρυξης.
Η εκτιμώμενη αξία της σύμβασης ανέρχεται στο ποσό των ενενήντα έξι χιλιάδων ευρώ (96.000,00 €), μη συμπεριλαμβανομένου Φ.Π.Α., για διάρκεια παραχώρησης ενός (1) έτους, με δικαίωμα παράτασης ενός (1) επιπλέον έτους.
Κριτήριο κατακύρωσης είναι η πλέον συμφέρουσα από οικονομική άποψη προσφορά βάσει της βέλτιστης σχέσης ποιότητας – τιμής.
Καταληκτική ημερομηνία υποβολής προσφορών: 22-04-2024, ημέρα Δευτέρα και ώρα 14:00.
Πλήρης διακήρυξη έχει αναρτηθεί την 22-03-2024 στη Διαδικτυακή Πύλη του ΟΠΣ ΕΣΗΔΗΣ (www.promitheus.gov.gr) με Συστημικό Αύξοντα Αριθμό: 347181, στον δικτυακό τόπο του Κεντρικού Ηλεκτρονικού Μητρώου Δημοσίων Συμβάσεων (ΚΗΜΔΗΣ) και στην ιστοσελίδα του ΟΡΓΑΝΙΣΜΟΥ ΛΙΜΕΝΟΣ ΑΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΟΥΠΟΛΗΣ Α.Ε. (www.ola-sa.gr).
Ο Διευθύνων Σύμβουλος Ο.Λ.Α. Α.Ε.
Κωνσταντίνος Χατζηκωνσταντίνου | <urn:uuid:e067915f-1d12-44c2-875d-7180d1105b61> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ell_Grek/train | finepdfs | ell_Grek | 1,683 |
UNIVERSITATEA DE STAT DIN MOLDOVA
Formular MF-8
APROB:
Rector
ȘAROV Igor ,dr.conf.univ ________________________________
„______"___________2023
Proces-verbal
nr._____ din 30 decembrie 2023
de recepție finală/punere în funcțiune a rezultatelor obținute în cadrul proiectului de cercetare și inovare cu cifrul 20.80009.8007.03
În baza ordinului nr. 234 C din „12” septembrie 2023, comisia în componenţa preşedintelui comisiei
Prorector pentru activitate științifică
Stepanov Georgeta
şi membrilor comisiei Șef Departament Cercetare și Inovare Director Institutul de Chimie
Prisacaru Veronica Arîcu Aculina
Conducător Proiect
Kulcițki Veaceslav
Contabil șef adjunct
Toderaș Angela
a întocmit prezentul proces-verbal de recepție finală/punere în funcțiune a următorului obiect de active materiale și/sau nemateriale (grupe de obiecte):
| Nr. d/o | | Denumirea obiectului de active materiale și/sau nemateriale (grupe de obiecte) | | Numărul de inven- tar | | Data de de recepție finală /punere în funcţiune | | Nr. unit | Valoarea de intrare, mii lei | | Durata de funcţionare utilă, ani | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | 1 | | 2 | | 3 | | 4 | | | 5 | | 6 | 7 |
| 1. 2021 | | 1Brevete de invenție | | 000429 | | | | 1 | 36.93 | | | | |
| | | Total 2021 | | | | | | 1 | 36.93 | | | | |
| 2. 2022 | | 2Brevete de invenție | | 000430 | | | | 6 | 530,10 | | | | |
| | | Total 2022 | | | | | | 6 | 530.10 | | | | |
| Codul de clasificare a obiectului de active conform Catalogului mijloacelor fixe şi activelor nemateriale | | Data fabricării (elaborării) | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| | 8 | | 9 | 10 |
Obiectul de mijloace fixe (grupa de obiecte) menționat(e) anterior a fost elaborat în cadrul proiectului cu cifrul 20.80009.8007.03, implementat de
_________________________
Universitatea De Stat Din Moldova
_________________________
(denumirea autorităţii/instituției bugetare)
```
în baza contractului de finanțare nr. 03/1-PS din ,, 04" ianuarie 2021 03/1 PS din ,, 03" ianuarie 2022
```
Caracteristica succintă a obiectului de mijloace fixe (grupei de obiecte) :
1Anul 2021
1. KULCIŢKI, V.; GÎRBU, V.; PRUTEANU, E.; RENAUD, P.; DAELEMAS, D.; MOLLO, E.; DEFRANOUX, F.; UNGUR, N. Metil ent-17-amino-kauran-19-oat cu activitate citotoxică selectivă. Brevet de invenție MD 4718.
2Anul 2022
1. ARÎCU, A., CIOCÂRLAN, A., LUNGU, L., BLAJA, S., VORNICU, N. 5-(Homodrim-6,8-dien11-il)-1,3,4-tiadiazol-2(3H)-imină cu proprietăţi antifungice. Brevet de invenție MD 4765.
2. ARÎCU, A., CIOCÂRLAN, A., LUNGU, L., BLAJA, S., VORNICU, N. (Z/E)-2-(1-((1R,2R,8aS)2-hidroxi-2,5,5,8a-tetrametildecahidronaftalen-1-il)propan-2-iliden)hidrazincarbotioamidă pentru utilizare în calitate de remediu antifungic. Brevet de invenție MD 4780.
3. KULCIŢKI, V., GIRBU, V., PRUTEANU, E., RENAUD, PH., DAELEMANS, D., UNGUR, N. Utilizarea metil ent-16-azido-17-carboxietoximetilkauranoatului în calitate de inhibitor selectiv al proliferării limfomului non-Hodgkin. Brevet de invenție MD4805.
4. KULCIŢKI, V., GIRBU, V., PRUTEANU, E., RENAUD, PH., DAELEMANS, D., UNGUR, N. Ester metilic al acidului (16R)-spiro[pirolidin-2´, 16-ent-17-norkauran]-19-oic cu activitate citotoxică selectivă. Brevet de invenție MD4792.
5. KULCIŢKI V., GÎRBU V., PRUTEANU E., RENAUD P., DAELEMAS D., UNGUR N. Noi spiro γ-lactame, derivate ale acidului ent-kaurenoic, cu activitate citotoxică selectivă. Brevet de invenție MD4786.
6. KULCIŢKI, V., GIRBU, V., PRUTEANU, E., RENAUD, PH., DAELEMANS, D., UNGUR, N. Metil ent-15-hidroxi-16-azido-17-carboximetoximetilkauranoat cu activitate citotoxică selectivă. Brevet de invenție MD4785.
Obiectul de mijloace fixe (grupa de obiecte), corespunde (nu corespunde) condițiilor tehnice
____________________________________________________________________________
(de specificat ce nu corespunde)
și necesită (nu necesită) remediere
____________________________________________________________________________
(de specificat remedierile)
Obiectul de mijloace fixe (grupa de obiecte) a fost pus(ă) în funcțiune în
___________________________________________________________________________
(denumirea secţiei, sectorului, serviciului, locului de exploatare)
Concluzia comisiei____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________
Obiectul de mijloace fixe (grupa de obiecte) menționat(ă) în valoare de
_____________________________________________________________se pune în funcțiune.
Documentele anexate:__________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________
Preşedintele comisiei
Prorector pentru activitate științifică
Stepanov Georgeta
Membrii comisiei Prisacaru Veronica _______________
Director Institutul de Chimie
Arîcu Aculina
Conducător Proiect Kulcițki Veaceslav
Contabil șef adjunct
Toderaș Angela
______
Obiectul de mijloace fixe (grupa de obiecte) menționat(ă) a fost transmis(ă) de către
conducătorul proiectului Kulcițki Veaceslav ____________________
(numele, prenumele) (semnătura)
Obiectul de mijloace fixe (grupa de obiecte) menționat(ă) a fost primit(ă) de către __________________ _____________________ ____________________ (funcţia) (numele, prenumele) (semnătura)
Menţiunea contabilităţii privind înregistrarea intrării obiectului de mijloace fixe (grupei de obiecte):
__________________________nr.______din „_____"____________________20__
(denumirea, numărul și data documentului primar)
Contabil-şef________________________ _______Cojocaru Liliana
(semnătura) (numele, prenumele)
„ 30 " decembrie 2023
UNIVERSITATEA DE STAT DIN MOLDOVA
APROB:
Rector
ȘAROV Igor ,dr.conf.univ
(numele, prenumele)
________________________________
(semnătura)
„________"__________________20__
Proces-verbal
nr._____ din 30 decembrie 2023 de recepție finală/punere în funcțiune a rezultatelor obținute în cadrul proiectului de cercetare și inovare cu cifrul 20.80009.8007.03
În baza ordinului nr. 234 C din „12” septembrie 2023, comisia în componenţa preşedintelui comisiei
Prorector pentru activitate științifică
Stepanov Georgeta
şi membrilor comisiei Șef Depaptament Cercetare și Inovare Prisacaru Verronica Director Institutul de Chimie Arîcu Aculina
Conducător Proiect
Kulcițki Veaceslav
Contabil șef adjunct
Toderaș Angela
a întocmit prezentul proces-verbal de recepție finală/punere în funcțiune a următorului obiect de active materiale și/sau nemateriale (grupe de obiecte):
| Nr. d/o | | Denumirea obiectului de active materiale și/sau nemateriale (grupe de obiecte) | | Numărul de inven- tar | | Data de de recepție finală /punere în funcţiune | | Nr. unit | Valoarea de intrare, mii lei | | Durata de funcţionare utilă, ani | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | 1 | | 2 | | 3 | | 4 | | | 5 | | 6 | 7 |
| 1. 2020 | | 1 Publicații științifice în reviste recenzabile | | 000417 | | | | 7 | 953.02 | | | | |
| 2. 2020 | | 2 Rezumate ale comunicărilor la foruri științifice | | 000418 | | | | 1 | 136.14 | | | | |
| 3. 2020 | | 3 Suport didactic | | 000419 | | | | 1 | 136.14 | | | | |
| | | Total 2020 | | | | | | 9 | 1225.3 | | | | |
| 4. 2021 | | 4 Capitole în monografii | | 000420 | | | | 2 | 73.75 | | | | |
| 5. 2021 | | 5 Publicații științifice în reviste recenzabile | | 0004201 | | | | 10 | 368.80 | | | | |
| 6. 2021 | | 6 Publicații științifice în culegeri nerecenzabile | | 000422 | | | | 1 | 36.80 | | | | |
| 7. 2021 | | 7 Rezumate ale comunicărilor la foruri științifice | | 000423 | | | | 21 | 774.42 | | | | |
| | | Total 2021 | | | | | | 34 | 1253.77 | | | | |
| 8. 2022 | 8 Capitole în monografii | 000424 | 1 | 88.33 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 9. 2022 | 9 Publicații științifice în reviste recenzabile | 000425 | 3 | 265.04 |
| 10. 2022 | 10 Rezumate ale comunicărilor la foruri științifice | 000426 | 7 | 618.43 |
| | Total 2022 | | 11 | 971.8 |
| 11. 2022 | 11 Capitole în monografii | 000427 | 1 | 662.3 |
| 12. 2022 | 12 Publicații științifice în reviste recenzabile | 000428 | 3 | 873 |
| | Total 2023 | | 4 | 1535.3 |
| Codul de clasificare a obiectului de active conform Catalogului mijloacelor fixe şi activelor nemateriale | | Data fabricării (elaborării) | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| | 8 | | 9 | 10 |
Obiectul de mijloace fixe (grupa de obiecte) menționat(e) anterior a fost elaborat în cadrul proiectului cu cifrul 20.80009.8007.03, implementat de
_________________________
Universitatea De Stat Din Moldova
_________________________
(denumirea autorităţii/instituției bugetare)
în baza contractului de finanțare nr. 03/1-PS din ,, 02" ianuarie 2020. 03/1-PS din ,, 04" ianuarie 2021 03/1 PS din ,, 03" ianuarie 2022 03/1 PS din ,, 03" ianuarie 2023
Caracteristica succintă a obiectului de mijloace fixe (grupei de obiecte):
12020
1. ANTOCI, V., CUCU, D., ZBANCIOC, Gh., MOLDOVEANU, C., MANGALAGIU, V., AMARIUCAI-MANTU, D., ARICU, A, MANGALAGIU I. I. Bis(imidazole/benzimidazole)-pyridine derivatives: synthesis, structure and antimycobacterial activity. In: Future Medicinal Chemistry, Part XII, 2020, 12(3), 207222. DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2019-0063 (FI 3.841).
2. MORARESCU, O., GRINCO, M., KULCIŢKI, V., BARBA, A., GARBUZ, O., GUDUMAC, V., GULEA, A., UNGUR, N. A straightforward synthesis of natural oxygenated ent-kaurenoic acid derivatives. In: Synthetic communications, 2020, 50. DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2020.1821225 (FI 1.796).
3. ZINICOVSCAIA, I., GUNDORINA, S., VERGEL, C., GROZDOV, D., CIOCARLAN, A., ARICU, A., DRAGALIN, I., CIOCARLAN, N. Elemental analysis of Lamiaceae medicinal and aromatic plants growing in the Republic of Moldova using neutron activation analysis. In: Phytochemistry Letters. 2020, nr.35, 119–127. DOI: 10.1016/j.phytol.2019.10.009 (FI 1.338).
4. LUNGU, L., CIOCARLAN, A., SMIGON, C., OZER, I., SHOVA, S., GUTU, I., VORNICU, N., MANGALAGIU, I., D'AMBROSIO, M., ARICU, A. Synthesis and
evaluation of biological activity of homodrimane sesquiterpenoids bearing 1,3,4oxadiazole or 1,3,4-thiadiazole units. In: Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds, 2020, 56(5), 578-585. DOI: 10.1007/s10593-020-02703-7 (FI 1.492).
5. ARICU, A., KUCHKOVA, K., SECARA-CUSHNIR, E., BARBA, A., UNGUR, N., VORNICU, N. Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of new drimane and homodrinane sesquiterpenoids with oxadiazole and thiadiazole fragments. In: Chemistry of Natural Compounds, 2020, 56(4), 656-662. DOI: 10.1007/s10600-020-03115-x (FI 1.029).
6. DRAGALIN, I., MELNIC, V., PELEAH, E. Polichimismul intraspecific mentha spicata. In: Studia Universitatis Moldaviae. Seria Ştiinţe reale şi ale naturii. 2020, 6 (136), 60-63. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4431568.
7. CIOCARLAN, A., LUNGU, L., BLAJA, S., DRAGALIN, I., ARICU, A. The use of some non-conventional methods in chemistry of bicyclohomofarnesenic methyl esters. In: Chemistry Journal of Moldova, 2020, 15(2), 69-77. DOI: https://doi.org/10.19261/cjm.2020.791.
22020
1. KULCIŢKI, V., GÎRBU, V., PRUTEANU, E., RENAUD, Ph., DAELEMANS, D., MOLLO, E., DEFRANOUX, F., UNGUR, N. Ent-kauranic derivative with selective cytotoxicity. In: Proceedings of the 12-th Edition of Euroinvent European Exhibition of Creativity and Innovation, Iasi, Romania, 23 May 2020, MD.81, 202-203. ISSN print: 2601-4564, online: 2601-4572.
32020
1. KULCIȚKI, V. Strategia Sintezei Organice. Principii Generale și Noțiuni Fundamentale. Chișinău: USDC, 2020. 94 p. ISBN 978-9975-89-164-6. Recomandat pentru studenții universităților la specialitățile chimie, farmacie, chimie biofarmaceutică, tehnologia produselor cosmetice și farmaceutice.
42021
1. ARÎCU, A., LUNGU, L., BLAJA, S., CUCICOVA, C., CIOCÂRLAN, A. Sinteza și studiul activității antimicrobiene a compușilor norlabdanici cu unități structurale heterociclice. In: Materiale Avansate în Biofarmaceutică şi Tehnică, ed. acad. A. Gulea, Chişnău, 2021, 10-34.
2. UNGUR, N., MORARESCU, O. Sinteza dirijată a unor diterpenoide tetraciclice bioactive din acidul ent-kaur-16-en-19-oic. In: Materiale Avansate în Biofarmaceutică şi Tehnică, ed. acad. A. Gulea, Chişnău, 2021, 294-313.
52021
1. CIOCARLAN, A., LUPASCU, L., ARICU, A., DRAGALIN, I., POPESCU, V., GEANA, E.I., IONETE, R.E., VORNICU, N., DULIU, O.G., HRISTOZOVA, G. AND ZINICOVSCAIA, I. Chemical composition and assessment of antimicrobial activity of lavender essential oil and some by-products. In: Plants, 2021, 10(9), 1829. DOI: https://doi.org/10,3390/plants1091829 (FI 3.935).
2. PRUTEANU, E., GÎRBU, V., UNGUR, N., PERSOONS, L., DAELEMANS, D., RENAUD, P., KULCIȚKI, V. Preparation of antiproliferative terpene-alkaloid hybrids
by free radical-mediated modification of ent-kauranic derivatives. In: Molecules, 26(15), 4549. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26154549 (FI 4.411).
3. GEANĂ, E.-I., CIUCURE, C.T., IONETE, R.E., CIOCARLAN, A., ARICU, A., FICAI, A., ANDRONESCU, E. Profiling of phenolic compounds and triterpene acids in different apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) cultivars. In: Foods, 2021, 10(2), 267-282. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10020267 (FI 4.350).
4. MORARESCU, O., GRINCO, M., KULCIŢKI, V., SHOVA, S., UNGUR, N. An Alternative Approach towards C-12 Functionalized Scalaranic Sesterterpenoids. Synthesis of 17-Oxo-20-norscalaran-12α,19-O-lactone. In: Marine Drugs, 2021, 19(11), 636. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/md19110636 (FI 5.118).
5. PRUTEANU, E., TAPPIN, N.D., GÎRBU, V., MORARESCU, O., DÉNÈS, F., KULCIŢKI, V., RENAUD, P. Forskolin Editing via Radical Iodo-and Hydroalkylation. In: Synthesis, 2021, 53(07), 1247-1261. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1706003 (FI 3.157).
6. BLAJA, S.P., LUNGU, L.V., KUCHKOVA, K.I., CIOCARLAN, A.G., BARBA, A.N., VORNICU, N., ARICU, A.N. Norlabdane Compounds Containing Thiosemicarbazone or 1,3-Thiazole Fragments: Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity. In: Chemistry of Natural Compounds, 2021, 57(1), 101-110. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10600-021-03292-3 (FI 0.809).
7. ARÎCU, A. The natural product chemistry of terpenoids - a tribute to the remarkable legacy of academician Pavel Vlad. In: Chemistry Journal of Moldova. 2021, 16, (1), 8-29 DOI: https://doi.org/10.19261/cjm.2021.856.
8. CIOCARLAN, A. (+)-Larixol and larixyl acetate: syntheses, phytochemical studies and biological activity assessments. In: Chemistry Journal of Moldova. 2021, 16, (1), pp. 3045. DOI: https://doi.org/10.19261/cjm.2021.836
9. МОРАРЕСКУ, О., ГРИНЬКО, М., КУЛЬЧИЦКИЙ, В., БАРБА, А., ГАРБУЗ, О., ГУЛЯ, А. УНГУР, Н. Синтез высокофункционализированных биологически активных тетрациклических дитерпеноидов из энт-каур-16-ен-19-овой кислоты в модифицированных условиях реакции Прево–Вудворда. In: Журнал Органической Химии, 2021, том 57, № 12, с. 1706–1716. (FI 0.959).
10. MORARESCU, O., TRAISTARI, M., BARBA, A., DUCA, G., UNGUR, N. AND KULCIȚKI, V. One-step selective synthesis of 13-epi-manoyl oxide. In: Chemistry Journal of Moldova, 2021, 16 (1), pp. 99-104. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.19261/cjm.2021.820.
62021
1. ORGAN, A., GÎRBU, V., COJOCARU-TOMA, M., KULCIŢKI, V., COTELEA T., UNGUR, N. Therapeutic potential and preventive effects of major triterpenic secondary metabolites from Lavandula angustifolia. In: Revista Farmaceutică a Moldovei, 2021, 45(1), 79-81.
72021
1. ARÎCU, A., KULCIȚKI, V. eds. New frontiers in natural product chemistry. Scientific seminar with international participation, VI-th edition. Book of Abstracts. Chișinău, Institute of Chemistry, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.19261/nfnpc.2021.
2. MORARESCU, O., GRINCO, M., KULCIȚKI, V., UNGUR, N. A short and efficient synthesis of a C(12)-functionalized norscalarane. In: The 21st Tetrahedron Symposium – Online, 21 – 24 June 2021. (Reg. number: ETR2021_0497). https://app.oxfordabstracts.com/events/1644/secure/program-app/submission/241851
3. CIOCARLAN, A., BLAJA, S., CUCICOVA, C., LUNGU, L., ARICU, A. Synthesis of some new homodrimane sesquiterpenoids with benzothiazole fragment. In: The 21st Tetrahedron Symposium – Online, 21 – 24 June 2021. (Reg. numb. ETR2021_0478). https://app.oxfordabstracts.com/events/1644/secure/program-app/submission/241532
4. LUNGU, L., BLAJA, S., CIOCARLAN, A., DRAGALIN, I., ARICU, A. The electrochemical transformations of methyl bicyclohomofarnesoates. In: New frontiers in natural product chemistry. Online scientific seminar, Chisinau, June 4, 2021, Book of Abstracts, p. 15. DOI/IBN: https://doi.org/10.19261/nfnpc.2021.ab08.
5. COJOCARU-TOMA, M., COTELEA, T., KULCIŢKI, V., UNGUR, N., CIRIMPEI, O., NACU, V., JIAN, M., COBZAC, V., ORGAN, A., Phytochemical study and antioxidant action of Lavandulae angustifoliae residues. In: New frontiers in natural product chemistry. Online scientific seminar, Chisinau, June 4, 2021, Book of Abstracts, p. 17. DOI/IBN: https://doi.org/10.19261/nfnpc.2021.ab10.
6. UNGUR, N., KULCIŢKI, V. Mollecular rearrangements in the synthesis of bioactive terpenoids with new carbon skeletons. In: New frontiers in natural product chemistry. Online scientific seminar, Chisinau, June 4, 2021, Book of Abstracts, p. 18. DOI/IBN: https://doi.org/10.19261/nfnpc.2021.ab11.
7. CIOCÂRLAN, A., CAZACU, V., LUNGU, L., BLAJA, S., DRAGALIN, I., ARÎCU, A. The use of non-conventional methods for the isolation of chromatographically inseparable compounds. In: New frontiers in natural product chemistry. Online scientific seminar, Chisinau, June 4, 2021, Book of Abstracts, p. 19. DOI/IBN: https://doi.org/10.19261/nfnpc.2021.ab12.
8. KULCIȚKI, V., CAZACU, C., MORARESCU, O., PRUTEANU, E., GÎRBU, V., UNGUR, N., RENAUD, PH. Late stage functionalization of unactivated C-H bonds in terpenes – a fruitful field for free radical chemistry. In: New frontiers in natural product chemistry. Online scientific seminar, Chisinau, June 4, 2021, Book of Abstracts, p. 20. DOI/IBN: https://doi.org/10.19261/nfnpc.2021.ab13.
9. BLAJA S., KUCHKOVA K., LUNGU L., LOZOVAN V., ARÎCU A. Synthesis of hydrazide containing trinorlabdane derivatives. In: New frontiers in natural product chemistry. Online scientific seminar, Chisinau, June 4, 2021, Book of Abstracts, p. 22. DOI/IBN: https://doi.org/10.19261/nfnpc.2021.ab15.
10. DRAGALIN, I., COCÎRŢĂ, P. GC-MS analysis of the essential oil of Mentha Piperita l.of vietnam origin. In: New frontiers in natural product chemistry. Online scientific seminar, Chisinau, June 4, 2021, Book of Abstracts, p. 25. DOI/IBN: https://doi.org/10.19261/nfnpc.2021.ab18.
11. GÎRBU, V., PRUTEANU, E., UNGUR, N., PERSOONS, L., DAELEMANS, D., RENAUD, P., KULCIŢKI, V. New cytotoxic ent-kauranes with unprecedented pharmacophores. In: New frontiers in natural product chemistry. Online scientific seminar, Chisinau, June 4, 2021, Book of Abstracts, p. 26. DOI/IBN: https://doi.org/10.19261/nfnpc.2021.ab19.
12. GÎRBU, V., UNGUR, N., RENAUD, P., KULCIŢKI, V. Free radical functionalizations of labdanes and related diterpenoids. In: New frontiers in natural product chemistry. Online scientific seminar, Chisinau, June 4, 2021, Book of Abstracts, p. 27. DOI/IBN: https://doi.org/10.19261/nfnpc.2021.ab20.
13. GRINCO, M., BARBA, A., KULCIŢKI, V. Extraction of pharmaceutical grade lignins and their ozonolytic cleavage in a deep eutectic solvent. In: New frontiers in natural
product chemistry. Online scientific seminar, Chisinau, June 4, 2021, Book of Abstracts, p. 28. DOI/IBN: https://doi.org/10.19261/nfnpc.2021.ab21.
14. JIAN, M., COBZAC, V., GÎRBU, V., MORĂRESCU, O., ORGAN, A., COJOCARUTOMA, M., COTELEA, T., CIRIMPEI, O., KULCIŢKI, V., NACU, V. In vitro evaluation of Lavandula Augustifolia and Hippophae rhamnoides extracts on promotion of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells proliferation. In: New frontiers in natural product chemistry. Online scientific seminar, Chisinau, June 4, 2021, Book of Abstracts, p. 31. DOI/IBN: https://doi.org/10.19261/nfnpc.2021.ab24.
15. ARICU, A., KUCHKOVA, K., BLAJA, S., BARBA, A. Synthesis of some homodrimane sesquiterpenoids with dihydrazide fragment from norambreinolide. In: New frontiers in natural product chemistry. Online scientific seminar, Chisinau, June 4, 2021, Book of Abstracts, p. 32. DOI/IBN: https://doi.org/10.19261/nfnpc.2021.ab25.
16. BLAJA, S., ARICU, A., KUCHKOVA, K., BARBA, A. Synthesis of some new homodrimane derivatives of benzothiazole from norambreinolide. In: New frontiers in natural product chemistry. Online scientific seminar, Chisinau, June 4, 2021, Book of Abstracts, p. 33. DOI/IBN: https://doi.org/10.19261/nfnpc.2021.ab26.
17. MORĂRESCU, O., TRAISTARI, M., BARBA, A., DUCA, G., UNGUR, N., KULCIŢKI, V. Selective synthesis of 13-epi-manoyl oxide. In: New frontiers in natural product chemistry. Online scientific seminar, Chisinau, June 4, 2021, Book of Abstracts, p. 34. DOI/IBN: https://doi.org/10.19261/nfnpc.2021.ab27.
18. POPESCU V., CIOCARLAN A., DRAGALIN I., LUNGU L., ARÎCU A. Chemical composition of essential oil of Dill (Anethum graveolens L.) growing in Republic of Moldova. In: New frontiers in natural product chemistry. Online scientific seminar, Chisinau, June 4, 2021, Book of Abstracts, p. 35. DOI/IBN: https://doi.org/10.19261/nfnpc.2021.ab28.
19. COJOCARU-TOMA, M., COTELEA, T., ORGAN, A., JIAN M., COBZAC V., NACU V., CIRIMPEI O., UNGUR, N., KULCIȚKI, V. Evaluarea in vitro a potențialului regenerativ al extractelor din lavandula angustifolia mill. In: Conferinţa Ştiinţifico-practică Națională cu participare Internațională „Actualități și perspective în studiul farmaceutic al plantelor medicinale". Chișinău, 01 Octombrie 2021. p. 40.
20. GÎRBU, V., GRINCO, M., BARBĂ, A., DUCA, GH., UNGUR, N., KULCIȚKI, V. Utilizarea spectroscopiei RMN pentru evaluarea analitică a extractelor de levănțică. Conferinţa Ştiinţifico-practică Națională cu participare Internațională „Actualități și perspective în studiul farmaceutic al plantelor medicinale". Chișinău, 01 Octombrie 2021. p. 83.
21. ORGAN, A., GÎRBU, V., COTELEA, T., COJOCARU-TOMA, M., UNGUR, N., KULCIȚKI, V. Extracția și fracționarea rapidă a deșeurilor de levănțică. Conferinţa Ştiinţifico-practică Națională cu participare Internațională „Actualități și perspective în studiul farmaceutic al plantelor medicinale". Chișinău, 01 Octombrie 2021. p. 87.
82022
1. ARÎCU, A., KULCIŢKI, V., UNGUR, N. Sclareolul–materie primă sustenabilă pentru sinteza compușilor terpenici cu valoare adăugată înaltă. In: Chimie ecologică: istorie și realizări: Academicianul Gheorghe Duca, 70 ani de la naștere. Chişinău: 2022, pp. 86113. ISBN 978-9975-159-05-0. https://ibn.idsi.md/vizualizare_articol/164444.
92022
1. LUNGU, L., CUCICOVA, C., BLAJA, S., CIOCARLAN, A., DRAGALIN, I., VORNICU, N., GEANA, E., MANGALAGIU, I.I., ARICU, A. Synthesis of homodrimane sesquiterpenoids bearing 1,3-benzothiazole unit and their Antimicrobial
activity evaluation. In: Molecules, 2022, 27, 5082-96. (DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27165082. (FI 4.927).
2. CIOCARLAN, A., DRAGALIN, I., ARICU, A., LUPASCU, L., CIOCARLAN, N., VERGEL, K., DULIU, O.G., HRISTOZOVA, G., ZINICOVSCAIA, I. Chemical profile, elemental composition, and antimicrobial activity of plants of the Teucrium (Lamiaceae) genus growing in Moldova. In: Agronomy, 2022, 12(4), 772-788. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12040772. (FI 2.24).
3. CIOCARLAN, A. From (-)-sclareol to norlabdane heterocyclic hybrid compounds. In: Chemistry Journal of Moldova, 2022, 17(2), 30-45. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.19261/cjm.2022.958.
102022
1. CAZACU, C., TOPALĂ, A., GÎRBU, V., KULCITKI, V. Unprecedented Atom Transfer Radical Addition – Hidrogen Atom Transfer Sequence Under Visible Light Photoredox Catalysis. In: "Ecological and environmental chemistry 2022", 7th Edition, Chisinau, Moldova, 3-4 March 2022, pp. 67-68. DOI: https://ibn.idsi.md/vizualizare_articol/151381.
2. ARICU, A., CIOCARLAN, A. Synthesis of biologically active terpenoids by valorisation of some vegetable wastes. In: Conference "Ecological and environmental chemistry 2022", 7th Edition, Chisinau, Moldova, 3-4 March 2022. In: Ecological and environmental chemistry, 2022, 1, 146-147. IBN: https://ibn.idsi.md/ro/vizualizare_articol/1519421.
3. BÎRCĂ, N., BARBA, A., KULCIȚKI, V. The use of qNMR spectroscopy for analytical evaluation of lavender extracts. Determination of rosmarinic acid. In: Life sciences in the dialogue of generations: connections between universities, academia and business community. September 29 – 30, 2022, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova. Book of abstracts, p. 203.
4. BÎRCĂ, N., JIAN, M., COBZAC, V., MORARESCU, O., COTELEA, T., CIRIMPEI, O., NACU, V., KULCIȚKI, V. Selective extraction of polyphenolic compounds from Hippophae Rhamnoides seeds. In: Life sciences in the dialogue of generations: connections between universities, academia and business community. September 29 – 30, 2022, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova. Book of abstracts, p. 204.
5. CIOCARLAN, A., ARICU, A., LUNGU, L., BLAJA, S., POPESCU, V., ZINICOVSCAIA, Z., CORRUPT, V. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of crud extract from Tanacetum corymbosum (L.) Shi. Bip. In: The National Conference with international participation Life sciences in the dialogue of generations: connections between universities, academia and business community. September 29-30, 2022, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova. Book of abstracts, p. 209.
6. LUNGU, L., BLAJA, S., CUCICOVA, C., CIOCARLAN, A. ARICU, A. Synthesis of New Potential Active Homodrimane Sesquiterpenoids with Benzimidazole Fragment. In: Life sciences in the dialogue of generations: connections between universities, academia and business community. September 29 – 30, 2022, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova. Book of abstracts, p. 214.
7. VASILIEV, A., GÎRBU, V., MORARESCU, O., KULCITKI, V. Synthesis of new epimanoyloxide derivatives with azide and -lactam functional groups. In: Life sciences in the dialogue of generations: connections between universities, academia and business community. September 29 – 30, 2022, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova. Book of abstracts, p. 228.
112023
1. ARICU, A.; CIOCARLAN, A.; LUNGU, L.; CUCICOVA, C.; BLAJA, S.; SECARA, E.; UNGUR, N. Synthesis of Biologically Active Nitrogen and Sulfur-Containing
Terpenoids. In: Fundamental and Biomedical Aspects of Redox Processes. IGI Global Publisher of Timely Knowledge, 2023, |pp. 369-400. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4018/978-16684-7198-2.ch017
122023
1. LUNGU, L., BLAJA, S., CUCICOVA, C., CIOCARLAN, A., BARBA, A., KULCIȚKI, V., ... & ARICU, A. Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity Evaluation of Homodrimane Sesquiterpenoids with a Benzimidazole Unit. In: Molecules, 2023, 28(3), 933. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28030933. (FI 4.6).
2. GIRBU, V., ORGAN, A., GRINCO, M., COTELEA, T., UNGUR, N., BARBA, A., & KULCITKI, V. Identification, quantitative determination and isolation of pomolic acid from lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.) wastes. In: Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy, 2023, 33, 101140. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scp.2023.101140. (FI 6.0).
3. BLAJA S., LUNGU L., CIOCARLAN A., VORNICU N., ARICU A. Synthesis and evaluation of antimicrobial activity of tetranorlabdane compounds bearing 1,3,4thiadiazole units. In: Chemistry Journal of Moldova, 2023, nr. 18(1), pp. 86-91. https://doi.org/10.19261/cjm.2022.1026.
Obiectul de mijloace fixe (grupa de obiecte), corespunde (nu corespunde) condițiilor tehnice
____________________________________________________________________________
(de specificat ce nu corespunde)
și necesită (nu necesită) remediere
____________________________________________________________________________
(de specificat remedierile)
Obiectul de mijloace fixe (grupa de obiecte) a fost pus(ă) în funcțiune în
___________________________________________________________________________
(denumirea secţiei, sectorului, serviciului, locului de exploatare)
Concluzia comisiei____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________
Obiectul de mijloace fixe (grupa de obiecte) menționat(ă) în valoare de
_____________________________________________________________se pune în funcțiune.
(în cifre și în litere)
Documentele anexate:__________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________
Preşedintele comisiei
Prorector pentru activitate științifică
Stepanov Georgeta
Membrii comisiei
Prisacaru Veronica Arîcu Aculina
_ ___________
Director Institutul de Chimie
Conducător Proiect
Kulcițki Veaceslav
Contabil șef adjunct
Toderaș Angela
Obiectul de mijloace fixe (grupa de obiecte) menționat(ă) a fost transmis(ă) de către
conducătorul proiectului Kulcițki Veaceslav ____________________
(numele, prenumele) (semnătura)
Obiectul de mijloace fixe (grupa de obiecte) menționat(ă) a fost primit(ă) de către __________________ _____________________ ____________________ (funcţia) (numele, prenumele) (semnătura)
Menţiunea contabilităţii privind înregistrarea intrării obiectului de mijloace fixe (grupei de obiecte):
__________________________nr.______din „_____"____________________20__
(denumirea, numărul și data documentului primar)
Contabil-şef________________________ __________________________________
(semnătura) (numele, prenumele)
„ 30 "decembrie 2023 | <urn:uuid:bd40d07f-3c1b-4947-9a2c-a5b5cf7f850f> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ron_Latn/train | finepdfs | ron_Latn | 29,660 |
THE DISAPPEARING ARCHITECT
The Disappearing Architect: 21st Century Practice and the Rise of Intelligent Machines
FRANK JACOBUS University of Idaho
THE ARCHITECT'S TRADITIONAL ROLE
When looking at the cultural role of architects throughout history only subtle changes are evident. The Egyptian, Greek, and Roman defi nition of what constitutes an architect's responsibility are all fairly similar to our impressions of the role of an architect today - generally, a conceiver of buildings, and one who oversees the process of construction. The medieval architect perhaps has the most ill-defi ned role in terms of contemporary standards, being equal parts 'master-craftsman' and 'master-builder'. 2 Through the vehicle of this rich history the contemporary architect, whether consciously or not, has some feeling or recognition of the enduring aspect of the architectural profession. Accordingly, contemporary western culture celebrates architecture (at least superfi cially) as a profession worth aspiring to. New paradigms of architectural practice and production, arising fi rst as a result of industrialization, but most recently with the rise of the computer as a quickly evolving and impactful entity within architectural practice, threaten the traditional role of the architect. This threat evokes new modes of machinic architectural production, and raises questions about the future role of human designers.
Our specifi c roles as human designers have been greatly infl uenced by technological advances in the 19 th and 20 th centuries. Nigel Cross, in The Automated Architect, identifi es the contemporary role of the practicing architect as directly related to the process of industrialization – pointing out that the "hallmark of the industrialized production system is the fragmentation of tasks and the 'division of labor'." The "separation of designing from making" and the use of drawings as an "abstract consideration of form" are, for Cross, both derivatives of the process of industrialization. 3 When we compare the nuances of the architect's role today to that of the ancients, we notice clear differences between the extent of their responsibilities and ours. In the past, architects have been much more intimately involved in the process of construction than architects are today. In fact, our training as contemporary architects is geared less toward construction, in the form of materials and methods inquiries, and
more toward the abstract formal considerations that Cross mentions. This and other examples indicate how the process of industrialization has helped create a separation of tasks that has stationed architectural practice into a specialized realm, currently excluding specifi c characteristics of craft and building that once were major components in the constitution of our role as architects.
EARLY 20th CENTURY EFFECTS ON DESIGN THINKING WITH THE RISE OF NEW INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES
In the early 20 th century the infl uence of the industrial age on architecture was clear: the aesthetics that architecture had embraced were undoubtedly the aesthetics of the machine. The infatuation with machine production, along with the allure of the products and forms that it tended to produce, became the era's zeitgeist. What began as an innocent love affair with the 'new' eventually became a form of blind love epitomized at its height by International Style Modernism. In Technics and Civilization Lewis Mumford claims:
"If anything was unconditionally believed in and worshipped during the last two centuries, at least by the leaders and masters of society, it was the machine; for the machine and the universe were identifi ed, linked together as they were by the formulae of the mathematical and physical sciences; and the service of the machine was the principal manifestation of faith and religion: the main motive of human action, and the source of most human goods. Only as a religion can one explain the compulsive nature of the urge toward mechanical development without regard for the actual outcome of the development of human relations themselves." 5
The Second World War, having displayed the exaggerated horrors of the machine, may well be the apogeic point in history where we begin to notice a shift in these affections. At this point, however, the cultural mentality that had established itself during the one-hundred fi fty plus years of industrial production had become a value too deeply embedded in culture to allow for total retreat. As our infatuation slowly faded, the modes of industrial production began to seem the norm, somehow natural to our humanity.
The mid-to-late 20 th century includes another principal shift in design thinking that is due in large part to the rise of new information and material technologies born out of the two world wars. There were two signifi cant cultural changes that evolved from the post war era that had a signifi cant impact on architectural thought and practice. First, there was a major increase in building and construction types as a direct result of wartime production and experimentation. Second, there was a vast and sudden increase in population due in large part to an escalation in American wealth. An increase in population meant an increase in the number of buildings being built and the introduction of new building types and materials meant a steep learning curve for architects. These evolutions in American culture were met with information management strategies (themselves born out of techniques devised during the Second World War) that helped architects deal with the new complexities arising in the built environment. 6
One of the chief additions to the established architecture delivery system during this period was William Pena's Problem Seeking architectural programming method. This method, developed by Pena in the 1960's and published in 1969, had its roots in the post war building boom that was taking place in the United States at the time. The Problem Seeking method was a means of establishing order and control over a system that had grown increasingly complex during the twenty years following the war. Simply put, it was a means of systematizing architectural knowledge.
Perhaps not coincidentally, during the same period, Christopher Alexander publishes Notes on the Synthesis of Form wherein a computer-based method of cluster analysis acts as a model towards the solution of a design problem. A decade later he would publish The Pattern Language, a building system for laypeople that utilizes a taxonomy of spatial solutions derived from an exploration of established precedents. Alexander's book operates as a guide that when carried out results in an artifact that is in keeping with well established and tested human building traditions.
Just as the discipline of architecture is dealing with the paradigmatic shifts resulting from cultural evolutions brought about by the war, a new instrument is entering the mainstream of cultural conscience and beginning to have an impact on architectural thought and production. Many of the new information organization models were byproducts, consciously or subconsciously, not of the machine age but of the computer age and the new modes of thinking that it instigated. Nigel Cross addressed these issues in the 1970's in The Automated Architect. Here Cross takes the introduction of the computer into architecture to its logical conclusion and inquires as to whether the computer will eventually be a "virtual architect in its own right". 7 Nicholas Negroponte proposes a similar idea in his now famous book Soft Architecture Machines, also published in the 1970's, and predicted that the computer might someday become a design companion, operating in much the same way as a human design partner might. 8
This quick glance at the evolution of architecture in the 20 th century points to a primary direction of architectural thought during this period toward the systematization of knowledge masked as an effort to alleviate the 'burdens' of an increased pool of knowledge for the individual practitioner. Through this systemic method a gradual yet continual extraction of knowledge from individual practitioners is catalogued and supplied to the entire discipline, thus creating a new, shared knowledge. This extraction of expertise is a primary step in replacing many of the traditional roles of the architect and is the epitome of the aforementioned tendency of the mechanical and information age – standardization, and the division of labor.
THE COMPUTER BECOMES EMBEDDED IN EVERYDAY PRACTICE
In 1977 William J. Mitchell published ComputerAided Architectural Design as an introduction to the practicing architect about how computers could be employed in the workplace. Since Mitchell's publication there have been numerous advances in the use of the computer as a design tool. The process of evolution of these advances can be compared to Lewis Mumford's view of how tools, as extensions of man's organism, evolve. In The Transformations of Man Lewis Mumford argues that the evolutionary process and development of our tools has always tended toward the intellectual, and that
"the instinctual life of man has been losing its grip in the course of history, as his conscious intelligence has gained fi rmer control over one activity or another. In achieving that control, man has transferred authority from the organism itself to the process that intelligence analyzes and serves - that is, the causal process, in which human actors are given the same status as non-human agents." 9
Mumford further describes this process as a "shift to a world directed solely by intelligence" 10
The fi rst generation of Computer Aided Drafting (CAD) systems that fi ltered into architectural practice primarily emulated hand drafting and were sold as tools that would aid in the speed of project production. This generation of CAD systems evolved, taking drafting a step further by introducing spatial visualization components via streamlined 3D (and 4D) software with rendering capabilities. This was simply further development of a tool that acted as a replacement for activities once accomplished by hand, whether in the form of models or drawings. The fi rst and second generation CAD tools were the equivalent of what Lewis Mumford might defi ne as early human tool development – as they merely replaced a specifi c part of the body (the hand) to achieve their ends. 11
The introduction of Building Integrated Modeling (BIM) software represents the second (and current) generation of design computing in the architectural realm. BIM can be defi ned as "the management of information and the complex relationships between the social and technical resources that represent the complexity, collaboration, and interrelationships of today's organizations and environment." 12 Just as the increase in complexity of building systems after World War II caused an evolution in the modes of architectural production, the digitization of building systems knowledge via easily linked, extensive networks of information, has created a 'need' for the systematization and ordering of this new knowledge. This second generation CAD tool is what Mumford might consider a further evolution
and development of a tool that is becoming more closely related to human intelligence. 13
The tools that represent the third generation of the computer in architectural practice have advanced beyond the "CAD" nomenclature and are now more specifi cally defi ned as Computer Based Design (CBD) systems; a reference to the nature of these tools as design companions. CBD tools have been talked about since at least the 1970's by fi gures such as Nigel Cross and Nicholas Negroponte. Negroponte, in Soft Architecture Machines, asks us to envision computers as designers, partners, and environments. He conceives of "machines that speak and respond to a natural language" 14 so that designers do not have to translate their thoughts into the language of the machine. Negroponte asks us to imagine "a machine that can follow your design methodology and at the same time discern and assimilate your conversational idiosyncrasies." 15 The interaction between the designer and the machine would be "one of mutual development." It is Negroponte's hope that the use of the computer as a design aid will result in a built environment that responds to our every need with a quality "most closely approximated in indigenous architecture." 16 In other words, with intentions strikingly similar to those of Christopher Alexander, Negroponte is alluding to an "architecture without architects". 17
There are a number of software systems currently being developed that aptly fi t into the third generation category of architectural computing. Contemporary systems such as OPTIMA, KNODES, and SEED are knowledge-based tools that replicate human expertise to provide cognitive support during the process of design. These are 'static' tools in that there is a fi xed support system with no ability to evolve based on a real-time analysis of the problems, process, and resultant design solutions. Due to this issue new tools (ID3, ECOBWEB, BRIDGER, NODES, BOGART, ARGO) have been developed that employ a 'learning algorithm' which enables the computational tool to adapt to the context of a design problem, gaining design process and product knowledge along the way. 19
Yehuda Kalay, in Architecture's New Media, mentions the "considerable efforts in architectural design research to develop knowledge-based programs that can synthesize solutions on the basis of analogical reasoning, case-based reasoning, design rules derived from the experiences of good designers, even formalized shape transformations that can generate forms within an established corpus of architectural (and other) work." 20 Likewise, Thomas P. Moran suggests that a codifi cation of all our present design knowledge would be benefi cial to the use of the computer as a design companion (what he calls an 'Architect's Advisor). In this system the computer would not make any decisions for the architect but rather would offer potential solutions that the architect could accept or reject based on their own knowledge of design practice. 21 In an article titled ICADS Expert Design Advisor: An Aid to Refl ective Thinking, Myers and Pohl discuss an "Intelligent Computer Aided Design System" 22 that acts as an expert design advisor during the drafting phase of architectural design. The system would operate in real time analyzing climate data, cost, acoustics, structure, access, etc., providing recommendations during the design process.
RISE OF INTELLIGENT ARCHITECTURE MACHINES
The three previously mentioned generations of computer implementation in architecture are either in development, meaning there are already working applications, or are currently available in main stream practice today. The fourth (and perhaps fi nal) generation of the introduction of computers into practice is a widely discussed topic and involves the evolution of computational tools into intelligent machines. These machines will be an accumulation of the best working properties of the previously mentioned systems, will know how to access all knowledge pertinent to the design task at hand (and know how to make distinctions between
what is pertinent and what is not), and will be able to generate complete design solutions without the need of an architect to oversee the process.
The myriad of articles over the past 30 years pertaining to the itemization or categorization of the nature of the design process, all in an attempt to streamline or better predict the inherent maneuvers within the process, is itself a prediction of a future design state in which computers – paramount tools of organization and order – will dictate the process of design. In The Nature of Design Activity Nigel Cross discusses research done in the areas of design methodology and problem solving and, though he concludes that "most systematic procedures are ill-matched to the conventional design process" 24 , he cautions that attempts at systematizing the design process should not be discarded in favor of relying on conventional methods. The crucial point here is not that systematized procedures have been ineffective but that there is a trend toward the systematization of the design process itself and that with eventual successes in these realms there will be a swifter evolution toward utilizing the computer as a design companion. The eventuality of this is that the computer will take over as sole designer. 25 John Gero among others has done a lot of work toward determining the behavior of human designers in hopes that an understanding of the human design process will lead to CAAD support tools that act as design companions for future design work.
Peter Manning and Samir Mattar, in a chapter of Evaluating and Predicting Design Performance, discuss the development of expert systems embedded within computational tools that would act, in the very least, as design companions but might someday likely have the potential to replace the role of the designer in the total design of buildings. It is the belief of many people working in the realm of computational design that computers should and someday will amplify human design and decisionmaking capacity. 26 Gero and Peng describe computer-aided design tools that are able "to learn conceptual knowledge as they are being used" and that "adapts its behaviors to the changing environment." Gero and Peng further argue that "the development of computer aided design tools has moved from representation to knowledge encoding and support in knowledge based systems." 27
The dispute over whether computers will ever attain 'intelligence' is ongoing and perhaps long lasting. Champions of intelligent machines point to our own lack of knowledge about what constitutes intelligence, or even perhaps the mystique we give to intelligence (and meaning) as if they are elements of a spiritual nature: the impenetrability of the mind by the mind. Marvin Minsky, in Why People Think Computers Can't, describes 'meaning' as a things connection to all other things conceived. Minsky suggests that "our questions about thinking machines should really be questions about our own minds", 28 further asserting that one reason why many people don't believe that artifi cial intelligence is possible is that they believe that meaning is a singular thing, somehow defi nable and existing outside of any context. Minsky asserts that, "there is a special irony when people say machines cannot have minds, because…we're only now beginning to see how minds could possibly work, using insights that come directly from attempts to see what complicated machines can do." 29 We are soon approaching the same quandaries in architecture. Computational design aids will elicit questions about what really constitutes design, and about what constitutes value in architecture. Negroponte argues that a "perpetual cross-examination of ideas by both man and machine will encourage creative thought that would otherwise be extinguished by the lack of an antagonizing (and thus challenging) environment." 30 Whatever one's individual beliefs may be regarding the future direction architectural computing, the evidence points to a trajectory that is set toward an architecture that will continue to relinquish control to digital machines.
An examination of the evolution of 20 th century architectural practice indicates trends toward a further division of labor and systematization of knowledge. Early 20 th century architecture found its greatest infl uence in the industrial ideals of the assembly line and mass production. The means of production had an enormous impact on formal and spatial derivations during this period. Beyond this, however, industrial production methods fi ltered into our cultural value systems, becoming analogues for new types of information storage and retrieval methods, building methods, and overall ways of thinking. Our cultural values evolved during the 20 th century, fi rst infl uenced by the machine and its modes of production and next by the computer with its structural and organizational nuances. The existing late 20 th and early 21 st century modes of data storage and dissemination foretell a paradigmatic change in architecture and other disciplines wherein stored pools of expert knowledge will be highly categorized and easily retrievable; building integrated modeling (BIM) is an example of this. BIM represents an initial attempt at replacing traditional architectural roles with design computing tools, chiefl y in the form of information gathering and management. Information that was once gathered by individuals or was a part of an individual's expertise now is retrieved through a database of stored ideas; a replacement of the primary and crucial design stage during which one is allowed time to ruminate over the design problem. Failures in developing artifi cial intelligence systems have been well documented but all evidence points to an eventual success (in one form or another) in this area. Knowledge-based tools have already been developed that aid the designer by providing expert knowledge to specifi c design problems. The missing link in this equation is the establishment of 'intelligent' and 'creative' computational tools. Researchers are working diligently to create models and algorithms for these human characteristics. The conclusion of these efforts will be the development of machines that no longer are simply information storage and retrieval devices but will also be able to 'read and react' to the design problem in real time; a virtual replacement for their human counterparts
– the end of the traditional roles of the architect.
ENDNOTES
1. D. Jacobs, Architecture, Newsweek Book, 1974
2. Spiro Kostof, The Architect: Chapters in the History of the Profession, University of California Press, Berkeley
and California Press, Los Angeles, California, 1977
3. Nigel Cross, The Automated Architect, Viking Penguin, New York, 1977
4. The Fountainhead, LIFE, http://images.google.com/ hosted/life/l?imgurl=430ec01b7b6ee5ac&q=THE+FOUNT AIN+HEAD&usg=__0V14FW54znEosO21S8
5. Lewis Mumford, Technics and Civilization, Harcourt Brace and Company, New York, 1934
6. Edith Cherry, Programming for Design, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1999
7. Nigel Cross, The Automated Architect, Viking Penguin, New York, 1977
8. Nicholas Negroponte, Soft Architecture Machines, The MIT Press, Massachusetts and London England, 1975
9. Lewis Mumford, The Transformations of Man, Harper and Brothers Publishers, New York, 1956
10. Ibid
11. Ibid
12. Finith Jernigan, Big BIM Little BIM, 4 Site Press, Salisbury, MD, 1993
13. Lewis Mumford, The Transformations of Man, Harper and Brothers Publishers, New York, 1956,
14. Nicholas Negroponte, Soft Architecture Machines The MIT Press, Massachusetts and London England, 1975
15. Ibid
16. Ibid
17. Ibid
18. Digital Tools as Companions, Architecture and Computers, Laurence King Publishing, pg138
19. Wei Peng, John S. Gero, Learning While Optimizing a Design: a situated agent-based design interaction tool, Key Centre of Design Computing and Cognition, University of Sydney, Australia
20. Yehuda Kalay, Architecture's New Media, The MIT Press, Boston, MA, 2004
21. Thomas P. Moran, Artifi cial / Intelligent Architecture: computers in design, Architectural Record, March, 129-34
22. Myers and Pohl, ICADS Expert Design Advisor: An Aid to Refl ective Thinking, Knowledge Based Systems, 1992
23. Intelligent Machines, Latest News, http:// images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.
freshnews.in/wp-content/uploads/2008/04/robots. jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.freshnews.in/robots-to-nowlearn-from-experiences
24. Nigel Cross, Analyzing Design Activity, John Wiley and Sons, 1997
25. Nigel Cross, Developments in Design Methodology, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1984
26. Note: This is implied by Kalay in Evaluating and Predicting Design Performance. Also by Peter Manning and Samir Mattar in A Preliminary to Development of Expert Systems for Total Design of Entire Buildings
27. Wei Peng, John S. Gero, Computer-Aided Design Tool that ADapt, CAD Futures conference, 2007
28. Marvin Minsky, Why People Think Computers Can't, First published in AI Magazine, vol. 3 no. 4, Fall 1982
29. Ibid
30. Ibid | <urn:uuid:207b2bd2-edad-4410-b9db-f175e8cdc1bc> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 24,461 |
Simple Glazed Carrots
INGREDIENTS
2 pounds carrots, fresh or frozen
1/4 cup butter
1/4 cup packed brown sugar
1/4 teaspoon salt
1/8 teaspoon ground white pepper
DIRECTIONS
If using fresh carrots, cut into the desired shape. Place carrots in pot and cover with water. Cook until tender. Drain. In a saucepan, combine butter, brown sugar, salt and pepper; heat until sugar dissolves. Add carrots and toss to coat. Heat throughly.
Recipe brought to you by http://sharetherecipe.com/ | <urn:uuid:14ba5c1e-da79-41d6-b7f8-5da97902542d> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 484 |
Pla d'organització del CFA Can Folguera per al curs 2020-21
Generalitat de Catalunya
Departament d’Ensenyament
CFA Can Folguera
ÍNDEX
Generalitat de Catalunya
Departament d’Ensenyament
CFA Can Folguera
1. Organització pedagògica, en una situació de pandèmia com l'actual i en cas de confinament parcial o tancament del centre
Donades les circumstàncies excepcionals del moment i les característiques del nostre centre, és més que possible que molts dels ensenyaments comencin el curs 2020-2021 en una modalitat semipresencial del 50%.
L'actual restricció de limitar l'espai a 2,5 metres quadrats per persona, fa impossible albergar alhora el nombre d'alumnes que indica la ràtio dels grups complets. A més a més, la normativa de distanciament entre persones dintre de l'aula (1,5 metres) afegeix una dificultat que ens ha obligat en alguns casos, com el de l'aula d'informàtica, a reduir el nombre d'alumnes assistents a cada sessió per sota del resultat de l'equació de metres quadrats per persona.
A fi que els grups siguin el més estables possibles, i sense perjudici de la matrícula viva, només s'admetran nous alumnes les dues primeres setmanes del primer trimestre (fins al 2 d'octubre 2020) i ja no es podrà afegir cap alumne a cap dels ensenyaments fins al segon trimestre, en què podrien haver-hi noves incorporacions. Durant les dues primeres setmanes del segon trimestre també podran matricular-se nous alumnes (fins a les vacances de Nadal) i posteriorment, no hi haurà incorporació de nous alumnes en tot el curs, a excepció dels ensenyaments de GES i Competic III, en què sí es matricularan nous alumnes, si escau, a l'últim trimestre. En el cas del curs de preparació PACFGS i ensenyaments d'idiomes estrangers només s'admetran alumnes al primer trimestre. Excepcionalment, en llengües estrangeres es podria incorporar algun alumne que s'adeqüi al nivell del grup en aquell moment, i en cap cas, al tercer trimestre.
En consonància amb aquesta nova normalitat, l'atenció personal que el professorat ofereix cada any als potencials alumnes no es farà presencialment, amb excepcions, fora del termini de matrícula d'alumnes. Una vegada finalitzada les dues setmanes de marge per la matriculació, l'atenció serà telefònica. Si escau, abans d'obrir un nou període de matriculació al segon trimestre (o tercer en el cas de GES) es convocaran els alumnes apuntats en la llista d'espera resultant de les consultes telefòniques per una prova de nivell.
En el cas dels grups que treballin en modalitat de semipresencialitat, es dividirà el grup classe en dos subgrups estables que alternaran l'assistència al centre (habitualment es tracta de grups que en circumstàncies ordinàries rebrien dues classes presencials, i per tant, en la modalitat híbrida, es redueix a una sessió setmanal de 1,5 o 2 hores).
Depenent dels ensenyaments, les classes presencials s'aprofitaran per desenvolupar una part concreta del currículum, i les sessions no-presencials reforçaran els aprenentatges apresos durant les sessions presencials i/o es centraran en les parts curriculars que l'alumne pot treballar per compte propi.
En cap cas, la suma de treball presencial i telemàtic no podrà superar la dedicació lectiva dels alumnes ni dels docents establerta normativament.
Generalitat de Catalunya
Departament d’Ensenyament
CFA Can Folguera
A continuació detallem per grups d'ensenyament les actuacions que haurem de posar en pràctica en la docència híbrida amb cadascun d'ells:
* CASTELLÀ - CATALÀ - INSTRUMENTAL
S'aprofitaran les classes presencials per desenvolupar les habilitats lingüístiques de comprensió i expressió oral, així com per donar les explicacions bàsiques dels conceptes introduïts. El professor facilitarà a principi de curs un dossier a cadascun dels alumnes per tal que al llarg de les sessions no-presencials puguin reforçar a casa els nous coneixements adquirits amb treball personal.
* INFORMÀTICA
Les classes presencials tindran com a objectiu prioritari la introducció de conceptes i explicacions que permetin a l'alumnat afiançar aquests nous coneixements durant les sessions no-presencials en què desenvolupin tasques dissenyades per la professora al Moodle de cadascun dels nivells.
* LLENGÜES ESTRANGERES
Durant les sessions al centre, ens centrarem en el desenvolupament de les habilitats lingüístiques de comprensió i expressió oral. Tanmateix, serà durant aquestes sessions quan es presentaran nous conceptes i es corregiran activitats encomanades amb anterioritat per aclarir dubtes. Les sessions no-presencials tindran com objectiu assolir aquests nous conceptes amb feina personal guiada pel professor (activitats del llibre, del llibre digital i/o tasques del Moodle).
En el cas dels ensenyaments de GES i PACFGS no està previst, en principi, aplicar el model híbrid. Hem estimat que per les característiques de l'alumnat i objectius d'aquests grups, sigui prioritari tractar de mantenir totes les classes presencials. No obstant això, en cas que fos necessari posar en pràctica aquest model com a conseqüència de la imposició d'un confinament parcial, s'aplicarien les mesures acordades en cas de confinament total en concordança amb el subgrup en modalitat no-presencial, i que es detallen en aquest mateix apartat.
No hem de descartar tampoc la possibilitat d'un confinament total, ja sigui per emergència sanitària general o per tancament del centre si les autoritats així ho estimen pertinent. En aquest supòsit, les activitat lectives mantindrien la continuïtat, ara sí, en modalitat telemàtica en la seva totalitat. A continuació exposarem les actuacions planificades per cadasun dels ensenyaments per blocs:
Generalitat de Catalunya
Departament d’Ensenyament
CFA Can Folguera
* CATALÀ - CASTELLÀ - INSTRUMENTAL
Les classes es duran a terme en format videoconferència amb suport del dossier en paper que el professor/a els lliurarà a principi de curs i que els alumnes continuaran fent amb les indicacions i ritme que el professor/a consideri.
* INFORMÀTICA
Els ensenyaments d'informàtica també continuaran les seves sessions amb videoconferències. Aquesta docència es veurà reforçada pel suport del Moodle dissenyat per la professora per a cada nivell.
* LLENGÜES ESTRANGERES
Les classes es desenvoluparan en el àmbit virtual de la videoconferència amb el suport del llibre digital. Altres recursos que el professor/a podrà utilitzar serà el curs Moodle creat per cada nivell i/o correu electrònic.
* GES
Cada professor haurà de valorar quin és el mitjà que més s'adequa per valorar l'aprenentatge dels seus alumnes i poder avaluar-lo. Entre les opcions per dur a terme aquesta docència totalment telemàtica trobem: videoconferència, creació d'un curs Moodle, correu i/o missatgeria instantània o la combinació de dues o més d'aquestes opcions.
* PACFGS
Les classes virtuals per videoconferència per a la introducció de nous conceptes, explicacions i resolució de dubtes es pot combinar, segons estimi el professor/a amb cursos Moodle i/o correcció de tasques per correu electrònic.
Es recomana, i especialment en aquells grups en que considerem que els alumnes poden no tenir els suficients coneixements informàtics o no estar familiaritzats amb les videotrucades, fer una o més proves amb el grup durant les primeres sessions presencials. El professor de cada grup serà l'encarregat d'esbrinar la connectivitat dels seus alumnes i anotar les dades necessàries en cas de posteriorment, tenir la necessitat de fer videoconferències (adreça de correu electrònic i/o telèfon mòbil).
En cas de confinament total, i per tal de portar a terme la metodologia en model telemàtic, el professor podrà triar la plataforma/ aplicació que més s'adeqüi als seus interessos (Meet, HangOut, Zoom, Whatsapp … S'està considerant la possibilitat de començar a treballar amb Google Suite per al proper curs en alguns ensenyaments) així com l'adaptació de les hores lectives, les quals es poden distribuir en subgrups del grup classe si el professor/a ho estima oportú.
No hem d'oblidar que en un supòsit de nou confinament total el contacte amb els nostres alumnes ha de ser primordial, i potser en determinats casos, un recolzament psicològic sigui més important que un seguiment acadèmic estrictament. Per tant, l'acció tutorial pren especial rellevància en aquest marc.
Generalitat de Catalunya
Departament d’Ensenyament
CFA Can Folguera
1.1. Reunions dels òrgans unipersonals i col·lectius de coordinació i govern
Són aquelles reunions l'objectiu de les quals és la coordinació pedagògica de les actuacions al centre així com l'organització de diferents aspectes de la comunitat educativa.
Tenint en compte la recomanació de la modalitat telemàtica per aquelles reunions que impliquin un nombre elevat de persones, i considerant la diversa procedència de cadascun dels membres, hem considerat adient establir per aquest curs com a norma la celebració per videoconferència del Consell Escolar. En la resta dels casos, tot i que es preveu com a trobades presencials, en cas de confinament parcial o total, podrien canviar la seva modalitat a online.
| ÒRGAN | TIPUS DE REUNIÓ | FORMAT DE LA REUNIÓ | PERIODICITAT |
|---|---|---|---|
| Consell Escolar | De govern | Videoconferència | Trimestral |
| Claustre | De govern | Presencial | Trimestral |
| Equip Directiu | Planificació | Presencial | Setmanal |
| Equip docent | Planificació/Coordinació | Presencial | Setmanal |
| Equip docent de GESO | Coordinació | Presencial | Cada 5 setmanes |
| Equip docent de proves d’accés | Coordinació | Presencial | Cada 5 setmanes |
| Equip docent d’ensenyaments de llengües estrangeres | Coordinació | Presencial | Cada 5 setmanes |
| Membres de les comissions de sortides i festes | Planificació | Presencial | Cada 5 setmanes |
Generalitat de Catalunya Departament d’Ensenyament CFA Can Folguera
2. Organització de grups d'alumnes, professionals i espais
La següent taula mostra les aules disponibles en aquest moment per al curs 2020-21 i la seva superfície. Tenint en compte que cada persona a l'aula ha de disposar, com a mínim, de 2,5 m 2 i que s'ha de mantenir una distància interpersonal de 1,5 m, també es mostra a la taula l'ocupació màxima de cadascuna de les aules.
| AULES | SUPERFÍCIE |
|---|---|
| Aula d’Informàtica 1 | 27,5 m2 |
| Aula 1 | 35,37 m2 |
| Aula 2 | 36,44 m2 |
| Aula 12 | 43,35 m2 |
| Aula 5 | 24,55 m2 |
| Aula 6 | 23,94 m2 |
| Aula 7 (Aula d’Informàtica 2) | 16,53 m2 |
| Aula 315 (Institut Estela Ibèrica) | 59,73 m2 |
Generalitat de Catalunya
Departament d’Ensenyament
CFA Can Folguera
| GRUPS | ALUMNES | DOCENTS | |
|---|---|---|---|
| | | TUTOR/A | TEMPORAL |
| Català I (matí) | 25 (dos grups de 12 i 13) | Paulí Diaz | |
| Català I (tarda) | 22 Tot el grup | Paulí Diaz | |
| Català II | 16 (dos grups de 8 i 8) | Ina Garcia | |
| Castellà I (matí) | 25 (dos grups de 12 i 13) | Paulí Diaz | |
| Castellà II | 16 (dos grups de 8 i 8) | Ina Garcia | |
| Compètic Inicial | 14 (dos grups de 7 i 7) | Montse Noriega | |
| Compètic I | 14 (dos grups de 7 i 7) | Montse Noriega | |
| Compètic II (tarda) | 14 (dos grups de 7 i 7) | Montse Noriega | |
| Compètic II (vespre) | 14 (dos grups de 7 i 7) | Montse Noriega | |
| Compètic III | 14 (dos grups de 7 i 7) | Montse Noriega | |
Generalitat de Catalunya Departament d’Ensenyament CFA Can Folguera
| | i 13) | | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Instrumental II | 16 (dos grups de 8 i 8) | Ina Garcia | |
| Ges I | 16 Tot el grup | | Paulí Diaz Charo Sánchez Ina Garcia Montse Noriega |
| Ges II | 22 Tot el grup | | Charo Sánchez Julio Lasobras Paulí Díaz Glòria Pujals |
| CFGS | 13 Tot el grup | | Julio Lasobras Charo Sánchez Glòria Pujals |
| Anglès I (matí) | 25 (dos grups de 12 i 13) | Vanessa Miota | |
| Anglès II (matí) | 25 (dos grups de 12 i 13) | Vanessa Miota | |
| Anglès I (vespre) | 25 (dos grups de 12 i 13) | Glòria Pujals | |
| Anglès II (vespre) | 25 (dos grups de 12 i 13) | Vanessa Miota | |
| Anglès III (matí) | 25 (dos grups de 12 i 13) | Glòria Pujals | |
| Anglès III (vespre) | 25 (dos grups de 12 i 13) | Vanessa Miota | |
Generalitat de Catalunya Departament d’Ensenyament CFA Can Folguera
| | i 13) | |
|---|---|---|
| Francès II (vespre) | 25 (dos grups de 12 i 13) | Glòria Pujals |
| Francès III (vespre) | 16 (dos grups de 8 i 8) | Julio Lasobras |
En cas que el nombre d'alumnes no superi l'ocupació màxima de l'aula, es faran totes les sessions presencialment.
Generalitat de Catalunya
Departament d’Ensenyament
CFA Can Folguera
3. Organització d'horaris i gestió d'entrades i sortides
| ACCÉS | GRUP | HORARI ENTRADA | HORARI SORTIDA |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2a Planta | Català I (matí) | Dimarts 9:30-9:40 Dijous 9:30-9:40 | 10:50 10:50 |
| Institut | Català I (tarda) | Dilluns 15:00-15:10 Dimecres 15:00-15:10 | 16:20 16:20 |
| 2a Planta | Català II | Dilluns 17:00-17:10 Dijous 17:00-17:10 | 18:50 18:50 |
| 2a Planta | Castellà I | Dimarts 11:00-11:10 Dijous 11:00-11:10 | 12:20 12:20 |
| 2a Planta | Castellà II | Dilluns 19:00-19:10 Dijous 19:00-19:10 | 20:50 20:50 |
| 1a Planta | Competic Inicial | Dilluns 9:30-9:40 Dimecres 9:30-9:40 | 10:50 10:50 |
| 1a Planta | Competic I | Dilluns 11:00-11:10 Dimecres 11:00-11:10 | 12:20 12:20 |
| 1a Planta | Competic II (tarda) | Dimarts 15:30-15:40 Dijous 15:30-15:40 | 17:20 17:20 |
| 1a Planta | Competic II (vespre) | Dimarts 17:30-17:40 Dijous 17:30-17:40 | 19:20 19:20 |
| 1a Planta | Competic III | Dilluns 15:30-15:40 Dimecres 15:30-15:40 | 16:50 16:50 |
| 1a Planta | Instrumental I | Dimarts 15:00-15:10 Dimecres 15:00-15:10 Dijous 15:00-15:10 | 15:50 16:50 15:50 |
| 2a Planta | Instrumental II | Dilluns 15:00-15:10 Dijous 15:00-15:10 | 16:50 16:50 |
| 2a Planta | GES I | Dilluns 16:30-16:40 Dimarts 16:30-16:40 Dimecres 16:30-16:40 Dijous 16:30-16:40 | 20:50 20:50 20:50 20:50 |
| Institut | GES II | Dilluns 16:30-16:40 | 20:50 |
Generalitat de Catalunya Departament d’Ensenyament CFA Can Folguera
| | | Dimarts 16:30-16:40 Dimecres 16:30-16:40 Dijous 16:30-16:40 |
|---|---|---|
| 2a Planta | Proves d’accés a CFGS | Dilluns 15:00-15:10 Dimarts 15:00-15:10 Dimecres 15:00-15:10 Dijous 15:00-15:10 |
| 1a Planta | Anglès I (matí) | Dimarts 9:30-9:40 Dijouss 9:30-9:40 |
| 1a Planta | Anglès II (matí) | Dimarts 11:00-11:10 Dijous 11:00-11:10 |
| 2a Planta | Anglès I (vespre) | Dilluns 17:30-17:40 Dimecres 17:30-17:40 |
| 1a Planta | Anglès II (vespre) | Dilluns 17:00-17:10 Dimecres 17:00-17:10 |
| 1a Planta | Anglès III (matí) | Dimecres 10:00-10:10 Divendres 10:00-10:10 |
| 2a Planta | Anglès III (vespre) | Dilluns 19:00-19:10 Dimecres 19:00-19:10 |
| 1a Planta | Francès I | Dilluns 19:00-19:10 Dimecres 19:00-19:10 |
| 1a Planta | Francès II | Dimarts 17:30-17:40 Dijous 17:30-17:40 |
| 2a Planta | Francès III | Dimarts 17:30-17:40 Dimecres 17:30-17:40 |
Generalitat de Catalunya
Departament d’Ensenyament
CFA Can Folguera
4. Pla d'actuació en cas de detectar un possible cas de COVID19
El responsable de la coordinació i la gestió de la COVID-19 al nostre centre és el director.
No assistiran al centre l'alumnat, els docents i altres professionals que tinguin símptomes compatibles amb la COVID-19, així com aquelles persones que es troben en aïllament per diagnòstic de COVID-19 o en període de quarantena domiciliària per haver tingut contacte estret amb alguna persona amb símptomes o diagnosticada de COVID-19.
Davant d'una persona que comenci a desenvolupar símptomes compatibles amb la COVID-19 al nostre centre educatiu:
1. Es portarà la persona en qüestió a un espai separat d'ús individual (una aula que es trobi buida en aquell moment o, en el seu defecte, el despatx de Secretaria). El docent responsable serà el professor/a que es trobi a l'aula en aquell moment amb l'alumne/a.
2. Es col·locarà una mascareta quirúrgica tant a la persona que ha iniciat símptomes com a la persona que quedi al seu càrrec. Se li prendrà a l'alumne la temperatura. El docent esmentat anteriorment serà també responsable d'aquestes actuacions.
3. En el cas d'alumnes menors, es contactarà amb la família per tal que vingui a recollir-los. Es registrarà el nom del familiar que vingui a recollir el menor. La persona responsable de fer aquestes accions serà el tutor/a del alumne/a o, en la seva absència, el docent amb què es trobava l'alumne a l'aula.
4. En cas de presentar símptomes de gravetat, es trucarà al 061. La persona responsable de fer la trucada serà el director o un membre de l'equip directiu o, en la seva absència, el docent amb què es trobava l'alumne a l'aula.
5. El centre contactarà a través del director amb el servei territorial d'Educació per informar de la situació i a través d'ells amb el servei de salut pública.
La persona amb símptomes, o la família en el cas d'alumnes menors, ha de contactar amb el seu CAP de referència per valorar la situació i fer les actuacions necessàries. Si es decideix realitzar una PCR per a SARS-CoV-2, l'alumne i la família amb qui conviu hauran d'estar en aïllament al domicili fins conèixer-ne el resultat. En cas que finalment es confirmi el cas, Salut Pública serà l'encarregada de la identificació, aïllament i seguiment dels contactes estrets.
Si es confirma a la nostra escola un o diversos casos de contagi per coronavirus, l'autoritat sanitària valorarà, sobre el terreny, la conveniència del tancament parcial o total de l'activitat presencial al nostre centre.
La direcció del centre mantindrà una interlocució directa amb els equips d'atenció primària de referència de la nostra escola en relació a mesures de consell sanitari sobre la COVID-19.
Generalitat de Catalunya
Departament d’Ensenyament
CFA Can Folguera
5. Mesures de prevenció personal. Pla de ventilació, neteja i desinfecció
5.1. Mesures de prevenció personal
5.1.1. Distanciament físic
Dins de cada aula les persones disposaran, com a mínim, d'una superfície de 2,5 m 2 per persona. Al mateix temps, hi haurà una distància entre persones dins l'aula de 1,5 m, com a mínim.
Als claustres, reunions d'equip directiu, d'equip docent, de coordinació i de les comissions també es mantindrà la distància de seguretat entre persones de 1,5 m. Les reunions del Consell Escolar es realitzaran per videoconferència.
5.1.2. Higiene de mans
Els alumnes han de rentar-se les mans amb gel hidroalcohòlic:
* A l'arribada i sortida de l'aula.
* Abans i després d'anar al WC.
* Abans i després de menjar o beure alguna cosa.
El personal que treballa al centre ha de rentar-se les mans:
* A l'arribada i sortida del centre.
* Abans i després d'anar al WC.
* Abans i després de menjar o beure alguna cosa.
* En el cas dels docents, en els canvis de classe i/o grup i, com a mínim, una vegada cada dues hores. En el cas del PAS, com a mínim, cada dues hores.
Hi haurà dispensadors de gel hidroalcohòlic a totes les aules i a tots els espais comuns del centre. Es col·locaran pòsters o cartells informatius a les aules explicant els passos per a un correcte rentat de mans.
5.1.3. Ús de mascareta
Tant els alumnes com el personal que treballa al centre portaran mascareta en tot moment, des de la seva arribada al centre fins la seva sortida. La mascareta haurà d'estar ben col·locada i haurà de cobrir el nas i la boca. La negació al compliment d'aquesta norma per part d'un alumne/a comportarà que l'alumne/a abandoni el centre.
L'alumne/a haurà de portar de casa seva la seva pròpia mascareta. El Departament d'Educació proporcionarà mascaretes higièniques amb compliment de la norma UNE al personal que treballa al centre.
Generalitat de Catalunya
Departament d’Ensenyament
CFA Can Folguera
5.1.4. Requisits d'accés al centre educatiu
Aquest requisits són:
* Absència de simptomatologia compatible amb la COVID-19 (febre, tos, dificultat respiratòria, malestar, diarrea...) o amb qualsevol altre quadre infecciós. L'absència de simptomatologia ha de ser sense haver pres cap fàrmac.
* No convivents o contacte estret amb positiu confirmat o amb simptomatologia compatible amb la COVID-19 en els 14 dies anteriors.
En cas que l'alumne presenti una malaltia crònica d'elevada complexitat que pugui augmentar el risc de gravetat en cas de contraure la infecció per SARS-CoV2, es valorarà de manera conjunta amb el seu equip mèdic de referència, les implicacions a l'hora d'assistir presencialment al centre educatiu.
En el cas del personal docent i no docent de l'escola, les persones de risc elevat de malaltia greu per coronavirus seran avaluades pel servei de prevenció de riscos laborals de titularitat del centre per valorar si poden assistir presencialment al centre. Les condicions de risc engloben les malalties cròniques, com la hipertensió arterial, la diabetis, els problemes cardíacs o pulmonars, les immunodeficiències i l'obesitat mòrbida.
5.1.5. Control de símptomes
A l'inici del curs, els alumnes majors d'edat, o les famílies en el cas d'alumnes menors, signaran una declaració responsable a través de la qual:
- Faran constar que són coneixedores de la situació actual de pandèmia amb el risc que això comporta i que, per tant, s'atendran a les mesures que puguin ser necessàries en cada moment.
- Es comprometen a no anar al centre (si són majors d'edat) o a no deixar que els seus fills/es assisteixin al centre (si es tracta d'alumnes menors d'edat) en cas de presentar simptomatologia compatible amb la COVID-19 o haver-la presentat en els darrers 14 dies i a comunicar-ho immediatament als responsables del centre educatiu per tal de poder prendre les mesures oportunes.
Els alumnes majors d'edat, o les famílies en el cas d'alumnes menors, disposaran d'una llista de comprovació de símptomes. Hauran de comunicar al centre si han presentat febre o algun altre símptoma.
5.1.6. Gestió de residus
Les mascaretes, guants i el paper tissú utilitzat per a la desinfecció de les zones de treball a l'aula seran dipositats, quan hagin de ser llançats, en papereres amb bossa. Aquestes bosses es llançaran al contenidor gris.
En el cas que alguna persona presenti símptomes mentre està al centre, es tancarà en una bossa tot el material utilitzat a l'espai d'ús individual on s'ha aïllat la persona i s'introduirà aquesta bossa tancada en una segona bossa abans de dipositar-la amb la resta de residus tal com s'ha indicat al paràgraf anterior.
Generalitat de Catalunya
Departament d’Ensenyament
CFA Can Folguera
5.2. Pla de ventilació, neteja i desinfecció
5.2.1. Espais comuns
Els espais comuns a la nostra escola són la sala de professors/es, el despatx de Secretaria, la sala d'atenció al públic, les escales, l'ascensor i els passadissos. Aquests espais seran ventilats, com a mínim, 3 vegades al dia durant 10 minuts. L'ús de l'ascensor serà esporàdic, només per a persones amb problemes de mobilitat.
Correspon a l'empresa de neteja contractada per l'Ajuntament de Santa Perpètua de Mogoda la neteja i desinfecció de les instal·lacions de la Granja Soldevila. L'empresa de neteja està al corrent dels protocols a seguir en el tema de neteja i desinfecció en relació al Covid-19, com queda recollit en el document de coordinació d'activitats empresarials, document lliurat per la direcció del CFA Can Folguera a la Regidoria d'Educació de l'Ajuntament de Santa Perpètua de Mogoda.
Concretament el personal de neteja haurà de netejar i desinfectar diàriament en relació als espais comuns: manetes i poms de portes i finestres, baranes i passamans d'escales i ascensors, superfície de taules i cadires, grapadores i altres utensilis d'oficina, botoneres dels ascensors, ordinadors (sobretot teclats i ratolins), telèfons i fotocopiadores.
5.2.2. Aules
Correspon a les empreses de neteja de la Granja Soldevila i de l'institut Estela Ibèrica la neteja i desinfecció de les aules ubicades en les respectives instal·lacions. Concretament el personal de neteja haurà de netejar i desinfectar diàriament en relació a les aules: manetes i poms de portes i finestres, superfície de taules i cadires, el terra i els ordinadors (sobretot teclats i ratolins).
Tots els alumnes quan entrin a l'aula seran responsables de la desinfecció de la superfície de la seva taula, del seient i respatller de la seva cadira i del teclat i ratolí del seu ordinador (si es tracta d'un aula d'Informàtica). Per a aquest fi, hi haurà un dispensador de desinfectant (tipus Sanytol) i un rotllo gran de paper tissú a cadascuna de les aules.
Quan en una mateixa aula es facin consecutivament classes de diferents ensenyaments, el protocol a seguir serà el següent:
* El grup que ocupa l'aula acabarà 10 minuts abans la classe. S'obriran les finestres, els alumnes faran rentat de mans amb gel hidroalcohòlic i sortiran de l'aula.
* El següent grup arribarà puntual al seu horari, els alumnes faran rentat de mans amb gel hidroalcohòlic i procediran a la desinfecció de la seva zona de treball, com s'ha explicat anteriorment. Quan tots els alumnes hagin acabat aquesta desinfecció, es tancaran les finestres. D'aquesta manera es garanteix una ventilació de l'aula durant 15-20 minuts.
En els grups de GESO i en el grup de proves d'accés a CFGS, en cada canvi de mòdul o matèria es ventilarà l'aula almenys durant 10 minuts.
Generalitat de Catalunya
Departament d’Ensenyament
CFA Can Folguera
Totes les aules seran ventilades, com a mínim, 3 vegades al dia, durant 10 minuts com a mínim. Quan les condicions meteorològiques i sonores ho facin possible, es realitzaran les classes amb les finestres i la porta obertes.
5.2.3. Lavabos
Correspon a les empreses de neteja de la Granja Soldevila i de l'institut Estela Ibèrica la neteja i desinfecció dels lavabos ubicats en les respectives instal·lacions. Concretament el personal de neteja haurà de netejar i desinfectar diàriament en relació als lavabos: els rentamans, els inodors, els urinaris i el terra. També haurà d'assegurar-se que en tot moment hi hagi sabó i paper tissú per realitzar el rentat de mans i eixugar-se posteriorment. | <urn:uuid:068c27a1-b63f-4ac7-8c49-b4de296e3f1d> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/cat_Latn/train | finepdfs | cat_Latn | 25,925 |
Dlgs 231/2001, inammissibile la costituzione di parte civile
La sistematica rimozione, nel Decreto Legislativo n. 231 del 2001, di ogni richiamo o riferimento alla parte civile (e alla persona offesa) porta a ritenere che non si sia trattato di una lacuna normativa, quanto piuttosto di una scelta consapevole del legislatore, che ha voluto operare, intenzionalmente, una deroga rispetto alla regolamentazione codicistica.
Questo, un breve stralcio dell'ampia motivazione con la quale la Suprema Corte ha escluso l'ammissibilità della costituzione di parte civile nel processo instaurato per l'accertamento della responsabilità da reato dell'ente, disciplinato dal Dlgs 231/2001.
(Cass. penale sez. VI, sentenza 5 ottobre 2010 - 22 gennaio 2011, n. 2251)
Testo integrale sentenza
Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
1 / 1 | <urn:uuid:47017e96-1ff6-4ef0-b22a-68fc880c1de3> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ita_Latn/train | finepdfs | ita_Latn | 824 |
FLAVESCENZA DORATA
Progetto MOSCATO CUNEES - VALLI BELBO, TINELLA E BORMIDA
TRATTAMENTI INSETTICIDI OBBLIGATORI anno 2015
contro *Scaphoideus titanus*
Primo trattamento per le aziende convenzionali:
tra il 21 e il 25 giugno
AZIENDE IN PRODUZIONE INTEGRATA * (che aderiscono all’azione 214.1 del PSR 2007-2014)
CLORPIRIFOS ETILE, CLORPIRIFOS METILE, ETOFENPROX
ACETAMIPRID, THIAMETHOXAM
ALTRE AZIENDE: PER IL PRIMO TRATTAMENTO
PRINCIPI ATTIVI AUTORIZZATI SU VITE CONTRO LE CICALINE:
| Sostanza attiva | Gruppo chimico | Intervallo di sicurezza (gg) |
|-----------------|----------------|-----------------------------|
| Etofenprox | Fenossibenzil eteri | 14 |
| Clorpirifos etile | Fosforganici | 30 |
| Clorpirifos metile | Fosforganici | 15 |
| Acetamiprid | Neonicotinoidi | 14 |
| Thiamethoxam | Neonicotinoidi | 21 |
| Varie | Piretroidi | vari |
DOPO AVER TRATTATO CON L’INSETTICIDA E TRASCORSO IL TEMPO DI RIENTRO
(ALMENO 48 ORE) ESTIRPARE LE PIANTE MALATE ED ELIMINARE I TRALCI CON
SINTOMI: QUESTO SERVE PER TOGLIERE LA FONTE DI FITOPLASMA CHE RENDE
INFETTIVO L’INSETTO VETTORE (SCAFOIDEO).
Salvaguardia degli insetti pronubi
(Legge regionale 3/8/98, n. 20)
• Divieto trattamenti insetticidi in fioritura.
• Sfalcio e appassimento/asportazione della vegetazione sottostante nel caso di
presenza di fioriture spontanee prima di eseguire i trattamenti insetticidi.
• Evitare fenomeni di deriva (non trattare in presenza di vento).
ACCORGIMENTI
• Controllare il pH della soluzione in modo che sia inferiore a 7.
• Impiegare volumi di acqua e pressioni di distribuzione in grado di bagnare bene
tutta la vegetazione;
• Trattare tutti i filari da entrambi i lati.
• Cercare di far arrivare la soluzione sulla pagina inferiore delle foglie, comprese
quelle dei polloni.
• Evitare presenza di polloni o erbe infestanti troppo sviluppate alla base dei ceppi. | <urn:uuid:05dfaeb5-530e-4a14-838b-d8fd59c7a1f9> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ita_Latn/train | finepdfs | ita_Latn | 2,043 |
Univerzální robot střední nosnosti KR IONTEC
Společnost KUKA uvádí na trh novou řadu robotů KR IONTEC, která je nástupcem úspěšné série robotů KR 60-3, přičemž splňuje vysoké standardy flexibility v kategorii střední nosnosti. Robot je navržen pro provoz v klasické i digitalizované výrobě a vyniká zejména velkou pracovní obálkou, což ho řadí k nejlepším ve své třídě.
Zatímco dříve se roboty využívaly především v hromadné výrobě, kde robot v podstatě po celou dobu své životnosti plnil jednu jedinou úlohu, v současné době se od robotů požaduje mnohem větší univerzálnost. Zvláště v malých a středních firmách se sortiment výroby často mění a uživatel musí mít možnost robot rychle a snadno přizpůsobit nové, zcela jiné úloze. Tomu musí být uzpůsobena konstrukce robotu i jeho řídicí systém, aby bylo možné rychle navrhnout novou robotizovanou výrobní buňku a robot přeprogramovat na novou úlohu. A právě tyto požadavky plní roboty KR Iontec.
zu. Jeho provozní náklady snižuje také menší spotřeba energie, jíž bylo dosaženo vylepšenou konstrukcí pohonu a zmenšením hmotnosti pohyblivých částí robotu. Ve srovnání s předchozími roboty KUKA vykazuje nový
Maximální flexibilita a buňky s malým půdorysem
Roboty KR IONTEC lze použít v libovolné montážní poloze – mohou být upevněné na podlaze, na stropě, na zdi nebo na šikmé ploše. Díky možnosti přestavit nosnost již nainstalovaného robotu z 30 až na 70 kg jsou také mimořádně flexibilní. Kromě toho mají s maximálním dosahem 3 100 mm největší pracovní rozsah ve své třídě. Vzhledem ke svému dosahu, schopnosti pracovat zvláště blízko samotného robotu i velkému pracovnímu prostoru pod ním (1 232 mm) využívají roboty KR IONTEC své přednosti skutečně optimálně. Snížené požadavky na montážní prostor – o 30 % menší půdorys a o 10 % efektivnější využití obrysu – navíc umožňují kompaktnější konstrukci robotických buněk.
„Výkonný, štíhlý, flexibilní a vhodný pro svět digitální výroby budoucnosti. S novým KR IONTEC dodáváme přesně to, co trh očekává od robotu v kategorii střední nosnosti. A ještě více," uvedl Gustavo Moscardo, obchodní ředitel společnosti KUKA Robotics.
S malými provozními náklady velký kus práce
tlačítka. Záleží na tom, co uživatel požaduje a preferuje. Režim výkonu (Performance Mode) zajišťuje standardní výkon, dynamiku a efektivitu. Režim dráhy (Path Mode) upřednostňuje přesný nepřetržitý pohyb při všech rychlostech. Dynamický režim (Dynamic Mode) je možné použít ke zkrácení doby cyklu.
Roboty lze využít pro množství různorodých úloh: manipulaci s materiálem, paleti-
KR IONTEC nejnižší celkové náklady TCO a nejvyšší spolehlivost. Technická dostupnost přesahuje 99 % a průměrná doba mezi poruchami je přibližně 400 000 h provozu.
Připraven pro výrobu budoucnosti
zaci a depaletizaci, montážní práce, obrábění, laserové či obloukové svařování, lakování, pájení, nanášení lepidla nebo těsnění atd. K dispozici je rovněž varianta Foundry se zvýšenou odolností proti teplotě, určená např. pro slévárenství. Robot je chráněn proti elektrostatickému náboji, aby jej bylo možné používat také k montáži elektroniky.
KR IONTEC má ve své třídě nejnižší požadavky na údržbu – např. proto, že robot vyžaduje méně náhradních dílů a výměna oleje je nutná pouze po každých 20 000 h provo-
Roboty KR IONTEC jsou díky svému vybavení různými pohybovými režimy (Mo tion Modes) připravené k použití v současné i budoucí výrobě. S uvedenými softwarovými doplňky lze robot pružně přizpůsobit různým výrobním procesům stisknutím jednoho
Roboty KR IONTEC jsou k dispozici od ledna 2020.
(KUKA CEE GmbH, odštěpný závod)
Na webových stránkách www.automa.cz lze časopis prolistovat i prohledat fulltextovým vyhledávačem. | <urn:uuid:94d44209-1bfe-4ed0-b4f0-3aa40f521996> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ces_Latn/train | finepdfs | ces_Latn | 3,693 |
4^ ISTITUTO COMPRENSIVO "Rosmini" di PADOVA
Sede: Via J. Da Montagnana, 91 – 35132 Padova Tel. 0498644800 – Fax 049606639 – Distretto 44 C.M. PDIC88100A – C.F. 92199620284
E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org
PEC: email@example.com
Sito web: www.4icpadova.gov.it
COM. N. 137 A33
Padova, 3 maggio 2018-05-03
Ai Sigg. Docenti Scuole Primarie "Rosmini" e "D'Acquisto" e p.c. Ai Collaboratori scolastici
Oggetto: correzione prove INVALSI a.s. 2017/2018.
Ad integrazione della Com. n. 128/A33 del 19/04/2018, il dirigente dispone che la correzione dei test INVALSI sia effettuata dai docenti delle classi 2° e 5° nei seguenti giorni:
- inglese il 7 maggio 2018 dalle ore 16.15 alle ore 18.15
- italiano il 9 maggio 2018 dalle ore 16.15 alle ore 18.15
- matematica il 14 maggio 2018 dalle ore 16.15 alle ore 18.15
Il Dirigente Scolastico Reggente Maria Mapelli | <urn:uuid:ffbfacad-3f9d-4c08-ac74-4fff4cbe1483> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ita_Latn/train | finepdfs | ita_Latn | 873 |
OGLAS
Predmet: Sandeep Kumar Soni
obrana doktorske disertacije
Na temelju zaključka Vijeća PMF-Matematičkog odsjeka, Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, donesenog na sjednici od 13. ožujka 2024. godine, obrana doktorske disertacije Sandeepa Kumara Sonia, asistenta na Matematičkom odsjeku Prirodoslovno-matematičkog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, održat će se
u utorak, 16. travnja 2024. u 13:00 sati
u predavaonici br. 002 PMF-Matematičkog odsjeka u Zagrebu, Bijenička cesta 30.
Imenovano je povjerenstvo za obranu disertacije u sastavu:
1. prof. dr. sc. Krešimir Burazin, Odjel za mat., Osijek
2. prof. dr. sc. Marko Vrdoljak, PMF Zagreb
3. prof. dr. sc. Boris Muha, PMF Zagreb
4. izv. prof. dr. sc. Mario Bukal, FER, zamjena
Naslov disertacije:
"Classification of boundary conditions for Friedrichs systems"
"Klasifikacija rubnih uvjeta za Friedrichsove sustave" | <urn:uuid:f5398e8f-9c76-44b4-b465-601595ecf707> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/hrv_Latn/train | finepdfs | hrv_Latn | 863 |
Fine Arts: Bridges Between Cultures in Princeton
By Janet Purcell
For The Times of Trenton
Has it ever been more important than now for all of us to familiarize ourselves with the many cultures that comprise our world? To learn the richness of cultures so different from our own? To traverse bridges that connect us to gain not only understanding, but genuine admiration for lifestyles other than what we see in our everyday?
An exhibit at The Nassau Club of Princeton of large color photographs by Princeton native Dede Pickering, is stunning in its captured beauty and also offers us studied viewpoints into many diverse cultures. Pickering who has been honored with significant awards from CARE and Women's World Banking, has taken her camera and her caring to ninety countries across six continents.
I found this to be such an important exhibit, I wedged it in the review calendar to give visitors a longer chance to go and be mesmerized by lifestyles and the faces of the people Pickering met who, though perhaps different from us, express emotions so like our own.
Quietly contemplate the face of the "Bhautanese Child" who looks into the camera as she holds a half-eaten tangerine in her sticky hand. In "Dreaming" see another little girl in pink standing in a ballet pose and, nearby, a photograph, "Ballerina" in which a young woman poses in toe shoes and pink tutu while she is also reflected in a mirror. This child, this young woman may not be people we meet in our everyday lives where we live, but, in many ways, they are.
In her signature photograph in this exhibit, "Bridges Between Cultures," Pickering teases our possible reluctance to make the leap as she presents a figure clad in and carrying a burgundy umbrella. Silhouetted against a vibrant blue sky, the figure steps from one curved bridge section to the next.
In the Artist Statement you can read on her website, www.dedepickering.com Pickering says, in part, "My camera...serves as a bridge, not a barrier, to my subject allowing me to record hope and despair as well as the beauty and the roughness of the world."
She takes us in this exhibit to "Bars of Education" where transparent blue bars try to separate us from five seated girls in cultural garb. But also to Myanmar where, in "Buddhist Monk," a boy is seen lying on the floor reading as he is highlighted in the darkness. An alternate title could have been "Coming to the Light."
Pickering takes us to ground level in Cuba where her camera captures bike wheels splashing in rain puddles that reflect not only the pastel colors of the shanties that line the street, but the same colors in the few clouds scudding above.
An effective section of the exhibit shows Cuban street scenes, complete with graffiti, hung next to the young dreaming ballerinas mentioned above. This is an important juxtaposition showing the difference between the Cuban dreams and present reality.
"Talking Shadows" seems to capture that mood well as it presents the black shadows of two men walking and talking. Only in the dark shadows do we see their hand gestures and suggestions of their words.
Venturing into the celebratory side of her travels, Pickering offers a picture of a "Brokpa Boy," a very young child seated in the lap of a woman. He is elaborately dressed in embroidered and bejeweled garments, even wearing flowers on the top of his cap. And in "Ruffles and Spangles" she captures a pair of piercing brown eyes looking out through a violet mask amid multi-colored, happy-colored ruffles of what must have been fiesta garb.
She says on her website, "Looking into the eyes of others has served as my own reflection and helped me realize that we all share one world with similar dreams and aspirations."
This exhibit offers a step into Pickering's world. Be sure to visit her website mentioned above. There you can visit with her people living their daily lives in more than a dozen countries.
That is why I wedged this review in now to give you time to visit The Nassau Club and experience this exhibition first hand. These photographs mentioned here are just a few of the many you will enjoy and that will walk with you as you leave. | <urn:uuid:9e6749f5-d625-411d-98dc-c00a0e32ab40> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 4,176 |
Grove News –May 2019
'Bugs and Beasts'
As stated in last month's news sheet, this month we are thinking about 'Minibeasts' and 'Big Animals', following on from the children's interest in looking for insects while playing outdoors and learning about different life cycles. We will soon be hatching our own butterflies and releasing them in the school grounds. We have also produced some lovely ladybirds in art.
We will be continuing to plant more flowers and vegetables in our gardens, pots and greenhouse. Our potatoes are doing well. We would appreciate any plants, herbs or cuttings any keen gardener could provide and anyone willing to work with the children will be most welcome.
We think that this topic links in well with our focus this year of Mathematical Development and reinforces the children's understanding about time, size, length and height- comparing the size of animals, matching and sorting, and finding 'the same as'- important early mathematical concepts taught in a fun manner.
RUGBY TOTS
Justin will be commencing Rugby Tots on Wednesday 8 th .The children are really excited and we have already been practising some skills! They are being encouraged to:
* listen to and follow instructions
* wait their turn
* kick, catch and throw a ball
* work with a partner or as part of a team
* practise skills
PARENTAL AUDIT
This year, as mentioned in earlier new sheets, we have been focussing on Early Mathematical Experiences. We have been amazed at the progress this year's cohort of children have made, in pattern making, use of mathematical terms, recognition of shapes and numerals, counting skills etc. We would love your feedback, so we would ask you to take a few minutes to complete the evaluation sheet and place in the silver box (anonymous, if you wish). This will help the staff to plan for next year.
EARLY CLOSURE
Next year's children are coming for 'play days' on Monday 3 rd to Thursday 6 th June. In order to set up the classroom for them, school will end at 1.00 pm on these 4 days. Dinners will be served as usual on these days. Sorry for the disruption or re-organisation this may cause. Please let all collectors know about these arrangements. It certainly doesn't seem like a year since you all had your nursery visit!
SPONSORED WALK & TEDDY BEARS' PICNIC
As you will appreciate, we have tried to keep demands for money down to a minimum – just at Christmas for our visit to the Pantomime and Santa at the Orchard Centre and for our End of Year Outing. Other 'services' we buy in to extend our curriculum e.g. Boogie Beat, Planetarium, RSPB, Mr Hullabaloo and the increasing transport costs/hire of buses, we try to cover from the 'School Fund'. We aim to have only one fund raising activity per year. This year we are hoping to walk around the Mall, and to make it 'fun', we are inviting 'teddies'/small toys to join us. This event is weather permitting!
We aim to provide a school 'picnic' lunch (instead of normal school dinner) for each school child, before going on our walk with our siblings, friends and families.
This event is planned for WEDNESDAY 12 TH June. Children will be brought to The Mall by school bus but will be discharged from there at 1.00 p.m.
Parents/Grandparents are invited to join us. More details and sponsor forms later in the month. Please bring your lunch and join with us! We also hope to give a donation to the Children's Hospice and Autism NI.
SHARE A STORY
We were flabbergasted at the uptake of our storysacks- a fantastic response! Our lending library will still be available. Please use these services, to foster a love of books in your child.
Thank you to Gracie who made us up a special 'Unicorn' storysack – a very popular addition to our collection.
Due to the great interest our children, this year, have shown in stories, authors and illustrators, we have invited a member of The Planetarium staff to bring a new initiative 'Travelling Tales' to school at the end of the month. We will participate in a storytelling session about modes of transport, rockets and journeys.
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
In the Reception Hall, you cannot fail to notice our new brightly coloured 'Fit Kits' which are available for parents to borrow. The children are enjoying the use of similar equipment in school. Please remember to sign your bag out and return on a Thursday with contents intact.
Thank You to Mrs Gervais for organising The Fit Kits.
In this day of sedentary lifestyles, we are promoting an active way of life!
DITCH THE DUMMY
As the children are preparing to move on to 'Big School', we are encouraging them to see themselves as capable, independent children. One aspect that we would like to help you with, as parents, is that of discarding the use of dummies. We are providing a 'branch' in the entrance hall and the idea is that the 'Dodi Fairy' will visit to take all dummies away – now that the children are all grown up! The special branch will be here until the end of term (when the fairy moves on to another area or nursery!) Feel free to hang dummies from any of your children, babies, cousins, etc. We will relate the story in nursery and The 'Dodi Fairy' promises to remove unneeded dummies regularly. Hopefully this idea may help to break habits!
A leaflet is available, if you need any advice as to the disadvantages of Dummies, in relation to speech development.
REMINDER
* Replace Clothes in bags in bathroom if your child needs a change! *We have noted that a large number children are beginning to 'write' their own names and some are using all upper case letters. Please remember that only the first letter of any name should be in upper case. Look at the names on our registration board and help your child at home to recognise their name.
* School Fund for May is now due- £10-please see the list of planned activities for which we need your contributions! Remember we do not collect any money for School Fund in June.
DATES FOR THE DIARY
Monday 6 th = First Bank Holiday School Closed
Wednesday 8 th Rugby Tots Commences for 6 weeks
Thursday 16 th May = First Group Visit to Sunnymead Residential Home
Thursday 23 rd & Friday 24 th =Sept.2019 New Intake Interviews
Monday 27 th – Second Bank Holiday - School Closed
Visit of Photographer for class photos-TBC Tour around Armagh in a double-decker & visit to Translink Depot-TBC
Advanced Notices
Monday 3 rd , Tuesday 4 th , Wednesday 5 th and Thursday 6 th June School ends 1.00 p.m. sharp. Afternoon Play Days for new intake
Wednesday 12 th June= Sponsored Walk & Teddy Bears' Picnic
Friday 14 th June- 'Graduation' Afternoon & Singalong
Friday 21 st June 'All Day' Outing to Streamvale Farm Details Later. | <urn:uuid:2e947fd6-bdd7-473a-90b4-93f886a42772> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 6,709 |
Ausschreibung
für den 45. Donau-Pokal des OMGC Ingolstadt am 07. April 2013
Veranstalter:
OMGC Ingolstadt e.V.
Art des Turniers:
Grand Prix Turnier international offen
Austragungsort:
Minigolf - Sportanlage, Ingolstadt am Auwaldsee 18er - Betonanlage
Art der Wettkämpfe:
Mannschaften:
Gemischte Vierer-Vereinsmannschaften
Einzel:
Schüler weibl.
Schüler männl.
Jugend weibl.
Jugend männl.
Senioren weibl. AK 1
Senioren männl. AK 1
Senioren weibl. AK 2
Senioren männl. AK 2
Damen
Herren
Austragungsart:
Mannschaften:
3 Durchgänge; ab 100 Teilnehmer 2 Durchgänge
Einzel:
3 Durchgänge; ab 100 Teilnehmer 50% Finale
Teilnahmeberechtigt:
a ) max. zugelassene Teilnehmer: 150
Start und Zeitplan:
Wird am 06.04.2013 durch Aushang bekannt gegeben
Startzeit:
Sonntag, den 07.04.2013 um 7:30
Evtl. erford. Stechen:
Sonntag, den 07.04.2013 um 16:30
Siegerehrung:
Sonntag, den 07.04.2013 um 17:00 auf der Anlage
Meldungen:
Namentlich bis 31.03.2013 an
Grabrucker Anton Oberer Taubentalweg 56a 85055 Ingolstadt
Tel. 0841 / 52727
E-Mail:
email@example.com
Termin f. d. Fertigstellung der Anlage zum Training:
30.03.2013
Oberschiedsrichter:
Protokollabgabe:
Zahlungen:
Sonstiges:
Mit sportlichem Gruß
Grabrucker Stefan
- Sportwart -
Wird vor Spielbeginn durch Aushang mit den Schiedsrichtern bekannt gegeben.
06.04.2013 bis 10:00 Uhr
Sind bis vor dem 2. Durchgang an die Turnierleitung zu entrichten.
Dieses Turnier ist beim DMV und bei der WMF angemeldet. Im übrigen gelten die Sportordnung des DMV samt Zusatzund Durchführungsbestimmungen sowie die internationalen Spielregeln.
Mit der Meldung werden die Anti-Doping-Richtlinien des DMV als verbindlich anerkannt. Jeder Teilnehmer (Spieler/innen, Betreuer/innen, Schiedsrichter/innen und sonstige am Turnier beteiligte Funktionäre) ist für die Einhaltung dieser Bestimmungen selbst verantwortlich und hat die Konsequenzen bei Verstößen zu tragen. | <urn:uuid:60b52e23-c798-453a-86e0-234e174f006c> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/deu_Latn/train | finepdfs | deu_Latn | 1,938 |
PARTICIPATION FINANCE AGREEMENT
This Participation Finance Agreement (the "Agreement") is entered into on DATE, 2020, by and between AHP Servicing LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (the "Seller" and the "Servicer"), preREO LLC, a Delaware limited liability company, and NAME (the "Investor").
.
1.3. Service Transfer. Investor acknowledges and agrees that, if required by applicable state or federal law or regulation including but not limited to 12 CFR Part 1024.33 (Regulation X) regarding rules on service transfer, an interim period of up to forty-five (45) days may be required to ensure a compliant service transfer of the Loan(s) to Servicer prior to vesting of the Participation Interest in Investor. Seller and Servicer shall exert commercially reasonable efforts to minimize any such interim period.
SAMPLE Background I. The Seller is offering for sale financial rights and interests in the mortgage loan(s) described on Schedule A (the "Loan(s)"). II. The Servicer shall be the mortgage servicer of record for the Loan(s). III. preREO LLC is the provider of the technology and services which facilitate this transaction. IV. The Investor is seeking to purchase a Participation Interest in the Loan(s) from Seller. V. The Seller, Servicer, preREO LLC, and the Investor wish to set forth their understandings concerning the ongoing and final distribution of proceeds as well as the rights and responsibilities of each party to this Agreement related to the Loan(s). NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the mutual covenants herein contained, the parties to this Agreement mutually agree as follows: 1. Ownership 1.1. Asset Ownership. Seller shall ensure that U.S. Bank Trust N.A. as Trustee of American Homeowner Preservation Trust Series AHP Servicing, (the "Owner"), subject to and in accordance with the Owner's Organic Documents and all applicable law, is as of the Effective Date or, in the event further documentation is required to evidence ownership, shall promptly become, owner and holder of legal title to the Loan(s). 1.2. Servicing. The Servicer shall service the Loan(s) pursuant to the agreement between Owner and Servicer enclosed as Schedule B to this Agreement (the "Servicing Agreement"). The Seller is seeking to apportion to Investor its interests and authorities (the "Participation Interest") related to the Loan(s) expressly delegated to it from the Owner's Organic Documents and the Servicing Agreement, if applicable.
1.4. Diligence. Investor has been urged, invited and directed to conduct such due diligence review and analysis of the Loan(s), together with such records as are generally available to the public from local, county, state and federal authorities, record-keeping offices and courts
including, without limitation, any relevant court records, if any, as the Investor deemed necessary, proper or appropriate in order to make a complete informed decision with respect to the purchase and acquisition of the Participation Interest. The Investor's decision to purchase the Participation Interest is based upon its own comprehensive review and independent expert evaluation and analysis of the Loan(s). The Investor has made such independent investigation as the Purchaser deems to be warranted into the nature, title, attachment, perfection, priority, validity, enforceability, collectability, and value of the Loan(s), the title, condition and value of any collateral securing the Loan(s), the market conditions and other characteristics of the places where any such collateral is located, and all other facts it deems material to the purchase of the Loan(s).
2.1.6. "Participation Interest" means the cumulative rights in the Loan(s) purchased by Investor identified and granted by the terms of this Agreement.
SAMPLE 1.5. Nature of the Sale. The transactions contemplated by this Agreement do not involve, nor are they intended in any way to constitute, the sale of a "security" or "securities" within the meaning of any applicable securities laws, and none of the representations, warranties or agreements of any of the parties hereto shall create any inference that the transactions involve any "security" or "securities". The Investor acknowledges, understands and agrees that the acquisition of the Participation Interest involves a high degree of risk and they are suitable only for persons or entities of substantial financial means who have no need for liquidity and who can hold the Participation Interest indefinitely or bear the partial or entire loss of the value. 2. Definitions. 2.1. Definitions. The following definitions shall apply for purposes of this Agreement: 2.1.1. "Effective Date" means the closing date of this transaction as indicated in the caption above, or such other date as may be mutually agreed upon by the parties hereto. 2.1.2. "Foreclosure Sale" means, with respect to any Loan(s), the actual forced sale of Secured Property at a public auction after foreclosure or equivalent proceeding. 2.1.3. "Gross Proceeds" means, with respect to any Loan(s), (i) any payments received with respect to such Loan(s) from the borrower(s) or third parties on behalf of the borrower(s), including rents related to the Secured Property; (ii) the gross proceeds from the sale of such Loan(s); or (iii) the gross proceeds from the rental of the Secured Property or sale of real estate obtained from the Foreclosure Sale associated with the Loan(s). 2.1.4. "Net Proceeds" means (i) the Gross Proceeds received by the Seller with respect to any Loan(s) from time to time, minus (ii) all Standard Expenses with respect to all Loan(s). 2.1.5. "Organic Documents" means for any incorporated or unincorporated entity, the documents pursuant to which the entity was formed as a legal entity, as such documents may be amended from time to time.
2.1.7. "Purchase Price" means the agreed upon price of the Participation Interest as set forth in Section 3.4 below.
2.1.8. "REO" refers to the Secured Property after a Foreclosure Sale in which the Owner or other party authorized under this Agreement took title to the Secured Property.
2.1.9. "Representatives" means, with respect to either party, its and its affiliates' respective employees, officers, directors, agents, counsel, accountants, auditors and advisors.
SAMPLE 2.1.10. "Repurchase Price" means a price equal to the sum total amount of any funds paid by Investor to the Seller pursuant to this Agreement as of the date of repurchase, not inclusive of any payment for reimbursement of Standard Expenses other than those Standard Expenses recoverable from the borrower under the terms of the applicable Loan(s). 2.1.11. "Secured Property" means the real estate which secures the Loan(s). 2.1.12. "Standard Expenses" means, with respect to any Loan(s), Secured Property, or REO, (i) all fees and expenses paid to third parties with respect to such Loan(s), Secured Property, or REO, including but not limited to (A) legal fees, (B) accounting fees, (C) appraisal fees, and (D) commissions (whether for the sale of the Loan(s), the sale or rental of Secured Property or REO property received upon the foreclosure of the Loan(s), or otherwise), (E) servicing fees; (ii) interest payments associated with such Loan(s); (iii) real estate or property taxes and other governmental assessments; (iv) all other customary and reasonable "out of pocket" costs and expenses incurred in the performance by the parties of their obligations under this Agreement, including, but not limited to, the cost of (A) the preservation, restoration and protection of the Secured Property, (B) efforts to clear title defects or present and follow up on title claims relating to the Secured Property or REO, (C) any enforcement or administrative or judicial proceedings, including foreclosures and receiverships, (D) the management and liquidation of the Secured Property or REO, and all taxes, assessments, water rates, sewer rents and other charges which are or may become a lien upon the Secured Property or REO, fire and hazard insurance coverage, and (v) all other expenses directly associated with such Loan(s), Secured Property or REO, but not including the general overhead of the Seller, Servicer, or Investor. 3. Investor's Participation Interest. 3.1. Agreement to Purchase Participation Interest. The Seller agrees to sell, and the Investor agrees to purchase, on the Effective Date and on the terms and conditions stated herein, a Participation Interest, as described in this Agreement, in the Loan(s) listed on the Mortgage Loan Schedule. 3.2. Effective Date. On the Effective Date, Investor shall pay the down payment to the Seller and the program fee to preREO LLC, no later than 4:00 p.m. (Central time zone), on the Effective Date, by ACH of immediately available funds according to the ACH Authorization Agreement attached hereto as Schedule C.
3.3. Program Fee. Upon the Effective Date, or as otherwise agreed upon by the parties, Investor shall pay a $2,000.00 program fee to preREO LLC.
3.4. Purchase Price for Participation Interest. The total Purchase Price for the Participation Interest shall be the sum of $AMOUNT.
3.5. Down Payment. In addition to any other amounts due under this Agreement, Investor shall pay to Seller a down payment on the Purchase Price; an amount totaling $AMOUNT.
3.6. Extension of Credit Towards Purchase Price.
3.6.1. Amount Financed. The remaining amount of the Purchase Price net of the down payment shall be $AMOUNT such amount to be financed, payable in monthly installments as specified below.
SAMPLE 3.6.2. Interest Rate on Amount Financed. The principal amount outstanding under this Agreement shall bear interest at a fixed rate of twelve percent (12.0%) per annum. Interest accrual shall be calculated using the monthly accrual method. It is expressly stipulated and agreed to be the intent of Investor and Seller at all times to comply strictly with the applicable laws governing the maximum interest rate or amount of interest payable on the indebtedness evidenced by this financed obligation. If the applicable law is ever judicially interpreted so as to render usurious any amount (a) contracted for, charged, taken, reserved or received pursuant to this Agreement, or (b) Investor will have paid or Seller will have received by reason of any payment by Investor of this financed obligation, then it is Investor and Lender's express intent that all amounts charged in excess of the maximum rate allowed by such applicable law shall be automatically canceled and all amounts in excess of such maximum interest rate theretofore collected by Seller shall be credited on the principal balance of this financed obligation (or, if this financed obligation has been paid in full, refunded to Investor), and the provisions of this Agreement shall immediately be deemed reformed and the amounts thereafter collectible hereunder and thereunder reduced, without the necessity of the execution of any new document, so as to comply with the applicable law, but so as to permit the recovery of the fullest amount otherwise called for hereunder and thereunder. 3.6.3. Periodic Payments. The initial, interest only periodic payments due under this Agreement shall be in the amount of ${AMOUNT}. Payments of interest only shall be payable in monthly payments beginning {FIRSTPAYMENTDATE} and continuing the same day of each month thereafter. All principal and accrued but unpaid interest, if not sooner paid, shall be due and payable on {MATURITYDATE} (the "Maturity Date"). If any monthly payment due under this Agreement is not received within ten (10) days of when due, there shall be a late payment fee charged of five percent (5%) of the monthly payment, or $25.00, whichever is greater, which shall be due upon notice to Investor. Any principal reduction payments shall take effect with respect to calculation of the interest only periodic payment amount upon the next scheduled periodic payment due date after receipt. 3.7. Method of Payment. As additional inducement for Seller to enter into this Agreement, in order to satisfy Investor's obligations to pay the periodic payments specified above as they are periodically incurred under the Agreement, Investor authorizes Seller, Servicer, and preREO LLC to initiate electronic debit or credit entries through the Automated Clearing House ("ACH") system to any deposit account maintained by Investor, as identified in Schedule C hereto.
3.8. Prepayment. Investor may prepay any remaining portion of this financed obligation at any time without a prepayment fee.
3.9. Balloon Payment. If, upon the Maturity Date, any principal, interest, or other amounts due under this Agreement are still owed, any such amount shall become due on that date. Interest on unpaid principal shall continue to accrue on a monthly basis after the Maturity Date.
3.10. Servicing Retained. Servicer shall remain mortgage servicer of record, or servicing will be transferred to Servicer from current servicer within 45 days of the Effective Date, pursuant to the servicing agreement which shall continue to govern the terms of servicing for the Loan(s). Settlement, modification, or any other disposition of the Loan(s) through loss mitigation shall not be completed without express approval of Investor, such approval not to be unreasonably withheld, and except as otherwise required by applicable state, federal, or local law or court order.
3.11.3. Property Disposition. Any Secured Property or REO disposition shall be carried out by the Investor at such price and upon such terms and conditions as the Investor deems to be in the best interest of its Participation Interest. Investor shall be responsible for issuance of any foreclosure bidding instructions. Any final proceeds from the sale or other disposition of the Secured Property or REO shall be deposited in an account designated by the Seller and distributed to the Investor, net of any funds owed to the Seller under this Agreement. Investor shall be responsible for the expenses of such sale or other disposition and all Standard Expenses, including
SAMPLE 3.11. Participation Authorities. In addition to a right to the Net Proceeds of the Loan(s), Seller hereby grants to Investor all authority to direct and manage the disposition of the Secured Property through Foreclosure Sale, and the REO after Foreclosure Sale, limited to the extent such direction and management is inconsistent with applicable law. With respect to the Loan(s), Secured Property, or REO as applicable, the authority granted as part of the Investor's Participation Interest shall consist of, and is subject to, the following listed authorities and limitations: 3.11.1. Attorney Selection. Investor agrees to retain Activist Legal LLP to manage the foreclosure or equivalent proceeding, receivership, eviction and/or any related legal actions, such actions to be carried out in the name of the Owner. Investor shall be responsible for and manage Activist Legal LLP's provision of legal services as it relates to the Loan(s). 3.11.2. Property Preservation and Insurance. Investor shall be responsible for property management and disposition services with respect to any Secured Property or REO, including analysis of sale potential, property management (including maintenance, repairs, and securing of such Secured Property or REO to render it compliant under local law and marketable in the future), payment of property taxes, hazard insurance, flood insurance, and any other insurance required by applicable law. In the event of actual or pending ineffectiveness of hazard insurance on the Secured Property, Servicer shall procure from an independent insurance provider at the expense of Investor commercially reasonable forced placed insurance. Investor shall submit requests for all such payments for taxes, insurance, or any other property preservation related expenses to be distributed by the Servicer. To ensure proper accounting, payment of any amounts by Investor outside of this process shall be solely the responsibility of the Investor absent express consent of Servicer. The Investor shall, either itself or through an agent selected by the Investor, manage, conserve, protect and operate the Secured Property or REO in the same manner that it manages, conserves, protects and operates other secured property or real estate owned for its own account, and in the same manner that similar property in the same locality as the Secured Property or REO is managed, so long as in compliance with applicable law.
amounts owed to third parties as a result of Foreclosure Sale, or as otherwise owed under applicable law.
3.11.4. Bankruptcy. If Investor has actual knowledge that an obligor to any Loan(s) is the subject of a proceeding under the Federal Bankruptcy Code or any other similar law, has made an assignment for the benefit of creditors or has had a receiver or custodian appointed for its property, Investor shall retain an attorney to pursue claims to payment on the Loan(s) and foreclosure on the Secured Property in the bankruptcy court in the name of the Owner.
3.11.8. Bidding and Conveyance after Foreclosure Sale. Investor agrees that bidding at Foreclosure Sale shall be conducted, and the Secured Property conveyed into, the name of the Owner or other entity as directed by Seller. Investor shall determine the parameters for bidding instructions. If such bid results in an award of legal title to the Secured Property through Foreclosure Sale, Seller shall ensure the REO is promptly deeded to the Investor upon fulfillment of any and all remaining Investor obligations under this Agreement.
SAMPLE 3.11.5. Vacant Property Registration. Investor shall, at its own expense, either itself or through an agent selected by the Investor, undertake to fulfill any obligations for licensure, registration, property upkeep or other similar or associated requirements with respect to the Secured Property or REO under applicable law. Investor shall defend, indemnify and hold harmless from any liability incurred by or asserted against Seller, Servicer, preREO LLC, or Owner arising out of, in relation to, or based upon such vacant or abandoned properties, provided, however, that the indemnity for vacant or abandoned properties shall not be effective with respect to any liability directly and solely caused by the Servicer that would otherwise be imposed by reason of the Servicer's negligence, willful misfeasance or bad faith in the performance of or failure to perform duties under the applicable servicing agreement. 3.11.6. Updates to Servicer. Investor shall, on no less than a weekly basis, securely forward to the Servicer electronic copies or images of all documents mailed, delivered, filed, published, or otherwise issued by Investor or on behalf of Investor in relation to the Loan(s) for inclusion in the loan servicing record. Additionally, Investor shall, on no less than a weekly basis, securely forward to the Servicer a log of all Loan(s) related activity, broken down by loan number, detailing the date and description of activities conducted by Investor or Investor's authorized vendor. Investor shall maintain a clear record of expenses incurred and paid for, inclusive of invoices clearly detailing the amount paid, the product or service rendered, the date of the transaction, and the identity of the vendor providing the product or service. Failure to provide such records may result in non-recoverability of costs and expenses incurred. 3.11.7. Servicing Activities Reserved. Investor acknowledges certain activities shall be reserved to Servicer, including but not limited to phone calls with obligors, collections attempts, face to face meetings, loss mitigation activities, and any activity involving or related to any direct contact with the obligor or successor in interest to an obligor on any Loan(s). Any inadvertent or incidental contact between Investor and obligors shall be promptly reported to Servicer for inclusion in the mortgage servicing record.
4. Advance for Standard Expenses; Delegation of Authority.
4.1. Standard Expenses: Foreclosure. Investor hereby delegates authority to Servicer for payment of any Standard Expenses, including attorney or trustee fees and costs incurred in the execution of the foreclosure or equivalent process, such fees and costs not to exceed customary rates for such services in the relevant jurisdiction.
SAMPLE 4.2. Standard Expenses: Property Taxes. Servicer shall provide to Investor at least seven (7) days of prior notice to Investor's designated contact prior to disbursement of funds for payment of property taxes due or coming due on the Secured Property. In the absence of timely, clear instruction to refrain from payment of property taxes from Investor, Servicer shall disburse funds for payment of said property taxes. If Investor elects and timely communicates to Servicer a directive to refrain from payment of property taxes, Investor thereby assumes responsibility for all penalties, losses, liabilities, claims, causes of action, damages, demands, additional taxes, fees, costs and expenses of whatever kind, arising out of or incurred in connection with such nonpayment. 4.3. Other Standard Expenses. Investor hereby delegates authority to Servicer to advance payment for any Standard Expense if, in the commercially reasonable judgment of Servicer, the consequences of failure to advance such funds would have a material adverse effect with respect to a Loan or Secured Property. Servicer shall otherwise provide notice to Investor to Investor's designated contact and refrain from advancing such funds unless and until such time that Investor clearly communicates approval for advancement of funds. 4.4. Payment of Standard Expenses. The Seller or Servicer shall, on a monthly basis, issue an invoice to Investor for any unreimbursed Standard Expenses. Upon receipt of such invoice, Investor shall have a seven (7) day period to review the invoice and issue any good faith disputes of amounts due. All amounts invoiced and not contested in good faith shall become due and payable and shall be paid by Investor by check or certified funds to the notice address for Servicer below, by one-time ACH, or as otherwise agreed upon among the parties hereto. Investor understands and agrees that such ongoing payment amounts may vary as periodic payments, balloon payments, and Standards Expenses come due. A payment returned as non-sufficient or insufficient may be assessed a fee which will be added to the amounts due under the terms of this Agreement. 4.5. Investor Information. Investor shall designate in the form attached to this Agreement as Schedule C the Investor's ACH information along with other required information for contacting and communication between Seller, Servicer, preREO LLC and Investor. 5. Distribution of Proceeds.
5.1. Distribution of Net Proceeds. The Net Proceeds, as that term is defined above, shall be distributed within forty-five (45) days of receipt to the Investor, except with respect to proceeds from Foreclosure Sale or other final disposition of the Secured Property which shall be distributed within ten (10) days of receipt to the Investor.
5.2. Holding Payments. If the Seller or the Investor receives payments to which the other party is entitled pursuant to this Agreement, it shall hold such payments for the other party and
shall pay over such payments in accordance with section 5.1, if applicable, or promptly and within ten (10) days of receipt.
6. Default. The occurrence of any of the following events shall be deemed a default under this Agreement:
SAMPLE 6.1. Failure of either party to pay any installment or to remit any funds due pursuant to this Agreement when due beyond any applicable cure periods; 6.2. Failure of either party to observe or perform any covenant or agreement set forth in this Agreement beyond the cure period prescribed herein; 6.3. Adjudication of Investor as bankrupt, written admission by Investor of an inability to pay the debts of Investor as they mature, assignment of the assets of Investor for the benefit of creditors, request or petition by Investor for the appointment of a receiver, trustee or conservator of the assets of Investor, other than such request or petition related to the Loan(s), or for reorganization or liquidation of Investor. 7. Records. The Seller shall maintain records of all transactions involving the Loan(s). The Seller shall provide to the Investor such additional reports as the Seller and the Investor shall mutually agree from time to time. The Investor shall provide such reports to the Seller or the Investor as the parties may mutually agree from time to time. 8. Representations and Warranties. Each party hereto represents and warrants to the other party as follows: 8.1. Authorization. The execution and delivery of this Agreement and any other documents to which it is a party, and performance and compliance with the terms of this Agreement and the other documents to which it is a party have been duly authorized by all necessary action and will not violate Organic Documents, or constitute a default under any indenture or loan or credit agreement or any other material agreement, lease or instrument to which it is a party or by which it or its properties may be bound or affected. 8.2. Enforceability. This Agreement constitutes a valid, legal and binding obligation, enforceable in accordance with the terms hereof, except as enforcement may be limited by applicable bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium or other similar laws affecting creditors' rights generally or by common law/principles of equity as determined by a court of law in a proceeding or action in equity or at law.
8.3. No Material Pending Litigation or Claims. No material litigation, investigation, claim, criminal prosecution, civil investigative demand, imposition of criminal or civil fines and penalties, or any other proceeding of or before any arbitrator or governmental authority is pending or, to the best knowledge of the party, threatened by or against any party or any of its subsidiaries which could reasonably be expected to have a material adverse effect. No permanent injunction, temporary restraining order or similar decree has been issued against any party or any of its subsidiaries which could reasonably be expected to have a material adverse effect.
8.4. Property Vacancy. The Secured Property is vacant, abandoned, or similarly categorized as lacking any inhabitants possessing legal right to the Secured Property.
8.5. Loan Status. Unless noted on the Loan Schedule, the Loan servicing record contains no record of any currently pending loss mitigation, currently pending or recent bankruptcy action, or other indications of the obligor's intent to cure the underlying default on the Loan.
SAMPLE 8.6. First Lien. The Loan's related mortgage or security agreement is a valid, subsisting, enforceable and perfected first lien on the Secured Property, including all buildings on the Secured Property, subject only to: 8.6.1. the lien of current real property taxes and assessments not yet due and payable, 8.6.2. covenants, conditions and restrictions, rights of way, easements and other matters of the public record as of the date of recording acceptable to mortgage lending institutions generally in the area in which the Secured Property is located, 8.6.3. such other matters to which like properties are commonly subject that do not individually or in aggregate materially interfere with the benefits of the security to be provided by the Loan(s), 8.6.4. any generally applicable foreclosure moratoriums or delays, 8.6.5. any unrecorded mechanics liens to the extent having priority over the Loan(s) under applicable law upon their recordation. 9. Remedies, Right to Cure. 9.1. Termination. Unless otherwise agreed upon by the parties, and subject to the survival provisions under this Agreement, this Agreement shall terminate at the time the Loan is released, satisfied, or otherwise extinguished, or upon completion of the exercise of the buyback remedy listed below, if applicable. 9.2. Buyback Provisions. During the sixty (60) days after the Effective Date, upon discovery by the Investor of a breach of any of the foregoing representations and warranties which materially and adversely affects the value of the Loan(s) or the interest of the Investor therein, the Investor shall give prompt written notice to the other, along with evidence supporting the breach claim. Within sixty (60) days after Seller receives written notice of any breach of a representation or warranty which materially and adversely affects the value of any Loan(s) the Seller shall use commercially reasonable efforts to cure such breach in all material respects and, if such breach is not or cannot be cured, the Seller shall, at the Investor's option, repurchase Investor's Participation Interest in the affected Loan(s) at the Repurchase Price within forty-five (45) business days following the expiration of the related cure period. Any such repurchase pursuant to the foregoing provisions shall be accomplished by wire transfer of immediately available funds on the agreed upon repurchase date to an account designated in writing by the Investor. For the avoidance of doubt and notwithstanding anything in this Agreement to the contrary, the Investor acknowledges, understands, and agrees that it shall have no remedy with respect to fraud, misrepresentation, or omission in the origination or modification (other than modifications performed by the Servicer)
of any Loan(s), compliance or non-compliance with underwriting guidelines or other underwriting standards or protocols in the origination or modification (other than modifications performed by the Servicer) of any Loan(s), appraisal or valuation deficiencies in the origination or modification (other than modifications performed by the Servicer) of any Loan(s), or the existence or validity of any mortgage insurance policy related to any Loan(s).
SAMPLE 9.3. Cure period for Investor Default. Upon discovery of default by Investor, Seller shall provide Investor with written notice of such default, and if not cured within thirty (30) days of providing such notice, Seller may terminate Investor's Participation Interest, declare all sums owed pursuant to this Agreement immediately due and payable and may commence proceedings to collect such sums and take such other actions or pursue such other remedies as provided by law or in equity. Upon such default Investor shall have no right to funds already remitted to Seller or Servicer pursuant to this Agreement. Seller shall be entitled to collect all expenses incurred in pursuing the remedies provided herein, including, but not limited to, reasonable attorneys' fees and costs. 9.4. Cure period for Seller or Servicer Default. Upon discovery of default by Seller or Servicer, Investor shall provide the defaulting party with written notice of such default, and if not cured within thirty (30) days of providing such notice, Investor may declare all sums owed pursuant to this Agreement immediately due and payable and may commence proceedings to collect such sums and take such other actions or pursue such other remedies as provided by law or in equity. 9.5. Indemnification. Each party agrees to pay, or reimburse the other, and to protect, defend, indemnify, save and hold harmless the other, and its agents, assigns, employees, officers, directors and advisors and contractors from and against any losses, liabilities, claims, causes of action, damages, demands, taxes, fees, costs and expenses of whatever kind, arising out of or incurred in connection with breach of any material term, representation, warranty, or covenant of this Agreement, or failure to comply with applicable laws, or perform obligations under this Agreement. The indemnification provided under this Section shall be with respect to losses involving third-parties and losses between Seller and the Investor. Each party shall immediately notify the other of any such claim or threatened claim that may exist. The provisions of this Section shall survive termination of this Agreement. 10. Confidentiality.
10.1.1. Included Information. In connection with this Agreement, each party may find it necessary to disclose certain financial, technical or business information to the other party that the disclosing party ("Disclosing Party") desires the receiving party ("Receiving Party") to treat as confidential. For purposes of this Agreement, confidential information ("Confidential Information") means any information disclosed to a Receiving Party by the Disclosing Party on or after the Effective Date, either directly or indirectly in writing, electronically, orally or by inspection of tangible objects, including, whether or not specifically identified as confidential, proprietary, or trade secret, and whether or not classified as a trade secret under applicable law, without limitation (i) financial information, disclosed and undisclosed business plans and strategies, financial data and analysis, data tapes, collateral documents, and borrower information, (ii) any and all confidential, trade secret, or proprietary information, including but not limited to
any information related to business processes, procedures, operational guidelines, proprietary formulas, proprietary methods, proprietary documents, proprietary strategies, or similar types of information, (iii) information relating to employees, contractors or customers, or mortgagors which, if released, would cause an unlawful invasion of privacy, and (iv) any compilation or summary information or data that contains or is based on Confidential Information.
SAMPLE 10.1.2. Non-Public Information. Receiving Party understands that the Confidential Information may constitute Non-Public Information ("NPI") as defined by and subject to the federal Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, 15 U.S.C. §§ 6801 et seq., the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau's Privacy Regulations, 12 CFR Part 1016, and Standards for Safeguarding Customer Information, 16 CFR Part 314 and other applicable federal and state privacy laws and regulations (collectively, the "NPI Rules and Regulations") and agrees to comply with all applicable NPI Rules and Regulations and to cause all of its Representatives, to the extent possible, any other person or entity that receives the NPI to comply therewith. 10.1.3. Excluded Information. For purposes of this Agreement, the term "Confidential Information" shall not include information that (i) is or becomes publicly known; (ii) was received from any person or entity who, to the best of the recipient's knowledge, has no duty of confidentiality to the owner of the information; (iii) was already known to the recipient prior to the disclosure, as evidenced in writing prior to the date of the other party's disclosure; or (iv) is developed by the recipient without any use of Confidential Information. 10.1.4. Confidentiality Obligation. The Receiving Party agrees that it shall take all commercially reasonable measures to avoid disclosure and unauthorized use of the Confidential Information. Without limiting the foregoing, the Receiving Party shall take at least those measures that it takes to protect its own Confidential Information. The Receiving Party agrees not to disclose any Confidential Information to third parties, except as necessary to such third parties which are under as strict a confidentiality obligation as the Receiving Party, and who have a need to know such Confidential Information in order to fulfill Receiving Party's obligations under this Agreement in a commercially reasonable manner. Neither party shall use Confidential Information of the other party except as contemplated by this Agreement, nor disclose any such Confidential Information to persons other than its Representatives, including without limitation (i) its professional advisors, and (ii) employees or contractors with a need to know such Confidential Information and who have been advised of its confidential nature. Each party shall be liable for any disclosure or misuse of Confidential Information by its respective Representatives. Each party shall use reasonable efforts to protect the Confidential Information of the other party, but in no event less effort than it uses to protect its own Confidential Information.
10.1.5. Disclosure Pursuant to Legal Obligation. Notwithstanding the foregoing, in the event that the Receiving Party or any of its Representatives has a legal obligation to disclose any of the Confidential Information to comply with applicable law or regulatory requests (the "Legal Obligation"), then, to the extent legally permissible, the Receiving Party shall provide the Disclosing Party with (a) prompt notice of such Legal Obligation (to the extent permitted by applicable law or regulatory request) so that the Disclosing Party may seek a protective order or other appropriate remedy, and (b) reasonable cooperation, at the Disclosing Party's sole cost and expense, in seeking such remedy or otherwise protecting the Disclosing Party's rights in and to such Confidential Information. In the event Receiving Party is required to disclose Confidential
Information, Receiving Party shall only disclose that portion of the Confidential Information that its legal counsel advises it is required to be disclosed in order to comply with Receiving Party's Legal Obligation.
10.2. Injunctive Relief. The parties acknowledge that a breach of the Section 10 confidentiality provisions will cause the damaged party great and irreparable injury and damage, which cannot be reasonably or adequately compensated by money damages. Accordingly, each party acknowledges that the remedies of injunction and specific performance shall be available in the event of such a breach, in addition to money damages or other legal or equitable remedies.
SAMPLE 11. No Guaranty; Standard of Care. The Seller does not guaranty any financial results to the Investor. The Investor is fully familiar with the business of investing in distressed mortgage loan(s) and the risks associated with such investments. The Seller is fully familiar with the business of investing in distressed mortgage loan(s) and shall seek to ensure the Loan(s) are managed using the same degree of care it uses to manage any other distressed mortgage loan(s), and none of the Seller, Owner, Servicer, or preREO LLC shall be liable to the Investor for any loss except a loss arising from the respective party's gross negligence or willful misconduct. 12. Limitation of Liability, Claims. NO PARTY SHALL BE LIABLE UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES (EVEN IF THIS AGREEMENT IS TERMINATED) FOR ANY CONSEQUENTIAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, PUNITIVE OR INDIRECT DAMAGES (INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION LOSS OF PROFIT, REVENUE, BUSINESS OPPORTUNITY OR BUSINESS ADVANTAGE), WHETHER BASED UPON A CLAIM OR ACTION OF TORT CONTRACT, WARRANTY, NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF STATUTORY DUTY, CONTRIBUTION, INDEMNITY OR ANY OTHER LEGAL THEORY OR CAUSE OF ACTION, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES AND EVEN IF A REMEDY FAILS ITS ESSENTIAL PURPOSE. SUCH LIMITATION IS AN ESSENTIAL ELEMENT OF THE BARGAIN BETWEEN THE PARTIES. 13. Assignment of Interest. Seller may assign all or any portion of its interest in this Agreement and the distributions under Section 5. Seller and Investor acknowledge and agree that all or a percentage of the Investor's Participation Interest in this Agreement may be sold or assigned by Investor subject to and only with the consent of Seller, such consent not to be unreasonably withheld. 14. Miscellaneous. 14.1. Amendments; Waivers. No amendment, modification, or waiver of any provision of this Agreement shall be binding unless in writing and signed by the party against whom the operation of such amendment, modification, or waiver is sought to be enforced. No delay in the exercise of any right shall be deemed a waiver thereof, nor shall the waiver of a right or remedy in a particular instance constitute a waiver of such right or remedy generally.
14.2. Notices. Any notice or document required or permitted to be given under this Agreement may be given by a party or by its legal counsel and shall be deemed to be given (i) one day after the date such notice is deposited with a commercial overnight delivery service with delivery fees paid, or (ii) on the date transmitted by electronic mail (unless the recipient can
demonstrated that the message was not delivered to the recipient's inbox), to the following addresses or such other address or addresses as the parties may designate from time to time by notice satisfactory under this section:
14.5. Force Majeure. Neither party shall be entitled to recover damages or terminate this Agreement by virtue of any delay or default in performance by the other party (other than a delay or default in the payment of money) if such delay or default is caused by Acts of God, wars, insurrections and/or any other cause beyond the reasonable control of the party whose performance is affected; provided that the party experiencing the difficulty shall give the other prompt written notice following the occurrence of the cause relied upon, explaining the cause and its effect in reasonable detail. "Acts of God" or "Force Majeure" shall mean strikes, lockouts, sitdowns, material or labor restrictions by any governmental authority, riots, explosions, earthquakes, fire, acts of the public enemy, wars, insurrections, and/or any other cause not reasonably within the control of the affected party, or which by the exercise of due diligence the affected party is unable wholly or in part to prevent or overcome. Dates by which performance obligations are scheduled
SAMPLE 14.3. Governing Law. This Agreement shall be governed by the internal laws of Delaware without giving effect to the principles of conflicts of laws. Each party hereby consents to the personal jurisdiction of the Federal or Illinois courts located in or most geographically convenient to Chicago, Illinois, and agrees that all disputes arising from this Agreement shall be decided in such courts. Each party hereby agrees that any such court shall have in personam jurisdiction over such party and consents to service of process by notice sent by overnight delivery to the address set forth above and by any means authorized by Delaware law. 14.4. Language Construction. The language of this Agreement shall be construed in accordance with its fair meaning and not for or against any party. The parties acknowledge that each party and its counsel have reviewed and had the opportunity to participate in the drafting of this Agreement and, accordingly, that the rule of construction that would resolve ambiguities in favor of non-drafting parties shall not apply to the interpretation of this Agreement.
to be met will be extended for a period of time equal to the time lost due to any delay so caused. The parties shall make reasonable efforts to avoid the adverse impacts of a Force Majeure and to resolve the event or occurrence once it has occurred in order to resume performance.
14.6. Payment of Fees. In the event of a dispute arising under this Agreement, a prevailing party shall be entitled to recover reasonable attorneys' fees and costs, provided that if a party prevails only in part, it shall be entitled to an award of such fees and costs in accordance with the relative success of each party.
SAMPLE 14.7. Signatures. This Agreement may be signed (i) in counterparts, each of which shall be deemed to be a fully-executed original; and (ii) electronically, e.g., via DocuSign or Hellosign. An original signature transmitted by facsimile or email shall be deemed to be original for purposes of this Agreement. 14.8. No Third Party Beneficiaries. Except as otherwise specifically provided in this Agreement, this Agreement is made for the sole benefit of the parties. No other persons shall have any rights or remedies by reason of this Agreement against any of the parties or shall be considered to be third party beneficiaries of this Agreement in any way. 14.9. Fiduciary Obligations. The parties intend that neither this Agreement nor any course of dealing shall create fiduciary obligations. 14.10. Binding Effect. This Agreement shall inure to the benefit of the respective heirs, legal representatives and permitted assigns of each party, and shall be binding upon the heirs, legal representatives, successors and assigns of each party. 14.11. Waiver of Jury Trial. EACH PARTY HEREBY IRREVOCABLY WAIVES, TO THE FULLEST EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW, ANY AND ALL RIGHT TO TRIAL BY JURY IN ANY LEGAL PROCEEDING ARISING OUT OF OR RELATING TO THIS AGREEMENT OR THE TRANSACTIONS CONTEMPLATED HEREBY. 14.12. Severability Clause. Any part, provision, representation or warranty of this Agreement which is prohibited or which is held to be void or unenforceable shall be ineffective to the extent of such prohibition or unenforceability without invalidating the remaining provisions hereof. Any part, provision, representation or warranty of this Agreement which is prohibited or unenforceable or is held to be void or unenforceable in any jurisdiction shall be ineffective, as to such jurisdiction, to the extent of such prohibition or unenforceability without invalidating the remaining provisions hereof, and any such prohibition or unenforceability in any jurisdiction as to any Loan(s) shall not invalidate or render unenforceable such provision in any other jurisdiction. To the extent permitted by applicable law, the parties hereto waive any provision of law which prohibits or renders void or unenforceable any provision hereof. If the invalidity of any part, provision, representation or warranty of this Agreement shall deprive any party of the economic benefit intended to be conferred by this Agreement, the parties shall negotiate, in good-faith, to develop a structure the economic effect of which is nearly as possible the same as the economic effect of this Agreement without regard to such invalidity. The terms and provisions of this Section shall survive termination of this Agreement.
14.13. Survival of Agreement. All covenants, agreements, representations and warranties
made by the parties hereto shall be considered to have been relied upon by the parties in deciding to enter into this Agreement and shall survive the termination of this agreement for a period of three (3) years.
14.14. Titles and Captions. All article, section and paragraph titles and captions contained in this Agreement are for convenience only and are not deemed a part of the context hereof.
SAMPLE 14.15. Pronouns and Plurals. All pronouns and any variations thereof are deemed to refer to the masculine, feminine, neuter, singular or plural as the identity of the person(s) may require. 14.16. Days. Any period of days mandated under this Agreement shall be determined by reference to calendar days, not business days, unless otherwise specified, except that any payments, notices, or other performance falling due on a Saturday, Sunday, or federal government holiday shall be considered timely if paid, given, or performed on the next succeeding business day. 14.17. Entire Agreement. This Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the parties with respect to its subject matter and supersedes all prior agreements and understandings. {SPACE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK}
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties have executed this Agreement on the Effective Date.
AHP Servicing LLC as Seller
AHP Servicing LLC as Servicer
By:
By:
Jorge Newbery, Manager, CEO
Jorge Newbery, CEO
SAMPLE preREO LLC NAME as Investor By: By: Jorge Newbery, Manager NAME
SCHEDULE A
Loan(s)
SAMPLE
SCHEDULE B
Servicing Agreement
SAMPLE
SCHEDULE C
INVESTOR INFORMATION
AND ACH AUTHORIZATION AGREEMENT
SAMPLE By signing this Agreement, the undersigned Investor certifies they understand and agree to the terms of this ACH Automatic Drafting Authorization agreement. Authorization: Investor hereby authorizes Seller, Servicer, and preREO LLC to debit one time or on a recurring monthly basis as called for by the terms of the Agreement, the below identified bank/credit union account for the amounts specified in this Agreement, and to initiate, if necessary, credit entries and adjustments for any debit entries in error to Investor's bank/credit union account. Furthermore, Investor authorizes the above referenced bank/credit union to credit and/or debit the referenced amount to facilitate these transactions. Investor understands that because this is an electronic transaction, these funds may be withdrawn as soon as this authorization is submitted. Seller and Servicer will not give next day notice to Investor of receipt of an ACH item. Investor understands that this authorization may be in effect until Investor notifies Seller and Servicer in writing of intent to discontinue automatic drafting in accordance with the contract termination provisions above. Investor Tax Identification #: Investor Designated Contact Address: Investor Designated Email Address: Investor Designated Contact Phone Number: ACH INSTRUCTIONS Bank/Credit Union Name: Please Print Nine Digit ABA: Routing # Bank Account #: | <urn:uuid:5856e46d-05f8-4372-84bc-6d9fa00ff1eb> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 49,411 |
Spilling Secrets Podcast Series
Tune in to Spilling Secrets, a podcast series on the future of trade secrets and noncompete law.
Each episode features an all-star panel of attorneys talking about real-life problems, developments, and strategies when dealing with trade secrets, non-competes, and other types of restrictive covenants.
Revisit this page, subscribe for Spilling Secrets email notifications, and listen on Amazon Music / Audible, Apple Podcasts, Audacy, Deezer, Google Podcasts, iHeartRadio, Overcast, Player FM, Spotify, Stitcher.
Restrictive Covenants Around the World: Challenges for Multinational Employers,
Podcast: Amazon Music / Audible, Apple Podcasts, Audacy, Deezer, Google Podcasts, iHeartRadio Overcast, Pandora, Player FM, Spotify.
Restrictive covenants, such as non-compete and non-solicitation agreements, are regulated differently worldwide. In this episode of Spilling Secrets, Epstein Becker Green attorneys Peter A. Steinmeyer, A. Millie Warner, and Susan Gross Sholinsky take a trip around the world with Andrew Lilley, Head of Employment Law at Deloitte Legal, to highlight some of these unique distinctions and discuss how global employers can navigate these differences.
Watch a video summary of this edition, "Restrictive Covenants Around the World: Challenges for Multinational Employers," on #WorkforceWednesday.
Non-Compete Agreements in 2023: What Employers Need to Know
Podcast: Amazon Music / Audible, Apple Podcasts, Audacy, Deezer, Google Podcasts, iHeartRadio, Overcast, Pandora, Player FM, Spotify.
Restrictions on non-competes have dominated the headlines this year. The Federal Trade Commission has proposed a rule banning non-compete agreements nationwide, Minnesota became the first state to ban non-competes since the 1890s, and the General Counsel of the National Labor Relations Board instructed regional offices to evaluate non-competes for potential violations of the National Labor Relations Act.
In this special live episode of Spilling Secrets, Epstein Becker Green attorneys Peter A. Steinmeyer and Erik W. Weibust sat down with guests Gina Sarracino, Chief Counsel of Employment and Labor at Thomson Reuters, and Evan Michael, Executive Vice President and General Counsel at NFP, to discuss the hectic state of non-competes in 2023.
Watch a video summary of this edition, "Non-Compete Agreements in 2023: What Employers Need to Know," on #WorkforceWednesday.
Attention Employers: How to Protect Trade Secrets in California
Podcast: Amazon Music / Audible, Apple Podcasts, Audacy, Deezer, Google Podcasts, iHeartRadio Overcast, Pandora, Player FM, Spotify.
,
California has some of the strongest regulations on restrictive covenants. How can employers in the state protect trade secrets and remain in compliance? Epstein Becker Green attorneys Katherine G. Rigby, David Jacobs, and Phillip K. Antablin detail some best practices for California employers.
Watch a video summary of this edition, "Attention Employers: How to Protect Trade Secrets in California," on #WorkforceWednesday.
When a Restrictive Covenant Dispute Goes Beyond the Injunction Phase
Podcast: Amazon Music / Audible, Apple Podcasts, Audacy, Deezer, Google Podcasts, iHeartRadio, Overcast, Pandora, Player FM, Spotify.
Most restrictive covenant disputes are resolved out of court. However, what about the restrictive covenant disputes that lead not only to litigation but also to litigation beyond the injunction phase?
Our all-star panel of attorneys—Peter A. Steinmeyer, Katherine G. Rigby, A. Millie Warner, and Erik W. Weibust—discuss more.
Watch a video summary of this edition, "When a Restrictive Covenant Dispute Goes Beyond the Injunction Phase," on #WorkforceWednesday.
NLRB General Counsel Issues Memo on Non-Competes,
Podcast: Amazon Music / Audible, Apple Podcasts, Audacy, Deezer, Google Podcasts, iHeartRadio Overcast, Pandora, Player FM, Spotify.
On May 31, 2023, National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) General Counsel Jennifer Abruzzo issued a memo stating her position that non-compete agreements violate the National Labor Relations Act. So, what does this mean for employers?
Epstein Becker Green attorneys and Spilling Secrets hosts Peter A. Steinmeyer and Erik W. Weibust are joined by featured guest attorneys Steven M. Swirsky and Erin E. Schaefer to forecast the impact employers may face in the wake of this memo.
Watch a video summary of this edition, "NLRB General Counsel Issues Memo on Non-Competes," on #WorkforceWednesday.
How to Pursue Damages in Trade Secrets Litigation,
Podcast: Amazon Music / Audible, Apple Podcasts, Audacy, Deezer, Google Podcasts, iHeartRadio Overcast, Pandora, Player FM, Spotify.
Trade secret and non-compete litigation can result in massive damage awards, but those cases can also be unpredictable. Many viable trade secret claims go unexplored due to financial limitations or a lack of willingness to invest in litigation.
Attorney and Spilling Secrets host Erik W. Weibust and three special guests—Epstein Becker Green's Managing Partner, James P. Flynn; Stephanie Southwick of Omni Bridgeway; and Mary Guzman of Crown Jewel Insurance—discuss the monetization of trade secrets litigation.
Watch a video summary of this edition, "How to Pursue Damages in Trade Secrets Litigation," on #WorkforceWednesday.
How to Secure Key Employees in Health Care M &A Transactions
Podcast: Amazon Music / Audible, Apple Podcasts, Audacy, Deezer, Google Podcasts, iHeartRadio Overcast, Pandora, Player FM, Spotify.
,
Human capital often drives the value of merger and acquisition (M &A) deals in the health care industry. Buyers involved in these deals must retain key employees to secure that value.
Epstein Becker Green's Spilling Secrets hosts Erik W. Weibust and Katherine G. Rigby join forces with the Diagnosing Health Care podcast hosts Daniel L. Fahey and Timothy J. Murphy to talk about strategies to retain these employees.
Watch a video summary of this edition, "How to Secure Key Employees in Health Care M &A Transactions," on #WorkforceWednesday.
Inside the Most Famous Trade Secrets Case of All Time,
Podcast: Amazon Music / Audible, Apple Podcasts, Audacy, Deezer, Google Podcasts, iHeartRadio Overcast, Pandora, Player FM, Spotify.
The inevitable disclosure doctrine, expected to be a widely used tool to protect trade secrets after the famous PepsiCo, Inc. v. Redmond case in 1995, has not been as commonly employed as anticipated. But is the legal landscape about to change?
Epstein Becker Green's all-star panel of attorneys – Peter A. Steinmeyer, Katherine G. Rigby, A. Millie Warner, and special guest James J. Oh – delve into the most famous trade secrets case of all time.
Watch a video summary of this edition, "Inside the Most Famous Trade Secrets Case of All Time," on #WorkforceWednesday.
Trade Secrets on Film and TV
Podcast: Amazon Music / Audible, Apple Podcasts, Audacy, Deezer, Google Podcasts, iHeartRadio Overcast, Pandora, Player FM, Spotify.
,
The 2023 Academy Awards are over, but we're keeping the awards season alive with our very own Trade Secrets Fail Awards, highlighting Hollywood's biggest missteps in depicting trade secret issues on-screen.
Panelists Peter A. Steinmeyer, Katherine G. Rigby, A. Millie Warner, and Daniel R. Levy discuss their picks for the worst trade secret theft and misappropriation in the movies and on television.
Watch a video summary of this edition, "Trade Secrets on Film and TV," on #WorkforceWednesday.
5
FTC Proposes Ban on Non-Competes
Podcast: Amazon Music / Audible, Apple Podcasts, Audacy, Deezer, Google Podcasts, iHeartRadio, Overcast, Pandora, Player FM, Spotify.
On January 5, 2023, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) announced a proposed rule that would ban employers from using non-compete clauses.
Panelists Peter A. Steinmeyer and Erik W. Weibust and featured guest attorney Stuart M. Gerson discuss the proposed rule and next steps for employers.
Watch a video summary of this edition, "FTC Proposes Ban on Non-Competes," on #WorkforceWednesday.
What to Do When a Star Employee Decamps to a Competitor
Podcast: Amazon Music / Audible, Apple Podcasts, Audacy, Deezer, Google Podcasts, iHeartRadio Overcast, Pandora, Player FM, Spotify.
,
The holidays are over, and year-end bonuses are being paid, making January and the first quarter a common time for employees to jump ship to work for a competitor.
Our all-star panel of attorneys – Pete Steinmeyer, Kate Rigby, Millie Warner, and Erik Weibust – discuss what an employer should do in this situation.
Watch a video summary of this edition, "What to Do When a Star Employee Decamps to a Competitor," on #WorkforceWednesday.
Top Trade Secret and Non-Compete Developments of 2022,
Podcast: Amazon Music / Audible, Apple Podcasts, Audacy, Deezer, Google Podcasts, iHeartRadio Overcast, Pandora, Player FM, Spotify.
The year is coming to a close, and it was a big one in the world of trade secrets and non-competes. In this episode, we're running down the key trends of 2022.
Our all-star panel of attorneys – Pete Steinmeyer, Kate Rigby, Millie Warner, and Erik Weibust – discuss more.
Watch a video summary of this edition, "Top Trade Secret and Non-Compete Developments of 2022," on #WorkforceWednesday.
When Trade Secret Misappropriation Goes Criminal
Podcast: Amazon Music / Audible, Apple Podcasts, Audacy, Deezer, Google Podcasts, iHeartRadio Overcast, Pandora, Player FM, Spotify.
,
When faced with trade secret misappropriation, employers must decide how to proceed. In this episode, hear some tips on how and why employers might choose to refer the matter for criminal investigation.
Our panelists Pete Steinmeyer and Millie Warner and our featured guest attorney—Dan Levy— discuss more.
Watch a video summary of this edition, "When Trade Secret Misappropriation Goes Criminal," on #WorkforceWednesday.
Non-Compete Agreements for In-House and Outside Lawyers
Podcast: Amazon Music / Audible, Apple Podcasts, Audacy, Deezer, Google Podcasts, iHeartRadio, Overcast, Pandora, Player FM, Spotify.
Non-compete agreements are generally unenforceable against lawyers, but there are some exceptions. In this episode, hear about employer options for restrictive covenants, including noncompetes, non-solicits, and confidentiality agreements, for both in-house and outside lawyers.
Our all-star panel of attorneys – Pete Steinmeyer, Kate Rigby, Millie Warner, and Erik Weibust – discuss more.
Watch a video summary of this edition, "Non-Compete Agreements for In-House and Outside Lawyers," on #WorkforceWednesday.
Employers: Train on Trade Secrets,
Podcast: Amazon Music / Audible, Apple Podcasts, Audacy, Deezer, Google Podcasts, iHeartRadio Overcast, Pandora, Player FM, Spotify.
An employer often overlooks training employees on what their restrictive covenant means and how to honor their confidentiality, non-competition, and non-solicitation obligations. But this type of training can be critical for employers in protecting trade secrets and avoiding litigation in the future.
Our all-star panel of attorneys – Pete Steinmeyer, Kate Rigby, Millie Warner, and Erik Weibust – discuss more.
Watch a video summary of this edition, "Employers: Train on Trade Secrets," on #WorkforceWednesday.
Restrictive Covenants in the Remote Work Boom,
Podcast: Amazon Music / Audible, Apple Podcasts, Audacy, Deezer, Google Podcasts, iHeartRadio Overcast, Pandora, Player FM, Spotify.
Two and a half years into the pandemic, it appears that remote work is here to stay, to varying degrees, in virtually all industries. How do restrictive covenants work in this remote work era? In this episode of our special Spilling Secrets podcast series, hear how employers are addressing restrictive covenant concerns now that employees may be located anywhere.
Our all-star panel of attorneys – Pete Steinmeyer, Kate Rigby, Millie Warner, and Erik Weibust – discuss more.
Watch a video summary of this edition, "Restrictive Covenants in the Remote Work Boom," on #WorkforceWednesday.
Hiring from a Competitor? Don't Get Sued.
Podcast: Amazon Music / Audible, Apple Podcasts, Audacy, Deezer, Google Podcasts, iHeartRadio Overcast, Pandora, Player FM, Spotify.
,
If you're hiring from a competitor amid the Great Resignation, one of your top priorities is not getting sued. In our first Spilling Secrets episode, hear about the steps and tactics employers can use to mitigate non-compete and trade secrets litigation risks when hiring from a competitor.
Our all-star panel of attorneys – Pete Steinmeyer, Kate Rigby, Millie Warner, and Erik Weibust – discuss more.
Watch a video summary of this edition, "Hiring from a Competitor? Don't Get Sued," on #WorkforceWednesday.
Meet the Spilling Secrets Podcasters
Podcast: Amazon Music / Audible, Apple Podcasts, Audacy, Deezer, Google Podcasts, iHeartRadio, Overcast, Pandora, Player FM, Spotify.
Spilling Secrets is our podcast series about the future of non-compete and trade secrets law. In this overview episode, learn more about what listeners can expect to hear in this series. And meet our all-star panel of trade secrets, non-compete, and employee mobility attorneys who will be featured – Pete Steinmeyer, Kate Rigby, Millie Warner, and Erik Weibust . | <urn:uuid:a9fb7812-fff0-4cb0-ba74-21483b1e6879> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 13,289 |
ITRANSIT UPDATES Have anything to report? Cal/213 388 2364
Some substantial MTA bus route changes a~ of June 28:
* #497 allows local use between Downtown and the Cal State Busway station.
* Two former express bus routes have been replaced with limited stop service on surface streets. Line #470 has been replaced by new Line #318, which makes limited stops along Whittier Blvd. between Downtown and Garfield BI. (line #471 now operates only between Whittier and Puente Hills; this vestigial service will be replaced by an extension of Foothill #280 in the near future). Likewise, #462 has been replaced by new #362 (making limited stops along Telegraph and Olympic in East Los Angeles). #362 also serves East Eighth St in East Los Angeles, replacing #67.
* In Downtown LA, lines #10-11, 48,104, 418, 420, 424, 425, 429 and 522 have been rerouted to serve Hill Street in both directions. (Hill St. is being converted to two-way traffic in anticipation of a major street reconstruction project on Broadway).
* In Downtown Inglewood, lines #40,111,112, 212 and 442 were rerouted from Market Street to La Brea, due to construction on Market St.
* Service to the new Burbank Metrolink station (when it opens later this summer) on #96,152, 154, 164, and 165
* Cancellation of weekend service south of Olympic BI on #78,79 and 401
* Line #176 has been extended from Eagle RockNerdugo to San FernandolFletcher
* Minor schedule changes on #2,4,14,16,18, 20,26,27,28,33,37,38.51,71,105,108,110,115, 117, 120,121,158,161,169,175. 188,200,207, 230,234, 239, 243,267,268, 427, 434, 439 and 561
LADOT DASH Downtown #A now serves the Arts District and Crazy Gideon's Electronics (frequent viewers of late night television will know who Crazy Gideon is).
DASH #C now runs every 10 minutes from 6:30 a.m.to 6:30 p.m. to "South Park".
On June 26 Culver City discontinued its downtown mid-day trolley due to low ridership. According to the LA Times it was averaging 100 passengers a week when at least 500 were needed to make it viable. The Foothill Leader reports the vehicle Culver City had leased for the service may now be bought or leased by La Canada Flintridge for its Foothill Blvd. mid-day circulator. Since beginning operations in March 1995 the La Canada free shuttle has carried 410,000 passengers.
A June 19 LA Times article about the Irvine Metrolink station, the busiest on the Orange County line, discussed the growing problem of inadequate parking althe site. Planned stations in nearby Mission Viejo and Tustin will relieve some of the load but won't open until after the turn of the century. An aborted experimental parking charge caused a rebellion by Metrolink riders. The city of Irvine is investigating free valet parking or shuttle as stop-gap measures if monies to pay for them can be found in the city budget.
The Advance Technology Transit Bus (aka Stealth Bus) is supposed to have finally begun its field testing on Wilshire. Let us know if you get a chance to ride itl
IBULLETIN BOARD
The presentation at our June 13 meeting was a ~terling success, with several members of the public joining SO.CA.TA members to learn more about the proposal to extend the Harbor Freewa~ transitway. Our thanks to Jim McDermott of the consulting team for arranging and leading the presentati on.
At our July meeting we will hear progress reports from members who signed up at our May meeting to write letters on behalf of issues they choose. We will also have an extensive discussion of our work plan for the balance of 1998. ITRANSIT TIP...
Our efforts on behalf of the MTA Library resulted in its being given a six month reprieve. We see this as an opportunity to build a coalition to convince MTA's management to rethink their position. More details as our campaign takes shape! And keep an eye on the "Save the MTA Library" page of our web site.
Trying to figure out how to get from Point A to Point B on transit?
VCTC has enhanced its on-line transit routing service for Southern California. http://sunbox.goventura.orgnransllhtnl
Several members have been active lately in advocating better public transportation:
J.K. Drummond attended a poorly publicized June II community meeting on the South Bayf Gateway restructuring p!an at t.~eSan Pedro District office of LA. Cquncilmember Rudy Svornich. Drummond made pointed and knowledgeable comments on many of the consultants' initial recommendations.
Kymberleigh Richard's insightful op-ed piece on the proposed San Fernando Valley transit zone, "Transit Talk Ignores the Riders", appeared in the June 14 Los Angeles TImes San Fernando Valley edition.
On the same day Ebony '98, a program on issues concerning the Mrican American community that airs on KPCC, had a discussion about the need for listeners to pressure public officials to ensure the completion of the Pasadena Blue Line project. Founder Pat Moser called to aid audience members who might not know who their legislator is by giving the County Registrar's 800 phone number (800 IV Ivote) which answers such questions. Good job, Pat!
Member Hank Fung reports that the June 13 World Journal, a Chinese language daily in the San Gabriel valley, had a lengthy article on the problems Foothill Transit has with adhering to its schedules. The problem is so bad buses that are 10 minutes late are not unusual (and evidently acceptable to the agency, according to Foothill spokesperson Linda Somillida). Some buses scheduled to operate every 10 minutes at times only show up once an hour (a reference evidently to line 480). (to page 10)
IPLAC REPORT Dana Gabbard (email@example.com)
July is turning into a banner month for Julian' Burke, MfA CEO. Not only was he able to get the MfA Board to approve a 98/99 budget that embodies his downsizing approach, but the Federal Transit Administration endorsed Burke's recovery plan. Too bad both documents are riddled with optimistic forecasts and dubious projected cost savings. I guess the sign of progress is that their smoke and mirrors are less blatant than past MfA financial plans.
state of affairs at MfA.
Two daunting tasks remain for MfA's management team:
* meeting the December deadline to produce a timetable for reviving the suspended rail projects that convinces the California Transportation Commission to continue earmarking funds for them
* reviving the long range plan revision process and producing a credible document
MfA has eliminated regional managers in operations. Rick Hittinger,.Southern regional manager, left the agency June 26. Jon Hillmer, Northern manager, is now heading the scheduling dept. My best wishes to Rick, whatever his future plans are.
Its official: Zev's initiative will appear on the Nov. 3 ballot. We are presently organizing a forum for early October that hopefully will include office holders from all levels of government to discuss the state of public transportation in Southern California. Volunteers and suggestions are welcome, as we undertake our biggest project to date!
The LA Times on June 21 published the results of a three month investigation by reporter Jeffrey Rabin into the state of MfA's finances. "MfA Borrowing Puts the Agency $7 Billion in Debt" is a investigation by reporter Jeffrey Rabin into the state of MfA's finances. "~ITA Borrowing Puts the Agency $7 Billion in Debt" is a damning account of the mis-steps that created the current:
Significantly its coda mentions the Transportation Foundation of Los Angeles (fFlA), an obscure non-profit that places college interns in transportation industry jobs and at one time was part of MfA until it was discovered such a relationship was illegal. Yvonne Burke at the June 25 MfA Board meeting requested MfA's inspector general investigate what she termed allegations in the article, specifically whether "inappropriate activity in the use of funds" by the Foundation occurred. This is an issue for MfA because the agency pledged $800,000 to help TFlA get on its feet after the separation. Am I missing something when I see the description of a recent TFlA banquet (http://www.tfla.com) co-sponsored by MfA as indicating the Foundation is prospering (evidently spending funds from various sources with no oversight or filing required financial reports with the state)? One wonders why Ms. Burke didn't get her answers by picking up the phone and speaking to her friend William Hoston, President/CEO of the Foundation? Or ask her husband, who sits on its Advisory Board?
Further fall-out from the article was the publication d my letter in the June 25 LA Times on the need to consider having an elected board to bring accountability to agency governance. Further State Senator Quentin Kopp indicated he plans to have a legislative hearing in Southern California on July 13 regarding the state of MfA's finances.
In an unprecedented action, the MfA Board at its June 25 meeting approved an item that mentions the Citizen Advisory Council, heretofore an orphan in the organization! Larry Zarian's motion (item 54) requests agency staff work with the CAC to investigate the feasibility of procuring articulated buses for MfA's 10 most patronized bus routes (expanding systemwide a recommendation of the westside restructuring study). Sounds like a good idea to me.
Want an example MTA Boardmember meddling at its worst? Yvonne Burke's motion at the same June 25 meeting (item 9) on implementation of the Mid-City Transit Restructuring study recommendations which haven't even been finalized yet! It goes so far as to dictate what equipment should be in Division 5!
Another recent MTA board low point occurred at the June 24 special board meeting on the budget. The board members complained when discussing whether policing by the Sheriff and l.APD is adequate that they had no way of knowing what was going on in the field That perhaps they could go out and ride a few buses to see for themselves was never raised. The solution? Hire expensive consultants to do an independent analysis. In my 10+ years riding on MTA buses the number of times I have seen transit police on a bus can be counted on the fingers of one hand.
As was long anticipated reform of the MTA Board is heating upin Sacramento. Assembly Speaker Antonio Villaraigosa is putting together an appointed board proposal (which will be placed in the moribund A.B. 1141). This may soon go before the Senate Transportation Committee. The prospect of appointees isn't too appealing. Who would be happy to see Riordan lackies Steve Soboroff or Ted Stein on the MTA Board?
The alternative, an elected board, has been met with skepticism by many. Perhaps other options should be considered. In Orange County the Citizen Oversight Committee for Measure M has members selected by lottery from a pool of finalist selected from applicants evaluated by the Grand Juror Association of Orange County. That prevents politics being involved in the process.
The San Fernando Valley zone proposal continues poking along. But now that he is assured a state Senate seat Richard Alarcon's tireless advocacy for it may be flagging. Also the zone related bills in Sacramento (by Hayden .and cardenas) are dead for now. A presentation on the zone to some of the Arroyo cities (Glendale, Burbank, La CanadalAintridge) highlighted the worries smaller cities have that a zone would be dominated by Big Bad L.A. A yet to be released evaluation of the Zone's impact on MTA obtained by the l.A TImes indicates any benefit to MTA in lower costs would be offset by reduced revenue. Plus the size of the zone might prohibit its formation under a state law prescription that zones not constitute a "substantial diversion" of revenue and/or riders.
The bill to create a separate Authority to build the Pasadena Blue Line (S.B. 1847) is quickly working its way toward the Governor's desk. Even many unsure if it is a good idea are so frustrated at MTA's inability to move forward with the project that they aren't actively opposing it.
Mayor- PJotdan at an appearance in the San Fernando Valley recently spoke out on behalf of his vision for the region - smart shuttles and bus ways with express buses. No details how to make these workable or overcome NIMBY objections.
Figures in Keith Killough's June 17 presentation to the Operations Committee indicate projected hoardings in 2015 attributable to opening the entire east side Red Line extension would be about 32,000. Meanwhile the mid-city extension to WilshireNeteran would generate nearly twice as much ridership 60,000. So why was the east side project ahead of mid-city?
The champion of the consent decree pilot project lines has to be Commuter Express route 422. Since starting Feb. 16 daily boardings have ballooned to 1,500! Phil Aker of l.ADOT is quoted in the July 1 L.A.TImes as stating "I've never seen a line grow like that." Ironically word has reached us that a (to pg. 9)
IANTELOPE VALLEY EXCURSION Hank Fung
I
For our annual spring excursion, the members decided they wanted to try the buses of the Antelope Valley Transit Authority (AVTA). And so on Saturday, April 25 just past 9 a.m. our excursion group departed Union Station on a Metrolink train bound for Lancaster. Among the participants were President Gabbard and Vice President Powell accompanied by members Charles Hobbs, Hank Fung, Joe Dunn, and Woody Rosner. Also joining us was Western Transit editor Ed Buckley.
We thought we had half an hour between buses, and everyone dashed off to grab a bite at the McDonalds inside the WalMart. It turns out that we missed our bus due to a scheduling error. So now our bite turned into lunch. As true transit advocates we switched to "expert" mode, pulling out bus schedules and on the fly creating a new itinerary. Our original plan to go to downtown Lancaster was altered as we settled on taking Line 7 to Palmdale instead.
As the train made its way up to Lancaster, we chatted about the state of transit in Southern California. It was a fairly long trip, compounded by the many curves in the track north of Santa Clarita as the train navigated the hills there. We passed by the hastily built Princessa and Vincent Grade stations, and saw the remnants of the former Palmdale station.
At almost quarter to 11, our group reached Lancaster station. The station is an historic structure, nicely renovated, with some displays about the history of the area. Meeting us there was a field supervisor from AVTA, as had been pre-arranged. He aided us in transferring to AVTA's special Saturday Metrolink Shuttle to Lancaster Factory Outlet stores. As it was not prime shopping season, there were only three other riders on the Gillig Phantom bus. A couple got off at the Factory Stores itself. We stayed aboard and thanks to the cooperative driver were allowed to get off down the street from the stores, next to a WalMart.
Line 7 passes through many new suburban developments and Antelope Valley Community College. Ridership was light, owing to the fact that this was a weekend. The bus passed through fields of sage and joshua trees, and one member pointed out the San Andreas Fault. A little over a half hour later, we got off at the Antelope Valley Mall Transit Center.
This barely rated being called a transit center, consisting of simply a small shelter (probably much welcomed during the hot summer) and a few bus stop signs, in a dusty corner of the parking lot. The mall itself is a football field and a half away. However, AVTA at least has timed transfers. So it was only a few minutes before we escaped this blighted patch by boarding another Gillig, Line 3, driven coincidentally by the same driver who took us to the Factory Outlet.
We passed through more suburbia, including one of the few transit-accessible WalMarts in the area, before entering the more desolate parts of Palmdale. Line 3 changes to being Line 1 in the middle of an oasis of civilization in a dry desert, and we continued riding AVTA's most heavily patronized line.
The bus became very crowded, with a few standees, as we entered Palmdale Blvd. and Downtown Palmdale. I counted almost 40 boardings (not including us) in Downtown. We entered the Antelope Valley Mall again, and came back out to a mass of desert dotted occasionally by small houses and industrial parks. The line was the most direct way to go between Palmdale and Lancaster, and many riders stayed on as a result. We passed by AVTA's offices and yard, and saw where they store their double-decker buses (used for AVTA's weekday commuter route to downtown Los Angeles). Several riders got off at Avenue L to transfer to a waiting Line 5 bound for High Desert Prison and Hospital. A bit later, we got off at the Lancaster City Park Transit Center.
Like the other transit center, this one was spartan and far from civilization, this time in the middle of a parking lot at a park, and across the street from an auto center. But it was less of an eyesore (plus the nearby game center provided facilities and sold refreshments). From there, we hopped on Line 4, which went through a more urbanized segment of Lancaster. This trip was uneventful. We stayed aboard until the bus carne back to the City Park. By now, it was mid afternoon, almost 2. A few of us explored the park, while others snacked on food they brought [including rice cakes provided by our President], as we waited for Line 2.
Line 2 had quite a few riders as well. It passed through mainly residential areas, before coming out into the edge of civilization, but,went back into Downtown Lancaster. The desert sun had started to beat down harder in the afternoon, so we got off and entered Lancaster's spacious new public library to leave some SO.CA.TA brochures and rest. We only had to walk a few blocks to the Metrolink station and arrived early to make sure we caught the last Los Angeles bound train of the day from Lancaster. Our homeward bound journey began at almost half past 4, with our arrival in Los Angeles coming just after 6. Curiously the return Metrolink had more passengers than the one we came out on, though neither was as crowded with riders as occurs during the week.
The trip was interesting for the variety of terrain covered. One route started urbanized, with apartment bUildings lining both sides of the street, only to become rural as it passed through desolate, barren desert where allegedly antelope once had run, followed by newly built suburban housing and commercial tracts. The ridership was surprising, especially in Downtown Palmdale. What was not surprising was the ridership demographic, which was typical of transit dependent populations. The trip also highlighted the need to plan our schedules more carefully, and to have a backup plan in case something goes wrong. Overall, we had a good time, and learned a bit about a part of Los Angeles County we normally don't pay much attention to.
ICITIZENS AREA TRANSIT ~hris Ledermuller
Editor's note: This article has been edited due to space considerations. The full text of this article will be available on the Internet at http://socata./erctr.orglcat0798.htm/payment)
Last month, I got a chance to go to Las Vegas. I was too young to gamble, but I saw the area beyond the neon lights and the slot machines. Overall, my impression was rather favorable for my first venture there.
In Downtown Las Vegas, not too far from Fremont Street is the Downtown Transportation Center. Citizens Area Transit, primary carrier for Clark County, operates 16 routes into the center. A "trolley" operating.
f1l.t' ••_.·1
only during the evenings. (To speed up dwell times along the 301 ,CAT should consider switching to a POP (proof of system on the buses, and have roving inspectors check passengers for tickets. This would allow boarding and discharging on all three doors.)
The rest of the system is not too bad. In fact, it is very good for the area, covered by 42 routes. The Las Vegas area is very suburban, looking something like Santa Clarita or Orange County. It is also remarkable that ridership is rather high in such a suburban area, not to mention with very hot summers and rather cold ). winters.
.
within Downtown also stops there. The DTC has a CAT service center where passes, tokens, and even CAT souvenirs can be bought. The center also features a McDonalds, and like every other place of business in Nevada, slot machines.
Undoubtedly, the backbone of the CAT system is Line 301, which serves the Strip. Service is theoretically provided every 10 minutes, but the actual spacing of the buses is more erratic. CAT also charges more for this line, $1.50 as opposed to the $1 charged for other routes (even the express). Not surprisingly, this bus gets a ton of ridership. About 75% of Line 301 buses are articulated. But the 301 is the slowest line in the system. Dwell times at bus stops along the 301 can last as long as 5 minutes! Line 302 is the express line along the Strip, and operates
~ ---~"_.. TranSit usage IS slightly encouraged in Las Vegas, especially for tourists. Many hotels along the Strip will have CAT information.
.
As for speed, buses are about as slow as the rest of car traffic. The Las Vegas area has a terrible traffic signal system. Being stuck in a red light could be as long as four or five minutes! Despite the long green lights, pedestrians only enjoy a brief walk sign.
CAT has many high points. The system is easy to use. They use a numbering system somewhat similar to MTA's. The service is laid out on a grid, also similar to L.A. County. Transfers are free, and can be used twice. All but four routes operate until 1 a.m., and everything runs seven days a week except for weekdays-only Line 401, the Downtown Circulator. CAT has also been rapidly expanding service. Within one year, 24 hour service expanded from just the Strip to 9 routes. The buses may be a bit dUsty on the outside, but inside are clean and graffiti free. Best of all, the frequent rider discounts are terrific. A bag of 40 tokens costs $15, while a full fare monthly pass is only $201
There are a few drawbacks to the system. The Strip is of course very slow due to the volume of passengers it carries. Equipment
(PLAC,from page 5) senior MTA staffer recently reacting to the success of the line by moaning about the high cost of commuter lines and expressing fear that this would bolster the BRD's demand that similar long distance routes be included in the next phase of the pilot project.
What does the BRU gain by provocative actions like its fare strike? Loads of publicity. But isn't it counter-productive to the legal process it is involved in? Can't the MTA complain that these antics undercut the consent decree process?
The June 3 Federal Register announced that the Federal Highway Administration is preparing an environmental impact statement for a proposed highway project in the SR-22 corridor (Garden Grove Freeway). Alternatives being considered include adding lanes to the freeway, a fixed guideway (rail) between the Long Beach terminus of the Blue Line and the Santa Ana Transportation Center or an arterial placed on abandoned Pacific Electric Right-of-Way. To learn more and/or comment on the proposals contact: C. Glenn Dinton; Chief, District Operations-South; Federal Highway Administration, California Division; 980 Ninth Street, Suite 400; Sacramento CA 95814-2724; (916) 498-5037. A public hearing on the draft EIS will be held this Spring.
Obscure entity of the month - the City Selection Committee on Los Angeles County. Created by the legislature (Government Code section 5(270), its membership is comprised of the 88
placement also seemed a problem. Lines like 301 had a few too many 40 foot buses on it, while some streets with lower ridership were running artics.
There is talk of Las Vegas getting a monorail along the Strip, and if the plan becomes a reality, it would be a big help. Las Vegas is a great place to visit. CAT is an excellent bus-only transit system for the area. A visit is highly recommended.
mayors for the various cities in L.A. county. The committee handles appointments to multijurisdictional bodies. Among these are the 4 seats on the MTA Board reserved for cities other than Los Angeles. For further information call (213) 974-1431.
I want to end this month by noting the mysterious disappearance of Nicholas Patsaouras. No less than State Librarian Kevin Starr called Patsaouras the most effective transit advocate of his generation. Besides having sat or the MTA and RTD boards, Patsaouras has his name attached to the Transit Plaza next to MTA'~ headquarters. In addition he was an non-voting ex-officio on the MTA Board Construction Committee and chaired the board of Union Station Gateway (USG), the entity created by MTA and Catellus to oversee construction and on-going maintenance of the Gateway Center (which includes the East Portal building, transit plaza and MTA headquarters building.
Imagine my puzzlement when I learned Patsaouras resigned from USG and the Construction Commi ttee late last year, around the time board alternates like himself were eliminated by a new state law. Why would such a prominent figure depart without even being acknowledged at a board meeting? MTA routinely gives our proclamations and accolades to departing dignitaries (such as was done for Carole Schatz recently long after she left the MTA board). Very odd. ,
(from page 3) The many elderly users endure long waits in the sun due to infrequent service (e.g. line 482) and the lack of bus shelters. Adding to the difficulties of Asian community riders, no Foothill bus operators speak Asian languages'. "
The Fullerton Railway Plaza Association is a non-profit organization advocating for the creation of a railroad museum at the Fullerton Station to revitalize the surrounding area. To learn more contact them at: P.O. Box 3987 Fullerton CA 92834-3987
In response to our letter to President Clinton objecting to the 710 freeway expansion project, Eugene W. Cleckley of the Federal Highway Administration sent us a brief note dated May 29 that essentially claims community concerns were taken into account in giving the project the go ahead. To which it is perhaps superfluous for me to add that the concerns were not taken to the extent that the project is going forward.
Sites to learn about the impact of the Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (aka known as TEA21 and ISTEA renewal) are http://www.tea2l.organdhttp:llwww.calinst.org/pubs/tea2lfact.htm
Access Services, Inc, the consolidated paratransit services agency for Los Angeles County, now can be e-mailed:firstname.lastname@example.org
Alliance for Regional Solutions to Airport Congestion has a new phone number: (310) 649-0487. They also hope to soon have a web site.
To comment on Caltrans' proposed HOVlanes on the 405 freeway between the Santa Monica and Marina freeways write: Ronald J. Kosinski, Environmental plans, Ca.ITrans, 120 S. Spring St, Los Angeles 90012. For further information call (213) 897-0703.
Rail-Volution '98 is happening Sept. 12-16 in Portland Oregon. Further information: (800) 788-7077 or email@example.com. Member Roger Christensen will be attending again as he did last year and we look forward to his report about the presentations and sessions reporting on rails' key role in the growing livable community revolution.
Speaking of livable communities, we should give our best wishes to one of its strongest proponents, Rick Cole, as he begins his new job as Azusa City Manager this month.
Congratulations to Santa Monica Municipal Bus Unes for their 5 year strategic plan winning the California Transportation Foundations TRANNY award for Special Program Recognition. The plan's success is reflected in ridership growth experienced during the past two fiscal years: 9% in 1997 and 7.3% in 1998. Way to go!
As always, The Transit Advocate needs articles, letters, Transit TIps, photographs and research (newspaper clippings, etc.) from all members and interested non-members. All materials should be sent to 3010 Wilshire #362, Los Angeles, CA 90010. (or e-mailed to firstname.lastname@example.org). Material for publication should be received two weeks before the scheduled SO.CA.TA meeting. date. _
\ROUTESOF THE MONTH Chris Lederm~II;~
LONG BEACH TRANSIT #172/173/174 ." Where do they go: 1-605 Green Line station, Cerritos College, Los Cerritos Center. Fedco, Long Beach Towne Center (173), CSULB (173), Los Altos Center (172), Long Beach City College PCC, PCH Blue Line station, and Long Beach Transit Mall. '
How often do they run: 30 minutes each branch weekday (15 minute trunk), and 40 minutes each branch weekends (20 minute trunk).
Evening service: Line 174 operates shortline service from Transit Mall to PCH & Ximeno.
How much does It cost: 90 cents regular, 45 cents seniors. MTA tokens accepted as full fare.
Whom to call: (562)-591-2301
MTA603
Where does It go: Trade Tech College (and Grand Blue Line Station), MacArthur
Park Red Line station, the Original Tommy's Burger main location, and Glendale Galleria.
How often does It run: 20 minutes during peak rush hours, 30 minutes mid-days
and weekends.
How much does It cost: 50 cents. MTA passes are accepted, and transfers are
sold.
ITRANSIT TRIVIA Charles Hobbs
The question was: use as many of the following "intersuburban express" bus routes as possible to make an all-day excursion: MTA #550,561,576; LADOT #549,573,574,575; AVTA #786,787; Foothill #690; Santa Clarita #791,793,795,796,798; MAX #3 Express
I came up with the following trip (qualifying route segments are in bold):
Foothill #690, leave Montclair at 5:03 a.m, arrive Pasadena (LakelWalnut) Transfer to LADOT 1549, arriving at Encino ParkJRide at 7:00
at 6:04a.m.
Transfer toLADOT1574, arriving near EI SegundolNash around 8:05
Metro Green Line, arriving at Harbor (1-110) Station 8:22
MTA #446, arriving Downtown (Oliveffemple) around 8:55
MTA #94, (Springffemple) arriving Olive View Hosp 10:56
SCVT #795, arriving Santa Clarita Metrolink 11:40
SCVT #798, leaving Santa Clarita Metrolink 1:25 p.m., arriving Van NuysNentura 2:27
MTA 1561, leaving Van NuysNentura 2:57, arr Aviation Station 4:07
Walk over to DouglasJImperial and catch MAX #3 Express, arr 11thlPacific 5:26
Walk over to 7th/Gaffey and take MTA 1550 northbound...
That's eight ... Could anyone squeeze out a few more? (Hint: Think Pasadena). Oh well ... tune in next month for a brand-new Tranroit Trivia question!
] | <urn:uuid:465ce5d7-6e0c-431a-ba79-eced7dd6be9e> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 30,451 |
CARES Act 30-Day Notice to Vacate when Demanding Rent
The CARES Act is a federal law passed in 2020 creating a temporary eviction moratorium nationwide. Even though many of its protections expired in 2020, one provision in particular survived the expiration and now continues indefinitely in every state. Namely, for all properties that are secured by a federally backed mortgage loan or participate in various federal subsidy programs such as the Section 8 Housing Choice Voucher Program, a 30-day notice to vacate must be provided to the tenant prior to a landlord filing an eviction lawsuit based on nonpayment of rent.
Is a 30-day notice to vacate required before filing an eviction lawsuit based upon nonpayment of rent even today? Yes, this is required when the property is secured by a federally backed mortgage loan under the CARES Act or participates in various federal housing subsidy programs. This federal law has no expiration date and continues in force indefinitely.
What if the landlord is not demanding rent, but is only demanding performance of a covenant, such as not subletting? Is a 30-day notice to vacate still required?
No. The 30-day notice to vacate is only required when demanding rent or other fees.
Does that mean a 30-day notice to pay rent or quit is required?
No. A landlord would still demand rent using a 3-day notice, but in conjunction with a 30-day notice to vacate. What a landlord is precluded from doing is demanding rent using a 3-day notice to pay rent or quit where the property is covered by the CARES Act. The landlord cannot demand that the tenant quit within three days.
What properties are subject to the CARES Act notice protection?
1. Properties subject to a "federally backed mortgage loan:" This type of loan will include a loan owned, insured or guaranteed by any officer or agency of the Federal Government, by the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), by the Department of Veterans Affairs or by the Department of Agriculture; or a loan that is purchased or securitized by Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac (also known as the "GSEs"). This category is not limited to multi-family units but includes residential 1 to 4 properties, too.
2. Properties that participate in various federal subsidy programs. The full list is described in 34 USC 12 12491(a) and 42 USC 1490r. But it is essentially describing a property that receives a federal rental subsidy.
How do I verify if my property is a covered property under the CARES Act?
You should contact your lender or servicer and specifically ask them if the property is covered under the CARES Act.
Does C.A.R. have a notice for demanding rent in compliance with the CARES Act?
Presently, no. But the issue of whether to adopt such a form will be considered by the Standard Forms Advisory Committee at their next meeting. | <urn:uuid:f51b97e3-3066-454a-b574-721295c6c670> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 2,839 |
CONTRACTE PROGRAMA - EXECUCIÓ EXERCICI PRESSUPOSTARI 2021
Dades de tots els departaments de la Comunitat Valenciana
Departament 8
Departament 15
Horta Nord
El Comtat - L'Alcoià
Departament 9
Departament 10
Departament 11
Departament 12
Departament 13
Departament 14
Horta Sud
València
Ribera Alta
Ribera Baixa
Vall d'Albaida
La Safor
Departament 16
Departament 17
Departament 18
Departament 19
Departament 20
Departament 21
Marina Alta
Marina Baixa
Alt Vinalopó - Vinalopó Mitjà
L'Alacantí
Baix Vinalopó
Vega Baixa | <urn:uuid:4b326d56-b553-4464-8c8f-2e65b4ffa731> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/cat_Latn/train | finepdfs | cat_Latn | 543 |
Ordinance No. 11
on Bank Liquidity Management and Supervision
(Issued by the Bulgarian National Bank on 1 March 2007; published in the Darjaven Vestnik, issue 22 of 13 March 2007; amended, Darjaven Vestnik, issue 85 of 2010)
Chapter One
General Provisions
Subject
Article 1. (1) This Ordinance shall provide for banks' liquidity management requirements and the procedure for exercising liquidity supervision by the Bulgarian National Bank (BNB).
(2) Banks shall manage their liquidity in a manner that ensures they can regularly and without delay meet their daily obligations, both in a normal banking environment and in a crisis situation.
(3) (repealed; Darjaven Vestnik, issue 85 of 2010, effective as of 31 December 2010)
(4) (repealed; Darjaven Vestnik, issue 85 of 2010, effective as of 31 December 2010)
(5) (new; Darjaven Vestnik, issue 85 of 2010, effective as of 31 December 2010) Banks shall apply robust strategies, policies, processes and systems for identification, measurement, management and monitoring of liquidity risk, which shall meet the following requirements:
1. they are developed over an appropriate set of time horizons, including intraday, so as to ensure that banks maintain adequate levels of liquidity buffers;
2. they shall be tailored to business lines, currencies and entities in the group and shall include adequate allocation mechanisms of liquidity costs, benefits and risks;
3. they shall be proportionate to the complexity, risk profile, scope of operation of the bank and risk tolerance set by the management body of the bank;
4. they shall reflect the bank's importance in each Member State in which it carries on business.
(6) (new; Darjaven Vestnik, issue 85 of 2010, effective as of 31 December 2010) The system for identification, measurement, management and monitoring of the liquidity risk (liquidity management system) is primarily aimed at maintaining the liquidity funds for ensuring the mismatches between cash inflows and outflows.
Chapter Two
Liquidity Management System
Requirements
Article 2. (1) (new; Darjaven Vestnik, issue 85 of 2010, effective as of 31 December 2010) The liquidity management system shall include:
1. rules and procedures for identification, measurement, management and monitoring of the liquidity;
2. the liquidity management body directly subordinated to the bank's competent managing body;
3. effective management information system.
(2) (former wording of Article 2, amended; Darjaven Vestnik, issue 85 of 2010, effective as of 31 December 2010) The liquidity management system shall meet the following requirements:
1. (repealed; Darjaven Vestnik, issue 85 of 2010, effective as of 31 December 2010)
2. (amended; Darjaven Vestnik, issue 85 of 2010, effective as of 31 December 2010) the competent managing body shall ensure an adequate management structure for effective liquidity management in accordance with the approved strategies, policies, rules, procedures and systems for measurement and management of the liquidity risk;
3. (amended; Darjaven Vestnik, issue 85 of 2010, effective as of 31 December 2010) the competent managing body has set a liquidity risk tolerance and relevant position limits and liquid buffers which shall be periodically reviewed over the individual time horizons;
4. the management information system for monitoring, measuring and controlling liquidity risk shall comprise net cash flows and liquidity positions in BGN and in most often used foreign currencies;
5. (amended; Darjaven Vestnik, issue 85 of 2010, effective as of 31 December 2010) each bank shall maintain the required degree of diversification of liabilities ensuring liquid funds for their repayment in conformity with their maturity structure and market conditions, and shall also have regard to existing legal, regulatory and operational limitations to potential transfers of liquidity and unencumbered assets;
6. (amended; Darjaven Vestnik, issue 85 of 2010, effective as of 31 December 2010) each bank shall conduct periodic stress tests, scenario analyses and liquidity assessment under adverse circumstances by using alternative scenarios on liquidity positions and on risk mitigants; the alternative scenarios shall address, in particular, off-balance sheet items and other contingent liabilities, including those of Securitisation Special Purpose Entities (SSPE) or other special purpose entities, in relation to which the bank acts as a sponsor or provides material liquidity support;
7. (amended; Darjaven Vestnik, issue 85 of 2010, effective as of 31 December 2010) each bank shall exercise internal liquidity management control which includes a regular independent overview and assessment of the system efficiency, compliance with liquidity management rules and prescriptions made.
Internal Rules
Article 3. (1) The competent managing body of each bank shall adopt internal liquidity management rules.
(2) The internal liquidity management rules shall specify:
1. liquidity management principles for implementing the bank's normal operations under a 'going concern' scenario;
2. (amended; Darjaven Vestnik, issue 85 of 2010, effective as of 31 December 2010) contingency plans and a 'liquidity crisis' scenario outlining the measures, actions and the relevant responsibilities to be activated in the event of the bank experiencing a liquidity crisis; these plans shall be subject to a periodic review, updating based on the results of applying alternative scenarios, reporting and approval by the competent managing body and shall lead to appropriate changes in internal policies and processes;
3. methods employed in liquidity management, including the methodology used to calculate the minimum balance on deposits and a description of the principles thereon;
4. (new; Darjaven Vestnik, issue 85 of 2010, effective as of 31 December 2010) the methodology for identification, measurement, management and monitoring of funding positions, which shall include the current and projected material cash flows in and arising from assets, liabilities, off-balance-sheet items, including contingent liabilities and the possible impact of reputational risk;
5. (new; Darjaven Vestnik, issue 85 of 2010, effective as of 31 December 2010) liquidity risk mitigation tools, including a system of limits and liquidity buffers in order to be able to withstand a range of different stress events and an adequately diversified funding structure and access to funding sources;
6. (former item 4; Darjaven Vestnik, issue 85 of 2010, effective as of 31 December 2010) the powers, structure and composition of the liquidity management body;
7. (former item 5; Darjaven Vestnik, issue 85 of 2010, effective as of 31 December 2010) the duties of bank employees and competent managers responsible for liquidity monitoring, reporting and management.
(3) (new; Darjaven Vestnik, issue 85 of 2010, effective as of 31 December 2010) Banks shall distinguish between pledged and unencumbered assets that are available at all times, in particular during emergency situations. Banks shall take into account the legal entity in which assets reside, the country where assets are legally recorded either in a register or in an account, as well as their eligibility. They shall also monitor how assets can be mobilised in a timely manner.
(4). (former paragraph 3; Darjaven Vestnik, issue 85 of 2010, effective as of 31 December 2010) Internal rules and material amendments thereto shall be submitted to the Bulgarian National Bank for review within ten days from their adoption.
Liquidity Management Body
Article 4. (1) Each bank shall constitute a liquidity management body which shall be directly accountable to the competent managing body of the bank and shall have as members at least one of the individuals under Article 10, paragraph 1 of the Law on Credit Institutions.
(2) The liquidity management body shall be responsible for developing and employing the liquidity management system.
(3) (amended; Darjaven Vestnik, issue 85 of 2010, effective as of 31 December 2010) The liquidity management body shall prepare contingency plans in case of unexpected outflows of funds due to unforeseen events or adverse circumstances, taking into account the potential impact of institution-specific, market-wide and combined alternative scenarios. Different time horizons and varying degrees of stressed conditions shall be considered.
(4) (amended; Darjaven Vestnik, issue 85 of 2010, effective as of 31 December 2010) The liquidity management body shall periodically submit reports to the competent managing body concerning its operational decisions, including also results of the periodic stress tests, taking into account the outcome of the alternative scenarios referred to in paragraph 3.
(5) (new; Darjaven Vestnik, issue 85 of 2010, effective as of 31 December 2010) The competent managing body shall review and assess periodically the effectiveness of the decisions under paragraph 4 and shall also adjust accordingly the strategies, internal rules and limits for liquidity risk, in which appropriate measures for applying them in possible liquidity shortfalls are envisaged.
(6) (new; Darjaven Vestnik, issue 85 of 2010, effective as of 31 December 2010) The competent managing body shall communicate risk tolerance to all relevant business lines.
Management Information System
Article 5. (1) (amended; Darjaven Vestnik, issue 85 of 2010, effective as of 31 December 2010) The system for measurement, monitoring and controlling bank's liquidity shall maintain all information required for the current calculation of the liquidity position taking into account the liquidity profile of the bank and liquidity of the markets on which the bank operates.
(2) The system shall be based on:
1. constructing and maintaining a maturity ladder of assets, liabilities and offbalance sheet items;
2. assessing cash inflows and outflows; and
3. (amended; Darjaven Vestnik, issue 85 of 2010, effective as of 31 December 2010) calculating the required amounts of liquid assets and liquid buffers.
4. (new; Darjaven Vestnik, issue 85 of 2010, effective as of 31 December 2010) using adequate allocation mechanisms of liquidity costs, benefits and risks.
Maturity Ladder
Article 6. (1) The liquidity management body under Article 4 shall construct and maintain a maturity ladder of assets, liabilities, off-balance sheet items and cash flows under Article 7, paragraph 1.
(2) Information contained in the maturity ladder shall be monitored and updated on the basis of a daily review to assess the bank's short and medium-term liquidity requirements.
(3) The maturity ladder shall comprise the following maturity time bands:
1. at sight up to seven days;
2. eight days to one month;
3. over one month to three months;
4. over three months to six months;
5. over six months to one year;
6. over one year.
(4) Each bank shall construct and maintain separate maturity ladders under a 'going concern' scenario and a 'liquidity crisis' scenario.
(5) A 'going concern' scenario is in place where in the coming one-year period the bank has no intention or no need to reduce or significantly limit its activity, operates without difficulties in a stable banking system and shows no danger of running into insolvency or a liquid crisis.
(6) A 'liquidity crisis' scenario is in place where the bank is unable to meet its obligations and shows signs of confidence crisis concerning its stability or the stability of the whole banking system which may cause the bank to run into insolvency.
(7) The 'liquidity crisis' maturity ladder shall be assessed in the course of on-site inspections under Article 10, paragraph 2; if a bank is experiencing liquidity problems, it may be obliged to submit its 'liquidity crisis' maturity ladder under Article 9, paragraph 2.
Cash Flow Assessment
Article 7. (1) Each bank shall assess its cash inflows and outflows on the basis of:
a) the remaining term to maturity of each individual asset and liability whose maturity is certain, and
b) by projecting expected and probable cash flows for those components where maturity is uncertain, including off-balance sheet items.
(2) In projecting cash flows on assets, liabilities and off-balance-sheet items under the 'going concern' scenario, the bank shall take into consideration historic cash flows adjusted as needed to take into account seasonal fluctuations and prevailing economic and market conditions.
(3) (amended; Darjaven Vestnik, issue 85 of 2010, effective as of 31 December 2010) Under the 'liquidity crisis' scenario, the bank's cash flows shall take into consideration its contingency plans and actions, including sale of assets and methods of financing which ensure service of near-future outflows attributable to accelerating deposit withdrawals and other anticipated cash payments.
(4) The maturity ladder assessments of both scenarios shall focus on expected short and medium-term cash flow mismatch between outflows and inflows in various time bands of the maturity ladder, and on the underlying assumptions for actual and projected maturities of assets, liabilities and off-balance-sheet items. Where inflows within a given maturity band exceed the outflows within the same time band, excess liquidity from the preceding time band shall be considered as additional inflow of liquid assets in the following time band, and in case of liquidity shortage – as additional outflow in the following time band.
Liquid Assets
Article 8. (1) Within the meaning of this Ordinance the term 'liquid assets' shall include:
1. cash and cash balances with the BNB;
2. balances on current accounts with other banks and interbank deposits with a term of up to seven days;
3. tradable debt securities issued by central governments or central banks which are assigned 20 per cent or more favourable risk weight in accordance with Chapter Four of Ordinance No. 8 of the BNB on the Capital Adequacy of Credit Institutions;
4. treasury bills and bonds of the Government of the Republic of Bulgaria other than those under item 3;
5. tradable debt securities issued by institutions which are assigned 20 per cent or more favourable risk weight in accordance with Chapter Four of Ordinance No. 8 of the BNB on the Capital Adequacy of Credit Institutions;
6. tradable debt securities issued by international banks for development and international organisations in accordance with Lists 1 and 2 of Appendix 3 to Ordinance No. 8 of the BNB on the Capital Adequacy of Credit Institutions;
7. gold in bullions or plates with weights accepted by gold markets.
(2) The following ratios have been introduced for monitoring liquidity:
1. liquid asset ratios – the ratio between the amount of available liquid assets under paragraph 1 and the amount of deposits and other bank's liabilities;
2. liquidity ratios by maturity time bands – the ratio of the amount of assets (cash inflow) for the relevant maturity time band plus the excess of the net cash flow from the preceding time band to deposits and other bank's liabilities (cash outflow) for the same maturity time band; where a shortage of the net cash flow from the preceding time band is established in calculating the ratio, the shortage shall be added to deposits and other bank's liabilities (cash outflow);
(3) The liquidity of a bank shall be deemed acceptable if the liquidity ratios by maturity time bands are not under 1 at least for the first two maturity time bands.
(4) The Bulgarian National Bank shall monitor the amount and composition of banks' liquid assets and, where appropriate, establish minimum liquidity ratios on a bank-by-bank basis under Article 12, paragraph 1.
Chapter Three
Liquidity Supervision
Reports
Article 9. (1) Banks shall submit to the BNB monthly liquidity reports on a 'going concern basis' showing projected BGN cash flows and correspondingly the BGN equivalent of foreign currency-denominated assets and liabilities. The reports shall be prepared and submitted to the BNB by the 15th day of the month.
(2) If the BNB finds out that a bank has a material liquidity problem that requires prompt action, the Deputy Governor heading the Banking Supervision Department may oblige the bank to submit liquidity reports weekly or daily prepared on a 'liquidity crisis' basis to reflect its plans for survival.
(3) All liquidity reports shall be approved and signed by two executive directors of the bank.
(4) (new; Darjaven Vestnik, issue 85 of 2010, effective as of 31 December 2010) The auditors referred to in Article 76 of the Law on Credit Institutions shall conduct a review of the annual supervisory report prepared by the bank and express an opinion under the provisions of Article 4, paragraph 1, item 3 of Ordinance No. 14 of the BNB on the Content of the Audit Report for Supervisory Purposes.
On-site Inspections
Article 10. (1) In the course of on-site inspections, the Banking Supervision Department shall assess the effectiveness of a bank's liquidity management system, the reliability of the reports submitted, diversification of assets and liabilities and the adequacy of liquidity.
(2) The Bulgarian National Bank may, without notice to the bank, carry out onsite inspections to review and assess the adequacy of:
1. the bank's net cash flows projections reflecting a liquidity crisis scenario;
2. contingency planning procedures to be implemented in the event of a liquidity crisis; and
3. (amended; Darjaven Vestnik, issue 85 of 2010, effective as of 31 December 2010) the ability of the bank to meet liquidity crises and the survival time implicit in its liquid asset holdings.
Supervisory Review Process and Evaluation of the Liquidity Management System
(Title amended; Darjaven Vestnik, issue 85 of 2010, effective as of 31 December 2010)
Article 11. (amended; Darjaven Vestnik, issue 85 of 2010, effective as of 31 December 2010) (1) The supervisory review process under Article 79 of the Law on Credit Institutions, respectively Article 11, paragraph 1, item 4 of Ordinance No. 8 of the BNB on Capital Adequacy of Credit Institutions shall cover the exposure to and management of liquidity risk, including the development of alternative scenario analyses, the management of risk mitigants, in particular the level, composition and quality of liquidity buffers, and effective contingency plans.
(2) Based on the information collected under Articles 9 and 10, the BNB shall regularly carry on an on-going assessment of the stability of liquidity management of each individual bank, including the adequacy of the bank's survival strategy should it be the target of a run on deposits.
(3) While conducting the supervisory review under paragraph 1, the BNB shall have regard to the role played by a bank in the financial markets.
(4) The Bulgarian National Bank shall duly consider the potential impact of exercising its supervisory powers under this Ordinance on the financial stability in other Member States.
Enforcement Measures and Sanctions
Article 12. (1) (amended; Darjaven Vestnik, issue 85 of 2010, effective as of 31 December 2010) Where an individual bank experiences liquidity difficulties or systemically fails to fulfill requirements for the acceptable level of liquidity set out in Article 8, paragraph 3, the Deputy Governor heading the Banking Supervision Department may set minimum liquid asset ratios to be attained by the bank within a limited time frame.
(2) Where a bank is in violation of the requirements of this Ordinance and fails to implement remedial actions that have been conveyed by the BNB, the Deputy Governor heading the Banking Supervision Department may impose administrative measures and sanctions for correction of such violations under Article 103, paragraph 2 of the Law on Credit Institutions.
Transitional and Final Provisions
§ 1. This Ordinance is issued on the grounds of Article 42 in connection with § 13 of the Law on Credit Institutions, and is adopted by Resolution No. 25 of 1 March 2007 of the Governing Council of the Bulgarian National Bank and repeals Ordinance No. 11 on Liquidity Management and Supervision of Banks (Darjaven Vestnik, issue 125 of 1997).
§ 2. The Deputy Governor heading the Banking Supervision Department shall issue mandatory instructions on the enactment of this Ordinance.
Transitional and Final Provisions
to the Ordinance on Amendment of Ordinance No. 11 of 2007 on Bank Liquidity Management and Supervision
(published; Darjaven Vestnik, issue 85 of 2010, effective as of 31 December 2010)
§ 11. This Ordinance is issued on the grounds of Article 16, item 5 of the Law on the Bulgarian National Bank and Article 42, paragraph 2 in connection with § 13 of the Transitional and Final Provisions of the Law on Credit Institutions and is adopted by Resolution No. 95 of 6 October 2010 of the Governing Council of the Bulgarian National Bank.
§ 12. This Ordinance shall come into force as of 31 December 2010. | <urn:uuid:aaa92b68-f16b-4d5f-8cc7-269a1183e96c> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 20,942 |
**Abstract:**
*Actinoalloteichus hoggarensis* is a rare bacterial species that was isolated from the Algerian Saharan desert and is known for producing biologically active compounds. Despite its potential, little is understood about the enzymes it produces, including endoglucanases. These cellulase enzymes break down cellulose, the primary structural component of plant cell walls that provides strength and rigidity. The breakdown of cellulose by endoglucanases has numerous biotechnological applications, such as the production of biofuels, bioplastics, and paper. This study involves an *in silico* characterization of an endoglucanase from *A. hoggarensis* to gain insight into its structural and functional properties, with the goal of informing the development of novel biotechnological applications. Our study represents a major milestone in understanding the potential of this rare bacterial species and its enzymes, opening up exciting new avenues for further research and development.
**Keywords:** Endoglucanase, *Actinoalloteichus hoggarensis*, structural and functional properties, *in silico* characterization.
---
**Introduction**
Cellulose is the primary structural component of plant cell walls that provides strength and rigidity and is the most abundant biopolymer on earth. Cellulase enzymes encompass endoglucanases (EC 126.96.36.199), β-glucosidase (EC 188.8.131.52), and exoglucanases (EC 184.108.40.206). Endoglucanase (EG) is the essential component for hydrolyzing β-1,4-glycosidic bonds of the carbon skeleton in cellulose to produce cellobiose saccharides. Endoglucanases are enzymes that break down cellulose by hydrolyzing the internal bonds between glucose units, and have numerous biotechnological applications, such as the production of biofuels, bioplastics, and paper. Despite their potential, the industrial-scale production of endoglucanases using traditional methods, such as bacterial or fungal fermentation, is costly and inefficient.
*Actinoalloteichus hoggarensis* is a rare actinobacterial species that was isolated from the Algerian Saharan desert and is known for producing bioactive secondary metabolites. Little is understood about the enzymes it produces, including endoglucanases. However, its potential for biotechnological applications is promising due to its unique properties, such as thermotolerance, halotolerance, and the ability to grow in extreme conditions. The study of endoglucanases from rare bacterial species like *A. hoggarensis* is still in its early stages, leaving a significant knowledge gap in understanding their properties. Further research is needed to fill this gap and explore the potential applications of these enzymes. However, the experimental expression and purification of proteins can pose challenges and require significant time and effort. Computational approaches, such as homology modeling, molecular dynamics simulation, mutational analysis, etc., provide a promising alternative to design endoglucanase enzymes with desirable characteristics for industrial applications. In this study, we use *in silico* methods to perform a structural and functional characterization of an endoglucanase from *A. hoggarensis*, with the goal of gaining insights into its properties and potential for biotechnological applications.
---
**Materials and methods**
| **In silico methods** | **In silico tools** |
|-----------------------|---------------------|
| 1. Amino acid sequence retrieval | Uniprot (ID: A0A221VZV6) |
| 2. Physicochemical characterization and protein solubility | ExPASy ProtParam and SOSUI |
| 3. Secondary structure prediction | PSIPRED 4.0 and SOPMA |
| 4. Tertiary structure prediction, structure validation, and quality prediction | SWISS-MODEL, Raptor X, (PS)²-V2, Phyre², MODELLER, LOMETS, I-TASSER, ModRefiner, PyMOL, and PROCHECK |
| 5. Ligand binding site prediction and protein localization | COACH, PSORT-B v3.0.3, SignalP-6.0, and TMHMM |
| 6. Functional analysis | MotifFinder |
---
**Table 1. The physicochemical properties of the predicted endoglucanase.**
| Property | Value |
|---------------------------------|-------------|
| Number of amino acids residues (AA) | 875 |
| Molecular weight (Da) | 92883.92 |
| Theoretical pI | 4.08 |
| Total number of negatively charged residues (Asp + Glu) | 124 |
| Total number of positively charged residues (Arg + Lys) | 33 |
| Extinction coefficient (EC) | 172855 |
| half-life | 30 hours |
| Instability index (II) | 33.03 |
| Aliphatic index (AI) | 78.22 |
| Grand average of hydropathicity (GRAVY) | -0.176 |
**Table 2. Ramachandran plot calculation of the endoglucanase models computed with PROCHECK tool.**
| Model | Type of model | Favored region (%) | Additional allowed region (%) | Generously allowed region (%) | Disallowed region (%) |
|-------------|---------------|--------------------|-------------------------------|------------------------------|-----------------------|
| SWISS-MODEL | Initial | 88.0 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.4 |
| | Refined | 89.6 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.6 |
| Raptor X | Initial | 86.8 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 1.0 |
| | Refined | 86.8 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 1.0 |
| (PS)²-V2 | Initial | 81.0 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 0.0 |
| | Refined | 91.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Phyre² | Initial | 84.5 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 0.6 |
| | Refined | 89.2 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 |
| MODELLER | Initial | 90.0 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 0.4 |
| | Refined | 90.5 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.4 |
| LOMETS | Initial | 73.0 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 2.2 |
| | Refined | 78.9 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 2.5 |
| I-TASSER | Initial | 59.6 | 7.4 | 7.4 | 3.3 |
| | Refined | 78.6 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 2.1 |
---
**Fig. 1. Schematic representation of lignolytic enzymes utilization in pulp and paper industry** (Gupta et al., 2022).
**Fig. 2. Sequence annotation plot analysing the secondary structure prediction of endoglucanase from *A. hoggarensis* by PSIPRED.** (yellow for β-strands, pink for α-helix and grey for coil structures).
**Fig. 3. Tertiary structure prediction and validation for the endoglucanase from *A. hoggarensis*.**
(A) Tertiary structure prediction of the protein was done by homology modeling using (PS)²-v2. This structural model was refined by ModRefiner and visualised by PyMOL. α-helix (black), β-sheet (cyan), and loop (red).
(B) The predicted and refined structure's Ramachandran plot was validated by the PROCHECK program, with residues classified based on their conformational preferences as per Ramachandran plot analysis. Regions with favoured (A, B, and L), additional allowed (a, b, l, and p), generously allowed (~a, ~b, ~l, and ~p), and disallowed conformations are highlighted in red, yellow, beige, and white, respectively. Non-glycine and non-proline residues are represented by filled black squares, while glycines (excluding those at the ends of the polypeptide chains) are depicted as filled black triangles.
**Fig. 4. Ligand binding sites of endoglucanase from *A. hoggarensis* predicted by COACH.**
(A) Ligand binding sites (Leu 29, Lys 63, Tyr 65, Leu 76, Glu 78, Ser 80, Gln 81, Tyr 113, Thr 115, Val 136, Val 138, Asn 140, and Asn 142).
(B) Surface view of the protein with ligand in pocket exposed active site. Sticks represent the ligand (blue). Ligand binding sites (yellow) within the protein structure (brown).
**Fig. 5. The motif analysis of *A. hoggarensis* endoglucanase determined by MotifFinder.**
---
**Conclusions**
*In silico* analysis of the endoglucanase from *A. hoggarensis* revealed several key properties, including its acidic nature, thermostability, hydrophilicity, and extracellular location. The protein's secondary structure was found to be predominantly random coil, with some alpha-helix and beta-sheet elements. Additionally, we conducted both structural homology modeling and functional analyses. Nevertheless, further experimental studies, such as enzyme kinetics, substrate specificity, and protein expression, are needed to fully understand the potential of this endoglucanase and its applications in biotechnology.
---
**References**
- Gupta, G. K., Dixit, M., Kapoor, R. K., & Shukla, P. (2022). Xylanolytic enzymes in pulp and paper industry: new technologies and perspectives. *Molecular biotechnology*, 1-14.
- Boudjelal, F., Zitouni, A., Bouras, N., Schumann, P., Spröer, C., Sabaou, N., & Klken, H.-P. (2015). *Actinoalloteichus hoggarensis* sp. nov., an actinomycete isolated from Saharan soil. *International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology*, 65(6), 2006-2010.
- Mandeep, Liu, H., & Shukla, P. (2021). Synthetic biology and biocomputational approaches for improving microbial endoglucanases toward their innovative applications. *ACS omega*, 6(9), 6055-6063. | dacecc92-db50-4dcf-9c3d-92c6a18b7501 | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 10,152 |
Killam Library
library research guides
References indicate the exact location for sources of information used in the text of the paper; the bibliography (or list of works cited) describes, as a whole, the works from which the citations are taken. PLEASE NOTE: The examples on the following pages are based on the style recommended in the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (6th ed. 2003). MLA style is commonly used in research papers on topics in the humanities.
Note: In this handout, underlining is being used for titles of monographs and serials. In many documentation styles (including MLA) italics and underlining are used interchangeably. Some instructors prefer underlining because they feel italics can interfere with clarity and meaning. The important thing is consistency. Use one or the other, but not both within the same research paper.
IMPORTANT: Dalhousie University defines plagiarism as "the presentation of the work of another author in such a way as to give one's reader reason to think it to be one's own. Plagiarism is a form of academic fraud." Find out what plagiarism is and how to avoid it at http://plagiarism.dal.ca.
Bibliography
There is no single correct format for a bibliography, but consistency must be observed in all entries. The bibliography, or list of works cited, is normally included at the end of the paper. Numbers in parentheses refer to the section in the MLA Handbook.
SAVE TIME: Use RefWorks to easily keep track of your references and quickly format them correctly for your bibliography. RefWorks is a personal bibliographic citation managing system that Dalhousie University subscribes to. For more information, go to http://www.library.dal.ca/libraries/RefWorks.htm.
Books
one author (5.6.1):
Hillman, Richard. Shakespeare, Marlowe, and the Politics of France. New York: Palgrave, 2002.
two authors (5.6.4):
Hand, Richard J. and Michael Wilson. Grand-Guignol: the French Theatre of Horror.
Exeter: University of Exeter Press, 2002.
three authors (5.6.4)
:
Cargill, Oscar, William Charvat, and Donald D. Walsh. The
Publication of Academic Writing. New York: Modern Language Association, 1966.
more than three authors (5.6.4):
Howe, Louise, et al. How to Stay Younger while Growing Older: Aging for all Ages. London: Macmillan, 1982.
no author given (5.6.11)
:
The Chicago Manual of Style. 15th ed. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 2003.
an organization or institution as "author" (5.6.6)
:
American Psychological Association. Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. 5th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2001.
an editor or compiler as "author" (5.6.2):
Updike, John, comp. and ed. The Best American Short Stories of the Century. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1999.
an edition of an author's work (5.6.12):
Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. Ed. Robert P. Irvine. Peterborough, ON: Broadview P, 2002.
Milne, A. A. When We Were Very Young. New ed. New York: Dutton, 1948.
Shakespeare, William. A Midsummer Night's Dream. Ed. R.A. Foakes. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2003.
a translation (5.6.13)
:
García Márquez, Gabriel. Living to Tell the Tale. Trans. Edith Grossman. New York: Knopf, 2003.
a work in a series (5.6.16)
:
Renwick, William Lindsay. English Literature, 1789-1815. The Oxford History of English Literature 9. Oxford: Clarendon P, 1963.
a work in several volumes (5.6.15)
:
Gardner, Stanley E. The Artifice of Design. New York: Hill & Wang, 1962. Vol. 2 of A History of American Architecture. 5 vols. 1960-64.
Parker, Hershel. Herman Melville: A Biography. 2 vols. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1996-2002.
conference proceedings (5.6.22):
Kartiganer, Donald M. and Ann J. Abadie, eds. Faulkner at 100: Retrospect and Prospect: Faulkner and Yoknapatawpha, 1997. Proc. of the 24th Faulkner and Yoknapatawpha Conf., 1997, U of Mississippi. Jackson: Univ Press of Mississippi, 2000.
Articles
periodical (5.7.1):
Issues paginated continuously throughout the volume:
Loesberg, Jonathan. "Dickensian Deformed Children and the Hegelian Sublime."
Victorian Studies 40 (1997): 625-54.
York, Lorraine M. "Rival bards: Alice Munro's Lives of Girls and Women and Victorian poetry." Canadian Literature 112 (1987): 211-16.
Each issue starts with page 1:
Wilkin, Karen. "A Degas Doubleheader." New Criterion 17.1 (Sept. 1998): 35-41.
newspaper (5.7.5):
Jonas, Jack. "A Visit to a Land of Many Facets." Washington Star 5 Mar. 1961, eastern ed., sec. F: 4.
magazine (5.7.6): Funicello, Dori. "Portugal's Reign of Terror." National Review 19 Aug. 1999: 34-37.
a review (5.7.7)
:
Burt, Struthers. "John Cheever's Sense of Drama." Rev. of The Way Some People Live, by John Cheever. Saturday Review 24 April 1943: 9.
Koehler, Robert. Rev. of The Emperor's Club, dir. Michael Hoffman. Variety 388.5 (2002): 30-1.
an article in a reference book or encyclopedia - signed and unsigned (5.6.8): Haseloff, Arthur. "Illuminated Manuscripts." Encyclopaedia Britannica. 1967 ed.
"Painting, The History of Western." Encyclopaedia Americana. 13th ed. 1998.
"Parsimony." The Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. 1989.
a work in a collection or anthology (5.6.7)
:
Davidson, Cynthia A. "Alyson Hagy." American Short-Story Writers Since World War II. Fourth Series. Dictionary of Literary Biography 244. Detroit: Gale, 2001. 164-169.
Arnold, Matthew. "Dover Beach." Norton Anthology of English Literature. Ed. N.H. Abrams et al. 4th ed. Vol 2. New York: Norton, 1979. 1378-79.
Shapcott, Tom. "Margaret Atwood's Surfacing." Commonwealth Literature in the Curriculum. Ed. K. L. Goodwin. St. Lucia: South Pacific Association for Common-wealth Literatures and Languages Studies, 1980. 86-96.
paper published as part of the proceedings of a conference (5.6.22): Aytür, Necla. "Faulkner in Turkish." William Faulkner: Prevailing Verities and Comparative Literature Symposium, January 24-26, 1973. Lubbock, TX: Interdepartmental
World Literature. Ed. Wolodymyr T. Zyla and Wendell M. Aycock. Proceedings of the 6 th Committee on Comparative Literature, Texas Tech U, 1973. 25-39.
Dissertations
published (5.6.27):
Carlson, William Robert. Dialectic and Rhetoric in Pierre Bayle. Diss. Yale U, 1973. New York: Macmillan, 1977.
unpublished (5.6.26):
Carlson, William Robert. "Dialectic and Rhetoric in Pierre Bayle." Diss. Yale U, 1973.
a dissertation abstract (5.7.8):
Lydic, David Lynn. "Relational Mapping as a Measure of Writing Ability in College Freshmen." Diss. U of Texas at Austin, 1988. DAI 49 (1988): 1395A.
Electronic Texts
The practice of citing electronic texts, especially those only available at remote sites accessible through the Internet, is still evolving. The Internet tends to be changeable, and URLs are often not stable over time. A number of style sheets and style manuals contain sections on electronic sources and recommend formats for citations. However, as yet there are no universally recognized standards.
A citation to material published electronically should accomplish the same task as a citation to material published in print form: it should make it possible for a reader to follow the trail the writer provides in order to locate the item being cited. However, because of the fluid nature of the Internet, citations to electronic resources often require additional information, such as the date on which the electronic work was accessed or the name of a database. Section 5.9 of the 6 th edition of the MLA Handbook discusses a variety of cases and provides examples of electronic citations.
IMPORTANT: In many cases, books and articles published in HTML format lack traditional markers, such as page numbers, that make it possible for scholars to direct readers to the precise location where a quotation or idea originated. Some online publishers (notably Johns Hopkins University in Project Muse) have attempted to provide a fix by inserting page break indicators directly within the HTML text, and other publishers will number a text's paragraphs. The advent of page imaging in PDF and other formats alleviates the problem to the extent that readers have in hand an exact replica of the original document. However, despite the efforts of publishers to make citing their texts easier, there will be instances in which precise information is simply not available. MLA style acknowledges these difficulties by recommending that scholars make do with the information available to them and only include in citations information such as paragraph numbers and pagination when it is provided.
IMPORTANT: Many of the databases and Internet sites providing students with materials they use in their papers, and which they subsequently include in lists of works cited, are resources that are purchased by the library through which the student accesses them. If this is the case, MLA style suggests noting the fact by including the name of the library or library system, and, in cases where it would be useful, the city, state, or province, in the citation (see section 5.9.7). The information is inserted after the name of the database and before the date of access:
O'Neill, Peter. "Going Round in Circles: Popular Speech in Ancient Rome." Classical Antiquity 22.1 (2003): 135-76. Caliber. Univ of California Press. Dalhousie U, Killam Lib., Halifax, NS 16 June 2004 <http://caliber.ucpress.net/doi/pdf/10.1525/ca.2003.22.1.135>.
However, if you are doing all of your research using the electronic resources of a single library or library system, it is
possible that your professor will not consider these details to be necessary. Before deciding to include or omit this information, become familiar with your professor's preferences and expectations.
The following are examples of some commonly cited types of electronic sources:
Books
an entire book converted to electronic form (5.9.3a)
:
Connolly, James. Labour in Irish History. Dublin, 1910. CELT: The Corpus of Electronic Texts. 1996. 16 Jan. 2002 < http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/E900002001/index.html>.
Holder, William. Elements of Speech: An Essay of Inquiry into the Natural Production of Letters. London, 1669. Early English Books Online. 19 Apr. 2003 <http://eebo.chadwyck.com/search/>.
Irving, Washington. Wolfert's Roost, and Other Papers, Now First Collected. New York: Putnam, 1855. 20 March 2003. Wright American Fiction 1851-1875. Ed. Perry Willett. <http://www.letrs.indiana.edu/web/w/wright2/>.
an article or chapter in an electronic book (5.9.3b)
:
Lernout, Geert. "Reception Theory." The Johns Hopkins Guide to Literary Theory and Criticism. Ed. Michael Groden and Martin Kreiswirth. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1997. 13 June 2004 <http://www.press.jhu.edu/books/hopkins_guide_to_literary_theory/ entries/reception_theory.html>.
a work that has no print equivalent (5.9.3a):
"The Canterbury Tales: The Miller's Tale." KnowledgeNotes™ Student Guides. Ed. Sarah Shute.
Cambridge: Proquest Information and Learning Company, 2002. Literature Online.
22 May 2003 <http://lion.chadwyck.com/contents/contents.jsp>.
an article in a journal accessed through an online database (5.9.4a):
Aird, John S. "Fertility Decline and Birth Control in the People's Republic of China." Population and Development Review 4.2 (1978): 225-54. JSTOR. <http://www.jstor.org/search>.
Haskins, Rob. "Four Musical Minimalists." American Record Guide 64.1 (2001): 281. Research Library. 10 Dec. 2003 <http://www.library.dal.ca/cgi-bin/proquest.pl?Pub=21508>.
Streeby, Shelley. "American Sensations: Empire, Amnesia, and the US-Mexican War." American Literary History 13.1 (2001): 1-40. Project Muse. 31 Jan. 2003 <http://muse.jhu.edu/ journals/american_literary_history/v013/13.1streeby.html>.
an article in a journal accessed directly from the publisher (5.9.4a):
Boyd, Alex. "Comfort and Canadian Poetry." The Danforth Review. 14 June 2004 <http://www.danforthreview.com/features/essays/alex_boyd.htm>.
Kuntz, Lucía Iglesias. "Pirates and the paper chase." UNESCO Courier March 2001. 11 June
Articles
a review or article in a newspaper accessed through an online database (5.9.4b):
"Ford plans job cuts." The Guardian [Charlottetown, P.E.I.] 19 July 2003: B7. Canadian Newsstand Atlantic 6 Aug. 2003 <http://www.library.dal.ca/cgi-bin/proquest.pl?Pub=53522>.
a review or article in a newspaper accessed directly from the publisher (5.9.4b):
Scott, A.O. "Flower Children Grown Up: Somber, Wiser and Still Talking Dirty." Rev. of The Barbarian Invasions, dir. Denys Arcand. New York Times on the Web 17 Oct. 2003. 3 Nov. 2003 <http://movies2.nytimes.com/ 2003/10/17/movies/17BARB.html>.
an article posted on an open-access or personal website:
Berardinelli, James. Rev. of Return to Paradise, dir. Joseph Ruben. Reelviews 1998. 20 Nov. 2000 <http://movie-reviews.colossus.net/movies/r/return_paradise.html>.
Dyer, John. "John Cheever: Parody and The Suburban Aesthetic." 3 March 2002 <http://xroads.virginia.edu/~MA95/dyer/cheever4.html>.
Other Electronic Resources:
an internet site (5.9.2):
Literature Online. June 2004. ProQuest Information and Learning Company. 5 July 2004 <http://lion.chadwyck.com/>.
Silva Rhetoricae. Ed. Gideon Burton. 2003. Brigham Young U. 4 Apr. 2003 <http://rhetoric.byu.edu>.
RBC Royal Bank. 5 Nov. 2003. Royal Bank of Canada. 20 Nov. 2003 <http://rbcroyalbank.com>.
a single page from a larger internet site (5.9.1):
"Northern Ireland Timeline: Early Christian Ireland." BBC.co.uk. 2004. British Broadcast Corp. 20 May 2004 <http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/timelines/ni/early_christian.shtml>.
a personal email message (5.9.9j)
:
Howard, Teresa. "Feedback on Electronic Writing." E-mail to Lily Briscoe. 23 May 1999.
a posting to an online discussion group or listserv (5.9.9k)
:
Romney, Paul. "Most Important Elections." Online posting. 19 May 2004.
H-Canada: Canadian History and Studies. 1 July 2004
<http://h-net.msu.edu/cgi-bin/logbrowse.pl?trx=lm&list=H-Canada>.
a personal homepage (5.9.2c):
Bernholdt, David E. David Bernholdt's Personal Homepage. 8 Oct. 2001. 23 Aug. 2003 <http://mywebpages.comcast.net/davidbernholdt/>.
a cd-rom publication (5.9.5a):
The Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. CD-ROM. New York: Oxford UP, 1992.
References & Documentation
In MLA style, you acknowledge your sources by including parenthetical citations within your text. These refer the reader to the alphabetical list of works cited, or bibliography, that appears at the end of the document. For example:
The close of the millennium was marked by a deep suspicion of the natural world and an increasing reliance "upon the pronouncements of soothsayers and visionaries, who caused hysteria with their doom-laden forecasts of the end of humanity" (Mulligan 234).
The citation "(Mulligan 234)" informs the reader that the quotation originates on page 234 of a document by an author named Mulligan. Consulting the bibliography, the reader would find the following information under the name Mulligan:
```
Mulligan, Grant V. The Religions of Medieval Europe: Fear and the Masses. London: Secker, 1977.
```
The bibliography might list a second work by this author, which, in accordance with MLA style, would appear in the list with three hyphens substituting for the author's name (5.6.3):
```
---, The Tudor World. London: Macmillan, 1981.
```
In this case, the parenthetical reference above would include more information in order to make it clear which of the two books contains the quoted passage. Usually, a shortened form of the title is sufficient: (Mulligan, Religions 234). See section 6.4.6 for further examples.
Parenthetical references should be kept as brief as clarity will permit. If the context in which the quotation appears makes it clear which document in the bibliography the quoted text comes from, then no further identification is needed:
Reva Basch reports that the Georgetown Center for Text and Technology, which has been compiling a catalogue of electronic text projects, lists "over 300 such projects in almost 30 countries" (14).
The parenthetical reference "(14)," in combination with the mention of Reva Basch at the beginning of the passage, makes it clear to the reader that the quoted text comes from page 14 of the following document listed in the bibliography:
```
Basch, Reva. "Books Online: Visions, Plans, and Perspectives for Electronic Text." Online 15.4 (1991): 13-23.
```
Endnotes & Footnotes
Some scholars prefer to use endnotes and footnotes to document sources. These are described in "Appendix B" of the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (6th ed.). If you use this method of documentation you may not need a List of Works Cited at the end of your paper. Check your instructor's preference.
Killam Library, Dalhousie University | <urn:uuid:259631dc-0bc5-401c-9d09-329258f55471> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 16,753 |
Notice of Exemption
Appendix E
Statutory Exemptions. State code number:
_______________________________________________ Colusa, Ca, 95932
From:
(Public Agency): ____________________________ Colusa Indian Community Council
To:
Office of Planning and Research P.O. Box 3044, Room 113 Sacramento, CA 95812-3044
_______________________________________________ 3730 Hwy 45
County Clerk
(Address)
___________________________ ___________________________
County of: __________________
Project Title: ____________________________________________________________________________
Project Applicant:
________________________________________________________________________ Colusa Indian Community Council
Project Location - Specific:
Project Location - City: ______________________ Project Location - County:
Description of Nature, Purpose and Beneficiaries of Project:
_____________________
Name of Public Agency Approving Project: _____________________________________________________ Colusa Indian Community Council
Name of Person or Agency Carrying Out Project: ________________________________________________
Exempt Status: (check one):
Ministerial (Sec. 21080(b)(1); 15268);
Declared Emergency (Sec. 21080(b)(3); 15269(a));
Emergency Project (Sec. 21080(b)(4); 15269(b)(c));
Reasons why project is exempt:
Lead Agency
Contact Person:
____________________________ Molly West
Area Code/Telephone/Extension: _______________
If filed by applicant:
1. Attach certified document of exemption finding.
2. Has a Notice of Exemption been filed by the public agency approving the project?
Yes No
Signature: ____________________________ Date:
Signed by Lead Agency I
Signed by Applicant
Authority cited: Sections 21083 and 21110, Public Resources Code. Reference: Sections 21108, 21152, and 21152.1, Public Resources Code.
Date Received for filing at OPR: _______________
Categorical Exemption. State type and section number: ____________________________________ x
______________________________________________
______________ Title: _______________________ 7/28/2021 Tribal Project Admin.
Wintun Mini Mart Entrance
3790 Hwy 45, Colusa, Ca, 95932
Colusa
Colusa
The addition of a left hand turn lane for south bound traffic and an 8' median for north bound traffic at a new driveway proposed for a gas station and convenience market. There will be no increased capacity of the highway the improvements are a safety measure so that truck turning movements will not impeded the flow of traffic. See attached plans for further information.
Colusa Indian Community Council
Class 5, Section 15305
As stated in CEQA 2021, Class 5 consists of minor alterations in land use limitations in areas with an average slope of less
than 20%, which do not result in any changes in land use or density, including but not limited to:
(b) Issuance of minor encroachment permits;
(530) 701-0379
I
Molly West
I | <urn:uuid:3b772372-3eed-4389-a041-8683d47ade52> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 2,933 |
ΠANEΠIΣTHMIO IΩANNINΩN
TMHMA OIKONOMIKΩN EΠIΣTHMΩN
Β' Τρίμηνο
Έναρξη Μαθημάτων: ΔΕΥΤΕΡΑ, 23/11/2020 | <urn:uuid:d8f0b1c4-4a00-4722-a5f9-10247cae65a7> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ell_Grek/train | finepdfs | ell_Grek | 103 |
Giuseppe Efisio Taranto: l’incredibile epopea di un usticese in America
di Felice Longo
Nel 1763, tra i primi coloni arrivati ad Ustica, ci furono anche Felice Angelo Taranto (Alicudi 27/11/1709 – Ustica 18/06/1777) e sua moglie Luciana Vigona (Alicudi 1717 – Ustica 05/08/1796). Sappiamo che ad Ustica ebbero, come minimo, due figli: Anna e Giuseppe e da quest’ultimo, che sposò la cugina Giovanna Taranto, nacquero almeno sei figli. Il sesto Francesco Matteo Antonino, nato ad Ustica il 28 febbraio 1782 si trasferì, nel 1802, con sua moglie, la palermitana Angela Maria Fazio, ed altre 27 famiglie usticesi nell’isola di S. Antioco, attirati dalla promessa di terre da coltivare. La coppia ebbe sette figli: il terzo nato, primo figlio maschio, Giuseppe Efisio venne alla luce a Cagliari il 25 giugno 1816 ed ebbe una vita molto singolare ed avventurosa che, in parte, siamo riusciti a ricostruire.
Dopo aver vissuto un difficile periodo in Sardegna, superando le febbri malariche che decimarono molti emigranti, la famiglia Taranto ritornò in Sicilia e si stabilì a Palermo. Poco più che ventenne, Giuseppe trovò lavoro presso una compagnia di navigazione, la Mediterraneo Merchant, che trasportava merci verso lontani porti stranieri e, successivamente, imbarcatosi come marinaio su navi dirette in America, nel 1838 giunse a New Orleans, Louisiana, dove decise di restare. C’è motivo di credere che sia stato tra i primi usticesi a giungere in questa città che diventerà, in seguito, il punto di arrivo di tantissimi nostri paesani. La sua presenza venne, più tardi, segnalata a New York dove visse per un certo periodo, fino a quando, nel 1843, si trasferì a Boston. In questa città si procurò una piccola barca con la quale si inventò il mestiere di venditore di frutta e verdura ai marinai delle imbarcazioni ormeggiate nel porto. Sempre nell’anno 1843, entrò in contatto con i missionari Mormoni che lo convertirono alla loro religione e lo battezzarono. Ma nel 1844, a New York, il fondatore della Chiesa Mormone, Joseph Smith, venne assassinato per motivi di intolleranza religiosa, per cui tutti i membri della Chiesa, molto impauriti, si trasferirono a Nauvoo, Illinois. Giuseppe venne invitato a seguirli ma declinò l’offerta, perché non voleva abbandonare il proprio lavoro, di cui era soddisfatto e che gli permetteva di aiutare la sua povera famiglia rimasta in Sicilia. Però, nella primavera del 1845, ebbe luogo un avvenimento che segnò fortemente la vita dell’emigrato: mentre svolgeva la propria attività, la
sua barca urtò un’imbarcazione più grande e si ribaltò affondando. Il povero Giuseppe che, come tanti isolani, non sapeva nuotare, venne salvato per puro ‘miracolo’. E fu proprio un miracolo e un chiaro segno divino che Giuseppe pensò di aver ricevuto! Senza indugio lasciò il lavoro e si trasferì a Nauvoo per andare a vivere con i fratelli Mormoni. La condizione in cui versava la setta religiosa, dopo l’uccisione del fondatore ed il successivo spostamento nell'Illinois, era di piena crisi. Infatti gli adepti avrebbero voluto costruire un Tempio, ma avevano dovuto interrompere l’opera per gravi problemi economici. Al suo arrivo, Giuseppe fu accolto bene dalla nuova famiglia e, informato dello stato in cui versavano i fratelli, fu ammesso ad un meeting ristretto presieduto da Young, il nuovo leader. Giuseppe manifestò l’intenzione di volere donare tutto il proprio denaro, messo insieme in tutti gli anni di permanenza in America, per aiutare i fratelli Mormoni a risollevarsi dalla brutta condizione in cui si erano venuti a trovare. E stupì tutti quando disse che i soldi erano contenuti nella sua cintura e, come raccontarono i testimoni presenti, ancora maggiore fu lo stupore quando, lentamente, sistemò sul tavolo davanti a loro una straordinaria cifra che, contata, ammontò a $ 2.599 dollari in pezzi d’oro. Nel 1845 quella cifra costituiva una piccola fortuna. Young non si aspettava un aiuto così importante e lo considerò un segno di Dio. Infatti, grazie a questa donazione, la Chiesa sarebbe sopravvissuta e i lavori del tempio poterono riprendere. Brigham Young tenne sempre in grande considerazione Giuseppe Taranto, nutri per lui un particolare affetto e lo inserì a pieno titolo nella gerarchia della confessione Mormone conferendogli il ruolo di Anziano e cambiandogli il nome in Joseph Toronto.
Purtroppo per la comunità religiosa, dopo un breve periodo di relativa tranquillità, cominciarono nuovamente a manifestarsi reazioni di intolleranza da parte di chi professava un credo religioso diverso. Non reggendo a queste pressioni e per evitare possibili violenze, nel 1846 Young decise di tornare a spostarsi verso Ovest, dove oggi sorge Salt Lake City, nello Utah. Joseph fu parte attiva di questo
settled in Palermo. Just a bit older than twenty, Giuseppe found a job with a maritime company called Mediterranean Merchant, shipping goods to far away foreign harbors; later on, as a sailor, he boarded ships bound for America and landed in New Orleans, Louisiana, in 1838, where he decided to settle. We think he was one of the first emigrants from Ustica to get there: the town became one of the most popular destinations for lots of people from our island. He was for sure in New York where he lived until 1843 when he moved to Boston. There he bought a small boat and made a living selling fruit and vegetables to the sailors on the ships anchored in the harbor. In 1843, too, he got in touch with some Mormon missionaries that converted him and baptized him. Due to religious intolerance Joseph Smith, the Mormon Church leader, was killed in 1844 and all the members of the Church moved to Nauvoo, Illinois. Giuseppe was invited to join the group but he turned the offer down: he didn’t want to leave a job that was quite rewarding and satisfactory and let him help his poor family in Sicily. In Spring 1845, he was deeply hit by an accident that took place at work: his boat bumped into a bigger one, turned upside down and sank. Like lots of islanders, he couldn’t swim and had a narrow escape. He thought he had saved himself thanks to God’s help and he decided to move to Nauvoo straight away to live with his Mormon brethren. After its founder’s death and moving to Illinois, the Church was awfully broke and couldn’t build the temple so much longed for. On his arrival, Giuseppe was welcome and admitted to a meeting for very few selected members chaired by Young, the new leader. Giuseppe was going to offer all the money earned during his stay in America to help his brethren overcome their difficulties; they were astonished when they heard him say the money was in his belt and, according to their words, they were even more amazed when he slowly put an extraordinary amount of money on the table before them. They counted it: $ 2599 in gold pieces, a fortune in 1845. His offer was really surprising and Young thought it was God’s help to overcome all difficulties and go on building
trasferimento, collaborando senza risparmiarsi in questa ricerca di nuova sistemazione per la Chiesa. In particolare gli fu dato l’incarico di gestire il bestiame, che rappresentava una grande risorsa per la comunità: si trattava di 74 cavalli, 19 muli, 1275 buoi, 699 mucche, 184 altri bovini, 411 pecore, 141 maiali, 605 polli, 37 gatti, 82 cani, 3 capre, 10 oche, 2 alveari di api, 8 colombe e 1 corvo. Il gruppo a cui apparteneva Joseph era composto di 1229 anime con 397 carri.
Dopo l’arrivo a Salt Lake e la sistemazione del gruppo, Brigham Young informò il suo amico Joseph di avere progetti importanti per lui e gli dichiarò la propria intenzione di volerlo inviare in missione evangelizzatrice al suo paese di origine. Young era convinto che, sull’esempio di Joseph Toronto, l’Italia potesse essere un buon campo di missione per nuove conversioni. Il 10 maggio 1849 Joseph ricevette la sua prima benedizione patriarcale contenente le parole: «Il Signore ti ha chiamato dalla tua terra natale per fare di te un messaggero di salvezza anche per i tuoi fratelli». Il 22 luglio dello stesso anno venne ordinato Settanta, che nella gerarchia del sacerdozio mormone indica colui incaricato di divulgare il Verbo.
Tre mesi dopo, il 6 ottobre 1849, durante la conferenza generale, Joseph venne chiamato ad accompagnare Lorenzo Snow, responsabile della missione in Italia. La partenza fu fissata il 19 ottobre successivo. Si trattava di un gruppo di 35 missionari diretti, oltre che in Italia ed in altri stati degli USA, anche in Francia, Danimarca, Inghilterra, Scozia, Svezia. Per la storia dei Mormoni questi furono i primi missionari che predicarono il Vangelo mormone all’estero. Joseph espresse grande gratitudine a Young per essersi stato scelto per questa missione in Italia, dove, finalmente, dopo dieci anni, avrebbe potuto riabbracciare i familiari, oltre che condividere con loro «la luce, la verità e la gioia del Vangelo».
I missionari mormoni, partiti da Salt Lake City, arrivarono a Kanesville, Iowa, circa due mesi dopo, l’11 dicembre 1849, dopo aver percorso il deserto, essere sfuggiti ad attacchi indiani e attraversato fiumi ghiacciati. Qui si riposarono 15 giorni; successivamente i gruppi si divisero per raggiungere le destinazioni prefissate. Joseph ed il suo gruppo arrivarono a St. Louis, Missouri, i primi di gennaio 1850 e, dopo qualche giorno di riposo, si rimisero in cammino per il porto New Orleans dove egli aveva vissuto e lavorato. Da Salt Lake City a New Orleans, percorsero 2.046 miglia ovvero 3.300 kilometri.
Il 26 febbraio 1850, Toronto con altri sette missionari salpò da New Orleans con la nave Maine diretto in Inghilterra, dove si fermò qualche mese. Il 15 giugno, gli Anziani Lorenzo Snow, Joseph Toronto e Thomas Stenhose (un inglese, da poco convertito) partirono da Southampton alla volta di Le Havre viaggiando con il pirocafo Wonder. Arrivati in Francia, proseguirono via terra per Parigi, Lione, Marsiglia, da dove continuarono, via mare, verso Nizza per giungere a Genova il 25 giugno 1850.
Durante il soggiorno in Inghilterra il gruppo aveva studiato il modo per avviare la sua missione italiana, stabilendo di muoversi con prudenza verso quei luoghi in cui avrebbero intrapreso l’azione evangelizzatrice. La loro attenzione venne attratta dalle esperienze dei protestanti
the temple. Young took Giuseppe into great consideration from then on, feeling great affection for him, giving him a rank as an Elder in the Mormon hierarchy and turning his name into Joseph Toronto.
Unfortunately religious intolerance started again: Young couldn’t bear it and decided to move to the West again in 1846 to today’s Salt Lake City, Utah. Joseph took active part into the new life and he was entrusted with the livestock’s care. It was great wealth for those people: 74 horses, 19 mules, 1275 oxen, 699 cows, 184 loose cattle, 411 sheep, 141 pigs, 605 chickens, 37 cats, 82 dogs, 3 goats, 10 geese, 2 beehives, 8 doves and 1 crow. Joseph’s group was made up of 1229 people and 397 wagons.
After arriving in Salt Lake City and settling there, Brigham Young told his friend about his plans for the future for him: Joseph would leave for his mother country on a mission of evangelization. In Young’s opinion new conversions would follow, thanks to Joseph’s example. On May 10th, 1849, Joseph was given his first patriarchal blessing with the words: «God has called for you from your land to give your brethren a message of salvation». On July 22nd of the same year he was ordained Seventy, a hierarchical term referring to people entrusted with spreading God’s word.
Three months later, at a general meeting, Joseph was given the task to accompany Lorenzo Snow, responsible for the mission to Italy. He was expected to leave on the following October 19th with thirty five missionaries travelling to Italy, other States and then to France, Denmark, Great Britain, Scotland and Sweden. They were the first missionaries preaching the Mormon Gospel abroad. Joseph was really grateful to Young for this mission: he would meet his family after 10 years, sharing with them «the light, truth and joy of the Gospel».
The Mormon missionaries left Salt Lake City, reached Kanesville, Iowa, two months later on December 11th, 1849 after crossing both the desert and iced rivers, always fighting against the Indians. They rested there for fifteen days, then left for New Orleans again where he had lived and worked. From Salt Lake to New Orleans, they travelled 2046 miles that is 3300 Km.
On February 26th, Toronto and the other missionaries set sail from New Orleans on board s/s Maine bound for Britain where it harbored for some months. On June 15th, Elders Lorenzo Snow, Joseph Toronto and Thomas Stenhose (a newly converted Englishman) left Southampton for Le Havre on board s/s Wonder. Once in France, they travelled to Paris, Lyon, Marseille and then to Nice and Genoa where they arrived on June 25th, 1850.
While in Britain they had planned the Italian mission, turning their attention to the protestant Waldenses that lived in the mountain valleys of Piedmont: they had experienced a great many difficulties due to persecution and discrimination but now they were leading a poor but quieter life, thanks to Carlo Alberto, King of Sardinia, that had granted them religious freedom, civil and political rights and had allowed them to receive education at school. Therefore Snow sent Toronto and Stenhose to Piedmont to learn more about the Waldenses and explore chances of missionary preaching. They left on July 1st for Piedmont and were so favorably impresValdesi che vivevano nelle valli montane del Piemonte dove, dopo un lungo periodo di persecuzioni e discriminazioni, in quel momento storico riuscirono a vivere più tranquilli, sebbene ancora in condizione di povertà. Infatti, Carlo Alberto, Re di Sardegna, il 18 febbraio 1848 aveva concesso loro il diritto di professare la propria religione, di godere dei diritti civili e politici, e di frequentare le scuole.
Partendo da queste considerazioni, Snow inviò Toronto e Stenhouse in Piemonte per studiare da vicino le condizioni dei Valdesi ed esplorare le possibilità di lavoro missionario tra di loro. Partirono il 1° luglio 1850 e, visitando i villaggi di montagna piemontesi, a predominanza Valdese, i due inviati ne furono favorevolmente impressionati; riferirono quindi a Snow, che, il 23 luglio, lasciò Genova per recarsi a Torre Pellice, in Valle Pellice provincia di Torino, ricongiungendosi con i compagni.
I primi tempi passati nella comunità Vadese non dovettero essere facili innanzitutto perché veniva parlato il francese o dialetti locali, con i quali anche il buon Joseph non aveva alcuna dimestichezza. Inoltre, Snow suggerì di mantenere un basso profilo anche perché verso di loro si era manifestata, quasi subito, una certa diffidenza.
Successivamente però Charles John Beckwith (Benefattore della popolazione valdese) incontrò Snow diverse volte, mostrandosi più disponibile. La fondazione della Chiesa mormone Italiana avvenne sul monte Vandalino (m. 2.154) che sovrasta Torre Pellice, nell’agosto del 1850. I primi battesimi furono celebrati agli inizi di Ottobre, ma Toronto non vi prese parte perché, non sapendo parlare il francese ed essendo fortemente desideroso di visitare la sua famiglia in Sicilia, ai primi di agosto gli venne consentito di partire.
L’inaspettato arrivo di Joseph in famiglia, dopo 10 anni di assenza, provocò commozione e lacrime di felicità soprattutto nei vecchi genitori Francesco e Angela. Vi furono grandi festeggiamenti in suo onore e tutti i familiari si strinsero intorno mentre Joseph narrava le sue esperienze in America; suscitò qualche critica solo quando rivelò che aveva abbracciato una nuova religione. A Palermo si fermò un anno nella casa dei suoi genitori e non mancò di convertire e battezzare alcuni dei suoi parenti, lasciandone altri a riflettere e studiare il Vangelo. Joseph tornò in Piemonte il 15 agosto 1851 e si fermò ancora per un lungo periodo tra la comunità mormone, che intanto era aumentata di numero. Finita la sua missione italiana, ripartì per Salt Lake City dove arrivò il 30 luglio del 1852, dopo essersi fatto onore come missionario all’estero per quasi tre anni.
Oltre all’accresciuto prestigio personale all’interno della comunità, Joseph continuò ad essere il pupillo di Brigham Young il quale, vedendolo preoccupato per la condizione di povertà in cui vivevano i parenti in Sicilia, decise di supportarlo facendo pervenire loro un aiuto economico.
Brigham pensò anche che fosse venuto il momento per il suo amico di prendere moglie e gli fece pertanto conoscere la bella Gallese Eleanor Jones. Joseph, 37 anni, ed Eleanor, 29 anni, si sposarono nell’autunno del 1853. Al ricevimento dato in loro onore da Zina Young, moglie di Brigham, furono presenti invitati di sei nazionalità: americana, inglese, norvegese, svedese, italiana e gallese.
Joseph F. Smith, fondatore della Chiesa Mormone, con la sua famiglia.
Joseph F. Smith, the Mormon Church leader, and family.
sed by them that he let Snow know immediately: he, too, left for Genoa and met his fellows in Torre Pellice, Valle Pellice, near Turin.
We think at the beginning life was hard among the Waldenses: the missionaries spoke neither French nor local dialects and they felt kind of suspicion so that, following Snow’s suggestion, they kept a low profile. After a while, Charles John Beckwith (benefactor of the Waldensian population) met Snow showing better attitude.
The Italian Mormon Church was founded on Mt. Vandalino (m. 2.154) towering Torre Pellice in August 1850.
The first christenings were held early in October but Toronto didn’t take part in them because he had left for Sicily in August as he didn’t speak any French and really longed for visiting his own family there.
After ten years’ absence his family members were really happy to meet him again, especially his parents, Francesco and Angela. Lots of celebrations were held in his honor: they all gathered around him while he was telling about his life in America, showing just a bit of criticism about his new religion. He lived in Palermo for one year and a half at his parents’ place, he converted and christened some family members; others started studying the Gospel. Joseph got back to Piedmont on August 15th, 1851 and lived for a long period in the Mormon community that meanwhile had become larger and larger. Eventually, he left for Salt Lake City where he arrived on July 30th, 1852 after working hard as a missionary abroad for almost three years.
His personal prestige had grown higher in the community and, as he was still Brigham Young’s favorite, he received great financial help from him for his poor family in Sicily. Brigham also decided it was high time for his friend he got married and introduced him to a pretty Welsh girl, Eleanor Jones. Joseph, 37, and Eleanor, 29, got married in Autumn 1853. Zina Young, Brigham’s wife, gave a wedding party in their honor and she asked round guests of six different nationalities: American, British, Norwegian, Swedish, Italian and Welsh. They had four children: Joseph Brigham, Frank, Ellen, Jonathan Joseph. Unfortunately, in 1865, darling Ellen died at
Da questo matrimonio nacquero quattro figli: Joseph Brigham, Frank, Ellen, Jonathan Joseph. Disgraziatamente, nel 1865, la piccola Ellen, di salute cagionevole, morì all’età di quattro anni. Ripresosi dal dolore per la morte della figlia, Joseph si buttò a capo fitto sul lavoro e, su consiglio di Brigham, fece un importante investimento immobiliare e comprò anche del terreno da coltivare. In seguito iniziò ad allevare bestiame in un ranch di sua proprietà, prendendo a lavorare con sé un giovane di nome James Bertoch, arrivato nello Utah nel 1854 assieme ad altri piemontesi mormonizzati.
Dopo quasi 20 anni di matrimonio, Joseph ed Eleanor presero a servizio una giovane convertita svedese, di nome Anna Catharina Johansson, che iniziò a vivere con loro. Col passare del tempo Anna ed Eleanor svilupparono una stretta amicizia e, poiché Anna era sola al mondo, Eleanor suggerì a Joseph di prenderla in sposa come seconda moglie. Solo dopo ripetuta insistenza da parte di Eleanor e l’approvazione di Brigham Young, Joseph, il 22 gennaio 1872, sposò Anna. A quel tempo aveva 56 anni e la sua seconda moglie 30. Da questo matrimonio nacquero tre figli: John Charles, Rosa Anna, Albert. La famiglia di Joseph Toronto aumentò di numero e lui visse con gioia questa parte della sua vita, convolando a nozze per la terza volta, il 9 novembre 1874, con una vedova svedese della sua stessa età, di nome Catharina Andersson.
Pur essendo divenuto facoltoso proprietario di un grande ranch, Joseph non dimenticò i suoi parenti in Sicilia e, nel gennaio 1876, a 60 anni di età, ripartì per una seconda missione nella sua terra natale. I suoi genitori erano morti qualche anno prima e, come figlio maschio maggiore, sentì la responsabilità di doversi occupare delle famiglie di sorelle e fratelli. Nel maggio 1877, condusse pertanto con sé a Salt Lake quattordici persone, fra componenti della sua famiglia ed altri lontani parenti, pagando le spese di viaggio. Al loro arrivo il «Deseret News» formi un resoconto dettagliato del viaggio di Joseph e della sua ‘allegra banda’ di immigrati siciliani riportandone i nomi: Efisia Agras, sorella maggiore di Joseph, vedova; Maria Grazia Scappatura, sorella minore, vedova con i figli Antonio, Francesco, Vincenzo e Angelina; Giuseppe Corrao con la sorella maggiore Giovanna, parenti di Joseph; altri cugini di cognome Adoraiddio. Joseph fu felice di avere riunito la famiglia americana con quella italiana e per facilitare l’integrazione provvide affinché tutte le sistemazioni per i nuovi arrivati fossero decorose. Il gruppo dei siciliani, nei primi tempi, fu allegro ed esuberante e alcuni di loro dimostrarono di avere un buon talento musicale. Ma, passata l’euforia iniziale e dovendosi adattare ad una nuova cultura, una lingua sconosciuta e ad un clima rigido, un certo scorcamento li assalì: una famiglia tornò in Sicilia, altri si trasferirono in California dove il clima era più gradevole. Maria Grazia Scappatura con i suoi figli scelse invece di restare a Salt Lake; rimase anche Efisia Agras, che andò ad abitare a casa di Joseph rimasto in verità molto deluso dal comportamento degli altri suoi parenti. Inoltre la malasorte inferì sulla vita di Joseph e nel volgere di un breve periodo di tempo due lutti lo colpirono ancora: nell’agosto 1877, tre mesi dopo il suo ritorno dalla sua seconda missione, morì il suo caro amico e benefattore Brigham Young e, nel febbraio del 1878, morì la sorella maggiore di Joseph, Efisia Agras, vedova.
Having been married for twenty years, Joseph and Eleanor took a newly converted young Swedish servant called Anna Catharina Johansson who started to live with them. As time went by, Ann and Eleanor became close friends and, as Ann didn’t have any relatives to live with, Eleanor suggested Joseph he should marry her, too. Eleanor had to insist a lot, Brigham approved of it and Joseph married Anna on January 22nd, 1872. He was then fifty six and his second wife thirty. They had three children: John Charles, Rosa Anna, Albert. Joseph Toronto’s family got larger and he enjoyed it so much that he got married for the third time on November 9th, 1874 with a Swedish widow of his same age whose name was Catharina Andersson.
He became very wealthy and owner of a large ranch but he never forgot his family in Sicily. In January 1876, at sixty years of age, he left for his mother country on his second mission. His parents had died a few years earlier: he felt responsible for looking after his brothers’ and sisters’ families, as he was the eldest son. Back to Salt Lake with fourteen people among whom some next of kin but some distant relations, too, in May 1877, he himself bore their travel expenses. On their arrival, the “Deseret News” fully reported about Joseph’s journey and the “merry party” of Sicilian immigrants quoting their names: Efisia Agras, Joseph’s elder sister, a widow; Maria Grazia Scappatura, his younger sister, a widow with her own children, Antonio, Francesco, Vincenzo and Angelina; Giuseppe Corrao with his own elder sister Giovanna, both Joseph’s relatives; some cousins whose surname was Adoraiddio. Joseph was happy: he had gathered the Italian family and the American one and found comfortable accommodation for everybody in order to help them get along well. At first the Sicilian group was cheerful and some of them had a real talent for music but after a while they felt discouraged both for their different culture and for the language; moreover the climate was really hard for them so that a family got back home to Sicily and others moved to California where the climatic conditions were better and more pleasant. Maria Grazia Scappatura decided to stay in Salt Lake City as well as Efisia Agras that started living in Joseph’s own house. He was really disappointed with his relatives’ behavior. Moreover, two more deaths hit his family again: in August 1877, three months after his second mission, his dearest friend Brigham Young died and, in February 1789, a horse from his ranch kicked his son John Charles who died at five years of age. In 1833 his son Frank ended his life tragically, too: unsaddled, he hit his head violently on a stone and died. Frank was married, the only one among Joseph’s children, and he left his wife and two children aged six and two. Probably due to these tragedies and to the disappointment above, Joseph’s strong build gave in and he died on July 6th, 1883 at home in Salt Lake City just four months after his son’s death. Joseph was sixty seven and his death moved deeply all those who had loved and valued him greatly. His life looks like trailers of Hollywood films: illiterate, broke, with no help from anyone,
braio 1879, morì, a cinque anni, il figlio John Charles, colpito dal calcio di un cavallo del ranch. Come se non bastasse, nel 1883, un’altra tragedia devastante si accanì sulla sua famiglia, con la morte del figlio Frank, 26 anni, che, disarcionato da cavallo, andò a sbattere il capo contro un masso. Frank era l’unico figlio sposato e lasciò una moglie e due bambini di due e di sei anni.
Forse per effetto di tutti questi lutti e per la delusione procurata dalla famiglia italiana, la forte fibra di Joseph cedette fino a portarlo alla morte, avvenuta il 6 luglio 1883 nella sua casa di Salt Lake City appena quattro mesi dopo la morte del figlio Frank. Aveva 67 anni. L’annuncio della sua morte suscitò grande cordoglio tra tutti quelli che lo avevano conosciuto, amato e stimato. Il suo passaggio sembra uno spaccato di cinema hollywoodiano: partito dalla Sicilia, povero, senza cultura e senza sostegni, alla ricerca di un lavoro, Giuseppe Efisio Taranto, divenuto poi Joseph Toronto, si trovò ad affrontare un universo più grande di lui, ma dove riuscì a lasciare un imperituro segno fra i fratelli mormoni che lo ricordano, ancora oggi, alla stregua di un eroe, e fra i parenti, cui aveva mostrato un commovente attaccamento. La sua vita, segnata da fatiche, disgrazie e rischi continui - e tuttavia piena di soddisfazione per essere riuscito a passare indenne in mezzo ad un’esistenza così avventurosa - ci ricorda come l’emigrazione, foriera di successi e ancora più spesso di sconfitte, riveli la sofferenza di chi ha visto negata la possibilità di godere sia degli affetti familiari, sia della certezza delle radici che legano alla terra natale, talvolta con conseguente senso di smarrimento della propria identità.
Felice Longo
Felice Longo, usticese, è socio fondatore del Centro Studi e Documentazione di Ustica.
Post scriptum
Forse non avremmo mai conosciuto la storia di Giuseppe Efisio Taranto alias Joseph Toronto senza la segnalazione del californiano Stanley Najolia di origine usticese, attento custode delle nostre tradizioni e socio del Centro Studi. Lo ringraziamo, riportando le sue parole: «Qualunque sia la vostra opinione sulla Chiesa mormone, è interessante sapere che un figlio di Ustica abbia salvato, tanti anni fa, la Chiesa di Romney, candidato alla Presidenza degli Stati Uniti».
Un grazie anche agli amici di Pinerolo, Prof.ssa Annalisa Bosio e Prof. Mauro Ughetto, che ci hanno aiutato ad avere un contatto con la Dott.ssa Gabriella Ballesio, direttrice dell’Archivio Tavola Valdese, che ha confermato i fatti raccontati a proposito della missione mormone in Valle Pellice del 1850. Ringraziamo ancora la Prof.ssa Maria Cabras per le ricerche negli archivi di Cagliari ed infine The Joseph Toronto (Giuseppe Taranto) Foundation per l’interessante materiale riportato sul sito www.josephtoronto.org.
Giuseppe Efisio Taranto, later Joseph Toronto, left Sicily, looking for a job; he faced a bigger world than him but was able to leave an everlasting mark both among his Mormon brethren that still today remember him as a hero and among his relatives he was deeply affectionate to. His life, full of hard work, tragedies and risks as well as satisfaction for getting by, reminds us that emigration sometimes hands success over and more often defeats; moreover, it always shows people’s sufferings for missing their family affection and for cutting off the roots that tie their hearts to their birthplace, sometimes leaving them bewildered and without any identity.
Felice Longo from Ustica is a founder member of the Centro Studi e Documentazione di Ustica.
Traduzione curata da Elena Moiraghi
Post scriptum
We thank Mr. Stanley Najolia, a member of Centro Studi di Ustica, fond of Ustica’s traditions: without his hints we would never know about Giuseppe Efisio Taranto alias Joseph Toronto. Here are his words: «Whatever your opinion about the Mormon Church, a lot of years ago a child from Ustica rescued the Church of Romney, candidate to the Presidential Office in the USA».
We also thank Miss Annalisa Bosio and Mr. Mauro Ughetto, both teachers in Pinerolo, that helped us get in touch with Ms. Gabriella Ballesio, Director of the Archive Tavola Valdese; she confirmed the facts told about the mormon mission in Valle Pellice in 1850.
We thank Mrs. Maria Cabras for the careful archive research work carried out in Cagliari and eventually The Joseph Toronto (Giuseppe Taranto) Foundation for the interesting material available on the website www.josephtoronto.org. | 40ed8b73-775a-4690-adc4-c0b7770af02e | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ita_Latn/train | finepdfs | ita_Latn | 30,423 |
HISTOIRE ECONOMIQUE ET SOCIALE DU MOYEN ÂGE Année 2009-2010
Administrer par l'écrit au Moyen Âge
Les séances ont lieu de 15 h 00 à 17 h 00 en salle Perroy
4 novembre 2009 : Laurent Feller (Univ. Paris 1), Introduction. Les formes de la richesse au haut moyen âge
18 novembre 2009 : Harmony Dewez (Univ. Paris 1) : Recherches sur le fonds du prieuré cathédral de Norwich
2 décembre 2009 : Catherine Verna (Univ. Paris 8) : Ecrire et produire en Catalogne : les notaires du haut Vallespir (XIV e et XV e siècles)
16 décembre 2009 : Emmanuel Huertas, Le dossier Martinus. La famille, le patrimoine et la pratique documentaire d'un notaire-chanoine de Pistoia vers 1100
13 janvier 2010 : Paul Bertrand (CNRS/IRHT) : Le chartrier de Thierry de Hérisson
27 janvier 2010 : Julie Claustre (Univ. Paris 1) : Clients et clientèles des notaires parisiens aux XIV e et XV e siècles
10 février 2010 : Marie Dejoux (Univ. Paris 1/Archives Nationales) : Les enquêtes de réformation de Saint-Louis
10 mars : Pierre Chastang (Univ. Versailles-Saint-Quentin) : Les cartulaires urbains de Montpellier
24 mars 2010 : Jérôme Hayez (CNRS) : Autour du fonds Datini de Prato
7 avril 2010 : Hélène Noizet (Univ.Paris 1) : Le projet Alpage
5 mai 2010 : Julien Demade (CNRS/Lamop) : La méthodologie des sciences sociales, entre structures académiques et enjeux intellectuels: la construction des prix historiques comme 'faits' scientifiques (1880-1950)
12 mai 2010 : Florent Hautefeuille (Univ. Toulouse II) : La modélisation des sources fiscales médiévales et modernes : un outil d'avenir pour l'archéologie
26 mai 2010 : Chris Loveluck (Univ. Nottingham), Autour de Flixborough. | <urn:uuid:702968c0-6463-4d6c-b833-3daf0fb0f616> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/fra_Latn/train | finepdfs | fra_Latn | 1,666 |
Narodowy Dzień Pamięci „Żołnierzy Wyklętych" w Zespole Szkół Technicznych im. Ziemi Dobrzyńskiej w Lipnie obchodzony jest uroczyście od roku 2012. Inicjatorkami celebrowania tego święta w szkole są opiekunki koła patriotycznego: Elżbieta Drzewiecka i Małgorzata Józefkowicz oraz opiekunka koła historycznego – Anna Rudzka.
Z tej okazji odbywają się w szkole projekcje filmów, konkursy, wystawy, młodzież przygotowuje również apele, przedstawienia i montaże literacko-muzyczne ukazujące tragiczne losy bohaterów drugiej konspiracji. Nauczyciele prowadzą okolicznościowe lekcje wychowawcze poświęcone Żołnierzom Niezłomnym, podczas których przybliżają uczniom ich sylwetki. Każdemu Świętu „Żołnierzy Wyklętych" w ZST patronuje jeden z zapomnianych bohaterów. Tegoroczne obchody poświęcone były majorowi Zygmuntowi Szendzielarzowi „Łupaszce", gdyż w dniu 8 lutego minęła 65 rocznica dokonanego na Nim mordu, a w dniu 24 kwietnia odbędzie się uroczysty pogrzeb na warszawskich Powązkach, w którym indywidualnie wezmą udział także uczniowie szkoły. Z tej okazji młodzi patrioci z ZST przygotowali wystawę zdjęć związanych z bohaterskim dowódcą 5. Wileńskiej Brygady AK, pod którego komendą walczyła m.in. zamordowana w 1946 roku 18-letnia Danuta Siedzikówna – „Inka".
Uczniowie zorganizowali w holu szkoły wystawę zdjęć i biogramów Żołnierzy Wyklętych, a także niezłomnych dziewcząt, które oddały swe życie za wolność Ojczyzny.
Dużym zainteresowaniem cieszyła się również wystawa poświęcona pracom w kwaterze „Ł" Cmentarza Powązkowskiego. Przy współpracy Jarosława Kowalskiego i Romana Kowalskiego wykonano projekt graficzny „Dziewczyny Niezłomne", którego bohaterki w strojach harcerskich i żołnierskich w dniu 1 marca przybliżały kolegom i koleżankom tragiczne losy młodych Polek, mordowanych przez komunistów nie zważających na to, że niektóre z ofiar były w zaawansowanej ciąży.
Przed projekcją filmu „Pseudonim ANODA" i „Jack Strong" uczniowie minutą ciszy uczcili pamięć ofiar reżimu komunistycznego. Podczas przerw w szkolnym radio prezentowane były piosenki patriotyczne w wykonaniu Tadeusza Polkowskiego („Niewygodna Prawda"). Wielu uczniów i nauczycieli podkreśliło doniosłość tego dnia poprzez odświętny strój i biało-czerwone opaski na ramieniu.
mgr Elżbieta Drzewiecka | <urn:uuid:1e6b1061-0515-4fdc-a51f-eec909231b2d> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/pol_Latn/train | finepdfs | pol_Latn | 2,281 |
PROJET D'OFFRE PUBLIQUE DE RETRAIT SUIVIE D'UN RETRAIT OBLIGATOIRE VISANT LES ACTIONS DE LA SOCIETE
INITIÉE PAR
AGISSANT DE CONCERT AVEC HOCHE PARTNERS PEI
PRESENTEE PAR
ETABLISSEMENT PRESENTATEUR
PROJET DE NOTE D'INFORMATION ETABLI PAR LA SOCIETE INOVALIS
PRIX DE L'OFFRE
2,80 euros par action ADVENIS
DUREE DE L'OFFRE
10 jours de négociation
Le calendrier de l'offre sera déterminé par l'Autorité des Marchés Financiers (l'« AMF ») conformément aux dispositions de son règlement général
Le présent projet de note d'information (le « Projet de Note d'Information ») a été établi et déposé auprès de l'Autorité des marchés financiers le 12 avril 2022, conformément aux articles 231-13, 23116 et 231-18 de son règlement général (« RGAMF »).
Cette offre et le Projet de Note d'Information restent soumis à l'examen de l'AMF.
AVIS IMPORTANT
Sous réserve de la décision de conformité de l'AMF, à l'issue de l'offre publique de retrait faisant l'objet du présent Projet de Note d'Information, la procédure de retrait obligatoire prévue à l'article L.433-4, II du Code monétaire et financier sera mise en œuvre. Les actions ADVENIS visées par l'offre qui n'auront pas été apportées à l'offre publique de retrait seront transférées à Inovalis, moyennant une indemnisation égale au prix proposé dans le cadre de l'offre publique de retrait (soit 2,80 euros par action ADVENIS), nette de tous frais.
Le présent Projet de Note d'Information est disponible sur les sites Internet de l'AMF (www.amffrance.org) et de Inovalis (www.inovalis.com) et peut être obtenu sans frais auprès de Inovalis (52 rue de Bassano, 75008 Paris) et de Banque Delubac & Cie (10 rue Roquépine, 75008 Paris).
Conformément à l'article 231-28 du Règlement général de l'AMF, les informations relatives aux caractéristiques, notamment juridiques, financières et comptables de Inovalis seront déposées auprès de l'AMF et mises à la disposition du public, selon les mêmes modalités, au plus tard la veille du jour de l'ouverture de l'offre publique d'achat.
Table des matières
1 PRESENTATION DE L'OFFRE
En application du Titre III du Livre II et plus particulièrement des articles 236-3 et 237-1 du RGAMF, Inovalis 1 , société anonyme dont le siège est situé 52 rue de Bassano, 75008 Paris, dont le numéro d'identification est 420 780 835 R.C.S. PARIS (« Inovalis » ou l'« Initiateur »), propose de manière irrévocable aux actionnaires de la société ADVENIS, société anonyme dont le siège est situé 52 rue de Bassano, 75008 Paris, dont le numéro d'identification est 402 002 687 R.C.S. PARIS (« ADVENIS » ou la « Société »), dont les actions sont admises aux négociations sur le marché réglementé d'Euronext Growth à Paris (« Euronext Growth Paris ») sous le code ISIN FR0004152874, mnémonique « ALADV », d'acquérir la totalité de leurs actions dans le cadre d'une offre publique de retrait (l'« Offre Publique de Retrait ») qui sera suivie d'un retrait obligatoire (le « Retrait Obligatoire », et, avec l'Offre Publique de Retrait, l'« Offre ») dans les conditions décrites ci-après, au prix de 2,80 euros par action ADVENIS (le « Prix d'Offre »).
L'Initiateur, actionnaire majoritaire et de contrôle de la Société, est contrôlé indirectement par M. Stéphane Amine, président du conseil d'administration et directeur général de l'Initiateur et par ailleurs, président du conseil d'administration et directeur général de la Société.
Inovalis et la société Hoche Partners Private Equity Investors 2 , société à responsabilité limitée luxembourgeoise, dont le siège social est situé 33 rue du Puits Romain, L-8070 Bertrange, immatriculée au registre du commerce et des sociétés du Luxembourg sous le numéro B 183 240 (« Hoche Partners PEI » ou « HPPEI »), agissent de concert (le « Concert » ou les « Concertistes ») au sens de l'article L.233-10 du code de commerce, du fait de la signature d'un pacte d'actionnaires concertant conclu le 24 septembre 2020 (le « Pacte d'Actionnaires »).
A la date du présent Projet de Note d'Information 3 , Inovalis et Hoche Partners PEI détiennent respectivement 8 556 279 actions, représentant 68,65% du capital et 74,41% des droits de vote de la Société, et 2 835 668 actions, représentant 22,75% du capital et 18,55% des droits de vote de la Société.
Le Concert détient ainsi ensemble 11 391 947 actions soit 91,40% du capital et 92,96% des droits de vote de la Société.
L'Offre porte sur la totalité des actions existantes ADVENIS non détenues par le Concert, soit, à la date du Projet de Note d'Information, un nombre total maximum de 1 072 504 actions de la Société représentant 1 296 910 droits de vote, soit 8,60% du capital et 7,04% des droits de vote de la Société.
A la connaissance de l'Initiateur, il n'existe pas d'autres titres de capital ou instruments financiers pouvant donner accès, immédiatement ou à terme, au capital ou aux droits de vote de ADVENIS.
L'Offre Publique de Retrait sera ouverte pour une durée de dix jours de négociation.
Dans la mesure où le Concert détient d'ores et déjà plus de 90% du capital et des droits de vote de la Société, l'Offre Publique de Retrait sera suivie d'un Retrait Obligatoire. Dans le cadre du Retrait Obligatoire, les actions ADVENIS visées par l'Offre non apportées à l'Offre Publique de Retrait seront transférées à l'Initiateur, moyennant une indemnisation en numéraire égale au Prix d'Offre (soit 2,80 euros par action ADVENIS), nette de tout frais.
1 Contrôlée indirectement par M. Stéphane Amine
2 Contrôlée par M. Jean Daniel Cohen
3 Sur la base du nombre d'actions et de droits de vote publié par Advenis le 25 mars 2022
Conformément à l'article 231-13 du RGAMF, l'Offre est présentée par Banque Delubac & Cie (l'« Etablissement Présentateur »), qui garantit la teneur et le caractère irrévocable des engagements pris par l'Initiateur relatifs à l'Offre.
1.1 Contexte et motif de l'Offre
L'Initiateur et Hoche Partners PEI se sont rapprochés en septembre 2020 et ont décidé de mettre en œuvre une politique commune vis-à-vis de ADVENIS, visant dans la mesure du possible, à :
– développer l'activité de la Société via des présentations d'opportunités de développements par Hoche Partners PEI ;
– convertir leurs obligations convertibles en actions dans le cadre de l'offre publique d'achat simplifiée initiée par Inovalis de concert avec Hoche Partners PEI le 26 novembre 2020 ; et
– sortir la Société de la cote pour limiter les coûts de la Société.
Ils ont conclu en date du 24 septembre 2020 un pacte d'actionnaires, constitutif d'une action de concert, devant régir leur relation vis-à-vis de ADVENIS. Les principales caractéristiques de ce pacte d'actionnaires sont décrites à la section 1.3 du présent Projet de Note d'Information.
1.1.1 Acquisition d'actions ADVENIS par le Concert
Offre publique d'achat simplifiée par le Concert en 2020
Le 26 novembre 2020, une offre publique d'achat simplifiée (l'« OPAS 2020 ») a été initiée par Inovalis de concert avec Hoche Partners PEI à un prix de 2,07 € par action. A l'issue de cette offre, le Concert détenait 10 335 141 actions ADVENIS représentant 83,00% du capital et 86,93% des droits de vote de la Société.
L'Initiateur et Hoche Partners PEI, ont par ailleurs converti, le 7 décembre 2020 (pendant l'OPAS 2020), respectivement 2 204 et 2 146 obligations convertibles en actions (« OCA »), qui ont donné droit à respectivement 2 313 208 et 2 252 334 actions ADVENIS.
Il est par ailleurs précisé que la présente Offre est libellée à un prix supérieur à celui de l'OPAS 2020.
En effet, le Plan d'Affaires 2020 à 2023 retenu lors de l'OPAS 2020 tenait compte d'un premier exercice dont le résultat opérationnel courant était positif mais en large recul par rapport à 2019. Cette opération avait de plus été déposée à une période particulièrement marquée par l'incertitude générale liée à la crise de la COVID et avec peu d'années de recul de collecte significative des produits SCPI. L'OPAS 2020 tenait également compte d'un endettement financier de 19,4m€, dont 12,8m€ d'OCA, qui ont entièrement été converties ou remboursées à la date de la présente Offre.
Le Plan d'Affaires 2022 à 2024 utilisé dans le cadre de l'appréciation du Prix de l'Offre tient compte des résultats publiés au 31 décembre 2021 et repose sur deux années supplémentaires de collecte SCPI (comparé au Plan d'Affaires 2020-2023 utilisé dans le cadre de l'OPAS 2020) démontrant ainsi la résilience de ces produits. Il prend également en compte l'arrêt de l'activité déficitaire de la filiale Aupéra.
Enfin, le Prix d'Offre résulte notamment de la négociation, intervenue en novembre 2021 entre l'Initiateur et la société Groupe Renée Costes, d'un bloc représentant 5,5% du capital de la Société. Le résultat de cette négociation, dont le prix constitue une référence dans le cadre des travaux d'évaluation, bénéficie à l'ensemble des actionnaires minoritaires dans le cadre de la présente Offre
Conversion d'OCA par l'Initiateur postérieurement à l'OPAS 2020
A l'issue de l'OPAS 2020, l'Initiateur détenait 6 OCA (apportées à l'Initiateur dans le cadre de l'OPAS 2020 mais n'ayant pas pu être converties car apportées après la date limite au-delà de laquelle une demande de conversion n'était plus possible dans le cadre de l'OPAS 2020) qu'il a décidé de convertir à leur échéance et, ce conformément aux dispositions du prospectus relatif auxdites OCA (visa AMF n°18-030 du 26 janvier 2018), le 17 février 2021, donnant ainsi droit à 6 297 actions ADVENIS.
Acquisitions d'actions ADVENIS par l'Initiateur
Postérieurement à l'OPAS 2020, l'Initiateur a procédé à des acquisitions successives, pour un total de 1 050 509 actions, dont l'acquisition le 17 novembre 2021 d'un bloc de 691 492 actions de la Société, hors plateforme de négociation, au prix de 2,80 € par action.
Les acquisitions d'actions réalisées par l'Initiateur sont détaillées dans le tableau ci-dessous :
A l'issue de ces acquisitions, le Concert détient 11 391 947 actions ADVENIS représentant 17 130 125 droits de vote de la Société, soit 91,40% du capital et 92,96% des droits de vote de la Société et a ainsi franchi le seuil de 90% du capital et des droits de vote de la Société.
1.1.2 Annonce du projet d'Offre
Le 12 avril 2022, Inovalis a annoncé son intention de déposer auprès de l'AMF un projet d'offre publique de retrait suivie d'un retrait obligatoire sur les actions ADVENIS au prix de 2,80 euros par action.
1.1.3 Répartition du capital de ADVENIS
A la date du Projet de Note d'Information 4 , le nombre d'actions et de droits de vote de la Société détenus par le Concert est présenté dans le tableau ci-après :
1.1.4 Déclaration de franchissement de seuil
Conformément aux dispositions de l'article L.233-7 et suivants du Code de commerce, le Concert a déclaré auprès de l'AMF et de la Société avoir franchi en hausse, le 30 novembre 2021, les seuils de 90% du capital et des droits de vote de la Société (cf. avis AMF n°221C3336 en date du 1 décembre 2021).
1.1.5 Autorisations règlementaires
L'Offre n'est soumise à l'obtention d'aucune autorisation règlementaire.
1.1.6 Intérêt de l'Offre pour l'Initiateur, la Société et ses actionnaires
La mise en œuvre du Retrait Obligatoire permettrait à la Société de limiter les coûts et contraintes réglementaires et de concentrer ainsi tous ses moyens financiers et humains à la poursuite de son développement.
L'Initiateur propose aux actionnaires de la Société qui apporteront leurs actions à l'Offre une liquidité immédiate sur l'intégralité de leur détention.
Par ailleurs, le Prix d'Offre extériorise une prime par rapport aux critères d'évaluation retenus (cf. sections 3 et 4 du présent Projet de Note d'Information détaillant les éléments d'appréciation du Prix d'Offre).
Conformément à l'article 261-1-III du règlement général de l'AMF, le conseil d'administration de Advenis a institué le 20 décembre 2021 un comité ad hoc, constitué majoritairement d'administrateurs indépendants, chargé de proposer au conseil d'administration la nomination d'un expert indépendant, de superviser les travaux de l'expert indépendant désigné par le conseil d'administration et de préparer un projet d'avis motivé.
Conformément aux articles 261-1-I et 261-1-II du règlement général de l'AMF, le conseil d'administration de ADVENIS a nommé, par décision du 10 janvier 2022 et sur proposition du comité
4 Sur la base du nombre d'actions et de droits de vote publié par Advenis le 25 mars 2022
ad hoc, le cabinet NG Finance, représenté par M. Jacques-Henri Hacquin, en qualité d'expert indépendant, aux fins que ce dernier se prononce sur le caractère équitable des conditions financières de l'Offre.
1.2 Intentions de l'Initiateur au cours des douze prochains mois
1.2.1 Stratégie et politique industrielle, commerciale et financière
L'Initiateur, qui contrôle déjà la Société, entend que la Société poursuive son activité dans la continuité de la stratégie mise en place ces dernières années. L'Offre n'aurait aucun impact direct sur la politique industrielle, commerciale et financière de la Société.
1.2.2 Orientation en matière d'emploi
L'Offre s'inscrit dans une logique de poursuite de l'activité et du développement de la Société et dans la continuité de la politique de gestion en matière de relations sociales et de ressources humaines de la Société. L'Offre ne devrait pas avoir d'impact sur l'orientation en matière d'emploi au sein de la Société.
1.2.3 Composition des organes sociaux
La direction générale de la Société est assurée par M. Stéphane Amine en qualité de présidentdirecteur général et M. Rodolphe Manasterski, en qualité de directeur général délégué.
Le conseil d'administration de la Société est actuellement composé de :
– M. Stéphane Amine, président-directeur général,
– Mme Joëlle Chauvin, administratrice indépendante,
– M. Jean-Daniel Cohen, administrateur,
– M. David Giraud, administrateur,
– Mme Sandrine Fougeirol du Boullay, administratrice indépendante,
– Mme Théodora Plagnard, administratrice indépendante, et
– M. Alain Regnault, administrateur.
Aucune modification concernant la forme juridique et la composition des organes sociaux de la Société n'est envisagée. Il est toutefois précisé que l'Initiateur se réserve la faculté d'étudier l'opportunité d'un changement de structure et de composition des organes sociaux à l'issue du Retrait Obligatoire.
1.2.4 Fusion et synergies envisagées
L'Offre ne s'inscrit pas dans un projet de rapprochement avec d'autres sociétés. Il est toutefois précisé que l'Initiateur se réserve la faculté d'étudier l'opportunité d'une fusion avec la Société ou de toute autre réorganisation à l'issue du Retrait Obligatoire.
1.2.5 Intentions concernant un retrait obligatoire et la radiation des actions de la Société
Dans la mesure où l'Initiateur détient d'ores et déjà plus de 90% du capital et des droits de vote de la Société, l'Offre Publique de Retrait sera suivie d'un Retrait Obligatoire visant la totalité des actions de la Société non encore détenues par le Concert.
Dans le cadre du Retrait Obligatoire, les actions ADVENIS visées par l'Offre non apportées à l'Offre Publique de Retrait seront transférées à l'Initiateur, moyennant une indemnisation en numéraire égale au Prix d'Offre (soit 2,80 euros par action ADVENIS), nette de tout frais, étant précisé que cette procédure de retrait obligatoire entraînera la radiation des actions ADVENIS d'Euronext Growth Paris.
1.2.6 Politique de dividendes
Il est rappelé que la Société n'a pas procédé à des distributions de dividendes depuis plusieurs années. La politique de distribution de dividendes de la Société continuera d'être déterminée par ses organes sociaux en fonction de ses capacités distributives, de sa situation financière et de ses besoins financiers.
1.3 Accords pouvant avoir une incidence significative sur l'appréciation de l'Offre ou son issue
L'Initiateur n'a pas connaissance d'accords susceptibles d'avoir une incidence significative sur l'appréciation de l'Offre ou son issue, autres que le pacte d'actionnaires conclu le 24 septembre 2020 entre les Concertistes.
Les principales caractéristiques du pacte d'actionnaires conclu entre les Concertistes sont les suivantes :
– engagement de Hoche Partners PEI à faire ses meilleurs efforts pour présenter des opportunités de développement à la Société ;
– engagement des Concertistes de ne pas apporter leurs actions à l'OPAS 2020 et de convertir leurs OCA pendant la période d'OPAS 2020 ;
– en termes de gouvernance, MM. Jean-Daniel Cohen et Stéphane Amine sont représentés au conseil d'administration ; obligation de concertation entre les Concertistes avant la prise de décisions importantes par le conseil d'administration ou l'assemblée générale de la Société listées ci-après ; cette obligation de concertation se transformant en droit de veto de M. JeanDaniel Cohen sur les décisions importantes en cas de mise en œuvre du Retrait Obligatoire ; lesdites décisions importantes sont les suivantes :
* toute proposition de modification des statuts de la Société ;
* tout apport, cession, acquisition, prise ou mise en location gérance de fonds de commerce par la Société, représentant, immédiatement ou à terme, une dépense, un investissement ou un désinvestissement supérieur ou égal à un million d'euros ;
* toute acquisition, cession ou prise de participation au capital de toute société, entreprise ou groupement quelconque, représentant, immédiatement ou à terme, une dépense, un investissement ou un désinvestissement supérieur ou égal à un million d'euros ;
* tout investissement supérieur ou égal à un million d'euros ;
* la constitution de toute filiale, succursale, agence ou établissement par la Société ainsi que toute modification de la participation de la Société dans le capital de ses filiales, représentant, immédiatement ou à terme, une dépense, un investissement ou un désinvestissement supérieur ou égal à un million d'euros ;
* toute opération susceptible de conduire, immédiatement ou à terme, à (i) une fusion, une scission ou un apport partiel d'actifs de la Société, (ii) une réduction du capital social de la Société par quelque moyen que ce soit, (iii) une augmentation, immédiate ou à terme, du capital social de la Société par émission de tout instrument financier ;
– en cas de mise en œuvre du Retrait Obligatoire, différents droits et obligations relatifs aux transferts des titres de la Société, à savoir :
* droit de préemption d'Inovalis en cas de transfert des titres ADVENIS par Hoche Partners PEI à un actionnaire ou un tiers à un prix égal à celui offert par le cessionnaire ;
* droit de sortie conjointe de Hoche Partners PEI si Inovalis transfère à un tiers un nombre de titres représentant plus de 10% du capital social de ADVENIS ou à un actionnaire ou un tiers un nombre de titres entrainant immédiatement ou à terme un changement de contrôle de ADVENIS, selon les mêmes modalités et aux mêmes conditions, notamment de prix par titre, que celles offertes par le cessionnaire à Inovalis ;
* obligation de sortie conjointe de Hoche Partners PEI si Inovalis accepte une offre d'achat portant sur l'intégralité du capital et des droits de vote de ADVENIS, au même prix et aux mêmes conditions que ceux de l'offre acceptée par Inovalis ;
* droit anti-dilution de Hoche Partners PEI en cas de nouvelle émission de titres ADVENIS sauf augmentation de capital réservée à un tiers pour permettre à la Société de faire face à des difficultés financières significatives ;
* promesse d'achat de Inovalis au profit de Hoche Partners PEI (i) à 5 ans, 7 ans et 10 ans avec des fenêtres de liquidité de 6 mois, ou (ii) si Inovalis ou la Société passe outre le droit de veto de M. Jean-Daniel Cohen sur les décisions stratégiques listées ci-dessus ; détermination du prix par recours à l'expertise (deux experts nommés chacun par une partie et prix fixé à la moyenne arithmétique des prix déterminés par les deux experts et en cas d'écart de plus de 20%, nomination d'un nouvel expert et moyenne arithmétique des prix déterminés par les trois experts) ;
– durée de 11 ans à compter de la signature du pacte, soit jusqu'au 24 septembre 2031.
Par ailleurs, il est précisé à toutes fins utiles qu'un pacte d'associés portant sur les actions de l'Initiateur, Inovalis, a été conclu le 23 septembre 2020 entre (i) l'actionnaire majoritaire de l'Initiateur (à savoir la société Icorp contrôlée par M. Stéphane Amine), (ii) le directeur général délégué de l'Initiateur (M. Khalil HANKACH auquel s'est substituée depuis la société KHH contrôlée par M. Khalil HANKACH) et (iii) le directeur général délégué de la Société (M. Rodolphe Manasterski). MM. Khalil HANKACH (via la société KHH) et Rodolphe Manasterski détiennent chacun à ce jour 8% du capital social de l'Initiateur.
Ce pacte d'associés prévoit notamment :
– l'incessibilité temporaire jusqu'au 31 décembre 2022,
–
un droit de préemption au bénéfice de l'actionnaire majoritaire de l'Initiateur,
– un droit de sortie conjointe proportionnelle ou totale,
– une clause de sortie forcée,
– des transferts libres, et
– des promesses de vente/d'achat.
Ce pacte d'associés n'est pas susceptible d'avoir une incidence significative sur l'appréciation de l'Offre ou son issue.
2 CARACTERISTIQUES DE L'OFFRE
2.1 Termes de l'Offre
En application des dispositions des articles 231-13, 236-3 et 237-1 du RGAMF, l'Etablissement Présentateur, agissant pour le compte de l'Initiateur, a déposé le 12 avril 2022 le projet d'Offre auprès de l'AMF, sous la forme d'une offre publique de retrait qui sera suivie d'un retrait obligatoire visant les actions non détenues par le Concert. Banque Delubac & Cie garantit, conformément aux dispositions de l'article 231-13 du RGAMF, la teneur et le caractère irrévocable des engagements pris par l'Initiateur dans le cadre de l'Offre.
En application des dispositions des articles 236-1 et suivants du RGAMF, l'Initiateur s'engage irrévocablement à offrir aux actionnaires de la Société le droit d'apporter leurs actions à l'Offre Publique de Retrait en contrepartie d'une somme en numéraire de 2,80 euros par action ADVENIS, pendant une période de dix jours de bourse.
Dans le cadre du Retrait Obligatoire, les actions ADVENIS visées par l'Offre non apportées à l'Offre Publique de Retrait seront transférées à l'Initiateur, moyennant une indemnisation en numéraire égale au Prix d'Offre (soit 2,80 euros par action ADVENIS), nette de tout frais.
2.2 Nombre d'actions susceptibles d'être apportées à l'Offre
A la date du Projet de Note d'Information et comme indiqué au paragraphe 1.1.3., le Concert détient directement 11 391 947 actions ADVENIS représentant 17 130 125 droits de vote, soit 91,40% du capital et 92,96% des droits de vote de la Société.
Conformément à l'article 231-6 du RGAMF, l'Offre porte sur la totalité des actions existantes ADVENIS non détenues par le Concert, soit, à la date du Projet de Note d'Information, un nombre total maximum de 1 072 504 actions de la Société représentant 1 296 910 droits de vote, soit 8,60% du capital et 7,04% des droits de vote de la Société.
A la date du présent Projet de Note d'Information, il n'existe à la connaissance de l'Initiateur, aucun autre titre de capital, ni aucun autre instrument financier ou droit pouvant donner accès immédiatement ou à terme au capital social ou aux droits de vote de la Société.
2.3 Modalités de l'Offre
Le Projet de Note d'Information a été déposé auprès de l'AMF le 12 avril 2022 et est disponible sur le site de l'AMF (www.amf-france.org) et de Inovalis (www.inovalis.com). Un avis de dépôt est publié par l'AMF sur son site Internet.
Conformément à l'article 231-16 du RGAMF, un communiqué de presse comportant les principaux éléments du Projet de Note d'Information est publié par l'Initiateur et est mis en ligne sur le site Internet de Inovalis.
Cette Offre et le Projet de Note d'Information restent soumis à l'examen de l'AMF.
Conformément à l'article 231-26, I, 3° du RGAMF, ADVENIS déposera auprès de l'AMF son projet de note en réponse à l'Offre, incluant notamment le rapport de l'expert indépendant et l'avis motivé de son conseil d'administration en application de l'article 231-19 du RGAMF.
L'Offre Publique de Retrait et le Projet de Note d'Information restent soumis à l'examen de l'AMF qui publiera, le cas échéant, sur son site Internet une déclaration de conformité motivée relative à l'Offre. Cette déclaration de conformité emportera visa de la note d'information.
La note d'information ainsi visée par l'AMF ainsi que les autres informations relatives aux caractéristiques notamment juridiques, financières et comptables de Inovalis seront tenues gratuitement à la disposition du public au siège social de l'Initiateur et de l'Etablissement Présentateur, au plus tard la veille du jour de l'ouverture de l'Offre. Ces documents seront également disponibles sur les sites Internet de l'AMF et de Inovalis.
Conformément aux articles 231-27 et 231-28 du RGAMF, un communiqué de presse précisant les modalités de mise à disposition de ces documents par l'Initiateur sera publié au plus tard la veille du jour de l'ouverture de l'Offre et sera mis en ligne sur le site de Inovalis.
L'Offre est soumise au droit français. Tout différend ou litige, de quelque nature que ce soit, se rattachant à l'Offre sera porté devant les tribunaux compétents.
2.4 Procédure d'apport à l'Offre Publique de Retrait
L'Offre Publique de Retrait sera ouverte pendant une période de dix jours de négociation.
Les actions ADVENIS apportées à l'Offre Publique de Retrait devront être librement négociables et libres de tout privilège, gage, nantissement, charge ou autre sûreté ou restriction de quelque nature que ce soit au transfert de leur propriété. L'Initiateur se réserve, à sa seule discrétion, le droit d'écarter toute action qui ne répondrait pas à ces conditions.
Les actions ADVENIS détenues sous la forme nominative pure devront être préalablement converties au nominatif administré ou au porteur pour être présentées à l'Offre Publique de Retrait. En conséquence, les intermédiaires financiers teneurs de compte ayant reçu instruction des propriétaires d'actions ADVENIS inscrites en compte nominatif de les apporter à l'Offre Publique de Retrait devront, préalablement à la vente, effectuer la conversion au nominatif administré ou au porteur desdites actions. Il est précisé que la conversion au porteur d'actions inscrites au nominatif entraînera la perte pour ces actionnaires des avantages liés à la détention de ces titres sous la forme nominative.
Les actionnaires de ADVENIS qui souhaiteraient apporter leurs titres à l'Offre Publique de Retrait dans les conditions proposées devront remettre à l'intermédiaire financier dépositaire de leurs actions (établissement de crédit, entreprise d'investissement, etc.) un ordre de vente irrévocable au Prix d'Offre, en utilisant le modèle mis à leur disposition par cet intermédiaire, au plus tard le jour de la clôture de l'Offre Publique de Retrait.
L'Offre Publique de Retrait s'effectuera par achats sur le marché, le règlement livraison étant effectué au fur et à mesure de l'exécution des ordres, deux jours de négociation après chaque exécution. Les frais de négociation (incluant notamment les frais de courtage et commissions bancaires et la TVA afférente) resteront en totalité à la charge des actionnaires de ADVENIS apportant à l'Offre Publique de Retrait, étant précisé que l'indemnisation versée dans le cadre du Retrait Obligatoire sera nette de tous frais. Aucune commission ne sera versée par l'Initiateur aux intermédiaires financiers par l'intermédiaire desquels les actionnaires de ADVENIS apporteront leurs actions à l'Offre Publique de Retrait.
Le transfert de propriété des actions apportées à l'Offre Publique de Retrait et l'ensemble des droits attachés (en ce compris le droit aux dividendes) interviendra à la date d'inscription en compte de l'Initiateur, conformément aux dispositions de l'article L. 211-17 du Code monétaire et financier. Il est rappelé en tant que de besoin que toute somme due dans le cadre de l'apport des actions à l'Offre Publique de Retrait ne portera pas intérêt et sera payée à la date de règlement-livraison.
Il reviendra aux actionnaires de la Société souhaitant apporter leurs actions à l'Offre Publique de Retrait de se rapprocher de leurs intermédiaires financiers respectifs afin de se renseigner sur les éventuelles contraintes de chacun de ces intermédiaires ainsi que sur leurs procédures propres de prise en compte des ordres de vente afin d'être en mesure d'apporter leurs actions à l'Offre Publique de Retrait dans les délais impartis.
Les ordres de présentation des actions ADVENIS à l'Offre Publique de Retrait seront irrévocables.
L'acquisition des actions pendant l'Offre Publique de Retrait se fera, conformément à la loi, par l'intermédiaire de BANQUE DELUBAC & CIE au travers de la société KEPLER CHEUVREUX, membre de marché acheteur, agissant en tant qu'intermédiaire pour le compte de l'Initiateur.
2.5 Retrait Obligatoire à l'issue de l'Offre Publique de Retrait et radiation des actions ADVENIS d'Euronext Growth Paris
Conformément aux dispositions de l'article L. 433-4 II du Code monétaire et financier et des articles 237-1 et suivants du RGAMF, à l'issue de l'Offre Publique de Retrait, les actions de la Société visées par l'Offre qui n'auront pas été présentées à cette dernière seront transférées à l'Initiateur (quel que soit le pays de résidence du porteur desdites actions) moyennant une indemnisation de 2,80 euros par action ADVENIS, nette de tous frais.
Un avis informant le public du Retrait Obligatoire sera publié par l'Initiateur dans un journal d'annonces légales du lieu du siège social de la Société en application de l'article 237-5 du RGAMF.
Le montant de l'indemnisation sera versé, net de tous frais, à l'issue de l'Offre sur un compte bloqué ouvert à cet effet auprès de Banque Delubac & Cie, centralisateur des opérations d'indemnisation, au travers de Kepler Cheuvreux, membre de marché acheteur. Après la clôture des comptes des affiliés, Banque Delubac & Cie, sur présentation des attestations de solde délivrées par Euroclear France, créditera les établissements dépositaires teneurs de comptes du montant de l'indemnisation, à charge pour ces derniers de créditer les comptes des détenteurs des actions ADVENIS de l'indemnité leur revenant.
Conformément à l'article 237-8 du RGAMF, les fonds non affectés correspondant à l'indemnisation des actions ADVENIS dont les ayants droit sont restés inconnus (i.e. titres en déshérence ou assimilés) seront conservés par Banque Delubac & Cie pendant une durée de dix ans à compter de la date du Retrait Obligatoire et versés à la Caisse des dépôts et consignations à l'expiration de ce délai. Ces fonds seront à la disposition des ayants droit sous réserve de la prescription trentenaire au bénéfice de l'État.
Il est précisé que cette procédure entraînera la radiation définitive des actions ADVENIS d'Euronext Growth Paris.
2.6 Calendrier indicatif de l'Offre
Préalablement à l'ouverture de l'Offre, l'AMF publiera un avis d'ouverture et un calendrier, et Euronext Growth Paris publiera un avis annonçant les modalités et le calendrier de l'Offre. Un calendrier est proposé ci-dessous à titre indicatif :
2.7 Frais liés à l'Offre
Le montant global des frais engagés par l'Initiateur dans le cadre de l'Offre (incluant en particulier les honoraires et autres frais de conseils externes financiers, juridiques, et comptables et de tout autre expert et consultant ainsi que les frais de communication) est estimé à environ 240 000 euros (hors taxes).
2.8 Mode de financement de l'Offre
L'acquisition par l'Initiateur de l'intégralité des actions ADVENIS visées par l'Offre (soit 1 072 504 actions ADVENIS) représenterait, sur la base du Prix d'Offre, un montant maximal de 3 003 011,20 euros (hors frais divers et commissions).
Le coût total de l'Offre sera financé par Inovalis sur ses fonds propres.
2.9 Restrictions concernant l'Offre
L'Offre Publique de Retrait est faite exclusivement en France.
Aucun document relatif à l'Offre Publique de Retrait n'est destiné à être diffusé dans des pays autres que la France. L'Offre Publique de Retrait n'est pas ouverte et n'a pas été soumise au contrôle et/ou à l'autorisation d'une quelconque autorité réglementaire autre que l'AMF et aucune démarche ne sera effectuée en ce sens.
Le Projet de Note d'Information et tout autre document relatif à l'Offre Publique de Retrait ne constituent pas une offre en vue de vendre, d'échanger ou d'acquérir des titres financiers ou une sollicitation en vue d'une telle offre dans un quelconque pays où ce type d'offre ou de sollicitation serait illégale ou à l'adresse de quelqu'un envers qui une telle offre ne pourrait être valablement faite. Les actionnaires de la Société situés ailleurs qu'en France ne peuvent participer à l'Offre Publique de Retrait que dans la mesure où une telle participation est autorisée par le droit local auquel ils sont soumis.
L'Offre Publique de Retrait n'est pas faite à des personnes soumises à de telles restrictions, directement ou indirectement, et ne pourra d'aucune façon faire l'objet d'une acceptation depuis un pays dans lequel l'Offre Publique de Retrait fait l'objet de restrictions.
Les personnes venant à entrer en possession du Projet de Note d'Information ou de tout autre document relatif à l'Offre doivent se tenir informées des restrictions légales ou réglementaires applicables et les respecter. Le non-respect de ces restrictions est susceptible de constituer une violation des lois et règlements applicables en matière boursière dans certains Etats. L'Initiateur décline toute responsabilité en cas de violation par toute personne des restrictions légales ou réglementaires applicables.
Etats-Unis d'Amérique
Aucun document relatif à l'Offre Publique de Retrait, y compris le Projet de Note d'Information, ne constitue une extension de l'Offre Publique de Retrait aux Etats-Unis et l'Offre Publique de Retrait n'est pas faite, directement ou indirectement, aux Etats-Unis, à des personnes ayant résidence aux Etats-Unis ou « US persons » (au sens du Règlement S pris en vertu de l'U.S. Securities Act de 1933 tel que modifié), par les moyens des services postaux ou par tout moyen de communication ou instrument de commerce (y compris, sans limitation, la transmission par télécopie, télex, téléphone ou courrier électronique) des Etats-Unis ou par l'intermédiaire des services d'une bourse de valeurs des Etats-Unis. En conséquence, aucun exemplaire ou copie du présent Projet de Note d'Information, et aucun autre document relatif à l'Offre Publique de Retrait, ne pourra être envoyé par courrier, ni communiqué et diffusé par un intermédiaire ou toute autre personne aux Etats-Unis de quelque manière que ce soit. Aucun actionnaire de la Société ne pourra apporter ses actions à l'Offre Publique de Retrait s'il n'est pas en mesure de déclarer (i) qu'il n'est pas une « US Person », (ii) qu'il n'a pas reçu aux Etats-Unis de copie du présent Projet de Note d'Information ou de tout autre document relatif à l'Offre, et qu'il n'a pas envoyé de tels documents aux Etats-Unis, (iii) qu'il n'a pas utilisé, directement ou indirectement, les services postaux, les moyens de télécommunications ou autres instruments de commerce ou les services d'une bourse de valeurs des Etats-Unis en relation avec l'Offre, (iv) qu'il n'était pas sur le territoire des Etats-Unis lorsqu'il a accepté les termes de l'Offre, ou transmis son ordre d'apport de titres, et (v) qu'il n'est ni agent ni mandataire agissant pour un mandant autre qu'un mandant lui ayant communiqué ses instructions en dehors des Etats-Unis. Les intermédiaires habilités ne pourront pas accepter les ordres d'apport de titres qui n'auront pas été effectués en conformité avec les dispositions ci-dessus à l'exception de toute autorisation ou instruction contraire de ou pour le compte de l'Initiateur, à la discrétion de ce dernier. Toute acceptation de l'Offre Publique de Retrait dont on pourrait supposer qu'elle résulterait d'une violation de ces restrictions serait réputée nulle.
Le Projet de Note d'Information ne constitue ni une offre d'achat ou de vente ni une sollicitation d'un ordre d'achat ou de vente de valeurs mobilières aux Etats-Unis et n'a pas été soumis à la « Securities and Exchange Commission » des Etats-Unis.
Pour les besoins des deux paragraphes précédents, on entend par Etats-Unis, les Etats-Unis d'Amérique, leurs territoires et possessions, ou l'un quelconque de ces Etats et le District de Columbia.
2.10 Régime fiscal de l'Offre
En l'état actuel de la législation française et de la réglementation en vigueur, les développements suivants résument certaines conséquences fiscales susceptibles de s'appliquer aux actionnaires de la Société qui participeront à l'Offre.
L'attention de ces derniers est néanmoins attirée sur le fait que les informations contenues ci-après ne constituent qu'un simple résumé, donné à titre d'information générale, du régime fiscal français applicable en vertu de l'état actuel de la législation fiscale française.
Les règles dont il est fait mention ci-après sont susceptibles d'être affectées par d'éventuelles modifications législatives ou règlementaires qui pourraient avoir des effets rétroactifs ou s'appliquer à l'année ou à l'exercice en cours, ainsi que par d'éventuelles modifications de leur interprétation par les juridictions et/ou l'administration fiscale française.
En tout état de cause, ces informations n'ont pas vocation à constituer une analyse complète de l'ensemble des effets fiscaux ou dispositifs fiscaux de faveur (réductions ou crédits d'impôt, abattements, etc.) susceptibles de s'appliquer aux actionnaires de la Société qui participeront à l'Offre. Les actionnaires de la Société sont invités, compte tenu des particularités éventuellement liées à leur statut fiscal, à consulter leur conseiller fiscal habituel afin d'étudier avec lui leur situation particulière et vérifier que les dispositions résumées ci-après leurs sont effectivement applicables.
Les actionnaires de la Société, personnes physiques ou morales non-résidentes fiscales de France doivent en outre se conformer à la législation fiscale en vigueur dans leur État de résidence, en tenant compte, le cas échéant, de l'application de la convention fiscale internationale conclue entre la France et cet État.
2.10.1 Actionnaires personnes physiques résidents fiscaux de France, agissant dans le cadre de la gestion de leur patrimoine privé et ne réalisant pas des opérations de bourse à titre habituel
Les dispositions suivantes résument les conséquences fiscales françaises susceptibles de s'appliquer aux personnes physiques résidentes fiscales de France ne réalisant pas des opérations de bourse dans des conditions analogues à celles qui caractérisent une activité exercée par une personne se livrant à titre professionnel à ce type d'opérations. Les personnes physiques qui réaliseraient de telles opérations et celles détenant des actions de la Société via un mécanisme d'actionnariat salarié ou d'épargne assimilable sont invitées à s'assurer, auprès de leur conseiller fiscal habituel, du régime fiscal applicable à leur cas particulier.
126.96.36.199 Régime de droit commun
Impôt sur le revenu des personnes physiques
En application des dispositions des articles 200 A, 158, 6 bis et 150-0 A et suivants du Code général des impôts (le « CGI »), les gains nets de cession de valeurs mobilières réalisés par des personnes physiques, qui sont résidentes fiscales de France, sont assujettis, de plein droit, à l'impôt sur le revenu au taux forfaitaire de 12,8 % sans abattement (prélèvement forfaitaire unique).
Toutefois, en application du 2 de l'article 200 A du CGI, les contribuables ont la possibilité d'exercer une option, expresse et irrévocable, dans le délai de dépôt de leur déclaration de revenu de l'année concernée, afin que ces gains soient pris en compte pour la détermination de leur revenu net global soumis au barème progressif de l'impôt sur le revenu. Cette option s'applique sur une base annuelle à l'ensemble des revenus d'investissement et des revenus de capitaux mobiliers entrant dans le champ d'application du prélèvement forfaitaire susvisé de 12,8 % et réalisés au titre d'une même année.
Si une telle option est exercée, les gains nets de cession d'actions, acquises ou souscrites avant le 1er janvier 2018, seront pris en compte pour la détermination du revenu net global soumis au barème progressif de l'impôt sur le revenu après application d'un abattement pour durée de détention prévu à l'article 150-0 D 1 ter du CGI égal à :
– 50 % de leur montant lorsque les actions sont détenues depuis au moins deux ans et moins de huit ans, à la date de la cession,
– 65 % de leur montant lorsque les actions sont détenues depuis au moins huit ans, à la date de la cession.
Alternativement, un abattement renforcé, prévu à l'article 150-0 D 1 quater A du CGI, peut s'appliquer, sous conditions, à certaines situations particulières telle que la cession de certaines PME au sens de l'annexe I du règlement de l'Union européenne n° 651/2014 du 17 juin 2014. Les personnes physiques sont donc invitées à se rapprocher de leur conseiller fiscal habituel afin de déterminer si cet abattement renforcé leur est applicable.
Sauf exceptions, la durée de détention est décomptée à partir de la date de souscription ou d'acquisition des actions et prend fin à la date de transfert de propriété.
Ces abattements pour durée de détention ne sont pas applicables aux actions acquises ou souscrites à compter du 1 er janvier 2018.
Conformément aux dispositions de l'article 150-0 D, 11 du CGI, les moins-values de cession de valeurs mobilières et de droits sociaux peuvent être imputées sur les plus-values de même nature réalisées au cours de l'année de cession puis, en cas de solde négatif, sur celles des dix années suivantes (aucune imputation sur le revenu global n'est possible). L'abattement pour durée de détention s'applique, le cas échéant, au gain net ainsi obtenu. Les personnes disposant de moins-values nettes reportables ou réalisant une moins-value lors de la cession des actions dans le cadre de l'Offre sont invitées à se rapprocher de leur conseiller fiscal habituel pour étudier les conditions d'utilisation de ces moinsvalues.
Le cas échéant, l'apport des actions à l'Offre aura pour effet de mettre fin à un éventuel report ou sursis d'imposition dont auraient pu bénéficier les actionnaires dans le cadre d'opérations antérieures à raison de ces mêmes actions apportées à l'Offre. Les contribuables sont invités à se rapprocher de leur conseil fiscal habituel pour déterminer les conséquences de l'Offre dans l'hypothèse où celle-ci aurait pour effet de remettre en cause un éventuel report ou sursis d'imposition ou une éventuelle réduction d'impôt spécifique dont ils ont antérieurement bénéficié.
Prélèvements sociaux
Les gains nets de cession de valeurs mobilières sont également soumis, sans abattement, aux prélèvements sociaux à un taux global de 17,2 % qui se décompose comme suit :
– la contribution sociale généralisée (« CSG »), au taux de 9,2 % conformément aux dispositions des articles L. 136-7 et L. 136-8 du Code de la sécurité sociale,
– la contribution pour le remboursement de la dette sociale (« CRDS »), au taux de 0,5 % conformément aux articles 1600-0 H et 1600-0 J du CGI, et
– le prélèvement de solidarité, au taux de 7,5 % conformément à l'article 235 ter du CGI.
Si les gains nets de cession des actions de la Société sont soumis à l'impôt sur le revenu au taux forfaitaire susvisé de 12,8 %, ces prélèvements sociaux ne sont pas déductibles du revenu imposable.
En cas d'option des contribuables pour l'assujettissement de ces gains nets au barème progressif de l'impôt sur le revenu, la CSG est déductible à hauteur de 6,8 % du revenu global imposable de l'année de son paiement (y compris en cas d'application de l'abattement pour durée de détention de droit commun). En revanche, conformément à l'article 154 quinquies, II du CGI, en cas d'application de l'abattement pour durée de détention renforcé, la part de CSG déductible correspond au rapport entre le montant du revenu soumis à l'impôt sur le revenu et le montant de ce revenu soumis à la CSG.
Contribution exceptionnelle sur les hauts revenus
L'article 223 sexies du CGI institue à la charge des contribuables passibles de l'impôt sur le revenu une contribution exceptionnelle sur les hauts revenus applicable lorsque le revenu fiscal de référence du contribuable excède certaines limites.
Cette contribution est calculée en appliquant un taux de :
– 3 % à la fraction du revenu fiscal de référence supérieure à 250.000 euros et inférieure ou égale à 500.000 euros pour les contribuables célibataires, veufs, séparés ou divorcés et à la fraction supérieure à 500.000 euros et inférieure ou égale à 1.000.000 euros pour les contribuables soumis à imposition commune,
– 4 % à la fraction du revenu fiscal de référence supérieure à 500.000 euros pour les contribuables célibataires, veufs, séparés ou divorcés et à la fraction supérieure à 1.000.000 euros pour les contribuables soumis à imposition commune.
Pour l'application de ces règles, le revenu fiscal de référence du foyer fiscal est défini conformément aux dispositions du 1° du IV de l'article 1417 du CGI, à l'exclusion des plus-values visées dans l'article 150-0 B ter du CGI dont le report d'imposition expire et sans qu'il soit fait application des règles de quotient définies à l'article 163-0 A du CGI. Le revenu fiscal de référence visé comprend notamment les gains nets de cession de valeurs mobilières réalisés par les contribuables concernés, retenus pour l'établissement de l'impôt sur le revenu (avant application de l'abattement pour durée de détention en cas d'option pour le barème progressif de l'impôt sur le revenu).
188.8.131.52 Actions de la Société détenues au sein d'un Plan d'Epargne en Actions (« PEA »)
Les personnes qui détiennent des actions de la Société dans le cadre d'un PEA pourront participer à l'Offre.
Sous certaines conditions, le PEA ouvre droit :
– pendant la durée du PEA, à une exonération d'impôt sur le revenu et de prélèvements sociaux à raison des produits et des plus-values de cession générés par les placements effectués dans le cadre du PEA, à condition notamment que ces produits et ces plus-values demeurent investis dans le PEA , et
– au moment de la clôture du PEA ou lors d'un retrait partiel des fonds du PEA (intervenant plus de cinq ans après la date d'ouverture du PEA), à une exonération d'impôt sur le revenu à raison du gain net réalisé depuis l'ouverture du plan. Ce gain net est soumis aux prélèvements sociaux décrits ci-avant, à un taux global susceptible de varier selon la date à laquelle ce gain a été acquis ou constaté et selon la date d'ouverture du plan.
Des dispositions particulières, non décrites dans le cadre du Projet de Note d'Information, sont applicables en cas de réalisation de moins-values, de clôture du plan avant l'expiration de la cinquième année qui suit l'ouverture du PEA, ou en cas de sortie du PEA sous forme de rente viagère. Les personnes concernées sont invitées à se rapprocher de leur conseiller fiscal habituel.
Les personnes détenant leurs actions dans le cadre d'un PEA et souhaitant participer à l'Offre sont également invitées à se rapprocher de leur conseiller fiscal habituel afin de déterminer les conséquences de la cession des actions figurant sur leur PEA dans le cadre de l'Offre et le régime fiscal d'une telle cession.
2.10.2 Actionnaires personnes morales résidents fiscaux de France soumis à l'impôt sur les sociétés dans les conditions de droit commun
184.108.40.206 Régime de droit commun
Les plus-values réalisées à l'occasion de la cession des actions dans le cadre de l'Offre sont en principe comprises dans le résultat soumis à l'impôt sur les sociétés au taux de droit commun fixé, pour les exercices ouverts à compter du 1er janvier 2022, à 25 %. Ces plus-values sont également soumises, le cas échéant, à la contribution sociale de 3,3 % assise sur le montant de l'impôt sur les sociétés, après application d'un abattement qui ne peut excéder 763.000 euros par période de douze mois (article 235 ter ZC du CGI).
Cependant, les sociétés dont le chiffre d'affaires (hors taxes) est inférieur à 7.630.000 euros et dont le capital social, entièrement libéré, a été détenu de façon continue à hauteur d'au moins 75 % pendant l'exercice fiscal en question par des personnes physiques ou par des sociétés remplissant elles-mêmes ces conditions, sont exonérées de la contribution sociale additionnelle de 3,3 %.
Par ailleurs, les sociétés dont le chiffre d'affaires (hors taxes) est inférieur à 10.000.000 euros, et dont le capital social, entièrement libéré, a été détenu de façon continue à hauteur d'au moins 75 % pendant l'exercice fiscal en question par des personnes physiques ou par des sociétés remplissant elles-mêmes ces conditions, bénéficient d'un taux réduit d'impôt sur les sociétés de 15 %, dans la limite d'un bénéfice imposable de 38.120 euros pour une période de douze mois (article 219, I-b du CGI).
Les moins-values réalisées lors de la cession des actions de la Société dans le cadre de l'Offre viendront, en principe et sauf régime particulier, en déduction des résultats imposables à l'impôt sur les sociétés de la personne morale.
Il est en enfin précisé que (i) certains des seuils mentionnés ci-dessus suivent des règles spécifiques si le contribuable est membre d'un groupe d'intégration fiscale et que (ii) la cession des actions dans le cadre de l'Offre est susceptible d'avoir pour effet de mettre fin à un éventuel report ou sursis d'imposition dont auraient pu bénéficier les actionnaires personnes morales dans le cadre d'opérations antérieures et/ou de remettre en cause des réductions d'impôt spécifiques.
220.127.116.11 Régime spécial des plus-values à long terme
Conformément aux dispositions de l'article 219 I-a quinquies du CGI, les plus-values nettes réalisées à l'occasion de la cession de titres qualifiés de « titres de participation » au sens dudit article et qui ont été détenus depuis au moins deux ans à la date de la cession sont exonérés d'impôt sur les sociétés sous réserve de la réintégration, dans les résultats imposables de la société cédante, d'une quote-part de frais et charges égale à 12 % du montant brut des plus-values réalisées. Cette réintégration est soumise à l'impôt sur les sociétés au taux de droit commun majoré, le cas échéant, de la contribution sociale de 3,3 %.
Pour l'application des dispositions de l'article 219 I-a quinquies du CGI, constituent des titres de participations (i) les actions revêtant ce caractère sur le plan comptable, (ii) les actions acquises en exécution d'une offre publique d'achat ou d'échange par l'entreprise qui en est l'initiatrice, ainsi que (iii) les actions ouvrant droit au régime fiscal des sociétés mères prévu aux articles 145 et 216 du CGI, à condition de détenir au moins 5 % du capital et des droits de vote de la société émettrice, si ces actions sont inscrites en comptabilité au compte de titres de participation ou à une subdivision spéciale d'un autre compte du bilan correspondant à leur qualification comptable, à l'exception des titres de sociétés à prépondérance immobilière (tels que définis à l'article 219 I-a sexies-0 bis du CGI).
Les personnes susceptibles d'être concernées sont invitées à se rapprocher de leur conseiller fiscal habituel afin d'étudier si les actions qu'ils détiennent constituent des « titres de participation » au sens de l'article 219 I-a quinquies du CGI.
Les moins-values à long terme ne sont en principe pas déductibles du résultat imposable et obéissent à des règles spécifiques. Les contribuables concernés sont invités à se rapprocher de leur conseiller fiscal habituel pour déterminer les règles qui leur sont applicables.
2.10.3 Actionnaires non-résidents fiscaux de France
Les actionnaires de la Société non-résidents fiscaux français sont invités à étudier leur situation fiscale particulière avec leur conseiller fiscal habituel afin, notamment, de prendre en considération le régime d'imposition applicable en France, dans leur pays de résidence fiscale et les règles prévues par la convention fiscale signée, le cas échéant, entre la France et leur Etat de résidence fiscale.
2.10.4 Autres actionnaires
Les actionnaires de la Société participant à l'Offre et soumis à un régime d'imposition autre que ceux visés ci-dessus, notamment les contribuables (i) dont les opérations portant sur des valeurs mobilières dépassent la simple gestion de portefeuille privé ou (ii) qui ont inscrit leurs titres à l'actif de leur bilan commercial ou (iii) les personnes physiques qui ont acquis leurs actions de la Société dans le cadre d'un dispositif d'épargne salariale ou d'incitation du personnel, sont invités à étudier leur situation fiscale particulière avec leur conseiller fiscal habituel.
2.10.5 Droits d'enregistrement
En principe, aucun droit d'enregistrement n'est exigible en France au titre de la cession des actions d'une société qui a son siège social en France dont les titres sont négociés sur un marché réglementé d'instruments financiers ou sur un système multilatéral de négociation, à moins que la cession ne soit constatée par un acte. Dans ce dernier cas, la cession des actions doit faire l'objet d'un enregistrement dans le mois qui suit sa réalisation et cet enregistrement donne lieu, en application de l'article 726 du CGI, au paiement d'un droit au taux proportionnel de 0,1 % assis sur le prix de cession, sous réserve de certaines exceptions.
2.10.6 Taxe sur les transactions financières
La Société n'étant pas une société dont la capitalisation boursière excédait un milliard d'euros au 1er décembre 2021 (pour une liste exhaustive de ces sociétés : BOI-ANNX-000467), l'acquisition par l'Initiateur des actions de la Société ne sera pas soumise à la taxe sur les transactions financières prévue à l'article 235 ter ZD du CGI. Les actionnaires de la Société qui souhaiteraient participer à l'Offre ne seront donc pas soumis à cette taxe à raison de la cession de leurs actions de la Société dans le cadre de l'Offre.
3 ELEMENTS D'APPRECIATION DU PRIX D'OFFRE
Les éléments d'appréciation du Prix d'Offre figurant ci-dessous ont été préparés par l'Établissement Présentateur, pour le compte de l'Initiateur. Ces éléments ont été établis sur la base des méthodes usuelles d'évaluation fondées sur les informations publiques disponibles et informations écrites ou orales communiquées par l'Initiateur ou la Société.
Les travaux de Banque Delubac & Cie se sont notamment fondés sur la documentation juridique, financière, sectorielle de Advenis comprenant notamment :
– Les comptes consolidés 2018, 2019, 2020 et 2021 ;
– Les rapports financiers annuels 2018, 2019, 2020 et 2021 ;
– Des éléments consolidés prévisionnels (bilan, compte de résultat) 2022-2024 (le « Plan d'Affaires ») établis début 2022 par le management du Groupe ;
– Des éléments relatifs aux investissements estimés par Advenis sur la période 2022-2024 ;
– Des éléments relatifs à la collecte et au déploiement des investissements des SCPI de rendement Eurovalys et Elialys gérés par Advenis REIM sur la période 2022-2024 ;
– Le montant des déficits fiscaux reportables au 31 décembre 2021 ;
– Les procès-verbaux des conseils d'administration de Advenis (2019, 2020 et 2021) ;
– La liste des actionnaires ; et
– Le pacte d'actionnaires conclu en date du 24 septembre 2020 entre Inovalis et Hoche Partners PEI.
Ces informations n'ont fait l'objet d'aucune vérification indépendante de la part de l'Établissement Présentateur.
Les informations, données chiffrées et analyses figurant dans le présent Projet de Note d'Information autres que les données historiques reflètent des informations prospectives, des anticipations et des hypothèses impliquant des risques, des incertitudes et d'autres facteurs, à propos desquels il ne peut être donné aucune garantie et qui peuvent conduire à ce que les faits réels ou les résultats diffèrent significativement de ce qui figure dans le présent Projet de Note d'Information.
3.1 Présentation de la Société
3.1.1 Rappels sur les activités de ADVENIS
Créée en 1995, la Société a été introduite en bourse en 1998.
En avril 2014, un protocole d'accord est signé entre les groupes Avenir Finance (désormais ADVENIS) et Inovalis en vue de l'intégration de la globalité des activités de Services Immobiliers (France et Allemagne) de ce dernier.
ADVENIS et ses filiales (le « Groupe ») constituent un groupe indépendant spécialisé dans la conception de produits d'investissement immobilier, le conseil en gestion de patrimoine et la gestion d'actifs immobiliers. Ses activités ont été présentées jusqu'à la publication du résultat semestriel 2021 en trois Unités Génératrices de Trésorerie ( « UGT ») :
* Gestion et distribution : modèle intégré consistant en la conception de produits financiers à sous-jacent (essentiellement) immobilier, distribués à travers différents canaux (clients institutionnels, clients privés au travers de relations partenaires, banques privées, CGPI et réseau en propre de CGP) ;
* Services immobiliers : présence sur l'ensemble des métiers de services immobiliers en France et Allemagne afin d'accompagner les investisseurs dans la durée (property management (gestion locative / syndic), facility management) ;
* Production immobilière : travaux de réhabilitation dans l'immobilier ancien (immeubles résidentiels ou de bureaux) et gestion de résidences étudiantes.
A compter de la publication du résultat semestriel 2021, et après une décision de la direction de la Société qui souhaitait simplifier et rééquilibrer des UGT, le reporting de gestion interne du Groupe a été modifié. Lors de la publication du résultat semestriel 2021, l'activité du Groupe a ainsi été présentée en deux UGT :
* Gestion d'Actifs, Gestion Privée & Distribution (regroupant les activités de conception/distribution qui représentent une clientèle commune),
* Services Immobiliers de gestion immobilière.
Cependant, dans une volonté de cohérence avec la présentation historique des activités du Groupe et avec les dernières valorisations effectuées, notamment dans le cadre de l'OPAS 2020, les trois UGT historiques ont été utilisées dans le cadre du présent Projet de Note d'Information.
Le Groupe est essentiellement présent en France mais dispose également d'activités en Allemagne, qui représentent 5% du chiffre d'affaires en 2021. En outre, le Groupe a démarré une activité en Espagne en 2019, réalisant de premiers investissements dès 2020. Dans le but de développer son activité, le Groupe a ouvert un bureau de représentation en Espagne en 2021.
.
ADVENIS consolide dans ses comptes l'activité du Groupement Européen d'Intérêt Economique IAF Services, qui regroupe l'essentiel du personnel administratif (finance, ressources humaines, juridique, achats, informatique, etc.) servant à la fois à Inovalis ainsi qu'au Groupe.
3.1.2 Détail des UGT de ADVENIS
18.104.22.168 Gestion et distribution
Cette UGT s'articule autour de deux segments :
– une activité de conception et gestion d'actifs immobiliers, portée par la société ADVENIS Real Estate Investment Management (France), filiale détenue à 100% par le Groupe. Cette activité consiste à concevoir et gérer pour le compte de clients-investisseurs dix SCPI dont trois sont ouvertes à la commercialisation : Eurovalys (SCPI d'entreprise investie principalement en Allemagne), Elialys (SCPI d'entreprise investie en Europe du Sud) et Rénovalys (SCPI fiscale de déficit foncier) ;
– une activité de distribution & gestion privée : ADVENIS Gestion Privée (France), filiale détenue à 100% par le Groupe. Cette activité consiste en la commercialisation de produits immobiliers, financiers et d'assurance vie conçus par la Société et des produits tiers auprès de clients institutionnels (mutuelles, caisses de retraite) et de clients privés.
L'UGT « Gestion et distribution » a représenté respectivement 53,0% et 54,5% du chiffre d'affaires consolidé du Groupe en 2020 et 2021.
22.214.171.124 Services immobiliers
Le Groupe est présent sur l'ensemble des métiers de services immobiliers que l'on retrouve sous ADVENIS Real Estate Solutions. Ces activités sont menées en France et, en partie, en Allemagne.
Les principales activités se décomposent par Filiales :
– ADVENIS Asset Management : holding des entités ADVENIS Property Management, ADVENIS Facility Management, ADVENIS Conseil et ADVENIS Résidences ;
– ADVENIS Property Management : prestataire de services immobiliers dédiés aux entreprises et à l'immobilier public. Elle bénéficie d'un maillage territorial dense et gère une typologie variée de biens : immeubles de bureaux grande hauteur, commerces, centres commerciaux, ou plateformes techniques.
ADVENIS Property Management assure les prestations de services suivantes :
o gestion locative complète : gestion des baux, facturation des loyers et charges, optimisation du recouvrement, budgets de charges et d'investissement, gestion environnementale, suivi technique, règlementaire et sécuritaire, gestion comptable et financière, gestion administrative et des assurances, gestion des taxes immobilières ;
o syndic de copropriété : gestion administrative du syndicat de copropriété, gestion comptable, financière et budgétaire, gestion de l'exploitation et des services, gestion des travaux, tenue des conseils syndicaux et des assemblées générales ;
o gestion documentaire électronique : plateforme collaborative d'échange de données, data room électronique, développement de reporting sur mesure, passerelle de données intersystème.
Les clients se répartissent selon une proportion de 2/3 en gérance locative et 1/3 en copropriété.
– ADVENIS Facility Management : filiale qui assure la gestion technique et la maintenance des immeubles en couche de pilotage et de contrôle. Elle couvre toute la France avec une vingtaine d'implantations territoriales. ADVENIS Facility Management regroupe également l'ensemble de l'expertise technique du Groupe, suivi quotidien d'un site, gestion environnementale, gestion des travaux, expertise technique et règlementaire, gestion des sinistres multirisques ;
– ADVENIS Conseil : acteur de l'immobilier d'entreprise présent aussi bien à la location qu'à l'acquisition, sur les grandes typologies : bureaux, commerces, locaux d'activités, entrepôts ;
– ADVENIS Real Estate Solutions : filiale allemande domiciliée à Francfort qui regroupe les métiers de l'Asset Management, du Property Management et du Conseil décrits ci-dessus.
L'UGT « Services immobiliers » a représenté respectivement 25,4% et 28,2% du chiffre d'affaires consolidé du Groupe en 2020 et 2021.
126.96.36.199 Production immobilière
Cette UGT regroupe trois filiales du Groupe :
– Aupéra : filiale qui conduit des travaux de réhabilitation (i) d'immeubles de bureaux pour le compte des clients-investisseurs d'Inovalis ou (ii) d'immeubles résidentiels anciens ayant obtenu les agréments Monument Historiques, Malraux, ou Déficit Foncier pour le compte des clients-investisseurs du Groupe ADVENIS ;
– ADVENIS Value Add : filiale qui conduit une activité de marchand de biens. Cette activité a été mise en sommeil depuis 2016 ;
– ADVENIS Résidences (détenue à 95,5% par le Groupe) : filiale spécialisée dans l'exploitation de résidences étudiantes privées. A ce jour, cette filiale gère 6 résidences étudiantes situées à Rennes, Montpellier, Lille et Houilles.
L'UGT « production immobilière » a représenté respectivement 21,5% et 17,3% du chiffre d'affaires consolidé du Groupe en 2020 et 2021.
3.1.3 Présentation des comptes consolidés historiques
Source : Rapports financiers annuels
Sur la période 2017 à 2019, le Groupe a connu une croissance de son chiffre d'affaires de +12,7% (TCAM 2017-2019). En 2020, le Groupe a été fortement impacté par le contexte sanitaire et a perdu -16,3% de ses revenus, passant de 83,1 M€ en 2019 à 69,6 M€ en 2020. Sur l'année 2021, le chiffre d'affaires ressort en croissance de +2,2% par rapport à 2020, essentiellement porté par l'UGT « Gestion et distribution » (+5,1% de croissance et 54,5% du chiffre d'affaires 2021) et l'UGT « Services immobiliers » (+13,3% de croissance et 28,2% du chiffre d'affaires 2021).
En 2020 et 2021, la marge opérationnelle s'est améliorée grâce aux réorganisations effectuées sur les UGT « Gestion et distribution » et « Services immobiliers ». Les charges opérationnelles sont composées des charges de sous-traitance internes ou externes ou des frais de rétrocessions selon les pôles d'activités.
Ces cinq dernières année, l'évolution à la baisse des frais de personnels est la conséquence directe du repositionnement de la Société :
- Cession du pôle gestion d'actifs à C-Quadrat Luxembourg ;
- Plan de retournement de ADVENIS Gestion Privée ;
- Simplification de la Gouvernance.
Le résultat opérationnel courant de l'année 2021 ressort positif et en croissance par rapport à 2020, il est de 4,1 M€ contre 1,8 M€.
Le résultat financier négatif est impacté par le coût de l'endettement et de la charge financière liée à IFRS 16 (à partir de 2019). Il diminue en 2021, en lien avec la conversion de la quasi-intégralité des OCA en décembre 2020.
Le résultat net 2021 ressort en nette amélioration à 0,8 M€.
188.8.131.52 Présentation des comptes historiques par UGT
Compte de résultat de l'UGT « Gestion et distribution »
UGT Gestion et Distribution
Le chiffre d'affaires est en augmentation entre 2017 et 2021, notamment grâce au succès des SCPI Eurovalys et Elialys, dont les collectes 2021 sont supérieures aux volumes enregistrés en 2020.
L'année 2020 est marquée par une diminution du chiffre d'affaires, principalement en raison de la situation sanitaire, qui a entrainé la baisse de la collecte de -27% par rapport à 2019 (164 M€ en 2020 et 214 M€ en 2019), et une période d'inactivité partielle du réseau salarié de ADVENIS Gestion Privée.
Sur l'année 2021, le chiffre d'affaires ressort en croissance de +5,1% par rapport à 2020 et contribue à plus de 54% du chiffre d'affaires du Groupe.
Depuis quatre ans, l'UGT génère des résultats opérationnels courants positifs et en croissance. En 2020, le Groupe a bénéficié d'un retard exceptionnel du déploiement du capital des années précédentes, ayant entraîné la réalisation d'une marge opérationnelle courante élevée non normative. Au 31 décembre 2021, le résultat opérationnel courant s'élève à 5,3 M€. Ces performances sont principalement dues au succès des SCPI Eurovalys et Elialys, et ce, malgré la poursuite des pertes opérationnelles de ADVENIS Gestion Privée.
Compte de résultat de l'UGT « Services immobiliers »
UGT Services Immobiliers
Source : société
Au 31 décembre 2021, l'UGT « Services immobiliers » a contribué à 28% du chiffre d'affaires du Groupe. Depuis 2017, le chiffre d'affaires de cette UGT oscille entre 18 M€ et 22 M€. Il ressort en croissance de +13,3% en 2021 pour atteindre 20 M€ après une baisse de -22,7% sur l'exercice 2020.
La baisse du chiffre d'affaires et la perte opérationnelle en 2020 sont principalement liées la baisse d'activité de ADVENIS Conseil dans le contexte de la crise sanitaire liée au Covid-19 et de la perte de mandats.
Au 31 décembre 2021, le résultat opérationnel courant ressort à l'équilibre et vient confirmer la tendance affichée depuis 2017.
Compte de résultat de l'UGT « Production immobilière »
UGT Production Immobilière
L'UGT « Production immobilière » a contribué à 17,3% du chiffre d'affaires du Groupe au 31 décembre 2021. Le chiffre d'affaires de cette UGT a diminué de -18,2% entre 2021 et 2020, après avoir reculé de -20,1% entre les exercices 2019 et 2020. Le recul en 2020 s'explique principalement par l'arrêt des chantiers durant le premier confinement. La poursuite de la baisse du chiffre d'affaires en 2021 est due à l'arrêt progressif des activités de réhabilitation et de travaux.
Le résultat opérationnel courant de l'UGT « Production immobilière » est négatif depuis 2017. Il résulte notamment des surcoûts constatés sur certains chantiers de la société Aupéra (en perte depuis 6 ans). La société Advenis Résidences qui avait atteint l'équilibre au cours des exercices 2019 et 2020 est déficitaire en 2021.
3.1.4 Bilan actif
Source : Rapports financiers annuels
L'écart d'acquisition résiduel issu de l'opération de rapprochement correspond à la différence entre la juste valeur de la contrepartie transférée (le sous-groupe ADVENIS dans le cadre de l'acquisition inversée par Inovalis en 2014) et la juste valeur des actifs et passifs de cette société issue du processus d'allocation du prix d'acquisition conformément à l'application d'IFRS 3.
Les immobilisations incorporelles correspondent principalement à la valorisation de la clientèle des activités services immobiliers apportés en 2014 par Inovalis. Au 31 décembre 2020 et tenant compte des impacts de la COVID-19 sur le business plan du Groupe, le Groupe constate que la valeur d'utilité de l'UGT Services immobiliers est inférieure à la valeur nette comptable des actifs incorporels. La perte de valeur constatée a conduit à une dépréciation complémentaire de 1,7 M€ constatée au 30 juin 2020.
Hors effet IFRS 16, les immobilisations corporelles sont de 1,1 M€ au 31 décembre 2021.
Conformément à la norme IAS 12, les actifs d'impôt différés sur déficit activés sont constatés pour le montant probable des bénéfices imposables futurs sur lesquels les pertes fiscales au 31 décembre 2021 pourront être imputées.
Les créances clients diminuent légèrement au 31 décembre 2021 pour atteindre 35,8 M€.
Les autres créances courantes à hauteur de 44,4 M€ au 31 décembre 2021 sont principalement composées de fonds appartenant aux mandants.
La trésorerie et équivalent de trésorerie du Groupe au 31 décembre 2021 s'élève à 6,4 M€.
3.1.5 Bilan passif
Source : Rapports financiers annuels
La dégradation des capitaux propres sur la période 2017-2019 est liée aux pertes du Groupe sur cette période.
À la suite de la conversion de 4 360 OCA le 7 décembre 2020 par les sociétés Inovalis et Hoche Partners Private Equity Investors et par d'autres titulaires d'OCA, 4 576 037 actions nouvelles ont été créées le 9 décembre 2020.
Le 26 février 2021, l'intégralité des OCA émises par la Société en février 2018 sont arrivées à échéance. A cette date, la conversion de 12 obligations a été demandée par leurs titulaires. Le capital social est ainsi passé de 7 471 114,20 € à 7 478 670,60 € (constatation de l'augmentation le 9 mars 2021). Les 34 autres OCA encore existantes et dont la conversion n'avait pas été demandée à échéance ont été remboursées par la Société conformément aux dispositions du contrat d'émission des obligations convertibles et du prospectus enregistré auprès de l'AMF sous le numéro de visa 18-030 en date du 26 janvier 2018. Ainsi depuis le 26 février 2021, il n'existe plus d'OCA.
Les provisions correspondent principalement à des litiges sur les chantiers historiques du Groupe, à des litiges salariés, aux risques sur mandats débiteurs et comptes d'attentes et à la provision pour démantèlement constatée conformément à IFRS 16.
Le montant total des emprunts et dettes financières au 31 décembre 2021 s'élève à 32,2 M€. Ils sont composés pour 22,8 M€ de dettes financières de location liées à IFRS 16. Le reste correspond pour 2,5 M€ au prêt contracté auprès d'Inovalis au titre du Prêt Garanti par l'Etat, perçu par Inovalis pour le compte du groupe ADVENIS-Inovalis, et pour 6,5 M€ d'emprunt (afin de renégocier à la baisse le taux des titres subordonnés à durée indéterminée (TSDI) émis par Advenis Asset Management en 2014, Advenis Asset Management a remboursé par anticipation lesdits TSDI sur le second semestre 2021, puis a négocié un nouveau prêt d'un montant de 6,5 M€ à échéance du 30 septembre 2028).
3.2 Méthodologie d'évaluation
3.2.1 Méthodes d'évaluations / références de valorisation retenues :
A titre principal
– Méthode intrinsèque : valorisation par la méthode de l'actualisation des flux de trésorerie futurs (DCF) ;
– Référence aux transactions récentes sur le capital de la Société au cours des 12 derniers mois.
A titre secondaire
– Références de valorisation : valorisation par l'approche des cours de bourse.
3.2.2 Méthodes d'évaluations / références de valorisation écartées :
– Méthode analogique : valorisation par la méthode des comparables boursiers ;
– Méthode analogique : valorisation par la méthode des comparables transactionnels ;
– Valorisation par l'approche des objectifs de cours des analystes de recherche ;
– Valorisation par la méthode d'actualisation des dividendes futurs ;
– Valorisation par la méthode de l'actif net comptable ;
– Valorisation par la méthode de l'actif net réévalué (ANR).
184.108.40.206 Méthode analogique : valorisation par la méthode des comparables boursiers
Cette approche analogique consiste à déterminer la valeur de la Société en appliquant aux agrégats de cette dernière les multiples observés sur un échantillon de sociétés cotées comparables en termes d'activité, de marchés, de taille et liquidité, de profitabilité et de perspectives de croissance.
Nous avons identifié plusieurs sociétés cotées opérant en Europe dans la gestion d'actifs et les services immobiliers. Néanmoins, nous considérons que ces sociétés ne sont pas des comparables adaptés à ADVENIS pour les raisons suivantes :
– pour l'UGT « Gestion et distribution », les sociétés sont d'une taille supérieure à ADVENIS et ont des activités très diversifiées dans la gestion d'actifs (action, dette, immobilier, infrastructure, etc.) ;
– pour l'UGT « Services immobiliers », les sociétés sont également d'une taille supérieure à celle de ADVENIS et ne disposent pas de la même diversité d'activité ;
– pour l'UGT « Production Immobilière », nous considérons que les activités (liées quasi exclusivement à la gestion de résidences étudiantes sur l'horizon du Plan d'Affaires) pourraient être comparées au même panel de sociétés que les services immobiliers. Nous n'avons néanmoins pas identifié dans ce panel de comparable boursier opérant principalement sur les segments de la gestion de résidences étudiantes.
La méthode des multiples de comparables boursiers a donc été écartée.
A titre d'information, la liste ci-dessous correspond aux sociétés identifiées pour les UGT « Gestion et distribution » et « Services immobiliers » dans le cadre de cette approche de valorisation :
Gestion et distribution :
Chiffre d'affaires (derniers
Services immobiliers :
220.127.116.11 Méthode analogique : valorisation par la méthode des comparables transactionnels
La méthode d'évaluation par l'analyse des transactions consiste à appliquer aux agrégats financiers de la Société, les multiples observés sur un échantillon de transactions récentes et comparables. Ces multiples incluent généralement une prime de contrôle reflétant les synergies attendues.
Nous n'avons pas identifié de transactions comparables récentes pour lesquelles des informations publiques étaient disponibles.
18.104.22.168 Valorisation par l'approche des objectifs de cours des analystes de recherche
Cette référence n'a pu être mise en œuvre, la Société ne fait pas l'objet de couverture par les analystes financiers.
22.214.171.124 Valorisation par la méthode d'actualisation des dividendes futurs
Cette méthode, qui consiste à actualiser les dividendes futurs qui seront versés par la Société, n'a pas été retenue comme une méthode de référence dès lors que la Société n'a pas versé de dividendes au cours des cinq derniers exercices et n'a pas communiqué d'information sur une éventuelle politique future de distribution de dividendes.
126.96.36.199 Valorisation par la méthode de l'actif net comptable
La valeur comptable des fonds propres rend compte des apports en nature et en numéraire des actionnaires ainsi que de l'accumulation historique des résultats de la société, et non de ses perspectives. Cette mesure est à ce titre peu pertinente dans le cas de Advenis.
A titre d'information, l'actif net comptable de Advenis au 31 décembre 2021 s'élève à 14,1 M€ soit 1,13 € par action (sur la base d'un nombre d'actions de 12 464 451 actions).
188.8.131.52 Valorisation par la méthode de l'actif net réévalué (ANR)
L'actif net comptable consolidé réévalué, qui consiste à déterminer la juste valeur des actifs et des passifs, est pertinente dans le cas de holding diversifiés ou de sociétés détentrices de nombreux actifs, notamment immobiliers ou non utilisés dans le cadre de l'exploitation, susceptibles de voir leur valeur historique inscrite au bilan en deçà ou au-delà de leur valeur de réalisation économique immédiate et/ou d'utilité.
Dans le cas présent, cette méthode n'est donc pas adaptée dans le cas de ADVENIS.
3.3 Données financières ayant servi de base à l'évaluation du Prix d'Offre
3.3.1 Plan d'affaires 2022 à 2024
Les données financières prises en compte pour l'appréciation du Prix proposé dans le cadre de l'Offre sont issues du Plan d'Affaires 2022 – 2024 établi début 2022 par le management du Groupe :
– par société, à savoir Aupéra, ADVENIS Value Add, ADVENIS Résidences, ADVENIS Asset Management, ADVENIS Property Management, ADVENIS Facility Management, ADVENIS
Germany, ADVENIS Conseil, ADVENIS Gestion Privée, ADVENIS Real Estate Investment Management, ADVENIS SA ;
– par UGT, soit les UGT « Gestion et distribution », « Services immobiliers » et « Production immobilière ».
Dans une volonté de cohérence avec la présentation historique des activités du Groupe et avec les dernières valorisations effectuées, notamment dans le cadre de l'OPAS 2020, nous avons décidé de garder la présentation des activités, selon les trois UGT (cf. section 3.1.1. du présent Projet de Note d'Information).
Le Plan d'Affaires consolidé comprend un développement uniquement par croissance organique et exclut toute croissance externe.
L'Etablissement Présentateur n'a par ailleurs pas apporté de modifications au Plan d'Affaires.
Les principales hypothèses de la période de projection 2022 – 2024 par UGT sont les suivantes :
UGT « Gestion et distribution »
Le chiffre d'affaires généré par l'UGT « Gestion et distribution » est composé principalement des revenus liés aux SCPI existantes (Eurovalys et Elialys) :
– des frais de collecte (droits d'entrée), qui représentent une part significative des revenus de l'UGT. Ils dépendent du montant de collecte chaque année et sont donc considérés comme des revenus non récurrents ;
– des frais de gestion, qui sont directement liés au parc immobilier et correspondent à des revenus récurrents pour le Groupe ;
– et des frais d'acquisition, liés au montant de collecte réalisé chaque année.
Le reste des revenus est généré par d'autres produits financiers tels que l'assurance vie.
La collecte globale augmente sur l'horizon du Plan d'Affaires, passant de 248 M€ en 2022 à 276 M€ en 2024. Les frais de collecte sont en croissance sur l'horizon du Plan d'Affaires pour la SCPI Elialys et stables pour la SCPI Eurovalys.
Grâce à l'augmentation de la collecte sur Elialys et l'augmentation continue des frais de gestion sur Eurovalys, le chiffre d'affaires évolue à la hausse sur l'horizon du Plan d'Affaires et enregistre un taux de croissance annuelle moyen de +4,9% entre 2021 et 2024. Cette UGT représente en 2024, 60,2% du chiffre d'affaires du Groupe.
Le niveau moyen de marge brute sur l'horizon du Plan d'Affaires (marge après rétrocessions liées aux collectes de SCPI) est compris entre 54% et 56% du chiffre d'affaires.
Les principaux postes de coûts (hors rétrocessions) correspondent à des frais de personnel et des charges externes :
– les frais de personnel évoluent à la hausse sur l'horizon du Plan d'Affaires et comprennent notamment des recrutements liés à l'augmentation du parc sous gestion ;
– les charges externes restent stables sur l'horizon du Plan d'Affaires.
UGT « Services immobiliers »
Le chiffre d'affaires augmente sur l'horizon du Plan d'Affaires à un taux de croissance annuel moyen de +6,9% entre 2021 et 2024. Le niveau d'activité de cette UGT est représenté dans des proportions similaires par les activités de property management, de facility management et de conseil.
Le résultat opérationnel courant est négatif en 2022 malgré les bons résultats de la filiale allemande. La marge opérationnelle redevient positive à partir de 2023 avec une amélioration forte des résultats sur l'ensemble des activités.
UGT « Production immobilière »
Dans la continuité des résultats historiques et du ralentissement des activités de la filiale Aupéra, le chiffre d'affaires évolue à la baisse entre 2021 et 2023 avant de se stabiliser à partir de 2024.
Le résultat opérationnel courant sur l'horizon du Plan d'Affaires est impacté par les pertes résiduelles sur les sociétés Aupéra et ADVENIS Value Add liés aux risques de litiges.
Le chiffre d'affaires de ADVENIS Résidences augmente progressivement sur l'horizon du Plan d'Affaires à un taux de croissance annuelle de +9,2% entre 2021 et 2024. Le résultat opérationnel courant évolue également à la hausse sur l'horizon du Plan d'Affaires.
3.3.2 Structure financière
La structure financière est appréciée dans le cadre de la méthode de valorisation multicritères. Elle est déterminée à partir des états financiers consolidés arrêtés au 31 décembre 2021.
Endettement financier net
Le tableau ci-après détaille le calcul de l'endettement financier net retenu au 31 décembre 2021 :
Source : Rapports financiers au 31 décembre 2021
(1) Dettes financières diverses
Le poste comprend principalement :
– 2,5 M€ d'emprunt contracté auprès d'Inovalis au titre du Prêt Garanti par l'Etat, perçu par Inovalis pour le compte du Groupe, et
– 6,5 M€ d'emprunt issu de la renégociation de l'emprunt participatif.
(2) Trésorerie et équivalents de trésorerie
La trésorerie retenue a été diminuée du montant des fonds propres règlementaires de ADVENIS REIM (1,25 M€).
(3) Valeur des déficits reportables
Les déficits fiscaux des sociétés relevant de l'impôt sur les sociétés peuvent être reportés en avant, sans limitation de durée. Le déficit constaté au titre d'un exercice ne peut être déduit des bénéfices des exercices suivants que dans la limite, chaque année, d'1 M€, majoré de 50% de la fraction du bénéfice qui excède cette limite.
Au 31 décembre 2021, le stock de déficits reportables du Groupe s'élève à 59,2 M€.
La valeur de ces déficits fiscaux reportables correspond à la valeur actualisée au taux de 11,77%, des économies d'impôts futurs en France (hors Allemagne), modélisées à partir des données du Plan d'Affaires 2022 – 2024 et de flux normatifs (1,4% de croissance annuelle).
Les déficits reportables du Groupe génèrent une économie d'impôt totale de 14,8 M€ entre 2021 et 2038 (année de l'épuisement du stock de déficits reportables), soit une valeur actualisée de 6 M€
3.3.3 Passage de la valeur d'entreprise à la valeur des titres
Le passage de la valeur d'entreprise à la valeur des titres tient compte de l'endettement financier net retraité retenu au 31 décembre 2021, soit -9 108 K€.
3.3.4 Nombre d'actions
A la date du présent Projet de Note d'Information, le nombre total d'actions en circulation de la Société s'élève à 12 464 451.
3.4 Méthodes d'évaluation retenues
3.4.1 Approche de valorisation par les « Discounted Cash Flow » (DCF) (à titre principal)
La méthode de l'actualisation des flux de trésorerie futurs (DCF) consiste à déterminer la valeur de la Société à partir de l'actualisation des flux de trésorerie qu'elle est susceptible de générer au cours de l'horizon explicite (qui correspond à la période de projection 2022 – 2024). La somme de ces flux actualisés au taux correspondant au coût moyen pondéré du capital est ensuite augmentée de la valeur résiduelle ou terminale.
Hypothèse de détermination des flux de trésorerie prévisionnels
L'approche par actualisation des flux de trésorerie a été mise en œuvre en s'appuyant sur le Plan d'Affaires prévisionnel de 2022 à 2024, communiqué début 2022 par le management de la Société ainsi que plusieurs sessions de questions / réponses.
Un flux normatif actualisé à l'infini qui permet de déterminer la valeur terminale
La valeur terminale a été déterminée à partir d'un flux normatif estimé pour chacune des UGT en fonction des hypothèses suivantes :
UGT « Gestion et distribution »
Le chiffre d'affaires retenu pour la SCPI Eurovalys et Elialys est composé :
– des frais de collecte liés à la collecte moyenne sur la période 2019 – 2024 pour le réseau salarié et les CGPI et sur l'horizon du Plan d'Affaires pour les institutionnels (avec un niveau de collecte auprès d'institutionnels historiques équivalent à celui du Plan d'Affaires car il n'y a peu ou pas de collecte auprès de ces acteurs entre 2020 et 2024) ;
– des frais de gestion réalisés en dernière année du Plan d'Affaires augmentés de la croissance à long terme de +1,4% ;
– des frais d'acquisition reflétant le déploiement de la collecte normative en dernière année du Plan d'Affaires.
Concernant les autres produits, nous avons considéré :
– la moyenne des frais de Gestion 2021 – 2024 de la SC ADVENIS Immo Capital, nouveau produit commercialisé en 2021 ;
– des frais de collecte de ADVENIS Gestion Privée correspondant à la moyenne observée sur la période 2021 – 2024 ;
Les autres revenus réalisés par cette UGT correspondent à ceux réalisés en dernière année du Plan d'Affaires.
Le niveau de rétrocessions en année normative, correspond à celui observé en dernière année du Plan d'Affaires sur l'ensemble des produits.
Le niveau de marge d'EBITDA en année normative a été estimé sur la base du niveau de marge observé en dernière année du Plan d'Affaires.
Le taux d'imposition est retenu à 25%.
Le niveau des dotations aux amortissements est similaire à celui constaté en fin de Plan d'Affaires et le niveau d'investissements a été retenu équivalent.
UGT « Services Immobiliers »
Le chiffre d'affaires normatif de cette UGT correspond au chiffre d'affaires 2024 augmenté du taux de croissance à long terme de +1,4%.
Le niveau de marge brute et de marge d'EBITDA a été estimé sur la base des niveaux de marge observés en dernière année du Plan d'Affaires.
Le taux d'imposition est retenu à 25%.
Le niveau des dotations aux amortissements est similaire à celui constaté en fin de Plan d'Affaires et le niveau d'investissements a été retenu équivalent.
UGT « Production Immobilière »
Une valeur normative nulle pour les sociétés Aupéra et ADVENIS Value Add.
Le chiffre d'affaires ADVENIS Résidences est similaire à la dernière année du Plan d'Affaires augmenté du taux de croissance à long terme de +1,4%.
Le niveau marge brute et de marge d'EBITDA a été estimé sur la base des niveaux de marge observés en dernière année du Plan d'Affaires sur ADVENIS Résidences.
Le taux d'imposition est retenu à 25%.
Le niveau des dotations aux amortissements est similaire à celui constaté en fin de Plan d'Affaires et le niveau d'investissements a été retenu équivalent.
Détermination du Coût Moyen Pondéré du Capital (CMPC ou taux d'actualisation)
Le CMPC retenu correspond au coût des fonds propres à dette nulle, estimé sur la base de la formule du Modèle d'Évaluation des Actifs Financiers (« MEDAF »), selon laquelle le coût des fonds propres est la somme d'un taux sans risque correspondant au retour attendu sur un investissement sans risque de défaut et d'une prime de risque qui correspond au surplus de rentabilité demandé par un investisseur eu égard au profil de risque de l'investissement. Cette prime de risque est calculée sur la base d'une prime de risque de marché pondérée par une mesure de la volatilité propre de la société (« bêta »).
Le coût de la dette est considéré comme nul en raison notamment des caractéristiques de la dette financière du Groupe (cf. section 3.1.5. du présent Projet de Note d'Information) et du montant important du stock de déficits reportables au 31 décembre 2021.
Le CMPC est fondé sur les hypothèses suivantes :
– Un bêta « désendetté » de 0,92. Il a été déterminé sur la base de celui des sociétés présentées pour la méthode écartée des comparables boursiers. Nous avons déterminé un bêta 3 ans à partir de ces échantillons pour les UGT « Gestion et distribution » et « Services immobiliers ». Concernant l'UGT « Production immobilière » nous avons considéré un bêta équivalent à celui des « services immobiliers ». Enfin, le bêta consolidé est le résultat d'une moyenne pondéré de la part de chiffre d'affaires réalisé par chaque UGT sur la dernière année du Plan d'Affaires ;
– Un taux sans risque de 0,21% au 29/03/2022 rendement de l'OAT 10 ans (source : Bloomberg moyenne 5 ans France 40) ;
– Une prime de risque du marché de 9,66% au 29/03/2022 (source : Bloomberg moyenne 5 ans France 40) ;
– Une prime de risque spécifique de 2,65% intégrant la prise en compte du risque lié à la faible taille de la Société (source : Duff & Phelps – Prime moyenne associée aux entreprises des neuvième et dixième déciles, diminuée de la prime mid cap).
Le taux d'actualisation ainsi obtenu est de 11,77%.
Détermination de la valeur de la Société
Après prise en compte d'une valeur terminale déterminée par actualisation d'un flux de trésorerie normatif croissant de +1,4% à l'infini et extériorisant une marge d'EBITDA de 10,6%, la valeur d'entreprise de ADVENIS ressort à 36,7 M€, soit une valeur des capitaux propres de 27,6 M€ ou 2,22 € par action.
L'analyse de sensibilité suivante a été réalisée :
– (+/-) 0,5% sur le taux d'actualisation et (+/-) 0,5% sur le taux de croissance à l'infini.
Les valeurs par action (en €) issues de ces analyses sont reproduites ci-après :
Tableau de sensibilité de la valeur de la Société et du prix par action :
Taux de croissance à l'infini
Taux de croissance à l'infini
1,0%
31 005
28 573
26 362
24 344
27 612
10,8%
11,3%
11,8%
12,3%
1,2% 1,4% 1,6%
31 768
29 255
26 976
24 898
32 563
29 965
27 612
25 471
33 393
30 703
28 273
26 066
1,8%
34 258
31 473
28 960
26 683
12,8%
| | 1,0% | 1,2% | 1,4% | 1,6% | 1,8% |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 10,8% | 2,49 | 2,55 | 2,61 | 2,68 | 2,75 |
| 11,3% | 2,29 | 2,35 | 2,40 | 2,46 | 2,52 |
| 11,8% | 2,11 | 2,16 | 2,22 | 2,27 | 2,32 |
| 12,3% | 1,95 | 2,00 | 2,04 | 2,09 | 2,14 |
| 12,8% | 1,80 | 1,84 | 1,89 | 1,93 | 1,97 |
22 494 22 996 23 516 24 053 24 609
Sur la base de ces travaux et de la sensibilité de la valorisation aux deux paramètres que sont le CMPC et le taux de croissance à l'infini, la valeur de l'action ADVENIS s'inscrit dans une fourchette de valorisation comprise entre 2,00 € et 2,46 €. La valeur centrale ressort à 2,22 € par action, représentant une valeur des capitaux propres de 27,6 M€.
Le Prix d'Offre de 2,80 € par action fait ainsi apparaître une prime de 26,4% par rapport à cette valeur.
3.4.2 Référence aux transactions récentes sur le capital de la Société au cours des 12 derniers mois
Cette méthode consiste à analyser la valorisation de la Société extériorisée lors des principales transactions récentes portant sur le capital de ADVENIS lors des 12 derniers mois.
Au cours des 12 derniers mois, l'Initiateur a réalisé plusieurs opérations sur le capital de la Société décrites dans le tableau ci-dessous :
Le 17 novembre 2021, Inovalis a acquis hors marché un bloc représentant au total 5,5% du capital de la Société, pour 2,80 euros par action.
Cette opération constitue une référence importante de valorisation, dans la mesure où le prix de 2,80 euros par action a été offert à un actionnaire significatif de la Société.
Entre le 24 novembre et le 9 décembre 2021, Inovalis a procédé à l'acquisition d'actions représentant au total 2,5% du capital de la Société, pour un prix de 2,80 euros par action.
Le Prix d'Offre de 2,80 euros par action est donc équivalent aux dernières transactions effectuées par l'Initiateur sur les 5 derniers mois.
3.4.3 Approche de valorisation par les cours de bourse (à titre secondaire)
Les actions de la société ADVENIS sont cotées sur Euronext Growth Paris, sous le code ISIN FR0004152874.
L'approche par les cours de bourse se fonde sur la comparaison du Prix d'Offre aux cours moyens pondérés sur 1 mois, 3 mois, 6 mois et 1 an de ADVENIS. Cependant et compte tenu de la stratégie d'acquisition de titres de la part d'Inovalis depuis le 11 février 2021 et de son impact sur le cours, cette méthode n'a été retenue qu'à titre secondaire.
Le graphique ci-après retrace l'évolution du cours de bourse et des volumes traités sur le titre au cours des 360 derniers jours de bourse.
Source : Euronext
Evènements importants :
1. Dépôt d'un projet d'offre publique d'achat simplifié auprès de l'AMF dans le cadre de l'OPAS 2020 : le 24 septembre 2020 ;
2. Annonce d'un accord en vue de l'acquisition par la société Inovalis à la société Groupe Renée Costes de 691 492 actions ADVENIS au prix unitaire de 2,80 euros : le 10 novembre 2021 ;
3. 315 633 titres rachetés sur le marché par le Concert au prix de 2,80 euros : entre le 24 novembre 2021 et le 9 décembre 2021.
Entre le 18 décembre 2020, date d'annonce du résultat de l'OPAS 2020 initiée par Inovalis et le 8 avril 2022 inclus, le cours moyen journalier pondéré par les volumes s'est établi entre 1,95 euro et 2,96 euros.
Sur cette période, 1 536 669 titres ont été échangés correspondant à 12% du nombre d'actions total et 143% du flottant.
Il convient de noter que sur les 1 536 669 titres échangés sur cette période, 1 050 509 ont été acquis par Inovalis, correspondant à 68% du total échangé.
Depuis le 18 décembre 2020, le volume d'échange quotidien a dépassé 8 fois les 30 000 titres échangés. Pour 7 de ces 8 journées de cotation, il s'agissait d'achats effectués par l'Initiateur et pour la journée restante, il s'agissait du jour de l'annonce de l'accord en vue l'acquisition par l'Initiateur des actions ADVENIS détenues par la société Groupe Renée Costes pour 2,80 € par action.
Compte tenu de l'impact sur le cours de l'accord en vue de l'acquisition des titres détenus par la société Groupe Renée Costes annoncée le 10 novembre 2021, nous avons décidé de présenter deux périodes de référence, l'une au 10 novembre 2021 avant l'annonce de l'acquisition par la société Inovalis à la société Groupe Renée Costes de 691 492 actions ADVENIS au prix de 2,80 euros par action, et l'autre au 8 avril 2022 préalablement à l'annonce du projet d'Offre le 12 avril 2022.
Les tableaux ci-dessous illustrent les primes induites par le prix de 2,80 euros par action offert dans le cadre de l'Offre par rapport aux références de cours de bourse historiques selon les deux périodes de référence.
Période de référence commençant le 10 novembre 2021
Source : Euronext
Le prix de 2,80 euros par action offert dans le cadre de l'Offre présente une prime variant dans une fourchette de 30% à 52% par rapport à la moyenne des cours de bourse pondérés par les volumes sur des périodes variant de 1 mois à 1 an précédant l'annonce de l'acquisition de 691 492 actions Advenis auprès de la société Groupe Renée Costes au prix de 2,80 euros.
Période de référence commençant le 8 avril 2022
Source : Euronext
Le prix de 2,80 euros par action offert dans le cadre de l'Offre présente une prime variant dans une fourchette de 2% à 19% par rapport à la moyenne des cours de bourse pondérés par les volumes sur des périodes variant de 1 mois à 1 an précédant la dernière cotation.
La prime sur le cours du 8 avril 2022 s'élève à 6%.
4 SYNTHESE DES RESULTATS ET CONCLUSION
Sur la base des éléments de valorisation présentés ci-avant, le Prix d'Offre fait apparaître les primes ou décotes suivantes :
5 MODALITES DE MISE A DISPOSITION DES INFORMATIONS RELATIVES A L'INITIATEUR
Conformément aux dispositions de l'article 231-28 du Règlement général de l'AMF, les « Autres Informations » relatives aux caractéristiques notamment juridiques, financières et comptables de l'Initiateur feront l'objet d'un dépôt auprès de l'AMF et seront mises à disposition du public selon les modalités propres à assurer une diffusion effective et intégrale, au plus tard la veille du jour de l'ouverture de l'Offre.
6 PERSONNES ASSUMANT LA RESPONSABILITÉ DE LA NOTE D'INFORMATION
6.1 Pour l'Initiateur
« Conformément à l'article 231-18 du règlement général de l'AMF, à ma connaissance, les données du présent projet de note d'information sont conformes à la réalité et ne comportent pas d'omission de nature à en altérer la portée ».
INOVALIS représentée par M. Stéphane AMINE Président directeur général
6.2 Pour l'Établissement Présentateur de l'Offre
« Conformément à l'article 231-18 du règlement général de l'AMF, BANQUE DELUBAC & CIE, établissement présentateur de l'Offre, atteste qu'à sa connaissance, la présentation de l'Offre qu'il a examinée sur la base des informations communiquées par l'Initiateur, et les éléments d'appréciation du prix proposé sont conformes à la réalité et ne comportent pas d'omission de nature à en altérer la portée ».
BANQUE DELUBAC & CIE | <urn:uuid:fca2c18a-eb5e-459e-aac1-3f854d60dcd8> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/fra_Latn/train | finepdfs | fra_Latn | 97,424 |
March 16, 2016
Tomas Herrera
Mailstop T8E24
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission
11555 Rockville Pike
Rockville, MD 20852
RE: New SS&D
Registration Number: MA-1059-D-972-S
Dear Mr. Herrera:
We have completed action on a Sealed Source and Device (SSD) registration certificate for the QSA Global Model 979 radiography exposure device. The number for this sheet is MA-1059-D-972-S. Please find enclosed a copy of this sheet. This registration supersedes # MA-1059-D-362-S which should be deleted from the National Registry.
If you have any questions please contact me at (617) 242-3035.
Sincerely,
Robert Locke
Radiation Control Officer
Radiation Control Program
RFL/rfl
Enclosure: (1) | <urn:uuid:77ddbd49-4ba0-4b78-b50d-a441f268f85a> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 704 |
| Roll No. | Name of Candidate | Father's Name | Mother's Name | Subject Code & Name | Credits | TH. | INT. | PR. | TH. | INT. | PR. | Aggr. Sub. | MarksObtained | TH. | INT. | PR. | Total | Earned Credits | Grade Points | Grade |
|---------|-------------------|---------------|---------------|---------------------|---------|-----|------|-----|-----|------|-----|------------|----------------|-----|------|-----|-------|----------------|--------------|-------|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
**STATISTICAL INFORMATION**
| STATUS | REGISTERED | APPEARED | PASSED | FAILED | ABSENT | W.H. | ATKT | PASS % |
|--------|------------|----------|--------|--------|--------|------|------|--------|
| REGULAR| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 |
| EX. | 8 | 8 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 37.50 |
| GR. TOTAL | 8 | 8 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 37.50 |
THE RESULT IS APPROVED BY THE RESULT COMMITTEE.
Prepare & Check
Course Co-ordinator
H.O.D.
Registrar/DCE
Exam Controller
Principal
Exam Controller
Jiwaji University, Gwalior
29/05/2023 16:45:51 | a72fd026-b2f0-4271-96f8-1606e70e5476 | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 1,354 |
Smak, Kahlittu Kirjaan
eivt kasvosi paljasta eivt lheisesi tiedosta kohtalosi nyt mrtty autuaaseen sielusi vrvtty kahlittu kirjaan niin kuin etk s vain sit halua jos on se kahlittu kirjaan et koskaa voi sit unohtaaa kahlittu, kahlittu kirjaan liikut hitaasti kohti hetke jona astut astut sisn saavut retkeesi lopulta hetkesi viimmeisen kahlittu kirjaan niin kuin etk s vain sit halua jos on se kahlittu kirjaan et koskaan voi sit unohtaa kahlittu kahlittu kirjaan ei ole olemmassakaan paikkaa josta olisi voinut poistua kahlittuun kirjaan kahlittu kirjaan niin kuin etk s vain sit halua jos on se kahlittu kirjaan et koskaa voi sit unohtaa kahlittu kahlittu kirjaan
Smak - Kahlittu Kirjaan w Teksciory.pl | <urn:uuid:9f18cecc-8972-40f1-b932-c260fef047ac> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/fin_Latn/train | finepdfs | fin_Latn | 706 |
Commission paritaire pour les pharmacies et offices de tarification
CP 313
Convention collective de travail du 19 décembre 2013 modifiant la Convention collective de travail du 24 octobre 2011 (106883/CO/313) conclue au sein de la Commission paritaire pour les pharmacies et les offices de tarification, relative au congé d’ancienneté
Art. 1
La présente convention collective de travail s’applique aux employeurs et travailleurs qui ressortissent à la commission paritaire pour les pharmacies et les offices de tarification.
Pour l’application de la présente convention, il y a lieu d’entendre par "travailleurs" les travailleurs masculins et féminins.
Art. 2
Dans la CCT du 24 octobre 2011, les termes « 20 ans d’ancienneté ou plus » mentionné à l’article 2 sont remplacés par « 15 ans d’ancienneté ou plus».
Art.3
La présente convention collective de travail entre en vigueur le 1er janvier 2014.
Elle est conclue pour une durée indéterminée et peut être dénoncée par chacune des parties moyennant un préavis de trois mois adressé par lettre recommandée à la poste au président de la Commission paritaire pour les pharmacies et les offices de tarification et aux organisations y représentées.
Paritair Comité voor de apotheken en tariferingsdiensten
PC 313
Collectieve arbeidsovereenkomst van 19 december 2013 tot wijziging van de Collectieve arbeidsovereenkomst van 24 oktober 2011 (106883/CO/313), gesloten in het Paritair comité voor de apotheken en tarificatiediensten, betreffende het anciënniteitsverlof
Art. 1
Deze collectieve arbeidsovereenkomst is van toepassing op de werkgevers en de werknemers die ressorteren onder de bevoegdheid van het paritair comité voor de apotheken en tarificatiediensten.
Voor de toepassing van deze overeenkomst, wordt verstaan onder «werknemers», de mannelijke en vrouwelijke werknemers.
Art. 2
In de cao van 24 oktober 2011, worden de termen “20 jaar anciënniteit of meer” vermeld in artikel 2, vervangen door “15 jaar anciënniteit of meer”
Art. 3
Deze collectieve arbeidsovereenkomst treedt in werking op 1 januari 2014.
Zij wordt afgesloten voor onbepaalde duur. Ze kan worden opgezegd door elke van de partijen mits een opzeggigstermijn van drie maanden bij een ter post aangetekende brief gericht aan de voorzitter van het Paritair comité voor de apotheken en tariferingsdiensten en aan de daarin vertegenwoordigde organisaties. | <urn:uuid:0385c640-8dfd-4f2e-b6ec-587115793ef1> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/nld_Latn/train | finepdfs | nld_Latn | 2,387 |
Ophelia steht für Zuverlässigkeit und professionelle, ganzheitliche IT-Systemlösungen. Unsere Kunden, hauptsächlich Hotels und Hotelketten, schätzen genau das: Sicherheit und schnellen, zuverlässigen Service aus einer Hand. Als Partner der Hotellerie arbeiten wir mit Hotel- und Kassensoftwareherstellern zusammen und betreuen ca. 600 Hotels in Deutschland. Komplettiert wird diese Betreuung durch unser Support- und Wartungskonzept – eine Lösung, ein Dienstleister, ein Ansprechpartner.
Systems Consultant
Deine Aufgaben
* Installation und Wartung von IT-Systemen, Netzwerkinfrastrukturen sowie Client-Server-Datenbanken
* Umsetzung von Roll-outs und neuen Projekten
* Anwender- und Netzwerksupport
* Repräsentation unseres Unternehmens/unserer Services auf hohem Niveau
Dein Profil
* fundierte Kenntnisse im Microsoft Umfeld
* professioneller Umgang mit serverbasierten Datenbanken und Netzwerkinfrastrukturen (managebare Switches mit VLANs, Router und Firewalls)
* hohe IT-Affinität sowie nachweisbare Berufserfahrung im IT-Bereich
* Flexibilität sowie ein hohes Maß an Mobilität und Eigenverantwortung
* sehr gute Englischkenntnisse
* ein sicheres Auftreten, großes Engagement sowie eine sehr selbstständige Arbeitsweise
* Belastbarkeit und ein ausgeprägtes Qualitätsbewusstsein
Wir bieten
* die Wahl zwischen drei attraktiven Standorten: Bielefeld, Leipzig oder Ratingen
* offenes, innovatives Unternehmensklima und konstruktive Feedbackkultur
* stark kundenorientierte Teamarbeit und kurze Entscheidungswege
* einen eigenen Firmenwagen mit privater Nutzung
* fachliche Weiterbildungen in unterschiedlichen Bereichen
* einen spannenden Arbeitsalltag in verschiedensten Hotels im gesamten deutschsprachigen Raum
* das beste Team
Neugierig geworden? Dann freuen wir uns auf Deine aussagekräftigen Bewerbungsunterlagen. Fragen vorab beantwortet Dir Christian Kebschull gern telefonisch oder per E-Mail an email@example.com. | <urn:uuid:47fb71b8-e9f7-4139-8a07-7b4673a082ef> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/deu_Latn/train | finepdfs | deu_Latn | 1,933 |
Metall-Produkte aus der Abklärungswerkstatt
Auf den nachfolgenden Seiten erhalten Sie einen Überblick über die Metall-Produkte der Abklärungswerkstatt.
Zögern Sie nicht, uns zu kontaktieren, falls Sie spezielle Ausführungen wünschen.
Einen Teil der Produkte haben wir in unserem Verkaufsraum im Kalchrain MZE ausgestellt und können somit bei uns besichtigt werden.
Unsere Kontaktperson für die MetallProdukte:
Martin Dettwyler Leiter Metall Tel. 052 748 23 51 email@example.com
Bitte beachten Sie:
Wir nehmen keinen Versand ins Ausland vor
Unsere Produkte sind nicht für den Wiederverkauf bestimmt
Es sind nicht immer alle Artikel an Lager. Bitte fragen Sie uns vor einer Bestellung an.
Verzeichnis:
1. TIERE
| Bezeichnung | Beschreibung / Varianten |
|---|---|
| Ente | Aus Stein und un- behandeltem Stahl Kleine Ente: Höhe ca. 50 – 60 cm Grosse Ente: Höhe ca. 70 - 80 cm |
| Eule | Aus unbehandel- tem Stahl Höhe ca. 30 cm |
| Bezeichnung | Beschreibung / Varianten | Preis in Fr. |
|---|---|---|
| Frosch | aus unbehandeltem Stahl in 4 Grössen (Set) | 20.-- oder 65.-- für ganzes Set |
| Spinne | aus unbehandeltem Stahl | 25.-- |
| Vogel | Aus unbehandel- tem Stahl oder feu- erverzinkt Höhe ca. 110- 120 cm | 70.-- / 95.-- |
Alle Preise inkl. 8 % MWST
2. KERZEN / BELEUCHTUNG
| Bezeichnung | Beschreibung / Varianten | Preis in Fr. |
|---|---|---|
| Kalchrainer Laterne | Stahl Eisenglimmer pulverbeschichtet Masse LxBxH: 135x135x350mm | 65.-- |
| Kerzenständer einfach | Aus brüniertem Stahl mit Kerze | 15.-- |
Alle Preise inkl. 8 % MWST
| Bezeichnung | Beschreibung / Varianten |
|---|---|
| Schlosslaterne Höhe 450 mm | Normalglas oder Antikglas Aus pulverbe- schichtetem Stahl Eisenglimmer oder Signalrot Masse LxBxH: 300x300x450 mm |
| Schlosslaterne Höhe 700 mm | Normalglas oder Antikglas Aus pulverbe- schichtetem Stahl Eisenglimmer oder Signalrot Masse LxBxH: 350x350x700 mm |
3. BLUMEN / GARTEN
| Bezeichnung | Beschreibung / Varianten | Preis in Fr. |
|---|---|---|
| Kupferrose | Kupfer lackiert oder Zink pulverbeschichtet Höhe 50 cm | 25.-- |
| Sonnenblume | Aus unbehandel- tem Stahl Höhe 170 cm oder 200 cm | 190.-- /210.-- Feuer- verzinkt 230.--/260.-- |
4. DEKORATIONSARTIKEL / SONSTIGES
| Bezeichnung | Beschreibung / Varianten | Preis in Fr. |
|---|---|---|
| Hufeisenspiel: Versuche, den Ring herauszunehmen | Aus unbehandel- tem Stahl | 25.-- |
| Diverses auf Anfra- ge | Kreative Übungs- stücke aus der Werkstatt | Nach Ab- sprache |
Alle Preise inkl. 8 % MWST
5. Bestellschein
Senden an:
Massnahmenzentrum Kalchrain 8536 Hüttwilen
Tel. 052 748 23 23
Fax 052 748 23 25
E-Mail: firstname.lastname@example.org
Bitte nehmen Sie mit uns Kontakt auf, um Details der Produkte zu besprechen und Fragen zu klären.
Wir stehen Ihnen gerne zur Verfügung!
Bestellung Metallprodukte AW
| Artikel-Bezeichnung | Anzahl |
|---|---|
Bestellerangaben:
Name:
Branche:
Strasse:
PLZ, Ort:
Datum, Unterschrift:
Erreichbarkeit
Tel. Fax:
E-Mail
Wichtige Hinweise:
Wir nehmen keinen Versand ins Ausland vor.
Unsere Produkte sind nicht für den Wiederverkauf bestimmt.
Es sind nicht immer alle Artikel an Lager. Bitte fragen Sie uns vor einer Bestellung an. | <urn:uuid:82d180c4-d275-4d9f-9863-c91890438fc4> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/deu_Latn/train | finepdfs | deu_Latn | 3,247 |
Oracle ® Hospitality Pos8
GoBD Technische Verfahrensdokumentation Release 22.214.171.124 und höher
August 2019
Copyright © 2002, 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
This software and related documentation are provided under a license agreement containing restrictions on use and disclosure and are protected by intellectual property laws. Except as expressly permitted in your license agreement or allowed by law, you may not use, copy, reproduce, translate, broadcast, modify, license, transmit, distribute, exhibit, perform, publish, or display any part, in any form, or by any means. Reverse engineering, disassembly, or decompilation of this software, unless required by law for interoperability, is prohibited.
The information contained herein is subject to change without notice and is not warranted to be error-free. If you find any errors, please report them to us in writing.
If this software or related documentation is delivered to the U.S. Government or anyone licensing it on behalf of the U.S. Government, then the following notice is applicable:
U.S. GOVERNMENT END USERS: Oracle programs, including any operating system, integrated software, any programs installed on the hardware, and/or documentation, delivered to U.S. Government end users are "commercial computer software" pursuant to the applicable Federal Acquisition Regulation and agency-specific supplemental regulations. As such, use, duplication, disclosure, modification, and adaptation of the programs, including any operating system, integrated software, any programs installed on the hardware, and/or documentation, shall be subject to license terms and license restrictions applicable to the programs. No other rights are granted to the U.S. Government.
This software or hardware is developed for general use in a variety of information management applications. It is not developed or intended for use in any inherently dangerous applications, including applications that may create a risk of personal injury. If you use this software or hardware in dangerous applications, then you shall be responsible to take all appropriate fail-safe, backup, redundancy, and other measures to ensure its safe use. Oracle Corporation and its affiliates disclaim any liability for any damages caused by use of this software or hardware in dangerous applications.
Oracle and Java are registered trademarks of Oracle and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners.
Intel and Intel Xeon are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation. All SPARC trademarks are used under license and are trademarks or registered trademarks of SPARC International, Inc. AMD, Opteron, the AMD logo, and the AMD Opteron logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Advanced Micro Devices. UNIX is a registered trademark of The Open Group.
This software or hardware and documentation may provide access to or information on content, products, and services from third parties. Oracle Corporation and its affiliates are not responsible for and expressly disclaim all warranties of any kind with respect to third-party content, products, and services. Oracle Corporation and its affiliates will not be responsible for any loss, costs, or damages incurred due to your access to or use of third-party content, products, or services.
Inhalt
Vorwort
Dieses Dokument erläutert in kurzer Form den Datenzugriff der steuerrelevanten Daten für die Finanzverwaltung der Hotelsoftware Oracle Hospitality Suite8. Das Dokument ist nach bestem Wissen und Gewissen sorgfältig erstellt worden, nichtsdestotrotz kann für die hier enthaltenen Zitate oder Gesetzesauslegungen keine Gewähr übernommen werden. Es dient lediglich der Information des Steuerpflichtigen und ersetzt keine fachmännische Beratung durch einen Steuerberater oder ähnliches.
Dieses Dokument beschreibt die Datenhaltung, den Software-Aufbau und den Buchungsablauf der Hotelsoftware, um eine transparente und verständliche Dokumentation der System-Abläufe darzustellen und es dient als Verfahrensdokumentation- bzw. Verfahrensbeschreibung des Softwareproduktes Suite8.
Kunden Support
Um den Oracle Kunden Support zu kontaktieren, gehen Sie auf My Oracle Support unter der folgenden URL:
https://support.oracle.com
Wenn Sie den Kunden-Support kontaktieren, geben Sie bitte immer folgende Informationen weiter:
[x] Produkt Version und Programm/Modul Name
[x] Funktionelle und technische Beschreibung des Problems (inklusive der geschäftlichen Auswirkung)
[x] Detaillierte Beschreibung, um das Problem nachvollziehen zu können
[x] Genaue Beschreibung der Fehlermeldung
[x] Bildschirmfoto's jedes einzelnen Schrittes, um das Problem nachvollziehen zu können
Dokumentation
Oracle Hospitality Produkt Dokumentationen sind verfügbar im Oracle Help Center unter http://docs.oracle.com
Dokument-Historie
1 Einleitung
Die Grundsätze zum Datenzugriff und zur Prüfbarkeit digitaler Unterlagen (GDPDU) - eine Anweisung des Bundesfinanzministeriums - enthalten alle notwendigen Regeln zur Buchführung und der digitalen Aufbewahrung von steuerrelevanten Daten.
Die GDPDU wurde im Jahr 2015 durch die GoBD abgelöst.
Der Steuerpflichtige ist verpflichtet und verantwortlich alle Geschäftsvorfälle entsprechend der gesetzlichen Aufbewahrungsfristen aufzubewahren und über einen elektronischen Datenzugriff der Finanzverwaltung zur Verfügung zu stellen.
Die GoBD setzt drei Datenzugriffsmöglichkeiten voraus:
* Unmittelbarer Lesezugriff (Z1)
* Mittelbarer Zugriff (Z2)
* Datenträgerüberlassung (Z3)
Jede dieser Datenzugriffsmöglichkeiten muss bereitgestellt werden mit allen Daten, die den gesetzlichen Aufbewahrungsfristen entsprechen.
2 Voraussetzungen
Um die Konformität gegenüber der aktuellen Gesetzlage zu erfüllen, ist es notwendig spezifische Maßnahmen zu ergreifen. Die Oracle Hospitality Software POS8 muss auf den Landestyp (engl. CountryMode) Deutschland eingestellt sein, damit die Zugriffsart „Mittelbarer Zugriff (Z2)" für den Steuerprüfer erfüllt wird.
Der Export zur Erfüllung der Anforderung „Mittelbarer Zugriff (Z2)" erzeugt für einen wählbaren Datumsbereich alle Dateien, welche für den Z2- Datenzugriff notwendig sind.
Alle erzeugten Dateien sollten selbstverständlich gesichert werden, so dass immer ein lückenloser Transaktionsverlauf zur Verfügung steht.
Die Oracle Hospitality Software POS8 wird weltweit angeboten, die jeweiligen lokalen Anforderungen werden über zusätzliche Konfigurationen abgebildet.
Die Software wird deshalb übersetzt und über eine Basiskonfiguration für die lokalen Anforderungen eingestellt.
3 GoBD Export
Der Gesetzgeber fordert das elektronische Speichern von steuerrelevanten Daten zur Auswertung bei Betriebsprüfungen. Der GoBD Export stellt diese nebst einem Index zur Verfügung.
Das Format der Dateien ist CSV mit einer vorgegebenen Struktur und auf den folgenden Seiten dokumentiert.
Der GoBD Export für Oracle Hospitality POS8 basiert auf dem View V8_POS8_GPDU_ALL.
Der View enthält die folgenden Felder:
Export
Der GoBDExport wird mit der posback Anwendung durchgeführt.
Im Menü Manager wählen Sie Reports. Dann wird Ihnen folgende Bildschirmmaske angezeigt.
Nach Drücken der Taste GoBDExport wird eine Datei Rechnungen.csv mit beispielsweise dem folgenden Inhalt erzeugt:
ORD010002015220;;Anrede Titel Vorname Nachname;012000045022;Straße Hausnummer ; ;PLZ ;Stadt;Land;
Nachname, Vorname;2016-10-09; 1.00; 4.50; 4.50; 0.72;EUR;Cola Light
0,2;153003;001000024205;001010000030568;000456555
ORD010002015218;; Anrede Titel Vorname Nachname;012000045022; Straße Hausnummer ; ;PLZ ;Stadt;Land; Nachname, Vorname;2016-10-09; 1.00; 7.00; 7.00; 1.12;EUR;Meiner Quelle 1,0;115020;001000024238;001010000030568;000456555 ORD010002015217;; Anrede Titel Vorname Nachname;012000045022; Straße Hausnummer ; ;PLZ ;Stadt;Land; Nachname, Vorname;2016-10-09; 1.00; 50.00; 50.00; 7.98;EUR;Abendbuffet;108034;001000061142;001010000030568;000456555
Anmerkung: Die Rechnungsnummer ist folgendermaßen zusammengesetzt:
3 Stellen Hotelnummer. Beispiel: 001
3 Stellen Kassennummer. Beispiel: 010
9 Stellen serielle Nummer.
Für jede Kasse wird ein eigener Nummernkreis für Rechnungsnummern gepflegt. 001010000000001 und 001001000000001 bedeuten hier Rechnung 1 von Kasse Nummer 010 und Rechnung 1 von Kasse Nummer 001
Die Intrechnungsnummer repräsentiert die interne 9-stellige Rechnungsnummer | <urn:uuid:02f66f2e-cdca-49ee-bf0e-95188f01fc08> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/deu_Latn/train | finepdfs | deu_Latn | 8,457 |
Safety Gate Alerts
Nummer der Meldung
A12/01287/22
Produkt
Digitale Skala
Der Inhalt dieser Datei wurde maschinell übersetzt. Die Europäische Kommission haftet nicht für die Richtigkeit. Bei Abweichungen ist die englische Fassung maßgebend.
Art des Risikos
Umwelt
Das Metall (Lötmittel) im Thermometer enthält eine übermäßige Bleikonzentration (gemessener Wert bis zu 6,4 %). Blei stellt ein Risiko für die Umwelt dar.
Das Produkt entspricht nicht den Anforderungen der Richtlinie zur Beschränkung der Verwendung bestimmter gefährlicher Stoffe in Elektro- und Elektronikgeräten (RoHS-2-Richtlinie).
Kategorie Elektrogeräte und -zubehör
Art Verbraucher
Beschreibung
Schwarzer digitaler Gewichtslöffel. Produkt auch online verkauft, insbesondere über Aliexpress.
Packungsbeschreibung Buntes Kartonpaket
Marke Unbekannt
Name DIGITAL SCALE KITCHEN INNOVATIVE ACCESSORIES
Wöchentlicher Bericht Nummer
Report-2022-37
07/11/2022
Seite 1
Warnmeldung übermittelt von
Norwegen
Handelt es sich bei dem Produkt um eine Fälschung?
Unbekannt
Ursprungsland Volksrepublik China
Von Wirtschaftsbeteiligten ergriffene Maßnahmen
Rücknahme eines Produkts vom Markt Importeur
Datum des Inkrafttretens 02/05/2022
07/11/2022
Seite 2 | <urn:uuid:9413180d-a257-4e2a-b40b-7b9186aa304d> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/deu_Latn/train | finepdfs | deu_Latn | 1,241 |
Plastic & Reconstructive Surgeon
Kenneth Bermudez, M.D.
Any successful aesthetic surgery is a blend of science and art.
Dr. Kenneth Bermudez, a highly experienced board-certified plastic and reconstructive surgeon, works to not just meet but exceed patients' goals. His exceptional skill in an array of procedures, including body contouring and facelift, let him deliver the best state-of-the-art care available. Trust, compassion and communication are key to the process, and this doctor truly listens, advising honestly on which treatments fit your needs. Always the aim is a balanced result that reduces signs of age and accentuates natural beauty to help people look and feel their best. He provides personalized care and is there with you every step, from first consultation to recovery, supported by a knowledgeable, friendly staff.
A Bay Area physician since 1992, Dr. Bermudez did his medical studies and surgical residencies at UCSF. He sees patients in an ideally located office and surgery center and has hospital privileges with California Pacific and Catholic Healthcare West.
525 Spruce St.
San Francisco, CA 94118
415.668.2122
plasticsurgery-sf.com
Recognized on the [415] Top Doctors 2012 list. | <urn:uuid:14521cd8-abe2-4f4b-8316-b580933ce13d> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 1,219 |
Student name:
Textbook name:
Textbook Contract
Precalculus with Limits: A Graphing Approach, 4th ed.
Textbook number:
Textbook cost: $230
I have written my name (in ink) on the inside cover, along with the school year, teacher name, and classroom number. I have covered my textbook with a book cover. The cover is labeled (in ink) with my name and course subject.
I have looked through my textbook thoroughly. I have listed below any damages/marks that were there upon receipt. I will be responsible for paying for any other damages/marks. I understand that if I lose the book, I will have to pay to replace it.
| Page | Description of Damage |
|---|---|
List additional damages/marks on the back of this sheet.
Student Signature
Parent/Guardian Signature
Date | <urn:uuid:8b9e4b98-23d5-43ea-9671-547ac17f4788> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 772 |
5 Jahre Garantie*
auf elektrisch betriebene
Tore, Schranken, Drehkreuze,
Dreh- und Durchgangssperren
* Einzelheiten gemäß Wartungsvertrag
Technisches Merkblatt Freitragendes adronit ® -Schiebetor EUROGATE ®
1
Technisches Merkblatt Freitragendes adronit ® -Schiebetor EUROGATE ®
Freitragendes adronit ® -Schiebetor EUROGATE ® , Durchfahrtsbreite 4,00 bis 8,00 m
Bemaßungstabelle (Angaben in mm)
Konstruktions- merkmale
Bezeichnungen
Seitenholm: QR 40/40/2
RR 80/40/2
Unterholm + C-Profil: CP 120/110/7
RR 80/40/3
Oberholm:
RR 80/40/3
Torfeld A
Innen-/ Innen-Pfosten (im Bereich der Einlaufgabel verringert sich die Durchfahrtsbreite um 200 mm) A´
Tor Rücklaufbereich B
Torverlängerung (Überstand: bis 6 m = 2000 mm) D
Mitte Führungspfosten/ Anschlagpfosten E
Mitte Führungspfosten/ Auflaufschuh F
Hauptfundament bis Fundament Anschlagpfosten G
Gesamtplatzbedarf C
Hauptfundament bis Fundament Auflaufschuh
H
Länge des Hauptfundaments I
Mitte Führungspfosten bis hinterer Rollenbock J
Höhe (1.880 / 2.080) K
Torfelder TF
(2.000) Verschraubung zwischen den einzelnen Torfeldern mit 75 - 80 Nm anziehen!
Telefon +49 (0) 2335 9785-0
Telefax +49 (0) 2335 7949
2 | <urn:uuid:e68fd44b-f1f6-4761-8a2b-07447ee7a4b5> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/deu_Latn/train | finepdfs | deu_Latn | 1,183 |
Veteran Health Files
Forms for father
Military Veteran with unmet health care needs
Margaret Boswall MDSuzanne O'Hanley MDNicole Caron-Boulet MD CCFP FCFPJames M. Thompson MD CCFP(EM) FCFP
A family physician works on forms at her desk one evening following a hectic day in the clinic preceded by a late-night emergency department shift. She gets to a Veterans Affairs Canada (VAC) form about John,* part of his application for service-related disability benefits. John is a 78-year-old retired carpenter. He is a Canadian Navy Veteran who served 3 years in the engine room of a ship during the Korean War.
Veteran Affairs Canada Disability Program
John had seen his family physician for increasing shortness of breath. Findings of his physical examination were unremarkable. The chest radiograph was normal, but results of oximetry showed evidence of hypoxemia. The family physician referred John to a respirologist. Pulmonary function test results and a high-resolution computed tomography scan of the chest revealed changes consistent with asbestosis. Alerted by the family physician, the respirologist was aware of John's previous risk of exposure to asbestos during his Navy service. The respirologist made the diagnosis of asbestosis.
John was prescribed oxygen therapy, but he had trouble paying for it. He continued to have shortness of breath when climbing stairs and performing activities of daily living. He and his family could not afford necessary treatments, care, or home modifications. He was concerned he would not be able to stay at home with his wife, Sally. With his family physician's help, John and Sally contacted VAC for assistance. The VAC district office staff suggested that he could claim his condition as a service-related condition. They explained to John the importance of obtaining accurate medical information to document both his diagnosis and the severity of his condition when he submitted his claim.
Completion of VAC medical forms benefits family physicians caring for Veterans and their families. As family physicians we understand the burden of forms. 1,2 Medical information from physicians is essential to Veterans' applications for Disability Program benefits. Family physicians are uniquely placed to provide overviews of patients' medical diagnoses and physical, mental, and social health. Family physicians' information and supporting investigations are essential for VAC adjudicators to make disability entitlement and assessment decisions.
*The case presented is fictitious.
Vol 56: february
Veterans, still-serving members of the Regular and Reserve Canadian Forces and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, their families, and certain other groups might be eligible for VAC disability programs and services. Eligibility is based on the Veteran's or member's service-related disability. 3,4 Veterans found to be eligible by VAC under legislation for disability programs can access related VAC programs, services, and benefits. Disability entitlement is not necessary to access other VAC programs, such as the Rehabilitation Program.
Box 1 5 gives VAC definitions of the key terms disability entitlement and disability assessment, and shows the 2 main ways a condition might be connected to military service for entitlement.
Family physician's role
Disability entitlement.The Canadian Medical
Box 1. Veterans Affairs Canada Disability Program terminology
Disability entitlement—Entitlement means granting a client the right to disability programs through the application of law and the recognition of a service-related disabling condition. Entitlement is provided when there is evidence of a disability, the disability can be related to service, and the extent of the disability is apparent. Entitlement eligibility varies with type of military service.
* Insurance principle —Entitlement is granted for disability resulting from an injury or disease that was incurred during, is attributable to, or was aggravated by service in World War II, the Korean War, or any of the more than 70 special duty areas or operations, such as Afghanistan. A causal link to service activities does not need to be established.
* Compensation principle —Entitlement is granted for disability directly connected with or aggravated by service in peacetime, other than special duty areas or operations. A causal link to service activities needs to be established.
Disability assessment —After disability entitlement is granted the extent of disability is assessed and rated on a percentage basis from 0% to 100%. 5 This rating is used to establish financial compensation.
La traduction en français de cet article se trouve à www.cfp.ca dans la table des matières du numéro de février 2010.
*
fÉVrier 2010
Canadian Family Physician
*
Le Médecin de famille canadien
147
Veteran Health Files
Association (CMA) policy on the physician's role in third-party forms emphasizes the following:
The physician's role in completing third-party medical forms should be to provide medical information and opinion. It should not be to adjudicate on a patient's eligibility to a benefit. This is the role of the third party. 1
Veterans Affairs Canada follows the CMA policy by only asking family physicians for the information its adjudicators need to render decisions. Each case is adjudicated on its individual merits. A client's physician can offer his or her opinion that a client's health problem was caused or aggravated by military service but, under law, the final decision rests with VAC.
Disability Program entitlement requires very specific medical information. Veterans Affairs Canada has developed medical questionnaires specific to various body systems. 6 Appropriate medical questionnaires will be provided to the physician or are available on the VAC website.
The medical questionnaires direct physicians to provide diagnoses for their patients' conditions. 6 "Degenerative lumbar disc disease" and "chronic mechanical low back pain" are examples of diagnoses for "back pain" that can be used by VAC to establish Disability Program entitlement.
The medical questionnaires guide the physician to provide the necessary information by completing only the sections relevant to the Veteran's claimed condition. The physician is asked to attach all relevant supporting investigations.
Disability assessment.After entitlement for a servicerelated disability is granted by VAC, the degree of disability is assessed. The CMA policy on the physicians' role in third-party forms emphasizes that it is necessary to "separate the patient assessment from the program eligibility process." 1
The process of disability assessment is described in the Table of Disabilities on VAC's website. 5 The medical questionnaires are designed to complement the Table of Disabilities. If the medical questionnaire is adequately completed by the physician, and all the relevant supportive investigations are provided, the adjudicator can complete the assessment in a timely fashion.
Adjudicators cannot complete their assessments if medical questionnaires are not adequately completed. This can lead to delays for Veterans and their families. In our fictitious case, if John's pulmonary function test results are not included in the claim, his disability compensation might be delayed.
VAC disability forms benefit family physicians
All military Veterans are not automatically eligible for all VAC disability programs. Medical information must be
Vol 56: february provided to support claims. Once entitled to disability benefits, and depending on the type of service and degree of disability (Box 1 5 ), a VAC client has varied access to a variety of programs, services, and benefits related to the disability. The VAC forms are designed to collect required information without physicians needing to know all this detail.
Patient access to VAC benefits might increase family physicians' options for effective treatment planning. For eligible Veterans, VAC augments provincial health benefits and services with benefits intended to support Veterans' physical, emotional, and social well-being. In John's case, owing to his Korean War service, if his application were accepted for disability benefits, his prescription costs would be covered and he could obtain the necessary supports to allow him to continue to live at home with his wife.
Other VAC programs
Not all VAC programs require entitlement to a servicerelated disability. Other installments of the Veteran Health Files series in Canadian Family Physician describe for family physicians the array of programs, benefits, and services available to Veterans and their families, depending on eligibility.
For example, the 2006 New Veterans Charter Rehabilitation Program does not require a diagnosis for entry, only a service-related physical or mental health problem that is creating a barrier to reestablishment in civilian life. 7 Precise, timely information from physicians assists VAC staff in quickly determining eligibility for the Rehabilitation Program and in designing and implementing rehabilitation plans. Similarly, information from family physicians assists VAC clients who have mental health difficulties related to service with accessing care from the new operational stress injury clinic network through VAC district offices. 8 Family physicians might be contacted by VAC medical officers when clients are referred to operational stress injury clinics.
Collaborating with VAC
Veterans Affairs Canada welcomes collaboration with family physicians caring for former military or Royal Canadian Mounted Police members and their families. A physician does not need to wait for forms to communicate with VAC about a patient when the physician thinks the Veteran or family could benefit from VAC programs. The physician can write a referral letter to VAC, with the patient's permission, providing useful information to the interdisciplinary VAC client service team in a local district office. This opens lines of communication between providers to facilitate effective treatments for Veterans and improve continuity of care.
The family physician recognizes her key role in supplying the information required for John's VAC claim,
*
fÉVrier 2010
Canadian Family Physician
*
Le Médecin de famille canadien
149
Resources
Resources for physicians
* Veterans Affairs Canada (VAC) website: www.vac-acc.gc.ca; click on "Providers and Professionals," then "Entitlement Guidelines," "Table of Disabilities," and "Medical Questionnaires"
* To contact VAC by telephone, call the VAC National Contact Centre at 866 522-2122 (English) or 866 5222022 (French). If your patient is a VAC client, it helps to provide their VAC client number
* Veteran Health Files series in Canadian Family Physician at www.cfp.ca, quarterly from November 2008
Resources for Veterans
* VAC telephone: 866 522-2122 (English) or 866 522-2022 (French)
* VAC website: www.vac-acc.gc.ca; click on links under "Services and Benefits," then "Disability Benefits"
completes the VAC form, and attaches the required investigations. She is remunerated by VAC for completing the form in accordance with fees recommended for uninsured third-party requests by her province's medical association or society.
John's claim is accepted by VAC, entitling him to disability benefits for service-related asbestosis. The data on the form enable VAC to assess his degree of disability. He receives a financial award based on the disability assessment and access to treatment benefits related to his entitled condition of asbestosis.
This entitlement provides access to a variety of services for John. In-home assessments are made by the District Nursing Officer and an occupational therapist. They contact the family physician for more details. Veterans Affairs Canada provides John with an oxygen concentrator, pays prescription costs, installs a stair lift, and provides help with activities of daily living. These benefits allow John and Sally to stay in their home.
Dr Boswall is a Senior Medical Advisor at Veterans Affairs Canada (VAC) Head Office in Charlottetown, PEI. Dr O'Hanley is a Medical Advisor at VAC Head Office. Dr Caron-Boulet is Regional Medical Officer for the Western Region in Winnipeg, Man. Dr Thompson is a Medical Advisor in the Research Directorate at VAC Head Office.
Competing interests
None declared
The opinions expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of Veterans Affairs Canada.
References
1. Canadian Medical Association. Third-party forms: the physician's role. CMA Policy. Ottawa, ON: Canadian Medical Association; 2008.
Bottom Line
* Veterans and still-serving Canadian Forces and Royal Canadian Mounted Police members can apply to Veterans Affairs Canada (VAC) for benefits for disabilities they believe are related to their service.
* Family physicians play a key role in providing necessary information on VAC forms, enabling VAC to adjudicate disability entitlement claims and assess degree of disability.
* Incomplete forms lead to delays in providing Disability Program benefits to Veterans and their families.
* A family physician can offer opinions about a service connection for a Veteran's condition, but VAC determines whether there is a connection between military service and a claimed disability.
Encadré Points saillants
* Les anciens combattants et les membres des Forces Canadiennes et de la Gendarmerie royale du Canada encore en service peuvent présenter une demande de prestations à Anciens Combattants Canada pour une invalidité qui est, selon eux, liée à leur service.
* Les médecins de famille jouent un rôle clé en fournissant les renseignements nécessaires sur les formulaires d'ACC, permettant ainsi à ACC de juger les demandes d'admissibilité à des prestations d'invalidité et d'évaluer le degré d'invalidité.
* Les formulaires incomplets peuvent occasionner des retards dans la prestation des avantages prévus dans le cadre des programmes de prestations d'invalidité aux anciens combattants et à leur famille.
* Les médecins de famille peuvent donner leurs avis sur un lien entre le service et l'affection de l'ancien combattant mais c'est ACC qui détermine s'il y a un lien entre le service militaire et l'invalidité faisant l'objet de la demande.
3. Veterans Affairs Canada. Application for disability benefits. General information. PEN 6202e. Charlottetown, PEI: Veterans Affairs Canada; 2006. Available from: www.vac-acc.gc.ca. Accessed 2009 Oct 01.
4. Veterans Affairs Canada. Disability pensions. Entitlement eligibility guidelines. Charlottetown, PEI: Veterans Affairs Canada; 2006. Available from: www. vac-acc.gc.ca. Accessed 2009 Oct 01.
5. Veterans Affairs Canada. New table of disabilities. Charlottetown, PEI: Veterans Affairs Canada; 2006. Available from: www.vac-acc.gc.ca. Accessed 2009 Oct 01.
6. Veterans Affairs Canada. Medical questionnaires. Charlottetown, PEI: Veterans Affairs Canada; 2006. Available from: www.vac-acc.gc.ca. Accessed 2009 Oct 01.
7. Pranger T, Murphy K, Thompson JM. Shaken world. Coping with transition to civilian life. Can Fam Physician 2009;55:159-61 (Eng), CFPlus (Fr).
2. Sullivan P. CMA creates "bill of rights" for MDs as complaints about third-party forms multiply [article on-line]. Ottawa, ON: Canadian Medical Association; 2008. Available from: www.cma.ca/index.cfm?ci_ id=10042516&la_id=1. Accessed 2009 Jul 22.
8. Shields N, White M, Egan M. Battlefield blues. Treatment ambivalence in a military Veteran with depression. Can Fam Physician 2009;55:799-802 (Fr), CFPlus (Eng). Available from: www.cfp.ca/cgi/content/full/55/8/799/ DC1. Accessed 2009 Dec 21.
Veteran Health Files is a quarterly series in Canadian Family Physician coordinated by Veterans Affairs Canada. The series explores situations experienced by family physicians caring for Veterans of military service. For further information on this series, contact Dr Jim Thompson, Veterans Affairs Canada, Charlottetown, PEI; e-mail email@example.com.
150
Canadian Family Physician
*
Le Médecin de famille canadien
Vol 56: february
*
fÉVrier 2010 | <urn:uuid:3d5761f5-680c-4ca1-8022-bfdc3293fbb0> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 16,122 |
Sierra County Board of Supervisors' Agenda Transmittal & Record of Proceedings
MEETING DATE:
October 5, 2021
Regular
Timed
DEPARTMENT:
TYPE OF AGENDA ITEM
Sheriff's Office:
Consent
No
APPROVING PARTY: Mike Fisher
PHONE NUMBER: 530-289-3700
AGENDA ITEM: Resolution approving the application to the State of California, Department of Parks and Recreation for Off-Highway Vehicle Grant funds.
SUPPORTIVE DOCUMENTS ATTACHED:
Memo
Resolution
Agreement Other
BACKGROUND INFORMATION: Adoption of resolution for Off-Highway Motor Vehicle Recreation Division Grant for the Cooperative Agreement 2021-2022, Project Agreement Number G21-03-55-L01, between Sierra County and the State of California Department of Parks and Recreation - Off-Highway Motor Vehicle Division. This grant provides funding for patrol, equipment, and training relating to OHV operations. The Sheriff's Office is required to contribute 25% of the total grant in matching funds. The majority of the 25% is contributed through a "technician" rate, which is calculated by the US Government for Sheriff's Office staff, volunteers, fuel, and fixed operation costs such as the power bill at the Loyalton Substation.
FUNDING SOURCE: Department of Parks and Recreation Off Highway Motor Vehicle Recreation Division.
GENERAL FUND IMPACT
: No General Fund Impact
OTHER FUND:
AMOUNT: $20,810 Annually
ARE ADDITIONAL PERSONNEL REQUIRED?
Yes, -- --
No
IS THIS ITEM ALLOCATED IN THE BUDGET?
Yes
IS A BUDGET TRANSFER REQUIRED?
Yes
No
SPACE BELOW FOR CLERK'S USE
BOARD ACTION:
☐Approved
☐Approved as amended
☐Adopted
☐Adopted as amended
☐Denied
☐Other
☐No Action Taken
☐Set public hearing
For: _____________________
☐Direction to: ______________
☐Referred to: ______________
☐Continued to: _____________
☐Authorization given to:
___________________________
Resolution 2021- ____________
Agreement 2021- ____________
Ordinance _________________
Vote:
Ayes:
Noes:
Abstain:
Absent:
☐By Consensus
COMMENTS:
CLERK TO THE BOARD
D
ATE
BOARD OF SUPERVISORS, COUNTY OF SIERRA, STATE OF CALIFORNIA
APPROVING THE APPLICANT TO APPLY FOR GRANT FUNDS FOR THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA, DEPARTMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION, OFF-HIGHWAY VEHICLE GRANT FUNDS
Resolution 2021-
WHEREAS, the people of the State of California have enacted the Off-Highway Motor Vehicle Recreation Act of 2003, which provides funds to the State of California and its political subdivisions for Operation and Maintenance, Restoration, Law Enforcement, and Education and Safety for off-highway vehicle recreation; and
WHEREAS, the Off-Highway Motor Vehicle Recreation Division with the California Department of Parks and Recreation has been delegated the responsibility to administer the program; and
WHEREAS, procedures established by the California Department of Parks and Recreation require the Applicant's Governing Body to certify by resolution the approval to receive grant funding from the Off-Highway Motor Vehicle Grant funds; and
WHEREAS, this Project appears on, or is in conformance with this jurisdiction's adopted general or master plan and is compatible with the land use plans of those jurisdictions immediately surrounding the Project.
NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED that the Sierra County Board of Supervisors, County of Sierra, State of California does:
1. Approves the receiving of grant funding from the Off-Highway Vehicle Grant or Cooperative Agreement Program; and
2. Certifies that this agency understands its legal obligations to the State upon approval of the Grant; and
3. Certifies that this agency understands the California Public Resources Code requirement that Acquisition, and Development Projects be maintained to specific conservation standards; and
4. Certifies that the Project will be well-maintained during its useful life; and
5. Certifies that this agency will implement the Project with diligence once funds are available and the Applicant has reviewed, understands, and agrees with the Project Agreement; and
6. Certifies that this agency will provide the required matching funds; and
7. Certifies that the public and adjacent property owners have been notified of this Project (as applicable); and
8. Appoints the Sierra County Sheriff, Mike Fisher, as agent to conduct all negotiations, execute and submit all documents including, but not limited to Applications, agreements, amendments, payment requests and so on, which may be necessary for completion of the Project.
AYES:
NOES:
ABSTAIN:
ABSENT:
COUNTY OF SIERRA
____________________
LEE ADAMS, CHAIRMAN BOARD OF SUPERVISORS
ATTEST:
APPROVED AS TO FORM:
____________________
____________________
HEATHER FOSTER CLERK TO THE BOARD
DAVID PRENTICE COUNTY COUNSEL
ADOPTED by the Board of Supervisors of the County of Sierra on the 5th day of October, 2021 by the following vote: | <urn:uuid:1ad34208-d4c7-4cd5-9060-c03035b9c5d0> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 4,863 |
Regulamin wypożyczania i udostępniania darmowych podręczników i materiałów edukacyjnych uczniom Szkoły Podstawowej z Oddziałami Sportowymi nr 5 im. Polskich Olimpijczyków w Krakowie
1. Biblioteka szkolna gromadzi podręczniki, materiały edukacyjne, materiały ćwiczeniowe i inne materiały biblioteczne.
2. Biblioteka nieodpłatnie:
1) wypożycza uczniom podręczniki lub materiały edukacyjne, mające postać papierową ,
2) zapewnia uczniom dostęp do podręczników lub materiałów edukacyjnych, mających postać elektroniczną,
3) przekazuje uczniom materiały ćwiczeniowe bez obowiązku zwrotu.
3. Dołączona do podręcznika lub materiałów edukacyjnych płyta CD stanowi integralną część podręczników lub materiałów edukacyjnych i należy ją zwrócić wraz z podręcznikiem lub materiałem edukacyjnym. Zagubienie płyty CD skutkuje koniecznością zwrotu kosztów całego podręcznika lub materiałów edukacyjnych.
§ 2
1. Podręczniki, materiały edukacyjne, materiały ćwiczeniowe przekazane szkole w ramach dotacji zostają przyjęte na stan biblioteki na podstawie otrzymanych faktur i zostają wprowadzone do ksiąg inwentarzowych podręczników i materiałów edukacyjnych, przez nauczyciela – bibliotekarza.
2. Podręczniki, materiały edukacyjne i inne materiały biblioteczne stanowią własność szkoły.
§ 3
1. Do wypożyczania podręczników lub materiałów edukacyjnych uprawnieni są wszyscy uczniowie szkoły.
2. Użytkownicy biblioteki przed rozpoczęciem korzystania ze zbiorów podlegają rejestracji.
3. Wypożyczanie odbywa się na początku każdego roku szkolnego.
4. Uczniowie otrzymują podręczniki od nauczyciela bibliotekarza w obecności wychowawcy klasy wg listy z numerami podręczników i nazwiskami uczniów (ZAŁĄCZNIK NR 1).
5. Wychowawcy potwierdzają odbiór podręczników i otrzymują kopię listy wypożyczeń.
6. Na pierwszym zebraniu w danym roku szkolnym wychowawca ma obowiązek:
1) poinformować rodziców, aby sprawdzili stan podręczników lub materiałów edukacyjnych, a ewentualne uszkodzenia natychmiast zgłosili nauczycielowi bibliotekarzowi,
2) zebrać pisemne potwierdzenie zapoznania się z regulaminem wypożyczania podręczników (ZAŁĄCZNIK NR 2) i przekazać je nauczycielowi bibliotekarzowi.
7. Pod koniec roku szkolnego uczniowie z wychowawcą klasy rozliczają się z podręczników z bibliotekarzem - bibliotekarz przyjmuje komplet podręczników od całej klasy. Termin zwrotu podręczników należy każdorazowo ustalić z nauczycielem bibliotekarzem.
Strona2z5
8. Podręczniki wypożyczane są na okres 10 miesięcy, a ich zwroty następują po dacie konferencji klasyfikacyjnej końcoworocznej zgodnie z przedstawionym przez nauczyciela bibliotekarza harmonogramem.
9. W sytuacjach losowych pojedynczy uczniowie mogą dokonać zwrotu w innym terminie, jednak nie później niż do dnia 20 czerwca.
10. Uczeń zmieniający w trakcie roku szkolnego szkołę zobowiązany jest zwrócić otrzymane podręczniki lub materiały edukacyjne do wychowawcy klasy, a ten otrzymane podręczniki i materiały edukacyjne przekazuje niezwłocznie do biblioteki.
§ 4
1. Przez cały okres użytkowania podręczników uczeń jest zobowiązany dbać o właściwe zabezpieczenie książki przed zniszczeniem.
2. Uczeń ma obowiązek na bieżąco dokonywać drobnych napraw.
3. Zabrania się dokonywania jakichkolwiek wpisów i notatek w podręcznikach.
4. Przez zniszczenie podręcznika lub materiałów edukacyjnych rozumie się zabrudzenie, poplamienie, rozerwanie uniemożliwiające dalsze wykorzystywanie, popisanie, wyrwanie i zagubienie kartek oraz inne wady fizyczne, które mają wpływ na pomniejszenie wartości użytkowej podręcznika lub materiałów edukacyjnych.
5. Na żądanie wychowawcy lub bibliotekarza użytkownik, który doprowadził do uszkodzenia materiałów bibliotecznych, zobowiązany jest do naprawy podręcznika.
6. W przypadku braku podręcznika , wychowawca informuje rodziców / prawnych opiekunów ucznia o zaistniałym fakcie.
7. Za zgubiony lub zniszczony podręcznik odpowiedzialność finansową ponoszą rodzice / prawni opiekunowie ucznia.
8. W przypadku zgubienia podręcznika lub materiału edukacyjnego, znacznego zużycia, wykraczającego poza jego zwykłe użytkowanie, bądź jego zniszczenia, rodzice / prawni opiekunowie ucznia są zobowiązani do odkupienia podręcznika lub materiału edukacyjnego.
§ 5
1. Uczniowie, rodzice i nauczyciele zobowiązani są do zapoznania się z treścią niniejszego Regulaminu i stosowania się do zawartych w nim postanowień.
2. Sprawy sporne pomiędzy wychowawcą, bibliotekarzem i rodzicami rozstrzyga Dyrektor Szkoły.
3. Decyzje w innych kwestiach z zakresu udostępniania podręczników lub materiałów edukacyjnych, które nie zostały ujęte w niniejszym regulaminie, podejmuje Dyrektor Szkoły.
4. Niniejszy regulamin wchodzi w życie z dniem 20 listopada 2018 r., anulując wszelkie wcześniejsze unormowania w tym zakresie.
Strona3z5
ZAŁĄCZNIK NR 1 - Lista dla wychowawcy wypożyczonych klasie podręczników
ROK SZKOLNY:
KLASA:
WYCHOWAWCA:
TYTUŁ PODRĘCZNIKA:
ILOŚĆ WYPOŻYCZONYCH:
ILOŚĆ ZWRÓCONYCH:
| | NUMER | | |
|---|---|---|---|
| | | DATA | DATA |
| IMIĘ I NAZWISKO UCZNIA | INWENTARZOWY | | |
| | | WYPOZYCZENIA | ZWROTU |
| | PODRĘCZNIKA | | |
PODPIS WYCHOWAWCY:
Strona4z5
ZAŁĄCZNIK NR 2
Potwierdzenie rodziców / prawnych opiekunów o zapoznaniu się z regulaminem wypożyczania podręczników
KLASA: ROK SZKOLNY:
Niniejszym potwierdzam zapoznanie się z Regulamin wypożyczania i udostępniania darmowych podręczników i materiałów edukacyjnych uczniom Szkoły Podstawowej z Oddziałami Sportowymi nr 5 im. Polskich Olimpijczyków w Krakowie, w tym z odpowiedzialnością materialną z tym związaną.
| IMIĘ I NAZWISKO UCZNIA |
|---|
Strona5z5 | <urn:uuid:9b67013c-1248-42b8-bc2c-8fbee1f46b90> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/pol_Latn/train | finepdfs | pol_Latn | 5,631 |
Abstract Submitted for the MAR12 Meeting of The American Physical Society
Four Types of Single-Walled SiGe Nanotubes: Existence and Stability 1 PRABATH WANAGURU, ASOK K. RAY, The University of Texas at Arlington — Four types of SiGe armchair nanotubes from (3, 3) to (12, 12) have been studied using the cluster approximation and the dangling bonds saturated by H atoms. The tubes have been spin- and geometry optimized using the hybrid functional B3LYP, the all electron 6-31G**//3-21G* basis set and the GAUSSIAN 03/09 suite of software. Cohesive energies, band gaps, bond lengths, hybridization of Ge and Si atoms, among others will be presented in details. In general, cohesive energy of type I tubes decrease and saturate around 3.389eV and that of, type IV tubes increase and saturate around 3.411eV. The cohesive energy of both type II and type III tubes indicates oscillatory behavior eventually reaching saturation as the tube diameter increases. Band gaps, in general for all four types decrease as the tube diameter increases. The band gap of type I tubes saturate at around 1.0eV and type IV tubes indicate the lowest saturation gap of about 0.3eV. While most types I-III tubes show sp 2 or a mixture of sp 2 and sp 3 bonding, some type IV tubes show predominantly p bonding. Results of types I-III will be compared with previous results using the cluster approximation and the B3LYP/LANL2DZ level of theory. 2
1This work is supported by the Welch Foundation, Houston, Texas (Grant No. Y1525).
2S. Rathi and A. K. Ray, Chem. Phys. Lett. 466, 79 (2008).
Prabath Wanaguru The University of Texas at Arlington
Date submitted: 10 Nov 2011
Electronic form version 1.4 | <urn:uuid:87aba559-4f03-4c77-bf8b-62f1cd294c12> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 1,680 |
PRISLISTE
18. NOVEMBER 2021
v/6
Bobler
| Sandwiese | Riesling Sekt, trocken | 109,- | 109,- |
|---|---|---|---|
Rødvin
Priser inkl. moms og ekskl. levering. Vinen kan afhentes på vores adresser i Viby og Højbjerg.
Vine med er fremstillet på økologisk dyrkede druer. Læs mere på www.cdrvin.com
Pris v/6 | <urn:uuid:29e8aadf-a443-46ea-87c5-a0186c612e8d> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/dan_Latn/train | finepdfs | dan_Latn | 321 |
Informace ze zdravotnictví Jihomoravského kraje
Ústavu zdravotnických informací a statistiky České republiky
Brno 29.9.2003
13
Péče o nemocné cukrovkou v Jihomoravském kraji v roce 2002
Diabetes mellitus, neboli cukrovka, patří k závažným rizikovým faktorům kardiovaskulárních onemocnění, která jsou dlouhodobě nejčastější příčinou úmrtí v zemích evropského regionu.
Podkladem pro zpracování informací o diabetu je roční výkaz A (MZ) 1-01 o činnosti zdravotnických zařízení pro obor diabetologie. Jeho obsah byl sestaven na základě požadavku a potřeb České diabetologické společnosti a příslušného odboru Ministerstva zdravotnictví. Výkaz je součástí Programu statistických zjišťování v České republice, který byl uveřejněn ve Sbírce zákonů formou vyhlášky ČSÚ, pro rok 2002 vyhláškou č. 393/2002 Sb., ze dne 13.11.2001. Výkaz vyplňuje samostatně každá diabetologická ordinace, včetně ambulantních částí nemocnic, ve státních i nestátních zdravotnických zařízeních všech rezortů. V Jihomoravském kraji jsou diabetologické ordinace pouze ve zdravotnických zařízeních rezortu zdravotnictví. Dále výkaz vyplňuje ordinace praktického lékaře pro dospělé, která diabetiky aktivně léčí.
Zpravodajskou povinnost mělo 40 diabetologických ordinací a 39 jich odevzdalo výkaz. Z výkazů odevzdaných praktickými lékaři pro dospělé vyplynulo, že z 543 ordinací praktických lékařů se podílelo na aktivní léčbě diabetiků 286, tj. téměř 53 %.
Personální zabezpečení diabetologie
Ambulantní diabetologickou péči zajišťovalo k 31.12.2002 podle Registru zdravotnických zařízení 26,04 lékařů diabetologů a 31,21 středních zdravotnických pracovníků (přepočtené počty) ve 40 odborných diabetologických ordinacích. Kromě toho v nich poskytovalo lékařskou péči 0,80 smluvních lékařů, kteří pracovali na dohodu, na smlouvu o dílo nebo jako spolupracující rodinní příslušníci. Na 10 000 obyvatel kraje připadlo v průměru 0,24 diabetologa. Péči o diabetiky zajišťovaly dále některé ordinace praktických lékařů, viz. výše.
Diabetologické ordinace a pracovníci
1) ÚZIS ČR, přepočtený počet lékařů z Registru zdravotnických zařízení, včetně smluvních z ročních výkazů o činnosti oboru diabetologie
2) Diabetici evidovaní v odborných diabetologických ordinacích
Činnost v oboru diabetologie
Při popisu činnosti oboru diabetologie a při výpočtu kapacitních ukazatelů jsou údaje přepočítávány na lékaře (včetně smluvních), kteří za rok 2002 odevzdali vyplněný výkaz o činnosti oboru. Členění do okresů vychází z umístění sídla zdravotnických zařízení vykazujících činnost, ne z trvalého bydliště pacientů.
Ošetření-vyšetření
Během roku 2002 bylo provedeno celkem 202 147 ošetření-vyšetření (dále jen ošetření), což představuje v průměru 2,9 ošetření na jednoho diabetika v kraji. Ve srovnání s rokem 2001 bylo provedeno o 4,3 % ošetření více. Nejvyšší nárůst počtu ošetření byl vykázán v okrese Hodonín (13,9 %), naopak v okrese Znojmo zaznamenali pokles (-16,8 %). Nejvíce ošetření připadlo na jednoho diabetika v okrese Brno-venkov (3,8), nejméně v okrese Znojmo (2,0). Na 10 000 obyvatel kraje připadlo 1 800 ošetření; nejvíce v okrese Brno-město (2 248), nejméně v okrese Vyškov (1 024). V průměru provedl jeden lékař (vždy přepočtený počet) 7 560 ošetření za rok, nejvíce ošetření bylo provedeno v okrese Znojmo (10 630), nejméně v okrese Vyškov (4 923).
Léčení diabetici
Ke konci roku se na diabetes léčilo celkem 69 160 osob, z toho 83,9 % bylo léčeno v diabetologických ordinacích, 16,1 % u praktických lékařů pro dospělé. Ženy tvoří 53,8 % léčených osob, muži 46,2 %. Na 100 000 žen v kraji připadlo 6 431 léčených diabetiček, na 100 000 mužů v kraji pak 5 882 léčených diabetiků.
Nově diagnostikovaná onemocnění u žen se podílela na celkovém počtu léčených žen 7,4 % (2 747), u mužů to bylo 7,9 % (2 541). Na 100 000 žen bylo nově přijato k léčbě diabetu 475 žen, na 100 000 mužů bylo nově přijato k léčbě 468 mužů. Z evidovaných diabetiků v průběhu roku 2002 zemřelo 1 083 žen a 1 130 mužů.
Počet léčených diabetiků na 100 000 obyvatel
Stav a pohyb léčených diabetiků
Počet osob s nově zjištěným diabetem na 100 000 obyvatel podle pohlaví
Výskyt diabetu podle typu
Lékaři diabetologové a praktičtí lékaři pro dospělé léčili 5 646 pacientů s diabetem I. typu (E10), v tom bylo 61 dětí do 14 let (1 %), 115 mladistvých (2 %) a 5 470 dospělých (97 %). S diabetem II. typu (E11) se léčilo 61 916 pacientů, se sekundárním diabetem 1 598 pacientů a porucha glukózové tolerance byla zjištěna u 4 714 osob.
Léčené osoby podle jednotlivých typů diabetu a porucha glukózové tolerance
Počet léčených osob podle jednotlivých typů diabetu
Struktura léčených osob podle jednotlivých typů diabetu (v%)
Komplikace diabetu
Z celkového počtu léčených diabetiků (69 160) bylo některou ze sledovaných diabetických komplikací postiženo 17 302 osob, tj. 25 %. Největší podíl diabetiků s komplikacemi byl zaznamenán v okrech Brno-venkov (29,4 %) a Znojmo (29 %), oproti tomu nejmenší podíl komplikací byl v okresech Vyškov (22 %) a Brno-město (23,1 %). Diabetická nefropatie činila 34,6 % komplikací a trpělo jí v kraji 5 991 léčených osob (8,7 % z celkem léčených). Diabetická retinopatie komplikovala základní onemocnění 7 956 osobám (11,5 % z celkem léčených) a podílela se tak na komplikacích 46 %. Slepotou bylo postiženo 312 osob. Další diabetickou komplikací je diabetická noha, která se vyskytla u 3 355 léčených osob (4,9 % z celkem léčených) a tvořila 19,4 % komplikací. Jedná se o syndrom se závažným narušením tkání nohy v důsledku porušení cévního zásobování. Závažným následkem této komplikace je amputace, která postihla 748 léčených osob (tj. 22,3 % z výskytu diabetické nohy).
V porovnání s rokem 2001 byl u diabetické nefropatie zaznamenán nárůst o 2,7 %, u diabetické retinopatie o 3,4 % a u diabetické nohy o 5,7 %.
Počet léčených osob s komplikací diabetu
Počet léčených osob s komplikací diabetu
Léčba diabetu
Zastoupení jednotlivých druhů léčby diabetu je u obou pohlaví téměř totožné. Jenom dietou bylo léčeno 31,1 % žen a 31,1 % mužů, PAD 3) užívalo 46,6 % žen a 47,2 % mužů, inzulín byl aplikován 12,2 % žen a 12,5 % mužů. Z pacientů léčených inzulínem stačila jedna až dvě dávky denně 51,7 % žen a 47,4 % mužů, tři a více dávek bylo nutných pro 46,2 % žen a 50,4 % mužů, inzulínová pumpa byla nezbytná pro 2,1 % žen a 2,2 % mužů. Kombinovanou léčbu (inzulín + PAD) podstoupilo 10,1 % žen a 9,3 % mužů.
Struktura léčby diabetu
Léčení diabetici podle pohlaví a druhu léčby v okresech – 1. část
3) PAD – Perorální antidiabetika
4) ČSÚ, počet obyvatel k 31.12., podle pohlaví
Léčení diabetici podle pohlaví a druhu léčby v okresech – 2. část
Léčení diabetici podle pohlaví a druhu léčby v kraji
Vypracovala: Božena Odehnalová, Anna Šenková | <urn:uuid:19a379ad-7c64-454b-9fa4-4dad3c681f67> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ces_Latn/train | finepdfs | ces_Latn | 6,756 |
La Feuille Paroissiale
Communauté locale Notre-Dame de l'Assomption
11 e année – N° 122 – AOUT 2021
Offices et intentions des messes du 2 août au 5 septembre
Dimanche 08/08 : 19 e dimanche ordinaire B
09h30 : Messe pour les époux GERARDY-DEVIGNE, les époux DEVIGNE-RAPHAY,
les époux KUPPERS-GERARDY et Mr Jean JOSPIN
et Messe pour Mr Baudouin DETIENNE (6 e anniversaire ce 07/07)
Samedi 15/08 : Assomption de la Vierge Marie
09h30 Messe pour les époux Robert MORAY-MARTIN et Messe pour Mme Marie-Jeanne JACOB-GILLISSEN et ses filles Josiane et Myriam.
Dimanche 22/08 : 21 e dimanche ordinaire B
09h30 Messe pour Mr Jean PITON et famille (15 e anniversaire du décès ce 22/08)
Dimanche 29/08 : 22 e dimanche ordinaire B
09h30 Messe pour Mme Béatrice JOSPIN-BARBUSCIA
Dimanche 05/09 : 23 e dimanche ordinaire B
09h30 Messe pour Mme Julienne CREMER
Divers
Collectes prévues pour le mois d'août
Dimanche 01/08 : Pour les besoins de notre église.
Dimanche 15/08 : Caritas Secours.
Comme chaque année, à la fête de l'Assomption,, la collecte par enveloppe est faite au profit de Caritas Secours. Dans notre diocèse, Caritas Secours soutient 62 associations actives dans l'aide sociale. Leur but est de venir en aide à toute personne touchée par la pauvreté. Cela peut prendre différentes formes : aide d'urgence; accueil avec écoute ; accompagnement pour la réinsertion sociale, écoles de devoirs, camps de vacances ; animations pour les enfants et les jeunes ; accompagnement d'immigrés primo-arrivants, cours d'alphabétisation ; maisons d'accueil et d'hébergement ; accompagnement des sans-abris. Plus que jamais, en cette période marquée par la pandémie, la lutte contre la précarité a besoin d'une réelle solidarité de tous et d'une entraide effective.
Merci d'avance pour votre générosité ! Un don peut également être effectué sur le compte de Caritas Secours Liège au n° BE04 2400 8007 6231 avec en communication : 15/08/21. – Infos : Régine KERZMANN, 0486/262321
Dimanche 22/08 : Entraide paroissiale.
Voir l'article ci-après.
Dimanche 01/08 : Pour les besoins de notre église.
Résultats des collectes du mois d'août
Dimanche 04/07 : Pour les besoins de notre église: 64,85 €
Dimanche 18/07 : Pour l'entraide paroissiale: 70,00 €
Merci pour votre participation.
L'entraide paroissiale à Ensival
Le Covid nous a totalement désorganisé et nous n'avons plus eu l'occasion de solliciter votre aide en faveur de l'entraide paroissiale. Cependant, il y a toujours de plus en plus de personnes à Ensival comme partout qui sont dans la difficulté.
Depuis de nombreux mois, les différentes entraides paroissiales de l'arrondissement de Verviers se sont rassemblées en une seule grande entité. C'est à Saint Remacle que cette unité se trouve.
Les personnes des différentes paroisses verviétoises qui ont besoin d'aide sont donc dirigées vers cette unité.
Pour pouvoir répondre à la demande croissante, nous faisons appel à votre générosité. Tout comme nous avons une collecte spéciale pour les besoins de notre église les premiers dimanches du mois, nous aurons une collecte spéciale pour l'entraide paroissiale les troisièmes dimanches du mois.
Plus que jamais, en cette période marquée par la pandémie et la catastrophe des inondations, la lutte contre la précarité a besoin d'une réelle solidarité de tous et d'une entraide effective.
Nous vous remercions d'avance pour votre aide précieuse et bien nécessaire.
Vous pouvez aussi verser sur le compte BE10 3631 8070 7404 de Réseau chrétien de Solidarité.
Appel à la solidarité du réseau Caritas
Suite aux dramatiques inondations qui ont affecté les provinces de Liège, de Namur, du Luxembourg et du Brabant wallon, le réseau Caritas lance un appel à la générosité de tous les chrétiens. De nombreuses personnes et familles sont totalement désemparées en raison des pluies torrentielles qui se sont abattues sur le Belgique et d'autres pays d'Europe. On déplore déjà plusieurs décès, et des centaines de personnes qui ont dû quitter leur maison et devront faire face à des dégâts matériels considérables. Face à une telle situation, le réseau Caritas se mobilise. À Liège, l'évêque M gr. Delville, a lancé un appel à la solidarité, en raison de ses responsabilités pastorales pour la province la plus touchée par ces intempéries dramatiques. Un responsable de Chaines de services et d'amitié, projet soutenu en région verviétoise par Caritas secours, indique que, au-delà de l'urgence, de nombreuses familles vivant dans des conditions précaires n'ont pu assurer leur habitation contre les dégâts des eaux. Pour elles, c'est une épreuve supplémentaire, parce qu'elle les obligera à ne compter que sur leurs propres moyens, à moins que des organisations telles Caritas puissent leur venir en aide.
Caritas souhaite donc que toutes les bonnes volontés soient mobilisées pour venir en aide aux personnes et aux familles frappées par ces inondations. Elle lance un appel à la générosité à tous les chrétiens ainsi qu'à tous les hommes, femmes et communautés qui désirent s'y associer. Tous les dons à cet effet sont les bienvenus sur le compte BE79 2100 6791 7533 de Caritas secours, avec la mention « inondations. » - Toute info auprès de Régine KERZMAN : 0486 26 23 21
Le Carrefour Saint Remacle sollicite votre soutien
Nous vous présentons un projet déjà bien en route : Le Carrefour Saint Remacle asbl à Verviers pour lequel nous sollicitons des soutiens financiers importants.
Il s'agit d'aménager au cœur de la ville de Verviers et au service des quatre Unités Pastorales du Doyenné de Verviers, un vaste complexe de locaux pour assurer une plus grande visibilité de la présence catholique à Verviers et dans toute la région. C'est un véritable défi face à la pauvreté et au monde pluriculturel avec une forte présence musulmane. Notre Église locale a besoin d'un souffle nouveau face à ces deux défis.
Dans ce bâtiment, nous allons bientôt accueillir une communauté religieuse internationale de 4 Dames de l'Instruction Chrétienne (DIC) à la demande de notre Évêque. Dans notre doyenné, il n'y a actuellement plus aucune communauté religieuse ! C'est donc un signe d'espérance puisque cette nouvelle communauté aura pour mission essentielle l'évangélisation avec une priorité pour la pastorale des jeunes.
Ne trouvant aucun lieu adéquat au cœur de la ville de Verviers, l'ASBL Décanale de Verviers a conclu une convention avec l'ASBL Carrefour Saint Remacle (bâtiment situé rue Saint Remacle, 21 à Verviers) et y a investi le produit de la vente de deux propriétés (l'ancien couvent des Capucins qui a abrité le CMK et une ancienne maison paroissiale rue du Viaduc). Les travaux sont en cours et sont très onéreux : recours à un architecte – aménagement complet du lieu : accueil / 5 chambres aux normes / nouveaux châssis / remplacement complet de la toiture/ salle de séjour et cuisine équipée / sanitaires / oratoire / protections diverses notamment pour l'incendie / Internet, etc…
Dans ce même lieu, ont été construits de nouveaux locaux pour accueillir le Service Social jadis implanté au CMK et qui reçoit de nombreuses familles précarisées : salle d'attente / bureau pour l'assistante sociale/ lieux de distribution et de stockage des vivres aux normes de l'Afsca / sanitaires, etc… C'est le plus important service d'entraide de Verviers avec une moyenne de 450 bénéficiaires (enfants, adultes et seniors).
Nous allons aussi rénover une salle de réunions et de rencontres qui manque fortement dans notre doyenné. La configuration du bâtiment nécessite d'importants travaux.
Le «Carrefour Saint Remacle» deviendra donc un lieu pastoral et social et une vitrine de l'Eglise locale pour toute la région de Verviers et sera un témoignage d'une nouvelle vitalité en cette période de crise identitaire.
Ce projet innovant est audacieux et prophétique…mais il est aussi très onéreux et nous avons besoin de fonds supplémentaires pour mener jusqu'au bout les engagements que nous avons pris.
Nous nous permettons donc de vous adresser en confiance cet appel à votre générosité pour nous soutenir.
Les dons peuvent être versés au compte de l'asbl Carrefour Saint Remacle : BE26 0689 34 27 51 29.
D'autre part, le Conseil d'administration de Caritas Secours Liège nous soutient en acceptant que des dons soient défiscalisés à partir de 40 euros par an via leur compte : BE04 2400 8007 6231 avec la communication du numéro de dossier ouvert : projet 732 366. Nous les remercions de leur accord.
Les administrateurs de l'asbl : Abbé Stanis KANDA, doyen de Verviers ; Martine CAUCHETEUX ; Dominique KNOTT ; Marc LEMAIRE ; Alfred VANDERSRTAETEN et Jean René THONARD. | <urn:uuid:7fb4039c-f8c7-4dec-965d-6a9d96adc881> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/fra_Latn/train | finepdfs | fra_Latn | 8,687 |
CUMPLIMIENTO de las Recomendaciones y Resoluciones del CFA CFA XXVIII, XXIX y XXX 2016
1
Que las ACTAS de la Comisión Federal Fitosanitaria sean remitidas a las Comisiones por
2
XXIX
XXIX
Notas:
* Fondo Solidario Sojero se han mantenido reuniones y ya el MA forma parte del grupo interministerial que trata el tema.
* 1 Con el Banco Nacion se mantuvieron reuniones y se sigue discutiendo alternativas de financiación.
* 2 Con la aprobacion del Fondagro y la ley PYME todas las medidas para las economias regionales están contempladas.
3
*
Se firmo el convenio para el desarrollo del programa de bioeconomia, entre Minagro,Produccion y Ciencia y Tecnologia.
3
4 | <urn:uuid:9b7b4a40-78fe-46e8-96d1-01329fbadd69> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/spa_Latn/train | finepdfs | spa_Latn | 677 |
Common Core State Standards an IDEA Partnership Collection
Needs of the Field
When a large group of leaders working in state agencies, universities, school districts and family organizations from across nation were asked, "What issue do your colleagues most want to have addressed?" they replied:
On the Common Core State Standards
1. The transition from current standards to the Common Core
2. Understanding the difference in the current level of expectation and the new level of expectation
3. Gaps in knowledge as the current standards switch to the common core
4. The impact of the Common Core on instruction and assessment
5. Curricular frameworks to support the Common Core
6. Rollout of the Common Core, many at the local level have only a vague notion of the change
7. Changes to state assessments to reflect the Common Core. Will assessments go beyond one time / paper and pencil tests?
8. Impact of the Common Core on teacher training
9. Outreach to families in learning about the Common Core
10. Access the standards and the assessments by students with disabilities and English language learners? Will special education and ELL be 'at the table?'
11. Alignment between curricular options for the Common Core support Universal Design for Learning (UDL)?
12. Utilizing the common core without losing focus on the functional needs of students? Does the common core restrict curricular options for students with disabilities?
13. College and Career Readiness as a concept needs to be discussed more fully with greater participation in the discussion
14. The impact of Common Core on Transition under IDEA
15. Social/emotional/behavioral aspects of the standards
16. Will the collaboration in development of the Common Core follow to implementation
On the General Assessment
17. There is more anticipation than knowledge right now. The field needs to know what is happening along the way.
18. Funding of the consortia for development
Common Core State Standards an IDEA Partnership Collection
19. Alignment of states with the consortia developing the assessments
20. Approaches being pursued by the various consortia.
21. Information shared, with urgency, to teachers in the classroom.
22. Computerized testing explained to teachers and families
23. How to implement computer administered assessments discussed before they are here (e.g. cost, equipment, training, etc.)
24. Alignment of UDL with assessments made clear
25. Movement away from one time/paper and pencil tests prominent
26. Ongoing professional development for local implementers during the change over
27. Alignment of assessments with formative assessments under Response to Intervention (RTI) initiatives.
28. Social/ emotional/behavioral aspects of assessments
29. Accommodations for assessments
30. Collaboration and learning across the general and alternate assessment
31. Extended standards and alternate assessment
On the Alternate Assessment (1%)
32. Consortia funded to develop the Alternate Assessment
33. Approaches taken by the funded consortia
34. Alignment of states with the 1% consortia
35. Approaches by states not in either 1% consortium Difference between current and new 1% assessments
36. End of the 2% option
37. Timetable for the new alternate assessments and learning along the way
38. Technological capacity for administering/documenting computer-based alternate assessments
39. Relationship between the IEP and the Alternate Assessment
40. Anticipated changes in identifying students eligible for the Alternate Assessment
41. The meaning of 'college and career ready' for students with significant disabilities
42. Infusing transition and functional skills into the alternate assessment
43. Linking the alternate assessment meaningfully to the general assessment
44. Linking the alternate assessment meaningfully to the individual
45. Research-based interventions for students with low incidence disabilities that will support the Common Core and new alternate assessment.
46. Embedding assessment in instruction
Common Core State Standards an IDEA Partnership Collection
This document was generated with over 200 practitioners and family members at the 2011 Office of Special Education Programs (OSEP) Project Directors meeting. This cross-stakeholder group includes teachers, administrators, related service personnel, family members and youth, state education agencies, higher education, and technical assistance providers. | <urn:uuid:0eba247d-99ae-4790-8246-104d9000e9f1> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 4,439 |
Voyage géologique dans les Alpes Terminales S Circulaire n°1
Lycée Charles Péguy 80, avenue Parmentier 75011 PARIS
01 48 05 16 47 Paris, le 11/06/2018
Chers parents,
Parmi les Sciences de la Vie et de la Terre, la Géologie est certainement la discipline qui s'inscrit le plus dans une approche « de terrain ». Le préambule du programme des SVT en classe de terminale S (B.O. spécial du n°8 du 13 octobre 2011) le précise bien. Selon lui : « Le travail de terrain est un moyen privilégié pour l'approche de la complexité des situations réelles ».
Suite directe du programme de Géologie de 1S, dans lequel l'attention s'est portée principalement sur les domaines océaniques, le thème « Le domaine continental et sa dynamique » représente 1/3 du programme des SVT en Terminale Scientifique.
L'étude de cette discipline, exclusivement en classe, explique en partie la difficulté que rencontrent certains élèves à y trouver de l'intérêt et à bien intégrer les notions.
C'est la raison pour laquelle nous avons choisi d'aborder cette partie importante du programme de TS grâce à un travail d'investigation de quatre jours en situation réelle, c'est à dire grâce à l'exploitation de données de terrain dans les Alpes.
Les élèves seront encadrés sur le terrain par des géologues du Centre Briançonnais de Géologie Alpine.
Le voyage aura lieu du mercredi 10 au samedi 13 octobre 2018
Le trajet aller-retour s'effectuera en train jusqu'à Oulx
Nous serons hébergés au domaine du Prorel à Briançon
Participation financière : 420 euros (possibilité de paiement en plusieurs fois)
Vous recevrez à la rentrée des informations complémentaires.
Bien cordialement
Les professeurs de SVT, Mmes Boudier, Dayre et Guia
La responsable des Terminales, Mme Leclere | <urn:uuid:24b32e68-409c-4bcc-b471-098bfaf58654> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/fra_Latn/train | finepdfs | fra_Latn | 1,873 |
Zápisnica č. 11/2008
zo zasadnutia Akademického senátu FAPZ SPU v Nitre, konaného dňa 14. 10. 2008, KŠZ FAPZ SPU v Nitre
Prítomní: podľa prezenčnej listiny v prílohe
Program:
1. Otvorenie a schválenie programu
2. Schválenie overovateľov zápisnice
3. Prerokovanie konania volieb do študentskej časti senátu
4. Rôzne
5. Záver
K bodu 1
Prítomných privítal predseda AS FAPZ prof. Ing. Ondrej Debrecéni, PhD. Predseda AS FAPZ ďalej predstavil program schôdze a vyzval prítomných na prípadné ďalšie návrhy na doplnenie programu. Následne dal o programe hlasovať:
Hlasovanie k návrhu: za návrh – 9 hlasov,
proti návrhu - 0 hlasov,
zdržal sa hlasovania – 0 hlasov
Uznesenie č. 1/11/2008: AS FAPZ schvaľuje program zasadnutia konaného dňa 14. 10. 2008 v nasledovnej štruktúre:
1. Otvorenie a schválenie programu
2. Schválenie overovateľov zápisnice
3. Prerokovanie konania volieb do študentskej časti senátu
4. Rôzne
5. Záver
K bodu 2
Predseda AS FAPZ navrhol za overovateľov zápisnice doc. Ing. Ivan Černého, PhD. a doc. Ing. Juraja Chlpíka, PhD.. Iné návrhy z pléna nevzišli.
Hlasovanie k návrhu: za návrh – 9 hlasov, proti návrhu - 0 hlasov,
zdržal sa hlasovania – 0 hlasov
Uznesenie č. 2/11/2008: AS FAPZ schvaľuje overovateľov zápisnice nasledovne: doc. Ing. Ivan Černý, PhD. a doc. Ing. Juraj Chlpík, PhD..
K bodu 3
Predseda AS otvoril rozpravu o príprave volieb do študentskej časti senátu, pričom navrhol nový termín a zdôvodnil nutnosť jeho zmeny v súlade s termínmi volieb vyhlásenými AS SPU. V rozprave nevznikol žiaden iný návrh, následne dal predseda o návrhu hlasovať.
Hlasovanie k návrhu: za návrh – 9 hlasov,
proti návrhu - 0 hlasov,
zdržal sa hlasovania – 0 hlasov
Uznesenie č. 3/11/2008: AS FAPZ vyhlasuje termín volieb do študentskej časti AS FAPZ na deň 12. 11. 2008. V prípade neúčasti študentov, podľa čl. 9 ods. 1 a 2 Zásad volieb do AS FAPZ SPU v Nitre, vyhlasuje druhé kolo volieb na deň 19. 11. 2008.
K bodu 4
Predseda AS otvoril otázku zosúladenia štatútu FAPZ so štatútom SPU a novým vysokoškolským zákonom a požiadal poverených členov (I. Černý a K. Hudec) o pripravenie návrhov na najbližšie zasadnutie senátu. O konkrétnych zmenách v dokumentoch ich aj informoval.
Ďalej predseda AS informoval členov o plánovanom termíne výjazdového zasadnutia senátu, ktorého termín je predbežne naplánovaný na 20. 11. 2008 a predbežne načrtol aj štruktúru programu zasadnutia. Na avizovanom zasadnutí budú prerokované a schválené zosúladené verzie dokumentov fakulty s dokumentmi univerzity.
K bodu 5
Predseda AS FAPZ prof. Debrecéni na záver poďakoval členom AS za aktívnu a tvorivú účasť na rokovaní a ukončil zasadnutie akademického senátu.
V Nitre, dňa 14.10. 2008
prof. Ing. Ondrej Debrecéni, CSc. predseda AS FAPZ
Zapísal: doc. Ing. Kamil Hudec, PhD. tajomník AS FAPZ
Overil: doc. Ing. Ivan Černý, PhD. podpredseda AS FAPZ
Overil: doc. Ing. J. Chlpík, PhD. člen AS FAPZ
Prílohy:
1. Prezenčná listina
Na vedomie:
1. Dekan FAPZ SPU v Nitre
2. Senát SPU (tajomník AS SPU v Nitre)
3. Členovia AS FAPZ a AO (www.uniag.sk) | <urn:uuid:349204f9-0c36-4394-b655-8a3044e1edc0> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/slk_Latn/train | finepdfs | slk_Latn | 3,165 |
| Nº | PRODUCTOS PARVE SERPROQUIM | FLAVOR ENHANCER AROMA SPQ |
|-----|-----------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------|
| 1 | AROMA POTENCIADOR DE SABOR SPQ | FLAVOR ENHANCER AROMA SPQ |
| 2 | AROMA REDUCTOR DE SAL SPQ | SALT REDUCING AROMA SPQ |
| 3 | MIX GOMA XANTANA SPQ | XANTHAN GUM MIX SPQ |
| 4 | MIX ALGINATO SPQ | ALGINATE MIX SPQ |
| 5 | MIX ALGINATO Y SPQ | MIX ALGINATE AND SPQ |
| 6 | MIX ALGINATO Y2 SPQ | MIX ALGINATE Y2 SPQ |
| 7 | MIX ALGINATO W SPQ | ALGINATE MIX W SPQ |
| 8 | MIX ALGINATO ESFERIFICACIONES SPQ | MIX ALGINATE SPHERIFICATIONS SPQ |
| 9 | MIX ALGINATO ESFERIFICACIONES GX SPQ | MIX ALGINATE SPHERIFICATIONS GX SPQ |
| 10 | SABORIZANTE COMPLET | COMPLETE FLAVORING |
| 11 | SABORIZANTE PLUS | FLAVORING PLUS |
| 12 | SABORIZANTE COMPLET PLUS | SABORIZANTE COMPLET PLUS |
| 13 | SABORIZANTE COMPLET PLUS SPOSABORIZANTE COMPLET PARA ENCURTIDOS | SABORIZANTE COMPLET PLUS SPOSABORIZANTE COMPLET SPOSABORIZANTE COMPLET FOR PICKLES |
| 14 | MIX MASA DE SALMÓN AHUMADO SPQ | SMOKED SALMON DOUGH MIX SPQ |
| 15 | MIX MASA DE SALMÓN AHUMADO CON GLUTAMATO SPQ | SMOKED SALMON DOUGH MIX WITH GLUTAMATE SPQ |
| 16 | MIX MASA DE SALMÓN AHUMADO SIN POTENCIADORES DEL SABOR SPQ | SMOKED SALMON DOUGH MIX WITHOUT FLAVOR ENHANCERS SPQ |
| 17 | MIX MASA DE SALMÓN AHUMADO SPQ (ESPECIAL A) | SMOKED SALMON DOUGH MIX SPQ (SPECIAL A) |
| 18 | MIX MASA DE SALMÓN AHUMADO CON GLUTAMATO SPQ (ESPECIAL A) | SMOKED SALMON BATTER MIX WITH GLUTAMATE SPQ (SPECIAL A) |
| 19 | MIX MASA DE SALMÓN AHUMADO SIN POTENCIADORES DEL SABOR SPQ (ESPECIAL A) | SMOKED SALMON DOUGH MIX WITHOUT FLAVOR ENHANCERS SPQ (SPECIAL A) |
| 20 | MIX MASA DE LIMÓN SPQ | LEMON DOUGH MIX SPQ |
| 21 | MIX MASA DE LIMÓN CON GLUTAMATO SPQ | LEMON DOUGH MIX WITH GLUTAMATE SPQ |
| 22 | MIX MASA DE LIMÓN SIN POTENCIADORES DEL SABOR SPQ | LEMON DOUGH MIX WITHOUT FLAVOR ENHANCERS SPQ |
| 23 | MIX MASA DE LIMÓN 2 SPQ | LEMON DOUGH MIX 2 SPQ |
| 24 | MIX MASA DE LIMÓN CON GLUTAMATO 2 SPQ | LEMON DOUGH MIX WITH GLUTAMATE 2 SPQ |
| 25 | MIX MASA DE LIMÓN SIN POTENCIADORES DEL SABOR 2 SPQ | LEMON DOUGH MIX WITHOUT FLAVOR ENHANCERS 2 SPQ |
[Stamp]
| Nº | PRODUCTOS PARVER SERPROQUIM |
|-----|-----------------------------|
| 26 | ANTIMOHO COMPLET |
| 27 | ANTIMOHOB B |
| 28 | ANTIMOHOBF |
| 29 | SERPROSWEET |
| 30 | SERPROSWEET LOW (IG-STF) |
| 31 | SERPROSWEET STEVIA-SC (-10%)|
| 32 | SERPROSWEET STEVIA-SCMSL |
| 33 | IMPULSOR MR |
| 34 | EDULCORANTE MODULATION SERPROSWEET |
| 35 | MIX DE FIBRAS INUPAR ZERO SPQ |
**Nota:** Los productos mencionados en esta lista son comercializados por Parver Serproquim y están diseñados para satisfacer las necesidades específicas de control de plagas y mejora del sabor en alimentos. | <urn:uuid:45427c59-1991-4e24-81f0-5281f7de8e6b> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/spa_Latn/train | finepdfs | spa_Latn | 4,432 |
PETICION Y AUTORIZACION PARA LA DIVULGACION DE ESXPEDIENTES MEDICOS
Propósito: Su hijo ha sido identificado con posible necesidad de requerir atención medica/psicológica/de educación. El propósito de este formulario es permitir que las Escuelas Públicas de Seattle puedan obtener sus expedientes médicos que serán utilizados para establecer un plan apropiado de atención y de futuros posibles servicios educativos para su hijo. Como padre /tutor tiene derecho a dar o no dar permiso a divulgar expedientes médicos de su hijo. Favor de completar las partes sombreadas y envié este formulario al médico de su hijo.
___________________________ ____________________________________________________ ________________________________
___________________________ _____________________________________________________
Nombre del estudiante: _________________________________________________ Fecha: ______________________________
Fecha de nacimiento del estudiante: _______________________________________ Distrito Escolar: Escuelas Públicas de Seattle
Por la presente autorizo la divulgación de expedientes:
De: _____________________________________________________
Para: _____________________________________________
Nombre del médico
Nombre del personal
_______________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
Nombre del profesional / terapeuta
Nombre de Escuela
_______________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
Teléfono/Correo electrónico
Teléfono/Correo electrónico
_______________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
Dirección
Dirección
_______________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
Ciudad, Estado, Código postal
Ciudad, Estado, Código postal
Favor de mandar el expediente a este número de fax: __________________________________________________
Información médica General a divulgarse (marcar):
☐ Evaluación Visión/Auditiva
☐ Información Médica y Clínica
☐ Evaluación Psicológica
☐ Evaluación Socio/Emocional
☐ Evaluación en habla/lenguaje
☐ Información de vacunación
☐ Evaluación de Terapia Ocupacional/Física
Autorización específica: Este consentimiento permite
☐no permite ☐ la divulgación de información específica como se indica a continuación:
☐ Atención medica mental/psiquiátrica
☐ HIV (AIDS) Prueba /Diagnostico/Tratamiento
☐ Diagnostico o tratamiento por abuso de drogas y Alcohol
☐ Confirmación de resultados y/o Tratamiento en la prueba de STD
Entiendo que todos los expedientes que contengan información relacionada con salud mental están protegidos por la ley estatal (RCW71.05.390); expedientes relacionados con diagnóstico y tratamiento en el abuso de alcohol y drogas están protegidos por las leyes federales (42 CFR 2); HIV/AIDS (o) confirmación de resultados de pruebas de STD están protegidas por las leyes de confidencialidad del estado (RCW 70.24).
Su firma a continuación indica que usted entiende y está de acuerdo a lo siguiente:
* Entiendo que no tengo que firmar esta autorización con el fin de obtener beneficio de atención médico, tratamiento, inscripción o elegibilidad para beneficios) excepto si recibo atención médica cuando el único propósito sea para crear información médica a terceros.
* Entiendo que (a) debo revocar mi autorización por escrito y podré hacerlo completando y firmando un formulario de revocación de autorización con mi proveedor de cuidado médico; y (b) si revoco mi autorización, entiendo que no afectara a ninguna de las medidas adoptadas por el proveedor de cuidados medico basado en esta autorización.
* La información revelada bajo esta autorización puede ser divulgada nuevamente por el destinatario y ya no estará protegida por la ley de Portabilidad y Contabilidad de Seguros de Salud de 1996 (HIPAA). Registros recibidos por las Escuelas Públicas de Seattle, están protegidos bajo la ley de (FERPA) los derechos de privacidad en educación familiar.
Esta autorización es válida del ________________________________________ al _________________________________________.
Fecha
Fecha
NOTA: Autorizaciones para la liberación de expedientes médicos son válidos no más de 90 días a menos que se especifique lo contrario previamente. Si no hay una fecha de expiración, la autorización expirar a los 90 días que fue firmada la autorización. Yo entiendo que mi consentimiento para la divulgación de los expedientes es voluntario y que puedo retirar mi consentimiento en cualquier momento por escrito. Sé que al retirar mi consentimiento, esto no aplica a la información que ya ha sido proporcionada /divulgada.
Fecha
Firma del padre del paciente /tutor
Relación con el paciente
SIGN
SIGN
Fecha
Firma del paciente/alumno si procede
Actualizado: 11/2023 | <urn:uuid:df44fb34-4754-4158-8953-b87b1302d784> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/spa_Latn/train | finepdfs | spa_Latn | 4,890 |
Adjunct Instructor of Forensic Science The Sage Colleges
The Sage Colleges Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry is seeking an adjunct instructor in forensic science for the Fall 2017 semester.
Qualifications: significant experience in forensics, with expertise in the areas of trace evidence, firearms identification, latent prints, photography, or questioned documents preferred (areas other than chemistry and biology). Master's degree preferred but not required. This would be an excellent opportunity for a retired person.
The successful candidate will teach a portion of a 4-credit lecture and laboratory course called Forensic Applications of the Sciences to juniors and seniors in the undergraduate forensic science major program at Sage.
Depending upon availability, the adjunct instructor will work up to 4 hours per week in the period October 11, 2017 through December 15, 2017 and receive up to $3150.
The Sage Colleges include: Russell Sage College for women in Troy, NY, the coeducational Sage College of Albany, and the Sage Graduate Schools – of Education, Health Sciences & Management – operating on both campuses.
Send letter of application, resume, and list of three professional references to Dr. Frank Vozzo at email@example.com
Applications accepted until September 11, 2017. | <urn:uuid:168c9b57-ad01-42f4-8d64-efe894ea4876> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 1,308 |
OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY EXTENSION
Agreement of Understanding and Compliance with Civil Rights Laws
This document must be signed by a member of any agency, organization, club, group, or other entity who wishes to enter into a relationship with Ohio State University Extension and its employees for services. Services include but are not limited to training, workshops, seminars, grant projects, talks, etc.
By signing this document, we the undersigned understand and agree to comply with the policy of Ohio State University Extension and the United States Department of Agriculture regarding the provisions of the aforementioned titles and acts.
By signing this agreement the agency, organization, club, group or other entity understands and agrees to abide by the federal, state, and local laws that prohibit discrimination based on race, skin color, national origin, religion, age, disability, sex, veteran status, and sexual orientation as written in the provisions of Title VI and VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Title IX of the Educational Amendments of 1972, Section 605 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, the Age Discrimination Act of 1975, and the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. This means that any programs, seminars, training, or grants written are open to all people.
Name of Agency, Organization, Club, Group, or other Entity
Name/title of individual authorized to sign
Signature
Date signed
(To be signed every four years in conjunction with AA/EEO & Civil Rights compliance reviews by groups, organizations working cooperatively with Extension to provide programming) | <urn:uuid:987f0683-5abf-4f75-8fcf-6ba3ed3e047c> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 1,605 |
Perfusionist – Regular Full-Time
HHS Requisition #: 104532
Position: Perfusionist
Rate: $48.80 – $59.31 Hourly
Job Code:
Union: OPSEU Local 273
Schedule Work Hours: Days, evenings, nights, weekends, and holidays. Standby/Call-Back required. For Standby by shifts, it is required to be at the Hospital within 30 minutes.
Hamilton Health Sciences (HHS) is Ontario's most comprehensive healthcare system, and the only one in the province to provide care from pre-birth to end of life. We are a community of 15,000 staff, physicians, researchers and volunteers that proudly serves 2.3 million residents in southwestern Ontario. Our multi-site hospital has over 1,400 beds that provide specialized, advanced care to people from across the province with world-leading expertise in many areas, including cardiac and stroke care, cancer care, palliative care and pediatrics.
Apply today to join our regional cardiac centre!
Where you'll work
Our Hamilton General Hospital (HGH) site is the regional centre of excellence in cardiovascular and stroke care. It is home to several key regional referral programs including burns, interventional cardiology, cardiac surgery, structural heart program, electrophysiology, endovascular treatment, extracorporeal life support (ECMO), neurosurgery, stroke, trauma and vascular surgery.
We run the largest adult cardiac surgical centre in Ontario, providing life-changing care for our patients and meaningful, challenging and rewarding work for our teams. We typically perform more than 1,800 cardiac surgeries every year, including complex structural heart reconstructions and thoracic aortic aneurysm repairs, as well as minimally invasive and catheter-based percutaneous valve repairs and ROSS procedures.
As the largest employer in the Greater Hamilton region, we play a vital role in training the next generation of health professionals in collaboration with our academic partners, including McMaster University, Mohawk College and the Michener Institute.
Committed to our vision of Best Care for All, we operate as one seamless system both within and beyond our walls. We contribute to a healthier community and take pride in our four pillars of Patients, People, Sustainability, and Research, Innovation and Learning. We consistently receive recognition as a Top Employer in Hamilton/Niagara, Top 40 Research Hospital in Canada, and a Top Employer for Young People nationally.
Life in Hamilton
Hamilton offers the perfect combination of city life and nature. Our vibrant, accessible, familyfriendly core is bursting with new restaurants, breweries, and shops in addition to a large public art gallery, several theatres, and a sports and entertainment arena.
You'll also find hundreds of kilometers of walking trails weaving along the waterfront and through the greater Hamilton area.
Hamilton is geographically situated between Toronto and Niagara, less than an hour's drive from each destination. This proximity affords easy access to airports, major league sports, cross-border shopping, and of course, wine country.
Qualifications required
- Certified with the Canadian Society of Clinical Perfusion and/or American Board of Cardiovascular Perfusion
- Graduate of an accredited program in Cardiovascular Perfusion Technology
- Demonstrated excellence in communication skills and working in a multidiscipline team environment
Recruitment & Retention Bonus
HHS is pleased to offer a Recruitment & Retention Bonus for Full-Time Perfusionist New Hires:
- Newly hired Perfusionists receive a thirty thousand Canadian dollars ($30,000.00) on recruitment bonus on their first regular pay deposit.
- Newly hired Perfusionists also receive a lump sum payment of seven thousand five hundred Canadian dollars ($7,500.00) at the completion of the first, second, third and fourth full year of service.
- To receive these incentives, the perfusionist commits to continued employment in the Perfusionist position with Hamilton Health Sciences for sixty (60) full months.
Apply today!
For more information contact Caroline Dunnett at email@example.com and visit our Perfusionist Careers Site
As a condition of employment, you are required to submit proof of full COVID-19 vaccination to Employee Health Services.
EEO Statement
Hamilton Health Sciences fosters a culture of patient and staff safety, whereby all employees are guided by our Mission, Vision, Values, and Values Based Code of Conduct. Hamilton Health Sciences is a teaching hospital and all staff and physicians are expected to support students and other learners.
To be considered for this opportunity applicants must apply during the posting period. All internal and external applicants may ONLY apply via the Careers website.
Hamilton Health Sciences is an equal opportunity employer and we will accommodate any needs under the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedom, Accessibility for Ontarians with Disabilities Act and the Ontario Human Rights Code. Hiring processes will be modified to remove barriers to accommodate those with disabilities, if requested. Should any applicant require accommodation through the application processes, please contact HR Operations at 905-521-2100, Ext. 46947 for assistance. If the applicant requires a specific accommodation because of a disability during an interview, the applicant will need to advise the hiring manager when scheduling the interview and the appropriate accommodations can be made.
This competition is open to all qualified applicants, however, qualified internal applicants will be considered first. Past performance will be considered as part of the selection process. If you are a previous employee of Hamilton Health Sciences, please note: the circumstances around an employee's exit will be considered prior to an offer of employment
Proficiency in both Official Languages, French and English, is considered an asset
If this position is temporary, selection for this position will be as per the outlined Collective Agreements:
Article 30 (k), CUPE Collective Agreement
Article 10.7 (d), ONA Collective Agreement
Article 13.01 (b) (ii), OPSEU 273 Collective Agreement
Article 14.04, OPSEU 209 Collective Agreement
Article 2.07 and Article 13, PIPSC RT Collective Agreement
Proficiency in both Official Languages would be an asset. Hamilton Health Sciences is an equal opportunity employer. www.hamiltonhealthsciences.ca | <urn:uuid:4d705509-1d9c-432c-84b8-66506964f741> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 6,407 |
SOCIÉTÉ DE MATHÉMATIQUES APPLIQUÉES & INDUSTRIELLES Institut Henri Poincaré 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie F-75231 Paris CEDEX 05
http://smai.emath.fr
Comptes rendus — Bureau SMAI — 2 avril 2013
Par téléphone
Présents : G. Allaire, A. de Bouard, F. Lagoutière, A. Lejay.
Excusés : E. Godlewski, F. Murat, E. de Rocquigny.
1. Préparation de l'Assemblée Générale
Le bureau a préparé la prochaine Assemblée Générale qui aura lieu le 29 mai prochain, et dont l'ordre du jour et les comptes doivent être approuvés lors du CA du 5 avril 2013.
2. Actions en cours et futures
2.1. Prix de thèse AMIES
Le bureau a discuté des modalités du prix de thèse AMIES dont la SMAI est partenaire.
2.2. Stands
1
Un stand a été proposé à la SMAI lors des prochaines journées nationales de l'APMEP du 19 au 22 octobre prochain à Marseille. Des personnes susceptibles de tenir le stand ont été proposées. Un stand commun MPT/SMAI/SMF/SFdS sera dressé au Salon Culture et Jeux Mathématiques 2 du 30 mai au 2 juin 2013.
3. 30 ans de la SMAI
Le bureau a discuté de l'organisation d'un événement pour fêter les 30 ans de la SMAI suite à l'Assemblée Générale le 29 mai lors du congrès SMAI 2013, ainsi que d'un journée à l'automne avec des tables rondes. Notamment, des thématiques possibles de cette manifestation ont été choisies.
4. Prochains congrès SMAI
La demande de la Fédération Amiens-Reims-Compiègne d'organiser le congrès SMAI 2017 sera présentée au prochain CA.
Des noms ont aussi été poposés pour le comité scientifique du CANUM 2014 qui aura lieu à Carryle-Rouet.
1. ⟨http://www.jnmarseille2013.fr/index4.php⟩
2. ⟨http://www.cijm.org/⟩
CR / Bureau / 2 avril 2013
1/1 | <urn:uuid:00f1e1c8-db9e-4d9b-b35e-261f1a0c89c9> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/fra_Latn/train | finepdfs | fra_Latn | 1,672 |
Chapitre 16 La France dans le monde depuis 1945
Table des matières
Chronologie
La France et ses anciennes colonies
1946 : Création des Départements d'outre-mer (DOM)
1954: Fin de la guerre d'Indochine
1956 : Expédition de Suez contre l'Egypte
1958: Fondation de la Communauté française
1960 : Indépendance des colonies d'Afrique noire
: Signature des accord de coopération
1962 : Indépendance de l'Algérie (accords d'Evian)
1969 : Première réunion des Etats francophones
1968-72 : Interventions de l'armée française au Tchad
1986 : Premier Sommet de la francophonie
2002 : L'armée française intervient en Côte-d'Ivoire
La France en Europe
1951 : Membre fondateur de la CECA
1957 : Membre fondateur de la CEE
1963 : Traité franco-allemand de l'Elysée
1974: Création du Conseil européen à l'initiative de VGE
1975 : Convention de Lomé
1983 :
François Mitterrand soutient l'installation des missiles américains en Europe
1992 :
Naissance de l'UE
La France sur la scène internationale
1945 : La France membre permanent du Conseil de sécurité de l'ONU
1949 : La France entre dans l'OTAN
1960 : Explosion de la première bombe atomique française
1964 : La France reconnaît la Chine populaire
1966: La France quitte l'OTAN
1981 :
Discours de Mitterrand à Cancùn : affirmation de la politique de la France en faveur du tiers-monde
1991 : La France participe à la guerre du Golfe pour libérer le Koweit
1993:
A la Conférence du GATT, la France parvient à imposer la notion d'"exception culturelle"
1995: La France amorce son retour dans l'OTAN
1996 : Derniers essais nucléaires français
2003 : La France s'oppose à l'intervention militaire américaine en Irak
Introduction
La France très affaiblie par la Seconde Guerre mondiale aspire à demeurer une grande puissance. Elle renonce lentement à son empire colonial et participe à la construction européenne. Elle conserve une politique étrangère indépendante et cultive " l'exception française ".
1 De l'Empire à l'Europe
1.1 L'adieu aux colonies
La France de 1945 pour garder un rang mondial refuse de renoncer à ses colonies. L'Empire représente 12 millions de kilomètres carrés et 64 millions d'habitants. La France renonce à la Syrie et au Liban mais rétablit partout son autorité : répression des émeutes de Sétif (1945) et de Madagascar (1947).
En 1946, l'empire colonial devient l'Union française : en théorie, la France et ses colonies deviennent égales.
Mais la décolonisation est inexorable : indépendance de l'Indochine (1954), de la Tunisie et du Maroc (1956), de l'Afrique noire (1960) de l'Algérie (1962), des Comores (1974) et de Djibouti (1977).
1.2 De la coopération aux relations Nord-Sud
La France garde des relations étroites avec ses anciennes colonies avec lesquelles elle a signé des accords de défense. Elle leur promet une assistance militaire en cas d'agression. Mais elle s'engage par des articles secrets à soutenir les régimes en place. Les nouveaux Etats acceptent des bases militaires sur leur sol.
Les soldats français sont souvent amenés à intervenir en Afrique (Tchad...).
De nombreux observateurs dénoncent la "Françafrique".
Pour aider ses anciennes colonies, Paris crée le ministère de la Coopération. La France forme avec 14 pays africains une "zone franc" où circule le franc CFA aligné sur le franc puis sur l'euro.
A partir de 1975, le sommet franco-africain réunit tous les ans la France et ses anciennes colonies.
En échange, les Africains soutiennent la France à l'ONU.
La politique française ne s'adresse pas seulement à son "pré carré" mais à tout le Sud : en 1975, l'Europe signe avec 46 pays ACP la Convention de Lomé (en 2003, elle est remplacée par les accords de Cotonou et concerne 79 pays ).
1.3 Le choix de l'Europe
la France joue un rôle majeur dans la construction européenne : elle participe à la fondation de la CECA, de la CEE, de la PAC. Après la perte de l'empire, l'Europe devient l'axe principal de sa politique extérieure : elle accepte que la CEE s'élargisse aux Anglais, participe à la création du Conseil européen, à l'élection du parlement européen au suffrage universel...
La France répond présent à toutes les étapes de la construction européenne jusqu'au NON de 2005.
2 La politique d'indépendance nationale
2.1 Une politique atlantiste
En 1945, la France n'est plus une puissance militaire ; elle n'est pas invitée à Yalta et à Potsdam. Grâce à la ténacité de De Gaulle, elle obtient un siège de membre permanent au Conseil de Sécurité de l'ONU et une zone d'occupation en Allemagne et en Autriche.
Pour se reconstruire, elle obtient des EU l'annulation d'une partie de ses dettes et des prêts à taux avantageux. En échange elle supprime les restrictions pesant sur la diffusion des films américains. Elle s'aligne sur les EU : elle accepte le Plan Marshall, entre dans l'alliance atlantique. Les EU installent en France des bases militaires et le siège de l'OTAN.
En 1956, la France doit se retirer de Suez sur injonction des EU. La IVème République participe alors à la création de la CEE et prépare la bombe atomique.
2.2 De Gaulle et la "politique de grandeur"
De Gaulle veut rendre à la France son rang de grande puissance. En 1960, la première bombe atomique française expose dans le Sahara. En 1967, la France lance son premier sous-marin nucléaire (" le redoutable "). Sa sécurité ne dépendant plus de personne, la France quitte l'OTAN et ferme les bases américaines sur son territoire.
De Gaulle critique l'intervention des EU au Vietnam, soutient les indépendantistes québécois. En 1966, il reconnaît la Chine populaire. En 1967, pendant la Guerre des Six jours, il se détache d'Israël et se rapproche des pays arabes.
2.3 La politique des successeurs du Général
Les successeurs de De Gaulle continuent son oeuvre ; les essais nucléaires français ne cessent qu'en 1996 et on construit un porte-avion à propulsion nucléaire ( le "Charles de Gaulle" ).
Mitterrand soutient l'installation des euromissiles mais critique l'IDS. La France continue de réclamer un Etat pour le peuple palestinien.
La fin de la guerre froide entraîne un changement dans la politique extérieure française ; la France participe aux côtés des EU à la libération du Koweit (1991) et à la pacification de l'ex-Yougoslavie.
En 2003, Jacques Chirac refuse de soutenir l'intervention des EU en Irak au nom du multilatéralisme.
En 2009, le président Sarkozy annonce le retour de la France dans l'OTAN. Il renégocie les accords de défense en Afrique ; ces accords n'auront plus de clauses secrètes et seront ratifiés par les Parlements de la France et des Etats africains concernés.
3 Le rayonnement d'une puissance moyenne
3.1 Une présence incontestable dans le monde.
La France est présente dans les organisations internationales. Membre du Conseil de sécurité c'est un gros fournisseur de " casques bleus " . La France accueille sur
son sol, le Conseil de l'Europe, le Parlement européen, le siège de l'UNESCO, l'OCDE. Elle est membre du G8. La France possède le 4ème budget militaire du monde, le second réseau diplomatique (156 ambassades) et de nombreuses ONG connues (Médecins sans frontières ...).
Grâce aux DOM-TOM, elle est présente sur tous les continents et possède la seconde ZEE (zone économique exclusive) du monde. Cependant, la présence outre-mer de la France est contestée par de nombreux mouvements indépendantistes (crise de Nouvelle-Calédonie de 1984-88).
3.2 Une économie ouverte sur le monde
La France avec 0,5 % des terres émergées et 1 % de la population mondiale réalise 5 % du PIB mondial. Malgré un PIB de 2100 milliards de $ en 2005 elle connaît un relatif déclin. Sa croissance est plus faible qu'aux EU ou au RU.
En revanche, la France est devenue une grande puissance exportatrice : produits agricoles (3 e rang mondial), services (4 e rang), produits manufacturés (5 e rang). Les entreprises françaises de transport, de chemins de fer, de l'énergie, du luxe, du nucléaire, de la grande distribution jouent un rôle majeur dans la mondialisation.
Le distributeur Carrefour est numéro mondial derrière WalMart ; il possède 15 500 magasins dans 32 pays et emploie 495 000 salariés.
L'Oréal est le numéro 1 mondial des cosmétiques.
Areva est le numéro 1 mondial du nucléaire.
LVMH est le numéro 1 mondial du luxe.
Cependant ces échanges se font trop souvent avec des pays de l'UE. La France est la première destination touristique mondiale.
3.3 Un important rayonnement culturel
La France demeure une puissance culturelle grâce à la francophonie ; 200 millions de personnes dans le monde parlent le français. cependant, le français n'est plus la langue de la diplomatie, des affaires ou des publications scientifiques.
L'Organisation Internationale Francophone regroupe 55 pays et tient un sommet tous les 2 ans. Elle a créé la chaîne de télévision TV5 et l'université SENGHOR d'Alexandrie.
La France se fait le champion de la diversité culturelle dans le monde et du dialogue des cultures. Elle a obtenu que le GATT et l'OMC reconnaissent le principe de l'EXCEPTION CULTURELLE.
L'Etat a rendu obligatoire l'usage du français dans les services publics et la publicité. Il distribue des subventions pour encourager la création de films français et oblige la radio et la télévision à diffuser un quota d'oeuvres françaises.
La culture française est diffusée à l'étranger par les 432 établissements français et les Alliances françaises.
Conclusion
Après 1945, la France perd ses colonies et admet devenir une "puissance moyenne". Sa diplomatie s'oriente vers la construction européenne et le soutien à l'ONU. Faute de moyens économiques financiers et militaires suffisants, elle s'aligne le plus souvent sur les EU et développe une active diplomatie culturelle. | <urn:uuid:228efbb7-1d31-42ca-a4c2-1df80e5fd607> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/fra_Latn/train | finepdfs | fra_Latn | 9,754 |
TOWN OF EXETER
ANNUAL REPORTS
OF THE
SELECTMEN AND TREASURER
THE HIGHWAY AGENT
AND ALL OTHER
OFFICERS AND COMMITTEES
FOR THE
Financial Year ending January 31
1930
EXETER, N.H.
The News-Letter Press
1930
TOWN OF EXETER
ANNUAL REPORTS
OF THE
SELECTMEN AND TREASURER
THE HIGHWAY AGENT
AND ALL OTHER
OFFICERS AND COMMITTEES
FOR THE
Financial Year ending January 31
1930
EXETER, N.H.
The News-Letter Press
1930
Town Officers
Moderator
Frank M. Cilley
Selectmen
Fred L. Colcord
Frank H. Wadleigh
J. William McNulty
Treasurer
Frank W. Taylor
Town Clerk
Fred S. Fellowes
Highway Agent
Alvin E. Foss
Tax Collector
Lewis S. Swain
Supervisors of Check List
John K. MacDougall
Arthur Tytus
Dorothy M. Nowell
Auditors
Albertus T. Dudley
William A. Young
Trustees of Trust Funds
William H. Seward
Hervey Kent
Edmund H. Wentworth
Library Committee
Willard I. Rowe
Robert Scott
James A. Tufts
Margaret Kent
Albertus T. Dudley
Harry Merrill
Clifton A. Towle
Lena S. Day
Frank M. Cilley
Librarian
Carrie W. Byington
Health Officer
William H. Nute
Engineers
Perley G. Field
George F. Adams
William J. Wetherell
Police Commissioners
Herman L. Smith
S. Percy R. Chadwick
Elbridge A. Goodwin
Police Justice
Ernest G. Templeton
Police Officers
Benton J. Hoitt
Elvyn A. Bunker, Chief
Hanford E. Button
William L. Damsell
Ernest A. Eno
Town Warrant
THE STATE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE
To the Inhabitants of the Town of Exeter, qualified to vote in Town Affairs:
You are hereby notified to meet in the Town Hall, in said town, on the second Tuesday of March next, at ten o'clock in the forenoon, to act upon the following subjects:
1st. To choose by ballot and plurality vote a town clerk.
2nd. To choose by ballot and plurality vote one selectman for three years.
3rd. To choose by ballot and plurality vote one trustee of the Robinson Female Seminary for the term of seven years.
4th. To choose by ballot and plurality vote one trustee of the trust funds held by the Town of Exeter, to hold office for three years.
5th. To choose all other necessary town officers, auditors, or committees for the ensuing year.
6th. To raise such sums of money as may be necessary for the maintenance of the poor, for repairing highways, for repairing and building bridges, for repairing and building sidewalks, for building drains and sewers, for oiling the streets, for payment of the town debt, for lighting streets, for defraying expenses of decorating the graves of all soldiers, for preventing the spread of insect pests within the town, and for other charges arising within the town, and for the payment of the firemen for the ensuing year.
7th. To hear the reports of the committees heretofore chosen and pass any votes relating thereto.
8th. To see what sum of money the town will raise and appropriate for the use of the Robinson Female Seminary during the coming year.
9th. On petition of Joseph R. Curran and nine others, to see if the town will vote to raise and appropriate the sum of six hundred dollars for the purpose of a series of summer concerts, ten in number, to be played in the Swasey Memorial Bandstand during the summer of 1930 by the Exeter Brass Band.
10th. On petition of W. E. Nason and twenty others, to see if the town will vote to install a hydrant for fire protection at the corner of Washington Street and Brentwood Road, and appropriate money for same.
11th. On petition of Walter E. Thurston and thirty-three others, to see if the town will vote to require the Boston & Maine Railroad to maintain gates across the crossing of the Boston & Maine Railroad which is known as the Salem Street Crossing in the town of Exeter, New Hampshire, by the sides of the said Railroad.
12th. On petition of Robert Scott and ten others, to see if the town will vote to establish a new police station, cell room and police court room and appropriate a sufficient sum of money for same.
13th. On petition of Arthur J. Conner and ten others, to see what action the town will take on the report of the committee appointed at the last town meeting to consider the highway problems of the town and financing the same, and to take action on the specific recommendations that they may make and appropriate money to carry out the same.
14th. On petition of J. Francis Coleman and twenty-two others, to see if the town will vote to erect two flood lights near the Soldiers’ Monument on Front Street and appropriate money for same.
15th. On petition of John R. Taylor and fifteen others, to see if the town will place an electric light at the corner of Arbor Street and Arbor Court and appropriate money for same.
16th. On petition of Mrs. Lucy Kelley and twenty-six others, to see if the town will vote to install an electric light at the Junction of Dewey Street and the extension of Park Street, known as “Katy’s Lane,” and appropriate the necessary sums for its maintenance.
17th. On petition of James L. Luce and twenty others, to see if the town will vote to pay its highway agent for the ensuing year the salary of two thousand dollars and to appropriate such money as is necessary to pay the same.
18th. To see if the town will vote to install twelve hundred feet of sewer on Water Street adjoining the Exeter Shore Parkway and appropriate the sum of four thousand dollars for the same.
19th. To see if the town will vote to appropriate the sum of five thousand dollars for the purchase of trucks for the Highway Department.
20th. To see if the town will vote to appropriate the sum of one thousand dollars for a power sprayer.
21st. On petition of Ralph E. Meras and twenty-one others, to see if the town will vote to provide suitable rest rooms convenient to the business section of the town, and appropriate funds not exceeding one thousand dollars for this purpose.
22nd. To see if the town will vote to ratify the acceptance by the Selectmen of the offer of Ambrose Swasey to build a Parkway or Boulevard along the waterfront from a point on Water Street to and including the homestead lot of the late George Furnald in full accordance with said offer.
23rd. On petition of Joseph Matick and twelve others, to see if the town will vote to install a hydrant on Wentworth Street, and raise and appropriate money for same.
24th. On petition of Harry G. Marcotte and twenty-four others, to see if the town will vote to build a sewer on Dewey Street and appropriate a sufficient sum of money for the same.
25th. On petition of Dr. James W. Bixler and eighteen others, to see if the town will vote to authorize the Selectmen to nominate some suitable person for appointment by the State Forester as Town Tree Warden and appropriate the sum of two hundred dollars to pay the cost of such service.
26th. On petition of Ralph E. Meras and twenty-four others, to see if the town will vote to take its own risk of loss by fire on property owned by the town, placing the present cost of insurance in the savings bank as each policy expires; and thereafter an equal or approximately equal part in each, the Exeter Banking Co. and the Rockingham National Bank, until the fund so created shall amount to the sum of twenty-five thousand dollars, after which date the interest shall be applied annually to the regular funds of the town.
27th. To choose four delegates to a convention to revise the Constitution of this State in accordance with Chapter 121, section 1, of the Laws of 1917.
Given under our hands and seals this twenty-fourth day of February, 1930.
FRANK H. WADLEIGH,
FRED L. COLCORD,
J. WILLIAM McNULTY,
Selectmen of Exeter.
A true copy, attest:
FRANK H. WADLEIGH,
FRED L. COLCORD,
J. WILLIAM McNULTY,
Selectmen of Exeter.
## Valuation and Appropriations
### Valuation
| Item | Value |
|-------------------------------------------|-----------|
| Lands and buildings | $5,410,390.00 |
| Horses, 151 | 14,230.00 |
| Asses and mules, 3 | 150.00 |
| Cows, 337 | 21,210.00 |
| Other neat stock, 22 | 820.00 |
| Fowls, 8,830 | 10,590.00 |
| Vehicles, 25 | 1,500.00 |
| Portable Mills, 5 | 2,100.00 |
| Boats and launches, 2 | 500.00 |
| Wood, lumber, etc. | 12,900.00 |
| Gasoline pumps and tanks | 6,000.00 |
| Stock in trade | 544,380.00 |
| Mills and machinery | 486,350.00 |
| Polls, number 2261 at $2, total poll taxes | $4,522.00 |
| National Bank stock taxes | $799.00 |
Total, exclusive of soldiers’ exemptions: $6,511,120.00
Amount of taxes committed to collector, including poll taxes and national bank stock taxes, $155,076.76
Average rate per cent. of taxation for all purposes, $23.00
Amount of real estate exempted from local taxes, $40,000.00
Amount of mills and machinery exempted from local taxes, $30,000.00
Amount of stock in trade exempted from local taxes, $25,000.00
Amount exempted to soldiers, $39,250.00
FRANK H. WADLEIGH,
FRED L. COLCORD,
J. WILLIAM McNULTY,
Selectmen of Exeter.
Appropriations
Payment of town bonds......................... $5,000.00
Interest on town debt......................... 2,500.00
Water Works................................. 6,000.00
Fire Department............................. 10,000.00
Maintenance of Trunk Line.................. 5,000.00
Preventing spread of insect pests........... 800.00
Support of poor.............................. 1,000.00
Library.................................... 4,200.00
Lighting streets............................ 12,400.00
Robinson Female Seminary................... 12,000.00
Decorating soldiers' graves................ 300.00
Police and constables....................... 8,000.00
New automobile, Police Department........... 900.00
Town officers............................... 5,000.00
Board of Health............................. 300.00
Oil for streets............................. 6,000.00
Band concerts............................... 600.00
State aid, Newmarket Road.................. 3,235.50
Exeter Old Home Association............... 250.00
Total........................................ $83,485.50
It was voted that the sum of sixteen thousand dollars be taken from money on hand for Highways, Bridges and Streets. State and County tax not to be raised by taxation.
Selectmen's Report
Dr.
1929
Feb. 19, refund of excess premium on insurance $1.83
Feb. 19, aid at Kensington fire 85.25
Apr. 15, repair of sewer for Phillips Exeter Academy 81.00
Apr. 22, telephone charges at fire station 1.30
Apr. 24, over-payment Pratt Coal Co. 8.50
Apr. 24, balance 1928 white pine blister rust .68
Apr. 29, sale of hose wagon 30.00
May 4, 5% of sale of Water Street Hose House 130.00
May 7, sale of Kossuth Street Hose House 120.00
May 11, sale of tar barrels to Exeter & Hampton Electric Co. 4.50
May 17, return premiums of insurance cancelled 3.90
May 17, Sweeney Contracting Co., work by Highway Department 112.50
May 18, sale of batteries, Fire Department 6.00
May 18, sale of culvert pipe 11.50
May 21, balance of sale of Water Street Hose House 2,470.00
June 15, paid by state for snow removal 119.00
June 26, note No. 61, Rockingham Bank 10,000.00
June 29, from state tax on intangibles 29.04
July 1, from state for forest fires 6.40
July 2, sale of harness 10.00
July 3, paid by Water Works for equipment 40.00
July 6, paid by town of Newfields, aid at fire 75.00
July 9, paid by town of Brentwood, aid at fire 20.50
| Date | Description | Amount |
|------------|--------------------------------------------------|---------|
| July 30 | milk licenses | $66.00 |
| Aug. 10 | milk licenses | 2.00 |
| Aug. 16 | note No. 62, Rockingham Bank | 10,000.00|
| Aug. 17 | sale of oil | 9.00 |
| Aug. 22 | peddlers' license | 11.00 |
| Sept. 9 | note No. 63, Rockingham Bank | 10,000.00|
| Sept. 12 | return premium on insurance | 2.44 |
| Sept. 21 | peddlers' license | 11.00 |
| Oct. 4 | milk license | 2.00 |
| Oct. 7 | note No. 64, Rockingham Bank | 10,000.00|
| Dec. 1 | sale of oil | 3.50 |
| Dec. 3 | paid by Methodist Church for sidewalk | 20.00 |
| Dec. 7 | from state, insurance tax | 317.21 |
| Dec. 7 | railroad tax | 5,548.35|
| Dec. 7 | savings banks tax | 6,817.10|
| Dec. 7 | building & loan tax | 89.91 |
| Dec. 16 | telephone toll calls, Police Department | 13.60 |
| Dec. 31 | tax on intangibles | 18,482.08|
**1930**
| Date | Description | Amount |
|------------|--------------------------------------------------|---------|
| Jan. 4 | sale of blankets | 10.00 |
| Jan. 4 | milk license | 4.00 |
| Jan. 4 | sale of stone on Town Dump | 40.00 |
| Jan. 18 | state aid, Newfields Road | 1,432.56|
| Jan. 18 | Trunk Line maintenance | 1,240.47|
| Jan. 21 | town of Kensington, aid at fire | 46.50 |
| Jan. 30 | telephone toll calls, Fire Department | 4.50 |
**Cr.**
Paid town treasurer at various times: $77,540.12
FRANK H. WADLEIGH,
FRED L. COLCORD,
J. WILLIAM McNULTY,
Selectmen of Exeter.
Auditors' Report
Exeter, N. H., February 18, 1930.
We find the above account of funds received properly vouched and correctly cast.
WILLIAM A. YOUNG,
ALBERTUS T. DUDLEY,
Auditors.
Schedule of Town Property
Town Hall, land and buildings........ $100,000.00
Town Hall, furniture and equipment... 3,000.00
Library, land and building............. 15,000.00
Library, furniture and equipment...... 6,500.00
Fire department, land and buildings... 35,000.00
Fire department, equipment............ 20,000.00
Highway department, land and buildings 15,000.00
Highway department, equipment....... 30,000.00
Parks, commons and playgrounds...... 5,000.00
$229,500.00
Recommendations
The committee appointed to recommend what sum of money should be provided for the year of 1930-1931 have attended to that duty and recommend the following sums:
| Item | Amount |
|-------------------------------------------|------------|
| Payment of town bonds | $2,000.00 |
| Interest on town debt | 2,500.00 |
| Water Works | 6,000.00 |
| Fire Department | 10,000.00 |
| Fire Department equipment | 2,000.00 |
| Highways, bridges and streets | 18,000.00 |
| Maintenance Trunk Line | 3,000.00 |
| Maintenance State Aid Line | 1,000.00 |
| State Aid, construction | 3,303.00 |
| State Aid, highway bridge | 1,500.00 |
| Preventing spread of insect pests | 500.00 |
| Support of poor | 1,500.00 |
| Library | 4,500.00 |
| Lighting streets | 12,400.00 |
| Aid Robinson Female Seminary | 12,000.00 |
| Decorating soldiers’ graves | 300.00 |
| Police and constables | 8,800.00 |
| Town officers | 5,000.00 |
| Board of Health | 300.00 |
| Oil for streets | 6,000.00 |
$100,603.00
FRANK H. WADLEIGH,
LEONARD F. SMITH,
GEORGE W. HILLIARD,
ROBERT SCOTT,
Committee.
Treasurer's Report
For Year 1929-1930
Dr.
Taxes for 1929 committed to tax collector.......................... $154,402.81
Jan. 31, 1929:
Due from tax collector, account 1927 taxes 138.32
1928 taxes 16,269.66
1928 taxes additional 26.00
Received during year
from selectmen....................... 77,540.12
town clerk......................... 10,460.58
tax collector, sewer assessments... 527.00
interest 1927 taxes.............. 21.62
" 1928 taxes.................... 576.52
" 1929 taxes.................... 22.60
Taxes on National Bank stock....... 799.00
Police commissioners, junk licenses... 2.00
Municipal court, fines and costs..... 869.07
Sale of gasoline.................... 1,179.77
Adjustment between town and state account Trunk Line maintenance and State Aid.............. 2,444.48
January 31, 1929, balance on hand.... 45,290.15
$310,569.70
Cr.
Payments during year as per summary $259,667.23
Jan. 31, 1930:
Due from tax collector, account 1929 taxes 14,325.16
Jan. 31, 1930, cash on hand........... 36,577.31
$310,569.70
FRANK W. TAYLOR, Town Treasurer.
## Expenditures in Detail
### Bonds
| Description | Amount |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------|
| Paid Street Improvement bond, due Mar. 1, 1929 | $1,000.00|
| Soldiers' and Sailors' bond, due Oct. 1, 1929 | 2,900.00 |
| Robinson Seminary bond, due Jan. 1, 1930 | 1,000.00 |
| Balance held for Soldiers' and Sailors' bonds due, but not presented for payment | 1,100.00 |
Total: $6,000.00
Balance from last year: $1,000.00
Appropriation: 5,000.00
Total: $6,000.00
### Coupons and Interest
| Description | Amount |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------|
| Paid coupons on Street Improvement 4's | $964.00 |
| coupons on Soldiers' and Sailors' 5's | 228.50 |
| coupons on Seminary 1's | 690.00 |
| Discount on notes borrowed in anticipation of taxes | 683.33 |
Total: $2,565.83
From miscellaneous fund: $65.83
Appropriation: 2,500.00
Total: $2,565.83
### Notes
| Description | Amount |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------|
| Paid Rockingham National Bank | $40,000.00|
| From miscellaneous fund | 40,000.00 |
### County Tax
| Description | Amount |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------|
| Paid Earle R. Stockbridge, county treasurer | $14,719.80|
| From miscellaneous fund | 14,719.80|
State Tax
Paid H. E. Chamberlin, state treasurer $17,113.20
Balance ........................................ 14,170.49
$31,283.69
Received from state, railroad tax $5,548.35
savings bank tax ......................... 6,817.10
building and loan association tax ........ 89.91
intangible tax ......................... 18,511.12
insurance tax ......................... 317.21
$31,283.69
Street Lighting
Paid Exeter & Hampton Electric Co. $12,257.58
Balance ........................................ 142.42
$12,400.00
Appropriation .................................. 12,400.00
Highways, Bridges and Streets
Paid A. F. Higgins, highway agent $1,385.80
A. E. Foss, highway agent .............. 23,567.00
$24,952.80
Amount voted to be taken from money on hand $16,000.00
Balance from last year .................... 4,264.38
From state, account snow removal ....... 119.00
Sweeney Construction Co., labor .......... 112.50
Phillips Exeter Academy, sewer work ...... 81.00
Sale of supplies .......................... 11.50
Credit for supplies and labor on Trunk Line maintenance ....................... 2,944.07
Credit for supplies and labor on State Aid work ............................... 13.68
Miscellaneous fund ........................ 1,406.67
$24,952.80
Trunk Line Maintenance
(Joint account with the state)
Paid Joseph Fortier, patrolman ........... $434.00
Fred Gallant ......................... 304.50
Barrett Co., tarvia .................. 1,214.04
J. Carossi, gravel .................... 2.00
town highway department ............. 2,944.07
town of Exeter, use of truck ......... 727.20
$5,625.81
Less amount received from the state ........ 1,240.47
Net payment by the Town .................. $4,385.34
Amount paid by the state .................. 4,385.33
Combined payments ......................... $8,770.67
Combined balance .......................... 1,229.33
$10,000.00
Appropriation by town ...................... $5,000.00
state ................................. 5,000.00
$10,000.00
Federal Aid, Road Construction
(Newfields Road)
Paid A. E. Foss, highway agent .......... $4,316.00
A. E. Foss, highway agent ............ 13.68
James Driscoll & Sons, gravel ....... 1,131.87
$5,461.55
Received from the state, account appro-
priation .................................. $1,432.56
Due from the state, account appro-
priation .................................. 169.19
Appropriation by town ..................... 3,235.50
Miscellaneous fund ........................ 624.30
$5,461.55
Support of Poor
Paid A. E. McReel Co., fuel.............. $130.70
Rockingham County Farm, board........... 936.00
J. L. Rivard, supplies.................... 100.00
R. Girard, supplies....................... 36.00
Franklin Zeiger, supplies................. 80.23
Dr. W. H. Nute, professional service..... 14.00
Dr. C. W. Colby, professional service.... 4.00
Bartlett & Quimby, supplies.............. 558.00
Fred L. Colcord, fuel..................... 27.50
Emma Bradley, rent......................... 30.00
Town of Epping, supplies................. 25.61
E. G. Towle, rent.......................... 68.00
Goodwin Bros., supplies................... 16.00
Pratt Coal Co.............................. 49.82
Exeter Relief Society...................... 10.00
Estate W. P. Bartlett, rent.............. 84.00
$2,169.86
Appropriation.............................. $1,000.00
From miscellaneous fund................... 1,169.86
$2,169.86
Support of Schools
Paid Fred A. Moore, treasurer, balance of 1928 appropriation, including dog licenses.......................... $21,132.65
Paid on account of 1929................... 42,200.00
Balance of 1929 appropriation, to be paid by June 30, 1930.................. 21,716.88
$85,049.53
Appropriation for school year ending June 30, 1930.......................... $63,050.76
Paid dog licenses.......................... 866.12
Balance, 1928 appropriation.............. 21,132.65
$85,049.53
Expenses and Upkeep Robinson Seminary
Paid Ernest G. Templeton, treasurer ............... $12,000.00
Appropriation ........................................ 12,000.00
Public Library
Paid Willard I. Rowe, treasurer .................... $4,200.00
Appropriation ........................................ 4,200.00
Preventing Spread of Insect Pests
Paid Arthur Labranche ............................. $587.00
Balance .............................................. 213.00
$800.00
Appropriation ........................................ 800.00
Police Department
Paid Elvyn A. Bunker, chief of police,
salary .............................................. $1,581.75
Gordon A. Ray, officer, salary ................. 1,241.50
William L. Damsell, officer, salary ........... 1,510.00
Benton J. Hoitt, officer, salary ............... 1,525.50
Everett H. Button, officer, salary ............. 216.00
L. J. Carbonneau, officer, salary .............. 523.00
Ernest Eno, officer, salary ...................... 243.00
P. Bertrand, labor and supplies ................. 29.30
George R. Scammon, legal services ............. 121.50
A. V. Deene, supplies ............................. 17.50
Taxi hire ............................................. 1.50
Baker Agency ........................................ 85.18
Batchelder's Bookstore ............................ 5.65
J. B. Ingham, signs ................................. 50.25
Niles Machine Co., signs ......................... 14.00
Traffic Sign & Signal Co., signs ............... 7.50
Motor Vehicle Department, licenses ............. 8.00
E. A. Goodwin, express .......................... 2.43
McReel's Garage, repairs and supplies .......... 57.43
Exeter Ice Co. ....................................... 14.00
Paid Exeter Motor Mart, repairs and supplies ........................................ $117.99
New England Tel. & Tel. Co. .................................................. 203.65
Z. London, supplies ......................................................... .15
Hubbard's Restaurant ....................................................... 11.20
A. J. Call, labor ............................................................. 30.00
Town of Exeter, gasoline ................................................... 207.24
Freight ................................................................. .58
Exeter Lumber Co., supplies ............................................ 3.20
Exeter Radio Shop, painting ........................................... 45.00
Waning Motor Co., supplies ............................................ 60.00
Stevens & Wetherell, painting .......................................... 39.05
Washington Lunch ......................................................... 6.85
John Templeton, printing ............................................... 11.00
Tropical Paint & Oil Co., paint ...................................... 26.93
Hilliard & Kimball, supplies ........................................... 9.35
$8,027.18
Appropriation .......................................................... $8,000.00
From miscellaneous fund .............................................. 27.18
$8,027.18
Board of Health
Paid Dr. William H. Nute, salary .................. $250.00
William H. Seward, supplies ......................... 26.95
Balance ................................................................. 23.05
$500.00
Appropriation .......................................................... 500.00
Decorating Soldiers' Grave
Paid Mrs. Lizzie Elkins, treasurer .................. $300.00
Appropriation .......................................................... 300.00
Brown Court Sewer
Paid A. E. Foss, highway agent, supplies and labor .......................... $143.86
John W. Durgin, surveying ............... 35.00
$178.86
From miscellaneous fund .................... 178.86
Fire Department
Paid members of the department for the year ending November 1, 1929... $4,271.34
members on account during year... 2,338.39
George F. Adams, balance salary to April, 1929 ............................. 25.00
George F. Adams, account, 1929 .... 125.00
Albert S. Willey, salary .............. 125.00
Perley Field, account salary ........... 175.00
J. Cushing, grain ....................... 14.50
F. H. Wadleigh, hay .................... 46.40
J. Gilbert Haley, photographs ......... 6.00
A. E. McReel Co., fuel ................. 833.57
New England Tel. & Tel. Co............ 172.78
D. C. Higgins, supplies ................. 21.51
Exeter & Hampton Electric Co....... 205.83
Wetherell's Garage, repairs and supplies ........................................ 40.38
Exeter Motor Mart, repairs and supplies ........................................ 8.30
Exeter Gas Light Co..................... 38.12
Exeter Garage, repairs and supplies ........................................ 113.75
McReel's Garage, repairs and supplies ........................................ 19.12
W. A. Young, supplies ................... 93.52
A. H. Blanchard .......................... 34.60
Brown Agency, insurance ............... 25.00
E. P. Stacy, gasoline .................... 1.10
R. W. LeBaron, supplies ............... 44.90
| Description | Amount |
|-------------------------------------------------|---------|
| Paid Olof Hanson, repairs | $31.75 |
| Town of Exeter, gasoline | 42.71 |
| Gamewell Co., supplies | 239.25 |
| H. T. Pitman, supplies | 9.00 |
| O. N. Carboneau, supplies | 14.00 |
| A. H. Higgins, supplies and labor | 74.60 |
| Ellis Fire Appliance Co., supplies | 16.00 |
| A. H. Jameson, supplies | 3.00 |
| John Templeton, printing | 36.00 |
| Swift & Co. | 2.00 |
| Exeter Lumber Co., supplies | 31.54 |
| Joseph Hallinan, labor | 30.00 |
| Willard Field, labor | 1.00 |
| Arthur White, labor | 5.00 |
| George F. Adams, labor | 244.00 |
| Herbert Lord, labor | 32.00 |
| Arnold Keller | 28.00 |
| Charles Bean | 20.00 |
| W. H. Seward, supplies | 24.25 |
| Exeter Water Works | .57 |
| George Keller, labor | 174.00 |
| S. LaPerle | 14.00 |
| American Fire Equipment Co. | 4.60 |
| Court Street Garage, supplies and repairs | 113.50 |
| Campbell Motor Parts, supplies | 2.24 |
| Z. London, supplies | 10.25 |
| Huntington Laboratories | 10.50 |
| Robert Campbell, trucking | 19.43 |
| Batchelder’s Bookstore, supplies | 20.00 |
| D. E. McCann & Sons, supplies | 3.30 |
| Star Laundry | 41.22 |
| Cannon Battery Service | 15.85 |
| F. G. Peavey, repairs | 73.19 |
| Express | 8.03 |
| Dearborn Motor Trans. Co. | 17.00 |
| C. F. Fifield | .80 |
| Samuel Eastman, supplies | 12.74 |
Paid Hilliard & Kimball, supplies $58.57
Central Heating & Plumbing, repairs 4.71
H. G. Spaulding, supplies 6.00
G. W. & C. A. Lane 5.40
J. M. Hardy, supplies 43.18
Wunda Wiper, supplies 3.00
Boston Woven Hose & Rubber Co., supplies 33.69
Sullivan Electric Service, supplies and labor 941.34
$11,300.32
From appropriation $10,000.00
aid furnished outside towns 267.25
State of New Hampshire, account
forest fires 6.40
telephone calls paid 5.80
miscellaneous fund 1,020.87
$11,300.32
Repairing Central Fire Station
Paid Exeter Lumber Co., supplies $299.27
C. C. Hayes, doors 8.00
George F. Adams, labor 128.00
C. F. Fifield, wiring 21.25
Robert Campbell, freight and trucking 9.17
Boston Metal Ceiling & Manufacturing Co. 415.00
Frank E. Batchelder, labor 14.75
F. G. Peavey, stock and time 238.40
Stevens & Wetherell, painting 280.00
Olof Hanson, labor 10.00
Hilliard & Kimball, supplies 6.32
W. A. Young, supplies 18.26
$1,448.42
From sale of engine houses 1,448.42
Exeter Water Works
Paid Exeter Water Works, hydrant rentals $5,425.00
public buildings, fountains........... 401.39
Balance................................. 173.61
$6,000.00
Appropriation.......................... 6,000.00
Damage by Dogs
Paid Joseph Spakas, ac. hog killed..... $10.00
Fred S. Fellowes, commission........... 76.60
Balance................................. 866.12
$952.72
From collection of dog licenses........... 952.72
New Automobile for Police Department
Paid Waning Motor Co.................. $870.00
Waning Motor Co., extra equipment.... 17.03
Horace Patridge Co., extra equipment.. 5.14
Balance................................. 7.83
$900.00
Appropriation.......................... 900.00
Band Concerts
Paid Exeter Brass Band.................. $600.00
Appropriation.......................... 600.00
Oil for Streets
Standard Oil Co......................... $1,548.51
Barrett Co.............................. 5,161.11
$6,709.62
Appropriation.......................... $6,000.00
From miscellaneous fund ............... 709.62
$6,709.62
Exeter Old Home Day
Paid Lyman E. Collishaw, treasurer............. $250.00
Appropriation........................................ 250.00
Municipal Court
Paid Ernest G. Templeton, justice....... $600.00
Balance.................................................. 269.07
$869.07
Fines and costs........................................ 869.07
Sewers
Paid Exeter Water Works, flushing...... $240.91
Hilliard & Kimball, supplies........... 26.45
$267.36
From miscellaneous fund.................... 267.36
Gasoline Account
Paid Standard Oil Co................................. $1,225.68
Received from various departments..... $1,179.77
From miscellaneous fund....................... 45.91
$1,225.68
Town Hall
Paid Exeter Lumber Co., supplies....... $42.39
Fred G. Goodrich, janitor............. 59.00
Exeter Gas Light Co....................... 48.89
Exeter & Hampton Electric Co.......... 229.00
New England Tel. & Tel. Co........... 55.15
J. O. Caverhill, wiring................. 294.50
Irving Brown, repairs.................... 113.27
W. A. Young................................. 23.31
Brown Agency, insurance............... 236.25
Elwell Agency, insurance............... 35.00
F. M. Cilley, insurance.................. 30.50
C. F. Fifield, wiring..................... 6.30
Paid A. J. Call, labor......................... $15.75
A. E. McReel Co., fuel.............. 344.00
W. A. McGaughey, repairs ........... 1.75
F. G. Peavey, repairs................. 69.46
Exeter Water Works.................... 12.58
Hilliard & Kimball, supplies........ 169.98
Pratt Coal Co.......................... 331.42
$2,118.50
From miscellaneous fund................. 2,118.50
Town Officers
Paid Frank H. Wadleigh, salary selectman $400.00
Fred L. Colcord, salary selectman... 400.00
J. William McNulty, salary selectman 400.00
Frank W. Taylor, salary treasurer... 400.00
Alvin E. Foss, salary highway agent 1,200.00
Lewis S. Swain, commissions......... 2,025.27
Fred S. Fellowes, salary town clerk 250.00
commission, 1929,
auto permits... 220.75
1930 auto permits 190.50
pool tables, etc ... 2.00
Arthur Tytus, supervisor of check list 25.00
Dorothy M. Nowell, supervisor of check list..................... 25.00
John K. MacDougall, supervisor of check ist....................... 25.00
A. T. Dudley, auditor............... 20.00
William A. Young, auditor.......... 20.00
Frank M. Cilley, moderator......... 15.00
Elbridge A. Goodwin, salary police commissioner.................. 50.00
S. Percy R. Chadwick, salary police commissioner.................. 50.00
Herman L. Smith, salary police commissioner...................... 50.00
Abbie E. Hayes, milk inspector.... 25.00
Paid F. M. Cilley, bond for town clerk... $15.00
treasurer 225.00
Elwell's Agency, bond for tax collector 50.00
E. E. Nowell, bond for highway agent 20.00
Brown Agency, bond for trustees trust funds 10.00
$6,113.52
From appropriation $5,000.00
miscellaneous fund 1,113.52
$6,113.52
Miscellaneous
Paid John R. Ronald, insurance $27.09
Express 4.32
Peter Kenik, right of way 200.00
Higgins Ice Cream Co., use of team 20.00
George B. Robbins Co., supplies 20.00
Fred Bernier, turf and labor 12.00
Boston and Maine Railroad, rent of land 7.00
F. H. Wadleigh, paid for labor on old cemetery 30.00
Rockingham County Record, printing 4.00
E. E. Nowell, insurance 154.40
Stevens & Wetherell, painting 13.50
A. C. Merrill, labor 12.60
Exeter & Hampton Electric Co. 11.90
Association of tax assessors 2.00
Frank Brown, labor 3.00
Dearborn Motor Transportation 1.10
F. M. Cilley, insurance 193.90
F. G. Peavey, repairs 202.25
Fred G. Goodrich, care of pavilion 100.00
Frank E. Batchelder, repairs 8.00
Mr. Zarnowski, labor 10.00
| Description | Amount |
|--------------------------------------------------|---------|
| Paid Batchelder's Bookstore, supplies | $135.42 |
| Hilliard & Kimball, supplies | 112.53 |
| George F. Adams, labor | 17.00 |
| John W. Tibbetts, labor | 5.00 |
| Remington-Rand Co., new safe | 245.50 |
| F. L. Junkins, funeral expenses | 239.50 |
| C. C. Russell, supplies | 9.00 |
| Z. London, supplies | .75 |
| Dr. C. W. Colby, vital statistics | 7.50 |
| John W. Durgin, surveying | 55.25 |
| Dr. A. W. Mitchell, vital statistics | 5.00 |
| Rowe Printing Co. | 2.00 |
| Harry Raymond, labor | 3.00 |
| John Templeton, printing | 52.09 |
| B. F. Laframboise, labor | 121.55 |
| Robert Campbell, trucking | 3.00 |
| G. W. & C. A. Lane | 4.15 |
| Austin-Western Road Machine Co., equipment | 275.00 |
| Exeter Hospital | 18.00 |
| Dr. O. B. Gilbert | 15.00 |
| Exeter Water Works | 18.30 |
| John L. Clark, vital statistics | 2.75 |
| Madeleine French | 50.00 |
| Postage | 50.83 |
| Central Heating & Plumbing | 6.85 |
| C. F. Fifield, wiring | 14.52 |
| Exeter Lumber Co., supplies | 379.48 |
| Travelling expenses, town officers | 32.87 |
| Perley Gardner, legal services | 2.50 |
| John Templeton, printing | 322.00 |
| Brown Agency, insurance | 46.00 |
| Elwell Agency, insurance | 343.75 |
| William Laplant, labor | 8.20 |
| Walter E. Morse, street signs | 184.75 |
| Arthur J. Call, ringing bell | 100.00 |
| Arthur J. Call, labor | 32.95 |
| W. C. Ball, painting flag pole | 15.00 |
Paid Mary Taylor, office work........... $20.31
Exeter Marble Works, boundary markers.......................... 8.00
Charles Frame, care of town clock... 50.00
Minnie K. Nichols, office work...... 40.00
Exeter Banking Co., rent of box.... 7.50
J. Carossi, gravel..................... 12.25
W. A. Young, supplies................. 34.06
Dr. A. M. Fernald, vital statistics... 4.00
John H. Elkins, auctioneer............ 10.00
F. H. Wadleigh, deed................... 2.00
John W. A. Green, recording......... 10.00
Phil. Gratton, labor.................... 163.75
$4,335.92
From miscellaneous fund................ 4,335.92
Auditors’ Report
Exeter, N. H., February 21, 1930.
We have examined the treasurer’s report and find it correctly cast and properly vouched, with a balance in his hands of thirty-six thousand, five hundred seventy-seven and 31-100 dollars ($36,577.31).
WILLIAM A. YOUNG,
ALBERTUS T. DUDLEY,
Auditors.
Summary
Dr.
Cash on hand, January 31, 1929........... $45,290.15
Received during year from selectmen..... 77,540.12
town clerk, dog licenses............ 952.72
pool tables, etc.................. 190.00
automobile licenses.............. 9,293.86
fees from candidates............. 24.00
tax collector, 1927 assessment... 138.32
1927 interest.................. 21.62
1928 assessment................. 16,295.66
1928 interest.................. 576.52
1929 assessment................. 140,077.65
1929 interest.................. 22.60
sewer assessments.............. 527.00
National Bank stock tax........ 799.00
police commissioners, junk
licenses.......................... 2.00
municipal court, fines and costs.. 869.07
sale of gasoline................ 1,179.77
adjustment between town and
state, account Trunk Line
maintenance.................. 2,430.80
account state aid............... 13.68
$296,244.54
Cr.
Paid bonds matured....................... $4,900.00
coupons and interest............. 2,565.83
notes............................. 40,000.00
county tax....................... 14,719.80
state tax......................... 17,113.20
street lighting.................. 12,257.58
highways, bridges and streets.... 24,952.80
trunk line maintenance........... 4,385.34
state aid......................... 5,461.55
support of poor.................. 2,169.86
Paid support of schools ........................................ $63,332.65
upkeep of Robinson Seminary ................................. 12,000.00
public library .................................................. 4,200.00
preventing spread of insect pests ............................ 587.00
police department .............................................. 8,027.18
board of health ................................................ 276.95
decorating soldiers’ graves ................................. 300.00
Brown Court sewer ............................................. 178.86
fire department ............................................... 11,300.32
repairing Central Station ..................................... 1,448.42
Exeter Water Works ........................................... 5,826.39
damage by dogs ................................................ 86.60
automobile for police ........................................ 892.17
band concerts .................................................. 600.00
abatements ...................................................... 464.13
oiling streets .................................................. 6,709.62
Exeter Old Home Day .......................................... 250.00
municipal court ................................................ 600.00
sewers .......................................................... 267.36
gasoline account .............................................. 1,225.68
Town Hall ....................................................... 2,118.50
town officers ................................................... 6,113.52
miscellaneous .................................................. 4,335.92
cash on hand January 31, 1930 ............................... 36,577.31
$206,244.54
Analysis of Balance
Cash on hand January 31, 1930 ......................... $36,577.31
Items held for specific purposes for ensuing year:
amount due schools by June 30 .......................... $21,716.88
bonds due ..................................................... 1,100.00
Trunk Line maintenance ................................. 614.66
$23,431.54
Balance for general use ........................................ $13,145.77
Town Indebtedness
Schedule of Liabilities January 31, 1930
Street Improvement bonds, 1892, at 4%. $24,000.00
Robinson Female Seminary bonds, 1909,
at 1%........................................... 68,000.00
Soldiers' and Sailors' Memorial bonds,
1920, at 5%..................................... 1,100.00
Balance due schools, including dog licenses 21,716.88
Balance due Trunk Line maintenance account.......................... 614.66
$115,431.54
Schedule of Assets January 31, 1930
Cash in treasury................................. $36,577.31
Due from tax collector, 1929 assessment. 14,325.16
Due from state highway department on account of State Aid.............. 169.19
$51,071.66
Town debt............................................ $64,359.88
FRANK W. TAYLOR, Town Treasurer.
Auditors' Report
Exeter, N. H., February 21, 1930
We have examined the above account and the note and bond books of the selectmen and find said account correct
WILLIAM A. YOUNG,
ALBERTUS T. DUDLEY,
Auditors.
Exeter, N. H., February 13, 1930.
We have this day examined the accounts of the Trustees of Trust Funds for the town of Exeter, N. H., and find them correctly cast and properly vouched. The following is a correct statement of the amounts due the below mentioned funds, and securities are in hand to correspond:
| Name of Fund | Amount |
|--------------------------------------------------|----------|
| Charles A. Merrill, library | $5,018.29|
| Harriett M. Merrill, library | 5,000.00 |
| Abner L. Merrill, High School rhetorical | 2,184.67 |
| Elizabeth S. Folsom, Exeter Relief Society | 1,720.00 |
| Lucretia Tilton, cemetery | 1,679.47 |
| George A. Yeaton, benefit needy American widows | 1,000.00 |
| Kate Holland, benefit worthy colored persons | 500.00 |
| Abby Tuck Frye, cemetery | 1,030.48 |
| John T. Perry, cemetery | 271.80 |
| Solomon J. Perkins, cemetery | 245.18 |
| Ida Drew, cemetery | 113.39 |
| Albert C. Buzell, library | 2,000.00 |
| Mary A. McCuish, cemetery | 109.98 |
| Laura M. Smith, cemetery | 105.76 |
| Cora K. Bell, cemetery | 404.74 |
| Irene Leavitt, cemetery | 300.58 |
| Mary G. Williams, cemetery | 673.81 |
| Gardiner Gilman, cemetery | 728.71 |
| Harriet F. Manson, cemetery | 169.79 |
| Everlin R. Stover, cemetery | 216.06 |
| Abner L. Merrill, library | 5,000.00 |
| Abner L. Merrill, High School library | 1,000.00 |
| Eliza J. Perkins, cemetery | 295.21 |
| John Watson, cemetery | 108.50 |
| Date of Creation | Trust Funds—Purpose of Creation | Donor | How Invested | Amount of Principal | Rate of Interest | Bal. of Income on hand at Beginning of Year | Income During Year | Expended During Year | Bal. of Income on Hand at End of Year |
|------------------|---------------------------------|-------|--------------|---------------------|-----------------|---------------------------------------------|-------------------|----------------------|-------------------------------------|
| 1889 | Charles A. Merrill Library Fund | Chas. A. Merrill | $2,000.00 City of Woonsocket bonds | 3,000.00 City of New York bonds | 4 | none | $204.08 | $204.08 | none |
| | To purchase books for Exeter Public Library | | 18.29 Deposit in the Exeter Banking Company | $5,018.29 | | | | | |
| 1895 | Harriett M. Merrill Library Fund | Harriett M. Merrill | 1,000.00 U. S. 4th Liberty Loan bond | 3,000.00 City of Pawtucket bonds | 4¼ | none | 204.19 | 204.19 | none |
| | To purchase books for Exeter Public Library | | 1,000.00 Boston & Maine R. R. bond | 5,000.00 | | | | | |
| 1895 | Abner L. Merrill Fund | Abner L. Merrill | 1,000.00 Federal Land Bank of Columbia, S. C., bond | 1,000.00 Boston & Maine R. R. bond | 4¼ | none | 90.61 | 80.00 | $14.67 |
| | For rhetorical prizes in Exeter High School | | 154.67 Deposit in the Exeter Banking Company | 2,000.00 | | | | | |
| 1916 | Elizabeth S. Folsom Fund | Elizabeth S. Folsom | 500.00 Town of Gorham bond | 1,000.00 U. S. 1st 4½ Liberty bond | 4 | none | 72.00 | 72.00 | none |
| | For benefit of Exeter Relief Society | | 220.00 Deposit in the Exeter Banking Company | 1,720.00 | | | | | |
| Feb. 14, 1914 | Lucretia Tilton Fund | Lucretia Tilton | 1,000.00 Federal Land Bank of Louisville, Ky., bond | 679.47 Deposit in the Exeter Banking Company | 4¼ | none | 67.88 | 6.00 | 679.47 |
| | For care of Tilton lot in cemetery | | | 1,000.00 | | | | | |
| 1916 | George S. Yeaton Fund | George S. Yeaton | 1,000.00 Athol bond | | 4 | none | 40.00 | 40.00 | none |
| | For benefit of most needy American widows | | | | | | | | |
| 1916 | Kate Holland Fund | Kate Holland | 500.00 U. S. 4th Liberty Loan bond | | 4¼ | none | 21.25 | 21.25 | none |
| | For benefit of deserving colored persons | | | | | | | | |
| Feb. 14, 1910 | Abbie Tuck Frye Fund | Abbie Tuck Frye | 1,000.00 U. S. 1st Liberty Loan bond | 30.48 Deposit in the Exeter Banking Company | 4¼ | 15.45 | 43.53 | 28.50 | 30.48 |
| | For care of Tuck lot in cemetery | | | 1,000.00 | | | | | |
| Feb. 6, 1903 | John T. Perry Fund | John T. Perry | 271.80 Deposit in the Exeter Banking Company | | 4 | 65.10 | 10.70 | 4.00 | 71.80 |
| | For care of Perry lot in cemetery | | | | | | | | |
| Mar. 1, 1905 | Solomon J. Perkins Fund | Solomon J. Perkins | 245.18 Deposit in the Exeter Banking Company | | 4 | 39.52 | 9.66 | 4.00 | 45.18 |
| | For care of Perkins lot in cemetery | | | 200.00 | | | | | |
| Feb 15, 1898 | Ida Drew Fund | Ida Drew | 113.39 Deposit in the Exeter Banking Company | | 4 | 12.85 | 4.54 | 4.00 | 13.39 |
| | For care of Drew lot in cemetery | | | 100.00 | | | | | |
| Mar. 2, 1911 | Albert C. Buzell Fund | Albert C. Buzell | $48.64 $2,000.00 U. S. 4th Liberty Loan bonds | 151.36 Deposit in the Exeter Banking Company | 4¼ | none | 92.52 | 92.52 | none |
| | For benefit of Exeter Public Library | | | 2,000.00 | | | | | |
| July 16, 1909 | Mary A. MacCuish Fund | Mary A. MacCuish | 109.98 Deposit in the Exeter Banking Company | | 4 | 9.58 | 4.40 | 4.00 | 9.98 |
| | For care of MacCuish lot in cemetery | | | 100.00 | | | | | |
| Feb. 9, 1912 | Laura M. Smith Fund | Laura M. Smith | 105.76 Deposit in the Exeter Banking Company | | 4 | 5.52 | 4.24 | 4.00 | 5.76 |
| | For care of Geo. W. Smith lot in cemetery | | | 100.00 | | | | | |
| Apr. 3, 1912 | Cora K. Bell Fund | Cora K. Bell | 404.74 Deposit in the Exeter Banking Company | | 4 | 100.53 | 18.16 | 12.00 | 104.74 |
| | For care of Bell lot in cemetery | | | 300.00 | | | | | |
| Dec. 10, 1912 | Irene Leavitt Fund | Irene Leavitt | 300.58 Deposit in the Exeter Banking Company | | 4 | 84.19 | 11.80 | 4.00 | 91.99 |
| | For care of Leavitt lot in cemetery | | | 208.59 | | | | | |
| Sept. 8, 1910 | Mary G. Williams Fund | Mary G. Williams | 673.81 Deposit in the Exeter Banking Company | | 4 | 251.51 | 26.30 | 4.00 | 273.81 |
| | For care of Williams lot in cemetery | | | 400.00 | | | | | |
| Feb. 1, 1915 | Gardiner Gilman Fund | Gardiner Gilman | 728.71 Deposit in the Exeter Banking Company | | 4 | 211.97 | 28.74 | 12.00 | 228.71 |
| | For care of Gilman lot in cemetery | | | 500.00 | | | | | |
| June 11, 1915 | Harriet F. Manson Fund | Harriet F. Manson | 160.79 Deposit in the Exeter Banking Company | | 4 | 17.05 | 6.74 | 4.00 | 19.79 |
| | For care of Manson lot in cemetery | | | 150.00 | | | | | |
| July 1, 1916 | Everlin R. Stover Fund | Everlin R. Stover | 216.06 Deposit in the Exeter Banking Company | | 4 | 13.46 | 8.60 | 6.00 | 16.06 |
| | For care of Stover lot in cemetery | | | 200.00 | | | | | |
| Mar. 3, 1913 | Abner L. Merrill Fund | Abner L. Merrill | 5,000.00 U. S. 4th Liberty Loan bond | | 4¼ | none | 216.04 | 216.04 | none |
| | To purchase books for Exeter Public Library | | | 1,000.00 | | | | | |
| Mar. 3, 1918 | Abner L. Merrill Fund | Abner L. Merrill | 1,000.00 U. S. 4th Liberty Loan bond | | 4 | none | 43.20 | 43.20 | none |
| | To purchase books for Exeter High School | | | | | | | | |
| Date | Fund Name | Donor Name | Amount | Type | Amount | Rate | Interest | Principal | Fee | Total |
|------------|-----------------------------------------------|----------------|---------|-----------------------------|---------|--------|----------|-----------|--------|--------|
| Dec. 27, 1918 | Eliza J. Perkins Fund | Eliza J. Perkins | $295.21 | Deposit in the Exeter Banking Company | $224.98 | 4 | $62.63 | $11.60 | $4.00 | $70.23 |
| Mar. 15, 1915 | John Watson Fund | Susan A. Watson | $108.50 | Deposit in the Exeter Banking Company | $100.00 | 4 | $8.14 | $4.36 | $4.00 | $8.50 |
| Apr. 30, 1915 | Jeremiah Smith Fund | Jeremiah Smith | $300.00 | U.S. Treasury Notes, due 1932 | $300.00 | 4½ | $102.23 | $16.82 | $4.00 | $115.05|
| Sept. 4, 1919 | Buzell Cemetery Fund | Susan M. Buzell | $106.89 | Deposit in the Exeter Banking Company | $100.00 | 4 | $6.61 | $4.28 | $4.00 | $6.89 |
| Sept. 15, 1920 | Helen Moulton Fund | Helen Moulton | $125.11 | Deposit in the Exeter Banking Company | $100.00 | 4 | $24.13 | $4.98 | $4.00 | $25.11 |
| Aug. 15, 1921 | Matthew G. Neally Fund | Matthew G. Neally | $92.50 | $100.00 U.S. 4th Liberty Loan Bond | $100.00 | 4½ | $3.21 | $4.65 | $4.00 | $3.68 |
| Aug. 15, 1921 | Joanna A. Gilman Fund | Joanna A. Gilman | $148.16 | Deposit in the Exeter Banking Company | $125.00 | 4 | $21.26 | $5.90 | $4.00 | $23.16 |
| Apr. 11, 1922 | Horace M. Lane Fund | Horace M. Lane | $98.50 | $100.00 U.S. 4th Liberty Loan Bond | $100.00 | 4½ | $27.90 | $5.41 | $3.00 | $30.31 |
| Apr. 15, 1922 | Stacy Fund | Harriet M. Davis | $98.50 | $100.00 U.S. 4th Liberty Loan Bond | $100.00 | 4½ | $15.73 | $4.91 | $4.00 | $16.64 |
| Jan. 30, 1923 | Moses N. Collins Post Fund | Moses N. Collins Post | $200.00 | U.S. Treasury Notes due 1932 | $200.00 | 4½ | $2.22 | $8.56 | $8.00 | $2.78 |
| ad. 13, 1923 | Nicholas E. and Lucy Soule Fund | Lucy E. Soule | $100.00 | U.S. Treasury Note, due 1932 | $100.00 | 4½ | none | $4.25 | $4.25 | none |
| Oct. 15, 1923 | Goodale Cemetery Fund | Ellen A. Goodale | $97.25 | $100.00 U.S. 4th Liberty Loan Bond | $100.00 | 4½ | $7.16 | $4.63 | $3.00 | $8.79 |
| Jan. 7, 1925 | Oliver A. Fleming Fund | Oliver A. Fleming | $500.00 | U.S. 4th Liberty Loan Bond | $500.00 | 4½ | $37.07 | $22.73 | $12.00 | $47.80 |
| Sept. 14, 1925 | William S. Hunnewell Fund | William S. Hunnewell | $100.50 | Deposit in the Exeter Banking Company | $100.00 | 4 | $0.46 | $4.04 | $4.00 | $0.50 |
| Sept. 14, 1925 | Shute Cemetery Fund | Helen W. Moulton | $219.62 | Deposit in the Exeter Banking Company | $200.00 | 4 | $14.96 | $8.66 | $4.00 | $19.62 |
| Dec. 12, 1925 | Abbott Haley Williams Memorial Fund | Abbott Williams | $500.00 | Deposit in the Exeter Banking Company | $500.00 | 4 | none | $20.20 | $19.62 | none |
| Feb. 7, 1928 | Lyman B. Greeley Fund | Lyman B. Greeley | $157.30 | Deposit in the Exeter Banking Company | $150.00 | 4 | $5.04 | $6.26 | $4.00 | $7.30 |
| July 6, 1929 | Maria P. Bugbee Fund | Maria P. Bugbee | $102.00 | Deposit in the Exeter Banking Company | $100.00 | 4 | none | $2.00 | none | $2.00 |
| Aug. 6, 1929 | Mary E. Blake Fund | Mary E. Blake | $200.67 | Deposit in the Exeter Banking Company | $200.00 | 4 | none | $2.67 | $2.00 | $0.67 |
The town has never borrowed or used for town purposes any of the funds.
This is to certify that the information contained in this report is complete and correct, to the best of our knowledge and belief.
Dated January 31, 1930.
Edmund H. Wentworth,
Herbert Kent,
William H. Seward,
Trustees
| Name | Amount |
|-------------------------------------------|---------|
| Jeremiah Smith, cemetery | $415.05 |
| Albert C. Buzell, cemetery | 106.89 |
| Helen Moulton, cemetery | 125.11 |
| Mathew G. Nealy, cemetery | 111.36 |
| Joanna Gilman, cemetery | 148.16 |
| Horace M. Lane, cemetery | 131.81 |
| Stacey, cemetery | 118.14 |
| Moses N. Collins Post G. A. R., cemetery | 202.78 |
| Lucy Soule, Exeter Relief Society | 100.00 |
| Goodale, cemetery | 111.54 |
| Oliver A. Fleming, cemetery | 547.80 |
| William S. Hunnewell, cemetery | 100.50 |
| Nathaniel Shute, cemetery | 219.62 |
| Abbott Haley Williams, Memorial High School athletics | 500.00 |
| Lyman B. Greeley, cemetery | 157.30 |
| Maria P. Bugbee, cemetery | 102.00 |
| Mary E. Blake, cemetery | 200.67 |
$33,275.15
WILLIAM A. YOUNG,
ALBERTUS T. DUDLEY,
Auditors.
ALVIN E. FOSS, HIGHWAY AGENT
From March 13, 1929, to February 1, 1930
Receipts
Received from town treasurer ........................................ $27,883.00
For Brown Court sewer ........................................... $143.86
Frank H. Wadleigh, for labor ................................. 3.50
C. W. Colby, removing stump ................................. 17.50
Frank Bitomski, tarvia ........................................ 1.35
S. P. R. Chadwick, tarvia .................................... 10.62
Country Club, tarvia .......................................... 10.50
Exeter Manufacturing Co., tarvia ............................. 26.33
A. S. Willey, cold patch ...................................... 5.00
Exeter Lumber Co., plank ..................................... 138.84
A. J. Conner, metal pipe ..................................... 10.98
Phillips Exeter Academy, flushing sewer ..................... 14.50
The Berger Manufacturing Co., 2 per cent.
discount .................................................. 7.51
Hilliard & Kimball, tarvia .................................. 1.61
Exeter Masonic Association, removing
ashes ..................................................... 38.86
430.96
$28,313.96
Expenditures in Detail
H. L. Philbrook, labor ........................................... $1,129.78
Albert Fieldsend, labor ........................................... 580.90
A. H. Sloane, labor ............................................... 119.00
L. R. Freeman, labor ............................................. 38.12
W. E. Moore, labor .............................................. 786.53
Paul Willet, labor ................................................ 999.23
John Johnson, labor .............................................. 732.10
Harold Higgins, labor ............................................ 134.75
Henry Lisowski, labor ............................................ 120.75
| Name | Amount |
|-----------------------------|---------|
| Maurice Graney, labor | $28.00 |
| George Higgins, labor | 1,410.00|
| Michael Lisowski, labor | 992.28 |
| James Drinkwater, labor | 769.34 |
| Mitchell Moran, labor | 547.11 |
| Willard Field, labor | 1,087.40|
| Alfred Gingras, labor | 52.89 |
| Alfred Higgins, labor | 14.25 |
| Herbert Thurston, labor | 14.00 |
| Wesley Smith, labor | 24.28 |
| M. Gagne, labor | 7.00 |
| A. Gagne, labor | 7.00 |
| Blake Roberts, labor | 88.48 |
| Samuel Barlow, labor | 18.25 |
| Frank Toland, labor | 1.75 |
| Peter Bean, labor | 1.75 |
| George Adams, labor | 26.25 |
| Roy Meekins, labor | 4.28 |
| Charles Boyers, labor | 88.66 |
| Everett Trefethen, labor | 8.75 |
| D. J. Greenleaf, teaming | 228.00 |
| C. E. Robinson, teaming | 32.50 |
| Horace Peacock, labor | 282.00 |
| Frank Wolag, labor | 246.55 |
| Robert Irvine, labor | 770.19 |
| Walter Bunker, labor | 777.19 |
| Michael Trybucki, labor | 709.92 |
| George Gooch, labor | 55.11 |
| Fred Colcord, teaming supplies | 418.90 |
| Dennis Callahan, labor | 633.22 |
| Stanley Frost, labor | 116.48 |
| H. H. Neal, labor | 723.49 |
| Charles Pike, teaming, labor| 152.66 |
| F. H. Cail, teaming, labor | 231.22 |
| Edward Roberts, labor | 390.53 |
| Joseph Hallinan, labor | 698.45 |
| Russell Thorsell, labor | 107.72 |
| Name | Amount |
|-----------------------------|---------|
| Russell Fieldsend, labor | $694.39 |
| Charles Bernard, labor | 117.25 |
| Alfred Denault, labor | 654.90 |
| Lincoln Field, labor | 49.00 |
| William Summerfield, labor | 156.27 |
| Frank Bragg, labor | 860.00 |
| John Mitchell, labor | 233.15 |
| Fred Gallant, labor | 177.73 |
| Joseph Fortier, labor | 38.50 |
| Gilbert French, labor | 209.50 |
| George Keller, labor | 104.50 |
| Joseph Sinclair, labor | 91.00 |
| E. D. Frost, labor and supplies | 42.05 |
| John Gillis, labor | 1.30 |
| Peter Kenick, teaming | 31.37 |
| Benjamin LaFramboise, labor | 51.00 |
| Pietro Mantegani, labor | 1.00 |
| Fred Moreau, labor | 4.50 |
| William Marshall, teaming | 4.00 |
| Peter Moreau, labor | 38.05 |
| Harold Noyes, labor | 35.75 |
| American Railroad Express | 9.07 |
| Barrett Tarvia, K. P. | 1,069.46|
| W. M. Batchelder, gravel | 43.20 |
| Berger Manufacturing Co., culverts | 727.80 |
| Boston and Maine, freight | 11.24 |
| Buffalo Springfield Roller Co., supplies | 44.13 |
| Brass Works, supplies | 10.80 |
| Howard Cail, labor | 7.00 |
| Charles Ham, labor | 37.72 |
| Bartlett & Quimby, supplies | .95 |
| P. Bertrand, supplies | 2.00 |
| Bond Co., supplies | 30.00 |
| Irving Brown, labor and supplies | 188.00 |
| Broderick & Rohr, labor and supplies | 3.50 |
| J. V. Carossi, supplies | 102.50 |
| J. Cushing Co., supplies | 112.64 |
| Company/Person | Amount |
|----------------------------------------------------|---------|
| Cannon's Battery Service, supplies | $134.94 |
| Court Street Garage, supplies | 65.16 |
| Caterpiller Tractor Co., supplies | 57.08 |
| E. A. Bunker, supplies | 36.56 |
| Central Heating Co., supplies | 16.22 |
| S. D. Charles, labor | 4.50 |
| Dearborn Express, trucking | 4.50 |
| Francis Dupre, labor and supplies | 4.23 |
| Dyar Sales Co., supplies | 220.05 |
| A. V. Deene, supplies | 3.75 |
| Exeter Manufacturing Co., supplies | 29.50 |
| Exeter Lumber Co., supplies | 186.60 |
| Exeter Motor Mart, labor and supplies | 67.28 |
| Exeter, town of, supplies | 929.82 |
| Exeter Machine Works, labor and supplies | 79.68 |
| C. D. Files, supplies | 9.73 |
| R. L. Fellows, one-half cost of sidewalk | 45.00 |
| M. L. Field & Son, supplies | 4.00 |
| Epping Road Garage, labor | 15.85 |
| Roy Elkins, labor and supplies | 1.50 |
| E. J. Gagnon, labor and supplies | 1.00 |
| Olof Hanson, labor and supplies | 106.73 |
| John Hartnett, supplies | 1.78 |
| G. W. Hilliard, supplies | 6.00 |
| Hilliard & Kimball, supplies | 187.77 |
| D. C. Higgins, labor and supplies | 231.03 |
| Ralph Jewell, sand, gravel | 413.10 |
| Walter Kucharski, labor and supplies | 201.87 |
| Frank Lamson, supplies | 22.65 |
| G. A. Lane, labor and supplies | 272.47 |
| C. C. Littlefield, sand | 26.75 |
| C. J. McDonald, gravel | 84.75 |
| Maine Electric Cable Co., cable | 98.45 |
| Merrimack Farmers' Exchange, grain | 14.05 |
| New England Culvert Co., culverts and snow fence | 126.35 |
| Higgins Ice Cream Co., supplies | 5.00 |
| Newfields Iron Foundry Co., supplies | 40.50 |
| Description | Amount |
|-------------------------------------------------|---------|
| McReel's Garage, repairs and supplies | $844.44 |
| Paquett & Duggan, supplies | 12.05 |
| M. O'Brien, sand | 8.25 |
| H. L. Philbrook, set small pulley, blocks, rope | 5.00 |
| Pratt Coal Co. | 224.74 |
| H. L. Rogers, repairs and supplies | 38.85 |
| John Rowe, supplies | 31.50 |
| State Highway Garage, supplies | 2.64 |
| Everett Stacy, supplies | 91.82 |
| James Stanley, gravel and sand | 136.00 |
| G. E. Smith, repairs and supplies | 71.40 |
| Standard Oil Co. of N. Y., supplies | 92.31 |
| J. L. Welch, supplies | .90 |
| Winter Street Garage, repairs and supplies | 6.45 |
| Waning Motor Co., repairs and supplies | 13.20 |
| Wetherell Garage, repairs and supplies | 270.50 |
| W. A. Young, supplies | 165.48 |
| Exeter & Hampton Electric Co., supplies | 7.75 |
| P. I. Perkins, tractor supplies | 25.21 |
| Lena Demeritt, one-half cost of sidewalk | 51.00 |
| A. E. Foss, supplies | 16.29 |
**Miscellaneous Expenditures**
| Description | Amount |
|-------------------------------------------------|---------|
| Graveling State Aid on Newfields Road | $1,316.00 |
| Graveling Kingston Road | 2,624.07 |
| Graveling and stone base, Brentwood Road | 1,124.45 |
| Graveling Newfields Road, town work | 192.23 |
| Graveling Pickpocket back road | 104.00 |
| Graveling and stone base, Town Farm Road | 483.19 |
| Graveling Pickpocket Road | 152.68 |
| Graveling North Hampton Road | 211.75 |
| Graveling Hampton Falls Road | 150.07 |
| Graveling Beech Hill Road | 143.00 |
| Patching streets | 2,487.91 |
| Building, repairing and flushing sewers | 470.71 |
| Cleaning streets and repairing catch basins | 2,682.87 |
| Repairing bridges | 343.53 |
| Description | Amount |
|-------------------------------------------------|----------|
| Care of town dump | $282.00 |
| Trees and bushes | $820.43 |
| Breaking and sanding streets | $945.25 |
| Graveling Wadleigh Road | $322.00 |
| Sand for covering tarvia | $1,619.27|
| Scarifying and rebuilding roads | $814.83 |
| State roads | $3,652.17|
| Building sidewalks | $519.75 |
| Removing ashes | $684.00 |
| Repairing equipment | $2,096.17|
Chief Engineer’s Report
I respectfully submit my annual report as chief engineer of the Fire Department, giving account of fires for the year ending February 1, 1930:
Number of calls for chimney fires.......................... 33
Number of calls for grass fires............................... 8
Number of calls for town dump fires......................... 8
Number of calls for other causes............................. 11
Number of calls for brush fires.............................. 2
Number of calls for box alarms.............................. 9
We have answered calls for assistance from five of our adjoining towns, which have been appreciated.
Value of buildings damaged by fire......................... $88,585.00
Insurance on buildings........................................... 52,900.00
Insurance paid on buildings................................. 7,989.18
Loss on buildings............................................... 7,989.18
Value of contents.............................................. 42,400.00
Insured for....................................................... 30,100.00
Insurance paid................................................... 7,229.73
Loss............................................................... 7,229.73
In closing I wish to thank all the members of the Department for the prompt way in which they do their work and take an interest in helping one another.
Respectfully submitted,
GEORGE F. ADAMS,
Chief Engineer.
Report of Superintendent of Police
To the Board of Police Commissioners:
Gentlemen.—Following is my report from February 1, 1929, to February 1, 1930:
Number of arrests ........................................... 171
Males .... 161 Females .... 10
Allowing minor in poolroom .................................. 1
Assault ......................................................... 22
Begging ......................................................... 1
Disorderly conduct ............................................. 1
Disturbance ...................................................... 1
Embezzlement .................................................... 1
Idle persons ..................................................... 6
Intoxication ..................................................... 55
Keeping liquor for sale ........................................ 1
Larceny .......................................................... 3
Violating automobile laws and regulations .................. 98
Street walking ................................................... 1
How Disposed Of
Appealed ....................................................... 6
Bound over ..................................................... 1
Continued ....................................................... 9
Defaulted ....................................................... 1
Discharged ..................................................... 10
Filed ............................................................ 8
Fined ............................................................ 124
Probation ....................................................... 2
Sentenced ....................................................... 10
Amount of property reported lost or stolen........... $1,947.50
Amount recovered........................................ 983.00
Doors and windows found open and looked after... 261
Tramps given lodging................................. 173
Receipts from dog licenses, 1929-1930, 383 dogs... $952.72
ELVYN A. BUNKER,
Superintendent of Police.
List of Officers of the Exeter Police Department
Elvyn A. Bunker, Chief
Officers
William L. Damsell
Benton J. Hoitt
Lionel J. Carboneau
Ernest A. Eno
Everett H. Button
Public Library Report
LIBRARIAN'S REPORT
Resources
Number of volumes beginning of year (exclusive of Perry collection) 25,021
Number of volumes added by purchase (267 of these credited to Merrill funds) 415
Number of bound volumes added by gift (exclusive of public documents) 63
Number of volumes of magazines added by binding 15
Total number of volumes owned at end of year 25,514
Number of bound volumes replaced 14
Federal, state and town documents 307
Number of magazines and newspapers currently received 54
Service
| Adult | Juvenile | Total |
|-------|----------|-------|
| Number of volumes of non-fiction lent | 4,598 | 786 | 5,384 |
| Number of volumes of fiction lent | 15,775 | 4,814 | 20,589 |
Total circulation for current year 20,373 5,600 25,973
Magazines lent 1,307
Number of new borrowers added during year:
Townspeople 153
Reregistered 324
Students of the Academy (which includes 35 summer school students) 174
Total 651
| Gifts | B. | P. |
|--------------------------------------------|-----|------|
| Baptist Mission Society | | 12 |
| Bass, W. L. | 6 | |
| Christian Science Monitor | | 165 |
| Cilley, Frank M. | | 3 |
| Commission for Relief in Belgium | 2 | |
| Cook, William | 2 | |
| Cross, Allen E. | 1 | |
| Diman, Mildred | 1 | |
| Dover Public Library | 1 | |
| Dudley, A. T. | 1 | 12 |
| Exeter Historical Society | | 1 |
| Government | 3 | 264 |
| Granite State Outlook | | 11 |
| Indians' Friend | | 5 |
| Marvin, Dwight L. | 1 | |
| Miscellaneous | 2 | 394 |
| Murphy, Fannie | | 8 |
| New Hampshire Issue | | 11 |
| New Hampshire, State of | 9 | 24 |
| Nichols, Burton | 1 | |
| Our Dumb Animals | | 12 |
| Phillips Exeter | 2 | 4 |
| Rockingham County Record | | 36 |
| Ronald, A. | | 7 |
| Schools and Universities | 1 | 35 |
| Swasey, Ambrose | 1 | |
| Tredick, Helen | 1 | |
| Union Signal | | 46 |
| Vroom, Mildred | | 12 |
| Wentworth, Ellen | | 6 |
| Young Crusader | | 11 |
Following the custom of recent years two Bulletins of the new books have been printed.
The pamphlet "New Hampshire in the Exeter Public Library," which was completed too late to be mentioned in
the last year’s report, was printed and circulated in the early part of this year.
For several years the Exeter Library has paid special attention to collecting town histories and genealogies; at this time there are fully one hundred histories and almost as many genealogies. These, with the “New England Historical and Genealogical Register,” fill nearly one side of a stack. The Register is not complete, although it starts with the first volume, and was originally a gift from the Commodore Long estate. Later it was supplemented by several volumes presented by Mrs. Winthrop E. Fiske. This valuable collection is now purchased by the Public Library and kept up to date. The volumes not in the Public Library are in the Davis Library and may be consulted there.
Seventeen out of town people have used the Library during the year and ninety-seven people have had books reserved for them.
On the first of January the Library began to re-register the borrowers’ cards; this has not been done since January 1, 1925. It seems best to do this once in five years.
Upon investigation we find that our selection of new books compares favorably with other New Hampshire libraries. Our choice of fiction is generally the same as those found in the Manchester, Keene, Portsmouth and Dover Libraries, and our supply of non-fiction, in some instances, exceeds those of other libraries, as we are fortunate enough to have the three Merrill funds, the income of which gives us ample opportunity to buy books of permanent value. The following important books of reference have been added this year: The new Encyclopaedia Britannica, The United States Catalogue-Dictionary of American Biography, of which only three volumes have, so far, been published, The Statesman’s Year Book and the new Boston Directory.
We regret that our circulation has not increased, but with counter attractions such as radio, moving pictures and automobiles, to say nothing of three circulating libraries in town, it is not to be wondered at.
At the close of “Children’s Book Week” last year it was decided that as much could not be done for the children's entertainment another year. The inadequate accommodations and constantly increasing number of children who came to the Library made it impossible to keep any order at all. This year two hundred book marks were made for them and as many pictures were distributed. Without other attractions at this time the circulation for the month of November was the largest month of the year in the children's room.
On the first of December the librarian resigned, because of need of recuperation after a prolonged period of routine work. She was asked to stay a few weeks longer, which she did, nearly completing the fiscal year.
CARRIE W. BYINGTON.
TREASURER'S REPORT
FINANCIAL STATEMENT, 1929-1930
Receipts
Cash on hand, February 1, 1929........... $1,145.85
From Town Treasurer:
town appropriation.................. 4,200.00
From Trustees of Trust Funds:
Charles A. Merrill fund............. 204.08
Harriett M. Merrill fund............ 204.19
Abner L. Merrill fund............... 216.04
Albert C. Buzell fund............... 92.52
From
the Nicholas Soule fund............. 21.25
the Librarian, fines................. 206.21
the sale of books.................... 18.83
the dues from non-residents......... 17.00
the fees from reserved books........ 6.85
the rebate on insurance.............. 1.15
$6,333.97
Expenditures
Salaries.................................. $2,580.00
Janitor................................... 420.00
Insurance................................. 104.40
Repairs................................... 36.00
Light and heat........................... 369.90
Supplies.................................. 71.72
Printing.................................. 31.50
Binding................................... 64.99
Freight and postage..................... 29.55
Miscellaneous............................ 12.12
Periodicals............................... 189.65
Books from town appropriation.......... 423.36
from Merrill funds.................. 875.61
Balance on hand, February 1, 1930:
Town appropriation.................. $1,010.44
Merrill funds.......................... 114.73
$6,333.97
WILLARD I. ROWE, Treasurer.
Auditors’ Report
EXETER, N. H., February 17, 1930.
I have this day examined the foregoing account of Willard I. Rowe, treasurer of the Exeter Public Library, for the year ending January 31, 1930, and find it correctly cast and properly vouched. I have also identified the balance remaining in his hands as $1,125.17.
Balance of town appropriation........... $1,010.44
Balance of income from Merrill funds... 114.73
$1,125.17
ALBERTUS T. DUDLEY, Auditor.
To the Board of Trustees of Robinson Seminary:
For the annual report, I submit the following:
**Registration and Personnel**
- Registration in Senior High ........................................... 153
- Registration in grades seven and eight ............................... 110
Total ................................................................. 263
Discharges to January 6, 1930 ............................................ 7
Enrollment to January 6, 1930 ............................................. 256
Number of tuition pupils .................................................. 62
New teachers for 1929-1930:
- Miss Marjorie Sanborn, Drawing and History of Art.
- Miss Hazel Stewart, English, Elementary Science and Mathematics.
- Miss Hester D. Waldron, Latin and Sociology.
**Administrative Changes**
1. **Passing Mark.**
Since September, 1929, the passing mark in all subjects has been 75%.
2. **Permanent Records.**
The change to the card system of permanent records has been completed by the installation of a Kardex cabinet. The task of recording marks has now been reduced to almost the minimum of time and effort.
3. **New Courses.**
In accordance with the recommendation in the last annual report, Modern European History is offered in the junior year. *Civilization in Europe* by Shapiro and Morris is the textbook and Miss C. Frances Smith is the teacher in charge.
A practical course in Junior Business Training has been added to the list of electives for the freshman year in the Home Economics curriculum. Miss Barbara Loomer conducts the class and uses *Junior Business Training* by Nichols as the text. Practice sets are included as part of the work, giving both the theory and practice in simple business transactions.
Announcement of Curricula.
To meet frequent requests for information concerning the subjects offered at the Seminary, an announcement was prepared. A copy was given to each pupil with the request that she take it home and show it to her parents. Parents should acquaint themselves with the courses in order to properly advise the pupils. Copies of this announcement may be had on request.
Relations with Post-secondary Institutions.
One cannot say that the duties and obligations of the secondary schools toward the pupils have been discharged by graduation. Much can and should be done to assist them to make the necessary adjustment at college with the minimum loss of time and effort. With these obligations in mind, Mr. Towle and the principals of the Seminary and High School have held conferences to consider the problem. One meeting was held at the University of New Hampshire and the officers of the University were very cordial and expressed a strong desire to cooperate.
It is of interest to note the number of graduates of the Seminary who entered some post-secondary institution last September, and also the names of the institutions attended.
Class of 1928
Wellesley..........................1
Class of 1929
University of New Hampshire...........9
Boston University.....................1
Bucknell University...................1
Copley Art School.....................1
Emerson College of Oratory............1
Plymouth Normal School...............1
Radcliffe..............................1
Beth Israel Hospital..................1
A recent report has been received from the University of New Hampshire concerning the marks of the Freshmen for
the first term. It is gratifying to note that it is reasonably favorable, for the group average is approximately 4 per cent. above the average for the Freshman class for the first term. Friends of the Seminary will be pleased to note that Alice Rowe and Christine Hogan won positions in the honor group with averages of 87 and 81.5 per cent. respectively.
A check on the averages of the pupils in the last year of high school in comparison to the averages for the first term at college shows an average drop of 5.4 per cent. A similar check over a period of years will assist in advising prospective students.
**Extra-Curricular Activities:**
**Athletics**
There has been an increased interest in athletics this year and there are indications of a successful season in basketball with six victories and one defeat to date.
One interscholastic game of hockey was played with Newburyport resulting in a 9-0 victory. Soccer has made a favorable impression and without doubt a league will be formed next fall.
**Entertainments and Assemblies**
Thus far, the most important entertainments for the year are:
- Stunt Night
- Latin Christmas Play
- Nativity Play
- Operetta, “The Wild Rose.”
The student body is indebted to Professor Rudman, of Baypath Institute, for an instructive address; to Canon Rudd, of Washington, D. C., for an illustrated address concerning the Cathedral Church; and to Mrs. Madeliene King Bartell for an enjoyable musical program at assembly. The approaching events of interest are the Junior Prom and the Senior Play, *Ten Days Before the Wedding*.
**Clubs**
The French and Latin Clubs are again active. Instructive and entertaining programs are arranged for all meetings under
the guidance of Miss Perley and Miss Sauve in the former and Miss Waldron for the latter.
**Inspections.**
The medical inspection was made during the first term by Dr. Chesley.
As representative of the State Department of Education, Mr. Russell Leavitt made the annual visit January 23, 1930.
Respectfully submitted,
JAMES A. PIRNIE, Principal.
---
The Trustees of Robinson Seminary wish to spread upon their records their deep appreciation of the services of the late Henry W. Anderson.
For many years a member of the Board and since the death of William Burlingame its President, Mr. Anderson was untiring in his efforts for the welfare of the Seminary. He carefully watched the investments and expenditures and served faithfully on committees on repairs and purchases.
Great is his loss to the Board.
JAMES A. TUFTS, Secretary.
TREASURER'S REPORT
To the Trustees of Robinson Female Seminary for the year ending January 31, 1930:
**Income**
| Description | Amount |
|--------------------------------------------------|----------|
| To income from investments | $16,177.13 |
| tuitions from out-of-town pupils | 4,697.50 |
| appropriation from the town of Exeter | 12,000.00 |
| income from other sources | 7,328.01 |
| Cash on hand February 1, 1929 | 304.85 |
**Dr.**
$40,507.49
**Income**
| Description | Amount |
|--------------------------------------------------|----------|
| By salaries of teachers and principal's assistant| $22,666.34 |
| janitor service, labor and cleaning | 2,168.80 |
| books and supplies | 2,402.89 |
| fuel | 1,301.32 |
| Special funds: | |
| Talbot Gymnasium | 6,024.80 |
| Merrill prizes | 80.00 |
| Hilliard scholarships | 200.00 |
| Moses normal scholarship | 70.00 |
| repairs | 1,831.28 |
| telephone, water and lighting | 666.27 |
| reserved premium increment carried to capital | 200.26 |
| graduation expenses | 168.88 |
| salary treasurer | 450.00 |
| accrued interest | 167.94 |
| miscellaneous | 997.61 |
| Tuck gift unexpended | 1,000.00 |
| Cash on hand January 31, 1930 | 111.10 |
**Cr.**
$40,507.49
## Capital
| Description | Amount |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------|
| To American Telephone & Telegraph Co., bond matured | $10,000.00 |
| Pennsylvania Railroad stock rights sold | 73.12 |
| Sale of Buzell real estate | 12,000.00 |
| Bequest of Susan M. Buzell | 11,936.32 |
| Town of Exeter bond matured | 1,000.00 |
| Pennsylvania & Northwestern Railroad Co. bond matured | 1,000.00 |
| Income carried to capital to exercise Pennsylvania Railroad rights | 653.00 |
| Reserve premium increment | 200.26 |
| Balance income Moses fund | 2.72 |
| Withdrawn from Savings Bank | 905.41 |
**Total:** $37,770.83
## Capital
| Description | Amount |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------|
| By bonds bought: | |
| Seattle Lighting Co. | $4,725.00 |
| Province of Ontario, Canada | 4,987.50 |
| Birmingham Gas Co. | 4,787.50 |
| Illinois Central Railroad Co. | 2,931.00 |
| Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Co. | 5,060.00 |
| Edison Electric Illuminating Co. | 4,987.50 |
| Bangor & Aroostook Railroad Co. | 1,010.00 |
| American Telephone & Telegraph Co. | 7,000.00 |
| Pennsylvania Railroad Co. stock | 653.00 |
| Deposit Exeter Banking Company, Savings Department | 1,626.61 |
| Deposit Exeter Banking Company, Moses Fund, balance above scholarship | 2.72 |
| carried to principal | |
**Total:** $37,770.83
The Radio Fund income on deposit, Exeter Banking Company, Savings Bank, Book No. 24444, now amounts to $51.17.
Talbot Gymnasium Fund Account
Received for 5-8ths of a share ............... $151.17
for 25 shares ......................... 6,024.80
October dividends ..................... 365.63
January dividends ..................... 340.00
interest on acceptances .............. 87.32
$6,968.92
Special deposit at interest ............ $6,900.00
Cash in checking account .............. 68.92
$6,968.92
The Gymnasium Fund now consists of 340 shares of the Chase National Bank of New York, a special deposit at interest of $6,900.00 and cash on deposit of $68.92.
The Seminary has received during the year the following gifts: From the sale of her late residence devised to the Seminary under the will of Susan M. Buzell, $12,000.00; from the estate of Miss Buzell as residuary legatee, $11,936.32; from Honorable Edward Tuck, a gift of $1,000.00 to be used at the discretion of the Trustees; from the Exeter Woman’s Club, Educational Department, as a nucleus for a radio fund, $50.00.
In August the Seminary received from Jennette Talbot Baxendale, of the Class of 1893, of San Diego, California, 325 shares of stock of the Chase National Bank of New York, on which has been received a stock dividend of 40 5-8th shares of the stock. This stock is to be sold and the proceeds used for a gymnasium.
ERNEST G. TEMPLETON, Treasurer.
A schedule of securities of the Robinson Female Seminary Fund, January 31, 1930:
Railroad Bonds
| Par Value | Book Value |
|-----------|------------|
| $5,000.00 | Bangor & Aroostook Railroad Co., 4s, July, 1951 | $4,837.50 |
| 1,000.00 | Erie Railroad Co., 1st Mort., 4s, Jan., 1996 | 990.00 |
| Par Value | Book Value |
|-----------|------------|
| $2,000.00 | Norfolk & Western Railroad Co., 1st Mort., 4s, July, 1944 | $1,985.00 |
| 5,000.00 | Southern Pacific Railway Co., 4s, Jan., 1955 | 4,750.00 |
| 5,000.00 | Oregon Short Line Railroad Co., 5s, July, 1946 | 5,357.25 |
| 2,000.00 | Boston & Maine Railroad Co., 4s, Aug., 1942 | 1,992.50 |
| 4,000.00 | Louisville & Nashville Railroad Co., 4s, Feb., 1946 | 3,920.00 |
| 4,000.00 | Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Co., 1st 4s, July, 1948 | 4,000.00 |
| 1,000.00 | Central Pacific Railroad Co., 4s, Oct., 1954 | 990.00 |
| 2,000.00 | Chicago Junction Railway & Union Stock Yards Co., 1st 4s, April, 1940 | 2,000.00 |
| 5,000.00 | Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad Co., 1st 4s, April, 1934 | 4,812.50 |
| 6,000.00 | Ohio River Railroad Co., 5s, April, 1937 | 6,189.06 |
| 1,000.00 | New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad Co., deb. 4s, May, 1956 | 976.11 |
| 11,000.00 | Northern Pacific Railway Co., 6s, Jan., 2047 | 10,589.18 |
| 1,000.00 | Boston & Albany Railroad Co., 4s, May, 1934 | 1,003.00 |
| 1,000.00 | St. Paul & Duluth Railroad Co., 4s, June, 1968 | 1,000.00 |
| 5,000.00 | St. Louis, Iron Mt. & Southern Railroad Co., 4s, May, 1933 | 4,715.00 |
| 2,000.00 | Dutchess County Railroad Co., 4½s, June, 1940 | 2,050.54 |
| 5,000.00 | Texas & Pacific Railroad Co., 5s, June, 2000 | 5,352.50 |
| 500.00 | Missouri, Kansas & Texas Railroad Co., 5s, Jan., 1967 | 357.00 |
| 500.00 | Missouri, Kansas & Texas Railroad Co., 5s, Jan., 1962 | 357.00 |
| Par Value | Book Value |
|-----------|------------|
| $250.00 | Missouri, Kansas & Texas Railroad Co., 4s, Jan., 1962 | $178.50 |
| 1,000.00 | Louisville & Nashville Railroad Co., 4½s, Sept., 1945 | 1,000.00 |
| 3,000.00 | Illinois Central Railroad Co., 4½s, 1966 | 2,931.00 |
| 5,000.00 | Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Co., 5s, 1995 | 5,059.54 |
| 1,000.00 | Bangor & Aroostook Railroad Co., 1st 5s, Jan., 1943 | 1,010.00 |
| **$79,250.00** | **$78,403.18** |
### Municipal Bonds
| Par Value | Book Value |
|-----------|------------|
| $68,000.00 | Town of Exeter, 1930-1998 (serially) 1s | $68,000.00 |
| 5,000.00 | Town of East Providence, 4½s, July, 1951 | 5,211.10 |
| 5,000.00 | Seattle Lighting Co., 1st 5s, Oct., 1949 | 4,725.00 |
| 5,000.00 | Dayton, Ohio, School District, 4½s, Feb., 1939 | 5,113.31 |
| 5,000.00 | City of South Norwalk, Conn., 4s, Sept., 1935 | 5,000.00 |
| 5,000.00 | City of New York, 4¼s, Sept., 1960 | 5,069.50 |
| 3,000.00 | City of Columbus, O., 4½s, Sept., 1945 | 3,155.15 |
| 1,000.00 | Seattle School District, 4½s, Mar., 1931 | 1,001.02 |
| 1,000.00 | City of Norwich, Conn., 4s, Apr., 1931 | 1,000.00 |
| 3,000.00 | City of Duluth, 4s, Apr., 1936 | 2,910.00 |
| 5,000.00 | City of Minneapolis, Minn., 4s, Apr., 1944 | 5,025.82 |
| 3,000.00 | City of Lima, Ohio, 4s, Apr., 1934 | 3,001.78 |
| 3,000.00 | City and County of Denver, Col., 4½s, Nov., 1928-1948 | 2,970.00 |
| Par Value | Book Value |
|-----------|------------|
| $2,000.00 | City of Salem, Ore., 5s, May, 1932 | $2,008.32 |
| 2,000.00 | City of Pawtucket, R. I., 4s, May, 1944 | 2,017.54 |
| 2,000.00 | Salt Lake City School District, 4½s, Feb., 1932 | 2,006.65 |
| 3,000.00 | City of Seattle, Wash., 4½s, June, 1931 | 2,943.90 |
| 5,000.00 | Province of Ontario, Canada, 5s, May, 1959 | 4,987.50 |
| **$126,000.00** | **$126,146.59** |
**Telephone and Telegraph Companies**
| Par Value | Book Value |
|-----------|------------|
| $10,000.00 | Western Union Telegraph Co., 4½s, May, 1950 | $10,203.00 |
| 3,000.00 | Southern California Telephone Co., 5s, May, 1947 | 2,730.00 |
| 1,000.00 | Illinois Bell Telephone Co., 5s, June, 1956 | 952.50 |
| 7,000.00 | American Telephone & Telegraph Co., 5s, Feb., 1965 | 7,000.00 |
| **$21,000.00** | **$20,885.50** |
**United States Government Securities**
| Par Value | Book Value |
|-----------|------------|
| $4,000.00 | Fourth Liberty Loan, 4¼s, 1933-38 | $3,532.00 |
| 1,000.00 | Fourth Liberty Loan, 4¼s, 1933-38 | 956.80 |
| 6,000.00 | Fourth Liberty Loan, 4¼s, 1933-38 | 5,893.50 |
| **$11,000.00** | **$10,382.30** |
**Street Railways**
| Par Value | Book Value |
|-----------|------------|
| $1,000.00 | Montreal Tramways, 5s, Jan., 1941 | $1,002.20 |
| 1,000.00 | West End Street Railway Co., 4s, Aug., 1932 | 1,007.57 |
| 5,000.00 | Portland Railway Light & Power Co., 5s, Feb., 1942 | 4,800.00 |
| Par Value | Book Value |
|-----------|------------|
| $250.00 | Eastern Massachusetts Street Railway Co., 6s, Jan., 1948 | $250.00 |
| 5,000.00 | Eastern Massachusetts Street Railway Co., 4½s, Jan., 1948 | 4,200.00 |
| | **$12,250.00** | **$11,259.77** |
**Industrials**
| Par Value | Book Value |
|-----------|------------|
| $5,000.00 | Puget Sound Power Co., 5s, June, 1933 | $4,984.80 |
| 9,000.00 | Idaho Power Co., 1st 5s, Jan., 1947 | 8,315.00 |
| $3,000.00 | Pacific Gas & Electric Co., 5s, Jan., 1942 | $2,628.75 |
| 1,000.00 | Sierra & San Francisco Power Co., 1st 5s, Aug., 1949 | 860.00 |
| 3,000.00 | Columbus Power Co., 1st 5s, April, 1936 | 2,760.00 |
| 3,000.00 | Hydraulic Power Co. of Niagara Falls, 5s, Oct., 1951 | 2,790.00 |
| 3,000.00 | American Sugar Refining Co., 6s, Jan., 1937 | 2,972.00 |
| 5,000.00 | Niagara Falls Power Co., 5s, Jan., 1932 | 5,029.10 |
| 5,000.00 | Alabama Power Co., 5s, Mar., 1946 | 4,925.00 |
| 6,000.00 | Northern States Power Co., 5s, April, 1941 | 5,582.75 |
| 2,000.00 | Northern New York Utilities Co., 6s, May, 1943 | 1,980.00 |
| 5,000.00 | Duke Price Power Co., 6s, 1966 | 5,249.15 |
| 5,000.00 | Ohio River Edison Co., 5s, June, 1951 | 5,064.90 |
| 5,000.00 | New York Central Electric Co., 5½s, Mar., 1950 | 5,173.34 |
| 5,000.00 | Lincoln Public Service Co., 5s, Jan., 1939 | 4,987.50 |
| 5,000.00 | Western United Gas & Electric Co., 5½s, Dec., 1955 | 5,182.45 |
| Par Value | Book Value |
|-----------|------------|
| $5,000.00 | Kansas Power & Light Co., 5s, May, 1957 | $4,950.00 |
| | Indianapolis Power & Light Co., 5s, 1957 | 5,018.30 |
| | New Jersey Power & Light Co., 5s, Aug., 1956 | 5,197.82 |
| | Bellows Falls Hydro-Electric Co., 5s, Oct., 1958 | 4,887.50 |
| | Massachusetts Gas Companies, 5½s, Jan., 1946 | 5,192.00 |
| | Interstate Power Co., 1st 5s, Jan., 1957 | 4,787.50 |
| | Narragansett Electric Co., 1st 5s, Jan., 1957 | 5,012.04 |
| | Birmingham Gas Co., 5s, May, 1959 | 4,787.50 |
| | Edison Electric Illuminating Co., 5s, Jan., 1933 | 4,987.50 |
| $115,000.00 | $113,304.90 |
**Foreign Government Bonds**
| Par Value | Book Value |
|-----------|------------|
| $5,000.00 | State New South Wales, 5s, April, 1958 | $4,760.00 |
**Railroad Stocks**
| Par Value | Book Value |
|-----------|------------|
| $1,700.00 | 17 shares Union Pacific Railroad (preferred) | $1,475.88 |
| 10,000.00 | 100 shares Delaware & Hudson Co. | 10,000.00 |
| 1,500.00 | 15 shares Boston Elevated, 2d pr. | 1,500.00 |
| 1,300.00 | 13 shares Boston & Maine Railroad, Pref. Class C | 2,089.25 |
| 5,800.00 | 116 shares Pennsylvania Railroad | 6,344.67 |
| 500.00 | 5 shares Chicago Junction Railway & Union Stock Yards Co. | 500.00 |
| 156.00 | 1.56 shares Boston & Maine Railroad Co., prior preference | 156.00 |
| $20,956.00 | $22,065.80 |
Par Value
Deposits in Banks
$5,000.00 Deposit in Cambridge Savings Bank, Book No. 94,984 ........ $5,000.00
5,000.00 Deposit in Charlestown Five Cents Savings Bank, book No. 176,401 5,000.00
1,766.95 Deposit in Exeter Banking Co., book No. 17894, Sav. Dept. .... 1,766.95
1,060.70 Deposit in Exeter Banking Co., book No. 11704, Sav. Dept., Moses Normal Scholarship Fund 1,060.70
$403,283.65
Book Value
$400,035.69
ERNEST G. TEMPLETON, Treasurer.
Auditors’ Report
Exeter, N. H., February 27, 1930.
We have this day examined the accounts of the treasurer of Robinson Female Seminary and find them correctly cast, properly vouched with funds in his hands as follows:
Cash representing income ......................... $111.10
Securities having a book value of ............... 400,035.69
Cash gift from Edward Tuck for special use ...... 1,000.00
Deposit for radio fund ............................ $51.17
Certificate of deposit (part of Talbot Gym. fund) . 6,900.00
Cash (part of Talbot Gym. fund) .................. 68.92
340 shares Chase National Bank Stock, which with the above last two items composes the Talbot Gymnasium Fund.
ARTHUR J. CONNER.
WILLIAM A. YOUNG.
DANA W. BAKER.
HELEN M. CROSBIE.
| Date | Name of Child (Mary), | Living or Still-born. | No. of Child. | Male or Female. | Name of Father. | Maiden Name of Mother. | Birthplace of Father. | Birthplace of Mother. |
|------|-----------------------|-----------------------|---------------|-----------------|-----------------|------------------------|---------------------|---------------------|
| Jan 2 | Mahlon Edward | M | 1 | L | Clinton H. Durant | Lena Hamel | Hampton Falls | Suncook |
| 5 | Janette Irene | F | 2 | L | William A. Burtt | Elizabeth Cole | Exeter | Nova Scotia |
| 8 | Peter | M | 2 | L | Michael Simpson | Jennie Gorski | Honolulu | Ireland |
| 12 | Lawrence Waldo | M | 1 | L | Peter Lemelin | Mabel Fortier | Somersworth | Poland |
| 13 | Florence Evelyn | F | 1 | L | Irving W. Nason | Uva Emery | Somerville, Ms. | Maine |
| 20 | Alberta Marguerite | F | 3 | L | Tom Reed | Elsie Burgess | Kingston | England |
| 27 | Frederick Perkins | M | 3 | L | Albert M. Witham | Marguerite Ball | Northwood | Yarmouth, N. S. |
| 28 | Ernest Brooks | M | 2 | L | Fred C. York | Ada Perkins | Lee | Norfolkton |
| 30 | Joseph Henry Ernest | M | 13 | L | Alphonse Marcoux | Ida Coutx | Epping | Canada |
| Feb 10 | George Dewey | M | 3 | L | George D. Kelley | Shyly Hathaway | Sandown | Canada |
| 14 | Beverly | F | 4 | L | Leroy Jackson | Blanche Jemness | Bedford, N. S. | North Hampton |
| 25 | Elizabeth Irene | F | 2 | L | Irene M. Jette | Lillian Latv | North Hampton | Rochester |
| Mar 1 | Richard Darke | M | 1 | L | Donald S. Kickard| Ethel Douglass | Providence, R.I. | Boston, Mass. |
| 7 | Doris Shirley | F | 1 | L | Wilber S. Booth | Florentine Baker | New Jersey | Exeter |
| 9 | Jean Lois | F | 1 | L | Everett S. Macmaster | Alice Chase | Exeter | Maine |
| 9 | Phyllis Mae | F | 4 | L | Irving E. Spencer| Gladys Pettengill | Winchester, Ms. | Exeter |
| 12 | Audrey Nanette | F | 2 | L | John S. Batchelder| Eleanor Riley | Acworth | Halifax-Hill, Ms. |
| 16 | Betty Lou | F | 4 | L | Roscoe C. Fuller | Mildred Richardson | Hampton Falls | Exeter |
| 24 | Priscilla | F | 12 | L | Charles A. McLane| Agnes T. Lane | Brentwood | Somerville, Ms. |
| 24 | Marilyn Jeanne | F | 1 | L | Arthur W. Kreger | Killa Bishop | Exeter | Belfast, N. Y. |
| 24 | Robert George | M | 1 | L | Robert G. Clements| Gladys M. Robinson | Everett, Mass. | Nashua |
| 14 | Elaine Georgia | F | 2 | L | Clifford S. Hale | George Woodman | Lee | Durham |
| 14 | Mary Ellen | F | 1 | L | John W. Bentley | Signe Skogberg | Lee | Nova Scotia |
| Date | No. of Child | Male or Female | Name of Child (if any) | Name of Father | Maiden Name of Mother | Birthplace of Father | Birthplace of Mother |
|------|--------------|----------------|------------------------|----------------|-----------------------|---------------------|---------------------|
| Apr | 16 | M | Leo Paul Henry | Leon V. Fortin | Annette Cloutier | Canada | Canada |
| | 16 | F | Elizabeth Ann | Lee H. Taylor | Amy Tilton | Kingston | Kingston |
| | 17 | M | Willis | Henry A. Ploofie | Nora Glycette | Manchester | Brentwood |
| | 25 | F | Elizabeth Elaine | Arthur L. Eastman| Abbie Chase | Exeter | Brentwood |
| | 29 | F | Barbara Gail | Karl E. Kime | Marion Peck | Caribou, Me. | Boston, Mass. |
| May | 3 | M | Robert Donald | Edward Brabant | Bella Roberts | N. Wilmington | Berlin |
| | 9 | F | Phyllis Louise | Forest W. Blake | Mildred Peck | Hampton | E. Boston, Ms. |
| | 19 | M | Carlton | Lester E. Eldridge| Mildred Adams | Exeter | Winthrop, Me. |
| | 21 | F | | Alfred Ballargeon | Alice Carboneau | Exeter | Exeter |
| | 28 | M | Charles Edward | William B. Holmes| Mary Doty | Ipswich, Mass. | Nova Scotia |
| | 2 | F | Barbara Pearl | Harry L. Fieldsend| Evelyn MacGaughney | Brentwood | Laconia |
| | 5 | M | Herbert Wilbur | Herbert Wilbur Smart| Lucy Robinson | Raymond | Raymond |
| | 6 | F | Priscilla Elizabeth | Richard A. Field | Decima Doyle | Exeter | Newport, Vt. |
| | 10 | F | Sally | Arthur C. Sears | Frances Pratt | W. Cummington, Ms | Dalton, Mass. |
| | 21 | F | Wanda Pauline | Joseph A. Rosadowski| Mary B. Bogus | Poland | Philadelphia, Pa. |
| | 26 | M | Richard Thompson | Frank H. Fernald | Almena Wallleigh | Northingham | Philadelphia |
| | 28 | M | Gilbert Lester | Gordon L. Tuck | Lillian Bucknam | Exeter | Brentwood |
| | 29 | F | Rhoda G. | Francis X. Manning| Rhoda G. Sewall | Exeter | Malden, Mass. |
| | 29 | M | | Curtis E. Cope | Harriet Dudley | Manchester | Newmarket |
| | 29 | M | Clifton Arthur | Clifton A. Mandigo| Bernice Arnold | Florida | Raymond |
| | 29 | M | Richard Lewis | William E. Robinson| Ora May | Deerfield | Ossipee |
| | 29 | F | Rebenah May | George Samuel Adams| Sarah M. Smart | Lowell, Mass. | Canada |
| | 30 | F | Eleanor Ann | Clarence I. Drowne| Marion Merrick | Sandtown | Ohio |
| July | 2 | M | Edward John | John J. Sobozenski| Helen Walkryszak | Newmarket | Exeter |
| Date | Name | Gender | Initials | Name | Gender | Initials | Name | Gender | Initials |
|-------|-----------------------|--------|----------|-----------------------|--------|----------|-----------------------|--------|----------|
| July | Marguerite Ann | F | I L | Everett C. Sunborn | M | L | Mamie Gorski | M | L |
| | Walter Sumner | M | 2 L | Ernest Dudley Clark | M | 5 L | Evelyn Morris | M | 1 L |
| | Richard Allan | M | 5 L | Maurice W. Perkins | M | 3 L | Grace Blake | M | 1 L |
| | Margery Helen | F | 1 L | George S. Chase | M | 1 L | Helen Ramsdell | M | 1 L |
| | Keith Kimball | M | 1 L | Clayton W. Simpson | F | 3 L | Delina Kimball | F | 3 L |
| | Doris Catherine | F | 3 L | Frank Jarosz | M | 5 L | Nellie Wernasz | M | 3 L |
| | Nancy Jane | M | 3 L | William R. Schmechel | M | 5 L | Dorothy Nathan | M | 5 L |
| | Robert T. | M | 3 L | George E. Judkins | M | 5 L | Gladys Abbott | M | 5 L |
| | Mary Rosemonde | F | 2 L | Russell J. Fieldsend | M | 1 L | Roseamonde Nichols | M | 1 L |
| | Norman Blake | M | 1 L | Ralph P. Willoughby | F | 2 L | Dorothy Blake | M | 1 L |
| | Lois Geraldine | F | 2 L | Charles W. Lang | M | 5 L | Dorothy Reynolds | M | 5 L |
| | Mary Emma | F | 6 L | Wendell Kuntz | F | 6 L | Emma Davis | M | 6 L |
| | Marie Singer | F | 3 L | Wendell Kuntz | F | 6 L | Emma Davis | M | 6 L |
| | Anita Marilda | F | 3 L | Wilfred J. Talbot, Jr.| M | 4 L | Mary L. Grandmont | M | 4 L |
| | Edward Augustus | M | 1 L | Edward A. Dexter | M | 1 L | Ella Thompson | F | 1 L |
| | Priscilla May | F | 2 L | George M. Stickney | M | 1 L | Violet Carrier | F | 2 L |
| | Joan Elizabeth | F | 1 L | Frederick Holbrook | M | 5 L | Florence Gale | F | 1 L |
| | Loretta Madeline | F | 3 L | Joseph A. Proulx | M | 3 L | Helen Filion | F | 3 L |
| | Kenneth Leon | M | 3 L | H. Russell McWilliams| M | 3 L | Doris Yeaton | F | 3 L |
| Aug. | Clarence Augustus | M | 3 L | Clarence A. Amazeeen | M | 4 L | Gladys F. Wentworth | F | 4 L |
| | Edwin Leroy | M | 4 L | Leroy G. Hersey | M | 4 L | Mildred N. York | F | 4 L |
| | Mary Geraldine | F | 2 L | William A. Tapscott | M | 5 L | Edaphemie Picard | F | 2 L |
| | Beatrice V. | F | 1 L | Henry Belleau | M | 5 L | Alice Shma | F | 1 L |
| | James Henry | M | 5 L | Sylvère A. Richard | M | 10 L | Edna Buote | F | 5 L |
| | Victor Charles Gilbert| M | 10 L | John G. Porter | F | 1 L | Ella Robinson | F | 1 L |
| | Flora May | F | 4 L | George H. Trefethen | M | 1 L | Lora Bragg | F | 4 L |
| | Robert Edward | M | 4 L | John Henry Rogers | M | 1 L | Helen Staples | F | 4 L |
| | Edward Berry | M | 4 L | Sargent Daniel Smith | M | 4 L | Etta Lora Roberts | F | 4 L |
| | Arthur R. | M | 4 L | Joseph A. Richard | M | 2 L | Edith Pellet | F | 4 L |
| | Arthur Joseph | M | 2 L | Arthur Joseph Fortier | M | 2 L | Annie Deancour | F | 2 L |
| | Priscilla Marjorie | F | 4 L | William E. Lancaster | M | 5 L | Elizabeth M. Barlow | F | 4 L |
| | Sam | M | 5 L | Vartan Melkonian | M | 1 L | Sophie Kundroli | F | 5 L |
| | Norman | M | 1 L | John Bonenfant | M | 1 L | Lillian Homrak | F | 1 L |
Exeter, Kingston, Portsmouth, Hampton Falls, Brentwood, Brushton, N. Y., Lowell, Mass., Newmarket, Somerville, Ms., Exeter, Kingston, Newmarket, Raymond, Newmarket, Springfiel, O., Hampton, Springfiel, O., Hooksett, Littleton, Sunapee, Nashua, Newmarket, Lynn, Mass., W. Baldwin, Me., Farmington, Newfields, Frenchville, Me., Somersworth, Canada, P. E. Island, Chester, Deerfield, Exeter, Exeter, Caribou, Me., Lee, P. E. Island, Canada, Exeter, Exeter, Constantinople, Newmarket.
| Date | Name of Child (if any) | No. of Child | Male or Female | Living or Stillborn | Name of Father | Maiden Name of Mother | Birthplace of Father | Birthplace of Mother |
|--------|------------------------|--------------|----------------|---------------------|----------------|-----------------------|----------------------|----------------------|
| Sept. 8 | Russell Frederick | M | 3 | L | Ralph H. Buswell | Etta Webster | East Kingston | East Kingston |
| 9 | George Ramsdell | M | 3 | L | Almer F. Goodrich | Ruth Hale | Windsor, Me. | Rockport, Me. |
| 12 | Lorena Ruth | F | 1 | L | Iver G. Crowell | Charlotte Hubbard | Yarmouth, N.S. | Manchester |
| 23 | Jacqueline Mary | F | 10 | L | Joseph Morrisette| Lilian Bernier | Exeter | Exeter |
| 23 | Marilyn Clark | F | 1 | L | Edgar C. Morse | Hilda Paulsen | Hampton | Havenhill, Ns. |
| 23 | John Forrest | M | 3 | L | Ralph E. Kent | Ione Griffin | Durham Point | Plattsburgh, N.Y. |
| 29 | Donald Robert | M | 3 | L | John W. Goss | Dora Bean | Exeter | Exeter |
| 30 | Carolyn Lee | F | 1 | L | Clarence B. Rock | Lucy Scammon | Biddeford, Me. | Biddeford, Me. |
| Oct. 4 | Ernest Arthur | M | 3 | L | Arthur C. George | Mildred Sanders | Andover | Madbury |
| 5 | Edith May | F | 3 | L | Karl B. Mohbs | Gladys Nelson | Auburn, Me. | Windham, Me. |
| 5 | Robert John | M | 1 | L | John L. Carr | Catherine Mazurka | Exeter | Dorchester, Me. |
| 14 | Arthur Woodbury | M | 1 | L | Arthur H. Bateman| Laura Woods | Stratford | P. E. Island |
| 18 | John Lawrence | M | 1 | L | Lawr ce W. Littlefield | Winifred A. Barrett | Ipswich, Mass. | Manchester, Eng. |
| 21 | Barbara Ann | F | 4 | L | Richard W. Galbraith | Helen Cunningham | Little Rock, Ark. | Newtonville, Ms. |
| 23 | Austin Henry | M | 7 | L | Austin H. Simmons| Addie M. Tarbox | W. Newbury, M. | Lynn, Mass. |
| 26 | Otis H | M | 4 | L | Oris H. Carnnett | Winifred Page | Hampton Falls | Exeter |
| 26 | Alfred William | M | 6 | L | Roger W. Scott | Mildred Woodman | Dover | Cambridge, Ms. |
| 28 | Edward Joseph | M | 4 | L | Alexander J. Plouffe | Josephine Andrette | Exeter | Fisherville, Ms. |
| 31 | George A | M | 6 | L | George A. Walker | Hazel A. Watson | Exeter | Nottingham |
| 31 | Anne Elizabeth | F | 3 | L | Henry B. Shepard | Frances Dudley | Derry | Derry |
| Nov. 5 | Forest Clark | M | 1 | L | George J. Brown | Clara J. Clark | Portsmouth | Hampton Falls |
| 7 | Marion Frances | F | 1 | L | Harold J. King | Letitia Kinger | Malden, Mass. | Malden, Mass. |
| 7 | Bernard Emile | M | 3 | L | Donat E. Brisson | Gertrude Magoon | Newmarket | Epping |
| 7 | Mary Rose Reta | F | 1 | L | Ernest A. Duhe | Rose Belanger | Canada | Canada |
| Nov. | 8 | Rita Theresa | F | 2 | L | Lawrence Spencer | Vira Magoon | Newfields |
|-------|---|--------------|---|---|---|-----------------|------------|-----------|
| | 9 | Constance Mary | F | 1 | L | Joseph P. Rousseau | Alice La Branche | Newmarket |
| | 18| John Cornelius | M | 5 | L | James A. Pirnie | Harriette Farrell | Plaaski, N.Y. |
| | 18| Marguerite Joan | F | 1 | L | John L. Jordan | Annett Labelle | Barre, Vt. |
| Dec. | 2 | James Tucker | M | 3 | L | John F. Ouellette | Margaret Zielinski | Exeter |
| | 6 | Russell Robert | M | 1 | L | John Dudley | Helen Witham | Raymond |
| | 6 | Edward Morrill | M | 1 | L | Russell T. Rowe | Evelyn Wiggins | Northwood |
| | 6 | Martin Joseph | M | 1 | L | Frank M. Toland | Portsmouth | Exeter |
| | 7 | Clifford Herman | M | 1 | L | Martin J. Waleryszak | Florence Bamforth | Haverhill, Ms. |
| | 15| Lois | F | 2 | L | Clifford H. Eastman | Bertha Dumont | Lincoln, Mass. |
| | 18| Eugene Frank | M | 2 | L | John F. Gooch | Lily Porter | Fall River, Ms. |
| | 19| Phyllis Ann | F | 3 | L | Alton P. McAllister | Jessie Hadley | Boston, Mass. |
| | 19| Marilyn | F | 2 | L | Harry Alarotte | Methyl C. Brown | Kensington |
| | 20| Ruth Alyce | F | 6 | L | Ralph H. Bake | Rose Carbonneau | Kennebunk, Me. |
| | 21| | M | 4 | S | Philo B. McCutcheon | Evelyn Nason | Norway, Me. |
| | 30| Murielle Doris | F | 6 | L | Samuel D. Taylor | Ruth Barskaw | Fremont |
| | | | | | | | Amesbury, Ms. | Exeter |
| | | | | | | | Nora Nichols | Lawrence, Ms. |
| | | | | | | | Hampton | Exeter |
| | | | | | | | Aurore Morissette | Rochester |
| | | | | | | | Canada | Canada |
| Date | Place of Marriage | Name and Surname of groom and bride. | Age in years. | Color of each. | Place of Birth of each. | Names of Parents. | Condition. | Name, Residence and Official Station of person by whom married. |
|------------|-------------------|--------------------------------------|---------------|----------------|-------------------------|------------------|-----------|---------------------------------------------------------------|
| Jan. 10 | Exeter | John L. Carr | 21 | W | Exeter | George W. Carr | | Rev. Daniel J. Cotter, Exeter. |
| | | Katherine M. Mazurka | 19 | W | Exeter | Isabelle Wheaton | | |
| Jan. 12 | Exeter | Frederick Hollbrow | 29 | W | Boston, Mass. | Eliza Gates | | Rev. Franklin Zeiger, Exeter. |
| | | Florence Louisa Gile | 23 | W | Nashua | James Howard Gilc| | |
| | | Herbert O. Trefethen | | | | Elizabeth Clarke | | |
| Jan. 20 | Exeter | George H. Trefethen | 26 | W | Exeter | Flora Rand | | Rev. H. W. Hebbelthwaite, Exeter. |
| | | Laura D. Bragg | 16 | W | Exeter | Frank H. Bragg | | |
| | | Mary Martin | | | | Mary Martin | | |
| Feb. 2 | Exeter | Everett C. Sanborn | 17 | W | Exeter | Everett P. Sanborn| | Rev. Daniel J. Cotter, Exeter. |
| | | Mary V. Gorski | 19 | W | Exeter | Helen P. French | | |
| | | John W. Gorski | | | | John W. Gorski | | |
| | | Josephine H. Matuck | | | | Josephine H. Matuck| | |
| Feb. 22 | Exeter | Harry R. Cox | 38 | W | Nova Scotia | John H. Cox | | Rev. James W. Bixler, Exeter. |
| | | Eunice H. Johnson | 23 | W | Newton, Mass. | Emily Baker | | |
| | | Benjamin A. Johnson | | | | Benjamin A. Johnson| | |
| | | Eunice M. Hill | | | | Eunice M. Hill | | |
| Mar. 4 | Portsmouth | Victor Ludwig Johansen | 34 | W | Denmark | Carl Johansen | | Rev. Alfred Gooding, Portsmouth. |
| | | Mabel Metcalf Redman | 45 | W | Adrian, Mich. | Maria Mansson | | |
| | | Ira Metcalf | | | | Ira Metcalf | | |
| | | Emma Baldy | | | | Emma Baldy | | |
| Date | Location | Name | Age | Place of Birth | Place of Death |
|------------|--------------|-----------------------------|-----|-------------------------|------------------------|
| Mar. 9 | Exeter | Edwin E. Carpenter | 19 | Newmarket | Rev. H. W. Hebblethwaite, Exeter. |
| | | Mildred R. Pratello | 17 | Jersey City, N.J. | 1st Amos E. Pratello |
| Mar. 13 | Pawtuck't,R.I.| Clifton August Johnson | 34 | Brockton, Mass. | 2d Rev. Arthur G. Singsen, Pawtucket, R. I. |
| | | Helen Macmaster | 23 | Winchester, Ms. | 1st Isabelle Smith |
| Apr. 3 | Raymond | James J. Burke | 20 | Wesleyan, Ms. | 1st Rev. Sumner H. Sargent, Raymond. |
| | | Ruth Evelyn Nason | 20 | South Kingston | 1st Freeman Nason |
| Apr. 13 | Exeter | Richard T. Noyes, 2nd | 21 | Newbury, Ms. | 1st Rev. Franklin Zeiger, Exeter. |
| | | Charlotte G. Wilmont | 19 | Newburyport, M. | 1st George F. Wilmont |
| | | Stephen Wawrzkiewicz | 19 | Newmarket | 1st Alice L. Congdon |
| | | Sally Zarnowki | 18 | Exeter | 1st John Wawrzkiewicz |
| Apr. 19 | Exeter | Chester S. Connor | 21 | Lynn, Mass. | 1st Fred S. Fellowes, J.P., Exeter. |
| | | Margaret E. McCarriston | 18 | Ireland | 1st Grace B. Ayers |
| Apr. 27 | Exeter | William Guilford | 48 | Chelsea, Mass. | 1st Rev. John L. Clark, Exeter. |
| | | Grace Hill | 46 | Stratham | 2d James E. Bunker |
| Apr. 27 | Exeter | Willard E. Evans | 20 | Exeter | 1st Rev. William T. Darley, Exeter. |
| | | Irene C. Morissette | 21 | Exeter | 1st Adlford Morissette |
| | | | | Mary Cote | |
| Date | Place of Marriage | Name and Surname of groom and bride | Age in years | Color of each | Place of Birth of each | Names of Parents | Condition | Name, Residence and Official Station of Person by whom married |
|--------|-------------------|-------------------------------------|--------------|---------------|-----------------------|-----------------|-----------|---------------------------------------------------------------|
| May 8 | Portsmouth | Paul B. Gremmels | 23 | W | Hampton | Harris Gremmels | Alice G. Birmingham | 1st Rev. William Safford |
| | | Clytie Bisbee | 20 | W | Tuftonboro | Harry E. Bisbee | Harry E. Bisbee | 1st Jones |
| May 20 | Exeter | Donozor Dupont | 25 | W | Auburn, Me. | Anastasia Lecroix | Treffie C. Marcoux | 1st Rev. William T. Darley |
| | | Lillian P. Marcoux | 21 | W | Epping | Minnie Dupont | Minnie Dupont | 1st Exeter |
| May 21 | Exeter | Nathaniel G. Rodgers | 22 | W | Marblehead, Ms. | James L. Rodgers | Elsie Low | 1st Fred S. Fellowes, J.P. |
| | | Myrtle Kennett | 22 | W | Salem, Mass. | John Kennett | John Kennett | 1st Exeter |
| May 22 | Exeter | Leroy Cecil Powell | 25 | W | Haverhill, Ms. | Lucy Stillman | Fred k Thomas Powell | 1st Rev. John L. Clark |
| | | Doris Isabel Peters | 21 | W | Haverhill, Ms. | Nellie Maud Barrows | Elbridge Oliver Peters | 1st Exeter |
| May 25 | Exeter | Leon A. Bernier | 24 | W | New York | Inez Clara Hardy | Peter E. Bernier | 1st Exeter |
| | | Rita S. Brown | 16 | W | Hampton | Georgiana Collins | Walter Brown | 1st Exeter |
| May 28 | Exeter | Harold Porter | 19 | W | Fremont | Laura Bragg | Willard Porter | 1st Exeter |
| | | Dora Arnold | 17 | W | Suncook | Lilian | George Arnold | 1st Exeter |
| | | | | | | Maud Merrill | Maud Merrill | 1st Exeter |
| Date | Location | Name | Place | Name | Place |
|------------|----------|-----------------------------|----------------|-----------------------------|----------------|
| June 3 | Exeter | Edward Brosque | Peabody, Mass. | Rose Louce | 1st Fred S. Fellowes, J.P. |
| | | Ilene Clancy | Peabody, Mass. | Cornelius Clancy | 1st |
| June 7 | Exeter | Marcel Labbe | France | Maria Desprez | 1st Rev. Victor M. Haughton |
| | | Elsie Hembrough | Lawrence, Ms. | Arthur Hembrough | |
| June 10 | Exeter | George P. King | Salem, Mass. | Archie R. King | |
| | | Esther F. Peabody | Rowley, Mass. | Hilda C. Lee | 1st Fred S. Fellowes, J.P. |
| June 17 | Exeter | Donald J. Landers | Lynn, Mass. | Josephine F. Connors | 1st Rev. Wm. F. McKay, Exeter |
| | | Dorothy A. McDonough | Beverly, Mass. | B. T. McDonough | 1st |
| June 29 | Exeter | Arthur Burton Haskell | Poland, Me. | Lydia A. Boothby | 1st Rev. Dean E. Richardson, Exeter |
| | | Ella Marion Fogg | Exeter | John H. Fogg | 1st |
| June 29 | Exeter | Albert S. Wetherell | Exeter | Abbie Sarah Stevens | |
| | | Mary F. Hallinan | Salem, Mass. | Albert S. Wetherell | |
| June 29 | Whitefield| B. Francis Travers | Quebec | Dorae E. Young | 2d Rev. Wm. F. McKay, Exeter |
| | | M. Elaine Gilligan | Waltham, Ms. | Joseph Hallinan | 1st |
| July 2 | Exeter | Wilmer F. Lord | Superior, Wis. | James Travers | 1st Rev. Daniel E. Gorham, Whitefield |
| | | Alice Georgia Scott | Exeter | Ellen Lynch | 1st |
| | | | | John Gilligan | |
| | | | | Elaine Dillon | |
| | | | | James A. Lord | |
| | | | | Rose Lankland | 1st Rev. Chas. A. Parker, Exeter |
| | | | | Albert W. Scott | 1st |
| | | | | Alice Myrtle Johnson | |
| Date | Place of Marriage | Name and Surname of groom and bride | Color of each. | Age in years. | Place of Birth of each. | Names of Parents. | Condition. | Name, Residence and Official Station of person by whom married. |
|------------|-------------------|-------------------------------------|----------------|---------------|-------------------------|------------------|-----------|---------------------------------------------------------------|
| July 2 | Exeter | Elmer J. Comiskey | W | 26 | Lancaster, N.Y. | John Comiskey | Rev. Wm. F. McKay, Exeter. |
| | | Marion V. Ready | W | 24 | Lowell, Mass. | Katherine Carr | 1st | |
| July 3 | Exeter | Edwin Beck | W | 22 | Newton, Mass. | George F. Ready | 1st | |
| | | Dorothy Minerva Taylor | W | 20 | Concord | Emma Truieau | 1st | |
| July 5 | Greenland | Donald R. Libby | W | 24 | Varmouth, Me. | Arthur Dean Taylor | Rev. Dean E. Richardson, Exeter. |
| | | Harriet F. Sands | W | 18 | Brownfield, Me | Mabel Ina Heath | 1st | |
| July 11 | Exeter | Stephen W. Henneberry, Jr. | W | 23 | Amesbury, Ms. | Ernest C. Libby | Rev. E. W. Cantwell, Greenland. |
| | | Elizabeth A. Maher | W | 29 | Exeter | Elsie D. Winslow | 1st | |
| July 14 | East Derry | Walter Horsfall | W | 21 | Lancashire, Eng. | Frank Horstall | Rev. Arthur V. Woodworth, Derry. |
| | | Alys Caldwell | W | 21 | Beverly, Mass. | Mary A. Butterworth | 1st | |
| Aug. 1 | Wilton | Alphonse Dolbec | W | 26 | Fall River, Ms. | Philomine Sirois | Rev. M. J. Moher, Wilton. |
| | | Angela Higgins | W | 30 | Fall River, Ms. | Michael Higgins | 1st | |
| | | Ellen Delehanty | W | | | Ellen Delehanty | 1st | |
| Date | Location | Name | Age | Place of Birth | Place of Death |
|------------|------------|-----------------------------|-----|-------------------------|------------------------|
| Aug. 3 | Dover | Gerald Lane Parker | 25 | Kingston | Frank W. Parker |
| | | Dorothy G. de Courcy | 17 | Newburyport, N. H. | Alice Holt |
| Aug. 4 | Exeter | Benjamin Kaplan | 21 | Beverly, Mass. | John deCourcy |
| | | Esther Zenis | 21 | Lynn, Mass. | Etta Wilson |
| Aug. 10 | Exeter | Carl Edwin Johnson | 30 | Quincy, Mass. | William Kaplan |
| | | Priscilla A. Williams | 28 | Londonderry | Gusie Lucovsky |
| Aug. 14 | Exeter | Romeo F. Casazza | 42 | Haverhill, Ms. | Israel Zenis |
| | | Eldora Temple | 35 | Lunenburg, N. S. | Sarah Kalis |
| Aug. 25 | Exeter | Daniel E. Reardon | 23 | Worcester, Ms. | John Johnson |
| | | Mabel Neil | 21 | Methuen, Ms. | Anna M. Backlund |
| Aug. 28 | Kensington | Charles Arnold Norton | 21 | Newburyport, N. H. | Jenette Wilkis |
| | | Barbara Pattee | 19 | Arlington, Ms. | Daniel E. Reardon |
| Sept. 1 | Rye Beach | Frederic M. Tileston | 26 | Dorchester, Ms. | Arthur H. Tileston |
| | | Elizabeth N. Leavitt | 21 | Haverhill, Ms. | Anna Mitchell |
| Sept. 2 | Rollinsford| Clifford Ballargeon | 23 | Exeter, Canada | William C. Hayes |
| | | Marie Celina Le Page | 28 | | Michael E. Remick |
| | | | | Dorne Ballargeon | Emma Nichols |
| | | | | August Le Page | Rev. J. H. Cormier |
| | | | | Salmon Falls | Celia Caron |
1st Rev. Leon Morse, Dover.
1st John deCourcy.
1st Fred S. Fellowes, J. P., Exeter.
1st Rev. Franklin Zeiger, Exeter.
1st Rev. Franklin Zeiger, Exeter.
1st Fred S. Fellowes, J. P., Exeter.
2d Michael Casazza.
1st Fred S. Fellowes, J. P., Exeter.
1st Rev. Dean E. Richardson, Exeter.
1st Herbert L. Eastman, J. P., Kensington.
1st Rev. Floyd W. Tomkins, Philadelphia, Pa.
1st Rev. J. H. Cormier, Salmon Falls.
| Date | Place of Marriage | Name and Surname of groom and bride | Age in years | Color of each | Place of Birth of each | Names of Parents | Condition | Name, Residence and Official Station of person by whom married |
|----------|-------------------|-------------------------------------|--------------|---------------|------------------------|-----------------|-----------|---------------------------------------------------------------|
| Sept. 10 | Raymond | George H. Kelley | 48 W | Stratham | Josiah B. Kelley | Corina Sinclair | 2d | Rev. Theodore C. Radoslawoff, Raymond. |
| | | Winnorvia R. Johonnet | 30 W | Weare | Henry E. Johonnet | Ora M. Crain | 2d | |
| Sept. 11 | Nashua | Herbert Cohen | 22 W | Haverhill, Ms.| Reuben Cohen | Jessie Maistrovsky | 1st | Stephen L. Hallinan, J.P., Nashua. |
| | | Doris Cherurg | 19 W | Manchester | Charles Cherurg | Anna Cherurg | 1st | |
| Sept. 12 | Exeter | Lewis E. Mitchell | 25 W | Boston, Mass. | Charles L. Mitchell | Emma Coliren | 1st | Rev. Daniel J. Cotter, Exeter. |
| | | Grace C. Beauchemin | 19 W | Exeter | Walter J. Beauchemin | Rose Della Paquette | 1st | |
| Sept. 13 | Kingston | Frank Conley | 31 W | Lawrence, Ms. | Harriet Fisk | Bartholomew Cronin | 1st | Rev. Asa M. Bradley, Kingston. |
| | | Nora T. Cronin | 28 W | Haverhill, Ms.| Mary McCarthy | William G. Roberts | | |
| Sept. 13 | Exeter | Paul William Roberts | 21 W | Melrose, Mass.| Florence Wheeler | Edward J. Cummings | 1st | Rev. James W. Bixler, Exeter. |
| | | Margarita E. Cummings | 19 W | Washington | Catherine L. Duddy | Howard F. Chase | 1st | |
| Sept. 14 | Exeter | Donald F. Chase | 19 W | Exeter | Janette C. Cameron | Mitchell O'Brien | 1st | Rev. John L. Clark, Exeter. |
| | | Bernice M. O'Brien | 19 W | Nottingham | Ada Lowther | | 1st | |
| Date | Location | Name | Age | Place | Occupation |
|------------|-----------|-----------------------------|-----|----------------|-----------------------------|
| Sept. 16 | Portsmouth| George F. Lord | 69 | W Exeter | Rev. E. K. Amazeen, Portsmouth. |
| | | Hattie J. Smith | 52 | W Stratham | |
| Sept. 23 | Exeter | Frederick E. Towne | 20 | W Sunbornton | |
| | | Eunice M. Gallant | 22 | W Exeter | |
| Sept. 26 | Exeter | John W. Barrett | 28 | W Newburyport, Mass. | Rev. Dean E. Richardson, Exeter. |
| | | Helen G. Chapman | 25 | W Ipswich, Mass. | |
| Sept. 28 | Exeter | Raymond M. Knight | 25 | W New London | 1st Rev. James W. Bixler, Exeter. |
| | | Margaret Selbeck | 20 | W Exeter | 1st |
| | Rye | Charles H. Summerfield | 44 | W Berlin, Ger. | 2d Rev. James W. Flagg, Rye. |
| | | Mary E. Smith | 47 | W Exeter | 1st |
| Sept. 28 | Exeter | Les Desroches | 21 | W Haverhill, Ms. | 1st Rev. Daniel J. Cotter, Exeter. |
| | | Grace Milbury | 19 | W Kingston | 1st |
| Oct. 5 | Exeter | John William Parsons | 22 | W Lynn, Mass. | 1st Dana W. Baker, J. P., Exeter. |
| | | Lorrene Clair Fortin | 18 | W Lynn, Mass. | |
| Oct. 12 | Exeter | Leon Ouellette | 20 | W Salem, Mass. | 1st Fred S. Fellowes, J. P., Exeter. |
| | | Mabel Bonsant | 18 | W Salem, Mass. | 1st |
| | | Nathaniel Lord | | | |
| | | Elizabeth Pike | | | |
| | | Daniel J. Wiggin | | | |
| | | Delia N. Leavitt | | | |
| | | William Towne | | | |
| | | Laura Keefe | | | |
| | | Edmund Gallant | | | |
| | | Margaret Parkinson | | | |
| | | Joseph J. Barrett | | | |
| | | Katherine S. Quill | | | |
| | | Daniel G. Chapman | | | |
| | | Annie Donahue | | | |
| | | Robert M. Knight | | | |
| | | Minnie M. Dockham | | | |
| | | George H. Selbeck | | | |
| | | Amy Gray Noyes | | | |
| | | George Summerfield | | | |
| | | Minnie Black | | | |
| | | Charles E. Smith | | | |
| | | Arabella Dow | | | |
| | | Jerry Desroches | | | |
| | | Zina Dodier | | | |
| | | William Millbury | | | |
| | | Edith Burpee | | | |
| | | Harry C. Parsons | | | |
| | | Lena C. Ervin | | | |
| | | John Arthur Fortin | | | |
| | | Mayo A. Therrien | | | |
| | | Oliver Oullette | | | |
| | | Palmyrin Belanger | | | |
| | | Joseph Bonsant | | | |
| | | Delma Michaud | | | |
| Date | Place of Marriage | Name and Surname of groom and bride | Color of each. | Age in years. | Place of Birth of each. | Names of Parents. | Condition. |
|------------|-------------------|-------------------------------------|----------------|---------------|-------------------------|------------------|------------|
| Oct. 14 | Exeter | Lawrence Groetz | W | 24 | Akron, O. | Alexander Groetz | Rev. Daniel J. Cotter, Exeter. |
| | | Mary E. Martel | W | 29 | Amesbury, Ms. | Mary Ilg | 1st |
| Oct. 16 | Exeter | George E. Page | W | 24 | Exeter | George A. Page | Rev. Howard A. Mitchell, Exeter. |
| | | Mary E. Richardson | W | 24 | Nova Scotia | Lilien B. Waters | 1st |
| Oct. 22 | Exeter | Joseph Burrows | W | 21 | East Boston, M | Burton Richardson| 1st |
| | | Ida Tehman | W | 20 | Boston, Mass. | Naomi Collishaw | Exeter. |
| Nov. 9 | Exeter | Edward J. Fitzgerald | W | 21 | Salem, Mass. | Louis Burrows | Fred S. Fellowes, J. P., Exeter. |
| | | Marguerite Reaves | W | 18 | Galena, Kan. | Lena | 1st |
| Nov. 11 | Exeter | James Swinchamer | W | 51 | Nova Scotia | Morris Perlman | Fred S. Fellowes, J. P., Exeter. |
| | | Mary Gallant | W | 44 | P. E. Island | Annie Lepper | 1st |
| Nov. 16 | Exeter | Davis Mardekian | W | 28 | Syria | Mary Gaudet | 1st |
| | | Rosie Mooradian | W | 21 | Haverhill, Ms. | Hatien Sulahian | Fred S. Fellowes, J. P., Exeter. |
| | | | | | Nikoles Mooradian | Margaret Bagdagian | 1st |
| Date | Location | Name | Age | Place of Birth | Place of Death | Minister |
|------------|--------------|-----------------------------|-----|-------------------------|------------------------|---------------------------|
| Nov. 16 | Exeter | Graves W. Bunnell | 22 | W Malden, Mass. | Irene Snow | Rev. Franklin Zeiger, Exeter. |
| | | Constance A. Wallace | 22 | W Boston, Mass. | William E. Wallace | 1st |
| | | Florence Wilding | | | | 1st |
| Nov. 20 | Exeter | Leo R. Jones | 25 | W Boston, Mass. | Ellen S. Swanson | Rev. Howard A. Mitchell, Exeter. |
| | | Blanche Charest | 21 | W Newmarket | George Charest | 1st |
| | | Annie LaJoie | | | John A. Hill | 1st |
| | | Mildred B. Ryder | | | Orin Abbott | 1st |
| | | Angeline Willis | | | Harry Sergeant | |
| Nov. 28 | Exeter | John F. Hill | 24 | W Wells, Me. | Mary Jane Davies | Rev. Dean E. Richardson, Exeter. |
| | | Viola Abbott | 22 | W Exeter | George W. Harwood | 1st |
| | | Katherine Callahan | | | Charles E. Scotty | 1st |
| Dec. 12 | Hampton Falls | Lawrence Davies Sergeant | 27 | W Boston, Mass. | (Not known) | Rev. Dean E. Richardson, Exeter. |
| | | Pauline Marion Harwood | 25 | W Beverly, Mass. | John W. MacBrine | 1st |
| | | Julia Scallan | | | Julia Scallan | |
| | | Joseph M. Beaubien | | | Grace Wells | 1st |
| Dec. 18 | Exeter | Franklin R. Scotty | 32 | W Enid, Okla. | Evelyn Gagnon | 1st |
| | | Edith G. MacBrine | 33 | W Charlestown, M | Harry Munsey | 1st |
| | | Joseph M. Beaubien | | | Ethel Tucker | |
| | | Mary Rose A. Corneau | | | Kendric S. Doane | |
| Dec. 29 | Exeter | Harry Clifford Beaubien | 25 | W Bradford, Mass | Jeannette M. Pike | Rev. James W. Bixler, Exeter. |
| | | Mary Rose A. Corneau | 28 | W Haverhill, Ms. | | 1st |
| Dec. 31 | Exeter | Donald T. Munsey | 23 | W East Kingston | | 1st |
| | | Cora L. Doane | 23 | W Methuen, Ms. | | 1st |
| Date | Name | Location | Gender | Age | Place of Birth | Father's Name |
|-------|-----------------------------|-------------------|--------|-----|----------------|--------------------|
| Mar. 20 | E. Newton Chase | | M | W | W S | Elisha Chase |
| | Wilfred Ogden | | M | W | W S | Joseph Ogden |
| | Ruth Dillworth | | F | W | W S | |
| Apr. 1 | Fred N. Edmunds | | M | W | W M | Andrew J. Edmunds |
| | Susan P. Lamprey | | F | W | W M | Amos T. Redman |
| | Oral A. Doran | | M | W | W S | |
| | Samuel Woodman | | M | W | W D | David Woodman |
| | Henry W. Anderson | | M | W | W S | Samuel Anderson |
| May 33 | Hannah A. Evans | | F | W | W S | James Behan |
| | Albert Mazurka | | M | W | W W | Martin Mazurka |
| | Lillian E. Watson | | F | W | W M | William E. Flynn |
| | S. Dustin Clark | | M | W | W M | John C. Clark |
| | Emilia A. Trueworthy | | F | W | W W | Amasa Spaulding |
| | James W. Colcord | | M | W | W M | James Colcord |
| | —— Baillegron | | F | W | W S | Alfred Baillegron |
| | Annie E. Davis | | F | W | W W | Donald Morrison |
| | Edwin E. Phillips | | M | W | W M | George G. Phillips |
| | Evelyn A. Carlisle | | F | W | W S | Jacob Carlisle |
| | Wilfred Talbot | | M | W | W W | John Talbot |
| June 15 | Harriet L. Carter | | F | W | W W | Nathaniel M. Jewell|
| | Sarah Belle Ford | | F | W | W W | Samuel Owens |
| | Martha M. Barnett | | F | W | W W | Samuel Stevens |
| | —— Cope | | F | W | W S | Curtis Cope |
| | Winfield S. Kelley | | M | W | W M | James W. Kelley |
| | Lyman Francis Goodh | | M | W | W W | William Gooch |
| Aug. 4 | Killian G. Hankin | | M | W | W M | Edward Handy |
| | Fletcher G. Plummer | | M | W | W M | Stephen E. Plummer |
| | Simon Bluestein | | M | W | W S | Abraham Bluestein |
| | Beatrice T. Belleau | | F | W | W S | Henry Belleau |
| | William Couture | | M | W | W S | Archie Couture |
| | George F. Lord | | M | W | W M | John G. C. Lord |
Sarah Jewell
Sarah Bailey
Laura I. York
Mary E. Bailey
Abby Blatsdell
Almina M. Norton
Bridget Connor
Agnes Sandeki
Lizzie Thompson
Martha J. West
Lizzie ——
Elizabeth Carter
Alice Carboneau
Elizabeth MacInnes
Caroline ——
Mary O. Colcord
Melvina Houle
Mary E. Lovering
Margaret Ellis
Harriette Collins
Harriet Dudley
Melinda S. Langley
Frances Stafford
Mary Ham
Helen M. Briggs
Annie Frinkle
Alice Shina
Aleda Crottau
Sarah A. Fuller
| Date | Name and surname of Deceased. | Age. | Place of Birth. | Name of Father. | Maiden Name of Mother. |
|------|-------------------------------|------|----------------|-----------------|------------------------|
| Sept. 18 | Henry J. Safford | 76 9 26 | Exeter | Joseph C. Safford | Frances G. Bott |
| 24 | Axford C. Merrill | 69 11 21 | Fryeburg, Me. | John C. Merrill | Elizabeth A. Bernis |
| 28 | Edwin Seeley | 70 5 8 | Bucton, N.B. | James Seeley | Ruth Smith |
| 4 | Gilbert E. French | 44 2 8 | Exeter | Dennis T. French | Lila Nealey |
| 11 | Herman H. Brunn | 30 6 21 | Exeter | Wilhelm Brunn | Pauline Schechel |
| 24 | Ann Shaw | 69 6 28 | England | John Coe | Sarah Jane Sinkinson |
| 26 | Norman Jarvis Hatch | 1 1 24 | Exeter | Norman L. Hatch | Marion Stearns Jenney |
| 27 | Charles H. Chase, Jr. | 10 3 5 | Exeter | Charles H. Chase | Maude Thompson |
| Nov. 6 | Margaret M. Gallant | 42 3 10 | Newmarket | William Parkinson | Maria ____ |
| 8 | ____ Spencer | 76 9 26 | Exeter | Lawrence K. Spencer | Vira E. Magoon |
| 17 | Arthur L. Towle | 36 7 5 | So. Hampton | Otis Towle | Fannie Foster |
| 22 | Nellie E. Colbath | 73 10 | Gardiner, Me. | Elisha James | Sarah E. ____ |
| 24 | William J. Tattersall | 68 1 27 | Exeter | Thomas Tattersall | Sarah Garside |
| 29 | Elizabeth S. Kruger | 67 7 27 | Sanford, Me. | ____ Yeaton | Lydia Ricker |
| Dec. 9 | Emma W. Ham | 76 9 26 | Exeter | George W. Wiggin | Caroline Conner |
| 9 | Robert E. Callahan | 36 7 18 | Exeter | Robert E. Callahan | Mary Dougherty |
| 9 | Earle Charles Reed | 52 5 27 | Jefferson | Charles H. Reed | Lizzie Remick |
| 18 | Fred S. Churchill | 67 6 13 | Lowell, Mass. | Almander Churchill | Catherine Packard |
| 20 | John Lonkonis | 59 29 | Exeter | Joseph Lonkonis | Josephine Ukryere |
| 21 | ____ Taylor | 76 | Exeter | Samuel D. Taylor | Nora Nichols |
| 23 | Mariah A. Greenough | 59 5 | S. Blackburn, Eng. | ____ Greenough | ____ Sanborn |
| 30 | Elizabeth A. Adams | 70 7 26 | Wellfleet, Mass. | Christopher Seward | Mary A. Booth |
| 31 | Ellen A. Thompson | 70 7 26 | Wellfleet, Mass. | Benjamin A. Ellison | Augusta C. Wiggin | | 5028e207-cc6d-4330-9595-ceee73e55675 | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 162,302 |
Optically Transparent Multifunctional Patch Antennas Integrated with Solar Cells for Small Satellites
Tursunjan Yasin
Advisor: Dr. Reyhan Baktur
ECE Dept., Utah State University
Antennas for Small Satellites
• Functions
– Telemetry, Tracking, Command
– GPS navigation
– Payload data downlink
– Inter-Sat cross links
• Challenges
– Deployed antennas → Deployment Mechanism
– Patches → Surface area
Promise of Transparent Patch Antennas
• Compatible with Solar Cells
– No blocking of solar light
– No additional surface needed
• Mechanically Reliable
1) Active Integrated Antenna
2) Circular Polarization
3) Array Configurations
...
Transparent Patch Antennas for Small Satellites
Top Layer Patch
Dielectric
Ground Plane
ITO (Indium Tin Oxide) Patch Antennas
• ITO Films
– Intrinsic trade-offs
– Material technology
• ITO Patches (2.5GHz)
– Transparency $\uparrow \Rightarrow$ Efficiency $\downarrow$
– Current technology: $e = 15\%$ at $T = 90\%$
| Material | Transparency | Sheet Resistance | Efficiency |
|-------------------|--------------|------------------|------------|
| ITO Films | 90% | 4.6 Ω/sq | Low |
| Meshed Conductors | 93% | <0.05 Ω/sq | High |
Radiation Efficiency vs Electron Mobility
- $T=70\%$
- $T=80\%$
- $T=90\%$
Meshed Patch Antennas
• Mesh Geometry
– Current paths
– Orthogonal connections
• Transparency
\[ T = \left[ \frac{A_{see-through}}{A_{patch}} \right] \cdot 100\% \]
• Tradeoff and Optimization
Feeding Schemes for Meshed Patches
• Challenges
– Impedance matching
– Solar cell integration
• T-Coupling Feed
– Coplanar structure
– Multiple freedoms for tuning
– Superiority over other feeding methods
Prototype of Meshed Patch Antenna (1)
Prototype of Meshed Patch Antenna (2)
- Rectangular Meshed Patch
- Integrated with solar cells
- $T = 95\%$; $f_r = 3.6\text{GHz}$
- $D_o = 8.4\text{dB}$; $G_o = 2.72\text{dB}$; $\varepsilon = 27\%$
Effect on Solar Cells
Solar Cell Behavior
Constant Light Source
Solar Array
Less than 3% degradation on solar cell performance Comparable to the shadow cast by a wire dipole
Active Integrated Antennas (AIA)
- Conventional Wireless Front-end
- Power Amplifier
- Harmonics Filter
- Antenna = Radiator
Complexity ↑
EMI ↓
- Wireless Front-end Using AIA
- Power Amplifier
- Antenna = {Radiator, Harmonics Filter, Amplifier’s Load}
Complexity ↓
EMI ↓
Efficiency ↑
Active Integrated Meshed Patches
- Input Impedance at harmonics
\[ Z_{in}(f) = (R_{rad} + R_{loss}) + jX \]
- \( R_{rad} = 0 \) at harmonics
- Circular Meshed Patch as AIA
- Resonance: 2.1GHz
- Substrate: RO4003C
- Transistor: NESG2021M05
PAE: 71% → 77%
Less power consumption!
Design Flexibility: Current Path Control
Circularly Polarized Meshed Patches (1)
- CP for Satellites
- Very important
- Anomaly due to the ionosphere
- Ease for the ground receptions
- CP using Two Feeds
- Resonance: 2.45GHz
- Substrate: plexiglass
- Ground plane: copper
Axial Ratio: < 2dB
Circularly Polarized Meshed Patches (2)
- Alternative for CP
- 1 feed + 2 patches
- 2 LP → 1 CP
- CP Antenna Performance
- Transparency 70%
- Axial Ratio: < 1dB
Omnidirectional Radiation Pattern
- Array for CubeSats
- All feeds in phase
- Omnidirectional (Quasi-isotropic) pattern
- TTC link, constellation of CubeSats
Array for High Directivity
- 1-D Array
- Directivity (11.2dB)
- 2-D Array
- Directivity (19dB)
Tightly Coupled Array
Conclusions
Mesh Design Flexibility
- Electronics Integration
- Circular Polarization
High Transparency
- Array Configurations
- Big-Sized Meshed Patch
Questions | <urn:uuid:e9364cc5-163d-4815-9acf-0bf2888f090f> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 3,762 |
VILLAGE OF PERRY VILLAGE BOARD MEETING JUNE 20, 2016
The Regular Board Meeting of the Village of Perry was held at the Village Hall 46 North Main Street Perry New York at 7:30 p.m. on the 20 TH day of June 2016.
PRESENT: Rick Hauser
Mayor
Dariel A. Draper
Trustee
Eleanor Jacobs
Trustee
ABSENT:
Bonnita Matson
Trustee
ALSO PRESENT: Terrence Murphy
Village Administrator
Gail Vosburg
Village Clerk
Ed Koziel
Supt. Public Works
ATTENDEES: Mary Syberg
Bill Bark
Mayor Hauser called the Meeting to order at 7:30 pm.
Mayor Hauser led in the pledge to the flag.
MINUTES
June 6, 2016 board minutes approved– Motion by Trustee Jacobs, second by Trustee Draper to approve the June 6, 2016 Regular Board Meeting as presented. Motion carried with all voting aye.
PUBLIC COMMENT
No one from the public spoke.
DPW REPORT – presented by Supt. Ed Koziel (as attached)
Supt. Koziel reported on the following:
- The Village has finished replacing the curb boxes on Main Street
- Sewer manholes are being cleaned out and are being sealed.
- Free woodchip give-a-way was held on June 4 th and June 11 th .
- Crosswalks are being marked
- Streets have been swept
- Clark St resident problem with no water was handled
- 25 high weed notices have been sent out.
- Rabies clinic was held by the county health department at the DPW garage on June 7 th
- Pickup of bags and brush regularly in the Village
- Clean along the outlet trail
- Renting a screening plant this week to make topsoil
DPW Report accepted – Motion by Trustee Jacobs, seconded by Trustee Draper, to accept the DPW report as presented. Motion carried with all voting aye.
FIRE DEPARTMENT REPORT (as attached)
May's Department report:
- 10 alarms
- 1 service call
- 4 hazardous conditions
- 2 false alarms
May's Fire Department Report accepted – Motion by Trustee Draper, seconded by Trustee Jacobs, to accept May's Fire Department Report as presented. Motion carried with all voting aye.
POLICE DEPARTMENT REPORT - (as attached)
May's Department Report:
- 374 total calls
- 4 vehicle accidents
- 9 domestics
- 627 gallons of gasoline used
- 8 persons arrested
- 83 summons issued
- 10 misdemeanors
- 1 violation
- 2 felonies
Speed Sign Report:
- 99501 vehicles passed in the month of May
- Highest speed was 71 mph
May's Police Department Report accepted – Motion by Trustee Draper seconded by Trustee Jacob's, to accept May's Police Department Report as presented. Motion carried with all voting aye.
CLERK REPORT – presented by Village Clerk Gail Vosburg (attached)
Final budget transfers for FYE 5/31/2016:
Motion by Trustee Draper, seconded by Trustee Jacobs, to approve the budget transfers as presented. Motion carried with all voting aye.
Payment of Claims -
Trustee Jacobs has audited all vouchers. Motion by Trustee Draper, seconded by Trustee Jacobs that all vouchers are ordered to be paid. Motion carried with all voting aye.
Board Meeting rescheduled in July – Motion by Trustee Draper, seconded by Trustee Jacobs to reschedule the board meeting from July 4, 2016 to July 5, 2016 due to the Independence Day Holiday. Motion carried with all voting aye.
The Perry Police Department was awarded the Community Citizenship Award from the Perry Central School at its Citizenship Day. Officer Grover accepted the award on behalf of the department.
Clerk/Treasurer's Report accepted – Motion by Trustee Jacobs, seconded by Trustee Draper, to accept the Clerk/Treasurer's report as presented. Motion carried with all voting aye.
ADMINISTRATOR REPORT – presented by Terry Murphy
DPW committee meeting scheduled to meet Tuesday.
Perry Emergency Ambulance meeting is scheduled for June 22 nd with Town Officials.
Administrator's report approved – Motion by Trustee Draper, seconded by Trustee Jacobs, to approve the Administrator's report as presented. Motion carried with all voting aye.
OLD BUSINESS
GARDEAU ST WEIGHT LIMIT
Mayor Hauser said that he will meet with neighbors to talk about options.
DREDGING
Mayor Hauser asked for a price for the scope of work for the project.
ZONING LAW UPDATE
There is a meeting this week withthe committee and the consultant.
NY MAIN ST GRANT PROJECT
Letters went out to interested building owners to get a final tally.
MAIN STREET IMPROVEMENT PROJECT
Mayor Hauser said that there was a meeting two weeks ago. It is moving ahead o schedule for the target date of July 9 th . They have found a few things in the ground that no one knew were there. Administrator said that concrete will be poured later this week.
TREE ADVISORY BOARD
Trustee Jacobs said that there is meeting next week. Dr. Zerbe is working on a master plan.
Trustee Jacobs announced that next Monday, the Silver Lake Water Quality Committee is holding an open house at the Charcoal Corral from 5:30 pm – 7:30 pm.
COMMITTEE REPORTS
Public Safety – No numbers have been received on the tanker truck.
Public Works - A joint meeting with P & R regarding the transportation of equipment.
Recreation & Resources – Nothing to report.
Office – Board Members requested the agenda by noon the day of meetings.
Planning – A meeting with Tim Neel & Don Roberts is set for next Monday.
NEW BUSINESS
Mayor Hauser said that there is a Restore NY Program round of funding available that is used to rehabilitation/renovations. The funding is a lot better then NY Main St Grant monies. He would like to approach a couple of property owners with large projects. There would be no local match for the Village, only owner's match. Grant application deadline is October 3, 2016. A form of intent is due July 13, 2016.
Meg Keeves, outreach coordinator of RS Maher, told the Mayor that they have closed on the A & A Property. They may not use all of the property.
Trustee Jacobs said that the Village received a letter from NYS DOT regarding the "5 corners". They intend on making it a four-way stop. Mayor Hauser said that he has heard positive feedback from the community that something needs to be done.
Motion by Mayor Hauser, seconded by Trustee Draper, to adjourn the regular meeting and enter executive session at 8:12 pm to discuss the appointment of a particular person. Motion carried with all voting aye.
Motion by Mayor Hauser, seconded by Trustee Draper to adjourn the executive session and resume the regular meeting at 8:29 pm. Motion carried with all voting aye.
Motion to adjourn meeting at 8:29 p.m. was offered by Trustee Draper, second by Trustee Jacobs and carried with all voting aye.
Respectfully submitted,
Gail I. Vosburg
Gail I. Vosburg, Village Clerk | <urn:uuid:6d0067bf-525f-4fb0-8fcb-a39aa581f6d2> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 6,611 |
Lausuntoyhteenveto maa- ja metsätalousministeriön asetuksesta ahmakiintiöksi metsästysvuodelle 2020-2021. Lausunnoista on pyritty poimimaan olennaisimmat näkemykset. Lausunnot kokonaisuudessaan on saatavissa maa- ja metsätalousministeriön kirjaamosta.
| | Lausunnon antaja | Lausunto | Toimenpide |
|---|---|---|---|
| LUKE | | o Ahmojen kokonaismäärä Suomessa on vuosina 1990 - 2020 runsastunut | |
| | | muutamasta kymmenestä yksilöstä lähes neljäänsataan ahmaan. | |
| | | Ahmojen yksilömäärän kasvu on keskittynyt boreaaliselle | |
| | | kasvillisuusvyöhykkeelle. Luonnonvarakeskus katsoo, ettei kahdeksan | |
| | | yksilön poistuminen nykyisen kokoisesta ahmakannasta estä Suomen | |
| | | ahmapopulaation runsastumisen jatkumista. | |
| | | o Luonnonvarakeskus toteaa, että alueelliset rajoitukset suuntaavat | |
| | | metsästyksen niille seuduille, joissa ahman aiheuttamia vahinkoja | |
| | | porotaloudelle eniten kirjataan. Vaikka ahma näyttää laskentojen | |
| | | perusteella viime vuosina vähentyneen kolmen pohjoisimman kunnan | |
| | | (Inari, Utsjoki, Enontekiö) muodostamalla alueella, kahdeksan ahman | |
| | | saalismäärästä vain osa tullee käytetyksi mainitulla alueella. Ahmojen | |
| | | määrään tällä alueella vaikuttanee olennaisesti Pohjois-Norjassa | |
| | | harjoitettu ahmapyynti, joka on ollut voimaperäistä viime vuosina. | |
| | | o Asetuksen on esitetty olevan voimassa 31 päivään heinäkuuta 2021, | |
| | | jolloin päätyy metsästysvuosi 2020 – 2021. Ahmanmetsästyksen tulisi | |
| | | päättyä ennen tammikuun 20. päivää, jotta vältettäisiin synnyttäneiden | |
| | | naaraiden joutuminen saaliiksi. | |
| Maa- ja metsätaloustuottajain keskusliitto MTK r.y. | | o MTK kiinnittää huomiota huomattavan suuren ahmojen aiheuttamien | |
| | | vahinkojen korvausmäärään, joka kuluvana vuonna kasvaa edelleen | |
| | | merkittävästi. Huolestuttavan vahinkokehityksen vuoksi tulisi | |
| | | lupakiintiötä kasvattaa edellisvuodesta. | |
| Suomen riistakeskus | | o Suomen riistakeskus toteaa, että asetuksessa määritellyn suurimman | |
| | | sallitun saalismäärän kohdentaminen pohjoisen ja itäisen | |
| | | poronhoitoalueen kannanhoitoalueelle on perusteltua erityisen merkit- | |
| | | tävien porovahinkojen vähentämiseksi ja valtion talousarvioon | |
| | | petokorvauksiin varattujen määrärahojen riittämiseksi | |
Saamelaiskäräjät
porovahinkokorvauksiin EU-komission asettama 10 miljoonan euron maksuvaltuus huomioiden.
o Erityisen merkittävää vahinkoa aiheuttavien ahmojen poikkeusluvanvarainen vahinkoperusteinen metsästys voidaan nähdä kohdennettuna toimenpiteenä pahiten ahmavahingoista kärsivien paliskuntien, tokkakuntien ja yksittäisten poronomistajien elinkeinon jatkuvuuden ja kannattavuuden turvaamiseksi.
o Suurin osa valtion suurpetovahinkojen korvaamisen momentille varatuista määrärahoista on jo vuosia kohdentunut ahman aiheuttamien porovahinkojen korvaamiseen. Käytännössä ahman aiheuttamat porovahingot ovat olleet vuodesta riippuen lähes yhtä suuret tai jopa suuremmat kuin muiden suurpetojen aiheuttamat vahingot yhteensä. Suomen riistakeskus toteaa täten, että ahman aiheuttamien vahinkojen vähentämisellä on edelleen talousarvioon varattujen määrärahojen puitteissa suuri vaikutus petovahinkojen korvaamiseen täysimääräisenä porovahinkojen osalta.
o Alueellisten riistaneuvostojen näkökannat: Lapin alueellinen riistaneuvosto esittää ahmakiintiöksi 12 ahmaa ja Oulun alueellinen riistaneuvosto 10 ahmaa.
o Saamelaiskäräjien näkemyksen mukaan on ymmärrettävää, että ahmakiintiön määrittelyssä on noudatettava varovaisuusperiaatetta.
o Tilanteisiin, joissa ahman aiheuttamat porotuhot kasvavat kohtuuttomiin mittoihin, on oltava riittävät keinot puuttua. Erityisesti saamelaisten kotiseutualueella, joka kuuluu erityisesti poronhoitoa varten tarkoitettuun alueeseen, ahman aiheuttamat vahingot on saatava siedettäviin mittasuhteisiin, jotta saamelaisten edellytykset harjoittaa poronhoitoa perinteisenä elinkeinonaan turvataan. Tämä on mahdollista ainoastaan vahinkoa tekeviä ahmayksilöitä poistamalla. Saamelaisten kotiseutualueen ahmakannan koko vaikuttaa suoraan saamelaiseen poronhoitoon ja sitä kautta saamelaiskulttuurin harjoittamisedellytyksiin, mikä on suojattu Suomen perustuslaissa (17.3 §) ja kansainvälisissä ihmisoikeussopimuksissa, erityisesti YK:n kansalais- ja poliittisia oikeuksia koskevan yleissopimuksen 27 artiklassa.
| | Saamelaiskäräjät huomauttaa kuitenkin, että ahmojen lukumäärä on |
|---|---|
| | Suomessa kaksinkertainen susiin verrattuna ja susille on myönnetty |
| | sosiaalisen sietokyvyn nimissä moninkertainen määrä poistolupia |
| | sellaisillekin alueille, joilla varsinaiset vahingot ovat sekä tapausten |
| | määrällä että korvauksilla mitattuna vähäisiä. Tähän suhteutettuna |
| | esitetty ahmojen poistolupien määrä on kohtuuttoman pieni. |
| | Petokantojen hallinnassa ja kannanhoidossa on huomioitava todelliset |
| | vahingot ensisijaisena poistolupien perusteina. Aivan erityisesti näin on |
| | tehtävä silloin, kun vahinkoihin varatut korvausmäärärahat eivät riitä |
| | vahinkojen täysimääräiseen korvaamiseen. |
| | o Saamelaiskäräjien tietojen mukaan Norjassa tehdyt ahmakantojen |
| | pienennykset ovat vaikuttaneet suoraan Suomen puoleisten ahman |
| | o aiheuttamien vahinkojen määriin. Kannan pienennys Norjan puolella on |
| | näkynyt ahmavahinkojen määrän laskuna Suomen puolella. On kuitenkin |
| | otettava huomioon, että Norjassa tehdyt ahmakantojen pienennykset |
| | eivät ole pitkävaikutteisia. Ahmakannat ovat niin Suomessa, Norjassa, |
| | Ruotsissa kuin Venäjälläkin elinvoimaiset. |
| | o Saamelaiskäräjät esittää ahmakiintiöksi 12 yksilöä metsästysvuodelle |
| | 2019-2020. Lisäksi Saamelaiskäräjät esittää, että mikäli 12 ahman kiintiön |
| | täytyttyä ilmenee vielä suuria vahinkoja tekeviä yksilöitä, olisi niille |
| | mahdollisuus hakea erityistä poistolupaa. |
| Rajavartiolaitoksen esikunta | o Rajavartiolaitoksen esikunta toimii samalla sisäministeriön rajavartio- |
| | osastona ja toteaa, ettei sillä ole asiaan lausuttavaa. |
| Lapin liitto | o Lapin liitto kannattaa MMM:n esitystä joka mahdollistaa rajoitetusti |
| | ahmojen vahinkoperusteisen poistamisen porovahinkojen |
| | vähentämiseksi. Lisäksi Lapin liitto pitää hyvänä ministeriön linjausta olla |
| | kehittämättä reviiripohjaista korvausjärjestelmää ahmalle. |
| | Reviiripohjaisen järjestelmän haasteet liittyvät erityisesti korvausten |
| | oikeudenmukaiseen kohdentamiseen ahmojen liikkuessa yli paliskuntien |
| | rajojen. |
| | o Lapin liiton suositus on, että kiintiön tulisi olla vähintään 15- 20 yksilöä. |
| | o Kiintiö vaikuttanee ainoastaan paikallisesti vahinkojen määrään, mutta |
| | vaikutukset kaikkiin poronhoitoalueen ahmavahinkokertymiin lienevät |
Lapin elinkeino-, liikenne- ja ympäristökeskus
hyvin rajalliset. Pidämme tärkeänä että tarvittaessa asetus olisi laajennettavissa koko poronhoitoaluetta koskevaksi.
o ELY-keskuksen elinkeino, työvoima ja osaaminen -vastuualue pitää maaja metsätalousministeriön esitystä ahmakiintiöasetukseksi perusteltuna, sillä ahman aiheuttamien kohtuuttoman mittavien porovahinkojen ehkäisemiseksi ei ole olemassa muuta tyydyttävää ratkaisua. Intensiivisestä paimennuksesta riippumatta ahma aiheuttaa vahinkoja. Suuria porovahinkoja aiheuttavia ahmayksilöitä tulee voida poistaa vahinkokehityksen katkaisemiseksi.
o Viitaten KHO:n 2020:31 ratkaisuun pidämme tärkeänä, että prosessi on jatkossa sujuva, eikä siitä aiheudu tarpeetonta viivettä lupien myöntämiselle. Olisi myös kohtuutonta mikäli paliskunnille aiheutuisi prosessista merkittävästi lisäkustannuksia ja ylimääräistä työtä.
o ELY-keskuksen ympäristö ja luonnonvarat -vastuualue toteaa, että metsästyksen kohdistuessa Natura 2000 -alueelle, jonka suojeluperusteena on ahma, tulee menettelyyn soveltaa luontodirektiivin 6 artiklan 3 kohdassa ja luonnonsuojelulain 65 §:ssä tarkoitettuja Naturavaikutusten arviointi- ja lausuntomenettelyä koskevia säännöksiä. Riistakeskuksen vuosina 2017-2020 Natura-alueille myöntämissä poikkeuslupapäätöksissä tämä tarkastelu on suojeluperusteena olevan ahman osalta puuttunut. Tarkastelussa tulee arvioida metsästyksen vaikutus suojeluperusteena olevaan poistettavaan lajiin yksittäisellä Natura-alueella ja poistojen vaikutus ko. Natura-alueen tietolomakkeella ilmoitettuun yksilömäärään. Ympäristö -vastuualue viittaa korkeimman hallinto-oikeuden 25.3.2020 antamaan vuosikirjaratkaisuun KHO:2020:31., joka koski riistakeskuksen vuonna 2017 myöntämiä ahman metsästyksen poikkeuslupia Tarvantovaaran ja Käsivarren erämaan Natura-alueilla. KHO:n mukaan ahman populaation kokoa koskevien Natura-kohteiden tietolomakkeiden tietojen perusteella poikkeuslupa on kohdistunut merkittävään osaan ahman Natura-kohteiden alueilla esiintyvistä kannoista. Päätöksen mukaan poikkeusluvan myöntäminen ahman tappamiseen näillä Natura 2000 - verkostoon kuuluvilla alueilla edellyttää lähtökohtaisesti Natura-arviointia. KHO:n mukaan ei ole voitu
Paliskuntain yhdistys
sulkea pois sitä, että Suomen riistakeskuksen päätöksellä sallittu kahden ahman tappaminen vaikuttaa merkittävästi Natura-kohteiden suojeluperusteena oleviin luonnonarvoihin. Näin ollen poikkeusluvan myöntäminen ilman asianmukaista Natura-arviointia on ollut vastoin luonnonsuojelulain 65 §:ää.
o Ympäristö -vastuualue pitää huolestuttavana, jos pyyntitilanteessa ei varmisteta, että kyseessä on lupaehdon tarkoittama ahmanaaras.
o Ympäristö -vastuualue katsoo, että ilmoitettujen porovahinkojen määrää ei voida pitää riittävänä tietona arvioitaessa ahmakannan kokoa Naturaalueella.
o aiempien vuosien pyyntien kohdistuminen synnyttäneisiin ahmanaaraisiin tulee selvittää ja harkita näin toimineen luvanhakijan uuden luvan epäämistä.
o Muistiossa todetaan, että vahinkoperusteinen poikkeuslupametsästys tulee ajoittaa tapahtuvaksi ennen tammikuun loppua tai helmikuusta eteenpäin varmistaa lupaehdoin, ettei saaliiksi joudu naaras, jolla on pennut pesässä tai jota alle vuoden ikäinen pentu seuraa. Metsästystapahtumat ja pyynnin mahdollinen valikoiva kohdistuminen paljon vahinkoa aiheuttaviin ahmayksilöihin tulee myös dokumentoida. Lupaehtoja ei pidä tehdä kohtuuttoman tiukoiksi ja byrokraattisiksi. Mikäli lupaehdot ovat liiallisen tiukat, se aiheuttaa vaikeuksia pyynnin toteuttamiseen. Jo nykyisellään poikkeuslupapyynti on erittäin tarkasti säänneltyä ja valvottua. Vahinkoeläinten poistaminen tulisi olla viranomaisten tehtävä kuten Norjassa.
o Ympäristö ja luonnonvarat -vastuualue pitää edelleen välttämättömänä, että Suomen riistakeskus toimittaa tiedot toteutuneista pyynneistä myös Lapin ELY-keskukselle, koska ELY-keskus on luonnonsuojelulain 6 §:n nojalla toimialueellaan ylin luonnonsuojelua valvova viranomainen.
o Tilanteisiin, joissa ahmatuhot kasvavat kohtuuttomiin mittoihin, on oltava laillisia keinoja puuttua. Poronhoitoalueen ahmavahingot on saatava siedettäviin mittasuhteisiin, jotta elinkeinotoiminnan mahdollisuudet säilyvät. Tämä on mahdollista ainoastaan vahinkoa tekeviä ahmayksilöitä poistamalla. Ahmojen aiheuttamien porovahinkojen määrä väheni
| | vuosina 2018 ja 2019. Vuonna 2020 lumiolosuhteet olivat ahmoille |
|---|---|
| | suotuisat, ja vahinkomäärä tulee kasvamaan reilusti. Lumiolosuhteiden |
| | lisäksi ahmojen poistamisella on ollut vaikutusta vahinkokertymiin. |
| | Asiassa tulee huomioida myös Suomen velvoitteet saamelaisten oikeuksia |
| | koskien. Kohtuuttoman suureksi paisuva ahmakanta uhkaa saamelaisten |
| | oikeuksia harjoittaa kulttuuriaan ja elinkeinojaan saamelaisten |
| | kotiseutualueella. |
| | o Suomen ahmoista suuri osa elää poronhoitoalueen ulkopuolella. Kanta on |
| | vahvistunut viime vuosien aikana huomattavasti. Ahmat eivät juurikaan |
| | aiheuta vahinkoja poronhoitoalueen eteläpuolella. Poronhoitoalueen |
| | ahmakannat ovat osa Skandinavian ja Venäjän elinvoimaisiksi |
| | määriteltyjä populaatioita. Ruotsissa ja Norjassa samaa ahmakantaa on |
| | metsästetty vuosittain, toisin kuin Suomessa. Norjan ja Ruotsin |
| | ahmakantojen painopiste on Suomen vastaisilla raja-alueilla. Pyynnin |
| | onnistuminen naapurimaissa vaikuttaa vuosittain merkittävästi myös |
| | Suomessa tapahtuviin vahinkokertymiin. |
| | o Paliskuntain yhdistys esittää vuodelle 2020–2021 ahman suurimmaksi |
| | sallituksi saalismääräksi 40 ahmaa. |
| SYKE | o Kyseessä on poikkeuslupiin liittyvän kiintiön määrittäminen, ei vielä lupa |
| | ahmojen tappamiselle. SYKE kuitenkin katsoo, että poikkeuslupia ei ale |
| | vielä syytä myöntää. Ahmakannan tilasta ei ale riittäviä tietoja |
| | metsästyksen tarpeellisuuden ja vaikutusten arvioimiseksi. Ensisijaisesti |
| | on toteutettava ahmakannan hoitosuunnitelmassa (2014) todetut |
| | seuranta ja tutkimustiedon lisäämiseksi tarvittavat toimenpiteet. |
| | KHO:kin on kiinnittänyt huomiota Natura 2000 -alueilla tapahtuvaan |
| | pyyntiin ja katsoo että ennen pyyntiluvan myöntämistä on tehtävä |
| | Natura-arviointi pyynnin vaikutuksista alueen suojelun perusteena oleviin |
| | luonnonarvoihin, tässä tapauksessa erityisesti ahmakantaan. |
| Metsähallitus | o Metsähallitus katsookin, että ahmakiintiöasetukseen tulee kirjata |
| | velvoite Natura-arvioinnista, jos poikkeusluvalla tapahtuva pyynti |
| | kohdistuu Natura-alueelle, jonka suojelun perusteena on ahma. |
| | o poikkeusluvan myöntämisen edellytyksiä tulisi tarkastella erikseen |
|---|---|
| | boreaalisella ja alpiinisella luonnonmaantieteellisellä vyöhykkeellä. |
| | Tämä tulisi todeta myos perustelumuistiossa. |
| | o Metsästyslain 41 §:n mukaan valtioneuvoston asetuksella voidaan antaa |
| | tarkempia säännöksiä poikkeuslupaan liittyvistä määrayksistä. |
| | Metsähallituksen näkemyksen mukaan tarpeellinen poikkeuslupaa |
| | koskeva määrays olisi metsästyksen ajallinen rajoittaminen. |
| | Metsästyksen tulisi tapahtua ennen tammikuun loppua. |
| | o Ahmakanta siis selvityksen mukaan pienenee kolmessa pohjoisimmassa |
| | kunnassa, joiden pinta-alasta valtaosa on Natura-alueita, joiden |
| | suojeluperusteena laji on. Näillä Natura -alueilla tulisi pidättäytyä |
| | heikentämästa kantaa entisestään. |
| | o vahinkojen määrä ei ole suoraan verrannollinen ahmojen määrään |
| | vaan vahinkojen määrään vaikuttavat useat seikat sääoloista ja |
| | lumioloista lähtien. Yksinomaan porovahinkojen määrää |
| | tarkastelemalla ei voida perusteellisesti arvioida ahmojen määrää |
| | poronhoitoalueella |
| | o llman suunnitelmallista seurantaa on mahdotonta tietää, miten |
| | poikkeuslupapyynti vaikuttaa Naturaalueiden ahmakantoihin ja sitä |
| | kautta alueiden suojeluperusteisiin ja luontodirektiivin tavoitteiden |
| | toteuttamiseen. Ilman seurantaa ei voida myöskään varmistaa, että |
| | pyynti kohdistuu nimenomaan eniten vahinkoa aiheuttaviin yksilöihin. |
| | o Metsähallitus esittää, että laittomasti tapetuiksi todetut ahmat |
| | vähennetään seuraavan kauden poikkeusluvan varaisesta ahmakiintiöstä |
| Suomen luonnonsuojeluliitto | o Luonnonsuojeluliitto vastustaa jyrkästi ahman rauhoittamisesta |
| | poikkeamista ja poikkeuslupien myöntämistä. |
| | o Asetuksen perusteet ovat tänä vuonna samat kuin aikaisemmin. Tämä on |
| | ongelma myös suotuisan suojelutason kannalta |
| | o Käsityksemme mukaan ahman porovahinkoja edelleen liioitellaan, vaikka |
| | vahinkojen sähköinen ilmoittaminen Riistavahinkorekisteriin on |
| | parantanut tilannetta. Ahman metsästyksen sijasta kannattaisi panostaa |
| | porovahinkojen tarkistamiseen maastossa. |
| | o On parempi siirtää ahmoja poronhoitoalueen eteläpuolelle kuin tappaa |
|---|---|
| | niitä. Imettävää naarasta ei kuitenkaan pidä edes siirtää. Ahma ei ole |
| | aiheuttanut kiistoja alueilla, joille ne ovat luontaisesti siirtyneet. |
| | o Paras, yksinkertaisin ja kaikille helpoin ratkaisu siihen on esitetty |
| | reviiripohjainen korvausjärjestelmä. Reviirikohtaista korvausjärjestelmää |
| | voitaisiin kokeilla pahimmilla ongelma- alueilla tappamisen sijasta. |
| | o Jos tappolupia myönnetään, ahmanaaraiden (ja vastaavasti |
| | susiasetuksessa suden alfayksilöiden) suojelu tulee säätää yksiselitteisiksi |
| | ja velvoittaviksi lupaehdoiksi |
| | o Ahman ja suden tappolupien käyttö on aika siirtää yksinomaan Suomen |
| | riistakeskuksen, Luonnonvarakeskuksen tai Metsähallituksen riista- |
| | ammattilaisille. |
| | o Jos asetus annetaan, sen 3 §:ään tulee lisätä: "Edellä 1 §:ssä säädettyyn |
| | määrään luetaan poliisin määräyksellä poistetut, liikenteessä tai muutoin |
| | tietoon tulleet kuolleet ahmat." |
| | o Kestävin ratkaisu eteläisen poronhoitoalueen muidenkin suurpeto- |
| | ongelmiin on siirtää poronhoitoalueen etelärajaa pohjoisemmaksi. |
| | o Toissijaisesti jos poronhoitorajan etelärajaa ei nosteta, tulee eteläisten |
| | paliskuntien vapaata laidunnusta rajoittaa ja niille asettaa tarhauspakko. |
| | Petokorvauksia maksettaisiin silloin ainoastaan tarhan sisäpuolella |
| | tapahtuneista vahingoista. |
| | o Salametsästyksen valvontaa, petovahinkojen maastotarkastusta ja |
| | ahmatutkimusta tulee tehostaa. Luvallisen metsästyksenkin valvonta on |
| | mahdollista, koska asetuksen alueella on vain kolme Metsähallituksen |
| | erätarkastajaa. Poronhoitoalueelle olisi korkea aika perustaa eräpoliisin |
| | virkoja. |
| | o Pohjoismaista yhteistyötä suurpetojen suojelussa kannattaa kehittää. |
| | Ahman suojelun edistämiseksi olisi erittäin tärkeää saada uusi LIFE-hanke |
| | toteutettua |
| | o 5) Alueellista yhteistyötä kannattaa kehittää ottamalla |
| | ympäristöjärjestöt mukaan alueellisiin riistaneuvostoihin. |
| Luonnonsuojeluliitto Tapiola ry | o Ministeriön selitykset siitä, ettei reviiripohjaista korvausjärjestelmää |
| | voida ottaa käyttöön, ahmoja ei voida siirtää, eikä mitään muitakaan |
| | ehkäiseviä tai kompensoivia toimia olisi olemassa tai saatavilla, ovat |
|---|---|
| | sanahelinää. Muualla maailmassa asiat näyttävät onnistuvan, eikä EU |
| | suinkaan ole suurpetojen suojeluun tähtäävien toimien esteenä, vaan |
| | jopa kannustaa niihin ja yrittää kaikin keinoin luoda kansallisille toimijoille |
| | suojeluun tähtäävät toimet mahdollisimman helpoiksi. Se mikä Suomesta |
| | puuttuu, on poliittinen tahtotila. Ahman metsästystä ei tule sallia |
| | vuodelle 2020-2021. |
| WWF | o WWF vastustaa poikkeuslupien myöntämistä ahmalle, kunnes myös |
| | poronhoitoalueen ahmakannan voidaan osoittaa olevan selkeästi |
| | elpymässä nykyisestä erittäin uhanalaisesta asemastaan. Tällä hetkellä |
| | ahmakannan kehitys Suomen kolmen pohjoisimman kunnan osalta on |
| | päinvastainen. |
| | o Porotalouden ja suurpetojen yhteensovittamiseen tulee hakea |
| | kestävämpiä ratkaisuja kuin nyt esitettävä erittäin uhanalaisen lajin |
| | metsästys. Lupaavin ratkaisu olisi siirtyä reviiripohjaiseen,ahman |
| | onnistuneiden pesintöjen määrän perusteella paliskunnalle maksettavaan |
| | porovahinkojen korvaukseen. |
| | o Mahdollisten erityisen merkittäviä porovahinkoja aiheuttavien yksilöiden |
| | poistamiseksi on tarjolla ”muu tyydyttävä ratkaisu”: kyseisten tarkasti |
| | valikoitujen yksilöiden siirto muualle poronhoitoalueelle ja |
| | poronhoitoalueen eteläpuoleiseen Suomeen. |
| | o Lisäksi on panostettava ahman hoitosuunnitelman mukaisesti nykyistä |
| | enemmän ahmojen laittoman tappamisen ehkäisyyn sekä erävalvonnan |
| | ja petovahinkojen maastotarkastuksen tehostamiseen. |
| | o Erävalvonnan resursseja on tuntuvasti lisättävä, ja kokeilemisen arvoinen |
| | ratkaisu olisi palkata poronhoitoalueelle valtion erävalvojia, joiden |
| | tehtävänä olisi poikkeusluvin tehtävät suurpetojen poistot ja siirrot sekä |
| | suurpetojen aiheuttamien porovahinkojen tehostettu maastotarkastus. |
| | o Koska varsinkin poronhoitoalueen pohjoisosissa osa ahman tappamiksi |
| | ilmoitetuista poroista on ollut nälkiintyneitä, tulee poromääriin ja |
| | porolaidunten kuntoon kiinnittää enemmän huomiota. |
| | o Suurimpien sallittujen poromäärien ylitykseen tulee puuttua tehokkaasti, |
| | esimerkiksi niin että petovahinkokorvauksia maksettaisi vain niihin |
| | paliskuntiin, joissa ei ylitetä asetuksen mukaista suurin sallittua |
|---|---|
| | poromäärää. |
| | Jos maa‐ ja metsätalousministeriö kaikesta huolimatta päättää sallia erittäin |
| | uhanalaisen ahman pyynnin, poikkeuslupia ei missään tapauksessa tule myöntää: |
| | o Natura 2000 ‐alueille, joiden suojeluperusteena ahma on |
| | o tammikuun jälkeiselle ajalle |
| | o paliskuntiin, joissa ylitetään asetuksen mukainen suurin sallittu |
| | poromäärä |
| | o ellei poikkeusluvan päämäärää ole tuettu selvin ja täsmällisin perusteluin, |
| | ja jos |
| | o riistakeskus ei kykene täsmällisten tieteellisten tietojen perusteella |
| | osoittamaan, että |
| | o poikkeusluvilla kyetään saavuttamaan tämä päämäärä |
| | o jos ei ole asianmukaisesti osoitettu jokaisessa yksittäisessä tapauksessa, |
| | ettei |
| | o poikkeusluvalla tavoiteltua päämäärää voida saavuttaa muulla |
| | tyydyttävällä ratkaisulla |
| | o jos ei ole taattu sitä, ettei poikkeusluvilla haitata ahman kantojen |
| | suotuisan suojelun |
| | o tason säilyttämistä niiden luontaisella levinneisyysalueella |
| | o jos niissä ei tarkasti yksilöidä vahinkoja aiheuttavaa yksilöä ja jos niiden |
| | perusteella ei |
| | o tarkasti valvota pyynnin tosiasiallista kohdistumista tiettyyn |
| | todennettuun yksilöön |
| | o Nämä rajaukset tulee kirjata nimenomaisesti asetusmuistioon. |
| Suomen Metsästäjäliitto | o Metsästäjäliiton mielestä on edelleen tärkeää, että metsästyksen |
| | mitoitusta jakohdentamista koordinoidaan yhdessä Ruotsin ja Norjan |
| | viranomaisten kanssa, kuten ahman kannanhoitosuunnitelmassa vuonna |
| | 2014 on linjattu. Yhteistyö suurpetokysymyksissä on Metsästäjäliiton |
| | näkemyksen mukaan yleisesti kannatettava ja myös edelleen kehitettävä |
| | asia. |
| | | o Metsästäjäliitto jakaa ministeriön näkemykseen, jonka mukaan |
|---|---|---|
| | | poronhoitoalueella ei ole poikkeuslupapyynnin lisäksi käytännössä |
| | | toteutettavissa muita tyydyttäviä ratkaisuja ahmojen aiheuttamien |
| | | vahinkojen ehkäisemiseksi. |
| | | o Esitetty lupamäärä on liiton mielestä kuitenkin riittämätön vahinkojen |
| | | merkittäväksi vähentämiseksi. Metsästäjäliitto esittää erittäin |
| | | epäsuotuisan vahinkokehityksen johdosta poikkeuslupien määräksi 14 |
| | | lupaa. |
| Luonto-Liitto | | o Luonto-Liitto katsoo, että ilmoitetut petovahingot pitää tarkistaa nykyistä |
| | | tarkemmin. Tehokkaampi järjestelmä vähentäisi maksettavien |
| | | petokorvausten määrää. |
| | | o Luonto-Liitto esittää, että ongelmia aiheuttavat ahmat siirretään |
| | | poronhoitoalueen ulkopuolelle kansallispuistoihin ja suojelualueille. |
| | | Tähän mennessä ahmojen siirtoihin ei ole ollut edellytyksiä paikallisen |
| | | väestön petovastaisista asenteista johtuen. On merkillistä, että |
| | | uhanalaista eläinlajia, jolla on vaarana hävitä luonnosta, ammutaan |
| | | mieluummin kuin siirretään suojelualueille, joiden perimmäinen tarkoitus |
| | | on luonnon monimuotoisuuden säilyttäminen tuleville sukupolville. Näillä |
| | | suojelualueilla tapahtuva uhanalaisten lajien metsästys on kiellettävä. |
| Poliisihallitus | | o Ei asiassa lausuttavaa. |
| Antti Haataja | o Ahmojen poistaminen ja sen koordinoimattomuus muiden maiden kanssa on johtanut Ylä-Lapin ahmakannan romahtamiseen. Muualla poronhoitoalueella ahmakanta on pieni ja se tunnetaan huonosti. Jo tapahtuneen metsästyksen vaikutuksia ei tunneta eikä seurata. Menetelmät, joilla ahmojen aiheuttamien vahinkojen määriä arvioidaan, eivät kestä kriittistä tarkastelua. Lausunnonantaja katsoo, että luonnonsuojelun varovaisuusperiaatetta rikotaan ja ahman suotuisa suojelutaso on vaarantunut merkittävällä tavalla erityisesti kolmen pohjoisimman kunnan alueella. | o Ahmojen poistaminen ja sen koordinoimattomuus muiden maiden kanssa |
| | | on johtanut Ylä-Lapin ahmakannan romahtamiseen. Muualla |
| | | poronhoitoalueella ahmakanta on pieni ja se tunnetaan huonosti. Jo |
| | | tapahtuneen metsästyksen vaikutuksia ei tunneta eikä seurata. |
| | | Menetelmät, joilla ahmojen aiheuttamien vahinkojen määriä arvioidaan, |
| | | eivät kestä kriittistä tarkastelua. Lausunnonantaja katsoo, että |
| | | luonnonsuojelun varovaisuusperiaatetta rikotaan ja ahman suotuisa |
| | | suojelutaso on vaarantunut merkittävällä tavalla erityisesti kolmen |
| | | pohjoisimman kunnan alueella. | | <urn:uuid:294d19cf-ab12-401b-bef3-060faedea407> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/fin_Latn/train | finepdfs | fin_Latn | 24,665 |
Super-resolution for in situ Plankton Images
Wenqi Ma$^1$ Tao Chen$^{2,3}$ Zhengwen Zhang$^2$ Zhenyu Yang$^{2,3}$ Chao Dong$^2$
Jianping Qiao$^1$ Jianping Li$^{2,3,\dagger}$
$^1$Shandong Normal University, China
$^2$Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
$^3$University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
$\email@example.com
Abstract
Being inherently limited by the wave properties of light, underwater plankton cameras compromise between their imaging resolution and field of view (FOV) for in situ observations. In order to enlarge the sampling volume in single frame acquisition, lower magnifications are usually adopted to enable larger FOV but sacrifice the resolution. In this paper, we build a real-underwater image dataset called IsPlanktonSR for in situ plankton image super-resolution (SR), in which paired low resolution (LR) and high resolution (HR) images of the same individual live planktonic organisms are captured by a customized dual-channel darkfield imaging system. An image registration algorithmic pipeline is also proposed to preprocess and align the image pairs at different scaling factors of $2 \times$ and $4 \times$. The IsPlanktonSR dataset is used to train an enhanced deep residual network for SR through the L2, the perceptual and the contextual losses, respectively. Our extensive experimental results demonstrate that the deep learning model trained on real data through the contextual loss has delivered better visual and quantitative SR performance than those trained on simulated data or through other loss functions. The trained SR model is also proved to generalize well to images of various plankton species or captured by different instruments. The proposed SR technology is anticipated to enhance the existing darkfield plankton imageries and enable the future in situ plankton imaging instruments for better observation capability and hence deepen understanding of the plankton ecology.
1. Introduction
In situ optical imaging technology can capture images of the marine plankton in their natural state in seawater, and has become a new powerful means to study the marine planktonic ecosystem [22]. Since 1990s, several categories of in situ optical imaging systems have been developed for plankton observation. Generally, they can be classified into the brightfield and the darkfield imagers. Brightfield imagers are often deployed in mobile platforms such as research vessel [1, 7, 8, 23, 33] and even autonomous glider [28]. These imagers are usually poorer in imaging resolution and contrast [1, 7], and their images are susceptible to interference from the excessive debris in coastal waters [6, 10]. Dark-field cameras generally have higher resolution and contrast, and are more suitable for long-term high-frequency continuous observations at fixed spots, such as the shore [29], the sea floor [11], and even under a surface buoy [18].
Figure 1. Compromise between magnification (FOV) and resolution in underwater plankton imaging. (a) and (b) are darkfield plankton images at magnifications of $0.46 \times$ and $2 \times$; (c) and (d) are aligned real LR-HR underwater plankton image pair after image registration. (c) is displayed after bicubic interpolation for a side-by-side comparison with (d).
There is a serious issue faced with existing imaging systems. Specifically, in real scenarios, the density of plankton is often sparse in seawater. In order to observe more plankton individuals, existing *in situ* optical imaging systems have to sample more water volume per unit time, resulting in a sacrifice of imaging magnification. Note that the sampling volume per image is usually estimated by the product of the field of view (FOV) and the depth of field (DOF). However, this will inevitably lead to a decreased imaging resolution, which is insufficient to obtain enough image details for the relatively small plankton targets, as shown in Figure 1. Besides, this phenomenon will also seriously affect the accuracy of subsequent plankton taxonomic recognition and quantification.
Image super-resolution (SR) refers to the image restoration technology that recovers a high-resolution (HR) image from its low-resolution (LR) counterpart [38]. In recent years, deep learning based SR has made substantial progress in various imaging modalities, such as the natural scene images [15, 17, 20], medical images [12, 13], light microscopy images [32, 39] and so on. If the SR technology could be used to improve the resolution of the *in situ* plankton images on the premise of reserving their original FOV and DOF, it would be helpful to obtain indistinguishable details of the small organisms, and possibly improve the accuracy of subsequent species identification [3].
Most of the existing training datasets for perceptual SR are constructed by subsampling HR images. However, these methods fail to super-resolve real-world LR images, because the degradation process is much more complicated and unknown [24]. In recent years, a few real-world SR datasets have been proposed, e.g., the RealSR [4] and the City100 [5], which have improved the SR performance for the DSLR and phone cameras. Since the camera systems for *in situ* plankton imaging have to work in more harsh and complex underwater environments than terrestrial settings, the degradation model between their HR and the LR images is even more complex and unpredictable. *In situ* plankton imaging belongs to macro/microscopic photography, and the speed of plankton swimming (or with the water flow) is very fast. These facts will make pixel-level image registration very difficult when constructing the real-underwater image pairs, and the lack of registration accuracy will seriously affect the performance of the trained SR models [39]. Therefore, direct training SR networks by the simulated data or by existing real SR datasets is unlikely to produce satisfactory results for underwater plankton image SR. It is necessary to construct a real-underwater plankton dataset. However, it is by no means a trivial task.
In order to address the above problem, we design a dual-channel darkfield imaging system that is capable of simultaneously capturing HR-LR image pairs of the same individual live plankton organisms in a real underwater environment. We capture a large number of raw HR-LR image pairs of living plankton in the first place by using this system. Then we apply a series of image processing techniques, including image correction, target detection, focus evaluation, and image registration, to generate a real-underwater plankton image dataset, called IsPlanktonSR (Is stands for *in situ*). Further, we train an Enhanced Deep Residual Network (EDSR) [20] with the IsPlanktonSR dataset, and compare its SR performance on different training datasets under the L2 loss, the perceptual loss [14], and the contextual loss [25], respectively. After we have confirmed that the combination of using real datasets and contextual loss performs the best, we train a $2 \times$ and a $4 \times$ SR model with the IsPlanktonSR dataset. Finally, we apply the trained $4 \times$ SR model on images captured by various *in situ* imaging systems and a laboratory stereoscopic microscope to test the generalizability of the method. Extensive experiments demonstrate that all these tests have delivered good results.
In summary, the major contributions of this work are:
- We build a real-underwater IsPlanktonSR dataset consisting of registered HR-LR plankton image pairs with $2 \times$ and $4 \times$ scaling factors, providing an *in situ* marine plankton image benchmark for real-underwater SR model training and evaluation.
- We experimentally verify that training the EDSR model with contextual loss on the IsPlanktonSR dataset can achieve satisfying SR effect for *in situ* darkfield plankton images.
- The developed SR algorithm can improve the image resolution of existing darkfield plankton image data, and provided new design possibilities for developing future multi-resolution underwater plankton imagers.
## 2. Related Work
**In situ Plankton Darkfield Imaging Systems.** Among the underwater darkfield cameras developed for *in situ* plankton observations, the Scripps Plankton Cameras (SPC) [29], continuous plankton imaging and classification system (CPICS) [11], and the underwater darkfield plankton imager developed by Li *et al.* [18] all used a strategy of supporting installation and replacement of one telecentric lenses with different magnifications. Thus, each magnification can support the observation of the plankton groups within a certain size range. Obviously, this strategy cannot enable simultaneous observation of plankton at different resolutions and the replacement of different magnification lenses is troublesome and costly. Recently, the SPC have evolved a new version to support two magnifications of $5 \times$ and $0.5 \times$ lenses in the same housing for simultaneous observation of both zooplankton and phytoplankton [26]. This strategy is equivalent to installing two cameras in one housing and hence raises the cost and system complexity.
Wang et al. devised an underwater darkfield camera using a motorized lens nosepiece supporting the rotary switching among three lenses with different magnifications [36]. Such a scheme is not only expensive and bulky, but also increases the potential risk of system failure when applied in the fields for long-term deployment. From the hardware perspective, there is currently a lack of underwater imaging systems that can support different magnification and resolution for *in situ* plankton observations.
**Deep Learning-based SR.** Since Dong et al. proposed the SRCNN [9], many learning-based SR models using HR-downsampled image pair datasets for training and testing have emerged, and their SR performance have also been continuously improved [40, 21, 37]. However, the mapping between the real HR-LR image pair is often more complex and unpredictable than that can be extracted from simulated data training. As a result, the SR performance of these efforts are often unsatisfactory for real-world LR images.
To further improve the SR performance, people have tried to build real-world datasets by developing customized imaging system and image registration algorithms to produce spatially aligned HR-LR image pairs, as represented by [4, 5, 32]. Ozcan et al. for the first time achieved $2.5 \times$ SR of histopathological micrographs by training a CNN model with real HR-LR image pairs obtained by an automated brightfield microscope [32]. The authors of [4] and [5] used DSLR cameras to capture real-world HR and LR images at different focal lengths, and further processed them to construct real-world SR datasets called RealSR and City100, respectively. However, the methods for constructing real-world SR datasets in these works cannot be readily transferred into the application for *in situ* plankton imaging, as the underwater environment is more complex and the plankton are small and can move very fast. Moreover, the loss functions used in these works are pixel-level loss (*e.g.*, L2 loss) or content loss (*e.g.*, VGG loss), which require highly accurate image registration processing, greatly increasing the difficulty of real-underwater plankton image SR dataset construction [39].
### 3. Method
#### 3.1. Real SR Image Dataset Construction
To construct the real-underwater plankton image datasets, it is necessary to simultaneously record pairs of HR and LR images of the same plankton target. In order to achieve this goal, we design a dual-channel imaging system that consists of two orthogonally-oriented telecentric imaging subsystems. Both subsystems point towards the same underwater live plankton targets in a customized quartz container through an optical beam-splitter [31]. In both subsystems, two identical digital cameras are attached to two lenses with different magnifications. They are synchronized to capture paired snapshots of the live plankton organisms while a pulsed darkfield lighting is triggered. The captured image pairs are saved into a laptop computer immediately, and this acquisition process continues until enough numbers of paired images are obtained.
We perform an HR-LR image registration preprocessing to generate the real-underwater plankton image datasets after the raw image pairs are obtained. Here we apply several preprocessing steps described in [18] and further use template matching method to convert the raw image pairs into aligned pairs [2]. The detailed processing procedures are schematically illustrated in Figure 2 and explained as follows:
There are six post-processing steps after capturing the raw HR-LR image pairs. (1) We perform background correction to all the raw images by subtracting them with their corresponding background images. (2) We perform white-balance correction to all the raw images by the reference from a customized white target. (3) We perform object detection on the HR images and crop out the region of interest (ROIs) where the individual planktonic organisms are present. (4) We use a focus evaluation algorithm to filter the cropped ROIs and only keep the in-focus ones as the HR images in the IsPlanktonSR dataset. The first four steps are similar as in [18]. Next, (5) we downsample a clear HR ROI by a scaling factor of L (L=high lens magnification/low lens magnification) as a template to search for a matching ROI in the corresponding detected LR image, and the best-matched ROI in the raw LR image is cropped and reserved. (6) Since the magnification ratio between the raw HR-LR image pairs is not an integer, we upsample all the reserved $0.46 \times$ LR images to $0.5 \times$ as the final LR images in
the IsPlanktonSR dataset to satisfy the integer upsampling requirement by the pixelshuffle layer in the EDSR network [20]. Interested parties are welcome to contact us for the access to the IsPlanktonSR dataset for scientific research.
3.2. SR Network and Loss Function Selection
The SR model used in this paper is an EDSR network proposed by Lim et al. [20]. Its network structure is illustrated in Figure 3.
![Figure 3. Network structure of the EDSR (adapted from [20]).](image)
In the training stage of the EDSR network, we perform the L2 Loss, Perceptual Loss [14], and Contextual Loss (CX Loss) functions, and compare their SR performance. CX Loss considers an image as a collection of features, and measures the similarity between images based on the contextual similarity between features [25]. Its definition is as follows:
\[
L_{CX}(\hat{y}, y, l) = \log \left( CX \left( \varphi^l(\hat{y}), \varphi^l(y) \right) \right)
\]
where \( \varphi \) denotes a VGG network [34], \( \varphi^l(\hat{y}) \) and \( \varphi^l(y) \) denote the feature maps extracted from layer \( l \) of the perceptual network \( \varphi \) of the SR image \( \hat{y} \) and the LR image \( y \). \( CX \) denotes the contextual similarity between the features \( \varphi^l(\hat{y}) \) and \( \varphi^l(y) \). One of the characteristics of CX Loss is that it ignores the spatial location of features, so it allows certain imperfect alignment or local deformations between the image pairs in the training dataset.
3.3. Plankton Image SR Evaluation
We use two objective metrics of PSNR and SSIM to evaluate the SR performance of the trained model. In addition, we adopt a non-reference perceptual metric NIQE as the third indicator, as it is proven to be highly correlated with human ratings [27]. In this way, the human subjectivity can be reduced. Furthermore, we use a standard USAF1951 resolution target to quantify the resolution improvement of the trained SR model, and test its generalizability by comparing the highest resolution obtained from the LR image of the target captured by a laboratory stereoscopic microscope at 1× magnification with that obtained from its SR image.
4. Experiments
4.1. IsPlanktonSR Image Dataset
By using the dual-channel imaging system with two combinations of lens magnifications (1×-0.5×) and (2×-0.5×) and the data preprocessing methods described in Section 3.1, we generate 3,453 and 5,927 registered 2× and 4× image pairs, which constitute the IsPlanktonSR dataset. Figure 4 presents some example image pairs of the dataset. Note all the plankton images in this paper are CLAHE enhanced [30] for better visual comfortableness. The registered image pairs are further processed as follows for the SR experiments.
**2× Dataset.** We keep 10 image pairs as the validation set, 20 image pairs as the test set, and the remaining pairs as the training set. Besides, we augment the training set by 4 times by horizontal flipping, vertical flipping, and horizontal and vertical flipping. After that, we extract 50% overlapping patches of 50×50 patch size and 100×100 patch size from the LR image and HR image in the training set, respectively.
It is worth mentioning that we do not keep all the extracted patches, but discard those patches containing merely dark backgrounds, because the network cannot learn any mapping for the plankton targets from them. To choose the patches containing plankton parts, we set a threshold T (default=2) in the process of patch extraction. It is only when the average pixel value of a patch is greater than this threshold can this patch be reserved. In addition, since the body size of some plankton can be larger than the DOF of the high magnification lens, some HR images are partially blurred as shown in Figure 10. It is inevitable that some patches extracted from these HR images are also blurred. We further use the focus evaluation algorithm [18] to filter out these blurred patches and only keep the sharp ones. After the above patch filtration steps, we finally obtain 84,256 HR-LR patch pairs for network training.
**4× Dataset.** We keep 10 image pairs as the validation set, 20 image pairs as the test set, and the remaining pairs as the training set. Similar to the process of 2× dataset construction, we perform data augmentation and patch extraction on the 4× dataset, and finally generate 139, 313 HR-LR patch pairs, with LR patch size of 50×50 and HR patch size of 200×200, respectively.
In addition to real dataset preparation, we downsample the HR patches in the 4× dataset in IsPlanktonSR by a factor of 4 to generate a simulated dataset DownsampedSR for subsequent SR performance comparison experiment.
4.2. SR Model Training
Before the EDSR network training, we initialize it with a pre-trained model (training on the natural image dataset [35]) to speed up the convergence of network. After the traTraining starts, we randomly take 16 LR patches from training set and feed them into the network at each iteration.
For training optimization, we use Adam [16] optimizer and set the initial learning rate to $4 \times 10^{-4}$ and halve it at [200, 400, 500] iterations, respectively. Several different models are trained to validate the influence of adopting different loss functions and datasets on the SR performance. All experiments are conducted with Pytorch framework on a NVIDIA RTX3090 GPU server.
### 4.3. SR Performance Evaluation
We firstly train three $4 \times$ EDSR models with different loss functions using the IsPlanktonSR dataset, and their performance evaluation results are shown in Table 1 and Figure 5. It can be seen that the images generated by the L2 Loss-trained model are smoother than the other results, although they have the highest PSNR and SSIM values. In human visual perception, the L2 Loss-trained model does not perform well as the models trained through other loss functions, and its performance on NIQE is also the worst. The output images from the Perceptual Loss-trained model show a slight improvement in terms of visual quality and NIQE compared to those from the L2 Loss-trained model, but their PSNR and SSIM values are lower than the results of the L2 Loss-trained model. In contrast, the output images of the CX Loss-trained model have the worst PSNR but the best NIQE and perception quality. Moreover, its output images recover more high-frequency details and are not as smooth as the outputs from the other models. This observation is reasonable, as CX loss is robust to slight misalignment in the training set. Therefore, we decide to choose CX Loss to train the network.
| Method | L2 Loss | Perceptual Loss | CX Loss |
|--------|---------|-----------------|---------|
| PSNR | **33.03** | 32.24 | 30.88 |
| SSIM | **0.78** | 0.69 | 0.77 |
| NIQE | 19.91 | 18.47 | **12.61** |
Table 1. Quantitative results of SR on the test images from IsPlanktonSR. PSNR and SSIM (the higher, the better) are adopted for the evaluation of reconstruction accuracy; NIQE (the lower, the better) is adopted for the evaluation of visual quality.
| Method | DownsampledSR | $4 \times$ IsPlanktonSR |
|------------|---------------|-------------------------|
| PSNR | **31.01** | 30.88 |
| SSIM | 0.64 | **0.77** |
| NIQE | 17.09 | **12.61** |
Table 2. Quantitative results of SR performance on the test images from the DownsampledSR and the IsPlanktonSR datasets.
To compare the SR performance of the model trained by the simulated and the real data, we then train two $4 \times$ EDSR models using the DownsampledSR and the IsPlanktonSR. As the results shown in Figure 5, the model trained by the real data recovers more high-frequency details than the model trained with the simulated data. Such visual perception is in consistent with the numerical results as shown in Table 2.
Figure 5. Visual comparison of the SR results obtained by training the $4 \times$ EDSR model with different loss functions and datasets.
(a) $2 \times$ IsPlanktonSR
(b) $4 \times$ IsPlanktonSR
Figure 6. Visual comparison of the SR results generated by the $2 \times$ and $4 \times$ EDSR models trained by the IsPlanktonSR datasets.
We finally use IsPlanktonSR to train the EDSR models for $2 \times$ and $4 \times$ plankton SR tasks, and Figure 6 shows their SR results. It can be seen that the SR images produced by both models reveal more morphological details than their LR inputs, and have very high similarity with their HR ground truth.
**Figure 7.** SR results evaluated by the USAF1951 target. (a) $0.5 \times$ LR image of the target captured by the dual-channel imaging system; (b) zoom-in of the 4th and 5th elements in (a); (c) zoom-in SR image of (a) without re-training; (d) zoom-in SR image of (a) with re-training; (e) zoom-in LR image captured by a laboratory stereoscopic microscope at $1 \times$ magnification; (f) SR image of (e); (g) MTFs calculated from (b), (c) and (d); (h) MTFs calculated from (e) and (f). *(Zoom in for best view)*
The results of resolution improvement evaluated by the standard USAF resolution target image are shown in Figure 7. It can be seen from the modulation transfer function (MTF) curves in Figure 7 (g) that the highest resolutions calculated from the original target LR image and its SR image are 17.96 pairs/mm and 22.63 pairs/mm, respectively. The improvement in resolution is not significant. This is because the model has not been trained to learn the mapping between the HR-LR image pairs of the target before. We then perform data augmentation and patch extraction on the target HR-LR images collected by the dual-channel imaging system, and merge the generated data into the IsPlanktonSR dataset to retrain the $4 \times$ SR model. It can be seen from Figure 7 (d) that the SR image of the target generated by the retrained model has presented much better resolution compared to its LR input. The highest resolution obtainable from the SR image has reached 50.8 pairs/mm as shown in Figure 7 (g), which is 2.82 times of that (17.96 pairs/mm) obtained in the original LR image. Moreover, the contrast of the SR images has also been significantly improved. As shown in Figure 7 (e), (f) and (h), the best resolutions obtained from the LR image of the target image taken by the stereoscopic microscope and its SR image output by the retrained model have been increased by $\sim 1.59$ times. The SR performance is still obvious. Note that the highest resolution obtained from the $1 \times$ image is inferior to that from the $0.5 \times$ image of the target. This is because the camera used on the microscope has much larger pixel size than ($\sim$twice) that used in the dual-imaging system.
### 4.4. Generalizability
In order to verify the SR effect on other unseen data, we test the generalizability of the EDSR model trained with the $4 \times$ IsPlanktonSR. For the content generalization, we test some plankton images that are different from the species in IsPlanktonSR, and are collected from other sea areas. The results show that the model could still achieve good SR effect as shown in Figure 8.
**Figure 8.** Visual comparison of the SR results of the EDSR model trained by the IsPlanktonSR on the test images captured by the underwater plankton imager in [18]. *(Zoom in for best view)*
For the device generalization, we conduct test on some darkfield plankton images taken by other instruments different from the dual-channel imaging system used to construct IsPlanktonSR, and the results show that the SR effects are also visually arresting even for unknown magnifications, see Figure 9. Therefore, it can be proved that the SR model trained with the IsPlanktonSR data is robust for a variety of imaging systems and plankton targets.
4.5. Discussion
Due to the restriction of the optical imaging principle, a low magnification lens has a larger DOF than a high magnification lens. It can be seen in the IsPlanktonSR data that some plankton parts are out of the DOF in the HR images, but still in the DOF of their LR counterparts. As shown in Figure 10, the copepod in the HR image is out of focus and blurred, while its SR output even appears to be clearer than the HR ground truth. For marine plankton observation, in addition to improving the resolution, the more attractive point is that the SR image also maintains the large FOV and large DOF of the original LR images. This allows the SR images to have a larger seawater sampling volume per frame compared to the HR images with similar resolution. Taking the $4 \times$ SR result from the $0.5 \times$ to $2 \times$ magnifications lenses achieved in this paper as an example, the sampling volume of an SR image is $\sim 177$ times that of its corresponding HR image. It is no doubt that the SR technology brings a significant improvement in the observational efficiency for a high magnification *in situ* imaging system.
5. Conclusion
In this paper, we construct a real-underwater plankton darkfield image dataset and use it to train a deep CNN model to achieve *in situ* plankton images SR for the first time. The method has been proved capable of alleviating the contradiction between observation area and magnification of any underwater plankton imaging system, and improving the generated plankton image resolution without sacrificing the observation volume. It is expected that the application of the SR method will help to improve the resolution of existing darkfield plankton imageries [19] captured by other instruments, inspire the future underwater plankton imager design, and eventually enhance the accuracy of plankton observations.
6. Acknowledgement
This work was supported by the Scientific Instrument Development Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. YJKYYQ20190028), the Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Program (JCYJ20200109105823170), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61906184), and the Shanghai Committee of Science and Technology, China (Grant No. 20DZ1100800 and 21DZ1100100).
References
[1] Hongsheng Bi, Stuart Cook, Hao Yu, Mark C Benfield, , and Edward D Houde. Deployment of an imaging system to investigate fine-scale spatial distribution of early life stages of the ctenophore *mnemiopsis leidyi* in chesapeake bay. *Journal of Plankton Research*, 35:270–280, 2013.
[2] Roberto Brunelli. Template matching techniques in computer vision: Theory and practice. 2009.
[3] Dingding Cai, Ke Chen, Yanlin Qian, and Joni-Kristian Kämäräinen. Convolutional low-resolution fine-grained classification. *Pattern Recognition Letters*, 119:166–171, 2019.
[4] Jianrui Cai, Hui Zeng, Hongwei Yong, Zisheng Cao, and Lei Zhang. Toward real-world single image super-resolution: A new benchmark and a new model. *2019 IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV)*, pages 3086–3095, 2019.
[5] Chang Chen, Zhiwei Xiong, Xinmei Tian, Zheng-Jun Zha, and Feng Wu. Camera lens super-resolution. *2019 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)*, pages 1652–1660, 2019.
[6] Xuemin Cheng, Kaichang Cheng, and Hongsheng Bi. Dynamic downscaling segmentation for noisy, low-contrast in situ underwater plankton images. *IEEE Access*, 8:111012–111026, 2020.
[7] Robert K. Cowen and Cedric M. Guigand. In situ ichthyoplankton imaging system (isiis): system design and preliminary results. *Limnology and Oceanography-methods*, 6:126–132, 2008.
[8] Cabell S. Davis, Scott M. Gallager, and Andrew R. Solow. Microaggregations of oceanic plankton observed by towed video microscopy. *Science*, 257:230 – 232, 1992.
[9] Chao Dong, Chen Change Loy, Kaiming He, and Xiaoou Tang. Learning a deep convolutional network for image super-resolution. In *Proceedings of the European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV)*, 2014.
[10] Adam T. Greer, C. Brock Woodson, Conner E. Smith, Cedric M. Guigand, and Robert K. Cowen. Examining mesozooplankton patch structure and its implications for trophic interactions in the northern gulf of mexico. *Journal of Plankton Research*, 38:1115–1134, 2016.
[11] Mary M. Grossmann, Scott M. Gallager, and Satoshi Mitarai. Continuous monitoring of near-bottom mesoplankton communities in the east china sea during a series of typhoons. *Journal of Oceanography*, 71:115–124, 2014.
[12] Yawen Huang, Ling Shao, and Alejandro F. Frangi. Simultaneous super-resolution and cross-modality synthesis of 3d medical images using weakly-supervised joint convolutional sparse coding. *2017 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)*, pages 5787–5796, 2017.
[13] Jithin Saji Isaac and Ramesh Kulkarni. Super resolution techniques for medical image processing. *2015 International Conference on Technologies for Sustainable Development (ICTSD)*, pages 1–6, 2015.
[14] Justin Johnson, Alexandre Alahi, and Li Fei-Fei. Perceptual losses for real-time style transfer and super-resolution. In *European conference on computer vision*, pages 694–711. Springer, 2016.
[15] Jiwon Kim, Jung Kwon Lee, and Kyoung Mu Lee. Accurate image super-resolution using very deep convolutional networks. *2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)*, pages 1646–1654, 2016.
[16] Diederik P. Kingma and Jimmy Ba. Adam: A method for stochastic optimization. *Computing Research Repository (CoRR)*, abs/1412.6980, 2015.
[17] Christian Ledig, Lucas Theis, Ferenc Huszár, Jose Caballero, Andrew Cunningham, Alejandro Acosta, Andrew Aitken, Alykhan Tejani, Johannes Totz, and Zehan Wang. Photorealistic single image super-resolution using a generative adversarial network. *2017 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)*, pages 105–114, 2017.
[18] Jiangping Li, Tao Chen, Yangzhen Yu, Liangpei Chen, Peng Liu, Yizhou Zhang, Guangwen Yu, Jixin Chen, Haitao Li, and Xiaohong Sun. Development of a buoy-borne underwater imaging system for in situ mesoplankton monitoring of coastal waters (accepted). *IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering*, 2021.
[19] Jianping Li, Zhenyu Yang, and Tao Chen. Dybplanktonnet. *IEEE Dataport*, 2021. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.21227/875n-f104.
[20] Bee Lim, Sanghyun Son, Heewon Kim, Seungjun Nah, and Kyoung Mu Lee. Enhanced deep residual networks for single image super-resolution. *2017 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops (CVPRW)*, pages 1132–1140, 2017.
[21] Anran Liu, Yihao Liu, Jinjin Gu, Yu Qiao, and Chao Dong. Blind image super-resolution: A survey and beyond. *arXiv preprint arXiv:2107.03055*, 2021.
[22] Fabien Lombard, Emmanuel Boss, Anya M. Waite, Meike Vogt, Julia Uitz, Lars Stemmann, Heidi M. Sosik, Jan Schulz, Jean-Baptiste Romagnan, Marc Picheral, Jay Pearlman, Mark D. Ohman, Barbara Niehoff, Klas O. Möller, Patricia Miloslavich, Ana Lara-Lpez, Raphael Kudela, Rubens M. Lopes, Rainer Kiko, Lee Karp-Boss, Jules S. Jaffe, Morten H. Iversen, Jean-Olivier Irisson, Katja Fennel, Helena Hauss, Lionel Guidi, Gaby Gorsky, Sarah L. C. Giering, Peter Gaube, Scott Gallager, George Dubelaar, Robert K. Cowen, François Carlotti, Christian Briseño-Avena, Léo Berline, Kelly Benoit-Bird, Nicholas Bax, Sonia Batten, Sakina Dorothée Ayata, Luis Felipe Artigas, and Ward Appeltans. Globally consistent quantitative observations of planktonic ecosystems. *Frontiers in Marine Science*, 6:196, 2019.
[23] L. Madin, E. Horgan, S. Gallager, J. Eaton, and A. Girard. Lapis: A new imaging tool for macro-zooplankton. *OCEANS 2006*, pages 1–5, 2006.
[24] Shunta Maeda. Unpaired image super-resolution using pseudo-supervision. *2020 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)*, pages 288–297, 2020.
[25] Roey Mechrez, Itamar Talmi, and Lihi Zelnik-Manor. The contextual loss for image transformation with non-aligned data. In *Proceedings of the European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV)*, pages 768–783, 2018.
[26] Ewa Merz, Thea Kozakiewicz, Marta Reyes, Christian Ebti, Peter Isles, Marco Baity-Jesi, Paul Roberts, Jules S. Jaffe, Stuart R. Dennis, Thomas Hardeman, Nelson Stevens, Tom Lorimer, and Francesco Pomati. Underwater dualmagnification imaging for automated lake plankton monitoring. *Water Research*, page 117524, 2021.
[27] Anish Mittal, R. Soundararajan, and A. Bovik. Making a “completely blind” image quality analyzer. *IEEE Signal Processing Letters*, 20:209–212, 2013.
[28] Mark D. Ohman, Russ E. Davis, Jeffrey T. Sherman, Kyle R. Grindley, Benjamin M. Whitmore, Catherine F. Nickels, and Jeffrey S. Ellen. Zooglilder: An autonomous vehicle for optical and acoustic sensing of zooplankton. *Limnology and Oceanography-methods*, 17:69–86, 2019.
[29] Eric C. Orenstein, Devin Ratelle, Christian Briseño-Avena, Melissa L. Carter, Peter J. S. Franks, Jules S. Jaffe, and Paul L. D. Roberts. The scripps plankton camera system: A framework and platform for in situ microscopy. *Limnology and Oceanography-methods*, 18:681–695, 2020.
[30] Stephen M Pizer, E Philip Amburn, John D Austin, Robert Cromartie, Ari Geselowitz, Trey Greer, Bart ter Haar Romeny, John B Zimmerman, and Karel Zuiderveld. Adaptive histogram equalization and its variations. *Graphical Models graphical Models and Image Processing computer Vision, Graphics, and Image Processing*, 39:355–368, 1987.
[31] Chengchao Qu, D. Luo, E. Monari, T. Schuchert, and J. Beyrerer. Capturing ground truth super-resolution data. *2016 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP)*, pages 2812–2816, 2016.
[32] Yair Rivenson, Zoltán Göröcs, Harun Güneydin, Yibo Zhang, Hongda Wang, and Aydogan Ozcan. Deep learning microscopy. *Optica*, 4(11):1437–1443, 2017.
[33] Scott Samson, Lawrence Langebrake, Chad Lembke, and James Patten. Design and initial results of high-resolution shadowed image particle profiling and evaluation recorder. In *Oceans’ 99. MTS/IEEE. Riding the Crest into the 21st Century. Conference and Exhibition. Conference Proceedings (IEEE Cat. No. 99CH37008)*, volume 1, pages 58–63. IEEE, 1999.
[34] Karen Simonyan and Andrew Zisserman. Very deep convolutional networks for large-scale image recognition. *Computing Research Repository (CoRR)*, abs/1409.1556, 2015.
[35] Radu Timofte, Eirikur Agustsson, Luc Van Gool, Ming-Hsuan Yang, and Lei Zhang. Ntire 2017 challenge on single image super-resolution: Methods and results. In *Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition workshops*, pages 114–125, 2017.
[36] Nan Wang, Jia Yu, Biao Yang, Haiyong Zheng, and Bing Zheng. Vision-based in situ monitoring of plankton size spectra via a convolutional neural network. *IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering*, 45:511–520, 2020.
[37] Xintao Wang, Ke Yu, Shixiang Wu, Jinjin Gu, Yihao Liu, Chao Dong, Yu Qiao, and Chen Change Loy. Esrgan: Enhanced super-resolution generative adversarial networks. In *Proceedings of the European conference on computer vision (ECCV) workshops*, 2018.
[38] Zhihao Wang, Jian Chen, and S. Hoi. Deep learning for image super-resolution: A survey. *IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence*, 2020.
[39] Hao Zhang, Chunyu Fang, Xinlin Xie, Yicong Yang, W. Mei, Di Jin, and Peng Fei. High-throughput, high-resolution deep learning microscopy based on registration-free generative adversarial network. *Biomedical optics express*, 10(3):1044–1063, 2019. | 77b31681-8287-496a-90cc-a2c74f12aa4e | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 37,295 |
CONTRATTO DI SUBLOCAZIONE AREA UFFICI DI BRIXIA FORUM - VIA CAPRERA 5 - BRESCIA
Pro Brixia - Azienda Speciale della Camera di Commercio di Brescia, P.IVA 02714450984, nella persona del proprio Legale Rappresentante, Dr.ssa Giovanna Prandini, domiciliata per la carica presso la sede di Brescia, Via Einaudi n. 23
e
…..(Conduttore)........, CF/P.IVA …...., con sede in …....., via …......., di seguito indicata per brevità come …........, nella persona di …......, nato a …....... il …......., che agisce nel presente atto in nome, per conto e nell'interesse di …....…..... quale Legale Rappresentante;
PREMESSO CHE
- con avviso esplorativo pubblicato in data 20 febbraio 2020 si è avviata la ricerca per locare l'immobile, oggetto del presente contratto;
- Pro Brixia, con determinazione del Direttore n. ... del ...., ha individuato il Conduttore per l'immobile di cui al presente contratto,
CONVENGONO E STIPULANO QUANTO SEGUE
Art.1 - Oggetto del contratto e durata
Oggetto del presente contratto è la locazione dell'area adibita ed attrezzata ad uso uffici (con una metratura di mq 404) situata al piano secondo della palazzina uffici di Brixia Forum, in via Caprera 5 a Brescia.
L'unità immobiliare è sita nel Comune di Brescia (Bs), sezione urbana NCT (Codice B157), foglio 159, particella 3, subalterno 26 zona cens. 3 categoria D/8, come da planimetria allegata sub 1.
Il Conduttore può utilizzare il parcheggio situato su Via Caprera fronte palazzina, salvo diverse indicazioni di Pro Brixia.
L'immobile è dato in locazione nello stato di fatto e di diritto in cui si trova, rimanendo a carico del Conduttore i costi per la richiesta e l'ottenimento di eventuali autorizzazioni edilizie, amministrative e/o di pubblica sicurezza occorrenti per l'uso attuale e per quelli consentiti, in linea con la destinazione d'uso dei locali.
Il contratto di locazione avrà la durata di anni 6, con decorrenza dalla data di stipulazione dell'atto, rinnovabile con altro contratto di locazione ai sensi della Legge 392/1978 e s.m.i., ma non oltre la data del 14.7.2028, nella quale terminerà il contratto in virtù del quale Pro Brixia è soggetto gestore di Brixia Forum.
Art.2 – Canone locativo
L'importo, su base annua, della locazione è complessivamente costituito dal canone di locazione, pari ad € ...., cui sommare Iva di legge.
In aggiunta al canone di locazione, il Conduttore è tenuto a corrispondere le spese condominiali quantificate in Euro 16.000,00/anno, cui sommare Iva di Legge, e le spese dettagliate negli artt. 5, e 6 nonché le imposte e tasse gravanti sull'attività.
Si precisa che le spese condominiali includono (acqua, energia elettrica, riscaldamento, igiene urbana, costo ascensori, pulizie parti comuni e tassa rifiuti);
Ai sensi dell'art. 32 della Legge n. 392/1978, così come modificato dall'art. 1 della Legge 118/1985, a decorrere dall'inizio del secondo anno, le parti convengono che l'importo fisso del canone di locazione sia aggiornato annualmente, per gli anni successivi al primo, ed automaticamente nella misura del 75% della variazione dell'indice ISTAT dei prezzi al consumo per le famiglie di operai e impiegati verificatasi nell'anno precedente.
Art. 3 – Corresponsione del canone e deposito cauzionale
Il Conduttore si impegna a versare a Pro Brixia la somma determinata come da articolo 2 (canone e spese condominiali), cui aggiungere l'Iva di legge.
Il pagamento del canone dovrà avvenire con rate mensili uguali e anticipate, entro i primi 20 giorni del mese di riferimento, tramite bonifico bancario sul conto corrente intestato a Pro Brixia Azienda Speciale della Camera di Commercio di Brescia – IBAN: IT44A0569611200000006100X83, con causale: "Locazione area uffici piano secondo Brixia Forum, marzo 2020", con comunicazione a Pro Brixia del codice identificativo del pagamento e previa emissione della relativa fattura da parte di Pro Brixia.
Qualora il conduttore si rendesse moroso, a decorrere dal 21^ giorno del mese di riferimento, l'ammontare della quota non corrisposta verrà gravata degli interessi di mora nella misura degli interessi legali.
Con la prima rata del canone di sublocazione, il conduttore è tenuto a versare a Pro Brixia un deposito cauzionale, pari a tre mensilità del canone, per coprire eventuali spese derivanti da danneggiamenti, manomissioni ai locali ed alle attrezzature date in uso.
Il deposito verrà restituito al conduttore al termine del contratto, salvo eventuali contestazioni di danni che dovranno essere documentati in apposito verbale.
Art. 4 – Obblighi di Pro Brixia
Qualora il Conduttore intendesse utilizzare insegne identificatrici della propria attività o altro, queste dovranno essere preventivamente autorizzate da Pro Brixia.
Il conduttore non può spendere il marchio Brixia Forum senza preventiva autorizzazione scritta di Pro Brixia ed a seguito di specifica richiesta.
Pro Brixia sostiene le spese di vigilanza e di pulizia ordinaria delle parti comuni, nonché le spese di gestione e manutenzione degli ascensori, salvo che eventuali danneggiamenti di questi ultimi non siano da addebitare ad incuria o uso improprio da parte del Conduttore.
Pro Brixia riconosce uno sconto del 10% sui prezzi di listino al Conduttore per l'utilizzo del padiglione e dei locali, siti al piano 2 della palazzina corpo ovest, identificati come auditorium, foyer e sala consiliare, previa richiesta scritta e verifica della relativa disponibilità alla segreteria di Pro Brixia.
Art. 5 - Obblighi del Conduttore
Il Conduttore dichiara di aver visto lo spazio destinato ad uso ufficio e di averlo trovato adatto alle proprie esigenze, e si impegna a:
* sostenere direttamente le spese di ordinaria manutenzione degli
spazi locati, dei beni ed attrezzature ivi contenuti e dei relativi impianti, delle migliorie ed innovazioni apportate ex art. 6 del presente contratto, nonché le spese necessarie al funzionamento dei locali per l'uso cui sono destinati (ad esempio, implementazione di macchinari ed attrezzature, accessori d'uso); • mantenere l'immobile locato in ottime condizioni di manutenzione ed efficienza, eseguendo tutte le manutenzioni periodiche ed obbligatorie per legge;
* utilizzare i locali osservando e rispettando i regolamenti di pulizia urbana, d'igiene, prevenzione incendi ed altre norme di legge prescritte per l'attività che intende svolgere, essendo a suo carico ogni eventuale intervento od opera e, conseguentemente contravvenzione, multa e/o responsabilità per l'inosservanza delle norme suddette;
* utilizzare i locali rispettando le indicazioni di Pro Brixia, nonché adottando tutte le cautele ed i mezzi idonei ad evitare di arrecare disturbo ai dipendenti di Pro Brixia e/o a terzi;
* consentire al locatore il diritto di ispezionare, o far ispezionare da un proprio incaricato, i locali, durante la locazione, in qualsiasi momento lo ritenga opportuno, dando un preavviso via Pec di 24 ore, salvo casi urgenti;
* consegnare puntualmente alla scadenza contrattuale tutti i locali in buono stato locativo.
* sono ad esclusivo carico del conduttore:
la corresponsione delle tasse o contributi legati agli spazie dovuti per legge ad esclusione della tassa rifiuti.
Art. 6 – Migliorie e innovazioni
I locali sono ceduti nello stato di fatto in cui si trovano.
Il Conduttore deve utilizzare i locali e gli impianti secondo la diligenza del buon padre di famiglia, e non apportare modifiche o addizioni senza il preventivo consenso di Pro Brixia. L'inosservanza del presente patto determina, ipso iure, la risoluzione del contratto a spese del conduttore, ai sensi dell'art. 1456 codice civile.
I miglioramenti e le addizioni eventualmente autorizzati resteranno a favore di Pro Brixia al termine del rapporto, senza che dal conduttore sia dovuto compenso alcuno. In ogni caso, rimane salva la facoltà di Pro Brixia di pretendere il ripristino dei locali nello stato originario, o di farlo eseguire a spese del conduttore, salvo il normale deperimento d'uso.
Art. 7 - Riconsegna dei locali
Alla data di cessazione del contratto, il Conduttore consegnerà puntualmente al locatore tutti i locali, i mobili, gli arredi e quanto altro avuto in consegna nello stato di perfetta efficienza e pulizia in cui riconosce di averli ricevuti dalla parte locatrice, salvo il normale deperimento derivante dall'uso. In caso di danneggiamenti il conduttore sarà tenuto al risarcimento dei danni.
Art. 8 - Rischi e Responsabilità
Il Conduttore è custode della cosa locata e manleva Pro Brixia da ogni e qualsiasi onere e responsabilità derivante dalla sottoscrizione del presente contratto; in particolare, il Conduttore si impegna a manlevare e garantire Pro Brixia da qualsiasi tipo di controversia insorgesse a causa, o comunque, per attività e danni derivanti a terzi connessi, complementari e collegati a presente contratto.
Pro Brixia si intende integralmente sollevata da ogni responsabilità derivante dallo svolgimento dell'attività nei locali oggetto del presente contratto. Sono da ricomprendersi tra i danni sia quelli alle persone che alle cose e animali per qualunque causa dipendente dall'attività predetta.
Pro Brixia è inoltre esonerata da ogni responsabilità in caso di ritardi od interruzioni di servizi (ad es. acqua, energia elettrica, servizi telematici di rete, riscaldamento, condizionamento, collegamento internet, ascensore) indipendenti dalla propria volontà, nonché per i danni di qualsiasi natura arrecati da eventi naturali eccezionali per caso fortuito o da terzi al conduttore, al suo personale dipendente e ai suoi clienti.
Pro Brixia non è responsabile per beni o cose lasciati incustoditi presso gli uffici oggetto della locazione.
Il Conduttore è direttamente responsabile verso la locatrice ed i terzi per i danni causati per sua colpa da spandimento d'acqua, fughe di gas, incendio e, comunque, da mancata custodia e/o da ogni abuso o trascuratezza nell'uso della cosa locata.
Il Conduttore è tenuto pertanto a contrarre apposita polizza RCT/RCO per la copertura della responsabilità derivanti dall'utilizzo dell'area locata e dallo svolgimento dell'attività nei locali oggetto del contratto, comprese tutte le attività connesse, complementari e collegate di pertinenza del Conduttore, con primaria compagnia di assicurazione, prima della stipulazione del contratto con i seguenti massimali:
- massimale della polizza RCT non inferiore ad € 3.000.000,00;
- massimale della polizza RCO non inferiore ad € 3.000.000,00.
Tale polizza dovrà prevedere espressamente:
* la qualifica di terzo estesa a Pro Brixia, suoi Amministratori nonché dipendenti e/o collaboratori;
* la rinuncia alla rivalsa, salvo il caso di dolo, secondo l'art. 1916 del Codice Civile verso Pro Brixia, suoi Amministratori nonché dipendenti e/o collaboratori.
Copia della polizza dovrà essere prodotta a Pro Brixia.
Il Conduttore solleva fin d'ora Pro Brixia da qualsiasi responsabilità per la mancata osservanza delle leggi sul lavoro per quanto attiene al proprio personale dipendente e per qualsiasi questione inerente le leggi di Pubblica Sicurezza.
Sono ad esclusiva cura ed onere del Conduttore tutte le autorizzazioni che si rendessero necessarie per l'utilizzo degli spazi locati, con esonero di Pro Brixia da ogni responsabilità civile o penale derivante dalla mancanza di tali autorizzazioni.
Il Conduttore assume tutte le responsabilità in materia di sicurezza e igiene sui luoghi di lavoro relativamente all'intera durata del contratto. Sono in capo alla Società gli obblighi di coordinamento previsti dal D. Lgs. 81/2008 e s.m.i.; in particolare, l'organizzatore assume il ruolo di datore di lavoro committente, ai sensi dell'art. 26 D. Lgs. 81/2008 e s.m.i., oppure di committente, nei casi rientranti nel Titolo IV del D. Lgs. 81/2008 e s.m.i..
Il Conduttore si obbliga ad osservare le regole di buon vicinato, a non tenere depositi di materiali pericolosi, a non destinare i locali ad uso contrario all'igiene, alla sicurezza, alla tranquillità e al decoro dell'edificio, a non esporre cartelli e/o insegne non regolamentari.
Art. 9 - Garanzia degli obblighi contrattuali
A garanzia dell'osservanza di tutte le obbligazioni contenute nel presente contratto, incluso il pagamento del canone e delle spese condominiali, il Conduttore consegnerà a Pro Brixia, in sede di stipulazione del presente contratto, fideiussione bancaria o assicurativa, pari a 12 mensilità, a prima richiesta, rilasciata da un primario Istituto di Credito o Assicurativo, con validità pari a 6 anni, del complessivo importo di € ..., pari ad un canone annuo di locazione. La fideiussione dovrà essere rinnovata alla prima scadenza contrattuale, in caso di rinnovo, con una durata pari al periodo residuo, fino alla data limite indicata nell'art. 1 u.c. del presente contratto.
La garanzia deve prevedere espressamente la rinuncia al beneficio della preventiva escussione del debitore principale, la rinuncia all'eccezione di cui all'articolo 1957, secondo comma, del codice civile, nonché l'operatività della garanzia medesima entro quindici giorni, a semplice richiesta scritta del locatore.
Detta fideiussione verrà restituita al termine della locazione, purché siano state rispettate tutte le obbligazioni assunte con il presente contratto e, alla riconsegna, i locali si trovino nello stato in cui sono stati consegnati, salvo il deperimento per l'uso normale.
In tutti i casi in cui Pro Brixia provveda a comunicare al Conduttore di avere escusso, in tutto o in parte, la garanzia da questo prestata, il Conduttore sarà tenuto a reintegrare l'originario ammontare della garanzia. Tale reintegro dovrà essere effettuato entro 30 giorni dalla data di ricezione della comunicazione.
Nel caso in cui il Conduttore non provveda a reintegrare la garanzia bancaria, è facoltà di Pro Brixia risolvere il contratto di locazione in corso.
La garanzia ha la durata del contratto di locazione e si intende estinta solo con la formale restituzione della stessa da parte di Pro Brixia, rimanendo non valida ogni altra disposizione in merito.
Art. 10 – Risoluzione del contratto
Ai sensi dell'art. 1456 cod. civ., le parti convengono che il contratto si risolva di diritto nel caso dei seguenti inadempimenti a carico del Conduttore, previsti dalle relative disposizioni contrattuali:
* mancata corresponsione del canone locativo (artt. 2 e 3) per tre trimestri consecutivi;
* mancata stipulazione delle assicurazioni richieste (art. 11);
* mancata stipulazione della fideiussione richiesta (art. 12).
La risoluzione del contratto per fatto e colpa del Conduttore comporta il conseguente obbligo all'immediato rilascio del bene, salvo il risarcimento dei danni, oltre alla corresponsione di quanto dovuto maggiorato del 10%.
Art. 11 - Recesso
Il recesso è disciplinato dalle disposizioni contenute nella L. 392/1978.
Il Conduttore può recedere dal contratto al termine della prima scadenza contrattuale di sei anni, dando disdetta a mezzo raccomandata a.r. o PEC con preavviso di 6 mesi rispetto alla scadenza naturale.
E' possibile per il Conduttore recedere in qualsiasi momento dal contratto (art. 27 c. 7 legge 392/1978), dandone avviso a Pro Brixia, mediante Pec, almeno sei mesi prima della data in cui il recesso deve avere esecuzione.
Art. 12 - Obblighi di riservatezza
Le parti considereranno strettamente confidenziali i documenti e le informazioni di cui venissero a conoscenza durante il periodo contrattuale.
In ottemperanza alle normative del D. Lgs. 196/2003, ogni dato relativo alla documentazione non potrà essere usato per fini che esulino il rapporto contrattuale e non dovrà essere violato il diritto alla riservatezza.
Art. 13 – Controversie
Tutte le controversie inerenti l'interpretazione, l'esecuzione e/o la risoluzione del contratto dovranno essere sottoposte, prima del ricorso, alla autorità giurisdizionale ordinaria, su richiesta di una delle parti, al tentativo di mediazione secondo la procedura di mediazione prevista dal Regolamento del Servizio di Conciliazione della Camera di Commercio di Brescia – Organismo iscritto al n. 104 del Registro degli Organismi di Mediazione –
che le parti dichiarano espressamente di conoscere ed accettare integralmente.
Il Regolamento e le tabelle delle indennità saranno quelle in vigore al momento dell'attivazione della procedura. La sede della mediazione sarà presso la sede principale o le sedi secondarie dell'Organismo di Mediazione.
Il foro competente per qualsiasi controversia è in via esclusiva quello di Brescia.
Art. 14 – Imposte, tasse e spese di contratto
E' a carico dell'aggiudicatario l'imposta di bollo sul presente atto. L'Azienda speciale provvede ad assolvere l'imposta al momento della stipula dietro versamento della quota spettante da parte della ditta contraente. In caso di mancato versamento, l'Azienda speciale provvederà a trattenere quanto dovuto a tale titolo, in sede di primo pagamento relativo al contratto.
Ai sensi del DPR 24.4.86 n. 131, il presente contratto è soggetto a registrazione in termine fisso, con applicazione dell'imposta proporzionale dell'1% sull'importo del canone relativo a ciascun anno di durata del contratto, ai sensi di legge del locatore in parti uguali.
Pro Brixia dichiara espressamente di voler optare per l'applicazione dell'Iva ai sensi dell'art. 35, D.L. 223/2006, in quanto la Società conduttrice sottoscrive il presente contratto dichiarando di non essere un soggetto escluso dal campo di applicazione dell'Iva poiché agisce nell'esercizio d'impresa, e dichiarando altresì di non essere un soggetto la cui attività dà luogo ad operazioni esenti in misura superiore al 75%.
Art. 15 - Disposizioni applicabili
Qualunque modifica del presente contratto deve essere effettuata in forma scritta, così come ogni comunicazione riguardante il contratto e la cosa locata.
Per quanto non specificato nel presente contratto, le parti si rimettono alle disposizioni, dettate in materia di locazione, dal Codice Civile, dalla Legge n. 392/1978 e dalla Legge n. 118/85 e successive modificazioni e integrazioni, in mancanza, agli usi ed alle consuetudini locali, nonché a tutte le altre disposizioni di legge vigenti.
Art. 16 - Domicilio delle parti
Per gli effetti del presente contratto e per tutte le conseguenze derivanti, Pro Brixia ed il Conduttore eleggono il proprio domicilio presso le rispettive sedi.
Allegato
1 - planimetrie catastali
Letto, approvato e sottoscritto.
Brescia, ________________________
….........
PRO BRIXIA
(…..........)
(…........................)
Agli effetti degli artt. 1341 e 1342 del C.C., si approvano espressamente:
Art. 1 - Oggetto del contratto e durata
```
Art. 2 – Canone locativo Art. 3 – Corresponsione del canone e deposito cauzionale Art. 5 - Obblighi del Conduttore Art. 6 – Migliorie e innovazioni Art. 7 - Riconsegna dei locali Art. 8 - Rischi e Responsabilità Art. 9 - Garanzia degli obblighi contrattuali Art. 10 – Risoluzione del contratto Art. 11 - Recesso Art. 13 – Controversie Art. 14 – Imposte, tasse e spese di contratto Art. 15 - Disposizioni applicabili …......... (…..........)
``` | <urn:uuid:3d51a756-9464-4ad1-853b-57b914cf1879> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ita_Latn/train | finepdfs | ita_Latn | 20,007 |
**DWELLING FIRE POLICY**
| POLICY NUMBER | POLICY PERIOD |
|---------------|---------------|
| UTD | 03/11/2016 - 03/11/2017 |
**AMENDED DECLARATION**
Effective: 03/15/2016
Date Issued: 03/28/2016
**INSURED:**
Owner
123 Property St
HOUSTON TX 77064
**AGENT:** 4200001
SERNA INSURANCE AGENCY INC
9232 WILL CLAYTON PKWY
HUMBLE TX 77338-5857
Telephone: 713-123-4567
Telephone: 281-812-9775
The residence premises covered by this policy is located at the above insured address unless otherwise stated below:
123 Property St
HOUSTON TX 77064
Coverage is provided where premium and limit of liability is shown. Flood coverage is not provided and is not a part of this policy.
**SECTION I COVERAGE**
| LIMIT OF LIABILITY | DESCRIPTION | PREMIUMS |
|--------------------|-------------|----------|
| A. DWELLING | $178,000.00 | $1,055.00|
| B. OTHER STRUCTURES| $3,560.00 | INCLUDED |
| C. PERSONAL PROPERTY| -$86.00 | |
| D. FAIR RENTAL VALUE| $17,800.00 | INCLUDED |
**SECTION II COVERAGE**
| LIMIT OF LIABILITY | DESCRIPTION | PREMIUMS |
|--------------------|-------------|----------|
| L. PERSONAL LIABILITY| $300,000.00 | $60.00 |
| M. MEDICAL PAYMENTS | $5,000.00 | $10.00 |
**OPTIONAL COVERAGES**
| LIMIT OF LIABILITY | DESCRIPTION | PREMIUMS |
|--------------------|-------------|----------|
| Limited Fungi or Microbes | $5,000.00 | INCLUDED |
Continued on Additional Coverages Schedule
The above coverages are subject to a 1% / $1,780 All Other Peril Deductible per non-Wind/Hail loss.
The above coverages are subject to a 1% / $1,780 Wind/Hail Deductible per wind/hail loss.
TOTAL POLICY PREMIUM INCLUDING ASSESSMENTS AND ALL SURCHARGES: $1,159.00
PLEASE CONTACT YOUR AGENT IF THERE ARE ANY QUESTIONS PERTAINING TO YOUR POLICY.
**FORMS AND ENDORSEMENTS**
| DL 2401 (12/02) | DL 2402 (12/02) |
|-----------------|-----------------|
| DL 2411 (12/02) | DL 2416 (12/02) |
| DP 0003 (12/02)| DP 0312 (12/02) |
| DP 0411 (12/02)| DP 0550 (12/03) |
Continued on Forms Schedule
**COUNTERSIGNED DATE** 03/28/2016
**BY**
**ADDITIONAL INTERESTS**
**ADDITIONAL INSURED**
HOUSTON PROFESSIONAL MANAGEMENT GROUP
P.O. BOX 37269
Houston, TX 77237 | 88cd5c9b-d039-4cd7-b7db-ecb946e30310 | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 2,216 |
Toimitilaa Sokerilinnantie 11, 02600 Espoo
Vuokrataan
Moderni 1613,5 m² toimisto loistopaikalla Kehä I:n reunassa, Leppävaarassa.
Tilatyyppi
Tilan tarjoaja
ScanReal Oy LKV
p. 020 730 8830
firstname.lastname@example.org https://scanreal.fi
Kohdenumero: 10796640
Sivu 1/4
© 2024 Toimitilat.fi
Lisätiedot
Toimitilaa Sokerilinnantie 11, 02600 Espoo
Kiinteistö
Sola Business Valleyssa 4. kerroksen 370 m² moderni toimistotila, jossa sekä avotoimistotilaa että huoneita.
Vuonna 2012 valmistunut Sola Business Valley on suosittu toimistokohde Kehä I:n varrella, Leppävaaran palveluiden ja juna-aseman vieressä. Pirteän värinen Sola ei jää huomaamatta, ja täältä löydät yrityksellesi edustavat toimitilat parhaalla sijainnilla.
Solassa on yli 16 000 m² vuokrattavaa toimitilaa kuudessa kerroksessa. Toimitilojen muunneltavuus, hyvät palvelut ja huippusijainti luovat Solasta erinomaisen työympäristön kaikenlaisille tiimeille. Sola Business Valley toimitilakohde, jolla on BREEAM In-use -ympäristösertifikaatti.
Toimitilat ovat muunneltavissa vastaamaan erilaisten yritysten toiveita. Ympäristöystävällisyys on otettu huomioon jo rakennusvaiheessa valitsemalla ekologisia ja energiatehokkaita rakennusmateriaaleja.
Kohteessa on käytössä myös sisäilman monitorointi joka mittaa sisäilman laatua ja pienhiukkastasoja toimitiloissa. Mittaus suoritetaan mm. kosteusmittareilla sekä lämpötila-ja hiilidioksidiantureilla.
Solan palveluiden ansiosta työympäristösi on toimiva ja viihtyisä. Yrityspuisto tarjoaa vuokralaisille arkea helpottavia tukipalveluita. Viereisen Kauppakeskus Sellon palvelut täydentävät Solan monipuolista palvelutarjontaa.
Solassa voit keskittyä työhösi enemmän ja huolehtia muusta vähemmän!
Ilmoituksen kuvat ovat yleiskuvia kiinteistön eri tiloista.
Kohdenumero: 10796640
© 2024 Toimitilat.fi
Tarkemmat tiedot
Hissi
Näkyvällä paikalla
Rakennusvuosi
2012
Kerros
4
Energiatehokkuusluokka
Ei lain edellyttämää energiatodistusta
Ympäristöluokitus
BREEAM In-use
Sivu 2/4
Kuvia
Toimitilaa Sokerilinnantie 11, 02600 Espoo
Kohdenumero: 10796640
© 2024 Toimitilat.fi
Sivu 3/4
Pohjapiirros
Toimitilaa Sokerilinnantie 11, 02600 Espoo
Kohdenumero: 10796640
© 2024 Toimitilat.fi
Sivu 4/4 | <urn:uuid:e7f99a7d-18b6-4bf0-8fe2-840d1327af65> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/fin_Latn/train | finepdfs | fin_Latn | 2,231 |
NEWS RELEASE
CONTACT: Scott B. Flaherty
Executive Vice President & Chief Financial Officer email@example.com 561.413.0112
Willis Lease Finance Corporation Announces Timing of Third Quarter 2024 Earnings and Conference Call
COCONUT CREEK, FL — October 16, 2024 — Willis Lease Finance Corporation (NASDAQ: WLFC) ("WLFC") plans to announce its financial results for the third quarter 2024 before the opening of Nasdaq on Monday, November 4, 2024.
WLFC plans to hold a conference call with members of WLFC's executive management team on Monday, November 4, 2024, at 10:00 a.m. Eastern Standard Time to discuss its third quarter 2024 results. Individuals wishing to participate in the conference call should dial: US and Canada (888) 632-5004, International +1 (646) 828-8082, wait for the conference operator and provide the operator with the Conference ID 512645. A digital replay will be available two hours after the completion of the conference call. To access the replay, please visit our website at www.wlfc.global under the Investors section for details.
A copy of the press release and an earnings supplement will be posted to the Investor Relations section of the Company's website, www.wlfc.global prior to the call.
Willis Lease Finance Corporation
Willis Lease Finance Corporation leases large and regional spare commercial aircraft engines, auxiliary power units and aircraft to airlines, aircraft engine manufacturers and maintenance, repair, and overhaul providers worldwide. These leasing activities are integrated with engine and aircraft trading, engine lease pools and asset management services through Willis Asset Management Limited, as well as various end-of-life solutions for engines and aviation materials provided through Willis Aeronautical Services, Inc. Additionally, through Willis Engine Repair Center ® , Jet Centre by Willis, and Willis Aviation Services Limited, the Company's service offerings include Part 145 engine maintenance, aircraft line and base maintenance, aircraft disassembly, parking and storage, airport FBO and ground and cargo handling services. | <urn:uuid:ee45aee8-45d0-4263-9a9f-c2af5666bf05> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 2,100 |
| Faktúra číslo: | 3/2011 |
|----------------|--------|
| Daňový doklad: | |
| Dátum zdaniteľného plnenia: | 27.1.2011 |
| Dátum vystavenia: | 28.1.2011 |
| Dátum splatnosti: | 11.2.2011 |
| Forma úhrady: | PP |
| Banka dodávateľa: | Dexia banka a.s. |
| Číslo účtu: | 5216307004/5600 |
| Dodávateľ: | Mestská knižnica mesta Piešťany |
|------------|---------------------------------|
| Obchodný názov: | Mestská knižnica mesta Piešťany |
| Sídlo: | Školská 19 |
| Miesto podnikania: | 921 01 Piešťany |
| IČO: | 182885 |
| DIČO: | 2020530809 |
| Odberatel: | Ivan Klúčovský |
|------------|----------------|
| Scherera 16 | 921 01 Piešťany |
| IČO: | 36986232 |
| DIČO: | 1041147492 |
| Por. číslo | Názov a druh tovaru | % DPH | Množstvo | Jednotka | Cena za jednotku | € spolu bez dane |
|------------|---------------------|-------|----------|----------|------------------|-----------------|
| | | | | | | |
Fakturujeme Vám na základe objednávky zo dňa 27.1.2011 reklamné predmety 240 ks á 0,60 € v dohodnutej cene:
144,00 €
Mestská knižnica mesta Piešťany
Školská ul. 19
921 01 Piešťany
Faktúru vystavil: Tomešková Zuzana
Podpis a pečiatka:
Celková fakturovaná suma: 144,00 € | <urn:uuid:71ac0081-0235-4590-9406-baa3ea446305> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/slk_Latn/train | finepdfs | slk_Latn | 1,274 |
Communicating with impact
We all observed that our presence played a role depending on people's reaction. These differences are partially due to our way of packing and delivering messages, partially due to their content.
What is in it for me in this workshop?
Specifying, understanding and accepting my comfort zones
Specifying, understand and accepting my effort zones
Diagnosing my communication needs
Diagnosing others' communication needs
Not being intimidated by other's communication skills
Knowing what to do/to say and what to avoid with others
Avoiding some conflits thanks to a better understanding of others
Increasing my contribution to my team
Increasing my leadership qualities
Understand
Integrate
Practise
Agenda
DAY 1
Self-diagnosis of our social communication profile
Positioning of the DiSC Model
Different levels of traits
Do you like dictations?
Definition of a social style
Preferences
The 2 analysed dimensions
Descriptors of each dimension
The DiSC Model
Use of Time and Information
Descriptors of each style
Motivators and Fears
Behaviours in Conflict
Typical and extreme behaviours
Designing a product brochure
What to do and to avoid with each style
Adaptation criteria's
DAY 2
The link between the DiSC Model and Selling Benefits, Leading others, Turning Conflicts into Agreements or the 7 Wonders of Great Leaders
Methodology
Subgroup Discussions
Role Plays/ Exercises
Illustrative Videos
Role Plays/ Exercises | <urn:uuid:2eb318d0-ff98-4f1f-9aa9-ff2419bd490d> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 1,449 |
QUOTATION NOTICE
To, Officer Incharge
ARIS., Dr. PDKV. Akola
Subject: - Quotation for supply of paper.
Please arrange to send quotation for supply of paper. The particulars of the item to be purchased and conditions of supply are mentioned below.
| S. N. | Particulars | Size/Make/Weight | Approx. Quantity |
|-------|-----------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------|
| 1 | Ledge Paper, Ballarpur | Size 51.0 X 76.0 cm (20” X 30”), 70 GSM, 13.6 kg., 500 sheets / ream | 50 reams |
| 2 | Ledge Paper, Ballarpur | Size 43.0 X 68.0 cm (17” X 27”), 70 GSM, 10.2 kg., 500 sheets / ream | 50 reams |
| 3 | Maplitho white crown | Size 20” X 30”, 58 GSM, 10.5 kg., 500 sheets / ream | 60 reams |
| 4 | Double cap full scape paper | size 41.0 X 66. Cm (016” X 26”), 58 / 54 GSM, 7.4 / 6.9 kg., 500 sheets / ream | 40 reams |
| 5 | Straw boards | 32 no. / 28 no. | 1400 nos. |
Term and conditions of supply:
1. The quotation should be in the name of O/I UNIVERSITY PRINTING PRESS, DR. PDKV., AKOLA mentioning quotation for supply paper on the envelope.
2. The quotation should reach this office with samples of paper as specified on or before 10.5.2017.
3. The quotation will be accepted on all working days between 11.00 to 5.00 P.M.
4. The rates quoted will have to be accepted for a period of 06 months from the date fixed for receiving the quotation.
5. The rates quoted will have to be inclusive of all taxes with delivery at University Priming Press, Dr. PDKV., Akola.
6. The right to accept whole or part of the quotation or reject the quotation are reserved with the undersigned without assigning any reason therefore.
7. In the event of failure to supply the material within the specified period, the undersigned will have authority to cancel the supply order.
8. Supplier will be responsible for payment of tax/service tax etc.
9. The sale Tax No./PAN No. will have to be mentioned on quotation.
OFFICER INCHARGE
UNIVERSITY PRINTING PRESS,
DR. PDKV., AKOLA | <urn:uuid:4f3c0932-2e7c-43f6-9dca-0fe65d86f55c> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 2,380 |
Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
07/06/2024
Homenatge a Catalina Massaguer Torrent, àvia centenària de la Residència Santa Caterina de Torroella de Montgrí
L'Ajuntament de Torroella de Montgrí, la Generalitat i la Fundació Hospital-Asil de Pobres i Malalts de Torroella de Montgrí han homenatjat aquesta tarda la resident Catalina Massaguer Torrent, amb motiu del seu centenari. L'acte s'ha celebrat a la Residència i Centre de Dia Santa Caterina i, a banda de residents, amistats i familiars, ha comptat amb l'assistència de l'alcalde, Jordi Colomí; la regidora de Serveis Socials i Gent Gran, Anna Bonada i la directora dels serveis territorials de Drets Socials, Helga Nuell.
L'acte ha començat amb la benvinguda a càrrec del gerent de la Fundació, Jordi Reynés, i tot seguit ha intervingut la presidenta del Patronat de la Fundació Hospital-Asil de Pobres i Malalts de Torroella de Montgrí, Montserrat Sarassa, que ha fet un perfil biogràfic i humà de l'homenatjada.
A continuació, la directora dels serveis territorials de Drets Socials li ha lliurat la Medalla Centenària de la Generalitat de Catalunya i li ha llegit una carta personalitzada del conseller de Drets Socials, Carles Campuzano.
Tot seguit ha estat el torn de la representació municipal, amb la intervenció de l'alcalde, Jordi Colomí, que ha llegit una carta institucional, i li han lliurat un ram.
Després de l'acte protocol·lari s'ha fet una festa de celebració. | <urn:uuid:96b3b24f-6649-4f96-bd5f-f48616783d52> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/cat_Latn/train | finepdfs | cat_Latn | 1,441 |
September
Månaden såg ut att bli riktigt svag vindmässigt men sista veckans friska ostvindar har räddat upp siffrorna något. Datainsamlingen från flera av vindparkerna är ur funktion men tillgänglig data visar att vindarna varit bäst i västra Götaland. Knuts kulle är för en gångs skull något bättre än Vallerstad.
Vallerstad
Gudrun och Mathilda har gått helt utan tekniska avbrott i september.
Klämman
Klämman 1 har genomgått 12-månaders service och fick därför 30 h driftsbortfall.
Askome
Driftsbolaget har ännu inte rapporterat någon tillgänglighet för vare sig augusti eller september.
Produktionsbudget för Vallerstad och Klämman 2017
Marknadspriser
Elpriserna har hållits uppe bra men när de sommarstängda kärnreaktorerna nu återstartar så kommer det att hålla tillbaka priserna. Certifikaten är kvar på en stabilt låg nivå . En kall vinter med svaga vindar kan få kursen att röra sig uppåt kortsiktigt. På längre sikt är priset på väg mot 0.
/Hans | <urn:uuid:49844aea-ee3c-41b0-9f7e-5b13433aedab> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/swe_Latn/train | finepdfs | swe_Latn | 981 |
| MODEL | TYPE | WATTS | MAX. HEAD FEET | (5) MAX. FLOW G.P.M. | (3) VOLTS | PV(2) PANEL | APPLICATION |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2W2RD341500 2W2RD331200 2W2RD31730 2W2RD30600 2W2RE31800 | SID3.5PV SID5PV SID10PV SID10B12 SID10B24 | 3.5 5 10 10 10 | 1.8 2.2 3.5 3.5 3.5 | 2.0 2.5 3.3 3.3 3.3 | 17 17 17 14 20-35 | SA-5 SX5/M5 SX10/M10 12V BATT. 24V BATT. | 1ea 4X10 (4) 2ea 4X10 or 1 W/Glycol 3ea 4X10 or 2 W/Glycol Radiant Floor, 1A Fuse Radiant Floor, 0.5A Fuse |
NOTES:
1. Use a common AC-DC wall adapter for AC operation.
2. Example photovoltaic panels; the SA & SX series are by SOLAREX, the M series is by SIEMENS.
3. For photovoltaic driven SIDs, 20 volts maximum. For B12 SID's, 16 Volts max. ** For 10B24 SIDS, 35 Volts, 185F MAXIMUM. Use Fast Blo Fuses with Battery Pumps; 3AG-312.xxx
4. Typical DHW system @ "1-sun" = 1g.p.m.; SID3.5 & water. Use 20 watt pv with SID10 & glycol, above 35 latitude, typical.
5. Use easy opening check valve; e.g., Heliodyne no. SCV-.5. feed side... or use "bottom return" without valve (warm climates). on the return side... NIBCO T-480-Y (with spring removed) on the
MANUFACTURED BY:
IVAN LABS, INC. 305 CIRCLE WEST JUPITER, FLORIDA 33458 USA
DISTRIBUTED BY: | <urn:uuid:6cac4a86-c85a-4f20-aca4-a66ea636ed87> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 1,225 |
Peonies are perennials which will live for decades, even generations. Some peonies have been known to thrive for 100 years or more. The blooms are outrageously beautiful, producing lush, glossy green foliage all summer long and turning purplish or gold in the fall. Peonies are as stately and dignified as any shrub. They are somewhat more expensive to propagate, but well worth their cost. You should think of them as an investment in your garden.
Sarah Bernhardt is the queen of the peonies - yielding large, pure-pink, fragrant blooms. These characteristics make this variety a great peony choice and a Van Zyverden best seller since the beginning.
- Peonies will live for decades
- Excellent cut flower
Growing Instructions: In most of the country, the rules for success are simply full sun and well-drained humus-rich soil. Peonies even relish cold winters, because they need chilling for bud formation. In zones 8 and higher, they are harder to grow. They are not fussy, but choose your location wisely so that they can be left alone once planted. Plant away from trees or shrubs, as peonies do not like to compete for food.
Care Tip: The plants require little maintenance as long as they are planted properly and establish themselves; they don’t respond well to transplanting. Unlike most perennials, they thrive on benign neglect as they do not need to be dug and divided.
Exposure: Full sun to partial shade
Height: Grows 24-36” tall
Spacing/Depth: Plant 12-24” apart, 1.5 -2” deep
Blooms: Blooms spring
USDA Zones: Hardy in USDA zones 3-8
Guaranteed to grow 1 year from purchase if directions are followed. Any concerns related to quality and/or counts feel free to contact us.
Van Zyverden, Inc. • www.vanzyverden.com
email@example.com
Follow us on: | 7d9d814c-b898-4e37-9cfd-4ff259113c67 | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 1,767 |
QolorFLEX® 4x6A Dimmer (5754)
User’s Manual
Rev 1.0
© 2019 City Theatrical, Inc.
US HEADQUARTERS
475 BARELL AVENUE
CARLSTADT, NEW JERSEY 07072
TEL 800 230 9497 / 201 549 1160
FAX 201 549 1161
www.citytheatrical.com
LONDON OFFICE
UNIT 1-3 WYVERN ESTATE, BEVERLEY WAY
NEW MALDEN, SURREY KT3 4PH
TEL +44 (0) 20 8949 5051
FAX +44 (0) 20 7183 6061
| Section | Page |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------|------|
| System Compliance Information | 3 |
| Safety Notices, Ratings and Power Requirements | 3 |
| Introduction | 3 |
| 4x6A Front View | 4 |
| Setting up the QolorFLEX® 4x6A Dimmer | 5 |
| Installation | 5 |
| Power Connections | 5 |
| Dimmer Output Connections | 5 |
| Over-current Protection | 5 |
| DMX512 Input / Output | 5 |
| 0-10V Input | 5 |
| User interface | 5 |
| 4x6A Dimmer RDM Parameter IDs | 6 |
| DMX addressing | 7 |
| Selecting Dimmer Curves | 8 |
| Smoothing (Dimmer Response Time) | 9 |
| Using 4x6A Dimmer with CTI Flicker Candles | 9 |
| Appendix A: Using QolorFLEX® series Dimmers with LED Tape | 10 |
| How much Tape can I use with one 4x6A Dimmer? | 10 |
| Connecting Single Color Tape | 10 |
| Connecting Three Color (RGB) or Four Color (RGBW, RGBA) LED Tape | 11 |
| 4x6A Dimmer Specifications | 11 |
| DMX Control Features | 11 |
| Mechanical | 11 |
| Electronic/ Functional Features | 11 |
| Other Features | 11 |
| Compliance | 12 |
System Compliance Information
The QolorFLEX® 4x6A Dimmer is CE Certified.
Standards applied:
EN 55203-1: 2009
EN 55203-2: 2009
EN 301 489-1 V1.8.1
EN 301 489-3 V1.4.1
EN 60950-1:2006 / A1:2010
FCC Rules, Part 15, Subpart B, Sections 15.107 and 15.109
Products Conform to CE Marking Directive 93/68/EEC
All models are RoHS compliant
Safety Notices, Ratings and Power Requirements
Please read this entire manual before using your new equipment. Please keep the manual in a safe place so you can refer to it in the future as required.
The QolorFLEX 4x6A Dimmer is intended for use only by qualified professionals. Connection, installation and hanging of this equipment must be performed in accordance with all pertinent local, regional and national safety codes and regulations.
The QolorFLEX 4x6A Dimmer is intended for indoor use.
The unit enclosure is rated NEMA 1 / IP20.
Rated operating voltage; 100~240 VAC, 10A max
Maximum operating temperature: 0°C - 40°C.
Introduction
Thank you for using City Theatrical’s QolorFLEX 4x6A Dimmer. The QolorFLEX 4x6A Dimmer represents new benchmarks for control features and affordability in a dimmer for use with LEDs, incandescent fixtures, relays, or other devices.
The QolorFLEX 4x6A Dimmer features include:
- Built-in 600W power supply.
- Rotary DMX selector switches.
- Bump buttons
- Channel output indicator lights.
- DMX termination switch.
- DMX present light.
- Status light
- Replaceable input fuse.
- Fuseless outputs.
- XLR DMX512-A and RJ-45 DMX512-A Input/Pass-Thru (Only one input, and one output may be used at the same time).
- RDM responder functions.
- 0-10V control input.
• Detachable terminal block outputs
• Five TV/Film modes
• Six smoothing rates
• NEMA 1 / IP 20 rated enclosure (indoor use)
• Four channel DC Dimmer with two outputs per channel (10 Amps per channel).
• FCC and CE Certified
• Fan Cooled
• Attached power cord
• Mounting
Every effort has been made to anticipate your questions in this manual, but if you have any questions that are not answered here, or you want to discuss a special application, please feel free to contact us directly at City Theatrical.
**QolorFLEX® 4x6A Front View**
Setting up the QolorFLEX® 4x6A Dimmer
**Installation**
Install the QolorFLEX 4x6A Dimmer in a suitable location, following the instructions below.
**Power Connections**
Connect 100 - 240VAC power to the Dimmer using the front facing power input. The Input power is fed to an internal power supply that is protected by the 10A T 250V fuse located next to the power input.
**Dimmer Output Connections**
The four dimmer channels are labeled “A”, “B”, “C”, and “D”. Each channel supports up to two load outputs. If the QolorFLEX 4x6A Dimmer has terminal blocks, connect +VDC to the + (plus) Terminal, and – (minus) VDC to the – Terminal. These terminals will accommodate up to 14 AWG / 1.5mm² wire.
**Overcurrent Protection**
The QolorFLEX 4x6A Dimmer is provided with an external 10A 250V fuse for AC input protection. This fuse is user serviceable. Each dimmer output is provided with fuseless hardware-based overcurrent protection that functions automatically when an overcurrent condition exists. When overload condition is removed, normal operation resumes.
**DMX512 Input / Output / Termination**
This is a PLASA/ANSI compliant DMX512-A Input / Output. The QolorFLEX 4x6A Dimmer supports five-pin XLR DMX512-A input as well as RJ-45 input which is a lower cost alternative to DMX cable. Once connected, the DMX start address can be changed using the three rotary switches on the front panel of the unit. A single position DIP switch is provided as a DMX termination switch if the unit is at the end of the DMX line. The Termination switch is located at the far right of the DMX Address DIP Switch array and is marked “T”. Only one DMX input and one DMX output per 4x6A is permitted.
**0-10V Input**
The QolorFLEX 4x6A Dimmer supports 0-10V input control. If your 0-10V control supplies voltage, leave the 10V DIP switch in the OFF position. Otherwise put the DIP switch in the ON position so the QolorFLEX 4x6A Dimmer supplies the current to your device. This device is set so the highest input level takes precedence to control the output on the load. Make sure to leave the 10V DIP switch in the off position if you are not using this function. Otherwise your load will be set to maximum because there will be nothing pulling down the current being supplied on the 0-10V screw terminals.
**User interface**
The QolorFLEX 4x6A Dimmer is provided with a set of switches and LED indicators for configuration and status monitoring:
1. **DMX Present LED**: Indicates DMX512 Data is being received, blinks if no data is present.
2. **Dimmer Pilot Light LEDs**: Fade up and down with the dimmer to permit easy monitoring and testing
3. **Status LED**: Indicates the following error/fault conditions:
| Condition | Blink Pattern | Blinks followed by 1sec pause |
|----------------------------|---------------|-------------------------------|
| UNDER VOLTAGE | . . . | 1 |
| INVALID DMX ADDRESS | . . . . | 2 |
| OUTPUT OVER CURRENT | .... .... | 4 |
| INPUT OVER CURRENT | ..... ....... | 5 |
| OVER TEMP | ...... .......| 6 |
| OVER VOLTAGE | ..............| 7 |
| OUTPUT SHORT CIRCUIT | .......... ....| 8 |
4. **Bump Buttons**: A bump button is provided for each channel output.
5. **Curve Selection DIP Switch** (eight position): Select the dimming curve for each of the individual dimmer outputs in the unit. (See page 8)
6. **MOD (Mode) Selection DIP Switch** (two position): Select the PWM modulation frequency for dimmer channels set to the LED Curve. (See page 8)
7. **10V Dip Switch** (one position): Set this to OFF if this function is not in use or if your device provides the voltage for 0-10V control. Otherwise set this to ON.
8. **R Dip Switch** (one position): Setting this reset switch to ON resets the Dimmer and holds in reset until set to OFF.
9. **T Dip Switch** (one position): Setting this termination switch to ON connects end-of-line DMX termination.
**QolorFLEX® 4x6A Dimmer RDM Parameter IDs**
The QolorFLEX 4x6A Dimmer supports all the mandatory RDM Parameter IDs (PIDs) plus the following PIDs:
PROXIED_DEVICE_COUNT
PROXIED_DEVICES_ENHANCED
SUPPORTED_PARAMETERS
PARAMETER_DESCRIPTION
DEVICE_MODEL_DESCRIPTION
MANUFACTURER_LABEL
DEVICE_LABEL
FACTORY_DEFAULTS
SOFTWARE_VERSION_LABEL
DMX_BLOCK_ADDRESS
SENSOR_DEFINITION
SENSOR_VALUE
RECORD_SENSORS
OUTPUT_RESPONSE_TIME
OUTPUT_RESPONSE_TIME_DESCRIPTION
MODULATION_FREQUENCY
MODULATION_FREQUENCY_DESCRIPTION
DMX_START_ADDRESS
SLOT_INFO
SLOT_DESCRIPTION
SENSOR_DEFINITION
SENSOR_VALUE
RECORD_SENSORS
CURVE
CURVE_DESCRIPTION
IDENTIFY_DEVICE
To learn more about RDM, a good place to start is the Wikipedia article on RDM (lighting) at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDM_(lighting)
**DMX addressing**
Set the starting address for the QolorFLEX® 4x6A Dimmer using the DMX Address rotary switch. The switches are labeled as 100’s, 10’s, and 1’s. To set the starting address, simply twist the rotary switches to match the desired starting address, and the remaining three slots are addressed contiguously. The highest starting address that can be set by the rotary switches is limited to 509 in the QolorFLEX 4x6A Dimmer.
DMX addressing may also be set using RDM. When RDM is used, the individual dimmer channels may be set independently, and to any DMX address.
Whichever method is used, last takes precedence. The unit maintains the last used setting over power cycles, and checks on power up to see if switches have been changed while the unit was off.
Selecting Dimmer Curves
The dimming curve can be set individually for each 6A channel output. The QolorFLEX 4x6A Dimmer has an eight position DIP Switch with two positions for each channel output.
| Dimmer | Switch 1 | Switch 2 | Switch 3 | Switch 4 | Switch 5 | Switch 6 | Switch 7 | Switch 8 | Function |
|--------|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------|---------------------------|
| A | OFF | OFF | | | | | | | Normal Dimming, ISL Curve |
| | OFF | ON | | | | | | | NON - DIM |
| | ON | OFF | | | | | | | Linear Dimming Curve |
| | ON | ON | | | | | | | LED Curve |
| B | | | OFF | OFF | | | | | Normal Dimming, ISL Curve |
| | | | OFF | ON | | | | | NON - DIM |
| | | | ON | OFF | | | | | Linear Dimming Curve |
| | | | ON | ON | | | | | LED Curve |
| C | | | | | OFF | OFF | | | Normal Dimming, ISL Curve |
| | | | | | OFF | ON | | | NON - DIM |
| | | | | | ON | OFF | | | Linear Dimming Curve |
| | | | | | ON | ON | | | LED Curve |
| D | | | | | | | OFF | OFF | Normal Dimming, ISL Curve |
| | | | | | | | OFF | ON | NON - DIM |
| | | | | | | | ON | OFF | Linear Dimming Curve |
| | | | | | | | ON | ON | LED Curve |
The LED Curve is the default mode, and is intended for controlling LEDs but may be used for other specialized loads.
The LED Curve Modes have been optimized for flicker free performance in TV and Film applications. All settings have been camera tested with motion picture film and digital cinema cameras. The settings are different to allow compensation for variations in shutter speed and shutter angle. A camera test is recommended to confirm the correct setting has been selected.
The ISL (Inverse Square Law) Curve is intended for incandescent lamp dimming and is similar to a conventional mains-powered lighting dimmer curve. The PWM period for ISL is 60Hz. The NON-DIM function is intended for relays and other devices requiring switched power without PWM dimming.
The Linear Curve is a simple linear scale that can be used to drive DC integrators or other devices where linear response needed. The Linear PWM period is 60Hz.
Mode Settings
The Mode Settings include TV/Film Mode 1 - 4 which are DIP selectable, and TV/Film Mode five which is selectable via RDM only using the MODULATION_FREQUENCY RDM parameter.
| OFF | OFF | TV/Film Mode 1 |
|-----|-----|----------------|
| ON | OFF | TV/Film Mode 2 |
| OFF | ON | TV/Film Mode 3 (Default) |
| ON | ON | TV/Film Mode 4 |
The settings are also provided to allow control of other specialized loads (see below). Dimmer curves and Modes may be set manually using the Dimmer Curve and Mode DIP switches or using RDM. Whichever method is used last takes precedence. The unit maintains the last used setting over power cycles, and checks on power up to see if switches have been changed while the unit was off.
Smoothing (Dimmer Response Time)
When the LED Curve is selected, one of six different smoothing settings can be selected using RDM. The smoothing setting determines how quickly the dimmer responds to changes in DMX level. With the fastest smoothing setting (5ms) the dimmer and connected LED loads will respond immediately to any level change. As longer smoothing settings are selected, the dimmer and connected LED loads will “ramp” more smoothly between DMX levels, simulating the delayed response of an incandescent filament lamp. The six Smoothing settings are:
- 5ms
- 10ms
- 50ms
- 100ms (default)
- 200ms
- 400ms
The selected Smoothing setting affects all channels configured with the LED Curve. The default setting is 100ms. The Smoothing (Dimmer Response Time) setting is selected via RDM using the DIMMER_RESPONSE_TIME Parameter.
Using QolorFLEX 4x6A Dimmer with CTI Flicker Candles
Curve: The Curve must be set to LED, which is both switches 1 & 2 set to ON.
Mode: Must be in TV/Film Mode 1, which is both mode switches in off position.
Note
The QolorFLEX 4x6A Dimmer is a constant voltage PWM dimmer and so will work with any size LED load that is within the Dimmer’s 24A current and 24VDC voltage range. Note that constant voltage dimmers do not compensate for voltage drop in load wiring so care should be taken to optimize load wiring designs by minimizing run length, assuring termination quality, and assuring adequately sized wire is used.
Appendix A: Using QolorFLEX Dimmers with LED Tape
City Theatrical 5700 QolorFLEX Dimmers have been optimized for use with 24V LED tape. The 4x6A Dimmer can be used with single color, two color (variable white), three color (RGB), or four color (RGBW, RGBA) tape.
How much Tape can I use with one QolorFLEX 4x6A Dimmer?
LED tape load current varies by brand and style. Use the manufacturer’s mA/meter specification figure to determine your load, and distribute your load to assure no more than 6A per QolorFLEX 4x6A Dimmer. Consult your tape manufacturer for more information.
Connecting Single Color Tape
12 Volt single color tape is provided with a single +VDC circuit and a –VDC circuit.
1. Connect the +VDC circuit to one of the four + output terminals and connect the -VDC circuit to the accompanying – output terminal.
2. Select the LED Curve for each dimmer channel used.
3. If you wish to change the PWM frequency, use RDM or the MOD DIP switch to select the frequency desired.
Connecting Three Color (RGB) or Four Color (RGBW, RGBA) LED Tape
24 Volt three color LED tape is provided with a single +24VDC circuit and a –VDC circuit for each color.
1. Connect the +24VDC circuit to any one of the eight + output terminals. The + terminals are bussed and provide constant voltage. Note that some tape comes pre-wired with Black wire for the +24VDC circuit while other tape comes pre-wire with White wire.
2. Connect the R, G, and B circuits each to one the eight – output terminals (in the case of four color tape, connect the A or W circuit to the fourth – output terminal).
- The terminals are the PWM dimmed outputs of the Dimmer. *Note that some tape comes with the R, G, and B (and A or W) circuits in a different order than others.
3. Output terminals located on the same channel will be controlled by the same DMX address.
4. Select the LED Curve for each dimmer channel used.
5. If you wish to change the PWM frequency, use RDM or the MOD DIP switch to select the frequency desired.
4x6A Dimmer Specifications
**DMX Control Features**
The 4x10A Dimmer Includes:
- Rotary switches for DMX addressing.
- 0-10V input control.
- DMX 5-pin XLR terminals for input/Pass-Thru.
- Ethernet Terminals for DMX In/Pass-Thru.
- *Note: a total of one input and one output may be used per 4x6A.
- Termination switch for end-of line DMX termination.
- RDM Responder functions.
**Mechanical**
- Rugged NEMA one Aluminum enclosure surface mounting tabs for wall or deck mounting
**Electronic/ Functional Features**
All units include:
- Bump buttons
- Rotary switch, DMX Addressing
- DIP Switch, Curve Selection (four choices)
- DIP Switch, LED TV and Film Modes (five choices)
- DIP Switch, 0-10V Input Control Enable (on-off)
- DIP Switch, DMX Termination (on-off)
- LED indicators:
- Dimmer pilot lights (one for each channel)
- DMX (data present)
- Status
- Fan cooled
**Other Features**
All units include:
- Four dimmer output channels with two outputs per channel.
- Max output per dimmer channel 6A (shared between two outputs).
- screw terminals
- Max total output per device 24A
- Fully RDM enabled
- Individual DMX addresses
- 100 - 240 VAC input
- 10A T 250V fuse for protection
- Internal power supply (24V, 24A)
- Self healing over current protection
- Individually protected against over-temperature
- Individual bump buttons
- PWM resolution 16-bit
- Dimming Curves
- Linear, 60Hz
- ISL, 60Hz
- Non-Dim
- LED Features:
- Six variable LED smoothing rates
- Five TV/Film Modes
**Compliance:**
- ETL Listed to UL508-A
- CE Certified
- Emissions/
Immunity
- Electrical Safety
- WEEE
- Sustainability
- RoHS Compliant
**CTI Part #s:** 5754 QolorFLEX 4x6A Dimmer
**Power:** 100 - 240 VAC 10A Max Power Input
**Weight:** 6.7 lbs. (3 kg)
**Dimensions:** 12.25” (L) x 8.00” (W) x 4.062” (H) 311mm (L) x 203mm (W) x 103mm (H) | <urn:uuid:6f93479c-b6de-4b23-975e-907e84b6f2b8> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 20,247 |
LE POPOLAZIONI TRENTINE
SOTTO LA PRESSIONE DELLA GUERRA
(1914-1918)
COME CAMBIA LA SOCIETÀ TRENTINA FRA ANTEGUERRA E GUERRA
All’epoca dello scoppio della Prima guerra mondiale, nell’agosto 1914, il Trentino aveva finalmente raggiunto una fase di sviluppo positiva sul piano economico e politico. Soprattutto in alcune valli si stava attraversando un momento di grande espansione, era un periodo straordinario di fervore economico, di spirito d’iniziativa: pensiamo ad esempio all’affermazione turistica in Val di Fassa e nel Primiero, allo sviluppo del turismo termale a Roncegno, all’aumento del numero degli artigiani la cui attività era legata all’edilizia, settore che aveva avuto in tutto il Trentino una notevole crescita a partire dagli ultimi anni dell’Ottocento. È vero che alla vigilia della guerra l’economia era ancora fortemente legata alla tradizionale produzione agricola, ma le attività di formazione del reddito si stavano ormai differenziando ed era iniziata qua e là una fase di discreto benessere. Ne sono indice il miglioramento del regime alimentare, il calo del fenomeno migratorio così ingente nella seconda metà dell’Ottocento, il ridursi della mortalità infantile e delle malattie endemiche, il conseguente aumento demografico.
La costruzione di opere civili e militari da parte dell’Austria aveva offerto occupazione, il diffondersi del sistema cooperativo aveva dato un aiuto alla popolazione, soprattutto al ceto contadino, per gestire meglio le proprie risorse, per cui sembrava possibile, all’alba del nuovo secolo, superare la depressione che aveva colpito il Trentino dopo il passaggio del Veneto all’Italia, nel 1866, con il chiudersi improvviso dei mercati verso sud.
Segno dei cambiamenti in atto era anche la vivacità culturale di questo inizio secolo, testimoniata dalla pluralità di iniziative che lasciavano intravedere il superamento di una concezione immobile, tradizionale della società, grazie ad una maggiore partecipazione e dialettica di idee almeno all’interno dei paesi meno isolati geograficamente. La guerra fece tabula rasa di questo pullulare di fermenti, bloccò ogni fervore: tutte le risorse, umane e materiali, furono subordinate allo sforzo bellico, ogni pluralità di idee venne eliminata in nome della forzata soggezione alla patria e all'imperatore imposta dalla legislazione di guerra. Il potere militare impose ovunque l'eliminazione di ogni dissenso, l'introduzione del regime dei sospetti, il venir meno di ogni tipo di libertà individuale e collettiva.
La vita dei paesi cambiò completamente, non solo per gli effetti causati dall'introduzione dell'economia di guerra, per la distruzione fisica di uomini e cose, ma perché cedette l'idea stessa di comunità, che si sbriciolò, venendo meno quei legami di solidarietà, di pensiero ed azione comune che pure se in maniera conflittuale erano alla base dell'esistere sociale. Fu il legame interno alla comunità che si spezzò, il filo che la teneva unita. E forse la sofferenza maggiore causata dalla guerra fu proprio questa: la perdita per la comunità della ragione stessa del proprio esistere, con lo scatenarsi al suo interno di un processo di autodistruzione. Il difficile, finita la guerra, sarà ritrovare la propria identità sociale più ancora che ricostruire le case distrutte.
Non solo con il perdurare del conflitto ogni paese si scisse in tante piccole società costrette a convivere fra di loro, spesso urtandosi, talvolta sopraffacendosi – la popolazione civile formata da donne, vecchi e bambini, i militari stanziati nelle abitazioni private, i profughi provenienti dalle zone evacuate, i prigionieri russi –, ma il territorio geografico del Trentino fu diviso con l'aprirsi del fronte con l'Italia. La linea difensiva austriaca rimaneva più arretrata rispetto al confine politico, per cui alcune zone furono abbandonate all'invasione delle truppe italiane e da esse quindi occupate subito dopo la dichiarazione di guerra, o nel corso dell'estate 1915: il distretto politico di Primiero e Canal S. Bovo, l'altopiano del Tesino, la Bassa Valsugana, la Vallarsa, la Valle di Ledro, l'Alto Garda, la Bassa Vallagarina, i comuni meridionali della Val di Chiese.
I paesi che si trovavano proprio a ridosso della linea del fronte o sotto il tiro delle artiglierie vennero evacuati dall'Austria al momento dello scoppio della guerra con l'Italia, insieme alle città di Trento (dove però l'evacuazione fu parziale) e Rovereto che dovevano servire alle esigenze belliche, le loro popolazioni furono condotte in massa verso l'interno e poi in parte ricoverate nei campi di Mitterdorf, Pottendorf e Braunau. Solo chi aveva mezzi per sopravvivere per almeno quattro mesi, o parenti disposti ad ospitarli, poté fermarsi nelle valli del Trentino lontane dal fronte.
Qualche paese – come Condino in Val Giudicarie – fu evacuato dagli italiani al momento del loro sopraggiungere nel maggio 1915, mentre la popolazione della Bassa Valsugana, del Tesino e della parte alta della Vallarsa fu costretta all'esodo in Italia un anno dopo dalle truppe che si ritiravano sotto l'incalzare dell'esercito austro-tedesco durante la Strafexpedition del maggio 1916. Con la rotta di Caporetto nel novembre 1917, infine, il distretto di Primiero, l'altopiano del Tesino e la Valsugana furono di nuovo riportati sotto l'amministrazione austriaca, sino alla conclusione della guerra.
Non seguiremo qui le vicende dei profughi condotti fuori dal Trentino, in terra austriaca o italiana, né la sorte dei paesi evacuati, di qua e di là del fronte, abbandonati al saccheggio dei rispettivi eserciti, ma cercheremo di ricostruire i nodi essenziali dell’esistenza di individui e società nelle valli trentine, le quali ebbero tutte un destino uniforme sino al maggio 1915, poi – come si è già detto – una parte di esse cadde sotto l’amministrazione civile e militare italiana.
Le zone rimaste austriache vissero per quattro anni con un rigido regime militare che via via, sotto la pressione delle difficoltà economiche sempre crescenti causate dalla guerra, non ebbe – o forse talvolta non poté avere – alcuna considerazione delle popolazioni, soprattutto se di nazionalità italiana; i paesi dovettero alloggiare soldati di un esercito multinazionale che si comportavano spesso come lanzichenecchi anziché come difensori; fu introdotta un’economia di guerra che depreò il Trentino di tutte le sue risorse; la lotta all’irredentismo si dispiegò con tutti i mezzi e con tutta la forza dell’organizzata burocrazia austriaca.
Il sistema di valori che la comunità si era data in tempo di pace crollò. Se noi leggiamo i molti resoconti dell’epoca desunti da cronache parrocchiali, memorie e racconti orali – fonti importantissime per cogliere l’altrimenti impalpabile sentire della gente, per capire gli effetti della guerra sugli animi delle persone e sui loro rapporti familiari e sociali – ci troviamo di continuo di fronte ad annotazioni che documentano episodi di delazione degli uni contro gli altri, di calunnie, di usura, e testimoniano il venir meno della solidarietà e l’esclusione del più debole¹.
Tale crisi dei legami sociali si ebbe non solo nelle terre dell’Austria ridotte alla fame e alla disperazione per le difficoltà del sopravvivere, ma anche nelle valli che dall’estate 1915 caddero sotto l’amministrazione militare italiana: qui i problemi dell’alimentazione non erano in genere così pressanti mentre si dovette affrontare il problema della convivenza con l’occupante, la popolazione si divise sul piano delle idee, e più in generale sul comportamento da tenersi verso i nuovi padroni². Inoltre alcune valli passano, nel corso della guerra – come abbiamo detto – più volte da una dominazione all’altra: prima austriaca, poi italiana dal maggio 1915, infine di nuovo austriaca dal maggio 1916 o dal novembre 1917. Ad ogni cambio di regime si scatenava la ricerca degli oppositori, rispettivamente filoaustriaci o filoitaliani, di chi ha collaborato con il potere precedente, ogni volta si concedono gratificazioni ai propri fedeli e si internano gli altri. Viene messa in moto la propaganda, ogni regime dispiega i propri mezzi per convincere, per legare a sé le popolazioni, per indurle a collaborare ed a consegnare le proprie risorse.
I metodi usati sono sempre gli stessi, da ambedue le parti le identiche pressioni, economiche, politiche, psicologiche. Ne consegue il capovolgimento delle posizioni sociali: calano a picco i ceti medi tradizionali, nascono nuovi ricchi, per i quali la guerra è un affare. C’è chi vorrebbe che la guerra non finisse mai perché deve ad essa la sua fortuna, c’è chi invece ha dovuto consumare tutti i suoi beni per sopravvivere. Destini diversi, interessi diversi, incompatibili all’interno di una stessa comunità,
inconcepibili nella società dell’anteguerra, che infatti nel 1918 non esiste più: «Oltre alle operazioni militari che, giorno dopo giorno, entravano in casa nostra» – commenta un protagonista di Primiero – «ci fu anche un cambiamento di stato, di amministrazione pubblica, di autorità, di bandiera, ecc. e volente o nolente la gente provò uno shock rilevante. Molte situazioni mutarono immediatamente: persone stimate per la loro onestà sotto il regime austriaco caddero sotto l’appellativo di austriacanti con relativo isolamento e dissesto finanziario; al contrario altre persone abili nel sostenere il doppio gioco, leccando bene i piedi alle nuove autorità, vennero protette senza alcun merito e riuscirono a raggiungere posizioni preminenti. Per le popolazioni questo cambiamento costituì una vera e propria doccia fredda. Non tutti quando cambia la bandiera sanno indossare di conseguenza la casacca»\(^3\).
Pure l’istituto della famiglia tradizionale è messo a dura prova dalla guerra. Da un lato incidono i luti sia di militari che di anziani e bambini, una vera e propria decimazione, dall’altro muta il ruolo della donna, che deve provvedere da sola alla famiglia, convivere con i soldati alloggiati nelle proprie case, è occupata nei lavori militari delle retrovie, intraprende azioni di protesta contro le autorità, compie atti di insubordinazione morale che infrangono le regole accettate in tempo di pace.
I bambini a loro volta diventano adulti più velocemente di prima, a contatto con esperienze e persone di ogni tipo, e non a caso i parroci condannano aspramente le trasgressioni femminili e paventano l’irruenza di ragazzi ed adolescenti. Infine ritornano a casa gli uomini-soldati, che hanno vissuto al fronte o in prigionia vite traumatiche, sconvolgenti: come avverrà questo incontro dei membri di una stessa famiglia, dopo un tempo così eccezionale?
**DALL’AGOSTO 1914 SINO ALL’APRIRSI DEL NUOVO FRONTE CON L’ITALIA**
L’annuncio della dichiarazione di guerra il 28 luglio 1914 – commenta nel suo diario don Donato Perli, parroco di Tione – «provoca nella popolazione animazioni e discussioni straordinarie, non però costernazione, ma come un fatto straordinario che attira e attirerà la generale curiosità, e darà materia di chiacchere ai filò e alle bettole!!!»\(^4\)
Altro è il resoconto che ne dà qualche giorno dopo don Silvio Degara, parroco di Breguzzo (Val Giudicarie), che descrive esclusivamente scene di desperazione e di sgomento fra la gente:
Era il 1° agosto 1914, giorno di sabato, la mattina, stavo nel confessionale, quando sento un correre di gente che strepita, che piange, che grida disperatamente, io non posso più fermarmi, apro il confessionale, corro fuori di chiesa in cerca di chi piange, vedo la folla davanti alla casa comunale, che guarda con occhi umidi di pianto un manifesto affisso alla facciata della casa, chi saluta la moglie, i figli e amici, chi corre
a chiamare altri, chi a prontare un fardello, con spavento e muto dal dolore leggo,
fino ai 42 anni sono chiamati alla guerra senza indugio all’istante”.
All’incredulità e curiosità legate al primo annuncio della guerra, subentra ben
presto la coscienza della gravità della situazione e delle sue probabili conseguenze
non appena la chiamata generale alle armi colpisce indiscriminatamente ogni fami-
glia: sono circa 55.000 i trentini avviati alla guerra dal 1914 al 1918, su una popola-
zione complessiva di 390.000 persone.
Lo stato d’animo nelle vallate trentine diventa uniforme, man mano che le noti-
zie che arrivano dal fronte e la legislazione di guerra all’interno non lasciano più
dubbi sulla vera portata di quel conflitto. Già nell’ottobre 1914 è diffusa una psicosi
da fine del mondo, e l’aumento improvviso della religiosità testimoniata da tutti i
parroci ne è la conferma:
Si sentì allora più che sempre il bisogno della preghiera, fu esposta la statua di Maria
del S. Rosario che si ricominciò a recitare tutte le sere coll’esposizione del venerabi-
le, e terminata la funzione la gente non ancora stanca di pregare si radunava nella via
davanti alle immagini di Maria [...] e recitava il Rosario con preghiera per la pace. Tale
fervore durò oltre un anno.
La popolazione percepisce fin dall’inizio di agosto nella sua vita di paese una
netta frattura rispetto al prima e cerca di correre al riparo accaparrando viveri tanto
da mettere da subito in difficoltà la rete di rifornimento e spingere al rialzo dei
prezzi. Già l’8 agosto le autorità prendono provvedimenti contro l’ingente sottra-
zione di provviste dalla circolazione, proibendo «di comprare o di vendere generi
alimentari di ogni specie in quantità maggiori di quelle corrispondenti al consumo
di 4 giorni, e ciò a scanso di multa o pena d’arresto ed anche del sequestro delle
merci eccedenti la quantità permessa».
Le amministrazioni comunali, che sino ad allora avevano goduto di una loro
autonomia, hanno adesso soprattutto il compito di misurare, inventariare beni allo
scopo di consegnarli all’apparato bellico, dopo aver garantito un minimo di soprav-
vivenza per gli abitanti. Sono però già venute meno alcune risorse di cui si poteva
disporre nel passato: sono cessati ad esempio gli introiti tradizionali derivanti dal-
l’emigrazione, dal turismo, dal commercio con l’estero, ed i comuni più poveri, come
Canal S. Bovo, si trovano da subito in difficoltà economiche, non sono più in grado
di venir incontro ai bisogni della popolazione e devono ricorrere a prestiti per far
fronte alla situazione.
È proibito far uscire dai confini dello stato beni che potrebbero essere preziosi
per l’economia interna, per cui non si può più esportare in Italia legname, fonte
primaria e talvolta unica di reddito per alcuni comuni, che in cambio da sud impor-
tavano generi alimentari, soprattutto mais. Ed è subito carestia di farina, che aumenta di prezzo, man mano che il “piccolo traffico” con i paesi confinanti italiani diventa più difficile. Al Ponte Caffaro – scrive don Donato Perli il 10 ottobre – si può ancora ritirare riso, farina, formaggi, «ma in piccole quantità e con pagamento in oro»\textsuperscript{9}. È già speculazione, mercato nero.
Inoltre si risente ormai del progressivo irrigidimento dei rapporti politici fra i due stati, e le voci su un prossimo intervento armato dell’Italia contro gli imperi centrali concorrono ad alzare all’improvviso barriere fra paesi in cui il confine non aveva creato sino a quel momento particolari problemi nelle transazioni commerciali. Già nel febbraio 1915 si verificano ad esempio spiacevoli episodi – stando a quanto si denuncia in un rapporto al Capitanato distrettuale di Borgo – per le persone che si presentano al posto di confine di Grigno-Tezze per acquistare farina, accolte con derisione dalle guardie di finanza italiane:
Una guardia disse ad un suo collega: Oh, guarda il cinematografo della fame. Un’altra guardia disse a dei ragazzetti ivi presenti: Oh, ragazzetti siete affamati? Prendete del pane e sfamatevi che in aprile non verrete più per pane. [...] Durante la chiamata dei nomi degli acquirenti, in base all’elenco, ve n’erano qualcheduno assente, ed allora rispondevano le guardie di finanza stesse coi seguenti offensivi epiteti: Oh, sarà morto in Galizia; oppure: Oh, poveretto non avrà potuto arrivare fin qui, per la fame\textsuperscript{10}.
Poco dopo il governo italiano, ormai orientato verso l’intervento militare, proibisce l’esportazione di grani, farine ed altri generi alimentari. Le autorità politiche austriache cercano tutti gli espedienti per aumentare la produzione agricola nell’impero e per utilizzare al meglio le risorse, in modo da poter provvedere in primo luogo al fabbisogno dei militari, e poi dei civili. Il buon utilizzo della terra non è un diritto del proprietario, ma un dovere verso lo stato; ogni disposizione in tal senso è accompagnata e sostenuta da un incitamento patriottico e, dove questo non fosse efficace, da una forte pena pecuniaria. In ogni comune deve venir costituita già nell’agosto 1914 una “commissione per il raccolto”, la quale può obbligare i residenti «a prestar lavoro per il raccolto e la coltivazione dei fondi, requisendo in caso di bisogno forze di lavoro dal di fuori col mezzo degli istituti per la mediazione del lavoro o già esistenti o da chiamarsi in vita»: questi enti hanno il compito di provvedere ad una equilibrata distribuzione della manodopera fra le varie zone di valle e di monte, in modo che nel momento del bisogno agricolo non manchino operai\textsuperscript{11}. Le disposizioni vengono comunicate alla popolazione in riunioni pubbliche, con l’intervento delle autorità del paese, sindaco, parroco, medico, maestri. Vengono spiegati i motivi delle restrizioni alimentari, degli incitamenti a produrre di più, a risparmiare, a non vendere bestiame a privati. Il libero mercato a poco a poco scompare, sostituito dalle regole imposte dall’alto sull’utilizzo delle merci prodotte.
Cominciano ad arrivare al capocomune, il quale deve provvedere ad una loro immediata esecuzione, circolari di ogni tipo sul modo di coltivare meglio la terra,
ma intanto – nonostante i tentativi per far fronte al problema – manca la manodopera, richiamata in guerra o impegnata nei lavori militari su quello che sarà di lì a pochi mesi il nuovo fronte con l’Italia. A danno dell’agricoltura e allevamento gioca anche la requisizione dei carri con relativi attiragli, del fieno e del bestiame stesso. All’insufficiente provvista di foraggio si tenta di soppiare con la preparazione di “pasture sostanziose”, a base di zucchero grezzo, tritume di paglia, rape tagliuzzate, che unite ai tradizionali fieno ed avena devono essere somministrati agli animali gradatamente, per abituarlì a poco a poco alla nuova dieta.
Anche le abitudini alimentari delle persone bisogna che cambino: il consumo della carne e dei grassi deve essere diminuito notevolmente per non incidere sulle riserve di animali già così scarse, mentre viene incentivato l’uso dello zucchero di cui la monarchia è ben provvista. Le rinunce dei sudditi a ciò che non era strettamente necessario e l’invito ai piccoli accorgimenti che avrebbero consentito di sfruttare meglio il cibo, erano motivati politicamente, chiamando ognuno alla propria responsabilità in quel momento difficile: «I nostri nemici vogliono vincerci con la fame», esordiva un bando del gennaio 1915. «Queste intenzioni si rivelano chiare ed evidenti nelle innumerevoli manifestazioni dei paesi nemicì. [...] Ma anche questa trama non avrà alcun effetto, se ognuno di noi si fa un coscienzioso dovere e si forma come norma di vita di economizzare coi viveri esistenti. [...] Non si viva alla spensierata, ma ognuno si metta al servizio del bene pubblico. Non creda nessuno che da lui non dipenda. Solo molte gocce riescono a scavare una pietra!»\(^{12}\) Non c’è bisogno di molti sforzi per assecondare questo incitamento ad un vivere parsimonioso, perché le circostanze stesse condurranno prima alla carestia e poi alla fame gran parte della popolazione.
Con il 1° dicembre 1914 si incomincia la confezione del pane con il 70% di frumento, il resto orzo e patate. La qualità del pane peggiorerà man mano con il proseguire della guerra, tanto da divenire una miscela di farina di tipo indefinibile, frammista a polvere di pagliuzze, torsoli, ecc. Dal 28 febbraio 1915 il governo assume il completo “monopolio dei grani e delle farine” e già nell’aprile dello stesso anno si ha notizia di manifestazioni di donne a Trento davanti al municipio per protestare contro l’insufficienza della tessera di soli 200 gr. al dì in farina (o gialla o bianca etc.) per persona (kg. 1,40 in sett.) e solo, per contadini, gr. 240 al dì (kg. 1,68 in sett.), e poi pel doversi accalcare a lungo all’unico magazzino municipale... [...] Si fecero 5 arresti per piccoli bistici alle guardie. Se ne interessò il Dr. Degasperi pel rilascio delle arrestate e tutti i Deputati per l’aumento sperato da 200 a 300 gr. giornaliero.\(^{13}\)
I prezzi aumentano con un ritmo inflazionistico, ed invano il governo cerca di farvi fronte con calmieri continuamente aggiornati. Grazie ai sussidi militari e al redditizio lavoro di uomini, donne e ragazzi dai 14 anni in su impiegati in massa a costruire strade e fortificazioni sul futuro fronte con l’Italia, c’è in alcuni strati di popolazione un’ampia disponibilità di danaro che, sebbene perda di giorno in giorno potere d’acquisto, procura all’inizio una certa euforia. Corre anche qualche aneddot: «Le famiglie di qualche soldato, che quand’era qui tanto consumava in bagordi quanto guadagnava, benedicono la guerra – annota don Perli –. Anzi un povero padre di Javré, che per proteggere il figlio in guerra teneva un lume acceso a S. Antonio, tornatosene dall’i.r. Censo di Tione con un buon gruzzolo di danaro in tasca, spense tosto il lume perché S. Antonio non faccia sospendere la guerra troppo presto»\textsuperscript{14}.
L’occupazione al lavoro di ambo i sessi sarà considerata dal clero e dai benpensanti locali una delle cause del venir meno della moralità femminile e di una giusta educazione dei ragazzi, abituati a disporre di danaro, a non osservare le feste, a vivere con bestemmiatori ed a bestemmiare essi stessi: «Nelle fortificazioni ai confini italiani furono e sono occupate centinaia di persone – uomini – donne e ragazze. Se fu una manna per la borsa non fu però altrettanto per l’anima»\textsuperscript{15}. Dal 15 aprile 1915 tutti coloro che si erano presentati volontariamente al lavoro per avere un’entrata in danaro vengono militarizzati e soggetti alla legge sulle prestazioni di guerra del 26 dicembre 1912. Ciò significa che non possono più licenziarsi e sono soggetti alle stesse misure disciplinari previste per i soldati in caso di insubordinazione o di abbandono del posto di lavoro.
La popolazione civile è ripetutamente invitata a fare le sue offerte per la guerra: su pressione del Capitanato distrettuale, che trasmette ai comuni gli ordini della Luogotenenza di Innsbruck, si formano in ogni dove comitati per raccogliere danaro e generi diversi che saranno devoluti a favore dei soldati, ma anche degli orfani, delle famiglie dei richiamati più bisognose. A Cles, ad esempio, il 20 agosto 1914 si è già costituito un comitato distrettuale di soccorso, di cui fanno parte tutte le autorità locali, politiche e religiose, cioè i parroci-decani di Cles, Malé e Fondo, il podestà dei tre capoluoghi citati ed i deputati al Parlamento ed alla Dieta provinciale originari del distretto; lo scopo primo è quello di raccogliere offerte da devolvere all’assistenza dei feriti che dal fronte orientale stanno arrivando anche nei paesi trentini per essere curati\textsuperscript{16}.
La monarchia cerca ancora il consenso dei cittadini al sacrificio imposto, si dimostra disposta a lenire le sofferenze dei più disagiati a causa della guerra, si preoccupa dello stato d’animo della popolazione. Ci si impegna a colpire le speculazioni, si concedono «certi favori nelle esecuzioni delle imposte a quei richiamati che si trovano in seguito alla mobilitazione in estrettezze finanziarie»\textsuperscript{17}. Contemporaneamente però si impone la requisizione degli oggetti di metallo, della lana, del fieno, degli animali da tiro e da macello, né lo stato è in grado di provvedere ad un adeguato approvvigionamento dei paesi, per cui ben presto si sente la mancanza di farine, soprattutto di quella di frumento e di mais; nelle campagne da un lato si cerca di incentivare la produzione agricola, dall’altro contemporaneamente si preleva senza criterio, sotto la pressione dei bisogni contingenti, causando gravi danni.
Bisogna però dire che in questi primi mesi di guerra il modo di trattare le popoRiva del Garda. Le campane sotto il municipio [MGR 165/48]
Chiusole, operaie militarizzate. 1917/04/15 [MGR 181/14]
lazioni trentine, in cui erano presenti frange di irredentisti, è ancora rispettoso nella forma: ci si rivolge ufficialmente a loro come a propri sudditi, con un benevolo paternalismo alternato a severa decisione nel reprimere il dissenso e nell'attuare il completo controllo dell'economia, e si presta anche talora ascolto alle loro rimozanze. Nella primavera del 1915, ad esempio, di fronte alla difficoltà ad approvvigionarsi di viveri a prezzi accessibili ed in quantità sufficiente, la Comunità Generale di Fiemme protesta presso il Ministero dell'interno di Vienna perché i 240 grammi al giorno di farina a persona per i contadini previsti dall'ordinanza ministeriale del 21 febbraio 1915, non sono certo sufficienti «per una laboriosa popolazione, che si ciba preponderatamente di farina di mais e che tanto per genere di vita laboriosa che per la altitudine della Valle sul livello del mare sente ancor più gli stimoli della fame». La citata ordinanza ministeriale – contro cui già si erano rivolte, come abbiamo visto, le donne ed i deputati trentini – viene deplorata anche dal potere politico del Tirolo e Vorarlberg, la Luogotenenza di Innsbruck, che si rivolge al comando militare della città nel tentativo di garantire al Trentino un sufficiente approvvigionamento di cereali: la produzione locale non basta – si fa presente –, le importazioni sono impedite, in molte parti qualche panificio ha già chiuso per mancanza della materia prima, una popolazione contadina non può vivere con 240 grammi di farina al giorno. Si chiede perciò un intervento militare che favorisca il trasporto delle provviste di grano necessarie dalle regioni più favorite fino al Tirolo italiano (Trentino), il quale inoltre avrebbe dovuto essere preservato dalle requisizioni militari\(^{18}\).
Questa formalmente benevola considerazione verso le popolazioni trentine viene del tutto a cessare dal maggio 1915 con lo scoppio della guerra con l'Italia e l'aprirsi del fronte sud-occidentale; alcune zone sono abbandonate agli italiani, altre, evacuate, diventano proprietà militare senza più alcun controllo, e le retrovie vengono completamente asserrivite alla funzione di sostegno della guerra, senza più pensiero per i loro abitanti. Si instaura un vero e proprio regime di polizia, ed il sospetto diventa la regola. Vengono allontanate dal Trentino tutte le persone su cui grava anche il minimo dubbio di irredentismo, o per comportamenti del passato, o per delazione di qualcuno spesso motivata da rancori ed interessi personali. Non c'è possibilità di dissenso, ma nemmeno si possono esprimere perplessità sulla condotta della guerra, ogni parola imprudente può essere causa dell'internamento a Katzenau, che si distribuisce «troppo a buon mercato», come annota don Silvio Degara\(^{19}\).
I membri delle classi medie sono in gran parte condotti all'interno della monarchia: la popolazione viene privata della sua classe dirigente, del suo ceto intellettuale. Nel diario di Anna Menestrina, sfollata da Trento a Vervò in Val di Non, si coglie quasi giorno per giorno il timore dell'internamento con cui tanti dovevano convivere:
30 agosto 1915: “Quello che è certo è che gli internamenti continuano numerosissimi, anche di donne che hanno parenti disertori”.
4 ottobre 1915: “Il prof. Bridi, i fratelli Simoni, il maestro Bortoluzzi si internano! Partiranno tutti dopo domani per consegnarsi a Trento; di lì saranno tradotti oltre il Brenner... Dove? Chi può saperlo? Quanta pena ci fanno!”.
6 ottobre 1915: “Subito dopo la messa delle 8 D. Pedrolli è uscito a salutare gli internati che partono. Triste corteo! Lo seguivamo con lo sguardo mentre si allontana fra la nebbia grigia di questa mattina d’autunno [...]. D. Pedrolli mi dice pianissimo: Ora tocca a me!”\(^{20}\).
Questo clima di sospetto e di intimidazione costituisce la prima grande differenza di trattamento dal maggio 1915 fra il Tirolo tedesco e il Tirolo italiano (Trentino), nel quale paura e mancanza di fiducia diventano la misura dei rapporti fra le persone e le istituzioni.
È del 27 maggio la “notificazione” del capitano distrettuale di Cles secondo cui per disposizione del locale comando militare si destinano «nei paesi di Malé, Rabbi, Livo, Cles, Taio, Romeno, Fondo e Ruffré delle persone di riguardo quali ostaggi per garantire la sicurezza delle linee ferroviarie di Trento-Malé e Dermulo-Mendola, come pure delle linee telegrafiche e telefoniche, degli impianti elettrici, ecc. ecc.»\(^{21}\). Al più piccolo inconveniente tali ostaggi saranno internati. Avvertimenti ed intimazioni simili si hanno anche in altre valli trentine.
Per ogni tradimento verso le truppe austro-tedesche perpetrato dagli abitanti del comune – si legge in una circolare depositata nell’archivio di Cellentino in Val del Noce, nella zona immediatamente a ridosso del fronte – «verrà tenuto responsabile l’intero paese e tutta la popolazione dovrà subirne le gravissime conseguenze»\(^{22}\).
Sciolte le associazioni irredentistiche, quali la Lega nazionale e la SAT, si perquisisce ovunque, si dà la caccia ad ogni tangibile espressione di italianità: libri di biblioteche pubbliche e private, giornali, distintivi. Vengono adottate tutte le misure tipiche di un paese in guerra, viene cioè eliminata ogni libertà di movimento, di commercio: la stampa è imbavagliata, la censura controlla la corrispondenza, per spostarsi da un comune all’altro ci vuole il lasciapassare, le proprie case devono essere disponibili per l’alloggio di soldati.
La popolazione – commenta don Perli il 22 giugno 1915 – «e per gli strapazzi sul campo dei militari e per i caduti e feriti, e per gli eccessivi rigori di polizia locale e per la scarsezza della mano d’opera, e pei timori in un futuro buio, sente pesarsi addosso una cappa di piombo che la trascina fatalmente verso un pauroso abisso»\(^{23}\).
I profughi delle zone evacuate hanno senz’altro la sorte peggiore, non solo coloro che furono condotti nelle famigerate “città di legno” (Braunau, Mitterndorf e Pottendorf), ma anche quelli che troviamo disseminati in moltissimi paesi del Trentino. In genere sono occupati nei lavori militari, quindi hanno un’entrata pecuniaria,
ma con l’inflazione galoppante e la progressiva scomparsa dei viveri dal mercato un po’ alla volta il potere d’acquisto della moneta viene annullato, e quindi essi sono alla mercé della benevolenza delle popolazioni ospitanti, sulla cui disponibilità ci sarebbe molto da dire, se diamo ascolto alle testimonianze.
La solidarietà – lo abbiamo già accennato – viene messa a dura prova durante la guerra, soprattutto quando è in forse anche la propria capacità di sopravvivere. Gli sfollati risultano costretti a vivere ai margini, spesso male accetti, non integrati col resto della popolazione, tanto che nel maggio 1916 giungeva dal Capitanato distrettuale di Trento ai preposti comunali una circolare in cui si deplorava il cattivo trattamento dei profughi «che in non pochi casi vengono condannati a soffrire la fame», e si ordinava di trattarli «egualmente come i membri del comune, di procurar loro lavoro adatto alle proprie forze e di fornire o provvedere che venga loro fornito il vitto occorrente»\(^{24}\).
Altre testimonianze confermano le difficoltà in cui i profughi vennero a trovarsi, man mano che la situazione alimentare peggiora. L’oste-maestro di Duvero nel Bleggio, Daniele Speranza, annota nelle sue *Memorie* il 27 aprile 1917: «Non essendo stata distribuita la farina della tessera secondo il solito, la gente soffre la fame! – i prati e i campi sono ovunque rovistati per cogliere le erbe da cuocere. I più che soffrono sono i poveri profughi – e se li riguarda come fossero zavorra!».
Ed ancora, il 19 aprile 1918:
> Iersera furono qui due profughi da Fiavé, e raccontarono come tutti i profughi del Lomaso sono in generale malvoluti dai paesi e dalle famiglie dove abitano, e oltre l’avvilimento morale la disgrazia dell’evacuazione sentono pure il peso d’un trattamento slegato ostile come importuni, e che fossero là a sfamarsi a spalle loro. Anche col somministr. generi sono strozzini […]. E dove andrà a finire tanto strozzinaggio? Si vede che l’Autorità se anche vede il dilagare, si sente impotente a mettervi un freno, e la va chi più puote\(^{25}\).
Né con le paghe derivanti dal lavoro militare si riusciva a fronteggiare l’inflazione galoppante:
> Siamo andati a lavorare anche là dove si facevano trincee, dove sparavano, la mattina venivano gli aeroplani e contro di essi tiravano su gli shrapnel, e noi altri dovevamo andare a nasconderci – racconta una ragazza di Castel Tesino, che trascorse il tempo di guerra a Vigolo Vattaro –. Abbiamo fatto una vita così… Tutta la guerra abbiamo lavorato, fino al 1918. E col mangiare… quello che non si mangiava non c’era, e bisognava guardare in su… Abbiamo patito fame […]. Ah, abbiamo patito fame noi, quelli del paese no, perché quelli avevano la campagna… Quello che si trovava con più facilità era un po’ di latte, e per il resto si faceva la minestra con i *farinéi*, che sono delle erbe, cotti, poi si metteva un po’ di farina che aveva il colore della tua maglia [marrone], e bisognava anche non mangiare tutto, perché se no la mattina non c’era niente per colazione. [...] Quella era la vita: dentro le trincee, portar ghiaia, lavorare...26.
Il conflitto non s’accende solo fra profughi e paesani, ma dal maggio 1915 si trasferisce all’interno della comunità, tra filogovernativi e filoitaliani, fra chi cioè rimane fedele alla casa d’Asburgo e chi invece aspira a diventare italiano; il nuovo fronte taglia si i territori, ma anche «le coscienze, le parentele, i desideri e le speranze della gente». La parola “patria”, intesa ora come dedizione all’impero ora come aspirazione all’Italia, diventa segno di contraddizione all’interno della stessa famiglia, «motivo di contesa aspra e di rancori cupi e minacciosi»27.
LA VITA ECONOMICO-SOCIALE NELLE VALLI TRENTINE RIMASTE SOTTO L’AUSTRIA DOPO IL MAGGIO 1915
La censura ebbe un ruolo importantissimo per tutta la durata del conflitto, e fu usata per gli scopi che le circostanze politiche rendevano via via necessario raggiungere. Prima dell’entrata in guerra dell’Italia il governo austriaco si prodigò con il controllo dell’informazione a proteggere i rapporti fra i due stati da voci di stampa che potessero comprometterne la neutralità; dal maggio 1915 il Comando Supremo si servì di tutti i mezzi restrittivi della libertà di espressione per colpire l’irredentismo fra le popolazioni della monarchia di nazionalità italiana; quando poi le popolazioni cominciarono a soffrire della carenza di cibo si cercò di limitare le lamentele censurandole, in modo che il malcontento non si diffondesse, non calasse la fiducia nelle sorti delle potenze centrali e non si incoraggiassero sommovimenti sociali.
Gli uffici della censura intercettarono e selezionarono migliaia di comunicazioni private, sulla cui base venivano compilate relazioni mensili strettamente riservate riguardanti lo stato d’animo della popolazione, il suo orientamento politico e la sua capacità di sopportazione della guerra. Dall’analisi di questa fonte emerge un quadro molto ricco e dettagliato delle condizioni ed esperienze delle diverse classi sociali, che dimostra come fame e miseria si allargassero sempre più per l’erosione del potere d’acquisto dei ceti medio-bassi che generava il loro progressivo impoverimento. Da tutte le parti della monarchia – in misura differenziata a seconda della loro maggiore o minore ricchezza agricola e dell’accanirsi delle requisizioni che colpivano alcune regioni più di altre – provenivano denunce di situazioni insostenibili di vita, lamentele che occupavano uno spazio sempre maggiore nelle lettere fino a sostituire qualunque discorso di politica generale che non si concretizzasse in una condanna della guerra senza alcuna remora di tipo politico o sentimentale.
Mentre il Tirolo tedesco, con esclusione delle città, appare quasi sempre nelle relazioni costruite sulla base della corrispondenza censurata come una delle zone che oppongono più resistenza alla crisi economica – per la vasta diffusione della
media proprietà agricola, dell'allevamento, delle culture specializzate di vino e frutta che consentivano di disporre di maggiori risorse per famiglia – la situazione del Tirolo italiano è descritta sempre più in modo drammatico: alla povertà endemica del Trentino si accompagnavano infatti la vicinanza del fronte e le distruzioni causate dai combattimenti, che impedivano lo svolgimento delle attività che in tempo di pace garantivano la sopravvivenza. Nelle retrovie inoltre l'astio dei soldati tedeschi verso gli italiani – considerati colpevoli della guerra, complici o almeno simpatizzanti per l'Italia – rendeva più irrispettoso che in altre parti il loro comportamento verso persone e cose.
Nell'estate 1915 i soldati germanici dell'Alpenkorps, venuti in aiuto dell'esercito austro-ungarico, da più parti sembra vengano accolti con simpatia ed ammirazione dalla popolazione e dalle autorità trentine; ancora nel dicembre dello stesso anno – annota don Perli a Tione – al loro arrivo la gente «corre ad ammirarli come personificazioni dell'eroismo: vi ha una speciale simpatia, e ciò anche perché tengono un contegno corretto con tutti»\(^{28}\).
A poco a poco questo mito cede il posto alla preoccupazione ogni volta che arrivano truppe, di qualsivoglia nazionalità, per il disprezzo che esse manifestano per la popolazione di lingua italiana e per lo spirito di distruzione e di vandalismo da cui sono pervase; infatti «trovano un senso di soddisfazione, come i ragazzi, nel rovinare quanto loro capita in mano sia pur roba di privati e civili»\(^{29}\). Ed in particolare, «per quanto riguarda il Trentino» commenta sempre don Perli «i tedeschi anche durante questa guerra non avrebbero potuto fare di più di quanto han fatto e detto per incarnare nelle popolazioni nostre e fin nelle rocce stesse un odio incancellabile contro tutto ciò che sa di italiano»\(^{30}\).
Nelle relazioni compilate mensilmente negli uffici governativi sulla base del materiale censurato ben si coglie lo stato d'animo di disperazione e contemporaneamente di apatia, il venir meno dell'interesse alla vita, delle popolazioni di lingua italiana: «Con parole disperate» si legge in un resoconto del maggio 1918 «viene rappresentata la pesante battaglia e la lotta spaventosa che i ceti più poveri soprattutto delle città devono affrontare ogni giorno ed ogni ora; essi alternano tristi pensieri di morte a lamentose esplosioni dell'ostinato attaccamento alla vita e all'esistenza»\(^{31}\). Sono le stesse espressioni che troviamo in molti diari e cronache parrocchiali delle vallate trentine, nelle proteste dei comuni che non sanno come far fronte alle necessità alimentari, come impedire i continui soprusi dei militari, i loro danneggiamenti di boschi e campagne, le ruberie dei generi di ogni tipo.
Riportiamo stralcio di una lagnanza proveniente da Canal S. Bovo, il comune più povero del distretto di Primiero, in cui si descrivono le condizioni di vita della popolazione nel corso del 1918, dopo che il paese, dall'occupazione italiana del 1915, era ritornato sotto la monarchia asburgica in seguito alla ritirata di Caporetto. Il capocomune implora le autorità di non privare ulteriormente la popolazione del necessario foraggio per il poco bestiame che ancora possiede, in quanto «non sarà
più possibile neppure di rialzare il morale depresso nella popolazione, se questa dopo tutti gli sforzi e fatiche possibili si vedrà ancora di nuovo privata a questa maniera del frutto scarso dei suoi sudori, e ridotta così nella miseria più generale, in preda alla disperazione, si darà ad ogni sorta di azioni che di solito la miseria unita allo sdegno suol rendere capace anche il popolo più paziente. Certamente al firmato dispiace profondamente» continua il capocomune «il dover presentare simili esposti, ma vedendosi attorniato con moltiplicate lamentanze e minacciose invettive ora dell’uno ora dell’altro per le ragioni suddette, egli è costretto di esporre le cose come veramente stanno»\textsuperscript{32}.
Restrizioni sui consumi in tutto il Trentino si hanno già, come abbiamo detto, a partire dall’agosto 1914, ma la situazione, tranne qualche eccezione, non è grave sino al maggio 1915, quando con l’aprirsi del nuovo fronte con l’Italia, si aggiunge l’onere di alloggiare truppe ed ospitare profughi. Da questo momento in poi c’è un continuo crescendo dei prezzi, che aumentano in modo inversamente proporzionale alla disponibilità delle merci, nonostante i calmieri imposti dall’alto; man mano che i mesi passano, sempre più le energie se ne vanno nell’escogitare il modo per procurarsi il necessario per vivere.
Dal maggio 1917 è ormai introdotta la tessera per ogni genere di prima necessità; ogni persona non può ricevere più di un chilo di farina per settimana, e col tempo ancor meno. «La tessera. Questo nome resterà a ricordanza funesta dei poveri abitanti della maggior parte del vasto Impero Austriaco» commenta l’oste-maestro Daniele Speranza il 31 maggio 1918. «La tessera è una carta rilasciata dalla Commissione di sostentamento con la quale in determinate ore si presenta al luogo di distribuzione e giusta il numero delle persone di famiglia si riceve la stabilita razione di vitto conforme ai depositi e qualità esistenti nella pubblica alimentazione. Qui si danno tessere pella farina, pelle patate crauti, marmellate, formaggio burro, caffè, ecc. pel tabacco, carne ecc. ecc. corame e vestiari». Ogni giorno si distribuisce qualcosa, «e così ogni volta bisogna andare a Comighello [al centro di distribuzione] colla tessera coi danari contati, e dopo lunga coda ricevere la piccola quantità che potrebbe servire appena per un giorno, e deve durare 7 giorni. Fosse almeno genere buono, ma il più delle volte farina di legno macinato o di torsoli, patate guaste, burro rancido, carne febrbrata ecc. E così si va avanti, ma il popolo fra la fame e l’incertezza del termine soffre doppiamente, diventò nevrastenico, piange e diventa egoista – ognuno pensa a sé ed alla sua famiglia. Quanta rovina anche morale! La guerra fa mettere senno e giudizio anche ai discoli ed è una provvidenza, così diceva qualche prete al principio, eh buoni sì! Bestie senza fede né carità coll’odio nel cuore»\textsuperscript{33}.
La situazione peggiore la patiscono coloro che dipendono esclusivamente dalle distribuzioni tramite la tessera; chi possiede almeno un po’ di campagna riesce ogni tanto a sfuggire ai controlli degli addetti alle requisizioni, ad allevarsi qualche animale di nascosto, a macinarsi in casa un po’ di farina, dato che i mulini sono stati tutti posti sotto sequestro per evitare la macinazione privata.
Le difficoltà non sono le stesse per tutti, il destino cambia da città a campagna, da paese a paese, da persona a persona: privilegiati i contadini, la cui terra acquista un valore incommensurabile, sfortunati coloro che non possiedono nemmeno oggetti preziosi da scambiare, in un’economia in cui il valore del danaro cala di giorno in giorno.
Il quadro sociale si capovolge: classi nell’anteguerra benestanti grazie a professioni ed esercizi economici redditizi sono crollate per il blocco dei commerci, per la carenza di materie prime necessarie al proseguimento della produzione, per l’inflazione galoppante; d’altra parte le perverse leggi dell’economia di guerra portano all’arricchimento di persone che appartenevano ai ceti più bassi e alla concentrazione nelle loro mani di grossi patrimoni. Ripetutamente vengono denunciati come appartenenti all’odiata categoria degli “approfittatori di guerra” (Kriegsgewinnler) anche strati di popolazione contadina: su di essi, detentori della produzione originaria e fruitori perciò dei benefici derivanti dagli alti prezzi dei generi di prima necessità, si dirigono l’amarezza e la rabbia di quanti dispongono di redditi fissi.
In ogni testimonianza si distingue all’interno di uno stesso paese chi dalla guerra ci guadagna e chi invece perde tutto, chi fa strozzinaggio e chi muore letteralmente di fame, chi festeggia in modo spudorato con musica e balli e chi è chiuso nel dolore per la propria sorte. I commenti di Daniele Speranza rendono molto bene la perdita di ogni senso morale, il venir meno di ogni freno inibitorio dell’egoismo individuale: «Ultimo di Carnevale – egli annota il 20 febbraio 1917 – nessun movimento! Solo si sente a dire che ai Valenti ci fu cena e baldoria di balli ecc. In questi tempi di fame e lutto, tutti criticano tale contegno indecoroso di fronte alle pubbliche sofferenze. Il mondo andò sempre così, e sempre ci furono i furbi e gaudenti, che si fanno scherno delle miserie degli altri». E di nuovo il primo settembre dello stesso anno: «Se non ci fossero le patate e fagioli, non si potrebbe vivere! I mulini sono sempre ancor chiusi e la gente si ingegna colla pila con macchinino da caffè ecc. Oh siamo proprio al punto uguale alla descrizione del Manzoni. Non passa ora che non ci siano ragazzi a stender la mano – si dice che per un q.le di farina gialla furono offerte 1000 corone! [...] Eppure nella comune miseria ci sono coloro che guazzano e fanno i loro interessi. Carrettieri – negozianti di bestiame – di frutta – rigattieri e mercivendoli [...] radunan le migliaia – a loro non importano le sofferenze del povero – e l’usura l’inganno la falsità tutto è di moda»”.
Ma mano che la situazione alimentare diventa più critica, bisogna raccogliere nelle campagne i mezzi per sostenere le popolazioni della città, e in genere “gli sprovigionati”. Si requisisce quindi tutto quello che viene prodotto, con ordinanze e controlli via via più severi, per dividerlo poi fra la popolazione complessiva. Ma gli allevatori, gli agricoltori, ricorrono a tutti i sotterfugi per sottrarsi a tali prelievi coatti, o per ricavarne un utile maggiore: il bestiame viene ben abbeverato e nutrito prima della consegna perché pesi di più, allo stesso scopo la lana viene lasciata a lungo in un luogo umido, il latte viene in parte nascosto, in parte annacquato, perché i contadini preferiscono ricavarne burro e venderlo ai militari del luogo piuttosto che consegnarlo allo stato ai prezzi stabiliti dal calmiere. «Si è fatta più volte l’osservazione», scrive ai vari comuni il capitano distrettuale di Cavalese, «che il bestiame consegnato all’autorità militare era stato poco prima alimentato ed abbeverato fortemente». Nel caso ciò si verificasse ancora – egli intima – ela commissione detrarrà dal peso del bestiame vivo una percentuale ch’essa crederà bene di stabilire»\textsuperscript{35}.
Ed il cooperatore di Mezzano, don Cipriani, nel gennaio 1918 commenta:
Il caseificio non funziona come gli altri anni. La gente non porta il latte, perché teme il controllo dell’autorità. E se ognuno vuole fare il formaggio a casa propria, non c’è che dire; ma il peggio è che, fatte poche eccezioni, non vogliono vendere latte a quelle famiglie che sono senza. Non si vuol più ricordare il precetto evangelico ‘Chi ha due vesti ne dia una a chi non ne ha’. Regna sovrano l’egoismo. Il capocomune Luigi Dalla Sega adottò il provvedimento di far consegnare dai produttori una data quantità di latte e una donna, appositamente incaricata, ne distribuisce (giornalmente) ¼ di litro a testa. È latte puro? In molti casi c’è assai da dubitare, poiché il colore e il sapore dicono chiaro che, o è stata levata la panna o è stata aggiunta sorella acqua\textsuperscript{36}.
Per gli agrari, per i latifondisti, la sottrazione di generi all’ammasso e la loro vendita al mercato nero costituì senz’altro una grande fonte di ricchezza, ma per i piccoli contadini del Trentino il ricorrere ai sotterfugi descritti fu spesso semplice sopravvivenza di fronte alle stime molte volte esagerate della capacità produttiva della loro terra e alle requisizioni a tappeto. «La gente per salvare la pelle», annota don Degara, «nascondeva nel fosso, nel letto, sottoterra, nei murri, sotto i pavimenti, grano, fagioli, spesso patate mentre non si curava di nascondere il danaro che in generale non mancava, perché con questo nulla si poteva comperare per saziare la fame. L’unico mezzo di procurarsi la farina, lo zucchero, la carne, il caffè era il cambio con generi. Qui a Bondo stavano molti soldati, i loro ufficiali avevano le loro mense e assai laute e questi per non spendere ma meglio per procurarsi il necessario per i ghiotti bocconi rubavano farina, zucchero, orzo destinato pei soldati e con detti generi procuravano burro, uova, insalata, ecc. dai privati che si privavano dei generi per ricavare altri generi in maggior quantità per riempire i vuoti stomaci. Beati i possessori di vacche e di galline. [...] È vero che l’autorità proibiva detto commercio ma al militare nessuno comanda mentre esso comanda a tutti e per lui tutto è lecito. È pur vero che tale commercio era la causa della fame pei soldati ai quali invece della farina si apprestavano loro cibi di carota, crauti, cavoli, ma allora spinti dalla fame ognuno pensava prima per sé, e così i soldati si rifacevano alla loro volta col derubare le derrate di campagna e scassinare gli avvolti di coloro che col cambio suddetto sottraevano la farina destinata al loro managgio»\textsuperscript{37}.
Il cerchio quindi si chiude, gli unici ad avvantaggiarsi veramente sono gli ufficiali, le cui mense, a quanto si dice, rimangono imbandite sino alla fine del conflitto. Del resto, soprattutto nell’ultimo anno di guerra, «da tutti si ruba. I grossi rubano a vagoni, i medi rubano a sacchi e quintali e l’ultima serie di contatto rubano a kg – e tutti rubano a man salva». I primi ad approfittarsi della situazione sono i «preposti alla manipolazione e distribuzione dei generi alimentari»\(^{38}\).
Nei paesi bisogna sopportare un fastidioso e continuo peregrinare di casa in casa di profughi, prigionieri, soldati, per elemosinare qualcosa, o sempre più spesso per studiare l’ubicazione delle stanze, per adocchiare cose appetibili da rubare, e poi tornare nella notte a far man bassa. Nei documenti relativi agli ultimi due anni di guerra è continuamente presente la denuncia di furti nelle case, nelle campagne, negli orti, che le autorità cercano fiaccamente di impedire. La popolazione è in balia di una folla di disperati: «la fame ne è la colpa». Non esiste più nessuna legge a difesa del cittadino: questo è l’assurdo, in uno stato di polizia capace di controllare quasi i pensieri delle persone, ma incapace di impedire la sistematica depredazione dei propri sudditi.
Addirittura, ci racconta l’oste-maestro Daniele Speranza, l’accattonaggio dei prigionieri russi è organizzato dalle guardie, che li accompagnano a gruppi nei paesi, li sgunzagliano nelle case, e mentre «si appropriano ciò che cade loro sotto mano» li attendono in piazza\(^{39}\). Oppure i russi passano di casa in casa con oggetti rubati, o costruiti da loro, per scambiarli con viveri: «È una compassione vedere giovanotti, e molti pur certo saranno di famiglie agiate, vederli dico, raggirarsi per le case offrendo un cesto anche fatto male per poche patate da sfamarsi. Quanto sono industriosi! Oltre le altre hanno anche l’industria del grattare»\(^{40}\). In questo modo si cerca di far sopravvivere le migliaia di prigionieri russi che si trovano nelle vallate trentine, il cui lavoro nelle retrovie del fronte e nelle campagne è così importante per la conduzione della guerra.
Se in questa testimonianza di Daniele Speranza risalente al 1918 – quando ormai vige il caos più assoluto – la loro sorte pare equiparata a quella degli stessi soldati, essa risulta ben peggiore nel periodo precedente: furono trattati da “veri schiavi”, impiegati nei lavori sulle strade e sui tratti ferroviari con una quasi totale mancanza di cibo e sotto la sorveglianza feroce di aguzzini che imperversavano con torture e punizioni, del tutto indifferenti al fatto che i prigionieri vivessero o morissero\(^{41}\).
Le autorità avevano preso provvedimenti per evitare qualunque forma di camaratismo e sostegno da parte dei civili, sia minacciandoli sia allettandoli con premi in danaro in caso di collaborazione a catturare i prigionieri fuggiti. Già nel novembre 1915 il capitano distrettuale di Cavalese intimava alle popolazioni «che è severamente proibito a donne o ragazze di avvicinare prigionieri di guerra e che anche nella loro occupazione devesi evitare qualunque relazione», così come era espressamente vietato dare alloggio o «regalar loro vestiari per agevolarne eventualmente la fuga»\(^{42}\).
Nonostante i tentativi di separare le loro esistenze, furono frequenti i contatti fra civili e prigionieri, la cui presenza non passò inosservata ed indifferente per nessun abitante delle valli trentine e ladine, ma lasciò in tutti un segno, un ricordo: nacquero amicizie ed amori, si vissero le esperienze più varie, ora di solidarietà, ora di paura e di conflitti, nell’incrociarsi di due mondi così diversi in quell’ambiente straordinario creato dal conflitto.
LE COMUNITÀ DI FRONTE ALL’IMPOSIZIONE DELLE MISURE DI GUERRA AUSTRIACHE
Pur con l’introduzione di pene severe per gli accaparratori il mercato nero prospera dapprutto, il valore della merce cresce o diminuisce a seconda della propria forza di contrattazione, dell’urgenza dei bisogni e della reperibilità più o meno difficoltosa del genere richiesto od offerto nello scambio.
Con il continuo peggiorare delle condizioni di vita la capacità di sopportazione della gente di campagna è grande; a lungo, di fronte alle reiterate misure di riduzione della porzione di farina che si sarebbe potuta ritirare con la tessera, «il popolo accetta, brontola, si rassegna»\textsuperscript{43}. Non mancano però le proteste contro la sistematica depredazione delle risorse del Trentino e la riduzione della popolazione alla fame. Già nel marzo 1916 gran parte delle madri di famiglia di Moena si presenta in municipio per chiedere un aumento del sussidio dei richiamati ormai insufficiente per far fronte ai bisogni del vitto ed al crescente costo della manodopera, e ricevono la solidarietà del capocomune\textsuperscript{44}.
Nella primavera-estate 1917 si susseguono notizie di manifestazioni di donne del Bleggio e di varie località della Val Rendena: «Si dice che una comitiva di circa 150 donne del Bleggio Superiore» annota Speranza l’8 maggio «si recò ieri al ponte Arche per reclamare contro la fame, ed insistere che la tessera venga portata a tre Ett. al giorno di farina come viene altrove distribuita, invece che un Ett. come si distribuisce qui. Pare che fossero ascoltate e che avranno il loro quantitativo di diritto […]. Se entro oggi non restano soddisfatte, dimani tornano alla carica con furore, assieme a quelle del Bleggio Inferiore»\textsuperscript{45}.
Le donne – si commenta poi – furono trattate gentilmente, ma passato il momento venne sguinzagliata la gendarmeria alla loro individuazione, che fu facile grazie anche alla delazione di un compaesano, col risultato che esse furono arrestate e multate. Poco dopo qualcosa di analogo avviene in Val Rendena:
Ieri mattina una cinquantina di donne della Rendena (operaie-militari) furono qui in atto dimostrativo dinanzi alla sede capitanale ad petendum panem, perché il militare aveva loro sospeso la pagnocca. Dopo le rendenere si fecero avanti anche alcune tionesi. Tutte ebbero... buone parole e promesse\textsuperscript{46}.
Ed il movimento continua i giorni seguenti, segno evidente della rivoluzione del ruolo femminile avvenuta nella società in guerra\textsuperscript{47}.
Non tutte le zone della monarchia furono egualmente colpite dalla carestia e dalla fame. Dalle campagne del Tirolo tedesco giungono a lungo notizie non allarmanti: qui – come in alcune regioni della Boemia, dell’Austria Inferiore e Superiore – nel maggio 1917 la situazione degli allevamenti pare ancora favorevole, e solo un anno dopo si ammette che anche le provviste dei contadini tirolesi cominciano a volgere alla fine, quando ormai la spoliazione del Trentino è da tempo ultimata\textsuperscript{48}. Pare infatti che le requisizioni nelle campagne siano state ordinate ovunque nella stessa misura, senza tener conto del loro diverso grado di ricchezza: alcune zone vennero quindi ben presto ridotte in miseria, mentre altre, pagato l’obolo all’economia di guerra, riuscirono ad arrivare alla fine del conflitto senza essere depredate.
Questo continuo confronto nel trattamento riservato alle popolazioni rurali del Tirolo tedesco e italiano porta naturalmente all’esasperazione la popolazione e ne mina la fiducia nella patria: «Se in passato eravi il 80% di italiani austriacanti oggi non ne v’ha neppur uno» – commenta il 28 maggio 1918 don Perli riferendosi ai paesi trentini. Anche questi ultimi non sono tutti colpiti dalla fame nello stesso modo: il loro diverso stato dipende dal tipo di produzione, dalle condizioni meteorologiche, dalla capacità di sottrarsi alle requisizioni accordandosi con i commissari addetti alle stime: «Dove la fame è meno sentita», scrive sempre don Perli il 30 aprile 1918, «è nella cosiddetta busa di Tione in grazia dell’ottima raccolta di grano-turco dell’anno scorso. Tione solo ne produsse circa 600 q.l., mentre i rilievi ufficiali ne trovarono solo 220: tanto seppero nascondere e i contadini e gli i.r. incaricati dei rilievi. Così s’è fatto qui e altrove»\textsuperscript{49}.
Ben diversa più o meno alla stessa data la condizione della Val Rendena «improduttiva di grani», dove è venuta meno con la guerra l’unica risorsa con cui si provvedeva a tutti i bisogni, e cioè l’allevamento del bestiame: «Oggi verso le 11», scrive Speranza, «passarono due uomini e una donna da Javré di Rendenna affamati che fuggivano dal loro paese per non morir di fame. Offrono qualunque prezzo per avere pane poverini, noi non sappiamo come ospitarli! Dissero che in Rendenna la fame è una disperazione, affamata la popolazione, affamati i militari fuorché i graduati che a fronte di tutto il soffrire si procurano le cose migliori del paese, e se la sguazzano nell’abbondanza e divertimenti, e come a S. Croce, perfino si pianta sala da ballo»\textsuperscript{50}. Don Tomaso Baggia, che segue minutamente le vicende della sua piccola comunità di Seregnano, fa spesso il confronto fra il proprio paese, in cui nei primi mesi del 1917 sono già affamati prigionieri e soldati ma non ancora la gente grazie a discrete scorte di viveri, ed altre zone anche molto vicine, come Piné, dove «si mangiano le cime del trifoglio [...] e le madri mandano i figli per le case a chiedere da mangiare [...]»\textsuperscript{51}.
Molti sono quindi i fattori che concorrono ad accelerare o rallentare l’inevitabile situazione di fame della popolazione, e fra questi vi è anche l’abilità dei comuni e
dei relativi comitati di approvvigionamento ad accaparrarsi i viveri sempre più preziosi e più rari, per garantire le condizioni minime di sopravvivenza il più a lungo possibile. Dalla documentazione reperita negli archivi locali emerge la difficile posizione in cui vennero a trovarsi gli organi amministrativi dei comuni, stretti fra gli ordini perentori delle autorità superiori, che essi dovevano applicare, e la pressione delle popolazioni che cercavano di sottrarsi in ogni modo alle misure economiche imposte. Con il venir meno delle garanzie costituzionali in tutto l’impero e l’aumento spropositato del potere della polizia e dei comandi militari, l’amministrazione comunale perse gran parte delle sue competenze e venne ad assolvere la difficile funzione di tramite fra Capitanato distrettuale, comando militare e popolazione: doveva quindi in primo luogo dare esecuzione alle odiate misure di requisizione, e quando non sortivano l’effetto sperato o si supponeva che la popolazione imboscasse le scorte anziché consegnarle all’ammasso, anche l’autorità comunale era considerata complice e minacciata di sanzioni. Il linguaggio delle circolari che dai capitani distrettuali pervenivano ai comuni diveniva via via meno formale e più esplicito nella terminologia, passando da espressioni come “si incarica”, ad un più incisivo “si ordina”, per concludere nell’ultimo periodo di guerra con un “si diffida”.
Nell’aprile 1916 il Capitanato di Cavalese faceva ricorso ancora a delle argomentazioni patriottiche per convincere ad esaudire con zelo le sue richieste:
Ebbi già diverse volte a rilevare, che per vincere la guerra è di massima importanza di prendere tutte le disposizioni [e] rispettivamente di contenersi in modo, che il progetto nemico di affamarcì e di vincere in questa maniera resti senza il minimo effetto. Incarico quindi i signori Preposti comunali a scanso di gravi responsabilità personali di sorvegliare incessantemente, achè non vengano sorpassate le quote di consumo per i viveri, il cui consumo è stato limitato.
Ben diverso era il tono, anche se non la sostanza, del messaggio contenuto nell’avviso fatto pervenire sempre agli uffici di Moena nel novembre dello stesso anno, dopo aver constatato che «nell’assunzione delle scorte non si è proceduto con quella energia senza riguardi personali che è assolutamente necessaria». Infatti – vi si legge – «già le prime prove di controllo hanno fatto apparire delle scorte che erano state nascoste. Ciò dimostra evidentemente che gli organi del Comune hanno eseguito il rilievo in modo superficiale. Ho disposto che venga severamente controllato l’operato di rilievo compilato dal Comune e chiamerò responsabile per scorte occultate non solo le rispettive parti ma benanche gli organi comunali che erano incaricati ad assumere il rilievo delle scorte».
È difficile sapere se l’autorità comunale con la sua “superficialità” abbia voluto proteggere in particolare qualcuno, oppure se abbia cercato semplicemente di aiutare la popolazione, conoscendo le difficoltà in cui già molti a quella data si trovavano. È vero che negli archivi consultati generalmente alla richiesta della consegna di
fieno o animali segue la rapida comunicazione attestante l’avvenuta esecuzione dell’ordine, segno di puntigliosa ubbidienza da parte delle amministrazioni locali; talvolta però si avverte che i capicomune tentano di rendere consapevoli le superiori autorità delle difficoltà dei loro amministrati per ottenere un alleggerimento delle imposizioni economiche, fanno conoscere i problemi alimentari delle popolazioni, denunciano coraggiosamente l’abbattimento irrazionale e massiccio dei boschi, i furti e i danni alle campagne compiuti dai militari.
A tal proposito, oltre a ricordare il documento del 10 giugno 1918 già citato, di protesta del capocomune di Canal S. Bovo contro i danni causati dai militari, ripor-tiamo stralcio di un ulteriore rapporto da lui inviato questa volta direttamente al Comando Supremo dell’esercito austriaco, data l’inutilità delle rimostranze precedenti:
Fin dal maggio scorso le truppe di passaggio e quelle qui di stazione nulla risparmia-rono a questi poveri contadini. Senza di nulla prevalersi, incominciarono a scavarsi la semente dalla terra per farsi alimento, e malgrado tutte le preghiere e rapporti si continua con spaventevole crescendo a danneggiare in ogni modo le campagne met-tendo sottosopra ogni raccolto per cercarvi quel frutto che ancora non esiste. In questo modo verrà l’autunno e nessuno potrà più nulla raccogliere per causa dei danneggiamenti prodotti e che si stanno sempre più producendo in questa misera valle. Del pari si fece, e si sta facendo nei prati. Appena questi verdeggiano, vennero condotti bovini e cavalli in grandi quantità, i quali non lasciarono crescere l’erba [...]54.
I preposti comunali saranno destituiti alla fine della guerra sotto l’accusa più o meno esplicita di “collaborazionismo”, giudicati responsabili di aver supinamente obbedito agli ordini imposti dalle autorità austriache. Ma spesso non è così: in più parti il capocomune ha tentato in buona fede e nel limite del possibile di alleviare i disagi della popolazione cercando di sottrarla, anche se con scarsi risultati, al peso gravoso delle misure economiche; così si spiega anche la diffidenza che le autorità distrettuali manifestano quando si rivolgono ai preposti comunali. Non sempre però un atteggiamento imparziale e disinteressato sembra aver guidato l’azione degli amministratori locali, soprattutto nel controllo delle commissioni addette all’ap-provvigionamento della popolazione. Lo si desume dalle frequenti denunce, che troviamo soprattutto nei diari di privati, di ingiustizie nella distribuzione delle ri-sorse, della difficoltà di trovare persone oneste cui affidare incarichi di responsabi-lità, e che non si possano corrompere. Non sono rare espressioni del tipo: «Buffoni-senza carità e creanza. Pare incredibile che il povero popolo dopo tanto che soffre, soffra anche causa un’amm.e partigiana per non dir di più»55.
Spesso tali lagnanze sono comprovate dal racconto indignato di fatti ben precisi accaduti nei paesi, talvolta sono espressione generica e comune del malestere della popolazione. Ad iniziare dal maggio 1917, nelle relazioni scaturite dall’esame della
corrispondenza sottoposta alla censura austriaca si rilevano, all'interno della monarchia, lamentele molto simili: «Si ha spesso l'impressione – vi si legge – che la popolazione consideri le autorità responsabili della difficile situazione alimentare. È molto diffusa infatti la convinzione che si lasci che le donne e i bambini soffrano di ogni penuria, mentre certi ceti privilegiati nuotano nell'abbondanza grazie alla convenienza con il potere politico: la guerra avrà fine soltanto quando anch'essi avranno imparato a conoscere la fame»\textsuperscript{36}.
Questo stato d'animo nel Trentino austriaco era confermato dalla consapevolezza di essere una popolazione particolarmente gravata dal peso della guerra, sia perché nella zona del fronte, sia perché sospettata di irredentismo. Le funzioni del preposto comunale non erano in tempo di guerra di tipo puramente amministrativo, ma egli fungeva da garante dell'atteggiamento patriottico della popolazione; molte furono le circolari fatte pervenire al capocomune, il quale le doveva diffondere e far eseguire, riguardanti ad esempio il corretto contegno da tenersi nelle più svariate occasioni, «al canto od al suono dell'inno imperiale sia in chiesa, sia nelle piazze o in altri locali», o al passaggio di convogli funebri militari. In ogni paese trentino si provvedeva diligentemente ad onorare tutte le ricorrenze che acquistavano in tempo di guerra un particolare significato, quali l'onomastico e il compleanno dell'imperatore, l'anniversario della dichiarazione di guerra dell'Italia, occasione in cui parecchi comuni del Tirolo italiano trasmisero un omaggio formale di fedeltà alla monarchia\textsuperscript{37}. Si trattava di un patriottismo di facciata per la maggior parte dei casi; forse solo il cordoglio per la morte di Francesco Giuseppe fu veramente sentito, in quanto tale evento segnava la fine di un'epoca irrimediabilmente trascorsa.
Se allo scoppio della guerra con l'Italia si poteva ancora credere alla presenza di un sentimento filoaustriano e filotirolese nelle popolazioni rurali del Trentino, nel corso del conflitto esso scemò, come abbiamo visto, sino a tradursi spesso nel suo contrario. Sono significative a tal proposito le parole che don Donato Perli, il quale all'inizio della guerra era ancora di spirito filoimperiale, contrario alle ragioni degli irredentisti, scrive il 18 ottobre 1918, quando le sorti del conflitto sono ormai decise:
I nostri amici tirolesi si scalmanano per impedire il distacco del Trentino dal Tirolo; reclamano l'autodetermin. del popolo trentino sperando che si determini per loro!!! Le ingiurie le più sanguinose, i torti più sfacciati, le crudeltà più barbare, le depredazioni più assassine, le minacce più audaci che ci regalarono soltanto durante la presente guerra ingenerarono nella popolazione tanto odio contro tutto ciò che sa di tedesco da farci vomitare loro in faccia qualunque proposta e promessa, per quanto lusinghiera, che avessero a farci ora per tenerci legati o meglio aggiogati al loro carro\textsuperscript{38}.
Una vera prova del patriottismo di comuni e privati veniva fatta consistere in una generosa partecipazione ai prestiti di guerra austriaci, che offrivano interessi
elevati presentandosi apparentemente come un buon investimento, ma, come è noto, non furono mai rimborsati, nonostante si promettesse che in caso di sconfitta essi sarebbero stati assunti dallo stato vincitore, quello italiano.
Negli archivi c’è sempre riferimento alle somme impegnate in queste occasioni, in quanto i comuni erano fortemente sollecitati alla partecipazione con le proprie entrate, effettive o previste, ed inoltre dovevano essere parte attiva con l’esempio e la propaganda fra i concittadini. Ogni annuncio da parte delle autorità politiche di Innsbruck che introduceva la notizia della nuova sottoscrizione – furono emessi nella monarchia 8 prestiti di guerra a poca distanza l’uno dall’altro – iniziava con riferimenti alla situazione militare del momento intendendo suscitare la gioia della vittoria o il timore della sconfitta: «Date con la sottoscrizione alla nostra vittoriosa armata quanto le occorre», si proclamava in occasione del IV prestito nel maggio 1916, «distruggendo così le speranze stolte del nemico già diventate deboli in un nostro esaustimento economico contribuirete a vincere la guerra e a finirla, a far ritornare le benedizioni della pace, a far tornare nelle vostre famiglie i vostri padri-mari-figli»\(^{59}\).
Alla domanda di un curato al conferenziere addetto alla propaganda su come fare a convincere la gente, la quale darebbe volentieri per ottenere la pace ma non per proseguire la guerra, la risposta è molto esplicita: in caso di introiti non sufficienti, lo stato «incomincerebbe a lesinare sulle sovvenzioni, sugli affitti, sul managgio, sui quartieri [...] prima di privarsi del sufficiente e necessario di soldati e munizioni»\(^{60}\). Quindi, o contribuire adesso volontariamente, o in seguito per costrizione. Del resto la sottoscrizione è obbligatoria se non si vuole essere sospettati di irredentismo.
Anche in queste circostanze molto duro è il tono usato verso le amministrazioni comunali, le quali vengono spesso richiamate alla loro “responsabilità”, da cui sembrano voler evadere facilmente: «Non sono ancora pochi quei comuni» si lamenta in occasione del settimo prestito di guerra «fra questi anche di assai ricchi che misconoscendo i bisogni dello Stato ed il proprio vantaggio, si rifiutarono finora di sottoscrivere il prestito. Ad essi si rivolge in primo luogo la Giunta Provinciale [...] per invitarli a dare finalmente allo Stato ciò che gli è necessario in questa guerra per la sua esistenza. Chi giova allo Stato giova a se stesso»\(^{61}\). Sotto tali pressioni vengono sottoscritte dai comuni cifre cospicue, il cui pagamento è però sempre più di frequente condizionato alla liquidazione da parte del militare dei risarcimenti dovuti per i danni causati alle campagne e ai boschi. Si tenta in tal modo di accelerare il recupero di somme che spettano di diritto, almeno una parte delle quali rimarrà depositata nelle casse comunali una volta tolta la cifra impegnata nei prestiti di guerra.
Sono costrette a collaborare alla propaganda tutte le personalità di paese, soprattutto durante la campagna per gli ultimi prestiti, quando si ammette una certa “esitazione” da parte della popolazione, nonostante «un aumento assai rilevante di
Villa Lagarina, piazza Italia. Prigionieri russi al lavoro [MGR 181/10]
Folgaria. Deposito militare, prigionieri russi occupati nei trasporti viveri [MGR 168/93]
contributi di sostentamento» che avrebbe dato a molte famiglie – secondo l’opinione delle autorità austriache – la possibilità di ulteriori sottoscrizioni\textsuperscript{62}.
Il ruolo della chiesa nella propaganda è riconosciuto dai diretti interessati, i sacerdoti, anzi talvolta esso viene chiamato in causa come fattore che alimentò la sfiducia e il disprezzo verso i curatori d’anime nell’immediato dopoguerra. La posizione del clero trentino è molto difficile durante il conflitto: esso «è fatto segno al crocifigatur da parte dei Tedeschi come degli Italiani: i primi lo odiano perché lo ritengono come efficace fattore di irredentismo italiano; i secondi come eccitatore di odio contro l’Italia a favore dei Tedeschi»\textsuperscript{63}. La maggior parte dei sacerdoti sono comunque lealisti nel 1914 – del resto chi è sospetto di irredentismo viene subito internato – ma nel corso della guerra la loro fedeltà all’Austria è messa a dura prova, come abbiamo già visto.
Se nei primi tempi le popolazioni cercano conforto nella fede, a poco a poco le esperienze della guerra sempre più difficili da sopportare fanno sì che la comunità si disintegri anche sul piano religioso, e rifiuti la guida spirituale dei propri sacerdoti e la loro spiegazione del conflitto in termini biblici. Esso viene infatti interpretato dal clero nelle prediche e nell’insegnamento religioso come castigo di Dio e come strumento di redenzione per l’umanità che si è allontanata dagli insegnamenti della Chiesa e dagli antichi, veri valori. Devono quindi essere accettate con rassegnazione anche le conseguenze di quella guerra provvidenziale, che avrebbero condotto alla purificazione degli animi. Ma via via anche per i sacerdoti essa diventa un peso insostenibile, tanto più in quanto vengono continuamente chiamati dalle autorità austriache a “cooperare”, e non solo con il convincere a sottoscrivere i prestiti di guerra.
Compito attribuito al clero che vive a contatto diretto con la gente è quello di imbonire, “predicare la tolleranza e la pazienza” facendosi complice del governo; non tutti i sacerdoti accettano questo ruolo, alcuni anzi si rifiutano e portano avanti di fronte alle autorità coraggiose azioni di denuncia di «tutte le amarezze e le torture subite dalle popolazioni durante la guerra»\textsuperscript{64}. È quanto avviene in occasione della visita del luogotenente di Innsbruck al distretto politico di Tione nell’aprile 1918:
Il decano quale preside del comitato distrett. d’approvig. espose le critiche ed i lamenti nostri sul modo con cui siamo trattati dalla Kriegsgetreide [probabilmente l’ufficio per lo smistamento dei cereali in tempo di guerra] d’Innsbruck, la quale sugli assegni dei generi alimentari dovutici in proporzione di altri distretti e province nulla poi ci dà di certi generi, e nemmeno il 30 % di altri. [...] Dove però si tratta di portarsene via usano un’altra misura. Ci tolsero il 32 % dei bestiami grossi – in altre province e distretti soltanto il 6-8-15 %. Ci tolsero il burro, il formaggio, il fieno. Ci devastarono le selve, ci spremettero la borsa di milioni di corone pei prestiti di guerra; ci levarono i rami di cucina fin il paiolo della polenta, ed ora i soldati stessi parte battono alla porta per polenta ed altri vanno a rubarci nei campi le patate seminate. In compenso non riceviamo che promesse e amare disillusioni\textsuperscript{65}.
LA GERMANIZZAZIONE DEL TRENTINO
Dall’agosto 1914 sino allo scoppio della guerra con l’Italia abbiamo – come già accennato – un’indagine capillare in tutti i paesi del Trentino per snidare ogni sia pur minimo fermento irredentistico. Vengono compilate liste lunghissime di tutti gli iscritti alla Lega Nazionale, alla Sat, e ad altre associazioni culturali e sportive di cui si sospettava un secondo fine “antinazionale”. Una parte di costoro prenderanno la strada dell’Italia ancor prima del maggio 1915, e gli altri saranno via via internati in Austria: i diari, le cronache parrocchiali ci parlano continuamente della fuga, o dell’arresto, di questi personaggi che in genere occupavano una posizione influente all’interno della comunità in qualità di medici, farmacisti, insegnanti.
Nel mentre si compie tale epurazione, dai capitanati distrettuali trentini giungono alla Luogotenenza di Innsbruck notizie tranquillizzanti sul sentimento politico della popolazione: le uniche cose che turbano gli animi della gente – si comunica dai distretti di Borgo, Cavalese e Primiero nella primavera del 1915 – sono la paura di un intervento italiano e di un’annessione all’Italia, e l’agitazione per la mancanza di viveri nelle zone sprovviste di farine. Bisogna quindi provvedere a concedere le licenze agricole ai soldati, a rifornire la popolazione almeno dell’essenziale, e il sentimento patriottico rimarrà intatto\(^{66}\).
Lo stato d’animo della popolazione rurale si mantiene in effetti in gran parte lealista, finché col proseguire della guerra essa non avrà sempre più la sensazione che i propri paesi siano trattati come zona occupata anziché da difendersi da un nemico esterno. Ancora nell’estate 1915 nelle informazioni raccolte dagli uffici della censura si attribuisce totalmente all’Italia la colpa dell’aprirsi del nuovo fronte, quindi delle nuove chiamate alle armi ma poi, man mano che passano i mesi e gli anni, negli scritti sottoposti ai censori si leggerà ormai solo la speranza di pace a qualunque costo. Nonostante vengano comunicate alle autorità centrali austriache qua e là dalle valli affermazioni ufficiali di fedeltà, la popolazione diventerà sempre più indifferente alle sorti della monarchia, purché la guerra abbia fine.
Questo vale anche per le zone che erano state occupate dagli italiani nel 1915, e vengono “liberate” dagli austriaci nel maggio 1916 con la *Strafexpedition* o nel novembre 1917 in seguito alla rotta di Caporetto, come l’altopiano del Tesino, il distretto di Primiero, parte della Valsugana: dopo un primo momento di contentezza – soprattutto perché si spera di rivedere finalmente i propri cari arruolati nel primo anno di guerra di cui non si era saputo più niente – si deve fare i conti con quello che ormai l’esercito austro-tedesco è diventato, e con le misure di saccheggio dell’economia, applicate in modo sempre più ferreo per provvedere ad un’alimentazione di sopravvivenza per truppe e popolazioni ridotte allo stremo. Ed inoltre gli austriaci ritornati instaurano un sistema di indagini capillari sino all’assurdo per snidare chi si era macchiato di collaborazionismo sotto l’occupazione italiana, di cui sono soprattutto sospettati coloro che avevano assunto cariche amministrative. Si conducono
ricerche negli uffici, nelle case, si requisisce ogni documento compromettente, si compilano nuove liste di proscrizione\textsuperscript{67}.
È incredibile che in uno stato così provato dalla guerra si avesse ancora l’energia per indagare ovunque nei paesi riconquistati, per ricostruire pezzo per pezzo il quadro dei probabili simpatizzanti per l’Italia. Nelle zone della Valsugana e della Vallarsa evacuate dall’esercito italiano in fuga nel maggio 1916, l’intera popolazione è in un primo momento sospettata di aver seguito volontariamente il nemico in ritirata verso sud, e addirittura nel Primiero si citano a giudizio persone che già erano state internate dagli italiani: sottoposte quindi a una doppia persecuzione, prima dall’uno poi dall’altro contendente\textsuperscript{68}.
Questo è il frutto del trionfare della strategia militare dell’arciduca Eugenio, che dalla primavera 1916 ebbe il Comando Supremo delle truppe in questa zona del fronte, su quella politica della Luogotenenza del Tirol. Per il primo i civili di nazionalità italiana sono costretti a dare continue prove di fedeltà al regime per non essere considerati sospetti: solo per costoro ci sarà posto nel Tirolo del dopoguerra che verrà completamente germanizzato (la parola “Trentino” sarà cancellata). La Luogotenenza invece cerca di mantenere una certa moderazione nel giudizio, consapevole che lo stato d’animo della popolazione è fortemente influenzato dalla situazione contingente in cui essa è costretta a vivere.
Ma i militari riescono ad imporre il loro punto di vista, e dal maggio 1916, in concomitanza con la \textit{Strafexpedition}, cominciano ad attuare il loro disegno di nazionalizzazione del Trentino, che avrebbe dovuto concludersi a guerra finita. Oltre all’epurazione di tutte le persone sospette, vengono fatti moltissimi sforzi perché spariscano, o vengano limitate al massimo, le tracce visibili di uso della lingua italiana, considerate già di per sé segno manifesto di irredentismo. Si comincia con il tentativo di rinforzare l’elemento tedesco nella Valle del Fersina, la cui esistenza di isola linguistica è considerata di estrema importanza per giustificare la progressiva germanizzazione di tutta la regione.
Un campo molto importante è la scuola: si agisce sui programmi di insegnamento dei distretti del Trentino per far nascere la convinzione di un’unità di storia e tradizione nel Sudtirol; si cerca di eliminare dalle aule, dalle biblioteche e dall’insegnamento tutto ciò che possa influenzare in senso italiano-nazionale le nuove generazioni o contribuisca a radicare l’idea dell’esistenza nel Tirolo di una divisione fra un nord tedesco e un sud italiano; vengono introdotti ovunque corsi di insegnamento della lingua tedesca. Nell’adozione di misure autoritarie di tal tipo, appare spesso il tentativo di farle apparire come esprimenti i veri interessi ed il volere delle popolazioni, la cui opinione non fu naturalmente mai sentita.
L’intervento più “visibile” è quello del cambiamento della toponomastica: mentre proliferano una quantità di studi sulla possibile sostituzione dei toponimi italiani con altri di presunta antica origine tedesca, in molte località vengono mutati nomi di vie e di piazze da parte del comando di zona, senza interpellare l’autorità politica:
a Seregnano vengono inaugurate già il 5 giugno 1916 le nuove denominazioni stradali, in Valsugana nel giro di pochi mesi Levico diventa Lewe, Caldonazzo Galnetsch, Roncegno Ronken, e così via.
L’ossessione dell’arciduca Eugenio, che credeva di vedere simboli del nemico nei luoghi e negli oggetti più impensati, finisce nell’assurdo di considerare segno della desiderata appartenenza del circolo trentino al Regno d’Italia la particolare conformazione dell’orologio del campanile di Mezzocorona, perché aveva le cifre delle ore scritte in numeri romani (1-24) secondo il sistema italiano. Fu sua cura immediata di far togliere le cifre in rame 13-24, che andarono alla raccolta dei metalli, e di sostituirle con la scritta “Austria erit in orbe ultima”. L’abbaglio dell’arciduca è particolarmente evidente se si considera che costruttore di questo orologio “irredentista” era stato nientemeno che Paolo Peterschütz, cioè colui che per primo riconobbe Damiano Chiesa\textsuperscript{69}.
Gli sforzi del luogotenente del Tirolo Toggenburg, che voleva difendere la vecchia \textit{Rechtsstaatlichkeit} austriaca e combatté energicamente l’opera militare di germanizzazione, furono sostenuti dal nuovo imperatore Carlo, che già pochi giorni dopo la sua incoronazione, con l’ordinanza del 6 dicembre 1916 pose fine a tutte le manipolazioni dei toponimi, cosicché nei paesi trentini ricomparvero le vecchie scritte italiane, che erano state cancellate qualche mese prima. La linea politica che prevalse fu quella di evitare manifeste misure di snazionalizzazione per le popolazioni di lingua italiana, che avrebbero potuto portarle ad una giusta ribellione ed alla rottura dell’unità del Tirolo. Il fine a cui tendere nel nuovo corso inaugurato dall’imperatore Carlo, era coltivare la coscienza filoaustrica del Trentino così provata dalla guerra, porre fine al regime di polizia, dare fiducia alla popolazione che si era convinta avrebbe senz’altro risposto con la consueta lealtà alla casa asburgica e alla sua monarchia.
Di questo si dimostrò convinto assertore il conte Toggenburg, nel frattempo diventato ministro dell’interno, e la sua linea politica fu continuata dal nuovo luogotenente del Tirolo von Meran. Costui, in una sua relazione dell’agosto 1918 diretta a Toggenburg, ribadiva a chiare lettere che i trentini erano stremati dal dissanguamento operato dalle truppe, dalla fame, dalla mancanza di disciplina dei militari e dal loro odio verso la popolazione di lingua italiana, dal prelevamento di generi che andavano ben al di là delle autorizzate requisizioni. Queste tristiissime condizioni – egli affermava – avevano senz’altro inciso sul sentimento nazionale degli abitanti, tanto da far crescere l’indifferenza ad una cessione all’Italia della propria terra, eppure la popolazione sapeva ancora distinguere fra le necessità della guerra ed il puro arbitrio; all’interno degli animi continuava a regnare la fedeltà alla patria ed alla casa reale asburgica, bisognava solo trovare il modo di far riemergere tali sentimenti\textsuperscript{70}. Ci provò il nuovo imperatore Carlo cui andarono frequenti dimostrazioni di stima nei paesi trentini per il rispetto che aveva dimostrato per la loro italianità, ci provò il nuovo ministro dell’interno Toggenburg, ma ormai era troppo tardi: la popolazione
non poteva ignorare il puro arbitrio dei militari con cui doveva convivere giorno dopo giorno.
L’AMMINISTRAZIONE POLITICA E MILITARE NELLE VALLI TRENTINE OCCUPATE DALL’ESERCITO ITALIANO
Nelle valli che furono occupate dagli italiani sino alla loro ritirata del maggio 1916 e dell’ottobre 1917, e in alcuni casi sino alla fine della guerra, l’unica vera differenza rispetto ai paesi rimasti austriaci consistette nel fatto che non si patì, in genere, la fame, in quanto l’amministrazione italiana riuscì abbastanza agevolmente a provvedere all’alimentazione della popolazione non dovendo subire il blocco economico che stritolava le potenze centrali. Del tutto simili sotto ogni punto di vista furono invece le misure di controllo della popolazione e di sfruttamento delle sue risorse, la militarizzazione della società civile con la limitazione dei diritti dei cittadini.
A capo di ogni distretto politico fu posto un commissario civile, che doveva coadiuvare le autorità militari nella zona e far eseguire le loro disposizioni; in ogni comune venne nominato un sindaco le cui delibere dovevano sempre essere ratificate dal commissario civile, mentre deputazione e rappresentanza comunale furono sospese. La struttura amministrativa locale ripeteva quindi passo passo quanto aveviva al di là del fronte, in terra austriaca.
Il ruolo del sindaco era molto delicato: persona di fiducia delle autorità italiane, di provati sentimenti irredentistici, esecutore degli ordini che gli arrivavano dall’alto sotto la forma di “suggerimenti” o di vere e proprie intimazioni, da un lato doveva testimoniare il suo patriottismo e garantire per quello della popolazione, dall’altro doveva venire incontro ai bisogni dei suoi amministrati. L’assunzione di questo ruolo ambivalente era particolarmente arduo là dove la situazione economica era più precaria, come a Canal S. Bovo o nel Tesino, in cui il sindaco dovette continuamente mediare fra il rispetto formale dovuto alle autorità italiane e la denuncia ripetuta dei danni fatti dalle truppe ad una popolazione esausta.
Riportiamo uno dei tanti “lamenti” fatti pervenire dal sindaco di Canal S. Bovo all’Intendenza Militare della 4ª Armata il 15 giugno 1917 per ottenere i risarcimenti dei danni sofferti:
[...] Alla popolazione manca attualmente qualsiasi materiale che pur gli sia necessario od utile, ed il Comune si prevede rimanga in breve coi suoi poveri territori denudati dai boschi, ed in conseguenza colle abitazioni e vie di comunicazione esposti ad ogni sorta di pericoli. Se però i materiali, il legname, i foraggi, la raccolta che veramente fanno bisogno alle truppe, venissero da queste regolarmente requisite in base alle Ordinanze più volte pubblicate, il Comune, rispettivamente la popolazione, di
buon grado si assoggetterebbero giacché tutti sono consci del sacrificio che per questa guerra bisogna subire. Ma purtroppo questo non si verifica che in pochissimi casi, ed i pochi pagamenti vengono fatti dopo lungo tempo, e gli importi, ridotti a volontà dei Reparti, poiché una regolare requisizione prescritta, o per l’una, o per l’altra ragione, non venne mai praticata».
Anche nei paesi là dove la presenza dei militari italiani dal giugno 1915 aveva portato un netto miglioramento economico rispetto ai mesi precedenti grazie agli introiti derivati dall’incremento del terziario, il ruolo del sindaco non fu facile. Ad Avio, ad esempio, «le difficoltà nel mantenere un equilibrio fra le esigenze dei reparti militari [italiani] e quelle della popolazione furono palese fin dalle prime settimane che seguirono l’avanzata ed il sindaco [Beno Perotti] diventò ben presto l’anello debole del sistema di comando»; la popolazione lo criticava per le decisioni che era costretto a prendere, le autorità militari e civili «esprimevano giudizi poco lusinghieri su di lui, certamente favoriti dalle sue scarse capacità di mediazione».
I primi provvedimenti attuati dagli italiani al loro arrivo sono una serie di misure repressive e contemporaneamente di imbonimento della popolazione: «Quel tal capitano» – scrive don Cipriani, il curato di Mezzano, il 6 giugno 1915 – «impone la requisizione delle armi, la distruzione di tutte le bandiere, eccetto la tricolore, e di ogni insegna austriaca. Chi ostacola le operazioni dell’esercito, chi professa idee ostili al nuovo governo, chi ha soltanto un pensiero contro il nuovo ordine di cose sarà processato, ed eventualmente fucilato. [...] Promette pane e farina; assicura che verranno continuati i salari, i sussidi e le pensioni di prima, poiché l’Italia paga profumatamente. Promette la posta, ma guai a chi comunica col nemico».
È il metodo del bastone e della carota: da un lato le minacce, dall’altro le promesse. Si instaura da subito un clima di paura fra la popolazione in quanto si internano le persone sospette, e per identificarle si ascoltano le voci, si sfruttano i rancori personali, si fa leva sulle divisioni già esistenti all’interno della comunità, proprio come avveniva sul versante austriaco. Ad Avio furono internate circa 100 persone durante la guerra, con prove del tutto inconsistenti. Nel distretto di Primiero le pratiche di internamento furono tali da suscitare l’intervento preoccupato del Segretariato generale per gli affari civili da cui dipendevano i commissari civili. A sottolineare l’irrazionalità di tanti internamenti, il Segretariato riferiva al Comando Supremo che dopo sei mesi di occupazione erano stati «internati tutti gli stradini della conca di Primiero e Canal S. Bovo, con la motivazione che sarebbero stati incaricati dall’Austria di danneggiare le strade al momento della nostra avanzata. In realtà le strade erano intatte. Mettendo in nesso questi con i successivi internamenti è lecito concludere che qualche informatore di quei luoghi abbia agito o con troppa leggerezza o con troppo zelo: nell’un caso e nell’altro con effetti disastrosi e per coloro che furono colpiti dalla misura e per la nostra azione politica».
Nel mentre si alimenta il clima del sospetto, si provvede a fare distribuzioni
gratuite di farina, doni di indumenti ai bambini consegnati durante le feste patriottiche, e la refezione scolastica è considerata dai nuovi amministratori «la panacea infallibile per cattivarsi l’animo delle popolazioni»\(^{75}\). La “pentola patriottica” viene scoperta solo in occasione di celebrazioni particolari o per propaganda fra i ragazzi, mentre niente è previsto per soccorrere gli indigenti, l’onere per il sostentamento dei quali ricade sulle casse comunali anche nel caso siano completamente vuote.
Alla scuola si presta particolare attenzione, un po’ per emulare l’ordinamento austriaco, ma soprattutto come mezzo privilegiato di propaganda attraverso cui far agevolmente passare il messaggio patriottico, far conoscere i momenti più gloriosi del risorgimento italiano con i suoi eroi, e infine comunicare lo scopo di quella “guerra di redenzione”. Ci si scontra però continuamente con problemi pratici che riducono di molto i risultati dell’impegno profuso a parole nelle circolari: le difficoltà causate dalla mancanza di aule perché occupate dal militare, la carenza di mezzi da parte dei comuni per provvedere ai più elementari sussidi didattici, l’evasione scolastica dei ragazzi il cui aiuto è oltremodo prezioso alle famiglie prive di manodopera.
Sotto l’amministrazione italiana vengono presi anche molti provvedimenti per incentivare nelle valli trentine occupate lo sviluppo dell’agricoltura e dell’allevamento, nell’interesse della stessa condotta della guerra: si favorisce l’introduzione di bovini di razza pregiate per migliorare il patrimonio zootecnico, si tengono conferenze per insegnare a sfruttare meglio le risorse agricole, si promettono aiuti per l’acquisto di sementi ed altri materiali, si cerca di mettere in coltura con l’aiuto di manodopera militare i terreni non lavorati. Gli effetti di tali misure vengono però ridotti dalla presenza delle truppe e dalle requisizioni autorizzate o più spesso condotte per autonoma iniziativa dei militari; la vicinanza del fronte impedisce il regolare svolgersi dei lavori, soprattutto sull’alpe che è ormai per lo più vietata ai civili, ed ampie campagne, spesso le più fertili e le più comode, sono coperte di baraccamenti e di costruzioni militari.
Le regole consuetudinarie su cui si basava l’economia contadina vengono quindi stravolte anche nei paesi trentini invasi dagli italiani: ciò è causa di un rapporto molto difficile con l’occupante, dà luogo a tutta una serie di proteste di cui l’amministrazione comunale si fa in qualche modo portavoce. D’altro canto però in altri settori la presenza del militare è incentivo al sorgere di iniziative nuove che portano guadagni aggiuntivi. Negli archivi comunali sono documentate numerose domande per ottenere “concessioni industriali”: si tratta in genere della richiesta del permesso di vendere vino al minuto, magari nella propria abitazione, o di aprire un negozio di barbiere, tutte attività legate all’andirivieni di soldati che stazionano provvisoriamente nelle valli.
«Più ancora del diretto intervento statale» – scrive Gianni Zontini per quanto riguarda la situazione di Storo sotto l’amministrazione italiana – «concorse a risollevare lo stato economico del paese il notevole sviluppo del settore terziario, dovuto alla grande domanda di mercato, e, sia pure in misura minore, del settore secondario. In conseguenza di ciò durante tutto il periodo dell’occupazione militare il paese conobbe una floridezza economica inviabile, e a nessuna persona, per quanto povera, mancò mai di che nutrirsi a sazietà\(^{76}\). A Storo dal 1915 al 1918 ci fu un incremento degli esercizi pubblici del 160%. Ad Avio «il giro d’affari legato al ricovero delle truppe fu così significativo da essere più volte citato nelle loro relazioni dalle autorità comunali come l’esempio di un ritrovato benessere da parte della popolazione locale, dopo le ristrettezze del primo anno di guerra»\(^{77}\).
Una conseguenza importante della nascita di tante attività redditizie legate alla guerra è lo scardinarsi dello stato sociale delle popolazioni: esistono ora dei nuovi ricchi, mentre i ceti benestanti di prima della guerra sono in difficoltà, soprattutto i possessori di terre che non le possono più sfruttare, o i detentori di rendite che sono congelate nelle banche austriache. Il danaro circola abbondantemente grazie all’affitto di camere ai soldati, ai servizi a loro resi, al piccolo e redditizio commercio di cui si avvantaggiano anche molti contadini del luogo: «Parte dei pur scarsi prodotti agricoli», riferisce ancora Zontini, «veniva accaparrata dall’autorità militare ‘per le infermerie e gli ospedaletti’: latte, pagato al prezzo corrente, e uova […]. Una parte dei prodotti agricoli veniva invece usata dalla popolazione per vantaggiosi baratti con i soldati, i quali portavano nelle case ‘caffè, carne, brodo, pasta, tabacco e vino’, oltre agli oggetti più svariati»\(^{78}\). Questo piccolo ed intensissimo commercio dal maggio 1916 è proibito dalle autorità militari, ma non per questo il fenomeno cessa. Molti oggetti barattati dai soldati in questo scambio con i privati provenivano dalle case delle zone evacuate, che erano state abbandonate in tutta fretta dai loro abitanti; nel dopoguerra continueranno per anni le accuse dei legittimi proprietari ai nuovi possessori di averli in tal modo indirettamente derubati delle loro cose.
Anche le occasioni di impiego non mancano, in quanto la manodopera locale viene utilizzata al massimo, come in ogni regime di guerra. Squadre di operai ottengono ad esempio lavoro nei tagli di legname dai boschi dei paesi occupati, o in altre occupazioni nella zona di guerra. Le donne sbrigano faccende per i militari, lavano la loro biancheria, ma le troviamo anche impiegate in altri lavori insieme agli uomini, come nella spalatura della neve. Apparentemente vige quindi un certo benessere, il danaro corre, i viveri non mancano, tranne in qualche comune – come Canal S. Bovo – in cui ad una situazione già molto precaria prima della guerra si è aggiunto il dramma umano ed economico dell’evacuazione della popolazione nel maggio 1916, il che portò a danni ingentissimi da cui la comunità non riuscirà più a riprendersi nel corso del conflitto\(^{79}\).
Questo improvviso e inaspettato benessere nasconde però molte contraddizioni, come già abbiamo notato: «La popolazione di Mezzano», scrive don Cipriani il 31 luglio 1916, «sta materialmente bene, più bene degli altri paesi del distretto [di Primiero] –. […] Il danaro abbonda, sia per le vendite fatte, come per il prezzo
remunerativo dei latticini. Da più di un anno non si pagano imposte. Gli osti fanno affari con gli alloggi, le mense degli ufficiali e lo spaccio ai soldati. Una camera è tassata L. 1.50 per notte. Un oste (e non dei principali) vende in media ogni giorno un ettolitro di vino e più di uno di birra. E non parliamo dell’acquavite. E i sentimenti della popolazione? Non sono proprio contenti di questa redenzione che non era desiderata, ma si comportano però cortesemente, perché dicono:
In fin dei conti gli italiani finora ci hanno fatto molto del bene e poco del male’. Si intenda – nell’ordine materiale – poiché la gente bada sopra tutto a questo e del resto si cura poco o dimentica. [...] Intanto si dice che i padri mangiano, e i figli si ingegneranno. Il comune impoverisce, perché si sfruttano i boschi senza criterio. Non si fanno opere straordinarie [...]»\(^8\).
Dal depauperamento del patrimonio boschivo – danno enorme per la comunità – traggono però un momentaneo e fugace sollievo le finanze dei comuni, che vedono improvvisamente aumentare le loro entrate con la straordinaria vendita del legname al militare. I bilanci comunali degli anni di guerra si presentano generalmente in attivo, grazie ai pagamenti degli affitti e delle forniture di materiali ed edifici all’esercito, e grazie al congelamento dei debiti verso il Fondo d’approvvigionamento del Tirolo e le banche austriache. Le rimanenze attive in cassa vengono però investite, per ordine superiore, nella sottoscrizione dei numerosi prestiti di guerra italiani, come nelle valli rimaste austriache. Si mette in moto la propaganda, la pressione verso i privati ma soprattutto verso i comuni perché diano dimostrazione del loro patriottismo mettendo a disposizione dello stato occupante gran parte delle proprie risorse finanziarie.
È inutile cercare in una parte o nell’altra del fronte un comportamento migliore, più rispettoso della gente, o più attento ai suoi interessi. Sia da parte austriaca che italiana si utilizzarono per la propria guerra tutte le risorse disponibili: in loco, si sfruttò il territorio senza pensare ai danni per il futuro, si misero in atto gli stessi sistemi di controllo della popolazione, tenuta propriamente in ostaggio: «Al parroco che si lagna per le requisizioni che vengono operate nelle case» – scrive don Cipriani da Mezzano il 29 giugno 1915 – «il cappellano militare risponde: Bisogna agire così, perché c’è una fitta rete di spie e voi tutti siete considerati come nemici»\(^8\). Una volta che la vita nei paesi raggiunge una sua normalità, non mancano momenti di incontro fra la popolazione e i soldati: troviamo membri del clero, pur così critici verso l’occupante, a cena con le nuove autorità; si instaurano continui contatti fra civili e militari, basati non solo sui piccoli traffici che abbiamo descritto, ma in questa forzata convivenza si aprono tante possibilità di confronto reciproco.
Tutto ciò avviene spesso a discapito delle regole di vita tradizionali. La massiccia presenza di soldati sconvolge ogni abitudine consolidata della comunità, che si scinde, si frantuma di nuovo, dopo quel grande shock che fu la partenza dei propri
uomini per il fronte nell’estate 1914. Non s’intende solo fare riferimento al comportamento delle donne, al cambiare del loro ruolo all’interno della famiglia, ai loro rapporti amichevoli con i soldati, ai numerosi figli illegittimi, alla caduta della morale tanto deprecata dai parroci e dai benpensanti della comunità. Questi sono solo i segni esteriori dello stravolgimento di quel microcosmo sociale sin dal suo punto più profondo, investito all’improvviso da un evento così eccezionale come la guerra. Le nuove esperienze, personali e collettive, che riguardano ogni piano, da quello affettivo a quello economico, all’incontro con un’umanità così varia e diversa, non possono non mettere in crisi una piccola comunità con dei valori tradizionali rigidamente fissati, la cui osservanza nel passato era controllata da organi a ciò predisposti, in primo luogo i parroci.
Ora tutto si relativizza, il mondo si apre, scompaiono antiche certezze, si ribaltano posizioni sociali, le persone non si riconoscono più, i loro comportamenti sono diventati imprevedibili, niente è più come prima. Cambiano i pensieri, nel bene e nel male, la propria capacità di immaginare il mondo. Possiamo solo intuire cosa volle dire, dopo un terremoto psichico di tal genere, per uomini e donne alla fine della guerra ristabilire i valori in cui credere, riscoprire le priorità, i punti fermi alla base della comunità, dopo che tutto era stato in quei quattro anni così fortemente relativizzato.
Né possiamo immaginare quale fatica comportò il ricomporsi delle famiglie, il ritrovarsi a vivere insieme, il ricostruire il tessuto sociale così deformato dalla guerra, il riacquistare fiducia gli uni negli altri. Le case distrutte vennero riattate, rimesse in piedi in pochi anni, ma probabilmente non bastò una generazione per ridisegnare le fondamenta della comunità.
ABBREVIAZIONI
| AC | = Archivio comunale; |
|--------|----------------------|
| AP | = Archivio parrocchiale |
| GMZB | = *Gemeinsames Zentralnachweisbüro* |
| KA | = *Kriegsarchiv* |
| MilKmdo| = *Militärkommando* |
| ÖStA | = *Österreichisches Staatsarchiv* |
| Statth. Präs.| = *Statthalterei, Präsidialakte* |
| TLA | = *Tiroler Landesarchiv* |
Note
1 Sull’importanza della fonte diaristica, che qui spesso utilizzeremo, per ricostruire le vicende di guerra dei trentini – militari e civili – da un punto di vista inedito e niente affatto considerato fino a qualche decennio fa, vedasi il volume di Q. Antonelli, *I dimenticati della Grande Guerra. La memoria dei combattenti trentini (1914-1920)*, Trento 2009.
2 Illuminante a tale proposito è la ricostruzione della vita di guerra ad Avio da parte di M. Peghini, *Avio 1914-1918. Un paese fra due frontiere. Da periferia dell’Impero austro-ungarico a “terra redenta”*, Avio 2009.
3 C. Trotter, *Esodo in Austria*, dattiloscritto, s.d., p. 4. Il documento ci è stato gentilmente consegnato alcuni anni fa da Conrad “Trotter” da Mezzano, oggi deceduto, insieme ad altri scritti inediti contenenti il risultato delle sue ricerche sul Primo guerra mondiale Trentino. Gli strani e variabili campi ambientali, in una zona che più volte improvvisamente cambia regime, vengono descritti nei diari di don Enrico Cipriani e di Enrico Kooh, rispettivamente cooperatore a Mezzano ed ex podestà di Primiero, editi nel volume a cura di Q. Antonelli e G. Bettiga, *Il prete, il podestà, la guerra. Primiero 1915-1918*, Trento 2008.
4 D. Perli, *Diario. Tione 2006*, p. 4, annotazione in data 29 luglio 1914.
5 Silvio Degara, *Cronaca di Breguzzo. Memoria della terribile guerra scottista al 1.8.1914-3.11.1918 in quanto riguarda il paese di Breguzzo*, p. 2. Il documento è una memoria autobiografica, depositata in copia presso il Museo storico del Trentino. Alla partenza dei soldati trentini – scrive Quinto Antonelli – non vi furono manifestazioni di entusiasmo collettivo né patriottismo esultante, ma «profonda costernazione, amarezza, opprimente senso di incertezza, speranza in una rapida fine, presentimento di morte», sentimenti riflessi nei diari di guerra (Antonelli, *I dimenticati*, cit., pp. 21-22).
6 Degara, *Cronaca di Breguzzo*, cit., p. 3.
7 AC Vigo di Fassa, b. 15.f. 1914, comunicazione del capitano distrettuale di Cavalese, 8 agosto 1914.
8 Per lenire almeno in parte la carestia di viveri, e per «evitare più che sia possibile il flagello che sta per colpirci, la fame», nel marzo 1915 il capocomune di Canal S. Bovo propone «di studiare sul modo più opportuno perché nessuna bestia venga più asportata dal Comune, sarebbe [infatti] l’ultima rovina, poiché con quel danaro che si riceve, non si potrà forse provvedere altri servizi, e poi... a quel prezzo!... Così pure dicasi per qualsiasi altro prodotto atto all’alimentazione, come buitro, formaggio ecc.» (AC Canal S. Bovo, b. 1915, Lettera del capocomune a tutti i consorzi e cooperative del comune di Canal S. Bovo, 29 marzo 1915). Le requisizioni obbligatorie renderanno ben presto del tutto utopica la proposta del capocomune Romedio Nicolao, in quanto anche Canal S. Bovo, pur nella sua povertà dovrà contribuire al mantenimento della nazione in guerra con la cessione di viveri e di bestiame.
9 Citiamo dal manoscritto del diario di Don Perli, depositato in copia presso la Fondazione Museo storico del Trentino, annotazione in data 10 ottobre 1914.
10 TLA, *Statt Präs 1915*, 1578, XII.76. n.2, *Missäunde beim Verkauf an der österreichisch-italienischen Grenze*, 28 febbraio 1915. Le fonti riportate dagli archivi austriaci sono state tradotte qui in italiano.
11 AC Moena, b. I, f. 1, Commissione per la raccolta delle frugi, 16 agosto 1914.
12 AC Pieve Tesino, b. 1915, Nutrimento della popolazione in tempo di guerra, gennaio 1915.
13 Tommaso Baggia, *Notizie desunte e trascritte quasi ad verbum in Cembra nei tristi giorni della grande Guerra europea e mondiale (1914-1918 e 1919)*, p. 156. Il diario di don Baggia, curato di Seregnoano durante la guerra, è depositato in copia presso la Fondazione Museo storico del Trentino.
14 Annotazione di don Perli del 14 febbraio 1915, che riprendiamo anche in questo caso dal manoscritto consultato presso il Museo storico del Trentino).
15 D. Perli, *Diario*, cit., p. 14, annotazione del 21 aprile 1915.
16 *Ritorno al fronte*, a cura di U. Fantelli, Centro Studi Val di Sole, Malé 1998, pp. 127-128.
17 Questa *Notificazione* del Ministero delle finanze del 25 gennaio 1915 è riportata in G. Zontini, *Storia, un paese al fronte*, Storo 1981, p. 101.
18 ÖStA, KA, *MilKinde Innsbruck 1915*, 64-1/1-2, *Approvisierungsbrauerigkeiten in Tirol und Vorarlberg*, 6 marzo 1915. Una rettifica dei limiti fissati per il consumo individuale di cereali si ebbe effettivamente qualche tempo dopo, grazie ad una successiva ordinanza del luglio 1915 che portava la quota prescritta per persone occupate in esercizi agricoli a 320 g, per i lavoratori additi al raccolto a 400 g, e per coloro che erano soggetti a lavori pesanti a 300 g. Questi valori saranno però ben presto di nuovo abbandonati, data la difficoltà sempre crescente di approvvigionarsi (cfr. L. Palla, *Fra realtà e mito. La grande guerra nelle valli ladine*, Milano 1991, p. 157).
19 Degara, *Cronaca di Breguzzo*, cit., p. 2.
20 A. Menestrina, *Diario da una città fortezza. Trento 1915-1918*, a cura di Q. Antonelli, Trento 2004, pp. 60, 71-72.
Il documento è riportato in *Ritorno al fronte*, cit., pp. 167-168.
Ivi, pp. 162-161. Vedasi tra l’altro la comunicazione del sindaco di Rabbi al curato in Pracorno del 24 giugno 1915, in cui il sacerdote è invitato a rendere edotta la popolazione «che non si mostri ostile menomamente verso le nostre truppe oppure verso i loro impianti, fabbricati, manufatti, linee di telegrafo, telefono, strade ferrate o così via [...] ed in fine avvertirla di far conoscere i nomi di persone dalle quali è da aspettarsi una azione contraria a quanto sopra o d’altr’ordimento» (F. Turini, *La prima guerra mondiale 1914-1918 nelle circoscrizioni governative ed ecclesiastiche del Trentino*, Ossaria 1988, p. 81).
Perli, *Diario*, cit., p. 18, annotazione in data 22 giugno 1915.
La circolare è riportata in *Besenello storia e società*, a cura di S. Bernardi, Trento 1990, pp. 320-321.
Daniele Speranza, *Memorie giornaliere da 6 novembre 1916*, pp. 98 e 494. Anche questo diario è depositato presso la Biblioteca e Museo Storico del Trentino.
Il brano dell’intervista a Celestina Moranduzzo, registrata nel 1991 a Castel Tesino, è riportato in L. Palla, *Il Trentino orientale e la grande guerra. Combattenti, internati, profughi di Valsugana, Primiero e Tesino (1914-1920)*, Trento 1994, pp. 261-262.
*Ritorno al fronte*, cit., p. 157.
Perli, *Diario*, cit., p. 30, annotazione in data 12 dicembre 1915.
*Ivi*, p. 89, 28 settembre 1917.
*Ivi*, p. 84, 31 agosto 1917.
ÖStA, KA: GZNB, *Auskunftsstelle für Kriegsgefangene, Zensurstelle Wien, Monatsbericht Mai 1918*.
AC Castel S. Bovo, b. 1918, Rapporto sulle lagnanze e desideri della popolazione di Canal S. Bovo, 10 giugno 1918.
Daniele Speranza, *Memorie giornaliere*, cit., pp. 542-544.
*Ivi*, pp. 25, 187-188.
AC Mezzano, b. 11, f. 1, Comunicazione del capitano distrettuale, 23 febbraio 1916.
AP Mezzano, *Libro cronistorico*, gennaio 1918. Don Cipriani risulta essere l’autore sia della registrazione dei fatti del periodo di guerra depositata nel *Libro cronistorico* della parrocchia di Mezzano, sia di un diario molto più ricco di particolari, pubblicato da Antonelli e Bettega nel volume *Il prete, il podestà, la guerra*, già citato.
Degara, *Cronaca di Broguzzo*, cit., pp. 15-16. Anche don Cipriani, a Mezzano, annota che «chi vuole avere farina di frumento la può avere alla mensa degli ufficiali, facendo il cambio con uova ecc.» (AP Mezzano, *Libro cronistorico*, cit., gennaio 1918).
Daniele Speranza, *Memorie giornaliere*, cit., p. 594.
*Ivi*, p. 419.
*Ivi*, p. 447.
Vedasi a proposito Palla, *Fra realtà e mito*, cit., pp. 195-203. Riportiamo anche la testimonianza di don Perli, *Diario*, cit., p. 112, 23 aprile 1918: «I prigionieri russi ieri nel condurre un carretto di pelli di vacche macellate, vi tagliarono le orecchie e le labbra boccali e le mangiarono crude; visitano presso le case i versamenti dei secchieri per cercare qualche rifiuto della cucina; un di che furono presenti allo sventramento di un ronzino se ne pigliarono il sacco del ventricolo se lo divisero e lo mangiarono senza nemmeno nettarlo nell’acqua sebbene là vicina».
AC Moena, b. 10, f. 1, Comunicato del Capitanato distrettuale, 11 novembre 1915.
Perli, *Diario*, cit., p. 38, 26 maggio 1916.
AC Moena, b. 11, f. 1, d. 51, 3 marzo 1916.
Speranza, *Memorie giornaliere*, cit., pp. 195-126.
Perli, *Diario*, cit., p. 76, 3 luglio 1917.
*Ivi*, p. 77, 7 luglio 1917: «Oggi capitarono le donne di Preore e Montagne a portare il proprio appetito dinanzi all’ir. Capitanato colla speranza di ritornarne cariche di larine, invece ripartirono disilluse. Non ce n’è, quindi *quare conturbas me?* Questa la risposta delle autorità».
Ci siamo riferendo alle già nominate relazioni compilate dagli uffici della censura austriaca, e in particolare: ÖStA, KA, GZNB 5917-4647, Zensurstelle Wien, *Monatsbericht Mai 1917* e GZNB 5914-5123, Zensurstelle Wien, *Monatsbericht Mai 1918*. Per un confronto con le conseguenze delle misure economiche adottate nel Trentino, oltre alle notizie da noi riportate, cfr. anche i seguenti saggi: Volano, *Appunti per una storia del paese dal 1880 al 1982*, Volano 1982, pp. 119-135; R. Groli, J. Piva, L. Dellai, *Pergine e la Iª guerra mondiale*, Trento 1985, pp. 235-274; Palla, *Il Trentino orientale e la grande guerra*, cit., pp. 289-307.
Perli, *Diario*, cit., p. 113, 30 aprile 1918.
Speranza, *Memorie giornaliere*, cit., 26 febbraio 1918.
Tommaso Baggia, *Notizie*, cit., 6 febbraio e 29 maggio 1917.
AC Moena, b. 11, f. 1, d. 80, Comunicato del Capitanato distrettuale, 17 aprile 1916.
*Ivi*, d. 226, Comunicato del Capitanato distrettuale, 27 novembre 1916.
AC Canal S. Bovo, b. 1918, Rapporto sulle lagnanze e desideri della popolazione di Canal S. Bovo, 10.6.1918.
Daniele Speranza, *Memorie giornaliere*, cit., 21 giugno 1917.
Palla, *Fra realtà e mito*, cit., p. 184, nota n. 126.
Furono 3.061 comuni e 780 le istituzioni agricole ed economiche della parte italiana del Tirolo a prestare omaggio “a sua Maestà Imperiale e Reale Apostolica” in occasione dell’anniversario della dichiarazione di guerra da parte dell’Italia, il 26 maggio 1916 (*TLA, Statt. Präs., 1916, 1543, I.1.c*).
Perli, *Diario*, cit., p. 131, 18 ottobre 1918. Già in occasione dell’incontro “promosso a Trento dagli austro-filì nell’aprile 1918 per chiedere di mantenere l’unione politico-doganale all’Austria, egli unico fra i presenti critica aspramente tale idea in nome dei sacrifici delle popolazioni, vessate dalla guerra, dalla fame e dalle stesse autorità civili e militari” (R. Filippi, *1914-1918 Memorie di un decano giudicarinese*, Campo Lomazzo s.d., p. 12).
AC Moena, b. 11, f. 1, d. 89, Comunicazione del Capitanato distrettuale, 9 maggio 1916.
Tommaso Baggia, *Notizie*, cit., 12 maggio 1916.
AC Moena, b. 12, f. 1, d. 95, Settimo prestito di Guerra, s. d.
*Ivi*, d. 96, Comunicato del Capitanato distrettuale, 9 novembre 1917.
Perli, *Diario*, cit., p. 22, 25 agosto 1915.
*Ivi*, 15 marzo 1917.
*Ivi*, 15 aprile 1918.
*TLA, Statt. Präs., 1915, 1544, XII.76.c, Allgemeine Stimmung im Lande, 6.4.1915*.
Per quanto riguarda la Primiera l’inquisizione austriaca dopo Caporetto è ben descritta nel diario di Enrico Koch riportato in *Il prete, il podestà, la guerra*, cit., pp. 125-137.
Per la documentazione su questi tempi, come su quello cui di seguito accennato della germanizzazione del Trentino nel 1916, vedasi Palla, *Il Trentino centrale*, cit., pp. 53-94. In particolare per la situazione della Vallarsa durante la guerra si rimanda alle due pubblicazioni *La Vallarsa e la sua gente*, Vallarsa 1982 e A. Martini, A. Micrelli, *Una vita nuova e inospitabile*, Vallarsa 1994.
La documentazione sull’episodio è stata messa a mia disposizione da Hans Goebl che vivamente ringrazio.
*TLA, Statt. Präs., 1918, 4554, XII.76.c, Politische Strömungen und Parteiverhältnisse bei der ital. Bevölkerung, 1. agosto 1918*.
AC Canal S. Bovo, b. 1917, Danneggiamenti ai boschi comunali e privati, 15.6.1917. Rimozionane di tal tipo sono frequenti anche in altri comuni. «Sarò importuno» scrive tra l’altro il sindaco di Pieve Tesino «ma il dovere m’impelle di rivolgermi ancora a cedesto R. Comando colla preghiera di voler adoperarsi per togliere degli abusi che possono recare un danno immenso al Comune da me amministrato. Il guardia-boschi mi presenta ora un rapporto urgentissimo secondo il quale risulta, che gli Alpini del Battaglione Val Cismon accantonati in Predallano tagliano giornalmente ed in abbondanza le più belle piante del bosco Ravacena […]. Se soldati a loro capriccio continuano davvero ancora per pochi giorni a fare quello che hanno compiuto in soli due giorni, il soprannominato bosco sarà distrutto» (AC Pieve Tesino, b. 1915 *Carteggi ed atti*, Comunicazione del sindaco, s.d. [autunno 1915]).
Peghini, *Avio 1914-1918*, cit., p. 175.
AP Mezzano, *Libro cronistorico*, cit., 6 giugno 1915.
*Il prete, il podestà, la guerra*, cit., pp. XI-XII. Il documento integrale è depositato presso l’Archivio di Stato di Trento, Capitanato distrettuale di Primiero, b. 353 B.
AP Mezzano, *Libro cronistorico*, cit., 11 novembre 1916.
Zontini, *Storo*, cit., pp. 159-160.
Peghini, *Avio 1914-1918*, cit., p. 146.
Zontini, *Storo*, cit., p. 164.
Sebbene la spedizione punitiva del maggio 1916 in Valsugana non interessasse il distretto politico di Primiero, alcuni paesi vennero comunque evacuati anche se non correvano alcun pericolo, in particolare il comune di Canal S. Bovo, la cui popolazione fu trasportata coattamente in Italia, da cui poté tornare solo alla fine dell’estate. Ciò significò la perdita del proprio patrimonio zootecnico e del raccolto del 1916, il che aggravò enormemente la situazione economica del comune sino alla fine della guerra.
AP Mezzano, *Libro cronistorico*, cit., 31 luglio 1916.
*Ivi*, 29 giugno 1915. | 1697a6ce-85e6-4235-9f1b-4eadb1ebc5d7 | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ita_Latn/train | finepdfs | ita_Latn | 117,657 |
Summer’s Day
Howard Goodall
Niveau 60/100 (Gevorderd)
Word vandaag nog lid van OKTAV Premium!
Koop moeiteloos deze titel of ga gelijk voor een OKTAV Premium-abonnement. Hiermee geniet je van onbeperkte toegang tot onze volledige bladmuziekbibliotheek tegen één vast tarief – bovendien wordt onze collectie speciaal afgestemd op jouw vaardigheden.
Meer leren
8. Summer's day
d = 128
Phil
How fast did she grow up? She
d = 128
sure knows her mind Thank God, she's the courage to
leave this behind She's just like her mother So
© MMX Howard Goodall & Stephen Clark
Printed by permission of Love Story Productions Ltd. | <urn:uuid:f7489ce9-ae84-46f7-af75-9af79cc9462e> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 626 |
ANEXO VI
PROYECTO DE ACTIVIDADES Y PRESUPUESTO DE GASTOS DE MATERIAL INFORMÁTICO (SÓLO PARA ASOCIACIONES DE MADRES Y PADRES)
MATERIAL INFORMÁTICO
Compra de monitor
Cableado hasta el punto de conexión a Internet
Total gastos en material informático
TOTAL PRESUPUESTO DE GASTOS
Lugar y fecha de la solicitud
Firma del solicitante y sello de la entidad solicitante
EXCMO. SR. CONSEJERO DE EDUCACIÓN
Este impreso no será válido sin el sello del Registro de Entrada o de la Oficina de Correos | <urn:uuid:34c9ba11-ba51-4e2e-a68f-b465b6011e36> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/spa_Latn/train | finepdfs | spa_Latn | 497 |
FICHA TÉCNICA DO WORKSHOP ADOBE MUSE: CRIE E PUBLIQUE O SEU SITE
1. COMPETÊNCIAS A DESENVOLVER
Acesso a novas oportunidades:
Um site pessoal aumenta a visibilidade do trabalho de um arquitecto, permitindo que clientes e gabinetes de arquitectura o conheçam. Com a utilização de ferramentas de busca e de redes sociais, este poderá ser facilmante encontrado.
Cartão de visita digital:
Com Adobe Muse®, os projectos são apresentados de forma dinâmica, interactiva e bastante profissional. Clientes actuais e futuros terão acesso aos dados, como telefone, endereço email, mapa com localização de forma rápida.
Divulgação:
O site pessoal é uma excelente ferramenta de marketing: serve como montra para quem quer procurar emprego. Para quem já tem um trabalho consolidado no mercado, serve como currículo digital e ajuda a valorizar a imagem. Tudo isso com a grande vantagem da não existência de limites geográficos: qualquer interessado, em qualquer lugar do mundo, poderá conhecer os projectos de arquitectura.
Sempre de portas abertas:
Um site expõe o trabalho do arquitecto exposto 24 horas por dia, em todos os dias da semana, feriados e finais de semana.
Site sempre actualizado:
Novos projectos para mostrar? Com Adobe Muse® é possível alterar os conteúdos do site a qualquer momento e disponibilizá-lo instantaneamente na internet!
:
Tablets e Smartphones
Com esta formação será proporcionada a optimização para os dispositivos móveis das páginas criadas, acompanhando a tendência de mercado.
Apresentação de projecto a um cliente:
Outra possibilidade é a criação de uma página de apresentação interactiva de um projecto, com ligação privada ao cliente, com vantagens em relação aos meios tradicionais.
2. OBJECTIVOS ESPECÍFICOS
No final do workshop, os formandos terão competências para:
− Criar e publicar de um site pessoal, de arquitectura.
− Criar páginas "mestre" e páginas secundárias dentro do mesmo site.
− Criar texto, formas geométricas, menus e painéis de navegação.
− Inserir de elementos interactivos, como composições, slideshows, vídeos do you tube, mapas do Google maps, entre outros, para criar um site dinâmico e actual.
− Optimizar o site para dispositivos móveis como smartphones e tablets, sem aplicação de flash.
− Criar hiperligações entre o seu site às redes sociais e ao seu email.
− Actualizar o seu site em qualquer altura.
EDIÇÃO N.º 1/2013
3. DESTINATÁRIOS
Arquitectos, Arquitectos estagiários, estudantes e designers.
Pré-requisitos para a frequência do workshop: Computador pessoal com Sistema Operativo Windows
4. PROGRAMA
5. DURAÇÃO TOTAL DO WORKSHOP
8 horas de formação em sala.
6. ATRIBUIÇÃO DE CRÉDITOS
Para efeitos de Admissão na Ordem dos Arquitectos, a frequência da totalidade do presente workshop equivale a 8 (oito) créditos de "Formação Obrigatória em Matérias Opcionais de Arquitectura".
7. CERTIFICAÇÃO
Será emitido um certificado comprovativo da frequência do workshop.
8. METODOLOGIAS DE AVALIAÇÃO DA SATISFAÇÃO
Inquéritos a serem preenchidos no final do workshop onde serão avaliados os seguintes parâmetros: avaliação das metodologias utilizadas pelo formador e os conteúdos programáticos, avaliação a organização do workshop e condições da sala. | <urn:uuid:740b6fa6-816e-4fb5-b330-38c2116a1a99> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/por_Latn/train | finepdfs | por_Latn | 3,231 |
What is the Right Solution Concept for No-Limit Poker?
Sam Ganzfried
School of Computing and Information Sciences
Florida International University
email@example.com
Abstract
We analyze one of the simplest no-limit poker games, which has been previously studied. We show that the game has infinitely many Nash equilibria, all of which are extensive-form perfect, extensive-form proper, and normal-form perfect, but only one of which is normal-form proper; however, we argue that one of the equilibria is more intuitively compelling than the others, which differs from the normal-form proper equilibrium. This suggests that a new refinement concept is needed to more appropriately model no-limit poker.
In the *no-limit clairvoyance game* [Ankenman and Chen, 2006], player 2 is given no private cards, and player 1 is given a single card drawn from a distribution that is half winning hands and half losing hands. Both players have stacks of size $n$, and they both ante $0.50$. P1 is allowed to bet any amount $x \in [0, n]$. Then P2 is allowed to call or fold (but not raise). The game is small enough that its solution can be computed analytically [Ankenman and Chen, 2006]:
- P1 bets $n$ with prob. 1 with a winning hand.
- P1 bets $n$ with prob. $\frac{n}{1+n}$ with a losing hand (and checks otherwise).
- For all $x \in [0, n]$, P2 calls a bet of size $x$ with prob. $\frac{1}{1+x}$.
It was shown by Ankenman and Chen [Ankenman and Chen, 2006] that this strategy profile constitutes a Nash equilibrium. (They also show that these frequencies are optimal in many other poker variants.) Here is a sketch of that argument.
**Proposition 1.** The strategy profile presented above is a Nash equilibrium of the clairvoyance game.
**Proof.** Player 2 must call a bet of size $x$ with probability $\frac{1}{1+x}$ in order to make player 1 indifferent between betting $x$ and checking with a losing hand. For a given $x$, player 1 must bluff $\frac{x}{1+x}$ as often as he value bets for player 2 to be indifferent between calling and folding. Given these values, the expected payoff to player 1 of betting size $x$ is $v(x) = \frac{x}{2(1+x)}$. This function is monotonically increasing, and therefore player 1 will maximize his payoff with $x = n$. □
Despite the simplicity of this game, the solution has been used in order to interpret bet sizes for the opponent that fall outside an abstracted game model by many of the strongest agents for full no-limit Texas hold ’em [Ganzfried and Sandholm, 2013; Ganzfried, 2015; Jackson, 2013].
It turns out that player 2 does not need to call a bet of size $x \neq n$ with exact probability $\frac{1}{1+x}$: he need only not call with such an extreme probability that player 1 has an incentive to change his bet size from $n$ to $x$ (with either a winning or losing hand). In particular, it can be shown that player 2 need only call a bet of size $x$ with any probability (which can be different for different values of $x$) in the interval $\left[\frac{1}{1+x}, \min\left\{\frac{n}{x(1+n)}, 1\right\}\right]$ in order to remain in equilibrium. Only the initial equilibrium is reasonable, however, in the sense that we would expect a rational player 2 to maintain the calling frequency $\frac{1}{1+x}$ for all $x$ so that he plays a properly-balanced strategy in case player 1 happens to bet $x$.
To provide further intuition, if the opponent bets $x$ as opposed to the “optimal” size $n$ that he should bet in equilibrium, then a reasonable deduction is that he isn’t even aware that $n$ would have been the optimal size, and believes that $x$ is optimal. Therefore, it would make sense to play a strategy that is an equilibrium in the game where the opponent is restricted to only betting $x$ (or to betting 0, i.e., checking). Doing so would correspond to the particular equilibrium that I have prescribed. The other equilibria pay more heed to the concern that the opponent could exploit us by deviating to bet $x$ instead of $n$; but in fact, I argue that we need not be as concerned about this possibility, since a rational opponent who knew to bet $n$ would not be betting $x$.
Interestingly, the equilibrium I have singled out does not coincide to any traditional Nash equilibrium refinements. One popular refinement is the normal-form proper equilibrium (NFPE). Based on personal communication with Troels Sørensen and Jiří Čermák, we have computed the unique NFPE when player 1 is allowed to bet 0, 1, or 2. It differs from the equilibrium I propose: in the NFPE P2 calls vs. a bet of 1 with probability $\frac{5}{9}$, while in the one I prescribe above he calls with probability $\frac{1}{2}$. All of the (infinitely many) equilibria for this game satisfy each of several other popular refinement concepts besides NFPE (extensive-form trembling-hand perfect equilibrium, extensive-form proper equilibrium, and normal-form trembling-hand perfect equilibrium).
References
[Ankenman and Chen, 2006] Jerrod Ankenman and Bill Chen. *The Mathematics of Poker*. ConJelCo LLC, 2006.
[Ganzfried and Sandholm, 2013] Sam Ganzfried and Tuomas Sandholm. Action translation in extensive-form games with large action spaces: Axioms, paradoxes, and the pseudo-harmonic mapping. In *Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI)*, 2013.
[Ganzfried, 2015] Sam Ganzfried. Reflections on the first man vs. machine no-limit Texas hold ’em competition. *SIGecom Exchanges*, 4.2, 2015.
[Jackson, 2013] Eric Jackson. Slumbot NL: Solving large games with counterfactual regret minimization using sampling and distributed processing. In *AAAI Workshop on Computer Poker and Incomplete Information*, 2013. | <urn:uuid:393adc63-4915-4498-8a60-c4846012688f> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 5,685 |
- cameră cu 2 paturi 120 lei/zi Campus „T. Vladimirescu" - cameră cu 2 paturi 120 lei/zi Masa colegială este inclusă în taxă. Companiile au posibilitatea să participe cu prezentări şi expuneri a activităŃii specifice temei simpozionului. Taxa de participare va fi virată către Academică de
Programul simpozionului Vineri 18 mai 2007 (Centrul de ConferinŃe TRINITAS) - Şos. Nicolina 115 – Înregistrarea participanŃilor Deschiderea lucrărilor simpozionului Pauză de cafea Sesiune de conferinŃe, referate şi | <urn:uuid:6348b6cc-cbd0-41e3-8d3e-bc8b185946fa> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ron_Latn/train | finepdfs | ron_Latn | 513 |
Отдел „Следдипломно обучение и университетско болнична координация" на МУ – София
Обявява конкурс по документи съгласно чл. 18 за неклинични специалности и конкурс с писмен приемен изпит за лица с професионална квалификация „лекар по дентална медицина", съгласно чл.22б от Наредба № 1/22.01.2015 г. за придобиване на специалност в системата на здравеопазването.
Документите за участие в конкурса се подават в отдел „СДО и УБК" при Ректората на МУ – София, бул. „Акад. Иван Евст. Гешов" № 15, ет.12, стая 7 от 09,00 ч. – 12, 00 ч. и от 13,00 ч. – 15,30 ч. , в срок от 17.09.2024 г. до 04.10.2024 г. вкл.
Такса за участие в конкурса по документи за неклинични специалности – 60.00 лв.
Такса за участие в конкурса за специалностите по „дентална медицина" с приемен писмен изпит – 150.00 лв.
Класирането на кандидатите за неклинични специалности ще се извършва в низходящ ред въз основа на средноаритметичната оценка от общия успех и успеха от държавните изпити от дипломата за завършено висше образование.
Специализантите по неклинични специалности ще заплащат месечна такса за теоретично и практическо обучение, съгласно чл. 40 и чл. 41 от Наредба № 1/22.01.2015 г., съобразно учебната програма по съответната специалност.
За МУ-София месечната такса е в размер на 230.00 лв., съгласно Заповед № РК 36-2436/25.10.2019 г. на Ректора на МУ-София.
За обучение по-кратко от един месец, таксата се изчислява пропорционално на дните проведено обучение на база на 21 работни дни за месец.
Приема на кандидатите по специалностите за лица с професионална квалификация „лекар по дентална медицина" ще се извърши с писмен конкурсен изпит и получена оценка минимум добър 4.00, съгласно решение на Академичен съвет с протокол №36/29.08.2023г.
1. Дентална имплантология – 22.10.2024г. във ФДМ – София
2. Дентална клинична алергология – 22.10.2024г. от 9:00 часа в кабинет 411, ет. 4 на ФДМ – София
3. Детска дентална медицина - 22.10.2024 год. от 08:00 часа в зала 615, на ФДМ - София.
4. Оперативно зъболечение и ендодонтия 14.10.2024г. от 8:00ч. в семинарна зала, 3 етаж на ФДМ – София
5. Орална хирургия – 14.10.2024г от 08:00ч. в Семинарна зала на ФДМ, ет. 12
6. Ортодонтия – 21.10.2024г. от 8:00ч. етаж 7 на ФДМ – София
7. Пародонтология и заболявания на оралната лигавица – 17.10.2024г. от 8:00ч., зала 412, етаж 4 на ФДМ - София
8. Протетична дентална медицина – 22.10.2024г. от 8:00ч. в зала 210 във ФДМ.
Писмените работи ще се проверяват от комисия в състав председател и двама редовни членове.
Оценка е окончателна и писмената работа не подлежи на преразглеждане.
Месечната такса за практическо обучение, съгласно чл. 41 от Наредба № 1/22.01.2015 г. се определя от базата за обучение:
- МУ - ФДМ – 460,00лв.,
- УМБАЛ „Александровска" ЕАД – 230.00 лв.
- МДЦ „МЕДИКЪЛ ДЕНТ КОНСУЛТ" – 460,00лв.
- УМБАЛ „ПИРОГОВ" ЕАД – 350.00 лв.
- ДЦ „ОРТОДЖИГ" ООД-460.00 лв.
Месечната такса за теоретично обучение е в размер на 230.00 лв., съгласно Заповед № РК 36-2436/25.10.2019 г. на Ректора на МУ-София.
За обучение по-кратко от един месец, таксата се изчислява пропорционално на дните проведено обучение на база на 21 работни дни за месец. | <urn:uuid:673a1acf-d822-43f2-a944-8b8debd55ff0> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/bul_Cyrl/train | finepdfs | bul_Cyrl | 3,141 |
Uwe Stickert
Lyric Tenor Uwe Stickert started his musical career at the age of seven at the Musical School "Schloß Belvedere" in Weimar. He graduated from Music Universitiy "Franz Liszt" Weimar with Prof. Mario Hoff.
Uwe Stickert performed on stages such as : Komische Oper Berlin, Aalto-Theater Essen, Opera de Nice, Nationaltheater Mannheim His projects included:
„Arnold" in „Guillaume Tell",„Titus", „Idomeneo", „Tamino", „Don Ottavio" or „Belmonte" (Mozart), Jupiter in Handel's „Semele" as well as „Don Ramiro" or „David" (Meistersinger).
2016 Leopold , La Juive, Oper Nürnberg La Clemenza di Tito, Oper Hannover
Raoul, Les Huguenots, Opéra de Nice Titus, Idomeneo, Oper Würzburg
2017:
Faust, Gounod, Stadttheater Bern, Switzerland Concerts with Adam Fischer, Budapest Tonio, Fille du Régiment, Shanghai Flamand, Capriccio, Opera Innsbruck, Austria
2018:
Desportes, Die Soldaten
The Tenor is an asked-for specialist within the concert repertoire, with Bach's Passions he toured to Israel, China, Italy, Switzerland and France. Until now Uwe Stickert has worked with reknowned conductors such as Sir Neville Marriner, Daniel Barenboim or Adam Fischer. His recordings include the world premiere recording of Otto Nicolai's „Il Proscritto" (2016) and Countess Anna Amalia's „Erwin and Elmire" as well as „Bohemian Christmas" (berlin classics 2015). | <urn:uuid:d7a298dd-cf19-479f-8c4b-2d188f83cf6e> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 1,362 |
RURAL DEVELOPMENT AND FOOD SECURITY FORUM 2019 PROCEEDINGS
DECEMBER 2020
RURAL DEVELOPMENT AND FOOD SECURITY FORUM 2019 PROCEEDINGS
DECEMBER 2020
Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO)
© 2020 Asian Development Bank
6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City, 1550 Metro Manila, Philippines
Tel +63 2 8632 4444; Fax +63 2 8636 2444.
www.adb.org
Some rights reserved. Published in 2020.
The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent.
ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by ADB in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned.
By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area, or by using the term “country” in this document, ADB does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.
This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO)
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/. By using the content of this publication, you agree to be bound by the terms of this license. For attribution, translations, adaptations, and permissions, please read the provisions and terms of use at https://www.adb.org/terms-use#openaccess.
This CC license does not apply to non-ADB copyright materials in this publication. If the material is attributed to another source, please contact the copyright owner or publisher of that source for permission to reproduce it. ADB cannot be held liable for any claims that arise as a result of your use of the material.
Please contact email@example.com if you have questions or comments with respect to content, or if you wish to obtain copyright permission for your intended use that does not fall within these terms, or for permission to use the ADB logo.
Corrigenda to ADB publications may be found at http://www.adb.org/publications/corrigenda.
Notes:
ADB President Takehiko Nakao stepped down as President on 16 January 2020.
In this publication, “$” refers to United States dollars.
ADB recognizes “China” as the People’s Republic of China.
All photos are by ADB.
Cover design by Rodel Valenzuela.
| Abbreviation | Description |
|-------------|-------------|
| ADB | Asian Development Bank |
| ASEAN | Association of Southeast Asian Nations |
| AWD | alternate wet and drying system |
| CIRAD | French Center for Research and Agricultural Development |
| CO₂ | carbon dioxide |
| DMC | developing member country |
| DSR | directly seeded rice |
| EBRD | European Bank for Reconstruction and Development |
| EU | European Union |
| FAO | Food and Agriculture Organization |
| FDI | foreign direct investment |
| FPC | farmer-producer company |
| FPO | farmer-producer organization |
| GDP | gross domestic product |
| GIS | geographic information system |
| GMS | Greater Mekong Subregion |
| IAEA | International Atomic Energy Agency |
| ICT | information and communication technology |
| IFPRI | International Food Policy Research Institute |
| IRDP | Integrated rural development program |
| Acronym | Description |
|---------|-------------|
| IRRI | International Rice Research Institute |
| IT | information technology |
| KMUTT | King Mongkut University of Technology, Thonburi |
| LAO PDR | Lao People’s Democratic Republic |
| NATCO | National Confederation of Cooperatives in the Philippines |
| NGO | nongovernment organization |
| OECD | Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development |
| O&M | operation and maintenance |
| OTOP | One Tambon One Product |
| PGP | Carrageenan plant promoter |
| PNRI | Philippine Nuclear Research Institute |
| PRC | People’s Republic of China |
| PPP | public–private partnership |
| PSOD | Private Sector Operations Department |
| RDFS | Rural Development and Food Security |
| R&D | research and development |
| SDG | Sustainable Development Goal |
| SME | small and medium-sized enterprises |
| STEAM | Science and Technology, Engineering, Arts and Mathematics |
| UK | United Kingdom |
| UNCDF | United Nations Capital Development Fund |
| US | United States |
| USAID | United States Agency for International Development |
| WHO | World Health Organization |
Dysfunctional Agricultural Markets and Malnutrition
This session discussed the impacts of dysfunctional agricultural markets on farmer profits, low farm productivity, bad food quality, high prices for consumers, and the devastating impact on malnutrition. Recommendations to improve policies and regulatory frameworks and to make key investments in market infrastructure and nutrition programs were made by panelists and participants.
Keynote Address
Irakli Loladze, Associate Professor, Bryan College of Health Sciences and Adjunct Faculty, Arizona State University, United States
Malnutrition is a top global challenge. As far as hunger is concerned, we have about 800 million people that do not have enough food. But when it comes to malnutrition—just on mineral undernutrition—we have over 1 billion people at risk of zinc deficiency and over 1 billion people at risk of iron deficiency. The latest estimates say that about 3.5 billion people, almost every other person on earth, is at risk of dietary calcium deficiency. Malnutrition not only means undernutrition but also overnutrition—overconsumption of calories. Over 2 billion people are estimated to be overweight and over 600 million are obese. What is particularly worrisome is that both overnutrition and undernutrition can coexist in the same family or even in the same individual.
Malnutrition particularly heavily affects the Asia and Pacific region. When we look at the rates of people being overweight, the fastest rise is seen in Southeast Asia and the Pacific. Nearly half of the world’s population is experiencing the double burden of stunting among children under 5, and overweight adult females in Southeast Asia and the Pacific.
The prevalence of the double burden (% stunting, % overweight) is as follows: the Philippines (32%, 29%); Indonesia (36%, 26%); and Papua New Guinea (43%, 50%). Overconsumption has been linked to junk food: “high availability and promotion of processed, low-cost (cheap), energy-dense foodstuffs.” Haddad et al (2015).
**Nutrition and Carbon Dioxide Levels**
Nutrition is an extremely complicated subject but here I take a very simple and unusual perspective on junk food, which originated in the western world and is culturally alien to many countries. It is heavily promoted by the “Big Food” industry because it is highly profitable. It is so profitable because it is created by injections of fats and sugars, which are among the cheapest calories available, and, it tastes good. There is a lot of debate about fats versus sugars but from an elemental perspective, both fats and sugars are made out of three elements: carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O). By injecting fats and sugars, the “Big Food” industry dilutes essential minerals and micronutrients with these three elements: C, H, and O. Junk food is processed food. What about unprocessed food, vegetables, and fruits and staple crops? Can we be assured that the quality of these foods is not declining? I will be making the case today that with every passing year, the quality of all crops is declining as well. In other words, nutrient density in these crops is declining too.
Let’s take a simple—elemental or stoichiometric—perspective on photosynthesis under rising carbon dioxide ($\text{CO}_2$) levels. Plants take $\text{CO}_2$ from the air and water from the soil, which they split into hydrogen and oxygen to make sugars and starches. $\text{CO}_2$ concentrations have been steadily increasing over the last few decades and are projected to double within this century, possibly within our lifetimes. When there is more $\text{CO}_2$ in the air, most plants make more sugars and starches. Some of those can be stored within plant cells, in special compartments: vacuoles and plastids. These extra sugars and starches do not really hurt plants but let us conjecture what will happen to plant eaters, including humans. Just as in the junk food example, those extra C, H and O would end up diluting essential minerals with every bite of plant-based foods.
Seventeen years ago, I made the argument that rising levels of $\text{CO}_2$ will affect human nutrition by decreasing nutrient density of crops and wild plants globally. At that time, there were only 24 studies that reported mineral densities in plants grown at elevated $\text{CO}_2$ conditions. Zinc, iron, magnesium, and calcium are declining in wheat and the mineral density in leaves is declining as well. Back in 2002, millions of people were already deficient in iron, zinc, or iodine. It was logical to conclude that high levels of $\text{CO}_2$ should intensify the problem of micronutrient malnutrition. While this argument is logical, it involves several disciplines—plant physiology, agriculture, human nutrition, human health.
Specialists within these disciplines looked at it and did not buy into the whole argument. There was a lot of skepticism toward the concept. To prove that rising $\text{CO}_2$ decreases nutrient densities, we would need to measure plant samples from $\text{CO}_2$ experiments. For example, in rice, $\text{CO}_2$ was maintained at a high level within a ring in the field, and rice grown within this ring could be compared with rice grown at
identical conditions but at ambient CO\textsubscript{2} levels in the same field. Plant physiologists do these experiments for various reasons: to measure yield and plant parameters. Occasionally, they do measure mineral content. These experiments could also be run in open-top chambers, greenhouses, etc. I compiled data that researchers published worldwide. Relatively more data has been published on protein levels in crops grown in elevated CO\textsubscript{2} conditions.
**Results**
In 2008, Daniel Taub and collaborators analyzed the available data and showed that protein level significantly declined in the grains of staple crops and potato. It took 12 years to compile enough data to show that rising CO\textsubscript{2} levels decreased mineral density in crops and wild plants. Thanks to all those researchers running experiments in Asia, Europe, the United States, and Australia, I was able to compile data on 25 minerals in 130 plant varieties. To this day it remains the largest study on the issue.
These are the results for plants grown at elevated CO\textsubscript{2} conditions. The carbon content appears to increase in plant tissues but nearly all the essential minerals including zinc, iron, magnesium, calcium, and potassium decline, including protein, which is represented by nitrogen (N). Ionome is collectively all the minerals and trace elements in an organism and rising CO\textsubscript{2} levels appear to downshift the plant ionome by 8%. What is important to bear in mind that this is not an isolated effect only occurring in one region of the world or in one specific plant species. This is a systemic and pervasive global effect.
This decline in the ionome or nutrient density is found in major staple crops such as rice, wheat, barley, and potato. This effect of rising CO\textsubscript{2} levels on nutrient density of plants is found in temperate areas, in subtropics, and every country for which we have sufficient data. Elevated CO\textsubscript{2} levels also decrease nutrient density in wild plants, trees,
and herbaceous plants, etc. It is a systemic and pervasive effect on nearly all plants globally. As CO₂ concentrations rise and plants accumulate more sugars and starches, these dilute not only minerals but other nutrients. Last year, we published a study analyzing grains of 18 rice cultivars grown at elevated and ambient CO₂ conditions in the PRC and Japan. As expected, we found that zinc, iron, and protein decline in most of these rice cultivars. But interestingly, we also found that B-vitamins, such as B1, B2, B5, and B9, declined in essentially all rice cultivars for which data are available. In 2019, we published a study about the effects of elevated CO₂ on carotenoids plants. In both plant and human tissues, carotenoids protect against oxidative stress. Recent trials showed that when diet is supplemented with certain xanthophyll, which is a class of carotenoids, not only several parameters of vision improve but also memory improves in human subjects.
What is worrisome is that when we analyze the data from elevated CO₂ experiments reporting carotenoid levels, we find a significant decline in carotenoid density. It appears that this happens not only because of dilution by extra starches and sugars but also because the genes responsible for carotenoid biosynthesis become down regulated. In other words, plants appear to have less need for carotenoids at elevated CO₂ conditions. That does not hurt plants, but it can hurt the nutrition of plant consumers, including humans.
We have several methods of improving crop quality, from biofortification via conventional breeding, to engineering, and to various ways of enriching soil with minerals. We know they will improve the nutrient density of crops. However, the problem lies with incentives in agriculture, which are essentially based on yield. The green revolution, synthetic fertilizers, etc. are all about increasing food quantity while food quality is disregarded. Now we know that rising levels of CO₂ work against us. The nutrient density of most crops and wild plants globally will keep declining with every passing year as CO₂ concentrations keep rising. I feel that we need to fundamentally change incentives so that farmers are paid for improved crop quality—then they will have financial incentives to use the available tools to boost nutrient intensity in crops. This will help us mitigate the negative effect of rising CO₂ on plant quality and human nutrition.
**Panel Discussion**
**Diwakar Gupta, ADB:** The postharvest cycle is equally or more vulnerable. And that is where we come to realize that farming is probably the riskiest business in the world. The reason is that you are exposed to the vagaries of nature and pest attacks, but also exposed to a lot of problems caused by humans. In a year with a crop failure, the farmer is obviously in trouble. Paradoxically, in a year with a bumper harvest, the farmer is equally in trouble. Why does this happen? It happens because the postharvest value chain is either broken, is in the hands of vested interests, or there is no coordination.
Typically, the three large crops—potato, onion, and tomato—go through three- to four-year cycles of boom and bust. Typically, in the fourth year, the production is so
good, but the farmer has nowhere to sell it. Often, farmers leave the crop in the field as what they receive by selling is less than what they will spend to take it out. And in the same year, this crop will sell at 10 times the price in the consumer market. Why does this happen? There is not enough cold chain capacity. Even in countries where cold chain capacity is adequate, it is in the hands of middlemen.
I know about the situation in India but the same is happening in Bangladesh or other subregions. Last year, Bangladesh lost $500 million worth of potatoes left in the ground because there was not enough capacity to keep it, and not enough middlemen were willing to buy it. In other words, the farmer has no pricing power. How can we change this? The private sector obviously will not bring it up as a holistic solution to a country’s or region’s problems. The private sector is tuned to being efficient and productive and to being profit-generating. It will not invest in something that has a 10-year payback and no line of sight. At the same time, the other big problem that agriculture suffers from is the fact that it is a state subject (under the mandate of the state). In a federal set up, central governments cannot do very much (e.g., India). Centralization of government policies is only partly effective in most countries. Therefore, a coordinated approach is needed.
ADB’s effort has been to educate governments that they need a holistic postharvest value chain, where produce can be quickly handled. The other statistic that is important is the loss of 30%–45% of perishable produce before it can be processed. Forget about reaching the food plate. It perishes at the farmgate or somewhere in-between. Governments need to be sensitized. ADB has been doing this, and its Agricultural and Natural Resources divisions already have four pilots in three or four countries. The idea is to sensitize the governments that (i) they are losing 1%–2% of gross domestic product (GDP) by not handling the problem; (ii) capacity needs to be handled in such a way that the farmer has somewhere to go immediately, such as within 6 hours, to a “cooling center” for assaying, sorting, grading, storing. Then he or she has pricing power and is not left to the vagaries of nature or to cartels, which will then determine what he or she does with the produce.
For this to work, the initial investment must come from the government. Governments have certain strengths about enabling policy frameworks, regulation, and land issues. The private sector’s role is execution. It must be a partnership in which both have to come together. If that happens the world could be adding 2%–3% of GDP by just crops saved, apart from the fact that the distribution will be better, and the farming and farmers’ own lives and livelihoods would be better. We can imagine what the effect on population will be in the long term. Today, malnutrition affects 84 million children of this region, of which about 30 million are starving or wasting.
Martien van Nieuwkoop, The World Bank: I will reflect on dysfunctional markets—the size of the problem, the governments’ role, and the nature of the solution to get to outcomes when it comes to nutrition. We have done some analysis on the hidden costs of the global food system. Around 2 billion people are undernourished or malnourished. About 2 billion people are overweight and obese, and about one-third of agricultural production is lost and wasted. About 25% of land is degraded due to poor management practices. Agriculture and land use take up about 25% of
greenhouse gas emissions. Agriculture is the biggest driver of biodiversity loss. One can go on and on.
The aggregate hidden cost is estimated at about $6 trillion a year. Out of this $6 trillion, $4 trillion relate to the 2 billion people that are malnourished, overweight, and obese. Six trillion dollars is a big number. The question is—what is a good comparable reference? The value added of the global food system is about $8 trillion annually. This is huge. You have $6 trillion of hidden costs on a value added of $8 trillion. Numbers given out by the FAO estimate gross return of primary agriculture at $5 trillion a year. The hidden cost of agriculture exceeds the turnover value. It may be comparing apples and oranges, but it shows the huge numbers. Now what do governments have to do with this?
If you look at the public support programs that governments around the world have in place for agriculture and the global food system, whereby we have data from 53 countries representing about 80% of the global agriculture production, our estimate is that the public support programs are about $600 billion a year. If we compare this with the $6 trillion hidden cost, it looks very low. Of the total public support, only 15% is for true public goods—such as agricultural research, extension, infrastructure, payment for environmental services. The rest of it is production subsidies, input subsidies, and direct and indirect price support. Such programs generate allocated inefficiencies, technical inefficiencies, and negative environmental externalities, etc. Moreover, in terms of composition of the public support by crop, there is a huge bias against high-value agriculture like fruit and vegetables. Most of it go to grains—starch and sugar. That is also one of the reasons why those products are cheap as they are used by companies to produce all kinds of cheap junk food as mentioned in the presentation. Last but not the least, many public support programs currently do not really benefit the farmers. Fertilizer subsidies go to the manufacturers. What is the value of fertilizer subsidy if a farmer has nothing to sell? The farmer has nothing to harvest because of the drought.
The bottom line is that governments have a lot to do with dysfunctional markets. If we project to 2050 when we will have 9.8 billion people on the planet, the global food system needs to produce 56% more food. With business-as-usual, it will require an additional 600 million ha of land—the size of India—and greenhouse gas emissions will go through the roof. Governments will need to change the way they support the agriculture sector. The public support programs need to be repurposed. Many countries are underinvesting in agriculture innovation systems, extension, and market infrastructure, as mentioned, and probably also recognize that farmers are also providers of ecosystem services, and therefore, need the right incentives. The size of the problem of dysfunctional markets is enormous. Governments have a huge part to play in this.
Marco Wopereis, World Vegetable Center: We have enormous malnutrition problems. Ten percent of people are still hungry. We have micronutrient deficiencies—26% of Asia’s children are stunted, and one-third of Asia’s adults have a problem with being overweight. In the next 25–30 years, Asia will add 1 billion people to its cities. We will have to feed and nourish 1 billion additional urban Asians. Right
now, we are not doing a good job of it. What can we do with vegetables? There is the nutritional power of vegetables and the economic power of vegetables. Vegetables are rich sources of micronutrients, fiber, vitamins, and all kinds of phytochemicals. You can also earn good money with vegetables. Our data show that farmers can earn between 3–14 times more profit with vegetables than with cereals.
Climate change is already causing erratic weather, pest, and diseases, and affects micronutrients in plants as the keynote speaker mentioned. It is a complex situation. But we can turn challenges into opportunities. Somebody this morning mentioned planetary diet. Yes, if you have read the EAT Lancet report\(^8\), this calls for a radical overhaul of our food system in terms of better environmental stewardship but also a radical change of diet, doubling consumption of vegetables, legumes, and nuts.
The World Health Organization minimum requirement for vegetables is 200 grams (g) per capita per day. The PRC, Japan, the Republic of Korea, and Viet Nam are doing well as they consume more than 200 g per capita per day. In the Philippines, it is 130 g per capita per day. A country like Bangladesh consumes 57 g of vegetables per person per day—hence, a huge diversity. However, the optimum intake is said to be 360g per capita per day. The main concern with perishables is microbial contamination. Such problems can occur during the production stage, during storage, and even during food preparation. That is a major health issue. The other one is pesticide use. Our study shows that 70% of vegetable growers in Cambodia overuse pesticides, and that is not going to be different in other countries. In Bangladesh or the Philippines, farmers growing eggplants may spray every other day against fruit and shoot borer. There are no studies that show a clear relationship between maximum pesticide residue limits in vegetables and health. It will be difficult to do such studies. In countries where pesticides are not well-regulated, where farmers lack knowledge of how to apply
---
\(^8\) Willett, Walter et al. (2019, January 2016). *Food in the Anthropocene: the EAT–Lancet Commission on healthy diets from sustainable food systems*. The Lancet, 393 (10170), 447–492.
pesticides properly, and in situations where pesticides are used that are not meant for vegetables—for example, using insecticides meant for cotton or rice—this is a clear concern.
How can we bring more vegetables to the table in Asia? We must work on supply and demand, as consumption of vegetables is not automatic. In countries with increasing wealth, the tendency may even be to eat fewer vegetables. We must work on demand creation, awareness about eating nutritious food, perhaps through soft policy measures, knowledge management campaigns, TV shows, social media. Hard measures could also be undertaken like banning unhealthy food. On the supply side, providing greater access to quality vegetable seeds will be important.
The World Vegetable Center\textsuperscript{9} is well placed to work on this. We have the largest collection of vegetable germplasm in the world with seeds that are for example disease-resistant, insect-resistant, and heat-tolerant. We get these improved traits to farmers through various pathways including through a vegetable-breeding consortium that we have established with the Asia & Pacific Seed Association that includes 43 seed companies. This knowledge is being spread to the farmers, at least in Asia. In food systems pilots, we work on protected cultivation, aiming to facilitate year-round production, improving the availability and affordability of vegetables. The PRC, Japan, and the Republic of Korea are ahead today because they used protected cultivation. In countries like the Philippines, less than 1,000 ha of vegetables is under protected cultivation.
\textbf{Anthea Webb, World Food Programme:} I congratulate ADB for bringing together two topics that are not often seen in a session, and that is markets and malnutrition. These topics are intrinsically linked. The World Food Programme\textsuperscript{10} has a portfolio of about $3 billion in Asia and the Pacific region and we look at reaching about 30 million people. As part of that, we look at how much it costs a person in Asia and the Pacific region to be able to afford not just enough food but a sufficiently nutritious diet. What we found was quite surprising. While generally speaking most people in the region can now afford enough food, there is a shocking number or percentage of people who cannot afford the right kind of diet they need to meet their basic human growth requirements.
We looked at six countries across the region and found that in terms of affordability, a nutritious diet was out of reach for about 20% of people in Cambodia to up to 68% in Pakistan. That gives you a big indication of just how dysfunctional some of our markets are when it comes to price and affordability. Often, it was in rural areas that food was most out of reach. The ability to afford the right kind of diet was much more difficult for the people who in fact grow a lot of the food that you and I purchase in the cities. The person in a household who most needs a highly nutritious diet—an adolescent girl or a woman who has just had a baby, is nursing, or is still pregnant—has the most expensive diet of all and at the same time, has the hardest diet to come by. It gives you a sense of the opportunity lost because so many of our women and girls are
\begin{footnotes}
\item \url{https://avrdc.org/}
\item \url{https://www.wfp.org/}
\end{footnotes}
not simply getting the kind of nutrients they need. Interestingly enough, they do not go to bed hungry. But the calories they have do not produce the kind of physical and mental growth that is required to compete on the global marketplace for labor and productivity.
If we can address this, there will be a huge step up possible if those gains are matched in terms of quality of education, health care, and sanitation. The focus needs to shift toward those highly valuable nutritious foods that are also highly profitable: fruits and vegetables, animal protein, fisheries, livestock, dairy. But these are the kind of foods that have traditionally not received support from governments and the private sector. Even though they hold the most promise both in terms of their nutritional impact and bottom-line profit.
I will finish with a story that comes out of Bangladesh, and a very new collaboration between the World Food Programme and ADB in Cox’s Bazaar. There was a movement of several hundred thousand people from the Rakhine State in Myanmar into Bangladesh at the end of 2017, of whom 80% rely on external help. They are not allowed to have jobs. Children are not allowed to go to school. They rely heavily on aid. With support from ADB and the Government of Bangladesh, we are helping to build a new set of stores where refugees can come and cash in their electronic food voucher. The beauty of that is that they were no longer just giving the people bags of rice, a can of oil, or a couple of lentils but they were able to purchase the food that is most nutritious and most suited to their diet. A good portion of the money that they spend is for purchasing locally grown food by the host community, which has suffered by the arrival of so many new people and for whom food prices have also gone up. With this very helpful partnership, those refugees who arrive with horrific malnutrition problems can address their own nutritional needs while supporting the local community.
**Jane Gerardo-Abaya, International Atomic Energy Agency:** We heard about technologies that the Philippine Nuclear Research Institute, which is collaborating with the IAEA, presented as part of the exhibitor information. It is important to look at the daunting problems in light of technologies that we have and can use to alleviate the situation.
Some questions have arisen. What is the IAEA and what is it doing? We are known as a nuclear watchdog, but the IAEA supports member countries in Asia and the Pacific region on the SDGs. In fact, 9 of the 17 SDGs are relevant to our technical cooperation program. Nearly 25% of our technical cooperation program is on health and nutrition according to the request of our member states. This includes cancer treatment diagnosis and therapy, and nutrition of children and mothers. Another major part of the technical cooperation programs is on food and agriculture. Through projects we support, we build the capacity of member states to acquire nuclear science and technology to address SDGs. We also provide networking between member states, including least developed and developed countries to share knowledge, acquire technologies, to address development problems where nuclear techniques are relevant.
In Indonesia, we supported the production of 13 soya bean varieties with the biggest success being a yield of 4 tons per ha. The other example is from Bangladesh where we helped produce shorter growing time and productive varieties of rice. Bangladesh has now produced about 3–4 tons per ha of the new variety that was harvested within 115 days instead of the usual 130 days. In Malaysia, we have supported production of a rice variety that has survived periods of drought as well as floods for 8 days. Malaysia has now started multiplying seeds of this variety and partnered with the private sector, which has mainstreamed the seeds, propagated it and delivered to the farmers—a good example of public–private partnership (PPP). In the Philippines, Dr. Abad has presented to us today the use of carrageenan to boost rice production by 30% with only half the dose of fertilizer. In Myanmar, mutation breeding has enhanced higher yields and shorter maturation periods. In Viet Nam, irrigation helps in increasing quality and shelf-life of food suitable for export. A triangular cooperation with Cambodia and the Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) has been signed to cooperate in capacity building for the use of nuclear technology. In the context of exporting fruits, sterile insect techniques have been used. Additionally, on undernutrition of children, nuclear techniques can measure the effectiveness of fortification interventions and others.
**Irakli Loladze, Arizona State University, United States:** Malnutrition is a multifaceted problem and the solution to it also requires several dimensions to be simultaneously resolved. While rising CO₂ levels decrease micronutrient levels in plants, fruits and vegetables are still more nutritious than staple crops and junk food. We still need to eat fruits and vegetables. We just need to be aware that as CO₂ concentrations keep rising, the nutrient content worldwide of nearly all plants is declining.
From my perspective, as a mathematical biologist, I often hear about potential or theoretical solutions, for example fortification or supplementation. If the nutrient density of crops declines, why cannot we just fortify foods or give everybody a pill? However, if you look at fortification, for example iodine, which is one of the most successful, we still see the logistical hurdles, where hundreds of millions of people do not get enough iodine. Fortification works for some foods, and only for some nutrients. There is also the question of just adding minerals to the soil. Adding minerals to the soil produces better quality crops, but farmers do not have financial incentives to do so, unless it also increases yields. Farmers do not see the benefits for the additional work and costs of adding minerals. Expecting farmers to care about the nutritional value of crops in the face of unpredictable weather, unpredictable markets, and exploitation by middlemen is unrealistic. Governments can work together to provide incentives, where producing more nutritious crops can change the food supply system for the better. On the one hand, the “Big Food” industry dilutes our food with cheap calories. On the other hand, we have rising levels of CO₂ that do the same.
**Jonathan Hellin, IRRI:** We were left with a critical question—the emphasis has been on yield. How do we shift things so that we get a greater emphasis on quality? There are incentives for increasing crop quality. I am a cynical optimist. I believe we can bring about change. It is just going to be difficult.
---
11 EAT. *Healthy Diets from Sustainable Food Systems: Food Planet Health.*
The solutions are there. Implementing them is a much more difficult challenge. What was insinuated but not really talked about a lot on the panel was the fact that we are continuously grappling with trade-offs and contradictions. Income increases, nutrition goes down. Demand for high-value crops can lead farmers to using tons of insecticides to produce vegetables without any blemishes on them. Nutrition could come from greater meat and dairy consumption. And yet if you read the EAT Lancet report\textsuperscript{11}, it points out that to stay within planetary boundaries, we should be reducing meat and dairy consumption. There are always trade-offs between the agriculture sustainability, health and nutrition, and prosperity.
There is nothing wrong with trade-offs. We need to recognize them. We need all that coordination along the value chain, and that is where the incentives are going to come from, and not just for farmers. Intermediaries may be bad, but they play an important role. If it is not an incentive for the intermediaries, farmers are not going to sell their product. If you talk about health and biofortification, these are often invisible traits. How do you as consumer know that what you are consuming is what you think are consuming?
We do have digital tools, knowledge, and incentives around. Governments can use the carrot-and-stick approach. The answers are there. The issue is how you stitch things together so that you minimize the trade-offs and enhance the synergies. This is only going to work when there is enough consumer demand. That we must be very careful about because mention was made about willingness-to-pay. I seldom see that play out in reality. Willingness-to-pay needs to be backed up.
Biofortification, crop diversification, cropping systems—the money is there. You can do it through smart subsidies, for example. It is getting the political will, and the panel today has shown that there is considerable political will and ways forward. But we must never lose sight of having to minimize those trade-offs.
\textbf{Howarth Bouis, HarvestPlus:} I want to make four points. Firstly, what is the primary objective of agricultural policy makers? What agricultural policy makers decide has an important impact on the nutrition and health of the nation. How do we get policy makers to put nutrition and health as a higher priority in their decision-making?
Secondly, what has happened to food prices over the last 40–50 years? We had the green revolution, where rice and wheat prices came down. Cereal prices are now lower than they were 40 or 50 years ago. Vegetable, fruit, and meat prices have doubled and tripled over the same time period. If the rice price tripled, the agriculture minister in the country would not be able to sleep. The government would not stay in power. But when vegetable or fruit prices triple, nobody pays attention.
Thirdly, the cognitive abilities of the nation are compromised when non-staple prices go up. This is the underlying cause why dietary quality is so poor. The prices of foods that are rich in minerals and vitamins have been going up so much.
Fourthly, how do we take action? We must take specific action in each of the broad food groups. Food staples are what the poor eat in large amounts of. We have an
intervention, referred to as biofortification (developing mineral and vitamin dense staple food crops), on which I have worked. One can substitute the non-biofortified crop with the bio-fortified crop at no extra cost. High zinc rice costs exactly the same as non-biofortified rice. You do not have to spend any more money and you get more zinc in your diet.
In Africa we have orange maize. Forty-five percent of preschool children in Africa suffer from vitamin A deficiency. You just have to substitute one-for-one, orange maize for the white maize at the same price and thereby do a lot to reduce vitamin A deficiency. What about vegetables and fruits? In this case, it is necessary to bring the price down. If you can lower the price, then people can eat more. You must invest in the value chains infrastructures and agricultural research to get the productivity up. And it is exactly the same for animal and fish products. Milk is a very important food item in India. A government program improved production of milk rapidly and milk prices came down by 50%. If you are poor and the price comes down by 50%, you can consume twice as much milk for the same amount of money. That is exactly what we need to do. For example, improve productivity of eggs, which are generally not traded internationally. Find a few key foods, focus on the productivity, and get it up. But we must get the agriculture ministers to focus their actions on nutrition of the nation.
Lee Pai-Po, International Cooperation and Development Fund, PRC: Climate change is a serious threat due to the increase of uncertainty factors in agricultural investment. Total agricultural production and unit productivity are reduced, resulting in market failure and malnutrition. Secondly, rural migration and increasing urbanization—whereby rural areas have shortage of labor and women do most of the work and production—suffers. Thirdly, agriculture investment in the 1960s was 33% and is now less than 4% of national GDP annually. Multilateral and bilateral development agencies’ financing in agriculture have also declined. Therefore, encouraging agricultural investment is still very important. As far as markets are concerned, middlemen will have to be prohibited. Reduce the exploitation of middlemen and establish a sound auction system for agricultural products so that farmers’ products can be sold directly to the market to protect farmers’ livelihoods. Fourthly, poverty issues and malnutrition caused by food insecurity, including undernutrition (underweight, stunting, and wasting), overweight and obesity, and micronutrient deficiency (vitamin A, zinc, and iron). In Asia, 84 million people have malnutrition, and the proportion is quite high. Appropriate measures must be taken to overcome this phenomenon.
On solutions—firstly, based on the concept of agricultural value chain, increase agricultural investment (including land, seeds, fertilizer, and irrigation) to increase agricultural production. Establish climate resilience (such as the use of new varieties, anti-drought, resistance of disease and pest); new agricultural knowledge (precise agriculture, wisdom); new agricultural knowledge (precise agriculture, climate-smart agriculture, digital agriculture); and apply new agricultural technologies (such as ICT, GIS, drones) to solve the problem of insufficient market supply. Secondly, reduce food waste and loss. Every year about 1.3 billion tons of food is lost and wasted. If we can reduce the food loss and waste, it will be of great help to global food security. Thirdly, food security and nutrition for all should concentrate on food availability, food
access, food stability, and food utilization. Fourthly, in agriculture financial support, including microcredit and microinsurance for small farmers are useful mechanisms, allowing small farmers to obtain funds for agricultural production will greatly help increase farmers’ income. Lastly, in recent years, the World Health Organization (WHO) has attached great importance to universal health coverage and primary healthcare coverage. The prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases, including malnutrition caused by undernutrition, obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases is the focus.
**Hean Vanhan, Secretary of State, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Royal Government of Cambodia:** A solution to the challenges is to increase income. Malnutrition is mainly a problem of the poor. When farmers have increased income, they can have access to many kinds of food. The use of insecticides is dangerous and should be avoided. It is important to increase productivity of varieties. Farmers need to increase productivity and not yields. Many countries focus on the yield but not productivity. In Cambodia, farmers report on their tonnage per ha. after harvesting. While some claim they get 5 tons per ha; others say 4.5 tons per ha. However, sometimes the farmer that gets 4.5 tons per ha gets more benefit and more profit because of higher productivity.
**Diwakar Gupta, ADB:** Development of a market can always happen. I was addressing the postharvest losses that happen. More importantly, the producer or farmer has absolutely no power on pricing or holding on to his or her stock. It is not so much about developing segments of the postharvest value chain as it is about having an integrated value chain.
This will require several things. For example, an adequate cold storage capacity could use a digital backbone to understand in real-time how much is available or how much is pledged. This could be linked to a banking channel, where the farmer can pledge produce against a warehousing receipt and get 20% or 30% of the value of the crop. This would also eventually give information at national level about the cropping for a particular crop, which could be helpful in forecasting for the next year and avoid boom and bust cycles every 3–4 years for certain crops. Eventually, this might even lead to the government using a buffer to ensure against volatility. If warehouses are full and you have access, one can do a one-time export. On the other hand, if there is insufficient supply, cropping could be influenced for the next season.
There are a lot of options but these need to be integrated. Otherwise specific segments will develop, and specific people will benefit. Eventually they will become vested interests, as what is happening today.
**Martien van Nieuwkoop, The World Bank:** Despite many public support programs, there was a steep rise in food staple price in developing countries in 2007. This led to a doubling of public support programs in developing countries, while such programs were maintained at the same levels in developed countries. In countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), as mentioned earlier by the director general of IFPRI, public support programs, particularly in the European Union, are decoupling from influencing production decisions by farmers.
and moving toward income support. One would, therefore, argue that public support programs in OECD countries over the last decade or so have become less distortionary than they used to be. If you look at global value chains, you see increasing concentration in the downstream segment of value chains that may give rise to questions about farmer’s proportion in the retail price of the produce. You see this reflected in the discussion about livable wages in agriculture and the rural sector.
We are not saying that the volume of $600 billion in public support programs in agriculture, should be reduced. We are saying that public support programs should be repurposed and put to better use and generate outcomes by investing in innovation, market infrastructure, and resilience. By doing that, health and nutrition outcomes will be achieved, and there will be huge economic dividends in terms of better income to farmers. This will provide better incentives to farmers to grow high value crops with better income opportunities. Finally, at the fiscal side—the linking of expenditures under public support programs to public goods—the sector becomes more effective from a fiscal point of view. Ultimately it boils down to the political will in individual countries. The opening speaker this morning also said that in the end, the solutions are very context specific. There are no global solutions and there is no silver bullet. In the end, each country will have to make that shift and that is why national leadership is very important.
**Marco Wopereis, World Food Programme:** In reaction to the gentleman from the Philippines, there is a clear need to change food habits and eat more nutritious food—in particular fruits and vegetables. Development of the vegetable sector is a complex business. It is highly capital-intensive and knowledge intensive. There must be political will. We need policies that foster health and nutrition and lay the groundwork for the future. We need investments in production, storage, marketing, and research. A tiny fraction of public funds is allocated to research and capacity strengthening for nutritious food like fruits and vegetables. Why would the Philippines aim to export vegetables when there are more than 110 million people that need to eat more vegetables?
**Diwakar Gupta, ADB:** On the role of the “Big Food” processing industry, in the developing world, barely 2% or 3% of the food is processed. As far as the weighted average importance of processors is concerned, not more than 5% of what we are producing get processed. What we need to look at is the 95% of perishable crops. The point raised about the role of “Big Food” processors and how to incentivize them to produce nutritious food is relevant. It has to do with the free market. The government needs to start with policy at the grassroots and eventually the free market will take over.
**Martien van Nieuwkoop, The World Bank:** After the food price crisis in 2007, the private sector became interested in investing in agriculture. This led to discussion about land grabbing, among others. In response to that, work was done on the principles of responsible agriculture investments. There was discussion on ensuring that private investors comply with local laws on social and environmental legislation and for investments to be inclusive. Right now, principles are focused on the production side of the supply chain. To what extent we can bring in the private sector
to produce more nutritious food. Why can’t we extend those principles to agricultural marketing? What is the role of multinational corporations and agribusiness to educate their consumers in making healthy choices? That is a discussion we are starting with the World Business Council and we are in the early stages but that is an avenue the World Bank would like to explore.
Smart rural development, effective agricultural policies, and efficient regulations are critical to ensure a sufficient, safe, nutritious, and affordable supply of food to Asia and the Pacific’s growing population. Toward this end, the Asian Development Bank hosted the Rural Development and Food Security Forum 2019 to prompt governments in the region to provide the leadership and transformative change needed to generate rural prosperity and effective stewardship of land and water resources. Among the topics discussed were the farm income crisis, food insecurity and malnutrition, and rural distress and prosperity challenges. This report captures the stories and on-the-ground experiences of farmers, entrepreneurs and young agripreneurs to help prompt leaders to provide active leadership, effective resource stewardship, and promote transformative changes in rural development and food security.
About the Asian Development Bank
ADB is committed to achieving a prosperous, inclusive, resilient, and sustainable Asia and the Pacific, while sustaining its efforts to eradicate extreme poverty. Established in 1966, it is owned by 68 members—49 from the region. Its main instruments for helping its developing member countries are policy dialogue, loans, equity investments, guarantees, grants, and technical assistance. | 6bb53ea7-3fae-4b3b-9642-963cff7633dd | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 50,327 |
BEJÁRATOTT RAKLAPGYÁRTÓ CÉG FIX VEVŐVEL ELADÓ
A hirdető e-mail címe: firstname.lastname@example.org
A hirdető telefonszáma: 302338527
Az eladó vállalkozás neve: Raklapgyártó Kft.
Az eladó cég rövid bemutatása:
15 éve üzemelő raklapgyártó cég, fix vevőkörrel, fix beszállítókkal eladó
A vállalkozás részletes bemutatása:
Cégünk több éves múltra tekint vissza. Raklapgyártás a fő profil fix vevői körrel, hosszú távú szerződéssel. A faipari termékek bővítéséének lehetősége nyitott, a cég rendelkezik hulladékhasznosítási engedéllyel is. Beszállítói kör kialakult. Folyamatos munka, 12 havi fix bevétel, bevizsgált vevővel, akár faktorcégen keresztül. Fizetési határidő pontos tartása, több NAV ellenőrzésen való részvétel, ahol mindig minden rendben volt. A cégnek nincs köztartozása. Családi okok miatt vált eladóvá.
A vállalkozás adósságai:
NAV tartozása nincs a cégnek, egy forgóeszköz hitele van ami 2 éven belül lejár.
Feladás dátuma: 2019. 04.
22.
Tevékenységi terület: Könnyűipar
Ország (ahol a vállalkozás a tevékenységét végzi. Ha több országban tevékenykedik, akkor a székhely országát jelölje meg, és fejtse ki a részletes bemutatkozásnál.):
Magyarország
Település (ha több települést érint a vállalkozás tevékenysége, akkor a legjellemzőbbet, és fejtse ki a részletes bemutatkozásnál.):
Székesfehérvár
A tavalyi éves bevétel: 90 000 000 HUF
Az eladásra kínált tulajdonrész %-ban: 100%
Az eladásra kínált tulajdonrész ára.: 10 000 000 HUF
Tulajdonosok száma: 2
A tulajdonrészek százalékos megoszlása: 30% -
70%
Személyes közreműködés a befektetőtől:
Igen, szükséges. Az új tulajdonosnak operatív feladai is volnának. | <urn:uuid:a0a6e117-c570-4e2c-b0c7-885c7d48b929> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/hun_Latn/train | finepdfs | hun_Latn | 1,650 |
La Garriga, el dia 9 de juliol de dos mil dinou, es realitza el qüestionari del procés de selecció de personal per formar part d’una borsa de la categoria d’auxiliar administratiu/iva i d’administratiu/iva per cobrir vacants temporals o substitucions del personal de l’Ajuntament de la Garriga. La respectiva convocatòria es troba publicada en el BOPB de data 26/04/2019 i exposada a la seu electrònica de l’Ajuntament i a l’e-tauler.
Els membres que integren el tribunal qualificador són els següents:
President: Senyor Carles Casellas Ayén, secretari de la Corporació.
Vocals: Senyora Teresa Valls Relats, tècnica de Serveis Econòmics.
Senyora Laura Clavell Requena, administrativa de Serveis Territorials.
Senyor Josep Berdagué Pujol, membre designat per l’Escola d’Administració Pública de Catalunya.
Secretària: Senyora Teresa Salvador Orra, tècnica de Recursos Humans.
El proppassat dia 3 de juliol de 2019 es va dur a terme la prova de català per aquells aspirants que no havien acreditat el coneixement del català corresponent al nivell C. Els resultats han estat els següents:
| REGISTRE D’ENTRADA ASPIRANTS | RESULTAT |
|-------------------------------|----------------|
| ME/004492-2019 | APTA |
| E/4888/2019 | APTA |
| ME/004686-2019 | NO APTE |
| E/4564/2019 | APTE |
| ME/004573-2019 | NO PRESENTADA |
| ME/004340-2019 | NO APTE |
| E/4646/2019 | NO PRESENTAT |
| ME/003922-2019 | APTA |
| ME/004708-2019 | NO PRESENTADA |
| E/4876/2019 | NO PRESENTADA |
En data 4/07/2019, el senyor amb DNI ***8629** presenta instància amb número de registre ME/007282-2019 en la que demana la revisió de l’examen, la qual es va atendre per la professora de català del Consorci de Normalització Lingüística, Susanna Corelo el dilluns dia
8/07/2019 a les 9h del matí en presència de la secretària del tribunal. Es va resoldre la revisió sense cap variació en el resultat de la prova.
Un cop obert l'acte, la Presidència declara constituït formalment el tribunal Qualificador, i disposa que es procedeixi a la realització del qüestionari a les persones aspirants que han estat admeses a la referida convocatòria i que s'han presentat.
**QÜESTIONARI:**
Els resultats han estat els següents:
**Categoria d'auxiliar administratiu/iva**
| REGISTRE D'ENTRADA ASPIRANTS | PUNTUACIÓ |
|-----------------------------|-----------|
| ME/004158-2019 | 5,33 |
| ME/004931-2019 | 5,67 |
| E/4754/2019 | 6,33 |
| E/4729/2019 | NO APTA |
| ME/004492-2019 | 5,67 |
| E/4888/2019 | 5,33 |
| ME/004201-2019 | NO PRESENTADA |
| E/4256/2019 | 6 |
| ME/004858-2019 | 6 |
| E/4391/2019 | NO PRESENTADA |
| ME/004751-2019 | 7,33 |
| E/4564/2019 | 5 |
| ME/004860-2019 | 6,33 |
| ME/004891-2019 | NO PRESENTADA |
| ME/004759-2019 | 6 |
| E/4108/2019 | 6,67 |
| E/4393/2019 | 7,33 |
| ME/004859-2019 | 5,33 |
| ME/004685-2019 | 8 |
| ME/004766-2019 | 8,33 |
| E/4676/2019 | NO APTA |
| ME/004073-2019 | NO PRESENTADA |
| E/4879/2019 | NO PRESENTADA |
| ME/004315-2019 | NO PRESENTADA |
| ME/004196-2019 | 6,67 |
| ME/004661-2019 | NO APTA |
| E/4712/2019 | 8,67 |
| ME/004726-2019 | 8 |
| E/4225/2019 | NO APTA |
| ME/004319-2019 | 9,33 |
PLAÇA DE L'ESGLÉSIA, 2
08530 LA GARRIGA
TELEFON 93 860 50 50
| Codi | Puntuació |
|------|-----------|
| ME/004922-2019 | NO PRESENTADA |
| E/4887/2019 | NO PRESENTADA |
| ME/004928-2019 | 9 |
| E/4816/2019 | NO APTA |
| E/4515/2019 | NO APTA |
| ME/004200-2019 | 8 |
| ME/004769-2019 | NO PRESENTADA |
| ME/004875-2019 | 6,67 |
| ME/004784-2019 | NO APTA |
| E/4394/2019 | 6 |
| E/4172/2019 | 6,33 |
| ME/4689/2019 | 8,33 |
| E/4772/2019 | 7 |
| ME/004927-2019 | 7,33 |
| E/4592/2019 | 8,33 |
| E/4375/2019 | NO PRESENTADA |
| ME/004764-2019 | 7,33 |
| E/4244/2019 | 7 |
| ME/004582-2019 | 7 |
| ME/004074-2019 | 7,33 |
| E/4693/2019 | NO APTA |
| E/4890/2019 | 7 |
| ME/004566-2019 | 7,33 |
| E/4647/2019 | 5,67 |
| ME/004363-2019 | 7,33 |
| E/4820/2019 | NO PRESENTADA |
| E/4771/2019 | 8 |
| E/4837/2019 | NO APTE |
| ME/003922-2019 | 5,67 |
| ME/004310-2019 | NO APTA |
| ME/004630-2019 | 9 |
| ME/004929-2019 | NO APTA |
**Categoría d'administratiu/iva**
| REGISTRE D'ENTRADA ASPIRANTS | PUNTUACIÓ |
|------------------------------|-----------|
| ME/004158-2019 | NO APTA |
| ME/004931-2019 | NO APTA |
| E/4754/2019 | 6,67 |
| ME/004492-2019 | 6 |
| E/4888/2019 | NO APTA |
| E/4256/2019 | 5 |
PLAÇA DE L'ESGLÉSIA, 2
08530 LA GARRIGA
TELEFON 93 860 50 50
| Documento | Puntuación |
|-----------------|------------|
| ME/004858-2019 | 6,33 |
| E/4391/2019 | NO PRESENTADA |
| ME/004751-2019 | 6,67 |
| ME/004860-2019 | 5,33 |
| ME/004891-2019 | NO PRESENTADA |
| ME/004759-2019 | 7 |
| E/4108/2019 | 5,33 |
| E/4393/2019 | 6 |
| ME/004859-2019 | NO APTA |
| ME/004685-2019 | 6,33 |
| ME/004766-2019 | 7 |
| E/4879/2019 | NO PRESENTADA |
| ME/004315-2019 | NO PRESENTADA |
| ME/004661-2019 | NO APTA |
| ME/004894-2019 | NO PRESENTADA |
| ME/004203-2019 | NO PRESENTADA |
| B/4712/2019 | 8,33 |
| ME/004726-2019 | 7,33 |
| ME/003949-2019 | 5,67 |
| ME/004319-2019 | 9,67 |
| ME/004922-2019 | NO PRESENTADA |
| E/4887/2019 | NO PRESENTADA |
| ME/004928-2019 | 7,67 |
| ME/004490-2019 | NO PRESENTADA |
| E/4816/2019 | NO APTA |
| ME/004290-2019 | 5,33 |
| E/4515/2019 | NO APTA |
| ME/004200-2019 | 8 |
| ME/004769-2019 | NO PRESENTADA |
| ME/004875-2019 | 6,67 |
| E/4394/2019 | 6,33 |
| E/4172/2019 | 5,67 |
| ME/4689/2019 | 7,67 |
| E/4772/2019 | 5,33 |
| ME/004927-2019 | NO APTA |
| E/4592/2019 | 8 |
| E/4375/2019 | NO PRESENTADA |
| ME/004764-2019 | 6,67 |
| E/4244/2019 | 6 |
| ME/004582-2019 | 8 |
| ME/004493-2019 | 8,67 |
| ME/004074-2019 | 5 |
PLAÇA DE L’ESGLÉSIA, 2
08530 LA GARRIGA
TELEFON 93 860 50 50
| Referència | Puntuació |
|------------|-----------|
| E/4693/2019 | NO APTA |
| ME/004363-2019 | 6,67 |
| E/4820/2019 | NO PRESENTADA |
| E/4771/2019 | 7,33 |
| ME/004310-2019 | 5 |
| ME/004330-2019 | 7,33 |
| ME/004585-2019 | NO PRESENTADA |
| ME/004607-2019 | NO APTA |
| ME/004929-2019 | NO APTA |
Resten excloses del procés de selecció les persones aspirants que no han obtingut una puntuació mínima de 5 punts i les que no s’han presentat a la prova.
En els propers dies s’informarà de la data de la propera prova en una publicació al web de l’Ajuntament de la Garriga, a l’apartat d’Oferta pública d’ocupació.
I s’estén la present, la qual signen en prova de conformitat els membres del tribunal qualificador, de la qual cosa en dono fe com a secretària.
La Garriga, 9 de juliol de 2019
Sr. Carles Casellas Ayén
Secretari de la Corporació
Sra. Teresa Valls Relats
Tècnica de Serveis Econòmics
Sra. Laura Clavell Requena
Administrativa de Serveis Territorials
Sr. Josep Berdagué Pujol
Designat per l’EAPC
Sra. Teresa Salvador Orra
Tècnica de Recursos Humans
PLAÇA DE L’ESGLÉSIA, 2
08530 LA GARRIGA
TELEFÒN 93 860 50 50
7 | 2fc416a8-e78a-4896-841e-597484bab96d | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/cat_Latn/train | finepdfs | cat_Latn | 8,017 |
COMUNE DI BUCCINASCO
www.comune.buccinasco.mi.it
STAGIONE TEATRALE 2017/2018
AUDITORIUM FAGNANA, via Tiziano 7 - ore 21.00
Biglietti: Euro 5,00
SABATO 14 OTTOBRE 2017
Compagnia teatrale Gli Adulti
SABATO 10 FEBBRAIO 2018
GRAN GALÀ DI APERTURA DELLA STAGIONE CULTURALE 2017-2018
Arie da opere, operette e dal repertorio italiano
Rinfresco di fine serata INGRESSO LIBERO
SABATO 11 NOVEMBRE 2017
Compagnia teatrale Gli Anonimi di Vimodrone in collaborazione con l'Associazione Gli Adulti
UN COLPO PERFETTO
di Leone Adatti - Regia di Sabrina Rodolfi
SABATO 2 DICEMBRE 2017
Zelig Cabaret in collaborazione con l'Accademia dei Poeti Erranti
ISTANBUL KEBAB in "PANNA FREDDA"
Regia di Sandra Milo - con Gianluca De Angelis e Silvio Cavallo
SABATO 13 GENNAIO 2018
Messinscena Teatro
DOMANI SARÀ IERI
Produzione Messinscena Teatro
SABATO 20 GENNAIO 2018
Mattia Fabris in collaborazione con Messinscena Teatro
OPEN
di e con Mattia Fabris
SABATO 3 FEBBRAIO 2018
Zelig Cabaret in collaborazione con l'Accademia dei Poeti Erranti
PIRATI
con Gianluca De Angelis, i "Senso D'Oppio", Giorgio Verduci, Silvio Cavallo e Fausto Solidoro
Associazione teatrale Besana in Brianza in collaborazione con l'Associazione Gli Adulti
IL LETTO OVALE
di Ray Cooney e John Chapman Regia di Vito Adone
SABATO 17 FEBBRAIO 2018
Compagnia teatrale Gli Adulti
GIALLO CANARINO
di Mario Pozzoli - Regia di Mario Pozzoli
SABATO 3 MARZO 2018
Compagnia teatrale della Torre di Rescaldina in collaborazione con l'Associazione Gli Adulti
MI RITORNI IN MENTE... LUCIO BATTISTI E DINTORNI
Le canzoni indimenticabili di Lucio Battisti e non solo…
SABATO 24 MARZO 2018 DOMENICA 25 MARZO 2018 ore 16
Compagnia teatrale Gli Adulti
CIOCCOLATA FONDENTE
di Mario Pozzoli - Regia di Mario Pozzoli
SABATO 7 APRILE 2018
Compagnia teatrale Le Comparse di Milano in collaborazione con l'Associazione Gli Adulti
FOOLS
di Neil Simon - Regia di Mimmo Ippolito
SABATO 14 APRILE 2018
Compagnia teatrale Macrò Maudit di Milano in collaborazione con Messinscena Teatro
UNO, NESSUNO, PRATICAMENTE CENTOMILA
Regia di Alessandro Castellucci | <urn:uuid:8affba87-4112-4d36-90b5-0e6902b27a0f> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ita_Latn/train | finepdfs | ita_Latn | 2,125 |
Innstendig oppfordring fra Kommuneoverlegene i Hamarregionen
Kommuneoverlegene i Hamarregionen er bekymret for smittespredningen i regionen. I dag ble det sendt ut en SMS til alle innbyggere, med en innstendig oppfordring om å følge rådene helsemyndighetene gir.
- Vi ser at koronasmitten nå brer seg svært raskt i vårt distrikt, og det bekymrer oss sterkt, sier kommuneoverlege i Hamar, Ketil Egge.
For å redusere smittespredning ble det på torsdag besluttet å stenge alle skoler og barnehager.
– Vi ser at koronaviruset er veldig smittsomt. I en epidemi er det viktig at færrest mulig blir smittet, og at ikke mange blir smittet samtidig slik at belastningen på helsevesenet blir for stor. Da gjøres tiltak for å tvinge folk til ha lenger avstand til hverandre. Skoler og barnehager ble stengt på grunn av dette, forklarer Egge.
To viktige råd
Kommuneoverlegene i Hamarregionen har to særskilte råd til innbyggerne:
* Alle som har influensa eller forkjølelsessymptomer som tett nese, sår hals, hoste, må ha minst mulig kontakt med andre til de er helt friske
* Personer må ikke samle seg i større samlinger. Alle må være sammen med så få personer som mulig.
Hvis disse følges, kan vi sammen gjøre situasjonen bedre for oss alle. Vi ber dere innstendig om å følge disse rådene så godt det lar seg gjøre. Rådene gjelder like mye for alle barn og ungdom som for voksne.
Ikke gå ut før du er helt frisk
Legene ser at man også kan være smittsom med koronaviruset noen dager etter at symptomene er borte. Derfor er det viktig å opprettholde avstanden til andre personer til man er helt sikker på å ikke bære smitte.
– Hvis du har hatt feber, hoste, slapphet og halsvondt, skal du vente sju dager som frisk før du går på jobb eller har kontakt med andre. Hvis du bare har en lett forkjølelse, skal du likevel vente minst to dager med å ha kontakt med andre, understreker kommuneoverlegen.
Hjelp til å gjøre innkjøp
Matbutikker kan fort bli en stor smittekilde. Det er derfor svært viktig at folk som er syke eller i karantene, ikke går i butikken.
Kommunene vil bidra med løsninger for innbyggere som ikke har annen hjelp til å gjøre innkjøp og vil gi nærmere informasjon om dette.
Kan barn leke med hverandre eller være sammen?
Nå som skoler og barnehager er stengt, lurer mange foreldre på hvilke regler som gjelder for samvær med andre barn.
Rådet fra kommuneoverlegene er at alle barn skal være mest mulig hjemme.
– Man kan omgås søsken som normalt, dette gjelder også barn med skilte foreldre som har flere hjem. Utover dette frarådes det å ha kontakt med folk utenom husstanden, sier Ketil Egge. | <urn:uuid:ef726903-f727-49d1-9752-91ba2bbfa88a> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/nob_Latn/train | finepdfs | nob_Latn | 2,614 |
Servicio de Contratación
Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche
Expedientes con la Ley 9/2017 LCSP.
AÑO 2018 | <urn:uuid:f75e8f1f-24b0-47d8-8738-a9124834e27e> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/spa_Latn/train | finepdfs | spa_Latn | 109 |
AREA AFFARI GENERALI, PATRIMONIALI E NEGOZIALI
SETTORE PATRIMONIO
AVVISO PUBBLICO ESPLORATIVO DI MANIFESTAZIONE DI INTERESSE PER LA CONCESSIONE DI SPAZI PER CORSI DI FORMAZIONE IN LINGUA ESTERA PRESSO IL CENTRO LINGUISTICO DI ATENEO, SITO IN PALERMO, PIAZZA SANT'ANTONINO N. 1.
OBIETTIVI E PRIORITA'
Premesso che è pervenuta all'Università degli Studi di Palermo una proposta, con la quale un operatore esterno intende realizzare e gestire negli spazi, indicati in epigrafe, corsi di formazione promuovere l'insegnamento, lo studio e l'uso della lingua estera.
Il progetto, che non dovrà comportare alcun onere per l'Università, prevede anche la gestione, manutenzione e custodia delle aule in questione.
Alla luce della superiore iniziativa, l'Università degli Studi di Palermo, con sede legale in Palermo, Piazza Marina n. 61 – 90133, intende, quindi, espletare una preventiva indagine di mercato al fine di individuare, nel rispetto dei principi di non discriminazione, parità di trattamento, proporzionalità e trasparenza, altri operatori economici da invitare alla procedura negoziata per scegliere la migliore proposta.
Il presente avviso ha, pertanto, finalità cognitive volte ad acquisire, senza alcun obbligo da parte dell'Ateneo, la disponibilità di operatori economici, presenti nel territorio, in grado di soddisfare le esigenze di seguito specificate.
OGGETTO E DURATA
Oggetto della concessione è n. 4 aule della superficie lorda complessiva, pari a circa 233 mq, site in Piazza Sant'Antonino n. 1, presso il Centro Linguistico d'Ateneo, ubicato all'interno dell'edificio denominato "Sant'Antonino", di cui l'Università degli Studi di Palermo è proprietaria, che saranno destinate a corsi di formazione in lingua estera e di certificazione delle competenze acquisite, il cui allestimento, gestione, manutenzione e custodia sarà affidata al futuro Concessionario.
La durata della concessione sarà di anni 2 (due) con decorrenza dalla sottoscrizione di apposita Concessione di spazi.
SOGGETTI AMMESSI:
Sono ammessi a partecipare i soggetti di cui all'art. 45 del D.lgs. n. 50/2016.
REQUISITI MINIMI DI PARTECIPAZIONE
I partecipanti alla procedura dovranno essere in possesso alla data di presentazione dell'offerta, dei seguenti requisiti minimi:
a) Assenza motivi di esclusione di cui all'art. 80 del D.lgs. 50/2016;
b) Requisiti di idoneità professionale di cui all'art. 83 del D.lgs. 50/2016;
c) Requisito di capacità tecno-professionale ex art. 83 c.6 del D.lgs. 50/2016: avere alla proprie dipendenze (con contratto di lavoro subordinato o contratto di collaborazione) un numero di docenti in possesso delle qualifiche e delle certificazioni previste dalla normativa vigenti pari ad almeno quattro unità.
MODALITA' DI PRESENTAZIONE
La manifestazione di interesse, da redigersi in lingua italiana e nel rispetto delle condizioni di cui al presente avviso, dovrà essere trasmessa all'Università degli Studi di Palermo, al seguente recapito: Università degli Studi Palermo - Area Affari Generali, Patrimoniali e Negoziali - Settore Patrimonio - Piazza Marina n. 61,
Viale delle Scienze c/o Edificio 8, Scala F4, secondo piano - 90128 Palermo - Tel. 091.238.9080 - 93138
e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org – Sito web: www.unipa.it
AREA AFFARI GENERALI, PATRIMONIALI E NEGOZIALI SETTORE PATRIMONIO
90133 Palermo, esclusivamente tramite posta elettronica certificata al seguente indirizzo: email@example.com. Il recapito tempestivo della documentazione rimane ad esclusivo rischio dei partecipanti alla procedura.
Nell'oggetto della pec dovrà essere riportata la dicitura: "Avviso pubblico esplorativo di manifestazione di interesse per la concessione di spazi per corsi di formazione in lingua estera presso il Centro Linguistico di Ateneo, sito in Palermo, Piazza Sant'Antonino n. 1".
Il possesso dei requisiti richiesti potrà essere attestato mediante dichiarazione sostitutiva a firma del legale rappresentante della società, resa ai sensi del D.P.R. 445/2000.
Alla manifestazione di interesse, debitamente sottoscritta dal legale rappresentante della società (o altro sodalizio idoneo), dovrà essere allegata copia fotostatica di un documento di identità del legale rappresentante in corso di validità.
L'Ateneo si riserva di richiedere ai soggetti interessati di completare o di fornire chiarimenti in ordine al contenuto di quanto presentato e/o dichiarato, nel rispetto del principio di parità di trattamento.
Le candidature dovranno pervenire entro le ore 13.00 del giorno 23 ottobre 2020.
DISPOSIZIONI GENERALI:
- il presente Avviso viene pubblicato sul sito istituzionale dell'Ateneo di Palermo, www.unipa.it nella sezione "Albo Ufficiale" e nella sezione "Amministrazione trasparente", al fine di garantire la più ampia partecipazione;
- alla nota di manifestazione di interesse deve essere allegata copia del documento di identità, in corso di validità, del legale rappresentante della Società (o altro sodalizio ritenuto idoneo) interessata (la mancata presentazione del documento di identità sarà causa di immediata e irrevocabile esclusione del soggetto proponente).
- lo stesso non costituisce offerta contrattuale né sollecitazione a presentare offerte ed è da intendersi come mero procedimento preselettivo, finalizzato alla raccolta di manifestazioni di interesse, non comportante prelazione o preferenza, né impegni e/o vincoli per le parti interessate;
Si precisa che, a seguito delle manifestazioni di interesse pervenute, verrà richiesta la documentazione necessaria per l'espletamento della procedura comparativa.
Qualora entro il suddetto termine non sia pervenuta alcuna domanda di manifestazione di interesse l'Ateneo provvederà a definire, eventualmente, il procedimento in questione con il soggetto proponente.
Per quanto concerne le manifestazioni di interesse pervenute in ritardo e/o non conformi a quanto indicato nel presente avviso e/o presentate da operatori non idonei, si precisa che le stesse NON verranno tenute in considerazione per la successiva procedura e di ciò ne verrà data comunicazione agli operatori che le hanno presentate.
ONERI A CARICO DEL CONCESSIONARIO
L'Amministrazione si riserva di determinare gli oneri a carico del concessionario nel caso di indizione di una eventuale gara o di definizione del procedimento in questione con il soggetto proponente.
ASSICURAZIONI
Il Concessionario dovrà stipulare, con oneri a proprio carico, una polizza assicurativa di responsabilità civile verso terzi, (RCT/O), a copertura dei rischi attinenti la responsabilità per danni a persone e cose e verso prestatori di lavori, derivanti dallo svolgimento delle attività e dall'uso degli spazi affidati.
Viale delle Scienze c/o Edificio 8, Scala F4, secondo piano - 90128 Palermo - Tel. 091.238.9080 - 93138
e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org – Sito web: www.unipa.it
AREA AFFARI GENERALI, PATRIMONIALI E NEGOZIALI SETTORE PATRIMONIO
COMUNICAZIONI
Per ulteriori informazioni e chiarimenti inerenti al presente avviso si indicano i seguenti riferimenti:
- Settore Patrimonio – Area Affari Generali, Patrimoniali e Negoziali - Responsabile del Settore – Arch. Franco Carnovale – 091 23890802;
- Settore Patrimonio – Area Affari Generali, Patrimoniali e Negoziali U.O. Patrimonio Mobiliare, Concessioni, Supporto Affari Legali connessi al Patrimonio di Ateneo – Dott.ssa Caterina Rera 09123893138.
RESPONSABILE DEL PROCEDIMENTO
Ai sensi e per gli effetti di cui all'art. 5 della legge 241/1990, si informa che il responsabile del procedimento è la U.O. Patrimonio Mobiliare, Concessioni e Supporto Affari Legali connessi al Patrimonio di Ateneo – Dott.ssa Caterina Rera 09123893138. - email@example.com.
TRATTAMENTO DATI PERSONALI
Si informa che i dati forniti verranno trattati esclusivamente per le finalità di cui al presente avviso. Ai sensi del D. Lgs. n. 196/2003 integrato con le modifiche introdotte dal D.lgs. 10 agosto 2018, n. 101. La presentazione della manifestazione di interesse implica l'accettazione del trattamento dei dati personali ai fini del presente avviso.
Il titolare del trattamento dei dati in questione è l'Università degli Studi di Palermo nella persona del Rettore. Il Responsabile del trattamento è lo scrivente Dirigente. Gli incaricati del trattamento dei dati sono i dipendenti assegnati al Settore Patrimonio.
Il Dirigente dell'Area Dott. Calogero Schilleci
Firmato digitalmente da: Calogero Schilleci Organizzazione: UNIVERSITA' DEGLI STUDI DI PALERMO/80023730825 Data: 08/10/2020 12:20:16
Viale delle Scienze c/o Edificio 8, Scala F4, secondo piano - 90128 Palermo - Tel. 091.238.9080 - 93138
e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org – Sito web: www.unipa.it | <urn:uuid:52cc64de-6007-4983-8404-6682bfbbf469> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ita_Latn/train | finepdfs | ita_Latn | 8,698 |
Ὁμήρου Ὀδύσσεια
Ραψωδία λʹ (Νέκυια)
αὐτὰρ ἐπεί ῥ᾽ ἐπὶ νῆα κατήλθομεν ἠδὲ θάλασσαν,
νῆα μὲν ἂρ πάμπρωτον ἐρύσσαμεν εἰς ἅλα δῖαν,
ἐν δ᾽ ἱστὸν τιθέμεσθα καὶ ἱστία νηὶ
μελαίνῃ,
ἐν δὲ τὰ μῆλα λαβόντες ἐβήσαμεν, ἂν δὲ καὶ αὐτοὶ
βαίνομεν ἀχνύμενοι θαλερὸν κατὰ δάκρυ χέοντες.
ἡμῖν δ᾽ αὖ κατόπισθε νεὸς κυανοπρῴροιο
ἴκμενον οὖρον ἵει πλησίστιον, ἐσθλὸν ἑταῖρον,
Κίρκη εὐπλόκαμος, δεινὴ θεὸς αὐδήεσσα.
ἡμεῖς δ᾽ ὅπλα ἕκαστα πονησάμενοι κατὰ νῆα
ἥμεθα· τὴν δ᾽ ἄνεμός τε κυβερνήτης τ᾽ ἴθυνε.
τῆς δὲ πανημερίης τέταθ᾽ ἱστία ποντοπορούσης·
δύσετό τ᾽ ἠέλιος σκιόωντό τε πᾶσαι ἀγυιαί.
ἡ δ᾽ ἐς πείραθ᾽ ἵκανε βαθυρρόου Ὠκεανοῖο.
ἔνθα δὲ Κιμμερίων ἀνδρῶν δῆμός τε πόλις τε,
ἠέρι καὶ νεφέλῃ κεκαλυμμένοι· οὐδέ ποτ᾽ αὐτοὺς
ἠέλιος φαέθων καταδέρκεται ἀκτίνεσσιν,
οὔθ᾽ ὁπότ᾽ ἂν στείχῃσι πρὸς οὐρανὸν
Ύστερα, αφού στο πλοίο ήρθαμε, στη θάλασσα,
πρώτα απʹ όλα ρίξαμε το πλοίο στον θεϊκό τον πόντο,
κατόπιν βάλαμε κατάρτι και πανιά στο μαύρο μας πλεούμενο
και παίρνοντας τα πρόβατα σʹ αυτό
ανεβήκαμε κι οι ίδιοι·
θλιμμένοι μπήκαμε, το δάκρυ χύνοντας ποτάμι.
Kαι πίσω απʹ το πλοίο μας με τη σκουρόχρωμή του πλώρη έστειλε, σύντροφο καλό, άνεμο ούριο, που στα πανιά φυσάει,
η Κίρκη με τα όμορφα μαλλιά, η φοβερή θεά που των ανθρώπων ήξερε τη γλώσσα.
Αφού καθένας μας τα όπλα του πάνω στο πλοίο τακτοποίησε, καθίσαμε· εκείνο το κατεύθυναν ο άνεμος και ο τιμονιέρης.
Ολόκληρη τη μέρα το πλοίο μας ποντοπορούσε με τα πανιά ανοιγμένα· έδυσε ο ήλιος, τότε γέμισαν σκιές όλοι οι δρόμοι,
ενώ εκείνο έφτανε στα πέρατα του Ωκεανού, που ʹχει βαθύ το ρέμα.
Εκεί η πόλη βρίσκεται και ο λαός των Κιμμερίων,
με σκοτεινιά και νέφη σκεπασμένοι· ποτέ του
ο ήλιος δεν τους βλέπει φωτεινός με τις ακτίνες του
ούτε τότε που τον αστερωμένο διασχίζει
ἀστερόεντα,
οὔθ᾽ ὅτ᾽ ἂν ἂψ ἐπὶ γαῖαν ἀπ᾽ οὐρανόθεν προτράπηται,
ἀλλ᾽ ἐπὶ νὺξ ὀλοὴ τέταται δειλοῖσι βροτοῖσι.
νῆα μὲν ἔνθ᾽ ἐλθόντες ἐκέλσαμεν, ἐκ δὲ τὰ μῆλα
εἱλόμεθ᾽· αὐτοὶ δ᾽ αὖτε παρὰ ῥόον Ὠκεανοῖο
ᾔομεν, ὄφρ᾽ ἐς χῶρον ἀφικόμεθ᾽, ὃν φράσε Κίρκη.
ἔνθ᾽ ἱερήια μὲν Περιμήδης Εὐρύλοχός τε ἔσχον· ἐγὼ δ᾽ ἄορ ὀξὺ ἐρυσσάμενος παρὰ μηροῦ
βόθρον ὄρυξ᾽ ὅσσον τε πυγούσιον ἔνθα καὶ ἔνθα,
ἀμφ᾽ αὐτῷ δὲ χοὴν χεόμην πᾶσιν νεκύεσσι,
πρῶτα μελικρήτῳ, μετέπειτα δὲ ἡδέι οἴνῳ,
τὸ τρίτον αὖθ᾽ ὕδατι· ἐπὶ δ᾽ ἄλφιτα λευκὰ πάλυνον.
πολλὰ δὲ γουνούμην νεκύων ἀμενηνὰ κάρηνα,
ἐλθὼν εἰς Ἰθάκην στεῖραν βοῦν, ἥ τις ἀρίστη,
ῥέξειν ἐν μεγάροισι πυρήν τ᾽ ἐμπλησέμεν ἐσθλῶν,
Τειρεσίῃ δ᾽ ἀπάνευθεν ὄιν ἱερευσέμεν οἴῳ
παμμέλαν᾽, ὃς μήλοισι μεταπρέπει ἡμετέροισι.
τοὺς δ᾽ ἐπεὶ εὐχωλῇσι λιτῇσί τε, ἔθνεα νεκρῶν,
ἐλλισάμην, τὰ δὲ μῆλα λαβὼν ἀπεδειροτόμησα
ἐς βόθρον, ῥέε δ᾽ αἷμα κελαινεφές· αἱ δ᾽
ουρανό,
ούτε και όταν από τον ουρανό στρέφεται πίσω προς τη γη,
αλλά μια νύχτα απειλητική τους δύστυχους θνητούς σκεπάζει.
Το πλοίο, φτάνοντας εδώ, έξω το σύραμε και βγάλαμε απʹ αυτό
τα πρόβατα· οι ίδιοι ύστερα κατά τις όχθες του Ωκεανού
τραβήξαμε, ώσπου στον χώρο ήρθαμε που όρισε η Κίρκη.
Αυτού ο Περιμήδης κι ο Ευρύλοχος τα ζώα έπιασαν,
κι εγώ τραβώντας από το μερί το μυτερό μου ξίφος
έσκαψα λάκκο ίσαμε πήχη από εδώ και από εκεί·
γύρω του έκανα σπονδές για όλους τους νεκρούς,
πρώτα με μείγμα από μέλι κι από γάλα, ύστερα με γλυκό κρασί
και με νερό τρίτη φορά κατόπιν, ενώ απάνω τους πασπάλισα και άσπρο κριθαράλευρο.
Πολύ παρακαλούσα ακόμη, τάζοντάς τους, τους αδύναμους νεκρούς πως, άμα στην Ιθάκη επιστρέψω, στείρα αγελάδα, την καλύτερη,
θα θυσιάσω στο ανάκτορό μου και θα γεμίσω τη φωτιά με πράματα ακριβά, μα χώρια για τον Τειρεσία, για κείνον μόνο, αρνί θα σφάξω
κατάμαυρο, όποιο μέσα στα γιδοπρόβατά μου ξεχωρίζει.
Κι αφού με προσευχές και παρακλήσεις στα πλήθη των νεκρών
δεήθηκα, πήρα τα πρόβατα κι έκοψα τα κεφάλια τους
στον λάκκο, κι έτρεχε το αίμα τους το
ἀγέροντο
ψυχαὶ ὑπὲξ Ἐρέβευς νεκύων
κατατεθνηώτων.
νύμφαι τ᾽ ἠίθεοί τε πολύτλητοί τε γέροντες
παρθενικαί τ᾽ ἀταλαὶ νεοπενθέα θυμὸν ἔχουσαι,
πολλοὶ δ᾽ οὐτάμενοι χαλκήρεσιν
ἐγχείῃσιν,
ἄνδρες ἀρηίφατοι βεβροτωμένα τεύχε᾽ ἔχοντες·
οἳ πολλοὶ περὶ βόθρον ἐφοίτων ἄλλοθεν
ἄλλος
θεσπεσίῃ ἰαχῇ· ἐμὲ δὲ χλωρὸν δέος ᾕρει.
δὴ τότ᾽ ἔπειθ᾽ ἑτάροισιν ἐποτρύνας
ἐκέλευσα
μῆλα, τὰ δὴ κατέκειτ᾽ ἐσφαγμένα νηλέι χαλκῷ,
δείραντας κατακῆαι, ἐπεύξασθαι δὲ θεοῖσιν,
ἰφθίμῳ τ᾽ Ἀΐδῃ καὶ ἐπαινῇ Περσεφονείῃ· αὐτὸς δὲ ξίφος ὀξὺ ἐρυσσάμενος παρὰ μηροῦ
ἥμην, οὐδ᾽ εἴων νεκύων ἀμενηνὰ κάρηνα
αἵματος ἆσσον ἴμεν, πρὶν Τειρεσίαο πυθέσθαι.
πρώτη δὲ ψυχὴ Ἐλπήνορος ἦλθεν ἑταίρου· οὐ γάρ πω ἐτέθαπτο ὑπὸ χθονὸς εὐρυοδείης· σῶμα γὰρ ἐν Κίρκης μεγάρῳ κατελείπομεν ἡμεῖς ἄκλαυτον καὶ ἄθαπτον, ἐπεὶ πόνος ἄλλος ἔπειγε. τὸν μὲν ἐγὼ δάκρυσα ἰδὼν ἐλέησά τε θυμῷ,
μαύρο· τότε μαζευτήκαν κάτω απʹ το έρεβος των πεθαμένων οι ψυχές, των τελειωμένων. Νύφες κι αγόρια θαυμαστά και γέροντες πολυβασανισμένοι, ανύπαντρα μικρά κορίτσια, με νέο ακόμη πένθος στην ψυχή, κι επίσης πληγωμένοι πλήθος από ακόντια χάλκινα,
άντρες από τον Άρη δαμασμένοι, με όπλα αιματόβρεχτα· εκείνοι άλλος από αλλού ξεφύτρωναν και συγκεντρώνονταν πολλοί γύρω απʹ τον λάκκο με θόρυβους θεόπνευστους· κι εμένα κατακίτρινο ο φόβος μʹ έπιασε. Τότε αμέσως τους συντρόφους
παροτρύνοντας τους πρόσταξα τα γιδοπρόβατα, που κείτονταν εκεί απʹ τον αλύπητο χαλκό σφαγμένα,
να γδάρουν και να κάψουν εντελώς και να προσευχηθούνε στους θεούς,
στον Άδη, τον πανίσχυρο, τη φοβερή την Περσεφόνη·
κι εγώ ο ίδιος τραβώντας από το μερί το μυτερό μου ξίφος
κάθισα και τους αδύναμους νεκρούς δεν άφηνα
κοντά στο αίμα να σιμώσουν προτού συμβουλευθώ τον Τειρεσία.
Πρώτη η ψυχή του Ελπήνορα πλησίασε, του σύντροφού μας, αφού δε θάφτηκε ακόμη εκείνος μες στη γη με τους πλατιούς της δρόμους· γιατί το σώμα του το αφήσαμε στο ανάκτορο της Κίρκης άκλαυτο κι άθαφτο, μια κι άλλες δουλειές επείγουσες μας περιμέναν. Εκείνον βλέποντας δάκρυσα εγώ, και τον λυπήθηκε η ψυχή μου
καί μιν φωνήσας ἔπεα πτερόεντα προσηύδων·
Ἐλπῆνορ, πῶς ἦλθες ὑπὸ ζόφον ἠερόεντα;
ἔφθης πεζὸς ἰὼν ἢ ἐγὼ σὺν νηὶ μελαίνῃ. ὣς ἐφάμην, ὁ δέ μ᾽ οἰμώξας ἠμείβετο μύθῳ·
᾽διογενὲς Λαερτιάδη, πολυμήχαν᾽ Ὀδυσσεῦ,
ἆσέ με δαίμονος αἶσα κακὴ καὶ ἀθέσφατος οἶνος.
Κίρκης δ᾽ ἐν μεγάρῳ καταλέγμενος οὐκ ἐνόησα
ἄψορρον καταβῆναι ἰὼν ἐς κλίμακα μακρήν,
ἀλλὰ καταντικρὺ τέγεος πέσον· ἐκ δέ μοι αὐχὴν
ἀστραγάλων ἐάγη, ψυχὴ δ᾽ Ἄϊδόσδε κατῆλθε.
νῦν δέ σε τῶν ὄπιθεν γουνάζομαι, οὐ παρεόντων,
πρός τ᾽ ἀλόχου καὶ πατρός, ὅ σ᾽ ἔτρεφε τυτθὸν ἐόντα,
Τηλεμάχου θ᾽, ὃν μοῦνον ἐνὶ μεγάροισιν ἔλειπες·
οἶδα γὰρ ὡς ἐνθένδε κιὼν δόμου ἐξ Ἀίδαο
νῆσον ἐς Αἰαίην σχήσεις ἐυεργέα νῆα·
ἔνθα σ᾽ ἔπειτα, ἄναξ, κέλομαι μνήσασθαι ἐμεῖο.
μή μ᾽ ἄκλαυτον ἄθαπτον ἰὼν ὄπιθεν καταλείπειν
νοσφισθείς, μή τοί τι θεῶν μήνιμα γένωμαι,
ἀλλά με κακκῆαι σὺν τεύχεσιν, ἅσσα μοι
κι είπα μιλώντας του με λόγια που σαν να έχουνε φτερά σκορπίζουν:
«Ελπήνορα, πώς ήρθες κάτω εδώ, στο ζοφερό σκοτάδι;
έφτασες γρηγορότερα, αν κι ήσουνα πεζός, από εμένα που ήρθα με πλοίο μαύρο;»
Έτσι του μίλησα, κι εκείνος μού απάντησε με λόγια και με θρήνους: «Γιε του Λαέρτη, Οδυσσέα πολυμήχανε, που πρόγονός σου είναι ο Δίας,
κρασί παραπανίσιο και κακή μοίρα από θεού σταλμένη με ξεγέλασαν, κι όπως στης Κίρκης πλάγιαζα τʹ ανάκτορο, δε σκέφτηκα πίσω να πάω, απʹ την ψηλή τη σκάλα να κατέβω,
μα έπεσα, ίσια βαδίζοντας, από τη στέγη· μου ʹσπασε του αυχένα ο σπόνδυλος, και η ψυχή μου κάτω έφτασε, στον Άδη.
Μα τώρα σε παρακαλώ στʹ όνομα όσων πίσω σου άφησες, αυτών που εδώ δεν είναι
‐τη σύζυγό σου και τον πατέρα, που σʹ ανάθρεψε μικρό,
και τον Τηλέμαχο, που μες στʹ ανάκτορό σου μόνο τον παράτησες‐
γιατί το ξέρω ότι φεύγοντας από εδώ, την κατοικία του Άδη,
με το καλοφτιαγμένο πλοίο σου στην
Αιαίη το νησί θα πας·
τότε εκεί κι εμένα, βασιλιά μου, σε παρακαλώ να θυμηθείς· άκλαυτο κι άθαφτο πίσω σου μη μʹ αφήσεις φεύγοντας, την πλάτη σου μη μου γυρίζεις, μήπως αιτία γίνω και θυμώσουνε μαζί σου οι θεοί·
ἔστιν, σῆμά τέ μοι χεῦαι πολιῆς ἐπὶ θινὶ θαλάσσης,
ἀνδρὸς δυστήνοιο καὶ ἐσσομένοισι πυθέσθαι.
ταῦτά τέ μοι τελέσαι πῆξαί τ᾽ ἐπὶ τύμβῳ ἐρετμόν,
τῷ καὶ ζωὸς ἔρεσσον ἐὼν μετ᾽ ἐμοῖς ἑτάροισιν.᾽
ὣς ἔφατ᾽, αὐτὰρ ἐγώ μιν ἀμειβόμενος προσέειπον·
᾽ταῦτά τοι, ὦ δύστηνε, τελευτήσω τε καὶ ἔρξω.᾽
νῶι μὲν ὣς ἐπέεσσιν ἀμειβομένω στυγεροῖσιν
ἥμεθ᾽, ἐγὼ μὲν ἄνευθεν ἐφ᾽ αἵματι φάσγανον ἴσχων,
εἴδωλον δ᾽ ἑτέρωθεν ἑταίρου πόλλ᾽
ἀγόρευεν·
ἦλθε δ᾽ ἐπὶ ψυχὴ μητρὸς κατατεθνηυίης, Αὐτολύκου θυγάτηρ μεγαλήτορος Ἀντίκλεια,
τὴν ζωὴν κατέλειπον ἰὼν εἰς Ἴλιον ἱρήν. τὴν μὲν ἐγὼ δάκρυσα ἰδὼν ἐλέησά τε θυμῷ·
ἀλλ᾽ οὐδ᾽ ὣς εἴων προτέρην, πυκινόν περ ἀχεύων,
αἵματος ἆσσον ἴμεν, πρὶν Τειρεσίαο πυθέσθαι.
μα κάψε με, με τα όπλα μου μαζί, όσα μου έμειναν, και τάφο φτιάξε στην αμμουδιά της
άσπρης θάλασσας
στον δύστυχον εμένα, για να με ξέρουν όσοι γεννηθούν κατόπι μας· αυτά για χάρη μου να κάνεις· έπειτα μπήξε στον τύμβο το κουπί αυτό που, ζωντανός, μαζί με τους συντρόφους τους δικούς μου, δούλευα». Έτσι μου μίλησε, κι εγώ απαντώντας τον του είπα:
«Δυστυχισμένε, αυτά για χάρη σου θα πράξω και θα τα τελειώσω».
Οι δυο μας τέτοια θλιβερά λόγια καθόμασταν και λέγαμε, κρατούσα,
κι εγώ ψηλά, πάνω απʹ το αίμα, το σπαθί κι από την άλλη μεριά το είδωλο πολλά μού έλεγε του σύντροφού μου. Όμως μου φανερώθηκε η ψυχή της πεθαμένης μου μητέρας, που ήτανε του μεγαλόκαρδου Αυτόλυκου η θυγατέρα, της Αντίκλειας·
εκείνην ζωντανή την άφησα ξοπίσω μου, πηγαίνοντας στην Τροία, την ιερή. Αυτήν παρατηρώντας δάκρυσα, και τη λυπήθηκε η ψυχή μου, μα όχι τόσο ώστε να την αφήσω, παρόλο που πολύ θλιβόμουν, προτού τον Τειρεσία ρωτήσω, πρώτη στο
αίμα να σιμώσει. | <urn:uuid:1eb7b670-6b2b-4a4d-9c24-e85b1d97847b> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ell_Grek/train | finepdfs | ell_Grek | 9,305 |
Educational Program Attributes and Faculty Teaching Behaviors as Predictors of National Physical Therapy Examination Success
Natonya Frazier-Early
Nova Southeastern University
This document is a product of extensive research conducted at the Nova Southeastern University College of Health Care Sciences. For more information on research and degree programs at the NSU College of Health Care Sciences, please click [here](https://nsuworks.nova.edu/hpd_pt_stuetd).
Follow this and additional works at: [https://nsuworks.nova.edu/hpd_pt_stuetd](https://nsuworks.nova.edu/hpd_pt_stuetd)
Part of the [Physical Therapy Commons](https://nsuworks.nova.edu/hpd_pt_stuetd)
All rights reserved. This publication is intended for use solely by faculty, students, and staff of Nova Southeastern University. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, now known or later developed, including but not limited to photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the author or the publisher.
NSUWorks Citation
Natonya Frazier-Early. 2017. *Educational Program Attributes and Faculty Teaching Behaviors as Predictors of National Physical Therapy Examination Success*. Doctoral dissertation. Nova Southeastern University. Retrieved from NSUWorks, College of Health Care Sciences - Physical Therapy Department. (67)
[https://nsuworks.nova.edu/hpd_pt_stuetd/67](https://nsuworks.nova.edu/hpd_pt_stuetd/67)
This Dissertation is brought to you by the Department of Physical Therapy at NSUWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Department of Physical Therapy Student Theses, Dissertations and Capstones by an authorized administrator of NSUWorks. For more information, please contact firstname.lastname@example.org.
Educational Program Attributes and Faculty Teaching Behaviors as Predictors of National Physical Therapy Examination Success
By
Natonya Q. Early
A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy
Nova Southeastern University
College of Health Care Sciences
Physical Therapy Department
2017
We hereby certify that this dissertation, submitted by Natonya Q. Early, conforms to acceptable standards and is fully adequate in scope and quality to fulfill the dissertation requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.
_________________________________________ _______________________
Dr. Dawn Brown-Cross, PT, MBA., Ed.D, CLT Date
Chairperson of Dissertation Committee
_________________________________________ _______________________
Dr. Madeleine Hellman, PT, Ed.D, MHM Date
Dissertation Committee Member
_________________________________________ _______________________
Dr. Stanley Wilson, PT, MS, Ed.D, CEAS Date
Dissertation Committee Member
Approved:
_________________________________________ _______________________
Dr. M. Samuel Cheng, PT, MS, ScD Date
Director, PhD in Physical Therapy Program
_________________________________________ _______________________
Dr. Shari Rone-Adams, PT, MHSA, DBA Date
Chair, Department of Physical Therapy
_________________________________________ _______________________
Dr. Stanley Wilson, PT, MS, Ed.D, CEAS Date
Dean, College of Health Care Sciences
Nova Southeastern University
College of Health Care Sciences
Physical Therapy Department
2017
Abstract
Purpose: To determine the differences between PT program NPTE 3-year ultimate pass rates (3YUPR) based on program length and faculty scholarship. To explore relationships between 3YUPR and quality faculty behaviors.
Subjects: A total of 112 CAPTE accredited PT educational programs in the United States and Puerto Rico during 2013. Method: A quantitative design method was used to retrospectively test differences between program and faculty traits and student NPTE 3YUPR using data from the Commission on Accreditation in Physical Therapy Education (CAPTE), PT Annual Accreditation Reports (AAR) and Federation of State Boards of Physical Therapy (FSBPT) score reports. A self-generated faculty survey was used to prospectively obtain faculty behavior data in programs with high versus low NPTE outcomes.
Results: The final survey had an acceptable Cronbach alpha score of 0.701. All survey items yielded a high percentage of correct classification above 75%. Eighteen faculty behaviors were consistent with high rated NPTE PT programs (p-values between >0.001 to 0.034 α level 0.05). Use of Independent t-tests found a significant difference between means of scholarly activity performed by faculty at high (22.54 ± 11.63) and low (14.77 ±8.47) ranked schools, $t(70) = 2.99$. $p = 0.004$. No statistically significant difference was found between PT program lengths in higher ranked programs (121.52 ± 12.16) compared to low ranked programs (123.96 ±18.80), $t(37) = -0.595$. $p = 0.555$. Conclusions: This study found the sum of scholarly activity performed by faculty differs between high and low 3YUPR. No differences found in total program lengths when
assessing by program 3YUPR. A survey tool was created that tested faculty behaviors consistent with programs that score high on the NPTE.
**Recommendations:** Testing should be performed on a greater number of constructs representing faculty behaviors of quality programs for survey development. Correlations should be performed with faculty data from the same year and NPTE first time pass rates for an assessment of predictive relationships. Also, a repeated longitudinal design study is recommended for PT educational programs with high versus low NPTE scores using the self-generated survey to see how faculty behaviors impact student first time pass rates.
# Table of Contents
Abstract .................................................................................................................. ii
List of Tables ........................................................................................................ viii
List of Figures ....................................................................................................... ix
Chapter 1 - Introduction ......................................................................................... 1
Problem Statement .............................................................................................. 3
Goals of Study ..................................................................................................... 3
Research Questions ............................................................................................ 3
Definitions of Terms ........................................................................................... 4
Summary ............................................................................................................. 7
Chapter 2- Review of Literature ............................................................................. 8
Introduction ........................................................................................................ 8
Theoretical Framework ....................................................................................... 11
A Historical Perspective on PT Education Standards and Professional Training ........................................................................................................ 12
Current History: Today’s Challenges in PT ..................................................... 16
Student Competence Defined ........................................................................... 17
Characteristics Used to Determine Program Quality and Student Outcomes ........................................................................................................ 19
Faculty Behaviors ............................................................................................... 21
Behaviors of Effective Classroom Teachers/Faculty .................................. 21
Faculty Qualification In Grade School vs. Higher Education ..................... 27
The Importance of Scholarship When Assessing Teacher Effectiveness .... 30
The Faculty Dilemma: Creating Synergy Between Teaching and Scholarship ........................................................................................................ 33
Public Health .................................................................................................. 42
Scholarship In PT Education & Nursing Disciplines .................................. 43
Physical Therapy ....................................................................................... 43
| Section | Page |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------|------|
| Nursing | 46 |
| Physical Therapy Program Characteristics | 46 |
| Program Length In PT Education and In Other Disciplines | 46 |
| Program Length In Nursing Education | 47 |
| Program Length In Medical Education | 48 |
| Program Length In Athletic Training Education vs Certification | |
| Examination Pass Rates | 50 |
| Length of Clinical Education Programs and Types of Clinical Settings | 51 |
| Physical Therapy | 51 |
| Dentistry | 52 |
| Translating Contemporary Practice Guideline to Clinical Practice | 53 |
| Annual Accreditation Report (AAR) | 58 |
| The National Physical Therapy Examination (NPTE) | 58 |
| Reliability | 59 |
| Validity | 60 |
| Summary | 60 |
| Chapter 3- Methodology | 63 |
| Introduction | 63 |
| Subjects | 64 |
| Sample Selection/Inclusion Criteria | 64 |
| Exclusion Criteria | 65 |
| Procedures | 65 |
| Stage 1- Development, Validation and Internal consistency of the Self- | 65 |
| Generated Faculty Behaviors Survey | |
| Stage 2- Examining Faculty Behaviors of PT Programs With High Versus | 72 |
| Low NPTE 3YUPR | |
| Stage 3- Exploring The Differences of Faculty Scholarly Activity and | 73 |
| PT Program Length Between Programs With High and Low 3YUPR | |
Chapter 4- Results ........................................................................................................... 76
Introduction .................................................................................................................. 76
Stage 1 Survey Factor Analysis .................................................................................... 76
Round 1 Survey Response Descriptive Statistics .................................................. 78
Round 2 Survey Response Descriptive Statistics .................................................. 80
Internal Consistency of the Self-generated Faculty Survey: Faculty Behaviors in PT Educational Programs ................................................................. 81
Stage 2 Research Question Findings ............................................................................. 81
Faculty Behaviors In High vs. Low NPTE Pass Rates .............................................. 81
Descriptive Statistics .................................................................................................. 82
Skewness ..................................................................................................................... 82
Cross Tabulation/Chi-Square Findings ..................................................................... 83
Stage 3 Research Question Findings ............................................................................. 85
NPTE 3YUPR Vs. Program Scholarly Activity and Program Length ....................... 85
Summary ...................................................................................................................... 88
Chapter 5- Conclusion ..................................................................................................... 106
Introduction .................................................................................................................. 106
Limitations ..................................................................................................................... 106
Delimitations ................................................................................................................ 108
Conclusions .................................................................................................................... 110
Recommendations for Further Research ..................................................................... 114
Appendices ....................................................................................................................... 117
Appendix 1- Descriptors/Constructs Defining Faculty Scholarship, Teacher Effectiveness and Service ................................................................. 117
Appendix 2- Survey Development: First Pilot Survey ................................................. 119
Appendix 3- Second Phase Survey Instrument Final Faculty 22 Item Questionnaire .... 122
Appendix 4- FSBPT Request Letter For Student 2013 NPTE Pass Rates .................. 124
Appendix 5- Federal State Board of Physical Therapy Data Collection Form ........................................... 128
Appendix 6- FSBPT Instructions For Data Collection Form.................................................. 126
Appendix 7- CAPTE Request Letter For AAR Data......................................................... 127
Appendix 8- CAPTE Annual Accreditation Report Data Collection Form ............................... 129
Appendix 9- CAPTE Instructions for Data Collection Form.............................................. 130
Appendix 10- Round 1 Survey: Low Classification Items.................................................. 132
References ................................................................................................................................. 133
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Faculty Teaching Behaviors In PT Programs With High Versus Low 3YUPR ................................................................. 84
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Faculty Perceptions of Scholarship, Teaching, and Service .................. 77
Figure 2. Total Scholarly Activity and PT Program NPTE 3YUPR Outcomes .... 86
Figure 3. Total Program Length and PT Program NPTE 3YUPR Outcomes ...... 88
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
Quality in higher education, according to Bennet, should be assessed using the “value added” method, which defines what has improved in a student’s knowledge as a consequence of their education at a college or university.\(^1\) In each physical therapy (PT) educational program, added value is determined by student and program outcome measures. Written and standardized test results, which are collected throughout the curriculum, measure a student’s knowledge and retention of the materials taught; also known as formative assessments.\(^1\) However, the ultimate PT education outcome measure (summative assessment) is a student’s score on the National Physical Therapy Examination (NPTE).
The NPTE is a 250 multiple choice question national licensure examination that is developed and administered by the Federation of State Boards of Physical Therapy (FSBPT) to assess the basic entry-level competence of candidates who have graduated from accredited PT programs.\(^2\) The Commission on Accreditation in Physical Therapy Education (CAPTE) uses the three year average student pass rate on the NPTE as a quality indicator to determine program quality.\(^3\) A scaled NPTE passing score of 600/800 is required for a candidate to obtain a license to practice PT in the US.\(^2,^3\)
Previous studies have been conducted to ascertain if a relationship exists between a student's academic performance and the NPTE scores.\textsuperscript{4-6} The premise of these studies being that if a student performs well during the curriculum, they will in turn pass the NPTE.\textsuperscript{4} Other researchers have chosen to focus on program and faculty characteristics and their possible relationships with NPTE success.\textsuperscript{1,7-11} The results of these studies vary and are thus inconclusive and inconsistent because of limitations in sample size and/or methodology. The available literature also offers proposed models\textsuperscript{12-13}; suggestions based on personal opinions\textsuperscript{14-17}; and provide only a few references addressing the effects on NPTE success\textsuperscript{18-19}; or have limited results that do not substantiate any relationships between program characteristics and student outcomes on the NPTE.
CAPTE has published a document entitled Rules of Practice and Procedures in which it states that accreditation serves as an indication of quality by establishing the standards against which all physical therapy education programs can be measured.\textsuperscript{20} Also, the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS) has produced a document entitled Accreditation Standards For Quality Schools which provides quality indicators for teaching and learning.\textsuperscript{21} However, both documents mention standards for faculty scholarly activity, overall program length and faculty effectiveness that are vague and are not specific or sufficiently detailed to be measurable for use as points of reference.
The extent to which the PT faculty, curriculum, and student outcomes are aligned serves as a proxy measure of program quality that remains unclear. Therefore, there is an ongoing need for further research on these educational program variables that are associated with quality preparation, since it is the intended purpose of all PT programs that students obtain commensurate academic preparation to pass the NPTE on their first attempt.
This study is significant to the PT profession because it isolated specific program and faculty traits/characteristics and explored their possible relationships with student outcomes on the NPTE. It also involved the development of a faculty survey tool to measure and distinguish between the faculty traits that are consistent with PT programs with high NPTE averages. The results of this study can be used in strategic faculty recruitment, and to enhance student-learning experiences through the use of optimal pedagogical strategies and to provide evidence of the need for potential changes in program structure.
**PROBLEM STATEMENT**
The quality indicators for PT programs regarding faculty scholarly activity, overall program length, and faculty effectiveness in physical therapist educational programs and their effects on NPTE results remains ambiguous.
**RESEARCH QUESTIONS**
1. What is the likelihood of PT program faculty utilizing effective teaching behaviors (as it relates to teaching, scholarship and service) in their
classroom based upon their associated school rank (High vs. Low) per self-generated survey)?
2. What are the differences that exist between the total sum of PT-related scholarly activity (per Annual Accreditation Report (AAR) data) performed by PT educational program faculty with high vs. low passing NPTE rates between 2011-2013?
3. Does the total PT program length (in weeks) of the professional component (didactic and clinical) per AAR data differ when comparing programs with high vs. low passing rates on the NPTE?
**DEFINITION OF TERMS**
**Annual Accreditation Report (AAR)** – Mandatory descriptive reports submitted annually to CAPTE by physical therapist education programs.
**Contemporary Practice** – Delivery of PT services as documented in the current literature, including the Guide to PT Practice, A Normative Model of PT Professional Education, the Standards of Practice, and the code of ethics.\(^{12}\)
**Educational Program Quality and Effectiveness** – For the purpose of this study, program quality and effectiveness is defined as program graduate competence as measured by NPTE outcomes.
**Faculty Teaching** - Leaders in student instruction and pedagogical knowledge who participate in professional development, and self-analysis of the impact their teaching has on student learning.
Faculty Scholarship- Used interchangeably with scholarly productivity and scholarly activity. This is broadly defined as pertaining to faculty research that transforms and integrates knowledge with teaching to facilitate learning. This will be measured by the cumulative number of published or accepted abstracts, peer-reviewed articles, books or book chapters, and presentations of all core faculty of a given PT program during a 1 year time period (2013).
Faculty Service- Faculty provision, thru consulting and service-learning, of their professional knowledge in order to impact schools, colleges, professional organizations and community agencies.
Low vs. High Achieving Programs- For the purpose of this study high and low score percentages are based on pass rate averages from 2011-2013 and are defined as follows:
a. NPTE high scores - 100.00
b. NPTE low scores - 95.00 and below
National Physical Therapy Examination (NPTE) 3-Year Ultimate Pass Rates- Three-year average of the ultimate pass rate for a graduation class for CAPTE-accredited programs. The percentage of NPTE scores for students in a graduation class that took the NPTE and passed, no matter how many attempts it took.\(^{22}\)
National Physical Therapy Examination (NPTE) 1st Time Pass Rate – PT program graduates achieving a first time NPTE minimum passing scaled score of 600/800 as reported by the FSBPT.
Physical Therapy Normative Model - A consensus-based model that reflects the contemporary entry-level performance expectations for students who graduate from physical therapist professional education programs.
Physical Therapy Program Length – The total number of combined weeks that students participate in didactic and clinical education.
Program Outcome Measures – In this study, outcome measures pertain to National Physical Therapy Examination (NPTE) 3YUPR for PT students.
Scholarly Productivity - Scholarly activity will be measured by the cumulative number of published or accepted abstracts, peer-reviewed articles, books or book chapters, and presentations of all core faculty of a given PT program during a 1 year time period (2013).
Teacher Effectiveness – The degree in which teachers successfully satisfy subject objectives which foster students in achieving success on the NPTE.
Well Prepared Clinical Faculty – Board certified clinical specialists by the APTA and/or hold PT doctoral degrees.\(^{20}\)
In summary, the goal of the NPTE is to protect the public, and as such, students who pass the NPTE and are licensed are deemed safe to practice.\textsuperscript{23} Licensure is therefore a cornerstone of practice in the U.S. and the gold standard for success to which all PT educational programs strive. Therefore, by pinpointing specific differing program characteristics and faculty behaviors that can accurately predict or provide a link to NPTE success, common strategies may be developed to direct program and curricular changes that advantageously prepare students for licensure. However, there is very limited literature to determine whether or not a relationship exists between faculty behaviors or if program characteristics differ or provide a link to the success of graduates on the NPTE. Therefore, this study sought to be the first to conclusively identify a predictive relationship and differences between the variables of interest and a program's NPTE outcomes.
The results of this study may be used by PT programs to identify specific faculty or program variables that accurately predict and/or influence a student’s success on the NPTE. Furthermore, this may help to guide PT programs in making pertinent changes that assist in the preparation of students for passing the NPTE on the first attempt. Also, higher success rates increase PT program reputation for the quality of the preparation of skilled student physical therapists. Lastly, findings from this study may allow CAPTE to more effectively determine program quality.
INTRODUCTION
With the emergence of PT as a doctoring profession, questions have been raised as to whether PT educational programs are making the required changes to foster optimal student learning or if they are simply making changes without a thorough understanding of all of the quality measures that significantly impact overall program effectiveness and student outcomes.\(^6\) For example, we often see mandates for students to reach specified achievement levels (i.e. grades and NPTE scores) at specific points in time but not as much emphasis on which resources need to be in place to make it possible; nor standardization of how PT educational programs are measuring these efforts. However, it is important for programs to consider how quality indicators such as teacher effectiveness, faculty scholarly activity and overall program length support the outcomes that they claim to promote. Program outcomes can then be a more useful aid in curriculum planning and in making assessment criteria more rigorous and accessible to learners in comparison to prior uses.\(^{24}\)
Since the percentage of its graduates who successfully pass the NPTE is a metric used by PT programs to judge quality, this study sought to determine whether or not differences exists between NPTE outcomes based on PT faculty scholarship and PT program length. This study also explored the faculty behaviors of PT programs with high versus low NPTE 3YUPR outcomes and their respective results of a self-generated faculty survey created for the purpose
of this study. No attempt was made to explore student characteristics/behaviors due to an interest being only in aspects that PT programs can control for. Also, this study did not assess how program characteristics/faculty behaviors affected didactic grades because overall program quality is often determined by the final outcome (the ability to pass the NPTE). This chapter provides a summary of prior research on characteristics analogous with program and faculty quality and factors that impact student outcomes. A theoretical framework for which this study is based is introduced.
A literature review was performed using several sources (APTA, FSBPT, CAPTE, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Commission on Colleges, Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching), scientific journals (Council of Higher Education, Journal of Physical Therapy Education, Physical Therapy Journal, Liberal Education, London Review of Education, Australian Journal of Physiotherapy, Clinical Management, Journal of Nursing Education, Allied Health, Distance Education and Learning Technologies, Journal of Quality Management, Journal of Teacher Education, Academic Medicine, International Journal of Nursing Studies, Higher Education Quarterly, Communications Disorders Quarterly, Medical Teacher, Cardiology Physical Therapy Journal, International Journal of Teaching and Learning In Higher Education, BMC Medical Education, Computational Biology, American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, Medical Education, Journal of Athletic Training and the Journal of Dental Education), and books on teaching quality. Key terms/phrases used in search efforts included history of PT education, accreditation standards, student
competence, program quality predictors, student outcome measures, faculty scholarship, effective teaching, educational program effectiveness, effects of program length, contemporary practice, Annual Accreditation Reports, student assessment methods and the NPTE pass rates.
Previous studies have reviewed student, faculty and educational program characteristics to determine if they are significant predictors of NPTE outcomes.\textsuperscript{4-8,11} The student characteristics studied were demographics (age, race, and sex), as well as pre-admission Graduate Record Examination (GRE) scores and Grade Point Average (GPA). The program characteristics studied were size (number of graduates per year), degree type offered, years of accreditation, program financial resources, curricular content, instructional methods, faculty degree, admission criteria, clinical education performance and comprehensive examination scores. Although the literature indicated that characteristics such as faculty scholarship, clinical education setting type and performance, student to faculty ratios, total program length and faculty turnover rates are all important factors in student knowledge retention and program quality, the findings were inconsistent and they did not show strong predictive relationships between these variables and NPTE outcomes.\textsuperscript{4,8-11} It was thus important to continue to explore PT program characteristics that may serve as strong NPTE outcome predictors.
First, following a review of the literature, few studies were found addressing the predictability of total program length on NPTE success. Secondly, in the literature, faculty scholarship was viewed as important to student
advancement and program quality without quantifying the scholarly productivity of the faculty and its effect on NPTE success. The intent of this study was to continue this line of investigation on a broader scale to see if overall differences between PT faculty scholarship and PT program lengths are indicative of their respective NPTE outcomes. This study also intended to measure and distinguish faculty behaviors consistent with high NPTE 3YUPR using a self-generated faculty survey tool.
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
This study was based on a sequenced framework of related PT educational program factors that may have direct or indirect relationships with NPTE outcomes. The framework begins with the advancement of the PT profession, which has led to a continuous need for the refinement of educational standards and training. With this, there are simultaneous expectations of improvement in program quality, which may be affected by both faculty (scholarship and effectiveness) and program (program length) and students’ outcomes (NPTE). PT student outcomes are commonly assessed or measured formatively in the classroom and the clinical settings and may predict student performance during later summative assessments, including the NPTE. In turn, by having knowledge of these characteristics that have an impact on summative student outcomes, more accurate predictions may be made concerning potential student success.
A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ON PT EDUCATION STANDARDS AND PROFESSIONAL TRAINING
Physical therapy as a profession has grown significantly over the years in response to social and political changes. Since its origination in the 1800s following the poliomyelitis epidemics, the physical therapy (PT) profession has perpetually evolved to meet the demands of growing patient rehabilitation needs.\textsuperscript{38} The need for physical therapy (PT) changed in response to the poliomyelitis epidemics in 1914 and 1916.\textsuperscript{39,40} In 1916, the first major poliomyelitis outbreak took place with over 9,000 cases in NY State alone. Common treatment methods consisted of long-term splinting and bed rest, which both resulted in severe muscle atrophy and decreased mobility warranting the use of physical therapy treatment.\textsuperscript{39-41} The professional advancement of PT was in part influenced by the Medical Department of the U.S Army.\textsuperscript{38}
A report by the Division of Orthopedic Surgery required the establishment of hospitals for reconstructing soldiers with disabilities. Within this report, a section dedicated specifically to physical therapy, suggested the need for advanced care such as massage and mechanical hydrotherapy. It also suggested that standards should be established by PT programs and that graduates should be called reconstruction aides.\textsuperscript{38} By 1917, there was a higher demand for therapy than there was an available supply of therapists. Consequently, the Office of The U.S. Army’s Surgeon General, developed emergency training programs for reconstruction aides in 1918 to meet the demand.\textsuperscript{38}
Despite the request for the development of standards, these certificate program courses lacked quality control and had poor regulations on the educational preparation of students. Admission requirements comprised of the completion of a secondary school education and a physical examination consistent with the requirements for service in the army. The curriculum was limited to short course lengths (four-month courses in theoretical and practical physiotherapy in two of the following modalities: hydrotherapy, mechano-therapy, massage, or electrotherapy. Students were required to complete 240 certified hours of active clinical work. Additionally, there was no standardization or accreditation and lack of monetary resources.\textsuperscript{38} In 1928 the American Women’s Physiotherapy Association of 1921 (name later changed to the American Physical Therapy Association in 1922), established the standards for the practice of physical therapy in the U.S.\textsuperscript{38}
In 1935 the Social Security Act was enacted into law, and with the occurrence of World War II (WWII- 1939 to 1945), each state was required to broaden its PT services not only to children with poliomyelitis but to persons with other disabilities as well.\textsuperscript{38} Both events caused the expansion of physical therapy services to outpatient clinics, homes, orthopedic hospitals, schools and more.\textsuperscript{38} Thus, it was even more critical to improve and enforce PT educational standards. In 1936, with the support of the American Medical Association (AMA), the requirement for licensure changed from a certificate program to a baccalaureate program. The AMA solely developed and published the Essentials for Acceptable School for Physical Therapy Technicians, defining the quality measure criteria for
all faculty, and requiring the accreditation of each PT program.\textsuperscript{38} Although a voluntary process, accreditation has historically been used in the U.S. to assure the quality of the PT education that students receive by determining whether or not a program meets set standards of competency, authority and credibility.\textsuperscript{42, 43}
In the 1950s, the Korean and Vietnam wars resulted in further medical advances such as joint replacements to treat wounded soldiers.\textsuperscript{38, 39} PTs were now responsible for implementing rehabilitation techniques that required greater knowledge and skills to address the complexities of the orthopedic conditions presented as well as to address a growing elderly population.\textsuperscript{38, 39} Again, more stringent PT training standards were implemented to increase the breadth and depth of the curriculum to meet these needs. The previously established curriculum was expanded to include courses in neuro-anatomy, psychology, research, education, administration, and public health, which all helped to form the current foundation for understanding disease pathophysiology and treatment rationales.\textsuperscript{38} Consequently, in 1960, the Baccalaureate degree became the entry-level standard across all PT educational programs in the US.\textsuperscript{38}
New legislation such as the Hill Burton Act of 1946 facilitated a hospital based practice, and the 1990 Americans with Disabilities Act led to new opportunities for PT practice.\textsuperscript{40, 41} Concurrently, technological advances in health care resulted in the increased utilization of rehabilitative services, and hence the depth of knowledge required for physical therapy practice evolved to meet these demands.\textsuperscript{41}
New and emerging health concerns such as the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and the post-polio syndrome continued to drive the need for educational programs that properly prepared PT providers.\textsuperscript{41} This led to the latest entry-level requirement in PT education of a Master’s degree in the 1980s then the doctoral degree in 1992.\textsuperscript{41} As these entry-level requirements have changed, questions of whether current institutional and faculty qualifications are adequate or need to be elevated to meet the higher educational expectations such as understanding student learning types, pedagogy methods, curricular innovations, and the impact of technology on education have yet to be answered.\textsuperscript{44}
Today, the Commission on Accreditation in Physical Therapy Education (CAPTE) is recognized by the U.S. Department of Education as the sole agency for accrediting physical therapist programs and it has gradually improved the evaluative criteria for quality programs and their outcomes.\textsuperscript{45} Although accreditation is a voluntary process, its importance is made evident by the licensing laws required by each state. These laws mandate that only PT graduates from CAPTE accredited programs are eligible to sit for the National Physical Therapy Examination (NPTE) and obtain licensure for professional practice in the U.S.\textsuperscript{42,43} Consequently, because of the quality of the educational preparation that they have received, only PTs with state issued licenses are deemed safe and competent to practice in the US. Additionally, regionally accredited universities must measure student-learning outcomes to achieve and maintain their degree-granting privileges.\textsuperscript{45}
Measuring professional competence in physical therapy education is more important today because of the increases in economical stresses, health care coverage restrictions, direct access and the transition from the master's degree to the clinical doctorate in physical therapy as the entry-level degree. In recent years, the economic recession has partly affected health care spending, US employment rates and the federal budget.\textsuperscript{46-48} Consequently, employers have sought to limit their exposure to the rising health care costs by shifting the cost to employees, requiring them to increase their contributions or by providing different forms of medical coverage.\textsuperscript{47} In turn, Americans have begun cost-cutting by postponing needed healthcare including physical therapy despite the APTAs efforts to show that physical therapy can be a cost-effective way of improving health and wellness.\textsuperscript{49}
Today’s physical therapy professionals have more responsibility in terms of patient care.\textsuperscript{50} There are increased numbers of private practices; clinical specialist opportunities (cardiovascular and pulmonary, clinical electrophysiology, geriatrics, neurology, orthopedics, pediatrics, sports, and women’s health) and patients in most states are legally allowed to directly access physical therapy services without a physician’s referral.\textsuperscript{50} This gives consumers the opportunity to be evaluated and treated by a licensed physical therapist without first seeing their medical doctor for a prescription, thereby expediting treatment, relief, and recovery. However, these patients may have multiple co-morbidities and their
symptoms may not warrant physical therapy. Therefore PT program graduates need to be competent in contemporary practice standards and must be knowledgeable to safely and appropriately assess all body systems.\textsuperscript{46,51}
These changing demands on the PT profession in turn require that PTs become more proficient in differential diagnosis, screening, examination, critical analyses and prognosis. Bella\textsuperscript{46} and Dunfee \textsuperscript{37} suggest that these requirements must first be acquired through a PT educational program’s curriculum, which places emphasis not only on clinical and basic sciences but also on research, administration and clinical specialties. By ensuring that physical therapists are properly prepared, PTs can confidently practice in this changing environment while convincing stakeholders that PT services are needed and can be appropriately delegated as necessary.
**STUDENT COMPETENCE DEFINED**
Before determining whether or not a physical therapy educational program is producing competent graduates, we must first define what competence means. Verma, Paterson, and Medves generally viewed competence as a behavior or set of behaviors that describe excellent performance in a particular work context.\textsuperscript{52} They stated that in health care, competencies are used to define discipline, specialty standards and expectations and to align practitioners, learners, teachers, and patients with evidence-based standards of health care and performance.
In 2000, the Federation of State Boards of Physical Therapy (FSBPT) developed a document entitled “Standards of Competence” which was later revised in 2006 to articulate a measurable degree of required performances for PTs that are first introduced in the academic setting and assessed during clinical education.\textsuperscript{50} These standards of competence conceptualize what may be used as accountability standards for ongoing practice. Competence was defined as the application of professional knowledge, skill and abilities, which related to performance objectives of an individual’s (PT) role within the context of public health, welfare and safety.\textsuperscript{50}
FSBPT categorizes competence into two domains (professional practice and patient/client management). Within the professional practice domain, first, a PT must be accountable (i.e. practices in a safe manner; completes documentation appropriately and in a timely manner; supervises assistive personnel; consistently and critically evaluates sources of information related to PT; selects and utilizes outcomes measures to assess intervention results; and effectively communicates).\textsuperscript{50} Secondly, a PT must demonstrate professional behavior (conduct critical self-assessment; demonstrate understanding and compliance with laws and regulations related to PT practice).\textsuperscript{50} Lastly, a PT must demonstrate professional development through lifelong learning.\textsuperscript{50}
Within the patient/client management domain, first, a PT should be proficient in examination, evaluation, diagnosis, plan of care development, intervention implementation, education (patients, family, and caregivers), and
discharges (consultations with patient/caregivers; coordination of ongoing care). All FSBPT listed standards encompass the level of performance to which all PTs are held accountable immediately upon licensure and for ongoing practice.
Verma, Paterson and Medves conducted a systematic review of the literature that explored the discipline specific core competencies for health care professionals in medicine, nursing, occupational therapy and physical therapy in Canada. The results for physical therapists were consistent with the standards of competence outlined by the FSBPT. They concluded that the six major areas of competency that PT graduates should achieve at licensure are 1) professional accountability, 2) client assessment, 3) diagnosis 4) intervention planning, 5) communication, and 6) organization. Because the health care environment is changing at an unprecedented rate, the APTA now believes that continuous formal assessments of PT competency must be performed and modified to address the needs in different practice settings throughout a PTs professional career which will urge relevant decision-making at the institutional and national levels regarding academic policy and practice, accreditation, educational quality, professional licensure and other similar issues.
CHARACTERISTICS USED TO DETERMINE PROGRAM QUALITY AND STUDENT OUTCOMES
Although quality is something that most higher education stakeholders aim to achieve, its constructs are not readily understood and a consensus is difficult to forge. At the time of this study, current research findings did not consistently
define program quality and, to date, no one universally accepted operational definition has emerged.\textsuperscript{54} Instead, program quality has historically been judged using three methodologies: 1) quantitative assessments on areas such as faculty productivity, program inputs, student outcomes; 2) reputational studies in which panel expert judge quality based on processes such as accreditation; and, 3) qualitative techniques to elicit from stakeholders what program quality means to them.\textsuperscript{54-57}
However, in terms of physical therapist educational programs, CAPTE has established general guidelines of quality in the \textit{Evaluative Criteria for PT Programs}.\textsuperscript{58} CAPTE defines a quality educational program as one that prepares graduates for competent and ethical practice, career flexibility, and instills the values associated with the profession. Quality also mandates an educational experience that prepares individuals for lifelong learning, which is essential to future practice.\textsuperscript{13} CAPTE’s seven key points inherent in quality programs are 1) Consistency in how you enumerate throughout mission and philosophy that are congruent with and supportive of the institutional mission, 2) Policies, procedures and practices that protect the rights and safety of all those involved with the program, 3) An environment conducive to learning, 4) Sufficient resources to support the program and curriculum, 5) A qualified faculty, committed to effective teaching and student learning, to service and to scholarship, 6) A comprehensive and organized curriculum that leads to the development of the competencies necessary for entry into the profession, and 7) An organized method for obtaining and analyzing feedback from the community.
of interest that allows the program to engage in assessment and continuous improvement.\textsuperscript{13}(pg.v) This study indirectly measured factors from CAPTE’s key point 5 (faculty commitment to effective teaching, service, and scholarship) to determine the effects on measures of student outputs (NPTE success).
Some higher educational institutions use the web-based Higher Education Research Institute’s (HERI) faculty survey, which was designed to measure issues impacting faculty and administrators of two and four year graduate programs. These issues include institutional priorities, economical effects on faculty, faculty expectations of students, pedagogical strategies, sources of faculty stress and satisfaction, and faculty’s ability to connect student learning in classroom with practice.\textsuperscript{59} Similar constructs were examined in this study through the qualitative comparative analysis of graduate level PT programs using the results from a self-generated survey tool.
**FACULTY BEHAVIORS**
**Behaviors of effective classroom teachers/faculty**
Physical therapy faculty members participate in scholarship, teaching, and service, which enable them to generate and disseminate knowledge to peers, students, and external audiences. However, there are differences across institutions regarding the time spent in teaching, scholarship, and service, which is also impacted by the terms of each faculty member’s appointment. Evidence from teacher-effectiveness studies and other literature identified faculty traits that may be conducive to student learning.\textsuperscript{60-65}
In a descriptive comparative analysis, Tucker and Stronge summarized how 4 different school systems incorporated measures of student achievement when conducting teacher and program evaluations which enabled schools to focus attention on meeting higher standards. Teacher evaluations were linked to student learning by 1) setting quantifiable student academic progress goals annually, 2) tracking changes in student test scores, and 3) recording how desired student learning outcomes explained actual student learning. They also made a distinction between a qualified teacher and an effective teacher. A qualified teacher is one with a college degree; fully licensed/certified by the state in the subject they teach; and demonstrate competence in their teaching subject.
An effective teacher is one who is able to envision instructional goals and draw upon their own knowledge/training. They help promote students learning through the use of their skilled verbal ability, pedagogical knowledge and their ability to use a variety of teaching strategies skillfully and their enthusiasm for their subject. Although quality and effectiveness are good traits, quality alone is simply a good foundation for effective teaching. Interestingly enough, PT educators have been drawn from clinical practice and many may not have had the prior knowledge of educational pedagogy that is necessary to effectively promote student learning. Tucker and Stronge imply that student achievement is linked to teacher effectiveness which should be studied further to determine specific teacher strengths or characteristics that are conducive to learning.
The Cooperative Institutional Research Program (CIRP) at the Higher Education Research Institute (HERI) published a summary report highlighting the
results of national (web-based) survey responses from 16,112 college and university faculty between 2013 and 2014 at 269 four year colleges and universities.\(^{61}\) These surveys focused on areas of preferred teaching methods, faculty perception of institutional climate, time management, student interaction, primary sources of stress, personal and professional goals and teacher preparation.
Although this survey addresses undergraduate faculty, the results showed that 99.1% of faculty during the 2013-2014 academic term agreed that the development of a student's ability to think critically was very important.\(^{61}\) Since 1989-1990, faculty have demonstrated a change in their pedagogical styles. The use of student selected topics increased from 8.5% in 1989-1990 to 26.3% in 2013-2014. Reliance on group projects have increased from 45.5% to 60.7%. This shows an increase in faculty diversifying teaching strategies as drop in the common lecture method has dropped by 5%.\(^{61}\)
When developing student abilities to analyze data and interpret the meaning and significance, faculty in departments of math (26%), business (44.5%) and engineering (45.5%) were least likely to frequently assign students this type of work. In comparison, faculty in departments of history and political science (81.1%), English (75.8%) and biological sciences (70.3%) were among the most likely to facilitate student learning by understanding the meaning and significance of data.\(^{61}\) Although there are no longer any U.S. based
undergraduate PT programs, this data does include teachers of science courses which serve as pre-requisites that PT students must take.
A retrospective study by Sanders and Rivers measured the effects of a teacher’s influence on student outcomes. Data were collected from students as they progressed from 2nd graders in 1991-92; 3rd graders in 1992-93, 4th graders in 1993-94, and 5th graders in 1994-95 who had comparable achievement histories on the Tennessee Comprehensive Achievement Program (TCAP) math achievement tests.\(^{62}\) Teacher effects were estimated from a longitudinal analysis by using a statistical mixed model approach that provided shrinkage estimation for the teacher effects. Low performing teachers were defined as those who poorly facilitated academic growth of his/her students as they advanced to future grades. Once the teacher effects were identified for each grade level, the distribution of teachers were randomly grouped into five equal groups (quintiles) with the teachers demonstrating the lowest degree of effectiveness in the first quintile and those with the greatest degree of effectiveness in the fifth quintile. By encoding individual student records with the teacher effectiveness quintiles for each grade (3rd, 4th, and 5th), the progress of individual students were traceable through identified sequences of teacher effectiveness. When taught consecutively by three high performing teachers, the children scored on average in the 96\(^{th}\) percentile on Tennessee’s math assessment test at the end of the 5th grade year. In contrast, 3rd graders who were taught consecutively by three low performing teachers, scored on average in the 52\(^{nd}\) percentile in math.\(^{62}\) This research showed that student achievement was influenced by the teachers’
effect. However, they mention that the student scores noted were “very highly significant” but no significance values were provided. Also, there was no mention of comparison controls or details on how they accounted for subject characteristics such as learning disabilities, repeating the same grade, changes in the home environment or whether all faculty had access to the same resources; all of which may have altered the outcomes.
Darling-Hammond performed an extensive review of the literature to show the impact of teacher preparation on student success.\(^{63}\) She concluded that there is consensus that teachers with more preparation for teaching are more confident and successful with students in comparison to teachers with less preparation. This was supported by teacher recruits with less preparation acknowledging that they have difficulties with planning curriculum, teaching, classroom management and understanding how to assess students’ learning needs. Darling-Hammond states that despite being intelligent and having enthusiasm for teaching, this cannot be easily accomplished without preparation.
Due to the criticism that educational programs have received for ineffective teacher preparation, different approaches to measure pedagogical knowledge more so than subject matter knowledge have been put in place for faculty recruitment purposes. Encouraged by the Holmes Group and the National Network for Educational Renewal, over 300 programs of education have created programs that extend beyond the traditional 4-year bachelor’s degree program.\(^{63}\) This allows for the integration of extensive training in education studies. While some are 1 or 2-year programs for recent graduates, others are 5 year
undergraduate programs that dedicate the 5th year for teacher preparation.\textsuperscript{63} This has led to graduates being viewed as effective and better prepared by colleagues.\textsuperscript{63}
Simply having subject knowledge may not be enough to assure student learning. This is further supported by a teacher preparation study by Perkes who aimed to explore if a relationship existed between junior high school student achievement and the volume of academic preparatory work completed in the sciences (i.e. biology, physics, geology) by science teachers. Although the study explored junior high level teachers, the results showed that in depth knowledge of the art of teaching was more important to effective teaching and student learning than simply knowing the material.\textsuperscript{64}
Rosenholtz, in his book, reported that inexperienced teachers (less than 3 years of teaching) were less effective than senior teachers who worked in settings that foster continual learning and collaboration.\textsuperscript{65} However, students who attended 5-year teaching programs where they obtained a Bachelor’s degree in a discipline, a Master’s degree in education and 1 year in student teaching placements in comparison to those in traditional 4 year degree programs tend to be more confident and as effective as senior teachers. This foundational level of teacher education and training is not common in PT education.\textsuperscript{65} Instead, traditional PT programs consist of obtaining an academic degree (typically in physical therapy) which does not place significant emphasis on the art of teaching. This leads to the question of how can new PT faculty provide quality teaching experiences if they have not been adequately prepared in the field of
teaching. This study explored pre-teaching training but also focused on post-graduate opportunities taken by established PT faculty that enhanced their skills such as teacher workshops and faculty mentoring.
**Faculty qualifications in grade school versus higher education**
Along with the importance of teaching experience are each state’s requirements for certification and licensure of grade school and higher education teacher candidates. Grade school teachers are required to have at least a Bachelor’s degree. Also, if teaching in public schools, a state licensure must be obtained through a teacher education program accredited by the National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education (NCATE) or the Teacher Education Accreditation Council (TEAC).\(^{66}\) Faculty in higher education (4 year colleges and universities) are most often required to have a doctoral degree in their field. However, faculty candidates with lesser degrees are utilized at some colleges and universities for specialty or part time positions.\(^{67}\) The Southern Association for Colleges and Schools (SACS), leaves hiring decisions up to each institution, but they recommend that educational institutions use guidelines to define faculty qualifications which include, 1) faculty teaching graduate and post baccalaureate course work having earned a doctoral or terminal degree in the teaching discipline or a related discipline, and 2) graduate teaching assistants having a Master’s degree in the teaching discipline or 18 graduate semester hours in the teaching discipline, direct supervision by a faculty member experienced in the teaching discipline, regular in-service training, and planned and periodic evaluations.\(^{68}\) Although it was noted that teacher qualifications
differed per state and institution, Darling-Hammond further explored qualification requirements and how it impacted student achievement.
Darling-Hammond examined how teacher qualifications and other school inputs related to student achievement across states using data from surveys of 50 states on policies, state case study analyses, the 1993-1994 schools and staffing surveys and the National Assessment of Educational Progress. To determine their impact on student learning, several areas of influence were reviewed including 1) subject matter knowledge, 2) knowledge of teaching and learning, 3) continuity of teacher learning, 4) teaching experience, 5) certification/licensure status, and 6) teacher behaviors.\(^{32}\)
A noticeable difference was found between states that set high standards for teacher qualifications versus those with lower standards. For example, Wisconsin requires teachers to complete a bachelor’s degree with a major in the subject area to be taught. It is noted as a high standard state which requires that prospective high school teachers complete coursework covering learning theory, child and adolescent development, subject matter teaching methods, curriculum, effective teaching strategies, uses of technology, classroom management, behavior and motivation, human relations, and the education of students with special needs. Also, a teacher must complete at least 18 weeks of student teaching under the supervision of another teacher who also meets minimum standards.
In opposition, in low standard states such as Louisiana, high school teachers can be licensed without having a major or minor in the field in which
they will teach. There is no requirement to study the curriculum, teaching strategies, classroom management, uses of technology, or the needs of special education students.\textsuperscript{32} Prospective teachers can obtain a license after receiving only 6 weeks of student teaching. Aside from the standards, there is also a difference in the degree in which they are enforced.
When examining how this impacts student achievement, Darling-Hammond provides literature comparisons that show that since the 1980’s, the U.S. dedicated increased investments (teacher certification/specialist training) in teacher preparation in the subject of reading ensuring that over 95% of teachers are fully certified. When compared to other countries, the students in the U.S. are comparable. However, among the mathematics teachers in the U.S., 30% have been teaching with less than a minor in their field or are uncertified. When compared to other countries, the U.S. students perform poorly.\textsuperscript{32}
I further explored more current trends through use of the National Center of Educational Statistics and found that when compared to 1998, full time teachers in 2000 participated in less professional development for new methods of teaching (73% in 2000 vs. 77% in 1998); student performance assessment (62% in 2000 vs. 67% in 1998); and classroom management (45% in 2000 vs. 49% in 1998).\textsuperscript{69} I was able to view mathematics scores in 2000 for Wisconsin and Louisiana for comparison to the scores reported by Darling-Hammond. Based on the national average score of 274, Wisconsin continued to be above average, scoring 287. Louisiana students continued to score below average at 259.\textsuperscript{69} With teachers showing less involvement in professional development
nationally, one would expect all programs to show lower averages. With Wisconsin continuing to score higher, I would assume that this value is attributed to differences in individual state standards.
Similarly, each PT educational institution is responsible for ensuring that faculty quality criteria set by CAPTE are met. Simply having a doctoral degree should not be the sole factor in determining if a faculty candidate is qualified. CAPTE recommends that they also demonstrate evidence of additional clinical expertise, specialty expertise or advanced training in their teaching subject.\(^3\)
Darling-Hammond provided insight on quantifiable evidence that teacher qualifications can directly impact student achievement and therefore colleges/universities should take additional steps to ensure that standards for faculty recruitment are also conducive to student learning. This further supports this study’s question of whether or not the standards for PT educators are sufficiently rigorous because of the demonstrated impact of teacher quality on student outcomes.
**The importance of scholarship (research-informed teaching) when assessing teacher effectiveness**
In order to answer the question, “who am I as a teacher?”, a qualitative research study by Velde, Wittman, Carawan, Knight, and Pokorny used the process of 3 dialog based (preliminary, transitional an fundamental) investigative meetings to explore the relationship between biases and assumptions of effective teaching with insight from personal experiences.\(^{70}\) There were a total of five subjects (2 occupational therapists, 1 nurse, 1 health educator and 1 social
Each took 20 photographs that self-reflected what “who am I as a teacher” meant to them. A preliminary dialog was conducted which involved exploration and sharing of personal experiences captured in the photographs to facilitate awareness of biases and assumptions. A transitional dialog followed involving the identification of immerging themes. Lastly, the fundamental dialog was completed involving the teachers collaborating to develop the final 7 themes.
The teachers came to a consensus on 7 traits of effective teachers. These traits were 1) judge, 2) bridge to learning, 3) affected by temporality, 4) user of the environment, 5) works through challenges, 6) lifelong learners, and 7) researchers.\(^{70}\) Of the 7 traits, the theme of researcher incorporated creating knowledge individually and with students and colleagues. The photographs used to create this theme consisted of written work, a co-authored book, conference presentations, students presenting graduate research, academic insignia, and diplomas.\(^{70}\) From this, all participants agreed that demonstrating skills as a researcher was pivotal in their growth as an effective teacher.\(^{70}\) Although the research was important in showing that the teachers viewed themselves as researchers, it was limited by placing no focus on whether the quantity of research activities played any part in student success. Also, all 5 researchers also served as the sole participants in their own study. This could have caused a bias in data collection due to the Hawthorne effect where responses are modified in response to their awareness that they are being studied.
A second study by Berk explored and critically examined the value of 12 strategies on faculty evaluation to determine which strategies better measured
Berk evaluated effectiveness by looking at assessment tools and outcome measures such as student ratings, peer ratings, self-evaluations, video, student interviews, alumni ratings, employer ratings, administrative ratings, teaching scholarship, teaching awards, learning outcome measures, and teaching portfolios.\textsuperscript{71}
Student ratings were noted as being necessary and one of the most common forms of faculty evaluations but not the most accurate in determining teaching effectiveness. Student ratings are mostly complemented by peer ratings of teaching performance and materials because it covers aspects of teaching that students are not in a position to evaluate. Self-evaluations are important in allowing faculty input on their own teaching which completes the triangulation of the three sources of direct observation of teaching performance (students, peers, and self).\textsuperscript{71}
The use of video, when interpreted alone or with peers can be used as a source of evidence for formative decisions. Student feedback as well as alumni ratings can be a good source for ideas on improvements needed in teaching, courses, and curriculum admissions. The teaching portfolio can be used to display a comprehensive picture of teaching effectiveness but as a complement to the list of research publications. Berke states that teaching scholarship, however, serves as an important source to discriminate the teacher scholar from all others.
The study provided a unified conceptualization of teaching effectiveness through the use of multiple data points. It emphasized that faculty presentations
and publications (scholarship) were important sources of evidence to supplement other assessment tools and outcome measures that indicated teaching effectiveness.\textsuperscript{71} This in part, supported the need for the survey tool developed for this study which further examined how student outcomes are impacted by teaching effectiveness and the types of evidence that may be important in evaluating faculty scholarship.
Berke also stated that student learning outcome measures should be used cautiously as the primary source of evidence for faculty evaluation. This is based on the premise that student and institutional traits can have an effect on student performance irrespective of what faculty do in the classroom. Student traits may include ability, attitude, motivation, age, gender, and maturation. Institutional traits include class size, classroom facilities, available technology learning resources, and school climate.\textsuperscript{71}
The literature shows that there are numerous factors that contribute to effective teaching such as teacher preparation, experience, training, certification and knowledge of pedagogy and subject matter.\textsuperscript{70-73} However, the trait that is not as well researched is faculty scholarship and its relationship to effective teaching and student learning. Based on these facts, additional research was performed in this study, which explored faculty scholarship in more depth.
\textbf{The faculty dilemma: creating synergy between teaching and scholarship}
Research-informed teaching is defined as the linking of research with teaching with the aim of broadening the scope of learning and teaching within a
Although faculty are traditionally expected to have doctoral degrees, doctoral study does not always equip graduates with the range of transferable skills required to become leaders in research in practice or academic areas. Early in a student's education, he/she may question his/her knowledge of a topic when making decisions concerning his/her own practice. Dey, Milson, Roddam and Hart believe that through research-informed teaching, students should learn to utilize evidence to identify and integrate scientific knowledge as they progress academically with faculty ensuring that the curriculum supports the development of competencies, enabling students to implement research findings in their careers.\textsuperscript{75} They published a book describing how academic programs and individuals within the school of public health and clinical sciences at the University of Lancashire embraced the daily practice and character of research-informed teaching of academics. They provided an insightful introduction into how research-informed teaching is central to the effective delivery of curricula to enable students to become lifelong inquirers and researchers.
They referenced the Lancashire Physical Therapy Program and how students are directed towards an overview of the current evidence for various clinical assessments and how therapeutic interventions reflect the realities of clinical practice.\textsuperscript{75} This offered a model for blending faculty scholarship with quality teaching in that the faculty conducted research with direct links to the subject matter within the undergraduate physical therapy program such as biomechanics. Results were shared with fellow staff and students. Actually, due to the CAPTE requirement for faculty to demonstrate competence in subject
areas taught, this model is often used by current PT programs by providing opportunities for faculty to link research, education and clinical knowledge for interactive learning.
Another aspect of this model, was that the critical appraisal skills for research literature is taught in a cumulative fashion in which different modules are used at 3 levels. Level 1 modules teach students to recognize that physical therapy practice should be supported by research evidence.\textsuperscript{75} By reading research literature related to case studies, the students are able to identify gaps in the evidence-base. Students are then evaluated on their ability to comprehend the impact of the research on therapy practice.\textsuperscript{75} At level 2, research papers are used throughout the curriculum to improve students’ reading skills, knowledge-base and the use of research to inform their practice.\textsuperscript{75} At level 3, independent study modules and a research module are used in which students are expected to refer to the evidence throughout their coursework.\textsuperscript{75} They must examine the processes involved in creating evidence-based clinical guidelines and understand the role of the National Institute for Clinical Excellence.\textsuperscript{75}
During clinical practice placements, students are asked to acknowledge the evidence for effectiveness of therapy which provides a realistic problem-based learning experience.\textsuperscript{75} Also, all students are encouraged to attend a weekly inter-disciplinary Journal Club that focuses on creating an environment where students can share ideas and interact with each other and course tutors.\textsuperscript{75}
In the Lancashire model, Undergraduate Research Internships are available to provide students with the opportunity to conduct research that is
supervised by members of the Allied Health Professions Research Unit.\textsuperscript{75}
Through participation in these internships, students gain experience in applying for IRB approval; develop technical expertise directly relevant to their studies; develop skills in academic writing, time management and planning.\textsuperscript{75} Results of these study findings have generated new evidence to inform practice and have been used to update the teaching content of the physical therapy program.\textsuperscript{75}
Although Dey, Milson, Roddam and Hart have provided a detailed view of how one physical therapy program has merged both teaching and scholarship, which is still currently being used by Lancashire, there was no quantifiable data on student outcomes.
Although some PT programs require students to complete research projects, others only require that students become familiar with reviewing literature and studying the research process. CAPTE does not set a requirement for student research projects. Instead, it states that the curriculum should include content and learning experiences necessary for initial professional practice which includes clinical reasoning, evidence-based practice and applied statistics which are to include laboratory and practical experiences.\textsuperscript{45}
The literature provides the opinions of those who believe teaching and scholarship should be combined. Three professors of economics at the University of Bristol and the University of Dundee expressed their belief that good research and good teaching go together because they are both driven by enthusiasm for the subject being taught.\textsuperscript{76-77} Another benefit in bringing research into the class is that the teacher is expositing work that he or she owns and
knows intimately and believes to be important. From a student’s perspective, there is a sense of satisfaction that comes from knowing that he/she is being taught by the source of the information, which enhances their willingness to believe and grasp the material that the teacher provides.\textsuperscript{78-80}
Despite these positive opinions about the synergy between teaching and faculty scholarship, some believe this emphasis on a scholarly agenda potentially takes time away from student teaching.\textsuperscript{81} However, Vincens and Bourne explained that effective teachers strictly budgeted their time for teaching and research to prevent imbalances from affecting the quality of their teaching and the progress of their research. By example, they suggested for teachers to strategically separate their time to dedicate mornings to course preparation; afternoons to experimenting and manuscript writing while avoiding underestimation of time needed to fulfill office hours and grading.\textsuperscript{79} They also believe that the primary goal of teaching should be to get students to think like researchers even if they can only apply their skills to simpler problems.\textsuperscript{79}
Although research and teaching is a popular theme amongst educational programs, a unified definition is difficult to establish. To gain an understanding of the different ways in which research and teaching can be linked to promote student learning, Visser-Wijnveen et al conducted a study to investigate the variation in ideal images held by academics from the field of humanities. A stratified sample of 30 academics from the faculty of humanities of Leiden University and from different disciplines (history, linguistics, and literature) was used. Each subject/teacher had to have both teaching and research duties.\textsuperscript{80}
All subjects were interviewed using a mental visualization assignment in which they described the ideal linkage between research and teaching by providing a detailed blueprint of their ideal situation. Guiding questions were provided and used as needed, to encourage each subject to describe the situation in more detail. Data were analyzed in three stages. First, a code-book was developed where each interview was organized into phases that represented an idea. This was repeated until saturation was reached. Secondly, all transcripts were coded holistically. Thirdly, patterns in data were obtained.
The results revealed four essential themes (orientation, approach, curriculum, and teacher role). These themes were later defined as 5 points of interest. The points were, 1) the researcher is able to test their own ideas and students are informed about the state of the research field, 2) ensuring that students discuss and report (research teachers use examples from their own research), 3) show what it means to be a researcher (researchers function as role models by relating their own experiences and incorporating research practice into their teaching), 4) help to conduct research where students are challenged by being given small research assignments and teachers use their ongoing research in teaching, and 5) provide research experiences by using ongoing research in which students are trained to become researchers and teachers.\(^{80}\)
The study was limited to the subject’s ideal images of research linked with teaching. There were no further explorations into whether these images were actual representations of the subjects. It would have been beneficial to see what restrictions or lack of resources may have limited subjects from participating in such activities.
Current frameworks of research-informed teaching do not adequately facilitate reflection or innovation in healthcare teaching because they do not encompass the notion of student as practitioner. Tcholakava, Georgieva, and Ivanov suggest a complementary framework that acknowledges the student as both the researcher and practitioner which highlights the dynamic interaction between research, teaching, and practice.\textsuperscript{74} The proposed frame consists of, 1) Integrating teaching and research through the use of current research evidence within teaching materials; developing student skills in undertaking research; comparison of different research designs to inform evidence base; use of staff research to inform students about the professional knowledge base; discuss evidence base to stimulate the development of student research, 2) Developing student’s skills in critical inquiry by identifying evidence; integrating and interpreting evidence to inform decisions about practice; identifying gaps in knowledge/evidence; increase capability to become life-long learners, 3) Highlighting links between research and practice by developing student skills to facilitate adoption of evidence based practice into workplace among professional groups; promoting collaboration between academia; transforming work experiences into priorities for research; conducting practice-informed research, 4) Evaluating and monitoring teaching methods through use of course team review of curriculum against current occupational competencies; consultations with and feedback from students, public and employers; development and evaluation of teaching tools and innovations.\textsuperscript{74}
Haslett used a health and wellbeing course on cardiovascular physiology as an example of how to marry research and teaching. The course taught students how to monitor blood pressure and to review how it is supported by relevant research on guidelines for interventions for hypertension. By asking the students to link their knowledge about blood pressure monitoring with clinical research guidelines on hypertension intervention, both teaching and research were combined to ensure the best in clinical practice.\(^{82}\) In order to integrate teaching and research, faculty must first have clear knowledge of the course subject in which they teach; be actively involved in conducting or reviewing research in their subject area; and have familiarity with instructional formats that involve integrated learning. There should be further exploration on the percentage of PT faculty who possess these traits.
Healey goes on to further define the scholarship of teaching as the engagement of research with teaching and learning but also as a critical reflection of practice and communication and dissemination about the practice of one’s subject.\(^{83}\) In Healey’s study, references to Boyer describe how the scholarship of teaching is separated into four areas (discovery research, integration, service and teaching) and is achieved first, by understanding that good teaching means that faculty, as scholars, must also be learners. In becoming a successful teacher, one must obtain knowledge in three domains, including 1) the instructional domain which describes knowledge in the area of instructional design, 2) pedagogical knowledge which is what we know about
how students learn, 3) curricular knowledge which describes the goals, purposes and rationale of a course or program.\textsuperscript{84,85}
Secondly, the scholarship of teaching must be viewed separately from having a scholarly approach. A scholarly approach to teaching entails being familiar with the latest ideas in one’s subject and staying abreast of current ideas for teaching that subject. It also involves evaluating and reflecting on one’s teaching practices and student’s learning. On the other hand, the scholarship of teaching has the same definition as a scholarly approach but also encompasses communication and dissemination about the teaching and learning. Therefore, we must understand how to merge the two concepts and link them to the disciplines. Healey believes that developing the scholarship of teaching will only create change if embedded in supportive disciplines and departments. Moses similarly demonstrated that attitudes to teaching and research tasks and communication patterns differ in different disciplines.\textsuperscript{86} With this understanding, some teachers may demonstrate some aspects of scholarly teaching while faltering in others.
Some teachers fully practice the scholarship of teaching by seeking to understand teaching better; consulting the literature; investigating their own teaching; reflecting on their intentions and student learning; and communicating their ideas and practice to their peers. Meanwhile, other teachers show no awareness of the literature and ideas on teaching/learning in their discipline in the way they teach; they do not reflect on their teaching practices nor their students’ learning and do not discuss their teaching with colleagues. Healey
believes that the average teacher falls somewhere between the two extremes. To be scholarly, teachers must use the same thought process in their teaching as they do in research. A scholarly approach is to stay abreast of current literature and to act on the findings.
**Public health**
The increasing emphasis from university administrators, governmental agencies, legislators, and the public to increase the scholarly activities of faculty members in colleges of health sciences because of the impact of their research on public health and wellness appears to be aligned with the current concepts related to evidence-based teaching.\(^{88}\) This in turn requires the faculty in programs such as dentistry, medicine, nursing and pharmacy to balance their time between research, teaching and service which possibly should have a patient care/clinical focus.\(^{88}\)
Rothstein, Brueilly, and CAPTE support the broad definition of scholarship that was proposed by Boyer.\(^{17,25,27}\) Boyer recognized that scholarship must be integrated, applied, and taught to be fully accepted into the body of knowledge.\(^{84}\) Despite the limited literature on this subject, the American Physical Therapy Association (APTA) has also highlighted the importance of research through its Vision statement (adopted in 2013) for the future of physical therapy drafted by APTA’s House of Delegates in 2000.\(^{87}\) One element of this statement includes the translation of evidence into practice. Evidence-based practice is defined as access to, and application and integration of evidence to guide clinical decision making to provide best practice for the patient/client.\(^{87}\) Evidence-based practice
includes the integration of best available research, clinical expertise, and patient/client values and circumstances related to patient/client management, practice management, and health care policy decision making.\textsuperscript{87}
\textbf{Scholarship in PT education and the nursing discipline}
Many faculty members have doctoral degrees but this does not mean that they are academically prepared to perform research. CAPTE indicates that individuals holding a terminal degree may be qualified as a member of the PT program faculty when they also demonstrate proof of advanced training and clinical expertise in the area of their teaching responsibility as well as ongoing scholarship.\textsuperscript{25,45} Meaning, core faculty should demonstrate expertise through scholarship that includes peer-reviewed presentations and publications related to their area of teaching. Hence the need for this study, to explore how PT faculty scholarly activity impacted student outcomes.
\textit{Physical Therapy}
Mohr et al conducted a study to examine the effects of educational program characteristics on the NPTE pass rates to identify benchmarking criteria for quality indicators. A total of 132 directors of CAPTE accredited programs in the U.S. were surveyed. A total of 21 independent variables (including number of faculty with Ph.D. and Ed.D degrees) were compared to the NPTE pass rates for each program. Pearson product moment correlations determined the variables that predicted NPTE success.\textsuperscript{8}
This study provided a regression model, which indicated that faculty with doctoral degrees ($P = 0.000$) and two other variables (accreditation status ($P =$
0.000) and years of pre-professional and professional coursework combined (P = 0.006)) best predicted the pass rate on the NPTE. However, the results of this study indicated only a weak correlation between the NPTE pass rates and the number of faculty with Ph.D. and Ed.D degrees (R= 0.336, P= 0.000) and the coefficient of determination was low (R² = 0.113). Although these results highlighted the complexity of the teaching and learning process, this study did not explore the actual amount of scholarly activity that each faculty member completed and the effect on NPTE outcomes. Additional research was needed and therefore this researcher sought to further investigate this relationship.
A second study by Palmer investigated benchmarking metrics that could be used by entry-level PT educational programs to compare quality improvement. It also aimed to determine if PT programs in different tier levels (tier 1 programs ranked in the top third of all accredited physical therapy programs and tier 3 ranked in the lower third) differed in curricular model and degree offered based on FTPRs on the NPTE. Metrics were successfully obtained from 51 CAPTE accredited entry-level PT education programs between 1997-1999 in the U.S. and Puerto Rico from a subset of 14 variables (total semester hours, program length in years, clinical rotation length, course contact hours, faculty academic degrees, faculty research productivity, faculty clinical specializations, faculty time in clinical activities, minority enrollment percentage, student-to-faculty ratio, average FTPRs on NPTE, program cost, pre-admission GPA and graduate employment rates).
Discriminant analysis results showed that 51% of the variance between tier 1 and 3 could be accounted for by the 14 variables.\textsuperscript{90} Further analysis (using canonical correlations) was performed to determine which variables contributed most to the predictive model. The results showed that the four variables that contributed most to the predictive model were contact hours in differential diagnosis, adjusted cost per student, percentage of minority enrollment, and research productivity of the faculty evidenced by a score of $r = 0.716$.\textsuperscript{90}
Regarding the relative contribution of each variable to predict the first time pass rates, the first time pass rates were positively influenced by the number of course contact hours in differential diagnosis ($r = 0.510$), minority enrollment percentage (0.337), and negatively influenced by program cost ($r = -0.469$), and faculty research productivity ($r = -0.296$). These 4 independent variables contributed the most to the prediction of NPTE pass rates in this model.\textsuperscript{90} A Wilks' lambda test score of 0.488 indicated that 49% of the variance was not explained by group differences.\textsuperscript{90}
Although the results showed an inverse relationship between faculty research productivity and student success on the NPTE, the correlation coefficient is weak and warrants additional research. Also, several school directors who participated in this study admitted that their returned questionnaires were completed using estimated instead of factual numbers. These facts made the results of this study questionable as to how much of the data indicated a true representation of the population.\textsuperscript{90} Other literature supported the importance of scholarship in PT programs but they are based
solely on expert opinions.\textsuperscript{17,29,77} Through the use of the AAR, the first source of data for scholarship information, this current study was able to make more reliable analyses of these relationships.
\textit{Nursing}
Faculty scholarship is also eminently valued by other disciplines such as nursing.\textsuperscript{81} Nursing programs follow the guidelines of the American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN). Similar to the CAPTE requirements, AACN requires each faculty member to have a research agenda, find funding and conduct research while concurrently addressing the student education mission.\textsuperscript{88,89,92} Consequently, a faculty candidate is assessed based on their research trajectory, current published findings, and their self-established plan for research advancement.\textsuperscript{88,92} Unlike PT programs, some nursing programs prefer faculty who have completed a post-doctoral fellowship because they are expected to be further along in their research trajectory.\textsuperscript{88,92} The CAPTE criteria is silent with regard to requiring faculty with post-doctoral fellowships.
\textbf{PHYSICAL THERAPY PROGRAM CHARACTERISTICS.}
\textbf{Program length in PT education and other disciplines}
Although there is no set requirement for optimal PT program length, the 2010 APTA fact sheet shows that the average program length for PT programs has gradually increased from 106.4 total weeks (77.3 class/lab and 29.2 clinical) in 2001-2002 to 120.1 weeks (85.3 class/lab and 35.1 clinical) in 2009-2010.\textsuperscript{93} CAPTE guidelines for PT program development documents that a PT program
varies between 3 to 4 years in length.\textsuperscript{94} CAPTE also documents either a 4+3 model where students enter a 3 year PT program after completing a 4 year bachelor degree or a 3+3 model where students transfer into a PT program after 3 years of undergraduate education.\textsuperscript{94} No studies were found that addressed the relationship between PT educational program length (didactic/clinical) and NPTE success. This study distinguished between program length, didactic and clinical weeks, and NPTE success.
\textbf{Program length in nursing education}
A study of 298 nursing graduates of 5 distinct associate degree nursing programs in Florida found predictive associations between student learning and performance on the Assessment Technologies Institute (ATI) Achievement Exit Exam and the National Council Licensure Examination for Registered Nurses (NCLEX-RN).\textsuperscript{95} This study compared 5 programs which included the Bridge full-time (12 months), Bridge part-time (24 months), Generic part-time (15 months), Generic full-time (15 months) and the Accelerated Option (12 months).\textsuperscript{95} The results of an ANOVA indicated that there was a significant difference between the program lengths ($p = 0.006$) and performance on the ATI exam.\textsuperscript{95} Additionally, the shorter length (12 month) program resulted in students with higher pass rates on the NCLEX-RN (96.2% score average) in comparison to a longer length curriculum such as the 24 month Bridge part time, which had an average student score of 64.3%.\textsuperscript{95} This study controlled for student GPA, course grades, age, gender, race, entrance exam and adult basic education scores.\textsuperscript{95}
Although, results indicated that a shorter program length resulted in higher pass rates on the NCLEX-RN; the study was conducted in only one nursing school, making it difficult to generalize the results. However, the sample size, consisting of 367 students over a 3 year period increased its statistical power.\textsuperscript{95} One factor that may have been influential in student scores is that the shorter length programs could be related to greater student knowledge retention.
**Program length in medical education**
Kerfoot et al believed that the primary goal of medical education is to generate long term learning, not just memories which are lost quickly after a given lecture or test.\textsuperscript{96} They conducted a study based on the theory that educational encounters which are spaced and repeated over time result in more efficient learning and improved learning retention compared to massed distribution of the educational encounters. Their purpose was to determine whether spaced education improved the retention of student learning.
One hundred fifty six 3\textsuperscript{rd} year, Harvard medical students in the 2004-2005 cohort were recruited by email to participate. No exclusion criteria were established. Based on the urology curriculum, four core topics (prostate cancer (PC), screening with prostate-specific antigen (PSA), benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and erectile dysfunction (ED)) were used to create a 28 item multiple-choice test whose content validity was established by a panel of medical educators, urologists and physicians. Construct validity was established by administering the test to 19 urology experts. Internal consistency was measured
by Cronbach’s alpha ($\alpha = 0.76$) and a one-week, re-test reliability ($\alpha = 0.72$). The 28 item test was used as the pre-test, post-test and end of year test.\textsuperscript{96}
Harvard medical students are required to complete a 1-week clinical rotation in urology and a web based teaching program on the 4 core urology topics during their month-long surgery clerkship. For their study, both before and after the week, students completed the 28 item test. Randomization and cohort assignments were performed by one investigator. Students were stratified by gender, hospital and dates of clerkship and underwent blocked randomization to 1 of 2 study groups. For cohort A (PC/PSA), after completion of the urology rotation, they were sent educational emails each week on topics of PSA screening and PC. The same was done for cohort B (BPH/ED), with topics of BPH and ED. Emails consisted of clinically relevant questions followed by the answers, a summary of a teaching point, and an explanation of the answers.
The effect of this weekly follow-up method was assessed by comparing the two composite end-of-year test scores via a paired t-test, each student serving as their own control. Multiple linear regression models were used to analyze the end of year scores separately for the two cohorts and to analyze the score changes from post rotation to end of year. A post-hoc exploratory analysis was performed to examine potential systematic differences in the spaced educational emails utilized in the cohorts. Results indicated that the spaced emails significantly improved composite end of year scores via ($p<0.001$) paired t-test and Cohens effect size ($d = 0.50$). The effect of weekly spaced emails was
greatest for those receiving them for 6-8 and 9-11 months (Cohens effect sizes of $d = 1.01$ and $d = 0.73$), and remained significant ($p<0.001$) even after adjusting for topic (PC/PSA versus BPH/ED), gender, site of clerkships, date, degree type). A significant interaction between spaced education and date of clerkship was found ($p=0.10$). Overall, this study demonstrated that frequent feedback that is spaced over time can improve student’s retention of medical knowledge; however, optimal time has yet to be determined.\textsuperscript{96}
**Program length in Athletic Training education vs. certification examination pass rates**
Harrelson used 52 athletic training students enrolled in the same undergraduate program for an average of 7 semesters and who maintained a minimum GPA of 2.5 on a 4.0 scale.\textsuperscript{97} The study sought to determine which independent variables (overall GPA, gender, number of semesters at the university, academic minor, minor GPA, fraternity/sorority affiliation, ACT scores, teaching versus non-teaching degree track) were predictive of first time pass rates on the National Athletic Trainer’s Association Board of Certification Examination (NATABOC).\textsuperscript{97}
The results of the forward multiple linear regression indicated that no single independent variable predicted examination success, a multiple discriminate analysis found a interrelationship between 5 of the 9 (overall academic GPA, athletic training GPA, academic minor GPA, ACT composite score, and the number of semesters of university enrollment) variables and the
number of attempts to pass the NATABOC ($p = 0.01, f = 3.36, R^2 = 0.26$). Although the results did not specify the number of semesters of academic enrollment alone that could predict exam scores, it indicated that program length may have an effect on exam success, but additional studies are needed to support this assumption.
**Length of clinical education programs and types of clinical settings**
*Physical Therapy*
Martorello explored the perceptions of Clinical Coordinator of Clinical Education (CCCEs) with regard to the optimal length of full time clinical education (CE) experiences for PT students completing their first and final full time clinical experience. A pilot study using an open-ended questionnaire was sent to 273 CCCEs who had agreements with the American International College. The questionnaires consisted of 2 open-ended questions, 1) What is the optimal length for students first full time clinical experience in their facility and why?, and 2) What is the optimal number of weeks for final full time clinical experiences in their facility and why?
One hundred and fifty five of the 273 questionnaires were returned with 43% from outpatient settings, 19% acute, 15% sub acute, 15% rehab/specialty, and 8% home health and pediatric. Face validity was obtained by data triangulation which resulted in a consistency in responses suggesting agreement with the distribution of data in the biannual report compiled by CAPTE. Results
showed that an average of 7.3 +/- 2.26 weeks were suggested by the CCCEs for first full time CEs ranging from 3-16 weeks. For the final CE, the average suggested length was 9.1 +/- 2.09 weeks ranging from 5.5 to 16 weeks. These lengths were chosen based on the opinions that students would be able to see a patient through a full course of treatment; an 8 week experience is comprehensive enough for students have enough time to be competent to practice as a new graduate in their setting; and more time would not benefit the student further.\textsuperscript{98}
The CCCEs' perceptions of the ideal time period allocated for the final CE differed. The results showed a bimodal split in distribution for recommended time periods for first full time clinical education experiences. The two modes were divided between 5-8 weeks and 9-12 weeks. CCCEs from acute settings indicated that a 5-8 week CE is optimal for the final CE, while CCCEs in the home health and pediatric settings advised a 9-12 week CE, indicating their opinion that students in the homecare/pediatric settings required more complex skills and critical thinking to gain acceptable skills for entry into the profession.\textsuperscript{98} Despite the numerical values given for clinical program length by settings, this study consisted only of the opinions of CCCEs and provided no statistically significant findings that these values had any actual impact on student success. Therefore, additional research concerning program length was further explored in this study.
\textit{Dentistry}
Mascarenhas et al focused on the length of the clinical portion of the curriculum only.\textsuperscript{99} This study investigated the clinical care at the Boston University School of Dental Medicine comparing the number of procedures performed by students completing 6-week dentistry clinical internships (1,898 procedures) and those completing 10-week dentistry clinical internships (2,644 procedures).\textsuperscript{124} The results indicated that the scope of services provided in the 10-week internship differed from the 6-week internship because of the longer durations of the internships ($p=0.0002$).\textsuperscript{124} Additionally, the longer internships allowed students to perform more complex procedures toward the latter part of their internships.\textsuperscript{99}
Weeks 1 through 6 were then compared for both groups of students. The mean number of procedures provided by the 10-week interns was $178 \pm 74$ and significantly more than that of the 6-week interns ($119 \pm 64$) over the first 6 weeks of the internship ($p=0.04$).\textsuperscript{124} Based on the results of this study, Mascarenhas et al determined that “longer internships resulted in greater clinical productivity.”\textsuperscript{99} This study only examined the scope of procedures that students were able to complete based on internship length. One could argue that a smaller list of procedures within the same time frame could allow for better knowledge retention.
**Translating contemporary practice guidelines to clinical practice**
In 2003, a report by the Institute of Medicine provided guidelines for developing strategies for restructuring clinical education to be consistent with the
principles of the 21st-century health system.\textsuperscript{100} This report provided guidelines for “doctors, nurses, pharmacists and other health professionals” to enhance assessment methods of ongoing proficiency and adequacy of student preparation to provide the highest quality and safest medical care possible. It also provided a vision for all health care professional education in the 21st century.\textsuperscript{100} Five core areas of proficiency that were outlined in this report were 1) delivering patient-centered care, 2) working as part of interdisciplinary teams, 3) practicing evidence-based medicine, 4) focusing on quality improvement and 5) using information technology.\textsuperscript{100}
The importance of keeping abreast of current practice was also emphasized in a study by Hickey et al who reviewed the cause behind deficiencies in the quality of patient care and safety rendered by graduates of nursing’s entry level baccalaureate programs. They also reviewed and compared an entry-level baccalaureate nursing program that integrated the competencies developed by the Institute of Medicine to formulate a new curriculum for current programs.\textsuperscript{101}
In 2010, both employers and new graduates voiced complaints of student weakness in the ability to provide care for multiple patients simultaneously, to perform advanced technical skills, and to prioritize and communicate effectively.\textsuperscript{101} Upon close review, it was noted that although healthcare had advanced with additional knowledge and new healthcare settings, the curriculum had not been significantly altered for approximately 10 years in terms of subject area emphasis that reflected contemporary practice.\textsuperscript{101} Although the number of jobs and
healthcare needs were in the adult population in medical, surgical, and ICU settings, the curriculum continued to place greater emphasis on pediatrics, obstetrics, and psychiatrics. This time period coincided with declines in the NCLEX-RN pass rates.\textsuperscript{101}
The Institute of Medicine’s report recommends that nurses engage in lifelong learning to gain the competencies needed to provide care for diverse populations across the lifespan. Also, to develop and prioritize competencies so curricula can be updated regularly to ensure that graduates at all levels are prepared to meet the current and future health needs of the population.”\textsuperscript{102} Similar to PT program requirements, each nursing program is charged with determining and assessing its own clinical sites to ensure the clinical experiences for students provide, 1) Patients from diverse backgrounds, cultures, and of differing gender, religious, and spiritual practices. 2) The continuum of care, including population focused care, 3) All age groups, including the very young and the frail elderly, 4) Comprehensive learning opportunities to promote integration of baccalaureate learning outcomes that prepare the graduate for professional nursing practice.\textsuperscript{103}
In nursing as well as in PT education, healthcare education reform has been advocated as a mechanism to address these inadequacies.\textsuperscript{101} Chan investigated the associations between nursing student satisfaction and the clinical setting placement.\textsuperscript{19} The Clinical Learning Environment Inventory (CLEI) was used to collect data from a sample of 108 second-year nursing students undertaking clinical placements in fourteen metropolitan hospitals in Southern
The findings from the study suggested that student satisfaction was significantly higher in the students who were placed in settings that were highly task oriented \((r = 0.62, \beta = 0.37)\). However, the data were limited to student perceptions only.
Another study of 127 athletic trainers from twenty-five Commission on Accreditation of Allied Health Education Programs (CAAHEP) accredited programs examined how undergraduate athletic training student’s time is utilized during clinical field experiences. It also determined the effects of clinical field-experience length and setting, academic standing, gender, clinical assignment, and National Collegiate Athletic Association level on active learning. Subjects completed a 1-day, self-reported observation of how their clinical field-experience time was utilized based on the type of setting. Time was divided into categories, 1) instructional time, 2) clinical time, 3) managerial time, 4) unengaged time, and 5) waiting time. Both instructional time and clinical time were referred to as Active Learning Time (ALT). During ALT, students engaged in academic and clinical curricula consistent with their ability levels, while at the same time having sufficient time to learn, perform, and master clinical skills and competencies. Clinical setting type was divided into 3 categories. 1) Upper Extremity Assignments (Baseball, Lacrosse, Softball, Swimming, Tennis, Volleyball), 2) Lower Extremity Assignments (Basketball, Field hockey, Soccer, Track), and 3) Mixed Extremity Assignments (Cheerleading, Football, Athletic training room, Gymnastics).
The results of an ANOVA showed clinical assignment with respect to perceived percentage of ALT \((F_{2, 171} = 6.40, P < 0.05)\). Subjects working with mixed extremity sport populations spent a significantly larger percentage of time in active learning \((56.64 \pm 20.17\) minutes) than subjects working with upper extremity sport populations \((45.76 \pm 16.73\) minutes\). A significant main effect for clinical assignment was percentage of waiting time \((F_{2, 171} = 8.57, P \leq 0.05)\).
Waiting times were defined as the amount of time spent attentively observing athletic practices for potential injuries or environmental hazards where one may have to perform an athletic training skill or behavior. Subjects working with mixed extremity sport populations perceived spending a significantly smaller percentage of time \((16.54 \pm 16.63\) minutes) waiting compared with subjects working with upper extremity sport populations \((28.59 \pm 18.61\) minutes) attributed to upper extremity sports being in season, requiring more students to be assigned to one instructor.
This study suggested that documenting students’ use of time may allow educators to identify clinical field-experience settings that maximize active learning time, expose students to their own unique learning situations, and offer students access to clinical field-experience settings aligned with their professional goals. Although this study supports a relationship between setting type and student learning, it is limited to students’ perceptions of time spent during a single clinical field day where students’ motivation and engagement may be a factor. Also, because all athletic trainer programs, like PT programs, vary in their academic preparation and clinical education design, single, direct
observational studies can only be generalized to specific programs.\textsuperscript{105} Therefore, further research is needed.
**ANNUAL ACCREDITATION REPORT (AAR)**
The AAR is a mandatory self-report that is currently submitted by PT academic program chairs annually through the CAPTE accreditation portal by PT education programs. It consists of information pertaining to program length, curricular model and courses, finances, space allocation, clinical education, number of admissions and demographics, and faculty characteristics.\textsuperscript{106} These data are used to monitor compliance with the Evaluative Criteria (graduation rates, employment rates, number of faculty, and faculty vacancies etc.).\textsuperscript{106} It is also used to develop descriptive reports about the state of PT educational programs. This study used these reports for 2013 as a source of information for program length and faculty scholarly productivity. In this study, these data were compared for similarities and differences amongst CAPTE accredited PT programs.
**THE NATIONAL PHYSICAL THERAPY EXAMINATION (NPTE)**
After successfully completing a PT education program, graduates must take and pass the standardized (consisting of multiple choice questions) NPTE with a minimal score of 600 (on a scale of 200-800) to obtain a license to practice.\textsuperscript{2,23} By knowing which characteristics or variables adequately predict
NPTE success, PT programs may make the necessary changes in student preparation that will foster first time success on this exam.
The NPTE (consisting of multiple choice questions) was developed and consistently refined by the FSBPT by sampling PTs opinions/analysis of practice parameters that ensures safe and effective practice of an entry level PT or PTA. The initial information-gathering step defines a list of work activity, knowledge, and skill requirements that reflects current entry-level practice. Secondly, subject matter experts develop surveys of the importance of work activities performed by PT, PTAs and the knowledge/skills required to perform them. Third, the survey is pilot tested and results are used for survey refinement. Fourth, the survey is distributed on a larger scale to a random sample of PT/PTAs. Fifth, data cleaning with the omissions of respondents secondary to missing data, experience level, and employment status. Finally, statistical analysis is performed and supporting expert groups conduct final review to ensure the results are consistent with current profession trends.\textsuperscript{107}
\textbf{Reliability}
During the 2009 NPTE administration cycle, internal consistency of licensure examinations were measured using the Kuder-Richardson Formula 20 for dichotomous choices and the Split-half reliability test using Spearman-Brown corrections to measure the consistency of two halves of the test.\textsuperscript{108,109} All internal consistency estimates based on data from criterion candidates were greater than 0.80 for the NPTE test forms.\textsuperscript{108,109} When considering all candidates, coefficients
for all NPTE forms were above 0.90.\textsuperscript{108,109} These scores suggested that the NPTE forms are precise measures of entry-level knowledge in the field of physical therapy.
**Validity**
The FSBPT established a validity framework used to organize existing sources of evidence supporting the use of NPTE scores for licensure decisions.\textsuperscript{108,109} The framework involved gathering multiple sources of data to serve as evidence that connects all aspects of the tests development.\textsuperscript{109} The sources of evidence collected by the Federation included a) test content, b) response processes, c) internal structure, and d) relations to other structures.\textsuperscript{108,109}
**SUMMARY**
There is available literature that details the historical timeline of advancements in healthcare and healthcare education practices and performance standards since 1914.\textsuperscript{37-46,51-53} The literature explains how PT professional education programs have evolved to keep pace with the demands of the profession and the quality expectations of CAPTE and agrees that the NPTE outcome is the most important measure of program quality. However, the literature does not provide a reliable predictive model for success or any indication of the changes that PT programs are currently making in terms of program and faculty characteristics (faculty scholarship, program length or
teacher effectiveness) to ensure that students are being properly prepared for a doctoring profession based on current practice requirements.
It is evident that there was a lack of prior research to support a relationship between PT faculty attributes and program characteristics and NPTE success. Several studies were found in the nursing, pharmacy, athletic training and dentistry educational literature which all indicated that relationships exist between faculty and program variables and licensure exam success. These studies showed evidence that predictability is present and important and thus additional research in PT would be beneficial. Of the topics researched, it was determined that faculty scholarship, program length and teacher effectiveness would be the characteristics of choice because of the expressed importance but lack of research to support their impact on student outcomes.
This study examined whether a significant relationship exists between the PT program faculty behaviors and NPTE scores as well exploring if differences exist between school outcomes based on the sum of PT program faculty scholarship activity and total program length. The results of this study may be used by PT programs to identify specific faculty/program variables that have a direct link a student’s success on the NPTE. This may help to guide lower achieving PT programs in making pertinent changes to prepare students for passing the NPTE on the first attempt. Also, higher success rates can increase a programs’ reputation for the quality of the preparation of skilled student physical
therapists. Lastly, findings from this study may allow CAPTE to continue to effectively determine a program’s quality.
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
Quantitative methods were used to explore the program attributes and faculty behaviors involved in achieving the student NPTE outcomes. This study involved a three-stage process using both prospective and retrospective research designs to identify the program attributes and faculty behaviors that are consistent with the following related research questions:
1. What is the likelihood of PT program faculty utilizing effective teaching behaviors (as it relates to teaching, scholarship and service) in their classroom based upon their associated school rank (High vs. Low) per self-generated survey)?
2. What are the differences that exist between the total sum of PT-related scholarly activity (per Annual Accreditation Report (AAR) data) performed by PT educational program faculty with high vs. low passing NPTE rates between 2011-2013?
3. Does the total PT program length (in weeks) of the professional component (didactic and clinical) per AAR data differ when comparing programs with high vs. low passing rates on the NPTE?
This chapter describes the subjects, procedures and instrumentation used to determine whether or not these relationships exist. The self-generated survey instrument used in the study was entitled “Faculty Characteristics in
Physical Therapy Education Programs Survey". The process for determining the internal consistency and validity of this survey instrument will also be described.
SUBJECTS
Sample selection/inclusion criteria
After providing proof of IRB approval and specifying the intended use of all study data, no additional permissions were required from PT programs, FSBPT or CAPTE concerning the use of collected data. The sample for stage 1 included the entire population (n=212) of 2013 CAPTE accredited PT educational programs in the United States and Puerto Rico. The sample size was a direct function of the response rate and AAR data availability. Therefore, by selecting from PT programs in all regions of the U.S., the power of the study was increased yielding a better representation of the entire population.
Program chairs/directors were sought as an expert panel for Stage 1 participation because of their direct role in overseeing and providing leadership/administrative responsibilities in the physical therapy department such as teaching, scholarly activities and service. Two rounds of surveys were sent out to develop consensus regarding the key attributes of scholarship, teaching and service.
The sample for Stages 2 and 3 (n = 112) included PT programs that met the inclusion criteria of rating highest (100.00%) (n= 80) or lowest (95.00% and
below) (n= 32) on the NPTE 3YUPR. Also, data collection was dependent upon full completion and return of data forms and surveys.
**Exclusion criteria**
Programs that rated between 96% and 99% on the NPTE 3YUPR; did not receive CAPTE accreditation during 2013 or those that did not submit updated program data for CAPTE AAR reports for 2013 were excluded (n=100) from this study.
**PROCEDURES**
To protect the rights and welfare of the research subjects, permission from the NSU Institutional Review Board (IRB) was requested on March 10, 2014. An approval letter was obtained on June 4, 2014 prior to the study along with exemption from further review. This research study was conducted in three stages that will be elaborated upon in the sections below: a) Stage 1 – development of the Faculty Behaviors in Physical Therapy Education Programs Survey for use in Stage 2, b) Stage 2 – examined faculty behaviors of PT programs with high versus low 3YUPR, c) Stage 3 – explored the differences between faculty scholarly activity and PT program length at PT program with high and low 3YUPR.
**Stage 1 - Development of the self-generated faculty behaviors survey**
Because there were no surveys previously developed to address faculty behaviors in PT programs, a self-generated Faculty Behaviors in Physical
Therapy Education Programs Survey was developed. The survey sought to determine faculty traits related to the scholarship, service and teaching domains for the ensuing determination of salient faculty behaviors that may contribute to high performing PT educational programs. In developing the survey, a review of the literature was conducted to find common practices and attributes found to be analogous with the effective performance of the faculty roles of scholarly activity, teaching and service, which were derived partly from the HERI faculty survey created at the University of California, Los Angeles. Survey constructs were also derived from published literature from CAPTE, Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, Teachers College Press, The Council of Higher Education, The Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development, Physical Therapy Journal, Journal of Teacher Education, Journal of Allied Health and the Journal of Research in Science.\textsuperscript{3,28,40,42, 59-65,68,70-75,84,85,95}
Based upon the results of the literature review, 28 major descriptors were revealed (7 for scholarship activity; 20 for teaching effectiveness; and 1 descriptor for service) (See Appendix 1) which were further divided into 32 varied constructs of interest for use as survey questions. A final 22 question faculty survey to determine the common behaviors of faculty in PT educational programs with high (3-YUPR average of 100) versus low (3-YUPR average of 95 or below) student NPTE outcomes was developed using the methods described in the paragraphs below.
\textit{Statement classification of the self-generated faculty survey}
In the initial phase (round 1) of survey development, instead of taking a simple random sample of PT programs across the U.S., the 212 programs that met the inclusion criteria were classified into subgroups based on U.S. regions (Pacific, Northeast, Southeast, Midwest, Southwest and the Rocky mountains). Due to the sample size of this stage, a stratified random sample was taken to ensure that similar percentages of programs were selected from each region based on the total sum of PT programs within each region. Fifteen subjects (physical therapy program directors/chairs) were randomly selected, representing 7.08% of the population of PT programs in the U.S. and Puerto Rico, by region. A small sample, allowing for 25% margin of error, was considered appropriate during this exploratory stage of survey development.\textsuperscript{110-113} Round 1 was implemented to satisfy the correct classification of individual constructs within the self-generated survey entitled, “Faculty Behaviors in Physical Therapy Education Programs Survey.”
\textit{Data collection}
On September 1, 2014, the pilot survey was distributed online via the Survey Expressions website (\url{www.surveyexpressions.com}). (See Appendix 2) The introductory email provided subjects with the details of the study’s purpose, potential benefits and risks, the assurance of anonymity, and notification that the completion of the survey would serve as consent to participate.
The subjects were asked to sort each of the 32 survey statements into 3 domains that in their opinion had similar constructs. The survey statements
contained descriptors of quality teaching with each descriptor belonging to one of the three domains (teaching, scholarship, or service). If the subjects were unable to determine a categorical fit, they were asked to select N/A. To improve the response rate, reminder emails providing survey due dates were sent to all subjects who had not responded after 1 week resulting in a total of 14 completed surveys (93.3% response rate).
**Data analysis**
Once data from the initial round of surveys were returned, the responses were loaded into the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). An Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was performed for data reduction to eliminate variables that were unclear, redundant or unnecessary to ensure that there was an underlying relationship between the remaining variables and the constructs being measured. An EFA statistically groups numerous variables based on correlations between them. Although there was a preset assumption of which survey items belonged to each construct (teaching, scholarship, service), an EFA was conducted in an attempt to identify outlier variables that were unnecessary. It was also used to reproduce a distinction between teaching, scholarship and service by appropriately grouping variables into their expected category. The pilot self-generated survey consisted of 32 items, each of which was intended to represent only one of three factors (teaching, scholarship, or service activities).
Because teaching, scholarship and service are 3 different factors intended in this study to represent three different faculty traits, they were assumed to be
unrelated. With this assumption in mind, the rotation method of choice was varimax. While the total amount of variation is the same with rotated versus unrotated factor analysis, the individual factor contributions are not. The varimax rotational method makes large loadings larger (further from zero) and small loading smaller (closer to zero) allowing for an easier interpretation of factor loading. The rotated component matrix was reviewed to determine how many factors best explained the observed co-variation matrix within the data set. The eigenvalues > 1 (i.e. higher than average) were used. Initially, the factorability of the 32 items that described the constructs teaching, scholarship and service were examined using SPSS default Kaiser Criteria to determine which factors to retain. The SPSS default is criterion 1, meaning that all factors with eigenvalues greater than 1 were retained.
Secondary analysis with Cattell’s Scree Test was performed to determine the significance of the factors. By plotting the eigenvalues against the corresponding factors, this allowed the visualization of the maximum number of factors to extract. Because the analysis revealed that 12 different categories explained the co-variation and the original interest was to create a survey tool with questions that differentiated between only 3 categories of faculty behaviors (teaching, scholarship and service) this analysis was repeated specifying that only 3 factors be extracted.
The use of descriptive statistics via frequency tables were used to determine if the statement groupings selected by subjects were the same as or
close to the intended and expected groupings of the study.\textsuperscript{114,115} Statements that were inconsistently grouped with more than one construct (i.e. statement “combining learning goals with community service” were grouped by 55% of subjects as a teaching construct and 45% as a service construct) and/or assigned to the “N/A” group were either removed or the wording changed for the second round for better clarity.
Based upon the results of round 1, the survey was revised by removing 3 inconsistently grouped statements, 1) Faculty/professors that are consistently approachable, 2) Improvement of your expertise in the course subject you teach, and 3) Relevant level of professional expertise for the course you teach. Also, the statement “Engaging students in tasks to enhance learning outcomes as well as community needs” was reworded to “Do you engage students in tasks to enhance community needs”; removing mention of learning outcomes to focus on the service aspect of the statement. This was justified due to student outcomes being addressed within other survey statements specific to the teaching domain.
**Round 2 Survey Statement Classification**
On October 14, 2014, the revised survey was administered to 50 PT program chairs/directors via the Survey Expressions website using stratified sampling via blind selection from the same regional subgroups classified for round 1 of the survey (a combination of some subjects from phase 1 plus new subjects), representing 23.58% of the population of PT programs in the U.S. and Puerto Rico. Based on the total population, 50 subjects was considered
appropriate at this stage of the study.\textsuperscript{110-113} To improve the response rate, reminder emails providing survey due dates were sent to all subjects who had not responded after 1 week. The final survey responses were received on December 14, 2014.
\textit{Data analysis}
The data were analyzed on December 14, 2014 using descriptive statistics (frequency tables) as previously described. The process whereby inconsistent responses were removed from the survey to improve its internal consistency follows below.
\textit{Internal Consistency of the Self-generated Faculty Survey}
The internal consistency of the second round survey instrument (all subscales combined) and on each individual subscale were assessed through use of Cronbach’s alpha. Cronbach’s alpha measures internal consistency to determine how similar a series of items are as a group. It is used as a measure valued between 0 and 1 with measurements around 0.7 being regarded as acceptable.\textsuperscript{116} Values were reviewed to determine how well each survey item complemented each other in their measurement of the specified aspects of the constructs being measured (i.e. teaching, scholarship, and service), and how closely related the items were as a group. Cronbach’s alpha analyses were repeated following the removal of 7 survey statements that scored low in their response frequency (below 75%) when compared to the intended classification of
the construct (teaching, scholarship, service). This resulted in a final 22-question survey. See Appendix 3.
**Stage 2- Examining faculty behaviors of PT programs with high versus low NPTE 3YUPR**
Stage 2 answered the following research question:
Question 1 - What is the likelihood of PT program faculty utilizing effective teaching behaviors (as it relates to teaching, scholarship and service) in their classroom based upon their associated school rank (High vs. Low) per self-generated survey)?
The above question was addressed using the following data collection steps:
a) The FSBPT website was assessed on September 26, 2014 for the latest (2011 to 2013) NPTE 3-YUPR by PT school. PT programs with the average of 100.00 (n = 80) were marked high for use in the study. PT programs with scores of 95.00 and below (n = 32) were marked low for use in the study. Programs with scores ranging from 96 to 99 (n = 100) were excluded. A total of 112 programs met the inclusion criteria.
b) A master list of accredited PT programs with their associated directors/chairs was obtained from the CAPTE website. The final 22-question survey from stage 1 was distributed by email on March 21, 2015 to all (n=112) current directors/chairs of the 112 selected PT education
programs via a web-based format using survey software from Survey Expressions. (See Survey Appendix 3)
c) The chair/directors were instructed to complete the survey if they had teaching responsibilities within the PT program. If they had no teaching responsibilities during the 2013 school term, they were instructed to distribute the survey to a faculty member who did. Survey collection was completed on April 19, 2015.
**Stage 2 statistical analysis method**
All data from the 72 returned questionnaires, (72/112; a 64% return rate), were reviewed through the use of a) descriptive statistics to describe the distribution and range of responsiveness for each survey question and to examine data for skewness and b) bivariate analysis using cross tabulations and chi-square analysis to identify trends and to examine the possible associations between one survey question and another. Cross tabulations allowed for the comparison of relationships between high versus low 3 YUPR and individual survey questions that represented a faculty behavior. Skewness was used to measure the symmetry/lack of symmetry of data distribution. When the ratio of skewness divided by the standard error was larger than 1.96, the value for skewness was considered statistically significant at p<0.5 (Zed distribution).
**Stage 3- Exploring the differences for total faculty scholarly activity and PT program length between program 3 YUPR**
Stage 3 addressed the following research questions:
Question 2- What are the differences that exist between the total sum of PT-related scholarly activity (per Annual Accreditation Report (AAR) data) performed by PT educational program faculty with high vs. low passing NPTE rates between 2011-2013?
Question 3- Does the total PT program length (in weeks) of the professional component (didactic and clinical) per AAR data differ when comparing programs with high vs. low passing rates on the NPTE?
The above questions were addressed using the following data collection steps:
a) Student first time pass rates for the 2013 NPTE were requested from the Federation of States Boards of Physical Therapy on September 10, 2014 in letter form accompanied by the FSBPT data collection form and an instruction sheet. (See Appendixes 4-6) Data for the 112 PT programs that met the inclusion criteria were entered into the SPSS database for analysis.
b) Data on faculty scholarship and program length via AAR data were requested from CAPTE on September 10, 2014 (See Appendix 7). CAPTE responded, requesting a collection method that provided additional proof of program anonymity before AAR data would be released. Therefore, in order to link AAR data with NPTE pass rates, programs were classified as being in a high or low rated category. This was done by identifying programs with 3 YUPR of
100 with the letter "H" and those scoring 95 or below with the letter "L". A second request was sent on October 3, 2014 with PT program names and their assigned NPTE pass rate letter (H or L) provided on a Data Completion Supplemental Form accompanied by an instruction sheet. (See Appendix 8). The supplemental form was discarded by CAPTE and replaced by a CAPTE generated data collection form. CAPTE procedurally removed the program specific scores for 3YUPR to maintain the anonymity of the programs with unique scores. Annual Accreditation Report 2013 program data was received on February 20, 2015.
**Stage 3 statistical analysis method**
Independent samples t-tests were performed to determine the magnitude of the difference between high and low scoring programs (NPTE 3 YUPR) based on the group means of scholarly activity performed and program length (the total sum of PT related scholarly activity performed by each PT educational program in 2013 and the total length in weeks of the professional component (didactic and clinical) of PT programs).
CHAPTER 4: RESULTS
INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents the results of this study captured by the self-generated faculty survey as they relate to the research questions. It focuses upon the relationships between PT program characteristics (program length and scholarly activity), faculty behaviors related to scholarship, teaching, service, and 3YUPR on the physical therapy NPTE.
Stage 1 survey factor analysis
Question 1 - What is the likelihood of PT program faculty utilizing effective teaching behaviors (as it relates to teaching, scholarship and service) in their classroom based of their associated school rank (High vs. Low) per self-generated survey)?
The initial Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) of the pilot survey was used to examine the factorability of the 32 faculty survey items. Review of the scree plot indicated that the 32 survey items were categorized by twelve influencing factors, each representing between five and twelve percent of the variance of the correlation with a cumulative variance of 96%. (See Figure 1)
Descriptive statistics showed that eight of the twelve EFA established categories only contained two or less survey items. With a limited number of items representing and defining each category, no essential categorizing themes could be forged that were consistent with any of the three points of interest (teaching, scholarship, service).
Also, a total of six survey items, 1) performing research in the subject area in which you teach, 2) having high expectations for students, 3) comparison and review of commonly used instructional formats, 4) teaching approach that is
guided by practical knowledge, 5) perception of common misconceptions/difficulties that students encounter, and 6) familiarity with the outline of skills students are expected to learn in your course) did not load higher than 0.3 (correlation between observed survey items and categories).
The second EFA (forced three factor extraction) separated the 32 survey items into three separate categories that explained 14%, 13%, and 13% of the variance of the correlation with a cumulative variance of 40%. Similar to the first EFA, no essential categorization/themes could be forged that were consistent with any of the three points of interest of this study (teaching, scholarship, service). Therefore, this EFA was not considered further by the researcher.
**Round 1 survey response descriptive statistics**
Fourteen of 15 surveys were completed and returned (93.3% response rate). The respondents agreed 93% of the time with the following 10 survey items: 1) teaching approach that is guided by practical knowledge, 2) familiarity with the outline of skills students are expected to learn in your course, 3) understanding how your course fits in aggregate to other courses in the curriculum, 4) performing research in the subject area in which you teach, 5) participation in opportunities to share research ideas and participate with fellow faculty, 6) perception of common misconceptions/difficulties that students encounter, 7) having a true interest in the subject you teach, 8) having high expectations for students, 9) reflection and analysis of teaching methods, and 10) researching activities that promote professional development).
They also agreed 86% of the time with the following 12 items: 1) guidance of students through methods that promote knowledge recall, 2) establishing a research agenda, 3) having an alternative teaching approach if students are not learning, 4) having a clear understanding of how to structure and present subject matter, 5) awareness of effective instructional strategies that address student learning needs, 6) familiarity with pre-requisite knowledge expected prior to the course you teach, 7) receiving teacher training prior to teaching, 8) attending workshops for teacher preparation, 9) comparison and review of commonly used instruction formats, 10) studying how to convert principles of instruction into learning activities, 11) providing students with adequate faculty availability, 12) and exploration of instructional environments that maximize student learning).
Respondents agreed 79% with 2 items (guidance of a research mentor and combining learning goals with community service). One item (applying course content with community based activities) had 71% agreement. Three items (researching the literature to reflect on accuracy of material taught, engaging students in tasks to enhance learning outcomes as well as community needs, and reviewing various means that promote student understanding) at 50%. Two items (improvement of your expertise in the course subject you teach, and relevant level of professional expertise for the course you teach) at 43%. Only 1 item (critique of methods that promote student application of taught material) at 21% and 1 item serving as a control (faculty/professors that are consistently approachable) to which the subject responses were evenly distributed across all classification choices. Items with a percentage below 75%
were considered low. Because 78% of all of the items tested were classified above 75%, the results supported discriminant validity traits in the faculty survey after a change in wording of 1 variable (Engaging students in tasks to enhance learning outcomes as well as community needs) and the removal of the 3 inconsistent variables (improvement of your expertise in the course subject you teach, relevant level of professional expertise for the course you teach, and reviewing various means that promote student understanding). This resulted in a 29 question survey extracted from the original 32 questions. See Appendix 10 for low classification items.
**Round 2 Survey Response Descriptive Statistics**
Thirty one of 50 surveys were completed and returned (62% response rate). The respondents agreed 76% of the time with all survey items, with the exception of seven. Five of the 7 items had lower respondent agreement percentages in comparison to round 1 of the survey as follows: 1) reflection and analysis of teaching methods decreased from 93% to 73%, 2) exploration of instructional environments that maximize student learning decreased from 86% to 71%, 3) researching activities that promote professional development decreased from 93% to 48%, 4) combining learning goals with community service decreased from 79% to 45%, and, 5) applying course content with community based activities decreased from 71% to 35%. One survey item (researching the literature to reflect on accuracy of material taught) had a increased respondent agreement percentage from 50% to 68% but remained
below 75%. Similar to round1, the responses were evenly distributed across all classification choices for the control item (faculty/professors that are consistently approachable).
**Internal consistency of the self-generated faculty survey: Faculty behaviors in PT educational programs**
The value of Cronbach’s alpha was $\alpha = 0.661$ for the remaining 29 survey items of round 2 of the survey; 0.67 for the combined teaching items only ($N=19$); $\alpha = 0.074$ for the combined scholarship items only ($N=7$); and $\alpha = 0.562$ for the combined service items only ($N=3$). The values indicated a level of error variance too high for all items to be considered reliable. All survey items, particularly the teaching items, were not found to be closely related to each other. A reliability coefficient of .70 or better was considered acceptable.
Cronbach’s alpha was repeated with the 7 survey items removed that tested below 75% on the frequency classification. The resulting value of Cronbach’s alpha was $\alpha = 0.701$ for all items of the survey ($N=22$) indicating sufficient internal consistency within survey items as a whole. Due to the improvement in Cronbach $\alpha$ scores, the 7 survey items were permanently discarded, yielding the final 22-question survey.
**Faculty behaviors in high vs. low NPTE pass rate programs**
Question 1 - What’s the likelihood of PT program faculty utilizing effective teaching behaviors (as it relates to teaching, scholarship and service) in their
classroom based upon their associated program rank (High vs. Low) per self-generated survey)?
**Descriptive Statistics**
Of 112 surveys sent to 112 PT programs that met the inclusion criteria of highest (100%) and lowest (95% and below) 3 YUPR, 72 were completed and returned with no missing data, representing a 64.3% return rate. The surveys were completed by 73.6% chairs/directors (N=53), 8.3% professors (N=6), 9.7% assistant professors (N=7), 5.6% associate professors (N=4), 1.4% instructors (N=1), 1.4% other (chair, program director and associate professor combined) (N=1). The 3YUPR of the programs ranged from scores of 50% to 100% with a mean of 95.44%, median of 100%, standard deviation of 8.361 and a range of 50. To maintain anonymity of school data, high and low categories were used instead of individual scores. Of the 72 completed surveys 46 were from programs in the high rated category and 26 from PT programs in the low rated category. No duplicate responses were received from any school.
**Skewness**
Eighteen of the 22 survey questions were statistically significant (p < 0.5) with values ranging from 0.591 to 3.964. Three questions (Do you understand how your course fits in aggregate to other courses in the curriculum; Do you have a true interest in the subject you teach; Do you provide students with adequate faculty availability) had no significant skewness because every participant
provided the same affirmative answer. This indicated that faculty from both high and low rated programs (3YUPR) shared these characteristics of teaching. The next step was determining the likelihood of faculty to actually use these techniques in their classroom based on their program ratings (high versus low rated 3YUPR).
**Cross tabulations/Chi-Square**
Overall, cross tabulation comparisons of faculty indicate that faculty at PT programs with high 3YUPR tested significantly more likely to perform 18 of the 22 effective behaviors of the survey consistent with the effective teachers compared to teachers at programs with low pass rates. When examining each survey category separately, the majority of survey questions belonged to the teaching domain (n=18). Chi-square values indicated that there was a statistically significant association between program rank and faculty participation in the 18 quality teaching traits. However, the percentage difference between high (97.8% - 100%) and low (84.6%) rated programs were minimal for 6 of the 18 characteristics (having a teaching approach guided by practical knowledge, having a clear understanding of how to structure and present subject matter, perceptive of common misconceptions/difficulties that students encounter, familiarity with the outline of skills students are expected to learn in their course, and familiarity with pre-requisite knowledge expected prior to the course they teach). Table 1 shows the key faculty teaching behaviors that separated low 3YUPR performing programs from high 3YUPR performers.
Teachers in both high and low performing programs had high expectations for students ($p=0.096$). All participants from both high and low scoring PT programs reported that faculty were available to students, had a true interest in the subject they taught, and understood how their course fit in aggregate to other courses in the curriculum.
Table 1
Faculty Teaching Behaviors in PT Programs with High versus Low 3YUPR
| Faculty Behavior | LOW 3YUPR % | HIGH 3YUPR % | p-value | $\chi^2$ |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------|--------------|-----------|----------|
| 1. Guide students through methods to promote knowledge recall | 42.3% | 100% | *<0.001 | 33.52 |
| 2. Compare and review commonly used instructional formats in classroom | 57.7% | 89.1% | *0.002 | 9.50 |
| 3. Critique methods that promote student application of taught material | 61.5% | 100% | *<0.001 | 20.54 |
| 4. Study how to convert principles of instruction into learning activities | 42.3% | 100% | *<0.001 | 33.52 |
| 5. Explore instructional environments that maximize student learning | 76.9% | 97.8% | *0.004 | 8.27 |
| 6. Awareness of effective instructional strategies that address student learning needs | 65.4% | 97.8% | *<0.001 | 14.61 |
| 7. Received teacher training prior to teaching | 42.3% | 76.1% | *0.004 | 8.12 |
| 8. Attend workshops for teacher preparation | 53.8% | 100% | *<0.001 | 25.47 |
| Faculty Behavior | LOW 3YUPR % | HIGH 3YUPR % | p-value | χ² |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------|--------------|-----------|--------|
| 9. Have an alternative approach if students are not learning | 50% | 97.8% | *<0.001 | 24.25 |
*Significance level < 0.05
There were three survey questions representing faculty scholarship behaviors, all of which separated high vs. low performing programs. They were:
1) Participating in opportunities to share research ideas and practice with fellow faculty (53.8% low versus 87.0% high rated programs, \( \chi^2(1)=9.712, p=0.002 \)), 2) Performing research in the subject area in which they teach (30.8% low versus 97.8% high, \( \chi^2(1)=38.45, p=<0.001 \)), and 3) Establishing a research agenda (53.8% low versus 84.8% high, \( \chi^2(1)=8.18, p=0.004 \)). Only one survey question represented the domain of service (Engage students in tasks to enhance community needs), which separated high (91.3%) vs low (30.8%) performing programs (\( \chi^2(1)=26.69, p=<0.001 \)).
**NPTE pass rates vs. scholarly activity and program length**
Question 2 – What are the differences that exist between the total sum of PT-related scholarly activity (per Annual Accreditation Report (AAR) data) performed by PT educational program faculty with high vs. low passing NPTE rates between 2011-2013?
*Independent T-Test*
Higher ranked PT programs (NPTE 3 YUPR) had statistically significant higher participation in scholarly activity ($22.54 \pm 11.63$) in 2013 compared to low ranked programs ($14.77 \pm 8.47$), $t(70) = 2.99$, $p = 0.004$. With a sig (2-tailed) value less than 0.05, the group means of scholarly activity (sum of all ranged from 1 to 67) was found to be statistically significantly different (not likely due to chance). (See Figure 2)
Figure 2
Total Scholarly Activity and PT Program NPTE 3YUPR Outcomes
- High 3YUPR (22.54 Std Mean)
- Low 3YUPR (14.77 Std Mean)
Question 3 – Does the total PT program length (in weeks) of the professional component (didactic and clinical) per AAR data differ when comparing programs with high vs. low passing rates on the NPTE?
No statistically significantly difference was found between PT program lengths in higher ranked programs (121.52 ± 12.16) in 2013 compared to low ranked programs (123.96 ±18.80), $t$ (37) = -0.595. $p = 0.555$. With a sig (2-tailed) value greater than 0.05, the differences in group means of program length (total length in weeks ranged from 92 to 180) are likely due to chance. (See Figure 3)
Figure 3
Total Program Length and PT Program NPTE 3YUPR Outcomes
High 3YUPR (121.52 Std Mean)
Low 3YUPR (123.96 Std Mean)
SUMMARY
In chapter 4, the validity and internal consistency of the Faculty Behaviors in Physical Therapy Education Programs Survey were demonstrated through descriptive statistics and Cronbach’s alpha coefficients. The likelihood of faculty possessing the stated characteristics of teaching, scholarship and service
behaviors based on their program’s rating was described by using cross tabulations and chi-square statistics. The differences between PT program rates (NPTE 3YUPR) and program variables via Independent t-tests was reported.
INTRODUCTION
Chapter 5 provides the implications of the results, conclusions, limitations, delimitations and recommendations for further research. Conclusions are presented to address whether or not the data were able to provide relevant answers to the research questions. Discussions of findings and how they relate to the purpose of this study are reviewed along with recommendations for further research.
SUMMARY OF THE IMPLICATIONS OF THE RESULTS
This study sought to better understand how program attributes and faculty behaviors in PT educational programs impact student outcomes on the NPTE. A literature review revealed faculty traits and program attributes analogous to effective teaching and overall program quality which were used as the basis for the development of the self-generated survey used in this study. This study also sought to further explore how faculty and program traits differed based upon high and low NPTE 3YUPR scores. A general review of the research questions, sample population, survey instrument, data collection and analysis, limitations, delimitations and methodical approach is provided.
The literature did not provide a reliable predictive model for NPTE success. Nor did it provide any indication of the standardization of program and faculty traits or teacher effectiveness metrics to ensure that students are being
properly prepared for a doctoring profession based upon current entry-level practice requirements. There was also no requirement for consistency with the FSBPT analysis of practice which maintains a current listing of knowledge indicators that are important for the successful performance of entry-level tasks. This led to research question 1.
**Faculty behaviors in Physical Therapy education programs**
Question 1: What is the likelihood of PT program faculty utilizing effective teaching behaviors (as it relates to teaching, scholarship and service) in their classroom based upon their associated school rank (High vs. Low) per self-generated survey)?
The HERI faculty survey created at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) assesses graduate programs for faculty effectiveness, service and scholarship.\(^{59}\) This was the only survey instrument of its kind found during the review of the literature. However, only 3 items in this survey were appropriate to this research and were modified and used in this study. The remaining survey questions were beyond the scope of this study, and were not specific to PT education as they focused on the political views of faculty, sources of stress, and courses taught on ethnicity and gender. Therefore, a goal of this study was to develop a survey instrument to generate an answer to identify common faculty behaviors specific to PT education programs with high versus low student NPTE outcomes (research question 1).
No documented literature was found that provided details relative to the process in which the HERI survey was validated. Without the specifics of the HERI survey validation and lacking a previously developed tool for use within Physical Therapy education, this study proceeded with a multistep process of creating a valid survey tool which consisted of 1) defining survey constructs, 2) survey item development, 3) internal consistency measures, and 4) examination of relationships between data sets. These steps share similarities and differences to survey validation methods of other studies.\textsuperscript{125-128}
Survey construct development within this study was based on specific faculty behaviors/traits analogous of effective teaching per an in-depth literature review while other studies accomplished this via focus groups consisting of experts with varying years of experience\textsuperscript{125}; and through use of pre-established constructs from gold standard surveys within their fields of interest.\textsuperscript{126-128} Considering the difficulty experienced within this study to collect an equal number of examples representative of each construct (teaching, scholarship, and service), it may have been beneficial to seek counsel from experts within the field of teaching who could share insight on important examples of effective teaching behaviors that were not transparent in a review of the literature alone.
Survey item development was completed using a series of 2 pilot surveys sent to physical therapy program faculty experts (chairs/directors) which allowed for revisions based on survey response choices only. This differs from other studies that performed only 1 pilot survey in combination with either a pre- or
post-pilot survey interview or listening session which allowed additional feedback concerning survey items that may not have been made evident with the sole use of response choices to pre-determined closed ended survey questions.\textsuperscript{125, 126, 128} The use of 2 pilot surveys proved beneficial in highlighting the need for statement changes. This was evident when the percentage of respondent agreement on various surveys statements decreased between the 1\textsuperscript{st} and 2\textsuperscript{nd} pilot survey which indicated that there were potential limitations in subject interpretation. This allowed for either wording changes or removal of statements in efforts to strengthen the overall survey. Also, conducting 2 pilot surveys did allow for an unbiased look at subject responses based only on survey questions of interest. By avoiding panel open ended discussions, it decreased the possibility of making changes based on personal judgements of those who may not be impartial to a specific survey item or lose direction and provide unnecessary information. However, it may be beneficial for future studies to explore open ended advice from panelists (considering years of teaching experience), while still taking into consideration the existing literature, focus on initial constructs of interest and data analysis.
While some researchers chose to perform no further testing after reviewing pilot survey results\textsuperscript{128}, others as well as this study chose to further examine the developed survey via internal consistency measures using Cronbach alpha data.\textsuperscript{126, 127} Also, other studies have shown to conduct Exploratory Factor Analyses (EFA) to identify the internal structure of survey items.\textsuperscript{125, 126} EFA was also performed within this study. However, the results were
not considered due to difficulty forging any themes from the results. EFA would have been more appropriately used if no preconceived categories were established and if there were a larger sample of constructs from the service and scholarship domains. This would allow for the EFA to reveal the structure of the variables. Because there was a pre-set idea of categories to base the factor analysis on, a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) would have been more appropriate. However, it was not performed due to lacking a normal distribution in data and needing a larger sample. Use of descriptive statistics proved to be a better choice.
Lastly, this study further validated the faculty survey’s ability to determine the likelihood of faculty using effective traits via Cross tabulations and Chi-square analyses. Although this step was not found in referenced studies\textsuperscript{125-128}, it was considered important in this study because it allowed examination of the relationship of faculty behaviors within the survey data that were not readily apparent when survey responses were analyzed as a whole. Also, with survey results showing 18 of the 22 listed effective behaviors being performed by faculty at high scoring programs, this validated the survey’s ability to make the distinction between faculty at different scoring programs (high vs low). With the confidence that the survey could make this distinction, additional attention was placed on individual survey items per domain (teaching, scholarship, and service).
Within the teaching domain, 14 of the 18 survey items were more likely to be performed by faculty at high scoring programs. These items include 1)
promoting knowledge recall, 2) comparing and reviewing commonly used instructional formats in the classroom, 3) critiquing methods that promote student application of taught material, 4) studying how to convert principles of instruction into learning activities, 5) exploring instructional environments that maximize student learning, 6) using a teaching approach that is guided by practical knowledge, 7) having a clear understanding of how to structure and present subject matter, 8) having a perception of common misconceptions/difficulties students encounter, 9) awareness of effective instructional strategies, 10) familiarity with skills students are expected to learn, 11) pre-requisite knowledge expected prior to course, 12) receiving teacher training prior to teaching, 13) attending teacher preparation workshops, 14) having high expectations of students and 15) having an alternative teaching approach when students aren't learning. These faculty behaviors are consistent with faculty preparation and continued self and student development which would be expected from effective faculty and associated with programs with high rated 3YUPR. This is similar to prior studies by Darling-Hammond, Rosenholtz, Berk, and Boyer\textsuperscript{63,64,71,84,85}, which state that all faculty behaviors pertaining to teacher preparation, continued learning/professional development were more likely to be performed by faculty at high rated PT programs. It is important to examine pedagogical content knowledge (pedagogical and content knowledge combined) when determining teacher effectiveness. All of the 14 behaviors mentioned are valuable in that they are representative of the skills necessary with pedagogical knowledge. With pedagogical knowledge, faculty/teachers understand and utilize various
instructional methods that are comprehensive to all student learning types. They have clarity of the potential student learning difficulties based on their course’s material and how to adapt their teaching methods accordingly, which should reflect in student outcomes. This is expected from teachers at higher scoring programs but future studies should link years of teaching experience with the surveys responses because pedagogical knowledge is expected to develop over time with teaching experience. It would beneficial for future studies to examine teaching experience of faculty at low scoring programs to support its link to student outcomes. Also, classroom management, faculty motivation, job satisfaction and understanding differing base levels of achievement should be explored for faculty at lower scoring programs for the potential impacts on student learning.
In contrast, there were 3 survey items within the teaching domain that tested equally likely to be performed by both high and low scoring programs. These items include, 1) understanding how your course fits in aggregate to other courses in the curriculum, 2) providing adequate faculty availability, and 3) having a true interest in the subject taught. These faculty traits are expected from any faculty member despite their level of effectiveness with student outcomes or years of experience. These three behaviors are important but they do not require additional efforts (i.e. training, active critiquing of ones skills and engaging in activities for personal improvement for teaching effectiveness) from faculty and therefore, are not expected to have a measurable difference among faculty at either high or low scoring programs which is consistent with the results. This
supports the assumption that the survey is able to show similarities between faculty groups when present.
Within the scholarship domain, all 3 faculty behaviors, 1) participation in opportunities to share research ideas and practice with fellow faculty, 2) performing research in the subject area taught, and 3) establishing a research agenda, were more likely to be performed by faculty at high scoring programs. This supports the understanding that simply having content knowledge of a course may not be enough to effectively impact student learning and outcomes. Knowing every aspect of course subject matter is good, but students need the material to be taught effectively. Effective teachers demonstrate pedagogical content knowledge in which they are aware of different teaching strategies; partake in consistently utilizing these skills; reflecting on their actions and results, and collaborating with other faculty to share and continue learning how to be more effective through faculty scholarship. This is also consistent with the literature\textsuperscript{60-65} that states that there is a difference between a qualified teacher who has a basic understanding of their course objectives and truly likes the course they teach and an effective teacher who is able to envision instructional goals and promote learning through use of pedagogical knowledge and ongoing professional development.
Lastly, the one item of the service domain (engaging students in tasks to enhance community needs) also proved to be more likely to be performed by faculty at high scoring programs. With only one survey item, it cannot be
assumed that the results can be generalized to the act of service overall, however, it can serve as an introduction to future research. Service is a means by which faculty can collaborate with each other, students and the community in different venues (i.e. conferences, community events, dissertation committees) to merge and/or share their teaching and scholarship experiences. Although, teaching, scholarship and service are 3 key roles of academic faculty, teaching and scholarship seem to take precedence to service. This may be due in part to service being unclear and vague by definition, or due to it not being set as a priority due to other teaching obligations. However, as faculty gain experience and gain more confidence with their teaching and research responsibilities, they may be more open to engaging in additional community tasks that would be beneficial to the community as well as themselves and in turn, their teaching effectiveness. As previously mentioned, it would be beneficial in future studies to also link years of faculty experience with their survey responses.
The above mentioned Cross-tabulation findings helped to visualize differences among faculty based on program 3YUPR. However during survey development, the majority of original survey questions representing service and scholarly activity were not representative of what faculty perceived as service and scholarly activity as they were incorrectly classified/grouped by faculty participants under the construct of teaching and were excluded. This exclusion resulted in fewer survey questions representative of scholarly activity and service. Due to the challenges of maintaining 3 separate domains (teaching, scholarly activity and service) when developing the survey, this resulted in an
instrument that best informed about the teaching and not necessarily the scholarship and service attributes of PT program faculty. This led me to believe that all survey constructs were more meaningful when combined rather than separately. This was also evident because faculty viewed the majority of constructs as belonging to the category of teaching, instead of making the distinction between teaching, scholarship or service, supporting the idea that scholarship and service are aspects of teaching and therefore should not be viewed independently.
This is supported by literature that states that the most understood role of faculty is that of teaching, with scholarship being somewhat understood by those in the academia and service having the least clarity.\textsuperscript{129-130} Schnaubelt and Statham explored the perceptions of full time faculty at 4 year universities in Mississippi on the divisions of faculty roles. It was found that respondents believed that service is a form of scholarship, while mentioning that service expectations are unclear and difficult to evaluate. When examining individual remarks, a faculty member stated, “it is hard for me to separate these areas. It is hard for me to say that service is this, teaching is this, scholarly productivity is this”.\textsuperscript{130} Schnaubelt and Statham noted that neither tenure status nor academic rank were significant factors in faculty perceptions in their study.
A historical review of teaching reveals that all faculty responsibilities were once all considered under the sole umbrella of teaching.\textsuperscript{131-133} As time has evolved, the separation of faculty responsibilities were influenced due in part to
direct regulation, incentive programs, outside stakeholders (federal government, governing boards and professional organizations), as well as political and world events which have shifted increased attention to student achievement scores and school/faculty accountability. As a result, there have been increased changes requiring that teaching roles and strategies be more complex, specialized and expanding.\textsuperscript{133} Although role separation may be a useful means of measuring faculty accountability, it’s evident that teaching encompasses many roles. To further explore faculty accountability and how it could impact student outcomes, PT program guidelines were explored.
CAPTE guidelines require physical therapy core faculty members to actively engage in scholarly activities and have a scholarly agenda that supports their teaching.\textsuperscript{75} Core faculty should demonstrate expertise through scholarship that includes peer-reviewed presentations and publications related to their area of teaching.\textsuperscript{42,28} The faculty survey of this study did ask the subjects to select whether or not they performed research in the subject area in which they taught, with results showing that faculty from higher scoring programs being more likely to do so. Although this gave good insight on a broader scale, there is currently no specific quantity of scholarly activity that has been set to serve as a standard for compliance with CAPTE guidelines. Further exploration into determining the total sum within different divisions of scholarly activity (i.e. presentations, publications, etc.) is important in providing a starting point for creating this standard and is recommended for future survey studies. Although this link was not made for the individual faculty who completed the surveys, it was explored further in this study.
by looking at total sums of faculty scholarly activity based on different PT programs (research question 2).
**NPTE 3YUPR and faculty scholarly activity**
Question 2: What is the difference in the total sum of PT related scholarly activity (per AAR data) performed between high vs. low 3YUPR by each PT educational program in 2013?
When assessing school data for total scholarly activity, all PT programs met the requirement of engaging in some form of scholarly activity. However, high rated PT programs had significantly higher volumes of scholarly activity in comparison to low rated programs.
While prior studies failed to examine the exact sum of scholarly activity when exploring program differences, this study was able to utilize program specific quantities. An assumption of this study was that an increase in scholarly activity meant additional responsibilities of faculty that surpassed the general scope of classroom teaching time. However, the survey instrument used in this study did not address the discrete time spent in (teaching, scholarship or service) each domain.
There are potential factors such as decreased time availability that coincide with scholarly activity that could have had an impact on many faculty members. It appears that faculty in PT programs with high levels of scholarly activity may be able to either 1) budget their time more effectively despite the
constraints imposed by research that may impact some faculty by taking their focus away from teaching as mentioned in the literature\textsuperscript{80} or 2) utilize time off from teaching responsibilities (faculty release time) supported by funds from a research grant. It also may be beneficial for future studies to explore how factors such as student enrollment increases have an impact of faculty time availability.
When viewing education statistics of 2015, it was projected that student enrollment among degree seeking U.S. institutions would increase by 15 percent (approximately 19.9 million students) between 2004 and 2015.\textsuperscript{134}
These findings are linked to the assumption of scholarly activity impacting student scores based on faculty traits purported by Vicens and Bourne who believe that effective teachers are able to budget their time between teaching and scholarship which prevents imbalances of quality between the two.\textsuperscript{79} There are known advantages to scholarly activity such as continuing faculty education, maintaining currency between research and teaching as well as gaining public recognition and a good reputation for the institution. However, in lower ranked programs, this may be outweighed by the known disadvantage such as prioritizing faculty research and publications for the sole purpose of obtaining external funding for the institution.\textsuperscript{118-120} Literature provides evidence of universities pushing for higher volumes of publications for such funding purposes.\textsuperscript{119-120} In Australia alone, during 2013, faculty publications in books, journals and conference papers determined how 10% of the $678 million funding for Ph.D. research was allocated.\textsuperscript{121} This incentive has placed additional pressure on faculty to publish in large quantities rather than developing a useful research
agenda and effective teaching strategies. This author believes that this can potentially create a conflict of interest which can negatively impact faculty commitment to teaching and student outcomes.
This may also indicate that scholarly activity, when assessed separately from other faculty characteristics, cannot alone define faculty effectiveness. Rather, multiple faculty traits, when combined, may better define faculty that are effective in improving student outcomes.
Further research should address the nature of how NPTE scores are impacted by scholarly productivity combined with other characteristics such as years spent teaching, availability and use of program resources and time management in order to gain clarity on these relationships. Exploring how different types of scholarly activity impact the degree and quality of student outcomes would be beneficial. Also, additional research should explore possible predictor relationships that may exist between scholarly activity of all PT programs and the actual NPTE exam scores in place of high vs low ranks.
**NPTE 3YUPR and PT program length**
There is no mandatory requirement for PT program length. The CAPTE guidelines for PT program development states that a PT program varies between 3 to 4 years in length.\(^{122}\) Also, the 2010 APTA fact sheet shows that the average program length for PT programs has gradually increased from 106.4 total weeks (77.3 didactic/lab and 29.2 clinical) in 2001-2002 to 120.1 weeks (85.3
didactic/lab and 35.1 clinical) in 2009-2010.\textsuperscript{123} This increase in program length may be because of the additional knowledge requirements based on the transition from a Master’s degree to a doctoring profession.
The transition from a Master’s degree to a Doctorate degree was made by 43% of PT programs in 2003 and increased to 83% by 2007.\textsuperscript{124} PT programs like the University of Colorado made this transition by adding 1 year to their existing Master’s degree program to allow for needed time to integrate new material into their didactic and clinical curriculum. Their clinical portion alone increased from 23 to 46 weeks.\textsuperscript{124} This led to research question 3:
Question 3: What is the difference in total PT program length (in weeks) of the professional component (didactic and clinical) per AAR data when comparing programs with high vs. low passing rates on the NPTE?
AAR data for program length was obtained via the data collection form returned by CAPTE. Comparably, the PT programs in this study had lengths in the same range as programs in 2009-2010. Data were limited to 3YUPR instead of first time pass rates on the NPTE. Previous studies in nursing education showed higher student achievement with shorter program lengths (12 weeks in comparison to 15 and 24 weeks) but only tested one school.\textsuperscript{95}
An athletic training study found that program length (number of semester hours) may have an impact on exam success but no specific hours were provided and no definitive data were found to support this notion.\textsuperscript{97} A dentistry
education study found that longer internships of 10 versus 6 weeks improved clinical productivity but not exam success.\textsuperscript{99} Martorello explored optimal lengths of clinical education of physical therapy programs using the perceptions of Clinical Coordinators of Clinical Education who agreed on 5-8 weeks for acute care settings and 9-12 weeks for pediatric and home health settings.\textsuperscript{98} Although prior studies\textsuperscript{95, 97, 98, 99} found varied links between program length (didactic and clinical) and levels of student achievement, the results of this study via Independent T-tests found no significant difference between program lengths for PT programs with high vs. low NPTE 3YUPR averages. However, it is important to note that the lack of differing means between groups (high vs. low) does not necessarily mean that there is no overall difference between the two. I believe that length can have an impact on student success when viewed in the right context. Overall program length may be too general in nature. There may be essential courses within the programs that provide an important link to student outcomes. If these courses can be identified, the length in which they are taught may have more of a quantifiable impact in comparison to the total length of the program itself. It is also important to note, when examining programs lengths, the impact that PT Bridge programs may have on program length data. However, there were only 2 accredited PT Bridge programs at the time this study was conducted, one of which was excluded due to 3YUPR not meeting inclusion criteria. The second school was included in this study. However, the length of the program is consistent with average DPT program lengths of programs in this study and therefore did not serve as an outlier in the data.
LIMITATIONS
The self-generated faculty survey tool was not exhaustive regarding faculty behaviors. It was limited mostly to faculty teaching traits because the majority of constructs attributed to service and scholarship were not discrete leading to elimination of these constructs during the survey development process. At the conclusion of the study, it is evident that the acts of service and scholarship are components of teaching and would be more beneficial had they been more adequately defined in the final survey.
Data were also limited by the nature of the self-reporting method used to identify faculty behaviors which relied on their accuracy, honesty, understanding and interpretation of the survey questions. Also, while the use of the online tool (surveyexpressions.com) allowed for a convenient method of distributing and collecting responses from a large sample, the researcher was unable to ensure that the intended subject actually answered the survey questions.
Because the majority of PT programs excelled on the NPTE, the classification of PT programs in high versus low categories consisted of a small range (100 for high and 95 or below for low) leaving a nominal difference between the two groups. This was necessary because only three PT programs scored below the 2013 recommended CAPTE 3YUPR average of 80%. When assessing other percentages only four programs scored below 85% while 80 PT programs scored 100% averages. Therefore, the cut off mark had to be raised to 95% (average range between 50% to 95%) to allow a more even comparison.
group between high and low rated programs in terms of sample size. This may have impacted the ability to accurately differentiate between lower rated programs.
This study was unable to address first year pass rates because in order to maintain anonymity of programs, the FSBPT only provided 3YUPR. Also, to prevent the ability to identify individual programs based on 3YUPR, CAPTE only provided AAR data for programs if they were classified as either highly ranked or low ranked (based on 3YUPR cut off points used as inclusion criteria for this study). This prevented a more in depth exploration of the differences between low scoring (3YUPR) programs on the higher end (i.e. 90% average) to low scoring (3YUPR) programs on the lower end (i.e. 50% average).
Data analysis were also limited due to using the total sum of scholarly activity and program length for one given year (2013) and comparing that to a 3 year average of NPTE pass rates (2011-2013). The results may have been more representative of the population if scholarly activity, program length and NPTE pass rates for the same year were used.
The differences in Physical Therapy education program data and faculty responses may be a result of external influences/pressures from economic, political and societal factors. These factors play a role in program accountability resulting in program expansion, diversity of curriculum, financial stability which impacts research and faculty pay. These influences can place varying degrees of urgency for programs concerning academic research and service tasks that
impact public awareness and state funding.\textsuperscript{135-136} There is also competitiveness between academic institutions for the best faculty, students, research grants, donations, achieving higher rankings (i.e. U.S. News and World Report) and to fulfill and respond to student needs by providing the best curriculum.\textsuperscript{135-136}
\textbf{DELIMITATIONS}
Because of the interest of finding PT educational program and faculty behaviors that could predict student NPTE success, a systematic literature review was focused mainly on factors that defined program quality and student outcomes in PT education and other disciplines. The aim was to find relevant research that offered current knowledge of the research topic.
A self-generated survey was the instrument of choice due to the lack of other pre-established tools with the ability to test the desired faculty behaviors of PT programs of interest in this study. The survey consisted only of constructs consistent with effective teaching based on the literature review for quality PT educational programs. Online email distribution of this tool was used instead of mail or in person groups due to the ease of use and the ability to collect responses from a larger sample.
PT educational program chairs/directors were the subjects of interest for survey completion because of their role in academic leadership providing them with a more in depth knowledge of the survey material. Survey data was
collected from faculty of the 2014-2015 school term to allow results/responses for the most current practices and/or trends.
Self-generated survey validation was completed and distributed by current faculty during the 2014-2015 PT school term but the results were limited to comparison with PT programs meeting the inclusion criteria for 2011-2013 school terms because that was the most recent FSBPT data available. Future surveys should control for this difference by asking the participants to specify their years of employment as a Director/Chair/Faculty member at their specific educational institution.
The electronic AAR database was the resource used for retrospective data collection because it consisted of program and faculty specific information for PT educational programs for a given year. The FSBPT database was a chosen resource due to it being the only database available for obtaining NPTE outcomes for all accredited PT educational programs. Without the need to manipulate variables, this allowed convenient access to data that already existed. This AAR and FSBPT data was requested for all accredited PT educational programs that met the inclusion criteria to increase the power of analysis and to allow the results to be generalized to the entire PT program population with regard to research question 2 and 3.
CONCLUSIONS
Quality in Physical Therapy education programs is an important factor that is guided by CAPTE standards. During the time this study was conducted, the standard for 3YUPR rates was 80%. Although the majority of programs met this guideline, a few did not. Also, 3 year averages consist of student scores in a graduating class that passed the exam despite how many attempts it took, which gives little insight into what issues led to difficulties of passing the exam on the first try. PT programs are responsible for adequately preparing students to take and pass the NPTE. With NPTE scores being a program quality indicator, it was imperative to look deeper into understanding different aspects of academic preparation to ensure that all programs meet high NPTE averages and all students have adequate preparation to pass on the first attempt.
CAPTE has compiled a series of general guidelines for programs to 1) require faculty to be committed to effective teaching, student learning, service, 2) provide a environment conducive to learning, 3) have adequate resources (i.e. staff and learning resources), and to 4) have an ongoing assessment process to measure program effectiveness. Although important, these guidelines are vague and not specific or sufficiently detailed to be measurable for use as points of reference. Each program is left to its own discretion on how these guidelines will be achieved. Also there is no standardized faculty assessment tool for PT educational program use in highlighting areas of needed improvement.
As a result, assessing faculty traits and their impact on student achievement was an important focus of this study. A goal of this study was to develop a survey tool that could measure and distinguish faculty behaviors consistent with high rated NPTE scores. The results indicated that approximately 86% of all faculty behaviors that were surveyed were more frequently performed at PT programs that rated high on their 3YUPR scores. The generated survey helped to validate the possibility of accurately testing faculty for behaviors consistent with programs scoring high on the NPTE. The survey was reduced to behaviors that were mainly considered a teaching trait with the majority of service and scholarship traits removed during survey development. However, after analyzing all results from this study, it was evident through pilot study responses (challenges in maintaining separations between teaching, scholarship, and service) and prior literature\textsuperscript{131-132} that both scholarship and service are important aspects of teaching and faculty scholarship can serve as a predictor of student success. With this understanding, the survey could be improved by including additional questions representative of faculty service and scholarship but placed under the general theme of teaching instead of making them separate domains which would encompass a broader range of behaviors representative of quality faculty. This survey, if further developed, could be a useful tool for PT programs to identify specific faculty or program variables that accurately predict a student’s success on the NPTE in a given year. Once specific faculty behaviors are consistently linked with having a relationship with student outcomes, additional efforts, such as standardization of faculty professional development, can be
made to encourage quality teaching and learning as part of all PT educational programs.
This study also tested if a difference existed between high and low rated (NPTE 3YUPR) programs based on total scholarly activity performed and overall program length. Higher rated programs had a significantly higher sum of scholarly activity in comparison to lower rated programs (ranged from 1 to 67). Scholarly activity of faculty is recognized as an essential attribute for student learning and is believed by the researcher to have a positive impact of student outcomes. With increased scholarly activity demands, faculty at lower scoring programs possibly have to be more proficient in managing their time (within the normal schedule for teaching) in order to prevent compromise of other teaching responsibilities. Also, when adequate time is not available to allow both scholarly activities and routine teaching, there may be a lack in program resources such as additional support staff that may cover didactic needs to allow for faculty to fulfill scholarship obligations or financial limitations such as research grants that allow faculty time off to dedicate to scholarly activities. This may be a factor that lower scoring programs are impacted by. Scholarly activity in itself is believed by the researcher to serve as a positive factor if faculty are able to control for these extraneous factors.
There was no difference found between high and low rated programs (NPTE 3YUPR) for program lengths ranged from 92 to 180 total weeks. The literature either stated that length had an impact on student success without
quantifying or focused only on clinical components of various programs outside of physical therapy. Although this study did not find a difference between programs based on NPTE 3YUPR rate, further research should be performed to explore program length in a different context. The overall length of a PT program may be too broad and unspecific in nature. However, within each program, there are specific courses that may have a greater impact on student learning than others. For example, we might find that a course in pharmacology plays less of a role in passing the NPTE when compared to a course in Neuroanatomy or Kinesiology. It should not be a goal of any program to teach only to pass the NPTE. However, by recognizing which courses have a greater impact on student success on licensure exams, this might support that need to expand/lengthen individual courses to allow for greater gains of knowledge and understanding of an area in which the Federation of State Boards of Physical Therapy has recognized as being necessary for safe practice.
Based on the literature review of factors that impact student achievement, questions arose concerning who should be held accountable in fostering this achievement; which resources need to be in place; and how PT educational programs are measuring these efforts. From this study alone, there is evidence that faculty behaviors have a direct link with student scores and therefore faculty should be on the list of those who should be held accountable for some aspects of student learning. Resources that allow for faculty training workshops should be considered. Faculty survey tools such as the one used in this study should be used to measure the efforts to improve program quality. Increased knowledge of
these relationships will help to diversify the future development of PT programs and guide faculty requirements in efforts to create a universally accepted operational definition of program quality.
**RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH**
Based on this study’s results, I recommend that when examining overall program length, future studies should explore which specific courses in the curriculum impact student NPTE outcomes the most. Then differences in course length should be assessed to determine if longer or shorter course lengths in subjects that are directly related to the NPTE promote student success. With limited research on physical therapy program length and its impact on student outcomes, it should not be assumed that no relationship exists. This study should serve as a baseline for future studies to explore further.
This study showed that a difference can be found when comparing faculty within one point in time. A longitudinal repeated measures design study on PT educational programs with high NPTE scores should be conducted using the self-generated survey over a period of time to see how changes in faculty behaviors within the same school may impact student first time pass rates and then repeated with low scoring programs. Additionally, to ensure that all possible faculty influences have been addressed, further research should address the nature of how NPTE scores are impacted by scholarly productivity and other characteristics such as years spent teaching, student engagement, time management (total hours spent on teaching, scholarship, service, methods of
assessing student outcomes), student-teacher research opportunities, faculty satisfaction and available institutional support/benefits that facilitate teaching needs) combined in order to gain clarity on the relationship.
It may also be beneficial to test the degree of teacher effectiveness when participating in scholarly activity that is not related to the subject in which they teach. Although scholarship is deemed important, it’s important to determine if the concept of performing research, in general, provides teachers with the tools that can be used to enhance their impact on any subject they teach or, if scholarly activity is most beneficial when performed in their teaching subject. It is also recommended that Pearson product moment correlations be performed with faculty data that are linked specifically with NPTE first time pass rates from a specific year to allow exploration into predictive relationships for a time frame in which the NPTE scores were collected.
Although it is not typical for any faculty in the PT profession to have received teacher training prior to teaching, per survey results, many faculty within high scoring programs selected that they did receive such training. It may be beneficial to further explore the specifics of pre-teacher training to further understand its impact on teacher effectiveness. The survey can also be improved by incorporating an option for open ended explanation for survey response choices, instead of only requiring that subjects choose a yes or no option for each listed faculty behavior. This would allow them to expand upon their response choices that could provide supporting evidence and clarity for overall
survey data. For example, the survey statement “having adequate faculty availability” referenced office hours to accommodate student needs but could have been misinterpreted as meaning a well-staffed program. Reduction in biased responses based on survey wording could be accomplished via use of a Likert scale that allows expansion of quantity if subjects respond “yes” to participating in a survey behavior.
## APPENDICES
### APPENDIX 1
**Round 1: Descriptors/constructs defining faculty scholarship, teacher effectiveness, and service**
| Topic | Definition | Constructs |
|------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Scholarship | Discovery research, integration, service and teaching\(^{95}\) | 1. research agenda
| | 2. research mentor
| | 3. sharing research ideas
| | 4. research in teaching subject
| | 5. activities that promote professional development
| | 6. literature research
| | 7. reflection on the accuracy of teaching material |
| Teaching Effectiveness | Leading to improved student outcomes\(^{40}\) | 1. adequate preparation
| | 2. instructional strategies
| | 3. methods that promote student learning
| | 4. learning environment
| | 5. pre-requisite course knowledge
| | 6. knowledge of skills students are to learn
| | 7. student guidance methods
| | 8. presentation of subject matter
| | 9. interest in subject
| | 10. alternative teaching approach |
| Service | A patient care/clinical focus in the community\textsuperscript{68} |
|---------|---------------------------------------------------------------|
| | 1. community based activities |
| | 2. student centered learning |
| | 3. student centered teaching |
| | 4. student centered learning and teaching |
| | 5. student centered learning and teaching in aggregate to other courses in curriculum |
| | 6. student centered learning and teaching in aggregate to other courses in curriculum |
| | 7. student centered learning and teaching in aggregate to other courses in curriculum |
| | 8. student centered learning and teaching in aggregate to other courses in curriculum |
| | 9. student centered learning and teaching in aggregate to other courses in curriculum |
| | 10. student centered learning and teaching in aggregate to other courses in curriculum |
| | 11. high student expectation |
| | 12. improving expertise |
| | 13. teacher training |
| | 14. perception of common student difficulties |
| | 15. teacher availability |
| | 16. reflecting on teaching methods |
| | 17. relevant level of expertise |
| | 18. converting instruction principles into learning activities |
| | 19. teaching approach guided by practical knowledge |
| | 20. knowledge of your course in aggregate to other courses in curriculum |
1. What is your current position at your academic institution?
- [ ] Chair/Director
- [ ] Professor
- [ ] Assistant Professor
- [ ] Associate Professor
- [ ] Instructor
- [ ] Other, please specify...
2. Are you currently teaching a course within the physical therapy curriculum? If you answer no to this question, please disregard the questions below and submit the survey.
- [ ] Yes
- [ ] No
3. Regarding the roles of DPT faculty (teaching, scholarship and service), for each statement listed below, sort and identify as belonging to the same group. For example, if the 1st, 3rd and 5th statements appear to represent the same role type, select the same grouping for all three. If a statement does not pertain to a role as a faculty member, select "N/A" for not applicable.
| Statement | Teaching | Scholarship | Service | N/A |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------|-------------|---------|-----|
| Applying course content with community-based activities. | | | | |
| Attending workshops for teacher preparation. | | | | |
| Awareness of effective instructional strategies that address student learning needs. | | | | |
| Combining learning goals with community service. | | | | |
| Comparison and review of commonly used instructional formats in your | | | | |
| Critique of methods that promote student application of taught material. | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ |
| Engaging students in tasks to enhance learning outcomes as well as community needs. | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ |
| Establishing a research agenda. | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ |
| Exploration of instructional environments that maximize student learning. | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ |
| Faculty/professors that are consistently approachable. | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ |
| Familiarity with pre-requisite knowledge expected prior to the course you teach. | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ |
| Familiarity with the outline of skills students are expected to learn in your course. | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ |
| Guidance of a research mentor. | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ |
| Guidance of students through methods that promote knowledge recall. | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ |
| Having a clear understanding of how to structure and present subject matter. | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ |
| Having a true interest in the subject you teach. | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ |
| Having an alternative teaching approach if students are not learning. | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ |
| Having high expectations for students. | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ |
| Improvement of your expertise in the course subject you teach. | | | | |
| Participating in opportunities to share research ideas and practice with fellow faculty. | | | | |
| Receiving teacher training prior to teaching. | | | | |
| Perception of common misconceptions/difficulties that students encounter. | | | | |
| Performing research in the subject area in which you teach. | | | | |
| Providing students with adequate faculty availability. | | | | |
| Reflection and analysis of teaching methods. | | | | |
| Relevant level of professional expertise for the course you teach. | | | | |
| Researching activities that promote professional development. | | | | |
| Researching the literature to reflect on the accuracy of the material you teach. | | | | |
| Reviewing various means that promote student understanding. | | | | |
| Studying how to convert principles of instruction into learning activities. | | | | |
| Teaching approach that is guided by practical knowledge (continuous application). | | | | |
| Understanding how your course fits in aggregate to other courses in the curriculum. | | | | |
APPENDIX 3
Second round survey instrument- Final faculty 22 item questionnaire
Based on your current role as an educator of physical therapy students, answer yes or no for each question listed below.
*1. Are you currently teaching a course within the physical therapy curriculum?
If you answer no to this question, please disregard the questions below and submit the survey.
☐ Yes
☐ No
*2. What is your current position at your academic institution?
☐ Chair/Director
☐ Professor
☐ Assistant Professor
☐ Associate Professor
☐ Instructor
☐ Other
*3. Regarding your current role as an educator of physical therapy students, please answer yes or no to each question listed below.
| Question | yes | no | NA |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----|----|----|
| Do you guide students through methods that promote knowledge recall? | ☐ | | |
| Do you compare and review commonly used instructional formats in your classroom? | ☐ | | |
| Do you critique methods that promote student application of taught material? | ☐ | | |
| Do you study how to convert principles of instruction into learning activities? | ☐ | | |
| Do you explore instructional environments that maximize student learning? | ☐ | | |
| Is your teaching approach guided by practical knowledge (continuous application)? | ☐ | | |
| Question | yes | no | NA |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----|----|----|
| Do you have a clear understanding of how to structure and present subject matter? | | | |
| Are you perceptive of common misconceptions/difficulties that students encounter? | | | |
| Are you aware of effective instructional strategies that address student learning needs? | | | |
| Are you familiar with the outline of skills students are expected to learn in your course? | | | |
| Do you understand how your course fits in aggregate to other courses in the curriculum? | | | |
| Are you familiar with the pre-requisite knowledge expected prior to the course you teach? | | | |
| Do you participate in opportunities to share research ideas and practice with fellow faculty? | | | |
| Do you perform research in the subject area in which you teach? | | | |
| Did you receive teacher training prior to teaching? | | | |
| Have you attended workshops for teacher preparation? | | | |
| Have you established a research agenda? | | | |
| Do you have a true interest in the subject you teach? | | | |
| Do you provide students with adequate faculty availability? | | | |
| Do you have high expectations for your students? | | | |
| Do you have an alternative teaching approach if students are not learning? | | | |
| Do you engage students in tasks to enhance community needs? | | | |
APPENDIX 4
FSBPT Request Letter for Student 2013 NPTE Pass Rate
Physical Therapy Department
Nova Southeastern University
3200 S. University Dr., Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328
Dear Sir/Madam,
This letter serves as a request for 2013 PT student pass rates from all CAPTE accredited PT educational programs to be used in an upcoming research study. These data will be used to determine if a relationship exists between PT program characteristics (program length and faculty scholarly activity) and student PT graduate first time pass rates on the NPTE. Upon reception of the requested data, I guarantee the provision of the research study results to the Federation of States Boards of Physical Therapy. I am the principal investigator, and I hereby assure CAPTE that the requested data will be used for the sole purpose described above and will not be used for any other extraneous endeavors. An approval letter containing the terms of my IRB approval has been attached.
Sincerely,
Natonya Early, MSPT
## APPENDIX 5
### Federal State Board of Physical Therapy data collection form
| School Name | ID# | Total Graduates | Total Grads NPTE Tested | Average 1st Time Pass Rates | 3 Year Pass Rate |
|-------------|-----|-----------------|-------------------------|----------------------------|-----------------|
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
**Code Key:**
- **School Name**: Full name of accredited PT educational program
- **ID#**: De-identifier code assigned to each school
- **Total Graduates**: Total # of 2013 PT program graduates
- **Total Grads NPTE Tested**: Total # of 2013 graduates that took the NPTE
- **Average 1st Time Pass Rates**: Average first time graduate pass rate
- **3 Year Pass Rates**: Ultimate prior 3 year pass rate
APPENDIX 6
FSBPT instructions for data collection form
Please read the following instructions carefully to accurately complete the data collection form. Note- All data is being requested for the 2013 academic school year.
For column one (School Name), the full name of each PT educational program has been provided by the researcher. In column two (ID #), numerical code for each PT program has been provided by the researcher. In column three (Total Graduates, provide the total number of graduates from each program. In column four (Total Grads NPTE Tested), provide the total number of graduates whom took the NPTE. In column five (Average 1st Time Pass Rates), provide first time pass rates for each school. In column six (3 Year Pass Rate), provide the school's ultimate prior 3 year pass rate for the NPTE.
CAPTE request letter for AAR data
Physical Therapy Department
Nova Southeastern University
3200 S. University Dr., Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328
Dear Sir/ Madam,
This letter serves as a request for 2013 AAR data to be used in an upcoming research study. These data include faculty scholarly activity (cumulative number of published or accepted articles, books or book chapters, and presentations of all core faculty of a given PT program); program length (total number of combined weeks that students participate in classroom and clinical education); and total faculty (total number of full time, part time faculty positions filled by a physical therapist and core positions not filled by physical therapists). The requested data will be used for the purpose of determining if a relationship exists between PT program characteristics (program length and faculty scholarly activity) and student PT graduate first time pass rates on the NPTE. I agree to provide the research study results to the department of accreditation. Results of this study will be also be disseminated in the final research summary. I am the principal investigator, and I hereby assure CAPTE that the requested data will be used for the sole purpose described above and
APPENDIX 7 (continued)
will not be used for any other extraneous endeavors. An approval letter containing the terms of my IRB approval has been attached. The intent is to analyze the requested within 30 days from your receipt of this request.
## CAPTE Annual Accreditation Report data collection form
| PT School | Assigned School Rank | Peer Reviewed | Books | Other | Class | Clinical Education | Final CE | Full Time | Part Time | Non-PT |
|-----------|----------------------|---------------|-------|-------|-------|--------------------|----------|-----------|-----------|--------|
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
**Code Key:**
- **PT School**: Optional space to add school name/code for ease of spreadsheet completion only. To be removed before returned to resubmit.
- **Assigned School Rank**: Assigned lettering to be transferred from provided Data Completion Supplement Form for each designated PT school.
- **Peer Reviewed**: Total number of peer reviewed articles published.
- **Books**: Total number of book chapters published.
- **Other**: Total number of other articles published including abstracts.
- **Class**: Total length in weeks of classroom courses.
- **Clinical Education**: Total length in weeks of clinical education experiences.
- **Final CE**: Total length in weeks of the final clinical education experience.
- **Full Time**: Total number of full time core faculty positions that are filled by a physical therapist.
- **Part Time**: Total number of part time core faculty positions that are filled by a physical therapist.
- **Non PT**: Total number of core faculty positions that are not filled by a physical therapist.
APPENDIX 9
CAPTE instructions for data collection form
Note-All data are being requested from AAR records for the 2013 academic school year. The following lists instructions for the enclosed Excel data collection form.
1. NPTE pass rate data for selected Physical Therapy programs were obtained from the FSBPT website and have been assigned one of two letter rates based on their average three year pass rates. These programs and their assigned rates have been provided on the “Data Completion Supplement Form” included in this package. To ensure the anonymity of PT school data, select PT programs from the provided list (in the order of your choice) and transfer the following on the data collection form under the designated columns for each school:
A. PT school name (column 1)
B. Assigned School Rate (column 2)
Note- For ease of spreadsheet completion and to ensure all data are being entered for the correct corresponding school, the first column titled “PT School” is optional but must be removed before spreadsheet can be returned to researcher. Once these data have been entered, CAPTE 2013 data for each corresponding school should be entered into spreadsheet in the following steps.
2. In the faculty scholarly activity columns, list:
A. Total number of peer-reviewed articles published
B. Total number of books or book chapters published
APPENDIX 9 (continued)
C. Total number of other articles published including abstracts
3. In the PT program length columns, list:
A. Total length in weeks of classroom courses
B. Total length in weeks of clinical education courses
C. Total length in weeks of the final clinical education experience
4. In the total faculty column, list:
A. Total number of full time core faculty positions that are filled by a PT
B. Total number of part time faculty positions that are filled by a PT
C. Total core positions that are not filled by a PT
5. Once all data are entered, cut off and discard the PT school column along the perforated line to remove names or/and identifiable information. Note- Do not remove the Assigned Program Rate column. Return the completed spreadsheet via the enclosed stamped envelope to:
Natonya Early
239 Nautilus Drive, Unit 209
New London, CT 06320
## Round 1 Survey: Low classification items
| Statement | Intended category | Actual category | Action |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Faculty/professors that are consistently approachable | Control question. Not intended for a specific category | Responses divided between all 4 categories (teaching, scholarship, service, NA) | Left in data set to continue serving as a control variable |
| Improvement of your expertise in the course subject you teach | Scholarship | Responses divided between 3 categories (teaching, scholarship, service) | Removed from data set |
| Relevant level of professional expertise for the course you teach | Scholarship | Responses divided between all 4 categories (teaching, scholarship, service, NA) | Removed from data set |
| Reviewing various means that promote student understanding | Teaching | Responses divided between 3 categories (teaching, scholarship, service) | Removed from data set |
| Engaging students in tasks to enhance learning outcomes as well as community needs | Service | Responses divided evenly between 2 categories (teaching and service) | Wording changed (Engaging students in tasks to enhance community needs) |
132
REFERENCES
1. Bennet D. Assessing quality in higher education. *Liberal Educ.* 2001; 87 (2)
2. Federation of State Boards of Physical Therapy. Examination results and scoring. Available at: https://www.fsbpt.org/ForCandidatesAndLicensees/NPTE/FAQs/index.asp#results. Accessed December 2, 2010.
3. Commission on Accreditation in Physical Therapy Education. Evaluative criteria for accreditation of education programs for the preparation of physical therapists. Alexandria: American Physical Therapy Association; 1998.
4. Maring J, Costello E. Education program and student characteristics associated with pass rates on the NPTE for physical therapist assistants. *J Phys Ther Educ.* 2009; 23(1).
5. Koshmal E. Factors related to physical therapist license examination scores. *J Phys Ther Educ.* 2005; 19(52)
6. Tippett S. Program impact of student outcome assessment in physical therapy education. *J Phys Ther Educ.* 2006; 20(2).
7. Thieman T, Weddle M, Moore M. Predicting academic, clinical, and licensure examination performance in a professional (entry-level) master’s degree program in physical therapy. *J Phys Ther Educ.* 2003; 17 (32).
8. Mohr T, Ingram D, Haynes S, Du Z. Educational program characteristics and pass rates on the NPTE. *J Phys Ther Educ*; 2005; 19(1).
9. Martorello L. The optimal length of clinical internship experience for entry-level physical therapy students as perceived by Center Coordinators for Clinical Education: a pilot study. *J Phys Ther Educ.* 2006; 20(1).
10. Dolton P, Newson D. The relationship between teacher turnover and school performance. *London Rev of Educ.* 2003; 1(2): 132–140.
11. Kosht-Novak, M. The relationship between physical therapist assistant faculty characteristics and program outcomes on the national physical therapy examination [dissertation]. Fort Lauderdale, FL: Nova Southeastern University, 2009.
12. A Normative Model of Physical Therapist Professional Education: Vision 2020. Alexandria, VA: American Physical Therapy Association. 2000: 98-101.
13. Lekkas P, Larsen T, Kumar S, et al. No model of clinical education for physiotherapy students is superior to another: a systemic review. *Aust J Physiother.* 2007; 53.
14. Gandy S. Fiscal implications for clinical education. In: issue in clinical education present status/future needs. Alexandria, VA: American Physical Therapy Association; 1998:67.
15. Gerace L, Sibilano H. Preparing students for peer collaboration: a clinical teaching model. *J Nurs Educ,* 1984; 23: 206-209.
16. Radtka S. Predictors of physical therapy faculty job turnover. *Phys Ther.* 1993; 73 (4):8.
17. Rothstein M. Scholarship: It's not an option, it's a necessity. *Phys Ther.* 2004; 84: 494-495.
18. Andrew W, Johansson C, Chinworth SA, Akroyd D. Cognitive, collegiate, and demographic predictors of attrition in professional physical therapist education. *J Phys Ther Educ.* 2006; 20:1.
19. Chan D. Association between student learning outcomes from their clinical placement and their perceptions of the social climate of the clinical learning environment. *Int J Nurs Stud.* 2002; 39, 517-524.
20. Commission on Accreditation in Physical Therapy Education. CAPTE Rules of Practice and Procedure. Alexandria, VA; American Physical Therapy Association; 2013.
21. Southern Association of Colleges and Schools. Accreditation standards for quality schools 2007. Available at: [www.advance-ed.org/new/standards-quality](http://www.advance-ed.org/new/standards-quality). Accessed December 10, 2010.
22. Venduely A. Student assessment methods in physical therapy education. *J Phys Ther Educ.* 2002; 16 (2).
23. Federation of State Boards of Physical Therapy. Purpose of the exam. Available at: [https://www.fsbpt.org/ForCandidatesAndLicensees/NPTE/](https://www.fsbpt.org/ForCandidatesAndLicensees/NPTE/). Accessed February 2, 2011.
24. Ecclestone K. Empowering or ensnaring?: the implications of outcome-based assessment in higher education. *High Educ Q.* 1999;53 (1).
25. Commission on Accreditation in Physical Therapy Education. CAPTE accreditation handbook. Alexandra, VA: American Physical Therapy Association; 2004.
26. Baldwin G, Blackburn T. College faculty: versatile human resources in a period of constraint. New Directions for Institutional Research, San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Inc, 1983; 40.
27. Brueilly K, Williamson E, Morris S. Defining core faculty for physical therapy education. *J Phys Ther Educ.* 2007; 21 (2).
28. Rothstein M. Research productivity: time to lead. *Phys Ther.* 2000; 80: 746-747.
29. Kaufman R. A reflection on disciplinary nature and the status of physical therapy scholarship. *J Phys Ther Educ.* 2005; 19 (1).
30. Peterson C, Umphred D. A structured faculty development process for scholarship in young faculty: a case report. *J Phys Ther Educ.* 2005; 19 (3).
31. Hagstrom F. Formative learning and assessment. *Communication Disorders Quarterly.* 2006; 28(1): 24-36.
32. Darling-Hammond L. Teacher quality and student achievement: A review of state policy evidence. *Education Policy Analysis Archives,* 8(1).
33. Rothstein M. “Clinical education” versus clinical education. *Phys Ther,* 2002; 2.
34. Laine S, Behrstock-Shenatt E, Lasagna M. *Improving teacher quality: a guide for education leaders.* 1st ed. San Francisco, Ca: Jossey-Bass publications; 2011.
35. Gwyer J, Odom C, Gandy J. History of clinical education in physical therapy in the United States. *J Phys Ther Educ.* 2003; 17(3).
36. Rushton A. Formative assessment: a key to deep learning? *Med Teach.* 2005; 27 (6): 509-13.
37. Dunfee H. Clinical education: past, present, and future. *J Phys Ther Educ.* 2008; 22 (3).
38. Whitney L. The history of physical therapy education in the United States. *J Phys Ther Educ.* 2003; 17 (3).
39. Moffat M. The history of physical therapy practice in the United States. *J Phys Ther Educ.* 2003; 17.3: 15-25.
40. Moffat M. Three quarters of a century of healing the generations. *Phys Ther.* 1996; 76,1242-1252.
41. Borden Institute. Physical therapy in a wartime environment: Rehabilitation of the injured combatant. Available at: https://ke.army.mil/bordeninstitute/published_volumes/rehab1/RH1ch2.pdf Accessed May 1, 2015.
42. Council of Higher Education. An overview of United States accreditation council for higher education. Available at:
43. Nieland M, Harris J. History of accreditation in physical therapy education. *J Phys Ther Educ.* 2003; 17 (3):52.
44. Plack M, Wong K. The evolution of the doctorate of physical therapy: moving beyond the controversy. *J Phys Ther Educ.* 2002; 16 (1): 48.
45. Commission on Accreditation in Physical Therapy Education. CAPTE accreditation update. Alexandria, VA; American Physical Therapy Association; 2005.
46. Bella M. Are We There Yet? *J Phys Ther Educ.* 2009;23 (2).
47. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. Effects of health care spending on the U.S. economy: Executive summary; 2005. Available at: [http://aspe.hhs.gov/health/costgrowth](http://aspe.hhs.gov/health/costgrowth). Accessed December 5, 2011.
48. Ward S. Statement by APTA president on economic challenges. 2008. Alexandria, VA: American Physical Therapy Association. Available at: [www.apta.org](http://www.apta.org). Accessed December 1, 2012.
49. Ward S. Official statement: Challenges facing physical therapists in the skilled nursing facility setting. Alexandria, VA: American Physical Therapy Association. [www.apta.org](http://www.apta.org). Accessed January 1, 2012.
50. The Federation of State Boards of Physical Therapy. Standards of competence. Alexandria, VA. 2006. Available at: [www.fsbpt.org](http://www.fsbpt.org). Accessed December 5, 2011.
51. Hillegass E. Linda Crane Lecture 2008: The challenge for the future five steps to improve quality, incorporate prevention, maintain productivity, and have fun! *Cardio Phys Ther J.* 2008; 19(2).
52. Verma S, Paterson M, Medves J. Core competencies for health care professionals: What medicine, nursing, occupational therapy and physiotherapy share. *J Allied Health.* 2006; 35 (2).
53. Academic Council of the American Physical Therapy Association. Available at: [http://acapta.online.org/about.cfm](http://acapta.online.org/about.cfm). Accessed December 1, 2012.
54. Kay P. A second look at accreditation: student, faculty and employer perceptions of academic quality [dissertation]. Brockport, NY: Doctor of education in adult education, Syracuse University; 1984.
55. Clewell B. Assessing educational quality in higher education [dissertation]. Tallahassee, FL: Doctor of philosophy, Florida State University; 1980.
56. Fansler G. Determining quality in doctoral programming: A grounded theory study of biological sciences [dissertation]. Chicago, IL: Doctor of philosophy, Illinois State University; 2000.
57. Overdorf J. Dimensions of academic program quality: A study of coordinated programs in dietetics education [dissertation]. Buffalo, NY: Doctor of philosophy, University of New York; 1999.
58. Commission on Accreditation in Physical Therapy Education. Guide to the development of education programs for physical therapists or physical therapist assistants: initial considerations and feasibility. Available at: http://www.apta.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Developing_Programs2&T EMPLATE=/CM/ContentDisplay.cfm&CONTENTID=78254. Accessed October 9, 2010.
59. Higher Education Research Institute home of Cooperative Institutional Research Program. HERI faculty survey. Available at: www.heri.ucla.edu/facoverview.php. Accessed December 1, 2014.
60. Tucker P, Stronge J. Linking teacher evaluation and student learning. Alexandria, VA. Association for supervision of curriculum development; 2005. http://www.ascd.org/publications/books/104136.aspx. Accessed January 1, 2015.
61. Higher Education Research Institute. Undergraduate teaching faculty: The 2013-2014 HERI faculty survey 2014. Available at: http://www.heri.ucla.edu/monographs/HERI-FAC2014-Monograph.pdf. Accessed May 1, 2014.
62. Sanders W, Rivers J. Cumulative and residual effects of teachers on future academic achievement 1996. University of Tennessee value-added research and assessment center. Available at: http://www.cgp.upenn.edu/pdf/Sanders_Rivers-TVASS_teacher%20effects.pdf. Accessed December 1, 2015.
63. Darling-Hammond, L. How teacher education matters. *J Teach Educ.* 2000 *51*(3), 166-173.
64. Perkes V. Junior high school science teacher preparation, teaching behavior, and student achievement. *J Res Sci Teach.* 1967;5(2):121-126
65. Rosenholtz S. Teacher’s workplace: The organizational context of schooling (education and psychology of the gifted series). Teachers College Press 1991-2003.
66. The National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education. The standards of excellence in teacher preparation. Available at: [http://ncate.org/Public/ResearchReports/TeacherPreparationResearch/EffectivenessofTeacherPreparation/Conclusion1/tabid/363/Default.aspx](http://ncate.org/Public/ResearchReports/TeacherPreparationResearch/EffectivenessofTeacherPreparation/Conclusion1/tabid/363/Default.aspx). Accessed 1-1-2014
67. Bureau of Labor statistics. Post-secondary teachers. Available at: [http://www.bls.gov/ooh/education-training-and-library/postsecondary-teachers.htm](http://www.bls.gov/ooh/education-training-and-library/postsecondary-teachers.htm). Accessed November 15, 2012
68. Commission on Colleges, Southern Association of Colleges and Schools. Faculty credential-guidelines. Decatur, Georgia. Dec 2006. Available at: [http://www.sacscoc.org/pdf/081705/faculty%20credentials.pdf](http://www.sacscoc.org/pdf/081705/faculty%20credentials.pdf). Accessed November 10, 2015.
69. The National Center of Education Statistics. Teacher preparation and profession development; 2000. Available at: https://nces.ed.gov. Accessed May 18, 2016
70. Velde B, Wittman P, Carawan L, Knight S, Pokorny M. A dialogal investigation of "Who am I as a teacher?" *J Allied Health*. 2010; 39(1).
71. Berk R. Survey of 12 strategies to measure teaching effectiveness. *Int J Teach Learn High Educ*, 2005; 17(1), 48-62. Available at: http://www.isettl.org/ijtlhe/ ISSN 1812-9129. Accessed November 2, 2011.
72. Delaney J, Johnson A, Johnson T, Treslan D. Students’ perceptions of effective teaching in higher education. St. John’s, NL: *Dist Educ LearnTech*. 2010. Available at: http://www.uwex.edu/disted/conference/Resource_library/handouts/28251_10H.pdf. Accessed January 1, 2012.
73. Salsali M. Evaluating teaching effectiveness in nursing education: An Iranian perspective. *BMC Med Educ*. 2005; 5 (29).
74. Tcholakova M, Georgieva D, Ivanov S. Linking teaching and research in the field of public health: the Bulgarian experience. *Rev Soc Bras Fonoaudiol*. 2012; 17(3); 340-5.
75. University of Central Lancashire. Impact: Linking teaching and research. School of public health and clinical sciences; 2009. Available at: https://www.uclan.ac.uk/research/explore/groups/assets/impact_pedagogic_uclan.pdf. Accessed March 15, 2014.
76. University of Bristol. Combining research and teaching. The higher education academy. 2007. Available at: http://economicsnetwork.ac.uk/showcase/kaplan_research. Accessed January 1, 2012.
77. University of Bristol. Research and Teaching: a personal perspective; 2006. Available at: http://www.economicsnetwork.ac.uk/showcase/brewerresearch.htm Accessed December 15, 2011.
78. University of Dundee. Should research infect teaching in economics? 2006. Available at: http://www.economicsnetwork.ac.uk/showcase/chatterji_research.. Accessed December 15, 2011.
79. Vicens Q, Bourne P. Ten simple rules to combine teaching and research. *PLos Comput Biol*; 2009 (5). Available at: http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pcbi.1000358. Accessed January 15, 2012.
80. Visser-Wijnneen G, VanDriel J, VanderRijst R, Verloop N, Visser A. The ideal research teaching nexus in the eyes of academics: building profiles. *High Educ Res Dev*. 2010; 29(2), 195-210.
81. Ross E, Anderson E. The evolution of a physical therapy research curriculum: Integrating evidence-based practice and clinical decision making. *J Phys Ther Educ*. 2004; 18 (3): 52-57.
82. Haslett S. Unpicking the links between research and teaching in higher education. *Newport CELT J*. 2009; 2:1-4.
83. Healey M. Developing the scholarship of teaching in higher education: A discipline-based approach. *High Educ Res Dev*. 2000; 19(2).
84. Boyer E. Scholarship reconsidered: priorities of the professoriate. Princeton, NJ; 1990. The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. Available at: http://www.umces.edu/sites/default/files/al/pdfs/BoyerScholarshipReconsidered.pdf. Accessed December 1, 2014.
85. Boyer E. Scholarship revisited. Princeton, NJ; 1990. Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. Available at:
86. Moses I. Teaching, research and scholarship in the different disciplines. High Edu.; 1990, 19(3), 341-375.
87. American Physical Therapy Association. Vision 2020. Alexandria, VA; Available at: http://www.apta.org/vision2020. Accessed March 9, 2011.
88. Smesny A, Williams J, Brazeau G, Weber R, Mathews H, Das S. Barriers to scholarship in dentistry, medicine, nursing, and pharmacy practice faculty. Amer J of Pharm Educ. 2007; 71(5): 91.
89. Commission on Accreditation in Physical Therapy Education. CAPTE accreditation handbook. Alexandria, VA; American Physical Therapy Association; 2015. Available at: http://www.capteonline.org/uploadedFiles/CAPTEorg/About_CAPTE/Resources/Accreditation_Handbook/PositionPapers.pdf. Accessed on June 19, 2016.
90. Palmer, P. Quality improvement in physical therapy education: What contributes to high first-time pass rates on the National Physical Therapy Examination? [dissertation]. Denton, TX: Doctor of philosophy, University of North Texas; 2001.
91. Parry D. The relationships of specific program characteristics of Ohio associate degree nursing programs to graduate pass rate on the National Council Licensure Examination [dissertation]. Athens, OH: Doctor of philosophy, Ohio University; 1991.
92. Nolan H, Wenzel J, Han H, Allen J, Paez K, Mock V. Advancing a program of research within a nursing faculty role. *J Prof Nurs*. 2008; 24 (6): 364-370.
93. American Physical Therapy Association Department of Accreditation. Physical therapist program 2010 fact sheet. Alexandria, VA; American Physical Therapy Association. Available at: http://www.apta.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=CAPTE3&TEMPLATE=/CM/ContentDisplay.cfm&CONTENTID=51040. Accessed April 1, 2011.
94. Commission on Accreditation in Physical Therapy Education. Accreditation handbook. Alexandria, VA: American Physical Therapy Association; 2010:115.
95. Yates L. The relationship of aptitude, course grades, and program length, to performance on a standards based test (NCLEX-RN) [dissertation]. Miami, Florida: Doctor of education in higher education; Florida International University. *Nurs Allied Health Source*; 2007.
96. Kerfoot B, Dewolf W, Masser B, Church P, Federman D. Spaced education improves the retention of clinical knowledge by medical students: a randomized controlled trial. *Med Educ*, 2007; 41:23-31.
97. Harrelson G, Gallaspy J, Knight H, Leaver-Dunn D. Predictors of success on the certification examination. *J Athl Training*. 1997; 32 (4).
98. Martorello L. The optimal length of clinical internship experiences for entry-level PT students as perceived by center coordinators of clinical education: A pilot study. *J Phys Ther Educ*. 2006; 20(1).
99. Mascarenhas A, Freilich S, Henshaw M, Jones J, Mann M, Frankl S. Evaluating externship programs: impact of program length on clinical productivity. *J Dent Educ*. 2007; 71 (4).
100. Greinn A, Krebel E. Health professions education. A bridge to quality. Washington, DC. The National Academies Press; 2003. Available at: [http://www.nap.edu/search/?term=Health+professions+education.+A+bridge+to+quality](http://www.nap.edu/search/?term=Health+professions+education.+A+bridge+to+quality). Accessed November 9, 2014.
101. Hickey M, Forbes M, Greenfield S. Integrating the institute of medicine competencies in a baccalaureate curricular revision: Process and strategies. *J Prof Nurs* 2010; 26:214–222.
102. Shalala D, Bolton L. The future of nursing: Leading change, advancing health report recommendation. Institute of Medicine of the National Academics. 2010. Available at: [www.ion.edu/reports2010/the-future-of-nursing-leading-change-advancing-health](http://www.ion.edu/reports2010/the-future-of-nursing-leading-change-advancing-health). Accessed November 10, 2014.
103. American Association of College of Nursing. Essentials of baccalaureate education for professional nursing practice; 2008. Available at: www.aacn.nche.edu/education-resources/baccessentials08.pdf. Accessed November 9, 2014.
104. Berry D, Miller M, Berry L. Effects of clinical field-experience setting on Athletic Training students' perceived percentage of time spent on active learning. *J AthlTraining*. 2004; 39(2):176–184.
105. Miller M, Berry D. An assessment of athletic training students’ clinical placement hours. *J Athl Training*. 2002; 37(4):S229–S235.
106. Commission on Accreditation in Physical Therapy. The 2011 Annual Accreditation Report. Alexandria, VA; American Physical Therapy Association. Available at: http://www.capteonline.org/uploadedFiles/CAPTEorg/AboutCAPTE/Resources/Annual-Accreditation_Report/CoverMemo.pdf. Accessed November 2, 2010
107. Federation of State Boards of Physical Therapy. Keeping the national licensure examinations current. Available at: https://www.fsbpt.org/ForCandidatesAndLicensees/NPTE/passrates/index. Accessed February 2, 2011.
108. American Physical Therapy Association Department of Accreditation. Physical therapist program 2011 fact sheet. Alexandria, VA; American Physical Therapy Association. Available at:
109. Federation of State Boards of Physical Therapy. 2010 Delegate assembly report on the national physical therapy examination program. October 2010. Alexandria, VA 22314. Available at: https://www.fsbpt.org/download/2010DH_ExamDevelopmentCommitteeReport.pdf Accessed 8-4-2011.
110. Connelly, L. M. (2008). Pilot studies. Medsurg Nurs, 17(6), 411-2.
111. Hertzog, M.A. (2008). Considerations in determining sample size for pilot studies. Res Nurs Health, 31,180-191.
112. Hill, R. (1998). What sample size is “enough” in internet survey research? Interpers Comput Technol: An Electronic Journal for the 21st Century, 6(3-4).
113. Isaac, S., & Michael, W. B. (1995). Handbook in research and evaluation. San Diego, CA: Educ Indus Test Serv.
114. Thomas D, Watson W. Q-Sorting and MIS research: A primer. Commun Assoc Inform Syst. 2002(8).
115. Zait, A, Bertea P. Methods for testing discriminant validity. Manage Market. 2011; 9:2
116. Tavakol M, Dennick R. Making sense of Cronbach’s alpha. Int J Med Educ. 2011; 2:53-55.
117. Ghasemi A, Zahediasl S. Normality tests for statistical analysis: A guide for non-statisticians.. Int J Endocrinol Metab. 2012; 10(2):486-9.
118. Portney L, Watkins M. Foundations of clinical research. Applications to practice. 2nd ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall; 2000.
119. Onwuegbuzie A, Daniel L. Uses and misuses of the correlation coefficient. Mid-South Educational Research Association; 1999. Available at: http://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED437399. Accessed November 20, 2014
120. State University. Faculty as entrepreneurs- Growth of faculty entrepreneurship, what is faculty entrepreneurship?, Advantages of faculty entrepreneurship, disadvantages of faculty entrepreneurship. 2016. Available at: http://education.stateuniversity.com/pages/1966/Faculty-Entrepreneurs.html. Accessed September 19, 2016.
121. Rawat S, Meena S. Publish or perish: Where are we heading? *J Res Med Sci.* 2014;19(2):87-89. Accessed September 2, 2016
122. Abbott A, Cyranoski D, Jones N, Majer B, Schiermeier Q, Van Noorden R. Metrics: Do metrics matter? *Nature.* 2010;465:860-2. Accessed September 2, 2016
123. Knott M. Academic publications to become less important when funding university research. Federal Politics. 2015. Available at: http://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/academic-publications-to-become-less-important-when-funding-university-research-20151112-qkxkgl.html Accessed September 2, 2016
124. Rapport M, Stelzner D, Rodriguez J. The doctor of Physical Therapy degree: A new curriculum for a new degree. *Phys Disabil: Educ Related Service*. 2007;26(1):63-76. Accessed September 2, 2016
125. Burton L, Mazerolle S. Survey instrument validity part II: Validation of a survey instrument examining athletic trainers' knowledge and practice beliefs regarding exertional heat stroke. *Athl Training Educ J*. 2011;6. Accessed Feb 20, 2017
126. Marbach-Ad G, Rietschel C, Thompson K. Validation and application of the survey of teaching beliefs and practices for undergraduates (STEP-U): Identifying factors associated with valuing important workplace skills among biology students. 2016. Available at: http://www.lifescied.org/content/15/4/ar59.full. Accessed Feb20, 2017.
127. Dalal D, Lin B, Smith E, Zickar M. Psychometric properties and validation of the leadership circle profile. The Leadership Circle. 2008. Available at: http://leadershipcircle.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/instrumentvalidationstudy. Accessed Feb 19, 2017.
128. Krebs C, Lindquist C, Berzofsky M, Shook-Sa B, Peterson K, Planty M, Stroop J. Campus climate survey validation. Available at: http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/ccsvsfr.pdf. Accessed Feb 23, 2017.
129. Ward K. Faculty service roles and the scholarship of engagement. Hoboken, N.J. ERIC Clearinghouse on Higher Education/Jossey-Bass. 2003;29(5)
130. Schnanbelt T, Statham A. Faculty perceptions of service as a mode of scholarship. 2007:14. Available at http://hdl.handle.net/2027/8po.3239521.0014.102. Accessed Feb 19, 2017.
131. Joyce B, Showers B. Student achievement through staff development: Fundamentals of school renewal. 2nd edition. New York: Longman. 1995
132. Ducharme E, Ducharme M, Dunkin M. Teacher education-Historical overview, international perspective. Available at: education.stateuniversity.com/pages/2479/Teacher-Education.html. Accessed Feb 16, 2017.
133. Houston R, Saha L, Dworkin A. Teachers in history. International handbook of research on teachers and teaching. Springer Science and Business Media. 2005. Available at: http://www.springer.com/978-0-387-73316-6. Accessed Feb 20, 2017.
134. Hussar W, Bailey T. Projections of education statistic in 2015 (NCES 2006-084). Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education.
135. Higher education in context-Economic factors, an era of competition, demographic realities, governmental political and legal challenges, religious factors. 2017. Available at: education.stateuniversity.com/pages/2041/Higher-Education-in-Context.html. Accessed on February 20, 2017.
136. Echternach J. The political and social issues that have shaped Physical Therapy education over the decades. *J Phy Ther Edu.* 2003;17 (3)
152 | 8a3c82c8-a908-4f38-9cba-8a48d5cc55c8 | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 242,652 |
Dear editor,
Metric learning loss functions are important for deep learning-based person re-identification (re-ID). Several loss functions, such as triplet loss, center loss, and sphere loss, have been proposed. However, there are a few discussions on the generalization ability of these loss functions. In this study, we proposed a novel metric-learning loss function, triplet-batch-center loss (TBCL), to learn more generalizable deep features than the previous loss functions. TBCL averages features from the same class within a batch to get a center and requires each sample to be close to its corresponding center and far from the other centers. We carried out extensive experiments on the following datasets: CUHK03, DukeMTMC-re-ID, and Market1501. TBCL leads to state-of-the-art results on these datasets without the image re-ranking post-processing. For instance, our methods achieved 75.9% Rank-1 accuracy and 73.3% mean average precision (mAP) on CUHK03 for the setting of having labelled person using only global features, remarkable better than the previous state-of-the-art person re-ID methods by at least +6.9%/+7.6%.
Motivation. We believe that a suitable metric-learning loss function should be able to minimize intraclass distances and maximize interclass distances. The common shortcoming of the softmax and center loss is that they only increase variation between different identities without considering the variation within the same identity; therefore, their generalization capability is weak. Thus, optimizing the global center point of a class is not the best choice. To train a feature extractor for better generalization ability, we use meta-learning. In meta-learning, specifically few-shot learning, training data are given by a series of episodes, and optimization is carried out within an episode without accessing other training data [1]. As a result, the episode training strategy helps in learning about a generalizable feature extractor. Similar to the episode training, we have a small batch of training images when training a re-ID network. We consider optimizing every training sample to its class center within a batch, every time, so that the generalization performance of the network is improved. Note that our proposed batch-center-based metric learning is totally different from the triplet-center loss in [2] because Ref. [2] optimizes global centers and their distances from training samples, while we focus on learning batch centers.
Moreover, previous triplet-loss-based methods are mainly based on the $L_2$ distance metric during the training phase. However, in the test phase cosine similarity can obtain better results than $L_2$ distance. Thus, training using $L_2$ distance metric seems not to be the best approach. Based on the abovementioned considerations, the proposed TBCL uses cosine similarity rather than Euclidean distance.
Definitions. We fetch $P \times K$ images to build a batch during training. These images are from $P$ different person IDs, and each ID has $K$ samples. We assume that $x_{ji}$ $(1 \leq j \leq K, 1 \leq i \leq P)$ represents an extracted feature from a person $j$ and a sample $i$. The goal of the TBCL is to efficiently and synchronously minimize the intraclass variations and maximize the interclass distances of the deeply-learned features. In a batch, we first average the $K$ samples of the same person so that we can get $P$ center points. Let $(e_{i1}, \ldots, e_{iK})$ represent $K$ samples, and a batch center is defined as follows:
$$c_i = \mathbb{E}_m[e_{im}] = \frac{1}{K} \sum_{m=1}^{K} e_{im}. \quad (1)$$
Then we can obtain $C = \{c_1, c_2, \ldots, c_P\}$. In this study, for simplicity, we use $f_i$ for $f(x_i)$. The final triplet batch center loss is defined as follows:
$$L_{tbc} = \sum_{i=1}^{P} \max \left( \max_{i \neq j} S(f_i, c_j) + m - S(f_i, c_i), 0 \right), \quad (2)$$
where $S(\cdot)$ represents the cosine similarity function defined as follows:
$$S(f_i, c_i) = \frac{f_i \cdot c_i}{\|f_i\|\|c_i\|}. \quad (3)$$
Table 1 Performance (%) comparisons by state-of-the-art methods\textsuperscript{a)}
| Method | Market1501 | | CUHK03 (labeled) | | CUHK03 (detected) | | DukeMTMC-reID |
|-----------------|------------|-------|------------------|-------|-------------------|-------|---------------|
| | Rank-1 | mAP | Rank-1 | mAP | Rank-1 | mAP | Rank-1 | mAP |
| MGCAM [3] | 84.8 | 74.3 | 50.1 | 50.2 | 46.7 | 46.9 | – | – |
| AACN [4] | 85.9 | 66.9 | – | – | – | – | 76.8 | 59.3 |
| Pose transfer [5]| 87.7 | 68.9 | 33.8 | 30.5 | 30.1 | 28.2 | 68.6 | 48.4 |
| PSE [6] | 87.7 | 69.0 | – | – | 30.2 | 27.3 | 79.8 | 62.0 |
| HA-CNN [7] | 91.2 | 75.7 | 44.4 | 41.0 | 41.7 | 38.6 | 80.5 | 63.8 |
| Mancs [8] | 93.1 | 82.3 | 69.0 | 63.9 | 65.5 | 60.5 | 84.9 | 71.8 |
| SphereReID [9] | \textbf{94.4} | 83.6 | 66.8* | 65.7* | 66.1* | 63.6* | 83.9 | 68.5 |
| **TBCL** | 94.2 | \textbf{84.8} | \textbf{75.9} | \textbf{73.3} | \textbf{72.7} | \textbf{70.5} | \textbf{85.8} | \textbf{74.0} |
\textsuperscript{a}) Bold numbers denote the best performance. * represents the result of the implementation.
Considering the Eq. (3), the denominator contains the operation of finding the absolute value, which is cumbersome to calculate and is not conducive to gradient back propagation. To solve this issue, we normalize the vectors. $f_i^*$ and $c_i^*$ denote the normalized feature vectors, i.e., $f_i^* = \frac{f_i}{\|f_i\|}$, $c_i^* = \frac{c_i}{\|c_i\|}$. The cosine similarity is calculated as follows:
$$S(f_i, c_i) = \frac{f_i c_i}{\|f_i\|\|c_i\|} = f_i^* c_i^*. \quad (4)$$
Notably, since the position of the centers in each batch is changing, which is completely different from [2], our model’s generalization capability is relatively strong. To better understand TBCL, we can study the gradient optimization of TBCL with feature embeddings. We assume $F[\cdot]$ outputs 1 if $L_i > 0$ and outputs 0 otherwise. $\eta_i = \arg\min_{j \neq j} S(f_i, c_j)$ is an integer number which stands for the hardest batch center of the $i$-th sample, and $L_i$ represents the $i$-th sample of the TBCL.
$$L_i = \max \left( \max_{j \neq j} S(f_i, c_j) + m - S(f_i, c_i), 0 \right). \quad (5)$$
Then, its derivation can be calculated as follows:
$$\frac{\partial L_{\text{abc}}}{\partial f_i} = \left( \frac{\partial S(f_i, c_j)}{\partial f_i} - \frac{\partial S(f_i, c_i)}{\partial f_i} \right) F[L_i > 0],$$
$$= (c_j - c_i) F[L_i > 0]. \quad (6)$$
Experiments. In the experiments, the re-ID network uses ResNet-50 as the backbone; it outputs a feature vector of 1024-dim, which is connected to two loss functions, i.e., the proposed TBCL and softmax loss. We evaluated our proposed TBCL against previous existing methods on Market-1501, CUHK03, and DukeMTMC-re-ID. For more details of our experiments, please refer to the source code released on the website\textsuperscript{1}).
As shown in Table 1, our model achieved the second-best results on Market-1501 and the best results on CUHK03 and DukeMTMC-re-ID. It outperformed the second-best method of Mancs [8] by +0.9%/+2.2%, in Rank-1/mAP, on DukeMTMC-re-ID. It is noted that our backbone is the same as that of [9] (network-D), and we use the same hyper-parameters while training. However, our final results have a great improvement.
Conclusion. We highlight the main contributions of our work as follows. (1) We proposed a novel batch-level metric-learning loss function, which benefits from the design of triplet loss, center loss, sphere loss, and episode training. (2) We designed the proposed TBCL to obtain more generalizable deep learning features. It is useful for a wide range of open-set re-ID/retrieval tasks. (3) Without bells and whistles, the TBCL with ResNet-50 has achieved state-of-the-art results.
Acknowledgements This work was supported by Zhejiang Lab (Grant No. 2019NB0AB02) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (Grant Nos. 61876212, 61733007, 6157220).
References
1 Yu Y L, Ji Z, Guo J C, et al. Zero-shot learning via latent space encoding. IEEE Trans Cybern, 2019, 49: 3755–3766
2 He X W, Zhou Y, Zhou Z C, et al. Triplet-center loss for multi-view 3d object retrieval. In: Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2018. 1945–1954
3 Song C F, Huang Y, Ouyang W L, et al. Mask-guided contrastive attention model for person re-identification. In: Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2018. 1179–1188
4 Xu J, Zhao R, Zhu F, et al. Attention-aware compositional network for person re-identification. In: Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2018. 2119–2128
5 Liu J X, Ni B B, Yan Y C, et al. Pose transferrable person re-identification. In: Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2018. 4099–4108
6 Sartraz M S, Schumann A, Eberle A, et al. A pose-sensitive embedding for person re-identification with expanded cross neighborhood re-ranking. In: Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2018. 420–429
7 Li W, Zhu X T, Gong S G. Harmonious attention network for person re-identification. In: Proceedings of IEEE conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2018. 2381–2389
8 Wang C, Zhang Q, Huang C, et al. Mancs: a multi-task attentional network with curriculum sampling for person re-identification. In: Proceedings of European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV), 2018. 365–381
9 Fan X, Jiang W, Luo H, et al. SphereReID: deep hypersphere manifold embedding for person re-identification. J Vis Commun Image Represent, 2019, 60: 51–58
\textsuperscript{1}) https://github.com/hustvl/tbcl. | <urn:uuid:96e4e703-cfa4-471f-809c-214428617c1e> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 10,149 |
Ogłoszenie o rozstrzygnięciu
postępowania ofertowego na świadczenie w roku 2018 usług trenerskich przez psychologa/psychoterapeutę podczas spotkań szkoleniowych organizowanych na terenie województwa małopolskiego oraz województwa podkarpackiego w ramach realizacji zadania z zakresu zdrowia publicznego:
Nr NPZ.CO3_2017_Szkolenia_dla_personelu_medycznego_oraz_niemedycznego
pt. „Szkolenia dla personelu medycznego oraz niemedycznego – kontakt z pacjentem cierpiącym na zaburzenie psychiczne oraz jego rodziną”
W dniu 13 lutego 2018 roku Komisja w składzie:
1) Marta Byrgiel – Przewodniczący Komisji,
2) Łukasz Cichocki – Członek Komisji,
3) Katarzyna Wrona – Sekretarz Komisji,
rozstrzygnęła
postępowanie ofertowe z dnia 1.02.2018r. znak OEBR-0700-3-13/17 wybierając oferty złożone przez:
| Nazwa i adres oferenta | Nr pakietu do wybranej oferty | Wartość brutto pakietów |
|------------------------|--------------------------------|-------------------------|
| Agnieszka Lelek | ośiem pakietów o nr: 3,4,21,47,48,50,54,55 | 12 000 zł |
| ul. Ruczaj 18/7, 30-409 Kraków | | |
| NIP 813-321-30-29 | | |
| Katarzyna Przybylska | dwa pakiety o nr: 11,19, | 3 600 zł |
| ul.Rysi Stok 8/3 | | |
| 30-237 Kraków | | |
| NIP:945-159-06-17 | | |
| Gabinet Psychologiczny Piotr Mężyński | siedem pakietów o nr: 5,7,12,18,20,26, 33 | 12 000 zł |
| ul. Przemiarki 23A/60, 30-384 Kraków | | |
| NIP: 527-250-97-14 | | |
| Pracownia Psychoterapii i Rozwoju Horyzonty Iwona Babuśka | szesnaście pakietów o nr: 1,6,14,16,23,29,34,35,37,44,51,56,58,60,61,66 | 32 400 zł |
| ul. Gliniana 15/35, 30-732 Kraków | | |
| NIP 993-005-70-74 | | |
| Firma Usługowa Elżbieta Krawczyk-Pasławska ul. Imbramowska 15/10B 31-212 Kraków, NIP: 685-199-98-34 | Jedenaście pakietów o nr: 2, 8, 15, 24, 32, 36, 38, 39, 49, 63, 64 | 20 400 zł |
| ARETE Pracownia Psychologiczna Sonia Korus-Deka ul. Krakowska 82/2, 41-808 Zabrze NIP: 629-217-15-03 | Dziesięć pakietów o nr: 9, 10, 25, 30, 31, 42, 43, 57, 59, 65 | 16 800 zł |
**Cena jednostkowa brutto za godzinę edukacyjną:** 150,00 zł.
**Unieważnienie postępowania w zakresie pakietów:** 13, 17, 22, 27, 28, 40, 41, 45, 46, 52, 53, 62, gdyż w powyższym zakresie nie wpłynęła ważna oferta.
---
**...Szpital Babińskiego w Krakowie...**
**imieniem Zamawiającego**
Stanisław Kacik
---
Ministerstwo Zdrowia
Zadanie finansowane ze środków Narodowego Programu Zdrowia na lata 2016-2020
NPZ
Narodowy Program Zdrowia | <urn:uuid:a6519faf-f76f-4e9b-8386-7e2187849a86> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/pol_Latn/train | finepdfs | pol_Latn | 3,021 |
It was three years ago that the City of Toronto set out to study the ways condo owners “hack” their units to make living in tight quarters work for families.
The idea behind the project, called Growing Up, was to develop guidelines for integrating family-suitable design into new multi-unit residential projects. As the study rolled out, the city’s planning division visited families across the GTA for firsthand accounts of raising children in condo units ranging from 635 to 1,400 square feet. The work-from-home findings it unearthed now seem like ancient history.
Of the nine anonymous households it consulted, only two made mention of working from home, and only one had dedicated home office space. For the most part, dens were used not as offices but as bedrooms for children.
Fast forward to 2020 and dedicated home office space, or the flexibility to allow for it, is a priority. Not surprisingly, architects and developers are exploring ways to enhance or extend at-home office features.
“Households suddenly have this round-the-clock need for triple-duty space,” says Growing Up project manager Annely Zonena — for parents’ work, school work and child’s play, plus domestic uses — “and many condo dwellers must be scrambling to carve this out.”
Ben Kawarsky is. The married thirtysomething father of two young daughters owns a two-bedroom-plus-den unit in the seven-storey High Park Lofts building at Roncesvalles Avenue and Dundas Street West, and has been casting around for something with a third bedroom now that he’s working from home indefinitely. “I’m stuck between a rock and a hard place,” Kawarsky says. “Either we force our daughters to share a room and I take over the den as my office, or I continue working at the dining room table and struggle to get everything done.”
No wonder house prices outpaced condo prices in the second quarter of 2020. According to the Royal Lepage House Price Survey, the median cost of two-storey Canadian homes rose eight per cent year-over-year to $794,392, while condo prices increased 5.3 per cent, to $503,983.
“As the reality of extended and potentially permanent work-from-home employment sunk in, people pondered both the location and size of their homes,” says Royal Lepage president and CEO Phil Soper, adding that Canadians’ desire for extra home office space was part of the reason for the pricing trend. “Interest has been growing in having more private spaces so you don’t hear your spouse on their Zoom call, or your children while you’re on your own Zoom call.”
The demand for work-from-home space is perceived to be great enough that Camrost Felcorp has reconfigured and enlarged some of the 295 suites in its Upper East Village project under construction on Eglinton Avenue East near Laird Drive, scheduled for occupancy in mid-2021.
“Slipping in desk space, or repositioning a den so that it can be accessed from the main living area, are some of the things we’re looking at,” says Christopher Castellano, Camrost’s head of marketing and sales.
Still, there’s only so much you can do with limited square footage and a set number of rooms. In that sense, the findings of the Growing Up study were actually prescient in its recommendation that two-bedroom and three-bedroom units should comprise a minimum of 10 and 15 per cent of new condo developments.
“Had developers delivered those ratios prior to our recommendations, Toronto would have been in a better position to offer triple-duty space when it was needed during COVID-19,” Zonena says, adding that the city has seen a significant increase in the number of two-and three-bedroom units planned for construction since the draft Growing Up guidelines were shared with developers in 2017.
Another of its recommendations — “promoting flexible building design for changing unit layouts over time” — is being taken up by condo architects such as Vaughn Miller. The associate with Toronto-based BNKC architecture + urban design says condo-dwellers are benefiting from the multi-functional spaces and furniture solutions that have recently become popular in newer builds. “It’s not really a viable option for most people to buy more space. So we’re seeing lots of second-bedroom offices with Murphy beds in them, sliding room dividers and more communal amenity space dedicated to working from home.”
More than one in four Canadian employees are freelancers, according to a 2018 study by BMO Wealth Management that described Canada’s gig economy as growing at “a phenomenal rate.”
The study also found that almost a quarter of all employees were already working virtually or remotely, with 85 per cent of the companies surveyed foreseeing a more “agile workforce” in the coming years. No wonder shared workspaces were becoming standard condo amenities across the GTA well before the pandemic.
The rush to add full-featured co-working facilities began in earnest in 2016, when Centre-court Developments launched Axis at 411 Church St. The second floor of the recently completed condo tower houses nearly 4,000 square feet of shared workspace amenities, including a boardroom, meeting rooms, private and two-to-three-person offices, a kitchen and equipment such as printers, scanners and video-conferencing units.
Plans for Daniels Corp.’s 33-storey Artworks Tower at Dundas and River streets include a roomy co-working space with an outdoor terrace. Then there’s Graywood Development’s Peter & Adelaide condo in the Entertainment District, which will add foosball and billiard tables to its 4,000-square-foot shared working environment.
But what of social distancing in spaces like these? Camrost’s Castellano says it can be achieved by dividing open-concept office amenities into multiple spaces for groups or individuals to work two metres apart. Minto Communities, for its part, is already exploring the use of breakout rooms and pods in its shared coworking spaces.
Another COVID-fighting technique: using easy-to-disinfect quartz countertops and porcelain tiles, as Broccolini is doing in the coworking spaces of its River & Fifth and upcoming Left Bank projects.
“What buyers are saying, particularly those in small downtown units,” according to RE/MAX Realtron general manager Cameron Forbes, “is that they are really missing the workplace experience and are looking to interact with other people in a safe way.” | <urn:uuid:73dfcb48-7871-4824-ac2c-72318b28ac7a> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 6,357 |
K2's Tech Update
Description
What are my best technology choices, and how do I keep up? Even informed accounting professionals will find multiple ideas they can apply daily. This visionary session provides insights, options, and recommendations to help you decide which technologies will affect your business and which will give you a competitive edge. Included in Tech Update are emerging and evolving technologies important to accounting professionals. We will cover the benefits and risks of adopting recent technologies, ranging from software applications to hardware devices. You will also learn how to develop a balanced technology strategy that includes current, emerging, and future technology choices for your firm or business.
Major Topics
* Hardware and software trends
* Communication and collaboration tools
* Key products to consider for implementation
* Emerging technology in accounting automation, metaverse, and blockchain
Learning Objectives
* Create strategic and tactical benefit lists of hardware and software options
* Evaluate current communications choices to improve your efficiency
* Identify key technologies to implement in your business and personal life
* List examples of emerging technologies that will affect the accounting profession
Who Should Attend
Accounting professionals interested in choosing and managing technology
Program Level
Update
Field Of Study
Information Technology
Recommended CPE Credit Hours
2
Prerequisites
None
K2's CPA Firm Update
Description
It's an exciting time to manage a public practice accounting firm! In addition to technical knowledge in tax, auditing, and accounting, we need to understand data analytics and security options in an advisory context. Beyond that, we must manage the practice and people while profitably delivering excellent client service in a competitive environment for the owners. Further, portals, CAS stacks, PBC lists, electronic signatures, Cloud, and robotic process automation are technologies we need to understand beyond our tax, audit, practice management, document management, and workflow systems. This CPA Firm Update session independently covers significant trends and technologies for CPA firms, which will help you understand your current and future choices. With such rapid change, what will your firm do?
Major Topics
* Trends in the profession, including supplier changes
* Software products by service lines
* Innovation and automation tools
* Specific technology stacks to improve productivity and profitability
Learning Objectives
* List changes made by major suppliers to the profession
* Identify software for service line and niche solutions
* Define automation opportunities in accounting firms
* Differentiate tools from a technology stack that fits your firm best
Who Should Attend
Partners, Managers, and IT staff responsible for choosing and deploying CPA firm applications
Program Level
Update
Field Of Study
Information Technology
CPE Credit Hours
2
Prerequisites
None
K2's Now Is The Time To Automate!
Description
The term "automate" has been an industry buzzword for at least a decade. Yet, few organizations have embarked on successful automation journeys, leading to greater efficiencies, reduced errors, and happier team members. In this session, you will learn how to crank up your automation projects and see first-hand how easy and effective automation can be. More specifically, this session shows you exactly how you can work with tools from Zoho, Zapier, and Microsoft to enable powerful routines that will allow you and your team to get more done in less time.
Major Topics
* Where to begin your automation journey
* Which automation tools should you initially focus on
* How to automate everyday tasks in accounts payable, banking, and approval workflows
* Common automation pitfalls
Learning Objectives
* Identify at least three benefits of successful automation efforts
* List two automation tools you can use to extract and transform data
* Specify examples of Microsoft 365 plans that include access to Power Automate
* Differentiate between Power Automate and Zapier
* Identify at least three tasks that most businesses should automate
Who Should Attend
Accounting and financial professionals desiring to improve efficiency, accuracy, and internal control
Program Level
Intermediate
Field Of Study
Information Technology
CPE Credit Hours
2
Prerequisites
Fundamental understanding of basic computer operations
K2's Using OneNote More And Email Less
Description
OneNote is a fantastic application included in your Microsoft 365 subscription. Yet, it is underutilized and misunderstood most of the time. If you genuinely want to change how you work, embrace OneNote. Stop using Outlook as a filing cabinet for essential emails and move them to OneNote instead. If you share a OneNote notebook with others, you can stop emailing altogether within your group and use OneNote as your collaboration and reference platform.
Major Topics
* Using OneNote as a powerful reference resource
* Learn how to move your emails into OneNote
* Share OneNote with a group of people and communicate within a notebook rather than email.
Learning Objectives
* List tasks for which you might choose to use OneNote
* Identify ways to reduce email and use OneNote for yourself and your group or team
* Cite examples of how you can use OneNote for storing and retrieving important reference information
* Identify the process for acquiring OneNote
Who Should Attend
Business professionals seeking to enhance their understanding of Microsoft OneNote and looking for a new way to organize their email communications
Program Level
Overview
Field Of Study
Computer Software & Applications
CPE Credit Hours
2
Prerequisites
Basic understanding of Microsoft apps
Advanced Preparation
None is required; however, we recommend having OneNote accessible during class
K2's Collaboration – Portals, Payments, And Signatures
Description
Demands for an excellent user experience are at an all-time high. But how do you solve for easy collaboration, compliance, and workflow? What features do you need to be effective? How do you integrate payments, eSignatures, and other technologies to make interaction convenient? This session will explain the necessary features, provide an overview of the best technologies for collaboration, and help you think through how to solve your business problems. You'll learn about the options available from client portals, workflow management, payments, eSignatures, and more. Attend this session and arm yourself with the tools you need to succeed!
Major Topics
* Portals as collaboration enablement
* Learn about payment options you can integrate into your portal
* Leave with a checklist of features to consider for collaboration
Learning Objectives
* Identify portal products that fit your needs
* Differentiate between vendor options for payment processes
* List examples of eSignature needs and features
Who Should Attend
Accounting professionals interested in collaboration technology, including portals, payments, and eSignatures
Program Level
Basic
Field Of Study
Computer Software & Applications
CPE Credit Hours
2
Prerequisites
None
K2's Shredding Your Servers And Going Virtual
Description
Most small and mid-sized businesses are at least considering cloud-based suites for business management, performance management, and productivity. Unfortunately, many owners and accounting professionals need to learn the difference between using cloud-native tools, employing a managed service provider, and utilizing a desktop hosting provider. This session helps participants understand the differences in the levels of service provided by these offerings and will also highlight some of the regulatory barriers which could create problems for your organization. Attend this session and learn what you need to know before saying "see ya" to your servers.
Major Topics
* The similarities and differences in desktops managed by a managed service provider, a desktop/application hosting company, and a browser-based cloud
* Regulatory requirements like HIPPA, GLB, PCI, and more
* Practical tips for dealing with service providers
Learning Objectives
* Identify critical differences between a managed service provider, a desktop/application hosting company, and a browser-based cloud solution
* From a list of regulations, identify a practical restriction on users imposed by the regulation
* Identify services included in productivity suites from Microsoft, Google, and Zoho and match them to the tools which best address an identified business need
Who Should Attend
Accounting professionals who are responsible for selecting, implementing, or working in an environment which is reducing or eliminating on-premises servers
Program Level
Overview
Field Of Study
Information Technology
CPE Credit Hours
2
Prerequisites
None
K2's Taking Another Look At PDFs
Description
We're all familiar with PDF documents. However, it's safe to say that most professionals use only a tiny fraction of their features. This circumstance is unfortunate, considering all you can do with PDF documents. Therefore, isn't it time to take another look at PDF documents and all you can do with them?
Participate in this session to learn more about PDFs and how and why they should be a cornerstone technology in most organizations. Collaboration options, long-term storage and archival, and fillable forms are just a few features you will learn about in this session. This session is for you if you're ready to elevate your PDF productivity!
Major Topics
* Understanding the Portable Document Format
* Identifying tools you can use to work with PDFs
* Collaborating using PDFs
* Creating, distributing, and collecting fillable PDF forms
* Using PDFs to enhance security
Learning Objectives
* List examples of PDF software vendors
* Differentiate between PDF options available from Adobe
* List at least two ways you can use PDFs in collaborative environments
* Identify critical steps in the process used to create fillable PDF forms
Who Should Attend
Business professionals seeking to enhance their understanding of PDFs
Program Level
Intermediate
Field Of Study
Computer Software & Applications
CPE Credit Hours
2
Prerequisites
Fundamental understanding of PDFs
K2's The Best Kept Secrets Of Microsoft 365
Description
Many organizations have implemented Microsoft 365/Office 365 at a basic level, but few have truly explored the breadth and depth of tools included with their subscriptions. Some less commonly known apps help you manage shared email boxes, create and use web forms, schedule appointments, trade shifts, create real-time closed captions, and translate presentations. Attend this session and learn more about the hidden features in Microsoft 365 that you can use to level up your productivity.
Major Topics
* New features and tips and tricks in Microsoft 365
* Learn how to take advantage of optional services like Bookings, Shifts, Information Rights Management, and Approvals
* See some of the tools you can activate to help your team create and share video content intended only for internal use
Learning Objectives
* Select at least three optional services included with Office 365
* List at least two tools that extend Microsoft Teams to perform new tasks
* Identify at least one optional Office 365 service which protects confidential information
Who Should Attend
Anyone who wants to make the most of their Microsoft 365/Office 365 subscription at work
Program Level
Basic
Field Of Study
Computer Software & Applications
CPE Credit Hours
2
Prerequisites
None
K2's Ripped From The Headlines – Outrageous Tales Of Cybercrimes
Description
Remote work environments have created many new opportunities for cybercriminals and other fraudsters to exploit, and accounting professionals are some of the most commonly targeted individuals. This session is a series of case studies that examine actual criminal filings and news accounts and use them to highlight some of the actions you can take to limit your exposure to similar schemes. Attend this session and learn more about how high-profile control failures occurred so you can be more effective at preventing crimes in your organization.
Major Topics
* Common security weaknesses which occur with hardware and software at home and in the office
* Malware, ransomware, data breach, and incident response tips
* Internal control failures that resulted in the theft of assets or unauthorized manipulation of data
* User authentication and security awareness training
Learning Objectives
* List at least three major security incidents reported in the headlines in the last year, and explain at least one primary internal control design or operation flaws that allowed the hack to occur
* Select the correct definitions for security terms such as attack surface, vulnerability, exploit, social engineering, phishing, malware, heuristics, biometrics, and multi-factor authentication (MFA)
* List at least three best practices learned by reviewing the control failures cited in the case studies
Who Should Attend
Managers, owners, and accounting professionals who desire to learn from computer crime incidents best practices they can use to enhance their organization's security posture
Program Level
Basic
Field Of Study
Auditing
CPE Credit Hours
2
Prerequisites
None
K2's Accounting Solutions And Add-Ons For Small Businesses
Description
Working with a small business, you know that keeping the company's finances in order is critical to success. While numerous software programs and tools are available to help you do this, they vary substantially in many significant aspects. In addition to conventional options like QuickBooks and Sage 50, you can choose from Cloud-based tools such as Zoho Books, QuickBooks Online, Spire Systems, Xero, Accounting Suite, Accounting Power, and many more. In this session, we'll look at the best accounting tools for small businesses and discuss the benefits of each one. This session covers accounting solutions that should work for startups and companies with up to $10 million in annual revenue. We also cover various add-on solutions that can enhance the overall functionality of your accounting platform. Join us to learn your options for achieving your small business management financial goals.
Major Topics
* Overview of small business accounting solutions
* Strengths and shortfalls of various accounting and add-on solutions
* Setup and configuration tips
Learning Objectives
* List the top five products in the small business market
* Identify shortfalls in typical small business solutions
* Differentiate between products based on strengths and weaknesses
* List examples of add-on solutions that can fill functionality gaps
Who Should Attend
Accounting professionals seeking to understand their options in the entry-level accounting software market
Program Level
Update
Field Of Study
Computer Software & Applications
CPE Credit Hours
2
Prerequisites
None
K2's The Digital Home
Description
Your home is now the digital center of your world, and even if you go to an office every day, you have more options to help you manage everything from shopping lists to email accounts. Unfortunately, many new devices your family connects to your WiFi can create security risks and may make remote work and school less secure. For example, tracking devices and services can help parents monitor children and seniors, but outsiders can use the same tools to stalk their loved ones digitally. This session will help you learn about devices, services, and app suites for families, share files, organize photos, manage passwords, and keep your home secure. Attend this breakout and learn about innovative new tools to help you stay safe and make the most of your time away from the office.
Major Topics
* Configuring your router and network to make it more secure
* Review online services to help your family share information and stay in touch
* Take advantage of the latest home gadgets and devices from CES 2023 and understand what technologies are "ready for prime time" and which ones you should skip
Learning Objectives
* List at least one of the services mentioned to help your family stay in touch and manage a shared calendar
* Identify at least two key features and settings needed in your home's wireless router
* Name at least two services to help you take better advantage of your entertainment service subscriptions
Who Should Attend
People who want to learn best practices for protecting their family and enhancing the ability to communicate with one another.
Program Level
Basic
Field Of Study
Computer Software & Applications
CPE Credit Hours
2
Prerequisites
None
K2's Top Ten Outlook Tips
Description
Using Outlook for email management is routine for most business professionals these days. But unfortunately, using this tool for so long may cause some to perpetuate bad practices and habits when working in Outlook and exploring new options Outlook offers. In this session, you will discover ten valuable tips to take you to the next level of your email and work management.
Major Topics
* Action your email with more than just a flag
* Working more efficiently by structuring your screen better, creating shortcut buttons, using Categories, creating Search folders, and using boards
* Store emails in better places so you can reference them faster
* Stop typing and use templates instead
Learning Objectives
* Cite examples of how to action and sort your emails faster
* List examples of valuable shortcuts you can add to Outlook
* Identify options for storing your email, so that referencing is easy
* List examples of using boards to access information more quickly
* Cite examples of how categories and search folders can improve efficiency
* Identify processes for cleaning up email quickly
* List the steps for creating templates to save time
Who Should Attend
Business professionals who desire to enhance their understanding of Microsoft Outlook
Program Level
Intermediate
Field Of Study
Computer Software & Applications
CPE Credit Hours
2
Prerequisites
Basic understanding of Microsoft Outlook
K2's Accounting Solutions: Mid-Market
Description
Many businesses are being held back by legacy solutions. The old way of doing things doesn't work anymore. Instead, Software as a Service (SaaS) has transformed many mid-market companies. In this new world of cloudbased, workflow-enabled, data-centric, and connected solutions, you can solve existing and future business problems in new ways without being bogged down by paper-centric environments. This session covers integrated and ERP solutions that should work for businesses in the $10 Million to $1 Billion range. If your existing system has been in place for seven or more years, it is time to consider upgrading or replacing it. Leverage your instructor's knowledge of the market to minimize your risk.
Major Topics
* Overview of mid-market solutions
* Probable third-party solutions required
* Accounting solutions for specific industries
* Specific strategies to use in selecting a system
* Guidance on preparatory steps and conversions
Learning Objectives
* List the top five products in the mid-market
* Identify standard third-party solutions needed
* Differentiate between a nice-to-have upgrade and a genuine business need
* Create an implementation plan for your business
Who Should Attend
Accounting professionals who need to understand the changes and options in Mid-Market accounting software
Program Level
Update
Field Of Study
Computer Software & Applications
CPE Credit Hours
1
Prerequisites
None
K2's Simplifying And Economizing Your Tech Stack
Description
All business professionals need access to the necessary technology to help them perform their jobs efficiently and effectively. Yet, no one should overpay for their tech stack. Unfortunately, though, many are overpaying and have yet to realize it. In this session, you will learn valuable tips to help you simplify and economize your technology stack. Participate in this session to avoid the risk of overpaying for your tech tools.
Major Topics
* Taking an inventory of installed applications and tools
* Identifying the tech tools you need and those you don't
* Canceling unnecessary licenses and subscription services
Learning Objectives
* Identify tech tools installed in business environments
* List examples of features in tech stacks often duplicated across applications
* Cite examples of applications and services that are less expensive alternatives to traditional technologies
* Calculate the total cost of ownership of specific tech tools
Who Should Attend
Accounting and financial professionals seeking to ensure they have the tech tools they need without overspending
Program Level
Intermediate
Field Of Study
Information Technology
CPE Credit Hours
1
Prerequisites
Basic knowledge of technology and software licensing
K2's Six Essential Teams Features
Description
The mad scramble to remote work and utilize apps like Teams has been trying for most organizations over the past couple of years. With a rush to install and no time to plan, most team members did their best, prioritizing remote meetings as the primary concern. Therefore, as a result, Teams is vastly misunderstood and underutilized in most organizations. Join us in this session to go beyond the remote meetings aspect of Teams and to learn how to optimize efficiency, communication, and workflow with Teams.
Major Topics
* Learn how to set up Teams for successful collaboration
* Create a filing system that does not include endless sub-folders
* Manage staff delegation and follow-ups with ease
* Define what Lists need to be available to your Team
* Discover how to create automatic Flows that can notify others of update
* Utilize survey Forms or questionnaires from within Teams
Learning Objectives
* List steps for creating effective Teams and Channel structures
* Identify how to setup file management columns for more information within Teams
* Specify examples of how to work with Microsoft Planner within Teams
* Identify how Lists work and why they can be better than spreadsheets
* Identify options for incorporating Power Automate into Teams
* Cite examples of how to use Microsoft Forms within Teams
Who Should Attend
Business professionals seeking to enhance their understanding of Microsoft Teams
Program Level
Overview
Field Of Study
Computer Software & Applications
CPE Credit Hours
1
Prerequisites
Basic understanding of Microsoft Teams
K2's Kicking It Up A Notch With KPIs
Description
The adage, "what gets measured, gets managed," has never been more true than it is today. Organizations of all kinds and sizes are creating systems and processes to categorize, track, and report on many of their operations by creating reports featuring key performance indicators (KPIs). This session will teach you about many different kinds of KPIs. Further, you will learn how to find data and use tools like Microsoft Excel and Power BI to measure performance. You will also identify the benefits and drawbacks of using KPIs in management philosophies like holacracy to make it easier for employees to know in real time where they stand.
Major Topics
* Types of KPIs
* How to look for data in your existing systems
* The basics of data prep tools
* Tools for tracking and reporting on KPIs
Learning Objectives
* Identify the correct definition for terms associated with key performance indicators from a list of options
* Differentiate the benefits and limitations of using tools such as Excel, Power BI, and Tableau for reporting KPIs
* When presented with the name of an Excel or Power Query feature discussed in the session, select the definition that best describes the feature
* List examples of KPIs that might be useful in many business environments
Who Should Attend
Accounting and financial professionals who want to learn and utilize best practices for measuring business performance
Program Level
Basic
Field Of Study
Computer Software & Applications
CPE Credit Hours
1
Prerequisites
Basic understanding of Microsoft Excel
K2's Understanding Your Ransomware Risk
Description
Protecting yourself from ransomware requires more than just anti-virus software. Additional technology protections are necessary. Further, business continuity, legal and regulatory, and cybersecurity insurance considerations should all be a part of your risk abatement strategy. Attend this session to determine if your current level of ransomware protection reduces your risk to an acceptable and identify ways to ensure that you are protected.
Major Topics
* Understanding how ransomware can cripple a business
* Trends in ransomware attacks
* Best practices for minimizing ransomware risk
Learning Objectives
* Distinguish between various options to mitigate risk
* Identify practical actions for reducing ransomware risk
* List examples of high-profile ransomware attacks and how they occurred
Who Should Attend
Accounting and financial professionals seeking to improve data security by minimizing ransomware threats
Program Level
Update
Field Of Study
Information technology
CPE Credit Hours
1
Prerequisites
Basic knowledge of computer operations
K2's OneDrive's Best Practices
Description
Although Windows incorporates the OneDrive app, you may not have configured it correctly for your specific needs. Using the OneDrive app and the related Cloud storage service to their fullest potential means you can access your files when and where you need them. Further, sharing your files and collaborating with others is easy when using OneDrive correctly. In this session, you will learn best practices for taking full advantage of OneDrive.
Major Topics
* Navigating to OneDrive on the web
* Synchronizing your files to your desktop pc
* Working with shared files
* Managing different versions of files
* Understanding how OneDrive works with OneNote, Teams, and SharePoint
Learning Objectives
* Identify options for accessing and managing your files in OneDrive
* List the steps necessary to synchronize your files from the Cloud to your computer
* Identify opportunities for sharing files and accessing previous versions of a file
* Name the steps for creating a OneNote notebook in OneDrive
* List options for viewing OneDrive thru Teams or SharePoint
Who Should Attend
Business professionals who seek to enhance their understanding of Microsoft OneDrive
Program Level
Intermediate
Field Of Study
Computer Software & Applications
CPE Credit Hours
1
Prerequisites
Microsoft apps knowledge and general knowledge of computer operations
Advanced Preparation
We recommend you log in to your OneDrive account before starting this session.
K2's Ten "Must Know" Features In Excel
Description
Most business professionals have used Excel for years, often without the benefit of any formal training. Thus, they don't know about key features in the application and, therefore, don't use them. Of course, this leads to inefficiencies and errors. Isn't it time to stop this madness? This session is for you if you're ready to become more efficient and effective with Excel! You will learn ten critical features that can help you get more work done in less time and improve your accuracy. We encourage you to make plans to join us for this session to learn the best ways of working with Excel!
Major Topics
* Best practices for working with large volumes of data
* How to securely and efficiently collaborate with others
* Using Excel for optimization scenarios
* Creating "audit trails" in Excel
* Define "dynamic arrays" and list examples of their benefits
Learning Objectives
* List at least three primary features associated with Power Query
* Identify the steps necessary to utilize modern collaboration options in Excel
* Cite examples of the benefits related to using dynamic arrays
* Differentiate between Solver and Scenario Manager as optimization tools
* Identify at least three benefits of protecting your data with Sensitivity Labels
Who Should Attend
Accounting and financial professionals seeking to improve their efficiency and effectiveness when working with Excel
Program Level
Intermediate
Field Of Study
Computer Software & Applications
CPE Credit Hours
2
Prerequisites
Basic knowledge of Microsoft Office Excel | <urn:uuid:270dd6a0-b845-4691-ab22-e94e29d13264> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 28,652 |
A NOTE TO KINGSTON MILLS CLIMBERS
The cliffs at the Kingston Mills Lockstation were closed to climbing from the Fall of 2001 until the Spring of 2002. This closure was put into effect by the Rideau Canal Office owing to concerns regarding loose rock and potential rock-fall injuries.
Contractors were hired to assess the cliffs and stabilize the rock. Substantial scaling (rock removal) and bolting (rock attachment) work was performed on the Odeum Wall. It has been designated a „low risk‟ area at this time. According to a consultant‟s assessment, however, the Scree Wall and Lichen Wall need work to remove some high risk areas of loose rock.
What does this mean for climbers?
Several of the routes on Odeum have been altered and may not match the descriptions in this guidebook. The drawings may no longer be accurate.
There may be loose holds and sharp edges on some of the climbs as a result of the work performed.
At the time of this writing, there is still erosion debris at the top of Odeum because it has not been cleaned in 10 months.
There is a great deal of rubble at the base of Odeum now, which may get in the way.
Be cautious when top-roping and especially leading "Synergy," "Dilemma" and "Odeum Direct." These climbs have been altered somewhat.
Some top-anchor bolt hangers have been removed on Dirty Ledge. These need to be reinstalled, and bolts that were in the work area need to be inspected.
A number of stabilization bolts have been installed on "The Hedger" and "Irving‟s Overhang." Although these offer inviting handholds because they protrude about 6", they are potential impact points, especially if you are leading.
As well, birds tend to perch on these protruding bolts and „decorate‟ the rock below, making it slippery.
The Canal Office will likely contract further rock removal and stabilization work, although there is limited funding at this point to do so.
Local climbers have been in contact with the Canal Office, working to find solutions to keep the site open — one of which involves users to sign and fax a waiver.
Therefore, as a user of this climbing site, you have the following responsibilities and should keep these precautions in mind:
Sign and fax the attached waiver.
With regard to potential and obvious loose rock, stabilization bolts, rock debris, and other hazards, use caution and good judgement when selecting and setting up climbs.
Wear a helmet.
Remember, there are other non-climbing visitors in the area. So be mindful of their safety as well, and warn them of any hazards they cannot see.
If you see inexperienced or irresponsible climbers, do what you think is reasonable to advise them and protect yourself.
Remove any obvious debris and loose rock if it easy to do so and does not put anyone at risk.
Co-operate with the canal officials, and expect further rock removal and stabilization work to be performed in the future.
Depending on further changes to the site and specific routes, a more detailed insert to this guidebook will drafted and made available.
Have fun and be safe!
Rob Chisnall, May
ASSUMPTION OF RISK AND RELEASE FROM LIABILITY
ROCK CLIMBING - KINGSTON MILLS LOCKSTATION
To Whom It May Concern
Parks Canada does not manage or oversee, in any way, the activity of rock climbing at this site. Visitors are encouraged to learn about any risks associated with this activity and to exercise appropriate self-reliance and responsibility for their own safety in recreational or other activities they choose to undertake.
The sport of rock climbing is recognized to be an activity in which a high level of risk in terms of personal injury and/or death is involved. There are also potentially unstable blocks or masses of rock which could pose a safety hazard in the climbing area and along the toe of the slope. The Parks Canada Agency accepts no responsibility for any accident, injury, death or loss or damage to personal property resulting from the use of its property for such activity, and any person or group of persons engaging in this activity do so at their own risk.
In consideration of Parks Canada permitting you to utilize its‟ property, the climber does, for himself or herself and his or her heirs, executors, administrators and personal representatives, remise, release and forever discharge Parks Canada and it‟s officers, employees, independent contractors and agents from all manner of action, causes of action, suits, claims or demands in respect of all personal injuries, death, loss or damage to property which the climber may suffer arising out of or in connection with the activity of rock climbing at the Kingston Mills Lockstation.
I have read and understand this notice.
____________________
Name, print
____________________
Signature
To be returned by fax (613) 283-0677 or mailed to: Rideau Canal Office 34a Beckwith Street, South Smiths Falls, Ontario K7A 2A8
Attention: Mary Ann Ovington
ACCEPTATION DES RISQUES ET DÉGAGEMENT DE RESPONSABILITÉ
ESCALADE DE ROCHER - POSTE D‟ÉCLUSAGE DE KINGSTON MILLS
À qui de droit,
Parcs Canada n‟exploite ni ne supervise d‟aucune manière, l‟activité d‟escalade de rocher dans ce lieu. Les visiteurs sont invités à se familiariser avec les risques associés à ce type d‟activité et à développer une autonomie appropriée et à devenir responsable de leur propre sécurité lors de l‟exercice d‟activités récréatives ou autres auxquelles ils décident de participer.
L‟escalade de rocher est reconnu comme étant une activité à haut niveau de risque en termes de blessures personnelles ou de décès. Les blocs et les masses de rocher potentiellement instables représentent aussi un risque d‟accident dans la zone d‟escalade et le long de la pente. L‟Agence Parcs Canada décline toute responsabilité eu égard à un accident, blessure, mortalité ou perte ou dommages en biens personnels résultant de l‟exercice de cette activité sur sa propriété. Toute personne ou tout groupe de personnes participant à cette activité le fait à ses propres risques.
En échange de l‟autorisation de Parcs Canada d‟utiliser sa propriété, le grimpeur ou la grimpeuse, en son nom et au nom de ses héritiers, exécuteurs, administrateurs et représentants personnels, dégage et décharge à jamais Parcs Canada et ses agents, employés, entrepreneurs indépendants et agents de tout type de poursuites, causes d‟action, actions en justice, revendications ou demandes liées à tout préjudice corporel, mortalité, perte ou dommages à la propriété dont pourrait être victime le grimpeur ou la grimpeuse suite à l‟exercice direct ou indirect de l‟escalade de rocher au poste d‟éclusage de Kingston Mills.
J‟ai lu et compris cette note.
____________________
Nom, en lettres majuscules
____________________
Signature
A retourner par fax au (613) 283-0677 ou par la poste: Rideau Canal Office 34a Beckwith Street, South Smiths Falls, Ontario
K7A 2A8 À l‟attention de: Mary
Ann Ovington | <urn:uuid:a687c038-79dd-473a-be0c-635990ee5a6a> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 6,925 |
ZÁMĚR
statutárního města Brna, městské části Brno-Žabovřesky,
Odbor majetkový a bytový Úřadu městské části, Horova 28, 616 00 Brno
V souladu s ustanovením § 39, odst.1 zákona č. 128/2000 Sb., o obcích (obecní zřízení), ve znění pozdějších předpisů, zveřejňujeme záměr statutárního města Brna, městské části Brno-Žabovřesky pronajmout majetek ve vlastnictví města Brna, svěřený městské části Brno-Žabovřesky.
Zveřejňujeme záměr pronajmout prostor č. 648 (prostor sloužící podnikání) o výměře 7,7 m² umístěný v 1. PP bytového domu č. p. 2528, na ul. Vychodilova, č. or. 7, který je součástí pozemku p. č. 5274/69, v k. ú. Žabovřesky, obec Brno, zapsaném na LV č. 10001, za účelem užívání jako technologická místnost pro podnikatelskou činnost nájemce – k umístění, instalaci a provozování zařízení, tj. zajištění sítí elektronických komunikací ve smyslu zákona č. 127/2005 Sb., o elektronických komunikacích, v plat. znění, na dobu určitou 10 let, s výší nájmu bez DPH 8.000,-Kč/rok/7,7 m², společnosti Česká telekomunikační infrastruktura a.s., IČ: 04084063.
Energetická náročnost budovy – celková dodaná energie – klasifikační třída: C – úsporná.
Záměr byl schválen na 2. zasedání Rady MČ Brno-Žabovřesky konaném dne 26.11.2018.
Vyvěšeno dne: ________________
Sňato dne: ________________
Zveřejněno způsobem umožňujícím dálkový přístup dne: ________________
Zveřejnění umožňující dálkový přístup ukončeno dne: ________________ | <urn:uuid:a63484d1-3e30-4142-bed8-1896b577c6b7> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ces_Latn/train | finepdfs | ces_Latn | 1,435 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.