query stringlengths 12 2.51k | pos list | neg list | task stringclasses 1
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Mello joined David Hirshs lab in 1982 . | [
"Mello joined David 's lab in 1982 ."
] | [
"He completed his Ph. D. from Harvard in 1990 ."
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He does not know if he was a slow learner , or just not interested , but he did not do well in school until the seventh grade . | [
"He does n't know if he was a slow learner , or just not interested , but he did not do well in school until the seventh grade ."
] | [
"He learned to argue , to listen , and to admit it when he was wrong about something ."
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Some of his teachers at Brown University were Frank Rothman , Ken Miller , Susan Gerbi and Nelson Fausto . | [
"Some of his teachers at Brown were Frank Rothman , Ken Miller , Susan Gerbi and Nelson Fausto ."
] | [
"His descendants include Ellery Channing , William Ellery Channing , Richard Henry Dana , Sr. , Edie Sedgwick , Kyra Sedgwick , Grace , Emily , Charlotte , and Amy Loring , Daniel Kraus , James Ellery , Gary Ellery , and Jadriene M. Ellery ."
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Mello studied biochemistry and molecular biology for his first years at Brown University . | [
"Mello pursued biochemistry and molecular biology as his major at Brown ."
] | [
"For political reasons , he was not accepted into any post-secondary school with a humanities program ; therefore , he opted to study at the Faculty of Economics of Czech Technical University in Prague but dropped out after two years ."
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At this time , his older siblings were great students , so his teacher 's wanted him to do well . | [
"Meanwhile , his older siblings were model students , raising the teacher 's expectations for him ."
] | [
"He does n't know if he was a slow learner , or just not interested , but he did not do well in school until the seventh grade ."
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He was awarded his B.S. from Brown University in 1982 . | [
"B. from Brown University in 1982 ."
] | [
"For college , she first attended the University of Rochester , before graduating with a BA from Syracuse University in 1940 ."
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He was awarded his Ph. D. from Harvard in 1990 . | [
"He completed his Ph. D. from Harvard in 1990 ."
] | [
"She studied political science at the School of International Service at American University ( Washington , DC ) , from which she graduated in 1970 . She graduated from the European Institute at the University of Amsterdam in 1971 ."
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James Mello was awarded his Ph. D. in paleontology from Yale University in 1962 . | [
"James Mello completed his Ph. D. in paleontology from Yale University in 1962 ."
] | [
"Stebbins received his Ph. D. in botany from Harvard University in 1931 ."
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Professor Craig Cameron Mello ( born October 18 , 1960 ) is an American biologist and Professor of Molecular Medicine at the University of Massachusetts Medical School . | [
"Craig Cameron Mello ( born October 18 , 1960 ) is an American biologist and Professor of Molecular Medicine at the University of Massachusetts Medical School in Worcester , Massachusetts ."
] | [
"Roger David Kornberg ( born ) is an American biochemist and professor of structural biology at Stanford University School of Medicine ."
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After finishing his studies at Brown , Mello went to Boulder , Colorado for more studies . | [
"After completing his studies at Brown , Mello went to Boulder , Colorado for graduate studies ."
] | [
"He spent a year in London and then four years on the East Coast of the United States ."
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In the yearly Howard Hughes Medical Institute Scientific Meeting held on November 13 , 2006 in Ashburn , Virginia , Professor Mello talked about the phone call that he received telling him he had won the Nobel Prize . | [
"In the annual Howard Hughes Medical Institute Scientific Meeting held on November 13 , 2006 in Ashburn , Virginia , Dr. Mello recounted the phone call that he received announcing that he had won the prize ."
] | [
"This work was accomplished together with the efforts of Martin Evans and Oliver Smithies , and recognized in the 2007 Nobel prize for medicine or physiology ."
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His parents met while at the Brown University and were the first children in their families to go to college . | [
"His parents met while attending Brown University and were the first children in their respective families to attend college ."
] | [
"She later moved to Ohio , where she worked as a maid at Ohio State University , before moving many years later to California ."
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The experiment was done by Albert Michelson and Edward Morley in 1887 . | [
"The Michelsonâ `` Morley experiment was performed in 1887 by Albert Michelson and Edward Morley at what is now Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland , Ohio ."
] | [
"This view of the disease was first formulated by the English surgeon Campbell De Morgan between 1871 and 1874 ."
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The Acropolis of Athens is the most famous acropolis . | [
"The Acropolis of Athens or Citadel of Athens is the best known acropolis ( Gr ."
] | [
"While still used as a mosque , the Sultan Ahmed Mosque has also become a popular tourist attraction ."
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It is often known as The Acropolis . | [
"Although there are many other acropoleis in Greece , the significance of the Acropolis of Athens is such that it is commonly known as The Acropolis without qualification ."
] | [
"At one point , Titusville would be nicknamed The City of Churches ."
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The Volkswagen Sharan is a automobile produced by Volkswagen in two generations since 1995 . The SEAT Alhambra and the Ford Galaxy are based on the same platform as the Sharan . | [
"The Volkswagen Group subsequently rebadged the Sharan in 1996 , and sold it as the SEAT Alhambra alongside the Sharan ."
] | [
"The Marea replaced the earlier Tipo-based Fiat Tempra . While the Fiat Stilo Multiwagon is the successor of the Marea Weekend , the Fiat Linea is scheduled to replace the saloon version in 2007 ."
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The Volkswagen Sharan is a automobile produced by Volkswagen in two generations since 1995 . | [
"The Volkswagen Sharan is a large MPV produced by the German automaker Volkswagen since 1995 ."
] | [
"The Volkswagen Polo Mk5 is the fifth generation of the Volkswagen Polo supermini-class car , launched by Volkswagen in March 2009 ."
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Padua ( or ) is a province in the region of Veneto in Italy . | [
"The Province of Padua ( Provincia di Padova ) is a province in the Veneto region of Italy . Its capital is the city of Padua ."
] | [
"The Province of Bergamo is a province in the Lombardy region of Italy ."
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When sodium bicarbonate is heated , it releases carbon dioxide and water vapor ( gas ) and turns into sodium carbonate . | [
"Above 70 Â C , sodium bicarbonate gradually decomposes into sodium carbonate , water and carbon dioxide ."
] | [
"Copper carbonate is prepared by combining aqueous solutions of copper sulfate and sodium carbonate . Copper basic carbonate precipitates from the solution :"
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Digital forensics is a forensic science where experts look at all forms of digital media including computers , smart phones , tablet and GPS devices to solve help crime . | [
"Digital forensics ( sometimes Digital forensic science ) is a branch of forensic science encompassing the recovery and investigation of material found in digital devices , often in relation to computer crime . The term digital forensics was originally used as a synonym for computer forensics but has expanded to co... | [
"Information security is concerned with the confidentiality , integrity and availability of data regardless of the form the data may take : electronic , print , or other forms ."
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Schwaderloch is a municipality of the district of Laufenburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland . | [
"Schwaderloch is a municipality in the district of Laufenburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland ."
] | [
"Kaisten is a municipality in the district of Laufenburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland ."
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Uncle Bill â Tappyâ Tapia ( born January 1 , 1908 ) is an American musician , born in Honolulu , Hawaii . His parents were Portuguese . | [
"Uncle Bill â Tappyâ Tapia ( born January 1 , 1908 ) is an American musician , born in Honolulu , Hawaii , of Portuguese parents ."
] | [
"Antonio Fà lix `` Tota '' Carbajal Rodrà guez ( born June 7 , 1929 in Mexico City ) is a Mexican former football goalkeeper ."
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His long career started in Vaudeville and soon after he became a jazz guitarist and ukulele player . He has worked with big names such as Bing Crosby , Louis Armstrong , and Elvis Presley and has also worked with Hawaiian musicians such as King Bennie Nawahi , Sol Hoâ opiâ i and Andy Iona . | [
"In his long career beginning in Vaudeville and quickly expanding as a jazz guitarist and ukulele player he has performed with names such as Bing Crosby , Louis Armstrong , Elvis Presley and Hawaiian musicians such as King Bennie Nawahi , Sol Hoâ opiâ i , and Andy Iona ."
] | [
"In her youth Fitzgerald wanted to be a dancer , although she loved listening to jazz recordings by Louis Armstrong , Bing Crosby and The Boswell Sisters ."
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At age 10 , Tapia already had been a professional musician , playing â Stars and Stripes Foreverâ for World War I soldiers in Hawaii . | [
"At age 10 , Tapia was already a professional musician , playing â Stars and Stripes Foreverâ for World War I troops in Hawaii ."
] | [
"Later that off-season , he briefly toured South America with another barnstorming team , while his fiancà e Isum pursued nursing opportunities in New York City ."
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Advance Wars 2 : Black Hole Rising is a turn-based tactics video game made by Intelligent Systems and published by Nintendo for the Game Boy Advance game console . | [
"Advance Wars 2 : Black Hole Rising , known in Japan as Game Boy Wars Advance 2 is a turn-based tactics video game for the Game Boy Advance . It was developed by Intelligent Systems and published by Nintendo in 2003 ."
] | [
"Mario & Luigi : Superstar Saga , known in Japan as Mario & Luigi RPG , is a role-playing game developed by AlphaDream and published by Nintendo for the Game Boy Advance in 2003 ."
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It was later released in 2004 along with the first game as Game Boy Wars Advance 1 +2 . | [
"It was eventually released as Game Boy Wars Advance 1 +2 in 2004 , bundled with Black Hole Rising ."
] | [
"Super Space Invaders ' 91 , Space Invaders DX and Space Invaders 95 were included in Taito Legends 2 , a sequel compilation released in 2006 ."
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It is the sequel to Advance Wars , also for the Game Boy Advance . | [
"After the success of Advance Wars , Intelligent Systems , the company that created the original game , began designing a sequel to Advance Wars ."
] | [
"Pokà mon Pinball : Ruby & Sapphire is a pinball game based on Pokà mon Ruby and Sapphire , and is the sequel to Pokà mon Pinball for the third generation of Pokà mon games . It was developed by Jupiter and published by Nintendo for the Game Boy Advance handheld game console ."
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It is the sequel to Advance Wars , also for the Game Boy Advance . Neither were released on schedule in Japan because of the September 11 attacks . | [
"In Japan , the release of the original Advance Wars game was indefinitely postponed due to the September 11 , 2001 , attacks ."
] | [
"In 1998 , Nintendo released a Game Boy Color version of the trading card game in Japan ; Pokà mon Trading Card Game was subsequently released to the US and Europe in 2000 ."
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They are found in all marine waters from surface tropical waters and shallow tide pools to the deep sea and polar regions . | [
"They are found in all marine waters , from surface tropical waters and shallow tide pools to the deep sea and polar regions ."
] | [
"Supporting the turbidity current origin theory is that deposits of greywacke are found on the edges of the continental shelves , at the bottoms of oceanic trenches , and at the bases of mountain formational areas ."
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Despite the huge numbers , there are only about 120 modern species in 20 genera . | [
"There are more than 120 modern species assigned to over 20 genera ."
] | [
"However , reports range as high as 700 ."
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About 20 % of the known species are benthic and can attach to algae or rocks . | [
"About 20 % of the known species are benthic , that is belonging to the lowest zone of the ocean , or benthic zone , and can attach to algae and rocks ."
] | [
"Freshwater Zebra mussels and their relatives in the family Dreissenidae are not related to previously mentioned groups , even though they resemble many Mytilus species in shape , and live attached to rocks and other hard surfaces in a similar manner , using a byssus . They are classified with the Heterodonta , the... | SimpleWiki | {
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Complete body fossils have been described from China , and the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale of British Columbia . | [
"Complete body fossils have been formally described from the Lower Cambrian Maotianshan shales of Yunnan , China ( Eognathacantha ercainella Chen & Huang and Protosagitta spinosa Hu ) and the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale of British Columbia ( Oesia disjuncta Walcott ) ."
] | [
"Cascoplecia , commonly known as the unicorn fly , is a monotypic genus of extinct dipteran that lived in the Early Cretaceous . Its fossil was found in the Burmese amber ."
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The Metropolitan Cammell Carriage and Wagon Company ( MCCW ) was a manufacturer of railway carriages and wagons . They were based in Saltley - and later Washwood Heath - in Birmingham , England . | [
"The Metropolitan Cammell Carriage and Wagon Company ( MCCW ) was a Birmingham , England based manufacturer of railway carriages and wagons , based in Saltley and subsequently Washwood Heath ."
] | [
"Brush Traction is a manufacturer and maintainer of railway locomotives , part of the FKI group ( now owned by Melrose plc ) , based at Loughborough in Leicestershire , England situated alongside the Midland Main Line ."
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Freeware is software that people may get without paying for it . | [
"Freeware ( from `` free '' and `` software '' ) is computer software that is available for use at no cost or for an optional fee , but usually with one or more restricted usage rights . Freeware is in contrast to commercial software , which is typically sold for profit ."
] | [
"Browser games are often free-to-play and do not require any client software to be installed apart from a web browser ."
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This template creates a header to be used with succession boxes . | [
"This template creates a header to be used with succession boxes for people with notable achievements ."
] | [
"If you want , you can copy one of the simplified sets of code and add a few fields from the `` Full '' code ."
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Termites and cockroaches are very closely related , with ecological and molecular data pointing to a relationship with the cockroach genus Cryptocercus . | [
"Termites and cockroaches are very closely related , with ecological and molecular data pointing to a relationship with the cockroach genus Cryptocercus ( Lo et al . , 2000 . ) ."
] | [
"A 2003 study of thirty species ( by Sean Brady of Cornell University ) indicates that the ecitonine and doryline army ants together formed a monophyletic group : all shared identical genetic markers that suggest a common ancestor . Brady concluded that these two groups are therefore a single lineage that evolved i... | SimpleWiki | {
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The term Dictyoptera is usually considered a superorder , with Isoptera , Blattaria and Mantodea being its three orders . | [
"It is usually considered a superorder , with Isoptera , Blattaria and Mantodea being its three orders ."
] | [
"Passerida is under the Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy , one of two `` parvorders '' contained within the suborder Passeri ( Standard taxonomic practice would place them at the rank of infraorder ) ."
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If the Dictyoptera are a superorder they might be included in it . | [
"If the Dictyoptera are considered a superorder these three orders might be included in it ( Cameron et al . , 2006 ) ."
] | [
"Most of the gastropods of the Palaeozoic era belong to primitive groups , a few of which still survive today ."
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Based on genetic evidence , the closest living relatives of the Dictyoptera are the phasmids . | [
"Based on genetic evidence , the closest living relatives of the Dictyoptera are the phasmids and the enigmatic groups Mantophasmatodea and Grylloblattodea ."
] | [
"Both American and Asiatic species are considered sister taxa , and are more closely related to each other than other species of bear ."
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Dictyoptera includes three orders of insects -- cockroaches ( Blattaria ) , termites ( Isoptera ) and mantids ( Mantodea ) . | [
"Dictyoptera includes three groups of polyneopterous insects - cockroaches ( Blattaria ) , termites ( Isoptera ) and mantids ( Mantodea ) ."
] | [
"However , these fossils differ from modern cockroaches in having long external ovipositors and are the ancestors of mantises as well as modern cockroaches ."
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Masanori Tokita ( born 24 June 1925 - died 5 March 2004 ) is a former Japanese football player . | [
"Masanori Tokita ( June 24 , 1925 -- March 5 , 2004 ) was a Japanese football player ."
] | [
"Shu Kamo ( å è å ` Kamo Shu , born 29 October 1939 ) is a retired Japanese football player and currently a football manager ."
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It is the largest police department in the Midwest and the second largest in the United States after the New York City Police Department with over 13,600 sworn officers and over 2,600 other employees . | [
"It is the largest police department in the Midwest and the second largest local law enforcement agency in the United States behind the New York City Police Department . It has over 13,500 sworn officers and over 1,925 other employees ."
] | [
"The Civil Service has more than 2000 employees and the total number of public sector employees including the Civil Service , teachers , nurses , police , etc is about 9000 people ."
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The Chicago Police Department , also known as the CPD , is the main law enforcement agency of the City of Chicago , Illinois , in the United States , under the jurisdiction of the city mayor . | [
"The Chicago Police Department , also known as the CPD , is the principal law enforcement agency of the City of Chicago , Illinois , in the United States , under the jurisdiction of the city mayor ."
] | [
"The Illinois Senate is the upper chamber of the Illinois General Assembly , the legislative branch of the government of the state of Illinois in the United States ."
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The cecum is a part of the large intestine . It is comes before the colon and after the ileum in the gastrointestinal system . | [
"The connection between the end of the small intestine ( ileum ) and the start of the colon ( cecum ) is now clearly understood , but the name has not changed ."
] | [
"While both the small intestine and the large intestine have goblet cells , they are abundant in the large intestine ."
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Ve ( Ð ' , Ð ) is the third letter of the Cyrillic alphabet . | [
"Ve ( Ð ' Ð ; italics : Ð ' Ð ) is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet ."
] | [
"Em ( Ð Ð 1\\/4 ; italics : Ð Ð 1\\/4 ) is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet ."
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Ve ( Ð ' , Ð ) is the third letter of the Cyrillic alphabet . It is said as ( v ) . | [
"Ve and the Cyrillic letter Be ( Ð ` Ð ) were both derived from the Greek letter Beta ( Î ' Î ) , which already represented \\/ v \\/ in Greek by the time the Cyrillic alphabet was created ."
] | [
"Theta ( uppercase Î , lowercase Î or Ï ` ; Ancient Greek ; Modern Greek ; Ë Î iË tÉ , Ë Î eÉ tÉ ) is the eighth letter of the Greek alphabet , derived from the Phoenician letter Teth ."
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Sons-et-Ronch à res is a commune . | [
"Sons-et-Ronch à res is a commune in the Aisne department in Picardy in northern France ."
] | [
"Grà cents ce-Hollogne is a municipality of Belgium ."
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It also called blaeberry , whortleberry , whinberry , myrtle blueberry , fraughan , and probably other names in different regions of the world . | [
"As well as `` bilberry '' , these include blaeberry ( or ) , whortleberry , ( ground ) hurts , whinberry , winberry , windberry , wimberry , myrtle blueberry and fraughan ."
] | [
"Schizanthus , â '' common names butterfly flower , fringeflower , poor-man 's - orchidâ '' is a genus of plants in the Solanaceae ( nightshade ) family ."
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In Thomas Hardy 's 1878 book , The Return of the Native , they were called black-hearts in 19th century southern England . | [
"The berries were called black-hearts in 19th century south-western England , according to Thomas Hardy 's 1878 novel , The Return of the Native ."
] | [
"Rudyard Kipling even published a short story entitled `` Janeites '' about a group of World War I soldiers who were fans of Austen 's novels ."
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It is a member of the genus Vaccinium . The bilberry is known by many names . | [
"Bilberry ( especially Vaccinium myrtillus ) is known by a very wide range of local names ."
] | [
"The slang name ` garden huckleberry ' ( Solanum melanocerasum ) is not considered to be a true huckleberry but a member of the nightshade family ."
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Aberdeen was made in 1816 along the north shore of the Ohio River , at a site where a ferry was in service . | [
"Aberdeen was founded in 1816 on the north shore of the Ohio River , at the site where a ferry had sprung up at the terminus of Zane 's Trace ."
] | [
"Originally called Penoach , Adel was Incorporated in 1847 , and changed its name sometime in 1849 , although no specific information can be located within the city records . The town is situated on the west bank of the North Raccoon River , and at the time of its founding , along the only county road , making Adel... | SimpleWiki | {
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Aberdeen is a village of Brown County , Ohio , United States , along the Ohio River . | [
"Aberdeen is a village in Brown County , Ohio , United States , along the Ohio River ."
] | [
"Worthington is a city in Greenup County , Kentucky , United States , along the Ohio River ."
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The population is 1,603 people as of 2000 . | [
"The population was 1,603 at the 2000 census ."
] | [
"The population of Hagerstown city proper , according to estimates conducted by the United States Census Bureau for a 12-month period ending 1 July 2008 , is 39,728 , and the total 2000 Urbanized Area population is 120,326 ( ~ 80,000 in MD ) ."
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The village has an area of 1.7 square miles . | [
"According to the United States Census Bureau , the village has a total area of 1.7 square miles ( 4.4 km ) , of which , 1.4 square miles ( 3.7 km ) of it is land and 0.3 square miles ( 0.7 km ) of it ( 16.47 % ) is water ."
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"In 1905 the capital Meiningen had an area of 2,468 km and a population of 269,000 ."
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An aqueduct is a man-made channel that carries water from one place to another . Usually , they are used to be the water supply of cities and towns . | [
"An aqueduct is a water supply or navigable channel ( conduit ) constructed to convey water ."
] | [
"Although rivers and canals often provide passage between two large lakes or a lake and a sea , and these seem to suit the formal definition of straits , they are not usually referred to as such ."
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Pipes , canals , tunnels , and bridges that serve this purpose are all called aqueducts . | [
"In modern engineering , the term is used for any system of pipes , ditches , canals , tunnels , and other structures used for this purpose ."
] | [
"In addition , there may be exploratory wells probing the edges , pipelines to transport the oil elsewhere , and support facilities ."
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Some aqueducts also hold boats and ships . | [
"Large navigable aqueducts are used as transport links for boats or ships ."
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"Roads have long been built , and more recently railways , through passes ."
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Aqueducts have been used since ancient times . | [
"Another use for aqueducts is to supply large cities with drinking water . Some of the Roman aqueducts still supply water to Rome today ."
] | [
"Follies are found worldwide , but they are particularly abundant in Great Britain ."
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Hattusa itself was destroyed , its site only re-occupied by a Phrygian fortress some 500 years later . | [
"Hattusa itself was destroyed by fire , its site only re-occupied by a Phrygian fortress some 500 years later ."
] | [
"But there is no doubt that Soest has been inhabited for a long time ; excavations in the last two decades have uncovered signs of habitation stretching back more than 4000 years ."
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Suppiluliuma II , the son of Tudhaliya IV , was the last known king of the New Kingdom of the Hittite Empire , ruling 1207 BCE -- c. 1178 BCE , contemporary with Tukulti-Ninurta I of Assyira . | [
"Suppiluliuma II , the son of Tudhaliya IV , was the last known king of the New Kingdom of the Hittite Empire , ruling ca . 1207 â `` 1178 BC ( short chronology ) , contemporary with Tukulti-Ninurta I of Assyria ."
] | [
"The king of Ledra , Onasagoras , was recorded as paying tribute to Esarhaddon of Assyria in 672 BC ."
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An interchange is a location where two things meet . They usually perform some kind of exchange ( trade ) , and possibly go on their ways again . | [
"An interchange is a location where two things meet , usually perform some kind of exchange , and possibly go on their ways again ."
] | [
"Silent barter is a system whereby traders who can not speak each other 's language can trade without talking and to protect the secrets of where gold and salt came from ."
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A philosopher who approached technology from a deterministic viewpoint . Ellu was professor at the University of Bordeaux , authored some 40 books and hundreds of articles over his lifetime , the dominant theme of which has been the threat to human freedom and Christian faith created by modern technology Ellu spoke oft... | [
"A philosopher who approached technology from a deterministic viewpoint , Ellul , professor at the University of Bordeaux , authored 58 books and more than a thousand articles over his lifetime , the dominant theme of which has been the threat to human freedom and Christian faith created by modern technology ."
] | [
"â His linguistic capacity , thoughts and speech correspond to those of modern man , and he also is knowledgeable about history , politics , philosophy and literature ."
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Jacques Ellul ( January 6 1912 -- May 19 1994 ) was a French philosopher , sociologist , theologian , and Christian anarchist . | [
"Jacques Ellul ( January 6 , 1912 â `` May 19 , 1994 ) was a French philosopher , law professor , sociologist , lay theologian , and Christian anarchist ."
] | [
"Bruno Bauer ( September 6 , 1809 â `` April 13 , 1882 ) was a German nihilist , philosopher and historian ."
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He wrote several books about the `` technological society '' , and about Christianity and politics , such as Anarchy and Christianity ( 1991 ) - anarchism and Christianity are socially following the same goal . | [
"He wrote several books about the `` technological society '' and the interaction between Christianity and politics ."
] | [
"These developments â '' re-evaluation of the entire Western value system ( love , marriage , popular culture , shift from industrial to service economy ) that took place since the 1950s and 1960s , with a peak in the Social Revolution of 1968 â '' are described with the term Postmodernity , as opposed to Postmoder... | SimpleWiki | {
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Jake Abel ( born Jacob Allen Abel on November 18 , 1987 in Canton , Ohio ) is an American actor . | [
"Jacob Allen `` Jake '' Abel ( born November 18 , 1987 ) is an American actor ."
] | [
"James Christopher Read ( born July 31 , 1953 ) is an American actor ."
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In 1520 , he was condemned for heresy by the papal bull Exsurge Domine , which he burned at Wittenburg along with books of canon law . | [
"In 1520 , he was condemned for heresy by the papal bull Exsurge Domine , which he burned at Wittenberg along with books of canon law ."
] | [
"The results of the meeting were inconclusive , and Waldo 's ideas , but not the movement itself , were condemned at the Third Lateran Council in the same year , though the leaders of the movement had not been yet excommunicated ."
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The Investiture Controversy , also known as the lay investiture controversy , was the most important conflict between secular and religious powers in medieval Europe . | [
"The Investiture Controversy , or Lay investiture controversy , was the most significant conflict between secular and religious powers in medieval Europe ."
] | [
"Boniface VIII put forward some of the strongest claims to temporal , as well as spiritual , power of any Pope and constantly involved himself with foreign affairs ."
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It centered on reviving the spirituality of established congregations , and mostly affected Congregational , Presbyterian , Dutch Reformed , German Reformed , Baptist , and Methodist churches , while also spreading within the slave population . | [
"It centred on reviving the spirituality of established congregations , and mostly affected Congregational , Presbyterian , Dutch Reformed , German Reformed , Baptist , and Methodist churches , while also spreading within the slave population ."
] | [
"The Anglican , also called the `` Church of England '' has the largest number of members , followed by the Methodist ."
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There were other crusades against Islamic forces in southern Spain , southern Italy , and Sicily , as well as the campaigns of Teutonic knights against pagan strongholds in Eastern Europe , and ( to a much lesser extent ) crusades within Christendom against heretical groups . | [
"There were other crusades against Islamic forces in southern Spain , southern Italy , and Sicily , as well as the campaigns of Teutonic knights against pagan strongholds in Northeastern Europe ( see Northern Crusades ) ."
] | [
"Near the end of Charlemagne 's reign ( and throughout the reigns of his sons and grandsons ) , a string of Norse raids began , culminating in a gradual Scandinavian conquest and settlement of the region now known as Normandy ."
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As a symbol of the compromise , lay authorities invested bishops with their secular authority symbolized by the lance , and ecclesiastical authorities invested bishops with their spiritual authority symbolized by the ring and the staff . | [
"As a symbol of the compromise , lay authorities invested bishops with their secular authority symbolised by the lance , and ecclesiastical authorities invested bishops with their spiritual authority symbolised by the ring and the staff ."
] | [
"Investiture , from the Latin ( preposition in and verb vestire , ` dress ' from vestis ` robe ' ) is a rather general term for the formal installation of an incumbent ( heir , elect of nominee ) in public office , especially by taking possession of its insignia ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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The Holy Land had been part of the Roman Empire , and thus Byzantine Empire , until the Islamic conquests of the seventh and eighth centuries . | [
"The Holy Land had been part of the Roman Empire , and thus Byzantine Empire , until the Islamic conquests of the 7th and 8th centuries ."
] | [
"Under Hulagu 's leadership , the Mongols destroyed the greatest center of Islamic power , Baghdad , and also weakened Damascus , causing a shift of Islamic influence to the Mamluks in Cairo ."
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The end of lay investiture meant an important loss of royal power , for the benefit Church reform , as the pope intended , and for ambitious noblemen as well . | [
"The end of lay investiture threatened to undercut the power of the Empire and the ambitions of noblemen for the benefit of Church reform ."
] | [
"On the other hand , communes disrupted the order of medieval society ; the methods the commune used , eye for an eye , violence begets violence , were generally not acceptable to Church or King ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Thus , fundamentalism sought to reestablish tenants that could not be denied without relinquishing a Christian identity , the `` fundamentals '' : the Bible as God ` s word , viewed as the sole source of authority , the virgin birth of Christ , the doctrine of atonement through Jesus , the bodily resurrection of Jesus ... | [
"Thus , fundamentalism sought to re-establish tenets that could not be denied without relinquishing a Christian identity , the `` fundamentals '' : inerrancy of the Bible , Sola Scriptura , the Virgin Birth of Jesus , the doctrine of substitutionary atonement , the bodily Resurrection of Jesus , and the imminent re... | [
"According to the Bible , `` God raised him from the dead , '' he ascended to heaven , is `` seated at the right hand of the Father '' and will ultimately return to fulfill the rest of Messianic prophecy such as the Resurrection of the dead , the Last Judgment and final establishment of the Kingdom of God ."
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Obviously , this ecclesiology it at variance with other groups that indeed consider themselves to be `` the Church '' . | [
"Obviously , this ecclesiology is at variance with other groups that indeed consider themselves to be `` the Church . ''"
] | [
"Mary 's virginity at the conception of Jesus is also a tenet of Islam ."
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He exerted a remarkable amount of authority in the city and over the city council , such that he has ( rather ignominiously ) been called a `` Protestant pope '' . | [
"He exerted a remarkable amount of authority in the city and over the city council , such that he has ( rather ignominiously ) been called a `` Protestant pope . ''"
] | [
"Like Robinson he had himself delivered liberal policy reform ( abolished censorship in the 1960s , for example ) , and he was seen as a near certainty to win the presidency ."
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Restorationism refers to various unaffiliated movements that considered contemporary Christianity , in all its forms , to be a deviation from the true , original Christianity , which these groups then attempted to `` Reconstruct '' , often using the Book of Acts as a `` guidebook '' or sorts . | [
"Restorationism refers to the belief that a purer form of Christianity should be restored using the early church as a model . In many cases , restorationist groups believed that contemporary Christianity , in all its forms , had deviated from the true , original Christianity , which they then attempted to `` Recons... | [
"In this context , `` schismatic '' , as a noun , denotes a person who creates or incites schism in a church or is a member of a splinter Church ; as an adjective , `` schismatic '' refers to ideas and activities that are thought to lead to or to constitute schism , and so departure from what the user of the word c... | SimpleWiki | {
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Though the majority of Protestant church leaders in Germany made little comment on the Nazis ' growing anti-Jewish activities , some , such as Dietrich Bonhoeffer ( a Lutheran pastor ) were strongly opposed to the Nazis . | [
"Though many Protestant church leaders in Germany supported the Nazis ' growing anti-Jewish activities , some , such as Dietrich Bonhoeffer ( a Lutheran pastor ) were strongly opposed to the Nazis ."
] | [
"Armin Theophil Wegner ( October 16 , 1886 -- May 17 , 1978 ) was a German soldier and medic in World War I , a prolific author and a seminal figure in German Expressionism , a human rights activist , and a victim of Nazi persecution ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Perhaps the most important council was the Council of Chalcedon that affirmed that Christ had two natures , fully God and fully man , at the same time . | [
"The Council of Chalcedon that affirmed that Christ had two natures , fully God and fully man , distinct yet always in perfect union ."
] | [
"This theology is commonly called Arianism ; however , there are many varieties of this form of Unitarianism , ranging from the belief that the Son was a divine spirit of the same nature as God before coming to earth , to the belief that he was an angel or other lesser spirit creature of a wholly different nature f... | SimpleWiki | {
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Eventually , the failure of the Empire to send aid resulted in the popes turning for support from other sources , most especially the Franks . | [
"Eventually the popes turned to others for support , especially the Franks ."
] | [
"Reversing the trend of the Umayyad period , when the Christian kingdoms of the north often had to pay tribute to the Caliph , the disintegration of the Caliphate left the rival Muslim kingdoms much weaker than their Christian counterparts , particularly the Castilian-Leonese monarchy , and had to submit to them , ... | SimpleWiki | {
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The following campaigns were more or less successful , and the Imperial Exarchate was established in Ravenna for Italy , but imperial influence was often limited . | [
"The subsequent campaigns were more or less successful , and an Imperial Exarchate was established for Italy , but imperial influence was limited ."
] | [
"European and Muslims authorities continued to attempt to control the pirates over many years , but the Republic of Bou Regreg did not collapse until 1818 ."
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The Second Great Awakening ( 1800 â `` 1830s ) , unlike the first , focused on the unchurched and sought to instill in them a deep sense of personal salvation as experienced in revival meetings . | [
"The Second Great Awakening ( 1800 -- 1830s ) , unlike the first , focused on the unchurched and sought to instil in them a deep sense of personal salvation as experienced in revival meetings ."
] | [
"The term `` fundamentalism '' has its roots in the Niagara Bible Conference ( 1878 â `` 1897 ) which defined those tenets it considered fundamental to Christian belief ."
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Henry VI 's rejection of the decree lead to his excommunication and a ducal revolt ; eventually Henry received absolution after dramatic public penance barefoot in Alpine snow and cloaked in a hairshirt ( see Walk to Canossa ) , though the revolt and conflict of investiture continued . | [
"Henry IV 's rejection of the decree lead to his excommunication and a ducal revolt ; eventually Henry received absolution after dramatic public penance barefoot in Alpine snow and cloaked in a hairshirt ( see Walk to Canossa ) , though the revolt and conflict of investiture continued ."
] | [
"The results of the meeting were inconclusive , and Waldo 's ideas , but not the movement itself , were condemned at the Third Lateran Council in the same year , though the leaders of the movement had not been yet excommunicated ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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The doctrines of the apostles brought the Early Church into conflict with some Jewish religious authorities , and this eventually led to the martyrdom of SS . | [
"The doctrines of the apostles brought the Early Church into conflict with some Jewish religious authorities ."
] | [
"Restorationists do not usually describe themselves as `` reforming '' a Christian church continuously existing from the time of Jesus , but as restoring the Church that they believe was lost at some point ."
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That meant that Monophysitism was condemned . | [
"Thus , it condemned Monophysitism and would be influential in refuting Monothelitism ."
] | [
"As a result , the Babylonians are indignant ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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The movement can be distinguished into Catholic and Protestant movements , with the latter characterized by a redefined ecclesiology of `` denominationalism '' ( which the Catholic Church , among others , rejects ) . | [
"The movement can be distinguished into Catholic and Protestant movements , with the latter characterised by a redefined ecclesiology of `` denominationalism '' ( which the Catholic Church , among others , rejects ) ."
] | [
"Religious persecution has taken place at least since the Persecution of early Christians in the Roman Empire , and has happened in completely different historical , geographical and social contexts , but still , some generalizations are necessary . One period of religious persecution which has been studied extensi... | SimpleWiki | {
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England then experienced a period of frenetic and eclectic reforms , some more radical and others more traditional , under monarchs such as Edward VI and Elizabeth I , and Archbishops of Canterbury such as Thomas Cranmer and William Laud . | [
"England would later experience periods of frenetic and eclectic reforms contrasted by periods led by staunch conservatives . Monarchs such as Edward VI , Mary I , Elizabeth I , and Archbishops of Canterbury such as Thomas Cranmer and William Laud pushed the Church of England in many directions over the course of o... | [
"In What If the Gunpowder Plot Had Succeeded ? historian Ronald Hutton considered the events which might have followed a successful implementation of the plot , and the destruction of the House of Lords and all those within it ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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That was the case with Stephen and James , son of Zebedee . | [
"This involved even death for Christians such as Stephen and James , son of Zebedee ."
] | [
"He is married to Patricia , and they have three children : Kate , Ann , and Michael , Jr."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Stephen and James the Great and expulsion from the synagogues . | [
"This eventually led to their expulsion from the synagogues ."
] | [
"His stance against morally corrupt clergy was initially manifested in his poem on the destruction of the world entitled De Ruina Mundi ( On the Downfall of the World ) , written at the age of 20 ."
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The relationship between Nazism and Protestantism , especially the German Lutheran Church , is complex . | [
"The relationship between Nazism and Protestantism , especially the German Lutheran Church , was complex ."
] | [
"Religious persecution has taken place at least since the Persecution of early Christians in the Roman Empire , and has happened in completely different historical , geographical and social contexts , but still , some generalizations are necessary . One period of religious persecution which has been studied extensi... | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence:",
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Fundamentalist Christianity , is a movement that arose mainly within British and American Protestantism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in reaction to modernism and certain liberal Protestant groups that denied doctrines considered fundamental to Christianity yet still called themselves `` Christian '' . | [
"Fundamentalist Christianity , is a movement that arose mainly within British and American Protestantism in the late 19th century and early 20th century in reaction to modernism and certain liberal Protestant groups that denied doctrines considered fundamental to Christianity yet still called themselves `` Christia... | [
"There is no Mainstream Christian group that claims to believe in or teach tritheism ; the term is solely used as an accusation against others , somewhat similar to the usage of the word cult , in accusing a group of holding an alternate or distorted view of the Christian doctrine of Trinity ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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The two Councils of Niceaea ( 324 , 382 ) condemned the Arian heresy and produced a creed ( see Nicene Creed ) . | [
"The two Councils of Nicaea ( 325 , 382 ) condemned Arian teachings as heresy and produced the Nicene Creed ."
] | [
"Because of its early origin , it does not address some Christological issues defined in the later Nicene and other Christian Creeds ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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The three most important traditions to emerge directly from the Protestant Reformation were the Lutheran , Reformed ( Calvinist , Presbyterian , etc. ) , and Anglican traditions , though the latter group identifies as both `` Reformed '' and `` Catholic '' , and some subgroups reject the classification as `` Protestant... | [
"The three most important traditions to emerge directly from the Protestant Reformation were the Lutheran , Reformed ( Calvinist , Presbyterian , etc. ) , and Anglican traditions , though the latter group identifies as both `` Reformed '' and `` Catholic '' , and some subgroups reject the classification as `` Prote... | [
"In this context , `` schismatic '' , as a noun , denotes a person who creates or incites schism in a church or is a member of a splinter Church ; as an adjective , `` schismatic '' refers to ideas and activities that are thought to lead to or to constitute schism , and so departure from what the user of the word c... | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia text about History:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence about History:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:"
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Thus the popes , out of necessity , found themselves feeding the city with grain from papal estates , negotiating treaties , paying protection money to Lombard warlords , and , failing that , hiring soldiers to defend the city . | [
"The failure of the East to send aid resulted in the popes themselves feeding the city with grain from papal estates , negotiating treaties , paying protection money to Lombard warlords , and , failing that , hiring soldiers to defend the city ."
] | [
"Serfdom , indeed , was an institution that reflected a fairly common practice whereby great landlords were assured that others worked to feed them and were held down , legally and economically , while doing so ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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The Western Schism , or Papal Schism , was a prolonged period of crisis in Latin Christendom from 1378 to 1416 , when there were two or more claimants to the See of Rome and thus it was difficult to discern who the true Pope was . | [
"The Western Schism , or Papal Schism , was a prolonged period of crisis in Latin Christendom from 1378 to 1416 , when there were two or more claimants to the See of Rome and there was conflict concerning the rightful holder of the papacy ."
] | [
"The question who should invest ( or more to the point , appoint ) whom was the subject of an epic conflict between the Catholic Church ( mainly papacy ) and state ( mainly the Holy Roman Empire ) in the Middle Ages during the so-called Investiture Controversy ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence about History:",
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According to Church tradition , it was under Nero 's persecution that the saints Peter and Paul became martyrs in Rome . | [
"According to Church tradition , it was under Nero 's persecution that Peter and Paul were each martyred in Rome ."
] | [
"Longinus ' legend grew over the years to the point that he was said to have converted to Christianity after the Crucifixion , and he is traditionally venerated as a saint in the Catholic Church and several other Christian communions ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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`` Ecumenism '' is derived from Greek ' ( oikoumene ) , which means `` the inhabited world '' , but more figuratively something like `` universal oneness '' . | [
"`` Ecumenism '' is derived from Greek ( oikoumene ) , which means `` the inhabited world '' , but more figuratively something like `` universal oneness . ''"
] | [
"In the Greek Orthodox Church , the terms `` kathedrikos naos '' ( literally : `` cathedral shrine '' ) is sometimes used for the church at which an archbishop or `` metropolitan '' presides . The term `` metropolis '' ( literally `` mother city '' ) is used more commonly than `` diocese '' to signify an area of go... | SimpleWiki | {
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The Council of Ephesus condemned Nestorianism and affirmed the Blessed Virgin Mary to be Theotokos ( `` God-bearer '' or `` Mother of God '' ) . | [
"The Council of Ephesus condemned Nestorianism and affirmed Mary to be Theotokos ( `` God-bearer '' or `` Mother of God '' ) ."
] | [
"The Incarnation is commemorated and celebrated each year at Christmas , and also reference can be made to the Feast of the Annunciation ; `` different aspects of the mystery of the Incarnation '' are celebrated at Christmas and the Annunciation ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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The Magisterial Reformation involved the alliance of certain theological teachers ( Latin : magistri ) such as Luther , Zwingli , Calvin , Cramner , etc. with secular magistrates who cooperated in the reformation of Christendom . | [
"The Magisterial Reformation involved the alliance of certain theological teachers ( Latin : magistri ) such as Luther , Zwingli , Calvin , Cranmer , etc. with secular magistrates who cooperated in the reformation of Christendom ."
] | [
"Foxe resigned from his college in 1545 after becoming an evangelical and thereby subscribing to beliefs condemned by the Church of England under Henry VIII ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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For 250 years there were times when Christians suffered from persecutions , because they refused to worship the Roman emperor . | [
"For 250 years Christians suffered from sporadic persecutions for their refusal to worship the Roman emperor , considered treasonous and punishable by execution ."
] | [
"Mixing religion and private concerns , he invoked the worst anger of God against his city and suggested several particular targets that coincided with his personal enemies ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
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Ecumenical movements within Protestantism have focused on determining a list of doctrines and practices essential to being Christian and thus extending to all groups which fulfill these basic criteria a ( more or less ) co-equal status , with perhaps one 's own group still retaining a `` first among equal '' standing . | [
"Ecumenical movements within Protestantism have focused on determining a list of doctrines and practices essential to being Christian and thus extending to all groups which fulfil these basic criteria a ( more or less ) co-equal status , with perhaps one 's own group still retaining a `` first among equal '' standi... | [
"In this context , `` schismatic '' , as a noun , denotes a person who creates or incites schism in a church or is a member of a splinter Church ; as an adjective , `` schismatic '' refers to ideas and activities that are thought to lead to or to constitute schism , and so departure from what the user of the word c... | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia text:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia description:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia description:"
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