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[ { "content": "the most common method for determining the distances to radio pulsars is based on their dispersion measure and models of the galactic distribution of free electrons ( @xcite ) . \n these distance estimates typically have an uncertainty of 30% . \n distances may also be determined by measuring annu...
[ { "content": "the electronic properties of quasicrystals@xcite have revealed the importance of the non crystalline order at the atomic level . \n indeed , the conductivity @xmath0 of these metallic alloys displays a unusual behavior since it increases when either temperature or disorder increases . \n it is als...
[ { "content": "in the past several years , deep field surveys have made remarkable breakthroughs in studies on high redshift galaxies . \n the most successful survey would be the hubble deep fields which are deep enough to study high-_z _ galaxies up to @xmath18 . \n many efforts on spectroscopic and photometric...
[ { "content": "sgr a * is believed to be the radio source associated with the @xmath1 ( haller et al . \n 1996 ; ghez et al . 1998 & 1999 ; eckart & genzel 1996 ; genzel & eckart 1999 ; zhao & goss 1999 ) dark mass concentration in the center of the galaxy . \n since we know very little about this source from...
[ { "content": "the origin of high - energy cosmic rays is among the most interesting questions in astrophysics . \n the origin of a structure in the all - particle energy spectrum around 4 pev , the so - called knee , is generally believed to be a corner stone in the understanding of the astrophysics of high - ...
[ { "content": "discovering the higgs boson is one of the main physics goals of the lhc program . \n while collider search strategies have been well developed for the standard model ( sm ) higgs , the presence of new light degrees of freedom can dramatically alter higgs phenomenology . \n for instance , in a clas...
[ { "content": "since the discovery of superconductivity in alkali - metal doped @xmath8 , extensive research on @xmath8 and other fullerenes has been carried out worldwide , aiming at understanding the mechanism for superconductivity and other related issues in fullerenes.@xcite most of the theoretical models as...
[ { "content": "raman spectroscopy is one of the most used characterization techniques in carbon science and technology@xcite . \n the measurement of the raman spectrum of graphene@xcite triggered a huge effort to understand phonons , electron - phonon , magneto - phonon and electron - electron interactions in gr...
[ { "content": "we wish to study algebraic geometry over the max - plus or tropical algebra . in order to do so \n , we should look at roots of polynomials . \n + the common definition for tropical roots of polynomials is a point of equality between two monomials or more ( ref . \n @xcite,@xcite ) . \n izhakian h...
[ { "content": "the low - energy effective theory describing the dynamics of a collection of wrapped d - branes at small separations is given by quiver quantum mechanics @xcite . \n these d - branes form bound states and , depending on parameters , can either be well separated or on top of each other . when well ...
[ { "content": "since their introduction , israel layers @xcite,@xcite,@xcite have played an increasingly important role in gravitational physics . \n barrabes and israel @xcite began their paper with a description of the israel layer as a thermodynamic phase boundary , but the initial applications of israel laye...
[ { "content": "one of the crucial properties of the _ dark _ matter ( dm ) is the feebleness of its coupling to the electromagnetic field . \n the early decoupling of dm from the baryon - photon fluid is a basic ingredient of the current picture of structure formation , and various direct dm detection experiment...
[ { "content": "the phase transition from partonic degrees of freedom ( quarks and gluons ) to interacting hadrons is a central topic of modern high - energy physics . in order to understand the dynamics and relevant scales of this transition laboratory experiments under controlled conditions \n are presently per...
[ { "content": "studies of angular and energy dependence of muon flux at the earth s surface give important information as about processes of muon generation and propagation in the atmosphere so about primary cosmic rays . \n measurements of muon flux at large zenith angles up to 90@xmath0 are especially actual s...
[ { "content": "to provide physical meaning to solutions of einstein equations , is an endeavour whose relevance deserves to be emphasized @xcite . \n this is particularly true in the case of the levi - civita ( lc ) spacetime @xcite which after many years and a long list of works dedicated to its discussion stil...
[ { "content": "within the last few years _ relational database management systems _ ( rdbms or db in short ) have become essential for control system configuration . with availability of generic applications and hardware standards the interplay of components as well as \n the adaptation to site specific needs ha...
[ { "content": "the important behavior of colliding gravitational waves was first shown in khan and penrose s pioneering work [ 1 ] in a plane - symmetric spacetime . \n the formulation for dynamics of colliding plane waves was given by szekeres [ 2 ] in an extended form with non - parallel polarization , and the...
[ { "content": "the creation of new types of crystalline or partially ordered states and the dynamics of assemblies of interacting particles have attracted much attention both in terms of the basic science of self - assembly and dynamic pattern formation as well as for applications utilizing self - assembly proce...
[ { "content": "g and k giant stars are expected to have low lithium abundances because li is destroyed in main - sequence stars except in the outermost layers ( 1@xmath0 - 2@xmath0 by mass ) . as the star ascends the red giant branch of the h - r diagram \n , the convective envelope deepens , diluting the existi...
[ { "content": "quantum key distribution ( qkd ) @xcite enables an unconditionally secure means of distributing secret keys between two spatially separated parties , alice and bob . \n the security of qkd has been rigorously proven based on the laws of quantum mechanics @xcite . \n nevertheless , owing to the i...
[ { "content": "in the physics literature , stochastic particle systems in a limit of large system size are often described by a mean - field master equation for the time evolution of a single lattice site @xcite . for conservative systems , these equations are very similar to mean - field rate equations in the s...
[ { "content": "in 1963 , the jaynes - cummings model ( jcm ) was proposed for describing interaction between a single two - state atom and a single near - resonant quantized cavity mode @xcite . \n considering the hamiltonian for a magnetic dipole in a magnetic field , assuming near resonance and applying the ro...
[ { "content": "quantum information processing has attracted a lot of interest in recent years , following deutsch s investigations @xcite concerning the potentiality of a quantum computer , i.e. , a computer where information is stored and processed in quantum systems . \n their application as quantum informatio...
[ { "content": "high - redshift absorbers offer a glimpse of structure in the young universe . \n these systems dominate the mass density of neutral gas in the universe at early times and are believed to be forming galaxies ( wolfe et al . 1995 ; djorgovski et al . 1996 ) . \n the fraction @xmath3 of the present ...
[ { "content": "open dielectric cavities have attracted a large interest in recent years due to their numerous and potentially important applications @xcite . from a theoretical point of view \n , the crucial difference between dielectric cavities and much more investigated case of closed quantum billiards @xcite...
[ { "content": "theoretical investigation of hadron production in heavy - ion collisions at high energies is usually separated into different camps , characterized by the regions of transverse momenta @xmath0 of the produced hadrons . at low @xmath0 statistical hadronization and hydrodynamical models \n are gener...
[ { "content": "during the first stages of star formation , highly collimated jets from new born stars influence the physical structure of the hosting cloud by sweeping up material , compressing and accelerating the surrounding environment . \n the propagation of high velocity outflows generates shock fronts trig...
[ { "content": "_ ab initio _ methods for polymers and crystals come more and more into focus of quantum chemists and solid state physicists @xcite . \n as most _ ab initio _ treatments of such extended systems rely on incomplete one - particle basis sets , we consider it timely to investigate the basis set conv...
[ { "content": "the hadronic final state of collisions at 200 gev may provide a reference for other high - energy nuclear collisions at the relativistic heavy ion collider ( rhic ) and large hadron collider ( lhc ) . \n claims for novel physics at higher energies or in , or collision systems should be based o...
[ { "content": "since the early years of quantum mechanics @xcite the principle of quantum superposition has been recognized to play a prominent role in the theory and its applications . \n the destruction and preservation of these superpositions of quantum states occupy a central place in issues such as the quan...
[ { "content": "the recent discovery of superconductivity in sodium cobalt oxide compound intercalated water molecules , na@xmath0coo@xmath1@xmath2h@xmath1o,@xcite trigged intense attentions and stimulated lots of discussions@xcite . \n the superconductivity induced in the planer structure of coo@xmath1 is simila...
[ { "content": "the detection of gravitational waves ( g.w . ) is one of the most fascinating and challenging subjects in physics research nowadays . besides checking the general relativity theory , the detection of this phenomenon will mark the beginning of a new phase in the comprehension of astrophysical pheno...
[ { "content": "the extended hubbard model with anisotropic spin exchange interactions @xcite is a conceptually simple phenomenological model for studying correlations and for a description of magnetism and other types of electron orderings in narrow band systems with easy - plane or easy - axis magnetic anisotr...
[ { "content": "during the last decades , a new type of artificial materials , the so - called left - handed metamaterials ( lh ) , have attracted a great deal of attention . \n they present negative indices of refraction for some wavelengths @xcite , with considerable applications in modern optics and microelect...
[ { "content": "non - hermitian operator has been introduced phenomenologically as an effective hamiltonian to fit experimental data in various fields of physics @xcite . in spite of \n the important role played non - hermitian operator in different branches of physics , it has not been paid due attention by the ...
[ { "content": "stellar feedback the injection of energy and momentum by stars \n originates at the small scales of star clusters ( @xmath01 pc ) , yet it shapes the interstellar medium ( ism ) on large scales ( @xmath11 kpc ) . at large scales , \n stellar feedback is necessary in order to form realistic galaxi...
[ { "content": "the experimental realization of bose - einstein condensates ( becs ) in ultracold atomic gases has led to tremendous advances from traditional atomic , molecular , and optical ( amo ) physics @xcite to current quantum information science @xcite . \n recently , an intriguing atom - molecule dark st...
[ { "content": "* quantum dot structures . \n * inas / gaas qds are grown by molecular - beam epitaxy on ( 001 ) gaas substrates , and then thermally annealed at 940 @xmath30c @xcite . \n annealing interdiffuses indium and gallium , resulting in ( in , ga)as / gaas qds with effective localization volumes of order...
[ { "content": "the implementation of a universal two - qubit gate involving an entanglement operation on two quantum bits represents a necessary step toward the construction of a scalable quantum computer @xcite . \n intense research on solid state nano - devices during the last decade has established the possi...
[ { "content": "the recent complete dna sequences of many organisms are available to systematically search of genome structure . for the large amount of dna sequences , \n developing methods for extracting meaningful information is a major challenge for bioinformatics . to understand the one - dimensional symboli...
[ { "content": "dans le modle cosmologique , dit de concordance car il est en conformit avec tout un ensemble de donnes observationnelles , la matire ordinaire do nt sont constitus les toiles , le gaz , les galaxies , etc . \n ( essentiellement sous forme baryonique ) ne forme que 4% de la masse - nergie totale ,...
[ { "content": "hard x - ray surveys are the most direct probe of supermassive black hole ( smbh ) accretion activity , which is recorded in the cosmic x - ray background ( cxb ) , in wide ranges of smbh masses , down to @xmath3 , and bolometric luminosities , down to @xmath4 erg / s . \n x - ray surveys can ther...
[ { "content": "the discovery of the dna double - helical structure , some 50 years ago , motivated the elaboration of the helix - coil model to account for the separation of the two strands , on physical bases @xcite . \n the importance of this model from the biological point of view is obvious , since processin...
[ { "content": "there is presently a growing body of circumstantial evidence linking some long - duration gamma ray bursts ( grbs ) with afterglows to the explosions of massive stars . \n supernovae ( sn ) or supernova - like features have been identified in seven afterglows although some of these could be light ...
[ { "content": "the large hadron collider ( lhc ) probes collisions of protons at very high energies , resulting in a multitude of final - state particles . with increasing energy , the probability that one hadron - hadron collision leads to more than one scattering process also increases . \n these additional sc...
[ { "content": "although physics in cold atoms and halo nuclei are driven by interactions at very different physical scales , these systems share common features in their respective low energy regimes . \n universal behavior occurs when a system satisfies a separation of a large length scale and a small one . \n ...
[ { "content": "entanglement is a uniquely quantum mechanical phenomenon in which quantum systems exhibit correlations not possible for classical systems . as such \n , entanglement is a vital resource for many aspect of quantum information processing including quantum computation , quantum metrology , and quantu...
[ { "content": "the interplay between superconducting and magnetic order in ruthenocuprates raised considerable interest for these materials . \n they exist in three modifications , rusr@xmath0recu@xmath0o@xmath1 ( ru1212 ) , rusr@xmath0re@xmath2ce@xmath3cu@xmath0o@xmath4 ( ru1222 ) and , recently synthesized @x...
[ { "content": "given @xmath4 and a bounded open set @xmath5 with @xmath6-boundary , the @xmath0-perimeter of a ( measurable ) set @xmath7 in @xmath2 is defined as @xmath8 where @xmath9 denotes the complement of @xmath1 , and @xmath10 denotes the following nonlocal interaction term @xmath11 here we are using th...
[ { "content": "the rayleigh - taylor instability occurs when a heavy fluid is being pushed by a light fluid . \n two plane - parallel layers of fluid , colder on top , are in equilibrium while the slightest perturbation leads to the denser fluid moving down and the lighter material being displaced upwards . \n t...
[ { "content": "scully and co - workers @xcite have introduced a model of a carnot heat engine based on a bath comprised of partly - coherent three - level atoms ( nicknamed `` phaseonium '' ) that interact with a cavity - mode `` working fluid '' ( wf ) while they cross the cavity . \n their astounding conclusi...
[ { "content": "given their ubiquity in nature , long chain macromolecules have been the subject of considerable study . \n whereas there is now a reasonably firm basis for understanding the physical properties of homopolymers@xcite , considerably less is known about the heteropolymers of biological significance ...
[ { "content": "the fermi accelerator is a dynamical system , proposed by enrico fermi @xcite to describe cosmic ray acceleration , in which a charged particle collides with a time dependent magnetic field . \n with base in different applications , the original model was later modified and studied by other author...
[ { "content": "neutron stars are believed to form from the core collapse of massive stars and the accretion induced collapse of massive white dwarfs . \n if the stellar core or white dwarf is rotating , conservation of angular momentum implies that the resulting neutron star must rotate very rapidly . \n it has ...
[ { "content": "electronic - structure calculations on periodic systems are conventionally done using the so - called bloch orbital based approach which consists of assuming an itinerant form for the single - electron wave functions . \n this approach has the merit of incorporating the translational invariance of...
[ { "content": "the dynamics of the lyness recurrence @xmath11 specially when @xmath12 has focused the attention of many researchers in the last years and it is now completely understood in its main features after the independent research of bastien & rogalski @xcite and zeeman @xcite , and the later work of beuk...
[ { "content": "hetero - structures based on iii - nitrides @xcite and in particular on the combination al@xmath0ga@xmath1n / gan represent the basis of a variety of state - of - the - art ( opto)electronic devices like blue and white light - emitting diodes @xcite , laser diodes @xcite , blue lasers @xcite , hig...
[ { "content": "the atacama large millimeter array ( alma ) is one of the largest ground - based astronomy projects of the next decade , which will revolutionize several fields of astronomy . a large community of scientists \n is expected to use alma to tackle several outstanding questions in astrophysics . \n ho...
[ { "content": "half - metallic ferromagnets with high ( room temperature and above ) curie temperatures @xmath1 are ideal for spintronics applications , and as such , much experimental and theoretical@xcite effort has been devoted in recent years to the designing of and search for such materials . among these , ...
[ { "content": "the physics of elementary particles and forces determined the development of the early universe and thus , of the structure of our world today ( * fig . 1 * ) . \n according to our present knowledge , three families of quarks and leptons , four fundamental interactions , their respective exchange...
[ { "content": "the electric transport in semiconductor superlattices is usually dominated by resonances between the localized energy levels inside the wells resulting in peaks in the current - field relation . \n this may yield complicated current - voltage characteristics exhibiting may branches due to the form...
[ { "content": "for well over a century , radial velocities for objects outside the solar system have been determined through spectroscopy , using the ( doppler ) shifts of stellar spectral lines . \n the advent of high - accuracy ( sub - milliarcsec ) astrometric measurements , both on ground and in space , now ...
[ { "content": "acoustic wave modes in dusty plasma have received a great deal of attention since the last decade @xcite . \n depending on different time scales , there can exists two or more acoustic waves in a typical dusty plasma . \n dust acoustic ( da ) and dust ion - acoustic ( dia ) waves are two such acou...
[ { "content": "silica aerogel is a unique material with a refractive index ( @xmath6 ) in the range between gases and liquids or solids . \n its refractive index can be easily controlled from @xmath7 to @xmath8 . as a result \n , the refractive index of the aerogel can be chosen such that for a given momentum in...
[ { "content": "equations that describe ideal fluid and plasma dynamics in terms of eulerian variables are hamiltonian in terms of noncanonical poisson brackets , degenerate brackets in noncanonical coordinates . \n because of degeneracy , such poisson brackets possess casimir elements , invariants that have been...
[ { "content": "a surface facing a plasma collects electrons from the plasma more efficiently than it looses electrons due to neutralization of ions and/or de - excitation of radicals . \n it acquires thus a negative charge triggering in turn an electron - depletion layer in front of it the plasma sheath shield...
[ { "content": "intermediate - mass stars ( ims ) comprise objects with zams masses between 0.8 and 8 , corresponding to spectral types between g2 and b2 . \n the lower mass limit is the minimum value required for double shell ( h and he ) fusion to occur , resulting in thermal pulsations during the asymptotic g...
[ { "content": "we investigate the vector and scalar self - energies of nucleons in nuclear matter composed by the neutrons and protons , distributed with densities @xmath0 and @xmath1 . \n we calculate the dependence on the total density @xmath2 and on the asymmetry parameter @xmath3 . \n the qcd sum rules were ...
[ { "content": "given an input sequence , _ segmentation _ is the problem of identifying and assigning tags to its subsequences . \n many natural language processing ( nlp ) tasks can be cast into the segmentation problem , like named entity recognition @xcite , opinion extraction @xcite , and chinese word segmen...
[ { "content": "molecules can be assembled from atoms using laser light . this process is termed photoassociation . with the advent of femtosecond lasers and pulse shaping techniques , \n photoassociation became a natural candidate for coherent control of a binary reaction . \n coherent control had been conceived...
[ { "content": "schwarz maps for hypergeometric systems in single and several variables are studied by several authors ( cf . \n @xcite ) for more than hundred years . \n these systems treated were irreducible , maybe because specialists believed that reducible systems would not give interesting schwarz maps . \n...
[ { "content": "x - ray reflection off the surface of cold disks in active galactic nuclei ( agn ) and galactic black holes ( gbhs ) has been an active field of research since the work of @xcite . in early studies , \n the illuminated material was assumed to be cold and non - ionized @xcite . \n it was soon reali...
[ { "content": "systematic spectroscopic observations of far - infrared ( ir ) cooling lines in large samples of local star - forming galaxies and active galactic nuclei ( agn ) were first carried out with _ iso _ \n ( e.g. , @xcite , 2001 ; @xcite ; @xcite ) . \n these studies showed that is the most intense far...
[ { "content": "polymers with contour length @xmath1 much larger than the persistence length @xmath2 , which is the correlation length for the tangent - tangent correlation function along the polymer and is a quantitative measure of the polymer stiffness , are flexible and are described by using the tools of quan...
[ { "content": "in this paper , @xmath1 will be a simple graph with vertex set @xmath2 and edge set @xmath3 . \n [ closeddef ] a _ labeling _ of @xmath1 is a bijection @xmath4 = \\{1,\\dots , n\\}$ ] , and given a labeling , we typically assume @xmath5 $ ] . \n a labeling is _ closed _ if whenever we have distinc...
[ { "content": "properly describing the pm surface motion requires taking into account both the plasma electron and ion dynamics . \n the response time of electrons to the laser field is much smaller than the optical period , while ions react on a longer time scale due to their larger mass . \n akin to the born -...
[ { "content": "r coronae borealis ( rcb ) stars are hydrogen - deficient carbon ( hdc ) stars that exhibit spectacular ( @xmath1 up to @xmath28 mag ) , aperiodic declines in brightness ( for a review on rcb stars see @xcite ) . \n the fading occurs rapidly ( @xmath21 to few weeks ) as new dust is formed in the c...
[ { "content": "the discovery of hot jupiters that transit in front of their parent stars has advanced our knowledge of extrasolar planets adding a fundamental datum : the planetary radius . \n there has been considerable activity revising the measured radii , owing to uncertainties in the differential image anal...
[ { "content": "cosmic rays are elementary particles arriving at the earth from outside that were discovered in the beginning of the 20th century as one of the main sources of natural radiation . \n the cosmic ray spectrum has been observed as a continuum at all energies since their discovery . throughout this pe...
[ { "content": "barred galaxies constitute a major fraction of all disc galaxies classified in the optical , more than 50% including strong bars and intermediate morphologies ( sellwood & wilkinson @xcite ) . \n this fraction increases when also near - infrared images are used for classification , thus underlinin...
[ { "content": "the afterglow emission of gamma - ray bursts ( grbs ) is generally well described by the blast wave model @xcite . this model details the temporal and spectral behaviour of the emission that is created by external shocks when a collimated ultra - relativistic jet ploughs into the circumburst mediu...
[ { "content": "a great deal of progress was recently achieved in our understanding of the multifragmentation phenomenon @xcite when an exact analytical solution of a simplified version of the statistical multifragmentation model ( smm ) @xcite was found in refs . \n an invention of a new powerful mathematical me...
[ { "content": "the post - main - sequence evolution of massive stars depends sensitively on the helium core mass and its ratio to the envelope mass , which in turn depends on still poorly understood phenomena such as mixings in the radiative layers ( core overshooting and rotational mixing ) and wind mass loss ....
[ { "content": "nowadays , digital images and other multimedia files can become very large in size and , therefore , occupy a lot of storage space . \n in addition , owing to their size , it takes more time to move them from place to place and a larger bandwidth to download and upload them on the internet . \n so...
[ { "content": "we can study the effect of electromagnetic fields on fluids only if we know the stress induced due to the fields in the fluids . despite its importance , this topic \n is glossed over in most works on the otherwise well - established subjects of fluid mechanics and classical electrodynamics . the ...
[ { "content": "cold atoms in optical lattices is the application of two formerly distinct aspects of physics : quantum gases from atomic physics @xcite and laser theory from quantum optics @xcite . \n the optical lattices are artificial crystals of light , that is , a periodic intensity pattern formed by interfe...
[ { "content": "there are many problems in condensed matter physics and materials science in which the aim is to describe sharp interfaces separating regions with qualitatively different properties . \n this occurs for instance in solidification , dendritic growth , solid - solid transformations , grain growth , ...
[ { "content": "the omputation of gravitational radiation from the inspiral and merger of binary black holes poses a difficult boundary value problem . in the geometrically simplest and physically most natural treatment , \n the black holes are modeled by the gravitational collapse of a pair of stars ( or other a...
[ { "content": "among the large number of theoretical models proposed to either solve the hierarchy problem and/or explain dark matter with a new stable particle , the minimal supersymmetric model ( mssm ) remains one of the favourite . \n supersymmetry not only provides a solution to both these problems but also...
[ { "content": "the phenomenon of soft gamma repeaters ( sgrs ) may allow us in the near future to determine fundamental properties of strongly magnetized , compact stars . \n already , there exist at least two sources in which quasi - periodic oscillations ( qpos ) have been observed in their x - ray tail , foll...
[ { "content": "anisotropy measurements of the cosmic microwave background ( cmb ) are a very effective tool for testing and constraining models of cosmic structure formation . with the discovery of large angular scale anisotropy by cobe ( smoot et al . , 1992 ) , there has been an increased interest in character...
[ { "content": "uncertainty relations are a key item of the quantum theory . \n this is from fundamental reasons , but also regarding practical applications , since phase - number uncertainty relations are the heart of the quantum limits to the precision of signal detection schemes @xcite . \n typically , uncerta...
[ { "content": "the solutions of the helmholtz equation for the right isosceles triangle with sidelength , @xmath3 ( chosen for convenience ) are given by @xmath4 @xmath5 . \n this consists of two terms , each being a product of @xmath6 functions . of course \n , it can be re - written in a variety of equivalent ...
[ { "content": "high precision wavelength calibrators for astrophysical spectrographs will be key components of new precision radial velocity ( rv ) observations , including the search for earth - like extra - solar planets ( exoplanets ) @xcite and direct observation of cosmological acceleration @xcite . \n re...
[ { "content": "can one recover ( some aspects of ) the initial conditions of the universe from the distribution of galaxies at @xmath5 ? \n a conventional answer to this question is affirmative , _ provided _ that the effect of a spatial bias is well understood and/or if it does not significantly alter the inter...
[ { "content": "coleman and weinberg pointed out several years ago [ 1 ] that quantum loops and radiative corrections can play an important role in determining the structure of the vacuum of a quantum field or system of fields and particles . \n specifically they showed that while a scalar field with mass paramet...
[ { "content": "with wilson fermions , straightforward calculations of @xmath0 using the 1-loop improved @xmath2 operator fail due to the large mixing with the wrong chirality operators @xcite . \n since this mixing is an artifact of lattice discretization , one hopes that it can be significantly reduced by impr...
[ { "content": "while sports are often analogized to a wide array of other arenas of human activity particularly war well known story lines and elements of sports are conversely invoked to describe other spheres . \n each game generates a probablistic , rule - based story @xcite , and the stories of games prov...
[ { "content": "planetary nebulae ( pns ) have become increasingly important in extragalactic astronomy , for distance determinations via their luminosity function ( lf ) ( * ? ? ? \n * ; * ? ? ? \n * ; * ? ? ? \n * ; * ? ? ? \n * ; * ? ? ? \n * ; * ? ? ? \n * and references therein ) , as kinematic tracers of th...
[ { "content": "in a series of stunning papers stretching over almost a decade @xcite thouless obtained a closed expression for the bandwidth of the hofstadter spectrum @xcite in the @xmath1 limit . here the integer @xmath2 stands for the denominator of the rational flux @xmath3 of the magnetic field piercing a u...