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[ { "content": "populations of self - sustained oscillators can exhibit various synchronization phenomena @xcite . \n for example , it is well known that a limit - cycle oscillator can exhibit phase locking to a periodic external forcing ; this phenomenon is called the forced synchronization @xcite . \n recently...
[ { "content": "road traffic prediction plays an important role in intelligent transport systems by providing the required real - time information for traffic management and congestion control , as well as the long - term traffic trend for transport infrastructure planning @xcite . \n road traffic predictions can...
[ { "content": "the hadronic particle - antiparticle correlation was already pointed out in the beginning of the nineties . however , the final formulation of these hadronic squeezed or back - to - back correlations was proposed only at the end of that decade@xcite , predicting that such correlations were expecte...
[ { "content": "in the unification scheme of agn the difference between type 1 and type 2 agn is explained by angle - dependent circumnuclear obscuration of the accretion disk and broad - line region @xcite . this obscuring dusty medium \n commonly referred to as `` dust torus '' is optically and geometrically t...
[ { "content": "in this letter we address dynamical processes in highly ordered complex plasmas associated with _ spontaneous symmetry breaking_. spontaneous symmetry breaking ( ssb ) plays a crucial role in elementary particle physics but is also very common in classical physics @xcite . \n it happens wheneve...
[ { "content": "in the present almost frenetic rate of advance of cosmology it is useful to be reminded that the big news this year is the establishment of evidence , by two groups ( @xcite , @xcite ) , of detection of the relativistic curvature of the redshift - magnitude relation . \n the measurement was propos...
[ { "content": "block copolymers ( bcps ) , comprising chemically distinct polymers permanently linked together , are interesting because of the diverse array of ordered phases to which both polymer theory and experiment have been directed.@xcite the phase behavior of diblock copolymer melts is a competition betw...
[ { "content": "the nobel prize in physics awarded in 2015 to takaaki kajita and arthur mcdonald for studies of the atmospheric and solar neutrinos @xcite does not leave any doubt that neutrinos oscillate and have nonzero masses . \n the latter fact leads to the well - known possibility for neutrino to have non -...
[ { "content": "invasion of influenza virus into a host s upper respiratory tract leads to infection of healthy epithelial cells and subsequent production of progeny virions @xcite . \n infection also triggers a variety of immune responses . in the early stage of infection a temporary non - specific response ( in...
[ { "content": "continuous - variable quantum - key distribution ( cvqkd ) , as an unconditionally secure communication scheme between two legitimate parties alice and bob , has achieved advanced improvements in theoretical analysis and experimental implementation in recent years @xcite . \n practical implementat...
[ { "content": "it is by now standard to parameterize transverse momentum distributions with functions having a power law behaviour at high momenta . \n this has been done by the star @xcite and phenix @xcite collaborations at rhic and by the alice @xcite , atlas @xcite and cms @xcite collaborations at the l...
[ { "content": "magnetic superconductivity has attracted much research attention since it was reported in the strongly - correlated rusr@xmath13rcu@xmath13o@xmath14 ru-1212 cuprate system ( r = sm , eu , gd , y ) with the tetragonal space group p4/mbm . \n @xcite the ru magnetic moments order weak - ferromagnetic...
[ { "content": "observations of nearby star - forming regions show that the vast majority of pre - main - sequence ( pms ) stars are either accreting classical t tauri stars ( cttss ) with optically thick inner disks extending inward to the dust sublimation radius and showing a narrow range of infrared ( ir ) col...
[ { "content": "in this section the definitions of the basic concepts and the notation to be used throughout this contribution shall be presented . \n differentiable manifolds are denoted by italic capital letters @xmath0 and , to our purposes , all such manifolds will be connected causally orientable lorentzian ...
[ { "content": "a crucial ingredient in quantum information processing based on solid state systems is the transfer of quantum information . assuming that there are quantum registers for computing and storing information , the ability to transfer this information reliably and efficiently from one register to anot...
[ { "content": "it is now established that the collision of heavy - ions at the relativistic heavy - ion collider have led to the formation of an entirely new form of matter @xcite . \n while the underlying degrees of freedom prevalent in the hot plasma are , as yet , unknown @xcite , various constraints may be...
[ { "content": "chemical elements heavier than lithium are synthesized in stars . \n such `` metals '' are observed at times when the universe was only @xmath6% of its current age in the inter galactic medium ( igm ) as absorption lines in quasar spectra ( see ellison et al . 2000 , and references therein ) . \n...
[ { "content": "the early calculations by svane and gunnarson showed that when self - interaction corrections were included in the local density approximation , density functional theory ( dft ) predicted a first order phase transition located near the wigner - seitz radius @xmath1 where @xmath2 , @xmath3 is the ...
[ { "content": "hera is an @xmath0 collider which has especially high sensitivity to new particles coupling to lepton - quark pairs . in 1994 \n - 97 hera collided 27.5 gev positrons on 820 gev protons . in 1998 \n the proton energy was raised to 920 gev increasing the center - of - mass energy @xmath1 from 300 g...
[ { "content": "the in - spiral and coalescence of binary neutron star systems is a topic of increasingly intensive research in observational and theoretical astrophysics . \n it is anticipated that the first direct detections of gravitational wave ( gw ) will be from compact binary mergers . \n binary neutron st...
[ { "content": "oscillatory integrals play an important role in the theory of pseudodifferential operators . \n they are also a useful tool in mathematical physics , in particular in quantum field theory , where they are used to give meaning to formal fourier integrals in the sense of distributions . for phase fu...
[ { "content": "a significant theory regarding inequalities and exponential convexity for real valued functions , has been developed @xcite . the intention to generalize such concepts for the @xmath0-semigroup of operators , \n is motivated from @xcite . \n + in the present article , we shall derive a jessen s ty...
[ { "content": "the old - new interest in the problem of soliton - soliton intertaction and soliton molecules has been increasingly accumulating particularly over the past few years . \n this is mainly motivated by the application of optical solitons as data carriers in optical fibers @xcite and the realization o...
[ { "content": "since its discovery by kageyama _ et al_.@xcite , the spin dimer compound srcu@xmath4(bo@xmath5)@xmath4 has attracted much attention as a suitable material for frustrated spin systems in low dimension . \n srcu@xmath4(bo@xmath5)@xmath4 exhibits various interesting phenomena , such as a quantum dis...
[ { "content": "the parton model , according to which hadrons consist of quarks antiquarks and gluons ( partons ) , bound together in different ways , has been very successful in reproducing experiment . \n this provides a relatively explicit and transparent technique for the description of high energy particle i...
[ { "content": "let @xmath5 be the quantum enveloping algebra associated to an affine algebra @xmath6 without derivation . \n let @xmath7 be finite - dimensional @xmath5-modules . \n suppose @xmath8 is irreducible and @xmath7 have crystal bases @xmath9 . \n then it is known @xcite that there exists a unique map @...
[ { "content": "the recognised convention for representing the overall galaxy population is the luminosity distribution or space density of galaxies ( see review by binggeli , sandage & tammann 1988 and more recently @xcite ) . \n this distribution is typically derived from a magnitude limited redshift survey whi...
[ { "content": "the current picture of galaxies is that they are composed of baryons ( stars , gas , dust ) and non baryonic dark matter . while observationally the distribution of the baryons can be studied , it is difficult to probe how the dark matter is distributed compared to the baryons . traditionally , th...
[ { "content": "the aim of this work is to present more evidence that excitation spectra of complex open - shell atoms , and probably any other atom at sufficient excitation energies , display clear quantum chaotic features . \n this phenomenon is caused by strong mixing of many - electron excited states by the r...
[ { "content": "if the topology of space - time is @xmath5 then the only known exact solution representing a black object is the uniform black string with horizon topology @xmath6 @xcite . \n though this solution exists for all values of the mass it is unstable below a critical value , @xmath7 , as shown by greg...
[ { "content": "the physics of quantum dots continuously attracted a lot of experimental and theoretical interest . \n @xcite within the assumption that the thouless energy ( @xmath0 ) is much larger than mean single - particle level spacing ( @xmath1 ) , @xmath2 , an effective zero - dimensional hamiltonian has ...
[ { "content": "there has been much recent interest in the properties of active galactic nuclei ( agn ) and the interaction between these objects and their host galaxies . \n observationally , strong evidence supporting such interaction exists . \n up to 70% of cd galaxies contain radio sources at their centres @...
[ { "content": "a recent trend in computer networks and cloud computing is to virtualize network functions , in order to provide higher scalability , reducing maintenance costs , and increasing reliability of network services . \n virtual network functions as a service ( vnfaas ) is currently under attentive stud...
[ { "content": "recently , bicknell , dopita , & odea ( 1997 ) developed a model which unifies the gigahertz peak spectrum ( gps ) sources and the related active galactic nuclei ( agn ) classes known as compact steep spectrum ( css ) sources and compact symmetric objects ( csos ) . \n their model attributes the o...
[ { "content": "pre - planetary nebulae ( ppns ) , objects in transition between the agb and planetary nebula ( pn ) evolutionary phases , hold the key to our understanding of the relationship between these late evolutionary stages of low and intermediate mass ( @xmath11 ) stars . the hydrodynamic interaction of ...
[ { "content": "accurate stellar radii are important for the study of cepheid mass , pulsation and distance . \n direct radius measurements of bright , nearby cepheids allows for comparison to radii found by indirect and/or theoretical methods such as numerical models @xcite , the infrared flux method @xcite and ...
[ { "content": "the _ chandra _ x - ray observatory was launched on july 23 1999 , carrying on board a revolutionary high resolution mirror assembly , with a point spread function of 0.5 arcsec ( half power radius ) over the broad 0.1 to 10 kev band ( van speybroeck , et al . \n this , together with the aspect ca...
[ { "content": "folded states of globular proteins , which are evolved ( slightly ) branched heteropolymers made from twenty amino acids , are roughly spherical and are nearly maximally compact with high packing densities @xcite . despite achieving high packing densities in the folded states , \n globular protein...
[ { "content": "in particle induced x - ray emission ( pixe ) measurements an energetic ion beam , normally a 14 mev hydrogen or helium ion - beam , is directed to the sample to be analyzed , and sample composition for elements typically heavier than na or mg can be determined by means of characteristic x - ray ...
[ { "content": "the unitary fermi gas ( ufg ) is expected to be one of the most strongly correlated systems in nature as it saturates the unitarity bound for the @xmath1-wave cross section @xmath2 , where @xmath3 is the relative wave vector of scattering particles . \n the strong correlations are responsible for...
[ { "content": "in recent years simulations of babcock - leighton type flux - transport ( hereafter blft ) solar dynamos in both 2d and 3d @xcite demonstrated the crucial role the sun s global meridional circulation plays in determining solar cycle properties . \n time variations in speed and profile of meridiona...
[ { "content": "after loading the mot for @xmath46 s we shut off the mot beams and wait for @xmath47s before probing the atoms for @xmath47s . \n the probe laser beam is split up after the cavity and sent to two detectors which allow for a low bandwidth detection ( @xmath48 mhz ) of the transmitted power and a hi...
[ { "content": "supersymmetry is expected to be one of the key ingredients to describe physics beyond the standard model ( sm ) . \n while tree - level supersymmetry breaking within the sm sector leads to light sfermions , the breaking sector is separated from the sm one and is mediated by some effective operator...
[ { "content": "it has recently become possible to study the emission regions of a handful of black holes on sub - horizon scales with millimeter wave very long baseline interferometry ( mm - vlbi ) . \n already , this technique has produced horizon - scale information on sagittarius a * ( sgr a * ) , the @xmath6...
[ { "content": "we consider the grassmannian @xmath0 , the set of two - planes inside @xmath1 . \n a plane @xmath2 is given by two linearly independent vectors or by any two linear combinations of them that are independent , so @xmath3 there is a transitive action of @xmath4 ( or @xmath5 ) on @xmath0 . \n @xmath6...
[ { "content": "non - equilibrium current noise in mesoscopic structures is a consequence of the discreteness of the charge carriers ( for reviews , see refs . \n @xcite ) . for conductors with open channels the fermionic statistics of electrons results in a suppression of shot noise below the classical schottky ...
[ { "content": "face centered cubic ( fcc ) iron - based alloys are widely used for developing of stainless austenitic steels especially for using in critical temperature ranges , aggressive environment and other severe external conditions . \n doping of these steels with light interstitial impurities ( c , n ) i...
[ { "content": "consider a massless dirac fermion interacting with a background gauge field . \n our present goal is to formulate a nonperturbatively regularized quantum field theory which at least satisfies the following physical constraints : \\(a ) in the classical limit , it reproduces the classical physic...
[ { "content": "the continuous search for the physical mechanism which sets the cosmic acceleration of the universe and the corresponding conditions for stability has stimulated interesting and sometimes fascinating discussions on cosmological models @xcite . \n the dynamical mass attributed to neutrinos or dark ...
[ { "content": "optical lattices have become a powerful tool to enhance the effects of interaction in ultracold atomic systems to create strong correlations and probe many - body physics beyond the mean - field theory @xcite . simply through varying the depth of the lattice potential , \n one changes the tunnelin...
[ { "content": "the fact that two parts of a polymer chain can not occupy the same place at the same time due to their finite volume has been recognised in the polymer literature for many years now as being an extremely important microscopic phenomenon that governs the macroscopic behavior of polymer solutions @...
[ { "content": "a rational difference equation is a nonlinear difference equation of the form @xmath1 where the initial conditions @xmath2 are such that the denominator never vanishes for any @xmath3 . \n + consider the equation @xmath4 where all the parameters and the initial conditions @xmath5 and @xmath6...
[ { "content": "the problem of estimating parameters of selected populations has wide practical applications in estimation of experimental data in agriculture , industry and medicine . \n some of the real world applications of this theory are the problem of estimating the average yield of a selected variety of pl...
[ { "content": "in recent years , interest in studying graphene has increased steeply due to its exceptional electronic properties and potentially significant applications in nanotechnology . \n graphene , a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal honeycomb lattices , is the thinnest known material i...
[ { "content": "the dynamical masses of spiral galaxies are known to differ significantly from their visible masses . \n the commonly accepted cause is the existence of a ellipsoidal halo of unseen matter in addition to the stars and gas . \n the exact density distribution of these halos have become an increasing...
[ { "content": "true random numbers , or more precisely nondeterministic random number generators , seem to be of an ever increasing importance . \n random numbers are essential in cryptography ( both classical and quantum ) , monte carlo numerical simulations and calculations , statistical research , randomized ...
[ { "content": "in this paper , we study the temporal behavior of the distribution of stock prices for 24 stocks in the dow jones industrial average ( djia ) . \n this is done using a new method of measuring changes in the volatility and drifts of stocks with time . when this method is applied to time - series co...
[ { "content": "fluctuations of the order parameter near the critical temperature @xmath4 are much larger in high-@xmath4 superconductors than in classical low temperature superconductors . \n one of the reasons lies in the higher thermal energy @xmath5 which provides the excitations , and the other in a very sho...
[ { "content": "in astrophysics , the observation of a splitting of spectral lines in the visible and uv ranges for a few white dwarfs @xcite confirmed the existence of intense magnetic fields ( 0.1 - 10@xmath2 mg ) as predicted by blackett @xcite . \n the influence of a magnetic field on an atom modifies its emi...
[ { "content": "the field of nanotribology evolved around attempts to understand the relationship between frictional forces and microscopic properties of systems.@xcite recent experimental and theoretical studies@xcite have suggested that the observed frictional phenomena might originate from the formation and ru...
[ { "content": "hadronic parity - violation has been traditionally analyzed in terms of potential models ; specifically the ddh model@xcite , which is a parity violating single meson exchange picture containing seven phenomenological constants . however , there exist well known discrepancies between experimental ...
[ { "content": "on the 25-th of november in 1915 , einstein presented his field equations , the basic equations of general relativity , to the prussian academy of sciences in berlin . \n this equation had a tremendous impact on physics , in particular on cosmology . \n the essence of the theory was expressed by w...
[ { "content": "the past decade has been marked by the emergence of electron quantum optics . in the spirit of quantum optics with photons , it aims to generate and manipulate single electronic excitations in quantum coherent circuits for fundamental and applied science . as a first step to achieve this goal , \n...
[ { "content": "the goal of the development of the code was to have a simple and efficient tool for the computation of adiabatic oscillation frequencies and eigenfunctions for general stellar models , emphasizing also the accuracy of the results . \n not surprisingly , given the long development period , the simp...
[ { "content": "the knowledge of the in - medium hadronic properties at supra - normal densities is of major importance for the understanding of ( nuclear ) astrophysics such as the physical mechanism of supernovae explosions and the physics of neutron stars @xcite . \n strangeness production at intermediate ener...
[ { "content": "the detection and characterization of astronomical sources becomes increasingly difficult as we attempt to observe these sources in the euv , x - ray , and gamma - ray spectral regimes . \n there are several reasons for this . \n first , in these high - energy regimes , source data may consist of ...
[ { "content": "at present cp - violation is observed only in the @xmath4 and @xmath5 decays , and first indication of the effect in b - decays was recently reported @xcite . \n another possible domain for cp - violation studies are still unseeing @xmath6 and @xmath7 decays , of which the latter must be a pure cp...
[ { "content": "an important manifestation of the activity inside the disks of gas - rich galaxies is their highly structured hi distribution , marked by cavities , shells and supershells . \n first discovered in the milky way ( heiles 1979 , 1984 ) , such features are now known to exist in a number of spiral gal...
[ { "content": "an intriguing phenomenon in diluted magnetic semiconductors ( dms ) is the formation of bound magnetic polarons @xcite . \n the bound magnetic polaron ( bmp ) is a local ordering of magnetic moments induced by the exchange interaction with a localized carrier . \n most bmp studies , both experimen...
[ { "content": "ltude des groupes de kac - moody sur un corps local a t initie par howard garland @xcite pour certains groupes de lacets . \n dans @xcite on a construit un immeuble `` microaffine '' pour tous les groupes de kac - moody ( minimaux au sens de j. tits ) sur un corps muni dune valuation relle . \n ce...
[ { "content": "type ii superconductors @xcite allow for a partial penetration of magnetic field into the bulk of the superconducting ( sc ) material when the applied field @xmath4 satisfies @xmath5 . in a seminal work abrikosov @xcite \n showed that when the ratio @xmath6 , where @xmath7 is the magnetic field pe...
[ { "content": "for any function , @xmath4 , and fixed non - zero indeterminates @xmath5 , we introduce and define the _ generalized @xmath0-factorial function _ , or alternately the _ @xmath0-pochhammer symbol _ , denoted by @xmath6 , as the following products : @xmath7 within this article , we are interested in...
[ { "content": "the first color - magnitude diagrams ( cmd ) obtained by baade for the dwarf spheroidal ( dsph ) companions of the milky way , and in particular for the draco system ( baade & swope 1961 ) , showed all of the features present in the cmd s of globular clusters . \n this , together with the presence...
[ { "content": "experiments at the relativistic heavy ion collider ( rhic ) and the large hadron collider ( lhc ) have both been able to produce and detect an exotic phase of matter , the quark - gluon plasma ( qgp ) , by colliding massive nuclei at relativistic energies . \n the energy densities involved in thes...
[ { "content": "usually in experiments the vortices destroy superfluidity at velocities far below the landau critical velocity . \n this is why the superfluid hydrodynamics equations can be expanded in powers of low velocities and one safely uses the first nontrivial terms of this expansion . \n nevertheless , th...
[ { "content": "this article is motivated by the following result of berestycki , et al . given in @xcite for the laplacian perturbed by a divergence - free drift in dimensions @xmath10 . \n let @xmath11 be a bounded @xmath12 regular open set and let @xmath13 be a bounded @xmath7-dimensional vector field such tha...
[ { "content": "casimir forces are a striking manifestation of the zero - point energy of the electromagnetic field in the presence of ` mirrors ' endowed with quite general electromagnetic properties @xcite . in many calculations of the casimir energies and forces \n , the presence of the mirrors is modeled by ...
[ { "content": "the problem of graceful exit from the pre- to the post - big bang branch , and the recovery of classical dynamics at late times , has remained a major issue for pre - big bang ( pbb ) models @xcite ( for a review , see @xcite ) . \n the equations derived from the low energy effective action of s...
[ { "content": "it was game theory research , seeking screening strategies to prevent the counterfeiting of websites i.e. phishing attacks . \n various ways for websites to counterfeit installed software behaviour were studied . in full screen mode , it was found that , browsers can counterfeit almost anything , ...
[ { "content": "a possible relation between the central velocity dispersion of the spheroidal component ( @xmath1 ) and the galaxy circular velocity ( @xmath0 ) measured in the flat region of the rotation curve ( rc ) was suggested by whitmore et al . \n ( 1979 ) . by measuring stellar velocity dispersions and h ...
[ { "content": "inferring macroscopic properties of physical systems from their microscopic description is an ongoing work in many disciplines of physics , like condensed matter , ultra cold atoms or quantum chromo dynamics . \n the most drastic changes in the macroscopic properties of a physical system occur at ...
[ { "content": "main laws of quantum mechanics forbids the perfect cloning of the quantum states , see corresponding discussion for the pure states in @xcite , @xcite , and for the mixed states in @xcite . \n but it is possible to carry out an approximate copying of the quantum states @xcite . \n quantum cloning ...
[ { "content": "studies of interactions between d - branes and closed strings are quite important from various points of view . the interactions play a crucial role in finding non - trivial relationships between open strings and closed strings such as ads / cft @xcite and recently - proposed open - closed dualiti...
[ { "content": "consider the following stochastic differential equation @xmath0 here @xmath1 is an incompressible periodic vector field , @xmath2 is a 2-dimensional brownian motion , and @xmath3 ( molecular diffusivity ) is a small parameter . \n we further assume that the stream function @xmath4 , such that @xma...
[ { "content": "w ursae majoris ( w uma ) variables are eclipsing overcontact binaries with orbital periods ranging from 0.2 1.0 day . \n these systems consist of main sequence stars with spectral a - k type sharing a common convective envelope due to filled roche lobes . in some cases \n these binaries host o o...
[ { "content": "the nature of dark matter remains one of the outstanding questions of modern astrophysics . \n the success of the cold dark matter cosmological model ( albeit with `` dark energy '' now required : @xmath3cdm ) argues strongly for a major component of the dark matter being in the form of an element...
[ { "content": "colloidal suspensions present the possibility to develop novel materials via self - assembly . of particular interest are colloidal crystals , whose optical properties can generate iridescent colours , and provide a means by which photonic crystals may be produced@xcite , while further application...
[ { "content": "functional data are more and more frequently involved in statistical problems . developping statistical methods in this special framework \n has been popularized during the last few years , particularly with the monograph by ramsay & silverman ( 2005 ) . \n more recently , new developments have be...
[ { "content": "casimir - lifshitz force in an interaction originating from the fluctuations of the electromagnetic field and existing between any couple of polarizable bodies . \n it was first theoretically derived by casimir in 1948 @xcite in the idealized configuration of two perfectly conducting parallel plat...
[ { "content": "automation of financial and legal processes requires enforcement of confidentiality and integrity of transactions . for practical integration with the existing manual systems , such enforcement should be transparent to users . \n for instance , a person continually signs paper - based documents ( ...
[ { "content": "this work was supported by the us national science foundation grant phy-1520976 . \n inspection of fig . \n 1 ( b ) shows that there are two phase shift extrema as a function of @xmath9 . \n the one we do not use , between the spectator and line resonances , is less sensitive to detuning , but it ...
[ { "content": "quantum computing based on qubits has attracted considerable attention ( see , e.g. , @xcite ) . \n there are several candidates to realize quantum computers , such as using nuclear spins in molecules , photons , trapped ions , superconducting circuit and quantum dots ( see , e.g. , @xcite ) . \n ...
[ { "content": "cosmology is now becoming a precision science , and cosmological observations can give us a lot of information for our understanding of the universe . \n moreover , the interplay between cosmology and particle physics in various contexts has also been discussed vigorously . \n one of such examples...
[ { "content": "the information contained by an individual finite object ( like a finite binary string ) is objectively measured by its kolmogorov complexity the length of the shortest binary program that computes the object . \n such a shortest program contains no redundancy : every bit is information ; but is ...
[ { "content": "particle interferometry based on the hanbury - brown twiss ( hbt ) effect has been used extensively in heavy ion collisions to extract the information on the emission source of particles @xcite . in particular , the long emission time as a result of the phase transition from the quark - gluon plas...
[ { "content": "extensible markup language ( xml ) has reached a great success in the internet era . \n xml documents are similar to html documents , but do not restrict users to a single vocabulary , which offers a great deal of flexibility to represent information . to define the structure of documents within a...
[ { "content": "consider the lorentzian metric of the five - dimensional space written in a gaussian form @xmath9 where @xmath10 , and latin indices run from @xmath11 to @xmath12 while the greek ones go from @xmath11 to @xmath13 by splitting the vacuum einstein equations in terms of the extrinsic and intrinsic...
[ { "content": "understanding the stellar content of early - type galaxies is fundamental to understanding their star formation and chemical evolution history . \n most early - type galaxies are too distant to resolve their individual stars with current technology , rendering the direct study of their stellar pop...
[ { "content": "the large majority of kuiper belt objects ( kbos ) contain no detectable volatile ices on their surfaces , but a small number of the largest objects have been found to have signatures of ch@xmath0 , co , or n@xmath1 , all ices with high vapor pressures at kuiper belt temperatures . \n after the di...
[ { "content": "soft x ray transients ( sxrts ) , when in outburst , show properties similar to those of persistent low mass x ray binaries containing a neutron star ( lmxrbs ; white et al . \n 1984 ; tanaka & shibazaki 1996 ; campana et al . 1998 ) . the large variations in the accretion rate that are characte...