dataset string | id string | question string | choices list | rationale string | answer string | subject string |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
medmcqa | medmcqa_47910 | 'Macewan sign' is seen in: | [
"Alcoholic intoxication",
"Organophosphorus poisoning",
"Barbiturate poisoning",
"Dhatura poisoning"
] | A i.e. Alcohol intoxication - Loss of judgment (ie poor judgment), loss of capacity for self criticism and decreased skilled motor movements are seen at 80 to 150 mg% of blood alcoholQ. - Mac Ewan's signQ, Morbid jealousyQ, Micturation syncope & Munich beer hea and alcohol gaze nystagmusare found in alcohol intoxication. In the stage of coma (or narcosis) of alcohol intoxication the pupils are contracted but stimulation of patient e.g. by pinching or slapping, causes them to dialate with a slow return to original size (k/a Mac Ewan's Sign). It differentiate alcoholic coma from other comatose conditions. 150-250 ml of absolute alcohol consumed in an hour is fatalQ Micturation syncope (i.e. loss of consciousness) occurs after heavy beer drinking, when the person rises from bed in middle of night to pass urine, probably d/t sudden upright posture. Munich beer hea is cardiac dilatation & hyperophy seen d/t excessive & prolonged beer drinking. Alcohol gaze nystagmus are jerking movements in directions of gaze & independent of position of head and appears at blood alcohol levels of 80 (40-100)mg%. | A | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_48200 | Characteristic location of Ewings sarcoma is? | [
"Epiphysis",
"Metaphysis",
"Diaphysis",
"Any of the above"
] | Diaphysis is the characteristic location of Ewings sarcoma. | C | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_34293 | Study design of choice for finding out Diurnal variation of fat in Expressed breast milk (EBM) for preterm babies | [
"Prospective coho",
"Ambispective coho",
"Case control",
"Cross sectional"
] | Diurnal variation- fat in Expressed Breast Milk- more in the evening as compared to the morning. To perform this study, we only need to take 2-3 samples in 1-2 days in an adequate sample size. Since this study is being performed at a paicular point in time, it is a CROSS SECTIONAL study. - CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY: Done at point of time, neither forward nor backward. Can't calculate strength of association. Gives prevalence Based on primary data . - Ambispective coho study: observations are bidirectional (past and future both) from the time point it begins. | D | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_20098 | The best method of curtailing the second stage of labour in heart disease is by: | [
"Prophylactic forceps",
"Prophylactic ventouse",
"Spontaneous delivery with episiotomy",
"Caesarean section"
] | Management of heart disease patient in 2nd stage:
No maternal pushing and the tendency to delay in the second stage of labor is to be curtailed by forceps or ventouse under pudendal and/or perineal block anesthesia. Ventouse is preferable to forceps as it can be applied without putting the patient in lithotomy position (raising the legs increases the cardiac load). | B | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_52534 | A patient with malabsorption who develops a deficiency of vitamin A is most likely to subsequently develop: | [
"Acute leukemia",
"Intestinal metaplasia",
"Megaloblastic anemia",
"Night blindness"
] | The symptoms of vitamin A deficiency result from abnormalities involving the normal functions of vitamin A. These normal functions include maintaining mucus-secreting epithelium, restoring levels of the visual pigment rhodopsin, increasing immunity to infections, and acting as an antioxidant. | D | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_46779 | What is the material of choice for a fresh furcation perforation of the
size of 2 mm? | [
"Geristore",
"MTA",
"GIC",
"Amalgam"
] | Perforation in the furcation area has the poor prognosis. Perforation occurring in mid root and apical part of root does not have communication with oral cavity and thus has good prognosis.
Commonly used materials for perforation repair include amalgam, calcium hydroxide, IRM, Super EBA, gutta-percha,MTA, and other materials tried for repair include dentin chips, hydroxyapatite, glass ionomer cements and plaster of Paris.
For perforation repair, hemostatics are needed to control the hemorrhage and make the area dry so that optimal placement of restorative material can be accomplished.
Key notes
MTA is ideal material with hemostatic and biocompatible property.
Textbook of ENDODONTICS
NISHA GARG 3rd edition. | B | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_8575 | Which of the following is the mechanism of action of allopurinol? | [
"Inhibits the synthesis of uric acid",
"Inhibits tubular reabsorption of uric acid",
"Anti-inflammatory action",
"Increases phagocytosis of urate crystals"
] | Allopurinol (hypoxanthine analog) and recently approved drug, febuxostat (a non-purine drug) decrease the production of uric acid by inhibiting the enzyme xanthine oxidase. Allopurinol is metabolized by the same enzyme to alloxanthine which is a long acting inhibitor of xanthine oxidase. These are indicated as drug of choice for chronic gout in the inter-critical period (between two acute attacks) and also with anticancer drugs (to decrease secondary hyperuricemia). 6-Mercaptopurine and azathioprine are metabolized by xanthine oxidase; therefore dose of these drugs should be decreased when given with allopurinol. Allopurinol is also used as an adjuvant to sodium stibogluconate in the treatment of kala azar. It is contra-indicated in acute gout because uric acid has inhibitory effect on release of cytokines and allopurinol may aggravate the inflammation by reducing uric acid. Most frequent adverse effect with xanthine oxidase inhibitors is precipitation of acute attack of gout. There is strong association between HLA-B*5801 and allopurinol hypersensitivity Combined use of allopurinol and ampicillin causes a drug rash in 20% of patients. * Allopurinol requires dose adjustment in renal failure whereas febuxostat can be administered without dose adjustment. Febuxostat can result in abnormal liver function tests | A | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_51265 | Preferred time for cleft lip repair surgery is | [
"5 - 6 months",
"6 - 12 months",
"12 - 18 months",
"12 - 24 months"
] | U/L cleft lip : 5 - 6 months.
Bilateral cleft lip : 4 - 5 months. | A | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_30440 | A patient on cisplatin therapy develops intractable vomiting on the third day of treatment. The agent of choice for controlling this vomiting is : | [
"Aprepitant",
"Ondansetron",
"Metoclopramide",
"Prochlorperazine"
] | Cisplatin-induced vomiting has two phases.
EarlyPhase: It occurs within the first 24 hours. 5 HT3 antagonists like ondansetron are the agents of choice for this condition.
Delayed Phase: Vomiting occurring after 24 hours is less responsive to ondansetron and other drugs. It is best controlled by substance P antagonist like aprepitant. | A | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_18793 | A patient with amenorrhea had bleeding after giving a trial of progesterone. This implies:a) Sufficient estrogenb) Sufficient progesteronec) Normal ovarian functiond) Intact endometriume) Intact pituitary axis | [
"ade",
"bde",
"abd",
"ad"
] | null | A | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_4124 | The daily extra colorie requirement is first trimester of pregnancy is | [
"50",
"350",
"150",
"450"
] | null | C | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_29370 | A 45-year-old man with a complaint of ear pain and difficulty hearing is diagnosed with tonsillitis. Otoscopic examination reveals fluid in the middle ear cavity. Hypertrophy of which of the following structures would be most likely to compromise the drainage of the auditory tube? | [
"Lingual tonsil",
"Palatine tonsil",
"Pharyngeal tonsil",
"Superior constrictor muscle"
] | The pharyngeal tonsil is situated in a slit-like space, the pharyngeal recess, in the nasopharynx behind the opening of the auditory (eustachian) tube, and a pharyngeal tonsil in this location can lead to blockage of the drainage of the auditory tube. The lingual tonsil is located in the posterior aspect of the tongue, whereas the palatine tonsil is contained within the tonsillar fossa between the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches. An enlargement of the lingual tonsil or the palatine tonsil will not occlude the auditory tube due to their location in the oropharynx. The superior pharyngeal constrictor would not be involved in occlusion of the auditory tube because it is located more posteriorly. The uvula is drawn upward during deglutition and prevents food from entering the nasopharynx; it does not block the auditory tube. | C | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_47621 | Hallucination are | [
"Feeling of familiarity with unfamiliar thing",
"Alteration of perception of ones reality",
"Misinterpretation of stimuli",
"Perception occurring without external stimulation 7"
] | D i.e. Perception occuring without external stimulation | D | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_6433 | “3-D” means in hospital waste management is | [
"Destruction, deep burial, drainage",
"Discard, disinfection, drainage",
"Disinfection, disposal, drainage",
"Destruction, deep burial, disposal"
] | null | C | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_44539 | Zinc is not required for: March 2011 | [
"Embryonic development",
"Coagulation pathway",
"DNA synthesis",
"Spermatogenesis"
] | Ans. B: Coagulation Pathway Severe maternal zinc deficiency has been associated with congenital malformations or spontaneous aboions Zinc deficiency has been repoed to result in sexual infantilism (zinc is required for proper reproduction) Zinc is required for wound healing. Zinc enhances cell growth and division. Zinc Zinc is found in nearly 100 specific enzymes, serves as structural ions in transcription factors and is stored and transferred in metallothioneins. It is "typically the second most abundant transition metal in organisms" after iron and it is the only metal which appears in all enzyme classes. In proteins, Zn ions are often coordinated to the amino acid side chains of aspaic acid, glutamic acid, cysteine and histidine. There are 2-4 grams of zinc distributed throughout the human body. Most zinc is in the brain, muscle, bones, kidney, and liver, with the highest concentrations in the prostate and pas of the eye. Semen is paicularly rich in zinc, which is a key factor in prostate gland function and reproductive organ growth. In humans, zinc plays "ubiquitous biological roles". It interacts with "a wide range of organic ligands", and has roles in the metabolism of RNA and DNA, signal transduction, and gene expression. It also regulates apoptosis. In the brain, zinc is stored in specific synaptic vesicles by glutamatergic neurons and can "modulate brain excitability". It plays a key role in synaptic plasticity and so in learning. However it has been called "the brain's dark horse" since it also can be a neurotoxin, suggesting zinc homeostasis plays a critical role in normal functioning of the brain and central nervous system. Zinc is an efficient Lewis acid, making it a useful catalytic agent in hydroxylation and other enzymatic reactions. The metal also has a flexible coordination geometry, which allows proteins using it to rapidly shift conformations to perform biological reactions. Two examples of zinc-containing enzymes are carbonic anhydrase and carboxypeptidase, which are vital to the processes of carbon dioxide (CO2) regulation and digestion of proteins, respectively. | B | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_38977 | Not an experimental study | [
"RCT",
"Ecological study",
"Pre - post clinical study",
"Meta - Analysis"
] | null | B | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_37042 | Not absorbed from the PCT | [
"Na+",
"Phosphate",
"HCO3-",
"H+"
] | PCT is the convoluted poion of the veebrate nephron lying between Bowman&;s capsule and the loop of Henle; functions in the resorption of sugar, sodium and chloride ions, and water.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition; page no; 685 | D | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_14867 | Because of an inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease) and a small bowel obstruction leading to bowel ischemia, an elderly woman requires bypass of her ileum and jejunum and is scheduled for a gastrocolostomy. The surgeon will ligate all aeries that send branches to the stomach. Which of the following aeries may be spared? | [
"Splenic aery",
"Gastroduodenal aery",
"Inferior pancreaticoduodenal aery",
"Left gastroepiploic aery"
] | The inferior pancreaticoduodenal aery does not supply the stomach. All the other aeries supply the stomach. | C | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_4604 | If patient has acute salpingitis and peritonitis, then what is the stage of PID? | [
"Stage 1",
"Stage 2",
"Stage 3",
"Stage 4"
] | Ans. is 'b' i.e., Stage 2Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) implies inflammation of upper genital tract involving the fallopian tubes as well as the ovaries.The spectrum ranges from mild to moderate and severe PID. Depending upon the severity of tubal damage, Gainesville has described five stages of PID :Stage I - Acute salpingitis without peritonitisStage II - Acute salpingitis with peritonitisStage III - Acute salpingitis with superimposed tubal occlusion or tubo - ovarian complexStage IV -Ruptured tubo - ovarian abscessStage V - Tubercular salpingitis. | B | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_31515 | A severe blow to a permanent anterior tooth, not causing fracture frequently leads to | [
"Permanent looseness",
"Immediate pulpal death",
"Pulpal death, but only if treatment is delayed too long",
"Pulpal death regardless of treatment"
] | null | D | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_23977 | The following drugs are useful in the treatment of isoniazid poisoning : | [
"Pyridoxine",
"Diazepam",
"Bicarbonate",
"All of the above"
] | null | D | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_20786 | Atherosclerosis in the coronary circulation most commonly affects - | [
"Left anterior descending artery",
"Left circumflex",
"Right coronary",
"All of the above"
] | null | A | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_54384 | A patient present for her first antenatal visit after performing a home pregnancy test and gives a last menstrual period of about 8 weeks ago. She says she is not entirely sure of her dates, however because she has a long history of irregular menses. Which of the following is the most accurate way of dating the pregnancy? | [
"Determination of uterine size on pelvic examination",
"Quantitative serum hCG levels",
"Crown rump length on transabdominal or transvaginal ultrasonography",
"Determination of progesterone level along with serum hCG level"
] | Dating of pregnancy crown rump length is measured from the top of the head to the bottom of the buttocks excluding limbs CRL between 9 and 11 weeks is the most accurate method of dating CRL in cm + 6.5 gives a rough estimate of gestational age in weeks refer pgno:476 Sheila textbook of obstetrics 2 nd edition | C | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_45552 | Nerves are not involved in - | [
"Tuberculoid leprosy",
"Lepromatous leprosy",
"Indeterminate leprosy",
"Borderline tuberculoid leprosy"
] | indeterminate leprosy - Single skin lesion- ill defined non itchy macule ,hypopigmented or slightly erythematous. Sensation slightly impaired over it. Sweating and hair growth are usually unaffected. Peripheral nerves or feeding nerves are clinically not thickened. Page no.95. Reference IADVL's concise textbook of dermatology 2035 | C | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_54228 | What is the most common cause of perinatal moality in twins ? | [
"Single fetal demise",
"Twin to twin transfusion syndrome",
"Prematurity",
"Intra uterine growth restriction"
] | Perinatal moality in multifetal pregnancyis raised mainly because of prematurity. It is extremely high in monoamniotic monozygotic twins due to cord entanglement. Incidence of twins in India - 1 in 80 Increasing incidence of twins in India because of drugs like clomiphene and gonadotrophins Most common lie in twins at term is longitudnal Twin peak sign on ultrasound is seen in dichorionic twins | C | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_52889 | Supine hypotension is a characteristic feature of: | [
"First trimester of pregnancy",
"2nd trimester of pregnancy",
"3rd trimester of pregnancy",
"Twin pregnancy"
] | Supine Hypotension syndrome: During late pregnancy, the gravid uterus produces a compression effect on the inferior vena cava when the patient is in supine position. This however results in the opening up of the collateral circulation by means of paraveebral and azygos veins. In some cases when collateral circulation fails to open up, the venous return to the hea may be seriously cuailed. This results in production of hypotension, tachycardia and syncope. Note: The normal blood pressure is quickly restored by turning the patient to lateral position. The augmentation of the venous return during uterine contraction prevents the manifestation from developing during labour. Ref: Textbook of Obstetrics D.C.Dutta 6th Ed Page 53. | C | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_37983 | Which of the following is TRUE about "terminal cardiotocogram"? | [
"Baseline oscillation of less than 5 bpm",
"Absent accelerations",
"Late decelerations with spontaneous uterine contractions",
"All of the above"
] | Terminal cardiotocogram" is an abnormal nonstress test pattern that reliably forecast severe fetal jeopardy. It includes: Baseline oscillation of less than 5 bpm Absent accelerations Late decelerations with spontaneous uterine contractions Ref: Cunningham F.G., Leveno K.J., Bloom S.L., Hauth J.C., Rouse D.J., Spong C.Y. (2010). Chapter 15. Antepaum Assessment. In F.G. Cunningham, K.J. Leveno, S.L. Bloom, J.C. Hauth, D.J. Rouse, C.Y. Spong (Eds), Williams Obstetrics, 23e. | D | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_36413 | Organisms associated with fish consumption and also causes carcinoma Gallbladder | [
"Gnathostoma",
"Anglostrongyloidosis cantonensis",
"Clonorchis sinensis",
"H.dimunata"
] | Clonorchis sinensis Clonorchis sinensis is a liver fluke, acquired by Ingestion of raw or inadequate cooked freshwater fishes In human body, it lives within bile ducts and causes Inflammatory reaction leading to cholangiohepatitis and biliary obstruction. It is well known risk factor for cholangiocarcinoma It is a rare, but mentioned risk factor for carcinoma Gallbladder Ref: www.ncbi.nlm.gov/pubmed/3993073 | C | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_44834 | All are seen in stage 3 Trachoma except | [
"Tarsal epitheliofibrosis",
"Herbe pits",
"Disappearance of Bowman's membrane",
"Trichiasis"
] | Stage 3 is scarring stage characterized by Tarsal epitheliofibrosis Herbe pits Disaaperance of Bowman's membrane Refer: Khurana 6th edition page number 65 | D | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_9322 | Lower motor neuron signs are all EXCEPT: | [
"Normal reflexes",
"Flaccid type of paralysis",
"Fasciculations",
"Wastage of muscle"
] | (Normal reflexes): Ref: 134-H, 685- SL (148-H17th) (862-CMDT-09)SignUpper motor neuronLower motor neuron* Muscle atrophy* Fasciculations* Tone* Distribution of weakness* Tendon reflexes* Babinski's sign* Superficial reflexes* Clonus* Electrical activity* Muscle affected* Fascicular twitch in EMGNoneNoneSpastic (hypertonia)Pyramidal/regionalHyperactivePresentLostPresentNormalGroup of muscles are affectedAbsentSevereCommonFlaccid type (Hypotonia)Distal/SegmentalHypoactive/absentAbsentLostAbsentAbsentIndividual muscles are affectedPresent | A | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_39992 | Clay Shoveller's fracture involves | [
"Spinous process",
"Lamina",
"Pedicle",
"Body"
] | Clay shoveller's fracture' is an avulsion of the spinous process of C6, C7 or T1 caused either by rotation of the upper trunk when the cervical spine is relatively fixed or, less commonly, as the result of a direct blow. Ref: Internet sources - Wikipedia src=" alt="" width="200" height="200" /> | A | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_23145 | Cholecystocaval line separates: | [
"Right & Left liver lobe",
"Liver with Gall Bladder",
"Right Lobe of Liver with Gall Bladder",
"Left Lobe of Liver with Gall Bladder"
] | Functional lobes and segments of the liver The functional right and left lobes of the liver are separated by an imaginary plane passing along the floor of fossa for gall bladder and the groove for inferior vena cava (cholecysto-caval line). On the anterosuperior surface of the liver the plane passes little right to the attachment of falciform ligament. The functional right and left lobes of the liver are of more or less equal in size. | A | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_31252 | Which neck swelling moves on swallowing | [
"Submandibular salivary gland",
"Thyroid gland",
"Supraclavicular lymph gland",
"Sternomastoid tumour"
] | Ans. is 'b' i.e., Thyroid gland | B | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_53199 | Urgent reversal of warfarin induced bleeding can be done by the administration of | [
"Cryoprecipitate",
"Platelet concentrates",
"Fresh frozen plasma",
"Packed red blood cells"
] | Fresh frozen plasma contains clotting factors . Hence given immediately in warfarin induced bleeding. From essential of medical pharmacology K D Tripati 7th edition Page no 620 | C | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_24799 | Which one of the following drugs is used for fetal therapy of congenital adrenal hyperplasia? | [
"Hydrocortisone",
"Prednisolone",
"Fludrocortisone",
"Dexamethasone"
] | Recommendations for pregnancy at risk consists of administration of dexamethasome a steroid that readily crosses the placenta' | D | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_48022 | FESS means - | [
"Factual endoscopic sinus surgery",
"Functional endonasal sinus surgery",
"Factual endonasal sinus surgery",
"Functional endoscopic sinus surgery"
] | Functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS)
FESS is a minimally invasive technique in which sinus air cells and sinus ostia are opened under direct vision.
It is called functional because it aims to return the working of the sinus to normal.
FESS is based on the hypothesis that the osteomeatal complex (maxillary sinus ostium, anterior & middle ethmoid Ostia, frontal recess, infundibulum and middle meatal complex) is the key area in the pathogenesis of chronic sinus disease.
Minor pathological changes in the nasal mucosa in the vicinity of the osteomeatal complex may interfere with mucociliary clearance or with the ventilation of maxillary, ethmoid and frontal sinuses.
The underlying principle of FESS is that the sinus mucosa will return to normal if adequate drainage is established.
No attempt is made to remove the sinus mucosa; rather, it is allowed to return to normal and to resume its normal function.
FESS has greatly reduced the indications for conventional operations like those of Caldwell-Luc, Frontal-sinus operations, and an external ethmoidectomy. | D | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_27221 | Delayed prolonged leakage following tissue injury is due to: | [
"Cytokine mediated vasodilation",
"Histamine",
"Endothelial retraction",
"Direct effect of the injuring agent"
] | Delayed prolonged leakage is believed to be caused either by the direct effect of injurious agent or by cytokine mediated endothelial retraction. It is not caused by cytokine mediated vasodilatation and cytokine mediated endothelial retraction is not provided in the options. Direct effect of injuring agent is therefore the single best answer of choice. Ref: Robbin's Illustrated Pathology, 7th Edition, Pages 51, 52 ; Pathology By Holliman, 4th Edition, Page 22 | D | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_51982 | Herpes zoster infection can lead to | [
"Frontal lobe infarction",
"Parietal lobe infarction",
"Temporal lobe infarction",
"Occipital neuralgia"
] | Ans. is 'd' i.e., Occipital neuralgia Herpes simplex infection has a prediliction for the involvement of Temporal lobe. The lesions in HSV encephalitis are intense hemorrhagic necrosis of the inferior and medial temporal lobe and the mediorbital pa of frontal lobes. The temporal lobe lesions are usually b/L but not symmetrical. The distribution of the lesion is so characteristic that the diagnosis can be made by gross inspection or by their location and appearance on imaging studies. In the acute stages of the disease, intranuclear eosinophilic inclusions are found in neurons and glial cells in addition to the usual microscopic abnormalities of acute encephalitis and hemorrhagic necrosis C.S.F examination. Increased C.S.F pressure. Pleocytosis, cells are mostly lymphocytes. Red cells sometimes numbering in thousands and xantho chromia are found reflecting the hemorrhagic nature of the brain lesions. Protein content is increased in most cases. Slight reduction | D | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_12948 | The process which occurs over cytidine residuces and often results in gene inactivation is | [
"Gene rearrangement",
"Pseudogene formation",
"Histone acetylation",
"DNA Methylation"
] | Mnemonic: DNA Methylation mates the DNA Mute.
Refer the byte " Post transcriptional modification" | D | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_53772 | Osteochondritis of the epiphysis of the head of the femur is | [
"Panner's disease",
"Kienbock's disease",
"Pehes' disease",
"Osgood Shlatter's disease"
] | Pehes&; disease, the osteochondritis of the epiphysis of the head of the femur is the commonest osteochondritis.Maheswari 5e pg: 318 | C | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_33707 | What is true statement of the following? | [
"Synaptic transmission is unidirectional",
"Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the nervous system",
"GABA and glycine are the major inhibitory neurotransmitters",
"All of above"
] | synaptic transmission is always a unidirectional flow.Glutamate is considered as an excitaroty neurotrasmitter and GABA and glycine inhibitory. Ref: KD Tripathi 8th ed, central nervous system. | D | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_54667 | Which of the following is not administered by intradermal route | [
"BCG",
"Insulin",
"Mantoux",
"Drug sensitivity injection"
] | Refer KDT 6/e p259 Insulin is admistered by s,.c route Insulin is a peptide hormone produced by beta cells of the pancreatic islets; it is considered to be the main anabolic hormone of the body. | B | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_3103 | For chest X–ray best view is – | [
"P.A. view",
"A.P. view",
"Lateral view",
"None"
] | "The best view of the chest is the postero-anterior view with the patient standing and lung fully expanded". | A | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_50596 | ESI act was Made in – | [
"1946",
"1948",
"1952",
"1954"
] | The Employees State Insurance (ESI) Act
The ESI act passed in 1948 (amended in 1975, 1984 and 1989) is an important measure of social security and health insurance in this country.
It provides for certain cash and medical benefits to industrial employees in case of sickness, maternity and employment injury.
With effect from 1-5-2010 the act covers all employees, i.e., manual, clerical, supervisory and technical, getting upto Rs 15,000 per months. The provisions of the Act can be extended to any other agricultural or commercial establishment. | B | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_28370 | Hepatic encephalopathy is aggravated by all except? | [
"Hyperkalemia",
"Anemia",
"Hypothyroidism",
"Barbiturates"
] | Hypokalemia is seen with overzealous use of diuretics and this will lead to dehydration and increased hepatic encephalopathy. Anemia associated with Gl bleeding worsens hepatic encephalopathy Constipation in hypothyroidism will worsen hepatic encephalopathy by increasing bacterial load. Drugs like barbiturates and antipsychotics worsen hepatic encephalopathy | A | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_9667 | FLT3-TKD gene is located at? | [
"13q12",
"11q23",
"11p13",
"4q24"
] | FLT3-TKD- present in approx. 30% of cases of AML. It is located on long arm of Chromosome 13. AML: Good prognosis t (15;17) t (8;21) inv 16 Poor prognosis t (6;9) inv 3 7 deletion | A | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_1410 | Which of the following is the most potent 2nd generation antihistamine? | [
"Astemizole",
"Desloratadine",
"Promethozine",
"Fexofenadine"
] | Desloratidine, metabolite of loratadine is the most potent 2nd generation antihistamine. | B | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_24337 | Muscle not having dual nerve supply | [
"Digastric",
"Thyrohyoid",
"Trapezius",
"Adductor magnus"
] | Anterior belly of digastric is supplied by the trigeminal nerve and posterior belly by facial nerve Spinal accesory nerve and c3,c4 nerves supply Trapezius Ischial pa of sciatic nerve and the obturator nerve supply adductor magnus Ref: Gray's 39e/p112-127 | B | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_23884 | Epiphora and lagophthalmos following VII nerve injury is due to | [
"Failure of lacrimal pump",
"Increased lacrimal secretion",
"Nasolacrimal duct obstruction",
"None of the above"
] | (Refer: AK Khurana Comprehensive Ophthalmology, 6th edition, pg no. 390) *Symptomatic epiphora following facial paralysis is most often associated with one or more of the following: Impairment of eyelid closure A compromised lacrimal pump Lower lid laxity True epiphora is secondary to either an anatomical obstruction of the lacrimal drainage system or functional deficiency like ectropion or lacrimal pump failure. If the punctum is visible without touching the lid, ectropion is diagnosed The main cause for paralytic lagophthalmos is Bell's palsy but it may be secondary to trauma, infections, tumors, and many other conditions. The main purpose when treating lagophthalmos is to prevent exposure keratitis and reestablish eyelid function. | A | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_24830 | Broca's area situated in | [
"Superior temporal gyrus",
"Inferior temporal gyrus",
"Superior temporal gyrus",
"Inferior frontal gyrus"
] | Broca's motor speech area or area 44and 45 is a special region of premotor coex situated in the inferior frontal gyrus. This area is present, especially in dominated hemisphere (left hemisphere in right-handed person). Broca's area is concerned with the movements of those structures, which are responsible for the production of voice and aiculation of speech. Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:668,669,700 | D | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_50110 | Cardiac output depends on all of the following except: September 2005 | [
"Cardiac rate",
"Body surface area",
"Stroke volume",
"Cardiac contractility"
] | Ans. B: Body surface area Cardiac Output (CO) = Stroke Volume x Hea Rate Normal SV is 70 mL and hence in a supine, resting man CO is 5.0 L/ min. (70 mLX 72 beats/min.) Cardiac Index (CI) = CO/ Body Surface Area (BSA) = SV x HR/BSA CI averages 3.2L | B | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_46391 | EITor vibrio may be differentiated from classical vibrio by fact that EITor vibrio - | [
"Agglutinate chicken and sheep erythrocytess",
"Resistant to classical phage IV",
"Resistant to polymyxin B-5 unit disc",
"All of the above"
] | Ans. is 'd' i.e., All of the above El Tor vibrio o It is much hardier than classical vibrios, capable of surviving in the environment much longer. o The severity of illness is much less, with a large propoion of mild and asymptomatic infections. o Moality is low and the carrier rate is high. o Fewer secondary cases in affected families (secondry attack rate is less) - Park | D | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_43537 | Under passive surveillance for tuberculosis, indication for sputum microscopy cough is for weeks or more | [
"8 weeks",
"4 weeks",
"6 weeks",
"3 weeks"
] | null | D | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_22537 | A healthy 36-year-old corporate executive has an ECG performed as part of annual health check-up. He is asymptomatic. ECG shows? | [
"Early repolarization variant",
"ST segment depression in chest leads",
"Delta wave",
"J wave"
] | Ans. (a) Early repolarization variant.There is sinus rhythm at 60 beats/min, normal axis and intervals, and no evidence of chamber enlargement. There is ST-segment elevation most prominent in the precordial leads V4 through V6 with a "notched" J-point. The differential diagnosis of ST-segment elevation includes ischemia, ventricular aneurysm, pericarditis, electrolyte abnormalities, and repolarization abnormalities. The morphology of the ST segment here is consistent with an "early-repolarization" pattern that is common and overall normal in young, otherwise healthy people. There are some reports suggesting a small increase in sudden cardiac death risk, particularly if the J-point is above the baseline by more than 1 mm in the inferior leads, but this association merits further study. No further workup is required; this is an overall normal EGG.ST-segment elevation with a notched J point (arrow) consistent with an early repolarization pattern. | A | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_49988 | Which of the following prostaglandin analogue is used for treatment of primary open angle glaucoma? | [
"PG12",
"PG D2",
"PGE2",
"PG F2alpha"
] | DRUG ANALOGUE OF USE AND ROUTE Misoprostol PGE1 Aboion (oral) NSAID induced ulcer (oral) Cervical ripening (intravaginal) Alprostadil PGE1 Impotence (intrapenile) To maintain patency of ductus aeriosus (i.v.) Dinoprostone PGE2 Induction of labour (intravaginal) Carboprost PGF2a Post paum hemorrhage (i.m.) Dinoprost PGF2a Aboion (intra-amniotic) Latanoprost PGF2a Open angle glaucoma (eye drops) Iloprost PGI2 Pulmonary hypeension (inhalational) Epoprostinol PGI2 Pulmonary hypeension (i.v.) | D | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_29739 | The triad of diveiculosis, gall stones and hiatus hernia is termed as: | [
"Beck's triad",
"Saint's triad",
"Whipple's triad",
"Murphy's triad"
] | Saint's Triad Diveiculosis Gail stones Hiatus hernia Whipple's Triad Seen in insulinoma ( most common functioning tumor of the endocrine pancreas). Fasting-induced neuroglyopenic symptoms of hypoglycemia (diaphoresis, shaking, mental confusion, obtundation and seizures). Low blood glucose levels (40 to 50 mg/dl). Relief of symptoms after the administration of glucose. Beck's Triad Seen in cardiac tamponade Hypotension Soft or absent hea sounds Jugular venous distention (increased JVP) Murphy's Triad Seen in acute appendicitis Pain Fever Vomiting Murphy's Sign Right upper quadrant tenderness exacerbated during inspiration Charcot' Triad Seen in cholangitis Pain Jaundice Fever Reynold's Pentad Ref - Bailey and love 27e Gallbladder p1188 | B | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_53002 | Papilloedema is characterised by all EXCEPT | [
"Sudden loss of vision",
"Blurred vision",
"Hyperaemic disc",
"Venous engorgement marked"
] | (Sudden loss of vision) (301- Khurana 4th)Differentiating features of Papilloedema, Papillitis and PseudopapillitisFeaturesPapilloedemaPapillitisPseudopapillitis1. LaterallyUsually bilateralU/L or B/LMay be U/L2. Symptoms (i) visual acquityTransient attacks of blurred vision** Later vision decreases due to optic atrophy* Marked loss of vision* Sudden onset refractive errorDefective vision(ii) Pain and TendernessAbsent- May be present with ocular movementsAbsent3. Fundus examination (i) MediaClearPosterior vitreous haze is commonClear(ii) Disc colourRed and juicy appearanceMarked hyperaemiaRaddishDisc marginBlurredBlurredNot well definedDisc swelling2-6 dioptresnot >3DDepending upon the degree of hypermetropia(iii) Peripapillary oedemaPresentPresentAbsents(iv)Venous engorgementMore marked*Less markedNot present(v) Retinal exudates(vi) Retinal hemorrage(vii) MaculaMore marked* MarkedLess markedAbsent Macular starUsually not presentNot present4. FieldEnlarged** blind spotCentral scatomaNo detect5. Fluorescent angiographyVertical oval pool of dye due to leakageMinimal leakage of dyeNo leakage of dye | A | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_44030 | A patient of depression is getting chlorpromazine, but his auditory hallucination are not controlled. The next drug is given | [
"Haloperidol",
"Clozapine",
"Suipride",
"Tianeptin"
] | B i.e. Clozapine Clozapine is an antipsychotic drug with least extrapyramidal side effectsQ, i.e. it has least chances of producing muscular dystonia, akathisia, malignant neuroleptic syndrome, & tardive dyskinesiaQ. The patient who has depression & auditory hallucinations & is being treated with CPZ i.e. the patient is a case of schizophrenia. The patient is a case of resistant schizophrenia as the auditory hallucinations are not responding to treatment. As you must know - Auditory hallucinations are first symptom to go with treatment & also 1st symptom to reappear after drug resistanceQ. | B | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_3025 | The length of the fallopian tube is: | [
"8 - 10 cm",
"10 - 12 cm",
"15 - 18 cm",
"18 - 20 cm"
] | Important Facts about Fallopian Tube:
Length = 4 inches or 10-12 cm.
Parts are :
Interstitium (Intramural): 1.8 cm long and 1 mm diameter (narrowest partQ). It has no longitudinal muscles, only circular muscles are present.Q
Isthmus: 3.5 cm long and 2 mm in diameter.Q (Second narrowest partQ).
Ampulla: widestQ and longest partQ 6-7.5 cm and fertilization occurs hereQ
Fimbria/infundibulumQ
Histologically:
Fallopian tubes have unique type of cells called as Peg cellsQ whose function is not known.Q | B | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_52141 | The following is usually the first sign of puberty in girls – | [
"Onset of menstruation",
"Appearance of pubic hair",
"Change in voice",
"Increase in breast size"
] | null | D | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_6163 | Most impoant hormone for gallbladder contraction to release bile | [
"Secretion",
"CCK",
"VIP",
"Gastrin"
] | This peptide hormone induces gallbladder contraction and the release of pancreatic enzymes in the gut. Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12th edition page number:421,422,423 | B | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_5725 | Plasma half life of insulin is:March 2013 | [
"1 minute",
"10 minutes",
"1 hour",
"2 hours"
] | Ans. B i.e. 10 minutesDegradation of insulinOnce an insulin molecule has docked onto the receptor and effected its action, it may be released back into the extracellular environment, or it may be degraded by the cell.The two primary sites for insulin clearance are the liver and the kidney.The liver clears most insulin during first-pass transit, whereas the kidney clears most of the insulin in systemic circulation.Degradation normally involves endocytosis of the insulin-receptor complex, followed by the action of insulin-degrading enzyme.An insulin molecule produced endogenously by the pancreatic beta cells is estimated to be degraded within about one hour after its initial release into circulation (insulin half-life - 4-6 minutes) | B | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_16446 | A 59-year-old woman has discomfort in the posterior part of her tongue. A biopsy confirms that the lesion is a carcinoma. What is true in carcinoma of the posterior third of the tongue? | [
"Lymphoid tissue is absent.",
"Lymph gland spread is often encountered.",
"There is an excellent prognosis.",
"The tissue is well differentiated."
] | Carcinoma of the posterior third of the tongue is often detected late and carries a worse prognosis. Posterior-third tongue tumors are also called lymphoepitheliomas. These lesions can be poorly differentiated. | B | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_4744 | Which nerve passes over the neck of fibula? | [
"Common peroneal nerve",
"Sural nerve",
"Saphanous nerve",
"Sciatic nerve"
] | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Common peroneal nerve * Common peroneal nerve winds around neck of fibula to enter peroneus longus muscle. Because of its subcutaneous position it can be easily palpated here and is very prone to injury. So fracture neck of fibula may cause foot drop. | A | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_29480 | Hearing loss of 65dB, what is the grade of deafness- | [
"Mild",
"Moderate",
"Severe",
"Moderately severe"
] | Ans. is 'd' i.e., Moderately severe o WHO recommended the following classification on the basis of pure tone audiogram.Hearing threshold in better ear (average of 500,1000,2000Hz)Degree of impairment (WHO classification)Ability to understand speech0-25Not significantNo significant difficulty with faint speech2640MildDifficulty with faint speech.41-55ModerateFrequent difficulty with normal speech.56-70Moderately severeFrequent difficulty even with loud speech71-91SevereCan understand only shouted or amplified speechAbove 91ProfoundUsually cannot understand even amplified speech | D | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_8094 | Stapedius muscle is upplied by …..Nerve | [
"Facial",
"Vagus",
"Glossopharyngeal",
"Trochlear"
] | null | A | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_26275 | NK cells express - | [
"CD 15,CD55",
"CD16,CD56",
"CD 16,CD 57",
"CD21 CD 66"
] | Ans. is 'b' i.e., CD16, CD56 Null cells (Large granular lymphocytes)o Null cells are called so because they lack features of surface markers of both B and T lymphocytes,o The account for 5 to 10% of peripheral blood lymphocytes.o They are also called "'largegranular lymphocytes (LGL) " as they contain large azurophilic cytoplasmic granules.o They expressSurface receptors for the Fc portion of IgG (CD-16)NCAM-I (CD56)o They proliferate in response to If-2o Many LGL express some lineage marker particularly CD-8, CD-2,o LGLs arise in both bone marrow and thymic microenvironment.o Members of this group are :1. Antibody dependent cytotoxic cells (ADCC)o ADCC possess surface receptors for the Fc part of Ig.o Capable of lysing or killing target cells sensitized with IgG2 Natural killer cells (NK Cells)o Possess spontaneous cytotoxicity towards various target cells : -Virus infected cel IsMalignant cellsiii) Transplanted foreign cellso Cytotoxicity is not antibody dependent or MHC restrictedo Activity is nonimmune as it does not require sensitization by prior antigenic contact,o They have CD-56 and CD-16 on their surfaceo IL-2 acts as a growth factoro Natural killer cell activity is augmented by interferon.o They release perforin which causes transmembrane pores through which TNF-[i enters the cell and induce apoptosis.o NK cells are activated to LAK cells in the presence of IL-2o Usually CD-3 negative but subset of NK cells are CD-3 positive called NK/T cells.o NK cells secrete TNF-a, GMCSF, IFN-y, perforin. IL-4.o NK cells do not kill normal cells. Why is it so? lets see : - The NK cells express activating and inhibiting receptors. The functional activity of the NK cells is regulated by a balance between signal from these receptors. MHC class I molecules has inhibiting signal on NK cells and normal cell are not killed because inhibiting signals from normal MHC class ! molecules overside activating signals. The ability of NK cells to kill target cells is inversly related to target cell expression of MHC class I molecule. If virus infection or neoplastic transformation reduces the expression of MHC l, inhibitory signals are interrupted and lysis of target cells occur.3. Lvmphokine activated killer (LAK) cellso These are NK - celts treated with IL-2o Kill tumor cells more efficiently than unstimulated NK cellls. | B | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_6121 | Full dispersion is seen in which of the following | [
"Full chocked",
"Half chocked",
"Unchocked",
"All of the above"
] | Choking Reduction of diameter at the muzzle end of the barrel of a shotgun is called choking Choking reduces the dispersion of pellets and holds the pellets together for a longer distance. Choking is done by adjustable and replaceable extensions. Barrel may choke bore or non-choke bore Choke-bore means the diameter of the barrel is reduced at the muzzle end. There are different degrees of choking like full choke, half choke, three-quaer choke, quaer choke. Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY DR PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 137 | C | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_5946 | The nerve impulse which leads to initiation of muscle contraction ? | [
"Causes opening of the calcium channels which leads to increase in calcium ion concentration with use of sarcomere",
"Causes both the plasma membrane and the T tubules to undergo hyperpolarization",
"Inhibits Sodium entry in sarcomere",
"Is inhibited by binding of acetylcholine to receptors in the sarcoplasmi... | null | A | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_35090 | H pylori is associated with of the following except? | [
"Increased risk of peptic ulcer disease",
"Increased risk of gastric lymphoma",
"Increased risk of antral gastric carcinoma",
"Increased risk of adenocarcinoma of esophagus"
] | Ans. is 'd' i.e., Increased risk of adenocarcinoma of esophagus Diseases associated with H. Pylori infection Duodenal ulcer Gastric ulcer Chronic superficial gastritis Chronic atrophic gastritis Gastric adenocarcinoma Lymphoproliferative disease (MALT) Gastroesophageal reflux disease | D | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_46356 | All are B cell lymphomas except - | [
"Burkitt's lymphoma",
"Mycosis fungoides",
"Mantle cell lymphoma",
"Follicular cell lymphoma"
] | Mycosis fungoides is a slowly evolving cutaneous T cell lymphoma occuring in middle aged adult males. Burkitt lymphoma is a mature B cell malignancy Mantle cell lymphoma arise from the B cells of mantle zone of normal lymphoid follicle . Reference : Harsh Mohan textbook of pathology, 7th edition.Pg no.348,356,357,358,359 Follicular cell lymphoma is a mature B cell malignancy. | B | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_30904 | Gold standard investigation for chronic pancreatitis | [
"MRI",
"ERCP",
"Pancreatic function tests",
"Faecal fat estimation"
] | ERCP(Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography) is the most accurate way of elucidating the anatomy of duct and, in conjunction with the whole organ morphology, can help to determine the type of operation required. Reference : Bailey & Love, 27th Edition, page no = 1231 | B | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_41903 | Example of slow speed rotary stainless steel instruments: | [
"GG drill and Peeso reamer",
"Nickel-titanium rotary instruments",
"Reciprocating handpiece",
"Vertical stroke handpiece"
] | Rotary Endodontic instrument used with a Handpiece
They can be further subdivided into:
Slow-speed rotary stainless steel instruments eg. Gates gliden drill, peeso reamer
Nickel-titanium rotary instrument.
Textbook of Endodontics Nisha GARG 3rd ED | A | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_50998 | All of the following indicate Fetal distress except: | [
"Thick (pea-soup) meconium",
"Fetal hea rate 100/minute",
"Loss of beat-to-beat variation",
"Fetal skull blood pH>7.32"
] | Fetal skull blood pH>7.32 | D | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_18223 | A neonate following BCG vaccination developed a side effect. Which of the following side effect would the neonate most likely develop after vaccination? | [
"Fever",
"Ulceration",
"Osteomyelitis",
"Regional lymphadenitis"
] | Ulceration is the most common side effect post BCG vaccination. Following vaccination, the local tissue response begins in 2-3 weeks, with scar formation and healing within 3 months. Side effects most commonly are ulceration at the vaccination site and regional lymphadenitis. Some vaccine strains also rarely cause osteomyelitis. In immunocompromised states, disseminated BCG infection can occur. Reference: Ananthanarayan and Paniker&;s Textbook of Microbiology Tenth edition | B | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_46966 | All are true regarding epigenetics mechanism except: | [
"Non-heritable",
"Acetylation of Histone",
"Hereditary",
"Methylation of DNA"
] | Ans. (A) Non-heritableEpigenetics is defined as the study of heritable chemical modification of DNA or chromatin that does not alter the DNA sequence itself. Example of such modification include methylation of DNA & the methylation er acetylation of histones.Epigenetic modification is critical for normal development including-regulation of tissue specific gene expression, X-chromosome inactivation & genomic imprinting.An epigenetic modification refers to a change in the genome, heritable by cell progeny, that does not involve a change in the DNA sequence. The inactivation of the second X chromosome in female cells is an example of an epigenetic silencing that prevents gene expression from the inactivated chromosome. | A | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_52420 | Ketamine is useful as an anesthetic agent in - | [
"Ischemic heart disease",
"Intracranial hemorrhage",
"Hyperactive airways",
"Glaucoma"
] | Ans. is 'c' i.e., Hyperactive airways o Ketamine is a potent bronchodilator and relieves bronchospasm - Intravenous anaesthetic agent of choice in asthmatico Ketamine increases ICT, IOP and cardiac oxygen demand, therefore contraindicated in other three conditions.o Note - Inhalation anaesthetic agent of choice in asthmatics is halothane. | C | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_51679 | Skin cancer which can occur due to exposure to light is - | [
"Melanoma",
"Squamous cell carcinoma",
"Kaposis sarcoma",
"None"
] | Exposure to sunlight (UV rays) is the most significant predisposing factor for.
Basal cell carcinoma of skin.
Squamous cell carcinoma of skin. | B | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_16051 | UV radiation has which of the following effects on the cells | [
"UV radiation has which of the following effects on the cells",
"Stimulates formation of pyrimidine dimers",
"Prevents formation of purine dimers",
"All of the above"
] | Direct quote from Robbins.. “The carcinogenicity of UV-B light is attributed to its formation of pyrimidine dimers in DNA”. This type of DNA damage is repaired by the nucleotide excision repair pathway. The importance of the nucleotide
excision repair pathway of DNA repair is illustrated by the high frequency of cancers in individuals with the hereditary disorder xeroderma pigmentosum.. | B | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_46536 | Black gun powder composition ? | [
"Charcoal 60% + Potassium nitrate 20% + sulphur 20%",
"Charcoal 25% + Potassium nitrate 70% + sulphur 05%",
"Charcoal 15%+ Potassium nitrate 75% + sulphur 10%",
"Charcoal 65% + Potassium nitrate 20% + sulphur 15%"
] | Ans. is 'c' i.e., Charcoal 15% + Potassium nitrate 75% + sulphur 10% The classical gun powder is known as black powder, consists of charcol (15%), Sulphur (10%), and potassium nitrate (75%). Depending on fineness, the black gun powder is designated as FG, FFG, FFFG. etc. (F = fineness). Pyrodex is another gun powder with same components, but with different ratios. Black gun powder produces smoke, i.e. It is smoke producing powder. Smokeless powder, in addition to black powder, has nitrocellulose (single base), or nitrocellulose plus nitroglycerine (double base), or nitrocellulose plus nitroglycerine plus nitroguanidine (triple base). Semi smokeless powder has 80% black powder and 20% smokeless powder (nitrocellulose). | C | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_3754 | Contrast material used in the diagnosis of esophageal atresia is: | [
"Barium swallow",
"Gastrograffin",
"Conray",
"Dianosil"
] | Ans. Dianosil | D | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_54432 | A feature of Renal vasculitis in children is - | [
"IgA raised",
"Antinuclear antibody in serum",
"Low complement level",
"Cytoplasmic antinuclear Ab in serum"
] | null | A | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_48450 | The compiication that can occur with internal podalic version for transverse lie: | [
"Uterine rupture",
"Uterine atony",
"Cervical laceration",
"Vaginal alceration"
] | Complications of internal podalic version rupture uterus if done without adequate liquor and in obstructed labour Anaesthetic risks Atonic postpaum haemorrhage due to the use of uterine relaxants like halothane Bih asphyxia and bih trauma (refer pgno:453 Sheila textbook of obstetrics 2 nd edition) | A | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_4319 | A 50-YEAR-old male presented with blurring of vision. Urine examination showed proteinuria. fundus examination showed dot n blot hemorrhages, microaneurysm and cotton wool spots. Histopath is given below. What is the most probable diagnosis? | [
"Kimmelstiel-Wilson lesions",
"Crescents",
"Amyloid",
"Segmental sclerosis"
] | Ans. A. Kimmelstiel-Wilson lesionsa. The given history is suggestive of diabetic retinopathy (dot n blot hemorrhages, microaneurysm and cotton wool spots) along with lesion in the kidney (proteinuria)b. Three lesions are encountered: (1) glomerular lesions; (2) Renal vascular lesions, principally arteriolosclerosis and (3) pyelonephritis, including necrotizing papillitis.c. The most important glomerular lesions are capillary basement membrane thickening, diffuse mesangial sclerosis, and nodular glomerulosclerosis.d. This is also known as inter capillary glomerulosclerosis or Kimmelstiel Wilson disease. The glomerular lesions take the form spherical, often laminated, nodules of matrix situated in the periphery of the glomerulus.e. The nodules are PAS-positive. Usually, not all the lobules in the individual glomerulus are involved by nodular lesions, but even lobules and glomeruli show striking mesangial sclerosis.f. Nodular lesions are frequently accompanied by prominent accumulations of hyaline material in capillary loops ("fibrin caps") or adherent to Bowman's capsules ("capsular drops"). Both afferent and efferent glomerular hilar arterioles show hyalinosis. | A | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_24153 | An anganwadi worker is trained for- | [
"3 months",
"4 months",
"5 months",
"6 months"
] | Ans. is 'b' i.e.. 4 months | B | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_14496 | A study to evaluate the relationship between smoking exposures taken during PNC visit and the child bih weight after delivery. This type of study is- | [
"Case control",
"Prospective coho",
"Cross sectional",
"Clinical trial"
] | .a prospective coho study is one in which the outcome has not yet occurred at the time when investigation began.begin in the present and continue into the future.examples of this type of study,includes Framingham&;s hea study, DOLL AND HILLS prospective study on smoking and lung cancer. study of oral contraceptives and health by the royal college of general practioners. ref:park&;s textbook,ed 22,pg no 73 | B | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_3213 | Duret's hemorrhages are seen in which of the following organ? | [
"Left Lungs",
"Liver",
"Spleen",
"Brainstem"
] | Duret hemorrhages are seen in subjects who have suffered brain herniation for several hours before death usually at least 12 - 24 hours, and are attributed to the stretching of and tearing of midline veins as the brainstem is progressively elongated under the force of the herniating cerebrum. Duret hemorrhage is the most frequent complication of uncal herniation. It occur in the midline of the midbrain and upper pons. | D | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_44454 | Features of alcohol withdrawal are all except- | [
"Epileptic seizure",
"Restlessness",
"Hypersomnolence",
"Hallucination"
] | Insomnia occurs (not hypersomnolence). | C | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_963 | Local anesthetics depress transmission first in | [
"Group A alpha-fibers",
"Group A bita-fibers",
"Group B fibers",
"Group C fibers"
] | Local anesthetics depress transmission in the group C fibre before they affect group A touch fibres. Ref: Ganong&;s Review of medical physiology;25th edition; pg: 95. | D | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_4879 | Toxic megacolon is seen in: | [
"Carcinoma colon",
"Gastrocolic fistula",
"Ulcerative colitis",
"Amoebic colitis"
] | Toxic Megacolon Toxic megacolon is a serious life-threatening condition that can occur in patients with ulcerative colitis, Crohn's colitis, and infectious colitides such as pseudomembranous colitis This decompensation results in a necrotic thin-walled bowel in which pneumatosis can often be seen radiographically Total abdominal colectomy with ileostomy and preservation of the rectum is treatment of choice for toxic megacolon. It serves the main purpose of removing the diseased colon and avoiding a difficult and morbid pelvic dissection. | C | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_17913 | Down's syndrome is due to: | [
"5/12 translocation",
"18 trisomy",
"21trisomy",
"14/21 trisomy"
] | Ans: c (21 trisomy)Ref: Nelson Pediatrics, 19th ed., Pg. 384Trisomy 21, Down's syndrome seen in 1/600-800 births. Please note the clinical features which are often asked Hypotonia Dysplasia of the pelvis Flat face, cardiac malformations Speckled irises Simian crease (Brushfield spots) Varying degrees of mental Short, broad hands and growth retardation Hypoplasia of middle Upward slanted palpebral phalanx of 5th finger fissures and epicanthic folds Intestinal atresia, and high arched palate | C | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_3176 | A critical factor in the regulation of craniofacial development | [
"Sonic hedgehog (SHH)",
"Fibroblast Growth factor (FGFz)",
"Wingless Drosophila melanogaster segment — Polarity gene (Wnt)",
"Bone Morphogenic Protein (BMP)"
] | null | A | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_28094 | Naltrexone is used in opioid dependence to: | [
"Prevent respiratory depression",
"Treat withdrawal symptoms",
"Prevent relapse",
"Treatment of opioid overdose"
] | Naltrexone a long acting opioid antagonist competitively block the opioid receptor and blocks the effects of opioids. Regular dosing of naltrexone prevents patients from experiencing the effect of opioids thereby preventing relapse. Opioid antagonists are used in the treatment of opioid dependence in 3 ways: To reverse an opioid overdose To prevent relapse by blocking opioids from producing their effect at opioid receptors To identify those with opioid dependence by inducing withdrawal symptoms to provide evidence of opioid dependence. Ref: Cambridge Textbook of Effective Treatments in Psychiatry by Peter Tyrer, Page 386 | C | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_52220 | Early exfoliation of deciduous teeth is seen in | [
"Papillon lefevre syndrome",
"Peter-Kelly syndrome",
"Pierre robin syndrome",
"None of the above"
] | null | A | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_48994 | All except one is true regarding hyoid bone | [
"Hyoid bone lies at level of 3rd cervical vertebra",
"It develops from 3rd and 4rd branchial arches",
"Fracture of hyoid bone strongly suggest strangulation",
"Lesser cornea provides attachment to stylohyoid ligament"
] | Hyoid bone develops from 2nd and 3rd branchial arches. | B | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_13555 | Prosopagnosia is- | [
"Inability to recognise faces",
"Inability to know time",
"Inability to recognise places",
"None of the above"
] | null | A | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_47053 | The resting membrane potential of a cell is due to permeability of | [
"K+",
"Na+",
"Ca++",
"Cl-"
] | K+ permeability is greater than Na+ permeability, therefore, K+channels maintain the RMP.(Ref: Textbook of physiology AK Jain 5th edition page no.35) | A | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_5636 | Estrogen receptor studies in carcinoma breast is done on- | [
"Blood",
"Urine",
"Tumour tissue",
"Ovary"
] | null | C | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_233 | Which MRI sequence is used to detect brain edema? | [
"T1WI",
"FLAIR",
"SWI",
"DWI"
] | FLAIR stands for Fluid Attenuation Inversion Recovery Sequence This sequence is similar to T2 with suppression of CSF/Fluid signal so the Brain Edema can be seen better. Figure: FLAIR image showing edema in bilateral occipital lobe in a case of PRES(posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome). | B | null |
medmcqa | medmcqa_42451 | Metastatic calcification is most often seen in: | [
"Lymph nodes",
"Lungs",
"Spleen",
"Liver"
] | Lungs | B | null |
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