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[ { "content": "a growing tree - like network can model different processes such as a technological or biological systems represented by a set of nodes , where each element in the network can create new elements . \n innovation and discovery @xcite , artistic expression and culture @xcite , language structures @x...
[ { "content": "bar structure as a major non - axisymmetric feature on all scales is important in studying the morphology , mass and light distributions ( e.g. , freeman 1996 ; elmegreen & elmegreen 1985 ; elmegreen 1996 ; elmegreen et al . \n 1996 ; eskridge et al . \n 2000 ; menndez - delmestre et al . 2007 ) ,...
[ { "content": "diffraction patterns produced by grazing scattering of swift atoms and molecules ( with energies in the kev range ) on surfaces are nowadays becoming a powerful surface analysis tool , which is giving rise to a technique known as grazing - incidence fast atom diffraction ( gifad or fad ) winter11,...
[ { "content": "figure [ toad ] shows two of the 64 different ways of tiling an order three aztec diamond with dominoes . \n aztec diamonds are defined in `` alternating - sign matrices and domino tilings , '' by elkies , kuperberg , larsen , and propp @xcite . \n each tiling will be referred to as a toad , a til...
[ { "content": "for active galactic nuclei ( agn ) , an important and interesting issue is the duration of their active phase and the time scales for recurrence of such periods of activity . \n it is believed widely that the central activity is related to the feeding of a supermassive black hole in the centre of ...
[ { "content": "population genetics is concerned with the investigation of the genetic structure of populations , which is influenced by evolutionary factors such as mutation , selection , recombination , migration and genetic drift . for excellent reviews of the theoretical aspects of this field , \n see @xcite ...
[ { "content": "there are ( at least ) two main approaches to solvable lattice models and their associated quantum spin chains : the bethe ansatz @xcite and the corner transfer matrix method @xcite . in his 1931 paper \n @xcite , bethe solved the heisenberg spin chain based on the string hypothesis which ass...
[ { "content": "massive elliptical galaxies with similar optical luminosities have hot gas x - ray luminosities that range over two orders of magnitude . \n the origin of this scatter , shown in figure 1 , has received much attention but a full understanding remains elusive . \n there is evidence that gas loss by...
[ { "content": "the mystery of the ultra - high energy cosmic rays ( uhecrs ) with energies exceeding @xmath0 ev the greisen - zatsepin - kuzmin ( gzk ) ` cutoff ' @xcite continues to deepen . \n this energy sets the threshold for photomeson production on the cosmic microwave background so the observation of s...
[ { "content": "the question whether the morphology of galaxies is imprinted by the initial conditions of their formation or rather determined by secular evolution remains a subject of intense debate . \n the existence of the hubble sequence has for many years provided important constraints on this issue . in ver...
[ { "content": "index coding ( introduced by birk and kol @xcite in 1998 ) , a sender broadcasts messages through a noiseless shared channel to multiple receivers , each knowing some messages a priori , which are known as side information . \n side information occurs frequently in many communication networks , e...
[ { "content": "this paper is devoted to studying the stability of dynamical objects which are called by very different terms such as one - mode solutions ( omss ) @xcite , simple periodic orbits ( spos ) @xcite , low - dimensional solutions @xcite , one - dimensional bushes @xcite etc . \n below we refer to ...
[ { "content": "in this paper we shall show that imposition of the correct lorentz structure in the parton model allows us to relate two issues which , _ a priori _ , do not seem to be connected with each other : the derivation of a consistent expression for the polarized deep inelastic scattering ( dis ) structu...
[ { "content": "the low energy structure of qcd may be investigated in the context of chiral perturbation theory @xcite . in refs . \n @xcite gasser and leutwyler constructed the generating functional of @xmath2 for @xmath3 to order @xmath4 . \n an explicit representation of this functional , including graphs wi...
[ { "content": "observations are currently being undertaken for the detection of microlensing events , with survey observations being carried out by the ogle @xcite and moa @xcite groups , and with follow - up observations being performed by the planet @xcite and microfun @xcite groups . \n the follow - up observ...
[ { "content": "since abrikosov s @xcite prediction of the flux - line lattice in type - ii superconductors from ginzburg - landau ( gl ) theory , most theoretical work on this vortex lattice in bulk and thin film superconductors considered the situation when the applied magnetic field and the average induction @...
[ { "content": "the discovery of high - t@xmath1 superconductors based on cuo - compounds @xcite has led to a large amount of theoretical work about the peculiar properties of these materials . \n a major effort has focussed on the normal - state properties of these compounds . \n this research was largely motiva...
[ { "content": "one of the very rare exactly solvable non - equilibrium systems is the totally asymmetric simple exclusion process ( tasep ) , see @xcite and references therein . \n the model is defined on a 1d discrete lattice with @xmath0 sites that are either occupied by a single particle or empty . in the lat...
[ { "content": "it has been a longstanding goal in semiconductor spintronics to inject , transport , manipulate , and detect spin - polarized carriers in silicon - based devices.@xcite despite great success in the field over the past ten years using other semiconductors such as gaas,@xcite the goal of achieving t...
[ { "content": "liquid helium system has a total hamiltonian as @xmath0 where @xmath1 is the mass of a helium atom , @xmath2 and @xmath3 respectively signify the creation and annihilation operators . \n we examine the general form of the total energy via the unitary transformation @xmath4 diagonalizing the hamilt...
[ { "content": "in recent years higher dimensional gravity is attracting much interest . \n one reason is the possibility that these higher dimensions could be detectable at cern . \n the possibility that space time may have more than four dimensions is initiated by high energy physics and inspired by d - brane i...
[ { "content": "consider a system of @xmath0 identical bosons in one dimension , with an attractive delta - function interaction . there is a bound state for all @xmath0 , having the form of a well - localized `` molecule''@xcite . \n this result is interesting , since it is the unique example of an exactly solve...
[ { "content": "k \" ahler@xcite has shown how to pack the dirac wave function into the language of differential forms in the sense that the dirac equation is an equation in which a linear operator acts on a linear combination @xmath0 of @xmath1-forms ( p=0 , 1 , ... , d ; here d = dimension = 4 ) . \n this is th...
[ { "content": "magnetic tunnel junctions ( mtj ) have gained considerable interest in recent years due to their high potential in various applications , e.g. as reads heads @xcite , angle @xcite or strain sensors @xcite and as programmable resistance in data storage ( mram ) @xcite or even magnetic logic devices...
[ { "content": "efforts to implement quantum computation have recently intensified . \n the application of the quantum bit ( qubit ) to solid - state materials , such as superconducting josephson junctions @xcite and quantum dots @xcite , is particularly promising , because these implementations have the advantag...
[ { "content": "in the study of atoms with at least two electrons , bound states and resonances are of interest . \n the resonances evolve into states with one free electron after a very short time . \n this phenomenon is called auto - ionization of the atom . with a revival of interest in the auto - ionization \...
[ { "content": "in heavy ion reactions at energies between 20 a.mev and several a.gev , many clusters are formed . \n this cluster formation presents a big challenge for transport models in which nucleons are the degrees of freedom which are propagated . \n identifying clusters in a transport code which transport...
[ { "content": "gravitational lensing can be used as a powerful astrophysical tool for probing the density profiles of galaxies , and is one of the few ways in which dark matter can be detected ( e.g. * ? ? ? \n in addition , it often magnifies source objects by one to two orders of magnitude . \n this allows us ...
[ { "content": "global - scale magnetic fields and cycles of magnetic activity in sun - like stars are generated by the interplay of rotation and convection . at rotation rates greater than that of the current sun , such as when our sun was younger , observations tend to show increased magnetic activity indicatin...
[ { "content": "given data @xmath1 , where @xmath2 is the response and @xmath3 is the @xmath4-dimensional covariate , the goal in many analyses is to approximate the unknown function @xmath5 by minimizing a specified loss function @xmath6 [ a common choice is @xmath0-loss , @xmath7 . in trying to estimate @xmath...
[ { "content": "the purpose of this paper is to give , in the @xmath0-scenario of uniform hyperbolicity , a characterization of those invariant measures that satisfy pesin s entropy formula in terms of their physical - like properties . \n our main result works , for @xmath0 anosov diffeomorphisms , as ledrappier...
[ { "content": "the chiral and deconfinement phase transitions of nonperaturbative systems are important issues of continuous interests both theoretically and experimentally . \n although the mechanism is unknown , the originally chiral symmetric system may undergo chiral phase transition ( cpt ) into a phase wit...
[ { "content": "this work was carried out under the visiting researcher@xmath31s program of kyokugen at osaka university and was supported in part by a grand - in - aid for scientific research from the ministry of education , science , sports and culture . \n m.h . would like to thank professor k. nonoyama of kon...
[ { "content": "acceleration of charge particles in the universe happens on scales from planetary magnetospheres to clusters of galaxies and at energies ranging from nonrelativistic values to @xmath010@xmath1 ev ultra high energy cosmic rays ( uhecrs ) . \n the particles are observed directly as cosmic rays ( crs...
[ { "content": "photon dominated regions are predominantly molecular and atomic regions where the physical and chemical processes are dominated by uv radiation ( cf . hollenbach & tielens , 1997 , 1999 ) . \n the molecular clouds in the vicinity of the newly formed stars is heated by the fuv photons in the energy...
[ { "content": "the impact that active galactic nuclei ( agn ) have on their hosts is one of the most critical components of galaxy formation theory @xcite . \n observationally , astronomers find fewer luminous galaxies than expected based on the evolution of a @xmath1cdm universe and frequently attribute this ph...
[ { "content": "non - stationary effects now a days attract much attention and are vital both from fundamental and technological points of view . \n first of all , non - stationary characteristics provide more information about the properties of nanoscale systems comparing to the stationary ones . \n moreover , m...
[ { "content": "in march of 2010 , the _ fermi_-lat collaboration announced a new gev transient in the galactic plane , fgl j2102 + 4542 , that was identified as a nova outburst in the symbiotic binary v407 cygni ( hereafter , v407 cyg ) . \n at least seven gev transients located near the galactic plane have been...
[ { "content": "there have been much interest in the study of spin models with orbital degeneracy @xcite due to experimental progress related to many transition - metal and rare - earth compounds such as lamno@xmath1 , ceb@xmath2 , and perovskite lattice , as in kcuf@xmath1@xcite . \n those systems involve orbita...
[ { "content": "total and differential cross sections for the reaction @xmath1 have been measured with high accuracy at pion energies above 100 mev . \n currently , experimental efforts in this energy range are aimed at measuring spin dependent observables . \n the situation at pion energies below 100 mev is le...
[ { "content": "kanbur et al ( 2002 ) , hendry et al ( 1999 ) , tanvir et al ( 2004 ) introduced the use of principal component analysis ( pca ) in studying cepheid light curves . \n they showed that a major advantage of such an approach over the traditional fourier method is that it is much more efficient : an a...
[ { "content": "at the present time more than @xmath8 exo - planets are known which have been mostly discovered by the indirect method of the variation of the radial velocity induced by planets orbiting around the central star . \n it can be shown that young planets can be detected with adaptive optics ( ao ) ima...
[ { "content": "the _ spitzer space telescope ( sst ) _ , with its very high mid - infrared sensitivity , has revealed a new type of low - mass protostars called very low luminosity objects ( vellos ; e.g. , young et al . \n 2004 ) . defining the internal luminosity of a source , , to be the total luminosity of ...
[ { "content": "the hadronization mechanism is an important but still unsolved problem up to now due to its nonperturbative nature . \n it is recognized that the hadronization mechanism is universal in all kinds of high energy reactions , _ \n e.g_. , @xmath2 annihilation , and hadron(nuclear)-hadron(nuclear ) co...
[ { "content": "topological insulators ( ti ) are a new class of materials whose surfaces / edges host bound spin - polarized dirac fermions with high mobility . these states , in a time reversal invariant system \n are protected against perturbation and non - magnetic disorder . \n @xcite well - known examples o...
[ { "content": "envelopes of neutron stars ( nss ) are divided in the inner and outer envelopes . \n properties of the inner envelopes are outlined in a companion paper @xcite . here \n we focus on the outer ones , at typical densities @xmath6 and temperatures @xmath7 k. these envelopes are relatively thin , but...
[ { "content": "a conventional boundary layer theory of fluid flow used for free convective description assumes zero velocity at leading edge of a heated plate . \n more advanced theories of self - similarity also accept this same boundary condition @xcite , @xcite , @xcite . \n however experimental visualizatio...
[ { "content": "the fast rise , slow decay of subpulses in grb is a common feature . there could be many ways to explain it ( e.g. impulsive energy infusion followed by slower cooling or light echoing ) . \n it is therefore desirable to discriminate among the different models with quantitative tests and predictio...
[ { "content": "in this paper we present a discovery of significantly extended regions of star formation in some early - type galaxies ( etgs)galaxies usually thought to lie on the passive side of galaxy bimodality . \n bimodality in terms of morphology and color has been known since the earliest studies of galax...
[ { "content": "conformal invariants have important roles in geometric function theory . \n one of the basic conformal invariants is the modulus of a curve family , which is used to define quasiconformal maps @xcite . in euclidean spaces of dimension more than two , \n conformal maps are nothing but the restricti...
[ { "content": "spontaneous creation of particles or charged pairs from an external gauge field or a curved spacetime is one of the most prominent phenomena in quantum field theory . \n a strong electric field produces pairs of charged particles and antiparticles , known as the schwinger mechanism @xcite . \n the...
[ { "content": "we consider canonical hamiltonian systems in the form @xmath2 where @xmath3 is a smooth real - valued function . \n our interest is in researching numerical methods that provide approximations @xmath4 to the true solution along which the energy is precisely conserved , namely @xmath5 the study ...
[ { "content": "in 1978 fisher and de gennes @xcite realized that there should be a so called `` thermodynamic '' casimir effect . \n this means that a force emerges when thermal fluctuations are restricted by a container . \n thermal fluctuations extend to large scales in the neighbourhood of critical points . i...
[ { "content": "kagra ( previously called lcgt for large - scale cryogenic gravitational - wave telescope ) is a japanese 3-km optical interferometer currently under construction in the kamioka mine . \n the aim of the detector is frequent observation of gravitational waves from faraway galaxies and to obtain uni...
[ { "content": "photosynthetic organisms capture visible light in their light - harvesting complex and transfer the excitation energy to the reaction center which stores the energy from the photon in chemical bonds . \n this process occurs with nearly perfect efficiency . \n although the primary process occurring...
[ { "content": "in constructing a higher dimensional quantum field theory , the regularization and the continuum limit are two important keys . particularly , the problem of the limit associates with hard difficulty in the higher dimensional case . \n statistical mechanics usually insists that critical behaviors ...
[ { "content": "hypernuclei are bound systems of non - strange and strange baryons . in present facilities , \n hypernuclei are created with hadronic reactions as ( @xmath4,k ) at brookhaven and kek or electroproduction ones as ( e , ek ) at tjnaf. the decay of those objects proceeds via the weak interaction whic...
[ { "content": "recent _ chandra _ observations indicate that relativistic plasma injected into the intracluster medium ( icm ) from radio sources eventually detaches from the radio source , forming bubbles of radio plasma in the icm @xcite . in the model proposed by @xcite , \n these radio ghosts survive in the ...
[ { "content": "pattern formation in spatially extended systems has been an object of extensive study in past few decades . the reasons for the interest in pattern formation are not far to seek . \n pattern formation happens in several natural systems and scientists are interested in understanding it . \n example...
[ { "content": "r - parity is a discrete symmetry defined by assigning to every field the number @xmath1 ( @xmath2 - baryon ( lepton ) number , @xmath3 - spin of the particle ) @xcite . \n if it is conserved then baryon and lepton number violating transitions are forbidden . in that case , the theory guarantees b...
[ { "content": "the lep collaborations now all have high - statistics data samples which enable them to make accurate measurements of a wide range of @xmath10 qcd observables [ 1 - 9 ] - jet fractions , thrust distributions , the hadronic width of the @xmath4 , energy - energy correlations , etc .. for most of th...
[ { "content": "the qcd `` hard pomeron '' is understood as the solution of perturbative qcd expansion at high energy ( @xmath2 ) after resumming the leading @xmath3 terms . \n it is known to obey the bfkl equation@xcite . \n it has recently attracted a lot of interest in relation with the experimental results ob...
[ { "content": "the study of the emission characteristics from rotation powered pulsars has been a subject of long standing interest . \n our knowledge of the fundamental properties ( e.g. , mass , spin , and magnetic field ) of the underlying neutron star stems from detailed spectral and timing investigations . ...
[ { "content": "coupled oscillator models exhibit complex dynamics that has been observed in a wide range of different fields including physical @xcite and biological @xcite models . \n synchronization @xcite , clustering @xcite , chaos @xcite and spontaneous switching between different cluster states @xcite have...
[ { "content": "instantons are believed to be an essential component of the long - distance physics of the qcd vacuum , and the lattice provides a unique opportunity to gain insight into their role . in this study \n , we will for the first time quantitatively examine the extent to which instanton degrees of free...
[ { "content": "in [ k ] khovanov introduced a homology theory for links in @xmath0 that was a categorification of the jones polynomial . in [ aps ] asaeda , przytycki and sikora extended this theory to links embedded in i - bundles . \n their homology theory incorporated some of the topology of the i - bundle in...
[ { "content": "graph reconstruction is an old and extensive research topic . \n it dates back to the _ reconstruction conjecture _ raised by kelly and ulam in 1941 ( see @xcite ) , which asserts that every graph on at least three vertices is uniquely determined by its collection of vertex deleted subgraphs . ...
[ { "content": "the interplay of band theoretic issues of hybridization and chemical bonding with the quantum chemical issue of strong local correlations is basic to the physics of many important materials . in an important paper @xcite zaanen , sawatzky and allen classified insulating transition metal oxides as ...
[ { "content": "pulsars are unique objects , with which all types of elemental interaction could be tested extremely . however , the most elementary question relevant is still open : _ what is the nature of pulsars ? _ it is conventionally thought that pulsars are simply a kind of boring big `` nuclei '' neutron...
[ { "content": "in most countries , learning microscopic origin of nature is considered to be an important topic in science education . however , there are not so many student experiments or demonstrations which exhibit the existence of individual atom in direct and intuitive manner . \n the cloud chamber experim...
[ { "content": "we demonstrate an alternative way to perform compressive cgi ( ccgi ) without any computational overhead once all measurements have been performed by using an adaptive measurement scheme . \n we follow a promising strategy for adaptive compressive sensing that suggests replacing the random speckle...
[ { "content": "today , bianchi type ix enjoys an almost mythical status in general relativity and cosmology , which is due to two commonly held beliefs : ( i ) type ix dynamics is believed to be essentially understood ; ( ii ) bianchi type ix is believed to be a role model that captures the generic features o...
[ { "content": "stars more massive than @xmath4 25 @xmath5 form a black hole at the end of their evolution . \n stars with non - rotating black holes are likely to collapse `` quietly '' ejecting a small amount of heavy elements ( faint supernovae ) . in contrast , stars with rotating black holes are likely to gi...
[ { "content": "harmonics generation and wave - mixing are one of the basic phenomena of nonlinear optics which have been extensively studied both theoretically and experimentally with the advent of lasers @xcite . \n recent advance in laser technologies has provided ultrahigh intensities for supershort laser pul...
[ { "content": "the grnwald formula approximation and the @xmath5 approximation of the caputo derivative have been regularly used for numerical solution of fractional differential equations @xcite . \n the grnwald formula approximation has weights @xmath6 and accuracy @xmath7 . \n the @xmath5 approximation has or...
[ { "content": "asteroids are rotating aspherical reflective bodies which thus exhibit brightness variations . as recognized long ago ( russell 1906 , metcalf 1907 ) , studies of their lightcurves provide important constraints on their physical properties , and processes that affect their evolution . \n for examp...
[ { "content": "elliptic flow , @xmath0 , is a crucial observable of heavy - ion collisions : the large magnitude of @xmath0 at rhic @xcite and lhc @xcite provides the strongest evidence that a low - viscosity fluid is formed in these collisions @xcite . \n elliptic flow is determined to a good approximation b...
[ { "content": "continued advances in commodity processing and networking hardware make pc ( or workstation ) clusters a very attractive alternative for lattice qcd calculations @xcite . indeed , there are quite a few important problems that can be addressed on pc clusters , and many lattice physicists are taking...
[ { "content": "the experiments were performed in ultrahigh vacuum ( base pressure : @xmath42 mbar ) with a radio - frequency low - temperature scanning tunneling microscope @xcite operated at 5k . \n it utilizes a sharp tungsten tip ( electrochemically etched and thermally deoxidized above 1070k ) as , both , im...
[ { "content": "the _ systematic _ uncertainties in the determination of the ages , masses , and to a lesser extent extinction and metallicity of young extragalactic star clusters , based on broad - band imaging observations , but using a variety of analysis approaches are poorly understood . \n our aim in this...
[ { "content": "the spatial power spectrum of the hi 21 cm intensity in the small magellanic cloud was obtained by stanimirovic ( 1999 ) . \n interestingly , it is a power law over scales as large as that of the smc itself . \n similar power laws have been observed by crovisier & dickey ( 1983 ) and by green ( 19...
[ { "content": "the ionized gas in the galaxy has been traditionally associated with bright regions surrounding hot stars , called str@xmath2mgren spheres or classical h ii regions . \n most h ii regions , however , are found only at low galactic latitudes with a scale height of @xmath3 pc , which is much smaller...
[ { "content": "the development of optical lattice systems based on laser technology has renewed interest in strongly correlated lattice systems . \n one of the most striking phenomena of the optical - lattice systems is the superfluid - mott insulator ( sf - mi ) phase transition ; the sf phase ( i.e. , the cohe...
[ { "content": "let us briefly motivate our interest in determining the spectral type of a self - adjoint operator . \n let @xmath0 be a probability measure on the real line @xmath1 . \n it is well - known that this measure has a lebesgue decomposition @xmath2 , where @xmath3 is absolutely continuous with respect...
[ { "content": "in the paper @xcite ( hereafter called ff1 ) , the authors investigated the consequences of the assumption that the high - transverse - momentum particles seen in hadron - hadron collisions are produced by a single , hard , large - angle elastic scattering of quarks , one from the target and one ...
[ { "content": "fundamental quantum many - body systems involve the interaction of bosonic and/or fermionic particles . \n the spin of a particle makes it behave very differently at ultracold temperatures below the degeneracy temperature . \n there are thus fundamental differences between the properties of bosons...
[ { "content": "the phenomenon of superradiance has a long history dating back more than 60 years to the seminal paper by dicke @xcite where the effect was predicted theoretically . over the past few decades \n the superradiance has been the subject of intense theoretical and experimental studies in a large vari...
[ { "content": "one of the challenging problems in pulsar astrophysics is to find a consistent and observationally verified explanation for the high peculiar velocities of pulsars . these velocities can be as high as 1000 km / s and have a mean value of 450 km / s , much greater than the random velocities of or...
[ { "content": "nowadays , it is very clear how special relativity effects influence on measured data . \n the first celebrated example of this fact was the atmospheric muons decay explanation as a time dilation effect . \n this is the rossi - hall experiment @xcite . considering the mrzke - wheeler synchronizati...
[ { "content": "symmetry occurs in many constraint satisfaction problems . \n for example , in scheduling a round robin sports tournament , we may be able to interchange all the matches taking place in two stadia . \n similarly , we may be able to interchange two teams throughout the tournament . as a second exam...
[ { "content": "two distinct glasses have been predicted and identified in hard spheres with short range attractions : a repulsion driven glass at high density , and an attraction driven one , formed at low temperatures ( or high attraction strength ) @xcite . whereas the former one is caused by the steric hindra...
[ { "content": "lm , sl and ac acknowledge the italian miur for financial support . \n pu wishes to thank a.j . dean and j.b . \n stephen for useful scientific discussions .", "role": "user" }, { "content": "using recent polarimetric observations of the crab nebula in the hard x - ray band by integral...
[ { "content": "in recent years , higher - order operators have become the object of intense study in the search for possible effects of lorentz invariance violation @xcite . \n these planck - mass suppressed higher - order operators allows to describe new physics beyond those obtainable from renormalizable opera...
[ { "content": "the accreted stellar halo ( ash ) of a galaxy represents a record of the accretion history of the galaxy itself . \n its assembly is determined by a large number of free parameters , including the structural properties of each accreted satellite ( virial mass , concentration , stellar content , mo...
[ { "content": "galaxy clusters provide crucial information to our understanding of the large - scale cosmic structure and to constrain cosmological models . \n they populate the high - mass tail of the mass function of virialized galaxy systems ; their abundance and redshift distribution depend on the average de...
[ { "content": "the discovery of giant magnetoteresistance in 1998 by the groups of fert and grnberg led to new reading heads for hard disks @xcite . moreover for the first time , a device based on magnetic phenomena replaced a conventional electronics device based on the movement of the electrons charge and thus...
[ { "content": "the iter device is a tokamak designed to study controlled thermonuclear fusion . roughly speaking , \n it is a toroidal vessel containing a magnetised plasma where fusion reactions occur . \n the plasma is kept out of the vessel walls by a magnetic field which lines have a specific helicoidal geom...
[ { "content": "in 1968 , zenger @xcite proved the following result that is known as zenger s lemma . \n [ zenger_finite ] let @xmath0 be a norm on @xmath1 , let @xmath2 for all @xmath3 , and let @xmath4 . \n then there exists a vector @xmath5 with @xmath6 and @xmath7 such that the functional @xmath8 on @xmath1 d...
[ { "content": "\" . ] here we summarize which permutations yield equivalent and nonequivalent metastable structures . ( \n i ) the cyclic variants of any permutations give equivalent structures because of the periodicity of the crystal . \n ( ii ) pairs of permutations exchanged by @xmath68 ( e.g. , @xmath...
[ { "content": "of the particles seen so far in collider experiments , the top quark is no doubt the most expensive , and the most glamorous . \n it is therefore the center of attention at the tevatron and the lhc , until of course a new star , higgs , comes along . \n expressed less colloquially , the top quark ...