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[ { "content": "in four dimensions , the einstein tensor is the only conserved symmetric tensor that depends on the metric and its derivatives up to second order . however for spacetimes possessing more than four dimensions , as assumed in both string theory and brane world cosmology , \n this is not the case . i...
[ { "content": "it is now generally accepted that the galactic bulge is a tri - axial , bar - like structure . \n observational evidence for a bar has arisen from several sources , such as the study of gas kinematics ( e.g. @xcite ) , surface brightness ( e.g. @xcite ) , star counts ( e.g. @xcite ) and microlensi...
[ { "content": "this work was supported by the national science foundation through nsf grant phy-9503384 , and by a nasa theory grant . \n m. rugers and c. j. hogan , report astro - ph/9603084 , 1996 ( unpublished ) ; m. rugers and c. j. hogan , astrophys . j. lett . * 459 * , l1 ( 1996 ) ; e. j. wampler _ \n et ...
[ { "content": "the discovery of neutrino masses and mixings through solar @xcite , atmospheric @xcite , and reactor @xcite neutrino oscillation experiments has provided new clues to solving the mysteries of the standard model . \n flavor mixing in the lepton - sector , together with the well - known mixing in th...
[ { "content": "the centimeter continuum radiation from classic hii regions is dominated by strong free - free emission from the extended ionized gas present there . however , when observed with the high angular resolution provided by an interferometer , the extended emission is filtered out and one starts to det...
[ { "content": "the transition - metal perovskite oxides @xmath2o@xmath1 ( with @xmath3@xmath4 y , la , or other trivalent rare - earth ion , and @xmath5@xmath4 ti or v ) are regarded as some of the key materials for understanding the strong coupling among spin , orbital , and lattice degrees of freedom in correl...
[ { "content": "all astronomers recognize that spectroscopy offers a wealth of information that can help characterize the properties of the observing target . in the context of stellar astrophysics \n , spectroscopy plays many fundamental roles . \n the relative strengths and widths of stellar absorption lines pr...
[ { "content": "under the action of gravity a colloidal suspension sediments to form a stratified fluid . \n the equilibrium density profile of the colloidal particles results from the balance between the gravitational force and thermodynamic forces as derived from the free energy of the system . \n the density p...
[ { "content": "protoplanetary disks are believed to be the birthplaces of planets ( e.g. , * ? ? ? \n * ) ; hence , understanding the evolution of these disks guides our understanding of the process of planet formation . \n disks which have substantial infrared excesses but reduced fluxes at wavelengths @xmath92...
[ { "content": "nature may be viewed as a collection of _ complex systems _ @xcite . \n consequently , a principal question is how these systems , which typically consist of many simple interacting units , develop qualitatively new and high - level kinds of organization . \n this is the problem of connecting the ...
[ { "content": "in a recent paper kitano @xcite gives a formula for the reidemeister torsion of the 3-manifold obtained by a dehn surgery on the figure eight knot . in this paper \n we generalize his result to all twist knots . \n specifically , we will compute the reidemeister torsion of the complement of a twis...
[ { "content": "the ising model in @xmath0 dimensions is perhaps the most studied statistical mechanical model and has a special place in the theory of critical phenomena since the groundbreaking work of onsager @xcite . \n its scaling limit at or near the critical point is recognized to give rise to euclidean (...
[ { "content": "galactic black hole candidates ( bhc ) are predominantly found in two states : the hard state , in which the x - ray spectrum is a comptonization spectrum emerging from a hot electron cloud with a typical electron temperature of @xmath0150kev @xcite , and the soft state , in which the x - ray spec...
[ { "content": "the geodesic flow on a riemannian manifold represents the extremals of the least action principle , namely it is determined by the motion of a certain physical system in the manifold . \n it is known that the geodesic equations are second order non - linear differential equations and they usually ...
[ { "content": "this paper is devoted to nonlinear schrdinger equations ( nls ) of the form @xmath1 here , @xmath2 is a complex valued function , @xmath3 is a possibly rough / discontinuous potential and @xmath4 is a smooth function ( in terms of the density @xmath5 ) that describes the nonlinearity . \n a common...
[ { "content": "both standard @xcite and inflationary cosmology @xcite suffer from the initial singularity problem and hence can not yield complete descriptions of the very early universe . \n if one were able to construct a non - singular bouncing cosmology , this problem would obviously disappear . \n however ,...
[ { "content": "in recent years , considerable attention has been devoted to ground - state properties of low - dimensional quantum systems . \n the interest was greatly stimulated by the discovery of the high - temperature superconductivity,@xcite and by subsequent studies which revealed the importance of the cu...
[ { "content": "already in 1937 , at the outset of modern solid state physics , de boer and verwey @xcite drew attention to the surprising properties of materials with incompletely filled 3@xmath0-bands . \n this observation prompted mott and peierls @xcite to discuss the interaction between the electrons . \n ev...
[ { "content": "current and future radio continuum surveys typically probe redshifts out to @xmath1 and often cover a significant fraction of the sky . the large volumes accessible in these surveys provide a probe of the large - scale structure and thus can be utilised to test cosmological models . \n one of the ...
[ { "content": "this work is dealing with regularity , which is a property with deep implications in organisms . from the biological point of view regularity \n has been related with radial symmetry , and irregularity with bilateral symmetry @xcite . \n the heuristic value of radial and bilateral symmetry in biol...
[ { "content": "mutually unbiased basis sets are known to provide an optimal basis for quantum tomography @xcite , to play key roles in quantum cryptography @xcite , and to be instrumental in solving the mean king problem in prime power dimensions @xcite . \n the generalized pauli operators associated with mub s ...
[ { "content": "in previous two papers @xcite , @xcite we defined and analyzed random processes with continuous time parameter describing the evolution of special trees consisting of _ living and dead nodes _ connected by _ lines_. it seems to be appropriate to repeat briefly the characteristic features of the ev...
[ { "content": "abundance measurements of c , n , o , ne , s , and ar in galactic and extragalactic h ii regions , planetary nebulae , and supernova remnants represent a major source of information about elemental levels in the interstellar media of spiral disks . \n measured from the ground in most cases , the ...
[ { "content": "the weak value amplification of the observables is finding increasing number of applications in the study of a variety of physical systems @xcite . \n although originally formulated for quantum systems , many past and current applications include applications to classical light beams . \n for exam...
[ { "content": "recently , verlinde @xcite presented a remarkable new idea that gravity can be explained as an entropic force caused by the information changes when a material body moves away from the holographic screen . \n this idea implies that gravity is not fundamental . with the holographic principle and th...
[ { "content": "it is a truth universally acknowledged , that random objects are asymmetric . \n it was shown by wright @xcite that for @xmath11 a random @xmath8 graph has , whp , a trivial automorphism group . \n he actually worked with the @xmath12 model , but the reduction to @xmath8 is well - known and follow...
[ { "content": "recent measurements from some type ia supernovae ( sne ) at intermediate and high redshifts ( perlmutter et al . 1999 , riess et al . 1998 ) indicate that the bulk of energy in the universe is repulsive and appears like a quintessence \" component , that is , an unknown form of dark energy ( in a...
[ { "content": "the importance of beam polarization for the ilc experiments can be illustrated by fact that the effective luminosity is increasing by approximately @xmath0 in the case of both beam polarized @xcite . \n furthermore a suitable combination of polarized electron and positron beams suppresses signific...
[ { "content": "abundance determinations of stars in galactic globular clusters can provide valuable information about important astrophysical processes such as stellar evolution , stellar structure , galactic chemical evolution and the formation of the milky way . \n surface stellar abundances of c , n , o , and...
[ { "content": "test data generation ( tdg ) aims at automatically generating test - cases for interesting test _ \n coverage criteria_. the coverage criteria measure how well the program is exercised by a test suite . \n examples of coverage criteria are : _ statement coverage _ which requires that each line of ...
[ { "content": "hoava - lifshitz gravity @xcite is attracting much attention as one of candidates for the theory of quantum gravity because of its power - counting renormalizability , which is realized by the lifshitz scaling @xmath2 with the dynamical critical exponent @xmath3 in the ultraviolet ( uv ) . \n the...
[ { "content": "the theoretical description of adsorption is a long - standing complex problem in surface science that presently does not have a general solution @xcite . in 1918 \n langmuir derived the monolayer adsorption isotherm kinetically for gas monoatomic molecules adsorbed on the homogeneous surface o...
[ { "content": "the study of extended radio galaxies in clusters of galaxies is important to understand the evolution of radio sources . in particular , the low - brightness lobes are at a late stage of evolution and are typically confined by the intergalactic medium , therefore synchrotron losses dominate in the...
[ { "content": "predicting the macroscopic properties of composite or porous materials with random microstructures is an important problem in a range of fields @xcite . \n there now exist large - scale computational methods for calculating the properties of composites given a digital representation of their micr...
[ { "content": "the 2800 and [ oii]3727 emission line luminosity densities have decreased by a factor of @xmath4 10 from z = 1 to the present day ( lilly et al . \n 1996 ; hammer et al . \n this has led madau et al . \n ( 1996 , 1998 ) to suggest that the cosmic star formation density has decreased by the same f...
[ { "content": "a great deal of effort has gone into observing and analyzing disintegration of sunspots ( and starspots ) . \n the sunspot decay is usually characterized by the rate of decrease of the sunspot area @xmath3 , and numerous observations appear to be consistent with a parabolic decay law , with @xmath...
[ { "content": "in human societies social life consists of the flow and exchange of norms , values , ideas , goods as well as other social and cultural resources , which are channeled through a network of interconnections . in all the social relations between people \n _ trust _ is a fundamental component @xcite...
[ { "content": "observations of fluctuations in the temperature of the cosmic microwave background ( cmb ) are now providing us with a direct view of the primordial inhomogeneities in the universe . \n the power spectrum of temperature fluctuations yields a wealth of information on the nature of the primordial pe...
[ { "content": "the hubble - sandage diagram for type ia supernovae ( hereafter sneia ) , as measured by the supernova cosmology project@xcite and the high - z supernova search team@xcite , provided the first evidence that the present universe is undergoing a phase of accelerating expansion driven by an exotic co...
[ { "content": "the differential cross - section @xmath6 for a lepton ( @xmath7 , @xmath8 ) with four - momentum @xmath9 scattering off a nucleon with four - momentum @xmath10 can be expressed as @xmath11 \\nonumber\\end{aligned}\\ ] ] where @xmath4 is the four - momentum transfer squared , @xmath12 is the bjor...
[ { "content": "one of the major discoveries in physics during the last two decades was the accelerated expansion of the universe . \n general relativity and the standard model of particle physics fail to explain this phenomenon . \n this situation calls for new alternative ideas able to give a satisfactory expla...
[ { "content": "electromagnetic momentum density can be decomposed in terms of orbital momentum and spin momentum densities @xcite . \n they are respectively responsible for the generation of the orbital angular momentum ( oam ) and spin angular momentum ( sam ) of electromagnetic ( em ) waves . left and right c...
[ { "content": "the galaxy classification scheme of @xcite has proved durably useful . as modified and extended by @xcite , it is still the standard method for classifying low - redshift galaxies with high surface brightness . \n the hubble classification scheme was originally based on the appearance of galaxies ...
[ { "content": "the interest in continuum lepton - pair production in high - energy collisions dates back to the seventies , triggered by the detection of the drell - yan process @xcite and the @xmath3 . \n the latter , in particular , sharpened the attention to anything which might still have escaped detection ...
[ { "content": "cooperation has played a fundamental role in the early evolution of our societies@xcite and continues playing a major role still nowadays . from the individual level , where we cooperate with our romantic partner , friends , and co - workers in order to handle our individual problems , up to the g...
[ { "content": "control of the double dot using dc gate voltages is demonstrated in fig . 1 ( b d ) . \n figure 1(b ) shows @xmath20/@xmath28 ( numerically differentiated ) as a function of @xmath12 and @xmath11 . when an electron enters or leaves the double dot , or moves from one dot to the other , the qpc co...
[ { "content": "over the past 30 years or so the coherent potential approximation @xcite ( cpa ) has proved to be a generally reliable method for dealing with disordered systems . \n @xcite however , being in essence a single - site mean - field theory , @xcite the cpa fails to take into account the effect of n...
[ { "content": "semiclassical properties of systems with mixed classical dynamics is a reach rapidly developing field of research . \n one of interesting results obtained in this direction is a chaos assisted tunneling . \n it was shown that the structure of the classical phase space of hamiltonian systems can in...
[ { "content": "quantum key distribution is the art of distilling a secret key between two distant parties , alice and bob , who have access to an untrusted quantum channel @xcite . in this scenario , \n one typically assumes that the equipment in alice and bob s labs can be trusted , and moreover , that its beha...
[ { "content": "strong interaction phases play an important role in the decays of heavy mesons . they produce visible effects in many nonleptonic decays and could be important for the proper interpretation of effects of underlying fundamental physics . for example \n , strong phases between isospin amplitudes , @...
[ { "content": "detailed investigation of geophysical flows involves experimental campaigns in which buoys , in the ocean , or balloons , in the atmosphere , are released in order to collect lagrangian data against which theories and models can be tested . \n questions concerning oil spill fate , fish larvae dist...
[ { "content": "galactic cosmic rays ( gcr ) beyond the heliosphere region are considered to be temporally and spatially isotropic at least over large timescales . \n they enter into the heliosphere due to random motions and they are subjected to a number of transport effects such as diffusion , adiabatic cooling...
[ { "content": "topological open strings and topological d - branes have recently been enjoying the attention of both physicists and mathematicians . \n the most obvious physical motivation for studying topological string theory is that it is a toy - model for `` physical '' string theory . \n thus a better under...
[ { "content": "according to standard solar models , the solar luminosity increased from about 70% of the present solar luminosity at 4.5 gyr before present ( bp ) to its present value . \n if earth were a black body , its temperature would have been @xmath1k lower , enough to have kept large parts of it frozen u...
[ { "content": "for a low enough electron density , wigner@xcite predicted that electrons should localize creating an ordered spatial structure , thenceforth named a wigner crystal , that breaks the complete translational symmetry of the homogeneous electron gas ( also see ref . ) . \n indeed , the formation of ...
[ { "content": "the magellanic stream ( ms ) , a 10 wide tail of neutral hydrogen ( hi ) emanating from the magellanic clouds and trailing for almost 100 on the sky ( dec @xmath3 to @xmath4 ) @xcite , is the only clear example of a gaseous halo stream in the milky way s close proximity . while it is well accept...
[ { "content": "late - type dwarf galaxies are commonly thought to have slowly rising rotation curves and to be dominated by dark matter at all radii ( e.g. , carignan & beaulieu 1989 ; persic et al . \n 1996 ; ct et al . \n however , in a recent study of a large sample of late - type dwarf galaxies for which the...
[ { "content": "flavor symmetry plays essential role in classification of the hadrons . \n the light hadronic states are successfully described by using su(3 ) flavor symmetry . in the case \n this symmetry is exact , hadrons belonging to the same representation of su(3 ) flavor group could be degenerate . experi...
[ { "content": "mathematics is the art of abstraction and generalization . historically , \n `` numbers '' were first natural numbers ; then rational , negative , real , and complex numbers were introduced ( in some order ) . \n similarly , the concept of taking derivatives has been generalized from first , secon...
[ { "content": "the star formation history ( sfh ) of the universe deduced from optical / uv surveys ( lilly et al . \n 1996 ; madau et al . 1996 , 1998 ) has recently been revised to account for dust extinction ( steidel et al . \n 1999 ) , largely motivated by the detection of a population of dusty star - formi...
[ { "content": "when the nonlocal quantum correlations become important in a many - level system , one may not extract the complete information about individual sub - levels although the total information about the whole system is known . \n in such a case , sub - levels become strongly correlated with each other...
[ { "content": "recently , using the radiative return method @xcite , a new state , the @xmath8 ( also named @xmath10 in the literature ) , was observed in @xmath11 with the dipion invariant mass close to the @xmath12 region , explicitly , for @xmath13 mev @xcite . later on this state \n was also detected at bes ...
[ { "content": "since the beginning of financial science , stock prices , option prices and other quantities have been described by stochastic and partial differential equations . since the 1980s however , the path integral approach , created in the context of quantum mechanics by richard feynman @xcite , has bee...
[ { "content": "the generalization of renormalizable relativistic gauge theories to the standard model ( sm ) was very successful and has been confirmed experimentally in an impressive way , including detailed tests of radiative corrections . , @xmath0 and @xmath1 in the neutrino sector may be the first signs of ...
[ { "content": "damped @xmath9 systems ( dlas ) are fundamentally important , because they contain most of the neutral gas in the universe at all times since cosmological reionization ( e.g. , * ? ? ? \n * ; * ? ? ? \n * ; * ? ? ? \n molecular clouds , within which star formation takes place , likely condense out...
[ { "content": "recent progress in astroparticle physics has improved our level of understanding of the outstanding unsolved problems concerning the origin , acceleration , and composition of primary cosmic rays ( pcrs ) during over past @xmath0 years since its discovery [ 1 ] at ultra - high energy ( uhe ) range...
[ { "content": "the b - v colour difference between young and evolved bars is 0.4 mag , which can be translated to an age difference of 10 gyr . \n this means that bars can be robust structures , in agreement with recent @xmath0-body simulations and observations of barred galaxies at higher redshifts . \n the you...
[ { "content": "theories of structure formation were strongly constrained by the statistical measurements of clustering in some of the early galaxy redshift surveys . \n surveys of infrared galaxies , in particular , were able to rule out the then standard cold dark matter model @xcite . \n present day redshift s...
[ { "content": "in this paper we study the doubly nonlinear ( dnl ) reaction - diffusion problem posed in the whole euclidean space @xmath2 we want to describe the asymptotic behaviour of the solution @xmath3 for large times and for a specific range of the parameters @xmath4 and @xmath5 . \n we recall that the @x...
[ { "content": "asteroseismology of solar - type stars has been one of the major successes of the nasa _ kepler _ mission ( gilliland et al . \n the nominal mission provided data of exquisite quality for unprecedented numbers of low - mass main - sequence stars and cool subgiants . \n asteroseismic detections wer...
[ { "content": "physical processes that occur during reionization are numerous and complex . \n nevertheless , ionization of neutral gas ( hydrogen & helium ) and heating of the inter - galactic medium ( igm ) can be considered the two primary influences of radiating objects during reionization . \n currently , t...
[ { "content": "gravitational wave observations will be sensitive to the spins of black holes @xcite . \n simulated search pipelines indicate that accounting for black hole spin can substantially improve the sensitivity of gravitational wave searches for binaries containing one @xcite or two @xcite black holes \n...
[ { "content": "@xmath55&=x^mp^n - p^nx^m\\\\ & = x^mp^n - p^{n-1}(x^mp-\\frac{im}{2}x^{m-1})\\\\ & = x^mp^n+\\frac{im}{2}p^{n-1}x^{m-1}-p^{n-2}px^mp\\\\ & = x^mp^n+\\frac{im}{2}p^{n-1}x^{m-1}-p^{n-2}x^mp^2+\\frac{im}{2}p^{n-2}x^{m-1}p\\\\ & = x^mp^n+\\frac{im}{2}p^{n-1}x^{m-1}+\\frac{im}{2}p^{n-2}x^{m-1}p - p^{n...
[ { "content": "grb030329/sn2003dh @xcite and grb980425/sn1998bw @xcite show that type ib / c supernovae are the parent population of long grbs . \n type ib / c sne are believed to represent core - collapse events of massive stars in compact binaries @xcite . \n they are probably part of a continuous sequence adj...
[ { "content": "let @xmath0 be an algebraically closed field of characteristic @xmath1 . in sharp contrast with the situation in characteristic @xmath12 , \n there exist galois covers @xmath7 ramified only over infinity . by abhyankar s conjecture @xcite , proved by raynaud and harbater @xcite , @xcite \n , a fin...
[ { "content": "the recovery of sparse signals of high dimensions on the basis of noisy linear measurements is an important problem in the field of signal acquisition and processing . \n when the number of linear observations is significantly lower than the dimension of the signal to be recovered , the signal rec...
[ { "content": "quantum coherent control of photo - induced processes @xcite directs a quantum system from its initial state to desired final state(s ) by manipulating interferences among coherent excitation pathways . when using strong femtosecond laser pulses , control can be realized based on the broad spect...
[ { "content": "one of the mysteries of elementary particle physics is the origin of electroweak symmetry breaking ( ewsb ) . in the standard model ( sm ) \n , ewsb occurs via the higgs mechanism , a consequence of which is the existence of a fundamental scalar particle , the higgs boson @xmath4 @xcite . \n compa...
[ { "content": "in the last decade a wide variety of modified theories of gravity has been studied with the aim of solving or smoothing some puzzling features of conventional gravity and cosmology . \n the reasons for considering such a modified gravitational schemes rely mainly on two damages that are intrinsic ...
[ { "content": "a0535 + 26 is a be / x - ray binary system , discovered by _ \n ariel v _ during a giant outburst in 1975 @xcite . \n the binary system consists of the neutron star pulsar a0535 + 26 and o9.7-b0 iiie optical companion hde245770 @xcite . \n the neutron star moves in an eccentric orbit with _ \n = 0...
[ { "content": "experimental realization of trapped one - dimensional ( 1d ) cold atom systems @xcite are triggering more and more theoretical efforts to study the 1d many - body physics beyond the mean - field theory . \n for the ultracold quantum gases tightly confined in waveguides , the dynamics are effective...
[ { "content": "physical parameters of glaxy clusters , such as total mass and gas mass , are commonly studied through scaling relations . \n these relations assume that both growing and mature clusters are relaxed , self - similar systems such that relations between e.g. @xmath9 , @xmath10 , @xmath11 , @xmath2 ,...
[ { "content": "qcd at low energies is hard to solve , perhaps too hard for mere mortals to solve , even when assisted with the latest supercomputers . \n qcd is the theory that describes the interactions of quarks and gluons . \n qcd has been well tested in high energy scattering experiments where perturbation t...
[ { "content": "[ [ section ] ] living cells possess multiple trafficking pathways , which have in common , a regulated flux of cargo molecules , such as proteins and lipids , moving through and processed within , organized compartments or organelles . \n for instance , the _ secretory pathway _ consists of mo...
[ { "content": "rapid progress has been made in the past decade in discovering other planetary systems and in building theories for their formation and evolution . \n more than 300 extrasolar planets have been found through measuring stellar radial velocities and about 60 planets have been observed to transit the...
[ { "content": "multicomponent systems are of great theoretical and practical importance . \n an example of an important ternary system , that inspired the current paper , is the formation of polymer membranes through immersion precipitation @xcite . in this process \n a polymer - solvent mixture is brought in co...
[ { "content": "subluminous stars are considered to be core helium - burning objects with a thin hydrogen shell . in a hertzsprung - russell diagram these stars are situated on the extreme horizontal branch ( ehb ) . \n the evolution of these stars is far from understood since the formation of an sdb requires ext...
[ { "content": "the beginning of twentieth century launched a series of major paradigm shifts which heralded the era of modern physics . \n it will perhaps be surprising to the modern reader that in the advent of the revolutionary einsteinian theory of relativity , maxwell and boltzmann s kinetic theory and planc...
[ { "content": "since gravitational wave interferometers will sense the passage of a gravitational wave as a difference in the light path between mirrors in the two arms , every kind of excitation is a noise source . \n cooling the mirrors of these detectors , by measuring and controlling with a feedback loop the...
[ { "content": "wormholes are hypothetical objects which connect two distant parts of the same spacetime or two different spacetimes by a throat - like object which has the minimum radius of the spacetime . \n although a wormhole solution first entered the physics literature in 1916 @xcite , the concept was first...
[ { "content": "the intergalactic medium ( igm ) is thought to be photo - ionized by the uv radiation emitted by galaxies and quasars . \n models of quasar absorption systems generally assume that the gas is exposed only to the mean background radiation that pervades the igm . \n however , given that this backgro...
[ { "content": "with the development of laser cooling and evaporative cooling techniques , it is easy to obtain ultracold atomic clouds at the temperature order of 1@xmath0k @xcite . \n this kind of ultralow temperature atomic cloud is suitable as a medium in atom optics studies meystre , pr240 - 143 . \n atom - ...
[ { "content": "it has long been hoped that x - ray binaries and active galactic nuclei would prove to be good laboratories for testing general relativity . \n the two most promising lines of attack for disentangling relativistic effects from the physics of accretion disks and of radiative transfer are high resol...
[ { "content": "quantum entanglement@xcite is the most important notion in quantum technology ( qt ) and quantum information theory ( qit ) . \n as shown for last two decades it plays a crucial role in quantum teleportation@xcite , superdense coding@xcite , quantum cloning@xcite , and quantum cryptography@xcite ....
[ { "content": "cavity polaritons are bound light - matter states that appear due to the strong coupling of 2d excitons and photons in semiconductor microcavities.@xcite the optically driven system of polaritons behaves like a weakly imperfect bose gas , which results in a spectacular row of polariton collective ...
[ { "content": "mesoscopic models provide coarse - grained descriptions of the dynamics of systems that neglect certain details at microscopic scales while retaining essential dynamical features at mesoscopic and macroscopic scales . \n consequently , a convenient way to study of the dynamics of complex systems o...
[ { "content": "the discovery of a family of circumstellar disks seen as dark silhouettes in projection against the orion nebula using the _ hubble space telescope _ provided strong confirmation of the disk paradigm of star formation ( odell 1993 ; odell & wen 1994 ; mccaughrean & odell 1996 [ mo96 ] ) . \n the d...
[ { "content": "the main motivation behind this work lay in developing approximate analytical tools for dealing with the long range physics of quantum chromodynamics . \n the large-@xmath0 approximation is an attractive candidate for this project . \n initiated by t hooft , ref . \n @xcite , it was immediately ap...
[ { "content": "one of the most common ways to investigate the properties of a dynamical system is to study how it responds to controlled external perturbations . \n the response of a system to a weak perturbing field is related to its equilibrium fluctuations by the celebrated fluctuation dissipation relation @...
[ { "content": "for significant quantum effects to appear in the transport properties of a conductor , it must be shorter than the distance over which an electron propagates without losing its quantum coherence , which for usual metals at low temperatures ( < 1k ) is on the order of microns . \n the exploration o...