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Emperor Alexius I asked for aid from Pope Urban II ( 1088-1099 ) for help against Islamic aggression . | [
"Emperor Alexius I asked for aid from Pope Urban II ( 1088 â `` 1099 ) for help against Islamic aggression ."
] | [
"Finally he decided for Rudolph of Swabia after his victory at Flarchheim ( January 27 , 1080 ) . Under pressure from the Saxons , and misinformed as to the significance of this battle , Gregory abandoned his waiting policy and again pronounced the excommunication and deposition of King Henry ( March 7 , 1080 ) ."
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Until the late fourth century , when they became the dominant political force of the Roman Empire ( and by consequence the entire Mediterranean ) , Christians were subject to various persecutions . | [
"From the beginning , Christians were subject to various persecutions ."
] | [
"They evolved gradually from the 6th century onward to accommodate for an increase in trade ( mainly with Arab merchants ) , population growth , and further centralised urbanisation ; developing into what would later become known as the Swahili City-States ."
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Thus , Christianity got an identity distinct from Judaism . | [
"Thus , Christianity acquired an identity distinct from Rabbinic Judaism , but this distinction was not recognized all at once by the Roman Empire , see Split of early Christianity and Judaism for details ."
] | [
"However , although Hugo believed Catholic dogma to be outdated and dying , he never directly attacked the actual doctrines of the Church ."
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The East-West Schism , or Great Schism , separated the Church into Western ( Latin ) and Eastern ( Greek ) branches , i.e. Western Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy . | [
"The East-West Schism , or Great Schism , separated the Church into Western ( Latin ) and Eastern ( Greek ) branches , i.e. , Western Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy ."
] | [
"The term can also be used for the art of Eastern Orthodox states which were contemporary with the Byzantine Empire and were culturally influenced by it , without actually being part of it ( the `` Byzantine commonwealth '' ) , such as Bulgaria , Serbia , or Rus and also for the art of the Republic of Venice and Ki... | SimpleWiki | {
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The ensuing dispute eventually lead to a break from Rome and the declaration of the King of England as head of the English ( Anglican ) Church . | [
"The ensuing dispute eventually lead to a break from Rome and the declaration of the King of England as head of the English Church ."
] | [
"Foxe resigned from his college in 1545 after becoming an evangelical and thereby subscribing to beliefs condemned by the Church of England under Henry VIII ."
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It also sparked the beginnings of Restorationist groups such as the Mormons and the Holiness movement . | [
"It also sparked the beginnings of groups such as the Mormons , the Restoration Movement and the Holiness movement ."
] | [
"In recent decades , an alternative doctrine known as `` Oneness '' has been espoused among various Pentecostal groups ( see below ) , but has been rejected by the remainder of Christendom ."
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Emperor Justinian I tried to restore imperial dominion in Italy against the gothic aristocracy . | [
"After the Italian peninsula fell into warfare and turmoil due to the barbarian tribes , the Emperor Justinian I attempted to reassert imperial dominion in Italy from the East , against the Gothic aristocracy ."
] | [
"The Goth leader Theodoric the Great , king of the Ostrogoths and regent of the Visigoths , was allied by marriage with the Vandals as well as with the Burgundians and the Franks under Clovis I. Like the Goths , the Vandals , whose influence can best be judged in their longest-lasting kingdom in North Africa , were... | SimpleWiki | {
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The essence of the Counter-Reformation was a renewed conviction in traditional practices and the upholding of Catholic doctrine as the source of ecclesiastic and moral reform , and the answer to halting the spread of Protestantism . | [
"The essence of the Counter-Reformation was a renewed conviction in traditional practices and the upholding of Catholic doctrine as the source of ecclesiastic and moral reform , and the answer to halt the spread of Protestantism ."
] | [
"However , although Hugo believed Catholic dogma to be outdated and dying , he never directly attacked the actual doctrines of the Church ."
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Concerning Catholic relations with Protestant communities , certain commissions were established to foster dialogue and documents have been produced aimed at identifying points of doctrinal unity , such as the Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification produced with the Lutheran World Federation in 1999 . | [
"With respect to Catholic relations with Protestant communities , certain commissions were established to foster dialogue and documents have been produced aimed at identifying points of doctrinal unity , such as the Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification produced with the Lutheran World Federation in 19... | [
"The rising importance of the Reformed churches and of Calvin belongs to the second phase of the Protestant Reformation . Evangelical churches began to form after Martin Luther was excommunicated from the Catholic Church ."
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During the Age of Exploration , Christianity expanded throughout the world ; it is the largest religion of the world . | [
"Becoming common to all of Europe in the Middle Ages , it expanded throughout the world during the Age of Exploration . Christianity has thus become the world 's largest religion ."
] | [
"Religious persecution has taken place at least since the Persecution of early Christians in the Roman Empire , and has happened in completely different historical , geographical and social contexts , but still , some generalizations are necessary . One period of religious persecution which has been studied extensi... | SimpleWiki | {
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During this era , there were several Ecumenical Councils . | [
"During this era , several Ecumenical Councils were convened ."
] | [
"There have been and are several abridged Britannica encyclopedias ."
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The first Christians were more or less all ethnically Jewish or Jewish proselytes . | [
"The first Christians were essentially all ethnically Jewish or Jewish Proselytes ."
] | [
"The Franks were liberal Jews , did not observe all of the customs and traditions of Judaism , and lived in an assimilated community of Jewish and non-Jewish citizens of various religions ."
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Similarly , several of the New Testament writings mention persecutions and that they had very difficult times . | [
"Similarly , several of the New Testament writings mention persecutions and stress endurance through them ."
] | [
"Moreover he claimed individuals were able judge whether external ideas and actions as true or just ."
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The Counter Reformation reconvered approximately 33 % of Northern Europe to Catholicism and initiated missions in South and Central America , Africa , Asia , and even China and Japan . | [
"The Counter Reformation reconverted approximately 33 % of Northern Europe to Catholicism and initiated missions in South and Central America , Africa , Asia , and even China and Japan ."
] | [
"Castration was frequently used for religious or social reasons in certain cultures in Europe , the Middle East , South Asia , Africa , East Asia ."
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The term `` Protestant '' , however , was not originally used by these leaders ; instead , they called themselves `` evangelical '' , emphasizing the `` return to the true gospel ( Greek : euangelion ) '' . | [
"The term `` Protestant '' was not originally used by Reformation era leaders ; instead , they called themselves `` evangelical '' , emphasising the `` return to the true gospel ( Greek : euangelion ) . ''"
] | [
"Penance and repentance , similar in their derivation and original sense , have come to symbolize conflicting views of the essence of repentance , arising from the controversy as to the respective merits of `` faith '' and `` good works . ''"
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It began as a dispute in the 11th century between the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII . | [
"It began as a dispute in the 11th century between the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV , and Pope Gregory VII concerning who would appoint bishops ( investiture ) ."
] | [
"After the extinction of the Ottonian dynasty with the death of Henry II , Holy Roman Emperor in 1024 the crown passed to the Salian dynasty ."
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He belonged to the second generation of the Reformation , publishing his theological tome , the Institutes of the Christian Religion , in 1536 ( later revised ) , and establishing himself as a leader of the Reformed church in Geneva , which became an `` unofficial capital '' of Reformed Christianity in the second half ... | [
"He belonged to the second generation of the Reformation , publishing his theological tome , the Institutes of the Christian Religion , in 1536 ( later revised ) , and establishing himself as a leader of the Reformed church in Geneva , which became an `` unofficial capital '' of Reformed Christianity in the second ... | [
"The greatest divisions in Christianity today , however , are between Eastern Orthodoxy , Catholicism , and various denominations formed during and after the Protestant Reformation ."
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But the Christian religion continued to spread throughout the Mediterranean region . | [
"In spite of these at-times intense persecutions , the Christian religion continued its spread throughout the Mediterranean Basin ."
] | [
"However , its territory did not only grow because of its success in warfare , but it also thrived in times of peace ."
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The Papacy of St. Pius V ( 1566-1572 ) was known not only for its focus on halting heresy and worldly abuses within the Church , but also for its focus on improving popular piety in a determined effort to stem the appeal of Protestantism . | [
"The Papacy of St. Pius V ( 1566 -- 1572 ) was known not only for its focus on halting heresy and worldly abuses within the Church , but also for its focus on improving popular piety in a determined effort to stem the appeal of Protestantism ."
] | [
"Religious persecution has taken place at least since the Persecution of early Christians in the Roman Empire , and has happened in completely different historical , geographical and social contexts , but still , some generalizations are necessary . One period of religious persecution which has been studied extensi... | SimpleWiki | {
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Persecutions in lager scale by the authorities of the Roman Empire , began with the year 64 , when the Emperor Nero blamed them for the great Fire of Rome as the Roman historian Tacitus reported . | [
"Larger-scale persecutions followed at the hands of the authorities of the Roman Empire , beginning with the year 64 , when , as reported by the Roman historian Tacitus , the Emperor Nero blamed them for that year 's great Fire of Rome ."
] | [
"Modern scholarship is `` sharply divided '' on the subject , and it is more certain that he was plagued by malaria , particularly during the Sullan proscriptions of the 80s ."
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In the early 16th century , movements were begun by two theologians , Martin Luther and Ulrich Zwingli , that aimed to reform the Church ; these reformers are distinguished from previous ones in that they considered the root of corruptions to be doctrinal ( rather than simply a matter of moral weakness or lack of eccle... | [
"In the early 16th century , movements were begun by two theologians , Martin Luther and Huldrych Zwingli , that aimed to reform the Church ; these reformers are distinguished from previous ones in that they considered the root of corruptions to be doctrinal ( rather than simply a matter of moral weakness or lack o... | [
"There is no Mainstream Christian group that claims to believe in or teach tritheism ; the term is solely used as an accusation against others , somewhat similar to the usage of the word cult , in accusing a group of holding an alternate or distorted view of the Christian doctrine of Trinity ."
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The very earliest reports are in these texts : early Christian creeds and hymns and reports about the Passion , the empty tomb , and appearances of Jesus after his Resurrection . | [
"The very earliest accounts of belief are contained in these texts , such as early Christian creeds and hymns , as well as accounts of the Passion , the empty tomb , and Resurrection appearances ; some of these are dated to the '30s or '40s , originating within the Jerusalem Church ."
] | [
"A Passion cantata is a cantata that takes as its theme the Passion of Jesus Christ , i.e. the hours , days , or weeks leading up to and including his crucifixion ."
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The name `` Christian '' ( Greek ) was first used for the disciples in Antioch , as recorded in ( Acts 11:26 ; Acts 11:26 ) . | [
"The name `` Christian '' ( Greek ) was first applied to the disciples in Antioch , as recorded in Acts 11:26 ."
] | [
"When the Christians of Antioch were concerned over whether Gentile Christians need be circumcised to be saved , they sent Paul and Barnabas to confer with the Jerusalem church . James played a prominent role in the formulation of the council 's decision ( Acts 15:13 ff ) ."
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The beginning of the Protestant Reformation is generally identified with Martin Luther and the posting of the 95 Theses on the castle church in Wittenburg , Germany . | [
"The beginning of the Protestant Reformation is generally identified with Martin Luther and the posting of the 95 Theses on the castle church in Wittenberg , Germany ."
] | [
"As he matured he came to be well known beyond his power base in Worms and Speyer , so when the Saxon line died off and the elected monarchy for the German realm stood vacant , he was elected King of Germany in 1024 at the respectably old age of thirty-four years and crowned emperor of the Holy Roman Empire on Marc... | SimpleWiki | {
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The First Great Awakening was a wave of religious enthusiasm among Protestants in the American colonies c. 1730-1740 , emphasizing the traditional Reformed virtues of Godly preaching , rudimentary liturgy , and a deep sense of personal guilt and redemption by Christ Jesus . | [
"The First Great Awakening was a wave of religious enthusiasm among Protestants in the American colonies c. 1730 â `` 1740 , emphasising the traditional Reformed virtues of Godly preaching , rudimentary liturgy , and a deep sense of personal guilt and redemption by Christ Jesus ."
] | [
"Piper believes in justification by faith alone apart from works , and his teachings emphasize the need for the active perseverance of the believer in faith , sanctification , and enduring sufferings , as this is evidence of God 's saving grace ."
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Protestant expansion outside of Europe occurred on a smaller scale through colonization of North America and areas of Africa . | [
"Protestant expansion outside of Europe occurred on a smaller scale through colonisation of North America and areas of Africa ."
] | [
"Although the Royal Navy is widely regarded as having been vital for the rise of the British Empire , and British dominance of the world , the British Army played an important role in the colonisation of India and other regions ."
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This ecclesiology , known as denominationalism , contends that each group ( which fulfills the essential criteria of `` being Christian '' ) is a sub-group of a greater `` Christian Church '' , itself a purely abstract concept with no direct representation , i.e. no group , or `` denomination '' , claims to be `` the C... | [
"This ecclesiology , known as denominationalism , contends that each group ( which fulfils the essential criteria of `` being Christian '' ) is a sub-group of a greater `` Christian Church '' , itself a purely abstract concept with no direct representation , i.e. , no group , or `` denomination '' , claims to be ``... | [
"The term `` nation-state '' implies that the two geographically coincide , and this distinguishes the nation-state from the other types of state , which historically preceded it ."
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Restorationism developed out of the Second Great Awakening and is historically connected to the Protestant Reformation , but differs in that Restorationists do not usually describe themselves as `` reforming '' a Christian church continuously existing from the time of Jesus , but as restoring the Church that they belie... | [
"Restorationists do not usually describe themselves as `` reforming '' a Christian church continuously existing from the time of Jesus , but as restoring the Church that they believe was lost at some point ."
] | [
"In this context , `` schismatic '' , as a noun , denotes a person who creates or incites schism in a church or is a member of a splinter Church ; as an adjective , `` schismatic '' refers to ideas and activities that are thought to lead to or to constitute schism , and so departure from what the user of the word c... | SimpleWiki | {
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On 30 November 1894 , Pope Leo XIII publishes the Apostolic Letter Orientalium Dignitas ( On the Churches of the East ) safeguarding the importance and continuance of the Eastern traditions for the whole Church . | [
"On 30 November 1894 , Pope Leo XIII published the Apostolic Letter Orientalium Dignitas ( On the Churches of the East ) safeguarding the importance and continuance of the Eastern traditions for the whole Church ."
] | [
"The prayer is also used by Anglicans as well as by many other groups within the Western Catholic tradition of Christianity . A somewhat different form of the prayer that omits the explicit request for intercession is used in the Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox churches and other groups of Eastern Christiani... | SimpleWiki | {
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The Amazon Basin is the part of South America drained by the Amazon River and its branches . | [
"The Amazon Basin is the part of South America drained by the Amazon River and its tributaries ."
] | [
"Covering almost one-third of Peru 's territory , Loreto is by far the nation 's largest region and also one of the most sparsely populated ones , due to its remote location in the Amazon Rainforest ."
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The basin is located mostly ( 54 % ) in Brazil , but also goes into Peru and several other countries . | [
"The basin is located mainly ( 40 % ) in Brazil , but also stretches into Peru and several other countries ."
] | [
"Piauà has the shortest coastline of any of the non-landlocked Brazilian states at 66 km ( 41 mi ) , and the capital , Teresina , is the only state capital in the north east to be located inland . The reason for this is , unlike the rest of the area , Piauà was first colonised inland and slowly expanded towards the... | SimpleWiki | {
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Margot Betti Frank ( 16 February 1926 -- early March 1945 ) was the older sister of Anne Frank . | [
"Margot Betti Frank ( 16 February 1926 -- early March 1945 ) was the older sister of Anne Frank , whose deportation order from the Gestapo hastened the Frank family into hiding , and who subsequently perished in Bergen-Belsen ."
] | [
"Paul Mebus ( 9 June 1920 -- 11 December 1993 ) was a German footballer ."
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According to the famous diary of her sister Anne , Margot was keeping a diary as well , but no trace of Margot 's diary has ever been found . | [
"According to the diary of her sister Anne , Margot was keeping a diary as well , but no trace of Margot 's diary has ever been found ."
] | [
"This work was completed by July 1936 and in September , Lew was moved by rail to Swansea and loaded onto the S.S. Sabor destined for the port of Pernambuco ( since renamed Recife ) , Brazil . Most of the relevant shipping records were destroyed in World War II , Lew then just disappeared and despite several attemp... | SimpleWiki | {
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Achterhooks is a dialect of Low Saxon , spoken in the Achterhoek , in the east of the Netherlands . | [
"Achterhooks is a Dutch Low Saxon dialect ."
] | [
"The borders of Salland are not well defined , but the largest area which may be indicated by Salland , corresponding to the historical dominion , is bound to the west by the provincial border with Gelderland , which is partly formed by river IJssel ; to the north by the Meppelerdiep stream and the provincial borde... | SimpleWiki | {
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The first protest happened in the small fishing town of Uozu , Toyama Prefecture , on 23 July 1918 . | [
"The initial protest occurred in the small fishing town of Uozu , Toyama Prefecture , on 23 July 1918 ."
] | [
"It began full operation two days after a ceremonial opening on 26 May 2006 ."
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The Rice Riots of 1918 were riots where many of the citizens of Japan became upset and rebelled against the government that happened between July 1918 to September 1918 . They caused the ending of the Terauchi Masatake government . | [
"The Rice Riots of 1918 were a series of popular disturbances that erupted throughout Japan from July to September 1918 , which brought about the collapse of the Terauchi Masatake administration ."
] | [
"As a result of various measures he took , Yonezawa became fairly prosperous , and did not suffer much from the famine which swept Japan in the Tenmei era ( 1781-9 ) ."
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By mid-September 1918 , over 623 protests and or riots had happened in 38 cities , 153 towns and 177 villages , with over 2 million people taking part in them . | [
"By mid-September 1918 , over 623 disturbances had occurred in 38 cities , 153 towns and 177 villages , with over 2 million participants ."
] | [
"The rainfall led to over 600 mudslides throughout the mountainous regions of Japan and flooded more than 22,000 homes ; 42 people died throughout the country , with another 71 missing and 283 injured ."
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Starting with peaceful petitioning , the protest quickly grew into riots , strikes , looting , incendiary bombings of police stations and government offices and into armed fights . | [
"Starting with peaceful petitioning , the disturbance quickly escalated to riots , strikes , looting , incendiary bombings of police stations and government offices and armed clashes ."
] | [
"Following the September 11 attacks , several American mosques were targeted in attacks ranging from simple vandalism to arson ."
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A very big rise in the price of rice caused very bad economic ( money ) problems , especially in rural areas ( outside of cities ) where rice was the main food of daily life for people . | [
"A precipitous rise in the price of rice caused extreme economic hardship , particularly in rural areas where rice was the main staple of life ."
] | [
"Members of middle class , who are predominantly white but whose ranks include growing numbers of black , colored and Indian people , have lifestyles similar in many respects to that of people found in Western Europe , North America and Australasia ."
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25,000 people were arrested , and 8200 were convicted of crimes . Punishments were given including minor fines and up to the death penalty . | [
"Some 25,000 people were arrested , of whom 8200 were convicted of various crimes , with punishments ranging from minor fines to the death penalty ."
] | [
"Those who left their parishes in order to locate work were termed vagabonds and could be subjected to punishments , including whipping , burning , execution and putting at the stocks ."
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Prime Minister Terauchi said he and his cabinet were to blame for the riots and they all resignation on 29 September 1918 . | [
"Taking responsibility for the collapse of public order , Prime Minister Terauchi and his cabinet resigned on 29 September 1918 ."
] | [
"Sapporo was selected to be the host of the fifth edition Winter Olympics scheduled February 3-12 , 1940 , but Japan gave the Games back to the IOC in July 1938 , after the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937 ."
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However , the north side of the compass points to the north pole , this can only mean that the `` north pole '' is really the magnetic south , and the `` south pole '' is really the magnetic north . | [
"Since opposite poles ( north and south ) attract , whereas like poles ( north and north , or south and south ) repel , the Earth 's present geographic north pole is thus actually its magnetic south pole ."
] | [
"The word `` tropic '' itself comes from the Greek tropos , meaning turn , referring to the fact that the sun appears to `` turn back '' at the solstices ."
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A compass uses the Earth 's magnetic field , and will always point to the North Pole . A north side of the magnet is attracted to the south side of another magnet . | [
"The north pole of the magnet is the pole that , when the magnet is freely suspended , points towards the Earth 's north magnetic pole in northern Canada ."
] | [
"When ferromagnetic material is placed within a magnetic field , the magnetic dipoles align to the applied field , thus expanding the domain walls of the magnetic domains . Since a bar magnet gets its ferromagnetism from electrons distributed evenly throughout the bar , when a bar magnet is cut in half , each of th... | SimpleWiki | {
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A north side of the magnet is attracted to the south side of another magnet . However , the north side of the compass points to the north pole , this can only mean that the `` north pole '' is really the magnetic south , and the `` south pole '' is really the magnetic north . | [
"For a bar magnet , the direction of the magnetic moment points from the magnet 's south pole to its north pole , and the magnitude relates to how strong and how far apart these poles are ."
] | [
"Thus , a book lying on a table has less gravitational potential energy than the same book on top of a taller cupboard , and less gravitational potential energy than a heavier book lying on the same table . An object at a certain height above the Moon 's surface has less gravitational potential energy than at the s... | SimpleWiki | {
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The headmaster is called Simon Davies . | [
"The College 's current headmaster is Simon Davies ."
] | [
"The current managing director is Julian Drury ."
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Built at Eastleigh in October 1932 , no. 914 was working until July 1961 . | [
"Built at Eastleigh in October 1932 , no. 914 remained in service until withdrawn by British Railways in July 1961 ."
] | [
"They were originally hired from English Electric Leasing , not being purchased outright by BR until around 1973 ."
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The Southern Railway used to use trains ' names for publicity , and carrying pupils to boarding schools at the beginning and end of school terms was a big part of the traffic . | [
"The Southern Railway made great use of steam locomotive names for publicity , and the carrying of pupils to boarding schools at the beginning and end of school terms was a significant traffic flow ."
] | [
"On September 30 , 1994 , the line , which was making a loss of seven pounds for each passenger journey and was in need of some expensive maintenance work , was finally closed to the public , the Central Line terminating at Epping Station ."
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The College was started by the Duke of Devonshire in 1867 and has been growing ever since . | [
"The College was founded by the Duke of Devonshire and other prominent Eastbourne citizens in 1867 and has been growing ever since ."
] | [
"The workshop was established in 1817 , burning down on one occasion , but is still working ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence about Education:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence about Education:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:"
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However there are also other sports played , such as football , cross country , swimming , golf , tennis , squash , rowing , sailing & rugby fives . | [
"There are also alternative sports , including football , cross country , swimming , golf , tennis , squash , rowing , sailing , rugby fives , Fives and rounders ."
] | [
"Alumni also have won medals in swimming , judo and boxing ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the text:",
"neg": "Represent the text about Sports:"
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Eastbourne College is a British co-educational day and boarding school for children aged 13-18 . It is on the south coast of England . | [
"Eastbourne College is a British co-educational independent school for day and boarding pupils aged 13 â `` 18 , situated on the south coast of England , included in the Tatler list of top public schools ."
] | [
"The City of London School ( CLS ) is a boys ' independent day school on the banks of the River Thames in the City of London , England ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the description:",
"neg": "Represent the description:"
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The fifteenth train of this type made , no. 914 , was named Eastbourne after the college . | [
"The fifteenth locomotive , no. 914 , was named Eastbourne after the college ."
] | [
"Coach 2 , used as a summer house , is on display ( unrestored ) at the National Railway Museum York along with the nameplates of the original locos ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
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The school has a CCF ( Combined Cadet Force ) which all of year ten must join , and some students choose to continue in the upper years . | [
"The school has a CCF Combined Cadet Force contingent which all of year ten and some of the upper years are involved with ."
] | [
"In English and Irish secondary schools , form tutors are given the responsibilities of a form or class of students in a particular year group ( up to 30 students ) ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia text:",
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Seymour is a city of Indiana in the United States . | [
"Seymour is a city in Jackson County , Indiana , United States ."
] | [
"Cairo is a city in Alexander County , Illinois in the United States ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the text:",
"pos": "Represent the sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the sentence:"
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Spring Valley is a city of Illinois in the United States . | [
"Spring Valley lies in the valley of Spring Creek ."
] | [
"Cairo is a city in Alexander County , Illinois in the United States ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the text:",
"pos": "Represent the sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the sentence:"
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It was founded in 1764 and was originally called The College of Rhode Island . | [
"He was a signatory to the United States Declaration of Independence on behalf of the state of Rhode Island . He also served as the first chancellor of Brown ( at the time called the College in the English Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations ) from 1764 to 1785 ."
] | [
"He was born on Newington Plantation in King and Queen County , Virginia and educated at the College of William and Mary ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia description:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia text:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia text:"
} |
Drexel University is located in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . | [
"Drexel University ( DU ) is a private research university with the main campus located in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , USA ."
] | [
"The University of South Carolina Upstate is a public university located in Spartanburg , South Carolina ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the sentence:"
} |
The reading room closed in 1999 to allow for renovation , during which dome 's windows were put back . | [
"The reading room closed in 1999 to allow for renovation , during which natural light was returned ."
] | [
"Construction was delayed for one year , as government offices which were located over the station had to be moved before the construction could start ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the sentence:"
} |
Many of the library 's electronic databases can be used from home to any Victorian who is a State Library User . | [
"Many of the library 's electronic databases are available from home to any Victorian registered as a State Library User ."
] | [
"Special subscription plans are offered to schools , colleges and libraries ; such institutional subscribers constitute an important part of Britannica 's business ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the sentence:"
} |
Augustus H. Tulk , the first librarian , was started work three months after the opening . | [
"Augustus H. Tulk , the first librarian , was appointed three months after the opening ."
] | [
"Today , the modern languages house and an endowed law professorship at the College of William and Mary are named in his honor ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the text:",
"pos": "Represent the text:",
"neg": "Represent the text:"
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Databases include the full Encyclopaedia Britannica ; Oxford Reference dictionaries and encyclopaedias ; multi-subject magazine and journal article databases ; newspaper collections of most major Australian and international papers from 2000 onwards ; and specialist subject databases . | [
"Databases include the full Encyclopà dia Britannica ; Oxford Reference dictionaries and encyclopaedias ; multi-subject magazine and journal article databases ; newspaper archives of most major Australian and international papers from 2000 onwards ; and specialist subject databases ."
] | [
"The library maintains an extensive , world-class collection of books , periodicals , recordings and other materials pertaining to art , music and the performing arts ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the sentence:"
} |
In 1965 , the La Trobe Building was opened to hold the Library 's collection of Australian items . This has now been moved into the La Trobe Reading Room . | [
"In 1965 , the La Trobe Building annex was opened to house the Library 's Australiana collection , which has since moved to the La Trobe Reading Room ."
] | [
"Built in two distinct phases , with two new buildings adjacent to the main Waterhouse building , it is the most significant new development project in the museum 's history ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence about Architecture:"
} |
The project cost about AU$ 200 million . | [
"The project cost approximately A$ 200 million ."
] | [
"The Bank and its constituents are together worth over USD 7.4 billion ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:"
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The grassy lawn in front of the library 's grand entrance on Swanston Street is a popular lunch-spot for the city 's workers and students at the nearby RMIT University . | [
"The grassy lawn in front of the library 's grand entrance on Swanston Street is a popular lunch-spot for the city 's workers and students at the adjacent RMIT University ."
] | [
"To the south of The Oval is another , somewhat smaller , expanse of greenspace commonly referred to as The South Oval . At its eastern end , it is anchored by the Ohio Union ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:"
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This new building was the famous Domed Reading Room , which opened in 1913 , designed by Norman G. Peebles . | [
"This new building was the landmark Domed Reading Room , which opened in 1913 and was designed by Norman G. Peebles ."
] | [
"It officially opened on 25 June 1938 , and was initially known as Ringway Airport ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:"
} |
The library has a chess room that houses a wide range of materials on the history , study and practice of chess . | [
"The library has a chess room that houses a wide range of materials dedicated to the history , study and practice of chess ."
] | [
"Lang is the author or co-author of eight books and many articles on origami ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia text:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia text:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia text:"
} |
In 1853 the decision to build a state library was the idea of the Lieutenant-Governor Charles La Trobe and Sir Redmond Barry . | [
"In 1853 the decision to build a state library was made at the instigation of Lieutenant-Governor Charles La Trobe and Sir Redmond Barry ."
] | [
"The inauguration was presided over by Holroyd Smith , the inventor of the system , and Alderman Harwood , the Mayor of Manchester ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia description:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence about History:"
} |
The State Library of Victoria is one of the largest exhibiting libraries in the world . | [
"As a result of the redevelopment the State Library of Victoria could now be considered one of the largest exhibiting libraries in the world ."
] | [
"The Gold Coast City Art Gallery is a regional Art museum , Opened in 1986 , the Gallery is funded by the Gold Coast City Council as part of the Gold Coast Art Centre ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the sentence:"
} |
The library was also home to the State 's Art Gallery and Museum until the National Gallery of Victoria moved to St Kilda Road in the late 1960s . The new Melbourne Museum was built in the Carlton Gardens in the 1990s . | [
"The library complex also held the State 's Gallery and Museum until the National Gallery of Victoria moved to St Kilda Road in the late 1960s , and the current Melbourne Museum was built in the Carlton Gardens in the 1990s ."
] | [
"The first Mechanics ' Institute in Ballan was built in 1861 , with the current Mechanics ' Institute built on land purchased in 1881 , although the faà ade was demolished and rebuilt in 1922 ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the sentence:"
} |
The library holds over 1.5 million books and 16,000 serials . Special books in the library include the diaries of the city 's founders , John Batman and John Pascoe Fawkner , and Captain James Cook . | [
"The library holds over 1.5 million books and 16,000 serials , including the diaries of the city 's founders , John Batman and John Pascoe Fawkner , and the folios of Captain James Cook ."
] | [
"These notebooksâ '' originally loose papers of different types and sizes , distributed by friends after his deathâ '' have found their way into major collections such as the Royal Library at Windsor Castle , the Louvre , the Biblioteca Nacional de Espaà a , the Victoria and Albert Museum , the Biblioteca Ambrosian... | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia description:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:"
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In addition to bookshelves containing a large range of books and magazines about chess , the room has game tables with chessboards and pieces . There are also glass cabinets with historical chess items . | [
"In addition to bookshelves containing an extensive range of books and periodicals relating to chess , the room has game tables with chessboards and pieces , and a few glass cabinets containing historical chess paraphernalia ."
] | [
"The fair features booths and speakers from private publishers and government agencies from around the world , as well as retailers of books , video , and other media ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia text:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia text:"
} |
The State Library of Victoria is the main library of the state of Victoria , Australia . The library is in the capital city of Victoria , Melbourne . | [
"The State Library of Victoria is the central library of the state of Victoria , Australia , located in Melbourne ."
] | [
"Flinders Street Station is the central railway station of the suburban rail network of Melbourne , Australia ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence about Transportation:"
} |
The room is meant for both reading , playing and studying . | [
"The room is a multi-purpose room intended also for reading and studying ."
] | [
"It is also used for music concerts and other sporting events ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the sentence:"
} |
In the 1870 's a new wrought iron fence and gates were built . The space was opened when this fence was taken away in 1939 . | [
"Originally enclosed by a picket fence , then by a wrought iron fence and gates in the 1870s , the space was opened with the removal of the fence in 1939 ."
] | [
"The first Mechanics ' Institute in Ballan was built in 1861 , with the current Mechanics ' Institute built on land purchased in 1881 , although the faà ade was demolished and rebuilt in 1922 ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:"
} |
It is on Swanston Street , in the northern center of the central business district . | [
"It is on the block bounded by Swanston , La Trobe , Russell , and Little Lonsdale Streets , in the northern center of the central business district ."
] | [
"It is also the name of the street running from Broadway to South Street on the East River ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia description:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia description:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia description:"
} |
The library has a large , world-class collection of books , periodicals , recordings and other materials about art , music and the performing arts . | [
"The library maintains an extensive , world-class collection of books , periodicals , recordings and other materials pertaining to art , music and the performing arts ."
] | [
"Lang is the author or co-author of eight books and many articles on origami ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia description:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia description:"
} |
The reading dome 's original high windows were changed and covered in copper sheets in 1959 because water was getting into the building . | [
"The reading dome 's original skylights were modified and covered in copper sheets in 1959 due to water leakage ."
] | [
"The doubling up of walls and ceilings was a preventative measure meant to stop the walls from collapsing in the event of a direct hit ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the sentence:"
} |
On Sundays between 2.30 pm and 5.30 pm a speakers ' forum takes place in front of the library , where people take turns in speaking on various subjects . | [
"On Sundays between 2.30 pm and 5.30 pm a speakers ' forum takes place on the library forecourt , where orators take turns in speaking on various subjects ."
] | [
"Artists , farmers , scientists , artisans and professionals were invited to give hands-on explanations of their activities ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:"
} |
On 3 July 1854 , the new Governor , Sir Charles Hotham , laid the foundation stone of both the new library and the University of Melbourne . | [
"On 3 July 1854 , the recently inaugurated Governor Sir Charles Hotham laid the foundation stone of both the new library and the University of Melbourne ."
] | [
"Other notable buildings include the nursing home , the Junction Hotel , Finn 's Building , the Victoria Hotel , the former Bank of NSW and the former CBC Bank ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia text:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia text:"
} |
A competition was held to choose a person to design the new building ; local architect Joseph Reed , who later designed the Melbourne Town Hall and the Royal Exhibition Building , won the competition . | [
"A competition was held to decide who would design the new building ; local architect Joseph Reed , who later designed the Melbourne Town Hall and the Royal Exhibition Building , won the commission ."
] | [
"The first music festival , over three days in September 1768 , was to help raise funds to complete the new General Hospital on Summer Lane ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence about Architecture:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia description about Architecture:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia description:"
} |
The library underwent a lot of rebuilding between 1990 and 2004 , designed by architects Ancher Mortlock & Woolley . | [
"The library underwent major refurbishments between 1990 and 2004 , designed by architects Ancher Mortlock & Woolley ."
] | [
"A contract was signed with the Holiday Inn hotel chain in 2005 , and construction commenced in 2006 ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the text:",
"neg": "Represent the text:"
} |
The rebuilt library includes a number of exhibition spaces which are used for the permanent exhibitions ; The Mirror of the World : Books and Ideas and The Changing Face of Victoria . there is also a display from the Pictures Collection in the Cowen Gallery . | [
"The redevelopment included the construction of a number of exhibition spaces which are used to house the permanent exhibitions The Mirror of the World : Books and Ideas and The Changing Face of Victoria as well as a display from the Pictures Collection in the Cowen Gallery ."
] | [
"It used to be on display as part of the American Treasures exhibition of the Library of Congress in Washington , D.C."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the text:",
"pos": "Represent the description:",
"neg": "Represent the description:"
} |
The first reading room was the Queen 's Reading Room , now called Queen 's Hall , which opened in 1859 . | [
"The first reading room was the Queen 's Reading Room ( now Queen 's Hall ) , which opened in 1859 ."
] | [
"It officially opened on 25 June 1938 , and was initially known as Ringway Airport ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the sentence:"
} |
Temporary buildings built in 1866 for the Intercolonial Exhibition were used until 1909 , when work began on a new building to mark the library 's Jubilee . | [
"Temporary buildings built in 1866 for the Intercolonial Exhibition remained in use by the library until 1909 , when work began on a new annexe building to mark the library 's Jubilee ."
] | [
"A design , the Otani plan , was completed for the dam in anticipation of a Japanese victory over China ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the description:",
"pos": "Represent the description:",
"neg": "Represent the description about History:"
} |
Such belts last longer because the entire surface area of the belt gets the same amount of wear . MÃ bius bands have also been used as continuous-loop recording tapes ( to double the playing time ) . | [
"Giant MÃ bius strips have been used as conveyor belts that last longer because the entire surface area of the belt gets the same amount of wear , and as continuous-loop recording tapes ( to double the playing time ) ."
] | [
"It is widely used in thin-films to form lubricated layers ( during World War II it was widely used to coat bearings in high-performance aircraft ) ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia description:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia description:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia description about Engineering:"
} |
Consequently , in music theory , the space of all two note chords , known as dyads , takes the shape of a MÃ bius strip . | [
"Consequently , in music theory , the space of all two note chords , known as dyads , takes the shape of a MÃ bius strip ; this and generalizations to more points is a significant application of orbifolds to music theory ."
] | [
"For example , using the ascending and descending melodic minor versions of D-sharp minor on the harp is not practical ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the description:",
"pos": "Represent the sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the sentence:"
} |
It can be made using a strip of paper by gluing the two ends together with a half-twist . | [
"A model can easily be created by taking a paper strip and giving it a half-twist , and then joining the ends of the strip together to form a loop ."
] | [
"A juniper or incense-cedar plank with several long parallel grooves is cut to fashion a â slat , â and the graphite\\/clay strings are inserted into the grooves ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the description:",
"pos": "Represent the sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the sentence:"
} |
The MÃ bius strip was discovered independently by the German mathematicians August Ferdinand MÃ bius and Johann Benedict Listing in 1858 . | [
"It was discovered independently by the German mathematicians August Ferdinand MÃ bius and Johann Benedict Listing in 1858 ."
] | [
"The biological concept of morphology was developed by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe ( 1790 ) and independently by the German anatomist and physiologist Karl Friedrich Burdach ( 1800 ) ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the sentence:"
} |
MÃ bius strips are common in the making of fabric computer printer and typewriter ribbons . There , they allow the ribbon to be twice as wide as the print head while using both half-edges evenly . | [
"MÃ bius strips are common in the manufacture of fabric computer printer and typewriter ribbons , as they allow the ribbon to be twice as wide as the print head while using both half-edges evenly ."
] | [
"In general , mathematical calculations are performed by aligning a mark on the sliding central strip with a mark on one of the fixed strips , and then observing the relative positions of other marks on the strips ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the description:",
"pos": "Represent the sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the sentence:"
} |
where 0 â u ( 2 Ï and â ' 1 â v â 1 . | [
"where 0 â u ( 2 Ï and 1 â v â 1 ."
] | [
"The algorithm is : round by 5 = ( n\\/5 round 0 ) \\* 5 ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the text:",
"pos": "Represent the sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the sentence:"
} |
Le Brà vedent is a commune . It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France . | [
"Le Brà vedent is a commune in the Calvados department in the Basse-Normandie region in northwestern France ."
] | [
"Neuilly-la-For à t is a commune in the department of Calvados in the Basse-Normandie region in northwestern France ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the text about Geography:",
"pos": "Represent the description about Geography:",
"neg": "Represent the description about Geography:"
} |
Henry won and it was named Titusville . | [
"At one point , Titusville would be nicknamed The City of Churches ."
] | [
"The Series it was in was also referred to as the `` Book of Sorahb '' ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:"
} |
Henry T. Titus founded Titusville in 1867 . It was almost called Riceville , but Henry challenged a guy named Clark Rice to decide the name . | [
"Titusville could have been called Riceville , but Titus challenged Capt. Clark Rice to a game of dominoes to decide the name ."
] | [
"The name of the town Olney was suggested by Judge Aaron Shaw who desired to honor a friend , Nathan Olney . It was not until 1848 that Olney was incorporated as a village ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the sentence:"
} |
Titusville is a city of Florida in the United States . | [
"Titusville is a city in Brevard County , Florida in the United States ."
] | [
"Inverness is a city in Citrus County , Florida , United States ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the text:",
"neg": "Represent the text:"
} |
Chip Douglas ( born Douglas Farthing Hatlelid ) is an American musician and songwriter . | [
"Douglas Farthing Hatlelid , better known as Chip Douglas , is a songwriter , musician ( bass guitar and keyboards ) , and record producer , whose most famous work was during the 1960s ."
] | [
"Joseph Kim Mitchell ( born July 10 , 1952 in Sarnia , Ontario ) is a Canadian guitarist ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia description:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia description:"
} |
Orthopox : variola virus , vaccinia virus , cowpox virus , monkeypox virus , smallpox ( eradicated ) ; Parapox : orf virus , pseudocowpox , bovine papular stomatitis virus ; Yatapox : tanapox virus , yaba monkey tumor virus ; Molluscipox : molluscum contagiosum virus ( MCV ) . | [
"Orthopox : smallpox virus ( variola ) , vaccinia virus , cowpox virus , monkeypox virus ; Parapox : orf virus , pseudocowpox , bovine papular stomatitis virus ; Yatapox : tanapox virus , yaba monkey tumor virus ; Molluscipox : molluscum contagiosum virus ( MCV ) ."
] | [
"It is related to other herpesviruses within the subfamilies of Alphaherpesvirinae that includes herpes simplex viruses ( HSV ) -1 and -2 and varicella-zoster virus ( VZV ) , and the Gammaherpesvirinae subfamily that includes Epstein-Barr virus ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the description:",
"pos": "Represent the text:",
"neg": "Represent the text:"
} |
Crestet is a commune of 432 people ( 1999 ) . It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-C Ã te d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France . | [
"Crestet is a commune in the Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-C Ã te d'Azur region in southeastern France ."
] | [
"Allauch ( Alaug in Occitan ; ) is a commune situated east of Marseille in the department of Bouches-du-Rh à ne in the Provence-Alpes-C à te d'Azur region of France ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia text about Geography:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia description about Geography:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia description about Geography:"
} |
Gras is a commune in the Ardà che dà partement in southern France . | [
"Gras is a commune in the Ardà che department in southern France ."
] | [
"Rocher is a commune in the Ardà che department in southern France ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence about Geography:",
"pos": "Represent the sentence about Geography:",
"neg": "Represent the sentence about Geography:"
} |
Parameter location refers to containing the name and coordinates of a map . | [
"Parameter `` location '' refers to a map definition template . If location is Spain , the map image and coordinates are based on the values set in Template : Location map Spain ."
] | [
"Each entry has a datum ( a nugget of data ) - a copy of the same datum in some backing store ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the description:",
"neg": "Represent the description:"
} |
Caesium 137 is an isotope of caesium . It is radioactive and often is a by-product of nuclear fission . | [
"Caesium-137 ( , Cs-137 ) is a radioactive isotope of caesium which is formed as a fission product by nuclear fission ."
] | [
"Normal functioning of the kidney , brain , liver , heart , and other systems can be affected by uranium exposure , because , besides being weakly radioactive , uranium is a toxic metal ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the description:",
"pos": "Represent the sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the sentence:"
} |
During an interview , Edward Gorey said that Bawden was one of his trusted artists , making the fact interesting that not many people knew or know about this fine artist well . | [
"During an interview , Edward Gorey mentioned that Bawden was one of his favorite artists , lamenting the fact that not many people remembered or knew about this fine artist ."
] | [
"However , she maintained that Harry was not directly based on any real-life person : `` he came just out of a part of me '' ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the sentence:"
} |
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