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[ { "content": "diffusive acceleration at newtonian shock fronts is an extensively studied phenomenon . \n detailed discussions of the current status of the investigations can be found in some recent excellent reviews @xcite . while much is by \n now well understood , some issues are still subjects of much debate...
[ { "content": "a plethora of observations concur that the universe at present enters a phase of accelerated expansion . \n in fact , most cosmologists accept that over 70% of the universe content at present corresponds to the elusive dark energy ; a substance with pressure negative enough to cause the observed a...
[ { "content": "transmission through multiple transmit and multiple receive antennas , or the so - called multiple - input multiple - output ( mimo ) technology , is known as an efficient means for providing enormous information rates in rich - scattering mobile environments @xcite-@xcite . \n characterization of...
[ { "content": "in vancouver a popular form of chinese luncheon is `` dim sum '' in which small quantities of a large variety of foods may be tasted . \n this review is a `` dim sum '' of parity violation experiments . as with a luncheon , \n my selection is biased by my personal taste and experience . \n i start...
[ { "content": "the first two exact solution of einstein s field equations were obtained by schwarzschild [ 1 ] , soon after einstein introduced general relativity ( gr ) . \n the first solution describes the geometry of the space - time exterior to a prefect fluid sphere in hydrostatic equilibrium . while the ot...
[ { "content": "for reliable realization of quantum feedback control , it is indispensable to take into consideration some real - world limitations , such as incomplete knowledge of the physical systems and poor performance of the control devices . \n various efforts on these issues have been undertaken in these ...
[ { "content": "the central regions of the dwarf spiral galaxy ngc 4395 show most of the common signatures of nuclear activity . \n the optical and ultraviolet ( uv ) spectra reveal prominent high - ionization forbidden lines on top of a nearly featureless continuum , and broad wings corresponding to gas velocit...
[ { "content": "crosslinked polymer hydrogels are completely interconnected polymer networks that combine high water content with high porosity , forming macroscopic molecules that have applications in many fields . \n their wide range of pore sizes makes such gels ideal for separation of biological macromolecule...
[ { "content": "the off - shell three - gluon vertex has been under investigation for more than three decades . by an analysis of the nonabelian gauge ward identities , ball and chiu@xcite in 1980 found a form factor decomposition of this vertex which is valid at any order in perturbation theory , with the only r...
[ { "content": "understanding physical properties of the high-@xmath11 galaxies beyond @xmath13 is very important , because such galaxies are not only building blocks of lower-@xmath11 galaxies and local galaxies but also the leading candidate of ionizing sources for the cosmic reionization . \n such galaxies are...
[ { "content": "in future experiments , the determination of the leptonic cp phase @xmath4 is one of the most important aim in elementary particle physics . \n a lot of effort have been dedicated both from theoretical and experimental point of view in order to attain this aim , see @xcite and the references there...
[ { "content": "there have been a number of calculations @xcite using light - front coordinates @xcite as a convenient means of attacking field - theoretic problems nonperturbatively , particularly in 1 + 1 dimensions . \n efforts in more dimensions have generally been less successful , however , due to the nee...
[ { "content": "the hungarian - made automated telescope network ( hatnet ; bakos et al . \n 2004 ) survey , has been one of the main contributors to the discovery of transiting exoplanets ( teps ) , being responsible for approximately a quarter of the @xmath0 confirmed teps discovered to date ( fig . 1 ) . \n i...
[ { "content": "a _ latin bitrade _ @xmath5 is a pair of partial latin squares which are disjoint , occupy the same set of non - empty cells , and whose corresponding rows and columns contain the same set of entries . \n one of the earliest studies of latin bitrades appeared in @xcite , where they are referred t...
[ { "content": "instrumentation is a technique whereby existing code is modified in order to observe or modify its behaviour . \n it has a lot of different applications , such as profiling , coverage analysis and cache simulations . \n one of its most interesting features is however the ability to perform automat...
[ { "content": "this is the fifth in a series of papers@xcite investigating the properties of strongly correlating liquids,@xcite i.e. , liquids that have strong correlations between their constant - volume equilibrium fluctuations of potential energy , @xmath4 , and virial@xcite @xmath5 where @xmath6 is the posi...
[ { "content": "plasma tails of comets and their time variations potentially provide crucial information on solar winds and magnetic fields in the solar system ( e.g. , * ? ? ? \n * ; * ? ? ? \n * ; * ? ? ? \n short - time variations in plasma tails , however , are not yet fully understood . \n indeed , most prev...
[ { "content": "this paper concerns the problem of the high probability state transfer ( hpst ) @xcite between different nodes of the spin 1/2 chain , which becomes a popular problem due to the development of the quantum communication systems and quantum computing . by `` state transfer '' we mean the following p...
[ { "content": "the `` nodal defect '' of an eigenfunction of a schrdinger operator is closely related to the difference between the upper bound on the number of nodal domains given by courant s theorem and the number of nodal domains . in the recent paper @xcite \n , gregory berkolaiko proves a nice formula for ...
[ { "content": "conjugated organic materials have a variety of applications . they are already being used in organic light emitting diodes ( oleds ) and organic thin - film transistors.@xcite they are also considered to be potential candidates for single - molecule electronic and spintronic devices . \n the issue...
[ { "content": "the bulk of the chemical elements heavier than iron are thought to be produced by neutron induced reactions in the astrophysical s- and r - processes @xcite . \n a tiny fraction of the heavy elements , however , can not be synthesized by these processes since some of the most proton rich isotopes ...
[ { "content": "we consider a gas of electrons with @xmath3 spin states confined to a one dimensional wire , experiencing an external potential @xmath4 , where @xmath5 is the coordinate along the wire . \n the electrons interact through pairwise three dimensional coulomb interactions , @xmath6 , where @xmath7 is ...
[ { "content": "although conspicous inss such as the crab and vela pulsars have been observed from the very beginning of the mission , hst started to play a key role on the study of the optical behaviour of these faint targets after the first refurbishing mission in 1993 . \n the study did not proceed systematica...
[ { "content": "models of particle physics including weak scale supersymmetry ( susy ) are amongst the most promising candidates@xcite for new physics at the tev scale . of this class of models , the minimal supergravity ( msugra ) model stands out as providing one of the most economic explanations for the divers...
[ { "content": "cosmological observations coming from type ia supernovae @xcite , cosmic microwave background radiation @xcite and the large scale structure @xcite , provide evidences that the universe is currently in an accelerating phase . \n this result is , in general , ascribed to the existence of a sort of ...
[ { "content": "in a bidirectional relay network , two users exchange information via a relay node @xcite . \n several protocols have been proposed for such a network under the practical half - duplex constraint , i.e. , a node can not transmit and receive at the same time and in the same frequency band . \n the ...
[ { "content": "einstein s general theory of relativity ( gtr ) has proved to be one of the most successful physical theories ever formulated . as a theory of the gravitational interaction \n , it has a number of predictions definitely corroborated by experiments or astronomical observations , which makes it the ...
[ { "content": "a study of disorder in condensed matter systems is useful from two perspectives . \n disorder is inherent in most condensed matter systems and often has profound effects on their properties . \n incorporation of small amounts of paramagnetic impurities in a metallic host can result in the kondo ef...
[ { "content": "we study packings of @xmath1-joins in plane graphs . \n let @xmath0 be a graph and @xmath1 an even - size subset @xmath1 of its vertices . \n @xmath1-join _ is a subgraph @xmath7 of @xmath0 such that the odd - degree vertices of @xmath7 are precisely those in @xmath1 . \n a _ cut _ is a partition ...
[ { "content": "a global economic crisis , such as the recent 2008 - 2009 crisis , is certainly due to a large number of factors . in today \n s global economy , with strong economic relations between countries , it is important to investigate how a crisis propagates from the country of origin to other countries ...
[ { "content": "most of the galaxies of the local universe shine by effect of stellar and interstellar gas emissions , predominantly in the optical band . \n typically , the emitted spectra are characterized by stellar absorption lines and emission lines by hii regions . \n these sources are called _ \n normal ga...
[ { "content": "almost all of the current semiconductor devices are based on manipulating electronic charges . \n the arising field of spintronics proposes to use the spin degree of freedom of electrons in place of / in addition to the charge degree of freedom for device applications in order to add new features ...
[ { "content": "as the instrumentation for millimeter - wave telescopes improves , it becomes progressively more straightforward to study individual molecular clouds in other galaxies . \n recent studies of local group galaxies have surveyed large numbers of molecular clouds in the large magellanic cloud @xcite ,...
[ { "content": "recently , there is increasing evidence of the excess of the 130gev gamma - ray line from the galactic center ( gc ) in the four - year fermi data @xcite . \n this may be interpreted as a signal of the dark matter ( dm ) , which annihilates or decays around the gc . \n an obstacle to construct a ...
[ { "content": "hidden in batse s superb gamma - ray burst lightcurves in different energy bands are temporal and spectral signatures of the fundamental physical processes which produced the observed emission . \n various techniques have been applied to the batse data to extract these signatures , such as : auto-...
[ { "content": "chiral lagrangian for low lying pseudoscalar mesons@xcite@xcite as the most successful effective field theory is now widely used in various strong , weak and electromagnetic processes . to match the increasing demand for higher precision in low energy description of qcd \n , the applications of th...
[ { "content": "consider that alice holds the qubit system and bob holds the qutrit system . \n like in the @xmath26-qubit scenario here also the following two cases are possible : ( a - i ) all the povm elements are rank one operators ; ( a - ii ) some of the povm elements may have more than one rank . * case...
[ { "content": "recently , the study of the dynamics of @xmath3 on the @xmath2-character variety of @xmath5 for a compact hyperbolizable @xmath6-manifold @xmath0 with nonempty boundary and no toroidal boundary components , has led to the somewhat surprising discovery that often the dynamical and geometric decompo...
[ { "content": "psr b1706 - 44 is a young ( @xmath6 yr ) , energetic 102 ms pulsar originally discovered by @xcite . \n it is one of several sources with spin down ages 10@xmath710@xmath8 yrs which are referred to as vela - like pulsars , due to their similar emission properties ( @xcite ) . \n the source is...
[ { "content": "it is widely believed that accretion disks around kerr black holes exist in many astrophysical environments , ranging from active galactic nuclei to some stellar binary systems @xcite . \n people usually assume that the inner boundary of a thin keplerian disk around a kerr black hole is located at...
[ { "content": "in unified models for radio sources , bl lac objects are the low - power radio galaxies whose jets are the most highly beamed along our line of sight ( e.g. browne 1983 ; antonucci & ulvestad 1985 ; ulrich 1989 ; urry & padovani 1995 ) . \n their rapid variability , apparent superluminal motion ,...
[ { "content": "cepheid variables have been used to determine galactic distances for many decades ( e.g. @xcite , @xcite and references therein ) . \n the relationship between their period of pulsation and luminosity has been considered to be well defined at several times during its lifetime . however , the effec...
[ { "content": "multiple - input multiple - output ( mimo ) systems with large number ( e.g. , tens ) of transmit and receive antennas , referred to as ` large - mimo systems , ' are of interest because of the high capacities / spectral efficiencies theoretically predicted in these systems @xcite,@xcite . \n rese...
[ { "content": "the knowledge of the dynamics of disk galaxies is essential in order to understand their structure and history . \n unfortunately , disk galaxies are difficult systems to model dynamically , for several reasons . \n one of them is the presence of a large amount of interstellar dust , which obscure...
[ { "content": "the role of electron - phonon ( @xmath2-ph ) interaction in the high-@xmath3 superconductivity has received considerable attention since the discovery of oxygen isotope effect of bi@xmath0sr@xmath0cacu@xmath0o@xmath1 ( bi2212 ) in the angle - resolved photoemission spectra ( arpes)@xcite . the exp...
[ { "content": "the peculiar electronic properties of graphene first observed experimentally by geim et al . @xcite and zhang et al . \n @xcite can accurately be described by massless two dimensional dirac fermion excitations ( for reviews on the physics of graphene see , e.g , refs . ) . \n owing to the proxim...
[ { "content": "different cosmological probes seem to point toward a consensus scenario characterized by a universe which is experiencing an accelerated expansion . \n standard candles ( snia , e.g. @xcite ) , standard rulers ( clusters , cmb and bao , e.g. @xcite ) and the angular power spectrum of the cmb ( e.g...
[ { "content": "was discovered as part of the hamburg / eso quasar survey and was first identified as a gravitational lens candidate by wisotzki et al . \n ( @xcite ) . \n it consists of two lensed images of a radio - quiet quasar at @xmath1= 2.319 that are separated by @xmath23.2 . \n the lensing galaxy was disc...
[ { "content": "stars form out of gas in the densest areas of molecular clouds . \n early studies of molecular cloud structure ( e.g. @xcite ) concluded that a division into discrete clumps of emission was the best description . within such clumps \n , star formation occurs inside denser cores @xcite . \n a grow...
[ { "content": "[ [ an - intriguing - discrepancy . ] ] an intriguing discrepancy . \n + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + there is an intriguing and longrunning discrepancy in categorical logic between the way conjunction is coupled to implication in cartesian closed categories , and the way e...
[ { "content": "one of the most pervasive tendencies of humans is putting things in ranking order . in human societies these tendencies are reflected in their social interactions and networks being hierarchical in many respects . \n hierarchies and ranks emerge due to individuals subjective perceptions that some ...
[ { "content": "recent advances in nanoscience are expanding the limits of phononic thermal transport , both in the low conductance and high conductance side @xcite . \n the highest thermal conductance of a particular material is achieved , when the phonons do not scatter at all ; this is the ballistic transport ...
[ { "content": "working out a quantitative description of the properties of dense strongly interacting matter produced in ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions presents one of the most fascinating problems in high energy physics . \n the simplest ( albeit not unique ) way of putting the experimental data from rh...
[ { "content": "single layer graphene is a zero - gap semiconductor whose low energy quasiparticles obey the massless dirac equation @xcite . at charge neutrality \n , the fermi surface reduces to two inequivalent fermi points , forming a non - analyticity in the density of states , which can be viewed as a rath...
[ { "content": "many high energy scattering experiments probe hadron structure very close to the light - cone . \n hence correlation functions probed in such experiments have a particularly simple physical interpretation in the light - front ( lf ) framework ( or infinite momentum frame ) , i.e. in a hamiltonian ...
[ { "content": "any quantum theory of gravity will have to propose a prescription to deal with the unavoidable @xcite nonlinearities that plague ctcs . \n this requires some sort of modification of the dynamical equations of motions of quantum mechanics that are always linear . \n deutsch in his seminal paper @...
[ { "content": "energy spectra and colour - colour diagrams ( cd ) are often used to study neutron - star low - mass x - ray binaries ( ns - lmxbs ; e.g. , * ? ? ? \n the evolution of the energy spectrum and the tracks on the cd are thought to be driven by variations of mass accretion rate , and reflect changes i...
[ { "content": "non - gaussianity from the simplest inflation models , that are based on a slowly rolling scalar field , is very small @xcite ; however , a very large class of more general models , e.g. , models with multiple scalar fields , features in inflation potential , non - adiabatic fluctuations , non - ...
[ { "content": "recently the manifolds of exceptional holonomy attracted much attention . these are 7dimensional manifolds of @xmath5 holonomy and 8dimensional manifolds of @xmath7 holonomy . \n they are considered in the context of the string theory compactifications . \n the supersymmetric nonlinear sigma model...
[ { "content": "cosmological inflation @xcite @xcite @xcite @xcite was proposed to address the horizon problem , flatness problem and monopole problem in the context of big bang cosmology . by postulating that in the early universe there was a brief period of rapid , exponential expansion one can explain , withou...
[ { "content": "alice is a general - purpose heavy ion experiment designed to study the physics of strongly interacting matter and the quark gluon plasma ( qgp ) in nucleus - nucleus collisions at the lhc @xcite . \n resonances , in particular the @xmath0 meson , are useful probes to study the high density mediu...
[ { "content": "we study the statistics of the exchange of energy between two subvolumes @xmath1 and @xmath2 of a quantum system . \n we assume that no degrees of freedom leave or enter @xmath1 and that @xmath1 is coupled to @xmath2 only through one degree of freedom @xmath3 . \n @xmath3 shall be coupled to the v...
[ { "content": "in standard cosmology , the acoustic oscillations imprinted in the matter power spectrum at recombination have a length scale that can be accurately calculated based on measurements of the cmb anisotropy power spectrum @xcite . \n it should then be possible to measure this `` standard ruler '' sca...
[ { "content": "let @xmath0 and @xmath1 be the caldern zygmund singular integral operator . \n the commutator @xmath2 $ ] generated by @xmath3 and @xmath1 is defined as @xmath2(f)(x)=b(x)t(f)(x)-t(bf)(x)$ ] . by using a classical result of coifman _ \n et al _ @xcite , we know that the commutator @xmath4 $ ] is...
[ { "content": "we perform numerical simulations of the deformation and failure of defected monolayer graphene using the lammps molecular dynamics simulator package @xcite . \n the carbon - carbon atom interaction is modeled with the `` adaptive intermolecular reactive bond order '' ( airebo ) potential @xcite ...
[ { "content": "the total energy formula obtained by sun is @xmath1 \\label{uv}\\ ] ] where @xmath2 is the total energy per atom , @xmath3 and @xmath4 are the equilibrium bulk modulus and equilibrium volume respectively . @xmath5 and @xmath6 are parameters and are related by the following relations : @xmath7 , @x...
[ { "content": "for self - contain the bwma relations have been given in the appendix a through the graphs for three states . denoting the eigenvalues of a braiding matrix @xmath15 with three eigenvalues by @xmath16 , @xmath17 , and @xmath18 , where @xmath15 satisfies braid relation @xmath19 and without loss of g...
[ { "content": "phenomenology of models based on extra spatial dimensions @xcite is quite popular now . \n besides offering a solution to the hierarchy problem of the standard model @xcite these models allow for the low - energy unification of the gauge couplings @xcite , provide a rich tev scale new physics ...
[ { "content": "as we all know , chiral symmetry breaking was originally explained quite well by nambu - jona - lasinio ( njl ) model as early as 1961 @xcite . like in superconductivity , \n the strong attractive force between quark and antiquark in the @xmath2 channel can create non - perturbative ground state w...
[ { "content": "the process of the energy interchange between radiation and matter provided by compton scattering is relevant in many areas of physics . \n for example , in cosmology it keeps the matter at the same temperature as radiation @xcite . \n compton scattering is also a unique spectroscopy for condensed...
[ { "content": "electron - electron interaction is responsible for very many phenomena studied by the different fields of physics ranging from astrophysics to biophysics . amongst them \n atomic physics and its part physics of ion - atom collisions often deal with most basic and clear manifestations of this int...
[ { "content": "the problem of diffusion in a given velocity field has both theoretical and practical relevance in many different fields of science and engineering as , e.g. , transport processes in chemical engineering and combustion studies @xcite . \n the tracers transport , in particular the evolution of thei...
[ { "content": "several decades of experimental and theoretical work on electron scattering have provided a wealth of information on nuclear structure and dynamics @xcite . in these experiments \n the electron is the probe , whose properties are clearly specified , and the nucleus the target whose properties are ...
[ { "content": "the authors thank s. dittmaier for useful discussions . \n 99 s. l. glashow , nucl . \n * 22 * ( 1961 ) 579 ; s. weinberg , phys . \n * 19 * ( 1967 ) 1264 ; a. salam , proc . \n 8th nobel symposium , ed . \n n. svartholm ( almquits and wiksells , stockholm , 1968 ) , p. 367 \n s. dittmaier , d. sc...
[ { "content": "in recent years , gaussian filters have assumed a central role in image filtering and techniques for accurate measurement @xcite . \n the implementation of the gaussian filter in one or more dimensions has typically been done as a convolution with a gaussian kernel , that leads to a high computati...
[ { "content": "in the last few years there has been another wave of excitement regarding the question of neutrino masses . \n this is largely due to the many new experiments testing neutrino oscillations , most notably the positive indications obtained by super kamiokande on atmospheric neutrino oscillations @xc...
[ { "content": "when matter is exposed to intense laser fields , high harmonics ( hhs ) of the incident radiation may be produced . \n usually , only odd harmonics are obtained even when the laser pulses are short ( for theoretical and experimental work which demonstrates this see @xcite and @xcite , respectively...
[ { "content": "there has been considerable interest in the localized solutions of the einstein s equations with nonlinear field sources in recent years ( @xcite , @xcite , @xcite , @xcite , @xcite ) . \n gravitating non - abelian solitons and black holes with yang - mills fields is investigated in @xcite . \n su...
[ { "content": "stars form in dense , cold molecular clouds . measuring \n the molecular gas content of the clouds is very important if we are to estimate the star formation efficiency and relate it to the properties of the clouds and to their environments . \n the total mass , however , can not be measured dire...
[ { "content": "the _ @xmath0-cube _ @xmath4 , or @xmath0-dimensional hypercube , has been extensively studied . \n nevertheless , many open questions remain . \n et al . _ wrote a comprehensive survey on hypercube graphs @xcite . \n recall that the _ @xmath0-cube _ \n @xmath4 has vertex set @xmath5 and @xmath0-...
[ { "content": "here we give the details of the calculation of the proximity induced amplitudes @xmath146 . \n because the superconductor is only weakly coupled through the tunnel barrier @xmath52 , we can derive an effective 1d model via low - order quasi - degenerate perturbation theory . \n we split @xmath147 ...
[ { "content": "the chemical peculiar ( cp ) stars of the upper main sequence display abundances that deviate significantly from the standard ( solar ) abundance distribution . \n the existence of strong global magnetic field specifies a subset of this class , the magnetic chemically peculiar ( mcp ) stars . \n t...
[ { "content": "considering observable effects from wormholes or ringholes is not new . \n more than a decade ago some of such effects were already predicted by several author [ 1,2 ] . in particular , it was shown that these tunnelings can induce lensing effects from luminous sources . \n more precisely , by emb...
[ { "content": "electron spins confined in carbon nanotube@xcite ( cnt ) quantum dots@xcite ( qd ) are considered attractive for quantum information storage and processing due to the absence of the hyperfine interaction@xcite which is the main source of decoherence in iii - v nanostructures . \n the spin - orbit ...
[ { "content": "physics of ultracold atoms is fascinating in many respects . \n the ways how these systems can be manipulated in magnetic and optical traps open possibilities to an enormous number of physical effects which can be realized and studied in these systems @xcite , hofstetter . \n thanks to a large var...
[ { "content": "in this study we suggest a new family of spherical mass distribution models that generalizes models by an & evans ( 2006 , hereafter ae ) and models by kuzmin et al . @xcite . \n the family depends on two structural parameters . \n it includes plummer s spheres @xcite , hnon s isochrones @xcite an...
[ { "content": "the contact pattern among individuals in a population is an essential factor for the spread of infectious diseases . in deterministic models \n , the transmission is usually modelled using a contact rate function , which depends on the contact pattern among individuals and also on the probability ...
[ { "content": "non - axisymmetric deformations of rapidly rotating self - gravitating bodies are a rather generic phenomenon in nature and could appear in a variety of astrophysical scenarios like stellar core collapses @xcite , accretion - induced collapse of white dwarfs @xcite , or the merger of two neutron...
[ { "content": "in most history of our universe , gravity has been the dominant force in determining cosmological evolutions . due to the onset of gravitational instability , primordial fluctuations generated in cosmic inflation \n start growing by attracting dark matter and gases nearby after the matter radiatio...
[ { "content": "the theoretical results of atomic parity non - conservation ( pnc ) when combined with the experimental results is an important probe of physics beyond the standard model of particle physics @xcite . \n there are two sources of pnc in atoms , nuclear spin - independent ( nsi ) and nuclear spin - d...
[ { "content": "one of the active areas of high energy physics research is the study of thermodynamic properties of interacting hadronic matter in the extreme conditions of temperature and/or density for the last few decades . at such high temperature and/or density \n the hadrons are expected to dissolve into th...
[ { "content": "the use of symmetry methods to understand bound states has an ancient origin and has given many of its fruits in atomic and subatomic physics - the work of marcos moshinsky is an excellent example of this @xcite . over the years , however , other approaches to understand more complicated systems h...
[ { "content": "let @xmath7 be the tropical semifield , where the tropical sum @xmath8 is taking the maximum @xmath9 , and the tropical product @xmath10 is taking the ordinary sum @xmath11 . \n let @xmath12 be the sub - semifield of @xmath13 . \n a tropical curve @xmath5 is a metric graph with possibly unbounded ...
[ { "content": "the discrete dipole approximation ( dda ) provides a flexible and general method to calculate scattering and absorption of light by objects of arbitrary geometry @xcite . \n the approximation consists of replacing the continuum target of interest by an array of polarizable points , which acquire o...
[ { "content": "entanglement is considered to be the key resource of the rapidly developing fields of quantum information processing and quantum computation , for an introduction see e.g. @xcite . among the early proposals concerning the applications of entangled states \n are those for quantum key distribution ...
[ { "content": "a shift of finite type ( sft ) is a dynamical system defined by finitely many local transition rules . \n these systems have been studied for their own sake @xcite , and they have also served as important tools for understanding other dynamical systems @xcite . \n each sft can be described as the ...
[ { "content": "it is well known that an essential characteristic of compounds forming liquid crystals is the rod - like shape of their constituent molecules , with an high length to breadth ratio . \n therefore the molecules are supposed to be cylindrically symmetrical . \n for example , the ordering matrix whic...
[ { "content": "the enrichment of the intergalactic medium ( igm ) with heavy elements has , over the past decade , become a key tool in understanding star and galaxy formation by providing a fossil record of metal formation and galactic feedback . \n absorption line spectroscopy has revealed , among other findin...
[ { "content": "dynamic traffic assignment ( dta ) is the descriptive modeling of time - varying flows on traffic networks consistent with traffic flow theory and travel choice principles . \n dta models describe and predict departure rates , departure times and route choices of travelers over a given time horizo...
[ { "content": "collimated outflows / jets are produced from active galactic nuclei , compact stars in x - ray binaries , and young stellar objects ( ysos ) ( e.g. , krolik 1999 ; mirabel & rodriguez 1999 ; fender 2003 ; reipurth & bally 2001 ) . over the last two decades , evidence for jet precession in these sy...