Datasets:
mnsm92
/
article_summarization

Dataset card Data Studio Files
xet
 Community
1
text
listlengths
2
2
[ { "content": "a groupoid is a small category whose arrows are all invertible . more precisely we have the following definition . \n a * groupoid * over a set @xmath0 is a set of * arrows * @xmath1 along with a * target map * @xmath2 , a * source map * @xmath3 , a * identity section * @xmath4 which is a injectiv...
[ { "content": "quantized control problems have been an active research topic in the past two decades . \n discrete - level actuators / sensors and digital communication channels are typical in practical control systems , and they yield quantized signals in feedback loops . \n quantization errors lead to poor sys...
[ { "content": "quantum key distribution ( qkd ) is often said to be unconditionally secure @xcite . \n more precisely , qkd can be proven to be secure against any eavesdropping _ given _ that the users ( alice and bob ) devices satisfy some requirements , which often include mathematical characterization of user...
[ { "content": "in this letter , we will focus on holographic qcd from d4 branes . \n we will discuss some problems with the usual correspondence between the confinement / deconfinement transition in qcd and the scherk - schwarz transition between a solitonic d4 brane and a black d4 brane in the gravity dual . \n...
[ { "content": "in the past 30 years , the development of linear algebra libraries has been tremendously successful , resulting in a variety of reliable and efficient computational kernels . \n unfortunately these kernels are limited by a rigid interface that does not allow users to pass knowledge specific to the...
[ { "content": "supersymmetry is a well - motivated way to extend the standard model ( sm ) . \n most impressively , supersymmetry can stabilize the large disparity between the size of the electroweak scale and the planck scale @xcite . \n in addition , the minimal supersymmetric extension of the sm @xcite , t...
[ { "content": "single electron tunneling ( set ) devices@xcite are promising candidates for a wide variety of nanoelectronics applications , such as sensitive electrometers@xcite , thermometers@xcite , electron pumps and turnstiles for current standards@xcite , and quantum bits for quantum information processing...
[ { "content": "recently , the generalizations of the logarithmic and exponential functions have attracted the attention of researchers . \n one - parameter logarithmic and exponential functions have been proposed in the context of non - extensive statistical mechanics @xcite , relativistic statistical mechanics...
[ { "content": "the intensity anisotropy pattern of the cmbr has already been measured to an extraordinary precision , which helped significantly to establish the current cosmological paradigm of a flat universe with a period of inflation in its first moments and the existence of the so called dark energy @xcite ...
[ { "content": "not only are block copolymers promising materials for nano - patterned structures @xcite , drug delivery @xcite , and photonic applications @xcite , but they are also the ideal system for studying the influence of molecule architecture on macromolecular self - assembly @xcite . because of the ongo...
[ { "content": "the dynamics studied in this paper owes its origin to a work of bullett @xcite and to a series of articles motivated by @xcite most notably @xcite . \n the object of study in @xcite is the dynamical system that arises on iterating a certain relation on @xmath9 . \n this relation is the zero set o...
[ { "content": "the main asteroid belt is a relic from the formation of the solar system . \n although much of its mass has been lost , it retains a great deal of information about solar system history and presents us with a laboratory in which we can study collisional processes that once operated throughout the ...
[ { "content": "dislocation behavior in solids under dynamic conditions ( e.g. shock loading @xcite ) has recently attracted renewed attention , @xcite partly due to new insights provided by molecular dynamics studies . \n @xcite whereas theoretical investigations mainly focused on the stationary velocities that...
[ { "content": "in the field of disordered systems , the interest has been first on self - averaging quantities , like the free - energy per degree of freedom , or other thermodynamic observables that determine the phase diagram . \n however , it has become clear over the years that a true understanding of random...
[ { "content": "supermassive central black holes ( bh ) have now been discovered in more than a dozen nearby galaxies ( e.g. , kormendy & richstone 1995 ; ford et al . \n 1998 ; ho 1998 ; richstone 1998 , and van der marel 1999a for recent reviews ) . \n bhs in quiescent galaxies were mainly found using stellar k...
[ { "content": "the black - hole binary grs 1915 + 105 is highly variable in x - rays ( belloni et al . \n 2000 , and references therein ) . \n still , even its hardest spectra are relatively soft , consisting of a blackbody - like component and a high - energy tail ( vilhu et al . \n they are softer than those ...
[ { "content": "we would like to thank bruce reed for introducing us to the classical version of the locker puzzle and richard cleve for pointing out the perfect quantum search of @xcite . \n this work was partially supported by an an nserc discovery grant and an nserc postdoctoral fellowship .", "role": "us...
[ { "content": "axial killing fields play an important role in classical general relativity when defining the angular momentum of a black hole or a similar compact , gravitating body . \n the simplest example is the komar angular momentum , which applies to regions of spacetime that admit a global axial killing f...
[ { "content": "the extraction of the cosmic far infrared background ( cfirb ) , induced by the emission of light from distant galaxies ( partridge & peebles , 1967 ; bond et al . , 1986 and references therein ) , requires an accurate subtraction of the interstellar medium ( ism ) foreground emissions . \n the tw...
[ { "content": "after the first successful space flight use of the x - ray charge coupled device ( ccd ) of the sis ( @xcite ) on board asca , the ccd has been playing a major role in imaging spectroscopy in the field of x - ray astronomy . however , the charge transfer inefficiency ( cti ) of x - ray ccds increa...
[ { "content": "oscillators providing stable sub-100 fs pulses in the near - infrared region around 1.5 @xmath0 m are of interest for a number of applications including infrared continuum generation @xcite and high - sensitivity gas spectroscopy @xcite . \n to date , the typical realization of such sources is ba...
[ { "content": "over the last decade several diagnostic diagrams have been proposed to quantify the contribution of star formation and agn activity to the infrared luminosity of infrared galaxies based on mid - infrared ( to far - infrared ) continuum slope , pah line - to - continuum ratio , pah to far - infrare...
[ { "content": "the observable properties of active galactic nuclei ( agn ) and black hole x - ray binaries ( bhxrbs ) are consequences of accretion on to a black hole at a variety of rates , in a variety of ` states ' , and within a variety of environments . \n the major difference between the aforementioned cla...
[ { "content": "nonlocality is an important phenomenon in nature , particularly in quantum world . \n the direct recognition of quantum nonlocality comes from the fact that a quantum wave is spatially extended , in contrast to the point model for classical particles . in this paper \n we mainly discuss how the n...
[ { "content": "smart and responsive complex materials can be achieved by self - organization of simple building blocks . by now , a broad range of functionalized colloidal and polymeric building blocks have been proposed and designed . \n @xcite this comprises synthetic colloidal structures , e.g. , patchy or ja...
[ { "content": "low - dimensional quantum systems are a formidable arena for the study of many - body physics : in one or two spatial dimensions ( 1d or 2d ) , the effects of strong correlations and interactions are enhanced and lead to dramatic effects . celebrated examples from condensed matter physics include ...
[ { "content": "we live in interesting times . in the world of high energy and nuclear physics the relativistic heavy ion collider ( rhic ) at brookhaven national laboratory is beginning its search into the new realm of high temperatures and low but nonzero chemical potentials . \n these experiments will surpr...
[ { "content": "knowledge - base systems must typically deal with imperfection in knowledge , in particular , in the form of incompleteness , inconsistency , and uncertainty . with this motivation , \n several frameworks for manipulating data and knowledge have been proposed in the form of extensions to classical...
[ { "content": "strong interactions are described by su(3 ) yang - mills field theory , and the fundamental degrees of freedom of quantum chromodynamics ( qcd ) are gluons and quarks . at high temperature \n this theory is weakly coupled , allowing for the use of perturbative methods . \n the leading order contri...
[ { "content": "_ * `` ... an infinite series of times , in a dizzily growing , ever spreading network of diverging , converging and parallel times . this web of time \n the strands of which approach one another , bifurcate , intersect or ignore each other through the centuries embraces every possibility . '' \n...
[ { "content": "on a daily basis , people undergo numerous interactions with objects that barely register on a conscious level . for instance , imagine a person shopping at a grocery store as shown in figure [ fig : main ] . \n suppose she picks up a can of juice to load it in her shopping cart . \n the distance...
[ { "content": "recently , the both schools of takemura and takayama have developed a quite interesting minimization method called holonomic gradient descent method(hgd ) . \n it utilizes grbner basis in the ring of differential operator with rational coefficients . \n grbner basis in the differential operators p...
[ { "content": "recent progress in quantum communication technology has confirmed that the biggest challenge in using quantum methods of communication is to provide scalable methods for building large - scale quantum networks @xcite . \n the problems arising in this area are related to physical realizations of s...
[ { "content": "schrdinger s cat sums up one of the most striking and counter - intuitive features of quantum systems that is the ability to exist in coherent superpositions of states , which , in the classical world , would mutually exclude each other . \n while the conceptual ambiguities arising due to this phe...
[ { "content": "@xcite attributed the production of the isotopes heavier than the iron group to three processes of nucleosynthesis , the @xmath10- and @xmath11-processes of neutron addition , and the @xmath0-process of proton addition . \n the conditions they specified for the @xmath0-process , proton densities @...
[ { "content": "the study of processor shared queues has received much attention over the past 45 or so years . \n the processor sharing ( ps ) discipline has the advantage over , say , first - in first - out ( fifo ) , in that shorter jobs tend to get through the system more rapidly . \n ps models were introduce...
[ { "content": "a relativistic motion of grb sources was advocated by @xcite from that the energies released exceed by many orders of magnitude the eddington luminosity for a stellar - mass object , especially if grbs are at cosmological distances ( see also @xcite ) . \n the detection by cgro / egret of photons ...
[ { "content": "when monte carlo methods are used to compute the spectra of astronomical sources , it is advantageous to work with _ indivisible _ monochromatic packets of radiant energy and to impose the constraint that , when interacting with matter , their energy is conserved in the co - moving frame . \n the ...
[ { "content": "based on low temperature resistivity and heat capacity measurements in applied magnetic fields ybagge was recently classified as a new heavy fermion material with long range , possibly small moment , magnetic order below 1 k @xcite that shows magnetic field induced non - fermi - liquid ( nfl ) beh...
[ { "content": "a subset @xmath4 of a metric space is a _ @xmath0-distance set _ if there are exactly @xmath0 non - zero distances occuring between points of @xmath4 . \n we also call a @xmath5-distance set an _ \n equilateral set . \n _ in this paper we find upper bounds for the cardinalities of @xmath0-distance...
[ { "content": "computer simulation is widely regarded as complementary to theory and experiment @xcite . at present \n there are only a few physical phenomena that can not be simulated on a computer . \n one such exception is the double - slit experiment with single electrons , as carried out by tonomura and hi...
[ { "content": "starting from the pioneering measurements of the @xmath2 mass difference @xmath3 and of the cp - violating parameter @xmath4 , continuing with the precision measurements of the @xmath5 mixing parameters @xmath6 and @xmath7 and with the recent determination of the @xmath8 oscillation frequency @xma...
[ { "content": "since its isolation on an adhesive tape @xcite , graphene has quickly become a material of intensive attention . \n many researches have revealed various interesting aspects of the material ; see e.g. refs . \n @xcite for reviews . \n one of the most interesting features emerges particularly whe...
[ { "content": "proteins are essential building blocks of living organisms . \n they function as catalyst , structural elements , chemical signals , receptors , etc . the molecular mechanism of protein functions are closely related to their structures . \n the study of structure - function relationship is the hol...
[ { "content": "the light source of our experiment is a continuous - wave ( cw ) ti : sapphire laser operating at the wavelength of 860 nm . \n in addition to the setup shown in fig . \n 1a , there are two optical cavities which are omitted from fig . 1a . \n one cavity is a second - harmonic generator , which i...
[ { "content": "massive stars play a fundamental role in driving the energy flow and material cycles that influence the physical and chemical evolution of galaxies . despite receiving much attention \n , their formation process remains enigmatic . \n observationally , the large distances to the nearest examples a...
[ { "content": "even though the mn containing oxides with the perovskite - like structure have been studied for more than a half century,@xcite various phase transitions occurring on doping in these materials are not fully understood . \n in particular , lamno@xmath0 exhibit rich and interesting physical properti...
[ { "content": "let @xmath2 be the euclidean ball in @xmath3 ( @xmath4 ) centered at the origin with radius @xmath5 . \n let @xmath6 , @xmath7 and @xmath8 . consider local minimizers of the dirichlet functional @xmath9 over the closed convex set @xmath10 i.e. functions @xmath11 which satisfy @xmath12 this proble...
[ { "content": "`` materials by design '' , the ability to design and create a material with specified correlated electron properties , is a long - standing goal of condensed matter physics . \n superlattices , in which one or more component is a transition metal oxide with a partially filled @xmath0-shell , are ...
[ { "content": "of the three most fundamental parameters of a star \n mass , age and composition age is arguably the most difficult to obtain an accurate measure . direct measurements of mass ( e.g. , orbital motion , microlensing , asteroseismology ) and atmospheric composition ( e.g. , spectral analysis ) are ...
[ { "content": "modern astronomy requires state - of - the - art technology for the efficient detection of the faintest light from the farthest reaches of the universe . \n it is not uncommon for the technologies developed by astronomers to find uses in everyday life . \n rosenberg et al,@xcite have compiled nume...
[ { "content": "modified theories of gravity have attained much attention after the discovery of expanding accelerated universe . \n the basic ingredient responsible for this tremendous change in cosmic history is some mysterious type force having repulsive nature dubbed as dark energy . \n the enigmatic nature o...
[ { "content": "when considering regression with a large number of predictors , variable selection becomes important . \n numerous methods have been proposed in the literature for the purpose of variable selection , ranging from the classical information criteria such as aic and bic to regularization based modern...
[ { "content": "long gamma - ray bursts ( lgrbs , see the reviews by * ? ? ? \n * ; * ? ? ? \n * ) are energetic radiation events , lasting between 2 and @xmath21000 seconds , and with photon energies in the range of kev mev . \n our current understanding of these sources indicates that the emission is produced ...
[ { "content": "since the beginning of accelerator physics , mass spectroscopy has been playing a leading role in the discovery of particle and resonance states , and understanding of the fundamental interactions in the standard model ( sm ) . \n for example , the first signals of charm and bottom quarks were in ...
[ { "content": "synoptic surveys for gamma - ray bursts ( grbs ) , and subsequent ground - based observational follow - up at radio through optical wavelengths , has highlighted the importance of transient celestial phenomena ( masetti 2001 ) . \n the new parameter space of the transient cosmos has been emphasize...
[ { "content": "in this paper , we consider numerical methods for the computation of the @xmath0-gradient flow of a planar curve : @xmath1 where @xmath2 is a time - dependent planar curve . \n the gradient flow is energy dissipative , since @xmath3 = - \\int |\\operatorname{grad}e({\\mathbf{u}})|^2 ds \\le 0.\\ ]...
[ { "content": "the origin and nature of quark and lepton masses and mixings remains one of the most intriguing questions left unanswered by the standard model ( sm ) of particle physics . within the sm , quark and lepton masses and mixings arise from yukawa couplings which are essentially free and undetermined ....
[ { "content": "the spatial correlation function of galaxy clusters provides an important cosmological test , as both the amplitude of the correlation function and its dependence upon mean intercluster separation are determined by the underlying cosmological model . in hierarchical models of structure formation ,...
[ { "content": "coined quantum walks ( qws ) on graphs were firstly defined in ref . \n @xcite and have been extensively analyzed in the literature @xcite . \n many experimental proposals for the qws were given previously @xcite , with some actual experimental implementations performed in refs . \n the key feat...
[ { "content": "there is a strong observational evidence that active galactic nuclei ( agn ) , x - ray transients and gamma - ray bursts ( grbs ) are associated with accretion onto black holes , and that these sources are able to form collimated , ultrarelativistic flows ( relativistic jets ) . \n the exact mecha...
[ { "content": "the standard model is the theory of strong and electroweak interactions : they are described in terms of quarks and leptons , the basic constituents of matter , and gauge bosons , which are the carriers of the fundamental forces . \n this model is kept endlessly under inspection by comparing measu...
[ { "content": "non - linear sigma models [ 1 - 3 ] are prototypes of a remarkable class of integrable two dimensional models which contain an infinite number of conserved local and non - local charges [ 4 - 7 ] . \n the algebraic relations obeyed by such charges are supposed to be an important ingredient in the ...
[ { "content": "majorana fermions ( mfs ) are real solutions of the dirac equation and which are their own antiparticles @xmath0 @xcite . \n although proposed originally as a model for neutrinos , mfs have recently been predicted to occur as quasi - particle bound states in engineered condensed matter systems @xc...
[ { "content": "properties of rotating spinor bose - einstein condensates attract a lot of attention now . \n first examples of these systems with hyperfine spin @xmath0 were found in optically trapped @xmath1na @xcite . \n vortex phase diagram of spinor condensates is very rich , since the order parameter has th...
[ { "content": "in our single source model ( updated version is in @xcite ) we explained the knee as the effect of a local , recent supernova , the remnant from which accelerated mainly oxygen and iron . \n these nuclei form the intensity peaks which perturb the total background intensity . \n the comprehensive...
[ { "content": "millisecond pulsars ( msps ) have for some time been known to exhibit exceptional rotational stability , with decade long observations providing timing measurements with accuracies similar to atomic clocks ( e.g. ) . \n such stability lends itself well to the pursuit of a wide range of scientific ...
[ { "content": "the dense knots that populate the closest bright planetary nebula ngc 7293 ( the helix nebula ) must play an important role in mass loss from highly evolved intermediate mass stars and therefore in the nature of enrichment of the interstellar medium ( ism ) by these stars . \n it is likely that si...
[ { "content": "galaxy clusters provide an independent means of examining any viable model of cosmic structure formation through the growth of structure and by the form of their equilibrium mass profiles , complementing cosmic microwave background and galaxy clustering observations \n . a consistent framework of ...
[ { "content": "according to the principle of emergence , the rich properties and the many different forms of materials originate from the different ways in which the atoms are ordered in the materials . \n landau symmetry - breaking theory provides a general understanding of those different orders and resulting ...
[ { "content": "all known normal nuclei are made of the two nucleons , the proton and the neutron . \n besides those two lightest baryons there exist still a couple of other stable ( but weakly decaying ) baryons , the hyperons . up to now the inclusion of multiple units of strangeness in nuclei \n remains experi...
[ { "content": "type ia supernovae ( sne ia ) have been the tool that made possible the discovery of the acceleration of the expansion of the universe ( riess et al . \n 1998 ; perlmutter et al . 1999 ) , and they are now providing new insights on the cosmic component , dubbed `` dark energy '' , thus revealed . ...
[ { "content": "the tangent space to an integral projective variety @xmath0 of dimension @xmath1 in a smooth point @xmath2 , named @xmath3 , is always of dimension @xmath1 . \n it is no longer true for the osculating spaces . \n for instance , as it was pointed out by togliatti in @xcite , the osculating space @x...
[ { "content": "observations by the infrared astronomy satellite ( @xmath0 ) led to the discovery of a class of galaxies with enormous far - ir luminosities . \n subsequent observations over a large range of wavelengths have shown that these objects , called ulig for ultraluminous infrared galaxies , have 1 ) bol...
[ { "content": "we consider a particular class of exact solutions of einstein s equations which describe impulsive gravitational or matter waves in a de sitter or an anti - de sitter background . \n one class of such solutions has recently been derived by hotta and tanaka @xcite and analysed in more detail else...
[ { "content": "type ia supernovae ( sne ia ) serve as distance indicators used to measure the expansion history of the universe . although supernovae are not perfect standard candles , the peak absolute magnitude of an individual event can be inferred from observed multi - band light curves and a redshift using...
[ { "content": "supergiant fast x ray transients ( sfxts ) are a new class of high mass x \n ray binaries ( hmxbs ) discovered by ( e.g. * ? ? ? \n * ) that are associated with ob supergiant stars via optical spectroscopy . in the x \n rays they display outbursts significantly shorter than those of typical be ...
[ { "content": "a submanifold @xmath0 in some symplectic manifold @xmath1 is called lagrangian if @xmath2 and @xmath3 . \n a simple example is given by the zero section @xmath4 in the cotangent bundle of a smooth manifold @xmath5 , and this is universal in the sense that a neighborhood of any lagrangian embedding...
[ { "content": "first evidence of the violation of time reversal symmetry has been found in the kaon system @xcite . despite strong efforts no other signal of violation of time \n reversal symmetry has been found to date . \n however , by now , studying time reversal symmetry has become a corner stone of the sea...
[ { "content": "in this work we consider the mechanical response of an amorphous solid quenched at zero temperature . \n our formalism permits dealing explicitly with finite size systems : it rests on the idea that , during a quench at zero temperature , any finite size system relaxes toward one of many local min...
[ { "content": "a frequently used method for edge - preserving image denoising is the variational approach which minimizes the rudin - osher - fatemi ( rof ) functional @xcite . in a discrete ( penalized ) \n form the rof functional can be written as @xmath2 where @xmath3 is the given corrupted image and @xmath4...
[ { "content": "due to the growing demand in data traffic , large improvements in the spectral efficiency are required @xcite . \n network densification has been identified as a possible way to achieve the desired spectral efficiency gains @xcite . \n this approach consists of deploying a large number of low powe...
[ { "content": "let @xmath0 be a set of @xmath1 points in @xmath2 , where @xmath7 is a small constant . \n let @xmath13 be a family of geometric `` regions , '' called _ ranges _ , in @xmath2 , each of which can be described algebraically by some fixed number of real parameters ( a more precise definition is give...
[ { "content": "type ia supernovae ( sne ia ) , characterized by no @xmath1 but strong si lines in the spectra at the maximum brightness , are brighter than most of sne classified into the other types and exhibit uniform light curves . \n thus they are used as a standard candle to measure distances to remote gala...
[ { "content": "group field theories ( gfts ) @xcite are quantum field theories on group manifolds , with the group chosen to be the local gauge group of spacetime in d dimensions , i.e. the lorentz group , or a suitable extension of it , for models aiming at a quantization of d - dimensional gravity . \n they ar...
[ { "content": "throughout this paper , we consider a unique server addressing two parallel queues numbered @xmath51 and @xmath52 , respectively . \n incoming jobs enter either queue and require random service times ; the server then processes jobs according to the so - called shortest queue first ( sqf ) policy ...
[ { "content": "it is well known that the current through a voltage - biased superconducting quantum point contact ( sqpc ) is carried by localized states . \n these states , called andreev states , are confined to the normal region of the contact . \n the energy of the states the andreev levels exist in pairs ...
[ { "content": "the generation of the mass of hadrons composed of light quarks is a central problem in quantum chromodynamics ( qcd ) , the theory of the strong interaction . unlike any other composite system , \n hadrons are built out of constituents with masses which are negligible compared to their total mass ...
[ { "content": "after the formidable achievement of bose - einstein condensation in spin - polarized alkali gases @xcite , the next challenge that experimentalists have already set themselves is to realize quantum degenerate conditions also in fermionic alkali vapors . \n one particular motivation in this respect...
[ { "content": "the inner region of disk accretion onto neutron stars may be characterized by two unique radii : ( i ) the marginally stable orbit due to general gravity ( gr ) . for nonrotating neutron stars this \n is located at r_gr=6gmc^2=12.4m_1.4 km , where @xmath11 is the neutron star mass , and @xmath12 ...
[ { "content": "for a long time , the phenomenological approach dominated in description of multiplicity distributions in multiparticle production . the very first attempts to apply qcd formalism to the problem failed because in the simplest double - logarithmic approximation it predicts an extremely wide shape o...
[ { "content": "we note that linear stability analysis can not be used to probe the stability of the synchronization , as we can not perform a valid taylor expansion when @xmath81 , where @xmath82 . for equal driving force profiles that we linearize , @xmath182 , @xmath183 , \n if we were to taylor expand , then ...
[ { "content": "the emergence of non trivial collective behaviour in multidimensional systems has been analized in the last years by many authors @xcite @xcite @xcite . \n those important class of systems are the ones that present global interactions . \n a basic model extensively analized by kaneko is an unidime...
[ { "content": "stars during their early stage of evolution experience a phase of mass loss driven by strong stellar winds @xcite . \n the stellar winds can entrain and accelerate ambient gas and inject momentum and energy into the surrounding environment , thereby significantly affect the dynamics and structure ...
[ { "content": "superconducting mgb@xmath1 exhibits a number of rather peculiar properties , originating from the involvement of two sets of bands of different anisotropy and different coupling to the most relevant phonon mode @xcite . among them \n are pronounced deviations of the upper critical field , @xmath0 ...
[ { "content": "it is believed that a neutron star begins its life as a proto - neutron star ( pns ) in the aftermath of a supernova explosion . \n the evolution of the pns depends upon the star s mass , composition , and equation of state ( eos ) , as well as the opacity of neutrinos in dense matter . \n previou...
[ { "content": "most people have heard of the black hole information paradox @xcite . but the full strength of this paradox is not always appreciated . \n if we make two reasonable sounding assumptions \\(a ) all quantum gravity effects die off rapidly at distances beyond some fixed length scale ( e.g. planck ...
[ { "content": "quantum entanglement is a feature of quantum mechanics that has captured much recent interest due to its essential role in quantum information processing @xcite . it may be characterized and manipulated independently of its physical realization , and it obeys a set of conservation laws ; \n as suc...
[ { "content": "one of the most important events in modern physics is that our universe is expanding accelerated @xcite . \n however , a plausible explanation for this is commonly done using the model of a very exotic fluid called dark energy , which has negative pressure . \n another well - known possibility is ...
[ { "content": "it is an extrapolation of 18 orders of magnitude from the neutron radius of a heavy nucleus such as @xmath1pb with a neutron radius of @xmath2 fm to the approximately 10 km radius of a neutron star . yet \n both radii depend on our incomplete knowledge of the equation of state of neutron - ric...