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{ "retrieved": [ "Mbum language Mbum proper, or West Mbum, is an Adamawa language of Cameroon spoken by about 51,000 people. Speakers are mostly bilingual in Fulfulde. It is also known as Buna, Mboum, Mboumtiba, and Wuna. The Mbum are considered the original population of the Adamawa Plateau in Cameroon. However, some histories recall that there were a people already in the area when they arrived there centuries ago. They have had a long and close relationship with the neighboring Dii people in the eastern parts of Adamawa Province to the extent that it is frequently difficult to make any distinction between the two. Their relationship with the Fulani, who entered the region in the early-19th century, is more complex. The Fulani are often perceived as a ruling class; nevertheless, the Mbum have historically participated actively in the states set up by the Fulani. Blench (2006) considers Gbete to be a separate language. Mbum language Mbum proper, or West Mbum, is an Adamawa language of Cameroon spoken by about 51,000 people. Speakers are mostly bilingual in Fulfulde. It is also known as Buna, Mboum, Mboumtiba, and Wuna. The Mbum are considered the original population of the Adamawa Plateau in Cameroon. However, some histories" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Bossekop Bossekop () is one of the three boroughs comprising the town of Alta in Alta Municipality, Finnmark county, Norway. It is located on the western end of the town, along the Altafjorden, along the European route E06 highway. Bossekop is an old Sami trading post and marketplace. The name comes from the Sami word for \"Whale Bay\". The Rock carvings at Alta lie just west of Bossekop, near the Juovvajávri bay. Bossekop was destroyed by the Germans during their retreat from occupying Norway in November 1944. The only building left standing in Bossekop was Alta Church. The rest of the village was rebuilt after the war. In 2000, the villages of Bossekop, Alta, and Elvebakken were merged to form the town of Alta. The new Northern Lights Cathedral was built in Bossekop as the new main church for the town. Bossekop Bossekop () is one of the three boroughs comprising the town of Alta in Alta Municipality, Finnmark county, Norway. It is located on the western end of the town, along the Altafjorden, along the European route E06 highway. Bossekop is an old Sami trading post and marketplace. The name comes from the Sami word for \"Whale Bay\". The" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Herrick Cobblestone The Herrick Cobblestone is a historic cobblestone residence in Rockford, Illinois. It may be the oldest house in Rockford. The area around the Illinois-Wisconsin border once had the largest population of cobblestone houses outside of New York City. However, very few remain—the Illinois Historic Sites Survey in 1978 identified only two remaining. Cobblestone houses were popular among individuals who worked on the Erie Canal, and the style came to the border region from New York migrants. Little is known about original resident Elijah L. Herrick. Because of the nature of his house, it has been suggested that Herrick was a cobblestone mason. The stones are from the nearby Rock River. Herrick came from Massachusetts to Rockford in the mid-1830s, though he probably stopped in New York on the way and came to learn of the style. The house was recognized by the National Park Service with a listing on the National Register of Historic Places on May 14, 1980. It has been recognized as the oldest house in the city since the 1967 demolition of the Daniel Shaw Haight House (1842), although this has been disputed by a historian. The Herrick Cobblestone is generally Greek Revival in style and resembles a common design for cobblestone houses. It measures approximately with a two-way pitched roof. Walls are thick and consist of a backing wall of large stones with a face of smaller cobbles. Eleven quoins decorate the exterior corners. The quoins are large blocks of Platteville limestone. The house is on a foundation of Galena dolomite. Chimneys are found at the end of the two gables, on the east and west. There are thirteen windows, each six-over-six. Lintels are wooden and are found on all except on three rear windows. The doorways has four sidelights on either side and a five-pane transom overhead. The front porch was added later and is Victorian in style. A small shed-like addition was built on the rear. Herrick Cobblestone The Herrick Cobblestone is a historic cobblestone residence in Rockford, Illinois. It may be the oldest house in Rockford. The area around the Illinois-Wisconsin border once had the largest population of cobblestone houses outside of New York City. However, very few remain—the Illinois Historic Sites Survey in 1978 identified only two remaining. Cobblestone houses were popular among individuals who worked on the Erie Canal, and the style came to the border region from New" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Swets Royal Swets & Zeitlinger Holding NV (Koninklijke Swets & Zeitlinger Holding NV), operating under the trade name Swets, was a group of information services companies operating worldwide as an intermediary between publishers and libraries. Swets provided overall management and processing of subscriptions to scientific and professional printed and electronic publications for libraries. The parent company of Royal Swets & Zeitlinger Holding was Swets & Zeitlinger Group BV, and its main trading subsidiary was Swets Information Services BV. The Swets companies were progressively declared bankrupt between September and November 2014. Swets' 2013 annual report, released on 8 August 2014, included the following market update report: \"2013 was a turbulent year for Swets. It has become clear that the intended transformation of Swets requires more capital and scale than is currently available. The ultimate shareholders of Swets Group in close the lenders have decided to put all shares of Royal Swets & Zeitlinger Holding N.V. up for sale and have initiated a competitive auction process with a planned sale in Q3 2014. The lenders support the plan and have decided to postpone the demand for repayment as long as the execution of the sales process develops according to the plan\". The market update further stated that as Swets had \"failed to meet its covenant requirements related to the long term financing. As a consequence of this breach the lenders are entitled to demand immediate repayment.\" The problems were attributed to the move from print to digital publishing, which has lower commissions, and facilitates direct publisher–customer relationships in place of intermediaries. Swets partner products and services were: Swets Royal Swets & Zeitlinger Holding NV (Koninklijke Swets & Zeitlinger Holding NV), operating under the trade name Swets, was a group of information services companies operating worldwide as an intermediary between publishers and libraries." ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship The Sangeet Natak Akademi fellowship, officially known as Sangeet Natak Akademi Ratna Sadasya, is an Indian honour for the performing arts presented by Sangeet Natak Akademi. It is \"the most prestigious and rare honour\" conferred by the Akademi and is restricted to 40 individuals at any given time. In 1945, The Asiatic Society of Bengal submitted a proposal to establish a National Cultural Trust consisting of three academies: an Academy of Music, Dance, and Drama, an Academy of Letters, and an Academy of Art and Architecture. The proposal was reconsidered in the Conference on Art held in Kolkata in 1949, and two conferences, the Conference on Letters, and the Conference on Dance, Drama, and Music, were held in New Delhi in 1951. All three conferences were organized by the Government of India and recommended the establishment of three national academies: an Academy of Music, Dance, and Drama (Sangeet Natak Akademi), an Academy of Letters (Sahitya Akademi), and an Academy of Art (Lalit Kala Akademi). The Sangeet Natak Akademi, established on 31 May 1952 by a resolution of the Ministry of Human Resource Development (then the Ministry of Education), Government of India, headed by Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, is India's National Academy for Music, Dance, and Drama. The Akademi was officially inaugurated on 28 January 1953 by the first President of India, Rajendra Prasad and P. V. Rajamannar was appointed as its first Chairman. The first members of the Executive Board of the Akademi consisted of Maharaja Sri Sir Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar Bahadur, T. L. Venkatarama Aiyar, S. N. Mozumdar, N. R. Ray, Dharma Vira, A.K. Ghosh, J. C. Mathur, and A. V. Venkateswaran. Other two institutes were established later; the Sahitya Akademi was inaugurated on 12 March 1954 and the Lalit Kala Akademi was inaugurated on 5 August 1954. Later, on 11 September 1961, it was reorganized as a society and registered under the Societies Registration Act, 1860. Though the Sangeet Natak Akademi functions as an autonomous organization of the Ministry of Culture, its programmes are completely funded by the Government. The Sangeet Natak Akademi is defined as \"the apex body of the performing arts\" in the country and primarily focuses on \"preserving and promoting the vast intangible heritage of India's diverse culture expressed in the forms of music, dance and drama\". The Akademi has also established various institutions in the fields of performing arts: the National School of Drama in New Delhi in 1959, the Jawaharlal Nehru Manipur Dance Academy in Imphal and the National Institute of Kathak Dance in New Delhi in 1964, and the Koodiyattam Kendra in Thiruvananthapuram in 1990. Since 1965, the Akademi also publishes a quarterly journal, \"Sangeet Natak\". The Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship is conferred without distinction of nationality, race, caste, religion, creed, or sex. The criteria restricts any person below the age of 50 to ordinarily be considered for the honour, although a minimum age of 35 is required. Persons who are already deceased do not qualify; if an honoree dies before the honour is conferred, however, the honour will be assigned posthumously. The criteria also excludes any institution along with the members of the General Council of the Akademi from consideration. The fellowship does not refer to any specific work or achievement of an artist but to the \"significant and lasting contribution on a sustained basis over a period of time\". The recommendations are received from the current fellows along with the members of the General Council of the Akademi. The fellowship was established in 1954 and the first elected fellows were Carnatic music vocalist Ariyakudi Ramanuja Iyengar, Veena player Karaikudi Sambasiva Aiyer, and film and theatre actor Prithviraj Kapoor. , the fellowship has been conferred upon 144 individuals, including 29 dancers, 31 theater performers, 75 musicians, and 9 individuals awarded for their overall contributions in all three fields. Since its inception, the honour has been bestowed upon 26 female artists and, in 1958, a Hindustani classical vocalist, belonging to the Bhendibazaar gharana, Anjanibai Malpekar became the first woman fellow of the Akademi. A French national and musicologist Alain Daniélou is the only non-Indian national awarded with the fellowship. As per the constitutional provision under Rule 12 (vi) of the Rules and Regulations of the Akademi, the number of fellows is restricted to 30. On 25 March 2003, the General Council of the Akademi recommended restricting the number of fellows to 40 living persons and a total of 60 at any given time. However, the recommendation is not yet approved by the Ministry. , there are 36 Fellows of the Sangeet Natak Akademi. Each recipient is awarded with a cash prize of , an \"Angavastram\" (Shawl), and a \"Tamrapatra\" (citation plaque) given under the seal of Akademi and signature of its Chairman. The most recent recipient of the fellowship is Bharatanatyam dancer C. V. Chandrasekhar who was awarded for the year 2015. Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship The Sangeet Natak Akademi fellowship, officially known as Sangeet Natak Akademi Ratna Sadasya, is an Indian honour for the performing arts presented by Sangeet Natak Akademi. It is \"the most prestigious and rare honour\" conferred by the Akademi and is restricted to 40 individuals at any given time. In 1945, The Asiatic Society of Bengal submitted a proposal to establish a National Cultural Trust consisting of three academies: an Academy of Music, Dance, and Drama, an Academy of Letters, and an Academy of" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Emanuel Oletu Emanuel Oletu or Emmanuel Oletu (born 8 December 1983) is a Nigerian football defender playing with Austrian side SC Hainfeld. Born in Lagos, he started his career in his homeland club Kwara United F.C.. In summer 2005 he moved to Austria. After several seasons there, playing for SV Kapfenberg, SV Donau and SC Eisenstadt, Oletu moved, in 2008, to Serbia to play in the historic FK Spartak Subotica, nowadays known by the sponsor name of Spartak Zlatibor Voda. After a successful first season where he was the pilar of the teams defence, the club gained promotion to the Serbian SuperLiga in 2009. In summer 2010 he left, having played his last match with Spartak at the qualifying round 2 of the 2010–11 UEFA Europa League game against FC Differdange 03. In 2011, he moved back to Austria joining Austrian Regional League East side SC Columbia Floridsdorf. In summer 2012 he moved to same level club 1. Simmeringer SC. and during the winter break of the 2012–13 season he moved to SC Ostbahn XI. Oletu also holds Slovakian passport, so he can play as comunitarian player. Emanuel Oletu Emanuel Oletu or Emmanuel Oletu (born 8 December 1983) is a" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Thomas Elder Dickson Dr Thomas Elder Dickson PSSA FRSE (1899-1978) was a Scottish artist operational through the 20th century. He was also Vice-Principal of the Edinburgh College of Art from 1947 to 1968. He was President of the Society of Scottish Artists 1946 to 1950. His artworks are usually signed T. ELDER DICKSON and focus on landscape and townscape. He was born on 26 August 1899. He attended Barrhead High School. In 1916, during the First World War he joined the Royal Flying Corps (later the RAF). After the war he attended Glasgow University graduating MA. Moving to Edinburgh he gained a doctorate (PhD) in 1936 from Edinburgh University. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1940. His proposers were James Drever, Robert Grant, Alexander Craig Aitken, and John Derg Sutherland. He died on 31 March 1978. He married Nessie Bell Stewart in 1928. Thomas Elder Dickson Dr Thomas Elder Dickson PSSA FRSE (1899-1978) was a Scottish artist operational through the 20th century. He was also Vice-Principal of the Edinburgh College of Art from 1947 to 1968. He was President of the Society of Scottish Artists 1946 to 1950. His artworks are usually signed T." ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Owen Sound Owen Sound (Canada 2016 Census population 21,341), the county seat of Grey County, is a city in the northern area of Southwestern Ontario, Canada. Owen Sound is located at the mouths of the Pottawatomi and Sydenham Rivers on an inlet of Georgian Bay. The primary tourist attractions are the many waterfalls within a short drive of town. The area around the upper Great Lakes has been home to the Ojibwe people since prehistory. In 1815, William Fitzwilliam Owen surveyed the area and named the inlet after his older brother Admiral Edward Owen. A settlement called \"Sydenham\" was established in 1840 or 1841 by Charles Rankin in an area that had been inhabited by First Nations people. John Telfer settled here at that time and others followed. By 1846, the population was 150 and a sawmill and gristmill were operating. The name Sydenham continued even as the community became the seat for Grey County in 1852. An Ontario historical plaque explains that a First Nations Band, led by Chief Newash had a reserve in the area totalling about 11,000 acres (4 450 ha). In 1842 they established the village of Newash which initially contained fourteen log houses, a school and a barn; the population was served by Wesleyan Methodist missionaries. In 1857, the government took over the reserve area and moved most of the inhabitants of Newash to Cape Crocker. Over the years, Owen Sound was a major port best known for its taverns and brothel. The community acquired names as the Chicago of the North, Corkscrew City, and Little Liverpool because of its rowdy reputation. Supporting this reputation was a tavern named \"Bucket of Blood\", located on the corner of an intersection known as \"Damnation Corners\", because of taverns on all four corners, but this location was also only a block away from an intersection with four churches called \"Salvation Corners\". Sydenham was renamed Owen Sound in 1851; by then, it was served by a direct road to Toronto, the Toronto-Sydenham Road; some of it still exists as a part of Highway 10. The community became an incorporated town in 1857, with a population of nearly 2000. In 1873, the Grey and Bruce Railway from Weston arrived and allowed for shipping goods to and from the community. Louis' Steakhouse, a popular upscale restaurant just outside town, was opened by the Gavaris family in the 1980s in a historic building which changed hands several times before being demolished in 2016. It was originally a home (built in 1881), but became a brothel from 1907-1915, where the madam would stand in its castle-like tower and watch the port for a ship to come in, and she would ready her prostitutes to excite the sailors. This reputation for vice and villainy, and the problems that came with it, caused the city to ban all drinking establishments for several decades. The city was \"dry\" until 1972. One of the city's most famous sons was World War I flying ace and Victoria Cross winner William Avery \"Billy\" Bishop, born in Owen Sound, and Canada's leading pilot in the war. He flew with the Royal Flying Corps and Royal Air Force. 1917 and 1918, Bishop was credited with downing 72 enemy aircraft. He was awarded the Victoria Cross, the Distinguished Service Order and the Military Cross. After the war, he was promoted to Air Marshall and worked as director of recruiting for the R.C.A.F. Bishop is also one of the few to have tangled with the Red Baron and survived, forcing the German pilot to retreat in a damaged aircraft. Bishop later recalled that it was a \"close shave, but a wonderful, soul-stirring flight.\" Bishop's boyhood home, one of the National Historic Sites of Canada, is a museum with artifacts from his life. The Billy Bishop Regional Airport in the nearby Municipality of Meaford was named after him. His modest gravesite can be visited in the city's Greenwood Cemetery by those willing to take the time to locate the stone. His boyhood home is now a museum dedicated to his life and to Canada's aviation history. The town was also the home of NHL Hall-of-Fame goaltender Harry Lumley and the artist Tom Thomson (buried in the nearby village of Leith). Surgeon Dr. Norman Bethune, an avowed communist and pioneer of public medicine who gained notoriety in his innovative medical work with the Chinese army during the Second Sino-Japanese War, is an alumnus of the Owen Sound Collegiate and Vocational Institute. Legendary hockey broadcaster Bill Hewitt was once sports director of the local AM radio station, CFOS. Tommy Holmes, another Victoria Cross winner, was also from Owen Sound, and the city's armoury bears his name. In 2005 Owen Sound became the National Communities in Bloom champion in the cities of 20,001–50,000 category in Canada for its beauty, natural landscape, and strong sense of community. Owen Sound has been recently recognized as a good retirement community due to its cultural, sports and natural amenities. Owen Sound experiences a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification \"\") that is moderated by Lake Huron. Winters are cold and very snowy, while summers are warm and humid, but cooled by the lake waters (Georgian Bay and Lake Huron on either side) more than most other areas of southwestern Ontario. Precipitation is moderately high, as Owen Sound is in the direct line of the Great Lakes snowbelt, with an annual average of 1100 mm. Summer thunderstorms are a common occurrence. The highest temperature ever recorded in Owen Sound was on 3 July 1911. The coldest temperature ever recorded was on 6 February 1895. The City of Owen Sound was a 2004 Cultural Capital of Canada and is home to a number of cultural events and facilities. It is home to the Summerfolk Music and Crafts Festival, held every August, and the Festival of Northern Lights, a large Christmas lights festival with many displays along the Sydenham River, downtown, and in Harrison Park, held from November until January every winter, as well as A Novel Marathon, a special event fund raiser for the Adult Literacy Program of the Owen Sound and North Grey Union Public Library. In 2007 Owen Sound celebrated its 150th year since incorporation, with special events throughout the year highlighted by the 10-day Homecoming 2007 celebrations July 27 to August 5. Theatrically, the city's 400-seat Roxy Theatre, owned and operated by the Owen Sound Little Theatre, is used for the city's professional live theatre performances, as well as some concerts. The Youth Theatre Coalition is also prevalent in the area. It is a youth theatre company run entirely by youth and for youth. The organization presents musical, theatrical, and concert type performances throughout the year. The city is also home to a good number of museums and cultural attractions, including: Owen Sound is home to a campus of Georgian College. The campus currently offers 14 full-time programs, including its Great Lakes International Marine Training and Research Centre. The centre trains professionals already working in the marine industry and students enrolled in the Marine Navigation Technology program and the Marine Engineering Technology program. Owen Sound is home to three high schools, St. Mary's, St. Dominique Savio and Owen Sound District Secondary School. OSDSS formed after the amalgamation of West Hill Secondary School and Owen Sound Collegiate and Vocational Institute. Owen Sound also provides a variety of French education options in the form of French immersion programs in both the public and Catholic school systems, as well as the only all French school and preschool in Grey and Bruce counties. Opportunities offered to French students include exchange programs and French summer camps. Located at the junctions of Ontario Highways 6, 10, 21 and 26, the city serves as a gateway to the Bruce Peninsula. Owen Sound Transit provides local bus service and specialized transportation for those unable to use the regular transit buses. As home port of the Owen Sound Transportation Company Limited, the inner harbour is", "District Secondary School. OSDSS formed after the amalgamation of West Hill Secondary School and Owen Sound Collegiate and Vocational Institute. Owen Sound also provides a variety of French education options in the form of French immersion programs in both the public and Catholic school systems, as well as the only all French school and preschool in Grey and Bruce counties. Opportunities offered to French students include exchange programs and French summer camps. Located at the junctions of Ontario Highways 6, 10, 21 and 26, the city serves as a gateway to the Bruce Peninsula. Owen Sound Transit provides local bus service and specialized transportation for those unable to use the regular transit buses. As home port of the Owen Sound Transportation Company Limited, the inner harbour is where car ferry , which operates from Tobermory to South Baymouth, is docked during the winter months. The Canadian Pacific Railway Owen Sound subdivision connected Orangeville and Owen Sound. Service was discontinued and the line was formally abandoned in 1995. The Canadian National Railway subdivision connected Guelph and Owen Sound via Palmerston, this line was discontinued in the 1990s. Aircraft flying to Owen Sound may land at the Owen Sound Billy Bishop Regional Airport (CYOS). The Parrish & Heimbecker Grain Terminal (Great Lakes Elevator Co Ltd) is located in the inner harbour. The original CPR grain elevators were destroyed by fire in 1911. Transport Canada has divested the harbour. Owen Sound is the seat of Grey Bruce Health Services and has the largest hospital (Owen Sound Hospital) in the Grey County and Bruce County region. The city is one of two (the other being Barrie) that are home to The Grey and Simcoe Foresters Primary Reserve Infantry regiment, as well as various cadet corps. The Owen Sound area has several waterfalls, some outside the city limits. They range from large, such as the 18 meter high Inglis Falls created by the Sydenham River meeting the edge of the Niagara Escarpment to small, such as Weaver's Creek Falls; some are along hiking trails that range in difficulty from moderate to strenuous. Some of the hikes connect to the Bruce Trail. The Grey County tourist information office can provide maps for hikers. The two major parks in Owen Sound are Kelso Beach on Georgian Bay and Harrison Park. Some of the largest rainbow trout in the world have been caught in Owen Sound, and annual fishing derbies draw large participation from all over North America. Southeast of the city are several popular Ontario ski resorts, including Blue Mountain and Beaver Valley. The city and area also have numerous snowmobile trails. Owen Sound is the smallest city in Ontario (and one of the smallest in Canada) to host an Ontario Hockey League (OHL) Major Junior Hockey team, in the Owen Sound Attack who play at the Bayshore Community Centre arena. The Attack won the J. Ross Robertson Cup as OHL Champions in 2011. The County of Grey opened a complex in 1854, including a courthouse and police services, a land registry office and a county jail. In 1960, the County of Grey moved the courthouse and land registry to another location at the edge of present-day Owen Sound, Ontario. At that time, March 11, 1960, the County of Grey and the City of Owen Sound signed a two-part agreement that was subsequently passed into bylaw. The first part required that the City of Owen Sound immediately purchase the courthouse portion of the complex. Part two of the agreement requires the City of Owen Sound to purchase the jail portion when the County of Grey no longer needs it for its own use. This occurred in 1978, when the province of Ontario transferred the county jails to provincial entities. The County of Grey and the City of Owen Sound escaped the latter part of the 1960 agreement to purchase the property by signing a 5-year renewable lease with the Province of Ontario and have profited greatly ever since. The County of Grey receives a monthly payment (approximately $12,000 as of 2011) for which they have no obligation to maintain the property; the City of Owen Sound kept the police services in the old courthouse until 1987/88 and then leased it to an arts council. In doing so, the jail lost all of their former entrances and moved all activities to the side of the jail, immediately beside the adjacent residence. The jail was slated to close in 1996 and again in 2001 (the provincial jail system was overcrowded so prisoners were transferred to the smaller jails) and finally was closed down at the end of 2011, with the last three prisoners leaving by van on December 4, 2011 (3 pm). The jail was finally transferred firstly to the County of Grey (as the landlord) then to the City of Owen Sound, per the March 1960 agreement, in November 2014, after it was de-commissioned. As of March 4, 2018, the City of Owen Sound has been unable to find a purchaser, despite reducing the price from $249,000 for each portion (courthouse and jail) to the current price of $99,000 for the total property. Southbridge Properties did purchase the property for $1 in May 2015 with a clause allowing it to rescind the deal within the next four years if several conditions were not met—it backed out in March 2016. In the meantime, the property continues to deteriorate with complaints from the community regarding its safety and negative impact on property values. In August 2017, the City of Owen Sound put out inquiries for costs to demolish the jail portion, after putting the property on the real estate market for another six months. The deadline for offers on the property is March 5, 2018. Owen Sound Owen Sound (Canada 2016 Census population 21,341), the county seat of Grey County, is a city in the northern area of Southwestern Ontario, Canada. Owen Sound is located at the mouths of the Pottawatomi and Sydenham Rivers on an inlet of Georgian Bay. The" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Heartland (Owen Pallett album) Heartland is the third full-length album by Canadian indie rock artist Owen Pallett, released January 12, 2010 on Domino Records. It's the first of Pallett's records to be released under his own name. Since the album was his first to be released in Japan, he wished to avoid generating confusion with the Final Fantasy video games from Square Enix, and to avoid infringing on any trademarks. Pallett stated that his previous albums will be repackaged and reissued under his own name at some point. The record was mixed by New York producer Rusty Santos. The album was a shortlisted nominee for the 2010 Polaris Music Prize. As a prelude to the album, Pallett recorded an EP, \"Spectrum, 14th Century\". Both the EP and the subsequent full-length are set in an imaginary realm called Spectrum. The songs on \"Heartland\" form a narrative concerning a \"young, ultra-violent farmer\" named Lewis, commanded by an all-powerful narrator—named Owen. According to Pallett, the songs are one-sided dialogues with Lewis speaking to his creator. In an interview, Pallett commented that the idea behind Heartland is \"preposterous. I wanted to have this contained narrative that has the breadth of a Paul Auster short story.\" Michael Barclay of \"Maclean's\" states that the lyrics raise all sorts of theological questions about believers' relationship with a deity and the nature of fate, but the construct is just a blank canvas. Pallett said, \"Really, it's just all about me. All records are about their singer. I was trying to play with that.\" Pallett has noted that the album was \"most inspired\" by British electronic band Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark. The album received positive reviews. At 2010 year end, \"Heartland\" received Exclaim!'s No. 5 spot for best Pop & Rock Albums. Exclaim! writer Andrea Warner said \"Heartland\"'s themes of anger, isolation and loneliness resonate, and the sonic nods to '70s disco and pop prove ridiculously catchy, bordering on radio-friendly.\" The first single off the album was \"Lewis Takes Action\". It was released in January 2010 in a limited edition on 7\" vinyl and includes one exclusive b-side called \"A Watery Day\". The second single, \"Lewis Takes Off His Shirt\", was released digitally on March 29, 2010. The music video for the song was directed by M. Blash, and it features the film and stage actress Alison Pill. \"Lewis Takes Off His Shirt\" was released on 12\" vinyl on June 22, 2010. The single includes remixes by Dan Deacon, Benoît Pioulard, CFCF, Simon Bookish and Max Tundra. Heartland (Owen Pallett album) Heartland is the third full-length album by Canadian indie rock artist Owen Pallett, released January 12, 2010 on Domino Records. It's the first of Pallett's records to be released under his own name. Since the album was his first to be released in Japan, he wished to avoid generating confusion with the Final Fantasy video games from Square Enix, and to avoid infringing on any trademarks. Pallett stated that his previous albums will be repackaged and reissued" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Mechanical Engineering Industry Association The Mechanical Engineering Industry Association (Verband Deutscher Maschinen- und Anlagenbau – VDMA) has its headquarters in Frankfurt am Main, Germany, and represents around 3,200 members, making it the largest industry association in Europe. The Association represents the interests of the predominantly medium-sized companies in the mechanical engineering industry towards policymakers and society, as well as towards business, the scientific community, public authorities and the media. With more than one million employees and a turnover of around EUR 218 billion (2015), mechanical and plant engineering is Germany’s largest employer in the industrial sector. German machinery production is valued at EUR 201 billion (2015) and Germany’s mechanical and plant engineering sector is extremely export-oriented (with an export rate of 77.4 percent; 2015). In addition, VDMA sees itself as a platform that provides its member companies with various networks where they can discuss technological challenges, interdisciplinary issues and many other topics. The association was founded in 1892. VDMA concentrates its efforts on eight key topics: Markets and economy – VDMA provides its members with country-specific and economic data, which they can then use as a planning basis for their business decisions. Research and production – VDMA provides its member companies with a network, where new trends and technologies in production can be discussed so that they can forge new paths as part of Industrielle Gemeinschaftsforschung (industrial collective research, IGF). One of many examples here is Industrie 4.0. Energy and environment – VDMA essentially supports the German federal government's energy and climate protection goals and promotes an ambitious implementation of the European Union's Energy Efficiency Directive. German mechanical and plant engineering makes an important contribution to this by providing and using energy efficient technologies. VDMA combines the topic areas of technology, research and energy policy in various formats such as the VDMA Forum Energy, where VDMA pools the energy policy-related activities of the associations and the sector’s expertise on energy. The Forum Energy also acts as a voice for the investment goods industry and represents the interests of mechanical and plant engineering towards policymakers and the public. Social and economic policy – Mechanical and plant engineering is the largest industrial employer in Germany, with more than one million employees. VDMA's core activities therefore include analysis, commenting and discussion of social and economic policy issues. The Association publishes its joint positions on economic policies regarding the following topics on an annual basis: labor market and wage policy, foreign trade policy, education policy, securing a skilled workforce, energy policy, Europe policy, research policy, social security, tax policy, technology policy, environmental policy and a sustainable state. Profession and training – VDMA is involved in activities relating to apprenticeships, degree programs and professional qualifications. VDMA’s Education department is the main contact in this field. Companies and management – strategic positioning, operative management, human resource development, corporate social responsibility and many others. Against this backdrop, the Management Services department at VDMA is the first point of contact regarding management issues; its consultants are available to all member companies and obliged to maintain confidentiality. Law and taxes - VDMA's team of economic lawyers specialized in the investment goods industry work on the topics of law and taxes. Standardization and technology policy Standardization and technology policy facilitate technological and economical collaboration on a national, European and international level. VDMA supports the competitiveness of mechanical engineering via the DIN Standards Committee Mechanical Engineering (NAM). Furthermore, the Standardization department coordinates activities regarding the creation of VDMA Specifications – the standardization process for mechanical engineering. Campaigns highlight VDMA’s activities and focus on topics that are particularly important from VDMA’s point of view. \"Arbeit 4.0\" – Everything remains different Industrie 4.0 will not only make economic processes and production process more efficient, but also help to change the world of work. Mechanical and plant engineering plays an important role here as both a provider and a user of Industrie 4.0 technologies. www.allesbleibt-anders.net TTIP – One machine, two markets The USA is the second most important export market and the main location for foreign investment for German mechanical engineering companies. Mechanical engineering sees the TTIP free trade agreement as a tool for providing easier access to the US market for small and medium-sized companies, making it simpler for them to sell their products there. For this reason, VDMA has supported TTIP from the very start. Blue Competence – The sustainability platform The mechanical and plant engineering industry shows that sustainability increases profitability. This realization also holds true for other sectors and other parts of the world. The idea behind Blue Competence is to show that sustainable business can be a great help to both customers and producers in mechanical engineering. \"Talentmaschine\" – The mechanical engineering portal for the next generation VDMA uses the online portal Talentmaschine.de to reach out to school and university students who are interested in technology and looking for an apprenticeship, internship or traineeship. The portal offers a nationwide overview of job listings in mechanical engineering, and gives the around 3,200 VDMA members a handy tool that helps them find new talent. \"Maschinenhaus\" – The VDMA initiative for student success Increasing student success in mechanical engineering and electrical engineering at all German universities is an important objective for VDMA. The aim is to lower high drop-out rates and help make more engineers available on the labor market. \"Wir unternehmen was\" – CSR is an important topic in mechanical engineering Many mechanical engineering companies in Germany not only develop sustainable products and processes, but also make a contribution to society with great commitment and responsibility. This commitment is as varied as the companies themselves. VDMA is a registered association based in Frankfurt am Main, Germany, and comprises six regional subsidiaries, seven representative offices in foreign countries and 37 trade associations. VDMA was founded in 1892 and will celebrate its 125-year anniversary in 2017. The strategic positioning and operative leadership of VDMA are the responsibility of the Executive Directorate. The Association is headed by a Board of Chairmen comprising three elected company representatives. The President is elected every three years and cannot be re-elected. A Restricted Board and a Main Board with company representatives from mechanical and plant engineering act as advisory committees for the Board of Chairmen. VDMA Board of Chairmen: VDMA Executive Directorate The Verein deutscher Maschinenbau-Anstalten (VDMA) was founded in Cologne in 1892 with the objective of protecting the economic interests of all German mechanical engineering companies. It has its origin in the Verein Rheinisch-Westfälischer Maschinenbauanstalten, which was founded two years earlier and aimed to improve delivery and price conditions for mining and plant machinery in particular. Its first office was in Düsseldorf. Several trade associations joined VDMA over the years that followed, one of them being the Verein Deutscher Werkzeugmaschinenfabriken (German Machine Tool Builders’ Association, VDW), which joined in 1916. In 1918, VDMA moved from Düsseldorf to Berlin. In 1934, a year after the Nazis seized power,", "of Chairmen. VDMA Board of Chairmen: VDMA Executive Directorate The Verein deutscher Maschinenbau-Anstalten (VDMA) was founded in Cologne in 1892 with the objective of protecting the economic interests of all German mechanical engineering companies. It has its origin in the Verein Rheinisch-Westfälischer Maschinenbauanstalten, which was founded two years earlier and aimed to improve delivery and price conditions for mining and plant machinery in particular. Its first office was in Düsseldorf. Several trade associations joined VDMA over the years that followed, one of them being the Verein Deutscher Werkzeugmaschinenfabriken (German Machine Tool Builders’ Association, VDW), which joined in 1916. In 1918, VDMA moved from Düsseldorf to Berlin. In 1934, a year after the Nazis seized power, the new government adopted the “Gesetz zur Vorbereitung des organischen Aufbaus der deutschen Wirtschaft” (Law detailing the organic construction of the German economy). As part of this process, all business associations were united under one central management system and answerable to the Reich’s Minister of Economic Affairs. VDMA became part of the newly founded the Wirtschaftsgruppe Maschinenbau (mechanical engineering economic group), membership of which was also compulsory for all companies that had not previously been part of an association. This group was led by Karl Lange, the Executive Director of VDMA. At the end of the war, the Wirtschaftsvereinigung Maschinenbau (business association for mechanical engineering, WVMA) was founded. A year later, the Verein Bayerischer Maschinenbau-Anstalten (association of Bavarian mechanical engineering institutes, VBMA), the Wirtschaftsvereinigung der Maschinenbau-Anstalten in Groß-Hessen (business association for mechanical engineering institutes in Greater Hesse, WVMH) and the Wirtschaftsverband Maschinenbau in Berlin (business association for mechanical engineering in Berlin) were founded. The Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Verbände der Deutscher Maschinenbau-Anstalten (working group of the associations of German mechanical engineering institutes, AVDMA) was the first supra-regional association to be founded, in 1947. In 1949, the Mechanical Engineering Industry Association (VDMA) was re-established in Königstein im Taunus. Shortly after that – in 1950 – VDMA established a liaison office in the German capital, Bonn. A year later, the Gesellschaft zur Förderung des Maschinen- und Anlagenbaus mbH (society for the promotion of mechanical and plant engineering, GzF) and the Maschinenbau Verlag GmbH (later VDMA Verlag) were founded. In 1954, VDMA took part in founding the Europe Liaison Group of the European Mechanical, Electrical, Electronic and Metalworking Industries (Orgalime) in Brussels, Belgium. In 1966, VDMA's headquarters moved to Niederrad, a district of Frankfurt. A number of sub-organizations were founded over the following years: Forschungskuratorium Maschinenbau e.V. (research association for the mechanical engineering industry, FKM) in 1968, Dokumentation Maschinenbau e.V. (DOMA) and the Deutsche Maschinenbau-Institut (German mechanical engineering institute, DMI) now Maschinenbau-Institut GmbH (MBI) in 1972, the Fachinformationszentrum Technik (technology information center) in 1979. During the next few years, political contacts were established and intensified on a national and international scale. VDMA established a liaison office in Brussels in 1972; another followed in Tokyo in 1984. In 1980, the Association changed its German name from Verein Deutscher Maschinenbau-Anstalten to Verband Deutscher Maschinen- und Anlagenbau. The abbreviation, VDMA, remained the same. VDMA’s Impuls Foundation was founded in 1992, followed by VDMA Gesellschaft für Forschung und Innovation mbH (society for research and innovation, VFI) in 1998. That same year, VDMA’s Berlin office was inaugurated. Verein Deutscher Maschinenbau-Anstalten Wirtschaftsgruppe Maschinenbau Wirtschaftsverband Maschinenbau Düsseldorf Wirtschaftsvereinigung Maschinenbau in Hessen Vereinigung der Maschinenbau-Anstalten von Württemberg-Baden Verein Bayerischer Maschinenbau-Anstalten e.V. Verein Deutscher Maschinenbau-Anstalten e.V. Verband Deutscher Maschinen- und Anlagenbau e.V. Mechanical Engineering" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "70 Panopaea Panopaea ( ; minor planet designation: 70 Panopaea) is a large main belt asteroid. Its orbit is close to those of the Eunomia asteroid family; however, Panopaea is a dark, primitive carbonaceous C-type asteroid in contrast to the S-type asteroids of the Eunomian asteroids. The spectra of the asteroid displays evidence of aqueous alteration. Photometric studies give a rotation period of 15.797 hours and an amplitude of in magnitude. Previous studies that suggested the rotation period may be twice this amount were rejected based upon further observation. Panopaea was discovered by Hermann Goldschmidt on 5 May 1861. It was his fourteenth and last asteroid discovery. It is named after Panopea, a nymph in Greek mythology; the name was chosen by Robert Main, President of the Royal Astronomical Society. In 1862, Swedish astronomer Nils Christoffer Dunér gave a doctoral thesis on the orbital elements of this asteroid. The orbit of 70 Panopaea places it in a mean motion resonance with the planets Jupiter and Saturn. The computed Lyapunov time for this asteroid is 24,000 years, indicating that it occupies a chaotic orbit that will change randomly over time because of gravitational perturbations of the planets. The asteroid frequently makes close approaches with 16 Psyche, such as on June 12, 2040 when it will make a close approach of 0.00602 AU (2.34 Lunar distances, or approx. 770,000 km, 478,455 mi) to the asteroid, and on June 2, 2095 when it will come only 0.003372 AU (1.31 LD) to the asteroid. 70 Panopaea Panopaea ( ; minor planet designation: 70 Panopaea) is a large main belt asteroid. Its orbit is close to those of the Eunomia asteroid family; however, Panopaea is a dark, primitive carbonaceous C-type asteroid in contrast to the S-type asteroids of the Eunomian asteroids. The spectra of the" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Bosoboso Church The Nuestra Señora de la Annunciata Parish Church, also known as Bosoboso Church or Boso-Boso Church, is a Roman Catholic parish church located in Sitio Old Boso-Boso, Barangay San Jose in Antipolo City, Rizal, Philippines. The first church was built as a mission church by the Franciscan missionaries sometime in the late 16th to early 17th century. The Jesuits eventually took over the mission there in the 17th century who began constructing a new church made of stone and brick, It was turned over to the seculars in 1768 when the Jesuits were expelled from the Philippines. In 1880, an earthquake caused significant damage to the church. Owing to the dwindling population in the area, the damaged portions of the church were not rebuilt. In 1930, the Americans planned to build a dam in the surrounding area, thus, the remaining inhabitants were ordered to resettle elsewhere. The dam project was eventually abandoned due to a discovered fault, yet the people did not return until the time of the Japanese occupation. Even then, whatever that was left of the church was subsequently burned down by the Japanese, leaving only the lower portion of the original church facade intact. As the area was eventually resettled, administration of the parish was taken over by the Camillian order in 1986 who helped organize the restoration of the church. Restoration was completed in 1995, preserving the original remaining façade of the old church with the rebuilt portions built as close as possible to the simple, sparse architecture of the old structure. Bosoboso Church The Nuestra Señora de la Annunciata Parish Church, also known as Bosoboso Church or Boso-Boso Church, is a Roman Catholic parish church located in Sitio Old Boso-Boso, Barangay San Jose in Antipolo City, Rizal, Philippines. The first church was built" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "The Contractor (2013 film) The Contractor is a 2013 American direct-to-video action thriller film starring Danny Trejo as the title character. The film was directed by Sean Robert Olson, written by Bradford Holt and Olson, and produced by Lionsgate. It follows a contractor working for the Chase family. He turns nasty after being relieved of his duty and reveals himself to have been out to harm the family all along. The family must now combine their efforts to fight the menace. \"The Contractor\" was released in both DVD and digital download format on September 10, 2013. The film starts with a suspected murderer being apprehended by the police. He adamantly claims that he is innocent and only wanted to protect his girlfriend, but his pleas fall on deaf ears. Three years later, in December, in Malibu, California, Elizabeth \"Liz\" Chase (Christina Cox) is busily working on her family's apartment, which needs to be remodelled before a charity event to be held fourteen days later. In addition, she has to take care of her teenage daughter McKenzie. Liz and her lawyer spouse, Paul Chase, decide to hire a contractor to help out with the construction in order for Liz to cope. Initially unable to find a suitable contractor, Paul chances upon Desert Sun Contracting, which is owned by shady contractor Javier Reyes, who has been secretly stalking the family for a while, snapping photographs of them and tapping into their calls. Not intent on constructing the house, Reyes begins to plant pieces of evidence to frame Paul for committing infidelity, including a doctored restaurant receipt. After Liz grows suspicious of Reyes, she asks Paul to ask him to leave. Reyes leaves bitterly, but promises to return. The Chases hire a new contractor. However, the persistent Reyes continues to stalk them. Meanwhile, Liz gives Paul the cold shoulder, believing that he really has had an affair, after seeing edited phone records planted by Reyes. After doing some extensive research, she finds out that Jorge Reyes (the real name of Javier Reyes) had previously been arrested for contempt of the court. It is revealed that his son, Omar Reyes, was the prosecuted murderer arrested three years ago, and had been killed in a mass assault in prison. Reyes is out to avenge his son's death by targeting Paul Chase, a member of the prosecution team in charge of Omar's trial. Liz shares her findings with Paul. Promising to keep a watchful eye, Paul hires his thug acquaintances to eliminate Reyes. They fail to do so, and Reyes knocks them out, escaping with a bruised eye. He then sends Liz a photograph of Paul's secretary rubbing his neck, and that is enough to make Liz think Paul is being unfaithful to her. Distraught, she confronts Paul, who vehemently denies her accusations. They argue, and Liz forces Paul to leave. Reyes proceeds to kidnap McKenzie, who has lied that she was going to a friend's party but in actuality was making out with her boyfriend Chris. Having left her phone in Chris' car, she cannot be contacted. Liz finds out McKenzie was never at the party and just as she begins to worry, Reyes appears outside her door, holding McKenzie at gunpoint. Reyes lures Paul back to the house and attacks him when he does. Paul grabs Reyes' gun, causing a diversion and thus allowing the mother and daughter to escape. They hide in one of the stables and Liz knocks Reyes unconscious for a while by hitting him with a large spade. They start to play hide-and-seek again. Reyes eventually finds Liz and they engage in a fierce struggle. In a blur, Liz grabs the firearm from Reyes and pulls the trigger, killing him. Determined to start their lives anew by moving house, the Chases give up their landed property to a friend of theirs. Liz is invited to attend the grand opening of the -large Elizabeth Chase Pediatric Respiratory Center. The film was released on DVD and digital download outlets on September 10, 2013 by production company Lionsgate. A reviewer for \"Manly Movie\" gave the film a rating of 5 out of 10 and commented that \"[t]his movie is worthless, unless in two years time a stoner finds value in it while stumbling upon it at 1:30am on TV. Although he'll need to be seriously shit-faced.\" Jason Coleman of Starpulse.com wrote, \"There are actually some decent suspenseful bits in \"The Contractor,\" but there’s also some forced bits where big softy Danny seems a little out of his evil guy element. Thankfully his victims, an unsuspecting family played by Christina Cox and Brad Rowe, both seem to get their roles and play the creeped out thing decently. With both good and bad, \"The Contractor\" lives up to his occupational name.\" The Contractor (2013 film)" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Quebec Autoroute 740 Autoroute 740 is a Quebec Autoroute in metropolitan Quebec City, Canada. A spur route of Autoroute 40, the A-740 runs for on a north-south axis (parallel to the St. Lawrence River through the boroughs of Sainte-Foy–Sillery–Cap-Rouge and Les Rivières, with interchanges at the A-440 at exit 4 and the A-40 at exit 9. Originally named the Autoroute du Vallon for the 17th century road it replaced, in 2006, the Quebec government under then-Premier Jean Charest renamed the highway \"Autoroute Robert-Bourassa\", in honour of a long serving former Quebec Premier. The A-740 begins at an intersection with Route 175 (Also called Boulevard Laurier) in suburban Sainte-Foy, tracing the western limits of Université Laval along the northbound lanes and Place Sainte-Foy (a regional shopping mall) along the southbound lanes. Once past the university, the A-740 enters a 300 m tunnel, passing under heavily travelled chemin Sainte-Foy and chemin Quatre-Bourgeois. Passing to the west of Cégep de Sainte-Foy, the A-740 approaches the interchange with the A-440 at exit 4. From here, motorists on the A-440 can travel east (which becomes Boulevard Charest) towards the city centre or west to an interchange with the A-40 and A-73, affording access to Jean Lesage International Airport and points south and west. Continuing north, the A-440 passes to the west of an industrial park, meets Route 138 at exit 7, then crosses the Saint-Charles River to an interchange with Boulevard Père-Lelièvre at exit 8 on the north shore. The autoroute provides the eastern boundary for a municipal park before meeting the A-40/A-73 (a concurrent route) at a cloverleaf interchange. The A-740 ends shortly after the A-40/A-73 interchange, passing to the west of the Galeries de la Capitale (another regional shopping mall) to an intersection with Boulevard Lebourgneuf. The original plans called for the A-740 to continue northward after the first section opened in 1982, and so the government preserved the autoroute's intended path. Instead, in 2006, an urban boulevard (Boulevard Robert-Bourassa) was opened on this right of way, running for from the northern terminus of the A-740 to Route 369 (Boulevard Bastien). This new route was intended to provide an alternative to the heavily travelled Boulevard St. Jacques (which it parallels). Quebec Autoroute 740 Autoroute 740 is a Quebec Autoroute in metropolitan Quebec City, Canada. A spur route of Autoroute 40, the A-740 runs for on a north-south axis (parallel to the St. Lawrence" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Ümit Kaftancıoğlu Ümit Kaftancıoğlu (1935 in Saskara village, Hanak, Ardahan Province – 11 April 1980 in Istanbul) was a Turkish TV producer, writer and columnist of the newspaper \"Cumhuriyet\". He graduated from Cilavuz Village Institute in 1957 and worked as a primary school teacher in Derik in Mardin Province and as a teacher in Balıkesir Necatibey Institute of Education before entering into the Turkish Radio and Television Corporation (TRT). He won the Grand Award at the 1970 TRT Art Awards with his short story \"Dönemeç\" (\"The Bend\"), the 1972 Karacan Award with his interview \"Hakkullah\" and came third at the Başkent Awards with his short story \"Linda\" (\"Linda\"). On 11 April 1980, he was gunned down in front of his home in Istanbul as he was about to get in his car. Ümit Kaftancıoğlu Ümit Kaftancıoğlu (1935 in Saskara village, Hanak, Ardahan Province – 11 April 1980 in Istanbul) was a Turkish TV producer, writer and columnist of the newspaper \"Cumhuriyet\". He graduated from Cilavuz Village Institute in 1957 and worked as a primary school teacher in Derik in Mardin Province and as a teacher in Balıkesir Necatibey Institute of Education before entering into the Turkish Radio and Television Corporation" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Glen Falloch Halt railway station Glen Falloch Halt railway station or Glenfalloch Platform railway station was a remote rural railway station in Glen Falloch, Stirlingshire, Scotland. Opened in 1946 by the LNER, it was located in Glen Falloch on the Ardlui side of the viaduct, but reported out of use by around 1948. The West Highland Railway opened the line to passengers on 7 August 1894; later it was operated by the North British Railway, until in 1923 it became part of the London and North Eastern Railway. In 1948 the line became part of the Scottish Region of British Railways following nationalisation. Glen Falloch Halt or Platform had a single platform and was opened by the LNER in 1946, but it closed around 1948. Records show that it was not opened as a standard railway station for the general public and it was not listed in the 1948 British Railways (Scottish Region) timetable. The RCAHMS refer to the halt as being temporary. Well built 'slab' of concrete construction and a gravel surface, the curved single platform remnants are still present. It had a name board reading 'Glen Falloch', a single lamp for lighting and a small shed was present as a shelter or store.A footpath ran from the halt to the Drovers Inn at Inverarnan. After World War II many German and Italian ex-prisoners stayed in Scotland, and it is recorded that a small prisoner of war (POW) camp had been located at Glen Falloch, where a lot of forestry work was carried out. German and Italian POWs had been involved in the early stages of the construction of the Sloy Hydro-Electric facility between Loch Sloy and Inveruglas, on the west bank of Loch Lomond. Construction at the Loch Sloy project began in May 1945, under the auspices of the North of Scotland Hydro-Electric Board, and it was completed in 1949, dates that largely coincide with the known use of Glen Falloch Halt located near the old POW camp. Glen Falloch Halt may have been used by men building the aqueducts and tunnels that collected water from the Glen Falloch burns and carried it to Loch Sloy. The near by station of Inveruglas was a similar but larger station with sidings, a passing loop, etc and was built in connection with the Loch Sloy hydroelectric scheme. The prisoners-of-war were carried from Faslane Platform near Faslane Junction and Whistlefield to Inveruglas or Glen Falloch. Glen Falloch Halt railway station Glen Falloch Halt railway station or Glenfalloch Platform railway station was a remote rural railway station in Glen Falloch, Stirlingshire, Scotland. Opened in 1946 by the LNER, it was located in Glen Falloch on the Ardlui side of the viaduct, but reported out of use by around 1948. The West Highland Railway opened the line to passengers on 7 August 1894; later it was operated by the North British Railway, until in 1923 it became part of the London and North Eastern Railway. In 1948 the line became part of the" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "George Ireland George Ireland (June 15, 1913 - September 14, 2001) was an American basketball coach who led Loyola of Chicago to the 1963 NCAA Championship. Born in Madison, Wisconsin, Ireland was an All-American basketball player at the University of Notre Dame during the 1930s. His first coaching job was at Marmion Academy in Aurora, Illinois, which he led to 262-87 record from 1936 to 1951. In 1951, he succeeded John Jordan, a former teammate at Notre Dame, as head coach at Loyola University Chicago, and he remained at Loyola until 1975. Ireland encouraged full-court press and a high-speed style of play. In 1962, he became the first coach of a major NCAA program to use five African American players in a game at the same time. (This was particularly notable at the time, as some schools refused to play against a team with even one black player.) The highlight of Ireland's coaching career occurred in 1963, when he guided the Loyola Ramblers to the national collegiate championship. Ireland's team, led by Jerry Harkness and Les Hunter, compiled a 23-2 regular season record and finished first in the country in scoring. They defeated Tennessee Tech 111-42 in the first round of the NCAA Tournament (still the largest margin of victory in an NCAA tournament game), and after victories over Mississippi State, Illinois and Duke, the Ramblers reached the finals, where they faced two-time defending champion Cincinnati. Loyola trailed Cincinnati by 15 points with 10 minutes left in the game, but the Ramblers rallied to force an overtime session, winning the game 60-58 with a last-second tip-in by Vic Rouse. Loyola remains the only school in Illinois to have won an NCAA Division I basketball championship. The 1963 Loyola team also broke racial barriers by being the first NCAA Division I team to have four African-American players in the everyday lineup. On July 11, 2013, surviving members of Loyola's team were honored by President Barack Obama at the White House to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the school's championship. Ireland was represented at the Oval Office ceremony by his daughter, Judy van Dyck, and by Loyola's current head coach, Porter Moser. Under Ireland, the Loyola Ramblers returned to the NCAA Tournament in 1964, 1966, and 1968, although they never repeated the success of 1963. During the late 1960s and early 1970s, Ireland coached LaRue Martin, who became the first overall pick of the 1972 NBA Draft. However, Martin's NBA career lasted just four seasons, prompting analysts to call him one of the biggest busts in NBA history. Ireland retired in January 1975, 14 games into the 1974-75 season, with a 321-255 record, good for a .557 winning percentage. He later worked as a volunteer coach for children with intellectual and developmental disabilities at the Center for Enriched Living in Skokie, Illinois. He led them to an undefeated inaugural season in 1979. On September 14, 2001, he died at the age of 88 in Addison, Illinois. George Ireland George Ireland (June 15," ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Bill Byrne (athletic director) Clarence William \"Bill\" Byrne Jr. (born Boston, Massachusetts) was an American athletic director of Texas A&M University from January 2003 to May 8, 2012 when he retired. He will be a Special Adviser to Texas A&M University President R. Bowen Loftin until August 31, 2012. Upon leaving the athletic department he will hold the title of Athletic Director Emeritus at Texas A&M. Byrne grew up in Idaho. He attended Idaho State University, where he served as student body president and received a bachelor's degree in business in 1967. He went on to receive his MBA in 1971. From 1971–76, he served as the director of alumni relations at Idaho State. He then moved to the University of New Mexico, where he would serve as the executive director of the New Mexico Lobo Club, the division within the athletic department responsible for raising athletic scholarships, from 1976–79. From 1980–82, he was the assistant athletic director at San Diego State University. Byrne started his head athletic directing career in 1984 at the University of Oregon. At Oregon, he led a $19 million fundraiser that helped to build new buildings for the football team and athletic offices. For his role in the fundraiser, he was named National Fundraiser of the Year by the National Athletic Fundraisers Association in 1985. In 1991, Byrne ordered a worker to cut down and remove a newly installed George Greenamyer sculpture with a blowtorch. Byrne stated that he had found it \"not in character with the rest of the front of the building\". Greenamyer himself came to the scene, threatening to chain himself to the $54,000 sculpture to prevent its destruction. After mediation by UO president Myles Brand, it was agreed that the damage already done to the sculpture would be repaired, and it would be reinstalled on another location on campus. He served as the athletic director at University of Nebraska–Lincoln for 11 years from 1992–2003. His teams won 8 national championships and 82 Big Eight and Big 12 Conference championships. His athletic program compiled seven straight top 25 finishes in the standings of the NACDA Director's Cup. He resigned from Nebraska on December 2, 2002 to take over as athletic director at Texas A&M. During Byrne's tenure at A&M, the Aggies won 45 Big 12 Conference Championships in 11 different sports and captured nine team national championships in equestrian, six in outdoor track and field, one in women’s basketball, and one in men’s golf. The 40 championships won by the Aggies from January 2003 through the end of the 2011 season rank second in the league. The Aggies’ 33 conference championships won during the last five seasons combined are the second most of any school. The 2010-11 athletic season was a record setting campaign as A&M captured four national championships, and nine Big 12 Championships. Both marks were school-bests. In the Learfield Director’s Cup all-sport rankings, Byrne guided A&M to its six highest finishes in school history, include back-to-back top eight finishes. The Aggies completed the 2009-10 season ranked 6th in the nation — its best finish ever. In 2010-11, the Aggies tallied their most points ever and finished 8th to lead the Big 12 Conference. Byrne managed an annual athletic budget in excess of $75 million. During his tenure at A&M, he oversaw the construction or renovation of approximately $85 million in athletic facilities. Byrne teamed with the 12th Man Foundation, the institution’s primary fundraising organization for athletics, to develop a comprehensive plan for A&M’s athletic facilities. Together, they secured several major gifts for the second and third phases of A&M’s Championship Vision Capital Campaign raising over $100 million. The cornerstone of Phase Three of the campaign was the renovation and expansion of A&M’s baseball stadium Olsen Field. The $26 million project was completed in February 2012 and made the 31-year-old facility a premier college baseball destination. Thanks to a $7 million lead gift by Ed and Howard Kruse of Blue Bell Creameries, the stadium is named Olsen Field at Blue Bell Park. Citing the need for an indoor football facility and an indoor track and field stadium, Byrne ensured the multi-purpose $36 million McFerrin Athletic Center became a reality in 2007 and 2008 as part of Phase Two. The complex boasts a full sized football field, a state-of-the-art hydraulic track which has hosted national championships, and seating for 5,000 spectators. At the same time, Byrne recognized the need for a basketball practice facility that would allow the basketball teams to each have their own practice courts, locker rooms, a weight room, an athletic training room, and offices under the same roof. In the fall of 2008, the $23 million Cox-McFerrin Center for Aggie Basketball opened its doors as part of an expansion to Reed Arena. Byrne made an impact in marketing Aggie Athletics. In January 2006, A&M awarded the school’s athletic multimedia marketing rights for 10 years to a joint venture of Learfield Communications, ISP Sports, and FSN Southwest – known collectively as Texas A&M Sports Properties. The agreement is one of the top multimedia rights contracts in the country and provides significant income for A&M athletics throughout the length of the agreement. Byrne tabbed the guaranteed revenue from the Learfield agreement to finance the department's video screen and ribbon board expansion project which included Kyle Field, Reed Arena, and a portable video screen mounted on a 53-foot trailer. He also expanded the department's television production operation, 12th Man Productions. Increased attendance at home contests has also been aided by the creation of a fan rewards program for frequent attendance. The 12th Man Team Rewards Program is a fan-loyalty program that allows A&M’s Athletic Department to thank their most dedicated fans’ continued support and attendance at the school’s home athletic events. Upon its inception in 2003, attendance records at A&M were immediately shattered. Each sport offered at A&M has set at least one new school attendance record. While at A&M, Byrne hired 12 head coaches in nine sports. Each hire achieved postseason competition within their first two seasons. In the Fall of 2010, 249 student-athletes were named to the Big 12 Commissioners Honor Roll. During the Spring of 2011, 269 student-athletes earned mention on the commissioner’s honor roll. Throughout his career, Byrne has been recognized with the highest awards an athletics administrator can receive. Among his many accolades, honors include the U.S. Sports Academy 2007 Carl Maddox Sports Management Award; the 2002 National Football Foundation John L. Toner Award; the 1999 Central Region National Association of Collegiate Directors of Athletics (NACDA) Director of the Year; president of NACDA in 1991-92; and the National Athletic Fundraisers Association Fundraiser of the Year in 1985. Byrne is a 1967 graduate of Idaho State University, where he also served as student body president. He earned an MBA in 1971. Byrne’s wife of more than 40 years is Dr. Marilyn Kent Byrne, who has expertise in leadership development, team building, and executive coaching. The Byrnes have two sons – Bill III and Greg. Bill is a vice president of Visa USA in San Francisco, and Greg is the current director of athletics at the University of Alabama. Greg and his wife Regina live in Tuscaloosa, Alabama, with their sons Nicholas and Davis. As an NCAA Division I athletic director National Championships: 30 Conference championships: 143 At Texas A&M 2003–2012 National Championships: 17 Conference Championships: 44 At Nebraska 1992-2002 National Championships: 10 Conference championships: 83 At Oregon 1984-1992 National Championships: 3 Conference championships: 16 Bill Byrne (athletic director) Clarence William \"Bill\" Byrne Jr. (born Boston, Massachusetts) was an American athletic director of Texas A&M University from January 2003 to May", "and executive coaching. The Byrnes have two sons – Bill III and Greg. Bill is a vice president of Visa USA in San Francisco, and Greg is the current director of athletics at the University of Alabama. Greg and his wife Regina live in Tuscaloosa, Alabama, with their sons Nicholas and Davis. As an NCAA Division I athletic director National Championships: 30 Conference championships: 143 At Texas A&M 2003–2012 National Championships: 17 Conference Championships: 44 At Nebraska 1992-2002 National Championships: 10 Conference championships: 83 At Oregon 1984-1992 National Championships: 3 Conference championships: 16 Bill Byrne (athletic director) Clarence William \"Bill\" Byrne Jr. (born Boston, Massachusetts) was an American athletic director of Texas A&M University from January 2003 to May 8, 2012 when he retired. He will be a Special Adviser to Texas A&M University President R. Bowen Loftin until August 31, 2012. Upon leaving the" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "IPhone OS 3 iPhone OS 3 is the third major release of the iOS mobile operating system developed by Apple Inc., being the successor to iPhone OS 2. It was announced on March 17, 2009, and was released on June 17, 2009. It was succeeded by iOS 4 on June 21, 2010; the new version dropped the \"iPhone OS\" naming convention. iPhone OS 3 added a system-wide \"cut, copy, or paste\" dialog bubble, allowing users to more easily move content. It also introduced Spotlight, a search indexing feature designed to help users locate specific information on their device, such as contacts, email messages or apps. The home screen was expanded to let users add up to 11 pages, showcasing a total of 180 apps. The Messages app received support for MMS, while the Camera app received support for video recording on iPhone 3GS, and a new \"Voice Memos\" app let users record their voice. iPhone OS 3 was announced on March 17, 2009, with a beta version available for developers the same day. iPhone OS 3 was officially released on June 17, 2009. iPhone OS 3 introduced a \"cut, copy, or paste\" bubble dialog when users double-tap text. The \"paste\" button would incorporate anything stored in the device's clipboard into the marked area. Spotlight is a system-wide indexing and search feature, aiming to help users search their device for specific contacts, email messages, calendar appointments, multimedia files, apps and more. It is accessed by swiping to the right from the home screen. iPhone OS 3 expands the maximum number of pages on the home screen to 11, for a total number of 180 apps. The Messages app received native support for the Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS), allowing users to send and receive messages that also contain pictures, contacts, locations, voice recordings, and video messages. The Camera app introduced video recording for iPhone 3GS. The Photos app featured a new copy button and the ability to delete multiple photos at once. iPhone OS 3 added a \"Voice Memos\" app, allowing users to record their voice. IPhone OS 3 iPhone OS 3 is the third major release of the iOS mobile operating system developed by Apple Inc., being the successor to iPhone OS 2. It was announced on March 17, 2009, and was released on June 17, 2009. It was succeeded by iOS 4 on June 21, 2010; the new version dropped" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Vonteego Cummings Vonteego Marfeek Cummings (born February 29, 1976) is an American professional basketball player who last played for Atenienses de Manatí of the Baloncesto Superior Nacional (BSN) in Puerto Rico. A combo guard, he played in the National Basketball Association (NBA) and also had a successful career in Europe, where he played in several different countries. A first-round pick (26th overall) by the Indiana Pacers in 1999, Cummings was immediately traded for forward-center Jeff Foster to the Golden State Warriors, where he played for two seasons (1999–2001). As a rookie in the 1999–00 season, Cummings started 11 of 75 games played, averaging 9.4 points and 3.3 assists for 23.9 minutes a contest. In 2000–01, he averaged 7.3 points and 3.4 assists for 22.7 minutes in 66 games played (11 as a starter). Cummings was traded to the Philadelphia 76ers prior to the 2001–02 season, in which he averaged 3.3 points and 1 assist per game. In September 2002, Cummings signed as a free agent with the Cleveland Cavaliers, but was waived before the start of the season. In Cummings' three NBA seasons, he averaged 6.9 (1381 total) points and 2.7 assists, shooting .383 from the field in 199 games (23 starts). Cummings played with the Westchester Wildfire of the United States Basketball League (USBL) during the summer of 2003. He began his overseas career in Italy with Carisbo Castelmaggiore in the 2003–04 season. In summer 2004, he again played for the Westchester Wildfire. After that, he returned to Europe and signed with the Serbian team Hemofarm Vršac for the 2004–05 season. Cummings started the 2005–06 season with the Fort Worth Flyers of the NBA Development League (NBDL), but in February 2006 he returned to Serbia, and signed with Partizan Belgrade until the end of the season. However, he played there and in the 2006–07 season, having a great season especially in the Euroleague, averaging 12.9 points and 3.4 assists over 20 games. This performances secured him a move to Israeli powerhouse Maccabi Tel Aviv, on a two-year deal. However, he was released of the contract in the summer of 2008. His next step was with Estudiantes from Spain, but he stayed there until December when he was released. Until the end of the 2008–09 season, he was at his third stint in Serbia, this time with Vojvodina Srbijagas, and finished with Cedevita of Croatia. Cummings' next station was Greece, where he played the entire 2009–10 season for Ilysiakos. In the 2010–11 season, Cummings played for Keravnos in Cyprus. In October 2011, he signed with the Polish team Trefl Sopot, averaging around 3 points per game in the 2011–12 season. Cummings, signed a contract with the Atenienses de Manatí of the Baloncesto Superior Nacional (BSN) in Puerto Rico on January 21, 2015 making his comeback to professional basketball after a few years of inactivity. He was released by Atenienses on March 18, 2015 but stuck around with the club for a further three games pending the arrival of Dominique Jones. Vonteego Cummings Vonteego Marfeek Cummings (born February 29, 1976) is an American professional basketball player who last played for Atenienses de Manatí of the Baloncesto Superior Nacional (BSN) in Puerto Rico. A combo guard, he played in the National Basketball Association (NBA) and also had a successful career in Europe, where he played in several different countries. A first-round pick (26th overall) by the Indiana Pacers in 1999, Cummings was immediately traded for forward-center Jeff Foster to the Golden State Warriors, where he played for two seasons (1999–2001). As a rookie in the 1999–00 season, Cummings started 11 of 75" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Dimasa people The Dimasa people (or Dima-basa, and also called Dimasa-Kachari) are an indigenous ethnolinguistic (note that dimasa are not Assamese) community presently inhabiting Assam and Nagaland states in Northeastern India. Dimasa mythology says that they are the children of Bangla Raja (Earthquake God) and the great divine bird Arikhidima. Bangla Raja's six sons— Sibrai, Doo Raja, Naikhu Raja, Waa Raja, Guyung Brai Yung, and Hamyadao and Arikhidima are their ancestors, and in Dimasa belief, are ancestral Gods. They are called Madai in Dimasa. Evil spirits born of the seventh egg of \"Arikhidima\" are responsible for disease, suffering and natural calamities. Ancient Dimasa tradition maintains that sixty thousand ( 60,000 ) Moon months (Lunar months) ago, they left their ancestral land when it suffered a severe drought. After a long wandering, they settled at \"Di-laobra Sangibra\", the confluence of the Brahmaputra and Sangi or Di-tsang. There they held a great assembly. The place is in the present West Bengal area where the River Ganga and the Brahmaputra join, and where the Kacharis established their first seat. Over time, their kingdom over large territories. The Dimasa are one of the oldest inhabitants of the North Eastern part of India and is one of the many Kachari tribes. They live mostly in Dima Hasao District, an administrative district of the Indian state of Assam that includes the ravines of the Jatinga valley and Lower portion of Karbi Anglong district (East), Lower Crescent Region of Nagaon district, Cachar district of Assam and Dimapur district of Nagaland and Jiribam region of Manipur respectively. The name 'Dimasa' may mean have either of the two definitions. Firstly, Dimasa may stand for \"\"Dimba-sa\"\" meaning \"\"children of Hi-dimba\"\". Secondly, it may also stand for \"\"Dima-sa\"\" meaning \"\"children of the big river\"\" referring to Brahmaputra river (known as Dilao in Dimasa), where \"\"Dima\"\" means river and \"\"Sa\"\" means children. Kacharis appear to be one of the earliest indigenous ethnic groups of north eastern India. Most independent tribal communities in this region are of Kachari origin. The Rabha, Tiwa (Lalung), Sonowal, Thengal, Dimasa, Garo, Hajong, Deori, Chutia, Koch Rajbongshi, Tipra or Tripuri, Mech, Rukkini Barman of Hailakandi and Karimganj, Bodos etc.as well as the Tripura tribes inhabiting the three districts of the Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh are all of Kachari origin. Dimasas also have cultural activities such as dances in their traditions Dimasa Kachari are mainly found in the present-day Dima Hasao District (Old name \"North Cachar Hills\" or \"N. C. Hills\") of Assam. They also have a sizable population in Cachar, Karbi Anglong, Nowgong, Hailakandi and Karimganj Districts of the Assam State and also Dimapur and Jiribam region of Nagaland and Manipur state respectively. In Cachar, following the formal conversion of their king Krishna Chandra Hasnusa to Hinduism general Dimasa have largely adopted Hinduism. These new converts to Hinduism are called Barman of Cachar. On the other hand, in Nowgong District the Dimasa have come under the influence of Assamese Vishnavism,and there they are called Hojai Kachari (Hojai is also a name of a Dimasa male clan). This term is also stands for the priest). In Dima Hasao district, a section of the Dimasa called Semsas is confined within the historical village named Semkhor,they eventually developed a distinct dialect. Similar minor distinction exists within the Dimasa based on the region they inhabit like Hawarsa, Dembrasa, Hamrisa, Dijuwasa and Hasaosa and Walgongsa. A History of Kachari Kingdom is nothing but the History of Dimasa Kachari Kingdom and Some of the plain Dimasa become Boro-Kachari after Greater Bodo nationalism. Kachari being one of the indigenous tribe of India's North-East, their history is quite old. In the Mahabharata and other ancient Hindu scriptures there are mention about the foothill dwellers of the Great Himalayas called ‘Kiratas’. The term Kirata stands for Mongoloid racial communities, but some historian believed that it indicates Kachari. The earliest Kachari settlements were in the foothills of the Himalayas.From there they moved to the Brahmaputra valley with their Capital at Khamru>Kamruli or Khamruba>Kamrupa (Khamruba means start first to establish the place). Sir Edward Gait in his History of Assam,1906 is of the opinion that the Kachari were the aborigines or earliest inhabitants of the Brahmaputra valley along with Chutia,Karbi and Moran people. After hundreds of years of rule in the Brahmaputra valley,a bulk of this race due to socio-political turmoil,were believed to have migrated south of the Brahmaputra and settled in the areas of the present Nagaon of Assam after crossing the mighty river by planning of cane bridge, probably the Brahmaputra. This section is now known as 'Dimasa' etymologically 'the children of the great river' (Di = water, ma = big, sa = children) (see Bordoloi 1988, Gait 1906). Facing Ahom aggression, they further migrated toward south, on to the Dongsiri>Dhansiri valley and established their capital at Dimapur presently in the state of Nagaland after a short stint at Kachomari pathar about forty kilometers from Dimapur. It was here that the Dimasa Kachari undertook an arduous task of state building and flourished for several hundred years till 1536 when they shifted their capital to Maibang at the present day district of Dima Hasao District (Old name \"North Cachar Hills\") of Assam. Historical relics of Dimasa Kachari royaldome still exist in and around Dimapur, particularly in the Dimapur fort called Kachari Rajbari in spite of the constant ravages of human encroachment, show that the Kachari at that period had attained a state of the result of bricks making. Among the large tanks Podum Pukhuri, Bangle Pukhuri, Bamun Pukhuri, Raj Pukhuri, Jor Pukhuri and others still survive to this day. It is said in one folklore that during the fight with Ahom, The Dimasa Kachari King had dumped gold and other precious metals in some of these tanks and believed to have told his subject that long after he left, a day would come when a male Mithun would come from the hills and dig up this gold by its horn, which would weigh mound (about 240 kg) and that would be the time when Dimasa Kachari rise again and prosper. The Dimapur reign of the seven hundred years (i.e. 835 A.D to 1854 A.D.) extended along the southern bank of the Brahmaputra, from the Dikhow river in the east to Kalang in the west and Dhansiri valley. Historian are not in the position to tell the exact date of establishment of the Dimasa Kachari capital of Dimapur. They presumed that the capital of Dimapur was established in the 10th century. Dimapur was said to be flourishing at its full heights. For, it must have taken at least seven hundred years for the King to build his state. The glorious Rule of the Dimasa Kachari Kingdom at Dimapur capital from intime memorial from the epic age, but it began with the advent of the Ahoms in the upper Brahmaputra by the close of the fifteenth century. The expansionist behavior of the Ahom lead to constant hostilities between the two. Thus in the year 1490 the major battle was in which the Ahoms were completely routed and their Chief Chuhenpha was humiliated and forced to sue for peace. However peace did not last for long as the Ahoms intruded into the Dimasa Kachari territory and set up a fort at Morangi ( in Golaghat) and thus the battle ensued in 1526 AD and the Ahoms were again totally defeated and pushed back beyond the Dikhow river, which became the natural boundary between the two principalities for some years. Meanwhile, when the Ahoms kept on consolidating their army, the Dimasa Kachari, emboldened by previous successes, became complacent and neglected the security affairs of their country. Taking advantage of this, the Ahoms forgot their numerous humiliating defeat in the past and again broke their peace treaty with the", "year 1490 the major battle was in which the Ahoms were completely routed and their Chief Chuhenpha was humiliated and forced to sue for peace. However peace did not last for long as the Ahoms intruded into the Dimasa Kachari territory and set up a fort at Morangi ( in Golaghat) and thus the battle ensued in 1526 AD and the Ahoms were again totally defeated and pushed back beyond the Dikhow river, which became the natural boundary between the two principalities for some years. Meanwhile, when the Ahoms kept on consolidating their army, the Dimasa Kachari, emboldened by previous successes, became complacent and neglected the security affairs of their country. Taking advantage of this, the Ahoms forgot their numerous humiliating defeat in the past and again broke their peace treaty with the Dimasa Kachari and set up a fort at Morangi and thus another battle ensued and the Dimasa Kachari were finally defeated due to superior number of army. A Dimasa Kachari folk tale says that the Ahom army rode on cows during this battle, which shocked the Kachari army, since killing cows would be a defilement. The Dimasa Kacharis of that period, considered cows ‘gushu’ (impure). Only later, after they embraced Brahmanical Hinduism, did they believe cows sacred. After defeating the Kacharis monarch Khunkradao Raja, the Ahoms installed Dehtsung, the kings brother, as Dimapur King on condition of allegiance to the Ahoms ruler. However, within a few years the Dimasa Kachari king revolted and refused to pay tribute to the Ahom ruler and thus another battle became inevitable and in 1536 another fierce battle was fought. The Dimasa Kachari King was defeated. The survivors of the ruling clan along with loyal subjects thereafter shifted their capital to Maibang. From Dimapur, the royal family of Kachari in their last lag of migration moved to Khaspur of Kachar district of Assam. The Dimasa Kachari Kingdom finally annexed by the British East India company along with Assam following Yandabu Treaty. • Virochana (835 - 885), • Vorahi (885 - 925), • Prasanto alias Prasadao (Chakradwaj alias Khamaoto)(925 - 1010), • Uditya (1010 - 1040), • Prabhakar (1040 - 1070), • Korpoordhwaj (1070 - 1100), • Giridhar (1100 - 1125), •Beeradhwaj (1125 - 1155), • Surajit (1155 - 1180), • Ohak (1180 - 1210), • Makardhwaj Narayan (Rana Pratap alias Raogena) (1210 - 1286), • Bhopal (1286 - 1316), • Purandar (1316 - 1336), • Bicharpatipha alias Prakash (1336 - 1386), • Vikramadityapha alias Vikaranto (1386 - 1411), • Mahamanipha alias Prabal (1411 - 1436), • Manipha (1436 - 1461), • Ladapha (1461 - 1486), • Khunkhora alias Khorapha (1486 - 1511), • Det tsang alias Dersongpha (1511 - 1536), • Nirbhay Narayan (1540-1550), • Durlabh Narayan or Harmesvar (1550-1576), • Megha Narayana (1576–1583), •Satrrudaman (Pratap Narayan, Jasa Narayan) (1583–1613), • Nar Narayan (1613-1625), • Bhimdarpa Narayan Bhimbal Konwar (1625-1637), • Indraballabh Narayan (1637-1655), • Birdarpa Narayan (1655-1681), • Garurdhwaj Narayan (1681-1686), • Makardhwaj (1686-1692), • Udayaditya (1692-1699), • Tamradhwaj Narayan (1699–1708), • Queen Chandraprabha (1708-1710), • Suradarpa Narayan (1710-1730), • Dharmadhwaj Narayan (Harischandra Narayan) (1730-1735), • Kirichandra Narayan (1735–1745), • Gopichandra Narayan (1745–1757), • Harischandra II (1757–1772), • Krishnachandra Narayan Hasnusa (1772–1813), • Gobindchandra Narayan (1813–1830 till of 14 August), • Tularam Senapaty(Thaosen)(Died on 1850 of 12 October). Situated on the banks of the river Dhansiri,Dimapur, often described as the ‘Brick City’ by European scholars and also by the Ahom, was the ancient capital of a ruling nation, the Dimasa Kachari, who were once a powerful and predominant race in the Entire North-East India region.There are two versions of how Dimapur got its name. Many writers are of the opinion that the name’ Dimapur’ was derived from Dimasa Kachari words Di-meaning \"water,\" Ma-meaning big and Pur-meaning \"city\" or \"township\" in Dimasa-Kachari dialogue. While other believe that Dimapur is a corruption of Hidimbapur (Hirimbapur), meaning the city of Hidimba of Mahabharata fame whose wedlock with Pandava prince Bhima gave birth to Ghotokacha, who is believed to be the progenitor of the Kachari. Later Hidimbapur devolved to Dimbapur and then finally to Dimapur. In some Dimasa Kachari folklores Dimapur is often referred as Dimabang Halali, which implies that Dimapur was originally known by that name but was Sanskritized later by the Brahmin. In Ahom Chronicles Dimapur has been described as ‘Che-din-chi-pen’ (town-earth-burn-make) meaning ‘brick town’ or ‘Che-Dima’ meaning town of Dimasa The seat of capital of Dimapur Kingdom was originally surrounded by bricks walls of four feet wide, sixteen feet high with outer ditch running alongside the walls of sixteen feet width and twelve feet in depth except on the southern side where the river Dhansiri served as the natural ditch. On the eastern side there was a fine solid gateway with brick masonry of pointed double arcs. The gate was secured by double heavy doors hinged in pierced upright setting of solid stone blocks. At both ends of the bannttlement there were turrets of half quadrant shape and in between the arc-way and the turrets were niche resembling ornamental windows. On both sides above the arc there were symbolic works of sun flower. There were originally inset by bright brass coating and could be seen dazzling from the great distance. Inside the fortified city, there were seventeen artistic stone pillars. These stone monuments were decorated with carvings of foliage, flowers, familiar animals and birds but nowhere any human images of gods and goddesses were seen. These implied that the Dimasa Kachari were free of Hindu influence at that time. These monoliths are believed to be lineal monuments of the ruling kings of Dimapur. The biggest of them was seventeen feet high and twenty four feet in circumference and was said to be memorial of the greatest Dimasa Kachari ruler Makardhwaj Thaosen in whose time the traditional glory of the Dimasa Kachari Kingdom rose to its climax and during whose time the conquests were made of Manipur and Burma by Hero Dehmalu Kemprai, the greatest war lord of the Dimasa Kachari. Also during this period, heroes like Rangadao Daolaguphu (Who was given the southern part of Dimapur, Ranga Pathar or Rangapahar after his name is still remain), Dehgadao Daolaguphu and mystic heroines like Waibangma,Waringma Theremju flourished in war affairs and mysticism. Other V-shape stone monuments seventeen in numbers indicated seventeen royal clans of the ‘Kachari Aristocracy’ a term used by Dr. Francis Hamilton, a renowned scholar of the Kachari Royal Clan. Shri S.K. Barpujari in his book ‘History of the Dimasa’ and some writers opined that the Dimasa Kachari Kings to commemorated their Victory over other tribesman, erected moonlights of different shapes indicating the different traditions of the vanquished tribes. This tradition of carving victory memorial is in vogue hill tribes and it is possible that the Dimasa Kachari kings might have followed the tradition of these tribes hand it is possible that the Dimasa Kachari kings might have followed the tradition of this tribes for administrative interest. Dr H. Bareh in the ‘Gazetteer of India’ writes that the oblong V-Shaped stone pillars closely correspond to the similarly V-Shaped post protruding from the roof of the house of wealthy Angami. The tallest and largest megalith, which lies isolated from others and has a unique Sultanate style, is believed to have been erected by the founder king of Dimapur, who after vanquishing the tribes all around made his triumpant tower to commemorate his victory and this became a tradition setter. In and around this old city, large number of tanks over fifty in number existed, although most of them have since either dried up or have been destroyed by reckless human encroachment without an iota of respect", "Dimasa Kachari kings might have followed the tradition of this tribes for administrative interest. Dr H. Bareh in the ‘Gazetteer of India’ writes that the oblong V-Shaped stone pillars closely correspond to the similarly V-Shaped post protruding from the roof of the house of wealthy Angami. The tallest and largest megalith, which lies isolated from others and has a unique Sultanate style, is believed to have been erected by the founder king of Dimapur, who after vanquishing the tribes all around made his triumpant tower to commemorate his victory and this became a tradition setter. In and around this old city, large number of tanks over fifty in number existed, although most of them have since either dried up or have been destroyed by reckless human encroachment without an iota of respect for the history. These tanks were believed to be either dug by the kings for providing water supply to their people or might have resulted due to brick making, as pieces of old bricks could still be found in and around these tanks and, as has been mentioned earlier, Dimapur was known for use of bricks. Most of large tanks are rectangular and have a hardwood seasoned poles planted deep at the centre of the tanks, which have lasted for hundreds of years. Others are of irregular shapes without any such wooden poles. Inference in that, the former ones might have been dug by the Dimasa kings for water supply and the later were habitation as Di-gojo> Dijuwa meaning cut off from main river or stream’ and this tradition is still in vogue, and this area covers Dimapur and Dimasa Kachari inhabited areas of Karbi Anglong District of Assam in the Dhansiri valley. The present Dimapur is the commercial capital of Nagaland and is one of the fastest growing townships in the entire North-east region. But irony is, in the name of the modernity and development, this ancient city of Dimapur, whose historical relics finds a place in the World. Heritage is being gradually destroyed of its rich history by reckless human greed, and total destruction of its rich heritage is only a question of time. According to the 2001 Census of India, more than 98% of all Dimasa living in Assam are Hindu. In a Dimasa society, it is believed spiritual life, Spirit is a soul. Dimasa believe traditionally the rebirth of soul after death. Dimasa believe that they are the children of Bangla Raja and the great divine bird Aarikhidima. The six sons namely- Sibrai, Doo Raja, Naikhu Raja, Waa Raja, Gunyung Brai Yung, Hamyadao born to Bangla Raja and Arikhidima are their ancestors and the Dimasa consider them to be their ancestral gods. They are called Madai in Dimasa. The evil spirits born out of the seventh egg of Arikhidima are responsible for the diseases, sufferings and natural calamities. Many Dimasa consider themselves to be Hindus although they have their traditional gods and goddesses. Among the six ancestral gods, Sibrai being the eldest, is the most important and during worship his name is to be uttered first. Sibrai is equated with Hindu Siva and Ranachandi with Parbati or Kali. The Dimasa also believe that Matengma, Hirimdi and Kamakhya are other names of Ranachandi. The whole Dimasa kingdom in bygone days was divided into twelve religious areas called Daikho. There are twelve priests for twelve Daikhos. The priest of a Daikho is called Zonthai. He have supreme authority in matters of deities and religion and above Zonthai is there is Zonthaima. Dain-yah is the one who sacrifice animal. Hojai performs the rituals over the twelve Zonthais of twelve Daikhos, there is a principal priest or chief priest called Gisiya. The selected person will get the Zonthaiship only when Gisiya offers him holy water called Dithar (Di-gathar). The Dimasa concept of heaven and hell is also very faint. according to their belief Firinghi is heaven, Damra is the land for the dead where the dead persons retain their original form. \"Manner\" is a human virtue inherent in man’s character, also and passed from father to son and mother to daughter. In Dimasa, the village system is called Nohlai meaning a cluster of houses and the whole village with its population is called Raji. Dimasa tend to live on river banks and next to streams. Therefore, Dimasa Kachari villages are on hills, with thirty to fifty, though sometimes (rarely) as many as four hundred houses. The houses are built in two facing rows. The houses, with a timber superstructure, mud-plastered bamboo walls, and thatched roof are called Noh-Dima. Each families in a village has a few fruit trees—like Guava, mango, Jack fruit, plaintain and others. The traditional village headman, who is at the top of the village administration, is a Khunang. He has both executive and judiciary powers. He is assisted by another official called the Dillik (Assistant Headman). Next to him is Daulathu who occupies the third place. Next to the Daulathu is the Haphaisgao, who holds office for two years. Other village officials include Phrai, Montri, Hangsbukhu, and Jalairao. Dimasa houses use a floor plan called Noh-Dima that partitions the structure into a drawing room, sleeping room, kitchen room, and granary. A place for pounding rice is called Thengkhikho in Dimasa. Santho-rimin is another kind of pounding rice tool. Dimasa use a household article like to keep water used the bamboo and for cooking use silver utensil,spoon made of wood and Dish made of wood and banana leaf and other, a house for latrin, bath room and others also. The village, earlier in Dimasa society, there is grouping system of houses which is called punji which consisted of one a place around. Nohdrang named in Dimasa called club is placed in the middle or centre in the village or punji. The road communication is connect from the village to centre i.e. market, shop, town and another place. In the socio-economic life of the Dimasa, the role played by livestock is of great significance. Domesticated animals and birds are not only required during the celebration of socio-religion festivals and performance of rituals but required for Domestic consumption and sometimes for commercial purposes also. The Dimasa Kachari rears Buffalo,Pigs, Fowls, Goats, Ducks, Cows and others. Many stone monoliths are lying scattered at Kachomari pathar on the Daiyang river in Golaghat district Assam, bears the triumphant victory in the battles many times by Dimasa King from the 13th century. The remains of the palatial buildings, the traditional capital gateway and the decorative art of architecture, geometric and floral ornamentation found in these relics are marvelous. The sculptural design of animals and birds on the pillars at Dimapur by Raja Makardwaj Thousen in the tenth century show clearly the state of cultural development of the Dimasa Kachari. Many erected ramparts, temples were not seen at capital complex Dimapur due to the destruction by Ahom period in 1536. Stone house was erected at Maibang by Raja Harish Chandra Hasnusa in the 16th century. Stone inscription was installed at capital gate of Maibang by Raja Meghanarayan Hasnusa and statue of Horse is a worthable. Numerous temples of Garhere vitor, Khaspur and Singhadowar of Khaspur both palaces of Queen Indraprava Devi were erected by Dimaraja in the 18th century bear the cultural of that time. As Dimasa Kachari have both male clan and female clans their law inheritance is somewhat peculiar in nature. The Dimasa have a patriarchal society. But in spite of that they have three types of property namely paternal property, maternal property and common property. The paternal property consists of real estates, weapons, cash money and the cattle. The maternal or mothers property consists of jewellery, clothes and looms with their accessories used by the mother. The common property consists of the cooking utensil, brass-metal dishes and bowls and other household equipment. According to the customary law of inheritance of the Dimasa, while the paternal property is inherited by the sons,", "of Queen Indraprava Devi were erected by Dimaraja in the 18th century bear the cultural of that time. As Dimasa Kachari have both male clan and female clans their law inheritance is somewhat peculiar in nature. The Dimasa have a patriarchal society. But in spite of that they have three types of property namely paternal property, maternal property and common property. The paternal property consists of real estates, weapons, cash money and the cattle. The maternal or mothers property consists of jewellery, clothes and looms with their accessories used by the mother. The common property consists of the cooking utensil, brass-metal dishes and bowls and other household equipment. According to the customary law of inheritance of the Dimasa, while the paternal property is inherited by the sons, the maternal property is inherited by the daughters and common property is shared by the sons and daughters equally. Agricultural is the principal occupation and main source of livelihood of the Diamsa Kacharis. Dimasa were compelled to adopt shifting cultivation, commonly known as jhum, in hilly areas. Tracts of plains land suitable for permanent cultivation lying here and there between the ridges are very few. The Dimasa mainly cultivate maize, sesame, cotton and others. Many Dimasa families cultivate pineapples, oranges, cotton and mustars to a limited extent. In the jhum site itself a house to store the harvested paddy is erected and this house is called Mandu. Biba’s meaning is to be applied to a boys and girls to carry the paddy to his own house from the keeping Mandu. Bushu is an important festival celebrated by Dimasa with the celebration of great pomp and splenduor among the Dimasa. Bushu is celebrated after completion of harvest. Bushu, the word gives the meaning such as Brai-Sibrai is a supreme God in Dimasa society. So, in this way, the entire harvesting new paddy is offered first to the Brai sibrai madai for peace of the human kind is called Bushu. Phangsla, an artistically designed gate, is erected at the village entrance for the Bishu festival.Busu has a three kind namely Surem Busu observe for three or five days, Hangseu manaoba Bushu is observed for seven days and Jidab Bushu is for only one day. Gajaibao is selected as a head of the festival. He is in charge of the festival. Meats of animals and birds killed are consumed in a communal feast on the very day. Bushu is followed by singing accompanied by the rhythm of Kharams (drums), Muri, the wooden buggle continues first to third days without stop. Man and woman, Boys and Girls and others with their traditional dress spends whole night by dancing in the festival. In the afternoon local games like long jump, high jump, stone throw is organised in front of Nodrang in last day. Bushu garba is conducted by the Khunang with elders. Any chief guest, invited guest has to be welcome by playing the Muri and Kharam in any occasion in Dimasa society. Among the festivals of the Dimasa, Bushu is the most joyous and important community festival. The festival is usually celebrated in the month of January, when all sort or works of the jhum are completed. Thus the Bushu is an occasion for relaxation from hard toils. It can, therefore be termed as harvesting festival or a festival of rejoicing and merry making. Hence the participation in this celebration is not restricted to any one. The festival may be celebration at an agreed time according to the convenience of the village people. But since 1994 as per the decision of Dimasa community of Dima Hasao, the Autonomous Council of Dima Hasao had officially declared 27 January as Bushu festival day. The Bushu festival can be divided into the following categories:- Bushu Jidap: Bushu Jidap is generally observed for one to three days. It is celebrated under the guidance of the leadership of the Khunang or Gaonbura. The first day is called mi-staiba meaning slaughtering day of animals for feast. The animal is slaughtered in the morning and in the afternoon they held a community feast called Khalaima khamba in the house of Khunang. When the sun goes down the competition called Baiba Bdailaiba consisting of singing, dancing and playing musical instruments of Muree are held in the courtyard of the bachelor’s traditional house called Nohdrang. The bonfire is lit in the middle of the dancing ground which lightens the ground and serves to warm up themselves from the cold night. The best dancers and Muree players are given prizes. The whole night is then passed in dancing and merry making. The second day is called Bushuma, meaning the main Bushu day. It is on this day the children or juniors pay respect and adoration, to their parents or elders. It is done individually or collectively. This kind of ceremonial blessing is called Bushu Gaba, and is usually undertaken before the mid noon. The whole day passed in eating meat and drinking rice beer. In the afternoon the traditional long-jump called Harang baiba and Shot-put or longthailemba are played in a particular selected level area. The game is meant only for the senior married persons, naturally householder. The declared hero or winner has to entertain the villagers with rice beer and meat. On the third and last day young boys and young girls pay a house to house visit by singing and dancing in the courtyard of the selected well to do persons of the village. Whatever they collect either in cash or in kind from this process is eventually used for their feast. In the evening or at the dawn of the morning according to the instructions of the village priest they end their dance and playing musical instruments. On behalf of his village the priest then perform Gerba on the main road of the village by sacrificing a fowl to the deity of the village for omissions and commission during the festivals. This is called Lamphungba, and by sacrificing this ritual means the end of the festival. Surem Baino It is generally celebrated for five days. Surem Baino, unlike the Bushu Jidap, is celebrated under the guidance of Gajaibao not of the Khunang (Village headman). When a village is supposed to observe the Surem Baino, they would have to elect or select the Gajaibao or leader or guardian for it long before the celebration. The Bushu celebration is then undertaken in the courtyard of Gajaibao. The function like dancing, singing is also held in the compound of Gajaibaos whereas in the jidap they observe in the Nodrang. These are the differences between Jidap and Surem Baino. Hangseu Manaoba The Bushu, the most joyous festival of the Dimasas are celebrated widely through its stages of Jidap or Surem. But the third and the grandest category Hangseu Manaoba is mostly celebrated by a large village where there are large numbers of Hangseu or youths. As Hangseu Manaoba is to be celebrated for seven days or seven nights without stopping of the Khrams (drums) and Muree (trumpet), music, dance, feasting and drinking, therefore the undertaking of this particular category needs a sound economy and healthy background of the village. Due to this the youths take initiative to collect fund long before its celebration. They therefore sometimes engaged as day labourers in the jhum of their fellow farmers for fund raising. Some village youths sometime even make a special jhum for this purpose and thus produce like vegetables, pumpkins, chillies, paddy and others,which are used for the occasion. The women folk also performs \"haoba-ragai\", community work in exchange for money or provision to celebrate this Bushu. Provision for sufficient quantities of meat, and rice beer- judima, Plantain leaves, Pontho-bamboo cups, firewood for the whole night’s bonfire as well as for cooking for the whole seven days have to be making by the youths accordingly. Bushu being termed as community festival of merriment, generally the entire responsibility of the celebration is borne by the youths of the village. Throughout the celebration period the village people observe a ritual", "jhum of their fellow farmers for fund raising. Some village youths sometime even make a special jhum for this purpose and thus produce like vegetables, pumpkins, chillies, paddy and others,which are used for the occasion. The women folk also performs \"haoba-ragai\", community work in exchange for money or provision to celebrate this Bushu. Provision for sufficient quantities of meat, and rice beer- judima, Plantain leaves, Pontho-bamboo cups, firewood for the whole night’s bonfire as well as for cooking for the whole seven days have to be making by the youths accordingly. Bushu being termed as community festival of merriment, generally the entire responsibility of the celebration is borne by the youths of the village. Throughout the celebration period the village people observe a ritual called Gerba, wherein the blessings are sought from the deity to protect the village. During the celebration of Bussu the village people do not go out for work or take up any kind of journey. Each and every one has to try their level best not to spoil the festivity spirit but to celebrate in its fullest way, which ought to be made. It is in this Hangseu Manaoba as a mark of festivities and reception; the youths use to erect the traditional welcome gate called Phangsla, at the main entrance gate of the village. The Phangsla is wholly constructed with a bamboo, which is artistically designed and decorated with a splattered bamboo itself. In bygone days the Phangsla is supposed to be constructed only during the Hangseu Bishu, not on the surem or jidap. But nowadays, whether it is Jidap or Surem, one can see the Phangsla in the celebration of Bushu, especially in the urban areas. The celebration of Hangseu Manaoba is led under the guidance of selected leader Gajaibao. Besides this leader, they also have boys’ leader called Nagahoja and girls’ leader called Mathlahoja. In Dimasa, young boys or men are called Nagarao and young girls or women are called Malarao. Hangseu or Hangso is a youth organization of which both the Nagarao and Malarao are members. They therefore work hard day and night under the guidance of the said three leaders to make the Hangseu Manaoba Bushu a grand success. First Day :The first day is called Hangseu Bushu Rajini Sthaiba, which means the slaughtering day of animals by the village elders. In the morning the village deities are offered sacrifices either pigs, fowls or goats by the elders group. As each village has its own patron Madais, it therefore, is difficult to mention the names of the Madais here to whom the people would offer. But in every ritual Sibrai is remembered, as he is specially considered as the main deity of the Dimasa. The Madais are offered sacrifices to bless the celebration of the festival so that no accident or untoward incidents take place during the time of celebration. After the ritual ceremony is over a portion of the sacrificial meat are then cooked in the house of Khunang or Gajaibao, and the rest are distributed to each household as per their contribution. Then the village elder would feast together by eating the meat and drinking the rice beer. The youths and children are not allowed to join this feast, it is purely sacramental one. This is called Mido garba. Second Day : The second day is called Nagaraoni Sthaiba, which means slaughtering day of the animals by the youths. In the morning the buffalo which was solely bought by the Hangseus or youth members is killed and prepared a portion of the meat for their grand feast and the rest are distributed to each Hangso members. Before they eat the cook meat, a handful of the meat curry is offered to the deity Sibarai. While offering the meat to Sibarai, the following sacred songs are pronounced by one and all, so that they could have a blessed Bushu. After one and all saying the above songs, on behalf of the Busu leader (Gajaibao), and Hangsong youths` association they hold a community feast called Suba jiba. The whole day they eat, drink and rejoice. In the evening, when the sun is about to set, the youths hold a community singing fiesta called Bagaoba. The song is sung generally in a position of standing in lines in a procession type in the open space as if they recharged the spirit of festivity in their midst. The following song is one of the oldest songs of the Hangseu Bushu, which is believed to have its origin from the Zeme Princess. (It is said that once a Dimasa Prince married a Zeme girl which is traditionally considered to be the source of this song). Hangso Manaubani Bagauthai This procession is held to call the people to participate in the festival forgiving debts and forgetting grievances, differences and enmity. The second day ends in eating. Drinking and in entertaining guests, friends and relatives. Third Day : The third day is called Bushuma. It is considered as the main Bushu day. One this day the children or juniors show respect to their elders and pay ceremonial homage to the elders and offer a Bushu present like a handful of cook meat and a cup full of rice beer. It is done individually or collectively and is usually undertaken within the 12 noon. This kind of ceremonial blessing is called Busu Gaba. One this day not only pay homage to the living but they also pay homage to the spirits of the dead of the preceding year. This last offering of food and drink to the dead \"homage ritual\" is known as Makhamgarkhaoba. A community feast is also arranged on this day. Every family entertained people in the house with a handful of meat in a plantain and a bamboo cup of ju. In the afternoon the badailaiba or traditional sports like longthailemba meaning stone throwing and harong baiba meaning long-jump for the elders are held. The winners are sometimes given prizes by the selected persons like maidung and beseng. (maidung and beseng are the two persons, 1st and 2nd in rank who got more paddy than the others in the preceding year) but traditionally, it is expected that the donations whether in cash or in kind may be used for the feast. These competitions, held in the spirit of friendship and understanding, are meant to entertain and the people have fun and laugh. When the sun goes down, on the courtyard of the Gajaibao a bonfire is lit to warm up from the breezy cold night or to lighten the dancing ground. The young boys and girls, men and women then put on their best traditional dresses and ornaments to take part in the famous Baiba dance. They perform various kinds of dances like Baidima, Jaupinbani, Daislaibani, Jaubani, etc. The good dancers are given prizes. The boys and girls merrily dance together to the music of Kharam and Muree throughout the night, while old men and women and children assembled to witness the gleeful dance of the youths. While watching the skill of their young ones, old men, old women sometimes recalling their sweet bygone days even join the dance for a while just for mirth and fun. A gallon of drinks like ju and judima in a bamboo tube and a bundle peace of meat in a wrapped-up leaf plate are served to them now and then. Drinks are an essential part of the festival and are distributed in fresh pontho (bamboo tube cups) while meat is served in plaintive leaves. While the old aged group cannot take part in the entertainment, they gather in a Khunang house sitting around the fireplace, chatting, joking and tell stories, drinking, eating to their hearts` content. This is how the third day and night passes by. Fourth to Sixth days : The fourth, fifth and sixth days are called Baikhaoba or Jikhaoba. On these days too community feast are held. The days are spent mainly in eating, drinking, singing and dancing and merrymaking. People go from house to house to share the joy of the festivity and each family provides them with ample food and drinks by each family. During these days they will perform the dances in the courtyard of the selected well to do family and to the leaders house. This is called Baisingba. This Social festivity continues till", "leaves. While the old aged group cannot take part in the entertainment, they gather in a Khunang house sitting around the fireplace, chatting, joking and tell stories, drinking, eating to their hearts` content. This is how the third day and night passes by. Fourth to Sixth days : The fourth, fifth and sixth days are called Baikhaoba or Jikhaoba. On these days too community feast are held. The days are spent mainly in eating, drinking, singing and dancing and merrymaking. People go from house to house to share the joy of the festivity and each family provides them with ample food and drinks by each family. During these days they will perform the dances in the courtyard of the selected well to do family and to the leaders house. This is called Baisingba. This Social festivity continues till sixth noon. In the morning of the sixth day the youth go round the village singing, dancing and playing music. This is called digarlaiba. For the last dance, they again assembled in the dancing ground by performing the dance in merry go round. In the middle of the arena they made a pothole in the ground and let a pitchful of water and the blood of an earlier sacrificial buffalo, and make watery muddy for playing purposes. After singing and dancing for sometime the dancers, children along with their bachelors leader Nagahoja or Mathlahoja facing to the main door of the house of Gajaibao (Hangseu Bushu Leader)and proceed as if in the coming and going for three times. In the same time some youths behave like monkeys and pull out the main door of the Gaijaibao`s house replace it the new one. Pulling out the door may symbolize the end of the Gajaibao`s responsibility. This is known as derga khouma, meaning the door id pulled off. The pulled door was then carried in procession to the river. During the procession they throw the prepared watery muddy at each other in a playful way. This kind of playing with mud is known as Didap Hulaiba. As soon as they each the river the door is thrown into the water and everyone takes their bath. This simply signifies that the festival has comes to an end. Idea: Dimasa has a concept and idea to uplight his own society. It has an education for preparation of intellectual. Dimasa has a conception of philosophy to rebirth the soul. Social: A Dimasa family generally consists of the head of the family, his wife, their unmarried son and daughter and unmarried brothers and sisters of the family. Dimasa Kachari has forty male clans called Sengphong and forty two female clan called Julu. The Dimasa society has its own society system of marriage. Existence of female clans along with the male can makes the Dimasa marriage somewhat complicated. The male clans and female clans are exogamous and no marriage can take place between the boys and the girls of the same clan whether be it patri clan or matri clan and however distantly related they might be i.e. A boy belong to Kemprai clan (Patri clan can never marry a girl of a Kemprai father although they might be very distantly related. The same principal is followed in case of the female clan also i.e. a girl belong to madaima mother.) The Ritual performance: The Dimasa have a cremation ground called Mangkhulong. Dimasa cremate the dead body after death. But in olden times and days, this performance has to be conducted after one month or a year gathering all relation and others. The male Dimasa use only two types of ornaments namely Yaocher and Kharik. Females use: The dance forms of the Dimasa Kachari are complex in character. They are strictly dependent on instrumental music. No songs are used. Kharam (drum) follows the rhythm of the Muri (fife) and so also the dancers. Though one may find the music from Muri to be monotonous, there are variations with noticeable microtones for different dance forms. That is why young men practice dancing at Nodrang during leisure hours and the village children follow the rhythm and stepping at a distance from an early age. Any Dimasa dance is called Baidima ( Bai-means dance, Dima-means Dimasa) Different kinds of Dimasa dances are-Baidima (Hasao), Baidijuwa, Baidembra, Baimaijai (It means a cultural performance with stone siever once a time during Dimapur reign, so called Baimaiajai. Now-a-days its unable to perform with stone siever. So Cultural performer conducts with plate or Dish during Festival time.), Baijabah (war dance), Hadaobani, Jaubani, Jauphinbani, Ren-gnibani, Baichergi, Khunlubani, Dainselaibani, Khamauthaikhim khaubani, Nanabairibani, Burunjala Khalaibani, Homau daobani, Hakhor Jaobani, Rong-jaobani, Dausimaikhabani, Dauyungjang, Nowaijang dainlaibani, Nah-rimbani, Rogidaw Bihimaiyadao, Maijaobani, Maishubani, Rishibani, Mishai bonthai jibani, Madaikhilimbani and others. Dimasa people The Dimasa people (or Dima-basa, and also called Dimasa-Kachari) are an indigenous ethnolinguistic (note that dimasa are not Assamese) community presently inhabiting Assam and Nagaland states in Northeastern India. Dimasa mythology says that they are the children of Bangla Raja (Earthquake God) and" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Nottingham Building Society The Nottingham Building Society is a building society founded in 1849 by a group led by Samuel Fox (1781–1868), a Quaker and prominent local grocer. The purpose of the society was to promote the construction of a better class of dwellings, suitable for the working and middle classes, as well as provide a safe and profitable place for small savings. The Nottingham Building Society was one of the first financial institutions to introduce online banking in 1983, with its Homelink service on Prestel. It is a member of the Building Societies Association. The society currently has 67 branches across 11 counties including in city centre on Parliament Street, Beeston, Bulwell, Mapperley, Sherwood on Mansfield Road, and Wollaton. It has many of its branches in the county of Nottinghamshire, Hertfordshire and others in Lincolnshire, Derbyshire and Sheffield. In 1970 it acquired the Grantham Building Society and has taken on branches destined for closure from Banco Santander, The Co-operative Bank, Derbyshire Building Society, Shepshed Building Society and Yorkshire Building Society. In July 2017, The Nottingham Building Society added to its branch network by acquiring seven locations from the Norwich and Peterborough Building Society. Nottingham Building Society The Nottingham Building" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "William Mitchinson Hicks William Mitchinson Hicks, FRS (23 September 1850, Launceston, Cornwall – 17 August 1934, Crowhurst, Sussex) was a British mathematician and physicist. He studied at St John's College, Cambridge, graduating in 1873, and became a Fellow at the College. Hicks spent most of his career at Sheffield, contributing to the development of the university there. He was Principal of Firth College from 1892 to 1897. In 1897, Firth College merged with two other colleges to form the University College of Sheffield, and Hicks was its first Principal until 1905, when the College received its own Royal Charter and became the University of Sheffield. Hicks was the first Vice Chancellor of the University, serving from 1905. From 1883 to 1892, he was Professor of Physics and Mathematics at Sheffield, and was Professor of Physics there from 1892 to 1917. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1885. He was awarded the Royal Society's Royal Medal in 1912: \"\"On the ground of his researches in mathematical physics.\"\" In 1921, Hicks won the Adams Prize. The Hicks Building at the University of Sheffield, which houses the departments of Physics and Astronomy, the Chemistry and Physics Workshop (formally known as the Central Mechanical Workshops) and the School of Mathematics and Statistics, is named in his honour. William Mitchinson Hicks William Mitchinson Hicks, FRS (23 September 1850, Launceston, Cornwall – 17 August 1934, Crowhurst, Sussex) was a British mathematician and physicist. He studied at St John's College, Cambridge, graduating in 1873, and became a Fellow at the College. Hicks spent most of his career at Sheffield, contributing to the development of the university there. He was Principal of Firth College from 1892 to 1897. In 1897, Firth College merged with two other colleges to form the University College of Sheffield," ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "New Berlin, Wisconsin New Berlin is a city in Waukesha County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 39,584 at the 2010 census, making it the second largest community in Waukesha County after the city of Waukesha. New Berlin is situated on the eastern border of Waukesha County. Interstate 94 is located immediately north of the city, and Interstate 43 passes through it. Area residents put the accent on the first syllable of Berlin , rather than the second. The first settlers, Sidney Evans and P.G. Harrington, arrived in the northeastern part of what is now the New Berlin in 1836. The area first came under local government in 1838 as part of the Town of Muskego, which at the time was composed of New Berlin and Muskego. The area that is now the city of New Berlin was separated from the Town of Muskego in 1839 and named the Town of Mentor. On January 13, 1840, the Town of Mentor became the Town of New Berlin. It was named by Sidney Evans for his hometown, New Berlin, New York. The town remained a rural and agricultural area until the 1940s, when the westward migration to the suburbs from Milwaukee began. Between 1850 and 1950, New Berlin's population went from 1,293 to 5,334. Ten years later, in 1960, the population had nearly tripled to 15,788. The Town of New Berlin became the City of New Berlin with its incorporation in 1959. Large-scale growth to New Berlin occurred in the 1960s and 1970s, mainly as a result of the construction of the New Berlin Industrial Park, which began in 1964. The park is composed of three separate business parks encompassing . The business parks include the Moorland Road Industrial Park, the New Berlin Industrial Park and the MSI/Lincoln Avenue Industrial Park. Interstate 43 has been expanded at the Moorland Road exit in order to accommodate a growing number of commuters from the suburb. The new interchange has a two-lane roundabout that has been the center of a great deal of controversy because of the high number of accidents and traffic back-ups on Interstate 43. New Berlin is located at (42.979063, −88.109188). It straddles the Sub-Continental Divide, which runs north-south through the eastern part of the city. Nearly in the western part of the city, or about 73% of the city's total land area, is located west of the Sub-Continental Divide in the Fox River watershed, which is part of the Mississippi River watershed. The remaining area is within the Great Lakes/St. Lawrence River drainage basin. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which, is land and is water. Michael Joseph Gross of \"GQ\" said that \"On the map, New Berlin forms a neat six-by-six-mile square in the southeast corner of Waukesha County\". The median income for a household in the city was $73,688, and the median income for a family was $90,659. Males had a median income of $42,008 versus $33,329 for females. The per capita income for the city was $36,609. About 2.1% of families and 3.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.9% of those under age 18 and 4.6% of those age 65 or over. As of 2009 most New Berlin residents were middle class professionals. Some of them are descendants of area farming families. Others originated from white flight from Milwaukee in the 1960s and 1970s. As of the census of 2010, there were 39,584 people, 16,292 households, and 11,327 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,086.2 people per square mile (400.6/km²). There were 14,921 housing units at an average density of 405.0 per square mile (156.4/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 93.4% White, 0.7% African American, 0.3% Native American, 3.8% Asian, 0.6% from other races, and 1.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.6% of the population. There were 16,292 households of which 26.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.7% were married couples living together, 5.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.5% were non-families. 25.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 2.92. In the city, the population was spread out with 21.3% under the age of 18, 6.2% from 18 to 24, 22.5% from 25 to 44, 33% from 45 to 64, and 16.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44.9 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.3 males. The Utility Service Area is supplied with water from Lake Michigan, which is purchased from the Milwaukee Water Works. In the eastern portion of the city wastewater is returned to Lake Michigan via the Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District sewer system. The western portions of the city, outside of the Utility Service Area, use groundwater/private wells as their water supply source. Four municipal wells act in a reserve capacity. The groundwater acquired from these wells is found in two distinct shallow water bearing geologic formations, or aquifers. The water from these aquifers is radium compliant. The eight-member Common Council consists of seven aldermen, representing each of the city’s seven aldermanic districts, and the mayor. The mayor is elected to serve a term of four years; aldermen are elected to serve a term of three years. The mayor of New Berlin is David Ament. The Common Council adopts the city budget and passes laws, policies and regulations that govern the city. According to the city's 2011 \"Comprehensive Annual Financial Report\", the largest employers in the city are: Schools in the School District of New Berlin are: There are three private elementary (K4-8) schools in New Berlin: New Berlin has 26 parks totaling approximately , of which are developed parks, are preserved as conservancy, comprise the New Berlin Hills Golf Course, and are in various states of development. Facilities include playing fields at Malone Park, near New Berlin's City Hall, and a disc golf course at Valley View Park, in the southeastern part of the city. \" Money magazine\" ranked New Berlin #11 in its 2017 Top 100 Best Places to Live in America. New Berlin, Wisconsin New Berlin is a city in Waukesha County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 39,584 at the 2010 census, making it the second largest community in Waukesha County after the city of Waukesha. New Berlin" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Georgios Kalaitzakis Georgios Kalaitzakis (Greek: Γιώργος Καλαϊτζάκης; born January 2, 1999) is a Greek professional basketball player for Panathinaikos of the Greek Basket League. He is a 2.02 m (6'7 \") tall combo guard, that can also operated as a point forward. He has been regarded as one of the top NBA draft prospects in Europe, for his age. After playing with the junior youth clubs of Aris, Kalaitzakis began his professional career in 2016, with the Greek club Panathinaikos. With Panathinaikos, he won the Greek Cup title in 2016 and 2017, and the Greek League championship, in 2017 and 2018. In March 2018, Kalaitzakis announced his intention to declare for the 2018 NBA draft. He withdrew from the draft before the draft's withdrawal deadline. Kalaitzakis has been a member of the junior national teams of Greece. With Greece's junior national teams, he played at the 2015 FIBA Europe Under-16 Championship, the 2016 FIBA Europe Under-18 Championship, and the 2017 FIBA Europe Under-18 Championship. He also played at the 2018 FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship. Kalaitzakis' twin brother Panos is also a professional basketball player. Georgios Kalaitzakis Georgios Kalaitzakis (Greek: Γιώργος Καλαϊτζάκης; born January 2, 1999) is a Greek professional basketball" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "USS Arkansas (BB-33) USS \"Arkansas\" (BB-33) was a dreadnought battleship, the second member of the , built by the United States Navy. She was the third ship of the US Navy named in honor of the 25th state, and was built by the New York Shipbuilding Corporation. She was laid down in January 1910, launched in January 1911, and commissioned into the Navy in September 1912. \"Arkansas\" was armed with a main battery of twelve guns and capable of a top speed of . \"Arkansas\" served in both World Wars. During the First World War, she was part of Battleship Division Nine, which was attached to the British Grand Fleet, but she saw no action during the war. During the interwar years, \"Arkansas\" performed a variety of duties, including training cruises for midshipmen and goodwill visits overseas. Following the outbreak of World War II, \"Arkansas\" conducted Neutrality Patrols in the Atlantic prior to America's entry into the war. Thereafter, she escorted convoys to Europe through 1944; in June, she supported the invasion of Normandy, and in August she provided gunfire support to the invasion of southern France. In 1945, she transferred to the Pacific, and bombarded Japanese positions during the invasions of Iwo Jima and Okinawa. After the end of the war, she ferried troops back to the United States as part of Operation Magic Carpet. \"Arkansas\" was expended as a target in Operation Crossroads, a pair of nuclear weapon tests at Bikini Atoll in July 1946. \"Arkansas\" was laid down on 25 January 1910, at New York Shipbuilding in Camden, New Jersey. She was launched on 14 January 1911, after which fitting-out work was effected. The ship was completed by September 1912, and was commissioned into the US Navy on 17 September, at the Philadelphia Navy Yard, under the command of Captain Roy C. Smith. The ship was long overall and had a beam of and a draft of . She displaced as designed and up to at full combat load. The ship was powered by four-shaft Parsons steam turbines and twelve coal-fired Babcock & Wilcox boilers rated at , generating a top speed of . The ship had a cruising range of at a speed of . The ship was armed with a main battery of twelve 12-inch/50 caliber Mark 7 guns guns in six twin Mark 9 gun turrets on the centerline, two of which were placed in a superfiring pair forward. The other four turrets were placed aft of the superstructure in two superfiring pairs. The secondary battery consisted of twenty-one /51 caliber guns mounted in casemates along the side of the hull. The main armored belt was thick, while the gun turrets had thick faces. The conning tower had thick sides. In 1925, \"Arkansas\" was modernized in the Philadelphia Navy Yard. Her displacement increased significantly, to standard and full load. Her beam was widened to , primarily from the installation of anti-torpedo bulges, and draft increased to . Her twelve coal-fired boilers were replaced with four White-Forster oil-fired boilers that had been intended for the ships cancelled under the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty; performance remained the same as the older boilers. The ship's deck armor was strengthened by the addition of of armor to the second deck between the end barbettes, plus of armor on the third deck on the bow and stern. The deck armor over the engines and boilers was increased by and , respectively. Five of the 5-inch guns were removed and eight /50 caliber anti-aircraft guns were installed. The mainmast was removed to provide space for an aircraft catapult mounted on the Number 3 turret amidships. Following her commissioning, \"Arkansas\" participated in a fleet review on 14 October 1912, for President William Howard Taft. The ship took Taft aboard that day for a trip to Panama to inspect the Panama Canal, which was still under construction. \"Arkansas\" began her shakedown cruise after delivering Taft and his entourage to the Canal Zone. On 26 December, she returned to the Canal Zone to take Taft to Key West, Florida. After completing the voyage, \"Arkansas\" was assigned to the Atlantic Fleet and participated in fleet maneuvers off the east coast of the United States. \"Arkansas\"s first overseas cruise, to the Mediterranean Sea, began in late October 1913. While there, she stopped in several ports, including Naples, Italy on 11 November, where the ship celebrated the birthday of King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy. In early 1914, an international incident with Mexico culminated in the American occupation of Veracruz. \"Arkansas\" participated in the occupation, contributing four companies of naval infantry, which amounted to 17 officers and 313 enlisted men. The American forces fought their way through the city until they secured it. Two of \"Arkansas\"s crewmen were killed in the fighting, and another two, John Grady and Jonas H. Ingram, received the Medal of Honor for actions during the occupation. The ship's detachment returned on 30 April; \"Arkansas\" remained in Mexican waters until she departed on 30 September, to return to the United States. While stationed in Veracruz, the ship was visited by Captain Franz von Papen, the German military attaché to the United States and Mexico, and Rear Admiral Christopher Cradock, the commander of the British 4th Cruiser Squadron, on 10 May and 30 May 1914, respectively. \"Arkansas\" arrived in Hampton Roads, Virginia, on 7 October, after which she took part in exercises for a week. She then sailed to the New York Navy Yard for periodic maintenance. After repairs were completed, the ship steamed down to the Virginia Capes area for training maneuvers. She returned to the New York Navy Yard on 12 December, for additional maintenance. The repairs were completed within a month, and on 16 January 1915, \"Arkansas\" departed for the Virginia Capes for exercises on 19–21 January. The ship then steamed down to Guantánamo Bay, Cuba for exercises with the fleet. \"Arkansas\" returned for training off Hampton Roads on 7 April, followed by another maintenance period at the New York Navy Yard, starting on 23 April. On 25 June, the repairs were complete, and \"Arkansas\" departed for Newport, Rhode Island, for torpedo practice and tactical maneuvers in Narragansett Bay, which lasted through late August. On 27 August, the ship was back in Hampton Roads. There, she participated in exercises off Norfolk through 4 October. She then returned to Newport, where she took part in strategic maneuvers on 5–14 October. She went to the New York Navy Yard on 15 October, where she was drydocked for extensive maintenance. The work was completed by 8 November, when \"Arkansas\" returned to Hampton Roads. The ship was in Brooklyn for repairs on 19 November, which lasted until 5 January 1916, when she steamed south to the Caribbean Sea, via Hampton Roads, for winter exercises. She steamed to Mobile Bay on 12 March, for torpedo practice, before returning to Guantánamo Bay. She returned to the New York Navy Yard on 15 April, for an overhaul. The United States declared war on Germany on 6 April 1917, joining the Allied Powers in World War I. \"Arkansas\" was at the time assigned to Battleship Division 7 stationed in Virginia. The ship patrolled the east coast and trained gun crews for the next fourteen months. The ship was sent to Britain in July 1918, to relieve , which had been assigned to operate with the Grand Fleet in the 6th Battle Squadron since December 1917. \"Arkansas\" departed the United States on 14 July; while approaching the Royal Navy base in Rosyth, the battleship fired on what was thought to be a periscope from a German U-boat. The destroyers escorting \"Arkansas\" dropped depth charges but did not hit the alleged submarine. \"Arkansas\" arrived in Rosyth on 28 July, and joined the rest of Battleship Division 9 stationed there. For the remainder of the conflict, Battleship Division 9 operated as the 6th Battle Squadron of the Grand Fleet. On 11 November, the Armistice with Germany that ended World War I went into effect. The terms of the Armistice required Germany to intern", "months. The ship was sent to Britain in July 1918, to relieve , which had been assigned to operate with the Grand Fleet in the 6th Battle Squadron since December 1917. \"Arkansas\" departed the United States on 14 July; while approaching the Royal Navy base in Rosyth, the battleship fired on what was thought to be a periscope from a German U-boat. The destroyers escorting \"Arkansas\" dropped depth charges but did not hit the alleged submarine. \"Arkansas\" arrived in Rosyth on 28 July, and joined the rest of Battleship Division 9 stationed there. For the remainder of the conflict, Battleship Division 9 operated as the 6th Battle Squadron of the Grand Fleet. On 11 November, the Armistice with Germany that ended World War I went into effect. The terms of the Armistice required Germany to intern the bulk of the High Seas Fleet in Scapa Flow, under the supervision of the Grand Fleet. \"Arkansas\" and the other American warships participated in the internment; a combined fleet of 370 British, American, and French warships met the High Seas Fleet in the North Sea on 21 November, and escorted it into Scapa Flow. On 1 December, Battleship Division 9 was detached from the Grand Fleet, after which \"Arkansas\" departed the Firth of Forth for the Isle of Portland. She then went to sea to meet the ocean liner , which was carrying President Wilson to Europe. \"Arkansas\" and the other American naval forces in Europe escorted the ship into Brest, France, on 13 December. After completing the escort, \"Arkansas\" sailed for New York City, arriving on 26 December, where the fleet participated in a Naval Review for Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels. The peacetime training regimen for \"Arkansas\" consisted of individual training, an annual fleet maneuver, and periodic maintenance in drydock. She also participated in gunnery and engineering competitions. After returning to the United States, \"Arkansas\" went into drydock at the Norfolk Navy Yard for an extensive overhaul. She then rejoined the fleet to conduct training exercises off Cuba, after which she crossed the Atlantic, bound for Europe. She reached Plymouth, on 12 May 1919, and then took weather observations on 19 May, and later served as a reference vessel to guide the Navy Curtiss NC flying boats flying from Trepassey Bay, Newfoundland, to Europe. After completing that task, she steamed to Brest, on 10 June, and picked up Admiral William S. Benson, the Chief of Naval Operations, and his wife. \"Arkansas\" carried them back to New York, after Benson was finished at the Peace Conference in Paris, arriving on 20 June. On 19 July, \"Arkansas\" departed Hampton Roads, to join her new assignment, the US Pacific Fleet, bound for San Francisco. She arrived 6 September, via the Panama Canal, and embarked Secretary and Mrs. Josephus Daniels. She took Daniels and his wife to Blakely Harbor, Washington, on 12 September, and the following day, participated in a naval review for President Wilson. On 19 September, \"Arkansas\" entered the Puget Sound Navy Yard for a general overhaul. She returned to the fleet in May 1920 for training operations off California. The Navy adopted a hull classification system, and on 17 July, assigned \"Arkansas\" the designation \"BB-33\". She steamed to Hawaii, in September, the first time she went to the islands. In early 1921, \"Arkansas\" visited Valparaíso, Chile, where she was received by President Arturo Alessandri Palma; the ship's crew manned the rail to honor the Chilean president. In August 1921, \"Arkansas\" returned to the Atlantic Fleet, where she became the flagship of the Commander, Battleship Force, Atlantic Fleet. Throughout the 1920s, \"Arkansas\" carried midshipmen from the United States Naval Academy on summer cruises. She went on a tour of Europe in 1923; there, on 2 July, she stopped in Copenhagen, and was visited by King Christian X of Denmark. She also stopped in Lisbon and Gibraltar. Another midshipmen cruise to Europe followed in 1924; the cruise for the next year went to the west coast of the United States. On 30 June 1925, she stopped in Santa Barbara, California, to assist in the aftermath of the 1925 Santa Barbara earthquake. \"Arkansas\", the destroyer , and the patrol craft \"PE-34\" sent detachments ashore to help the police in Santa Barbara. They also established a temporary radio station in the city. After returning from the 1925 cruise, the ship was modernized at the Philadelphia Navy Yard. She had her twelve old coal-fired boilers replaced with four oil-fired models, which were trunked into a single larger funnel. She also had more deck armor added to protect her from plunging fire, and a short tripod mast was installed in place of the aft cage mast. The modernization was completed in November 1926, after which \"Arkansas\" conducted a shakedown cruise in the Atlantic. She returned to Philadelphia, where she ran acceptance trials before she could rejoin the fleet. On 5 September 1927, \"Arkansas\" was present for ceremonies unveiling a memorial tablet honoring the French soldiers and sailors who died during the Yorktown campaign in 1781. She returned to training cruises in May 1928, when she took a crew of midshipmen into the Atlantic along the east coast, along with a trip down to Cuba. In June, she participated in a join Army-Navy coast defense exercise as part of the hostile \"attacking\" fleet. In early 1929, \"Arkansas\" cruised in the Caribbean and near the Canal Zone. She returned to the United States in May 1929, for an overhaul in the New York Navy Yard. After emerging from drydock, she conducted another training cruise, this time to European waters; she spent time in the Mediterranean and visited Britain. \"Arkansas\" returned to the United States in August and operated with the Scouting Fleet off the east coast. The training cruise for 1930 again went to Europe. She called in Cherbourg, France, Kiel, Germany, Oslo, Norway, and Edinburgh, Scotland. The cruise continued through the end of the year, and in 1931, the battleship visited Copenhagen, Greenock, Scotland, and Cadiz and Gibraltar in Spain. By September, the ship had crossed the Atlantic, and she stopped in Halifax, Nova Scotia. In February, \"Arkansas\" participated in Fleet Problem XII. During the maneuvers, she served as Admiral Arthur L. Willard's flagship, and she was \"sunk\" by a submarine. A month later, on 21–22 March, \"Arkansas\" conducted exercises with the carriers and . \"Arkansas\" participated in the Yorktown Sesquicentennial celebrations in October 1931, marking the 150th anniversary of the Siege of Yorktown. She embarked President Herbert Hoover and his entourage on 17 October, and took them to the exposition, and returned them to Annapolis on 19–20 October. She then went into drydock for an extensive refit in the Philadelphia Navy Yard, which lasted until January 1932. During this time, she was under the command of George Landenberger. \"Arkansas\" was transferred to the Pacific Fleet after completing the refit; while en route, she stopped in New Orleans to participate in the Mardi Gras celebration. She operated off the west coast through early 1934, at which point she was transferred back to the Atlantic Fleet, where she served as the flagship of the Training Squadron. She conducted another training cruise to Europe in the summer of 1934. She stopped in Plymouth, England, Nice, France, Naples, Italy, and Gibraltar. She returned to Annapolis in August, after which she steamed to Newport. In Newport, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt reviewed the battleship from the yacht \"Nourmahal\". While there, \"Arkansas\" entered one of her cutters in a competition with the British cruiser for the Battenberg Cup, and the City of Newport Cup; \"Arkansas\"s cutter won both races. The ship carried the 1st Battalion, 5th Marines to Culebra, for a Fleet Landing Exercise No. 1 (FLEX 1) in January 1935. She returned to training cruise duties in June, and she again took the midshipmen to Europe. Among the stops were Edinburgh, Oslo,", "as the flagship of the Training Squadron. She conducted another training cruise to Europe in the summer of 1934. She stopped in Plymouth, England, Nice, France, Naples, Italy, and Gibraltar. She returned to Annapolis in August, after which she steamed to Newport. In Newport, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt reviewed the battleship from the yacht \"Nourmahal\". While there, \"Arkansas\" entered one of her cutters in a competition with the British cruiser for the Battenberg Cup, and the City of Newport Cup; \"Arkansas\"s cutter won both races. The ship carried the 1st Battalion, 5th Marines to Culebra, for a Fleet Landing Exercise No. 1 (FLEX 1) in January 1935. She returned to training cruise duties in June, and she again took the midshipmen to Europe. Among the stops were Edinburgh, Oslo, Copenhagen, Gibraltar, and Funchal, on the island of Madeira. She disembarked the Naval Academy crew in August and began another training cruise to Halifax, this time for Naval Reservists, the following month. A refit was conducted in October after completing the cruise. \"Arkansas\" participated in the FLEX 2 at Culebra in January 1936, and then visited New Orleans, during Mardi Gras. She went to Norfolk for a major overhaul that lasted through the spring of 1936. After completing the overhaul, the ship took another midshipmen crew to European waters; she called in the ports of Portsmouth, England, Gothenburg, Sweden, and Cherbourg, and returned to Annapolis, in August. As in the previous year, she conducted another Reserve training cruise, and then went into drydock for an overhaul in Norfolk. The remainder of the 1930s followed a similar pattern; in 1937, the midshipmen training cruise went to Europe, but the 1938 and 1939 cruises remained in the western Atlantic. At the outbreak of World War II in September 1939, \"Arkansas\" was moored at Hampton Roads, preparing to depart on a training cruise for the Naval Reserve. She departed to transport seaplane mooring and aviation equipment from Norfolk to Narragansett Bay, where the Navy planned to set up a seaplane base. While in Newport, \"Arkansas\" picked up ordnance for destroyers and brought it back to Hampton Roads. After returning to Virginia, \"Arkansas\" was assigned to a reserve force for the Neutrality Patrols in the Atlantic, along with her sister , the battleships and and the carrier . On 11 January 1940, \"Arkansas\", \"New York\", and \"Texas\" left for fleet maneuvers off Cuba. She underwent an overhaul at Norfolk between 18 March and 24 May. After emerging from her refit, \"Arkansas\" conducted another midshipman training cruise, along with \"Texas\" and \"New York\", to Panama and Venezuela. In late 1940, she conducted three Naval Reserve training cruises in the Atlantic. On 19 December 1940, with 500 naval reservists on board, the \"Arkansas\" collided at ~0300 hrs. with the outbound \"Collier Melrose\", of the Mystic Steamship Company of Boston, off of Sea Girt, New Jersey. Although a glancing blow, the collier's below-water plates were cracked, and she sank just short of a Brooklyn drydock after a 40-mile race to port. \"The warship proceeded to her Hudson river anchorage, minus only some paint and with a smashed lifeboat.\" Over the months that followed, the United States gradually edged toward war in the Atlantic. The ship was assigned to the escort force for the Marines deployed to occupy Iceland, in July 1941, along with \"New York\", two cruisers, and eleven destroyers. The task force deployed from NS Argentia, Newfoundland, on 1 July, and were back in port by 19 July. Starting on 7 August 1941, \"Arkansas\" went on a neutrality patrol in the mid-Atlantic that lasted a week. After returning to port, \"Arkansas\" traveled to the Atlantic Charter conference with President Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, which took place on board . While there, the US Under Secretary of State, Sumner Welles, stayed aboard \"Arkansas\". She conducted another neutrality patrol between 2 and 11 September. \"Arkansas\" was anchored in Casco Bay, Maine, on 7 December 1941, when Japan attacked Pearl Harbor and brought the United States into the war. A week later, she steamed to Hvalfjordur, Iceland, and returned to Boston on 24 January 1942. She conducted training maneuvers in Casco Bay, to prepare her crew for convoy escort duties. On 6 March, she arrived at Norfolk, to begin overhaul. The secondary battery was reduced to six 5-inch/51 cal guns. Also, 36 40 mm Bofors anti-aircraft (AA) guns (in quadruple mounts) and 26 20 mm Oerlikon AA guns were added, the experience at Pearl Harbor having made the US Navy aware of the need for increased light AA armament. The 3-inch/50 caliber gun armament was also increased from 8 guns to 10. Work lasted until 2 July, after which time \"Arkansas\" conducted a shakedown cruise in Chesapeake Bay; she then proceeded to New York, arriving on 27 July. There, she became the flagship of Task Force 38 (TF 38), the escort for a convoy of twelve transports bound for Scotland. The convoy arrived in Greenock, on 17 August, and \"Arkansas\" returned to New York on 4 September. \"Arkansas\" again escorted a convoy to Scotland, returning to New York by 20 October. Thereafter, convoys were sent to North Africa, to support the invasion of North Africa. \"Arkansas\" covered her first such convoy, along with eight destroyers, on 3 November. She returned to New York on 11 December, where she went into dock for another overhaul. On 2 January 1943, \"Arkansas\" departed New York to conduct gunnery training in Chesapeake Bay. Back in New York by 30 January, the ship's crew prepared for a return to convoy escort duty. She escorted two convoys to Casablanca, between February and April, before returning to New York, for yet another period in drydock, which lasted until 26 May. \"Arkansas\" returned to duty as a training ship for midshipmen based at Norfolk. She resumed her convoy escort duties after four months, and on 8 October, she steamed to Bangor, Northern Ireland. She remained in Northern Ireland, through November, and departed on 1 December, bound for New York. After arriving on 12 December, \"Arkansas\" went into dock for more repairs, and then returned to Norfolk, on 27 December. The ship escorted another convoy bound for Ireland, on 19 January 1944, before returning to New York, on 13 February. Another round of gunnery drills followed on 28 March, after which \"Arkansas\" went to Boston for more drydock period. On 18 April, \"Arkansas\" departed for Northern Ireland, where she trained for shore bombardment duties, as she had been assigned to the shore bombardment force in support of Operation Overlord, the invasion of northern France. She was assigned to Group II, along with \"Texas\" and five destroyers. Her float plane artillery observer pilots were temporarily assigned to VOS-7 flying Spitfires from RNAS Lee-on-Solent (HMS Daedalus). On 3 June, she left her moorings, and on the morning of 6 June, took up a position about from Omaha Beach. At 05:52, the battleship's guns fired in anger for the first time in her career. She bombarded German positions around Omaha Beach until 13 June, when she was moved to support ground forces in Grandcamp les Bains. On 25 June, \"Arkansas\" bombarded Cherbourg, in support of the American attack on the port; German coastal guns straddled her several times, but scored no hits. Cherbourg fell to the Allies the next day, after which \"Arkansas\" returned to port, first in Weymouth, England, and then to Bangor, Wales, on 30 June. On 4 July, \"Arkansas\" departed Northern Ireland for the Mediterranean Sea; she reached Oran, Algeria, on 10 July, before proceeding on to Taranto, arriving on 21 July. There, she joined the support force for Operation Dragoon, the invasion of southern France. Again, the battleship provided gunfire support to the amphibious invasion along with six Allied cruisers, starting on 15 August. The bombardment lasted for two more days, after which she withdrew, first to Palermo, and", "Bains. On 25 June, \"Arkansas\" bombarded Cherbourg, in support of the American attack on the port; German coastal guns straddled her several times, but scored no hits. Cherbourg fell to the Allies the next day, after which \"Arkansas\" returned to port, first in Weymouth, England, and then to Bangor, Wales, on 30 June. On 4 July, \"Arkansas\" departed Northern Ireland for the Mediterranean Sea; she reached Oran, Algeria, on 10 July, before proceeding on to Taranto, arriving on 21 July. There, she joined the support force for Operation Dragoon, the invasion of southern France. Again, the battleship provided gunfire support to the amphibious invasion along with six Allied cruisers, starting on 15 August. The bombardment lasted for two more days, after which she withdrew, first to Palermo, and then to Oran. \"Arkansas\" then returned to the United States, arriving in Boston, on 14 September, where she underwent another refit that lasted until early November. She then steamed to California, via the Panama Canal, and spent the rest of the year conducting training maneuvers. On 20 January 1945, \"Arkansas\" departed California for Pearl Harbor, and then proceeded to Ulithi, to join the fleet in preparation for the amphibious assault on Iwo Jima. There, she was assigned to Task Force 54, which included five other battleships, four cruisers, and sixteen destroyers. On 16 February, \"Arkansas\" was in position off Iwo Jima, and at 06:00, she opened fire on Japanese positions on the island's west coast. The bombardment lasted until 19 February, though she remained off the island throughout the Battle of Iwo Jima, ready to provide fire support to the American Marines ashore. She departed on 7 March, bound for Ulithi, and arrived on 10 March, where she rearmed and refueled in preparation for the next major operation in the Pacific War, the invasion of Okinawa. She departed Ulithi, on 21 March, and arrived off Okinawa, four days later, when she began the bombardment along with the rest of Task Force 54. The soldiers and Marines went ashore on 1 April, and \"Arkansas\" continued to provide gunfire support over the course of 46 days throughout the Battle of Okinawa. Kamikazes repeatedly attacked the ship, though none struck her. She left the island in May, arriving in Guam on 14 May. She then proceeded to Leyte Gulf, on 12 June, arriving four days later. There, she was assigned to Task Group 95.7, along with \"Texas\" and three cruisers. She remained in the Philippines until 20 August, when she departed for Okinawa, arriving in Buckner Bay on 23 August, by which time Japan had surrendered, ending World War II. Over the course of the war, \"Arkansas\" earned four battle stars. After the end of the war, \"Arkansas\" participated in Operation Magic Carpet, the repatriation of American servicemen from the Pacific. She took around 800 men back to the United States, departing on 23 September, and reaching Seattle, Washington on 15 October. She made another three Magic Carpet trips between Pearl Harbor and the continental United States to ferry more soldiers home. During the first months of 1946, \"Arkansas\" lay at San Francisco. In late April, the ship got underway for Hawaii. She reached Pearl Harbor on 8 May, and departed Pearl Harbor on 20 May, bound for Bikini Atoll, earmarked for use as target for atomic bomb testing in Operation Crossroads. On 1 July, \"Arkansas\" was exposed to an air burst in ABLE, but survived with extensive shock damage to her upperworks, while her hull and armored turrets were lightly damaged. On 25 July, the battleship was sunk by the underwater nuclear test BAKER at Bikini Atoll. Unattentuated by air, the shock was \"transmitted directly to underwater hulls\", and \"Arkansas\", only 250 yards from the epicenter, appeared to have been \"crushed as if by a tremendous hammer blow from below\". It appears that the wave of water from the blast capsized the ship, which was then hammered down into the shallow bottom by the descent of the water column thrown up by the blast. Decommissioned on 29 July, \"Arkansas\" was struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 15 August. The ship lies inverted in about 180 feet of water at the bottom of Bikini Lagoon and there are many pictures of the wreck on the National Park Service website. Footnotes Citations Online sources USS Arkansas (BB-33) USS \"Arkansas\" (BB-33) was" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Mount Bond Mount Bond is a mountain located in Grafton County, New Hampshire, United States. The mountain is named after Professor George P. Bond (1825–1865) of Harvard University, and is the southernmost extension of the Twin Range of the White Mountains. Mount Bond is flanked to the north by Mount Guyot. Mount Bond has two subsidiary peaks, West Bond and Bondcliff (or \"The Cliffs\"). All three peaks are included on the Appalachian Mountain Club's list of \"four-thousand footers\". Mount Bond is located within the Pemigewasset Wilderness Area. It drains to the east and west into the North Fork and Franconia Branch respectively of the East Branch of the Pemigewasset River, thence into the Pemigewasset and Merrimack Rivers, and into the Gulf of Maine in Massachusetts. Mount Bond Mount Bond is a mountain located in Grafton County, New Hampshire, United States. The mountain is named after Professor George P. Bond (1825–1865) of Harvard University, and is the southernmost extension of the Twin Range of the White Mountains. Mount Bond is flanked to the north by Mount Guyot. Mount Bond has two subsidiary peaks, West Bond and Bondcliff (or \"The Cliffs\"). All three peaks are included on the Appalachian Mountain Club's list" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Billy Dennis (English footballer) William Dennis (21 September 1896 – 1952) was an English footballer. His regular position was at full back. He was born in Mossley, Lancashire. He played for Ashton PSA and Denton before joining the army during World War I during which time he also featured for Birkenhead Comets, Linfield and Tranmere Rovers. Post-war he joined Stalybridge Celtic then was signed by First Division Blackburn Rovers. After a short spell at Ewood Park he re-joined Stalybridge in time to play in the Football League for them. He moved back to the First Division with Manchester United for a short lived spell prior to joining the club with whom he was to have his longest association Chesterfield. He finished his League career with Wigan Borough, before leaving the cash-strapped club for Cheshire League football with first Macclesfield and then Hurst. Aged 37 he joined Mossley as trainer, also making one appearance for his home town club. Billy Dennis (English footballer) William Dennis (21 September 1896 – 1952) was an English footballer. His regular position was at full back. He was born in Mossley, Lancashire. He played for Ashton PSA and Denton before joining the army during World War" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Pembroke, Maine Pembroke is a town in Washington County, Maine, United States. The population was 840 at the 2010 census. The town is home to a reversing falls on Mahar's Point. Called \"Pennamaquan\" by the Passamaquoddy Indians, the area was settled about 1774 as part of Dennysville. It was set off and incorporated on February 4, 1832 by the legislature, which named it after Pembroke in Wales, a community with a history of wooden shipbuilding stretching back to the Middle Ages. With one of the finest harbors in Maine, Pembroke too became a shipbuilding center. Vessels were constructed here as early as 1825. By 1859, when the population was 1,712, there were seven shipyards operating. Most schooners constructed here were used either by the coasting trade or fisheries. Pembroke also had a stone factory, three sawmills, one gristmill, four shingle mills and four lath machines. Near the head of tide stood the Pembroke Iron Company, established in 1832 and by 1856 producing almost 5,000 tons of iron spikes, rivets and nails a year. Another occupation was agriculture. In 1880, the town's population was 2,324. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which, of it is land and is water. Drained by the Pennamaquan River, Pembroke is on Cobscook Bay. The town is crossed by U.S. Route 1 and Maine State Route 214. As of the census of 2010, there were 840 people, 358 households, and 236 families residing in the town. The population density was . There were 531 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the town was 94.9% White, 0.1% African American, 1.3% Native American, 0.4% Asian, 0.2% from other races, and 3.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.0% of the population. There were 358 households of which 28.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.7% were married couples living together, 10.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 34.1% were non-families. 27.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 12% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.30 and the average family size was 2.68. The median age in the town was 48.5 years. 20.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 4.3% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 20.2% were from 25 to 44; 33% were from 45 to 64; and 22.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 48.7% male and 51.3% female. As of the census of 2000, there were 879 people, 376 households, and 263 families residing in the town. The population density was 32.1 people per square mile (12.4/km²). There were 539 housing units at an average density of 19.7 per square mile (7.6/km²). The racial makeup of the town was 96.93% White, 0.11% African American, 0.91% Native American, 0.46% Asian, and 1.59% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.46% of the population. There were 376 households out of which 27.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.4% were married couples living together, 8.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.8% were non-families. 26.1% of all households were made up of individuals and 13.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.34 and the average family size was 2.75. In the town, the population was spread out with 22.6% under the age of 18, 4.9% from 18 to 24, 26.5% from 25 to 44, 26.3% from 45 to 64, and 19.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.4 males. The median income for a household in the town was $23,365, and the median income for a family was $27,875. Males had a median income of $35,972 versus $21,544 for females. The per capita income for the town was $12,382. About 14.6% of families and 20.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 24.2% of those under age 18 and 30.1% of those age 65 or over. Pembroke, Maine Pembroke is a town in Washington County, Maine, United States. The population was 840 at the 2010 census. The town is home to a reversing falls on Mahar's Point. Called \"Pennamaquan\" by the Passamaquoddy Indians, the area was settled about 1774 as part of Dennysville. It was set off and incorporated on February 4, 1832 by the legislature, which named it after Pembroke in Wales," ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "David L. Ricken David Laurin Ricken (born November 9, 1952) is an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church who serves as the twelfth bishop of the Diocese of Green Bay, Wisconsin. Bishop Ricken has served as bishop of the Diocese of Cheyenne, Wyoming. David Ricken was born to George William \"Bill\" Ricken (d. July 1, 1993) and Bertha (Davis) Ricken (d. August 20, 2001) in Dodge City, Kansas. He has two siblings: a brother, Mark, and a sister, Carol, who is principal of St. Mary’s School in Cheyenne, Wyoming. For his primary education, Ricken attended Sacred Heart Cathedral Grade School in Dodge City. He later attended St. Francis High School Seminary in Victoria, graduating in 1970. Ricken did undergraduate studies in philosophy at the Pontifical College Josephinum in Worthington, Ohio and Conception Seminary College in Conception, Missouri, graduating from the latter institution in 1974. As a seminarian for the Diocese of Pueblo, he attended St. Meinrad School of Theology in St. Meinrad, Indiana and the American College of the Immaculate Conception in Leuven, Belgium, obtaining a master's degree in theology in 1980 from the Catholic University of Leuven. Ricken was ordained to the priesthood by Bishop Arthur Tafoya on September 12, 1980, and then served as associate pastor of the Cathedral of the Sacred Heart in Pueblo until 1985. From 1985 to 1987, he was both parish administrator of Holy Rosary Church and Vice-Chancellor of the diocese. In 1987, he was sent to the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome, from where he earned a Licentiate of Canon Law in 1989. Ricken, upon his return to the United States, was made diocesan Vocation Director and Vicar for Ministry Formation, and became diocesan Chancellor in 1992. In 1996, he began work as an official of the Congregation for the Clergy in the Roman Curia, a position that he served until 1999. On December 14, 1999, Ricken was appointed Coadjutor Bishop of Cheyenne by Pope John Paul II. He received his episcopal consecration on January 6, 2000 from John Paul II, with Archbishops Giovanni Re and Marcello Zago, OMI, serving as co-consecrators, in St. Peter's Basilica. Ricken later succeeded Joseph Hubert Hart as Bishop of Cheyenne on September 26, 2001, upon the latter's retirement. Pope Benedict XVI named Ricken the twelfth Bishop of Green Bay, Wisconsin, on July 9, 2008. Bishop Ricken was installed on August 28, 2008. On December 8, 2010, Bishop Ricken by official decree and proclamation made Our Lady of Good Help in Champion, Wisconsin the very first and the only site in the United States of an approved apparition of the Blessed Virgin Mary. The ruling concluded two years of investigation officially approving the authenticity of the Marian apparitions that took place in 1859. Ricken is a 2009 inductee in the Catholic Education Foundation's Hall of Fame. While the Cheyenne bishop, he had co-founded the Wyoming Catholic College, found the Wyoming School of Catholic Thought, founded the John Paul II Catholic School in Gillette, WY. He oversaw the building of a new school for St. Mary's Catholic School in Cheyenne. David L. Ricken David Laurin Ricken (born November 9, 1952) is an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church who serves as the twelfth bishop of the Diocese of Green Bay, Wisconsin. Bishop Ricken has served as bishop of the Diocese of Cheyenne, Wyoming. David Ricken was born to George William \"Bill\" Ricken (d. July 1, 1993) and Bertha (Davis) Ricken (d. August 20, 2001) in Dodge City, Kansas. He has two siblings: a brother, Mark, and a sister, Carol, who is principal of St. Mary’s School in" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Samuel Gluckstein Sir Samuel Gluckstein (28 September 1880 – 19 August 1958) was a British solicitor and politician. He was the son of Isidore Gluckstein (1851-1920), son of one of the founders of J. Lyons and Co. (Samuel Gluckstein), and his wife Rose \"née\" Cohen. Gluckstein was educated at the City of London School and privately. He subsequently studied law and became a partner in the Bartlett & Gluckstein, solicitors. In 1906 he entered local politics when he was elected to Westminster City Council as a Municipal Reform Party councillor. The Municipal Reformers were allied to the parliamentary Conservative Party. He was Mayor of Westminster in 1920-21 and became an alderman in 1924. In 1953 he was made an honorary freeman of Westminster. In 1929 he became a member of the London County Council, sitting as a councillor representing Westminster, Abbey until 1949. He was chairman of the council's finance committee in 1932-34 and Deputy Chairman of the County Council in 1939-40. Gluckstein made three unsuccessful attempts to win parliamentary seats for the Conservatives: at Plymouth, Devonport in 1924 and 1929, and at Hammersmith North in 1926. He was a member of the Court of the University of London, by whom he was awarded an honorary degree in law. He was knighted in 1933 \"for political and public services in Westminster\". In 1909 he married Julia, daughter of Samuel Joseph. The couple had no children. Samuel Gluckstein Sir Samuel Gluckstein (28 September 1880 – 19 August 1958) was a British solicitor and politician. He was the son of Isidore Gluckstein (1851-1920), son of one of the founders of J. Lyons and Co. (Samuel Gluckstein), and his wife Rose \"née\" Cohen. Gluckstein was educated at the City of London School and privately. He subsequently studied law and became a partner in" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Peter Woit Peter Woit (; born September 11, 1957) is an American theoretical physicist. He is a Senior Lecturer in the Mathematics department at Columbia University. Woit is a critic of string theory has published a book \"Not Even Wrong\", and writes a blog of the same name. Woit graduated in 1979 from Harvard University with bachelor's and master's degrees in physics. He obtained his PhD in particle physics from Princeton University in 1985, followed by postdoctoral work in theoretical physics at State University of New York at Stony Brook and mathematics at the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute (MSRI) in Berkeley. He spent four years as an assistant professor at Columbia. He now holds a permanent position in the mathematics department, as Senior Lecturer and as Departmental Computer Administrator. Woit is a U.S. citizen and also has a Latvian passport. His father was born in Riga and became exiled with his own parents at the beginning of the Soviet occupation of Latvia. He is critical of string theory on the grounds that it lacks testable predictions and is promoted with public money despite its failures so far, and has authored both scientific papers and popular polemics on this topic. His writings claim that excessive media attention and funding of this one particular mainstream endeavour, which he considers speculative, risks undermining public faith in the freedom of scientific research. His moderated weblog on string theory and other topics is titled \"Not Even Wrong\", a derogatory term for scientifically useless arguments invented by Wolfgang Pauli. A discussion in 2006 took place between University of California, Santa Barbara physicists at the Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics and science journalist George Johnson regarding the controversy caused by Lee Smolin and Woit's books. The meeting was titled \"The String Wars\". Peter Woit Peter Woit (;" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Canisteo, New York Canisteo is a town in Steuben County, New York, United States. The population was 3,391 at the 2010 census. The name was taken from a former Indian village located here. The Town of Canisteo is in the westernmost part of the county, bordering Allegany County and southeast of Hornell, New York. The town contains a village also named Canisteo. The Senecas had a major village here called \"Kah-ni-sti-oh.\" The first settlers arrived around 1788, making Canisteo one of the earliest locations occupied in the county. Canisteo is rich in Indian lore. It is the site of the largest Living Sign in the world, noted by both Ripleys Believe it or Not and the Registry of Historical Places. It is 60 by 400 feet, and consists of Scotch Pine. The seeds for it were planted in 1934. The town was formed in 1796 at the time of the creation of the county and is one of its original towns. From parts of Canisteo came, in whole or part, the Towns of West Union, Hartsville, Hornellsville (1920), Greenwood (1827), Troupsburg (1808, 1820) and Jasper (1927). The population of Canisteo in 1905 was 3,171. The original activities in the town of Canisteo were farming and lumbering; the Canisteo River offered transportation for products. The Town of Canisteo's schools are all located in the Village of Canisteo. The oldest school, a wooden frame building on Fifth Street, was used as a feed store before being torn down in the 1950s, replaced by a bus garage at 22 Fifth Street. Adjacent to it to the south, between Fifth and Sixth Streets, is the Rotary Field, which remained the venue for school sports until the 1990s, when new facilities were built on Purdy Creek Road. Canisteo Academy, a brick building, was built on Greenwood Street and opened in 1871. It possessed an observatory and a six-foot telescope, unusual for a school in that period. An elementary school was built in 1914 just to the south. In 1937, with consolidation of the town schools, the Academy building was demolished, and a new Central School was constructed at 84 Greenwood Street, conserving the rear portion (with the heating equipment) of the elementary school. An addition was constructed in 1953. In 1959 a new elementary school was constructed further south, at 120 Greenwood Street, including a competition swimming pool. In the vote authorizing the construction, the swimming pool was on the ballot separately, but both passed, the pool by a small margin. At present the building houses both the Elementary and a Middle School. In 2004 the Canisteo schools merged with those of Greenwood to form the Canisteo-Greenwood School District. Canisteo-Greenwood is the only school in Steuben County that has an orchestra as well as a band. The only other orchestra, in the much larger city of Corning, closed about 1990. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 54.4 square miles (140.8 km²), all of it land. The Canisteo River flows west to east through the north part of the town. New York State Route 248 begins at New York State Route 36 in Canisteo village. As of the census of 2000, there were 3,583 people, 1,423 households, and 980 families residing in the town. The population density was 65.9 people per square mile (25.4/km²). There were 1,704 housing units at an average density of 31.3 per square mile (12.1/km²). The racial makeup of the town was 98.24% White, 0.20% Black or African American, 0.17% Native American, 0.53% Asian, 0.25% from other races, and 0.61% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.84% of the population. There were 1,423 households out of which 30.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.5% were married couples living together, 9.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.1% were non-families. 26.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 13.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.52 and the average family size was 3.04. In the town, the population was spread out with 26.2% under the age of 18, 7.7% from 18 to 24, 24.9% from 25 to 44, 25.8% from 45 to 64, and 15.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.2 males. The median income for a household in the town was $35,308, and the median income for a family was $41,859. Males had a median income of $32,225 versus $20,192 for females. The per capita income for the town was $15,162. About 8.8% of families and 11.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.9% of those under age 18 and 2.3% of those age 65 or over. Canisteo, New York Canisteo is a town in Steuben County, New York, United States. The population was 3,391 at the 2010 census. The name was taken from a former Indian village located here. The Town of Canisteo is in the westernmost part of the county, bordering Allegany County and southeast of Hornell, New York. The town contains a village also named Canisteo. The Senecas had a major village here called \"Kah-ni-sti-oh.\" The first settlers arrived around 1788, making Canisteo one" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Mount Ellinor Mount Ellinor is a peak in the Olympic Mountains of Washington, United States. It is located in an area designated as the Mount Skokomish Wilderness. The mountain is a popular day hike in the summer months, being that the summit is reachable via a steep-but-brief trail which gains about in elevation from the lower of two trailheads. Mountain goats are frequently observable along this trail, but it is advisable to keep a safe distance from them. The trailhead is accessible from National Forest Road 24 north of Lake Cushman. This lower trailhead lies at an elevation of . A Northwest Forest Pass or appropriate parking permit is required at the upper trailhead, which starts at 3,500 feet. In 1853, surveyor George Davidson named the mountain after Ellinor Fauntleroy, his fiance. Additionally, Davidson named The Brothers after Ellinor's two brothers, and Mount Constance after her older sister. Mount Ellinor was first climbed in August 1879 by D.N. Utler, Mr. and Mrs. J.W. Waughop, and H.C. Esteps. Mount Ellinor offers a variety of views of all the major Cascade peaks, as well as close-range views of neighboring Mount Washington, Stone, Pershing, and a glimpse of Mount Olympus in the distance. Additionally, views of Lake Cushman, the Hood Canal and the Puget Sound abound. Mount Ellinor Mount Ellinor is a peak in the Olympic Mountains of Washington, United States. It is located in an area designated as the Mount Skokomish Wilderness. The mountain is a popular day hike in the summer months, being that the summit is reachable via a steep-but-brief trail which gains about in elevation from the lower of two trailheads. Mountain goats are frequently observable along this trail, but it is advisable to keep a safe distance from them. The trailhead is accessible from National Forest Road 24" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Caudron C.97 The Caudron C.97 was a two-seat biplane trainer designed and built in France around 1924. A number were used by the Bolivian Air Force. Rather little information has survived on the C.97. Although it looked very similar to the Caudron C.59 and used the same engine, it is not on a list of eight other Caudron designs which shared the latter's airframe. The C.97 was a two bay biplane without stagger and with pairs of parallel interplane struts and cabane struts. Its fabric covered, unequal span wings were rectangular in plan apart from a large central cut-out over the fuselage to improve upward vision from the rear cockpit. Ailerons were fitted to the upper wing. Its fuselage was flat sided. An upright, water-cooled Hispano-Suiza 8Ab V-8 engine, a relatively high compression engine developed during World War I as aircraft flew to higher altitudes and so able to cope with the high Andean airfields of Bolivia, sat high in the nose with the fuselage underside curving upwards under it and with a flat fronted, angled cowling above the propeller shaft. Two different radiators were used, one of the cylindrical Lamblin type mounted below the fuselage and the other a shallow but wide rectangular one on the underside. The forward open cockpit was close behind the engine and under the wing, with the instructor's position slightly behind the trailing edge. At the rear the fin was triangular and broad, with a straight edged rudder that reached down to the keel. Since the tailplane was mounted on top of the fuselage, the elevators had a large cut-out for rudder movement. The C.97 had a fixed tail skid undercarriage with its mainwheels on a single axle sprung from V-form struts to the lower fuselage longerons. The first flight was probably made in early 1924 as the prototype was registered \"F-AGBH\" in April that year. The first Bolivian Air Force machine was delivered on 1 August 1925. The number purchased is not known; \"L'Aéronautique\" in 1927 mentions just one but \"Flight\" in 1928 says \"a number\". One C.97 was used from mid-1926 by the French-South American Company, based in Buenos Aires in Argentina. The privately owned \"F-AGBH\" flew in France until 1926, taking part in competitions like the 1924 \"Concours Aviation de Tourisme de l'Aéro-Club de France\" (aviation touring competition of the French Aéro-Club). It was next owned by the Compagnie Française d'Aviation until about 1930, when it was exported to Argentina. Caudron C.97 The Caudron C.97 was a two-seat biplane trainer designed and built in France around 1924. A number were used by the Bolivian Air Force. Rather little information has survived on the C.97. Although it looked very similar to the Caudron C.59 and used the same engine, it is not on a list of eight other Caudron designs which shared the latter's airframe. The C.97 was a two bay biplane without stagger and with pairs of parallel interplane struts and cabane struts. Its fabric covered, unequal span wings were rectangular" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Hermann Rahn Hermann Rahn (July 5, 1912 – June 23, 1990) was an early leader in the field of environmental physiology. He graduated from Cornell University in 1933. Starting out in the field of zoology with a PhD from University of Rochester (1938), Rahn began teaching physiology at the University of Rochester in 1941. It was there that he partnered with Wallace O. Fenn to publish \"A Graphical Analysis of the Respiratory Gas Exchange\" in 1955. This paper included the landmark O-CO diagram, which formed basis for much of Rahn's future work. Rahn's research into applications of this diagram lead to the development of aerospace medicine and advancements in hyperbaric breathing and high-altitude respiration. Rahn later joined the University at Buffalo in 1956 as the Lawrence D. Bell Professor and Chairman of the Department of Physiology. As Chairman, Rahn surrounded himself with outstanding faculty and made the University an international research center in environmental physiology. He was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1966 and the National Academy of Sciences in 1968. He served as the President of the American Physiological Society from 1963 to 1964. In 1981, Hermann Rahn became a founding member of the World Cultural Council. Hermann Rahn Hermann Rahn (July 5, 1912 – June 23, 1990) was an early leader in the field of environmental physiology. He graduated from Cornell University in 1933. Starting out in the field of zoology with a PhD from University of Rochester (1938), Rahn began teaching physiology at the University of Rochester in 1941. It was there that he partnered with Wallace O. Fenn to publish \"A Graphical Analysis of the Respiratory Gas Exchange\" in 1955. This paper included the landmark O-CO diagram, which formed basis for much of Rahn's future work. Rahn's research into applications of" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Shïan Smith-Pancorvo Shïan Smith-Pancorvo (\"Shïan\") (born 5 December 1980) is a gender-fluid musician, producer and author. In 1994, while at Highgate School, he began his career alongside his brother, Ben Fox Smith, as drummer and backing vocalist for Stony Sleep. Since Stony Sleep split up, he has played drums for Flying Mango Attack with Anno Birkin, Razorlight with Johnny Borrell, and then again for his brother's second band, Serafin. During his 24-year musical career he has composed, produced and performed for many acts including Punk-Prog collective French Car & the Bulimic Wizards, electro-rock act Afterlife, acoustic piano duo Toad and Frog, travelling soul-rock solo-artist Tom Eady, and is currently singer/song-writer for Post-Prog band GENRE 18. In his life Shïan has also worked in insurance companies, been a market researcher, a kitchen porter, a salesman and an English teacher. Shïan's first in a series of books, \"From Stony Sleep to Razorlight\", is an autobiographical/observational work and the first issue was released in September 2017. The sequel, \"From Barcelona to the New Base\", will be released in 2019. Shïan is based between Cali, Colombia and Brightlingsea, Essex. Shïan Smith-Pancorvo Shïan Smith-Pancorvo (\"Shïan\") (born 5 December 1980) is a gender-fluid musician, producer and" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Vedran Nikšić Vedran Nikšić (born 5 May 1987) is a Croatian football striker. Nikšić started his career playing at youth level for his hometown club Osijek. He made his debut for the first team against Cibalia on 11 March 2006, in the 22nd round of 2005–06 season. He was sidelined for the most part of the following season due to cruciate ligament injury. He managed to return for the second part of the season, and scored his first goal in Prva HNL in a 2–2 home draw against Cibalia. At the start of 2007–08 season, Nikšić scored a hat-trick in a 4–0 victory over Međimurje. He scored five more goals that year, before he again sustained cruciate ligament injury during the preparations for the second part of the season. He was out of action for a year and returned in spring 2009, scoring two goals in nine matches. In January 2011, Nikšić didn't agree on terms of his contract extension and joined Győri ETO as a free player, signing a four-and-a-half-year contract. After playing in only three games, his contract was terminated and on the last day of August 2011, Nikšić was signed by NK Zagreb. Nikšić went on to participate in 7 matches, scoring a single goal, before fading out for good from the first team. His 4-season contract was annulled in the summer of 2013, with reports of the club owing him a substantial amount of money, and has remained a free agent since (as of October 2014). Vedran Nikšić Vedran Nikšić (born 5 May 1987) is a Croatian football striker. Nikšić started his career playing at youth level for his hometown club Osijek. He made his debut for the first team against Cibalia on 11 March 2006, in the 22nd round of 2005–06 season. He was sidelined" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Philippine BSP Series currency notes The Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas Series or BSP Series of currency notes is the sixth and current set of notes to be issued for circulation in the Philippines. It was first introduced on July 3, 1993 by the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) which replaced the Central Bank of the Philippines pursuant to Republic Act No. 7653 or the \"New Central Bank Act\". This series features the portraits of national heroes and former presidents of the nation. The high-denomination notes of PHP100, PHP200, PHP500 and PHP 1000 were modified with anti-counterfeiting measures including a windowed security thread and iridescent band in 2001 and 2002. The BSP Series mainly carried over designs of the New Design Series issued in 1985. The banknote's obverse featured the portrait of either a national hero (e.g. Benigno Aquino, Jr. on the PHP500) or a former presidents (e.g. Manuel L. Quezon on the PHP20). While the reverse featured The series has a total of eight denominations in general circulation; the denominations of PHP5 and PHP10 were carried forward until they were replaced by coins respectively in 1995 and 2000. Printing of the said denominations discontinued in 1996 and 2002 respectively; however are still legal tender. Previous security features in the New Design series were carried over to the BSP series, and new ones incorporated into the banknote. Two prominent security features form the banknote - the engraved portrait of the person(s) and the design of the background. Other security features include lithographic print, anti-copying line structures, perfect registration, microprinting, serial number, windowed security thread and watermark. All banknotes have security features that are invisible and only appear when the banknote are exposed under UV light. Philippine BSP Series currency notes The Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas Series or BSP Series of currency" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Chandigarh LGBT Pride Walk The Chandigarh LGBTQ Pride Walk is an annual march held as part of the \"Garvotsava\" pride week celebrations in Chandigarh, the capital city of the northern Indian states of Punjab and Haryana. The event aims to celebrate and bring together the LGBTQ community and its supporters. Chandigarh was the first city in North India after Delhi to have a pride march in 2013. The parades in Chandigarh are spearheaded by Saksham Trust. The Pride March route typically begins at the Panjab University Student Centre and culminates at Sector 17 plaza in Chandigarh. The march incorporates several local folk dances such as Dhol and Gidda. The first pride march in Chandigarh was held on 15 March 2013. The parade started from Panjab University Student Centre and ended at the City Centre, which is at the heart of Chandigarh. Although more than 500 people were expected to participate, the turnout was low with only 100 people participating in the city's first pride march. The second edition of the Chandigarh Pride Walk was organised on 2 March 2014. It was the culmination of the LGBT celebrations week which started on February 23. The celebrations came against the backdrop of the Supreme Court Verdict on Section 377 on 11 December 2013. The week long celebrations included a conversation on Gender and Sexuality and a Qawwali and Kavi Durbar. During the march, participants raised slogans against the Supreme Court ruling on Section 377 and sought legal and social protections for the LGBT community. The city hosted the LGBTIQ Pride parade for the third time on 8 March 2015. This edition saw the participation of a large number of people, especially students of Panjab University, who did not identify themselves as LGBTIQ, but turned up in support of the LGBTIQ people. Students' organisations such as Ambedkar Students' Association (ASA) and Students For Society (SFS) had extended support for the march. The fourth edition of the city's pride march took place on 6 March 2016. Several student organisations from Panjab University, IISER and Chitkara University were expected to participate in this edition of the pride march. Their demands included: enactment of comprehensive anti-discrimination laws that prohibit discrimination on the basis of age, sex, class, caste, religion, tribe, ability, ethnicity, gender identity and sexual orientation, effective implementation of the provisions of the Supreme Court judgment in NALSA versus Union of India on the rights of trans people, stringent action against violence against minorities and the silencing of freedom of expression and dissent, and repeal of Section 377 (unnatural offences, sex against order of nature) of the Indian Penal Code. In 2017, the city named the LGBTQ celebrations \"Garvotsava\" (translates to: A Festival of Pride) which was a week-long event which wrapped up with the Pride march on 26 March 2017. The festival included a flash mob, plays, film screenings, seminars and other events to encourage open discussion. The march was organised by Saksham Trust and Alankar Theatre Chandigarh with support from the Canadian embassy. The 2018 Chandigarh Pride Week \"Garvotsava\" celebrations began on March 12 and ended with the Pride March on 18 March 2018. The event was organised by Saksham Trust and Nazariya Foundation, a short film productions company. The Canadian Embassy also co-sponsored the celebrations for the second consecutive year. Chandigarh LGBT Pride Walk The Chandigarh LGBTQ Pride Walk is an annual march held as part of the \"Garvotsava\" pride week celebrations in Chandigarh, the capital city of the northern Indian states of Punjab and Haryana. The event aims to celebrate and bring together the LGBTQ community and its supporters. Chandigarh was" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "West Competition West Competition (known as mySAP.com in 2000) was a team in the FIA Formula 3000 Championship, run by the McLaren Formula One team as part of their driver development programme. Named after McLaren's then sponsor, West, the team was active for the three seasons between 1998 and 2000, earning numerous wins as well as the 1999 drivers' and teams' title with Nick Heidfeld. The overhaul of the Formula 3000 series in 1996 attracted a number of Formula 1 teams wishing to establish junior teams. The level of commitment to the series varied - some teams simply lent their name to an existing F3000 team, while others were factory-run programmes that ran parallel to their parent team's F1 activities. West Competition fell firmly into the latter category, run by former Williams race engineer David Brown, who had joined McLaren at the end of 1995 to become race engineer for David Coulthard. His work with the McLaren's F1 team lasted only a year, when he was placed in charge of the organisation's driver development programme. West Competition's cars were given a silver-grey livery that was near-identical to that of the McLaren F1 cars; this remained largely the same for the period of the team's existence, even when West were replaced as title sponsor by mySAP.com. Many of the team went on to have further success within McLaren, as well as other motor racing and the automotive industry. The team began racing in 1998, with then McLaren test-driver Nick Heidfeld and Nicolas Minassian driving. Heidfeld was quickly on the pace, qualifying and finishing second on his first outing. Over the season, he would win three races, qualify on pole for one more and challenge Juan Pablo Montoya for the title. He eventually finished second overall, scoring 58 points to Montoya's 65. By contrast, Minassian had a poor season, scoring just 5 points all year. He was replaced by Bas Leinders for the final race at the Nürburgring. Even though Leinders had qualified 19th, he did not take the start of the race in order to give Heidfeld a chance at winning the title after being pushed down the grid for fuel irregularities. West Competition retained Nick Heidfeld for 1999 and brought in Brazilian Mario Haberfeld to replace Minassian who moved on to the new Kid Jensen Racing team. Heidfeld won at winning at Imola, Catalunya, Magny-Cours and the A1-Ring, as well as taking four pole positions on the way to the title. His domination of the series was reflected on his winning margin to champsionship runner-up Jason Watt, with Heidfeld amassing 59 points to Watt's 30. Haberfeld fared less well, just as Minassian had before him. His season would see him fail to qualify five times and retire a further three times. On the two occasions he did finish, it was well out of the points, meaning that he finished the season without a classification in the championship. With champion Heidfeld leaving for the Prost F1 team at the end of his title year, West Competition signed Stéphane Sarrazin and Tomáš Enge for the 2000 season. The team also changed their name to mySAP.com in deference to their new title sponsor. Lauded when signed, Sarazzin proved to be somewhat disappointing, scoring three points. He was replaced mid season by Tomas Scheckter, the son of the 1979 Formula 1 World Champion Jody Scheckter. Scheckter had a mixed half-season, qualifying and finishing second behind Enge at Hockenheim, but being rather average elsewhere. Enge had an up-and-down season, winning the race at Hockenheim yet failing to qualify at Monaco. He finished 6th in the title race, the highest of the team's drivers. At the end of the year, the team disbanded. Principal David Brown also left McLaren at this time, opting to return to race engineering with the Jordan team. West Competition West Competition (known as mySAP.com in 2000) was a team in the FIA Formula 3000 Championship, run by the McLaren Formula One team as part of their driver development programme. Named after McLaren's then sponsor, West, the team was active for the three seasons between 1998 and 2000, earning numerous wins as well as the 1999 drivers' and teams' title with Nick" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Division of Farrer The Division of Farrer is an Australian electoral division in the state of New South Wales. The division was created in 1949 and is named for William Farrer, an agricultural scientist. The division is located in the far south-western area of the state and includes Albury, Corowa, Narrandera, Leeton, Griffith, Deniliquin, Hay, Balranald and Wentworth. The sitting member, since the 2001 election, is Sussan Ley, a member of the Liberal Party of Australia. It has always been a safe non-Labor seat, alternating between the Liberal Party and the National Party. All four of its members have gone on to serve in cabinet, most notably Tim Fischer, leader of the National Party from 1990 to 1999 and Deputy Prime Minister from 1996 to 1999 during the first half of the Howard Government. Division of Farrer The Division of Farrer is an Australian electoral division in the state of New South Wales. The division was created in 1949 and is named for William Farrer, an agricultural scientist. The division is located in the far south-western area of the state and includes Albury, Corowa, Narrandera, Leeton, Griffith, Deniliquin, Hay, Balranald and Wentworth. The sitting member, since the 2001 election, is" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Open bowling While league bowling and tournaments are very important in the bowling world, there is also another side to the game which goes \"out of the rules\". Fun games or open bowling give players a break from normal bowling, and can often be played competitively. Some give bowlers a chance to practice picking up odd pins—some of which they might not come across very often in a normal game. Others give youngsters a chance when bowling against more experienced bowlers. In this game the bowler does not need to knock down all ten pins to score a strike. A no-tap value is assigned to the game, which states the number of pins you must knock down to score a strike. For example, in a game of 9 pin no-tap if 9 pins are knocked down, it is scored as a strike. With manual Scoring, each bowler can have his own no-tap value, so novices and experienced bowlers can compete together. Automatic scoring is typically limited to the same no-tap value. There are also other variations of no-tap, which include split no-Tap and/or pin combo no-tap. This is a game of chance which uses colored pins in the pin deck. When the colored pins are set in a designated position and the bowler records a strike, spare or split, he is awarded a prize from the bowling center. Some bowling centers call this colorama. This is similar to Monte Carlo although it is played with only one colored pin in the pin deck, and the bowler only receives a prize if they score a strike when the colored pin is the head pin (1). This may also be used in league play for special prizes (in bar leagues, you get a coupon for drinks, for instance) In this game there is only one ball thrown per frame. If the pinfall is an even number, the frame is scored as a strike. If the pinfall is an odd number, the frame is scored as a spare where the first score of the frame is the pinfall number. This is a team game with 2–5 bowlers per team. All bowlers bowl as usual, and the best score out of all bowlers in the team is used to score the \"team game\". This is a game for 2 players per team. The first player bowls his or her first ball. If it is a strike, the team scores a strike. If not, the second player has a chance to make a strike, and scores a strike for the team if successful. If neither player strikes, the team has to decide which spare to shoot at, and gets only one spare attempt, thrown by whichever player left the spare. This format was originally developed by bowling legend Don Carter, and is compared to the scramble format in golf. The television game show Celebrity Bowling, hosted by Jed Allan, used a variation of this format; in it, the celebrity who did the worst had to switch over to the other lane and pick up what their teammate had left. The show awarded prizes to audience members determined by how the celebrities finished. In Low Ball the lowest possible score wins. The bowler MUST knock down at least one pin for every ball thrown. Gutter balls and misses are counted as 10 points. The lowest possible score is 20. This game is very competitive and great for practicing picking up the sometimes elusive 7 or 10 pins. Some locations call this game \"White Elephant\" This is played like a traditional poker game. Instead of getting dealt cards at the start of the hand, you earn them by picking up your spares, or getting strikes. At the end of the bowling game, the best poker hand wins the game. Each lane uses a standard 52-card deck, or in some houses, the scoring machine can handle it. Rule variations include, bonus cards for stringing strikes together or picking up splits, no more than five cards per player, limits on cards held, additional cards after the five card limit for extra strikes (you must exchange), 3x3 grid on the table for community cards. If this is used, you reveal a community card one per frame, jokers included and many other twists. Poker is also played as part of League play – usually with a set bet involved. Bumper bowling is a variation of the game for beginners or children, in which barriers known as \"bumpers\" are placed at the edges of the lane, keeping errant balls in play and out of the gutter. Modern bowling alleys often have retractable bumpers which are automatically raised or lowered depending on whose turn it is to bowl. Bumper Bowling was started in 1978 by Alex Wortman and Zena Sheinberg in Ann Arbor, Michigan. A patent was filed on Feb. 19, 1982, and issued on Dec. 13, 1983 (see article in People Magazine,). A different form of bumper bowling was developed and marketed by Phil Kinzer at Jupiter Lanes in Dallas, TX in 1982; originally, Kinzer's system was not intended to be a worldwide phenomenon as it was designed for his son. The first more popularly used types of bumpers were carpet rolls. The second generation were blocked foam pads or corrugated pipe, then came inflatable tubes. After that, there have been many different generations of the modern bumper system still in use today. The term \"bumper bowling\" is owned by AMF now and operates out of Dallas, TX. The Wortman-Sheinberg bumper bowling systems are produced and marketed by Brunswick. Also known as the \"Johnny Petraglia\" scoring system, it was actually used in the 2009 and 2010 PBA Women's Series for its year-end \"PBA Women's Series Showdown\" event. In this system a player rolls as many balls as it takes for all ten pins to be cleared from the deck. Each roll counts 1 point and the winner is the player with the fewest throws. There are no bonus balls in the 10th frame, and a \"perfect\" score would be 10. This type of open bowling is also common in tournaments played by leagues as a break from regular bowling as well as (in youth leagues) to introduce youths to a different type of competition. Teams are made up of two bowlers, one bowls the first ball, and the other bowls the second (trying to pick up the spare left by the first bowler). If the person who is bowling the first ball rolls a strike, positions switch: the bowler who bowled the first ball (that bowled the strike) now throws the second ball, and the bowler who shot the second ball to pick up the spare now bowls the first ball until he/she gets a strike and positions reverse again. In this simple variation, players use a lesser weighted ball (12 pounds or less, generally). This keeps veteran players on their toes and levels the playing field in mixed experience groups. The origin of this game type is unknown, but it has become popular among casual and recreational players. As bowling balls are quite heavy to throw, some alleys provide portable slides from the top of which the ball is pushed down rather than thrown. Use of these slides is often combined with the use of bumpers. These slides are used by children and the disabled to assist their throw. They are also referred to as \"ramps\". Open bowling While league bowling and tournaments are very important in the bowling world, there is also another side to the game which goes \"out of the rules\". Fun games or open bowling give players a break from normal bowling, and can often be played competitively. Some give bowlers a chance to practice picking up odd pins—some of which they might not come across very" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Johan Daisne Johan Daisne was the pseudonym of Flemish author Herman Thiery (2 September 1912–9 August 1978). Born in Ghent, Belgium, he attended the Koninklijk Atheneum before studying Economics and Slavic languages at Ghent University, receiving his doctorate in 1936. In 1945 he was appointed chief librarian of the city of Ghent. Thiery began writing under the pen-name Johan Daisne in 1935, with the publication of a collection of poetry entitled \"Verzen\". This was followed by other poetical works including \"Het einde van een zomer \" (1940), \"Ikonakind\" (1946), \"Het kruid-aan-de-balk\" (1953) and \"De nacht komt gauw genoeg\" (1961). Together with Hubert Lampo, he was one of the pioneers of magic realism in the Dutch language writing with his novels, the best known of which are \"De trap van steen en wolken\" (1942), \"De man die zijn haar kort liet knippen\" (1947) (translated as 'The man who had his hair cut short', 1965), and \"De trein der traagheid\" (1953). He also wrote screenplays, radio plays and non-fiction. His quadrilingual \"Filmografisch lexicon der wereldliteratuur\" (3 volumes, 1971, 1973 and 1978) developed from his association with the Knokke film festival. Johan Daisne Johan Daisne was the pseudonym of Flemish author Herman Thiery" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Henry Hopkins (pastor) Henry Hopkins (30 November 1837 – 28 August 1908) was an American Congregationalist pastor and President of Williams College. The son of Mark Hopkins, Henry Hopkins grew up in Williamstown, Massachusetts, and graduated from Williams College in 1858, where he was a member of The Kappa Alpha Society. He studied theology at Union Seminary and was ordained as a minister in 1861. Hopkins became president of Williams in 1902, following the service of acting president John Haskell Hewitt, and served until his planned retirement in 1908. He died of pneumonia shortly after retiring while traveling in Rotterdam. Henry Hopkins (pastor) Henry Hopkins (30 November 1837 – 28 August 1908) was an American Congregationalist pastor and President of Williams College. The son of Mark Hopkins, Henry Hopkins grew up in Williamstown, Massachusetts, and graduated from Williams College in 1858, where he was a member of The Kappa Alpha Society. He studied theology at Union Seminary and was ordained as a minister in 1861. Hopkins became president of Williams in 1902, following the service of acting president John Haskell Hewitt, and served until his planned retirement in 1908. He died of pneumonia shortly after retiring while traveling in Rotterdam." ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Siege of Galle (1640) The Siege of the Portuguese fort \"Santa Cruz de Gale\" at Galle in 1640, took place during the Dutch–Portuguese and Sinhalese–Portuguese Wars. The Galle fort commanded 282 villages, which contained most fertile cinnamon lands in southern Sri Lanka It was also an important strategic coastal defense of Portuguese Ceylon. The Dutch, who were in an alliance with the Kingdom of Kandy, landed an expeditionary force under Commodore Willem Jacobszoon Coster of Akersloot, at the Bay of Galle, on 8 March 1640. After bombarding the fort for four consecutive days, Dutch troops stormed the fort and secured a victory on 13 March 1640. The Portuguese garrison, led by Captain Lourenço Ferreira de Brito, mounted a stiff resistance and unexpectedly high casualty rates among Dutch troops gave rise to the proverb “Gold in Malacca, lead in Galle”. With this victory the Dutch gained access to a large port which they later used as a convenient naval base to attack Goa and other South Indian Portuguese defenses. They also gained access to the Sri Lankan cinnamon trade and gained a permanent foothold on the island. The Portuguese arrived in Sri Lanka in 1505 and established trade relations with the kingdom of Kotte. They erected a fortress in Colombo and garrisoned it. In 1521, during events which became known as the “Spoiling of Vijayabahu”, Kotte King Vijayabahu VII’s three sons mutinied and killed their father. They divided the kingdom among themselves giving rise to three minor kingdoms: Kotte, Sitawaka and Principality of Raigama. Subsequent rivalries among these kingdoms gave the Portuguese an opportunity to get involved in internal politics. In 1557, the Kingdom of Kotte became a vassal state of Portugal. In 1591, the Jaffna Kingdom was subjugated and in 1594, Sitawaka was annexed to Portuguese territory. By April 1594, only the Kingdom of Kandy stood in the way of the Portuguese completing their conquest of Sri Lanka. The Portuguese invaded the Kingdom of Kandy in 1594, 1602 and 1630, but they were defeated on all three occasions by the Kandyans. Meanwhile, after 1602, Dutch envoys began visiting Kandy, and by 1638 negotiations were taking place for a Dutch–Kandyan alliance. A Portuguese army, led by Diogo de Melo de Castro, then invaded Kandy in order to capture it before an alliance could take place. However, the Portuguese army was annihilated on 28 March 1638 in a decisive battle at Gannoruwa. Meanwhile, the Dutch fleet arrived in Sri Lanka on 2 April 1638 and made contact with the Kandyans. Priority was given to capture the Batticaloa and Trincomalee forts. These forts were situated within Kandyan territory and had been built ten years earlier by the Portuguese in violation of the peace treaty that had then existed between the Portuguese and Kandyans. On 18 May, after being besieged for eight days by a combined Dutch-Kandyan army, the Portuguese commander surrendered the Batticaloa fort. Five days later, on 23 May 1638, a treaty was signed establishing an alliance between the Dutch and the Kandyans. On 2 May 1639, after a siege that lasted for 40 days, the Dutch captured the Trincomalee fort and on 9 February 1640, a combined Dutch–Kandyan army stormed and captured the Negombo fort. By the end of February, preparations were being made for the siege of Galle. Goa, the headquarters of Portugal's Asian territories (\"Estado da Índia\"), was resupplied annually from Lisbon by Portugal's India armadas. These resources were later distributed to the other Portuguese strongholds through further supply convoys and Sri Lanka received supplies and reinforcements twice a year in May and September. However, when ever a Portuguese stronghold was under threat, reinforcements were rushed to that place disregarding the normal procedures of supply. In 1636, Antonio van Diemen was appointed Governor General of Dutch East India Company. Under his leadership Dutch naval strategy underwent an important change. From 1636, van Diemen annually sent a fleet to blockade Goa, using this opportunity to attack other Portuguese processions as they were deprived of help. He used this strategy in Sri Lanka and after the destruction of powerful Portuguese galleons in the battle of Mormugão on 30 September 1639, the Dutch were able to divert more ships and men to Sri Lanka. On 14 March 1639, issuing a statement, Van Diemen declared that the time had come to drive the Portuguese out of their strongholds and to secure Dutch supremacy in the Indies. Every year an eastbound fleet from Lisbon to Goa brought volunteers, convicts and men forced into service by periodic sweeps of the streets, as recruits. After a short period of basic training, which included parade ground drilling and fighting in formations, they were distributed throughout the empire. Sometimes these raw recruits received their formal military training on the battlefield itself. The rank and file was composed of unmarried regular soldiers who were known as \"soldados\". They were arranged into companies of 30 to 35 men under a captain with an ensign and a sergeant as non commissioned officers. These regulars were supported by other various fighting elements. \"Casados\" were retired veterans who had married and settled locally. In special situations like in expeditions and sieges, they were recalled for active duty. Indigenous fighting men who served under the Portuguese were known as \"Lascarins\". They fought under their provincial leader, a “Dissawe”, who was invariably a Portuguese (by 1640 there were four provinces under the Portuguese rule: Seven Korale, Four Korale, Matara, and Sabaragamuwa). They also hired mercenary soldiers from south India and employed African soldiers to further increase their numbers. The primary firearm used by the Portuguese was arquebus, while spears and swords with shields were used as the primary melee weapons. Comparing the arquebus with the Dutch muskets, Portuguese author Queiroz wrote “... arquebues, do not do as much damage as theirs [Dutch] from muskets, on yet account of the greater expedition with which our men wielded them, they made up for the greater damage of the musketry.” Portuguese troops in Ceylon did not wear any armor and some of the rank and file even fought barefoot. Although called \"the Hollanders\" by the contemporary sources the VOC army consisted of any European that could be recruited resulting in a multi ethnic army. Apart from the Dutch, there were also German, English, Scottish, Irish, and French troops on the field. In contrast to the Portuguese troops in Ceylon, the Dutch army used similar tactics to other contemporary European armies, which formed in tight blocks of pike-men and musketeers. They were arranged into companies of 100 men and supported by auxiliary troops that consisted of Javanese and Malays. These Malay troops were organized under their own chiefs with little effort to provide proper military training or up to date weapons. Unlike the Portuguese, Dutch troops wore armor, which consisted of breastplates and morions. Their primary weapons were matchlock muskets, pikes and spears, but Queiroz states that the Dutch used flintlock muskets in addition to matchlocks during the siege. Additionally, describing the Dutch troops who fought in Galle, he wrote that “... the Batavian brought on this occasion great leaders, picked and well armed men.” The Portuguese fort of Santa Cruz de Gale was situated on a promontory at the western edge of the Bay of Galle. Although considerably elevated at its southern tip, it gradually sloped down towards the isthmus where it connected with the mainland. At this isthmus, a wall extended from sea side to the bay side enclosing Galle city. There were three bastions defending the wall from sea to bay called \"Santo António\", \"Conception\" and \"Santiago\". Santiago was small and had a low open terrace making it vulnerable to grenade attacks. From the Santiago, a parapet wall ran along the bay up to the Retreat, a", "matchlocks during the siege. Additionally, describing the Dutch troops who fought in Galle, he wrote that “... the Batavian brought on this occasion great leaders, picked and well armed men.” The Portuguese fort of Santa Cruz de Gale was situated on a promontory at the western edge of the Bay of Galle. Although considerably elevated at its southern tip, it gradually sloped down towards the isthmus where it connected with the mainland. At this isthmus, a wall extended from sea side to the bay side enclosing Galle city. There were three bastions defending the wall from sea to bay called \"Santo António\", \"Conception\" and \"Santiago\". Santiago was small and had a low open terrace making it vulnerable to grenade attacks. From the Santiago, a parapet wall ran along the bay up to the Retreat, a fortification that contained the captain’s keep and an esplanade, which had space to mount 20 guns. At the southern tip of the fort, the Bastion of Santa Cruz commanded the western approaches to the bay. However, at the time of the siege, it lacked any guns and its walls were in ruins. The Galle fort, which was surrounded by sea on three sides, could be entered from the north side through two gates. \"Porta da Traição\", or the Treason Gate, was the main gate. It was protected by a cavalier and was situated where the present-day gate is situated. At the foot of the Bastion of Santiago, there was another gate called \"Porta do Muro\" or the Wall Gate, which the Dutch called the “gate of the chief bastion”. There were two more entry points at the bay side, which granted access to the harbor. The Galle fort was secured at western side by a reef and hidden rocks. Although an enemy party could have landed over the rocks around the fort in favorable weather, this approach was considered secure. The bastion of Santa Cruz defended the southern side, while breastworks with twelve “field pieces” defended the eastern side, which was approachable from the Galle bay. Despite its strengths, the Galle fort had an inherent weakness. Within cannon range from the northern wall there was an area of higher ground from which a battery, if established there, had the ability to fire grenades over the wall into the fort. The mastermind behind the siege was Commodore Willem Jacobszoon Coster, second-in-command of the Dutch expeditionary force to Sri Lanka. The Dutch had been gathering information on Galle and on 14 June 1638, writing to Governor General Van Diemen, Coster outlined his plan of attack. He described his plans to land troops beyond the range of the fort guns to exploit the Galle fort’s inherent weakness, “... there is a highland like the promontory, so that one can easily fire with guns from there at the city and the principal fort, and, as far as we can gather, can throw (grenades) with mortars, and we shall obliged to take it in this manner.” Van Diemen, writing back on 11 August 1638, ordered that Galle was a priority target and to capture it before Colombo. He further added “... it [Galle] offers an excellent harbor for vessels which can anchor there at any time of the year”, which better suited their future plans. As per instructions given by Van Diemen, a fleet of 11 ships approached Galle in December 1638. Their plan was to assess the Portuguese fortifications and locate potential landing sites. After a failed attempt due to heavy rains and rough seas, they landed a small detachment the next day while the ships distracted the fort with a bombardment. They inspected the area and successfully completed the mission at the expense of three soldiers who were killed in action and another soldier who was injured. However, the Dutch council wanted additional information and instructed Coster, “if Portuguese of position are taken prisoner get them to confess by good or bad means.” In July 1639, a fleet of nine ships was sent to blockade Goa. Their objective was to prevent any reinforcements from reaching Sri Lanka. On 24 September 1639, a Dutch expeditionary force, under the command of director Philip Lucasz, left Batavia. Meanwhile, on 24 October 1639 two Dutch ships appeared off Colombo and attacked Portuguese vessels there, disrupting their shipping along the west coast. After being delayed by several weeks due to storms, Philip Lucasz arrived in December 1639 with a force of 21 ships. They landed north of Negombo and defeated the Portuguese during the battle of Kammala. Later, together with a 15,000-strong Kandyan army, they captured Negombo. After the battle, Lucasz fell critically ill and died on his way back to Batavia leaving Coster in command of the Dutch expeditionary force. The Portuguese were unprepared for a siege. João Rodrigues Leitão, the captain of the Galle fort, was severely ill. He was succeeded by a Casado Captain, Lourenço Ferreira de Brito, just 28 days before the arrival of the Dutch. He had only 80 Casados, 30 militia, three companies of Topasses and 300 Lascarins for the defense. The armory only contained a small stock of gunpowder, 20 muskets and arquebuses, and a few spears. In addition to the field pieces along the breastwork, he had only 12 guns, two stone mortars and seven falcons. The guns were of different calibers so they required shots of different sizes. The treasury was empty so he had to collect money from the inhabitants to pay for munitions and repairs. At the beginning of March, Portuguese Generals Manuel Mascarenhas Homem and General Dom Brás de Castro left from Cochin, with a strong force of reinforcements in eight ships and 15 galleys. Five hundred Christians led by Cristóvão Teles, a Knight of the order of Christ, joined them bearing the zeal of bishop of Cochin. This large force came to be known as “the two Generals” and was eagerly expected at Colombo. On 1 March 1640, a fleet of five Dutch ships appeared off Colombo. They anchored opposite the fort, convincing the Portuguese of an imminent attack. On 5 March, a second fleet arrived from the direction of Negombo and after joining together they sailed towards south. As soon as the ships set out, the Captain General D. António Mascarenhas, the Governor of Portuguese Ceylon, realized that they were heading for Galle. He hastily organized a relief force under Captain Major Francisco de Mendonça Manuel. It consisted of 323 Portuguese in 12 companies, 1,600 Lascarins under the four Dissawes, 200 Canarese musket men (under their leader Rana), and 100 Kaffir archers. Portuguese reinforcements forced marched along the coast, crossing three major rivers by boats. They did not encounter any Kandyan troops and advanced without encountering resistance. However, by the time they reached Aluthgama, Mendonça realized that he would not be able to reach Galle in time. So he sent Francisco Antunes, the Dissawe of Matara, in advance with a detachment of Lascarins from the Korale of Galle. They managed to reach Galle on the morning of 8 March 1640, just before the arrival of Dutch. By midday on the 8th, the Dutch fleet appeared off the coast of Galle. They arranged themselves in battle formation and saluted the fort with a salvo. Once the fort replied, six Dutch ships continued the bombardment while a landing party consisting two pinnaces, a shallop and 17 launches entered the bay. They maneuvered close to the Unavatuna hill (Rumassala hill), staying beyond the range of the fort guns. The two pinnaces and the shallop moored at the edge of the bay and continued to bombard the shore and the nearby woods. The launches advanced along the shore and approached the wide stretch of beach beyond Magale, which had been chosen for the landing. Under the cover of the artillery fire, they disembarked 700 European musketeers and 400 Malay and Bandanese troops in two waves. These troops were under the command of Commodore Willem Jacobz Coster. They rapidly arranged themselves into three columns and began to march towards Pitigale. Natives from the area informed them about the relief force of \"350 white men” that was", "two pinnaces, a shallop and 17 launches entered the bay. They maneuvered close to the Unavatuna hill (Rumassala hill), staying beyond the range of the fort guns. The two pinnaces and the shallop moored at the edge of the bay and continued to bombard the shore and the nearby woods. The launches advanced along the shore and approached the wide stretch of beach beyond Magale, which had been chosen for the landing. Under the cover of the artillery fire, they disembarked 700 European musketeers and 400 Malay and Bandanese troops in two waves. These troops were under the command of Commodore Willem Jacobz Coster. They rapidly arranged themselves into three columns and began to march towards Pitigale. Natives from the area informed them about the relief force of \"350 white men” that was expected by the Portuguese garrison, but Coster decided to continue to Pitigale as planned. When the launches approached the bay, Captain Lourenço Ferreira de Brito (commander of the Galle fort) sent a force under Francisco Antunes to open up trenches at Magale to check the landing of the Dutch. This force consisted of three companies from the garrison and the Lascarins who came with him in the morning. However, the Dutch were efficient in their landing and Portuguese had to advance along the curve of the bay. By the time they reached there, the Dutch were in battle formation and had deployed cannons. The vanguard of the Dutch force engaged them and the Portuguese withdrew while fighting. During this skirmish some of the Portuguese soldiers were taken as prisoners but the rest managed to disengage and retreat towards Gintota, where they met Francisco de Mendonça Manuel with the rest of the relief force. Dutch troops then advanced towards Pitigale accompanied by launches, which sailed along the edge of the bay. They were laden with artillery, which was intended to be used during the siege. The fort's guns concentrated their fire on these launches. A shot from the cavalier over the main gate (commanded by Vicente Pais de Mendonça) managed to sink a launch loaded with an artillery piece. But despite their continuous bombardment, the Dutch took quarters in the bazaar and the high ground next to it while the launches unloaded the artillery at Pitigale. At nightfall, a Dutch pinnace made a probe from the direction of the bay. It was assessing the defenses and approached the eastern side of the fort in front of the breastworks. Portuguese guns opened fire and after several shots they managed to score a direct hit. The pinnace lost its mizzen mast and was forced to retire. Thereafter, Dutch ships did not approach the fort from that direction. Under the cover of darkness, Dutch troops built a sand rampart to fortify the approaches to the bazaar. They built a stockade over the high ground and opened up trenches to defend the positions. Thorn bushes were placed in front of them as entanglements to prevent direct charges, and the Dutch mounted two 30-pound guns on the high ground, directing them at the bastion of Santiago. Five lesser caliber cannons were placed along the line to guard the fortifications. Meanwhile, launches continued to land troops, raising the strength of the Dutch force. In the night, a Portuguese force under Captain Manuel Brás arrived from Matara and managed to enter the fort undetected. They brought three companies of Soldados with some Casados, 80 Kaffirs and 300 lascarins. In the meantime, Captain Major Mendonça established communications with the fort and decided to attack the enemy position the following morning. A three-pronged attack was planned and Portuguese spies observed that the Dutch were arranged in two bodies. The first party, or the right wing, consisted of the troops that had arrived in the night from Matara. Three companies of regulars (soldados) with some casados, 80 Kaffirs and 300 Lascarins were in this party under the command of Vicente da Silva. They were expected to attack the rampart defending the bazaar. The left wing was commanded by Captain Major Mendonça himself. His force consisted of eight companies of regulars, 200 Canarese musket men and Lascarins under Francisco Antunes (Dissawe of Matara) and Francisco da Silva (Dissawe of Seven Korale). They were to attack the trenches and the battery mounted on high ground. In the center, four companies of regulars with Lascarins under António de Fonseca Pereira (Dissawe of Four Korale) and Francisco de Faria (Dissawe of Sabaragamuwa) were to attack the inland portion of the rampart. They were under the command of Captain Jorge Fernandes. According to the plan all three wings would mount a simultaneous attack on the Dutch line at daybreak, acting on a signal given by a gun from the fort. The Portuguese troops silently approached the Dutch line and halted beyond a distance of two muskets shots. They spent the rest of the night there preparing themselves for the assault. After the landing, the Dutch paid the natives to spy on the Portuguese and to provide information on their movements. As a result, they came to know about the Portuguese attack plans. The Dutch redeployed their men into three bodies to receive each attack. Captain Marte with 200 Dutch and 100 Bandanese occupied the rampart where Vicente were to attack. Three hundred Dutch and 100 Bandanese under Captain Friz occupied the inland portion of the rampart. Eight hundred European musketmen, with an unknown number of Bandanese, occupied the trenches on the high ground under the command of Commodore Willem Jacobz Coster and Master of the Field Andriao Cornelio. Before the daybreak, Mendonça addressed his men. To counter the odds of the large number of European troops, he encouraged them to fight in close quarters while maintaining their formations. After the speech they advanced to within musket range of the Dutch line and silently waited for the signal from the fort. At daybreak, the signal was given from the fort and all three Portuguese forces assaulted the Dutch position. On the right flank, Vicente attacked along the coast. When the Dutch fired a cannon volley, almost all the Kaffirs and some of the Lascarins abandoned the fight and ran back. The rest of them continued the charge and captured the rampart with two cannons. The Dutch captain, Marte, was killed in this battle and his units withdrew towards the beach. Some of them were heading for the three launches that were tied up on the beach, but the Portuguese reached them first and cast them adrift, preventing the Dutch from escaping. After receiving reinforcements, Dutch troops reorganized and counterattacked the rampart now held by Portuguese. Although the Portuguese held their position, they suffered many casualties including two of their captains and two ensigns. Gradually the Dutch gained the upper hand and Portuguese forces started to withdraw. The commander of Galle, Lourenço Ferreira de Brito, observed the situation from the fort and came to their aid with a detachment under Bartolomeu d’Eça. With fresh troops the Portuguese regained the rampart while Lourenço Ferreira retired back to the fort with the wounded. In the center, the Portuguese met with heavy resistance. Francisco de Faria (the Dissawe of Sabaragamuwa) was killed and his lascarins fled from the field. The rest of the troops continued to attack and both sides suffered many casualties without gaining a significant advantage. On the left flank, Mendonça attacked the trenches. His men charged the battery several times and after fighting for more than one and a half hours, Mendonça managed to dislodge the Dutch from the high ground. He captured the two artillery pieces with two cannons. Soon the Dutch line collapsed and defenders were driven out of the bazaar. They began to reform into a single large squadron in a palm grove, but Portuguese troops charged into the midst of the Dutch. They were taken by surprise and according to Portuguese sources the Dutch troops could not discharge even a single volley towards", "(the Dissawe of Sabaragamuwa) was killed and his lascarins fled from the field. The rest of the troops continued to attack and both sides suffered many casualties without gaining a significant advantage. On the left flank, Mendonça attacked the trenches. His men charged the battery several times and after fighting for more than one and a half hours, Mendonça managed to dislodge the Dutch from the high ground. He captured the two artillery pieces with two cannons. Soon the Dutch line collapsed and defenders were driven out of the bazaar. They began to reform into a single large squadron in a palm grove, but Portuguese troops charged into the midst of the Dutch. They were taken by surprise and according to Portuguese sources the Dutch troops could not discharge even a single volley towards the Portuguese. To secure a victory, Mendonça sent his Ensign Major, Valentim Pinheiro, with four companies in a flanking maneuver to attack them in the rear. This tactic worked and the Dutch, with their ranks broken, fled towards the sea. In this narrow stretch of open beach, the Dutch suffered a large number of casualties and many threw themselves into the sea. Dutch ships fired volleys of artillery at Portuguese forces. Shallops and 35 launches came to the aid of the Dutch troops with reserve forces, officers and ammunition. They picked up men from the sea preventing them from drowning. Shallops continued to fire at Portuguese soldiers with muskets and cannons. A Portuguese captain major, armed with a sword and a shield, strode up and down on the shore encouraging his men to continuously press the attack. He ordered them to fire even on the shallops to prevent them from assisting the Dutch troops. The remaining Dutch troops raised a white flag realizing that they were stranded. At the same time, a cannonball from a shallop hit Mendonça on his head and killed him instantly. Suddenly, Portuguese troops found themselves leaderless and without direction. A sergeant major who was next in command stood irresolute, while the Portuguese attack halted. In panic they abandoned the fight and retired back to the fort in scattered groups. Some of the wounded (Captain Jorge Fernandes the commander of the center, Captain João de Sequeira and four Soldiers) were left behind and they were taken prisoner by the Dutch. Seventy Portuguese soldiers were killed in the battle (\"about sixty\", according to the Dutch sources). Another seventy were injured but managed to retreat back to the fort. A few wounded were taken as prisoners. Casualties suffered by Lascarins, Canarese musketmen and Kaffir archers are not known. Although the Dutch casualty figures are in dispute, both Portuguese and Dutch sources agree that they suffered heavy casualties. Dutch writer Phillipus Baldaeus stated that the fighting “caused us no small loss in killed and wounded” and Portuguese writer Fernão de Queiroz gives a figure of 900 killed and a proportionate number of wounded. Captain Ribeiro, who served in Sri Lanka from 1640 to 1658 and personally met the battle participants, stated that Dutch lost “more than four hundred men”. Official Dutch records give an indirect figure; “the arrival of 350 men two days later was regarded as a welcome reinforcement to bring the army up to its original strength”. Although less in number, Portuguese losses had a greater impact as they lost many officers and veterans. Portuguese writer Queiroz criticizes their commander's decision to attack a well entrenched enemy position. He suggests that if they had retired to the fort to reinforce the garrison without engaging the Dutch, \"It would have been impossible for the Hollander to take that \"Praça\"\". On the other hand, the Dutch rapidly regained their positions. They mounted six large caliber guns on the high ground and many lesser caliber cannons for their defense. Soon they recommenced the bombardment now targeting bastions of Santiago and Conception. However, due to the large number of wounded they suffered from a shortage of men until the arrival of reinforcements on the 11th. The Dutch bombardment was answered from the three bastions and the Portuguese brought up some artillery which was mounted on sea side in order to increase their fire power. Most of the Portuguese gunners were veterans who used to serve in galleons and they laid down an accurate fire disregarding the mounting casualties, but despite their efforts the Dutch managed to maintain a steady barrage. During the night of the 9th, the captain of the fort, Lourenço Ferreira de Brito, called a meeting with the council and the remaining commanders of the reinforcements. He outlined the state of the fort, its strengths, weaknesses, the effect of the Dutch bombardment, and his plans to lead another attack to capture and spike the Dutch guns. But only three out of fifteen supported his suggestion and they decided to keep the remaining forces intact to hold the fort until reinforcements could arrive from Goa. They decided to send Sebastião d’Orta, the captain of Kalutara fort, to Colombo to negotiate for reinforcements and ammunition as they were running out of 16-, 14- and 12-pound shots despite the continuous efforts of the blacksmiths who were casting fresh ones. He was sent in a small vessel under the cover of darkness. By nightfall, the Dutch bombardment had managed to significantly damage the bastion of Santiago. Their shots penetrated the weaker sections of the wall (near the main gate) and entered the fort. The Portuguese, with the help of the inhabitants, began to repair the fortifications. All the palm trees within the fort were cut down and they were laid over the bastion of Santiago and the damaged sections. These repairs were made under continuous cannon fire and their effectiveness was noted even by the Dutch commanders. The Portuguese reorganized their defenses with the remaining regular troops (Soldados). They armed all the inhabitants who could bear arms including the young, old, sick, merchants and even visitors who happened to be there at the time of the siege. They were arranged into militia groups. The Casados and topasses were arranged into small squads called \"companion groups\" and deployed with the regular troops to strengthen the defenses. The defense of the bastion of Santo António was assigned to 28 regulars under Captain Bartolomeu d’Eça and 14 companions under Casado captain António Lourenço Forte. The bastion of Conception was assigned to a company of 26 regulars under Captain Francisco Gonçalves Velho and a group of 16 companions under Captain Lourenço da Costa, a Casado of Galle. The bastion of Santiago, where the main attack was expected, was assigned to a company of 29 regulars under Ensign Major Valentim Pinheiro and 16 companions under a casado Captain Pedro Carvalho. The sea side watch tower was occupied by eight companions and the four watch towers along the wall were assigned to four companies of regulars from left to right had 21, 28, 27 and 26 soldados, respectively. In the main guard, a stone mortar and a falcon were mounted. They were manned by five companions and provided a field of fire to cover the approaches to the bastion. The section of the curtain from the bastion of Santo António to the bastion of Conception was assigned to the Dissawe of Seven Korale and his Lascarins. From the Conception to Santiago, the Dissawe of Matara and his lascarins manned the curtain. Near the base of the Bastion Santiago two units of Kaffir archers (total of 80) were stationed as a reserve force. To defend against a landing from the bay, 25 regulars manned the watch tower of the bay. The inner stockade was defended by 27 regulars, six companions and by the Lascarins of Dissawe of four Korale. A group of militia took position at the foot of the retreat, among the rocks. They were armed with muskets which were mounted on supports. The retreat was garrisoned by 16 companions and they were also guarding the gunpowder stock. Along the", "section of the curtain from the bastion of Santo António to the bastion of Conception was assigned to the Dissawe of Seven Korale and his Lascarins. From the Conception to Santiago, the Dissawe of Matara and his lascarins manned the curtain. Near the base of the Bastion Santiago two units of Kaffir archers (total of 80) were stationed as a reserve force. To defend against a landing from the bay, 25 regulars manned the watch tower of the bay. The inner stockade was defended by 27 regulars, six companions and by the Lascarins of Dissawe of four Korale. A group of militia took position at the foot of the retreat, among the rocks. They were armed with muskets which were mounted on supports. The retreat was garrisoned by 16 companions and they were also guarding the gunpowder stock. Along the breastworks there were 12 artillery pieces manned by gunners under Manuel de Fonseca Moniz. The bastion of Santa Cruz was defended by a company of 24 regulars and by the remaining Canareses musketmen under their leader, Rana. From there to the western end of the wall was defended by the newly appointed Dissawe of Sabaragamuwa, Afonso Carvalho, and his Lascarins. They were supported by 12 companions who manned muskets mounted on supports. In addition to these fixed defenses there were three patrol squads. The first patrol consisted of 10 companions under a Casado Captain. The second patrol was commanded by the sergeant major and consisted of 25 regulars, and the third patrol was commanded by Lourenço Ferreira de Brito, the Captain of the Fort, and had 20 companions. On the 10th, the Dutch positioned mortars and began to bombard the town with 60-pound grenades. This bombardment and the subsequent fire damaged a section of the town and destroyed the houses of Lopo da Gama, which was considered as a beautiful zone. In addition to the damage caused, this bombardment with grenades had a major impact on the morale of the non European troops who had never been on the receiving end of such a barrage. During the night, the Portuguese concentrated their repairs on the bastions of Conception and Santiago, using palm trunks to cover the damaged sections. Meanwhile, a body of Dutch troops infiltrated and attacked the bastion of Santiago and the men who were engaged in repairs. As the light and smell of a burning match could give away their position, this Dutch infiltration unit used flintlock muskets instead of matchlocks. They managed to wound some men but were forced to withdraw due to a charge made by the Portuguese guards. In retaliation, Lourenço Ferreira de Brito, the captain of the fort, organized a raiding party consisting of Lascarins, but after sallying and arousing the Dutch, they defected to them. Similarly, Dissanayake Mudali, a Lascarin leader, also defected and was seen collaborating with the Dutch. By the 11th, the Dutch command was in a state of trepidation due to the shortage of men. Although the Kandyan Dissawe of Matara had arrived, the Kandyan offensive units were still beyond Weligama, a town east to the Galle fort. That day, much to the relief of the Dutch command, three ships (\"Haarlem, Middelburgh and Breda\") arrived from Goa bringing 350 soldiers and 50 sailors as reinforcements. They were disembarked immediately and ordered to take the field with rest of the troops. By the 12th, the Dutch bombardment managed to considerably weaken the Bastion of Santiago, convincing the Dutch commanders that an assault on Santa Cruz de Gale was now possible. On the same day at noon a Dutch messenger arrived at the bastion of Santiago carrying a white flag and a drum. He was accompanied by João Festa, who was the Portuguese Captain of Batecaloa Fort. But they were refused a hearing and even fired upon as had happened during the siege of Trincomalee. Although the Dutch envoy managed to get back unharmed, Portuguese sources claim that the Dutch issued a \"no quarter\" order in retaliation to the insult. A Dutch commander later wrote “...and conquered, killing everyone who was found armed”. Portuguese writer Queiroz gives a possible explanation for their breach of accepted norms, Later that day, the Dutch war council gathered on board of their flagship \"Utrecht\". In a controversial move, Commodore Willem Coster proposed to storm the fort in the early morning of the 13th without waiting for the arrival of Kandyan offensive units. According to the prior agreements with Kandyan Mudalis, they were expected on the 13th to attack the fort on a later hour. The original Dutch order signed by Coster himself, state the reasons for this premature attack, The Dutch army was divided into four groups. The first group, the vanguard, led by \"Commisaris\" Jan Thysen, was to attack the bastion of Conception. The center, commanded by Minne Williemsz Caertekoe, was to attack the Bastion of Santiago and the curtain between Conception and Santiago. The rearguard, commanded by \"Opperkoopmen\" Simon de Wit, was to follow up the storming once a breach had been made. All the rest of the troops, carpenters, support troops and two Kandyan units, which had arrived, formed the reserve force and occupied the high ground where the battery was mounted. They were commanded by Fiscal Gerard Herbers, the former Dutch commander of the fort at Trincomalee. Preparations were made rapidly and in support of the land troops the Dutch brought in many sailors and ladders from the fleet ships. On the morning of the 13th, at the beginning of the dawn watch, Portuguese sentries observed that Dutch launches were making toward the fort. At the same time spies reported that the Dutch were serving ladders and they observed increased activity within the enemy camp. Lourenço Ferreira de Brito, realizing that Dutch are about to attack, gave orders to sound the alarms. The Dutch began their attack with an amphibious assault on the bastion of Santa Cruz using launches and shallops to land troops. The captain of the fort, Lourenço Ferreira, realized that this was just a diversionary attack and without committing additional troops he ordered the units defending that area to assist each other. As the amphibious attack was in progress, the Dutch vanguard and center mounted the main attack marking the beginning of the battle at the ramparts. A total of 1,100 Europeans and 300 Bandanese troops formed the first wave and out of them nearly 500 attacked the Bastion of Santiago. They charged giving the Dutch battle cry “Conquer or die!”. The Portuguese garrison opened fire with artillery, which was followed by swivel guns once the Dutch troops closed on their position. The mortar mounted at the main-guard was manned by a group of casados led by Bernardo Gonçalves and used to fire upon the troops attacking from the beach, but on the second shot the mortar exploded carrying part of the curtain with it (Dutch troops later used this gap to assail the bastion). Soon the Dutch began to scale the wall with ladders and the Portuguese hurled the ladders and retaliated with spears, swords, powder pots, and many incendiary weapons. Lourenço Ferreira, after making sure that the Dutch were not going to attack from the direction of the harbor, diverted men from the bay side to the wall, further strengthening the defenses. While the Dutch concentrated their attack on the bastions of Conception and Santiago, Portuguese from Bastion of Santo António fired upon the Dutch troops who were scaling the Conception, with artillery and muskets. Many Dutch troops were killed and some who were burnt threw themselves into the sea. The Dutch commander of the vanguard, \"Commisaris\" Jan Thysen, later wrote “at the beginning of the storm, matters seemed very doubtful in consequence of the powerful resistance offered by those in the city”. The Portuguese managed to repulse the Dutch attacks on two occasions but on the third attempt, the Dutch managed to obtain the upper hand. They concentrated their attacks on the bastion of Santiago which had a low small terrace. They", "side to the wall, further strengthening the defenses. While the Dutch concentrated their attack on the bastions of Conception and Santiago, Portuguese from Bastion of Santo António fired upon the Dutch troops who were scaling the Conception, with artillery and muskets. Many Dutch troops were killed and some who were burnt threw themselves into the sea. The Dutch commander of the vanguard, \"Commisaris\" Jan Thysen, later wrote “at the beginning of the storm, matters seemed very doubtful in consequence of the powerful resistance offered by those in the city”. The Portuguese managed to repulse the Dutch attacks on two occasions but on the third attempt, the Dutch managed to obtain the upper hand. They concentrated their attacks on the bastion of Santiago which had a low small terrace. They hurled many fire darts and grenades which set fire to the barrels, cartridges and powder pots that were stored on the bastion. Most of the Portuguese defenders were burnt and rest retired wounded. A Portuguese sergeant major then sent the Dissave of Matara to the Retreat in order to bring more powder, munitions and fire pots to defend Santiago. Meanwhile, Captain Lourenço Ferreira tried to reinforce it twice with his patrol, but the fire caused by continuous Dutch grenade attacks forced them to retire on both occasions. On the third occasion Lourenço Ferreira was wounded by four bullets and fell to the ground with a broken arm and laid there incapacitated. With his loss, Ensign Major Valentim Pinheiro, a young boy, took over the command and resisted the Dutch attack. As their commanders sounded the retreat, recalling the third attack, the Dutch troops managed to enter the bastion of Santiago. The Dutch rapidly renewed the attack and manned the Portuguese artillery pieces which were on the terrace. Using them, the Dutch dislodged the defenders from the nearby curtains of the wall. Meanwhile, a special storming party reserved to carry out an attack on the mainguard swiftly descended over the terrace. The Dissawe of Four Korale, António de Fonseca Pereira, who was called up from the inner stockade to strengthen the defenses with his troops, mounted a stiff resistance with the remaining defenders and the Kaffir reserve force. However, they were dislodged and the Dutch managed to secure the mainguard. Two hours after the assault began, they opened the Wall Gate, and allowed the rearguard to enter the city. The devoted wife of the captain of Galle fort, Lourenço Ferreira, used to accompany him during his routine inspections and was nearby when he was incapacitated. When the rushing Dutch soldiers came on to kill him she threw herself over him and pleaded for them to kill her and spare her beloved husband. A Dutch captain, who witnessed this incident, took them under his protection. According to Portuguese sources, once Commodore Coster learnt of this, he withdrew the “no quarter” order and ordered his men to spare those who took refuge in houses and inside churches. Meanwhile, \"Opperkoopmen\" Simon de Wit’s units entered the city and formed into two squadrons. The first squadron advanced parallel to the wall while the second squadron under Captain Major Adrian Cornelio advanced towards the monastery of Misericórdia. The first squadron engaged the Portuguese soldiers who were abandoning the Bastion of Conception, after their commanders were killed by the artillery fire from Santiago. Following a heavy fight at the base of the bastion, the Portuguese were overwhelmed and the Dutch managed to capture the Conception. They then advanced towards the bastion of Santo António. A sergeant major who was there managed to breakout with his patrol squad, but the rest of the defenders got trapped inside the bastion. Realizing that the Portuguese were determined to fight to the end, the Dutch sent for the wife of Captain António Lourenço Forte who was in command within. They requested that she persuade the defenders to surrender to avoid unnecessary bloodshed, but she refused. The Dutch then began their assault and Francisco da Silva, the Dissave of Seven Korale, was killed at the foot of the bastion while defending its approaches. Although many Dutch soldiers were killed by a grapeshot round fired from a falcon, the Dutch forced their way into the bastion and after a short struggle they secured the bastion. They killed all the defenders including the captains Lourenço Forte and Bartolomeu d'Eça. Francisco Antunes, the Dissave of Matara, who was returning with ammunition, came across the second Dutch squadron near the monastery of Misericórdia. With the Canarese musketmen who were on their way to reinforce the bastion of Santiago, he tried to organize a counterattack, but his men were scattered by the artillery fire from the bastions and the sweeping musket fire from advancing columns. Francisco Antunes got separated from the rest of his men. When he tried to get to the bastion of Conception he came across the sergeant major who was retreating from the “Santo António”. After learning of the loss of the bastions they decided to fall back to the “Retreat”. They managed to fight their way through several enemy squadrons and with 15 Portuguese soldiers made it to the Retreat. From there, they descended to the rocky shore to escape, but were captured by Dutch troops. After securing the church yard of Misericórdia, Dutch troops led by Captain Major Adrian Cornelio attacked St. Domingo, which was held by Portuguese and Kaffir troops who withdrew from the wall. They were led by the Dissawe of Four Korale. After mounting a brief resistance they abandoned the church and withdrew to the Retreat. Later they (altogether numbering 60 men) surrendered to the Dutch realizing the futility of unnecessary bloodshed. In the meantime bands of Dutch troops overran the city eliminating any Portuguese who were found armed. Despite the withdrawal of the order to give no quarter, the Portuguese accused the Dutch of killing some Portuguese in cold blood and even the ill, who were on beds. By this time Kandyan units had arrived and they too joined the fight. They invested the surrounding area and managed to capture many Lascarins and Portuguese who were fleeing from the sea side of the fort. Some joined the fight within the city and the Portuguese later claimed that Kandyan troops did not even spare the “innocent”. Several notable Portuguese ladies were among the dead. D. Tomázia Coutinho and Joana do Couto were claimed to have died of grief while some others took their own lives. Portuguese author Fernão de Queiroz wrote, “... so many women at the sight of their husbands, sons, brothers and relations, killed in these streets, or others who gave up their souls to God and were killed under their own eyes, which made some offer their own throats, either to deliver them or to escape from the affronts which they already experienced and dreaded?” After securing St. Domingo, the Dutch sent a detachment to attack the Portuguese forces that were still defending the southern tip of the fort. These Portuguese troops under Captain Vicente Mendes took refuge in the Bastion of Santa Cruz. Since they were pressed on both fronts and they lacked cannons to defend the bastion, they too surrendered marking the end of the battle for the city. By 10:00 in the morning on 13 March 1640, Dutch troops eliminated all resistance and captured the \"Santa Cruz de Gale\". The Portuguese lost nearly one hundred men including nine captains and 24 casados. Casualties amongst the Lascarins, Canarese musketmen and Kaffirs are not known. Seven hundred Portuguese men, women, children, and slaves were taken as prisoners. As per prior agreements, captured Lascarins and Sinhalese (1500 in total) were handed over to the Kandyan King. Captured Kaffirs and Canarese musketmen were employed by the Dutch to increase their numbers. Dutch casualty figures are in dispute. The Dutch officially accepted 100 dead Hollanders and another 400 wounded. Casualty figures", "cannons to defend the bastion, they too surrendered marking the end of the battle for the city. By 10:00 in the morning on 13 March 1640, Dutch troops eliminated all resistance and captured the \"Santa Cruz de Gale\". The Portuguese lost nearly one hundred men including nine captains and 24 casados. Casualties amongst the Lascarins, Canarese musketmen and Kaffirs are not known. Seven hundred Portuguese men, women, children, and slaves were taken as prisoners. As per prior agreements, captured Lascarins and Sinhalese (1500 in total) were handed over to the Kandyan King. Captured Kaffirs and Canarese musketmen were employed by the Dutch to increase their numbers. Dutch casualty figures are in dispute. The Dutch officially accepted 100 dead Hollanders and another 400 wounded. Casualty figures of Badanese and Malay troops were not given. On the other hand, the Portuguese estimated 450 dead (including 15 captains) and 500 wounded Hollanders with 700 Bandanese and Malay troop losses in the battle for the ramparts alone. Regardless of the differing figures, Dutch casualty rates were considered higher than expected by the Dutch troops, giving rise to the proverb “Gold in Malacca and lead in Galle”. There were a few unmarried Mestiços women and a large number of widows within the fort and Dutch commanders gave permission to the soldiers to marry them “to prevent all future unpleasantness”. The Dutch sent all the Portuguese prisoners with 19 religious personals including Fr Luís Pinto, Superior of the Society of Jesus, to Batavia, Malacca and Achem. Among them was the captain of the fort, Lourenço Ferreira de Brito, who was still in a critical condition but alive due to the special care given to him by the Dutch. The two generals finally arrived on 12 April 1640 and were greeted by the relieved Portuguese who were anxious by their delay. They had run into a storm and had decided to rest and refit at Mannar. Governor António Mascarenhas was so infuriated by their decision to delay that he summoned them to provide explanations for their actions. Colombo soon received additional reinforcements from Bengal, Tranquebar and Negapatam. With these reinforcements, they managed to recapture Negombo on 8 November 1640. In retaliation for the actions of the Dutch at Galle, the Portuguese were determined to not to give quarter to the defenders but the veterans managed to convince their commanders to accept the surrender. Fiscal Gerard Herbers delivered the news of the conquest to Batavia by the ships \"Utrecht\" and \"Middelburg\" and the victory was celebrated on 29 April 1640 with a thanksgiving service and a military display. Throughout the next few years, the Portuguese harassed Galle Korale but failed to recapture the fort. Once they tried to bribe the Dutch commander to surrender the fort but it proved unsuccessful. Later, after the loss of Colombo in 1656 and Jaffna in 1658, Portuguese colonial rule in Sri Lanka ended. Of the 700 Portuguese prisoners taken many succumbed during the voyage to Batavia and Malacca. On one vessel alone there were 180 deaths, while on a ship called \"Traver\" there were 63 deaths. From another ship, which carried wounded Portuguese, only three survived the journey. The large numbers of deaths have been attributed to a variety of factors including wounds suffered during the battle, disease and the trauma of sailing port-to-port from Galle to Batavia. In addition, the Portuguese accused the Dutch of poisoning some prisoners by mixing their rice with \"chunambo\" or the lime of the pearl oyster shell. However, historian Paul E. Peiris has dismissed this claim as an “obsession in Portuguese to see poison in any regrettable death”. According to Queiroz, even after reaching Batavia and Malacca, the prisoners continued to be subjected to ill treatment. He accused the Dutch of violating contemporary norms by jailing Portuguese together with the native Javanese, chaining and forcing them to perform heavy labor, denying the privilege of ransom, forbidding Catholic icons, forcing orphans and widows to attend Dutch churches (\"kirks\"), and not providing adequate food, clothes, shelter and medical care. He vividly describes the hardship experienced by women and children. During the first year alone, 25 women, 35 children, five captains and 95 soldiers died in captivity. Due to the continuous efforts of Fr. Luís Pinto, Captain Lourenço Ferreira de Brito and others, conditions improved slightly and after nine months the Dutch agreed to release the civilians in exchange for a ransom. However, the Dutch declined to release the soldiers even after the ransom was offered. Queiroz claimed that the Dutch officers from Zeeland were most envious of the Portuguese, but after all the accusations he also stated that “... even among them there are men of honor and of good nature.” After the battle, the Dutch secured 22,000 bales of cinnamon and a considerable amount of areca nut. These were shared with the Kandyan king but King Rajasinghe II was convinced that the Dutch officers, when dividing the spoils, had tricked him. He also complained that Costers’ decision to assault the fort before the agreed hour had been made to prevent his men from taking part in the assault. Meanwhile, the continued Dutch occupation of the captured forts, instead of handing them over to the Kandyans, further strained their relationship. In the treaty, an article stated that “all the forts captured from the Portuguese should be garrisoned by the Dutch, if the king so desired...” This important conditional clause appeared only in the King's copy and it was deliberately removed from the Dutch copy. This almost led to the termination of the alliance, but both parties continued their uneasy relationship until 1656. By 1658, the Dutch were still occupying the eastern coastal forts while the Kandyans had captured the principalities of Kotte, which included Seven Korale, Three Korale, Four Korale, Bulatgama and Sabaragamuwa, thus increasing their territory. Galle was the largest and most important acquisition made by Dutch up to that point. It provided them with the cinnamon lands which generated highest revenues in southern Sri Lanka. It also provided them with a large port, which was later used as a convenient naval base to blockade Goa and attack Portuguese strongholds in southern India. Due to these reasons and location's strategic value, the Dutch made Galle their headquarters in Ceylon until the capture of Colombo in 1656. The Dutch renamed the fort \"Point de Galle\" (also known as \"Puntegale\") and in 1667 they replaced the old Portuguese bastions with new ones. Sometime before the siege, a figure had been seen in the streets of Galle crying out \"Woe to thee O Gale\". Portuguese writer Queiroz considered it as a divine warning to the citizens of Galle. On the day which the Galle fort was captured, Pedro de Basto, a Jesuit priest of Kochi, had a vision of Jesus Christ as \"Ecce Homo\" which Queiroz believes was related to the outcome of the battle. He wrote, \"whoever considers well all the blood that was shed there [Galle], the scourge of the State of Ceylon and of the Portuguese honor on that field and in that praça, and how much our reputation was exposed to shame in the east, seeing the scepter and crown of Ceylon turned to a mockery of fate, and a disgrace to the faith among heretics and infidels who do not know it, will find that this misfortune cannot be represented by a better or more appropriate figure than an Ecce Homo...\" He further adds \"...The wounds inflicted on His [God] feelings were no less than the scourges of our punishment, for as He cannot fail in Himself, He felt compassion for what his justice punished, and more justly He afflicted us, the greater was the grief He represented Himself as the suffering.\" António Jorge, the Portuguese captain in charge of the gate through which the Dutch infiltrators gained access to the fort during the siege of Negombo, was later court martialed", "and how much our reputation was exposed to shame in the east, seeing the scepter and crown of Ceylon turned to a mockery of fate, and a disgrace to the faith among heretics and infidels who do not know it, will find that this misfortune cannot be represented by a better or more appropriate figure than an Ecce Homo...\" He further adds \"...The wounds inflicted on His [God] feelings were no less than the scourges of our punishment, for as He cannot fail in Himself, He felt compassion for what his justice punished, and more justly He afflicted us, the greater was the grief He represented Himself as the suffering.\" António Jorge, the Portuguese captain in charge of the gate through which the Dutch infiltrators gained access to the fort during the siege of Negombo, was later court martialed despite the fact that he believed it had been closed by his subordinate officer. He was stripped of his rank and sentenced to run the gauntlet. Thereafter, he behaved like a dazed man, ill clad, without arms, hat-less and speaking to no one. He accompanied Mendonça to Galle with the relief force. However, during the battle of the bazaar, just before the Portuguese charged the reforming Dutch troops in a palm grove, he was seen in splendid attire as his former self causing another captain to exclaim \"Ah! Master António Jorge: What is this? A very fine gentleman you are!\". He replied, \"António Jorge lives disgraced in the world. He must either die with honour or recover the loss.\" He was among the first to charge the Dutch position and was killed during the action. Siege of Galle (1640) The Siege of" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Advent of Divine Justice The Advent of Divine Justice is a letter written December 25, 1938, to the Bahá'ís of the United States and Canada, by Shoghi Effendi, describing the role of America in establishing the Most Great Peace. While technically a long-form letter or epistle, \"The Advent of Divine Justice\" is commonly published and studied as an independent book. The book lays out a Bahá'í understanding of the unique spiritual destiny of America and the role that American Bahá'ís have in ensuring the country is able to fulfill that destiny. Shoghi Effendi describes the North American Bahá'ís as \"the spiritual descendants of the Dawn-breakers\" and says they will play an important part in establishing the Faith around the world. He states that to contribute fully to this process, American Bahá'ís must internalize three spiritual prerequisites: \"moral rectitude,\" \"absolute chastity,\" and \"complete freedom from prejudice.\" The book repeatedly references the \"Tablets of the Divine Plan\" by `Abdu'l-Bahá–which gave an early impetus to the spread of the Bahá'í Faith in North America–and Shoghi Effendi devotes more than half of the book to discussing the attitudes to be adopted and techniques to be used by Bahá'ís when teaching the religion. Advent of" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Greeneville Astros The Greeneville Astros were a Minor League Baseball team of the Rookie League Appalachian League. They were located in Tusculum, Tennessee, and played their home games at Pioneer Park on the campus of Tusculum College. They were an affiliate of the Houston Astros from 2004 to 2017 when the Astros decided to eliminate their Greeneville team and reduce their farm system from nine teams to eight. The Greeneville Astros were replaced by the Cincinnati Reds affiliated Greeneville Reds who assumed the Greeneville Astros spot in the Appalachian League; the Greeneville Reds are not a continuation of the Greeneville Astros and are instead a separate franchise. The Astros led the Appalachian League in average attendance at Pioneer Park from 2004 to 2014. In 2007, the first former Greeneville Astros made it to the major leagues. Four players from the 2004 Greenville team were called up to Houston late in the 2007 season: Juan Gutiérrez, Felipe Paulino, Troy Patton, and J. R. Towles. Greeneville Astros The Greeneville Astros were a Minor League Baseball team of the Rookie League Appalachian League. They were located in Tusculum, Tennessee, and played their home games at Pioneer Park on the campus of Tusculum College." ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Yury Bogolyubsky Yury Bogolyubsky (), known as Giorgi Rusi (, George the Rus') in the Kingdom of Georgia, was a Rus' prince of Novgorod (1172–1175). He was married to Queen Tamar of Georgia from 1185 until being expelled from the kingdom in 1188. Son of Grand Prince Andrey Bogolyubsky of Vladimir-Suzdal, he ruled Novgorod from 1172 to 1175. He was dethroned and expelled after the murder of his father in 1175. Defeated in a series of internal wars, he finally found a shelter in the Northern Caucasus in the late 1170s. He was found among the Kipchak, with whom he hoped to restore his rights to his father's princedom in 1184–1185. In 1185, Georgian nobles headed by Abulasan arranged a marriage of Prince Yury with Queen Tamar of Georgia. As her husband, he commanded, in 1186–1187, a Georgian army which successfully raided the Seljuk possessions of Rüm in the west and the Eldiguzids in Arran in the east. However, Tamar soon got disappointed in her husband and divorced him in 1187. Said to be a heavy drinker, ambitious, involved in sexual misdeeds and sodomy, Yury was expelled from Georgia in 1188. Yury allied himself with a powerful party of Georgian nobles led by Vardan Dadiani, Guzan Abulasanisdze and Botso Jaqeli, and returned to lead a revolt against Tamar in 1191. The rebels proclaimed Yury King of Western Georgia in the palace of Geguti and captured several provinces in the south-western Georgia, but were eventually crushed by the Queen's devoted general Gamrekel Toreli at the battles of Tmogvi and Erusheti. The rebels capitulated and Yury was pardoned by Tamar. However, he revolted again in 1193 and invaded Kakheti province. Defeated in the vicinities of Kambechani, he was finally expelled from Georgia. Since then, Yury disappeared from history. Tamar's marriage to the Rus prince Yuri became a subject of two resonant prose works in modern Georgia. Shalva Dadiani's play, originally entitled \"The Unfortunate Russian\" (უბედური რუსი; 1916–1926), was attacked by the Soviet critics for distorting the \"centuries-long friendship of the Russian and Georgian peoples.\" Under the Communist Party pressure, Dadiani had to revise both the title and the plot to bring it into line of the official ideology. In 2002, a satyrical short-story \"The First Russian\" (პირველი რუსი) penned by the young Georgian writer Lasha Bughadze and focused on a frustrated wedding night of Tamar and Yuri outraged many conservatives and triggered a nationwide controversy, including heated discussions in the media, the Parliament of Georgia and the Patriarchate of the Georgian Orthodox Church. Yury Bogolyubsky Yury Bogolyubsky (), known as Giorgi Rusi (, George the Rus') in the Kingdom of Georgia, was a Rus' prince of Novgorod (1172–1175). He was married to Queen Tamar of Georgia from 1185 until being expelled from the kingdom in 1188. Son of Grand Prince Andrey Bogolyubsky of Vladimir-Suzdal, he ruled Novgorod from 1172 to 1175. He was dethroned and expelled after the murder of his father in 1175. Defeated in a series of internal wars, he" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Pugo (comedian) Mariano Contreras (July 12, 1910 – December 12, 1978), better known by his stage name Pugo, was a Filipino actor, comedian, vaudevillian, and film director, famous as one half of the comedy team Pugo and Tugo during the 1930s up to 1950s. He has sometimes been credited as \"Mang Nano\" and was known as the original King of Philippine Comedy. As an actor, Contreras has performed in movies such as \"Nukso ng nukso\", released in 1960, \"2 Sundalong Kanin\" (1952), and \"Kambal tuko\" (1952), in which he portrayed Momoy. Pugo was also a movie director and has worked on \"Kababalaghan o Kabulastugan?\", released in 1960. After Tugo's death in 1952, Contreras teamed up with Bentot in movies, radio and television. His popular TV shows were \"Tangtarangtang\", \"Si Tatang Kasi\" and \"Wanted Boarders\". Pugo (comedian) Mariano Contreras (July 12, 1910 – December 12, 1978), better known by his stage name Pugo, was a Filipino actor, comedian, vaudevillian, and film director, famous as one half of the comedy team Pugo and Tugo during the 1930s up to 1950s. He has sometimes been credited as \"Mang Nano\" and was known as the original King of Philippine Comedy. As an actor, Contreras" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Josef Jakob Josef Jakob (sometimes spelled Iosif Iacob; born 11 September 1939, Carani, Romania) is a Romanian-born former handball player and coach, who as a player won the World Championship and the EHF Champions League. With Steaua Bucharest he won the national championship six times. In the 1960s he was considered to be the best right wing player in the world. His speciality were fast breaks and goal area passes to the pivot or the left winger. In 45 national team games he scored 121 goals. Josef Jakob began playing field handball when he was in sixth grade. In 1955 he interrupted his high school education when he was asked to join Electromotor Timișoara. The team merged with Progresul Timișoara the same year, and they placed second after CFR Timișoara in the regional league. In 1957 Jakob transferred to top-league team Tehnometal Timișoara, where he had Adam Fischer as coach. While playing there, he was called up for the first time to the national youth team, where he made his debut in a match in Poland. Jakob played three more years field handball for Tehnometal. In 1962 he was asked by Steaua Bucharest to play in the Spartakiad for military teams. Between 1964 and 1966 he became twice national vicechampion with Steaua. In 1968, Jakob won with Steaua the EHF Champions League in Frankfurt am Main against HC Dukla Prague. In the same year, he and Gheorghe Gruia were selected for the world team. Between 1968 and 1971 Steaua won the national championship four times in a row. In 1962 he was called up for the first time to the national team. In November 1963, the national team started a five-month training camp in preparation for the 1964 World Championship, a gathering that was only interrrupted for short-time friendlies in Western Germany and Switzerland. In 1971 Jakob became playing coach for LTV Wuppertal in Western Germany, where he stayed for four years. Although in the beginning he was there with the permission of the Romanian communist authorities, in 1972 he returned a last time to Romania to renew his passport, but after that decided to settle down in Western Germany, which earned him a five-year prison sentence in absentia for desertion, as he was a military officer. Later he managed HTV Remscheid and RTV Remscheid, before becoming manager of Turnerschaft Esslingen in 1979. There he stayed for a year, after which he became playing coach for TSV Scharnhausen. Between 1982 and 1985 he managed Wernauer Sportfreunde. The next six years he managed TSV Neuhausen. After a short stint in Bernhausen, he managed RSK Esslingen during the 1992/93 season, before returning to TSV Neuhausen. In 1997 he became manager of TSV Denkendorf, where he ended his coaching career in 1999. In 1964, after winning the World Championship in Czechoslovakia, he was given the \"Maestru Emerit al Sportului\" award (Honoured Master of Sports). In 2009 Jakob was awarded \"Sport Merit Award\" Second Class. Josef Jakob Josef Jakob (sometimes spelled Iosif Iacob; born" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Lourdes University Lourdes University is an independent, Roman Catholic and Franciscan university located on in suburban Sylvania, Ohio, northwest of Toledo. Established in 1958, the University is sponsored by the Sisters of St. Francis of Sylvania. As a Franciscan university, Lourdes students receive a liberal arts curriculum with application to the professional studies. Lourdes has a diverse community of students and a 12:1 student to faculty ratio. Classified as a master's university by the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education, Lourdes offers baccalaureate degree programs in the arts and sciences, business and leadership, nursing and the social sciences. Students can also pursue several pre-professional programs and graduate degrees. In 1916 Mother Adelaide Sandusky traveled from Minnesota to northwest Ohio to establish a province of the Rochester Franciscans that eventually became the Sisters of St. Francis of Sylvania. For nearly 50 years, she cultivated the Sylvania Franciscan community establishing ministries including the Catholic and Franciscan institution known today as Lourdes University. Initially created as an extension campus of the College of St. Teresa (in Winona, Minnesota), Lourdes Junior College was founded in 1958 to educate the Sisters of St. Francis. In 1964, the liberal arts institution was accredited by the Higher Learning Commission (HLC) of the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools. As time passed and there were fewer candidates in formation, Lourdes began admitting lay students with women enrolling in 1969 and men in 1975. Lourdes offers 4-year degree in Craft Beverages Lourdes University President Mary Ann Gawelek and Vice President for Academic Affairs Terry M. Keller are pleased to announce the institution's newest undergraduate program – a Bachelor of Science in Craft Beverages. This one-of-a-kind program prepares budding microbrewers and vintners the opportunity to master the art, science and business of winemaking, brewing and distilling. The first classes will begin in August 2019. The University is the first higher education institution in the United States to offer such a comprehensive bachelor's degree program. Known as The Full Bodied Degree, Lourdes crafted the robust program in response to industry needs. The craft beverage industry continues to grow. In the U.S., more than 6,600 breweries and 7,946 wineries are currently operating and employ more than 1.8 million individuals. The brewing industry in particular has realized unprecedented growth with 33,716 new brewing jobs, a 614% growth in brewery establishments, and a 126% increase in employment from 2006-2016. Lourdes offers first ever Doctoral Program Lourdes University President Mary Ann Gawelek, Ed.D., and College of Nursing Dean Hollis Hamilton, DNP, RN, are pleased to announce the establishment of the institution's first ever professional doctoral program – the Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) in Leadership for Population of Health. The program is designed for post-master's prepared RNs and is delivered 100% online. The University received approval for the DNP Program from the Higher Learning Commission. The Lourdes DNP Program is distinctive because each student defines his/her population of health in which to study and develop expertise. The 30-35 credit hour program can be completed in as few as two years with project, clinical, and course work running concurrently. The DNP courses are designed to help students meet The American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN) DNP essentials. Lourdes University is located in the suburban city of Sylvania, Ohio The Russell J. Ebeid Recreation Center offers a gaming area for e-sports athletics and competition-level basketball and volleyball courts. Adjacent to the planetarium lobby and Mother Adelaide Hall, The Grille is a 9,500 square foot dining hall featuring an open floor plan, large seating area, food stations, and an outdoor dining patio. The Canticle Center is home to the Graduate School, the Art Department offices and studios, the Music Department office and classrooms, music practice rooms, undergraduate and graduate classrooms, a 40-seat computer classroom, a Student Lounge, a conference room, and a gym for student recreation and Athletic Team practices. The Canticle Center also houses offices for the Sophia Center, sponsored ministry of the Sisters of St. Francis. The Academic Success Center provides computers, tutors and academic coaches to students. Each semester, workshops are offered to assist students with various topics. Residential students choose from 1 and 2 bedroom apartment-style living spaces in separate residence buildings. Each residential apartment offers a living room, kitchen with dining area, bedroom, bathroom and shower, air conditioning, and internet access. The Franciscan Center features a full-service theater that seats 850 patrons and is capable of hosting a fully staged and technically challenging performance or a simple lecture event. It also features smaller conference rooms seating anywhere from 15 to 200, a gymnasium, and a commons area that can be used for dinners, banquets, style shows, a multitude of special events and wedding receptions. As a rental facility, the Franciscan Center is available for wedding receptions, meetings, parties, trade shows, seminars and other types of events. The Appold Planetarium features SciDome, a single projector fulldome video system powered by Starry Night that allows real-time 3D sky simulation, fulldome shows and multi-media presentations. The Duns Scotus Library at Lourdes University is named after a 13th-century Franciscan scholar. It has a collection of over 60,000 volumes. Lourdes University is a member of the OPAL/OhioLINK, a consortium of universities sharing their library resources electronically. Known as the Gray Wolves, Lourdes University is a member of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA), and plays in the Wolverine-Hoosier Athletic Conference (WHAC). Offering 19 men's and women's sports, the teams play under the university's colors of terra cotta and black. The mascot is Gubi, named after the tale of St. Francis of Assisi, a Wolf and the town of Gubbio. Lourdes University has scholarships available for academics, band, chorale, e-sports, campus ministry and athletics. Lourdes University Lourdes University is an independent, Roman Catholic and Franciscan university located on in suburban Sylvania, Ohio, northwest of Toledo. Established in 1958, the University is sponsored by the Sisters of St. Francis of Sylvania. As a Franciscan university, Lourdes students receive a liberal arts curriculum with application to the" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Ausable River (New York) The Ausable River , also known as AuSable River and originally written as \"Au Sable\", runs in the U.S. state of New York, from the Adirondack Mountains and past the village of Lake Placid and Au Sable Forks to empty into Lake Champlain (at ). It has an East and West branch that join at Au Sable Forks. The river forms a partial boundary between Clinton County and Essex County. The Ausable River is known for its gorge, Ausable Chasm, located a few miles east of Keeseville. The Ausable River is long and drains a watershed of . It was originally named \"Au Sable\" (French for \"sandy\") by Samuel de Champlain when he first explored the region in 1609 because of its extensive sandy delta. The West Branch of the Ausable arises from the conjunction of the MacIntyre, South Meadow and Marcy Brooks, east of Mount Jo near the Adirondak Loj; it then runs northeast to Au Sable Forks (), and is fed by Lake Placid and the Chubb River along the way. At high water-levels, the upper end provides demanding white-water paddling opportunities. Further along, it runs through High Falls Gorge at the Wilmington Notch, a gorge formed by a fault zone, with cliffs on one side and cliffs on the other. The East Branch arises from Upper and Lower Ausable lakes in the Ausable Valley, which forms the south side of the Great Range. The first are especially scenic, and can be viewed from trails on either side maintained by the Adirondack Trail Improvement Society. The river is then met by the Cascade Brook which flows from the Cascade Lakes, beneath Cascade Mountain, on its way to Au Sable Forks. Ausable River (New York) The Ausable River , also known as AuSable River and" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "KF Ada Velipojë Klubi i Futbollit Ada Velipojë is an Albanian football club based in the city of Velipojë which is situated in Shkodër County. The club's home ground is the Reshit Rusi Stadium and they currently compete in the Albanian Second Division. The club was founded on 6 March 1996 as a sports society by Lazër Matia, Alfred Pjetri, Filip Kercunga, Marash Qytetza and Prend Përndreca. The name Ada derives from the Adriatic island of Ada Bojana in nearby Montenegro. A previous club had existed in the city under the name KS Velipoja, which was run by the Municipality before funding was stopped and the team dissolved. KF Ada first competed in the Albanian Third Division, but they soon achieved promotion to the Albanian Second Division. In the 2004–05 season KF Ada reached the playoffs of the Second Division and beat KS Burreli 2–1 in the final to achieve promotion to the Albanian First Division. National women's football competitions in Albania were first played out in the 2009/10 season. One season later Ada won the Albanian Women's Cup and the Albanian women's football championship. The team then represented Albania in the 2011–12 UEFA Women's Champions League. It was the very first time a team from Albania had entered the competition since its creation in 2001–02. They played three seasons in the Champions League, losing all their nine group matches with 0–34, 2–46 and 1–23 goals. The women's section disbanded after the 2012/13 season. The whole team and personal joined KF Vllaznia Shkodër where they established a new women's team. In its short history the teams has won the championship three times (2010, 2011, 2012) and won the cup once (2011). KF Ada Velipojë Klubi i Futbollit Ada Velipojë is an Albanian football club based in the city of Velipojë" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "BMW 801 The BMW 801 was a powerful German air-cooled 14-cylinder-radial aircraft engine built by BMW and used in a number of German Luftwaffe aircraft of World War II. Production versions of the twin-row engine generated between 1,560 and 2,000 PS (1,540–1,970 hp, or 1,150–1,470 kW). It was the most produced radial engine of Germany in World War II with more than 28,000 built. The 801 was originally intended to replace existing radial types in German transport and utility aircraft. At the time, it was widely agreed among European designers that an inline engine was a requirement for high performance designs due to its smaller frontal area and resulting lower drag. Kurt Tank successfully fitted a BMW 801 to a new fighter design he was working on, and as a result the 801 became best known as the power plant for the famous Focke-Wulf Fw 190. In the 1930s, BMW took out a license to build the Pratt & Whitney Hornet engines. By the mid-30s they had introduced an improved version, the BMW 132. The BMW 132 was widely used, most notably on the Junkers Ju 52, which it powered for much of that design's lifetime. In 1935 the RLM funded prototypes of two much larger radial designs, one from Bramo, the Bramo 329, and another from BMW, the BMW 139. BMW's design used many components from the BMW 132 to create a two-row engine with 14 cylinders, supplying 1,550 PS (1,529 hp, 1,140 kW). After BMW bought Bramo in 1939 both projects were merged into the BMW 801, learning from the problems encountered in both projects. The BMW 139 was originally intended to be used in roles similar to those of the other German radials, namely bombers and transport aircraft, but midway through the program the Focke-Wulf firm's chief designer, Kurt Tank suggested it for use in the Focke-Wulf Fw 190 fighter project. Radial engines were rare in European designs as they were considered to have too large a frontal area for good streamlining and would not be suitable for high speed aircraft. They were most popular on naval aircraft, where their simplicity, and the easier maintenance and improved reliability that came with that, were highly valued. Efforts to improve these designs led to new cowling designs that reduced the concerns about drag. Tank felt that attention to detail could result in a streamlined radial that would not suffer undue drag, and would be competitive with inlines. The main concern was providing cooling air over the cylinder heads, which generally required a very large opening at the front of the aircraft. Tank's solution for the BMW 139 was to use an engine-driven fan behind an oversized, flow-through hollow prop-spinner open at the extreme front, blowing air past the engine cylinders, with some of it being drawn through S-shaped ducts over a radiator for oil cooling. However this system proved almost impossible to operate properly with the BMW 139; early prototypes of the Fw 190 demonstrated terrible cooling problems. Although the problems appeared to be fixable, since the engine was already fairly dated in terms of design, in 1938 BMW proposed an entirely new engine designed specifically for fan-cooling that could be brought to production quickly. The new design was given the name BMW 801 after BMW was given a new block of \"109-800\" engine numbers by the RLM to use after their merger with Bramo. The 801 retained the 139's older-style single-valve intake and exhaust, while most in-line engines of the era had moved to either three (as Junkers had done) or four valves per cylinder, or in British use for their own radials, sleeve valves. Several minor advances were worked into the design, including the use of sodium-cooled valves and a direct fuel injection system, manufactured by Friedrich Deckel AG of Munich. The supercharger was rather basic in the early models, using a single-stage two-speed design directly geared to the engine (unlike the DB 601's hydraulically clutched version) which led to rather limited altitude performance, in keeping with its intended medium-altitude usage. One key advancement was the \"Kommandogerät\" (command-device), a mechanical-hydraulic unit that automatically adjusted engine fuel flow, propeller pitch, supercharger setting, mixture and ignition timing in response to a single throttle lever, dramatically simplifying engine control. The \"Kommandogerät\" could be considered to be a precursor to the engine control units used for many vehicles' internal combustion engines of the late 20th and early 21st centuries. There was a considerable amount of wind tunnel work done on the engine and BMW-designed forward cowling (incorporating the engine's oil cooler) at the \"Luftfahrtforschungsanstalt\" (\"LFA\") facility in Völkenrode, leading to the conclusion it was possible to reduce drag equivalent to . It also maximized the use of positive air pressure to aid cooling of cylinders, heads, and other internal parts. The first BMW 801As ran in April 1939, only six months after starting work on the design, with production commencing in 1940. The 801B was to be identical to the 801A except turning the airscrew in the opposite direction (counterclockwise, as seen from \"behind\" the engine) using a different gearbox. The A and B models were intended to be used in pairs on twin-engine designs, cancelling out net torque and making the plane easier to handle. There is no evidence the 801B ever left the prototype stage. The BMW 801A/B engines delivered 1,560 PS (1,539 hp, 1,147 kW) for takeoff. Major applications of the 801A/L engines include multiple variants of the Junkers Ju 88 and Dornier Do 217. The BMW 801C was developed for use in single- or multi-engined fighters and included a new hydraulic prop control and various changes intended to improve cooling, including cooling \"gills\" on the cowling behind the engine in place of the original slots. The 801C was almost exclusively used in early variants of the Focke-Wulf Fw 190A. The BMW 801L was an A model with the hydraulic prop control mechanism introduced with the 801C engine. The C and L models delivered the same power as the original A model. The 801C was replaced with the BMW 801 D-2 series engines in early 1942, which ran on C2/C3 100 octane fuel instead of the A/B/C/L's B4 87 octane, boosting takeoff power to 1,700 PS (1,677 hp, 1,250 kW). The BMW 801G-2 and H-2 models were D-2 engines modified for use in bomber roles with lower gear ratios for driving larger propellers, clockwise and counterclockwise respectively. As with the 801B engine design, however, the 801H-2 engine did not leave the prototype stage. The D-2 models were tested with a system for injecting a 50–50 water-methanol mixture known as MW50 into the supercharger output to cool the charge, and thereby reduce backpressure. Some performance was gained, but at the cost of engine service life. This was replaced by a system that injected fuel instead of MW50, known as C3-injection, and this was used until 1944. The serious fuel shortage in 1944 forced installation of MW50 instead of C3-injection. With MW50 boosting turned on, takeoff power increased to 2,000 PS (1,470 kW), the C3-injection was initially only permitted for low altitude use and increased take-off power to 1870 PS. Later C3-injection systems were permitted for low-to-medium altitude use and raised take-off power to more than 1900 PS. With the engine being used in higher-altitude fighter roles, a number of attempts were made to address the limited performance of the original supercharger. The BMW 801E was a modification of the D-2 using different gear ratios that tuned the supercharger for higher altitudes. Although takeoff power was unaffected, cruise power increased over 100 hp (75 kW) and \"high power\" modes for climb and combat were likewise improved by up to 150 hp (110 kW). The E model was also used as the basis for the BMW 801R, which included a much more complex and powerful two-stage four-speed supercharger, as well as die cast hydronalium-alloy cylinder heads, strengthened", "power to 1870 PS. Later C3-injection systems were permitted for low-to-medium altitude use and raised take-off power to more than 1900 PS. With the engine being used in higher-altitude fighter roles, a number of attempts were made to address the limited performance of the original supercharger. The BMW 801E was a modification of the D-2 using different gear ratios that tuned the supercharger for higher altitudes. Although takeoff power was unaffected, cruise power increased over 100 hp (75 kW) and \"high power\" modes for climb and combat were likewise improved by up to 150 hp (110 kW). The E model was also used as the basis for the BMW 801R, which included a much more complex and powerful two-stage four-speed supercharger, as well as die cast hydronalium-alloy cylinder heads, strengthened crankshaft and pistons, and chromed cylinders and exhaust valves; it was anticipated this version would produce over , or over with MW 50 methanol-water injection. In spite of these improvements, the E model was not widely used. Instead, continued improvements to the basic E model led to the BMW 801F, which dramatically improved performance across the board, with takeoff power increasing to 2,400 hp (1,790 kW)., making the 801 the only German aviation engine of an existing type that had a producible subtype that could break through the 1,500 kW top output barrier to be developed from an already combat-reliable, well-proven military aircraft powerplant. It was planned to use the F on all late-model Fw 190's, but the war ended before production started. Not long after V-E Day, the investigations of the Fedden Mission into German aircraft engine development during the war years would reveal that the BMW firm had needed to undertake different levels of development priority for not only the fourteen-cylinder production 801 radial, but also the eighteen-cylinder BMW 802 (with a displacement figure close to that of the \"Duplex-Cyclone\") and liquid-cooled, \"Wasp Major\"-class (though larger, at an 83.5 litre displacement) BMW 803 radial engines. In mid-June 1945, Sir Roy Fedden's team spoke to Dr. Bruno Bruckmann, head of BMW's piston and jet engine development departments, and learned that the priorities for the trio of aforementioned BMW radial engines was: firstly, the 801 was to be developed \"up to its limits\", with the 802's design completion and prototype construction as a secondary issue, with the complex 803 four-row radial only receiving attention to its design-development. As just one result of the highest level of priority given to the successful 801 design's further development, a number of attempts were made to use turbochargers on the BMW 801 series as well. The first used a modified BMW 801D to create the BMW 801J, delivering 1,810 PS (1,785 hp, 1,331 kW) at takeoff and 1,500 hp (1,103 kW) at , an altitude where the D was struggling to produce 630 hp (463 kW). The BMW 801E was likewise modified to create the BMW 801Q, delivering a superb 1,715 hp (1,261 kW) at , power ratings no existing Allied radial engine of a similar displacement could match. The turbocharger was fitted behind the engine at a 30° forward tilt off a vertical axis, possessed hollow turbine blades in the exhaust section, and in a photo from \"Flight\" magazine, appears to have intercooler units fitted around the inner circumference of the rear cowl, just behind the rear row of cylinders. Not many of these engines ever entered production due to high costs, and the various high-altitude designs based on them were forced to turn to other engines, typically the Junkers Jumo 213. A sizable number of BMW 801s exist in museums, some on display by themselves, with some 20 of them associated with surviving examples of the Focke-Wulf Fw 190s that they powered in World War II. The first original Fw 190 to be restored to flight condition in the 21st century – the Fw 190A-5 discovered near St. Petersburg, Russia in 1989, bearing \"Werknummer\" 151 227 and formerly serving with JG 54, was restored to flight condition along with its original BMW 801 powerplant, and in 2011 was once again airworthy, powered with its BMW 801 in Seattle, Washington USA. The sole surviving Ju 388, in the hands of the Udvar-Hazy Center of the Smithsonian, has a pair of complete BMW 801J turbocharged engines still in its nacelles. There is an 801-ML (801L) on display mounted in a Dornier 217 nacelle, essentially a complete surviving \"Motoranlage\" unitized powerplant, at the New England Air Museum, Bradley International Airport, Windsor Locks, CT. Likewise, the Ju 88R-1 night fighter at the Royal Air Force Museum London (see photo above) also has unitized BMW 801 radials installed. The 801 was a radial engine with two rows of seven cylinders.The cylinders had both bore and stroke of , giving a total capacity of , just a bit less than the American Wright Cyclone 14 twin-row radial of some 1,600 to 1,900 hp output. The unit (including mounts) weighed from 1,010 to 1,250 kg and was about 1.29 m (51 in) across, depending on the model. The BMW 801 was cooled by forced air from a magnesium alloy cooling fan, 10 bladed in the initial models, but 12 bladed in most engines. The fan rotated at 1.72 times the crankshaft speed (3.17 times the propeller speed). Air from the fan was blown into the center of the engine in front of the propeller gearing housing, and the shape of the housing and the engine itself carried the air to the outside of the cowling and across the cylinders. A set of slots or gills at the rear of the cowling allowed the hot air to escape. This provided effective cooling although at the cost of about 70 PS (69 hp, 51.5 kW) required to drive the fan when the aircraft was at low speed. Above , the fan absorbed little power directly as the vacuum effect of the airflow past the air exits provided the needed flow. The 801 used a relatively complex system, integral to the BMW-designed, matching forward cowling system, to cool the lubricating oil. A ring-shaped oil cooler core was built into the BMW-provided forward cowl, just behind the fan. The outer portion of the oil cooler's core was in contact with the main cowling's sheetmetal, to possibly act as a heat sink. Comprising the BMW-designed forward cowl, in front of the oil cooler was a ring of metal with a C-shaped cross-section, with the outer lip lying just outside the rim of the cowl, and the inner side on the inside of the oil cooler core. Together, the metal ring and cowling formed an S-shaped airflow path, with the oil cooler's core contained between them. Airflow past the gap between the cowl and outer lip of the metal ring produced a vacuum effect that pulled air from the front of the engine outward and forward within the cowl's frontmost inner area just behind the fan, flowing forward across the oil cooler core in a separate airflow path from the rearwards-direction flow that cooled the engine's cylinders, just to provide cooling for the 801's oil. The rate of cooling airflow over the core could be controlled by moving the metal ring slightly forward or aft in order to open or close the gap. The reasons for this complex system were threefold. One was to eliminate any extra aerodynamic drag that a protruding oil cooler would produce, in this case eliminating the extra drag factor by enclosing it within the engine's forward cowling. The second was to warm the air before it flowed to the oil cooler's circular-shaped core to aid warming the oil during starting. Finally, by placing the oil cooler behind the fan, cooling was provided even while the aircraft was parked. The downside to this design was that the oil cooler was in an extremely vulnerable location, and the metal ring was increasingly armoured as the war progressed. The design of the BMW 801's cowling was key to its proper cooling, which BMW designed and built themselves and supplied with the engine. The design evolved throughout the war, including an extension to the engine mounts that allowed for larger cooling", "drag that a protruding oil cooler would produce, in this case eliminating the extra drag factor by enclosing it within the engine's forward cowling. The second was to warm the air before it flowed to the oil cooler's circular-shaped core to aid warming the oil during starting. Finally, by placing the oil cooler behind the fan, cooling was provided even while the aircraft was parked. The downside to this design was that the oil cooler was in an extremely vulnerable location, and the metal ring was increasingly armoured as the war progressed. The design of the BMW 801's cowling was key to its proper cooling, which BMW designed and built themselves and supplied with the engine. The design evolved throughout the war, including an extension to the engine mounts that allowed for larger cooling gills. This factory-supplied cowling also improved the simplicity of engine replacement in the field in more completely \"unitizing\" a BMW 801 radial engine, with as many of its auxiliary systems as possible being simultaneously replaceable with the engine itself, as opposed to opening or removing a \"separate\" cowling attached to the fuselage of the aircraft. Engines were typically delivered from BMW complete in their cowling, ready to be bolted to the front of the aircraft or nacelle, since 1942 as \"Motoranlage (M)\" and 1944/1945 as \"Triebwerksanlage (T)\". The Motoranlage was the original form of the interchangeable \"Kraftei\", or \"power-egg\", unitized powerplant installation concept used in many German wartime aircraft. It was most often used with twin and multi-engined designs, with some need for external add-ons. The more comprehensive Triebwerksanlage format for unitization consolidated more of the engine's required accessory systems beyond what the earlier Motoranlage concept could, plus some external mountings, such as an integrally complete exhaust system (including a turbocharger, if fitted as part of the design), as a completely interchangeable unit. Both M and T formats were also used with various inline engines, like the Daimler-Benz DB 603 used for both the inline-engined versions of the Do 217 and the enormous Bv 238 flying boat, and the Junkers Jumo 213 powerplants used for later marks of the Ju 88 multirole aircraft. The M and T unitized engine formats added secondary designator suffixes, which especially for the 801 radial (and perhaps others), did not always match the letter suffix that designated the bare radial engine used for a particular unitized installation, confusing the naming of the 801 engine series' subtypes considerably. These suffix designators initially referred to these complete kits and their \"bare\" engine counterparts almost interchangeably. The A, B and L models were known (logically) as \"Motoranlage\" style MA, MB and ML engines in this form, but the common D-2 was instead known as the MG. As the war wore on the confusion increased, the E model was delivered as the \"Triebwerksanlage\" style TG or TH, seemingly suggesting a relation to the G and H engines, but in fact those were delivered as the TL and TP. It is rather common to see the turbocharged versions referred to only with the T for the more completely unitized \"Triebwerksanlage\" installations, notably the (most notoriously of all) TJ for the BMW 801J turbocharged radial subtype, and the TQ models, further confusing the issue. BMW 801 The BMW 801 was a powerful German air-cooled 14-cylinder-radial aircraft engine built by BMW and used in a number of German Luftwaffe aircraft of World War II. Production versions of the twin-row engine generated between 1,560 and 2,000 PS (1,540–1,970 hp, or 1,150–1,470 kW). It was the most produced radial engine of" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Leadenham Aerodrome Leadenham Aerodrome was a Royal Flying Corps First World War airfield at Leadenham, Lincolnshire, England. It became RAF Leadenham in April 1918 until it closed in 1919. In 1916 an 86-acre landing field was established to the east of Leadenham village for the use of detachments of 38 Squadron of the Royal Flying Corps. The squadron was equipped with Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.2 biplane fighters which were used to defend against Zeppelin attacks. These detachments continued until May 1918 when the squadron moved to France. In August 1918 No. 90 Squadron RAF was based with a detachment of Avro 504K night fighters. By 1918 the airfield had two sheds to protect the Avros and hutted accommodation for 51 airmen. The squadron was disbanded in June 1919 and the airfield was closed. Leadenham Aerodrome Leadenham Aerodrome was a Royal Flying Corps First World War airfield at Leadenham, Lincolnshire, England. It became RAF Leadenham in April 1918 until it closed in 1919. In 1916 an 86-acre landing field was established to the east of Leadenham village for the use of detachments of 38 Squadron of the Royal Flying Corps. The squadron was equipped with Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.2 biplane fighters" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "João Silvério Trevisan João Silvério Trevisan (born June 23, 1944 in Ribeirão Bonito, São Paulo) is Brazilian author, playwright, journalist, screenwriter and film director. In his much-diversified oeuvres, he has published eleven books, among them great works of fiction, essays, short stories, and screenplays. Trevisan has been influential as a literary and cultural critic, particularly on gay and lesbian issues and his works have been translated into English, Spanish, and German. Early in his career in 1970, Trevisan wrote and directed a feature film, \"Orgia ou o Homem que Deu Cria\", which was censured by the Brazilian military regime for almost ten years. In 1976, however, Trevisan wrote his first book, \"Testamento de Jônatas Deixado a Davi\", and in 1983, \"Em Nome do Desejo\". He subsequently emerged as one of Brazil's more important literary figures due to the enormous quantity and quality of work produced over the course of his career on a variety of topics. In 2010, one of his many short stories, \"The Secret Friend\", was adapted to a short film directed by Flavio Alves. The film was shot in Brooklyn, and entered more than 80 film festivals and won 21 awards all over the world, including \"Best of the Fest\" at Palm Springs International Film Festival, the \"Storyteller Award\" at Savannah Film Festival, and the \"Van Gogh Award\" at the Amsterdam Film Festival, among others. Trevisan's best-known literary work, \"Two Bodies in Vertigo\"o is part of the anthology \"The 100 Best Brazilian Story Tales of the Twentieth Century\". He has been honored three times with \"Premix Jabuti\", which is the most prestigious Brazilian literary award and three times with the Association of Art Critics of São Paulo (APCA) Award, as well as several other honors. Yet, despite the numerous awards and distinctions, his work has been ignored by the Brazilian mainstream media. Between 1973 and 1976, Trevisan lived in Mexico and in the United States, where he had direct contact with the gay rights movement. Not surprisingly, in 1978, he founded, \"SOMOS\", the first gay rights organization in Brazil and, in the same year, the first gay news publication, O Lampião da Esquina. In 1982, he started research for his book, \"Devassos no Parais\"o (Perverts in Paradise), which became at the time the most comprehensive study of the history of homosexuality in Brazil. He currently resides in São Paulo, Brazil. João Silvério Trevisan João Silvério Trevisan (born" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "5th Connecticut Infantry Regiment The 5th Connecticut Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. The 5th Connecticut Infantry was organized at Hartford, Connecticut and mustered in for a three-year enlistment on July 26, 1861, under the command of Colonel Orris Sanford Ferry. The regiment was attached to George H. Thomas' Brigade, Banks' Division, to October 1861. Gordon's Brigade, Banks' Division, Army of the Potomac, to March 1862. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, Banks' V Corps, and Department of the Shenandoah to June 1862. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, II Corps, Army of Virginia, to September 1862. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, XII Corps, Army of the Potomac and Army of the Cumberland to April 1864. 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, XX Corps, Army of the Cumberland, April 1864. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, XX Corps to June 1865. 2nd Brigade, Bartlett's Division, XXII Corps, Department of Washington to July 1865. The 5th Connecticut Infantry mustered out of service July 19, 1865. The 5th Connecticut left Connecticut for Baltimore, Maryland, on July 29, 1861. They then moved to Harpers Ferry, West Virginia (then still technically part of Virginia) on July 30, and did duty there until August 16. Next they did guard and outpost duty on the Upper Potomac until February 1862. At the same time they were involved in operations near Edward's Ferry October 20–24, 1861. Operations about Dams Nos. 4 and 5 from December 17–20, 1861. They advanced on Winchester, Virginia March 1–12, 1862. Near Winchester March 5. Occupation of Winchester March 12. Ordered to Manassas, Vairginia, March 18, returning to Winchester March 19. Pursuit of Stonewall Jackson March 24-April 27. Columbia Furnace April 17. At Strasburg till May 20. Retreat to Winchester May 20–25. Action at Front Royal May 23. Middletown May 24. Battle of Winchester May 24–25. Retreat to Martinsburg and Williamsport May 25-June 6. At Williamsport until June 10. Moved to Front Royal June 10–18. Reconnaissance to Luray June 29–30. Moved to Warrenton, Gordonsville, and Culpeper, July. Reconnaissance to Raccoon Ford July 28 (Company I). Pope's Campaign in Northern Virginia August 6-September 2. Battle of Cedar Mountain August 9. Battle of Bull Run August 29–30. Moved to Washington, D.C., then to Frederick, Maryland September 2–12. Duty at Frederick until December 10. March to Fairfax Station December 10–14, and duty there until January 19, 1863. Moved to Stafford Court House January 19–23, and duty there until April 27. Chancellorsville Campaign April 27-May 6. Battle of Chancellorsville May 1–5. They were in the Gettysburg Campaign from June 11-July 24, 1863. Battle of Gettysburg July 1–3. Funkstown, Maryland, July 12. Snicker's Gap, Va., July 21. Near Raccoon Ford, Va. until September 24, 1863 At this point they shifted from the Virginia/West Virginia/Maryland/Pennsylvania region to Alabama, Tennessee and Georgia. March to Brandy Station, then to Bealeton and movement to Stevenson, Alabama, September 24-October 3. Guard duty along Nashville and Chattanooga Railroad at Cowan and Cumberland Tunnel until April 1864. Atlanta Campaign May to September. Demonstration on Rocky Faced Ridge May 8–11. Battle of Resaca May 14–15. Cassville May 19. New Hope Church May 25. Operations on line of Pumpkin Vine Creek and battles about Dallas, New Hope Church, and Allatoona Hills May 26-June 5. Operations about Marietta, Georgia and against Kennesaw Mountain June 10-July 2. Pine Mountain June 11–14. Lost Mountain June 15–17. Gilgal or Golgotha Church June 15. Muddy Creek June 17. Noyes Creek June 19. Kolb's Farm June 22. Assault on Kennesaw June 27. Ruff's Station, Smyrna Camp Ground July 4. Chattahoochee River July 5–17. Peachtree Creek July 19–20. Siege of Atlanta July 22-August 25. Allatoona August 16. Operations at Chattahoochee River Bridge August 26-September 2. Occupation of Atlanta September 2-November 15. March to the Sea November 15-December 10. Montieth Swamp December 9. Siege of Savannah December 10–21. Carolinas Campaign January–April 1865. Thompson's Creek, near Chesterfield, S.C., March 2. Near Cheraw March 3. Averysboro, N.C., March 16. Battle of Bentonville March 19–21. Occupation of Goldsboro March 24. Advance on Raleigh April 9–13. Occupation of Raleigh April 14. Bennett's House April 26. Surrender of Johnston and his army. March to Washington, D.C., via Richmond, Virginia, April 29-May 20. Grand Review of the Armies May 24. The regiment lost a total of 193 men during service; 6 officers and 104 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 1 officer and 82 enlisted men died of disease. 5th Connecticut Infantry Regiment The 5th Connecticut Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. The 5th Connecticut Infantry was organized at Hartford, Connecticut and mustered in for a three-year enlistment on July 26, 1861, under the command of Colonel Orris Sanford Ferry. The regiment was attached to George H. Thomas' Brigade, Banks' Division, to October 1861. Gordon's Brigade, Banks' Division," ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Tribal-state compacts Tribal-State Compacts are declared necessary for any Class III gaming on reservations under the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act of 1988 (IGRA). They were designed to allow tribal and state governments to come to a \"business\" agreement. A compact can be thought of as \"negotiated agreement between two political entities that resolves questions of overlapping jurisdictional responsibilities Compacts affect the delicate power balance between states, federal, and tribal governments. It is these forms that have been a major source of controversy surrounding Indian gaming. Thus, it is understandable that the IGRA provides very detailed instructions for how states and tribes can make compacts cooperatively and also details the instructions for how the federal government can regulate such agreements. Section 3A of the Act includes specific instructions for the process of developing a tribal-state compact. Tribes(Native Americans) are expected to request a compact with states if they should desire to have Class III gaming. (States have no jurisdiction over Class I and II gambling.) Following such a request, states are required to enter negotiations and deal with the tribes in \"good faith\". The original text of the act implied that if states tried to \"stone-wall\" tribal gambling, the tribes could look to the federal courts for support. But while the IGRA gives states unprecedented influence on tribal economic concerns, it also seeks to maintain the federal government as the \"guardian\" of the tribes. Accordingly, section 3B maintains the power of the federal government in this aspect. No compact will be valid until the United States Secretary of the Interior has entered the compact into the Federal registry. Also, tribes who feel that a state is not negotiating in \"good faith\" have the right to sue the states in federal court. The topics that compacts may cover include provisions relating to criminal/civil laws of the tribe or state in relation to the gambling activity, the allocation of court jurisdiction between the State and Indian tribe necessary to enforce these laws, money the State should receive to defray the costs of regulating the gambling, and any other such subjects directly related to the operation of gaming activities. It also specifies that Indian tribe shall have the right to regulate gaming concurrently with the state, unless some aspect of the compact is broken. The IGRA takes specific notice of the fact that the text is not \"conferring upon a State or any of its political subdivisions the authority to impose any taxes, fee, charge, or other assessment upon an Indian tribe. This reference indicates that the Congress realized it was not following the norm of tribal governments operating independently of states. The compacts between states and tribes have caused a great deal of controversy and the original definition of Tribal-State Compacts has been redefined by several court cases and congressional acts. This section will address the more prominent actions that have refined the methods of establishing Tribal-State compacts. Indian gambling has been the source and focus of a great deal of controversy. Part of the reason for this is the ambiguity that surrounds tribal sovereignty in the legal sense. Much of the current understanding of tribal sovereignty can be traced back to John Marshall and his decisions. American government has long operated under the legacy of \"Worcester v. Georgia\", which stated strongly that the history of relations with Indians had established the understanding that tribes were \"distinct political communities, having territorial boundaries, within which their authority is exclusive\". However, tribes were still subject to federal regulation and laws. As Marshall had already confirmed in \"Cherokee Nation v. Georgia\" where he labeled tribes as having a ward relationship to the \"guardian\" national government. These decisions occurred quite some time ago, but have shaped much of the modern dealings with tribal sovereignty. There have been some exceptions made to allowing states some impact on tribes (such as Public Law 280 and crimes committed by a non-Indian to a non-Indian on tribal land), but for the most part have restricted states from interfering. When states are allowed to regulate tribal activity, there are strict guidelines to be met. On the part of federal action, the assumption is that tribes have the inherent right to govern themselves unless federal action specifically prevents an action. The first major case to address Indian gambling and state regulation was \"California v. Cabazon Band of Mission Indians\" in 1987. In this case, the Supreme Court ruled that California did not have the right to regulate gaming unless there were criminal prohibitions against gaming in the state. Furthermore, the case set the precedent of only allowing state regulation of the tribes rarely and with federal preemption only. In denying the states the right to regulate tribal gambling, the court had essentially forced the task on to Congress. Thus, the emergence of the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act came on October 17, 1988. The act itself was an attempt to provide regulation while maintaining tribal sovereignty. The only \"sticky\" problem had to do with casino-style gambling. Because casino-style gambling is a \"cash business\" (relative to bingo) there were many who were concerned that it would attract crime (organized and otherwise). In fact, this was perhaps one of the main concerns on part of the states who were lobbying the federal government for some right to regulate gaming because of the chance of such infiltration. The tribal-state compacts came about as a compromise in concern for the casino-style gambling (Class III). The tribal-state compacts were seen as a necessary and fair political compromise by Congress, but in reality by incorporating these compacts, the IGRA seems to be illustrating a contemporary move towards devolution in some experts' opinions. Compacts do require that tribes cede some jurisdictional powers to state governments. Some may view the IGRA as a means of respecting tribal sovereignty, but in placing the necessity of compacts, the IGRA is actually establishing limitations on the authority of the tribes. Under the original legislation of the IGRA, Congress did try to maintain the tribal sovereignty. The act created a mechanism to limit state's ability to take advantage of the tribes by allowing tribes to sue states who did not operate in \"good faith\". If the federal court found that states did not negotiate in good faith, it could then require that a compact be agreed upon within 60 days. If after this time had passed, the interior secretary would be assigned the task of drafting a compact- which may would most likely be a disadvantage to the states. This ability together with the requirement that the Secretary of the Interior approve all gaming compacts worked to ensure federal oversight of any state regulation- which should have softened the blow of tribal state compacts on sovereignty. In 1991, however, \"Seminole Tribe v. Florida\" upset the tribal-state balance that Congress had intended under the IGRA. This case ultimately denied tribes the right to sue states based on the Eleventh Amendment (which grants states sovereign immunity). Furthermore, the case ruled that Congress had overstepped its authority in drafting the IGRA. \"Seminole Tribe\", then, acted to remove Congress's limited protection for tribes and removed any mechanisms for enforcing the \"good-faith\" clause. Experts have noted that in drafting the IGRA, Congress sought to protect the tribes, but in passing the decision in this case, the Court ignored this intention and allowed the balance of power shift in favor of the states. The \"Seminole\" case greatly expanded the state power over tribal gaming. In denying tribes the right to bring suit against states, the Court did not halt the compact process, but it did destroy the", "This case ultimately denied tribes the right to sue states based on the Eleventh Amendment (which grants states sovereign immunity). Furthermore, the case ruled that Congress had overstepped its authority in drafting the IGRA. \"Seminole Tribe\", then, acted to remove Congress's limited protection for tribes and removed any mechanisms for enforcing the \"good-faith\" clause. Experts have noted that in drafting the IGRA, Congress sought to protect the tribes, but in passing the decision in this case, the Court ignored this intention and allowed the balance of power shift in favor of the states. The \"Seminole\" case greatly expanded the state power over tribal gaming. In denying tribes the right to bring suit against states, the Court did not halt the compact process, but it did destroy the only remedial scheme devised by Congress for compelling states to negotiate in good faith with their tribal counterparts. Congress had already recognized that without any way to enforce the \"good faith\" of states, states could simply refuse to negotiate compacts and the tribes would essentially lose its right to conduct gaming. The Court, however, did not seem concerned with this particular consequence to its decision. After the case, some states refused to negotiate, but even more demanded concessions from the tribes (sharing gaming profits among other demands). In some states, tribes had to give up treaty rights to gain receive a chance to get a compact. In Wisconsin, for instance, Governor Tommy Thompson sought to include tribes' rights to hunting and fishing treaty rights as issues for negotiations. Some states have an attempted to bring about revenue sharing, though there are strict regulations under the IGRA for this. The Court had attempted to uphold these restrictions, such as in \"In re Indian Gaming Related Cases\" the court held that a state could not violate IGRA’s prohibition against the imposition of taxes and should negotiate rather than impose. However, once again in lieu of Seminole, tribes have no means by which to negotiate. Tribal gambling under the law is a dynamic issue that is still contested and there are many proposals for ways to fix the \"gap\" that the \"Seminole\" case left in the IGRA. Tribal-state" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Sullivan County School District The Sullivan County School District is a rural public school district which serves the whole of Sullivan County, Pennsylvania. The District operates Sullivan County High School grades 7-12 and the Sullivan County Elementary School K-6. It encompasses approximately square miles. According to 2000 federal census data, it served a resident population of 6,556. By 2010, the District's population declined to 6,411 people. The educational attainment levels for the Sullivan County School District population (25 years old and over) were 86.9% high school graduates and 13% college graduates. The District is one of the 500 public school districts of Pennsylvania. According to the Pennsylvania Budget and Policy Center, 31.5% of the District's pupils lived at 185% or below the Federal Poverty Level as shown by their eligibility for the federal free or reduced price school meal programs in 2012. In 2009, the Sullivan County School District residents’ per capita income was $16,438, while the median family income was $37,196. In the Commonwealth, the median family income was $49,501 and the United States median family income was $49,445, in 2010. In Sullivan County, the median household income was $36,250. By 2013, the median household income in the United States rose to $52,100. According to District officials, in school year 2011-2012, the SCSD provided basic educational services to 648 pupils through the employment of 63 teachers, 49 full-time and part-time support personnel, and 5 administrators. The District received $4 million in state funding in the 2011-12 school year. In school year 2009-10, Sullivan County School District had 622 pupils enrolled. The District employed: 61 teachers, 43 full-time and part-time support personnel, and 5 administrators. The District received more than $4 million in state funding in school year 2009-10. Sullivan County School District operates two schools: Sullivan County Elementary School and Sullivan County Junior Senior High School. Until 2011, the District also operated a second elementary school in Mildred, Pennsylvania. Turnpike Elementary School was closed in June 2011 due to declining enrollment. The former Turnpike Elementary School was a recipient of the 2007 NCLB - Blue Ribbon Schools Award. Sullivan County Junior Senior High school students may choose to attend Northern Tier Career Center for training in the construction and mechanical trades. The BLaST Intermediate Unit IU17 provides the District with a wide variety of services like specialized education for disabled students and hearing, speech and visual disability services and professional development for staff and faculty. The Sullivan County School District is governed by 9 individually elected board members (serve four-year terms), the Pennsylvania State Board of Education, the Pennsylvania Department of Education and the Pennsylvania General Assembly. The federal government controls programs it funds like Title I funding for low-income children in the Elementary and Secondary Education Act and the No Child Left Behind Act (renamed Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) in December 2015), which mandates the district focus its resources on student success in acquiring reading and math skills. The school board is required by state law to post a financial report on the district in its website by March of each school year. The Superintendent and Business Manager are appointed by the school board. The Superintendent is the chief administrative officer with overall responsibility for all aspects of operations, including education and finance. The Business Manager is responsible for budget and financial operations. Neither of these officials are voting members of the School Board. The School Board enters into individual employment contracts for these positions. These contracts must be in writing and are subject to public disclosure under the state's Right to Know Act. In Pennsylvania, public school districts are required to give 150 days notice to the Superintendent regarding renewal of the employment contract. Pursuant to Act 141 of 2012 which amended the Pennsylvania School Code, all school districts that have hired superintendents on/after the fall of 2012 are required to develop objective performance standards and post them on the district's website. The Commonwealth Foundation for Public Policy Alternatives Sunshine Review gave the Sullivan County School Board and school district administration a \"C-\" for transparency based on a review of \"What information can people find on their school district's website\". It examined the school district's website for information regarding; taxes, the current budget, meetings, school board members names and terms, contracts, audits, public records information and more. An Internet-based school-to-parent communication system, calls parents and homes during emergencies. It is also activated to inform parents/guardians of upcoming events such as Open House. A second internet based program gives parents access to their children's current grade reports in grades 7-12, plus notification through email of any grade updates. Sullivan County School District was ranked 241st out of 493 Pennsylvania school districts in 2015 by the Pittsburgh Business Times. The ranking is based on the last 3 years of student academic achievement as demonstrated by PSSAs results in: reading, writing, math and science and the three Keystone Exams (literature, Algebra 1, Biology I) in high school. Three school districts were excluded because they do not operate high schools (Saint Clair Area School District, Midland Borough School District, Duquesne City School District). The PSSAs are given to all children in grades 3rd through 8th. Adapted PSSA examinations are given to children in the special education programs. Writing exams were given to children in 5th and 8th grades. In 2009, the academic achievement of the students in the Sullivan County School District was in the 57th percentile of Pennsylvania's 500 school districts. Scale (0-99; 100 is state best) In 2010, the \"Pittsburgh Business Times\" reported an Overachievers Ranking for 498 Pennsylvania school districts. Sullivan County ranked 200th. In 2009 the district was 190th. The paper describes the ranking as: \"a ranking answers the question - which school districts do better than expectations based upon economics? This rank takes the Honor Roll rank and adds the percentage of students in the district eligible for free and reduced-price lunch into the formula. A district finishing high on this rank is smashing expectations, and any district above the median point is exceeding expectations.\" In 2012, Sullivan County School District achieved Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP) status. In 2011, Sullivan County School District achieved Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP). In 2011, 94 percent of the 500 Pennsylvania public school districts achieved the No Child Left Behind Act progress level of 72% of students reading on grade level and 67% of students demonstrating on grade level math. In 2011, 46.9 percent of Pennsylvania school districts achieved Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP) based on student performance. An additional 37.8 percent of Pennsylvania public school districts made AYP based on a calculated method called safe harbor, 8.2 percent on the growth model and 0.8 percent on a two-year average performance. Sullivan County School District achieved AYP status each year from 2003 to 2010. In 2015, the District's graduation rate was 94.23%. Sullivan County Junior Senior High School is located at 749 South Street, Laporte, PA. In 2015, enrollment declined further to 274 pupils in 7th through 12th grades, with 33.9% of pupils eligible for a free lunch due to family poverty. Additionally, 16% of pupils received special education services, while 0.36% of pupils were identified as gifted. The school employed 23 teachers. Per the Pennsylvania Department of Education, 100% of the teachers", "An additional 37.8 percent of Pennsylvania public school districts made AYP based on a calculated method called safe harbor, 8.2 percent on the growth model and 0.8 percent on a two-year average performance. Sullivan County School District achieved AYP status each year from 2003 to 2010. In 2015, the District's graduation rate was 94.23%. Sullivan County Junior Senior High School is located at 749 South Street, Laporte, PA. In 2015, enrollment declined further to 274 pupils in 7th through 12th grades, with 33.9% of pupils eligible for a free lunch due to family poverty. Additionally, 16% of pupils received special education services, while 0.36% of pupils were identified as gifted. The school employed 23 teachers. Per the Pennsylvania Department of Education, 100% of the teachers were rated \"Highly Qualified\" under the federal No Child Left Behind Act. In 2014, enrollment was reported as 285 pupils in 7th through 12th grades, with 33% of pupils eligible for a free lunch due to family poverty. Additionally, 16.8% of pupils received special education services, while less than 1% of pupils were identified as gifted. The school employed 22 teachers. Per the PA Department of Education 2% of the teachers were rated \"Non‐Highly Qualified\" under the federal No Child Left Behind Act. According to the National Center for Education Statistics, in 2011, the school reported an enrollment of 318 pupils in grades 7th through 12th, with 84 pupils eligible for a federal free or reduced price lunch due to the family meeting the federal poverty level. In 2011, the Junior Senior High School employed 21 teachers yielding a student-teacher ratio of 14:1. According to a report by the Pennsylvania Department of Education, 1 teacher was rated \"Non‐Highly Qualified\" under No Child Left Behind. Sullivan County Junior Senior High School achieved 73.8 out of 100. Reflects on grade level reading, mathematics and science achievement. The PDE reported that 76% of the High School's students were on grade level in reading/literature. In Algebra 1, 71% of students showed on grade level skills at the end of the course. In Biology I, 76% demonstrated on grade level science understanding at the end of the course. Statewide, 53 percent of schools with an eleventh grade achieved an academic score of 70 or better. Five percent of the 2,033 schools with 11th grade were scored at 90 and above; 20 percent were scored between 80 and 89; 28 percent between 70 and 79; 25 percent between 60 and 69 and 22 percent below 60. The Keystone Exam results showed: 73 percent of students statewide scored at grade-level in English, 64 percent in Algebra I and 59 percent in biology. Sullivan County Junior Senior High School achieved out of 100. Reflects on grade level reading, mathematics and science achievement. In reading/literature - 78% of tested pupils were on grade level. In Algebra 1, 72.9% showed on grade level skills at the end of the course. In Biology, 68% demonstrated on grade level science understanding at the end of the course. In 8th grade writing, 76% demonstrated on grade level skills. Statewide, the percentage of high school students who scored proficient and advanced in Algebra I increased to 39.7% to 40.1%. The percentage of high school students who scored proficient and advanced in reading/literature declined to 52.5%. The percentage of high school students who scored proficient and advanced in biology improved from 39.7% to 41.4%. Sullivan County Junior Senior High School achieved 85.8 out of 100. Reflects on grade level reading, mathematics and science achievement. In reading/literature - 79.56% were on grade level. In Algebra 1, 69.34% showed on grade level skills. In Biology, 56.70% showed on grade level science understanding. In writing, 88.37% of 8th graders demonstrated on grade level writing skills. According to the Pennsylvania Department of Education, 2,181 public schools (less than 73 percent of Pennsylvania public schools), achieved an academic score of 70 or higher. Pennsylvania 11th grade students no longer take the PSSAs. Instead, beginning in 2012, they take the Keystone Exams at the end of the associated course. In 2012, Sullivan County Junior Senior High School declined to Warning AYP status due to lagging student achievement in math and a declining graduation rate. In 2011, Sullivan County Junior Senior High School achieved Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP) status. The school achieved AYP status each school year 2003 through 2010. Effective with Spring 2013, the Pennsylvania Department of Education discontinued administering the PSSA's to 11th graders. Pennsylvania System of School Assessments, commonly called PSSAs are No Child Left Behind Act related examinations which were administered from 2003 through 2012, in all Pennsylvania public high schools. The exams were administered in the Spring of each school year. The goal was for 100% of students to be on grade level or better in reading and mathematics, by the Spring of 2014. The tests focused on the state's Academic Standards for reading, writing, mathematics and science. The Science exam included content in science, technology, ecology and the environmental studies. The mathematics exam included: algebra I, algebra II, geometry and trigonometry. The standards were first published in 1998 and are mandated by the Pennsylvania State Board of Education. In 2013, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania changed its high school assessments to the Keystone Exams in Algebra 1, Reading/literature and Biology1. The exams are given at the end of the course, rather than all in the spring of the student's 11th grade year. Science in Motion Sullivan County Junior Senior High School did not take advantage of a state program called Science in Motion which brought college professors and sophisticated science equipment to the school to raise science awareness and to provide inquiry-based experiences for the students. The Science in Motion program was funded by a state appropriation and cost the school nothing to participate. Wilkes University provided the science enrichment experiences to schools in the region The Sullivan County School Board has determined that graduation requirements are 28 credits, including four required English classes, four credits in social studies, four credits in mathematics, three credits in science, two and a half credits in health, physical education and driver education and two credits in the arts and/or humanities. By law, all Pennsylvania secondary school students were required to complete a project as a part of their eligibility to graduate from high school. The type of project, its rigor and its expectations are set by the individual school district. Effective with the graduating class of 2017, the Pennsylvania State Board of Education eliminated the state mandate that students complete a culminating project in order to graduate. By Pennsylvania School Board regulations, beginning with the class of 2017, public school students must demonstrate successful completion of secondary level course work in Algebra I, Biology, and English Literature by passing the Keystone Exams. The exam is given at the end of the course. Keystone Exams replace the PSSAs for 11th grade. Students have several opportunities to pass the exam. Schools are mandated to provide targeted assistance to help the student be successful. Those who do not pass after several attempts can perform a project in order to graduate. For the class of 2019, a Composition exam will be added. For the class of 2020, passing a civics and government exam will be added to the graduation requirements. In 2011, Pennsylvania high school students field tested the Algebra 1, Biology and English Lit exams. The statewide results were: Algebra 1 38% on grade level, Biology 35% on grade level and English Lit - 49% on grade level. Individual student, school or district reports were not made public, although they were reported to district officials by the Pennsylvania", "Exams replace the PSSAs for 11th grade. Students have several opportunities to pass the exam. Schools are mandated to provide targeted assistance to help the student be successful. Those who do not pass after several attempts can perform a project in order to graduate. For the class of 2019, a Composition exam will be added. For the class of 2020, passing a civics and government exam will be added to the graduation requirements. In 2011, Pennsylvania high school students field tested the Algebra 1, Biology and English Lit exams. The statewide results were: Algebra 1 38% on grade level, Biology 35% on grade level and English Lit - 49% on grade level. Individual student, school or district reports were not made public, although they were reported to district officials by the Pennsylvania Department of Education. Students identified as having special needs and qualifying for an Individual Educational Program (IEP) may graduate by meeting the requirements of their IEP. According to a Pennsylvania Department of Education study released in January 2009, 33% of Sullivan County High School graduates required remediation in mathematics and or reading before they were prepared to take college level courses in the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education or community colleges. Less than 66% of Pennsylvania high school graduates, who enroll in a four-year college in Pennsylvania, will earn a bachelor's degree within six years. Among Pennsylvania high school graduates pursuing an associate degree, only one in three graduate in three years. Per the Pennsylvania Department of Education, one in three recent high school graduates, who attend Pennsylvania's public universities and community colleges, takes at least one remedial course in math, reading or English. The Sullivan County Junior Senior High School offers a dual enrollment program. This state program permits high school students to take courses, at local higher education institutions, to earn college credits. Students remain enrolled at their high school. The courses count towards high school graduation requirements and towards earning a college degree. The students continue to have full access to activities and programs at their high school, including the graduation ceremony. The college credits are offered at a deeply discounted rate. The state offers a small grant to assist students in costs for tuition, fees and books. Under the Pennsylvania Transfer and Articulation Agreement, many Pennsylvania colleges and universities accept these credits for students who transfer to their institutions. For the 2009-10 funding year, Sullivan County School District received a state grant of $31,720 for the program. In 2010, Governor Edward Rendell eliminated the grants to students. In 2014, Sullivan County School District offered three dual enrollment courses in conjunction with Pennsylvania College of Technology. Penn College NOW classes are taught by approved Sullivan County High School teachers at the high school. Penn College NOW is partially funded by the Carl D. Perkins Career and Technical Education Improvement Act of 2006 (Public Law 109-270) through the Pennsylvania Department of Education, by the support of Pennsylvania companies through the Educational Improvement Tax Credit program managed by the Pennsylvania Department of Community and Economic Development and by Pennsylvania College of Technology. In 2014, 25 Sullivan County School District students took the SAT exams. The District's Verbal Average Score was 516. The Math average score was 536. The Writing average score was 485. Statewide in Pennsylvania, Verbal Average Score was 497. The Math average score was 504. The Writing average score was 480. The College Board also reported that nationwide scores were: 497 in reading, 513 in math and 487 in writing. In 2013, 38 Sullivan County School District students took the SAT exams. The District's Verbal Average Score was 496. The Math average score was 506. The Writing average score was 461. The College Board reported that statewide scores were: 494 in reading, 504 in math and 482 in writing. The nationwide SAT results were the same as in 2012. In 2012, 38 Sullivan County School District students took the SAT exams. The District's Verbal Average Score was 501. The Math average score was 504. The Writing average score was 481. The statewide Verbal SAT exams results were: Verbal 491, Math 501, Writing 480. In the US, 1.65 million students took the exams achieving scores: Verbal 496, Math 514, Writing 488. According to the College Board the maximum score on each section was 800, and 360 students nationwide scored a perfect 2,400. In 2011, 33 Sullivan County School District students took the SAT exams. The District's Verbal Average Score was 497. The Math average score was 485. The Writing average score was 457. Pennsylvania ranked 40th among states with SAT scores: Verbal - 493, Math - 501, Writing - 479. In the United States, 1.65 million students took the exam in 2011. They averaged 497 (out of 800) verbal, 514 math and 489 in writing. The Center for Rural Pennsylvania, a research arm of the Pennsylvania General Assembly, compared the SAT data of students in rural areas of Pennsylvania to students in urban areas. From 2003 to 2005, the average total SAT score for students in rural Pennsylvania was 992, while urban students averaged 1,006. During the same period, 28 percent of 11th and 12th graders in rural school districts took the exam, compared to 32 percent of urban students in the same grades. The average math and verbal scores were 495 and 497, respectively, for rural students, while urban test-takers averaged 499 and 507, respectively. Pennsylvania's SAT composite score ranked low on the national scale in 2004. The composite SAT score of 1,003 left Pennsylvania ranking 44 out of the 50 states and Washington, DC. The Pennsylvania Department of Education reported that 71 percent of students in rural areas of Pennsylvania chose to continue their education after high school in 2003, whereas 79 percent of urban high school graduates opted to continue their education. In 2014, Sullivan County Junior Senior High School offered 4 Advanced Placement (AP) courses at a higher cost than regular courses. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the Spring. The fee for each AP Exam is $91 (2014). The school normally retains $9 of that fee as a rebate to help with administrative costs. In 2012, the fee was $89 per test per pupil. Students, who achieve a 3 or better on the exam, may be awarded college credits at US universities and colleges. Each higher education institution sets its own standards about what level of credits are awarded to a student based on their AP exam score. Most higher education give credits for scores of 4 or 5. Some schools also give credits for scores of 3. High schools give credits towards graduation to students who take the school's AP class. At Sullivan County Junior Senior High School just 24% of students who took an AP course earned a 3 or better on the exam. In 2015, Sullivan County Junior Senior High School offered 4 Advanced Placement (AP) courses, with 31% of pupils who took the course earning a 3 or better on the end of course AP exam administered by the College Board. Sullivan County Junior Senior High School has a program called ExCEL dedicated to assisting students in their success. Students with a year-to-date grade below 70 in math, English, social studies, and/or science are referred to the program by their classroom teachers. Students that are referred to the program are required to attend a designated quiet study. Students are also limited in their ability to attend extracurricular or co-curricular activities based on required attendance for ExCEL. When the student has improved their yearly grade to a 70 or above they are eligible to exit the program. Students are entered into ExCEL and removed", "Placement (AP) courses, with 31% of pupils who took the course earning a 3 or better on the end of course AP exam administered by the College Board. Sullivan County Junior Senior High School has a program called ExCEL dedicated to assisting students in their success. Students with a year-to-date grade below 70 in math, English, social studies, and/or science are referred to the program by their classroom teachers. Students that are referred to the program are required to attend a designated quiet study. Students are also limited in their ability to attend extracurricular or co-curricular activities based on required attendance for ExCEL. When the student has improved their yearly grade to a 70 or above they are eligible to exit the program. Students are entered into ExCEL and removed from ExCEL on a weekly basis. PSSAs are given in the Spring of each school year. Seventh grades have been tested in reading and mathematics since 2006. Eighth graders are tested in: reading, writing, mathematics and Science. Beginning in the Spring of 2013, eighth graders, who are enrolled in Algebra I take the Keystone Exam for Algebra I at the end of the course. The testing of 8th grade in reading and mathematics began in 1999, as a state initiative. Testing in science began in 2007. The goal is for 100% of students to be on grade level or better in reading and mathematics, by the Spring of 2014. The tests focus on the state's Academic Standards for reading, writing, mathematics and science. The standards were published in 1998 and are mandated by the Pennsylvania State Board of Education. In 2014, the Commonwealth adopted the Pennsylvania Core Standards - Mathematics. The PDE reported that 76% of 8th grade students at Sullivan County Junior Senior High School students were on grade level in reading on the PSSAs given in April 2015. In math/Algebra 1, 32% of 8th grade students showed on grade level skills. In science, 78% of the school's 8th graders demonstrated on grade level science understanding. No eighth grade writing scores were reported. In 7th grade, 71% were on grade level in reading, while 40% showed on grade level math skills. Statewide 58% of eighth (8th) graders were on grade level in reading, while 29% demonstrated on grade level math skills. Pennsylvania 7th graders were 58% on grade level in reading and 33% demonstrated on grade level math skills. Both 2013 and 2014 achievement data are included in the School Performance Profile data for the whole school. Seventh Grade Math: In 2013, Sullivan County School District did not implement a free dropout prevention Early Warning System and Interventions Catalog at the junior high school. The process identifies students at risk for dropping out by examining the pupil's: attendance, behavior and course grades. Interventions are implemented to assist at-risk pupils to remain in school. The program is funded by federal and private dollars. Sullivan County Elementary School is located at 767 South Street, Laporte. In 2015, the School's enrollment was 351 pupils in grades kindergarten through 6th, with 39% of pupils receiving a federal free or reduced price meals due to family poverty. Additionally, 16% of the pupils receive special education services, while 1% are identified as gifted. According to a report by the Pennsylvania Department of Education, 100% of the teachers were rated highly qualified under No Child Left Behind. The school provides full day kindergarten since 2003. The school is a federally designated Title I school. In 2014, the School's enrollment was 319 pupils in grades kindergarten through 6th, with 38% of pupils receiving a federal free or reduced price meals due to family poverty. Additionally, 15% of the pupils receive special education services, while 1% are identified as gifted. According to a report by the Pennsylvania Department of Education, 100% of the teachers were rated highly qualified under No Child Left Behind. The school provides full day kindergarten since 2003. The school is a federally designated Title I school. According to the National Center for Education Statistics, in 2011, enrollment was 323 pupils in grades kindergarten through 6th, with 115 pupils receiving a free or reduced price lunch. The School employed 24 teachers yielding a student-teacher ratio of 13:1. According to a report by the Pennsylvania Department of Education, 100% of its teachers were rated \"Non‐Highly Qualified\" under the federal No Child Left Behind Act. The school provided full day kindergarten to all its pupils. According to the Pennsylvania Department of Education, 58% of 5th grade students at Sullivan County Elementary School were on grade level in reading on the PSSAs given in April 2015. In mathematics, 47% of 5th grade students showed on grade level skills. No fifth grade writing scores were reported. In 4th grade, 68% were on grade level in reading, while 50% showed on grade level math skills. In science, 88% of fourth graders showed on grade level understanding. Among third (3rd) graders, 48% were on grade level in reading and 40% were on grade level in mathematics. Among 6th graders, 58% were on grade level in reading and 33% were on grade level in mathematics. Statewide 61.9% of fifth (5th) graders were on grade level in reading, while 42.8% demonstrated on grade level math skills. Pennsylvania 4th graders were 58.6% on grade level in reading and 44.4% demonstrated on grade level math skills. In science, 77.3% of fourth graders showed on grade level understanding. Among Pennsylvania third (3rd) graders, 62% were reading on grade level, while 48.5% demonstrated on grade level math skills. Sullivan County Elementary School achieved a score of 88.8 out of 100. The score reflects on grade level: reading, science, writing and mathematics achievement. In 2013-14, only 72% of the students were reading on grade level in grades 3rd through 6th. In 3rd grade, 77.5% of the pupils were reading on grade level. In math, 82% were on grade level (3rd-6th grades). In 4th grade science, 94% of the pupils demonstrated on grade level understanding. In writing, 80% of 5th grade pupils demonstrated on grade level skills. Sullivan County Elementary School achieved a score of 87.4 out of 100. The score reflects on grade level: reading, science, writing and mathematics achievement. In 2012-13, only 72% of the students were reading on grade level in grades 3rd through 6th. In 3rd grade, only 69.7% of the pupils were reading on grade level. In math, 87.43% were on grade level (3rd-6th grades). In 4th grade science, 87.50% of the pupils demonstrated on grade level understanding. In writing, only 77.78% of 5th grade pupils demonstrated on grade level skills. According to the Pennsylvania Department of Education, 2,181 public schools (less than 73 percent of Pennsylvania public schools), achieved an academic score of 70 or higher. In 2012, Sullivan County Elementary School declined to Warning Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP) status. In 2011, Sullivan County Elementary School achieved AYP status. Each year, in the Spring, the 3rd graders and sixth graders take the PSSAs in math and reading. The fourth grade is tested in reading, math and science. The fifth grade is evaluated in reading, mathematics and writing. Pennsylvania System of School Assessments, commonly called PSSAs are No Child Left Behind Act related examinations which were administered beginning 2003 to all Pennsylvania public school students in grades 3rd-8th. The goal was for 100% of students to be on grade level or better in reading and mathematics, by the Spring of 2014. The tests focused on the state's Academic Standards for reading, writing, mathematics and science. The Science exam is given to 4th grades and includes content in science, technology, ecology and the environmental studies. 6th Grade Reading: 6th Grade Math: 5th Grade Reading: 5th Grade Math: The Sullivan County School District administration reported there were zero incidents of bullying", "science. The fifth grade is evaluated in reading, mathematics and writing. Pennsylvania System of School Assessments, commonly called PSSAs are No Child Left Behind Act related examinations which were administered beginning 2003 to all Pennsylvania public school students in grades 3rd-8th. The goal was for 100% of students to be on grade level or better in reading and mathematics, by the Spring of 2014. The tests focused on the state's Academic Standards for reading, writing, mathematics and science. The Science exam is given to 4th grades and includes content in science, technology, ecology and the environmental studies. 6th Grade Reading: 6th Grade Math: 5th Grade Reading: 5th Grade Math: The Sullivan County School District administration reported there were zero incidents of bullying in the District in 2012. Additionally, there was an incident of harassment and no sexual incidents involving students. The local law enforcement was involved in five incidents at the schools, with three arrests. In 2009, the administration reported there were zero incidents of bullying in the district. In 2014, Sullivan County School District approved an anti bullying/cyberbullying policy. The Sullivan County School Board prohibits bullying by district students and faculty. The Board directs that complaints of bullying shall be investigated promptly, and corrective action shall be taken when allegations are verified. No reprisals or retaliation shall occur as a result of good faith reports of bullying. The district has implemented an intervention program called Rachel's Promise. The board expects staff members to be responsible to maintain an educational environment free from all forms of bullying. All Pennsylvania schools are required to have an anti-bullying policy incorporated into their Code of Student Conduct. The policy must identify disciplinary actions for bullying and designate a school staff person to receive complaints of bullying The policy must be available on the school's website and posted in every classroom. All Pennsylvania public schools must provide a copy of its anti-bullying policy to the Office for Safe Schools every year, and shall review their policy every three years. Additionally, the district must conduct an annual review of that policy with students. The Center for Schools and Communities works in partnership with the Pennsylvania Commission on Crime & Delinquency and the Pennsylvania Department of Education to assist schools and communities as they research, select and implement bullying prevention programs and initiatives. Education standards relating to student safety and antiharassment programs are described in the 10.3. Safety and Injury Prevention in the Pennsylvania Academic Standards for Health, Safety and Physical Education. In December 2015, the District administration reported that 114 pupils or 18.2% of the district's pupils received Special Education services, with 36% of the identified students having a specific learning disability. In December 2012, Sullivan County School District administration reported that 104 pupils or 16.5% of the District's pupils received Special Education services, with 49% of the identified students having a specific learning disability. Special education services in the Commonwealth are provided to students from ages three years to 21 years old. In the 2010-2011 school year, the total student enrollment was more than 1.78 million students with approximately 275,000 students eligible for special education services. Among these students 18,959 were identified with mental retardation and 21,245 students with autism. The largest group of students are identified as Specific Learning Disabilities 126,026 students (46.9 percent) and Speech or Language Impairments with 43,542 students (16.2 percent). In December 2009, the District Administration reported that 102 pupils or 15% of the District's pupils received Special Education services. In 2007, Pennsylvania Secretary of Education Gerald Zahorchak testified before the Pennsylvania House Education Committee regarding full day kindergarten. He claimed that districts which offered the program would see a significant decrease in special education students due to early identification and early intervention. He asserted the high cost of full day kindergarten would be recouped by Districts in lower special education costs. Despite offering the program for nearly a decade, Sullivan County School District has not seen a decrease in the percentage of special education students it serves, yielding no savings. In fact the number of pupils receiving services has steadily risen. The District engages in identification procedures to ensure that eligible students receive an appropriate educational program consisting of special education and related services, individualized to meet student needs. At no cost to the parents, these services are provided in compliance with state and federal law; and are reasonably calculated to yield meaningful educational benefit and student progress. To identify students who may be eligible for special education, various screening activities are conducted on an ongoing basis. When a child experiences difficulty within the classroom, screening information will be gathered by a multidisciplinary team located within the child's school to determine his or her specific needs. These screening activities include: review of group-based data (cumulative records, enrollment records, health records, report cards, ability and achievement test scores); hearing, vision, motor, and speech/language screening; and review by the Instructional Support Team or Student Assistance Team. When screening results suggest that the student may be eligible, the District seeks parental consent to conduct a multidisciplinary evaluation. Parents who suspect their child is eligible make a written request for a multidisciplinary evaluation to the building principal. The IDEA 2004 requires each school entity to publish a notice to parents, in newspapers or other media, including the student handbook and website regarding the availability of screening and intervention services and how to access them. In 2010, the state of Pennsylvania provided $1,026,815,000 for Special Education services. This funding was in addition to the state's basic education per pupil funding, as well as, all other state and federal funding. The Special Education funding structure is through the federal Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) funds and state appropriations. IDEA funds are appropriated to the state on an annual basis and distributed through intermediate units (IUs) to school districts, while state funds are distributed directly to the districts. Total funds that are received by school districts are calculated through a formula. The Pennsylvania Department of Education oversees four appropriations used to fund students with special needs: Special Education; Approved Private Schools; Pennsylvania Chartered Schools for the Deaf and Blind; and Early Intervention. The Pennsylvania Special Education funding system assumes that 16% of the district's students receive special education services. It also assumes that each student's needs accrue the same level of costs. Over identification of students, in order to increase state funding, has been an issue in the Commonwealth. Some districts have more than 20% of its students receiving special education services while others have 10% supported through special education. The state requires each public school district and charter school to have a three-year special education plan to meet the unique needs of its special education students. In 2012, the Obama Administration's US Department of Education issued a directive requiring schools include students with disabilities in extracurricular activities, including sports. The Sullivan County School District received a $404,181 supplement for special education services in 2010. For the", "It also assumes that each student's needs accrue the same level of costs. Over identification of students, in order to increase state funding, has been an issue in the Commonwealth. Some districts have more than 20% of its students receiving special education services while others have 10% supported through special education. The state requires each public school district and charter school to have a three-year special education plan to meet the unique needs of its special education students. In 2012, the Obama Administration's US Department of Education issued a directive requiring schools include students with disabilities in extracurricular activities, including sports. The Sullivan County School District received a $404,181 supplement for special education services in 2010. For the 2011–12, 2012–13 and 2013-14 school years, all Pennsylvania public school districts received the same level of funding for special education that they received in 2010-11. This level funding is provided regardless of changes in the number of pupils who need special education services and regardless of the level of services the respective students required. For the 2014-2015 school year, Sullivan County School District will receive an increase to $406,972 from the Commonwealth for special education funding. Additionally, the state provides supplemental funding for extraordinarily impacted students. The District must apply for this added funding. Sullivan County School District Administration reported that 4 or 0.63% of its students were gifted in 2009. The highest percentage of gifted students reported among all 500 school districts and 100 public charter schools in Pennsylvania was North Allegheny School District with 15.5% of its students identified as gifted. By law, the district must provide mentally gifted programs at all grade levels. The referral process for a gifted evaluation can be initiated by teachers or parents by contacting the student's building principal and requesting an evaluation. All requests must be made in writing. To be eligible for mentally gifted programs in Pennsylvania, a student must have a cognitive ability of at least 130 as measured on a standardized ability test by a certified school psychologist. Other factors that indicate giftedness will also be considered for eligibility. Pennsylvania public school districts budget and expend funds according to procedures mandated by the General Assembly and the Pennsylvania Department of Education (PDE). An annual operating budget is prepared by school district administrative officials. A uniform form is furnished by the PDE and submitted to the board of school directors for approval prior to the beginning of each fiscal year on July 1. Under Pennsylvania's Taxpayer Relief Act, Act 1 of the Special Session of 2006, all school districts of the first class A, second class, third class and fourth class must adopt a preliminary budget proposal. The proposal must include estimated revenues and expenditures and the proposed tax rates. This proposed budget must be considered by the Board no later than 90 days prior to the date of the election immediately preceding the fiscal year. The preliminary budget proposal must also be printed and made available for public inspection at least 20 days prior to its adoption. The board of school directors may hold a public hearing on the budget, but are not required to do so. The board must give at least 10 days’ public notice of its intent to adopt the final budget according to Act 1 of 2006. In 2013, the average teacher salary in Sullivan County School District was $69,006 a year, while the cost of the benefits teachers received was $22,899 per employee, for a total annual average teacher compensation of $91,906. Sullivan County School District teacher and administrator retirement benefits are equal to at least 2.00% x Final Average Salary x Total Credited Service. (Some teachers benefits utilize a 2.50% benefit factor.) After 40 years of service, a teacher can retire with 100% of the average salary of their final 3 years of employment. According to a study conducted at the American Enterprise Institute, in 2011, public school teachers’ total compensation is roughly 50 percent higher than they would likely receive in the private sector. The study found that the most generous benefits that teachers receive are not accounted for in many studies of compensation including: pension, retiree health benefits and job security. In 2009, Sullivan County School District reported employing over 60 teachers with a salary range of $44,250 to $94,000. The average salary in the district is $65,239. In 2007, Sullivan County School District employed 58 teachers. The average teacher salary in Sullivan County School District was $$61,492 for 187 days worked. As of 2007, Pennsylvania ranked in the top 10 states in average teacher salaries. When adjusted for cost of living Pennsylvania ranked fourth in the nation for teacher compensation. Additionally, the district's teachers receive: a defined benefit pension, health insurance, life insurance, college credit reimbursement, 2 paid personal days, sick days, a lump sum retirement bonus of up to $15,000 and other benefits. Teachers receive additional pay for extra duties and meetings held outside of regular school hours. Administrative costs Sullivan County School District administrative costs per pupil in 2008 was $1,217.35 per pupil. This ranked 20th in the state for administration spending. The lowest administrative cost per pupil in Pennsylvania was $398 per pupil. Per pupil spending Sullivan County School District administration reported that per pupil spending in 2008 was $16,504 which ranked 34th in the state's 501 school districts for per pupil spending. In 2010, the District's per pupil spending had increased to $17,880.45. In 2013, the per pupil spending was reported as $18,277. In 2011, Pennsylvania's per pupil spending was $13,467, ranking 6th in the United States. In 2007, the Pennsylvania per pupil total expenditures was reported as $12,759. The U.S. Census Bureau reported that Pennsylvania spent $8,191 per pupil in school year 2000-01. In 2007, the Pennsylvania per pupil total expenditures was reported as $12,759. Among the fifty states, Pennsylvania's total per pupil revenue (including all sources) ranked 11th at $15,023 per student, in 2008-09. Pennsylvania's total revenue per pupil rose to $16,186 ranking 9th in the nation in 2011. In August 2010, the Pennsylvania Auditor General conducted a performance audit of the district. The findings were reported to the administration and the school board. In October 2014, the District was audited again. Reserves In 2008, the Sullivan County School District reported a $837,087 balance in an unreserved-undesignated fund. The designated fund balance was reported as $350,000. In 2012, Sullivan County School District Administration reported an increase to $2,290,850 in its reserves. Pennsylvania public school district reserve funds are divided into two categories – designated and undesignated. The undesignated funds are not committed to any planned project. Designated funds and any other funds, such as capital reserves, are allocated to specific projects. School districts are required by state law to keep 5 percent of their annual spending in the undesignated reserve funds to preserve bond ratings. According to the Pennsylvania Department of Education, from 2003 to 2010, as a whole, Pennsylvania school districts amassed nearly $3 billion in reserved funds. In 2005, the total reserve funds held by Pennsylvania public school districts was $1.9 billion. By 2013, reserves held by Pennsylvania public school districts, as a whole, had increased to over $3.8 billion. Tuition Students who live in the Sullivan County School District's attendance area may choose to attend one of Pennsylvania's 157 public charter schools. A student living in a neighboring public school district or a foreign", "as capital reserves, are allocated to specific projects. School districts are required by state law to keep 5 percent of their annual spending in the undesignated reserve funds to preserve bond ratings. According to the Pennsylvania Department of Education, from 2003 to 2010, as a whole, Pennsylvania school districts amassed nearly $3 billion in reserved funds. In 2005, the total reserve funds held by Pennsylvania public school districts was $1.9 billion. By 2013, reserves held by Pennsylvania public school districts, as a whole, had increased to over $3.8 billion. Tuition Students who live in the Sullivan County School District's attendance area may choose to attend one of Pennsylvania's 157 public charter schools. A student living in a neighboring public school district or a foreign exchange student may seek admission to Area School District. For these cases, the Pennsylvania Department of Education sets an annual tuition rate for each school district. It is the amount the public school district pays to a charter school for each resident student that attends the charter and it is the amount a nonresident student's parents must pay to attend the District's schools. The 2012 tuition rates are Elementary School - $11,732, High School - $15,734.87. Sullivan County School District is funded by a combination of: a local earned income tax, a property tax, a real estate transfer tax, coupled with substantial funding from the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and the federal government. Grants can provide an opportunity to supplement school funding without raising local taxes. Interest earnings on accounts also provide nontax income to the District. In the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, pension income and Social Security income are exempted from state personal income tax and local earned income tax, regardless of the level of personal wealth. The average Pennsylvania public school teacher pension in 2011 exceeds $60,000 a year plus they receive federal Social Security benefits: both are free of Pennsylvania state income tax and local income tax which funds local public schools. According to a report from Representative Todd Stephens office, Sullivan County School District receives 33% of its annual revenue from the state. In December 2014, the Pennsylvania Education Funding Reform Commission conducted a hearing. Testimony was given regarding state funding at the fastest growing districts and those with the greatest decline in enrollment since 1996. Sullivan County School District was identified as a district with a large decline in enrollment (-30%) since 1996. State funding per pupil to the District grew by 98% from $3,129 per pupil in 1996 to $6,208 in 2013. For the 2014-15 school year, Sullivan County School District will receive $2,477,517 in State Basic Education funding. The District will also receive $41,315 in new Ready To Learn Block grant. The State's enacted Education Budget includes $5,526,129,000 for the 2014-2015 Basic Education Funding. The Education budget also includes Accountability Block Grant funding at $100 million and $241 million in new Ready to Learn funding for public schools that focus on student achievement and academic success. The State is paying $500.8 million to Social Security on the school employees behalf and another $1.16 billion to the state teachers pension system (PSERS). In total, Pennsylvania's Education budget for K-12 public schools is $10 billion. This was a $305 million increase over 2013-2014 state spending and the greatest amount ever allotted by the Commonwealth for its public schools. In the 2013-2014 school year, the Sullivan County School District received $2,477,517 in Pennsylvania Basic Education Funding. This is $20,395 more than its 2012-13 state BEF to the District. Additionally, Sullivan County School District received $23,045 in Accountability Block Grant funding to focus on academic achievement and level funding for special education services. Among the public school districts in County, School District received the highest percentage increase in BEF at 5.5%. The District has the option of applying for several other state and federal grants to increase revenues. The Commonwealth's budget increased Basic Education Funding statewide by $123 million to over $5.5 billion. Most of Pennsylvania's 500 public school districts received an increase of Basic Education Funding in a range of 0.9% to 4%. Eight public school districts received exceptionally high funding increases of 10% to 16%. The highest increase in state funding was awarded to Austin Area School District which received a 22.5% increase in Basic Education Funding. The highest percent of state spending per student is in the Chester-Upland district, where roughly 78 percent comes from state coffers. In Philadelphia, it is nearly 49 percent. As a part of the education budget, the state provided the PSERS (Pennsylvania school employee pension fund) with $1,017,000,000 and Social Security payments for school employees of $495 million. For the 2012-13 school year, the Sullivan County School District received $2,457,338. The Governor's Executive Budget for 2012-2013 included $9.34 billion for kindergarten through 12th grade public education, including $5.4 billion in basic education funding, which was an increase of $49 million over the 2011-12 budget. In addition, the Commonwealth provided $100 million for the Accountability Block Grant (ABG) program. The state also provided a $544.4 million payment for School Employees’ Social Security and $856 million for School Employees’ Retirement fund called PSERS. This amount was a $21,823,000 increase (0.34%) over the 2011-2012 appropriations for Basic Education Funding, School Employees' Social Security, Pupil Transportation, Nonpublic and Charter School Pupil Transportation. Since taking office, Corbett's first two budgets have restored more than $918 million in support of public schools, compensating for the $1 billion in federal stimulus dollars lost at the end of the 2010-11 school year. In 2011-12 school year, the Sullivan County School District received a $2,457,349 allocation, of state Basic Education Funding. Additionally, the Sullivan County School District received $23,045 in Accountability Block Grant funding. The enacted Pennsylvania state Education budget included $5,354,629,000 for the 2011-2012 Basic Education Funding appropriation. This amount was a $233,290,000 increase (4.6%) over the enacted State appropriation for 2010-2011. The highest increase in state basic education funding was awarded to Duquesne City School District of Allegheny County, which got a 49% increase in state funding for 2011-12. In 2010, the district reported that 882 students received free or reduced price lunches, due to the family meeting the federal poverty level. Some public school Districts experienced a reduction abruptly total funding due to the loss of federal stimulus funding which ended in 2011. For the 2010-11 budget year, the Sullivan County School District received a 2% increase in Basic Education Funding for a total of $2,556,626. One hundred fifty Pennsylvania school districts received the base 2% increase. Among Pennsylvania school districts, the highest increase in 2010-11 went to Kennett Consolidated School District in Chester County which received a 23.65% increase in state funding. Fifteen (15) Pennsylvania public school districts received a BEF increase of greater than 10%. The state's hold harmless policy regarding state basic education funding continued where each district received at least the same amount as it received the prior school year, even when enrollment had significantly declined. The amount of increase each school district received was set by Governor Edward Rendell and then Secretary of Education Gerald Zahorchak, as a part of the state budget proposal given each February. This was the second year of Governor Rendell's policy to fund some public school districts at a far greater rate than", "school districts, the highest increase in 2010-11 went to Kennett Consolidated School District in Chester County which received a 23.65% increase in state funding. Fifteen (15) Pennsylvania public school districts received a BEF increase of greater than 10%. The state's hold harmless policy regarding state basic education funding continued where each district received at least the same amount as it received the prior school year, even when enrollment had significantly declined. The amount of increase each school district received was set by Governor Edward Rendell and then Secretary of Education Gerald Zahorchak, as a part of the state budget proposal given each February. This was the second year of Governor Rendell's policy to fund some public school districts at a far greater rate than others. In the 2009-2010 budget year, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania provided a 2% increase in Basic Education funding for a total of $2,506,496. Ninety school districts in the commonwealth were given the base 2% increase. Among the 500 school districts in Pennsylvania, Muhlenberg School District in Berks County received the highest with a 22.31% increase in funding. The amount of increase each school district received was set by Governor Edward G. Rendell and the Secretary of Education Gerald Zahorchak, as a part of the state budget proposal. The state Basic Education funding to Sullivan County School District in 2008-09 was $2,457,349. According to the Pennsylvania Department of Education, 208 students, in the district, received free or reduced-price lunches due to low family income in the 2007-2008 school year. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Pennsylvania spent $7,824 Per Pupil in the year 2000. This amount increased up to $12,085 by the year 2008. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Pennsylvania spent $7,824 Per Pupil in the year 2000. This amount increased up to $12,085 by the year 2008. All Pennsylvania school districts also receive additional funding from the state through several other funding allocations, including Reimbursement of Charter School Expenditures; Special Education Funding; Secondary Career & Technical Education Subsidy; PA Accountability Grants; and low achieving schools were eligible for Educational Assistance Program Funding. Plus all Pennsylvania school districts receive federal dollars for various programs including: Special Education funding and Title I funding for children from low income families. In 2010, Pennsylvania spent over $24 billion for public education - local, state and federal dollars combined. Beginning in 2004-2005, the state launched the Accountability Block Grant school funding. This program has provided $1.5 billion to Pennsylvania's school districts. The Accountability Block Grant program requires that its taxpayer dollars are focused on specific interventions that are most likely to increase student academic achievement. These interventions include: teacher training, all-day kindergarten, lower class size K-3rd grade, literacy and math coaching programs that provide teachers with individualized job-embedded professional development to improve their instruction, before or after school tutoring assistance to struggling students. For 2010-11 school year, the Sullivan County School District applied for and received $62,549 in addition to all other state and federal funding. The district used the funding to provide all-day kindergarten for the 6th year. Beginning in the 2014-2015 budget, the State funded a new Ready to Learn Grant for public schools. A total of $100 million is allocated through a formula to districts based on the number of students, level of poverty of community as calculated by its market value/personal income aid ratio (MV/PI AR) and the number of English language learners. Ready to Learn Block Grant funds may be used by the Districts for: school safety; Ready by 3 early childhood intervention programs; individualized learning programs; and science, technology, engineering and math (STEM) programs. The Classroom for the Future state program provided districts with hundreds of thousands of extra state funding to buy laptop computers for each core curriculum high school class (English, Science, History, Math) and paid for teacher training to optimize the computers use. The program was funded from 2006-2009. Sullivan County School District applied, but was denied funding in 2006-07. In 2007-08 SCSD received $98,836 and another $45,413 in 2008-09 for a total funding of $144,249. The highest funding statewide was awarded to Philadelphia City School District in Philadelphia County - $9,409,073. The grant program was discontinued by Governor Edward Rendell as part of the 2009-10 state budget. Sullivan County School District received a $630,000 state grant to assist in developing a biomass energy heating system and hot water system for the district's buildings. The system was estimated to cost between $1.5 million and $1.9 million. The district also received a $200,000 USDA State & Private Forestry Grant for the project. The project is expected to reduce conventional fuel oil utilization by approximately 53,000 gallons, which is expected to produce an annual energy savings of nearly $163,240. Sullivan County School District did not participate in: Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection's Environmental Education annual grants; PA Science Its Elementary grants (discontinued effective with 2009-10 budget by Governor Rendell); Education Assistance Grants; 2012 Striving Readers Comprehensive Literacy grant; 2013 Safe Schools and Resource Officer grants; 2012 and 2013 Pennsylvania Hybrid Learning Grants; Project 720 High School Reform grants (discontinued effective with 2011-12 budget); nor the federal 21st Century Learning grants. The district received an extra $678,644 in ARRA - Federal Stimulus money to be used in specific programs like special education and meeting the academic needs of low-income students. The funding was limited to the 2009-2010 and 2010-2011 school years. Due to the temporary nature of the funding, the Pennsylvania Department of Education advised the districts to use the money for nonrecurring expenses like purchasing equipment and teaching resources like books, manipulatives and software. Sullivan County School District officials did not apply for the Race to the Top federal grant. When approved for the grant, the district would have received hundreds of thousands in additional federal dollars for improving student academic achievement. Participation required the administration, the school board and the local teachers' union to sign an agreement to prioritize improving student academic success. In Pennsylvania, 120 public school districts and 56 charter schools agreed to participate. The failure of districts to agree to participate was cited as one reason that Pennsylvania was not approved. The Sullivan County School Board decided to not participate in the Pennsylvania Department of Education Common Cents program. The program called for the state to audit the district, at no cost to local taxpayers, to identify ways the district could save tax dollars. After the review of the information, the district was not required to implement the recommended cost savings changes. Property tax rates in 2014-2015 were set by the Sullivan County School Board at 12.133 mills. A mill is $1 of tax for every $1,000 of a property's assessed value. Property taxes, in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, apply only to real estate - land and buildings. The property tax is not levied on cars, business inventory, or other personal property. Certain types of property are exempt from property taxes, including: places of worship, places of burial, private social clubs, charitable and educational institutions and all government property (local, state and federal). Additionally, service related, disabled US military veterans may seek an exemption from paying property taxes. Pennsylvania school district", "the district was not required to implement the recommended cost savings changes. Property tax rates in 2014-2015 were set by the Sullivan County School Board at 12.133 mills. A mill is $1 of tax for every $1,000 of a property's assessed value. Property taxes, in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, apply only to real estate - land and buildings. The property tax is not levied on cars, business inventory, or other personal property. Certain types of property are exempt from property taxes, including: places of worship, places of burial, private social clubs, charitable and educational institutions and all government property (local, state and federal). Additionally, service related, disabled US military veterans may seek an exemption from paying property taxes. Pennsylvania school district revenues are dominated by two main sources: 1) Property tax collections, which account for the vast majority (between 75-85%) of local revenues; and 2) Act 511 tax collections, which are around 15% of revenues for school districts. Irregular property reassessments have become a serious issue in the commonwealth as it creates a significant disparity in taxation within a community and across a region. On the local level, Pennsylvania district revenues are dominated by two main sources: 1) Property tax collections, which account for the vast majority (between 75-85%) of local revenues; and 2) Act 511 tax collections, which are around 15% of revenues for school districts. In 2010, miscalculations by the State Tax Equalization Board (STEB) were widespread in the Commonwealth and adversely impacted funding for many school districts, including those that did not cross county borders. The average yearly property tax paid by Sullivan County residents amounts to about 3.1% of their yearly income. Sullivan County ranked 549th out of the 3143 United States counties for property taxes as a percentage of median income. According to a report prepared by the Pennsylvania Department of Education, the total real estate taxes collected by all school districts in Pennsylvania rose from $6,474,133,936 in 1999-00 to $10,438,463,356 in 2008-09 and to $11,153,412,490 in 2011. Property taxes in Pennsylvania are relatively high on a national scale. According to the Tax Foundation, Pennsylvania ranked 11th in the U.S. in 2008 in terms of property taxes paid as a percentage of home value (1.34%) and 12th in the country in terms of property taxes as a percentage of income (3.55%). Pennsylvania's 2011 tax burden of 10.35% ranked 10th highest out of 50 states. The tax burden was above the national average of 9.8%. Pennsylvania's taxpayers paid $4,374 per capita in state and local taxes, including school taxes. The Act 1 of 2006 Index regulates the rates at which each school district can raise property taxes in Pennsylvania. Districts are not allowed to raise taxes above that index unless they allow voters to vote by referendum, or they seek an exception from the state Department of Education. The base index for the 2011-2012 school year is 1.4 percent, but the Act 1 Index can be adjusted higher, depending on a number of factors, such as property values and the personal income of district residents. Act 1 included 10 exceptions, including: increasing pension costs, increases in special education costs, a catastrophe like a fire or flood, increase in health insurance costs for contracts in effect in 2006 or dwindling tax bases. The base index is the average of the percentage increase in the statewide average weekly wage, as determined by the PA Department of Labor and Industry, for the preceding calendar year and the percentage increase in the Employment Cost Index for Elementary and Secondary Schools, as determined by the Bureau of Labor Statistics in the U.S. Department of Labor, for the previous 12-month period ending June 30. For a school district with a market value/personal income aid ratio (MV/PI AR) greater than 0.4000, its index equals the base index multiplied by the sum of .75 and its MV/PI AR for the current year. The School District Adjusted Index for the Sullivan County School District 2006-2007 through 2011-2012. For the 2014-15 budget year, Sullivan County School Board did not apply for exceptions to exceed their Act 1 Index limit. In 2014-15, all Pennsylvania school districts were required to make a 21.4% of payroll payment to the teacher's pension fund (PSERS). For the school budget 2014-15, 316 Pennsylvania public school districts adopted a resolution certifying that tax rates would not be increased above its Act 1 Index limit. Another 181 school districts adopted a preliminary budget leaving open the option of exceeding the Index limit. Districts may apply for multiple exceptions each year. For the pension costs exception, 163 school districts received approval to exceed the Index in full, while others received a partial approval of their request. For special education costs, 104 districts received approval to exceed their tax limit. Seven Pennsylvania public school districts received an approval for the grandfathered construction debts exception. For the 2013-14 budget year, Sullivan County School Board did not apply for exceptions to exceed their Act 1 Index limit. In 2013-14, all Pennsylvania school districts were required to make a 16.93% of payroll payment to the teacher's pension fund (PSERS). For the school budget year 2013-14, 311 Pennsylvania public school districts adopted a resolution certifying that tax rates would not be increased above their index. Another 171 school districts adopted a preliminary budget leaving open the option of exceeded the Index limit. For the pension costs exception, 169 school districts received approval to exceed the Index. For special education costs, 75 districts received approval to exceed their tax limit. Eleven Pennsylvania public school districts received an approval for grandfathered construction debts. For the 2012-13 budget year, Sullivan County School Board did not apply for exceptions to exceed the Act 1 Index. In 2012-13, all Pennsylvania school districts were required to make a 12.36% of payroll payment to the teacher's pension fund (PSERS). For 2012-2013 budget year, 274 school districts adopted a resolution certifying that tax rates would not be increased above their index; while 223 school districts adopted a preliminary budget leaving open the option of exceeded the Index limit. For the exception for pension costs, 194 school districts received approval to exceed the Index. For special education costs, 129 districts received approval to exceed the tax limit. For the 2011-12 school year, the Sullivan County School Board did not apply for an exception to exceed the Act 1 Index. In 2011-12, all Pennsylvania school districts were required to make an 8.65% of payroll payment to the teacher's pension fund. Each year, the School Board has the option of adopting either: 1) a resolution in January certifying they will not increase taxes above their index or 2) a preliminary budget in February. A school district adopting the resolution may not apply for referendum exceptions or ask voters for a tax increase above the inflation index. According to a state report, for the 2011-2012 school year budgets, 247 school districts adopted a resolution certifying that tax rates would not be increased above their index; 250 school districts adopted a preliminary budget. Of the 250 school districts that adopted a preliminary budget, 231 adopted real estate tax rates that exceeded their index. Tax rate increases in the other 19 school districts that adopted a preliminary budget did not exceed the school district's index. Of the districts who sought exceptions: 221 used the pension costs exemption and 171 sought a Special Education costs exemption. Only 1 school district sought an exemption for Nonacademic School Construction Project, while 1 sought an exception for Electoral debt for school construction. For the 2010-11 school year, the Sullivan", "state report, for the 2011-2012 school year budgets, 247 school districts adopted a resolution certifying that tax rates would not be increased above their index; 250 school districts adopted a preliminary budget. Of the 250 school districts that adopted a preliminary budget, 231 adopted real estate tax rates that exceeded their index. Tax rate increases in the other 19 school districts that adopted a preliminary budget did not exceed the school district's index. Of the districts who sought exceptions: 221 used the pension costs exemption and 171 sought a Special Education costs exemption. Only 1 school district sought an exemption for Nonacademic School Construction Project, while 1 sought an exception for Electoral debt for school construction. For the 2010-11 school year, the Sullivan County School Board did not apply for any exceptions to exceed the Act 1 index. In the Spring of 2010, 135 Pennsylvania school boards asked to exceed their adjusted index. Approval was granted to 133 of them and 128 sought an exception for pension costs increases. For the 2009-10 school budget, Sullivan County School Board did not apply for exceptions to exceed the Index. In the Spring of 2010, 135 Pennsylvania school boards asked to exceed their adjusted index. Approval was granted to 133 of them and 128 sought an exception for pension costs increases. In 2013, Sullivan County School District' 1,702 approved homestead properties received $122 each. The amount increased due to a decline in resident participation. In 2010, the Homestead/Farmstead Property Tax Relief from gambling for the Sullivan County School District was $110 per approved permanent primary residence. In the district, 1,888 property owners applied for the tax relief. In 2009, the District's property tax relief amount was set at $111 to 1,863 approved homestead owners. The property tax relief was subtracted from the total annual school property tax bill. Property owners apply for the relief through the county Treasurer's office. Farmers can qualify for a farmstead exemption on building used for agricultural purposes. The farm must be at least 10 contiguous acres and must be the primary residence of the owner. Farmers can qualify for both the homestead exemption and the farmstead exemption. Pennsylvania awarded the highest property tax relief to residents of the Chester-Upland School District in Delaware County at $641 per homestead and farmstead in 2010. Chester-Upland School District was given $632 in 2009. In 2014, Chester-Upland School District remains the top recipient of property tax relief. The tax relief was started by Governor Edward G. Rendell with passage of his gaming law. Rendell promised taxpayers substantial property tax relief from legalized gambling. In 2010, Auditor General Jack Wagner extensively audited the program. He found that many residents have failed to register for the tax relief. Additionally, the Pennsylvania Property Tax/Rent Rebate program is provided for low income Sullivan County residents aged 65 and older; widows and widowers aged 50 and older; and people with disabilities age 18 and older. The income limit is $35,000 for homeowners. The maximum rebate for both homeowners and renters is $650. Applicants can exclude one-half (1/2) of their Social Security income, consequently individuals who have income substantially greater than $35,000, may still qualify for a rebate. Individuals must apply annually for the rebate. This can be taken in addition to Homestead/Farmstead Property Tax Relief. The district's students have access to a variety of clubs, activities and sports. Eligibility for participation is determined by the school board policy. The district provides an activity bus to provide transportation home for students who participate in after school activities. By Pennsylvania law, all K-12 students in the district, including those who attend a private nonpublic school, cyber charter school, charter school and those homeschooled, are eligible to participate in the extracurricular programs, including all athletics. They must meet the same eligibility rules as the students enrolled in the district's schools. According to PA Child Abuse Recognition and Reporting Act 126 of 2014, all volunteer coaches and all those who assist in student activities, must have criminal background checks. Like all school district employees, they must also attend an anti child abuse training once every three years. Coaches receive compensation as outlined in the teachers' union contract. When athletic competition exceeds the regular season, additional compensation is paid. Sullivan County School District does not provide its athletics disclosure forms on its web site. Article XVI-C of the Public School Code requires the disclosure of interscholastic athletic opportunities for all public secondary school entities in Pennsylvania. All school entities with grades 7-12 are required to annually collect data concerning team and financial information for all male and female athletes beginning with the 2012-13 school year and submit the information to the Pennsylvania Department of Education. Beginning with the 2013-14 school year, all non-school (booster club and alumni) contributions and purchases must also be reported to PDE. According to Pennsylvania's Safety in Youth Sports Act, all sports coaches, paid and volunteer, are required to annually complete the Concussion Management Certification Training and present the certification before coaching. The District funds: According to PIAA directory July 2014 Sullivan County School District The Sullivan County School District is a rural public school district which serves the whole of Sullivan County, Pennsylvania. The District operates Sullivan County High School grades 7-12 and the Sullivan County Elementary School K-6. It encompasses approximately square miles. According to 2000 federal census data, it served a" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "CMH Lahore Medical And Dental College CMH Lahore Medical College and Institute of Dentistry is located on Abdur Rehman Road in the Cantonment neighborhood of Lahore, Pakistan. It is a co-educational institution and is attached to Combined Military Hospital Lahore. It was established in 2006. CMH Lahore Medical College and Institute of Dentistry was inaugurated by the former President and Chief of Army Staff of Pakistan General Pervez Musharraf. A new block of CMH Lahore Medical and Institute of Dentistry was inaugurated on January 16, 2010 by the Prime Minister Of Pakistan Yousaf Raza Gillani and the Chief of Army Staff of the Pakistan Army General Ashfaq Parvez Kayani. Dental education within the college has eradicated the need to hire public doctors . The Pioneer Batch of Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) Graduated: Year 2011 The Pioneer Batch Bachelor of Dental Surgery (BDS) Graduated: Year 2012 The college is affiliated with National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS) and is recognized by the Pakistan Medical and Dental Council. CMH Lahore Medical and Dental College is included in the AVICENNA Directory for medicine and International Medical Education Directory of FAIMER and ECFMG. The Institute of Dentistry is recognized by the Government of Pakistan, Ministry of Health vide its notification number F-3-46/2008-MER dated 4 March 2009. The college is under the administration of Pakistan Army. The CMH Lahore Hospital is a 1000-bed Class A hospital under the Pakistan Army. The Hospital is recognised by CPSP for FCPS Part II / MCPS / DCPS training. Neat and clean environment with advanced technology is certainly raising its standard. The Army Cardiac Centre is one of the most modern and well-equipped cardiac centers in Pakistan, operating state-of-the-art diagnostic, therapeutic and operative facilities. Both civil and military doctors are practicing thein Army cardiac centre. The IOD has Dental clinics for the general public which provides Dental Healthcare Facilities in a way where students can learn under guided supervision of extremely capable faculty under subsidized rates. CMH Lahore Medical And Dental College CMH Lahore Medical College and Institute of Dentistry is located on Abdur Rehman Road in the Cantonment neighborhood of Lahore, Pakistan. It is a co-educational institution and is attached to Combined Military Hospital Lahore. It was established in 2006. CMH Lahore Medical College and Institute of Dentistry was inaugurated by the former President and Chief of Army Staff of Pakistan General Pervez Musharraf. A" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "NASTAR NASTAR (an acronym for NAtional STAndard Race) is the world's largest known recreational ski and snowboard race program. It allows ski or snowboard racers of all ages and abilities, through a handicap system, a way to compare themselves with one another and with the national champion, regardless of when and where they race. Since the program's beginning in 1968, more than 6 million NASTAR racer days have been recorded. It has been available at more than 100 ski resorts in North America and 1 in Australia. Many U.S. Ski Team stars got their start ski racing in NASTAR programs. NASTAR uses the principal of time percentages to calibrate a skier's ability, a concept pioneered by France's Ecole de Ski Nationale Chamois program. For certification, a ski instructor had to perform well enough in the Ecole's annual Challenge to earn a silver medal.. . be less than 25 percent behind the time recorded by the fastest instructor. The Chamois was a regular slalom race course with hairpins and flushes. A certified instructor, back at his home area, could set the pace for local participants in Chamois races. His time was not re-calibrated or speeded up, as in Nastar, by the amount he lagged behind the winning time in the annual Challenge. The Nastar idea of adjusting a local pacesetter's time to a national standard was introduced in France 20 years later,in the winter of 1987-88. SNMSF (Syndicat National des Moniteurs de Ski Francais) introduced Fleche, an open-gated giant slalom, during the same winter that Nastar began, though unknown to Nastar's founder. g.</ref> × Nastar the Beginning, by John Fry, NSAA Journal, January 2018. Paul Chalvin, former Director of the SNMSF (Syndicat National des Moniteurs de Ski Francais) John Fry, who became editor-in-chief of SKI Magazine in 1964, adapted this percentage-of-time system to a program for recreational ski racing in the United States, calling it the 'National Standard Race'. Fry, who in 1969 became editorial director of Golf Magazine as well as SKI, was driven by the idea of creating in skiing the equivalent of par in golf. The program, to which Fry applied the acronym NASTAR, was introduced in 1968 as a means to compare the performance of recreational ski racers at resorts across the United States, and later, for a time, in Australia, Canada, Scandinavia, Switzerland and Italy. Nastar courses are simple, open-gated giant slaloms on mostly intermediate terrain, allowing skiers of all abilities and ages to experience racing. Just as in golf's handicap system, skiers can compare their times and compete with one another regardless of where and when they compete. It takes into account varying terrain and snow conditions. The program started with 8 participating resorts and 2,297 skiers in the first year, but quickly gained in popularity, under the powerful direction of former U.S. Ski Team coach and pro skiing impresario Bob Beattie, growing to more than 100 resorts and 6 millions skiers and snowboarders having participated by 2006. The program went through several national sponsors, the latest being Nature Valley. The National Standard is the Par Time or the \"0\" handicap which every racer competes against when they race NASTAR. The \"0\" handicap is typically set by a U.S. Ski Team racer or former champion. Runners-up establish handicaps against the winner by their lag time percentage. These 'traveling pacesetters' compete against pacesetters from each NASTAR resort at sanctioned Regional Pacesetting Trials prior to the start of the following season. These events enable pacesetters from each individual resort to establish their own certified handicap against the national champion's Par Time or \"0\" handicap. The resort pacesetters use their certified handicap to set the Par Time at their local NASTAR course each racing day, and in turn give each participant who races at their resort a handicap that is referenced to the national champion. The Par Time is approximately the time the national NASTAR champion would have raced the course had he been there that day. Various allowances are then made for age group, gender, disability if any, snowboarders, etc. Every skier, regardless of ability or disability, can ski with a time referenced against the national champion, corrected for the specific resort and course conditions and his/her level. Platinum, Gold, Silver and Bronze designations are based on performance in several races, relative to each racer's age, gender and ability group. Championships are held near the end of the skiing season each year. Participating NASTAR resorts are allowed some leeway in determining the location and set up of their NASTAR race venue but typically it is visible from a high traffic lift or lodge. The resort can decide whether to have single or dual courses. Each NASTAR course is essentially a modified Giant Slalom (GS) course with anywhere from 12 to 20 gates that racers must maneuver around. Gates are set with 18 to 20 meters distance between gates vertically and 4 to 8 meters of offset. Each resort is encouraged to standardize its course(s) to have a par time of 23 seconds and set courses so that no course is within 5% of the cap time. The \"cap time\" is the time it takes the local pacesetter to tuck from the start to the finish of their course without going around gates, and is the fastest possible time down the venue. Although the look and feel of each race venue varies, the above constraints, especially the nearly fixed par time by the pace setter, will tend to standardize the results. The overall standardization allows the participants to compare race times wherever and whenever they race. NASTAR requires all participants to register. This is a free and easy process, which can be done online from home, via the NASTAR web site. Once registered, each racer pays a small entry fee per race. Races are timed electronically using a mechanical lever for the clock start and an optical beam sensor for the clock stop. The race results are saved on a computer and are uploaded by the resort to the central NASTAR database each race day. Once the data is on the central database (typically by the end of a racing day), it is publicly accessible and racers can easily view their performance history from various dates and resorts at any time. Every ski resort in North America is encouraged to participate in the NASTAR program. The NASTAR organization sends out presentations and questionnaires to all resorts in the off season, to determine the resorts eligible for participation during the coming season. Participating resorts then receive a NASTAR kit and instructions that allow them to upload daily race data into the central NASTAR database. They also must have certified NASTAR pacesetters that can perform a pacesetting run on the designated course each racing day, to calibrate the handicap for the course conditions on that day. Prior to the end of the season, the 3 top Alpine Division performers of each resort in each of the 4 medal divisions (Platinum, Gold, Silver and Bronze) are invited to compete in the National Championship. Those who choose to participate, compete against others in their respective category. Each racer is assigned a division in his or her appropriate gender and age group for the national race to 'level the playing field'. After the competition, for each gender and age group, the fastest 3 racers are awarded Gold, Silver and Bronze medals. Gold medal winners then compete in a final \"Race of Champions\" competition to determine the overall champion based on handicapped time, along with the fastest 3 racers based on 'raw' time. The non-Alpine Divisions (for the purposes of NASTAR championship racing classification) are Telemark, Physically Challenged, and Snowboarders. For each division, the top 100 performers during the season in their respective age and gender group are invited to compete in the National Championship. After the competition, Gold, Silver and Bronze medals are awarded", "racer is assigned a division in his or her appropriate gender and age group for the national race to 'level the playing field'. After the competition, for each gender and age group, the fastest 3 racers are awarded Gold, Silver and Bronze medals. Gold medal winners then compete in a final \"Race of Champions\" competition to determine the overall champion based on handicapped time, along with the fastest 3 racers based on 'raw' time. The non-Alpine Divisions (for the purposes of NASTAR championship racing classification) are Telemark, Physically Challenged, and Snowboarders. For each division, the top 100 performers during the season in their respective age and gender group are invited to compete in the National Championship. After the competition, Gold, Silver and Bronze medals are awarded for the fastest 3 racers by handicap in each division, gender and age group. The National NASTAR Championship brings together over one thousand participants from the United States and Canada, of all ages and ability groups. The 2006 Championship was held in Steamboat Springs and included 1,337 racers of ages 3 to 86, from 44 U.S. states and Canada. Traditionally, ski instructor certification was based more on subjective assessment of form and technique rather than objective clock-based performance. Lately this has been changing, as a result of the wide availability and growing popularity of NASTAR. On August 8, 2004, the Rocky Mountain Division of the Professional Ski Instructors of America (PSIA) voted to allow a NASTAR gold medal (equivalent to a racing time within 16% of the national U.S. champion for a male in his 20s) as one of the pre-requisites for future certification of a Level 3 Ski Instructor. The Rocky Mountain Division of the PSIA includes the biggest ski resorts in the U.S., such as Vail, Aspen, Steamboat and Taos and has 6,000 members, half of which are certified as Level 3, the highest rating for an instructor. National Championships 2009 Official Results NASTAR NASTAR (an acronym for NAtional STAndard Race) is the world's largest known recreational ski and snowboard race program. It allows ski or snowboard racers of all ages and abilities, through a handicap system, a way to compare themselves with one another and with the national champion, regardless of when and where they race. Since the program's beginning in 1968, more than 6 million NASTAR racer days have been recorded. It has been available at more than 100 ski resorts in North America and 1 in Australia. Many U.S. Ski Team stars got their" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Maria Clara Trujillo Maria Clara Trujillo (Macala) (born 27 November 1948) is an artist and sculptor from Bogotá, Colombia. A daughter of the painter Sergio Trujillo Magnenat and the ceramist Sara Dávila. Macala grew up in an environment that cultivated her passion for artistic expression. <br> After studying architecture, art and education, she started painting professionally in 1986 and made her first exhibition in Kingston (Jamaica) in 1990, followed by several exhibitions in art galleries and museums in Colombia, France and the U.S.<br> Her art comprises several techniques and styles, from the colorful Colombian landscapes in watercolors, acrilics and oils to expressive human figures in pastels, monotypes and sculptures in clay, bronze and latex. Her work includes landscapes and human figures using a variety of techniques: watercolors, pastels, ink, acrylics, charcoal, monoprints, au temple, clay, bronze and plastics. Galería el Callejón, 1997<br> Bogotá Tennis Club, 1998<br> Rambouillet Salon, Ile de France (France)<br> Côte d'Azur, Cannes, Val d'Or (France)<br> Centre d'Art St. Jean, Bruges (Belgium)<br> Poirel Nancy (France)<br> Houston, Texas (US) Maria Clara Trujillo Maria Clara Trujillo (Macala) (born 27 November 1948) is an artist and sculptor from Bogotá, Colombia. A daughter of the painter Sergio Trujillo Magnenat and the ceramist" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Hungarian Native Faith The Hungarian Native Faith (Hungarian: \"Ősmagyar Vallás\"), also termed Hungarian Neopaganism, is a modern Pagan new religious movement aimed at representing an ethnic religion of the Hungarians, inspired by taltosism (Hungarian shamanism), ancient mythology and later folklore. The Hungarian Native Faith movement has roots in 18th- and 19th-century Enlightenment and Romantic elaborations, and early-20th-century ethnology. The construction of a national Hungarian religion was endorsed in interwar Turanist circles (1930s–1940s), and, eventually, Hungarian Native Faith movements blossomed in Hungary after the fall of the Soviet Union. The boundaries between Hungarian Native Faith groups are often traced along their differing ideas about the ethnogenetic origins of the Hungarians, which have historically been a matter of debate. Many organisations acknowledge the commonly accepted theory that Hungarians originated among the Uralic peoples. Other Hungarian Native Faith groups, however, cultivate further links with Scythian, Sumerian, Turkic and other cultures. Besides the elaborations developed within intellectual circles, the grassroots development of the Hungarian Native Faith largely relies upon the work of individual shamans or neoshamans, the \"táltos\", whom have become popular in Hungary since the 1980s. Some Hungarian Native Faith organisations are supported by political parties of the right-wing, including Fidesz and Jobbik. Since the eighteenth and the nineteenth centuries, throughout the Enlightenment and especially Romanticism, the study of the ancient religion of the Hungarians has been tied together with the debate about their ethnogenesis and the nature of their language. This kaleidoscopic search for the origins of the Hungarians has continued to be productive well into the twentieth century, especially as a means to build a strong national identity. According to scholars, this search was fueled by the experience of the Hungarians under foreign powers, namely the Austrian and Soviet dominations. The theme of a national Hungarian religion was also dear to Hungarian Turanist circles in the 1930s and the 1940s, who looked for evidences to demonstrate a kinship between the Uralic and Turkic peoples, and generally the origins of these \"Turanian\" populations in Central Asia. The Protestant priest Béla Muraközy, writing in 1921, forebode that Turanism, with its anti-Western slants and its fascination with the Orient, would have taken a religious direction trying to resurrect \"ancient paganism\". When Hungary was occupied by Soviet forces in 1945, many Turanists emigrated to Western countries and continued to work there on their ideas, to reintroduce them to Hungary starting in the 1990s, after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Theories about Scythian and Sumerian origins were supported by many Turanist ethnologists. At the turn of the twentieth century, the first to popularise the notion of a Turanian linguistic family inclusive of Hungarian and Sumerian was Gyula Ferenczy. In the post-war period, a direct filiation of the Hungarians from the Sumerians was theorised by Tibor Baráth, Victor Padányi, András Zakar, and especially Ida Bobula, though the most well-known supporter of the theory is Ferenc Badinyi-Jós, who emigrated to Argentina, according to whom the original undivided Sumerian-Hungarian ethnicity was based on the Carpathian Mountains. The theory has left a lasting influence in the Hungarian Native Faith movement, as Badinyi-Jós was among the first to propose the constitution of an ethnic \"Hungarian Church\". Other scholars proposed the kinship of the Hungarians with Hebrews, Persians, ancient Egyptians, and others even with Japanese, Chinese, Greeks, and other peoples. Already in 1770, János Sajnovics demonstrated the relationship of Hungarian with Uralic languages, with the publication of the \"Demonstratio idioma Ungarorum et Lapponum idem esse\". In the nineteenth century, with new studies on folklore, academic circles welcomed the idea that ancient Hungarian religion was essentially shamanic, related to Uralic and Siberian traditions. In the meantime, Arnold Ipolyi, bishop of Oradea, published his monumental work \"Magyar Mythológia\" (\"Hungarian Mythology\"), finished in 1854, aimed at matching the Brothers Grimm's \"Deutsche Mythologie\". In the 1960s, Mátyás Jenő Fehér, another emigrant to Argentina who was a church-historian and former Dominican, provided a seminal view for a post-Christian Hungary. From 1967, he published several books about the \"Kassai Kódex\" or \"Collectio Dominicana\". He claimed that in 1944 he had found in Kosice a previously unknown medieval codex with records from inquisition courts. The codex documented a centuries-long effort by the merciless Christian church to exterminate the taltoses, Hungarian shamans, the representatives of the pre-Christian Hungarian religion whose role was to preserve the integrity of the nation. Though it is considered a forgery by academic scholarship, the document is among the reference points for proponents of the Hungarian Native Faith to illustrate the high morality of the indigenous religion and of its representatives. \"Taltosism\" is Hungarian shamanism, practised by the \"táltos\" (English plural \"taltoses\"), that is to say Hungarian shamans, and is an essential element of the Hungarian Native Faith. Hungarian chronicles of the 13th century still reported about \"magicians\" (taltoses) who practised their rites for the welfare of society. Hungarian taltosism persisted until the World War II in rural areas, where certain people were still considered taltoses by the local communities, though they practiced weather-magic only. Ideas about an ethnic Hungarian shamanism as a defining characteristic of the Hungarian essence were studied within a psychoanalytic framework by Géza Róheim in the 1920s, and later by Vilmos Diószegi with field work in Siberia in the 1950s and the 1960s. The shamanic character of the original Hungarian religion is accepted by most contemporary scholars, and has been the focus of most new studies. Diószegi described taltoses as specialists who are able of going through a controlled ecstasy (\"rejtezés\"). One becomes a taltos by heredity or vocation, and the process of becoming one includes the typical stages of psychophysical disease, acceptance and healing: After an initial resistance to vocation and the various symptoms of the \"shamanic disease\", the chosen by the gods finally accepts his role and is endowed with his powers. Taltoses acquire superior knowledge at a young age—usually at seven—, through shamanic journeys taking place in days-long dreams, in which the main goal is to climb the \"égig érő fa\" (\"sky-high tree\"), also called \"élet fa\" (\"tree of life\"), \"világ fa\" (\"world tree\") or \"tetejetlen fa\" (\"tree without a top\"). Diószegi considered many elements of Hungarian taltosism to be peculiar to the Hungarian ethnicity, not to be found in Central Asian shamanic traditions. He described the role of the taltos as the \"recognition and accomplishment of things required by the community, but unresolved due to the limitation of its own [the community's] powers\". Contemporary Hungarian religious studies, primarily the academic circle revolving around Mihály Hoppál, has acquired an important role for the international study of shamanism. The Hungarian ethnological discourse presents taltoses, and shamans in general, as those whose socio-religious role is to heal, prophesise, and keep the integrity of cultural traditions by connecting the past and the present and thus projecting into the future, integrating the individual and the community, mankind and the gods. In the words of Hoppál, shamanism is depicted as a \"bridge and symbol, because it interconnects the traditions of the past with the present, and anchors the future of traditions\". The shaman's tasks are \"leading the community, guarding the ethnic consciousness, being a (sacrificial)", "powers\". Contemporary Hungarian religious studies, primarily the academic circle revolving around Mihály Hoppál, has acquired an important role for the international study of shamanism. The Hungarian ethnological discourse presents taltoses, and shamans in general, as those whose socio-religious role is to heal, prophesise, and keep the integrity of cultural traditions by connecting the past and the present and thus projecting into the future, integrating the individual and the community, mankind and the gods. In the words of Hoppál, shamanism is depicted as a \"bridge and symbol, because it interconnects the traditions of the past with the present, and anchors the future of traditions\". The shaman's tasks are \"leading the community, guarding the ethnic consciousness, being a (sacrificial) priest\". The modern taltos movement started in the 1980s, developing links with Michael Harner and other representatives of core shamanism from the United States since 1986. However, there are significant differences between American neoshamanism and Hungarian modern taltosism. While the American movement aims at representing a trans-cultural technique, designed as adaptable to different cultural contexts, and focused on self-empowerment and healing application, Hungarian taltosism is first and foremost an ethnic religious technique. Mihály Hoppál supported the taltos revival in his country as a means for consolidating a Hungarian Native Faith, and therefore for ethnic rejuvenation. Congregations of taltoses and their followers hold weekly ritual and healing gatherings, and they organise pilgrimages to holy sites. Rituals practised by Hungarian Native Faith practitioners include rituals of initiation and passage, and rituals for fertility, healing and purification, either for the environment, the community of believers, or the entire Hungarian nation. They may involve sweat lodges, fire-walk, drumming, and techniques of meditation. While the ceremonies are usually led by taltoses, the community of believers is actively involved. Among well-known modern taltoses there are Zoltán Nagy Sólyomfi, István Somogyi, Fehérholló Öskü, and András Kovács-Magyar. Other mediators of the tradition are Imré Máté, Attila Heffner, Tamás Hervay, and Gábor Szemző. Although they belong to different organisations, they agree on the monotheism of Hungarian Native Faith's theology and on the role of the taltos. According to them, the taltos functions as \"the bridge between the celestial and the earthly worlds, between the irrational and the rational, the endless and the finite\". Taltoses are interpreters of the transcendent. According to Attila Heffner's definition: Taltoses share their knowledge acting as instructors, teaching their ideas in organised frameworks (for instance Sólyomfi's School of the Ancient Source or Kovács' Taltos School), through lectures or in discussion circles. The techniques for getting in touch with the transcendent (\"révülés\") take place through an active participation in ceremonies and rituals. Taltoses are religious specialists, and their role of healers is particularly pronounced; for instance, exercises of directed meditation, induced by drumming, to eliminate harmful thoughts, play a prominent role in their practice. In their responsibility for the entire nation, and their role as keepers and awakeners of the national essence, modern taltoses often claim connection with the royal House of Árpád—the first dynasty to rule Hungary—and with Jesus, reinterpreted as a shamanic figure. According to Attila Heffner: Within the Hungarian Native Faith movement, two mythopoetic texts have become the bases of two concurrent streams of religious doctrine. These texts are the \"Arvisura\" written by Zoltán Paál, and the \"Yotengrit\" four-books collection written by Imre Máté. Mythopoetic themes from both the works have more recently been synthesised in other media, such as the long animated film \"Sons of Heaven\" (\"Az Ég ﬁai\", 2010). Another long animation influenced by Hungarian Native Faith narratives, this time based on ethnographic and historical data from the Uralic paradigm and realised with subsidy from the national government, is the \"Song of the Miraculous Hind\" (\"Ének a csodaszarvasról\", 2002). Zoltán Paál (1913–1982) was a steelworker who, during the Second World War, was initiated by a Siberian Mansi shaman named Tura Salavare, whom was then soldier in the Red Army. Paál compiled the knowledge he acquired in the \"Arvisura\", which tells the history of the Hunnish tribes starting from a mythical prehistory, to their settling of Mesopotamia and then Ordos, and finally to Matthias Corvinus. The book draws elements from Finno-Ugric traditions. The \"Yotengrit\" is more religious-philosophical in its message. Its author Imre Máté was the taltos, or \"bácsa\", founder of the Yotengrit Church. The work claims to represent the faithful transmission of the ancient knowledge preserved by people in the Rábaköz region of western Hungary, the heritage of the so-called \"Büün-religion\", the persecuted original faith of the Hungarians. The work and especially the \"Prophecy of Nyirka\" which it contains, an allegorical text supposed to forebode the future of Hungary and global politics, has become a stronghold for nationalism and far-right occultism. There are a variety of Hungarian Native Faith churches reflecting the movement's internal diversity. These churches differ from each other in both their doctrines and the character of their activities. They often develop from local taltos-led communities, or are individually established by a taltos. These taltoses are considered by their followers valid spiritual leaders and while some practise only within the boundaries of their local communities, others have acquired a national reputation. Their popular acknowledgement depends on attributed ritual and healing efficacy. There are churches which base their doctrines on an outspoken synthesis of different traditions, and churches which claim to represent purely native traditions. In the first group there are the Church of Esoteric Doctrines (\"Ezoterikus Tanok Egyháza\") or Church of the Holy Crown (\"Szent Korona Egyház\")—founded in 1996 and officially registered by the Hungarian state in 1997—, the Church of the Universe (\"Univerzum Egyháza\") of Giörgy Péter Pál Kisfaludy, and the Ancient Hungarian Taltos Church of András Kovács. Most of the others fall within the second category, including the Community of Hungarian Religion of Attila Kovács, the Ancient Hungarian Church of László Hjadú Nimród, the Yotengrit Church of Imre Máté, the Firebird Taltos Drum Circle of Zoltán Sólyomfi, the People of Árpád Drumming Circle of Lehel Bakonyi, and the Traditional Church of the Order of Árpád. The most influential among them have been the Yotengrit Church and the Ancient Hungarian Taltos Church. Besides these taltos-led groups there are taltoses who do not have a community and yet are regarded as the most charismatic figures of Hungarian Native Faith. They include Attila Heffner, Tamás Hervay the \"Soul-Lifting Taltos\", and János Majercsik Oguz. The Ancient Hungarian Taltos Church (\"Ősmagyar Táltos Egyház\") founded by András Kovács, a disciple of Kisfaludy, teaches a Hungarian Native Faith doctrine which it claims to be the original religion of the Huns. According to the church, God the Father is an energetic vibration which incarnated in a host, the Mother of God, begetting the Sun God (of whom Jesus is a representation). The Pilis Mountains are a holy place according to the Ancient Hungarian Taltos Church. Kovács is also the founder and director of the Noetic Taltos School (\"Szellemi Táltos Iskola\"). The Community of the Hungarian Religion (\"Magyar Vallás Közössége\") inherits those scholarly studies of the nineteenth century which claimed that Hungarian and Sumerian language share an origin in the hypothetical Turanian linguistic family. Based on these ideas, in the 1930s Zoltán Bencsi founded the", "by András Kovács, a disciple of Kisfaludy, teaches a Hungarian Native Faith doctrine which it claims to be the original religion of the Huns. According to the church, God the Father is an energetic vibration which incarnated in a host, the Mother of God, begetting the Sun God (of whom Jesus is a representation). The Pilis Mountains are a holy place according to the Ancient Hungarian Taltos Church. Kovács is also the founder and director of the Noetic Taltos School (\"Szellemi Táltos Iskola\"). The Community of the Hungarian Religion (\"Magyar Vallás Közössége\") inherits those scholarly studies of the nineteenth century which claimed that Hungarian and Sumerian language share an origin in the hypothetical Turanian linguistic family. Based on these ideas, in the 1930s Zoltán Bencsi founded the Turanian Monotheist Movement. After Miklós Horthy's government banned the organisation, some members went abroad. Among them was Ótto János Homonnay, who in the 1960s, in Canada, established the Hungarian Turul Society to promote the Turanist theses. In 1979, after Homonnay's death, János Páll took over the leadership of the group. The Community of Hungarian Religion was founded in Hungary in 1992 as a continuation of the Turul Society. The current leader is Attila Kovács, according to whom the church already had gathered around one thousand members in the late 1990s. The church is distinctively anti-Christian, and considers the adoption of Christianity by King Stephen I in 1000 CE a disaster which brought about the destruction of authentic Hungarian religious culture. The church endorses the hypothesis of the kinship of Hungarians and Sumerians, and supports the use of the Old Hungarian alphabet instead of the Latin script. The Yotengrit Church (\"Yotengrit Egyház\"), whose complete name is the Church of the Ancient Spirit of the Endless Sea (\"Tengervégtelen Ős-Szellem Egyháza\"), was founded around 2007 by Imre Máté. He, whose title in the organisation was \"bácsa\" (\"master\"), emigrated to Germany in 1956, during the revolution against the communist government of the Hungarian People's Republic in which he participated. While in Germany, he worked as a businessman and poet, but returned to Hungary in the 2000s to spend his last years in Bágyogszovát. He founded the Yotengrit Church as the representative of the ancient Hungarian religion, the so-called \"Büün-religion\", passed down through the unwritten tradition of the \"tudó\" (\"knower\") people along the Raba river. Máté published a series of nine books, entitled \"Yotengrit\", in which he explained theology and linguistic etymology. In recent years, the Yotengrit Church has become one of the most influential organisations of the Hungarian Native Faith. While it is considered by its adherents as a faithful heir of the pre-Christian Hungarian belief systems, it shows various non-indigenous influences. The theology of the Yotengrit Church emphasises a conception of primordial God, called \"Yotengrit\", \"Tengrit\" or \"Tengri\", which represents all the deities in their yet undivided state. In Hungarian the related word \"tenger\" means \"sea\", and represents such primordial undifferentiation. The primordial God then manifests as a male–female duality: Ukkó, the mother goddess whose forehead is decorated by the moon, and who is identified as the \"Boldogasszony\" (the \"Blessed Lady\") of Christianised folk beliefs; and Gönüz, the sun-faced father god. At the time of the foundation of the church, Imre Máté proclaimed the importance of an all-encompassing conception of God: At the same time, the theology emphasises a national god peculiar to the Hungarians, Má-Tun, the deified hero of the folk tale entitled \"Fehérlófia\" (\"Son of the White Horse\"), who was originally a totemic animal ancestor. Má-Tun is identified with the historical figure of Maodu, founder of the first Xiongnu empire, and according to Máté also of the empire of the Huns. The Yotengrit Church is politically neutral, but, as Máté's stated, its teachings may be a \"source of sane, aggression-free national politics\". The Ancient Hungarian Church (\"Ősmagyar Egyház\"), whose Hungarian headquarters are located in Mogyoród, was first established in Budapest in the 1990 by László Hjadú Nimród, and was officially registered in 1998. Nimród spends most of the year in the United States and the church has international headquarters located in Los Angeles. The doctrine of the Ancient Hungarian Church is a synthesis of ancient Hungarian, East Asian and Christian beliefs, though all of them are claimed to be original Hungarian-Turanian beliefs. The church has strict religious regulations. For instance, preachers have to wear white and purple clothes with folk patterns. They celebrate the major holidays of the Christian calendar, winter and summer solstice, national holidays and the birthdays of important Hungarian historical personages. The Firebird Taltos Drum Circle (\"Tűzmadár Táltos Dobkör\") was founded in 2006 by Zoltán Nagy Sólyomfi, who also acted as the chief executive of the Yotengrit Church when it was registered by the government. He later left the Yotengrit Church for undisclosed internal disputes and, despite his wish to return, was not allowed to do so by Máté. The aim of the group is to revive ancient Hungarian spirituality, mediating it to society in modern forms, helping the individuals to understand themselves and thus healing the world tree, which manifests itself through the individuals. The theology of the Drum Circle is \"based upon the ancient Hungarian conception of the world, which is the One (God) which incorporates everything that exists\". Sólyomfi teaches that there are two worlds: One is the \"manifest world\" represented by the world tree, while the other one is the \"unmanifested, unshaped space\" which contains the \"shared consciousness\" of mankind. The Drum Circle emphasises practice over doctrine, including drumming, breathing and voice techniques. The aim of these practices is to widen one's consciousness to understand the operations of the One, becoming like the One. The group practises ritual ceremonies for birth, initiation, marriage, death and the feasts of the Yearly Round. The School of the Ancient Source (\"Ősforrás Iskola\"), associated with the church, organises camps and pilgrimages. The Traditional Church of the Order of Árpád (\"Árpád Rendjének Jogalapja Tradicionális Egyház\") was founded in 2009 and has its reference points in the Turanist emigree ideologists Adorján Magyar and Victor Padányi, but it is also inspired by the Traditionalist School, the Nouvelle Droite of Alain de Benoist, and to the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European religion. The group named Bolyanest (Gaffer Bolya's Nest) was founded in 1979 by Gaffer Bolya, a teacher in vocational secondary school titled \"Bolyapó\" within the group itself. Bolya's starting aim was to provide a way of good life for his students, whom formed the original core members of the group. The centre of the movement is in Budapest, and it was registered by the government in 1999. It is considered amongst the most influential Hungarian Native Faith movements today, especially concerning the process of re-mythologisation of Hungarian history. The group was originally focused on nature religion, while in the most recent decades its focus has shifted to the discourse about ethnic roots. Bolya acts as the group's ceremonial leader. The group has a core membership of around one hundred people, but its influence reaches the thousands of people. They are mostly from Budapest's middle class, but there are also farmers, entrepreneurs and intellectuals. The average age is over fifty-five and most of them are highly educated. They outspokenly identify themselves as non-Christians, though they do not presume to be the continuators of a well-defined pre-Christian religion; rather, they consciously construct a new religion based on Hungarian folklore and elements from other cultures' indigenous religions. Sumerian culture", "history. The group was originally focused on nature religion, while in the most recent decades its focus has shifted to the discourse about ethnic roots. Bolya acts as the group's ceremonial leader. The group has a core membership of around one hundred people, but its influence reaches the thousands of people. They are mostly from Budapest's middle class, but there are also farmers, entrepreneurs and intellectuals. The average age is over fifty-five and most of them are highly educated. They outspokenly identify themselves as non-Christians, though they do not presume to be the continuators of a well-defined pre-Christian religion; rather, they consciously construct a new religion based on Hungarian folklore and elements from other cultures' indigenous religions. Sumerian culture has been one of the main sources, although other cultures are explored too; for instance, Sumerian prayers are sung together with Russian songs. They regard some natural sites surrounding Budapest and farther localities such as Sóskút, Borsodgeszt, and Bodrogköz, as their holy places where to make pilgrimage. A fundamental teaching of Bolya is the conceptual distinction between \"order\" and \"system\", which remains the core of Bolyanest's thought. The former, the order, defines the natural way of being of everything in nature; everything is interconnected and interdependent, and each single part has a role in its instinctual cooperation with the others. The latter, the system, defines unnatural and artificial superstructures which take shape in societies when individuals and groups are surrounded by growing webs of norms, and are gradually alienated from each other and from their natural contexts. Gaffer Bolya was likely inspired by his studies of Jean-Jacques Rousseau's and Leo Tolstoy's thought in the development of this vision. Hungarian Native Faith groups generally put a great emphasis on the discourse about ethnic roots, which are re-mythologised. Many Hungarian Native Faith groups espouse nationalistic political views and organise their communities in exclusive ways, exhibiting political intolerance. At the same time, pluralism and multiculturalism are viewed as disturbances which erode Hungarian identity. The popularity of these stances is attributed by scholars to the abrupt fall of the Iron Curtain, followed by spiritual vacuum and the perception of being invaded by a \"multi-faceted cultural market\", which created an identity crisis in post-Soviet countries. In the case of Hungarian Native Faith groups, this resulted in a rejection of postmodern heterogeneity and a sacralisation of the national identity, in which language, religion and politics form a single entity. Hungarian Native Faith groups see themselves as a core minority, amongst all Hungarians, which represents the quintessence of Hungarianness. The relationship between Hungarian Native Faith and Christianity varies from church to church. Some Hungarian Native Faith groups use Christian themes and terminology in their own doctrines, or propose the incorporation of Christianity itself into the Hungarian Native Faith, such as in the case of groups developing in the wake of the teachings of Ferenc Badinyi-Jós. Others, like the Community of Hungarian Religion and the Bolyanest, are instead outspokenly anti-Christian. A fundamental notion in Hungarian Native Faith is that each \"nation\" should have its own \"faith\", and a \"Christian Hungary\" represents an anomaly which needs to be rectified. This rectification should come from a liquidation of Christianity. Even among those Hungarian Native Faith groups which nourish warm feelings towards Jesus, regarded as compatible with the indigenous religion, including the Yotengrit Church, the Christian religious institution as it developed after Jesus—the so-called \"Pauline Christianity\"—is in any case perceived as a corrupt entity to be dismantled. More in particular, among these groups it is Eastern Christianity to be valued as compatible with the indigenous religion, and to be considered closer to what Jesus intended, while Western Christianity (the forms which have historically been dominant in Hungary) is seen as its antithesis and as a deviant, evil teaching. In these groups, Jesus is reinterpreted as a powerful ancestor and shaman. Within the Bolyanest, most of the members deem Christianity a superstition aimed at the control of people. Christian symbolic motifs such as the cross and the tree of life are considered, together with the sun and the moon, as symbols of natural pre-Christian religion which were appropriated by the Christian churches. The majority of believers regards Christianity as the force which eradicated this natural ancient knowledge, including original Hungarian religion, and as the force responsible for the disenchantment of the world. Those taltoses who espouse Turanist theories sometimes declare explicit affiliation with Tengrism, the Turkic ethnic religion. This is the case of Zoltán Sólyomfi. These taltoses are generally characterised by their use of the Turkic name of God, \"Tengri\", instead of the Hungarian term \"Isten\". In 2012 a nine-meters high \"élet fa\" (tree of life) was donated by Hungarian Native Faith groups to the Tengrists of Kazakhstan. In the same year, Ojun Adigzsi See-Oglu, a famous shaman from Tuva, was invited to the Hungarian Parliament Building to perform a ritual dance around the Holy Crown of Hungary for the welfare of the Hungarian nation. Hungarian Native Faith The Hungarian Native Faith (Hungarian: \"Ősmagyar Vallás\"), also termed Hungarian Neopaganism, is a modern Pagan new religious movement aimed at representing an ethnic religion of the Hungarians, inspired by taltosism (Hungarian shamanism), ancient mythology and later folklore. The Hungarian Native Faith" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Syllepte anchuralis Syllepte anchuralis is a moth in the Crambidae family. It was described by William Schaus in 1920. It is found in Guatemala. The wingspan is about 29 mm. There is a small antemedial hyaline spot below the cell on the forewings, with darker brown shading on either side. There is also a short semihyaline streak from the subcostal near the end of the cell, and a similar streak below it from vein 2 to the submedian fold, both darker edged on either side. There are two semihyaline points beyond the cell between veins 5 and 7. These are more heavily edged with dark brown. Two larger spots are slightly outset between veins 3 and 5, their outer edge indentate on vein 4, and only dark edged outwardly. There are also faint terminal spots on the interspaces. The hindwings are more thinly scaled, whitish at the base and on the inner margin. There is a semihyaline small spot with a dark edge beyond the discocellular, as well as a faint postmedial line and an interrupted dark terminal line. Syllepte anchuralis Syllepte anchuralis is a moth in the Crambidae family. It was described by William Schaus in 1920. It is" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Suspicion (Les Paul song) \"Suspicion\" is a 1948 song co-written by Les Paul and recorded by Les Paul with Fos Carling. The song was released as a single. \"Suspicion\" was written by Les Paul and Foster Carling in 1947. The song was released as a 78 single on Mercury Records, 5133, Matrix #1747, under the name Fos Carling accompanied by Rhubarb Red, a pseudonym for Les Paul, as part of the Mercury Popular Series in 1948. The vocals were by Fos Carling and Les Paul. The flip side of the single featured \"My Extraordinary Gal\" by The Les Paul Trio with Clancy Hayes on vocals. The song was published by Deerhaven Music. Les Paul had also co-written the song \"You Can't Be Fit as a Fiddle (When You're Tight as a Drum)\" with Foster Carling for Red Ingle. The song was also recorded in a hit version by Tex Williams and his Western Caravan on Capitol Americana as 40109, Matrix #2897Y, in 1948. The Tex Williams single reached no. 4 on the \"Billboard\" country music chart in 1948. Ray Noble and his Orchestra also released the song as a 78 single on Columbia Records as 38146. Ray Noble and his Orchestra also released the song as a 78 single on Columbia Records as 38146. The vocals were by Ray Noble and The Noblemen. The Ray Noble recording was also released as a 78 single in the UK as FB 3475 on the Columbia label. Jo Stafford also recorded the song in 1947 with Paul Weston's Mountain Boys and released it as a Capitol 78 single, 15068. The single reached no. 23 on the \"Billboard\" pop singles chart in May, 1948 in a one-week run. The song appeared on the 1996 Capitol Nashville album \"Tex Williams: Vintage Collections Series\", the 2001 album on the Capitol Collectors' Choice Music label \"Jo Stafford: Jo Stafford on Capitol\", and the 2007 compilation \"Jo Stafford: Ultimate Capitol Collection\" on EMI. Suspicion (Les Paul song) \"Suspicion\" is a 1948 song co-written by Les Paul and recorded by Les Paul with Fos Carling. The song was released as a single. \"Suspicion\" was written by Les Paul and Foster Carling in 1947. The song was released as a 78 single on Mercury Records, 5133, Matrix #1747, under the name Fos Carling accompanied by Rhubarb Red, a pseudonym for Les Paul, as part of the Mercury Popular Series in" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Eustace William Ferguson Eustace William Ferguson born 24 October 1884 (Invercargill, New Zealand,) died 18 July 1927 (Wahroonga, New South Wales) was a New Zealand pathologist and entomologist., He was the third child of John Ferguson (clergyman) and Isabella Adie (1854-1929). His eldest brother was Sir John Alexander Ferguson (1881-1969), bibliographer and judge, who wrote the first bibliography of Australia. He was a member from 1908 and president in 1926-27 of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, president of the Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales in 1922-23, a member of the Royal societies of New South Wales and South Australia and of the Royal Institute of Tropical Medicine, London, an associate member of the Australian National Research Council and a member of the Great Barrier Reef Committee. He and his wife, Jessie Perry (1886-1967) had six children, several of whom were notable: Eustace William Ferguson Eustace William Ferguson born 24 October 1884 (Invercargill, New Zealand,) died 18 July 1927 (Wahroonga, New South Wales) was a New Zealand pathologist and entomologist., He was the third child of John Ferguson (clergyman) and Isabella Adie (1854-1929). His eldest brother was Sir John Alexander Ferguson (1881-1969), bibliographer and judge, who wrote" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Emo revival The emo revival (also known as the post-emo revival, the Midwestern emo revival, and fourth wave emo) is an underground emo movement which came about in the early 2010s. Groups of the emo revival largely abandon the style of mid 2000s emo in favor of a style influenced by that of 1990s emo acts. By the early 2010s emo had largely waned in commercial popularity. A number of bands that were popular during the mid 2000s either broke up or changed their sound. Meanwhile an underground revival began to emerge with bands such as Snowing and Algernon Cadwallader being forerunners of the movement. Bands of the revival are influenced by the second wave emo acts from the Midwestern emo scene of the 1990s and early 2000s. Bands often display a \"DIY sound\" and lyrical themes range from nostalgia to adulthood. Emo revival scenes have sprung up throughout the United States and United Kingdom, with notable scenes in cities such as Philadelphia which has produced important groups to the scene such as Everyone Everywhere, Modern Baseball, Hop Along, Cayetana, Jank, Marietta, Algernon Callawader, and Snowing. Other important emo revival acts include Citizen, Title Fight, The World Is a Beautiful Place & I Am No Longer Afraid to Die, Touché Amoré, Into It. Over It., Tiny Moving Parts, Foxing, The Front Bottoms, Turnover, Tigers Jaw, Steadyfire, Dowsing, Joyce Manor, Joie De Vivre, and the Hotelier. This revival has also been credited with, even further, expanding the style of emo, with many bands introducing new elements and sounds while keeping the \"classic twinkly emo sound\". In the early 2010s the term screamo began to be largely reclaimed by a new crop of do-it-yourself bands, with many screamo acts, like Loma Prieta, Pianos Become the Teeth, La Dispute, and Touché Amoré releasing records on fairly large independent labels such as Deathwish Inc. In 2011 \"Alternative Press\" noted that La Dispute is \"at the forefront of a traditional-screamo revival\" for their critically acclaimed release \"Wildlife\". They are a part of a group of stylistically similar screamo-revival bands self-defined as \"The Wave,\" made up of Touché Amoré, La Dispute, Defeater, Pianos Become the Teeth, and Make Do and Mend. Some notable post-hardcore outfits have also been included as part of the screamo revival including Before Their Eyes, The Ongoing Concept, Too Close to Touch, I Am Terrified and Saosin. Alternative Press has referred to this style as the \"pop-screamo revival\", citing bands such as Senses Fail, Silverstein, The Used, Hawthorne Heights, Chiodos, Thursday, From First to Last, Thrice and Finch as massive influences on the sound. In August 2018, \"Noisey\" writer Dan Ozzi declared that it was the \"Summer of Screamo\" in a month-long series documenting screamo acts pushing the genre forward following the decline in popularity of \"The Wave,\" as well as the reunions of seminal bands such as Pg. 99, Majority Rule, City of Caterpillar, and Jeromes Dream. Groups highlighted in this coverage, including Respire, Youth Novel, Ostraca, Portrayal of Guilt, Soul Glo, I Hate Sex, and Infant Island, had generally received positive press from large publications, but were not as widely successful as their predecessors. \"Noisey\" also documented that, despite its loss of mainstream popularity and continued hold in North American scenes, particularly Richmond, Virginia, screamo had become a more international movement; notably spreading to Japan, France, and Sweden with groups including Heaven in Her Arms, Birds in Row, and Suffocate for Fuck Sake, respectively. Also in 2018, Vein released their debut album \"Errorzone\" to critical acclaim and commercial success, bringing together elements of screamo, hardcore, and nu metal. The name \"Emo revival\" has been cause of controversy. A number of acts and journalists have stated that it is not a revival at all and people have simply stopped paying attention to underground emo. In 2013, Evan Weiss stated “It's funny that people are only noticing it now because I feel like that revival has been happening for the last six years...It doesn't seem new to me, but if it's new to them, let them enjoy it\". Emo revival The emo revival (also known as the post-emo revival, the Midwestern emo revival, and fourth wave emo) is an underground emo movement" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "I Wanna Be Like Michael Jackson I Wanna Be Like Michael Jackson is an American folk rock band. The band consists of Mark Williams (singer-songwriter) and Amy Hoffmann (guitarist, vocalist). Thomas Borden (bass player, vocalist), Eric Gibbons (guitarist) and Dirk Sell (guitarist) have also recorded with the band. I Wanna Be Like Michael Jackson was formed in 2004 in Louisville, Kentucky by singer, songwriter Mark Williams and guitarist Amy Hoffmann. They began with informal jam sessions on Hoffmann's front porch. During these sessions, Hoffmann paired simple but affecting blues riffs and folk changes with Williams' free-form lyrics, which often told stories from his day and his dreams while incorporating references to American pop media. Williams and Hoffmann began calling these sessions \"The Doorslam Sessions\" because sessions traditionally did not end until she slammed her front door in Williams' face. Early recordings of these sessions caught the attention of Muistardeaux Collective members Thomas Borden and Eric Gibbons, who began attending and participating in the sessions. Dirk Sell, guitarist with No Ordinary Hangover, has also sat in and recorded tracks with the group. I Wanna Be Like Michael Jackson signed with Mark Williams Van Proyen Records in 2008. In 2008, they released \"The Doorslam Sessions I\", their indie-label debut. This was followed by a live EP of the album, which was notable for the absence of reverb on Mark Williams' vocals and thus sounded very different from their earlier work. \"The Doorslam Sessions I\" (May 2008) \"The Door Slams Live\" (September 26, 2008) Mark Williams – vocals (2004–present) Amy Hoffmann – guitar, vocals (2004–present) Thomas Borden – bass, vocals (2004–present) Eric Gibbons – guitars (2004–present) Dirk Sell – guitar (2004–present) I Wanna Be Like Michael Jackson I Wanna Be Like Michael Jackson is an American folk rock band. The band consists of" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "2018 Munster Senior Hurling Championship Final The 2018 Munster Senior Hurling Championship Final was played on 1 July 2018 at Semple Stadium, Thurles. The winner would advance to the semi-finals of the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship, with the loser entering the All Ireland quarter-finals. Clare and Cork contest the final for the second year in a row with Cork retaining the title. Séamus Harnedy was the Cork captain and also was named as the man of the match. Tickets for the final went on sale on 21 June and ranged in price from €35 to €40 in the stand and €25 to €30 in the terrace. The match was shown live on RTÉ One as part of The Sunday Game Live with commentary from Marty Morrissey and Brendan Cummins. Clare were looking for their first Munster title since 1998, while Cork were the defending champions. Cork manager John Meyler was in his first year as manager, with Clare's joint managers Donal Moloney and Gerry O'Connor in there second year in charge. 2018 Munster Senior Hurling Championship Final The 2018 Munster Senior Hurling Championship Final was played on 1 July 2018 at Semple Stadium, Thurles. The winner would advance to the" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Dayton Rugby Grounds Dayton Rugby Grounds (DRG) is 12.5 acres rugby facility in north Dayton adjacent to Shiloh Park. DRG currently has one operational pitch and a second is in development that is planned for use in 2015. DRG has two buildings on site-one equipment garage and one larger building that houses changing rooms, bathrooms, and concessions. Dayton rugby teams have dreamed of a home for rugby since 1975. It was discussed and considered for many years and during the “Great Recession” of the late 2000s a movement towards land purchase began as land price dropped in Dayton. The Property Committee visited over 20 possible sites of the thousands they had looked at on the internet. One of the sites was Riverdale Baseball Park. In early January 2011 a presentation by the property committee lead DARC to vote to donate the money to purchase DRG. DRG is now the home for rugby in the Dayton area. Dayton Rugby Grounds Dayton Rugby Grounds (DRG) is 12.5 acres rugby facility in north Dayton adjacent to Shiloh Park. DRG currently has one operational pitch and a second is in development that is planned for use in 2015. DRG has two buildings on site-one" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Uses of English verb forms This article describes the uses of various verb forms in modern standard English language. This includes: The uses considered include expression of tense (time reference), aspect, mood and modality, in various configurations. For details of how inflected forms of verbs are produced in English, see English verbs. For the grammatical structure of clauses, including word order, see English clause syntax. For certain other particular topics, see the articles listed in the adjacent box. For non-standard dialect forms and antique forms, see individual dialect articles and the article, thou. A typical English verb may have five different inflected forms: The verb \"be\" has a larger number of different forms (\"am\", \"is\", \"are\", \"was\", \"were\", etc.), while the modal verbs have a more limited number of forms. Some forms of \"be\" and of certain other auxiliary verbs also have contracted forms (\"s\", \" 're\", \" 've\", etc.). For full details of how these inflected forms of verbs are produced, see English verbs. In English, verbs frequently appear in combinations containing one or more auxiliary verbs and a nonfinite form (infinitive or participle) of a main (lexical) verb. For example: The first verb in such a combination is the finite verb, the remainder are nonfinite (although constructions in which even the leading verb is nonfinite are also possible – see below). Such combinations are sometimes called compound verbs; more technically they may be called verb catenae, since they are not generally strict grammatical constituents of the clause. As the last example shows, the words making up these combinations do not always remain consecutive. For details of the formation of such constructions, see English clause syntax. The uses of the various types of combination are described in the detailed sections of the present article. (For another type of combination involving verbs – items such as \"go on\", \"slip away\" and \"break off\" – see Phrasal verb.) As in many other languages, the means English uses for expressing the three categories of tense (time reference), aspect and mood are somewhat conflated (see tense–aspect–mood). In contrast to languages like Latin, though, English has only limited means for expressing these categories through verb conjugation, and tends mostly to express them periphrastically, using the verb combinations mentioned in the previous section. The tenses, aspects and moods that may be identified in English are described below (although the terminology used differs significantly between authors). Note that in common usage, particularly in English language teaching, particular tense–aspect–mood combinations such as \"present progressive\" and \"conditional perfect\" are often referred to simply as \"tenses\". Present tense is used, in principle, to refer to circumstances that exist at the present time (or over a period that includes the present time) and general truths (see gnomic aspect). However the same forms are quite often also used to refer to future circumstances, as in \"He's coming tomorrow\" (hence this tense is sometimes referred to as \"present-future\" or \"nonpast\"). For certain grammatical contexts where the present tense is the standard way to refer to the future, see conditional sentences and dependent clauses below. It is also possible for the present tense to be used when referring to no particular real time (as when telling a story), or when recounting past events (the historical present, particularly common in headline language). The present perfect intrinsically refers to past events, although it can be considered to denote primarily the resulting present situation rather than the events themselves. The present tense has two moods, indicative and subjunctive; when no mood is specified, it is often the indicative that is meant. In a present indicative construction, the finite verb appears in its base form, or in its \"-s\" form if its subject is third-person singular. (The verb \"be\" has the forms \"am\", \"is\", \"are\", while the modal verbs do not add \"-s\" for third-person singular.) For the present subjunctive, see English subjunctive. (The present subjunctive has no particular relationship with present time, and is sometimes simply called the subjunctive, without specifying the tense.) For specific uses of present tense constructions, see the sections below on simple present, present progressive, present perfect and present perfect progressive. Past tense forms express circumstances existing at some time in the past, although they also have certain uses in referring to hypothetical situations (as in some conditional sentences, dependent clauses and expressions of wish). They are formed using the finite verb in its preterite (simple past) form. Certain uses of the past tense may be referred to as subjunctives; however the only distinction in verb conjugation between the past indicative and past subjunctive is the possible use of \"were\" in the subjunctive in place of \"was\". For details see English subjunctive. For specific uses of past tense constructions, see the sections below on simple past, past progressive, past perfect and past perfect progressive. Note also that in certain contexts past events are reported using the present perfect (or even other present tense forms – see above). English is sometimes described as having a future tense, although since future time is not specifically expressed by verb inflection, some grammarians identify only two tenses (present or present-future, and past). The English \"future\" usually refers to a periphrastic form involving the auxiliary verb \"will\" (or sometimes \"shall\" when used with a first-person subject; see \"shall\" and \"will\"). There also exist other ways of referring to future circumstances, including the \"going to\" construction, and the use of present tense forms (see above). For particular grammatical contexts where the present tense substitutes for the future, see conditional sentences and dependent clauses below. For discussion and comparison of the various ways of making future reference in English, see \"going-to\" future. For specific uses of future constructions formed with \"will/shall\", see the sections below on simple future, future progressive, future perfect and future perfect progressive. A \"future-in-the-past\" tense (or form) is sometimes referred to. This takes essentially the same form as the conditional, that is, it is made using the auxiliary \"would\" (or sometimes \"should\" in the first person; see \"shall\" and \"will\"). This form has a future-in-the-past meaning in sentences such as \"She knew that she would win the game.\" Here the sentence as a whole refers to some particular past time, but \"would win\" refers to a time in the future relative to that past time. See . For specific uses, see the sections below referring to the conditional (, , , ). \"Simple\" forms of verbs are those appearing in constructions not marked for either progressive or perfect aspect (\"I go\", \"I don't go\", \"I went\", \"I will go\", etc., but not \"I'm going\" or \"I have gone\"). Simple constructions normally denote a single action (perfective aspect), as in \"Brutus killed Caesar\", a repeated action (habitual aspect), as in \"I go to school\", or a relatively permanent state, as in \"We live in Dallas\". They may also denote a temporary state (imperfective aspect), in the case of stative verbs that do not use progressive forms (see below). For uses of specific simple constructions, see the sections below on simple present, simple past, simple future and simple conditional. The progressive or continuous aspect is used to denote a temporary action or state that began at a previous time and continues into the present time (or other time of reference). It is expressed using a form of the auxiliary verb \"to be\" (conjugated appropriately for tense etc.) together with the present participle (\"-ing\" form) of the main verb: \"I am reading; Were you shouting?\"; \"He will be sitting over there\". Certain", "aspect), as in \"I go to school\", or a relatively permanent state, as in \"We live in Dallas\". They may also denote a temporary state (imperfective aspect), in the case of stative verbs that do not use progressive forms (see below). For uses of specific simple constructions, see the sections below on simple present, simple past, simple future and simple conditional. The progressive or continuous aspect is used to denote a temporary action or state that began at a previous time and continues into the present time (or other time of reference). It is expressed using a form of the auxiliary verb \"to be\" (conjugated appropriately for tense etc.) together with the present participle (\"-ing\" form) of the main verb: \"I am reading; Were you shouting?\"; \"He will be sitting over there\". Certain stative verbs make limited use of progressive aspect. Their nonprogressive forms (simple or nonprogressive perfect constructions) are used in many situations even when expressing a temporary state. The main types are described below. For specific uses of progressive (continuous) constructions, see the sections below on present progressive, past progressive, future progressive and conditional progressive. For progressive infinitives, see . For the combination of progressive aspect with the perfect (\"he has been reading\") see perfect progressive. The perfect aspect is used to denote the circumstance of an action's being complete at a certain time. It is expressed using a form of the auxiliary verb \"have\" (appropriately conjugated for tense etc.) together with the past participle of the main verb: \"She has eaten it\"; \"We had left\"; \"When will you have finished?\" Perfect forms can also be used to refer to states or habitual actions, even if not complete, if the focus is on the time period before the point of reference (\"We had lived there for five years\"). If such a circumstance is temporary, the perfect is often combined with progressive aspect (see the following section). The implications of the present perfect (that something occurred prior to the present moment) are similar to those of the simple past, although the two forms are generally not used interchangeably – the simple past is used when the time frame of reference is in the past, while the present perfect is used when it extends to the present. For details, see the relevant sections below. For all uses of specific perfect constructions, see the sections below on the present perfect, past perfect, future perfect and conditional perfect. By using nonfinite forms of the auxiliary \"have\", perfect aspect can also be marked on infinitives (as in \"should have left and \"expect to have finished working\"), and on participles and gerunds (as in having seen the doctor\"). For the usage of such forms, see the section below on perfect and progressive nonfinite constructions. Note that while all of the constructions referred to here are commonly referred to as perfect (based on their grammatical form), some of them, particularly nonpresent and nonfinite instances, might not be considered truly expressive of the perfect aspect. This applies particularly when the perfect infinitive is used together with modal verbs: for example, \"he could not have been a genius\" might be considered (based on its meaning) to be a past tense of \"he cannot/could not be a genius\"; such forms are considered true perfect forms by some linguists but not others. For the meanings of such constructions with the various modals, see English modal verbs. The perfect and progressive (continuous) aspects can be combined, usually in referring to the completed portion of a continuing action or temporary state: \"I have been working for eight hours\". Here a form of the verb \"have\" (denoting the perfect) is used together with \"been\" (the past participle of \"be\", denoting the progressive) and the present participle of the main verb. In the case of the stative verbs, which do not use progressive aspect (see the above section on the progressive), the plain perfect form is normally used in place of the perfect progressive: \"I've been here for half an hour\" (not \"I've been being here...\"). For uses of specific perfect progressive (perfect continuous) constructions, see the sections below on the present perfect progressive, past perfect progressive, future perfect progressive and conditional perfect progressive. For perfect progressive infinitives, participles and gerunds, see . Indicative mood, in English, refers to finite verb forms that are not marked as subjunctive and are not imperatives or conditionals. They are the verbs typically found in the main clauses of declarative sentences and questions formed from them, as well as in most dependent clauses (except for those that use the subjunctive). The information that a form is indicative is often omitted when referring to it: the simple present indicative is usually referred to as just the simple present, etc. (unless some contrast of moods, such as between indicative and subjunctive, is pertinent to the topic). Certain types of clause, mostly dependent clauses, use a verb form identified with the subjunctive mood. The present subjunctive takes a form identical to the bare infinitive, as in \"It is necessary that he be restrained.\" There is also a past subjunctive, distinct from the indicative only in the possible use of \"were\" in place of \"was\" in certain situations: \"If I were you, ...\" For details of the formation and usage of subjunctive forms in English, see English subjunctive. An independent clause in the imperative mood uses the base form of the verb, usually with no subject (although the subject \"you\" can be added for emphasis). Negation uses \"do\"-support (i.e. \"do not\" or \"don't\"). For example: Sentences of this type are used to give an instruction or order. When they are used to make requests, the word \"please\" (or other linguistic device) is often added for politeness: First person imperatives (cohortatives) can be formed with \"let us\" (usually contracted to \"let's\"), as in \"Let's go\". Third person imperatives (jussives) are sometimes formed similarly, with \"let\", as in \"Let him be released\". More detail can be found in the Imperative mood article. The status of the conditional mood in English is similar to that of the future tense: it may be considered to exist provided the category of mood is not required to be marked morphologically. The English conditional is expressed periphrastically with verb forms governed by the auxiliary verb \"would\" (or sometimes \"should\" with a first-person singular subject; see \"shall\" and \"will\"). The modal verb \"could\" is also sometimes used as a conditional (of \"can\"). In certain uses, the conditional construction with \"would/should\" may also be described as \"future-in-the-past\". For uses of specific conditional constructions, see the sections below on simple conditional, conditional progressive, conditional perfect and conditional perfect progressive, as well as the section on conditional sentences (and the main article on English conditional sentences). The active voice (where the verb's subject is understood to denote the doer, or agent, of the denoted action) is the unmarked voice in English. To form the passive voice (where the subject denotes the undergoer, or patient, of the action), a periphrastic construction is used. In the canonical form of the passive, a form of the auxiliary verb \"be\" (or sometimes \"get\") is used, together with the past participle of the lexical verb. Passive voice can be expressed in combination together with tenses, aspects and moods, by means of appropriate marking of the auxiliary (which for this purpose is not a stative verb, i.e. it has progressive forms available). For example: The uses of these various passive forms are analogous to those of the corresponding tense–aspect–mood combinations in the active voice. The passive forms of certain of the combinations involving the progressive aspect are quite rare; these include the present", "in English. To form the passive voice (where the subject denotes the undergoer, or patient, of the action), a periphrastic construction is used. In the canonical form of the passive, a form of the auxiliary verb \"be\" (or sometimes \"get\") is used, together with the past participle of the lexical verb. Passive voice can be expressed in combination together with tenses, aspects and moods, by means of appropriate marking of the auxiliary (which for this purpose is not a stative verb, i.e. it has progressive forms available). For example: The uses of these various passive forms are analogous to those of the corresponding tense–aspect–mood combinations in the active voice. The passive forms of certain of the combinations involving the progressive aspect are quite rare; these include the present perfect progressive (\"it has been being written\"), past perfect progressive (\"it had been being written\"), future progressive (\"it will be being written\"), future perfect progressive (\"it will have been being written\"), conditional progressive (\"it would be being written\") and conditional perfect progressive (\"it would have been being written\"). Because of the awkwardness of these constructions, they may be paraphrased, for example using the expression \"in the process of\" (\"it has been in the process of being written\", \"it will be in the process of being written\", and similar). For further details of passive constructions, see English passive voice. Negation of verbs usually takes place with the addition of the particle \"not\" (or its shortened form \"n't\") to an auxiliary or copular verb, with \"do\"-support being used if there is otherwise no auxiliary. However, if a sentence already contains a negative word (\"never\", \"nothing\", etc.), then there is not usually any additional \"not\". Questions (interrogative constructions) are generally formed using subject–auxiliary inversion, again using \"do\"-support if there is otherwise no auxiliary. In negative questions, it is possible to invert with just the auxiliary (\"should we not help?\") or with the contracted negation (\"shouldn't we help?\"). For full details on negation and question formation, see \"do\"-support, English auxiliaries and contractions, and the Negation and Questions sections of the English Grammar article. English has the modal verbs \"can\", \"could\", \"may\", \"might\", \"must\", \"shall\", \"should\", \"will\", \"would\", and also (depending on classification adopted) \"ought (to)\", \"dare\", \"need\", \"had (better)\", \"used (to)\". These do not add \"-s\" for the third-person singular, and they do not form infinitives or participles; the only inflection they undergo is that to a certain extent \"could\", \"might\", \"should\" and \"would\" function as preterites (past tenses) of \"can\", \"may\", \"shall\" and \"will\" respectively. A modal verb can serve as the finite verb introducing a verb catena, as in \"he might have been injured then\". These generally express some form of modality (possibility, obligation, etc.), although \"will\" and \"would\" (and sometimes \"shall\" and \"should\") can serve – among their other uses – to express future time reference and conditional mood, as described elsewhere on this page. For details of the uses of modal verbs, see English modal verbs. The \"simple past\" or \"past simple\", sometimes also called the \"preterite\", consists of the bare past tense of the verb (ending in \"-ed\" for regular verbs, and formed in various ways for irregular ones – see English verbs for details). In most questions (and other situations requiring inversion), when negated, and in certain emphatic statements, a periphrastic construction consisting of \"did\" and the bare infinitive of the main verb is generally used instead – see \"do\"-support. The simple past is used for a single event in the past, for past habitual action, or for a past state: However, for action that was ongoing at the time referred to, the past progressive is generally used instead. For stative verbs that do or do not use progressive aspect when expressing a temporary state, see . For the use of \"could see\" in place of \"saw\" etc., see \"Have got\" and \"can see\" below. The simple past is often close in meaning to the present perfect. The simple past is used when the event is conceived as occurring at a particular time in the past, or during a period that ended in the past (i.e. it does not last up until the present time). This time frame may be explicitly stated, or implicit in the context (for example the past tense is often used when describing a sequence of past events). For further discussion and examples, see below. Various compound constructions exist for denoting past habitual action. The sentence \"When I was young, I played football every Saturday\" might alternatively be phrased using \"used to\" (\"... I used to play ...\") or using \"would\" (\"... I would play...\"). The past simple is also used without past reference in some instances: in condition clauses and some other dependent clauses referring to hypothetical circumstances (see and below), and after certain expressions of wish. For the past subjunctive (\"were\" in place of \"was\"), see English subjunctive. For the use of the past tense in indirect speech and similar contexts, see below. The \"past progressive\" or \"past continuous\" construction combines progressive aspect with past tense, and is formed using the past tense of \"be\" (\"was\" or \"were\") with the present participle of the main verb. It indicates an action that was ongoing at the past time being considered: For stative verbs that do not use the progressive aspect, the simple past is used instead (\"At three o'clock yesterday we were in the garden\"). The past progressive is often used to denote an action that was interrupted by an event, or for two actions taking place in parallel: The past progressive can also be used to refer to past action that occurred over a range of time and is viewed as an ongoing situation: That could also be expressed using the simple past, as \"I worked...\", which implies that the action is viewed as a unitary event (although the effective meaning is not very different). The past progressive shares certain special uses with other past tense constructions; see , , , and . The \"past perfect\", sometimes called the \"pluperfect\", combines past tense with perfect aspect; it is formed by combining \"had\" (the past tense of the auxiliary \"have\") with the past participle of the main verb. It is used when referring to an event that took place prior to the time frame being considered. This time frame may be stated explicitly, as a stated time or the time of another past action: The time frame may also be understood implicitly from the previous or later context: Compare \"He had left when we arrived\" (where his leaving preceded our arrival), with the form with the simple past, \"He left when we arrived\" (where his leaving was concurrent with or shortly after our arrival). Note that unlike the present perfect, the past perfect can readily be used with an adverb specifying a past time frame for the occurrence. For example, while it is incorrect to say \"I have done it last Friday\" (the use of \"last Friday\", specifying the past time, would require the simple past rather than the present perfect), there is no such objection to a sentence like \"I had done it the previous Friday\". The past perfect can also be used for states or repeated occurrences pertaining over a period up to a time in the past, particularly in stating \"for how long\" or since when\". However, if the state is temporary and the verb can be used in the progressive aspect, the past perfect progressive would normally be used instead. Some examples with the plain past perfect: For other specific uses of the past perfect, see , , , and . The \"past perfect progressive\" or \"past perfect continuous\" (also known as the \"pluperfect progressive\" or \"pluperfect continuous\") combines perfect progressive aspect with past tense. It is formed by combining \"had\" (the past tense of auxiliary \"have\"), \"been\"", "than the present perfect), there is no such objection to a sentence like \"I had done it the previous Friday\". The past perfect can also be used for states or repeated occurrences pertaining over a period up to a time in the past, particularly in stating \"for how long\" or since when\". However, if the state is temporary and the verb can be used in the progressive aspect, the past perfect progressive would normally be used instead. Some examples with the plain past perfect: For other specific uses of the past perfect, see , , , and . The \"past perfect progressive\" or \"past perfect continuous\" (also known as the \"pluperfect progressive\" or \"pluperfect continuous\") combines perfect progressive aspect with past tense. It is formed by combining \"had\" (the past tense of auxiliary \"have\"), \"been\" (the past participle of \"be\"), and the present participle of the main verb. Uses of the past perfect progressive are analogous to those of the present perfect progressive, except that the point of reference is in the past. For example: This form is sometimes used for actions in the past that were interrupted by some event (compare the use of the past progressive as given above). For example: This implies that I stopped working when she came in (or had already stopped a short time before); the plain past progressive (\"I was working...\") would not necessarily carry this implication. If the verb in question does not use the progressive aspect, then the plain past perfect is used instead (see examples in the previous section). The past perfect progressive may also have additional specific uses similar to those of the plain past perfect; see , , , and . The \"simple present\" or \"present simple\" is a form that combines present tense with \"simple\" (neither perfect nor progressive) aspect. In the indicative mood it consists of the base form of the verb, or the \"-s\" form when the subject is third-person singular (the verb \"be\" uses the forms \"am\", \"is\", \"are\"). However, with nonauxiliary verbs it also has a periphrastic form consisting of \"do\" (or third-person singular \"does\") with the bare infinitive of the main verb — this form is used in questions (and other clauses requiring inversion) and negations, and sometimes for emphasis. For details of this, see \"do\"-support. The principal uses of the simple present are given below. More examples can be found in the article Simple present. In colloquial English it is common to use \"can see\", \"can hear\" for the present tense of \"see\", \"hear\", etc., and \"have got\" for the present tense of \"have\" (denoting possession). See \"have got\" and \"can see\" below. For the present subjunctive, see English subjunctive. For uses of modal verbs (which may be regarded as instances of the simple present) see English modal verbs. The \"present progressive\" or \"present continuous\" form combines present tense with progressive aspect. It thus refers to an action or event conceived of as having limited duration, taking place at the present time. It consists of a form of the simple present of \"be\" together with the present participle of the main verb and the ending -ing. This often contrasts with the simple present, which expresses repeated or habitual action (\"We cook dinner every day\"). However, sometimes the present continuous is used with \"always\", generally to express annoyance about a habitual action: Certain stative verbs do not use the progressive aspect, so the present simple is used instead in those cases (see above). The present progressive can be used to refer to a planned future event: It also appears with future reference in many condition and time clauses and other dependent clauses (see below): It can also refer to something taking place not necessarily at the time of speaking, but at the time currently under consideration, in the case of a story or narrative being told in the present tense (as mentioned above under present simple): For the possibility of a present subjunctive progressive, see English subjunctive. The \"present perfect\" (traditionally called simply the \"perfect\") combines present tense with perfect aspect, denoting the present state of an action's being completed, that is, that the action took place before the present time. (It is thus often close in meaning to the simple past tense, although the two are not usually interchangeable.) It is formed with the present tense of the auxiliary \"have\" (namely \"have\" or \"has\") and the past participle of the main verb. The choice of present perfect or past tense depends on the frame of reference (period or point in time) in which the event is conceived as occurring. If the frame of reference extends to the present time, the present perfect is used. For example: If the frame of reference is a time in the past, or a period that ended in the past, the past tense is used instead. For example: \"I wrote a letter this morning\" (it is now afternoon); \"He produced ten plays\" (he is now dead or his career is considered over, or a particular past time period is being referred to); \"They never traveled abroad\" (similarly). See under Simple past for more examples. The simple past is generally used when the occurrence has a specific past time frame – either explicitly stated (\"I wrote a book in 1995; \"the water boiled a minute ago), or implied by the context (for example, in the narration of a sequence of events). It is therefore normally incorrect to write a sentence like *\"I have written a novel yesterday\"; the present perfect cannot be used with an expression of past time such as \"yesterday\". With \"already\" or \"yet\", traditional usage calls for the present perfect: \"Have you eaten yet? Yes, I've already eaten.\" However, current informal American speech tends to use the simple past: \"Did you eat yet? Yes, I ate already.\" Use of the present perfect often draws attention to the present consequences of the past action or event, as opposed to its actual occurrence. The sentence \"she has come\" probably means she is here now, while the simple past \"she came\" does not. The sentence, “Have you been to the fair?” suggests that the fair is still going on, while the sentence, “Did you go to the fair?” could mean that the fair is over. (See also \"been\" and \"gone\" below.) Some more examples: It may also refer to an ongoing state or habitual action, particularly in saying \"for how long\", or \"since when\", something is the case. For example, This implies that I still live in Paris, that he still holds the record and that we still eat together every morning (although the first sentence may also refer to some unspecified past period of five years). When the circumstance is temporary, the present perfect progressive is often appropriate in such sentences (see below); however, if the verb is one that does not use the progressive aspect, the basic present perfect is used in that case too: The present perfect may refer to a habitual circumstance, or a circumstance being part of a theoretical or story narrative being given in the present tense (provided the circumstance is of an event's having taken place previously): The present perfect may also be used with future reference, instead of the future perfect, in those dependent clauses where future occurrence is denoted by present tense (see below). For example: For the possibility of a present perfect subjunctive, see English subjunctive. For special use of the present perfect of \"get\" to express possession or obligation, see \"have got\" below. For the use of \"have been\" in place of \"have gone\", see \"been\" and \"gone\" below. The \"present perfect progressive\" (or \"present perfect continuous\") construction combines some of this perfect progressive aspect with present tense. It is formed with the present tense of \"have\" (\"have\" or \"has\"), the past participle of \"be\" (\"been\"), and the present participle of the main verb and the ending ″-ing″ This construction is used for ongoing action in the past that continues right up to the present or has recently finished: It is", "clauses where future occurrence is denoted by present tense (see below). For example: For the possibility of a present perfect subjunctive, see English subjunctive. For special use of the present perfect of \"get\" to express possession or obligation, see \"have got\" below. For the use of \"have been\" in place of \"have gone\", see \"been\" and \"gone\" below. The \"present perfect progressive\" (or \"present perfect continuous\") construction combines some of this perfect progressive aspect with present tense. It is formed with the present tense of \"have\" (\"have\" or \"has\"), the past participle of \"be\" (\"been\"), and the present participle of the main verb and the ending ″-ing″ This construction is used for ongoing action in the past that continues right up to the present or has recently finished: It is frequently used when stating \"for how long\", or \"since when\", something is the case: In these sentences the actions are still continuing, but it is the past portion of them that is being considered, and so the perfect aspect is used. (A sentence without perfect aspect, such as \"I am sitting here for three hours\", implies an intention to perform the action for that length of time.) With stative verbs that are not used in the progressive, and for situations that are considered permanent, the present perfect (nonprogressive) is used instead; for examples of this see above. The term \"simple future\", \"future simple\" or \"future indefinite\", as applied to English, generally refers to the combination of the modal auxiliary verb \"will\" with the bare infinitive of the main verb. Sometimes (particularly in more formal or old-fashioned English) \"shall\" is preferred to \"will\" when the subject is first person (\"I\" or \"we\"); see \"shall\" and \"will\" for details. The auxiliary is often contracted to \" 'll\"; see English auxiliaries and contractions. This construction can be used to indicate what the speaker views as facts about the future, including confident predictions: It may be used to describe future circumstances that are subject to some condition (see also ): However English also has other ways of referring to future circumstances. For planned or scheduled actions the present progressive or simple present may be used (see those sections for examples). There is also a \"going-to\" future, common in colloquial English, which is often used to express intentions or predictions (\"I am going to write a book some day\"; \"I think that it is going to rain\"). Use of the \"will/shall\" construction when expressing intention often indicates a spontaneous decision: Compare \"I'm going to use...\", which implies that the intention to do so has existed for some time. Use of present tense rather than future constructions in condition clauses and certain other dependent clauses is described below under and . The modal verbs \"will\" and \"shall\" also have other uses besides indicating future time reference. For example: For more examples see \"will\" and \"shall\" in the article on modal verbs, and the article \"shall\" and \"will\". The \"future progressive\" or \"future continuous\" combines progressive aspect with future time reference; it is formed with the auxiliary \"will\" (or \"shall\" in the first person; see \"shall\" and \"will\"), the bare infinitive \"be\", and the present participle of the main verb. It is used mainly to indicate that an event will be in progress at a particular point in the future: The usual restrictions apply, on the use both of the future and of the progressive: simple rather than progressive aspect is used with some stative verbs (see ), and present rather than future constructions are used in many dependent clauses (see and below). The same construction may occur when \"will\" or \"shall\" is given one of its other uses (as described under ), for example: The \"future perfect\" combines aspect with future time reference. It consists of the auxiliary \"will\" (or sometimes \"shall\" in the first person, as above), the bare infinitive \"have\", and the past participle of the main verb. It indicates an action that is to be completed sometime prior to a future time of perspective, or an ongoing action continuing up to a future time of perspective (compare uses of the present perfect above). For the use of the present tense rather than future constructions in certain dependent clauses, see and below. The same construction may occur when \"will\" or \"shall\" is given one of its other meanings (see under ); for example: The \"future perfect progressive\" or \"future perfect continuous\" combines perfect progressive aspect with future time reference. It is formed by combining the auxiliary \"will\" (or sometimes \"shall\", as above), the bare infinitive \"have\", the past participle \"been\", and the present participle of the main verb. Uses of the future perfect progressive are analogous to those of the present perfect progressive, except that the point of reference is in the future. For example: For the use of present tense in place of future constructions in certain dependent clauses, see and below. The same construction may occur when the auxiliary (usually \"will\") has one of its other meanings, particularly expressing a confident assumption about the present: The \"simple conditional\" or \"conditional simple\", also called \"conditional present\", and in some meanings \"future-in-the-past simple\", is formed by combining the modal auxiliary \"would\" with the bare infinitive of the main verb. Sometimes (particularly in formal or old-fashioned English) \"should\" is used in place of \"would\" when the subject is first person (\"I\" or \"we\"), in the same way that \"shall\" may replace \"will\" in such instances; see \"shall\" and \"will\". The auxiliary is often shortened to \" 'd\"; see English auxiliaries and contractions. The simple conditional is used principally in a main clause accompanied by an implicit or explicit condition (\"if\"-clause). (This is described in more detail in the article on English conditional sentences; see also below.) The time referred to may be (hypothetical) present or future. For example: In some varieties of English, \"would\" (or \" 'd\") is also regularly used in the \"if\"-clauses themselves (\"If you'd leave now, you'd be on time\"), but this is often considered nonstandard. This is widespread especially in spoken American English in all registers, though not usually in more formal writing. There are also situations where \"would\" is used in \"if\"-clauses in British English too, but these can usually be interpreted as a modal use of \"would\" (e.g. \"If you would listen to me once in a while, you might learn something\"). For more details, see . For the use of \"would\" after the verb \"wish\" and the expression \"if only\", see . The auxiliary verbs \"could\" and \"might\" can also be used to indicate the conditional mood, as in the following: Forms with \"would\" may also have \"future-in-the-past\" meaning: See also and . For other possible meanings of \"would\" and \"should\" (as well as \"could\" and \"might\"), see the relevant sections of English modal verbs. The \"conditional (present) progressive\" or \"conditional continuous\" combines conditional mood with progressive aspect. It combines \"would\" (or the contraction \"d\", or sometimes \"should\" in the first person, as above) with the bare infinitive \"be\" and the present participle of the main verb. It has similar uses to those of the simple conditional (above), but is used for ongoing actions or situations (usually hypothetical): It can also have future-in-the-past meanings: For the use of \"would\" in condition clauses, see above (see also and below). For use in indirect speech constructions, see . For other uses of constructions with \"would\" and \"should\", see English modal verbs. For general information on conditionals in English, see English conditional sentences (and also below). The \"conditional perfect\" construction combines conditional mood with perfect aspect, and consists of \"would\" (or the contraction \"d\", or sometimes \"should\" in the first person, as above), the bare infinitive", "person, as above) with the bare infinitive \"be\" and the present participle of the main verb. It has similar uses to those of the simple conditional (above), but is used for ongoing actions or situations (usually hypothetical): It can also have future-in-the-past meanings: For the use of \"would\" in condition clauses, see above (see also and below). For use in indirect speech constructions, see . For other uses of constructions with \"would\" and \"should\", see English modal verbs. For general information on conditionals in English, see English conditional sentences (and also below). The \"conditional perfect\" construction combines conditional mood with perfect aspect, and consists of \"would\" (or the contraction \"d\", or sometimes \"should\" in the first person, as above), the bare infinitive \"have\", and the past participle of the main verb. It is used to denote conditional situations attributed to past time, usually those that are or may be contrary to fact. For the possibility of use of \"would\" in the condition clauses themselves, see (see also below). For more information on conditional constructions, see below, and the article English conditional sentences. The same construction may have \"future-in-the-past\" meanings (see Indirect speech). For other meanings of \"would have\" and \"should have\", see English modal verbs. The \"conditional perfect progressive\" or \"conditional perfect continuous\" construction combines conditional mood with perfect progressive aspect. It consists of \"would\" (or sometimes \"should\" in the first person, as above) with the bare infinitive \"have\", the past participle \"been\" and the present participle of the main verb. It generally refers to a conditional ongoing situation in hypothetical (usually counterfactual) past time: Similar considerations and alternative forms and meanings apply as noted in the above sections on other conditional constructions. In colloquial English, particularly British English, the present perfect of the verb \"get\", namely \"have got\" or \"has got\", is frequently used in place of the simple present indicative of \"have\" (i.e. \"have\" or \"has\") when denoting possession, broadly defined. For example: Note that in American English, the form \"got\" is used in this idiom, even though the standard past participle of \"get\" is \"gotten\". The same applies in the expression of present obligation: \"I've got to go now\" may be used in place of \"I have to (must) go now\". In very informal registers, the contracted form of \"have\" or \"has\" may be omitted altogether: \"I got three brothers\". Another common idiom is the use of the modal verb \"can\" (or \"could\" for the past tense or conditional) together with verbs of perception such as \"see\", \"hear\", etc., rather than the plain verb. For example: Aspectual distinctions can be made, particularly in the past tense: In perfect constructions apparently requiring the verb \"go\", the normal past participle \"gone\" is often replaced by the past participle of the copula verb \"be\", namely \"been\". This gives rise to sentences of contrasting meaning. When \"been\" is used, the implication is that, at the time of reference, the act of going took place previously, but the subject is no longer at the place in question (unless a specific time frame including the present moment is specified). When \"gone\" is used, the implication is again that the act of going took place previously, but that the subject is still at (or possibly has not yet reached) that place (unless repetition is specified lexically). For example: Note that \"been\" is used in such sentences in combination with \"to\" as if it were a verb of motion (being followed by adverbial phrases of motion), which is different from its normal uses as part of the copula verb \"be\". Compare: The above sentences with the present perfect can be further compared with alternatives using the simple past, such as: As usual, this tense would be used if a specific past time frame is stated (\"in 1995\", \"last week\") or is implied by the context (e.g. the event is part of a past narrative, or my father is no longer alive or capable of traveling). Use of this form does not in itself determine whether or not the subject is still there. A conditional sentence usually contains two clauses: an \"if\"-clause or similar expressing the condition (the \"protasis\"), and a main clause expressing the conditional circumstance (the \"apodosis\"). In English language teaching, conditional sentences are classified according to type as first, second or third conditional; there also exist \"zero conditional\" and mixed conditional sentences. A \"first conditional\" sentence expresses a future circumstance conditional on some other future circumstance. It uses the present tense (with future reference) in the condition clause, and the future with \"will\" (or some other expression of future) in the main clause: A \"second conditional\" sentence expresses a hypothetical circumstance conditional on some other circumstance, referring to nonpast time. It uses the past tense (with the past subjunctive \"were\" optionally replacing \"was\") in the condition clause, and the conditional formed with \"would\" in the main clause: A \"third conditional\" sentence expresses a hypothetical (usually counterfactual) circumstance in the past. It uses the past perfect in the condition clause, and the conditional perfect in the main clause: A \"mixed conditional\" mixes the second and third patterns (for a past circumstance conditional on a not specifically past circumstance, or vice versa): The \"zero conditional\" is a pattern independent of tense, simply expressing the dependence of the truth of one proposition on the truth of another: See also the following sections on expressions of wish and dependent clauses. Particular rules apply to the tenses and verb forms used after the verb \"wish\" and certain other expressions with similar meaning. When the verb \"wish\" governs a finite clause, the past tense (simple past or past progressive as appropriate) is used when the desire expressed concerns a present state, the past perfect (or past perfect progressive) when it concerns a (usually counterfactual) past state or event, and the simple conditional with \"would\" when it concerns a desired present action or change of state. For example: The same forms are generally used independently of the tense or form of the verb \"wish\": The same rules apply after the expression \"if only\": In finite clauses after \"would rather\" and \"it's (high) time\", the past tense is used: After \"would rather\" the present subjunctive is also sometimes possible: \"I'd rather you/he come with me.\" After all of the above expressions (though not normally \"it's (high) time\") the past subjunctive \"were\" may be used instead of \"was\": Note that other syntactic patterns are possible with most of these expressions. The verb \"wish\" can be used with a \"to\"-infinitive or as an ordinary transitive verb (\"I wish to talk\"; \"I wish you good health\"). The expressions \"would rather\" and \"it's time\" can also be followed by a \"to\"-infinitive. After the verb \"hope\" the above rules do not apply; instead the logically expected tense is used, except that often the present tense is used with future meaning: Verbs often undergo tense changes in indirect speech. This commonly occurs in content clauses (typically \"that\"-clauses and indirect questions), when governed by a predicate of saying (thinking, knowing, etc.) which is in the past tense or conditional mood. In this situation the following tense and aspect changes occur relative to the original words: Verb forms not covered by any of the above rules (verbs already in the past perfect, or formed with \"would\" or other modals not having a preterite equivalent) do not change. Note that application of the above rules is not compulsory; sometimes the original verb tense is retained, particularly when the statement (with the original tense) remains equally valid at the moment of reporting: Note also that the above tense changes do not apply", "Verbs often undergo tense changes in indirect speech. This commonly occurs in content clauses (typically \"that\"-clauses and indirect questions), when governed by a predicate of saying (thinking, knowing, etc.) which is in the past tense or conditional mood. In this situation the following tense and aspect changes occur relative to the original words: Verb forms not covered by any of the above rules (verbs already in the past perfect, or formed with \"would\" or other modals not having a preterite equivalent) do not change. Note that application of the above rules is not compulsory; sometimes the original verb tense is retained, particularly when the statement (with the original tense) remains equally valid at the moment of reporting: Note also that the above tense changes do not apply when the verb of saying (etc.) is not past or conditional in form; in particular there are no such changes when that verb is in the present perfect: \"He has said that he likes apples.\" For further details, and information about other grammatical and lexical changes that take place in indirect speech, see indirect speech and sequence of tenses. For related passive constructions (of the type \"it is said that\" and \"she is said to\"), see . Apart from the special cases referred to in the sections above, many other dependent clauses use a tense that might not logically be expected – in particular the present tense is used when the reference is to future time, and the past tense is used when the reference is to a hypothetical situation (in other words, the form with \"will\" is replaced by the present tense, and the form with \"would\" by the past tense). This occurs in condition clauses (as mentioned above), in clauses of time and place, and in many relative clauses: In the above examples, the simple present is used instead of the simple future, even though the reference is to future time. Examples of similar uses with other tense–aspect combinations are given below: This does not apply to all dependent clauses, however; if the future time or hypothetical reference is expressed in the dependent clause independently of the main clause, then a form with \"will\" or \"would\" in a dependent clause is possible: The main uses of the various nonfinite verb forms (infinitives, participles and gerunds) are described in the following sections. For how these forms are made, see above. For more information on distinguishing between the various uses that use the form in \"-ing\", see \"-ing\": Uses. A bare infinitive (the base form of the verb, without the particle \"to\"), or an infinitive phrase introduced by such a verb, may be used as follows: The form of the bare infinitive is also commonly taken as the dictionary form or citation form (lemma) of an English verb. For perfect and progressive (continuous) infinitive constructions, see below. The \"to\"-infinitive consists of the bare infinitive introduced by the particle \"to\". Outside dictionary headwords, it is commonly used as a citation form of the English verb (\"How do we conjugate the verb \"to go\"?\") It is also commonly given as a translation of foreign infinitives (\"The French word \"boire\" means 'to drink'.\") Other modifiers may be placed between \"to\" and the verb (as in \"to boldly go\"; \"to slowly drift away\"), but this is sometimes regarded by some as a grammatical or stylistic error – see split infinitive for details. The main uses of \"to\"-infinitives, or infinitive phrases introduced by them, are as follows: In many of the above uses, the implied subject of the infinitive can be marked using a prepositional phrase with \"for\": \"This game is easy for a child to play\", etc. However this does not normally apply when the infinitive is the complement of a verb (other than the copula, and certain verbs that allow a construction with \"for\", such as \"wait\": \"They waited for us to arrive\"). It also does not apply in elliptical questions, or in fixed expressions such as \"so as to\", \"am to\", etc. (although it does apply in \"in order to\"). When the verb is implied, the \"to\"-infinitive may be reduced to simply \"to\": \"Do I have to?\" See verb phrase ellipsis. For perfect and progressive infinitives, such as \"(to) have written\" and \"(to) be writing\", see below. The present participle is one of the uses of the \"-ing\" form of a verb. This usage is adjectival or adverbial. The main uses of this participle, or of participial phrases introduced by it, are as follows. (Uses of gerunds and verbal nouns, which take the same \"-ing\" form, appear in sections below.) For present participle constructions with perfect aspect (e.g. \"having written\"), see below. Present participles may come to be used as pure adjectives (see Types of participle). Examples of participles that do this frequently are \"interesting\", \"exciting\", and \"enduring\". Such words may then take various adjectival prefixes and suffixes, as in \"uninteresting\" and \"interestingly\". English past participles have both active and passive uses. In a passive use, an object or preposition complement becomes zero, the gap being understood to be filled by the noun phrase the participle modifies (compare similar uses of the \"to\"-infinitive above). Uses of past participles and participial phrases introduced by them are as follows: The last type of phrase can be preceded with the preposition \"with\": \"With these words spoken, he turned and left.\" As with present participles, past participles may function as simple adjectives: \"the \"burnt\" logs\"; \"we were very \"excited\"\". These normally represent the passive meaning of the participle, although some participles formed from intransitive verbs can be used in an active sense: \"the \"fallen\" leaves\"; \"our \"fallen\" comrades\". In standard English, there are three derivational forms of the verb: non-past, past and past participle, as in \"go, went, have gone\", though not all verbs distinguish all three (for example, \"say, said, have said\"). However, a great many English speakers only distinguish two of these, using the same form for the past and past participle with all verbs. For most verbs, it's the past-tense form that's used as the participle, as in \"I should have went\" for \"I should have gone\". With a very few verbs, such as \"do\", \"see\" and \"be\", it's the past-participle form that is used for the simple past, as in \"I seen it yesterday\" and \"I done it\". The gerund takes the same form (ending in \"-ing\") as the present participle, but is used as a noun (or rather the verb phrase introduced by the gerund is used as a noun phrase). Many uses of gerunds are thus similar to noun uses of the infinitive. Uses of gerunds and gerund phrases are illustrated below: It is considered grammatically correct to express the agent (logical subject) of a gerund using a possessive form (\"they object to my helping them\"), although in informal English a simple noun or pronoun is often used instead (\"they object to me helping them\"). For details see fused participle. For gerund constructions with perfect aspect (e.g. \"(my) having written\"), see below. There are also nonfinite constructions that are marked for perfect, progressive or perfect progressive aspect, using the infinitives, participles or gerunds of the appropriate auxiliaries. The meanings are as would be expected for the respective aspects: perfect for prior occurrence, progressive for ongoing occurrence at a particular time. (Passive voice can also be marked in nonfinite constructions – with infinitives, gerunds and present participles – in the expected way: \"(to) be eaten\", \"being eaten\", \"having been eaten\", etc.) Examples of nonfinite constructions marked for the various aspects are given below. Bare infinitive: \"To\"-infinitive: Present participle: Past participle: Gerund: Other aspectual, temporal and modal information can be marked on nonfinite verbs using periphrastic constructions. For example, a \"future infinitive\" can be constructed using forms such as \"(to) be going to eat\" or \"(to) be about to eat\". Certain words are formed", "appropriate auxiliaries. The meanings are as would be expected for the respective aspects: perfect for prior occurrence, progressive for ongoing occurrence at a particular time. (Passive voice can also be marked in nonfinite constructions – with infinitives, gerunds and present participles – in the expected way: \"(to) be eaten\", \"being eaten\", \"having been eaten\", etc.) Examples of nonfinite constructions marked for the various aspects are given below. Bare infinitive: \"To\"-infinitive: Present participle: Past participle: Gerund: Other aspectual, temporal and modal information can be marked on nonfinite verbs using periphrastic constructions. For example, a \"future infinitive\" can be constructed using forms such as \"(to) be going to eat\" or \"(to) be about to eat\". Certain words are formed from verbs, but are used as common nouns or adjectives, without any of the grammatical behavior of verbs. These are sometimes called verbal nouns or adjectives, but they are also called deverbal nouns and deverbal adjectives, to distinguish them from the truly \"verbal\" forms such as gerunds and participles. Besides its nonfinite verbal uses as a gerund or present participle, the \"-ing\" form of a verb is also used as a deverbal noun, denoting an activity or occurrence in general, or a specific action or event (or sometimes a more distant meaning, such as \"building\" or \"piping\" denoting an object or system of objects). One can compare the construction and meaning of noun phrases formed using the \"-ing\" form as a gerund, and of those formed using the same \"-ing\" form as a deverbal noun. Some points are noted below: Some \"-ing\" forms, particularly those such as \"boring\", \"exciting\", \"interesting\", can also serve as deverbal adjectives (distinguished from the present participle in much the same way as the deverbal noun is distinguished from the gerund). There are also many other nouns and adjectives derived from particular verbs, such as \"competition\" and \"competitive\" from the verb \"compete\" (as well as other types such as agent nouns). For more information see verbal noun, deverbal noun and deverbal adjective. For more on the distinction between the various uses of the \"-ing\" form of verbs, see \"-ing\". Uses of English verb forms This article describes the uses of various verb forms in modern standard English language. This includes: The uses considered include expression of tense (time reference), aspect, mood and modality, in various configurations. For details of how inflected forms of verbs are produced in English, see English verbs. For the grammatical structure of clauses, including word order, see English clause syntax. For certain other particular topics, see the articles listed in the adjacent box. For non-standard dialect forms and antique forms, see individual dialect articles and the article, thou. A typical English" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Do You Dreams Come True? Do You Dreams Come True? is Dreams Come True's fifteenth studio album. It was released on March 21, 2009, which coincides with the release of their debut single in 1989. It was released in three formats: Regular edition (CD only), limited edition A (2CDs) and limited edition B (CD+DVD). The album reached the top spot on the weekly albums chart despite having been on sale for only four days, giving them their twelfth number-one album and setting the record for most number-one albums by a female vocal group; putting them ahead of the late Zard and Every Little Thing. On its third week the album rose back to number one, their first album in fourteen years to do so. The album was certified Triple Platinum for shipment of 750,000 copies. It is also the first DCT album to be released under Nayutawave Records, a sub-label of Universal Music Japan. Do You Dreams Come True? Do You Dreams Come True? is Dreams Come True's fifteenth studio album. It was released on March 21, 2009, which coincides with the release of their debut single in 1989. It was released in three formats: Regular edition (CD only), limited" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris The Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP; French for \"Paris Institute of Earth Physics\") is a French governmental, non-profit research and higher education establishment located in Paris, dedicated to the study of earth and planetary sciences by combining observations, laboratory analysis and construction of conceptual analogical and numerical models. IPGP is part of CNRS (UMR 7154) and University Paris-Diderot. It is the second largest CNRS research unit in France. The institute has 14 research divisions and 6 observatories. IPGP is also in charge by the French government of monitoring the active volcanoes on French territories in addition to the management of the worldwide network of seismological stations GEOSCOPE, and a major contribution to the worldwide network of magnetic observatories Intermagnet. IPGP maintains permanent volcanologic observatories on the islands of Réunion (Piton de la Fournaise), Guadeloupe (La Soufrière), and Martinique (Mount Pelée). The institute also maintains several analytical facilities in applied geophysics as well as a park of a variety of geophysical instruments. IPGP maintains three campuses in the Paris area. Until 2010, its main headquarters location is inside the Jussieu Campus in the 5th arrondissement of Paris. After 2010, it moved into a state of the art dedicated facility adjacent to the Jussieu Campus, in front of the Jardin des Plantes. IPGP has a second campus located in Paris-Diderot University in the 13th arrondissement of Paris where the geodesy and space sciences research, and undergrad teaching are done. The third campus is located 6 km to the east of Paris where it conducts space and planetary science activities ranging from building geophysical space instruments and sensors to planetary data analysis. IPGP maintain a staff of nearly 500 persons. The lead investigator (P.I.) for the seismometer instrument on the international space mission to Mars, InSight (launched 2018) is from this institute. Seismic Experiment for Interior Structure (SEIS) is a seismometer intended to operate on the surface of the planet Mars, hopefully increasing understanding of that planet and in turn the solar system and Earth interiors. Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris The Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP; French for \"Paris Institute of Earth Physics\") is a French governmental, non-profit research and higher education establishment located in Paris, dedicated to the study of earth and planetary sciences by combining observations, laboratory analysis and construction of conceptual analogical and numerical" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Leona Dombrowsky Leona Dombrowsky (born April 29, 1957) is a Canadian former politician in Ontario, Canada. She was a Liberal member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1999 to 2011 who represented the ridings of Hastings—Frontenac—Lennox and Addington and Prince Edward—Hastings. She served as a cabinet minister in the government of Premier Dalton McGuinty. Dombrowsky was born in Belleville, Ontario and received a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Toronto in 1979. She was elected as a Catholic School trustee on the Hastings-Prince Edward Separate School Board in 1985, and served as its Chair from 1991 to 1996. In 1998, she was elected to the amalgamated Algonquin-Lakeshore Catholic District School Board. She was also a Director of the Ontario Catholic Trustees Association during this period, and served on the Tweed Parks & Recreation Committee from 1991 to 1997. As of 2012, she serves as a justice of the peace. Dombrowsky was elected to the Ontario legislature in the provincial election of 1999, as a Liberal in the rural riding of Hastings—Frontenac—Lennox and Addington (which surrounds the city of Kingston, Ontario) defeating incumbent Progressive Conservative Harry Danford by about 2,000 votes. The election was won by the Progressive Conservatives; despite her lack of experience, Dombrowsky soon emerged as a prominent voice in the opposition benches, serving as Official Opposition Critic for Community, Family and Children's Services and Deputy House Leader. The Liberals won the provincial election of 2003, and Dombrowsky was re-elected by about 8,000 votes over her Progressive Conservative opponent. On October 23, 2003, she was appointed Minister of the Environment. In this capacity, she was responsible for overseeing changes to the province's water supply system (the safety of which was called into question after a tragic outbreak of e-coli in Walkerton, Ontario). Dombrowsky's ministry hired more full-time water inspectors and also called for the phasing out of coal-fired electrical generating plants. On June 29, 2005 Dombrowsky became Minister of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs. On January 18, 2010, Dombrowsky was named Minister of Education. In the 2011 election, she lost her seat to Progressive Conservative Todd Smith. Leona Dombrowsky Leona Dombrowsky (born April 29, 1957) is a Canadian former politician in Ontario, Canada. She was a Liberal member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1999 to 2011 who represented the ridings of Hastings—Frontenac—Lennox and Addington and Prince Edward—Hastings. She served as a cabinet minister in" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Thomas Wenman The Honourable Thomas Francis Wenman FRS (18 November 1745 – 8 April 1796) was a British professor, natural historian, and antiquarian. Wenman was the second son of Philip Wenman, 6th Viscount Wenman and his wife Sophia, daughter and co-heiress of James Herbert of Tythorpe. He was born at Thame Park, near Thame, Oxfordshire in 1745. He was educated at University College, Oxford, matriculating on 22 October 1762. On 12 May 1764, he was admitted to the Inner Temple as a student. In 1765, while studying law, he was elected a fellow of All Souls College, Oxford, and in 1770, he was called to the bar. He received degrees in civil law from Oxford as well, becoming a BCL in 1771 and a DCL in 1780. Wenman unsuccessfully contested Wallingford in 1774, but was returned for Westbury, and sat in the House of Commons for the constituency until 1780. Wenman was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society on 21 January 1779. Perhaps due to his antiquarian propensities, he was elected Keeper of the Archives of Oxford University on 15 January 1781, and was made deputy steward of the University in December. In 1789, he was appointed Regius Professor of Civil Law in succession to Robert Vansittart, but his real interest lay in natural history and botany. While collecting specimens, he fell into the River Cherwell, near Water Eaton, and was drowned on 8 April 1796. He was buried in the chapel of All Souls on 15 April 1796. Thomas Wenman The Honourable Thomas Francis Wenman FRS (18 November 1745 – 8 April 1796) was a British professor, natural historian, and antiquarian. Wenman was the second son of Philip Wenman, 6th Viscount Wenman and his wife Sophia, daughter and co-heiress of James Herbert of Tythorpe. He was born at" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "I Aim at the Stars I Aim at the Stars is a 1960 biographical film which tells the story of the life of Wernher von Braun. The film covers his life from his early days in Germany, through Peenemünde, until his work with the U.S. Army, NASA, and the American space program. The film stars Curt Jürgens, Victoria Shaw, Herbert Lom, Gia Scala, and James Daly. The movie was written by Jay Dratler based on a story by George Froeschel, H. W. John, and Udo Wolter. It was directed by J. Lee Thompson. The film was premiered in Munich on 19 August 1960; it subsequently opened in New York City and Los Angeles on 19 October and London on 24 November. In Germany the film was titled \"Ich greife nach den Sternen\" (\"I Reach for the Stars\"). In Italy the film was released as \"Alla Conquista dell' Infinito\". Satirist Mort Sahl and others are often credited with suggesting the subtitle \"(But Sometimes I Hit London)\", but in fact the line appears in the film itself, spoken by actor James Daly, who plays the cynical American press officer. Dell published a comic book adaptation of the film with art by Jack Sparling as Four Color #1148 (Oct. 1960). I Aim at the Stars I Aim at the Stars is a 1960 biographical film which tells the story of the life of Wernher von Braun. The film covers his life from his early days in Germany, through Peenemünde, until his work with the U.S. Army, NASA, and the American space program. The film stars Curt Jürgens, Victoria Shaw, Herbert Lom, Gia Scala, and James Daly. The movie was written by Jay Dratler based on a story by George Froeschel, H. W. John, and Udo Wolter. It was directed by J. Lee Thompson." ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "San Antonio, Nueva Ecija ', officially the ', is a in the province of , . According to the , it has a population of people. The present name of the town was given in 1843 in honor of the patron saint, San Antonio Abad, by Father Leocadio Luis, the first priest of the town. Before its organization and recognition as a town by means of a decree promulgated during the Spanish regime, this was a barangay of Gapan and was known as Barrio Delinquente. San Antonio was previously called as the barrio of Delinquente as old residents claimed that the name Delinquente originated by the sinking of a Casco (big boat / banca ) fully loaded with palay in Pampanga River. It was partitioned from the town of Gapan in 1843 by the order of Governor General Marcelino Oraa, along with the town of San Isidro. The movement of the separation of Barrio Delinquente from the town of Gapan, and its organization as an independent municipality. was ignited in 1839.The petition of the residents of Barrio Delinquente was finally approved in November 1842 but the definite separation from the town of Gapan took place in 1843. It is bounded by the towns of Jaen to its eastern side, Zaragosa is to the north, Cabiao and San Isidro, and Concepcion in the Province of Tarlac is at its western border. From Manila the popular route going to San Antonio is via the North Luzon Expressway (NLEX), exiting at San Simon and head on to Jose Abad Santos Avenue turning right towards Arayat, Pampanga. Reaching the town of San Isidro, turn left to the road leading to San Antonio. The other route is to exit the NLEX at Santa Rita and traverse the Pan-Philippine Highway across the length of the Province of Bulacan up to Gapan City in Nueva ecija and turning left on the Gapan-Olongapo Road. Municipal elected official (2016–present): San Antonio is divided into 16 barangays. The people of San Antonio primarily depends on rice farming. The intercropping planting of vegetables, like ampalaya and beans, is common. In the past, watermelons and melons were part of the intercropping. Tricycle operating and driving became a significant form of living, aside from those who are employed in the municipality, emergency hospitals, post office. health centers and the like. The town has also employed public school teachers in Central School and barangays. Medium-sized entrepreneurs operate businesses as market stall owners and stores around the town and barangays are other source of living. Available transports from the town to Manila are New RL Transport owned by the Lamsons and Five Star Bus Company. In the past, there were New E. Jose Trans. and Baliwag Transit, plying the same route. There are few folks who engaged in fishing from nearby Along Along River or Chico River. There is a known tilapia raiser within the area of Palaisdaan ng Bayan. San Antonio, Nueva Ecija ', officially the ', is a in the province of ," ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Weyl group In mathematics, in particular the theory of Lie algebras, the Weyl group of a root system Φ is a subgroup of the isometry group of the root system. Specifically, it is the subgroup which is generated by reflections through the hyperplanes orthogonal to the roots, and as such is a finite reflection group. Abstractly, Weyl groups are finite Coxeter groups, and are important examples of these. The Weyl group of a semisimple Lie group, a semisimple Lie algebra, a semisimple linear algebraic group, etc. is the Weyl group of the root system of that group or algebra. It is named after Hermann Weyl. Let formula_1 be a root system in a Euclidean space formula_2. For each root formula_3, let formula_4 denote the reflection about the hyperplane perpendicular to formula_5, which is given explicitly as where formula_7 is the inner product on formula_2. The Weyl group formula_9 of formula_1 is the subgroup of the orthogonal group formula_11 generated by all the formula_4's. By the definition of a root system, each formula_4 preserves formula_1, from which it follows that formula_9 is a finite group. In the case of the formula_16 root system, for example, the hyperplanes perpendicular to the roots are just lines, and the Weyl group is the symmetry group of an equilateral triangle, as indicated in the figure. As a group, formula_9 is isomorphic to the permutation group on three elements, which we may think of as the vertices of the triangle. Note that in this case, formula_9 is not the full symmetry group of the root system; a 60-degree rotation preserves formula_1 but is not an element of formula_9. We may consider also the formula_21 root system. In this case, formula_2 is the space of all vectors in formula_23 whose entries sum to zero. The roots consist of the vectors of the form formula_24, where formula_25 is the formula_26th standard basis element for formula_23. The reflection associated to such a root is the transformation of formula_2 obtained by interchanging the formula_26th and formula_30th entries of each vector. The Weyl group for formula_21 is then the permutation group on formula_32 elements. If formula_33 is a root system, we may consider the hyperplane perpendicular to each root formula_5. Recall that formula_35 denotes the reflection about the hyperplane and that the Weyl group is the group of transformations of formula_2 generated by all the formula_35's. The complement of the set of hyperplanes is disconnected, and each connected component is called a Weyl chamber. If we have fixed a particular set Δ of simple roots, we may define the fundamental Weyl chamber associated to Δ as the set of points formula_38 such that formula_39 for all formula_40. Since the reflections formula_41 preserve formula_1, they also preserve the set of hyperplanes perpendicular to the roots. Thus, each Weyl group element permutes the Weyl chambers. The figure illustrates the case of the A2 root system. The \"hyperplanes\" (in this case, one dimensional) orthogonal to the roots are indicated by dashed lines. The six 60-degree sectors are the Weyl chambers and the shaded region is the fundamental Weyl chamber associated to the indicated base. A basic general theorem about Weyl chambers is this: A related result is this one: A key result about the Weyl group is this: That is to say, the group generated by the reflections formula_53 is the same as the group generated by the reflections formula_54. Meanwhile, if formula_5 and formula_56 are in formula_48, then the Dynkin diagram for formula_1 relative to the base formula_48 tells us something about how the pair formula_60 behaves. Specifically, suppose formula_45 and formula_62 are the corresponding vertices in the Dynkin diagram. Then we have the following results: The preceding claim is not hard to verify, if we simply remember what the Dynkin diagram tells us about the angle between each pair of roots. If, for example, there is no bond between the two vertices, then formula_5 and formula_56 are orthogonal, from which it follows easily that the corresponding reflections commute. More generally, the number of bonds determines the angle formula_81 between the roots. The product of the two reflections is then a rotation by angle formula_82 in the plane spanned by formula_5 and formula_56, as the reader may verify, from which the above claim follows easily. Weyl groups are examples of finite reflection groups, as they are generated by reflections; the abstract groups (not considered as subgroups of a linear group) are accordingly finite Coxeter groups, which allows them to be classified by their Coxeter–Dynkin diagram. Being a Coxeter group means that a Weyl group has a special kind of presentation in which each generator \"x\" is of order two, and the relations other than \"x\" are of the form (\"x\"\"x\"). The generators are the reflections given by simple roots, and \"m\" is 2, 3, 4, or 6 depending on whether roots \"i\" and \"j\" make an angle of 90, 120, 135, or 150 degrees, i.e., whether in the Dynkin diagram they are unconnected, connected by a simple edge, connected by a double edge, or connected by a triple edge. We have already noted these relations in the bullet points above, but to say that formula_9 is a Coxeter group, we are saying that those are the \"only\" relations in formula_9. Weyl groups have a Bruhat order and length function in terms of this presentation: the \"length\" of a Weyl group element is the length of the shortest word representing that element in terms of these standard generators. There is a unique longest element of a Coxeter group, which is opposite to the identity in the Bruhat order. Above, the Weyl group was defined as a subgroup of the isometry group of a root system. There are also various definitions of Weyl groups specific to various group-theoretic and geometric contexts (Lie algebra, Lie group, symmetric space, etc.). For each of these ways of defining Weyl groups, it is a (usually nontrivial) theorem that it is a Weyl group in the sense of the definition at the top of this article, namely the Weyl group of some root system associated with the object. A concrete realization of such a Weyl group usually depends on a choice – e.g. of Cartan subalgebra for a Lie algebra, of maximal torus for a Lie group. Let formula_87 be a connected compact Lie group and let formula_88 be a maximal torus in formula_87. We then introduce the normalizer of formula_88 in formula_87, denoted formula_92 and defined as We also define the centralizer of formula_88 in formula_87, denoted formula_96 and defined as The Weyl group formula_9 of formula_87 (relative to the given maximal torus formula_88) is then defined initially as Eventually, one proves that formula_102, at which point one has an alternative description of the Weyl group as Now, one can define a root system formula_1 associated to the pair formula_105; the roots are the nonzero weights of the adjoint action of formula_88 on the Lie algebra of formula_87. For each formula_3, one can construct an element formula_109 of formula_92 whose action on formula_88 has the form of reflection. With a bit more effort, one can show that these reflections generate all of formula_112. Thus, in the end, the Weyl group as defined as formula_113 or formula_112 is isomorphic to the Weyl group of the root system formula_1. For a complex semisimple Lie algebra, the Weyl group is simply \"defined\" as the reflection group generated by reflections in the roots – the specific realization of the root system depending on a choice of Cartan subalgebra. For a Lie group \"G\" satisfying certain conditions, given a torus \"T\" < \"G\" (which need not be maximal), the Weyl group \"with respect to\" that torus is defined as the quotient of the normalizer of the torus \"N\" = \"N\"(\"T\") = \"N\"(\"T\") by the centralizer of the torus \"Z\" = \"Z\"(\"T\") = \"Z\"(\"T\"), The group \"W\" is finite – \"Z\" is of finite index in \"N\". If \"T\" = \"T\" is a maximal torus (so it equals its own centralizer: formula_117) then the", "Thus, in the end, the Weyl group as defined as formula_113 or formula_112 is isomorphic to the Weyl group of the root system formula_1. For a complex semisimple Lie algebra, the Weyl group is simply \"defined\" as the reflection group generated by reflections in the roots – the specific realization of the root system depending on a choice of Cartan subalgebra. For a Lie group \"G\" satisfying certain conditions, given a torus \"T\" < \"G\" (which need not be maximal), the Weyl group \"with respect to\" that torus is defined as the quotient of the normalizer of the torus \"N\" = \"N\"(\"T\") = \"N\"(\"T\") by the centralizer of the torus \"Z\" = \"Z\"(\"T\") = \"Z\"(\"T\"), The group \"W\" is finite – \"Z\" is of finite index in \"N\". If \"T\" = \"T\" is a maximal torus (so it equals its own centralizer: formula_117) then the resulting quotient \"N\"/\"Z\" = \"N\"/\"T\" is called \"the\" Weyl group of \"G\", and denoted \"W\"(\"G\"). Note that the specific quotient set depends on a choice of maximal torus, but the resulting groups are all isomorphic (by an inner automorphism of \"G\"), since maximal tori are conjugate. If \"G\" is compact and connected, and \"T\" is a \"maximal\" torus, then the Weyl group of \"G\" is isomorphic to the Weyl group of its Lie algebra, as discussed above. For example, for the general linear group \"GL,\" a maximal torus is the subgroup \"D\" of invertible diagonal matrices, whose normalizer is the generalized permutation matrices (matrices in the form of permutation matrices, but with any non-zero numbers in place of the '1's), and whose Weyl group is the symmetric group. In this case the quotient map \"N\" → \"N\"/\"T\" splits (via the permutation matrices), so the normalizer \"N\" is a semidirect product of the torus and the Weyl group, and the Weyl group can be expressed as a subgroup of \"G\". In general this is not always the case – the quotient does not always split, the normalizer \"N\" is not always the semidirect product of \"W\" and \"Z,\" and the Weyl group cannot always be realized as a subgroup of \"G.\" If \"B\" is a Borel subgroup of \"G\", i.e., a maximal connected solvable subgroup and a maximal torus \"T\" = \"T\" is chosen to lie in \"B\", then we obtain the Bruhat decomposition which gives rise to the decomposition of the flag variety \"G\"/\"B\" into Schubert cells (see Grassmannian). The structure of the Hasse diagram of the group is related geometrically to the cohomology of the manifold (rather, of the real and complex forms of the group), which is constrained by Poincaré duality. Thus algebraic properties of the Weyl group correspond to general topological properties of manifolds. For instance, Poincaré duality gives a pairing between cells in dimension \"k\" and in dimension \"n\" - \"k\" (where \"n\" is the dimension of a manifold): the bottom (0) dimensional cell corresponds to the identity element of the Weyl group, and the dual top-dimensional cell corresponds to the longest element of a Coxeter group. There are a number of analogies between algebraic groups and Weyl groups – for instance, the number of elements of the symmetric group is \"n\"!, and the number of elements of the general linear group over a finite field is related to the \"q\"-factorial formula_119; thus the symmetric group behaves as though it were a linear group over \"the field with one element\". This is formalized by the field with one element, which considers Weyl groups to be simple algebraic groups over the field with one element. For a non-abelian connected compact Lie group \"G,\" the first group cohomology of the Weyl group \"W\" with coefficients in the maximal torus \"T\" used to define it, is related to the outer automorphism group of the normalizer formula_120 as: The outer automorphisms of the group Out(\"G\") are essentially the diagram automorphisms of the Dynkin diagram, while the group cohomology is computed in and is a finite elementary abelian 2-group (formula_122); for simple Lie groups it has order 1, 2, or 4. The 0th and 2nd group cohomology are also closely related to the normalizer. Weyl group In mathematics, in particular the theory of Lie algebras, the Weyl group of a root system" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Lisa Stewart (album) Lisa Stewart is the only album by American country music artist Lisa Stewart. It was released in January 1993 via BNA Records. The album includes the singles \"Somebody's in Love\", \"Under the Light of the Texaco\" and \"Drive Time\". \"Entertainment Weekly\" critic Alanna Nash gave the album a C- rating, referring to it as the \"Crystal Gayle brand of gooey ear candy.\" Neil Pond of \"Country America\" magazine gave a favorable review, saying that the album's production recalled the Nashville sound of the 1960s, and that Stewart \"is one talented singer who knows how to reconcile the anchor of tradition with the tide of progress.\" \"Is It Love\" is omitted from the cassette version. As listed in liner notes. Strings performed by the Nashville String Machine, conducted by Carl Gorodetzky and arranged by Charles Calello. Lisa Stewart (album) Lisa Stewart is the only album by American country music artist Lisa Stewart. It was released in January 1993 via BNA Records. The album includes the singles \"Somebody's in Love\", \"Under the Light of the Texaco\" and \"Drive Time\". \"Entertainment Weekly\" critic Alanna Nash gave the album a C- rating, referring to it as the \"Crystal Gayle brand of" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "David P. Silverman David P. Silverman is an American archaeologist and Egyptologist. He received an undergraduate degree from Rutgers University where he majored in art history. He later studied Egyptology as a graduate student at the University of Chicago where he received his PhD. Shortly after, he took a position at the international \"Treasures of Tutankhamun\" exhibit which originally ran from 1977 to 1982, and continued to work as curator on subsequent exhibits. Following this, he has worked at variety of locations such as at the Field Museum in Chicago. Since 1996, he has been Eckley Brinton Coxe, Jr. Professor of Egyptology at the University of Pennsylvania and head curator of the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology's Egyptian section. Along side this, he currently teaches an online course through Coursera called \"Introduction to Ancient Egypt and Its Civilization\". Some of his archaeological work has included excavations at Bersheh and Saqqara . David P. Silverman David P. Silverman is an American archaeologist and Egyptologist. He received an undergraduate degree from Rutgers University where he majored in art history. He later studied Egyptology as a graduate student at the University of Chicago where he received his PhD. Shortly after," ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Harry K. Newburn Harry Kenneth Newburn (January 1, 1906 – August 25, 1974) was an American educator. He served as the president of various universities during the mid-20th century. Newburn was born on January 1, 1906, in the town of Cuba, Illinois. He attended Western Illinois State Teachers College, earning his bachelor's degree in education there and later earning his master's and Ph.D from the University of Iowa. After earning his Ph.D, he remained at Iowa as an assistant professor, rising to the position of dean of its College of Liberal Arts. In 1945, he became President of the University of Oregon. At Oregon, Newburn confronted a growing university on an understaffed and underbuilt campus. To attract new faculty to replace the many retiring longtime members, Newburn convinced the state legislature to allow salary increases and thus be more competitive in seeking highly qualified professors. To address the inadequate physical plant, temporary buildings were erected, including quonset huts used as classrooms, and other, more permanent structures, such as Emerald Hall, the Erb Memorial Union, Carson Hall and Allen Hall. Under Newburn, the university also increased its library holdings and its production of graduate degrees. Newbury resigned from Oregon in 1953 to serve as the first president of the Educational Television and Radio Center, a project of the Ford Foundation, and served as a consultant to the foundation in 1958. In 1959, he arrived at the University of Montana. During his four-year tenure in Missoula, Newburn orchestrated several projects, including a reorganization of staff, the demolition of older buildings, and increasing pay for faculty and allotments for research. In 1963, he left Montana when he was asked to reorganize Arizona State University's Center for the Study of Higher Education. While remaining on ASU's faculty, Newbury served as the interim president of Cleveland State University from 1965–66, a position he would return to in 1972–73. He was named dean of ASU's college of education in 1968 and was brought on as acting president in 1969 after the resignation of G. Homer Durham as president. He became the permanent president of ASU in 1970, a year in which he bucked with university administration and the Arizona Board of Regents by refusing to support the termination of Morris Starsky. Nearing the end of his academic career, Newburn did not desire to take on another presidency position, but he agreed to serve as ASU's president until a more permanent replacement was named. In 1971, John W. Schwada became ASU's 13th president. After his second yearlong tenure as interim president of Cleveland State, Newburn returned to the Phoenix area, where he died of a heart attack on August 25, 1974. Harry K. Newburn Harry Kenneth Newburn (January 1, 1906 – August 25, 1974) was an American educator. He served as the president of various universities during the mid-20th century. Newburn was born on January 1, 1906, in the town of Cuba, Illinois. He attended Western Illinois State Teachers College, earning his bachelor's degree in education there" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Insight (Maciek Pysz album) Insight is an album by jazz musician Maciek Pysz, released in May 2013 on 33 Jazz Records. All tracks are composed by Pysz, except track 3, which is jointly composed and arranged by Gianluca Corona and Maciek Pysz. \"Insight\" received universally favourable reviews. The critic Stephen Graham proclaimed \"an album that announces a major new presence on the jazz guitar scene\". Peter Bacon in The Jazz Breakfast wrote \"Maciek Pysz himself plays both acoustic and classical guitars, though so rich is the recording quality and so varied the sounds he manages to get that you’d swear sometimes there was electricity involved.\" In London Jazz News, Al Ryan wrote \"There is an intuition or shorthand between the musicians that brings together some of the freshest musical ideas and worldwide musical influences to jazz. This CD is a culmination of three years of playing and touring together and the vibe and connection is obvious in the music.\" And Ian Mann wrote \"Pysz's highly melodic writing and well delineated and unhurried playing style make for a highly satisfying and often beautiful album.\" Jack Massarik in Jazzwise described it as \"melodic music played with sensitivity and conviction in a style that borrows more from folk and contemporary classical music than jazz...\" Adam Baruch praised the sound quality of the album, stating there is \"an astonishing sonic ambience\" and awarded the album four stars out of five. In Jazzitalia, Gianni Montano described \"catchy melodies...harmoniously developed\" with simple music deceptive only in appearance, and where the search for particular nuances and tonal gradation are expressed in a coherent and consistent expansion. Other critics have mentioned that the deceptive simplicity of \"Insight\" is its greatest strength. Marcin Pulawski in Laboratorium Muzycznych Fuzji wrote of the painterly qualities of the music, of the shadows and light, warmth and colour, which give the listener a sense of truth and beauty. He gave the album eight out of ten stars. All compositions by Maciek Pysz except track 3, \"Amici\", which is by Maciek Pysz and Gianluca Corona Insight (Maciek Pysz album) Insight is an album by jazz musician Maciek Pysz, released in May 2013 on 33 Jazz Records. All tracks are composed by Pysz, except track 3, which is jointly composed and arranged by Gianluca Corona and Maciek Pysz. \"Insight\" received universally favourable reviews. The critic Stephen Graham proclaimed \"an album that announces a major new" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Alliance of Patriots for a Free and Sovereign Congo The Alliance of Patriots for a Free and Sovereign Congo (, known by the acronym APCLS) is an armed militia group which operates in the north-east of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. APCLS is traditionally active in Masisi Territory, North Kivu and is considered one of the largest \"mai-mai\" (local or ethnic militia) groups operating in the province. Formed in 2006, the APCLS draws most of its support from the Hunde ethnic group and its ideology is founded on opposition to the Tutsi ethnic groups. It is a belligerent in the ongoing Kivu conflict and is led by Janvier Buingo Karairi. The APCLS was formed as part of the Resisting Congolese Patriots (\"Patriotes Résistants Congolais\", or PARECO) group in 2006 and was originally known as PARECO-Hunde. The group split from PARECO in 2008 after the Goma Accords. The militia counts around 1,500 men and is funded by the profits of artisanal mining of gold and cassiterite, as well through the support of wealthy members of the Hunde ethnic group. In the past, the group has co-operated with the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (\"Forces démocratiques de libération du Rwanda\", FDLR), a Hutu \"Interahamwe\" rebel group from neighbouring Rwanda. During the M23 rebellion (2012-13), the APCLS co-operated with Congolese government forces to suppress the largely-Tutsi March 23 Movement. Sporadic fighting between government forces, backed by the United Nations MONUSCO peacekeeping mission, and APCLS continued for several years. In March 2015, government forces launched a major offensive against the APCLS in Masisi Territory. In August 2016, the APCLS, together with another militia group Mai-Mai Nyatura, announced that they would sign a peace agreement with the central government. Alliance of Patriots for a Free and Sovereign Congo The Alliance of Patriots" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Lainio River The Lainio River (, Meankieli: \"Lainionjoki\" or \"Lainionväylä\") is a river in Kiruna Municipality in the far north of Swedish Lapland. Its source is a mountain lake, Råstojaure (Meankieli: \"Rostujärvi\"), which lies along the border with Norway. 200 km from its source, the Lainio River flows into the Torne River, which eventually flows into the Gulf of Bothnia. Towns along the River Lainio include Kangos, Övre Soppero, Nedre Soppero, Laanavaara, and Lainio. The Lainio River is considered one of Europe's finest fishing rivers, and has abundant supplies of pike, European perch, grayling and trout, and salmon in July and August. Swedish and English language website containing pictures and visitor information: Lainio River The Lainio River (, Meankieli: \"Lainionjoki\" or \"Lainionväylä\") is a river in Kiruna Municipality in the far north of Swedish Lapland. Its source is a mountain lake, Råstojaure (Meankieli: \"Rostujärvi\"), which lies along the border with Norway. 200 km from its source, the Lainio River flows into the Torne River, which eventually flows into the Gulf of Bothnia. Towns along the River Lainio include Kangos, Övre Soppero, Nedre Soppero, Laanavaara, and Lainio. The Lainio River is considered one of Europe's finest fishing rivers, and has abundant" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "The Greek Coffin Mystery The Greek Coffin Mystery is a 1932 novel by Ellery Queen. It is the fourth of the Ellery Queen mysteries. After the death of an elderly Greek man who is an internationally famous art dealer and collector, his attorney discovers that his will is missing and notifies the district attorney. When Inspector Richard Queen of the New York City Police Force's Homicide Squad and his amateur detective son Ellery are called in, Ellery narrows down the possible location of the will to a single location: the dead man's coffin. When it is exhumed, however, it contains no will but the surprising addition of a strangled ex-convict. Ellery performs an extended piece of deduction in public early on in the novel that concerns a number of used teacups, and is proved wrong. Stung by this embarrassing error, he keeps his deductions to himself for the remainder of the case. Subsequent clues involve color-blindness, a shred of the burned will, two copies of a Leonardo da Vinci painting differing only in skin tone, a thousand-dollar bill, a dead art dealer whose office door was either open or closed and, most importantly, an infinitesimal typing error. Ellery and his father lay a trap, unmasking the murderer— whose guilt will probably have been entirely unsuspected by most readers. (See Ellery Queen.) The character of Ellery Queen was probably suggested by the novels featuring detective Philo Vance by S.S. Van Dine, which were very popular at the time. This novel was the fourth in a long series of novels featuring Ellery Queen, the first nine containing a nationality in the title. The introduction to this novel contained some details which are now not considered part of the Ellery Queen canon. For instance, the introduction is written as by the anonymous \"J.J. McC.\", a friend of the Queens, speaks of the Queens having retired to Italy, and that the names of both Ellery Queen and his father are pseudonyms—none of these circumstances survived for long. The names of the chapters, each a single word, contain an acrostic which spells out \"The Greek Coffin Mystery by Ellery Queen\". This novel begins a tradition in the series of Ellery Queen novels. Because Ellery is publicly embarrassed by his initial error in deduction with respect to the teacups, he will never reveal any of his thoughts about this or any other murder until he is ready to solve it. The novel, and the other \"nationality\" mysteries, had the unusual feature of a \"Challenge to the Reader\" just before the ending is revealed—the novel breaks the fourth wall and speaks directly to the reader. \"Ungentle reader, you now have in your possession all the facts pertinent to the only correct solution of the ... problem. ... I say with all good will and a fierce humility: \"Garde à vous\", and a pox on headache!\" A contemporary reviewer, Will Cuppy of the \"Herald Tribune Books\", said \"\"The Greek Coffin Mystery\" is a lively and well-constructed yarn containing unusual setting, ingenuity of plot, a surprise solution and legitimate use of the analytico-deductive method.\" (Quoted in the first paperback edition, Pocket Books #179, in 1942.) The Greek Coffin Mystery The Greek Coffin Mystery is a 1932 novel by Ellery Queen. It is the fourth of the Ellery Queen mysteries. After the death of an elderly Greek man who is an internationally famous art dealer and collector, his attorney discovers that his will is missing and notifies the district attorney. When Inspector Richard Queen of the New York City Police Force's Homicide Squad and his amateur detective son Ellery are" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Bull Riding Hall of Fame The Bull Riding Hall of Fame, located at the Cowtown Coliseum in the Fort Worth Stockyards in Fort Worth, Texas, is a hall of fame for the sport of bull riding. It is incorporated as a non-profit organization in the State of Texas, and created to \"recognize, memorialize, and applaud the bull riders, bullfighters, bulls, stock contractors, events, and individuals who have had a made a historic contribution and attained stellar performance in the sport.\" Membership is open to fans worldwide. The Bull Riding Hall of Fame intends to honor all of the bull riding champions. But the hall also has other goals to preserve the history of bull riding, housing \"inductee exhibits, accomplishments, photos, videos, personal effects and much more\". The Bull Riding Hall of Fame has four categories of induction: Bull Riders, Bull Fighters, Bulls, and Legends. The inaugural class of inductions started in 2015. The hall opened its doors to the public in 2016. The founders created the Bull Riding Hall of Fame, Inc., \"to recognize bull riders, bull fighters, bulls, organizations, competitive events, and stock contractors that have achieved the ultimate level of performance in the sport of bull riding.\" The organization's activities include historical presentation, visitor education, event hosting, and managing via multiple committees. The founders were involved in overseeing the building of the foundation hall, and also maintaining the Bull Riding Hall of Fame museum at Cowtown Coliseum in Fort Worth. Husband and wife team, Bill and Tammi Putnam, were founding members and respectively served as president and treasurer. Bill Putnam's daughter, Amy Ellinger, served as secretary. The Bull Riding Hall of Fame Museum is located at Cowtown Coliseum, Fort Worth Stockyards, Fort Worth, Texas. One group of nominees is inducted into the hall each year. Inductees are selected by the nominations and votes of Annual Members, Lifetime Member, Sponsor, Memorial/In Honor Donors, and Friend of the Hall Supporters. Annual and Lifetime memberships are available for individual or couples. Sponsors can be an individual, couple, organization, or corporation. The inductees, human and animal, are among the most notable individuals and organizations in the sport. More than half of them are also inductees of the ProRodeo Hall of Fame, including bullfighter Wick Peth. Others include PRCA bull rider Lane Frost, famous for his duel with Red Rock in the Challenge of the Champions. From the Professional Bull Riders (PBR) there are several Ring of Honor holders from the which is the PBR equivalent of a Hall of Fame. Chris Shivers is still the holder of many records in the PBR and a 2013 Ring of Honor holder. Another Ring of Honor holder is bull rider Tuff Hedeman, one of the riders who conquered Bodacious. Hedeman competed in the PBR and the PRCA. He is also in the ProRodeo Hall of Fame. Out of the three bulls that have been inducted , two of them are also in the ProRodeo Hall of Fame. Tornado was inducted in 1979. Bodacious was inducted in 1999. Bodacious was the only bull to win the PRCA Bucking Bull of the Year and the PBR World Champion Bull in 1995, until Bruiser did it in 2017. Source: Source: Source: Source: Bull Riding Hall of Fame The Bull Riding Hall of Fame, located at the Cowtown Coliseum in the Fort Worth Stockyards in Fort Worth, Texas, is a hall of fame for the sport of bull riding. It is incorporated as a non-profit organization in the State of Texas, and created to \"recognize, memorialize, and applaud the bull riders, bullfighters, bulls, stock contractors, events, and individuals who" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "GSE Stadium The Evagoras Gymnastic Association Stadium (GSE Stadium) (Gymnastikos Syllogos Evagoras, Greek: Γυμναστικός Σύλλογος Ευαγόρας) is a football stadium located in Famagusta, Cyprus and was the home ground of Anorthosis and Nea Salamina. The stadium remains abandoned and in bad condition since 1974 when Turkey invaded the island of Cyprus and occupied 37.6% of it including the city of Famagusta. After the summer of 1974, Anorthosis used many football stadiums all around Cyprus like Dasaki Stadium, Aradippou Municipal Stadium, Paralimni Stadium, Tsirion Stadium, old GSZ Stadium, and new GSZ Stadium. In 1986, Anorthosis built its own stadium named Antonis Papadopoulos Stadium, located in Larnaca. Similarly, Nea Salamis Famagusta FC had used the GSZ Stadium, Dasaki Stadium, Tsirion Stadium, Deryneia, and Antonis Papadopoulos. In 1991 the club managed to build its own home stadium Ammochostos Stadium, with a 5000 seating capacity, located also in Larnaca. GSE Stadium The Evagoras Gymnastic Association Stadium (GSE Stadium) (Gymnastikos Syllogos Evagoras, Greek: Γυμναστικός Σύλλογος Ευαγόρας) is a football stadium located in Famagusta, Cyprus and was the home ground of Anorthosis and Nea Salamina. The stadium remains abandoned and in bad condition since 1974 when Turkey invaded the island of Cyprus and occupied 37.6% of" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Planets in science fiction Planets in science fiction are fictional planets that appear in various media of the science fiction genre as story-settings or depicted locations. Before Galileo turned his telescope to the heavens, the planets of the Solar System were not widely recognized as worlds, or places where a person could potentially set foot; they were visible to observers merely as bright points of light, distinguishable from stars only by their motion. In the system of Claudius Ptolemy (\"fl. c.\" 150), the Alexandrian astronomer whose works were the basis of all European astronomy throughout the Middle Ages and Renaissance, the planets were lights set into a series of transparent spheres turning around the Earth, which was the center of the one and only universe. Dante (1265–1321), in his Paradiso, describes the ascent of his narrator through the spheres of the Moon, the planets from Mercury to Saturn, and thence to the sphere of the fixed stars and the heavens of the angels. Dante implies that the light of the planets is a combination of light imparted by Divine will and the radiance of the blessed souls that inhabit the spheres. These planets are, however, entirely ethereal; they have light but no physical form and no geography. Ludovico Ariosto, in his epic Orlando Furioso (1513), jestingly sent his hero to a Moon where everything lost on Earth eventually turns up; but it was not until Galileo discovered (1609–1610) that the Moon had surface features, and that the other planets could, at least, be resolved into disks, that the concept that the planets were real physical bodies came to be taken seriously. In 1543, Nicolaus Copernicus had already posited that the planets orbited the Sun as the Earth does; combined, these two concepts led to the thought that the planets might be \"worlds\" similar to the Earth. Public expression of such concepts could be dangerous, however; Giordano Bruno was martyred in 1600 for, among other things, imagining an infinite number of other worlds, and claiming that \"Innumerable suns exist; innumerable Earths revolve about these suns ... Living beings inhabit these worlds\" in \"De l'infinito universo e mondi\" (\"Concerning the Infinite Universe and Worlds\", 1584). At the time, such speculation was of a rather rarefied sort, and was limited to astronomers like Christiaan Huygens who wrote a book, \"Cosmotheoros\" (1698) considering the possibility of life on other planets; or to philosophers like Campanella, who wrote in defense of Galileo. The concept of life on distant planets was not, however, much utilized in fiction. The most popular target of 17th century \"science fiction\" was the Moon (\"visited\" in fiction by Kepler, Godwin, Cyrano, and Defoe). Oddly, none of these fictions made use of the lunar maps contemporaneously created by Hevelius, Riccioli and others. It was quite some time before such \"extraordinary voyages\" went beyond the lunar sphere. Eberhard Kindermann sent an airship to the planets in 1744 in \"Die Geschwinde Reise auf dem Lufft-schiff nach der obern Welt\" (\"The Airship's Speedy Journey to the Upper World\"); while a traveller from the star Sirius passes inward through the Solar System, stopping at various planets in Voltaire's \"Micromégas\" (1752); followed by another outward voyage in Marie-Anne de Roumier-Robert's \"Voyage de Milord Céton dans les Sept Planètes\" (\"Lord Seton's Voyage Among the Seven Planets\", 1765). These stories were generally unscientific and tended towards the satirical rather than the purely entertaining; their subject-matter was probably inspired by the popular writings of Fontenelle, notably his \"Entretiens sur la pluralité des mondes\" (\"Conversations on the Multiplicity of Worlds\", 1686). With the rapid developments in the magnifying and resolving power of telescopes in the course of the 19th century, it finally became possible to distinguish surface features on other planets and even to draw maps of some of them, notably Mars. In 1877, Asaph Hall reported two moons of Mars and Giovanni Schiaparelli found the surface of Mars to be adorned with continents, seas, and channels, and a very suitable habitat for life. From the beginning of the 1880s, fictions – some more, some less scientific – involving travels to and from Mars began to be produced in great quantities, even though the observations of Percival Lowell required reassessment of Mars as a more marginal desert planet. Mars remained a favored destination for fictional travellers down to the early 1960s (see Mars in fiction). Since probes revealed the absence of any indications of intelligent life on Mars, the science fictional Mars has changed to a possible future home for the human race, e.g. through terraforming. Venus was never quite so popular as Mars, probably because it obdurately refused to display any surface features (it is covered with sulfuric acid clouds only dimly translucent to visible light), making any statement about its nature disturbingly speculative. In 1918, chemist Svante Arrhenius, deciding that Venus' cloud cover was necessarily water, decreed in \"The Destinies of the Stars\" that \"A very great part of the surface of Venus is no doubt covered with swamps\" and compared Venus' humidity to the tropical rain forests of the Congo. Venus thus became, until the early 1960s, a place for science fiction writers to place all manner of unusual life forms, from quasi-dinosaurs to intelligent carnivorous plants, and where hostile interactions with Venusian natives were reminiscent of European colonial projects in Africa and Asia (see Venus in fiction). In fact Venus's surface is hot enough to melt lead, and it is extremely hostile to life. Various planets of the Solar System were used as settings for science fiction stories in the first half of the 20th century; but dissatisfaction with the limits imposed by science led many writers early on to forsake the Solar System for fictional planets around distant stars. As increasing knowledge of the Solar System made the prospects of life in the vicinity of Earth marginal at best, the extrasolar planet has become almost the only venue for contemporary science fiction. In many works of science fiction, planets are only described casually, as points of origin and departure, or as interchangeable backdrops for space battles. This is particularly true of space opera. In other works, the planet takes center stage as the primary scene of events, and particular attention is paid to its environment and any culture that may exist on it. Adventure stories that stick to a single, well-described planet are sometimes called planetary romances; some of these planets are not very realistic and are effectively fantasy worlds. Planets may be treated in different ways depending both on the interests of the author and the genre he or she is writing in. In some stories, a planet is mainly considered as an object in space: the interest of the fiction depends upon its astronomical characteristics, such as its mass, its geological composition, its atmosphere, how many moons it has and what size they are, how close it is to its sun (or suns) and how hot they are. Such considerations are found prominently though not exclusively in the hard science fiction genre. In other stories, a planet is considered as a world or setting. Such a planet will be described from the point of view of a person dwelling on it, rather than from the point of view of an outside observer: the fiction may describe its geography, its history, and the social and cultural characteristics of its civilizations. Since authors usually adopt human protagonists, such planets are typically described as very hospitable to human life and, other than in geography, nearly indistinguishable from Earth; Brian Stableford calls such planets \"Earth-Clones\". Conversely some fictional worlds are never more than marginally habitable, which has a profound effect on societies that developed or moved there. Numerous examples of this are to", "though not exclusively in the hard science fiction genre. In other stories, a planet is considered as a world or setting. Such a planet will be described from the point of view of a person dwelling on it, rather than from the point of view of an outside observer: the fiction may describe its geography, its history, and the social and cultural characteristics of its civilizations. Since authors usually adopt human protagonists, such planets are typically described as very hospitable to human life and, other than in geography, nearly indistinguishable from Earth; Brian Stableford calls such planets \"Earth-Clones\". Conversely some fictional worlds are never more than marginally habitable, which has a profound effect on societies that developed or moved there. Numerous examples of this are to be found in the Known Space stories of Larry Niven. In some works of fiction, such as Pournelle's \"CoDominium\" or Card's \"Ender's Game\" series, certain planets are settled by specific ethnic groups. However, in novels set in distant futures, e.g. \"Dune\", the inhabitants have usually forgotten about the original settlers. While some authors choose to treat a planet in depth, considering it to have a wide diversity of geography, climate, politics and culture, others prefer to characterize their planets by some single global characteristic. Many of these uniform settings have become stereotypes, used in a variety of science fictional works. Such stereotypes include: the planet covered by a single city; the planet whose surface is entirely desert; the planet covered by ocean, with no landmasses; the planet on which it is perpetually winter; the planet that is self-aware; and the planet which has been artificially constructed. Other planets appear in humorous or comical settings, sometimes spoofing more conventional science fiction. Such planets are often described with no pretense to scientific accuracy; their strange characteristics are primarily intended to amuse. For the \"Star Trek\" universe, a detailed planetary classification system has been devised; it is not actually used by scientists. For planets from specific fictional milieux, use the following lists and categories: For a more scientific approach to classifying planet types from Orion's Arm Ice planets have figured prominently in science fiction, such as Hoth, an ice planet featured in \"The Empire Strikes Back\", or Gethen, an ice planet in the novel The Left Hand of Darkness by Ursula K. Le Guin. An ice planet named Fichina is featured in the \"Star Fox\" video game series. Ancient Mesa (Ancient Mare in the Japanese version) is a venue in \"\". Its tracks includes the Split and Skating Circuits. Another ice planet appears in the name of White Land in every other F-Zero games. Described as covered in crystals in the first game, its appearance in the anime F-Zero: Falcon Densetsu and the games based on this media shows ice and snow as the dominant features of this venue. Starkiller Base was originally an ice world in the Unknown Regions, until the First Order converted it into a superweapon that destroyed the New Republic. Lava worlds can be seen occasionally in science fiction. In \"Star Wars\", one such planet is , with its heat caused by tidal forces from nearby gas giants. Mustafar scenes take place in \"\". A lava world called Solar is also featured in \"Star Fox 64\". A venue named Fire Field appears in the F-Zero franchise, where it is the last track of the King League in the first game. It is also notable for being one of the few venues to appear in every game of the franchise. The Pyronite homeworld in Ben 10 is a planet-like star called which has multiple active volcanos. Excalbia is a planet with a mostly molten lava surface, featured in \"\" (episode The Savage Curtain. Silicon-based beings native to the planet (Excalbians) create a habitable earthlike area on the surface. There, Kirk and Spock, along with replicas of Abraham Lincoln and Surak are pitted against replicas of four historical figures considered \"evil\" by the Federation. Ostensibly this is so that they can gain an understanding of the concept of \"good vs. evil\" Before, and certainly after, the results sent back by the Viking landers, some science fiction set on Mars portrayed it as a desert planet. Science fiction stories that do so include: Other desert planets have been used as story motifs in fictional works: Contains planets not found in the preceding lists. These planets are identical or nearly identical to Earth physically, but have a history that differs to some degree from that of our Earth. Some writers, scientists and artists have speculated about artificial worlds or planet-equivalents; these planets include: Some invented planets have physically impossible shapes, and may be regarded as fantasy worlds: These planets are not so much carefully constructed worlds as they are humorous backgrounds or gag references in various comedy shows and games: Planets in science fiction Planets in science fiction are fictional planets that appear in various media of the science fiction genre as story-settings or depicted locations. Before Galileo turned his telescope to the heavens, the planets of the" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Krystal Keith Krystal Ladawn Covel Sandubrae, known professionally as Krystal Keith, (born September 30, 1985) is an American country music singer. She is the second daughter of Toby and Tricia Keith (née Lucus). She is the sister of Stelen Keith Covel, the maternal half-sister of Shelley Covel Rowland (whom Toby Keith adopted upon his marriage to Tricia), and the wife of Andrew Robert Sandubrae (whom she married on October 23, 2010). Her first chart entry was in 2004, when she sang duet vocals with her father on a cover of Inez and Charlie Foxx's \"Mockingbird\" which appeared on his 2004 album \"Greatest Hits 2\". She also sang the song with him at the 2004 Country Music Association awards. After this song was released, Keith attended college at her father's insistence. She graduated University of Oklahoma. In mid-2013, she signed to Show Dog-Universal Music. She released a four-song extended play, which includes her debut single \"Daddy Dance with Me\". She wrote the song as a surprise to her father and performed it for the first time on the day of her wedding. The song is included on her debut album \"Whiskey & Lace\", produced by her father and Mark Wright. The EP received a positive review from Daryl Addison of Great American Country, who called her a \"confident young singer with a strong voice\". The second single from \"Whiskey & Lace\", \"Get Your Redneck On\", was released to country radio on September 30, 2013. Keith is married to Andrew Sandubrae. The couple has one daughter, Hensley Jack, born in October 2015. Krystal Keith Krystal Ladawn Covel Sandubrae, known professionally as Krystal Keith, (born September 30, 1985) is an American country music singer. She is the second daughter of Toby and Tricia Keith (née Lucus). She is the sister of Stelen Keith" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Takaoka-Yabunami Station Takaoka-Yabunami Station is served by the Ainokaze Toyama Railway Line from to , lying from Nishi-Takaoka Station in the west and from Takaoka Station in the east. The station has two side platforms serving two tracks, with station entrances on either side. The platforms are long, capable of handling four-car trains. A ground-breaking ceremony was held at the site of the new station on 25 December 2016. The name for the new station was formally announced on 15 February 2017. The name was selected in a public ballot held in December 2016 from a choice of three candidate names: , , and , with Takaoka-Yabunami receiving 276 votes, 35.4% of the total. The station is forecast to be used by an average of around 1,800 passengers daily. Takaoka-Yabunami Station Takaoka-Yabunami Station is served by the Ainokaze Toyama Railway Line from to , lying from Nishi-Takaoka Station in the west and from Takaoka Station in the east. The station has two side platforms serving two tracks, with station entrances on either side. The platforms are long, capable of handling four-car trains. A ground-breaking ceremony was held at the site of the new station on 25 December 2016. The name" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Densha Otoko (TV series) The drama's 11 episodes were aired on Fuji TV from July 7 to September 22, 2005 (with a special episode on October 6, 2005). A two-hour-long TV special, \"Densha Otoko Deluxe\", aired on September 23, 2006, featured a visit to Tahiti. Pony Canyon released the series on a DVD box set on December 22, 2005. It also aired in Taiwan's Videoland Japan from January 24, 2006 (with a special episode on December 28, 2006), and in Hong Kong's TVB Jade from April 15, 2006 (with a special episode on January 27, 2007). The plot follows the life of Yamada after a chance encounter with Saori, when he rescues her from a drunken man on the train. Saori sends him a set of Hermès tea cups as a thank you gift. Relying on advice from users on a website, he is able to find the courage to change and eventually confess his feelings to Saori. The drama is filled with various dream sequences in which the characters use to portray their fantasies. Atsushi Itō and Misaki Ito have a cameo appearance after the end credits in the movie. In turn, Takayuki Yamada who portrays Densha Otoko in the movie, appears in a brief cameo in the first episode of the TV series, as well as in a special episode. Miho Shiraishi had also a brief role in the movie, but as a different character. The Japanese Rock Band that played the ending credits, Sambomaster, also made a cameo in episode 11 where Densha had to go to the hospital where he believed that Saori has collapsed (a lie by Kazuya). The television series makes numerous references and homages to \"otaku\" culture. The opening animation is a homage to the legendary Daicon IV \"Twilight\" anime short, which was created by the founders of Gainax. Also, the space ship in the first opening is similar to the logo of the band ELO, who composed Twilight. Though rival anime studio Gonzo produced the \"Densha Otoko\" opening and is referenced several times in the series, the producers acknowledged Gainax's work by putting their name in the credits before that of Gonzo. The opening sequence is also a homage of the opening for the cult-anime \"Galaxy Express 999\" (1978–81, Toei Animation), in which a poor boy meets the very beautiful Maetel and travels through space on the train \"Galaxy Express 999\", which embarks them into adventures. The series also makes use of Shift JIS art, or Japanese ASCII art during screen transitions and within the story itself. The first special contains a few story arcs which chronicles the lives of the other 2channel users. Many scenes from the original series were parodied. e.g. Kazuya confessing to Jinkama like how Yamada confessed to Saori. Ushijima believes the love of his life has run off with his money. He finds her but discovers that she did not steal his money but got scammed herself. They reunite happily. Matsunaga, one of Yamada's friends is tricked into buying a guitar. He attempts to woo Yuko, one of Saori's friends by singing live at the Tokyo Dome. Introductory music from the first episode is \"Mr. Roboto\" by Styx. Subsequent openings use the song \"Twilight\" Electric Light Orchestra. Sambomaster's . Composed by Face 2 fAKE Released: August 24, 2005 Duration: 76 min ASIN: B000A3H62W JAN: 4547366022209 Label: Sony Music Entertainment The animation sequences for both the opening and series shots of the metafictional anime series were produced by Gonzo. Both Gonzo and the producers of the \"Densha Otoko\" TV series put a concerted effort into creating the appearance of a long-standing franchise, from hiring voice actress Saori Koide (to play both the voice of Mina as well as Karin Takeda, Mina's voice actress) to recording an opening theme for the \"Mina\" series, \"START ME @ STARTING LOVE\" by Missing Link. Several toys, \"video games\", custom figurines and other \"merchandise\" were made specifically for use by otaku in the series. One of the figures, valued at $4000, was inadvertently broken by actor Atsushi Itō during filming. Replicas of the original figure were later sold at the Winter 2005 Comiket. On January 13, 2007, the real world version of \"Getsumento Heiki Mina\" began airing in Japan. Gonzo had mentioned on December 16, 2005 that all the existing sequences and properties from \"Densha Otoko\" would be used. However, the narrative of the real-world adaptation of Mina is different from the version written for the drama series. On October 25, 2005, \"Densha Otoko\" was awarded six prizes at the 46th Television Drama Academy Awards: Best Drama, Best Supporting Actor (Atsushi Itō), Best Supporting Actress (Miho Shiraishi), Best Director (Takeuchi Hideki), Best Musical Arrangement and Best Opening. Densha Otoko (TV series) The drama's 11 episodes were aired on Fuji TV from July 7" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Falguni Pathak Falguni Pathak (born 12 March 1969) is an Indian female singer, performing artist, and composer based in Mumbai. Her music is based on traditional musical forms from the Indian state of Gujarat. Since her professional debut in 1998, she has developed into an artist with a large fan base across India. Once asked how she decided to take up singing as a career, she replied that it happened by default. Her debut album was released in 1998, and she has also recorded numerous songs for Bollywood movies. The theme of most of her songs is love. She has performed in many shows in India and other countries, backed by a band called \"Tha Thaiyaa\". She has made appearances in television shows like \"Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah\", \"Kaun Banega Crorepati\", \"Star Dandiya Dhoom\", \"Comedy Nights With Kapil\", and Primetime Show \"Baa Bahoo Aur Baby\". She has some very popular Indian pop singles to her credit, still heard and appreciated all over India. Her albums are not only famous for the melodious songs but also for the cute love stories depicted with them. She is very popular with the Gujarati community where she is called to perform for popular festivals like Navratri Some of her popular songs are \"Chudi jo khanki haath ma\", \"Maine payal hai chhankai\", \"Meri chunar udd udd jaye\", \"Ayi pardesh se pariyon ki rani\" and\"Sawaan Mein\" . In August 2013, it was reported that she would make Rs 2 crore during the year's Navratri festivities. The singer was reportedly offered Rs 22 lakh for each day she sings and performs for an event management company. The organisers were planning to utilize her popularity by wooing sponsors. Falguni Pathak Falguni Pathak (born 12 March 1969) is an Indian female singer, performing artist, and composer based in" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Robert Perkins (actor) Robert Perkins (born 1966) is a British actor, theatre director, TV director and film director. Perkins was born in 1966 at Swansea, Wales, UK. He trained at St. Mary's University College (Twickenham), and in London at The Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art (now the Central School of Speech and Drama). Robert also attended Selwood Middle School and Frome College in Somerset (the same school as Jenson Button). Perkins began his career in 1993 playing Sgt. Ray Steele in The Bill, appearing in this Thames Television drama until 1996. Since then he has appeared in numerous programmes including Casualty, Holby City, Rosemary and Thyme, Midsomer Murders and Powers. In 1999 Perkins appeared in \"Guiding Star\" at the Royal National Theatre, London. In 2000 he made his first appearance at Theatr Clywd, playing Victor in Private Lives. His association with Theatr Clywd lasted ten years, concluding with his one-man adaptation of Charles Dickens's A Christmas Carol in 2009-10, which was well reviewed in The Stage. Perkins's film debut was in 2001, when he appeared in the short film \"Close Encounter\", made by Albion Films and directed by Eugene Grobler. In 2005 he appeared in the American romantic comedy drama The Upside of Anger along with Kevin Costner. In 2006 Perkins set up Carpe Momento Ltd as a vehicle for his stage productions. The first of these productions was A Christmas Carol, staged at Hampton Court Palace and Theatr Clwyd. In 2008 his association with Private Lives continued with his producing and directing the play at Hampton Court Palace and Kensington Palace. In 2010 Perkins produced and directed a short film, \"The Waiting Room\", starring Flora Montgomery and Dominic Mafham. The film, based on a novel of the same name by F. G. Cottam, was made as a curtain-raiser for a full-length film with the same name. Robert Perkins (actor) Robert Perkins (born 1966) is a British actor, theatre director, TV director and film director. Perkins was born in 1966 at Swansea, Wales, UK. He trained at St. Mary's University College (Twickenham), and in London at The Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art (now the Central School of Speech and Drama). Robert also attended Selwood Middle School and Frome College in Somerset (the same school as Jenson Button). Perkins began his career in 1993 playing Sgt. Ray Steele in The Bill, appearing in this Thames Television drama until 1996." ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Juan Cabral (footballer) Juan Cabral (born 19 June 1984) is a Paraguayan footballer who plays for Lota Schwager of the Primera División B in Chile. He previously played for Universidad de Concepción, Cobresal and Palestino in Primera División and Deportes Puerto Montt in Primera División B. Born in Asunción, Paraguay, Cabral moved to Chile to play for U. de Concepción at age 25. He didn't feature regularly with the club, and went on loan to Cobresal during 2009. Manager Jorge Pellicer requested that Cabral return to U. de Concepción in 2010, and he impressed by scoring several goals for the club. In January 2011, Cabral joined Palestino from U. de Concepción. Juan Cabral (footballer) Juan Cabral (born 19 June 1984) is a Paraguayan footballer who plays for Lota Schwager of the Primera División B in Chile. He previously played for Universidad de Concepción, Cobresal and Palestino in Primera División and Deportes Puerto Montt in Primera División B. Born in Asunción, Paraguay, Cabral moved to Chile to play for U. de Concepción at age 25. He didn't feature regularly with the club, and went on loan to Cobresal during 2009. Manager Jorge Pellicer requested that Cabral return to U. de Concepción" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Bill Montgomery (cricketer) William (Bill) Montgomery (4 March 1878 – 14 November 1952) played first-class cricket for Surrey and Somerset between 1901 and 1907. He was born at Staines, then in Middlesex and died at Peterborough. Montgomery was a right-arm fast bowler and, in first-class cricket, a lower-order batsman, though he batted as an opener at times in other matches and in his games for Somerset he scarcely bowled at all. He was on the ground staff at The Oval from 1896 and appeared in Surrey second eleven matches from 1898, playing regularly in Minor Counties matches from 1899. He made his first-class cricket debut against W. G. Grace's London County in 1901, taking four wickets in the match, including Gilbert Jessop twice. But in the next game against Hampshire he failed to take a wicket and he disappeared from first-team cricket for two seasons. He returned to the Surrey side for five matches early in the 1903 season and in the first of these, a game ruined by rain against Warwickshire at Edgbaston he took four wickets for 17 runs, the best bowling figures of his career. There were seven further games for Montgomery at the end of the 1904 season, but he achieved little with either bat or ball, and joined Somerset for the 1905 season. Not qualified for County Championship matches in 1905 or 1906, Montgomery's only match for Somerset in 1905 was the game against the Australian team at Bath, a match in which his former Surrey colleague, Tom Richardson, made his only appearance for Somerset. By the time he was qualified to play regularly in 1907, his bowling was almost gone and he took just three wickets in nine games, all of them in a single innings against the South Africans in his very last first-class game. His batting failed to compensate for the lack of wickets: he had his best ever season with the bat, averaging 10.12 and against Warwickshire at Bath he scored exactly 50, the only time in his first-class career that he reached this milestone. He did not play for Somerset after this 1907 season. That was the end of Montgomery's first-class career, but he appeared in Minor Counties matches for Cheshire in 1911 and Hertfordshire in 1913. He was the cricket coach at Oundle School for around 30 years, retiring in 1946. Bill Montgomery (cricketer) William (Bill) Montgomery (4 March" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Maria Allash Maria Yevgenevna Allash (Russian: Мария Евгеньевна Аллаш) (born 9 March 1976) is a Russian ballet dancer, and principal dancer of the Bolshoi Ballet since 1994. Born in Moscow, then part of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, in the Soviet Union, Allash joined the Moscow State Academy of Choreography, under the tutelage of Professor Sofia Golovkina. Since 1994 she has been a soloist of the Bolshoi Theatre. She has been tutored at different times by Tatyana Golikova and Nina Semizorova. She is married to fellow Bolshoi soloist Alexei Loparevich. She has been honoured with the titles Honoured Artist of Russia, in 2002, and People's Artist of Russia in 2012. Since 2017 she has been under working under contract at the Bolshoi. Allash's first appearance was in 1994, dancing the mazurka in the eleventh waltz in \"Chopiniana\". The following year she appeared as the Dryad ruler in \"Don Quixote\", as Countess Cherry in \"Cipollino\", as Mirta in \"Giselle\" and as Aegina in \"Spartacus\". Allash has gone on to appear in a number of ballet productions, including \"La Bayadère\", \"The Sleeping Beauty\", \"Swan Lake\", \"Raymonda\", \"Mozartiana\", \"The Legend of Love\", \"The Little Humpbacked Horse\", \"Symphony in C\", \"The Golden Age\", \"A Midsummer Night's Dream\", \"La Esmeralda\", \"Paquita\" and \"Jewels\". In 2006 Allash participated in the festival \"Stars of the Bolshoi Ballet\", staged at the Krasnoyarsk State Opera and Ballet Theatre, and performed as Gamzatti in \"La Bayadère\" and Kitri in \"Don Quixote\". She again performed in Krasnoyarsk in 2007, once more in \"La Bayadère\", this time as Nikiya, and as Aegina in \"Spartacus\", choreographed by Yury Grigorovich. Later that year she performed at a gala concert at the Royal Opera House in London in honour of the 80th birthday of Yury Grigorovich. Allash performed at the Kazan International Classical Ballet Festival in 2008, appearing at the Tatar Academic Opera and Ballet Theatre as Odette/Odile in \"Swan Lake\", and as Fairy Lilacs in \"The Sleeping Beauty\". Allash participated in the XIII Festival of Classical Ballet in 2016, reprising her role as Nikiya in \"La Bayadère\" at the Samara Academic Opera and Ballet Theatre. Maria Allash Maria Yevgenevna Allash (Russian: Мария Евгеньевна Аллаш) (born 9 March 1976) is a Russian ballet dancer, and principal dancer of the Bolshoi Ballet since 1994. Born in Moscow, then part of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, in the Soviet Union, Allash joined the Moscow State" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Glenys Cour Glenys Irene Cour (née Carthew), (born March 1924) is a Welsh artist. Cour was born in Fishguard, Pembrokeshire, Wales in 1924. Glenys was the only child of Thomas Millet Carthew, a colliery manager of Swansea, and Maggie Harries. By the age of five Glenys was living in Gelligaer in the Rhymney Valley. From 1945 until 1948, she studied at Cardiff College of Art under Ceri Richards and married the sculptor Ronald Cour in 1949. From 1963 to 2000, she taught painting and architectural glass at Swansea Institute of Higher Education, and the University of Wales, Swansea. Cour has been a member of The Welsh Group for a number of years, taking part in many of the group's exhibitions, including its 50th anniversary in 1998. She was elected Royal Cambrian Academician in 2009 and is also one of the founding artists of Swansea's Mission Gallery. Cour's artwork is primarily concerned with colour and light, using landscape, flowers, various culturally charged objects, like ancient Greek artefacts or Celtic stones, and mythology, especially the mythology of Wales and the multiplely layered tales of the Mabinogion. Cour's artwork includes painting on canvas and paper, stained glass, collage, paper making, posters, projections and artist books. Her use of materials has changed through the years, from the landscape painting of the 1970s, leading into a greater use of collage and abstraction from the 1980s, working predominantly in glass for periods and in 2007 illustrating a book with Old Stile Press. Glenys Cour's artwork has been exhibited widely in Europe and the US, with major exhibitions in her home country of Wales at St. David's Hall in 1991, Glynn Vivian Art Gallery in 2003, the Attic Gallery, Swansea in 2005 and a major retrospective exhibition, curated by Mel Gooding, at the Glynn Vivian Art Gallery in 2014. Film maker Toril Brancher was commissioned by the gallery to make a film about Glenys Cour and her artwork as part of the exhibition. Her artwork is held in several public and private collections, including the Glynn Vivian Art Gallery, The National Museum of Wales, The Kunsthalle Mannheim Museum, Swansea University, Brecknock Museum and Art Gallery and the University of South Wales. Glenys Cour: Paintings and Works on Paper 1980–2003, Mel Gooding and Peter Wakelin, 2003, Glynn Vivian Art Gallery, Glenys Cour Glenys Irene Cour (née Carthew), (born March 1924) is a Welsh artist. Cour was born in" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Regiment of Women Regiment of Women is the debut novel of Winifred Ashton writing as Clemence Dane. First published in 1917, the novel has gained some notoriety due to its more or less veiled treatment of lesbian relationships inside and outside a school setting. It is said to have inspired Radclyffe Hall to write \"The Well of Loneliness\". \"Regiment of women\", which means \"rule by women\", are the final three words of the title of John Knox's polemical \"The First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstruous Regiment of Women\" (1558). Set in a small town in Edwardian England, \"Regiment of Women\" is about the relationship between two teachers at a private (and elitist) girls' school. One of them, Clare Hartill, is in her mid-thirties and runs the school in all but name, the ageing and sickly headmistress depending on her whenever a decision has to be taken concerning the school or any of its pupils. Most of the girls are devoted to Hartill and gladly suffer under her strict but charismatic rule and the loads of homework she sets them, mainly to prove to her and to themselves that they are more academically advanced than she told them they were. Hartill lives alone near the school in a small, old-fashioned flat full of books but without gas or electricity. The other teacher is Alwynne Durand, an attractive nineteen-year-old woman without any formal training who lives with Elsbeth Loveday, her unmarried aunt and guardian. When Durand starts teaching at the school she is immediately popular with her students but also excites Hartill's attention — not just because the young mistress is as enthusiastic about teaching as herself, but also because Hartill is always on the lookout for companionship. The two women become close friends, and Durand spends more and more of her spare time in Hartill's flat, occasionally not returning to her aunt's for days. The couple also travel abroad together during the summer holidays. Although Loveday and Hartill hardly ever meet, a strange kind of antagonism develops between them, each woman fighting to spend more time than they do with Alwynne Durand and to be the dominant person in Alwynne's life. In the course of the schoolyear one of Hartill's protégées, an unfortunate fourteen-year-old called Louise who has disappointed Hartill by failing an important exam, commits suicide by jumping from an upper floor window of the school building. The suicide is successfully hushed up, pronounced a case of accidental death, and quickly forgotten. What Hartill deliberately fails to mention, however, is that Louise's death, which happened on the night of the school play, was apparently triggered by her harsh criticism of Louise's excellent performance in the play. In the months that follow, Hartill even manages to shift the burden of guilt onto Durand's shoulders, persuading the young mistress that she ought to have detected any suicidal tendencies in Louise while giving her extra lessons. Hartill's increasingly bizarre and offensive behaviour and her naive niece's growing dependence on her older friend call Elsbeth Loveday to action. When, on top of her shattered nerves, Alwynne Durand comes down with the flu, Loveday insists on her not returning to school for the rest of the term and on recuperating from her illness in the country instead. Alwynne agrees, if reluctantly at first, to spend some time with distant relatives she has never met before. The idyllic spring landscape she encounters after leaving town actually soothes her nerves, and Alwynne grows more and more fond of country life and the people she meets in her new surroundings. But Elsbeth Loveday's scheme includes more than her niece's mere convalescence. As planned by her aunt, Alwynne Durand finds a confidant, and secret admirer, in thirty-year-old Roger Lumsden, a good-hearted, intelligent and handsome man who runs his own gardening business. Completely inexperienced with men except for what she has read in novels, Alwynne does not recognise her feelings for Lumsden as love, and she still looks forward to her reunion with Hartill. When she eventually returns to her home town, Lumsden follows her, proposes to her, and, naturally, is rejected. Only when Hartill, too sure of her seemingly inseparable bond with Alwynne, continues treating her badly does Alwynne wake up to reality. She sends Hartill a telegram telling her she has taken the train to the country in order to get married. Regiment of Women Regiment of Women is the debut novel of Winifred Ashton writing as Clemence Dane. First published in 1917, the novel has gained some notoriety due to its more or less veiled treatment of lesbian relationships inside and outside a school setting. It is said to have inspired Radclyffe Hall to write \"The Well of Loneliness\". \"Regiment of women\", which means \"rule by women\", are the final three words of the title" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Barak Kol Barak Kol or Baraq Lake (also Baraqköl, Barakol Lake, Barakkol Lake, Ozero Barakkol', Ozero Barak-Kul') is a lake in Ulytau District, Karaganda Region, of central Kazakhstan between the mountains Gora Akdongul and Gora Baygetobe. \"Köl\" is the word for lake in Turkic languages, and Baraq was a khan of the Chagatai Khanate, a great-great-grandson of Genghis Khan. Barak Kol is an important wetland for migrating geese, specifically \"Anser anser\", the greylag goose, and \"Anser erythropus\", the lesser white-fronted goose. The lake is approximately 3.5 km wide and 4 km long. The lake is freshwater with reeds growing along the margins. It lies in a shallow valley pinching out to the north and opening out to the south with low hills to the northeast and northwest. It is part of the proposed Ulytau-Arganatinsk nature reserve. The nearest settlement is Arganatinsk. Barak Kol Barak Kol or Baraq Lake (also Baraqköl, Barakol Lake, Barakkol Lake, Ozero Barakkol', Ozero Barak-Kul') is a lake in Ulytau District, Karaganda Region, of central Kazakhstan between the mountains Gora Akdongul and Gora Baygetobe. \"Köl\" is the word for lake in Turkic languages, and Baraq was a khan of the Chagatai Khanate, a great-great-grandson of Genghis Khan." ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

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