Datasets:
mnsm92
/
article_summarization

Dataset card Data Studio Files
xet
 Community
1
text
listlengths
2
2
[ { "content": "near - ir spectroscopy has been playing a unique role in our understanding of the agn phenomenon for several reasons . \n first , it includes a wealth of emission lines and stellar absorption features not observed in the optical , which are useful for studying the physical properties of the emissi...
[ { "content": "the parrondo effect refers to a reversal in direction of some system parameter when two similar dynamics are combined . \n it was first described by j. m. r. parrondo in 1996 in the context of games of chance : he showed that there exist two losing games that can be combined to win . \n the games ...
[ { "content": "quasi - periodic variations were observed in the hard x - ray ( hxr ) emission of many flares (; see also the review of and references therein ) . in our previous papers ( ( paper i ) , @xcite ( paper ii ) ) we investigated quasi - periodic oscillations in flares with periods @xmath2 s , but in p...
[ { "content": "hexagonal boron nitride ( @xmath0-bn ) has the same honeycomb lattice as graphite with two atoms per unit cell and similar lattice parameters . due to this similarity , \n boron nitride materials have attracted a growing interest in line with the development of low - dimensional carbon - related m...
[ { "content": "since the detection of the first extrasolar giant planet ( egp ) , 51 peg b @xcite , considerable effort has gone into both observing and modeling properties of the atmospheres of the close - in `` hot jupiter '' planets . \n spitzer space telescope _ now provides us a unique probe into the mid - ...
[ { "content": "gravitational interaction between galaxies is now considered to be one of the primary mechanisms of galaxy evolution . \n major mergers , composed of two or more galaxies with comparable masses , are widely believed to provide a way to form elliptical and spheroidal galaxies @xcite . \n furthermor...
[ { "content": "the asteroseismology of red giant stars has become a highlight of the corot and _ kepler _ space missions ( for general reviews see e.g. * ? ? ? \n * ; * ? ? ? \n one feature that has made these stars interesting , is the presence of non - radial oscillation modes that reveal properties of the st...
[ { "content": "the series of states of accretion disks called the radiatively inefficient accretion flows ( riaf ) forms an optically - thin , under - luminous ( usually radiating at a small fraction of the eddigton luminosity of each central object ) branch in the accretion - rate vs. surface - density diagram ...
[ { "content": "the multiple descriptions ( md ) problem was proposed in the late seventies and has been studied extensively since , yielding a series of advances , ranging from the derivation of asymptotic bounds @xcite to practical approaches for multiple descriptions quantizer design @xcite . \n it was origina...
[ { "content": "matter - wave bright solitons stable solitary waves whose density is greater than the background one have recently been realized in a quasi one - dimensional ( 1d ) bose - einstein condensate ( bec ) @xcite . in 1d \n , the quantum kinetic pressure counterbalances an attractive interatomic inte...
[ { "content": "a spinor bose - einstein condensate is a system that possesses both superfluid and magnetic order @xcite . \n experiments are able to explore transitions between phases of different magnetic order by controlling the quadratic zeeman energy ( @xmath0 ) that shifts the magnetic sublevels @xcite . \n...
[ { "content": "for tricritical phenomena , the highest dimension in which non - classical behaviour can be observed is @xmath0 @xcite . \n consequently , 2d tricritical phenomena has been the subject of a large number of previous investigations , employing a wide variety of techniques , including series expansio...
[ { "content": "a total coloring of a graph @xmath2 is an assignment of colors to the vertices and edges of @xmath2 such that every pair of adjacent / incident elements receive different colors . \n a @xmath3-total coloring of a graph @xmath2 is a total coloring of @xmath2 from a set of @xmath3 colors . \n the mi...
[ { "content": "the bloch frequency ( @xmath0 ) of a biased sl is given by @xmath1 where @xmath2 is the applied electric field and @xmath3 is the superlattice period . \n superlattice transport at low temperatures is characterised by two regimes . at low electric fields where @xmath4 , where @xmath5 is the sl min...
[ { "content": "over the past few years various authors have considered the possibility of large extra dimensions as a solution to the discrepancy between the @xmath1 tev scale of standard model physics and the apparent mass scale associated with gravitational interactions @xmath2gev@xmath3 . in these models , \n...
[ { "content": "ngc 4636 is one of the nearest and , at @xmath22@xmath3 , one of the most x - ray luminous `` normal '' ellipticals . \n ngc 4636 lies in the outskirts of the virgo cluster , 10 or 2.6 mpc on the sky to the south of m87 , for a distance to ngc 4636 of 15 mpc ( tonry et al . \n 2001 ) . as foun...
[ { "content": "a decade of experimental signals@xcite for qcd hybrids ( in particular with @xmath0 ) has culminated in the claimed observation of three such states at brookhaven@xcite in the last year . \n the question of the nature of qcd hybrids has thus become topical . \n furthermore , lattice gauge calculat...
[ { "content": "geometries in general relativity can possess various pathological features , and it is of interest how string theory , as a quantum mechanical theory of gravity , might or might not remove these pathologies . \n curvature singularities are the most well - known problematic features , but another i...
[ { "content": "during the past decades several studies have revealed a connection between the mass of black holes hosted in galactic nuclei and the properties of their host galaxies ( e.g. * ? ? ? \n * ; * ? ? ? \n * ; * ? ? ? \n moreover , the redshift evolution of the cosmic star formation rate ( sfr ) and smb...
[ { "content": "the database was meticulously constructed by visually inspecting images of purported pne ( sourced from major catalogues , simbad and other literature sources ) in the supercosmos halpha survey ( shs , parker et al . \n 2005 ) , the int photometric halpha survey ( iphas , drew et al . \n 2005 ) an...
[ { "content": "the achievable rate for a time - selective fading channel depends on what channel state information ( csi ) is available at the receiver and transmitter . \n namely , csi at the receiver can increase the rate by allowing coherent detection , and csi at the transmitter allows adaptive rate and powe...
[ { "content": "in recent years a number of authors have investigated the microlensing of extended stellar sources . \n ( hereafter snw95 ) have shown that the light curves of extended sources can exhibit a significant chromatic dependence , essentially because limb darkening renders the effective radius of the s...
[ { "content": "the grassmann manifolds ( sometimes , referred to as simply the grassmannian ) which parametrize vector subspaces of fixed dimensions of a given vector space are fundamental objects , and appear in many areas of mathematics . \n their study dates back to plcker who , in the 19th century , consider...
[ { "content": "experimental information on nuclei far from stability constitutes a challenging test for the applicability of nuclear models and serves as a guidance for improvement of the models . \n radioactive ion beam facility plays a vital role in gathering such information . in a recent experiment at the oa...
[ { "content": "the discovery of very high redshift and primeval galaxies has been a ` holy - grail ' for cosmologists for many years @xcite . amongst numerous approaches to finding forming galaxies and understanding their subsequent evolution , faint imaging surveys , for both number counts @xcite and to find in...
[ { "content": "effects of physical dimensionality on crystallization are among the most important problems in condensed matter physics . as was established by landau and pierls @xcite , the long - range crystalline order in 2d is universally destroyed by thermal fluctuations . \n the problem has been revisited i...
[ { "content": "in this paper , we report an investigation of the non - equilibrium relaxation kinetics in the vortex glass phase of layered disordered type - ii superconductors . since struik s original investigations,@xcite many glassy systems have been found to exhibit physical aging phenomena , which have att...
[ { "content": "scanning probe microscopy ( spm ) is nowadays an essential technique to measure local electronic properties of mesoscopic structures . \n scanning tunnel microscopy ( stm ) , consisting in probing the sample surface with a metallic tip , is the most popular among all spm techniques . \n stm experi...
[ { "content": "kepler-22b is a recently validated extrasolar planet detected by the _ kepler mission _ via the transit technique ( @xcite , b12 hereafter ) . orbiting a star with 75% of solar luminosity once every 290days \n , kepler-22b receives an insolation just 10 - 15% greater than that received by the e...
[ { "content": "among the extremely remarkable properties of the fractional quantum hall ( fqh ) effect @xcite a major role is played by the emergence of anyonic excitations carrying fractional charge and statistics @xcite . in particular , quasiparticle ( qp ) excitations for states belonging to the laughlin @...
[ { "content": "ultra - cold atom gases provide a unique opportunity to study basic models of strongly interacting many - body systems in a highly controlled experimental framework @xcite . after the pioneering realization of the superfluid - to - mott insulator transition of ultra - cold bosonic atoms @xcite ,...
[ { "content": "peeling is a kind of fracture that has been studied experimentally in the context of adhesion and is a technologically important subject . \n experimental studies on peeling of an adhesive tape mounted on a cylindrical roll are usually in constant pull speed condition @xcite . \n more recently , ...
[ { "content": "physical layer security has been a very active area of research in information theory . \n see @xcite and @xcite for overviews of recent progress in this field . \n a basic model of physical layer security is a wiretap / broadcast channel @xcite with two receivers , a legitimate receiver and an ea...
[ { "content": "the unified model for seyfert galaxies proposes that all types of seyfert galaxy are fundamentally the same , however , the presence of an optically thick structure obscures the broad line region ( blr ) in many systems . in this paper \n it is assumed that , in the majority of seyfert 2s , this s...
[ { "content": "plasma inhomogeneities across the magnetic field in the presence of finite - size charged grains causes a wide class of instabilities of an inhomogeneous dusty plasma called gradient instabilities . \n such instabilities can be studied in the approximation on magnetic field where we have parallel ...
[ { "content": "while the average treatment effect can be easily estimated without bias in randomized experiments , treatment effect heterogeneity plays an essential role in evaluating the efficacy of social programs and medical treatments . \n we define treatment effect heterogeneity as the degree to which diffe...
[ { "content": "debris disks older than @xmath010 myr containing dust at temperatures @xmath1100 k are extremely rare @xcite . \n when warm dust does appear , it is likely to be from a stochastic event , perhaps akin to our own solar system s `` late heavy bombardment , '' at about 600 myr after formation . \n l...
[ { "content": "according to the large extra - dimension scenario , there exists a chance for higher dimensional black holes to be created at the lhc @xcite . \n hence , the higher dimensional black holes have been intensively investigated . \n it should be noted that the einstein theory of gravity is not the mo...
[ { "content": "the usefulness of spheroidal functions in many branches of physics , like quantum mechanics , general relativity , signal processing , etc . , is well known and it does not need to be stressed . due to that usefulness \n , the description of the spheroidal equation and of the main properties of it...
[ { "content": "the first luminous objects in the universe formed from primordial gas , comprised solely of h and he , with only trace amounts of d an li . the relatively simple chemistry of metal - free gas , combined with tighly constrained cosmological parameters @xcite , has allowed the formation of the first...
[ { "content": "universality plays an important role in physics . \n the interest to it is inspired by the striking similarity in behavior near the critical point among systems that are otherwise quite different in nature . \n for example , various substances , which exhibit liquid - gas phase transition , near t...
[ { "content": "electromagnetic polarizabilities are fundamental properties of hadrons which are manifest in various processes involving two photons @xcite \n . recent measurements @xcite of the electric , @xmath4 , and magnetic , @xmath5 , polarizabilities of the nucleon narrowed considerably experimental uncert...
[ { "content": "since the first experimental realizations @xcite of dilute - gas bose - einstein condensates , there has been much interest in the properties of quantum vortices in such systems , and the effect of thermal atoms on their dynamics and stability . \n the description of the dynamics of vortices in th...
[ { "content": "centaurus a ( ngc 5128 ) is the nearest ( d = 3.5 mpc ; 1 @xmath117 pc , hui et al . 1993 ) example of a giant elliptical galaxy associated with a powerful radio source . \n the large - scale radio morphology consists of twin radio lobes separated by @xmath1 5 degrees on the sky . \n the compact ...
[ { "content": "the study of a germ of a vector fields in @xmath2 with two pairs of non - resonant imaginary eigenvalues reduces to the study of the special perturbations @xmath3 of the integrable quadratic foliation @xmath4 with first integral @xmath5 , e.g. ( * ? ? ? \n * , section 4.6 ) . \n equivalently , we ...
[ { "content": "the magnetocrystalline anisotropy energy ( mae ) is at the heart of magnetic properties of materials . \n it is of crucial importance from the fundamental or technological point of views since it provides an energy scale for the stability of magnetic domains where for example magnetic information ...
[ { "content": "a quantum computer is a quantum system whose time evolution can be thought of as a computation , much in the same way as we think of the time evolution of a pocket calculator to be a computation . for our pourposes it will suffice to model the quantum system as a `` black box '' and focus our a...
[ { "content": "the formation of molecules through the _ harpoon mechanism _ @xcite occurs from the interaction of two fragments , one with a low ionization potential ( ip ) and another that has a large electron affinity ( ea ) . \n the reactants approach each other and , at a certain distance , an electron from...
[ { "content": "this work is concerned with @xmath1 ym theory ( qcdn ) in 4d . \n qcdn admits a large @xmath0 expansion @xcite . lattice work has shown that there is confinement at finite and infinite @xmath0 @xcite . \n then , qcdn at @xmath2 ( qcd@xmath3 ) is similar to the starting point of the topological e...
[ { "content": "observations of a sample of three late - type galaxies with low surface - brightness and the radio - weak edge - on galaxy ngc 5907 ( all with a low sfr ) revealed that they all have an unusually high thermal fraction and weak total and regular magnetic fields ( chyy et al . \n 2007 , dumke et al...
[ { "content": "the ricci curvature plays a very important role in geometric analysis on riemannian manifolds . \n ricci - flat manifolds are riemannian maniflods with ricci curvature vanishes . in physics , they represent vacuum solutions to the analogues of einstein s equations for riemannian manifolds of any d...
[ { "content": "we stress that the main purpose of this paper is to extend and complete the study of the notion of generalized riesz product associated to the rank one flows on @xmath0 formulated in the same manner as peyrire in @xcite . \n the authors in @xcite mentioned that peyrire extended the notion of riesz...
[ { "content": "the mechanism that produces the prompt gamma - ray emission in gamma ray burst ( grbs ) is still uncertain . \n the non - thermal character of the spectrum points out towards inverse compton ( ic ) and synchrotron as the two natural candidates . \n the latter become , somehow , the standard \" pr...
[ { "content": "for years , the protostellar collapse stage had been an impenetrable mystery , until walker et al . \n ( 1986 ) observed line profiles indicative of collapse in iras 16293 - 2422 . \n menten et al . \n ( 1987 ) disputed this interpretation and claimed that the asymmetric line profiles of walker et...
[ { "content": "in this paper we study the applicability of nekhoroshev s theorem @xcite ( see also @xcite ) to the central motion . \n the main point is that nekhoroshev s theorem applies to perturbations of integrable systems whose hamiltonian is a _ steep _ function of the actions . \n even if such a property ...
[ { "content": "let @xmath1 be a continuous linear operator defined on a separable banach space @xmath2 . \n let us say that @xmath1 is cyclic if @xmath3 such that @xmath4 is dense in @xmath2 . \n on the other hand , we said that @xmath1 is locally quasinilpotent at @xmath3 if @xmath5 the notion of local quasinil...
[ { "content": "in its first year , the _ hubble space telescope _ ( hst ) discovered that a majority of all baryons in the current universe are not in galaxies , but instead remain in the intergalactic medium ( igm ) . in subsequent years , the uv spectrographs aboard hst and the _ far ultraviolet spectroscopic ...
[ { "content": "the aim to identify the symmetry of the superconducting phase in sr@xmath0ruo@xmath1 has stimulated numerous experiments since more than a decade @xcite . \n most of them provide strong evidence that the pairing state has the so - called chiral @xmath2-wave symmetry . \n this state is the analog o...
[ { "content": "we collected and analyzed more than 4.5 million time - stamped emails from students at a globally top - ranked mba program , focusing specifically on the relationship between students evolving communication networks and their subsequent career outcomes . \n this data is available in the form of em...
[ { "content": "the question whether and how a given function can be expressed approximately by polynomials are of great importance in theory as well as in practice . for example , by definition , an explicit , finite formula is unavailable for transcendental functions , and instead , an appropriate polynomial ap...
[ { "content": "during the last few years amorphous semiconductors have been used in the manufacture of solar cells , batteries and phototransistors as well as in some steps of technological processing of very large scale integration ( vlsi ) microelectronics circuits @xcite . \n thermally induced structural and ...
[ { "content": "this work has been funded in canada by nserc ( grant sapin 386432 ) , cfi - lof and orf - sif ( project 24536 ) , and by the france - canada research fund ( project `` listening to scintillating fractures '' ) . \n prof . c. dujardin of lyon , france , kindly provided access to his equipment to ...
[ { "content": "dynamics and dissipative properties of nuclear fermi liquid depend in many aspects on the dynamic distortion of the fermi surface in the momentum space . \n it is well - known that taking into account this distortion allows the description of a new class of phenomena , most famous of which are gia...
[ { "content": "in the field of atom interferometry , the improving sensitivity of inertial sensors @xcite is paving the way for many new applications in geophysics , navigation and tests of fundamental physics . most of these experiments are based on raman transitions @xcite to realize beamsplitters and mirror...
[ { "content": "in the field of hydrogeology , many interesting concepts are related to finding the lag between two time series . \n for example , it is often hypothesized that for a seepage lake there is a significant time lag between net precipitation ( precipitation minus water loss through evaporation and run...
[ { "content": "optical nano - mechanical systems that couple optical degree of freedom to the mechanical motion of a cantilever have been subject of increasing investigation @xcite . in these optomechanical systems coupling \n is obtained via radiation pressure inside a cavity @xcite , or via quantum dots @xcite...
[ { "content": "delmotte @xcite proved that the transition density of the simple random walk on a graph satisfies gaussian bounds and the parabolic harnack inequality holds if all the balls have regular volume growth and satisfy a poincar inequality . \n barlow @xcite relaxed these conditions by imposing them onl...
[ { "content": "the experimental exploration of bose - einstein condensates ( becs ) in many different systems such as alkali metal gases @xcite , hydrogen @xcite , meta - stable helium @xcite , and molecules @xcite has led to a surge of interest in manipulating ultracold atomic samples under very different c...
[ { "content": "quantum entanglement @xcite describes a scenario where the quantum states of two objects separated in space are strongly correlated . \n these correlations can be exploited in emerging technologies such as quantum computing , should one be able to spatially separate the entangled objects without d...
[ { "content": "estimating a density function using a set of initial data points in order to find probability information is a very significant tool in statistics@xcite . \n the method of kernel density estimation ( kde)@xcite is now standard in many analysis and applications . furthermore , this idea has been ap...
[ { "content": "recently there has been a measurement of the form factors in the semi - leptonic decay @xmath11 @xcite , where a fit to the data was done using the model of krner and kramer @xcite . \n the model , constructed within the framework of hqet , treats both the charm quark and the strange quark as heav...
[ { "content": "the term sitnikov problem \" appeared originally in the context of studies of oscillatory solutions in the restricted three body problem . \n these studies were initiated by sitnikov @xcite ; they stimulated the application of symbolic dynamics in celestial mechanics @xcite . \n we recall that ...
[ { "content": "electron diffraction patterns exhibiting octagonal , decagonal , dodecagonal , and icosahedral point symmetry are found in various alloys . \n the most well - known pattern is the icosahedral phase in @xmath3-@xmath4 alloys , which is observed when these materials are cooled at a rapid rate such t...
[ { "content": "99 bohigas o 1991 _ random matrix theories and chaotic dynamics _ , in giannoni m j , voros a and zinn - justin j ( eds ) , _ proceedings of the 1989 les houches summer school on chaos and quantum physics _ , pages 88 - 199 . \n ( amsterdam : elsevier ) .", "role": "user" }, { ...
[ { "content": "astronomers combine telescopic observations of cosmic populations in the effort to understand astrophysical conditions and processes throughout the universe . \n telescopes at all wavebands of light @xmath0 and recently telescopes for neutrinos and gravitational waves @xmath0 are pointed at a myri...
[ { "content": "20 p. blaha , k. schwarz , g. k. h. madsen , d. kvasnicka and j. luitz , _ an augmented plane wave plus local orbitals program for calculating crystal properties _ , vienna univ . of technology , austria ( 2001 ) \n isbn 3 - 950131 - 1 - 2", "role": "user" }, ...
[ { "content": "the nuclear many - body problem of @xmath0 interacting nucleons can be solved exactly only in very specific cases or for very small particle numbers . \n this is due to the large number of degrees of freedom involved in such a complex system . \n let us for instance consider particles interacting ...
[ { "content": "let @xmath2 be a finite group . \n factor equivalence of finitely generated @xmath3-free @xmath4$]-modules is an equivalence relation that is a weakening of local isomorphism . \n it has been used e.g. in @xcite among many other works to derive restrictions on the galois module structure of rings ...
[ { "content": "the virtual state wavefunctions are essential for the construction of the multi - indexed laguerre and jacobi polynomials @xcite . \n they are polynomial type solutions of one - dimensional schrdinger equations for shape - invariant potentials @xcite . \n they are characterised as having negative ...
[ { "content": "luminous infrared galaxies ( lirgs ) and ultra - luminous infrared galaxies ( ulirgs ) are known to be huge molecular gas reservoirs [ @xmath6 ] . \n the results of @xmath0co(10 ) and ( 21 ) observations reveal that this molecular gas is usually concentrated at the center of the galaxies ( e.g. @x...
[ { "content": "our universe is assumed to be filled with dark energy because it can explain the accelerated expansion of the universe , which is strongly supported by many cosmological observations@xcite . \n dark energy is an exotic energy component with negative pressure and constitutes about @xmath0 of presen...
[ { "content": "the purpose of this paper is to sketch a classification of birational transformations based on various notions of `` complexity '' . in previous papers @xcite \n an analysis , based on the examination of the successive ( bi)rational expressions corresponding to the iteration of some given biratio...
[ { "content": "let @xmath0 be a locally finite covering of the plane @xmath6 by closed unit discs . \n the doubly covered region of @xmath6 by @xmath0 consists of the sets of points @xmath7 that are contained in at least two elements of @xmath0 . \n a few years ago gabor fejes - tth posed the following question ...
[ { "content": "the origin of cooperation is a fundamental problem in evolutionary biology . \n cooperation is essential in the functioning of almost every known biological system ( hamilton ( 1964a ) , hamilton ( 1964b ) , trivers ( 1971 ) , dugatkin ( 1997 ) ) . \n for example , according to eigen & schuster (...
[ { "content": "mixing of different baryonic states in nuclear systems remains a topic rather exciting but being far from sophisticated understanding . \n a long time ago , it was speculated that a nucleus is not generally a pure nucleonic system . due to @xmath11 and @xmath12 transitions \n , a nuclear wave func...
[ { "content": "ab - initio electronic structure theory for bulk materials has experienced tremendous advances in many areas such as density functional theory @xcite , improved post - dft @xcite and , e.g. , van der waals functionals,@xcite as well as highly accurate quantum chemical @xcite and monte - carlo appr...
[ { "content": "in order to study the effects of the tensor and spin orbit interactions in nuclei we use a simple interaction v = v@xmath5 + x v@xmath6 + y v@xmath7 where c @xmath8 central , s.o . @xmath8 spin - orbit and t @xmath8 tensor . for x=1 , y=1 we select v so as to be close to a realistic g matrix...
[ { "content": "we appreciate the assistance of the technical staff and operators at the 88-inch cyclotron . \n this work was supported by the director , office of science , office of nuclear physics , u.s . \n department of energy under contract no . \n de - ac02 - 05ch11231f . \n part of this work was performed...
[ { "content": "the recent discovery of the transiting extrasolar planetary system wasp-18 ( * ? ? ? \n * hereafter h09 ) lights the way towards understanding the tidal interactions between giant planets and their parent stars . \n wasp-18b is one of the shortest - period ( @xmath5d ) and most massive ( @xmath6@x...
[ { "content": "weyl semimetal is a new topological state of three - dimensional ( 3d ) quantum matters @xcite , different from the 3d topological insulators ( ti ) @xcite . \n it can be characterized by weyl nodes ( at fermi level ) in the bulk and fermi arcs on the surfaces @xcite . around the weyl nodes , \...
[ { "content": "the hyperbolic dehn filling theory was established by w. thurston in his original note @xcite . \n besides the general theory , he extensively analyzed the space of dehn fillings of the figure eight knot complement in terms of the decomposition by two ideal tetrahedra . \n the analysis leaded us t...
[ { "content": "in the study of both atomic and optical physics problems , often analyzed in the realm of nonlinear schrdinger ( nls ) type equations @xcite , the study of double well potentials has a prominent position . \n such potentials can be straightforwardly realized in atomic bose - einstein condensates ...
[ { "content": "synchronizability is one of the currently leading problems in the fast - growing field of complex networks @xcite . \n a number of studies have been devoted to scrutinize which network topologies are more prone to sustain a stable globally - synchronized state of generic oscillators defined at eac...
[ { "content": "linear regression for interval - valued data has been attracting increasing interests among researchers . \n see @xcite , @xcite , @xcite , @xcite , @xcite , @xcite , @xcite , @xcite , @xcite , @xcite , for a partial list of references . \n however , issues such as interpretability and computation...
[ { "content": "some strongly coupled lattice fermion - gauge models with a charged scalar field , which break chiral symmetry dynamically , might be considered to be a possible alternative to the higgs mechanism for mass generation , as discussed in @xcite . \n let us concentrate on a prototype with @xmath0 gaug...
[ { "content": "the kondo model and its periodic extension , the kondo lattice model ( klm ) , which describe spin - exchange interaction between a localized spin or a system of localized spins , respectively , and a band of itinerant electrons , has been subject of intense theoretical studies in the past @xcite...
[ { "content": "the standard picture for galaxies such as our own milky way is one where the visible matter is embedded in a halo of _ dark matter _ of as of yet unknown particle nature . \n many theoretically well - motivated particle theories beyond the standard model predict the existence of particles that cou...
[ { "content": "let @xmath0 be a lie algebra over a field of characteristic zero . \n for any functional @xmath1 there is an associated skew bilinear form @xmath2 on @xmath0 defined by @xmath3)$ ] for @xmath4 . \n the index of @xmath0 is defined to be @xmath5 the lie algebra @xmath0 is _ frobenius _ if @xmath6 ; ...
[ { "content": "low - dimensional quantum - spin systems have attracted continuous attention due to the wealth of unusual magnetic properties that result from the interplay of low dimensionalty , competing interactions and strong quantum fluctuations . among these systems , \n the diamond chain has been of partic...
[ { "content": "resonance properties of nanoparticles have been observed for centuries thanks to beautiful colors of gold- and silver - patterned stained glasses . over the last decade \n nanopatterned materials have attracted even increased attention due to their unique electronic and optical characteristics . \...