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[ { "content": "in this supplementary material section we will first provide the details of our experimental setup and then discuss the validity of some crucial assumptions of the well known theories of the iqhe . \n namely , first we will briefly discuss the assumptions on different boundary conditions and topol...
[ { "content": "dwarf galaxies are at the focus of a major cosmological problem affecting the @xmath3cdm scenario : the number of dark matter subhalos around milky way - type galaxies predicted by @xmath3cdm simulations is much larger than the number of observed satellite dwarf galaxies @xcite . \n most proposals...
[ { "content": "starting from the work of deutsch @xcite , it has been known for some time now , that inertial particles in a random velocity field undergo clustering phenomena . \n these behaviors are observed in numerical simulation of turbulence as well ( see e.g @xcite and references therein ) and are thought...
[ { "content": "understanding fermion masses and mixings is one of the outstanding problem of present day particle physics . \n the idea of quark mixing phenomena was initiated by cabibbo in 1963 @xcite , subsequently generalized to two generations by glashow , illiopoulos , maiani @xcite and finally to three gen...
[ { "content": "although strong and electromagnetic decays of @xmath0 have been extensively studied for several decades , both experimental and theoretical investigations of weak decays of @xmath0 are much behind . due to smallness of the strength of weak interaction , \n the weak decays of the @xmath0 are rare p...
[ { "content": "during the last few years , our understanding of the structure , organization and evolution of magnetic fields in the very quiet sun ( the regions outside active regions and the network ) has become increasingly clear . \n magnetic fields in the quietest areas of the sun are relatively weak and or...
[ { "content": "a lot of observational information is now known about the structure of dense cores as progenitors of stars within the molecular clouds ( e.g. , evans 2010 ) . theoretically , we expect that most of these cores will collapse into protostars , but the details of evolutions are less evident . \n cle...
[ { "content": "we consider the convex minimization problem with linear constraints and a separable objective function @xmath1 where @xmath2 and @xmath3 are continuous closed convex ( could be nonsmooth ) functions ; @xmath4 and @xmath5 are given matrices ; @xmath6 is a given vector ; @xmath7 and @xmath8 are none...
[ { "content": "femtosecond pulses offer unique ways to coherently control photo - induced quantum dynamics of matter @xcite . \n the corresponding key characteristic is their coherence over a broad spectrum . \n multiphoton absorption processes in atoms and molecules , which are of fundamental scientific importa...
[ { "content": "in the last years it has been largely developed the study of intrinsic submanifolds inside the heisenberg groups @xmath3 or more general carnot groups , endowed with their carnot - carathodory metric structure , also named sub - riemannian . by an intrinsic regular ( or intrinsic lipschitz ) hyper...
[ { "content": "polynomial series are of great importance in control theory . \n both continuous and discrete polynomial series are useful in approximating state and/or control variables , in modal reduction , optimal control , and system identification , providing effective and efficient computational methods @x...
[ { "content": "eclipsing binary systems provide a good opportunity for studying the presence of an unresolved third body by observing their minima times because of the light - time effect ( hereafter lite ) . \n it was explained by irwin and its necessary criteria have been mentioned by frieboes - conde & hertze...
[ { "content": "observations by @xmath3 of binary systems have so far yielded 11 transiting circumbinary planets . until recently , \n all discovered circumbinary planets have resided near to or outside the dynamical stability limit characterized by @xcite . \n this finding has prompted many to study how planets ...
[ { "content": "the idea of a macroscopic state demonstrating quantum mechanical behaviour was introduced by schrdinger in 1935 @xcite . \n his famous thought experiment considered how a macroscopic entity ( in this case a domestic cat ) could evolve into a superposition of two distinct physical states ( alive a...
[ { "content": "photoionization of atoms and molecules is one of the most fundamental quantum processes . \n it played a key role in the early days of quantum mechanics and has ever since been paving the way towards an improved understanding of the structure and dynamics of matter on a microscopic scale . today \...
[ { "content": "non - abelian stringlike solutions have a long history which starts already in 1973 with the nielsen - olesen seminal paper @xcite . \n several general discussions were published @xcite and explicit solutions ( numerical of course ) were obtained @xcite for an @xmath3 gauge theory with higgs field...
[ { "content": "in the present paper we study the curvature of a free boundary which comes up in some obstacle type problems , more specifically laplacian growth ( hele - shaw flow moving boundary problem ) , quadrature domains and partial balayage . \n the final aim of the investigations is to show that the free...
[ { "content": "a fact usually assumed in astrophysics is that the main part of the mass of a typical spiral galaxy is concentrated in a thin disk ( @xcite ) . \n accordingly , the obtention of the gravitational potential generated by an idealized thin disk is a problem of great astrophysical relevance and so , t...
[ { "content": "in @xcite , c. bishop sets the following problem : _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _...
[ { "content": "the production and weak decay properties of strangeness - rich systems is of fundamental importance for our understanding of relativistic heavy - ion collisions and certain astrophysical phenomena , such as neutron stars . \n the simplest systems with strangeness , hypernuclei with one or two boun...
[ { "content": "the problem of describing all finite - dimensional lie algebras of vector fields is a starting point for the symmetry analysis of ordinary differential equations , because , having solved this problem , one finds all possible algebras of contact symmetries for ordinary differential equations . ...
[ { "content": "telomeres are tandem repeated noncoding sequences of nucleotides at both ends of the dna in eukaryotic chromosomes stabilizing the chromosome ends and preventing them from end - to - end fusion or degradation @xcite . \n polymerase can not completely replicate the 3 end of linear dna , so telomere...
[ { "content": "modern power networks are increasingly dependent on information technology in order to achieve higher efficiency , flexibility and adaptability @xcite . \n the development of more advanced sensing , communications and control capabilities for power grids enables better situational awareness and sm...
[ { "content": "one of the main limiting factors in determining the masses of the compact objects in low - mass x - ray binaries is uncertainty in the fraction of the infrared light that is produced by the companion star ( e.g. , hynes , robinson , & bitner 2005 ) . \n when lmxbs are accreting at low rates , the ...
[ { "content": "the study of quantum mechanical hamiltonians that are @xmath0-symmetric but not hermitian@xcite-@xcite has recently found an unexpected application in classical optics@xcite-@xcite , due to the fact that in the paraxial approximation the equation of propagation of an electromagnetic wave in a medi...
[ { "content": "the relativistic heavy ion collider ( rhic ) is under construction at brookhaven national laboratory . \n in addition to its primary purpose , the search for quark - gluon plasma , a proposal to explore spin physics at rhic @xcite has been approved . \n the major goals of the spin physics program...
[ { "content": "the generalized baker s construction @xcite defines a large class of invertible , lebesgue - measure - preserving maps of the unit square @xmath34\\times[0,1]$ ] . \n specifically , a two - dimensional map @xmath35 on @xmath36 is determined by a measurable _ cut function _ \n @xmath37 on @xmath3...
[ { "content": "understanding the mechanisms that drive the transition to the deconfined regime is one of the great open problems of qcd . in particular with the expected new results from the experiments at the rhic , lhc and gsi facilities \n also the theoretical side is challenged to contribute to our understan...
[ { "content": "the theory of second order phase transitions is based on the assumption that at temperatures close to the critical temperature @xmath6 there is only one dominating length scale associated with the critical behavior of the system , the correlation length . since the correlation length diverges as t...
[ { "content": "a significant number of quantum computation and quantum information protocols use the quadrature amplitudes of the quantized electromagnetic field @xcite , @xcite . the essence of all these protocols rely in the possibility of producing entangled photons in a nonlinear medium @xcite . \n the param...
[ { "content": "hydrogen is an ubiquitous element , present even in ultra - high - vacuum chambers , although very difficult to detect . \n it shows a large sticking probability in most transition metal surfaces @xcite , among them co. adsorption of h on transition metals was intensively studied in the past decad...
[ { "content": "early studied in the 1930 s @xcite , the counter - rotating machines arouse a greater interest in the turbomachinery field , particularly for their potential improvement of the efficiency with respect to conventional machines by recovering kinetic energy from the front rotor exit - flow and by add...
[ { "content": "in the study of interconnection and communication networks , the theory of digraphs plays a key role because , in many cases , the links between nodes are unidirectional . in this theory , there are three concepts that have shown to be very fruitful to construct good and efficient networks . \n na...
[ { "content": "the dynamics of confined cavity fields interacting with the cavity wall is of great interest for the understanding of a variety of problems such as hadron bag models @xcite , sonoluminescence @xcite , cavity qed @xcite and black hole radiations @xcite . \n most previous studies on dynamical cavity...
[ { "content": "study of atomic and molecular polarizabilities remains an important task in atomic physics . the atomic polarizability @xmath9 depends on electric dipole matrix elements @xmath10 @xcite which also describe transition strengths , state lifetimes , van der waals interactions , and scattering c...
[ { "content": "the spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking ( @xmath0sb ) is one of the most important features in low - energy qcd . \n this is considered to be the origin of several hadron masses , such as the lightest nucleon mass . however , there is a possibility that only a part of the lightest nucleon mass is...
[ { "content": "the precise quantum signatures of different qualitative types of classical motion and the very definition of chaos in quantum mechanics are still the issues of an unsettled discussion ( see e.g. @xcite ) . due to unitarity of quantum dynamics \n , quantum chaos can not be defined in the same way a...
[ { "content": "consider lz transitions in a qubit coupled to a bath of @xmath0 quantum harmonic oscillators , as described by the hamiltonian @xmath1 with the qubit - oscillator coupling @xmath2(b_{j}+b_{j}^{\\dag}).\\ ] ] the energy difference between the diabatic qubit states changes linearly in time as @xmath...
[ { "content": "the research on the striking universality properties of slow relaxation dynamics has been driving great efforts in the last decades . \n a large and growing literature can be found in which non - exponential behaviour has been observed for correlation functions : supercooled colloidal systems @xc...
[ { "content": "one of the outstanding issues in @xmath35 meson physics is the semileptonic branching fraction puzzle . \n experimentally @xmath36 is measured to be ( @xmath37)% @xcite , whereas theoretical calculations have difficulties accommodating a branching fraction below @xmath38 @xcite . \n one way to r...
[ { "content": "rayleigh - taylor ( rt ) instability occurs when a heavy fluid is supported by a lighter fluid in a gravitational field , or , equivalently , when a heavy fluid is accelerated by a lighter fluid . \n rt instability and the related processes have found applications in various astronomical systems ,...
[ { "content": "understanding the origin of mass is the main open puzzle in particle physics today . in the standard model \n all masses arise as a result of the spontaneous breaking of the 1 gauge symmetry . \n this implies the existence of an elementary higgs boson , not yet found . \n stabilizing the mass of t...
[ { "content": "the theoretical description of the electronic properties of transition metal compounds with partially filled @xmath1 and @xmath2-shells and strong coulomb interaction between the electrons remains a challenging , fundamental problem in condensed matter physics . \n @xcite the interplay between ele...
[ { "content": "the comet c/1917 f1 mellish , formerly designated as @xmath0 or @xmath1 , was discovered by j.e . \n mellish on march 20 , 1917 and was observed for 96 days @xcite from many places on the earth . in the southern hemisphere , \n the comet reached up to + 1 magnitude . \n astronomer j.f . \n skjelle...
[ { "content": "many optimization problems of interest can be phrased as picking a maximum - weight independent subset from a ground set of elements , for a suitable definition of independence . \n a well - known example is the ( maximum - weight ) independent set problem on graphs , where we wish to find a set o...
[ { "content": "over the years compass models have proved especially useful in the modeling of materials with multi - orbital degrees of freedom@xcite ; these hamiltonians describe fictitious spin degrees of freedom that have fully anisotropic spatial interactions@xcite . \n currently they are very prominent in b...
[ { "content": "recent observational data imply -against any previous belief- that the current expansion of the universe is accelerating @xcite . since this discovery , the so - called dark energy issue has probably become the most ambitious and tantalizing field of research because of its implications in fundam...
[ { "content": "the early pioneering sub - millimeter surveys in lensing clusters ( smail , ivison & blain 1997 ) and in blank fields ( hughes et al . \n 1998 , barger et al . 1998 ) demonstrated the feasibility of deep extragalactic surveys exploiting the favorable k - corrections in the sub - millimeter . \n de...
[ { "content": "in the standard cosmological framework , the universe is decribed by a friedmann - lemaitre solution , the spatial sections of which being usually assumed to be simply connected . \n einstein equations being local , they allow us to determine the local geometry but they give no complete informati...
[ { "content": "the theory of open quantum systems plays a central role in the description of realistic quantum systems due to unavoidable interaction with the environment . \n as is well known , the system - environment interaction can lead to energy dissipation and decoherence @xcite , posing a major challenge ...
[ { "content": "the _ ratchet _ effect , i. e. the possibility to obtain the directed transport by using zero - mean perturbations only , has induced notable scrutiny over the last decade [ 1 ] . initially , most studies have been focused on noisy overdamped models have been inspired by a molecular motors realm [...
[ { "content": "one of the main motivations to study high energy heavy ion collisions is the creation of a new deconfined phase of strongly interacting matter , the so called quark - gluon plasma ( qgp ) @xcite . at the relativistic heavy ion collider ( rhic ) \n many experimental observations like , e.g. , jet q...
[ { "content": "ambipolar diffusion is the joint drift of charged particles and the associated magnetic flux with respect to the neutral particles in a partially ionized plasma . @xcite \n first proposed it in order to explain the loss of magnetic flux from the dense cores of molecular clouds , required for the f...
[ { "content": "understanding the processes involved in the supernova explosions , in the creation of stellar compact objects and in their temporal evolution requires a huge multidisciplinary effort with investigations in areas as distinct as nuclear and particle physics , thermodynamics , quantum field theory an...
[ { "content": "the current success in the experimental study of decays with the cp - violation in the gold - plated mode of neutral @xmath2-meson by the babar and belle collaborations @xcite allows one to extract the ckm - matrix angle @xmath3 in the unitarity triangle by the model - independent method . \n the ...
[ { "content": "the theory of quantum transport in nano - scale devices has evolved rapidly over the past decade , as advances in experimental techniques have made it possible to probe transport properties ( at different temperatures ) down to the single - molecule scale . \n furthermore simultaneous measurement ...
[ { "content": "phase transition in a given physico - chemical system is characterized by parameters like the range of the microscopic interactions , the space dimensionality @xmath1 and the dimensionality of the order parameter , often referred to the spin dimensionality @xmath2 . \n there are features whose qua...
[ { "content": "in the 1950ies , fermi and coworkers started to measure pion - nucleon cross sections and to analyze the data in terms of partial waves , leading the way to the discovery of a large number of baryon resonances . in 1963 , in a partial - wave analysis performed at the lawrence livermore national la...
[ { "content": "blends of polymers and nanoparticles , commonly called `` polymer nanocomposites '' ( pnc ) , have garnered much attention due to the possibility of dramatic improvement of polymeric properties with the addition of a relatively small fraction of nanoparticles @xcite . successfully making use of t...
[ { "content": "we report the results of the optical interferometry of the interacting system of galaxies ngc 7769 , 7770 , 7771 and 7771a and analyze their kinematics . \n a detailed description of the morphological features of the galaxies as well as photometry and color analysis of ngc 7769 are presented in ...
[ { "content": "direct or prompt photons are photons that emerge directly from the hard scattering of the partons and not from secondary decays or as the radiation product of initial or final state partons . since these photons come directly from parton - parton hard scattering , they provide a clean signature of...
[ { "content": "nuclear lattice effective field theory ( nleft ) is a first - principles approach , in which chiral eft for nucleons is combined with numerical auxiliary - field quantum monte carlo ( afqmc ) lattice calculations . \n nleft differs from other _ ab initio _ \n methods @xcite in that it is an uncon...
[ { "content": "the intrinsic non - gaussianity of primordial curvature perturbations is a valuable tool to distinguish among different models for the origin of structure in the very early universe @xcite . \n even if the primordial curvature perturbation has a gaussian distribution , the initial density perturb...
[ { "content": "resonant magnetic perturbations ( rmps ) are one of the promising methods of edge - localized mode ( elm ) control in future tokamak reactors @xcite , which is necessary as already for iter it is predicted that at full plasma current uncontrolled elms can not be tolerated @xcite . the rmps eithe...
[ { "content": "the range of surface density profiles for galaxies in a cluster is a telltale of its dynamical history . \n for instance , an excess of cuspy profiles over , say , the mean field galaxy distribution , is indicative of recent merger activity . \n conversely , extended exponential profiles are repre...
[ { "content": "we consider the diffusion processes @xmath4 pertaining to the following distributed control system , with small random perturbations ( see fig . \n [ fig - dcs ] ) @xmath5 where * @xmath6 is an @xmath7-valued diffusion process that corresponds to the @xmath8th - subsystem ( with @xmath9 ) , * t...
[ { "content": "the milagro observatory@xcite has made long term observations of the cygnus arm . \n they report an excess of over 5.5@xmath1 over a 5.9@xmath2 square bin in ra and dec.@xcite . \n this excess is inconsistent with a point source and may be due to a giant molecular cloud(gmc ) located in the same r...
[ { "content": "frequently problems arise in science which involve both additive and multiplicative noise . \n the first type is relatively easy to handle with the help of the central limit theorem . \n the situation changes dramatically with the appearance of multiplicative noise . \n famous examples are the and...
[ { "content": "among the technologies for biometric identification and verification , face recognition has become a widely - used method , as it is a non - intrusive and reliable method . \n however , the robustness of a facial recognition system is constrained by the degree of head pose that is involved and the...
[ { "content": "the origin of planets is a vast , complex and still quite mysterious subject . despite decades of space exploration , ground based observations and detailed analyses of meteorites and cometary grains ( the only space samples available in our laboratories ) it is still not clear how the planets of ...
[ { "content": "flows of most liquid substances are usually studied by modeling the liquid as a continuum , but there are some substances that allow the study of flows at the kinetic level , i.e. , at the level of the individual constituent particles . as examples , we can mention chute flows in granular material...
[ { "content": "the fundamental principles of physics , as we understand them today , emphasize the role of three constants : @xmath2 ( newton s gravitational constant ) , @xmath3 ( the speed of light ) and @xmath4 ( the planck constant ) . by a suitable choice of units , we can set the numerical value of all the...
[ { "content": "the thomas fermi ( tf ) equation has proved useful for the treatment of many physical phenomena that include atoms@xcite , molecules@xcite , atoms in strong magnetic fields@xcite , crystals@xcite and dense plasmas@xcite among others . \n for that reason there has been great interest in the accura...
[ { "content": "recent decades have seen the application of mathematical control theory to quantum systems in both physics and chemistry , as technological advances have allowed for greater precision in manipulation of these systems @xcite@xcite@xcite@xcite@xcite . \n one particular area of interest is the possib...
[ { "content": "over the last two decades , the study of driven diffusive systems kls , sz , vp , schutz has formed a significant branch in the general pursuit to understand non - equilibrium statistical mechanics . \n the underlying dynamics violates detailed balance , so that the long - time behavior is governe...
[ { "content": "visual localization / tracking plays a central role for many applications like intelligent video surveillance , smart transportation monitoring systems . localization and tracking algorithms aim to find the most similar region to the target in an image . \n recently , kernel - based tracking algor...
[ { "content": "transmembrane voltage is often recorded during physiological study of biological neurons . however , voltage - gated ion channel activity and neurotransmitter levels are quite difficult to measure directly and are usually unobserved in such studies . in addition , there is a great diversity of neu...
[ { "content": "in the course of the last decade redshift surveys have provided a major advance in our knowledge of the large scale distribution of galaxies and its statistical properties ( see for example the review of giovanelli and haynes 1991 ) . \n bright , wide angle surveys ( e.g. cfa2 , geller and huchra ...
[ { "content": "it is widely accepted that gamma - ray burst ( grb ) afterglows originate from the interaction of an ultrarelativistically expanding shell into the circumburst medium ( cbm ) . \n differences exists on the detailed kinematics and dynamics of such a shell ( see e.g. refs . and refs . therein ) . ...
[ { "content": "it has been known that nearby elliptical galaxies have color gradients ; colors in an elliptical galaxy gradually become bluer with increasing radius ( e.g. , vader et al . \n 1988 ; franx , illingworth , & heckman 1989 ; peletier et al . 1990a ; peletier , valentijn , & jameson 1990b , goudfrooij...
[ { "content": "euso - ta @xcite is a pathfinder detector of the jem - euso project @xcite . \n the aim of jem - euso is to detect the rare ultra - high energy cosmic rays ( uhecrs ) from space , observing the uv fluorescence light emitted by cosmic ray extensive air showers ( eass ) through the atmosphere , whic...
[ { "content": "the study of transport mechanisms at the mesoscale level is of great importance nowadays . \n specifically , the so - called ratchet systems have shown to be proper candidates for explaining unidirectional motion to biological systems @xcite , and have important physical applications for nano- and...
[ { "content": "one of the most intriguing normal properties of the high-@xmath2 ( ht@xmath4 ) cuprates is the so called pseudogap \n ( pg ) phenomenon . \n it is commonly presented in the @xmath5 plane as a line that starts from rather high temperatures ( at small @xmath6 ) and reaches the superconductivity ( s...
[ { "content": "electrons in cosmic rays have unique features , complementary to the cosmic - ray nuclear components , because of their low mass and leptonic nature . \n high - energy electrons lose energy by synchrotron radiation in the galactic magnetic field and inverse compton scattering with the interstellar...
[ { "content": "while the problem of electroweak symmetry breaking can be solved in the standard model ( sm ) by introducing one higgs boson , the minimal supersymmetric standard model ( mssm ) requires five physical higgses : a light cp - even ( @xmath6 ) , a heavy cp - even ( @xmath7 ) , a heavy cp - odd ( @xma...
[ { "content": "quantum cryptography has brought us new ways of exchanging a secret key between two users ( known as alice and bob ) . \n the security of such quantum key distribution ( qkd ) methods is based on a very basic rule of nature and quantum mechanics the `` no - cloning '' principle . \n the first qkd...
[ { "content": "an important issue in the investigation of the dynamics of competing self - reproducing macromolecules , whose paradigm is eigen s quasispecies model @xcite , is the effect of the finite size of the population on the error threshold phenomenon that limits the length of the molecules @xcite . \n th...
[ { "content": "n 157b ( henize , 1956 ) is a crab - type supernova remnant ( snr ) just 7 arcmin from the center of 30 doradus ( bode , 1801 ) in the large magellanic cloud ( lmc ) . \n it contains a 16-ms x - ray pulsar undetected at any other wavelength ( marshall et al . \n there is bright non - thermal x - r...
[ { "content": "the equation of state ( eos ) has attracted a lot of attention recently for asymmetric nuclear matter , which can be described approximately by the parabolic law @xmath4 here @xmath5 is the isospin asymmetry , @xmath6 the energy per nucleon for symmetric nuclear matter , and @xmath7 the bulk symme...
[ { "content": "the interplay between superconductivity and ferromagnetism has been the subject of extensive research for many years . \n the ferromagnetism , being usually much stronger than superconductivity , is supposed to destroy the latter . \n this suppression is caused by two mechanisms . \n one of them i...
[ { "content": "unification theories applied to cosmology suggest a possibility of variation of the fundamental constants in the expanding universe ( see e.g. review @xcite ) . there are hints of variation of @xmath6 and @xmath7 in quasar absorption spectra , big bang nucleosynthesis and oklo natural nuclear reac...
[ { "content": "the number of dark spots in the sun s surface has been counted in a systematic way since rudolf wolf introduced the concept , in the first half of the nineteenth century . \n more than any other solar observable , the sunspot number is considered the strongest signature of the 22-year magnetic cyc...
[ { "content": "the double or extended main - sequence turnoffs ( emstos ) were discovered in the color - magnitude diagram ( cmd ) of intermediate - age massive star clusters in the magellanic clouds @xcite . \n one interpretation of the emstos is that the clusters have experienced an extended star - formation h...
[ { "content": "the discovery of the cosmic acceleration @xcite and the search for dark energy responsible for its origin @xcite have stimulated the study of different field models driving the cosmological evolution . \n such a study usually is called the potential reconstruction @xcite , because the most typical...
[ { "content": "the vast majority of the @xmath4 catalogued quasars have very similar optical spectral energy distributions : a very blue continuum with prominent broad emission lines . \n several studies provide evidence that a population of _ red _ quasars also exists , overlooked by surveys optimized to find q...
[ { "content": "zwicky showed that there is an inconsistency between the dynamical mass and the luminous mass for the coma cluster . \n he postulated that there must exist dark matter at the scale of clusters of galaxies @xcite . \n the observations of the rotation curves of spiral galaxies by rubin also indicat...
[ { "content": "in refs . \n @xcite , a unified model of dark matter has been presented , which posits a ds with a u(1 ) gauge symmetry , spontaneously broken in order to avoid long range interactions . \n the ds is modelled by an ah model @xmath5 , where the dark scalar field , @xmath6 , couples to the gsw theor...
[ { "content": "the aim of combinatorial optimization is to find good approximations to the solution(s ) of minimization problems . \n many of the most famous algorithms currently used in this field @xcite were inspired by analogies with physical systems . among them \n the most celebrated is _ thermal simulated ...
[ { "content": "what is irreversibility of a process ? \n this question , in this form , does not make much sense . \n we first have to specify `` irreversibility with respect to what '' . \n it means we first need to decide a set of rules \n e. a set of allowed transformations together with some free resource t...
[ { "content": "we study scaling limits of _ internal diffusion limited aggregation _ ( `` internal dla '' ) , a growth model introduced in @xcite . in internal dla , \n one inductively constructs an * occupied set * @xmath8 for each time @xmath9 as follows : begin with @xmath10 and @xmath11 , and let @xmath12 be...