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I see the following output from search in msfconsole. msf6 > search CVE-2014-3566 Matching Modules ================ # Name Disclosure Date Rank Check Description - ---- --------------- ---- ----- ----------- 0 auxiliary/scanner/http/s...
Is it normal to get 3000+ vulnerabilities while scanning server using Nexpose? Or I can reduce the vulnerability to decent count by some tweaks!
I was thinking about zero-trust systems over the last few weeks and it seems like there are many things that could be implemented that way. With password managers being one of those things, I was curious about designing something like google sign-in as a zero-trust account/authentication system. Let's call such a syste...
Scenario I have a website secret.example.com, which contains information which must not be disclosed to third parties. In order to protect the information, TLS client authentication was chosen. Whether or not a client is authorized depends on them possessing a client certificate which is signed by the internal CA. The ...
When I do one of these payloads, I can see /etc/passwd: <iframe src=file:///etc/passwd></iframe> <img src="xasdasdasd" onerror="document.write('<iframe src=file:///etc/passwd></iframe>')"/> However this I got blind XSS, so I need to send the iframe text back to me, so I need to grub the iframe text and do something li...
I'm studying the source code of malware developed in c++ and I have two questions in the source code below This is probably code that loads malicious dlls into memory. typedef BOOL (WINAPI *VirtualFreeT)( __in LPVOID lpAddress, __in SIZE_T dwSize, __in DWORD dwFreeType ); char dllA[] = {'K','E','R','...
I have a Bluetooth earphone connects to both iPhone and android. I forgot to switch off the connection of android when using iPhone. So I am wondering if the sound of iPhone or even the iPhone data privacy could be recorded or leaked to that andriod phone when they were both connected to the same Bluetooth earphone. O...
My home network is "governed" by my ISP's router. Sometimes I saw strange packets outside my private IP range, appearing at my computers interfaces. Maybe something crossed VLANs, etc., I do not know (TV is in a separate VLAN). This pushed me to creating my own private network (also no security updates for ISP's router...
I have a python code on Linux to create a raw packet: import socket s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_RAW, socket.IPPROTO_TCP) s.setsockopt(socket.IPPROTO_IP, socket.IP_HDRINCL, 1) ip_header = b'\x45\x00\x00\x28' ip_header += b'\xab\xcd\x00\x00' ip_header += b'\x40\x06\xa6\xec' ip_header += b'\x0a\x0a\x0...
HTTPS relies on server certificates to ensure you are connected to the correct server and thus thwart man-in-the-middle attacks. Nowadays, there are countless certification authorities in many countries around the globe. What is preventing a country from forcing a certificate authority located in the country to issue f...
Abstract: Access the USG network via VPN, through a Meraki MX84. Summary: I am currently working on setting up some new hardware and re-configuring a network that I am responsible for. The objective is to have an individual VPN into the USG network. The USG is on it's own network behind a Meraki MX84. The USG is connec...
Take for example - AWS STS token or JWT tokens. Let’s say node A got a token for accessing a resource of account X on behalf of account X. Access includes read/write privileges. Let’s say few minutes later the node A got compromised. Nothing else knows that A got compromised. Question Account X is also compromised now....
I am currently developing a Slack app in PHP. I'm trying to make the app as secure as possible, that's for sure. So far, I have done the following: Verified the requests using signing secrets Making sure the requests are less than 5min old (thinking of shortening this time) In the few cases where there is user input, ...
I had a client contact me today because a website I developed (that deals with sensitive information) wasn't loading correctly on one computer on Chrome. After poking around for a while it appears to be caused by the underlying source code being manipulated in Chrome. The code injection (a javascript snippet) appears B...
Over the few months I have used two piece of software on my computer Microsoft Office Google Chrome I can access all my files on OneDrive through Microsoft office without having to save anything on my desktop. My question is, from a security perspective, is it better to solely rely on cloud storage of my data, or is ...
I just had a weird experience that I am trying to figure out. I received a suspicious sign-in notification from google on my gmail account. They had my correct password. This isn't that surprising, the password was old and probably breached and needed to be changed anyway. The weird part is that the attempt came from m...
Why does have IKE have two phases, two levels of security associations, two sets of authentication and encryption algorithms, two sets of options around lifetimes and renogiations? It seems duplicative. AFAIK OpenVPN doesn't have two different "tunnels" established. What's the reason for IKE doing this?
I'm testing a target with osTicket 1.7 for CVE-2017-15580. Instead of getting a shell, I'm trying to get the target to make an HTTP request to a temporary end-point. My temporary end-point is https://test.free.beeceptor.com and the command to be executed is powershell "IWR https://test.free.beeceptor.com". I've generat...
I am trying to leak libc's base address by first leaking the address of gets(). However, using Pwntools to get the PLT and GOT (and pretty much anything) entries only gives me their offsets as compared to the base address. How should I get the actual address of the entries?
I am studying about cyber defense lately for fun and found about a proposed method that as I understand it performs automated SQL injection using brute force by training a model. At some point it says that if it receives input: "SELECT * FRO" it will find that the next letter is "M" and then if it receives HTTP Status ...
HTTPS in an embedded (IoT) system is (as far as I know) not necessarily a good solution. Basic Authentication is not secure. Acceptable in an internal network. Idea: Login.html (when called up) sends a new random number to Browser. With the number, the user + password are sent back in encrypted form. EDIT: Browser uses...
Given 2 entities, A and B: A has a public key( x ) and a private key( x* ). B has a A's public key hash( let's call it h(x) ). A has to prove ownership of x* to B. How could this be achieved, considering the fact that B is not allowed to see A's keys( neither x or x* ), but only A's public key hash( h(x) )? Questi...
My laptop got infected with a virus. It was "cleaned" by a professional but I am now reluctant to transfer files I had on my laptop to other computers. I have plenty of images, MP4s, Word, PowerPoint and PDF documents that I would rather not nuke from orbit. Those are the only files that I would like to save (nothing e...
Can I upload a PHP reverse shell to a WordPress website if there is a directory listing vulnerability in the website? The condition is that I can see the entire file structure of /wp-includes in a WordPress website and I want to upload a PHP Reverse Shell in the directory /wp-includes so that I can get a reverse connec...
I use a .htaccess file in my images directory to block scripts from running. I exclude .php .cgi and so on. But some malware is disguised by naming them with an image extension. I did not previously add various image extensions fearing it could prevent images from displaying on site pages. would adding image extensio...
is there any way to have a good effort time estimation of a Threat Modeling and Risk Assessment activity for an internal infrastructure (about 30 active nodes)? In general, is it possible to find a "best practice" to estimate effort time for an activity that detects threats by using Threat Modelling and estimate the ri...
In many services, email can be used to reset the password, or do something that is sensitive. Sensitive data is also quite often sent to you by email, e.g. long links that enable access to your account or similar. However for most people, their email service provider can read all their emails, can see what is being sen...
I want to create a minimal example where JavaScript injection/XSS is working. This is my example server: const express = require("express"); const path = require("path"); const app = express(); const port = 3000; app.get("/", (req, res) => { res.sendFile(path.join(__dirname + "/index.html")); }); app.get("/api/com...
I am exploiting bluekeep vulnerability in windows server 2008 R2 using metasploit framework. When I run the exploit windows/rdp/cve_2019_0708_bluekeep_rce, it ends in BSOD on server and then server restarts. I searched on internet and found that I might have to change GROOMBASE address in exploit. I am using volatilit...
I was trying to learn file I/O and related function in C, and thus tried to create a baby-version of a virus. Following is the exact code: #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> int main(void) { FILE *mod_host, *fin_host; mod_host = fopen("host.txt", "r+"); fin_host = fopen("final.txt", "w+"); if (mo...
How are secret keys shared between receiver and sender, especially when we want to have confidentiality that sender and receiver are using two keys, one for MAC algorithm and one for encryption and decryption? How do they share these two keys securely?
I have an old Beaglebone Black board which is similar to Raspberry Pi. Unfortunately, I forgot the Linux login password and can access the Linux using the Cloud9 feature. With this I can log into the Linux as a common user but cannot use any sudo commands. In this situation, I can just wipe the microSD and reinstall t...
What are some techniques to socialize online, while still maintaining privacy, specifically avoiding facial recognition? The main goal here is to make it to where only humans can recognize/track you, while making it to where computers cannot analyze and mass track you. For example, many social media sites and dating si...
Note: I've already read Is it ok to send plain-text password over HTTPS? and https security - should password be hashed server-side or client-side?, but here it's about a specific replacement method (see below). After reading an article about a new authentication method on the Cloudflare blog, I looked at the POST req...
I was researching a kerberoasting attack on the Active Directory domain. To create the stand, I used a Domain Controller on Windows Server 2016 and one client machine on Windows 10. SQL Server was installed on the Domain Controller which was launched from a sqladministrator account with Domain Administrator rights. The...
Suppose I am logged in to Stack Exchange on Firefox on my work computer. This session is clearly stored as a cookie (or something else), because it persists when I reboot the computer. I have sudo access on my computer, but so does the network administrator. This means that they have access to all files on the computer...
When downloading files (mainly software/installers) from pages in browsers, sometimes it comes also with a cryptographic hash or a signature to verify the authenticity of a file against data manipulation (example below). Why there isn't something that automatically says to the browser "Hey, this is the link to downlo...
Someone lives in city A, but their IP address from home always displays as belonging to city B, 50 miles away in the same country. Both cities are the largest in the country, so this is not about one being rural. This sort of mix-up is like saying one is from New York City when all evidence points to them being from P...
I am attempting to brute-force 'DVWA/vulnerabilities/brute/' with Hydra, rockyou.txt password list. I tried using this command: hydra 127.0.0.1 -V -l admin -P rockyou.txt http-get-form "/DVWA/vulnerabilities/brute/:username=^USER^&password=^PASS^&Login=Login:F=Username and/or password incorrect.:H=Cookie: security=low;...
I have a Docker Compose setup that starts up Nexus, Jenkins and Nginx containers. All calls to Jenkins and Nexus must pass through Nginx. I accomplish this by only port forwarding the Nginx container. The Nexus and Jenkins container ports are merely exposed towards the Docker network. This is my (simplified) docker-c...
I have a lot of PCs without a TPM installed. Buying TPMs for all of them is not an option, but I still want to do encryption on them. From what I've studied so far, the entire system/boot partition can be encrypted. The bootloader (or the ESP partition), however, must remain unencrypted. It is the first program ran aft...
I was reading a few articles online about how some firmware can be altered into malware and essentially infect a hardware equipment for its entire life time. Like almost all SSDs in the industry specially the ones intended for desktop use mostly just update their firmware while the OS is running. Now, I am wondering, t...
I have my Raspberry Pi accessible through SSH and I do not want it to reveal any information to port-scans such as below: How do port-scanners (I used Advanced Port scanner on Windows 10) get so much detailed information about the service and the OS (not just for SSH - I mean generally). Which part of the target OS r...
I've heard/read about a number of scams around the internet, and most of the time, the scammer tells the victim to transfer money using Western Union. I might be biased due to my sources, but Western Union is almost always the bank used for such transfers. Why is Western Union so popular among scammers and how do banks...
Lots of solutions to this problem e.g. here and here but in order to decide which is best I'd need to know more about the security implications of each solution (or at least in general). My context: I'm looking into running a rootless Docker/Podman Nginx container (on an Ubuntu Server 20.04 LTS host). Podman gives the ...
My users (researchers) will be storing where their website is on a mysql database on my server. Ideally I want to hash the locations so that when the researchers' participants submit their data to my server, I can confirm whether the website they came from is registered on my MySQL database. If so, I want to save their...
Is there a (relatively simple) protocol for setting up a (6-digit) PIN on a remote server, that also prevents those, who may get a DB dump from the server, from brute-forcing that PIN? Is PBKDF2 and key transfer via TLS 1.2 good enough a solution? Or is there a more appropriate way?
Was typing in my password into an HTTPS website when I started to wonder if my home WiFi (whether a neighbor could have hacked into and monitoring it) is secure. When I type in Username123 Password123 Can the internet provider see it just like that?
Four months ago I lost all my data after an iTunes update automatically restored my phone to factory defaults. I lost all the pictures of my newborn. I understand that when you do a factory reset the decryption key is discarded so the data is unretrievable. There's nothing I can do now. But is there any chance I'll be ...
I've managed to get a version of netcat onto my Windows machine and I can run the standard: nc -lvnp 1234 and this properly connects to the victim's machine, but it's a very fragile connection. Ctrl + C will just drop the connection, tab doesn't auto-complete, and the up and down arrows don't give me history. On Linux...
We have a current microservice architecture where we secure communication between microservices via Machine-To-Machine access tokens (these tokens are obtained using the Client Credentials grant flow). We do this for all communications between microservices, whether triggered by a user action or otherwise (e.g. schedul...
I'm developing a protocol for private LoRa (Any RF by abstract) product, It consists of a gateway and a sensor node. I don't use LoRaWAN. I want the user to dynamically 'pair/link' one to multiple sensor nodes to a gateway by pressing a button in both sides (Sensor node and Gateway). I got suggestions to look at OTAA j...
I recently heard that a telephone company (a mobile network operator) was hacked and lots of data was stolen, maybe affecting up to a million customers. It sounds like the leaked data is already available on the dark web, and it includes all personal information (names, addresses, ID numbers, phone numbers, etc.) and a...
My employer recently changed their WiFi network set up, and they now require accepting a certificate in order to connect. Is there any way that I can check if they are performing a MITM attack to spy on the employees? I would expect that I should be able to see which CA was used to establish a connection in my browser,...
Back when I was a Java developer, we used to use build.properties or build.xml to store sensitive information outside of the VCS and just add the file with whatever passwords would go in it after check out. But that's pretty language specific to Java, how would one do this in a Powershell script? Is there a way to sto...
I was trying to solve SEED security lab regarding buffer overflow attack but in that exercise we get buffer address and ebp and thus offset of it. so we are able to guess where the return address is stored. I know that without getting ebp and calculating offset you can also do this attack by writing the return address ...
I have found links to an obvious bait website. Link to PHISHING website. However, I was very surprised to see the domain is "holidayinn.com". On first sight this appears to be a genuine subdomain. How is this possible? EDIT: An extra link. I do not believe this is an acccident. This leads to "genuine" signup scams.
I open wireshark to inspect the ikev2 handhsake and noticed it is 8 packets instead of 4. Two groups of 4 packets, one originating from the first peer and the other from the second peer. Is it normal ? Shouldn't it be one 4-packet exchange only ? (note : i am using tunnel mode esp)
TLS client implementations will tend to try and do hostname verification by default for remote TLS endpoints (servers). The client connects to the server, and as part of the negotiation the certificate chain is checked (valid, signed by a trusted CA etc.) and the hostname is also verified (is the hostname that I'm conn...
I've made a single photo purchase from Shutterstock back in 2012. I created an account and gave them my debit card #. I haven't made a single purchase from them since. Silently in 2018, they activated auto-renew without my consent, without notifying me via e-mail and without sending a receipt. They just started chargin...
I am trying to understand code injection via eval in the context of different technologies. In the case of asp.net, is it possible to be vulnerable to code injection if i am using eval? E.g.- <asp:Label ID="lbldtgCIDStatus" runat="server" Text='<%#: DataBinder.Eval(Container.DataItem, "CIDStatus") %>' Visible="True" /...
Trusting kernel drivers is bad. Is there something we can do to have at least an idea about what it does? For example, let's suppose an armv8a linux kernel. I'd search for all the syscalls, which according to https://stackoverflow.com/a/12951533, are the SVC commands. They should contain the number of the syscalls and ...
I am studying for an exam in computer security, and I got stuck on the following question from a past exam: A random program generator service S allows clients to generate random data. Each client Ci shares a symmetric key Ki with the service. The system implements the following protocol: In order to ask for random da...
I am trying to implement JWT in a secure way in Node.js and I am unsure when to request the refresh token. I got one access token and one refresh token. Both are saved in two httpOnly cookies. When the access token expires the refresh token should check for a new one. Right now I have implented it so that if the refres...
I have an IP who I was told is down. If I try to ping this IP, I can't reach it but if I launch nmap with -Pn option, I obtain that the IP is UP and that the 1720 port is open. Do you think nmap is giving me false values or is the ip really UP with port 1720 open?
I am looking for a review of the solution to store my Ledger Nano S BIP39 recovery phrase as well as my password manager usage. This solution is mostly based on this video. Few points that I think require explanation Emergency access process for Bitwarden explained here. Essentially if I get hit by a bus, my partner ...
RFC 6238 recommends the server to implement some form of resynchronization algorithm to account for time drift of the device used to generate the OTP. However, the RFC provides very little information on how to actually implement such a synchronization and the consequences it might have on the overall security of the a...
A quick and dirty nmap scan (nmap -p 1-65535 hostname) lists many ports as open. However, a more involved scan (nmap -T4 -A -sS -sU hostname) does not list the same ports as open. Some report as open, and others I'm guessing get thrown into the extraports state as there are many reported there. My question is why am I ...
An e-commerce site uses the Direct-Post method (see page 14 PCI e-commerce security). Is the server for the e-commerce application and network it resides on in scope for PCI? There are questions in the SAQ A-EP for servers and networking that appear to apply.
Metasploit successfully executes the exploit, but after that, I get a non-responsive shell: Do you know what could be the problem here?
Sorry for my lack of terminology in the field, that's something I've little (or none any) practical knowledge about. I've browsed similar questions on the security risks of using (web) proxies, but both the questions and the answers generally focus on the risks involved with the potentially malicious proxy operators (w...
I'm excited about the prospects of web-assembly for the future, but I'm curious if this will have the same security ramifications of Java Applets. What are some of the reasons why web assembly is expected to be more secure than Java Applets? (Isn't a sandboxed JVM in the browser similar to how web assembly might work?)...
On the Internet, I can find several statements done over the years claiming that serving a X.509 CRL over HTTPS is a bad practice because either it causes a chicken-and-egg problem when checking for the TLS certificate and it is simply a waste of resources, given that the CRL is by definition signed by a CA, and a non...
I've found a couple of suspicious-looking PHP files on my webserver obfuscated by a substantial block of eval. Ideally, I'd like to know what they do, but I'm struggling to decrypt them. Everything else on the server matches my git repo, so I'm pretty confident nothing else has been changed. I can't find any mention in...
I am working on analyzing Android applications from my phone using MITM Proxy. My Android phone version is 4.4.2, SDK is 19 and its rooted. I have performed all WiFi configurations required for MITM. Using manual proxy with the Proxy hostname and gateway set as IP address of host machine and port as 8080. When I run pr...
I'm new to Metasploit. I set up a multi-handler exploit and also made an EXE file with meterpreter/reverse_tcp payload. Both 3rd party AV and Windows Defender are deactivated. But when the victim (my own Windows 10 machine) runs the EXE file, my Metasploit shell hangs on the sending stage. What do I do?
I've noticed a lot of phones (not to mention, other devices) have built in fingerprint sensors these days. Do these devices store information in such a way that your fingerprint could be reconstructed by someone with access to it?
I am a little confused on how the token is shared from the client to an AJAX script to the resource server in the oauth2 flow. To explain the scenario I am trying to set up, I have a client (http://localhost:3000) a resource server (http://localhost:3001) an authentication server (http://localhost:3002) The client is...
I've been working on a project and one of the requirements that came up is offline authentication. On the web what we would like to do is ask the user to login using their device authentication for example touch ID and face ID on iOS devices. I know webauthn exists, but the current spec requires the server to respond w...
I've just noticed that different sites define RAT differently. Which one should be used? Remote Access Tool https://www.cybersecurity-review.com/tag/rat/ Remote Access Trojan https://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/definition/RAT-remote-access-Trojan Remote Administration Tool https://www.mcafee.com/blogs/consumer/what-i...
I need to perform an nmap scan on all of the (responding) IPs in an array of VLANs. The command is nested in a PowerShell for loop and looks something like this: nmap.exe -Pn -T4 -A -oG [FILE].txt -oX [FILE].xml "$($subnet).0/24" We had to add the -Pn flag as the command wasn't picking up all of the hosts in each VLAN ...
It seems that a new trend has emerged in the past few weeks. While users are (meanwhile) aware that an unexpected mail with subject "Your invoice" or "Your delivery" is suspicious, it seems that nowadays such attempts more often (in fact, according to my observations: massively) use specific subject lines that match so...
I wanted to know what efficient way is there to handle malicious attempts to connect to my server by single IPs. The attempts show up logged in /var/log/auth.log as Connection closed by IPaddress port XXX [preauth]. Additional info about sshd_config: Password login is disabled MaxAuthTries 3 PubkeyAuthentication yes P...
A potential project partner (I never met him; a friend worked with him) needs to have Anydesk access. He needs IP from my region to access some servers, so VPN would not work for him. What are the security risks?
I have a symmetric key and I have the data that needs to be authenticated. So one of the solution that I have in mind is to use the AES GMAC. I know there are other MAC's such as HMAC or hash algorithms like SHA2. However, my only constraint is that I have to use AES GMAC - others are not possible. Does the below examp...
I am 15 years old. I want to be a hacker. Can you give me advice on what to start or what to learn as
I currently have to write a paper for university in my Network Security lecture about methods of secure location verification. Therefore, I chose to write about several distance bounding protocols, e.g. the one by Brands and Chaum and the Keyed Echo Protocol. Both these protocols are said to be secured against Mafia Fr...
I have my serve set up with AbuseIPDB so I can keep a log of all suspicious request and hacking attempts for my honeypot machine. I noticed an IP that sent a GET request to port 80. 177.154.28.130 - - [07/Jan/2021:12:07:20 -0500] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 200 326 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTM...
How would I get the password for encrypted SSD's I bought (legally bought from a business who forgot the password, I plan on wiping them after I unlock them) I am new to using software like hashcat, I tried finding the hardware reset key hut these drives are old so They don't have a code I can use to factory reset it, ...
Someone has sent me a link on Tor which when visited instantly read that the website itself was not available and that apparently the link is broken somehow. When using Tor i use the option "Safest" But im a little paranoid that i clicked on something which was risky. Am i instantly exposed now to the apparent "hacker"...
Not sure this is the right site to ask this, but here it goes. I've never created a Facebook account, because I don't want people to know about me more than I know about them. But I do have an WhatsApp account (since before it was bought), it's practically a requirement where I live (not EU, unfortunately). I've taken ...
I was reading Serious Cryptography book. I am a newbie in cryptography field who try to learn as possible as he can. In this book, there is the following section of phrases: For example, if a ciphertext is 128 bits long (meaning the plaintext is 128 bits as well), there are 2^128 possible ciphertexts; therefore, there...
So i think someone is mirroring my site with a proxy and hides behind cloudflare (cloudflare already notified and google also) so i cant find out the real ip of the server to block it. Is there anyway to detect if your website is opening in a other domain and block it or redirect it? maybe some javascript hostname look...
With client authentication the client sends the certificate after the client and server hello. Is it possible to send it already with the client hello, so the server does not even answer with a hello but instead rejects the connection?
Say you want to prove that you received a certain message from someone. This can be difficult because many messaging apps (like facebook messenger) allow the sender to delete messages on the recipient's end. Of course, you could screenshot the message, but then you still need to prove 2 things: The time of the message...
Is it possible to use Certbot for automating the renewal process of the SSL certificates with CAs other than Let's Encrypt?
I live in a country with censorship and was wondering if it's possible to bypass DPI by just enabling ESNI, DNS over HTTPS and Always HTTPS? If not, what else should I enable to bypass DPI firewall without having to go the VPN route?
New WhatsApp data privacy update, that it will share our data with Facebook, we all know Facebook owns WhatsApp and this is obvious Facebook can always access users of WhatsApp as well. So why to ask from us even if they can do it and we won't even complaint against it? And what if Facebook access WhatsApp users data, ...
My boss truly believes that keeping files on paper and locked in his drawer is the safest place ever. He is the type of guy that processes a file in Word/Excel, prints it, delete the file and store the physical paper in his drawer. Also, he deletes (not archive) all of his emails after reading them. If important, print...
I am planning to go door-to-door and host events in which people use a computer to login to the Arizona Secretary of State website, enter sensitive information (like address, social security number, driver's license number), to register to vote or to sign candidate petitions. I wanted to know which browser I should use...