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"Diphtheritic stomatitis Diphtheritic stomatitis is a recently discovered disease and has thus far been reported only in Yellow-eyed penguins (\"Megadyptes antipodes\"). Its symptoms are similar to human diphtheria and is characterized by infecteous lesions in the mouth area that impede swallowing and cause respiratory troubles. The infection is caused by \"Corynebacterium amycolatum\", an aerobic Gram-positive bacterium and mainly affects very young chicks. However, it seems likely that a triggering agent (e.g. a virus) might be involved in which renders the corynebacterium a secondary pathogen. The disease has been a serious cause of mortality in the 2002 and 2004 Yellow-eyed penguin breeding seasons. It seems that only the New Zealand South Island and Stewart Island/Rakiura were affected. During the latest outbreak of the disease (2004), several treatment methods were tested. Main treatment involved the administration of antibiotics, in some cases glucose solution or dietary mixtures were additionally supplemented. Outcome of the different treatment methods varied greatly. Especially the success of antibiotic treatment and a widespread use on wild animals remains a matter of debate. Diphtheritic stomatitis Diphtheritic stomatitis is a recently discovered disease and has thus far been reported only in Yellow-eyed penguins (\"Megadyptes antipodes\"). Its symptoms are similar to human"
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"Norman Island Norman Island is an island at the southern tip of the British Virgin Islands archipelago. It is one of a number of islands reputed to be the inspiration for Robert Louis Stevenson's pirate novel \"Treasure Island\". It is said that the island was named after a pirate who bought it or leased it at some point during the early 18th century, although supporting evidence for this contention is difficult to find. However, Norman Island also has a documented history of pirate booty being stowed upon the island. In August 1750, a Spanish treasure galleon named \"Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe\" sought shelter from a storm on the North Carolina coast. The crew mutinied and the treasure, said to consist of (amongst other things) 55 chests of silver coins, was loaded into two bilanders, one of which was manned by Owen Lloyd. The first vessel was lost, but Lloyd escaped to St. Croix. After disposing of some of the money, he proceeded to Norman Island where the treasure was buried. Lloyd and his crew were later arrested in St. Eustatius, but word of the treasure spread, and residents of Tortola went to Norman Island and dug it up for themselves. Part of the booty was later recovered by Gilbert Fleming, Lieutenant-General of the Leeward Islands at the time, who travelled to Tortola with two companies of soldiers. Fleming persuaded Abraham Chalwill, the acting Lieutenant Governor of the British Virgin Islands (who had coincidentally led the search for the treasure on Norman Island) to issue a proclamation whereby the treasure would be returned and the people who had dug it up would receive a one-third share as a reward. There the historical record ends, but local rumours abound that a member of a well-known local family had been fishing near Norman Island and took shelter in one of the caves on the Western coast of Norman Island during a storm. The surge repeatedly banged his small boat against the walls of the cave, whilst the storm surge caused the water level to rise several feet. When the fortunate fisherman woke the next morning, a large number of rocks had broken off into his small craft, as had a small chest, supposedly filled with gold doubloons. The story cannot be verified as no legal application for treasure trove was ever made, but it is known that members of the family ceased being fisherman and left Tortola at about the time to open some shops in Charlotte Amalie in St. Thomas. Rumours persist of more pirate gold to be found on Norman Island, although to date no applications have ever been made for treasure trove. The island is uninhabited and privately owned by Henry Jarecki. Its area is about , and it is about long. A large harbour known as the Bight offers one of the most protected anchorages in the area. It is one of the \"Little Sisters\", along with Pelican Island, Peter Island, Salt Island, Dead Chest Island, and Ginger Island. This group of islands is smaller, lower, and more arid than other islands to the north and west. Norman Island is a well-known destination for cruisers and other tourists because of three water-level caves at the base of cliffs just outside the western edge of the Bight. The caves are ideal for snorkeling, and, if one goes deeply enough into the cliffs, darkness makes the experience like a night dive. The island has no permanent inhabitants (other than wild goats), but there are two restaurants on the island, Pirates Bight and The Club. Previously anchored in the Bight was a modern copy of an old schooner named the \"Willy T\", which operated as a bar and restaurant. In September 2017, the Willy T was destroyed by Hurricane Irma. The owners of the Willy T had a new ship built and in May 2018 it was announced that the BVI government would not let the Willy T anchor on Norman Island, but would instead be able to anchor in Great Harbour on Peter Island. Some think that Norman Island and the tales about its treasures have inspired Robert Louis Stevenson to write \"Treasure Island\". The estimated timeframe of \"Treasure Island\" approximates to the time of the salvaging of the booty of the \"Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe\" on Norman Island. Norman Island has so many caves, hidden bays, and wrecks that many tourists still explore hoping to find treasure one day, and tourism operators in the British Virgin Islands have no interest in trying to discourage this. On November 22nd, 2018, the BVI government, headed by Orlando Smith, entered into a Development Agreement with Audubon Holdings, owned by Henry Jarecki, to develop Norman Island as an environmentally conscious, luxury residential and tourist destination. Together with the island's owner, the BVI government expects to establish a model for environmentally sustainable development. After planning and environmental approvals have met, the government hopes that the first phase of the project starts in the course of 2019. Norman Island Norman Island is an island at the southern tip of the British Virgin Islands archipelago. It is one of a number of islands reputed to be the inspiration for Robert Louis Stevenson's pirate novel \"Treasure Island\". It is said that the island was named after a pirate who bought it or leased it at some point during the early 18th century, although supporting evidence for this contention"
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"Carrapatelo Dam Carrapatelo Dam () is a concrete gravity dam on the Douro, where the river forms the border line between the districts of Porto and Viseu. It is located in the municipality Marco de Canaveses, in Porto District, Portugal. Construction of the dam began in 1964. The dam was completed in 1972. It is owned by \"Companhia Portuguesa de Produção de Electricidade\" (CPPE). Carrapatelo Dam is a 57 m tall (height above foundation) and 400 m long gravity dam with a crest altitude of 55 m. The volume of the dam is 190,000 m³. The spillway is part of the dam body (maximum discharge 22,000 m³/s). There is also a bottom outlet. At full reservoir level of 46.5 m the reservoir of the dam has a surface area of 9.52 km² and its total capacity is 148.4 mio. m³. The active capacity is 9 (15,6 or 16) mio. m³. The run-of-the-river hydroelectric power plant went operational in 1971. It is owned by CPPE, but operated by EDP. The plant has a nameplate capacity of 201 (180) MW. Its average annual generation is 806.1 (783, 870.6 or 882) GWh. The power station contains 3 Kaplan turbine-generators with 63.4 MW each in a dam powerhouse. The turbine rotation is 115.4 rpm. The minimum hydraulic head is 20 m, the maximum 37 m. Maximum flow per turbine is 290 m³/s. The first 2 machines went operational in 1971, the third in 1972. The turbines were provided by Kværner, the generators by Brown, Boveri & Cie. On the right side of the dam is a lock, which can handle ships with the following maximum properties: 83 m in length, 11.40 m on the beam, 3.8 m load-draught and a cargo capacity of 2500 tons. Carrapatelo Dam Carrapatelo Dam () is a concrete gravity"
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"Nalbana Bird Sanctuary Nalbana Bird Sanctuary or Nalbana Island is the core area of the Ramsar designated wetlands of Chilika Lake. It was declared a bird sanctuary under the Wildlife Protection Act in 1972. In the heart of the park, one can see thousands of birds descending during the migratory season. The island disappears during monsoon season due to inundation only to emerge again in post-monsoon. Nalbana means \"a weed covered island\" In the Odia language. It is a major island in the center of the lake with an area of . The island gets completely submerged during the monsoon season. As the monsoon recedes in the winter, lake levels decrease and the island is gradually exposed, birds flock to the island in large numbers to feed on its extensive mudflats. Nalbana was notified in 1987 and declared a bird sanctuary in 1973 under the Wildlife Protection Act. http://globe-views.com/dcim/dreams/stork/stork-01.jpg Large flocks of greater flamingos from Iran and the Rann of Kutch in Gujarat, feed in the shallow waters of the lake. Other-long legged waders seen around Nalbana Island are the lesser flamingos, Goliath heron, grey herons, purple herons, egrets, spoonbills, storks and black-headed ibis. Many species of birds live in the sanctuary, including rare birds.Rare birds reported in the lake are Asiatic dowitchers (NT), Dalmatian pelican (VU), Pallas's fish-eagles (VU), the very rare migrant spoon-billed sandpiper (CR) and spot-billed pelican (NT). The white-bellied sea eagle, pariah kite, brahminy kites, kestrel, marsh harriers, and the world's most widespread bird of prey, peregrine falcon, are among the raptors seen here. http://globe-views.com/dcim/dreams/stork/stork-01.jpg Many short-legged shorebirds are also seen in a narrow band along the shifting shores of the lake and islands. These include plovers, the collared pratincole, ruff, dunlin, snipes and sandpipers. Larks, wagtails and lapwings are also found on the mudflats. Feeding in deeper water are the longer-legged avocets, stilts and godwits. The higher vegetated areas of the lake support moorhens, coots and jacanas. Pond herons and night herons can be seen along the shores with kingfishers and rollers. Little cormorants are seen on perches around the lake, Compact flocks of brahminy ducks, as well as shovellers, pintails, gadwall, teals, pochards, geese and coots, are also seen. Nesting colonies of gull-billed terns and river terns are seen on the Nalabana Island. In 2002, The Bombay Natural History Society survey recorded 540 nests of the Indian river tern at the island, the largest nesting colony in the southeast Asia. Nalbana Bird Sanctuary Nalbana Bird Sanctuary or Nalbana Island is the core area of the Ramsar designated wetlands of Chilika Lake. It was declared a bird sanctuary under the Wildlife Protection Act in 1972. In the heart of the park, one can see thousands of birds descending during the migratory season. The island disappears during monsoon season due to inundation only to emerge again in post-monsoon. Nalbana means \"a weed covered island\" In the Odia language. It is a major island in the center of the lake with an area of . The island"
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"Morning Star (chief) Morning Star (Cheyenne: Vóóhéhéve; also known by his Lakota Sioux name Tȟamílapȟéšni or its translation, Dull Knife) (1810–1883) was a great chief of the Northern Cheyenne people and headchief of the \"Notameohmésêhese\" (\"Northern Eaters\"; also simply known as \"Ȯhmésėhese\" or \"Eaters\") band on the northern Great Plains during the 19th century. He was noted for his active resistance to westward expansion and the United States federal government. It is due to the courage and determination of Morning Star and other leaders that the Northern Cheyenne still possess a homeland in their traditional country in present-day Montana. Although he was known as \"Dull Knife\" (or \"Motšêške Ôhnêxahpo\" in Cheyenne, a translation of his Lakota name) to local settlers, U.S. military leaders, and other American Indians, his Cheyenne name is translated as \"Morning Star\". A Cheyenne warrior in every sense of the word, Morning Star was described by many writers of the era as \"an admirable outlaw\" comparable to the likes of Rob Roy and William Wallace. In 1868, Morning Star represented his tribe at the signing of the Treaty of Fort Laramie. Following Custer's Last Stand at the Battle of the Little Bighorn during the Great Sioux War of 1876, Morning Star allied with the Sioux and other tribes against the United States. However, after a destructive raid by American soldiers under Colonel Ranald S. Mackenzie in which 200 lodges were destroyed and 700 livestock captured, most of the Cheyenne were eventually forced to surrender. They expected to live on reservations with the Sioux in the north, but were subsequently transported to the Darlington Agency in the Southern Cheyenne Reservation in the Indian Territory. Unable to hunt sufficient game while on the reservation, the tribe suffered from starvation and disease until September 1878, when Morning Star led the tribe north, back toward their ancient homelands. Fighting through, the Cheyenne were able to outmaneuver federal troops across the plains and in the Nebraska Sand Hills until they were captured near Fort Robinson. The tribe was said to have taken apart their guns and hidden the pieces under blankets or as necklaces and bracelets worn by children. Though Morning Star explained that his people would put up no further resistance if allowed to live with Red Cloud on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in the Dakota Territory, the Army still insisted that they return south to the Southern Cheyenne reservation. On January 8, 1879, the Northern Cheyenne tried to escape the fort using the dismantled guns they had hidden upon their arrival, but they were quickly pursued; many Cheyenne, mostly women and children, were killed by federal troops in the Fort Robinson massacre. However, a few of the tribe managed to escape, including Morning Star, who eventually reached the Pine Ridge Agency and was held as a prisoner until he and the survivors were allowed to settle on a reservation near Fort Keogh in the Montana Territory. Morning Star died in 1883 and is interred on the Northern Cheyenne reservation at Lame Deer Cemetery. Chief Dull Knife College, which is also in Lame Deer, is named in his honor. As Dull Knife, his photograph appears in Dee Brown's 1971 bestseller \"Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee\". Actor Ian McDonald played Dull Knife in the May 1957 episode \"Dull Knife Strikes for Freedom\" on the ABC/Desilu western television series, \"The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp\", with Hugh O'Brian in the title role as deputy marshal Wyatt Earp. In the episode, Dull Knife leads his Indians from their reservation in Oklahoma Territory to their homeland in Montana, which they claim the U.S. government had promised them. Meanwhile, some of their braves attack and burn a white settlement. Morning Star (chief) Morning Star (Cheyenne: Vóóhéhéve; also known by his Lakota Sioux name Tȟamílapȟéšni or its translation, Dull Knife) (1810–1883) was a great chief of the Northern Cheyenne people and headchief of the \"Notameohmésêhese\" (\"Northern Eaters\"; also simply known as \"Ȯhmésėhese\" or \"Eaters\") band on the northern Great Plains during the 19th century. He was noted for his active resistance to westward expansion and the United States federal government. It is due to the courage and determination of Morning Star and other leaders"
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"Bathytoma engonia Bathytoma engonia is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Borsoniidae. The size of the shell varies between 15 mm and 35 mm. (Original description) The fusiform shell is biconical, with an expressed rounded keel angulating the whorls, and a broad prominent lopsided beak. Sculpture : There are no axial ribs. The lines of growth are strong, hair-like, unequal, and close-set. On the keel they are exceptionally strong, regular, and a little remote, as they are also at the top of the whorls in the suture. The whorls are angulated about the middle, projecting in a rather narrow, prominent, rounded keel, almost crenulated by growth-lines. The whole surface is covered by small, broadish, rounded, close-set spiral threads, somewhat granulated at the base. On the left side of the point of the beak and also on the earlier regular whorls they tend to become obsolete. Colour: porcellanous - white. The thin, membranaceous epidermis is yellowish. The conical spire is high, about the same height as the aperture. The protoconch is blunt, rounded and contains 2 smooth globular whorls. The teleoconch contains 8 broad, short whorls that are regularly increasing, the last rather large, with a sloping slightly concave shoulder, straight below the keel. At the top of each whorl there is a slight collar, which gives the effect of a slight canaliculation to the suture. The base of the shell is somewhat swollen, prolonged into a short broad unequal-sided beak. The suture is strong and slightly canaliculated. The aperture is large, almost rhomboidally pear-shaped, sharply angled above, and with a broad open canal below. The outer lip regularly curved, thin and sharp, with an open V-shaped sinus at the shoulder, rounded at the angle. Below this it sweeps downwards and a little forwards, forming a very low-shouldered wing. Towards the lower part of the aperture it curves very regularly backwards to the point of the pillar. The columella is narrow and short, very obliquely truncate below, with a fine, but strong, sharpish twisted edge. The inner lip is polished and porcellanous, rather broadly excavated in the substance of the shell; scarcely convex on the parietal wall, very slightly concave at the junction with the columella. This marine species occurs off Japan and Taiwan Bathytoma engonia Bathytoma engonia is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Borsoniidae. The size of"
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"Silvester Bolam Silvester Bolam (23 October 1905 – 27 April 1953) was a British newspaper editor. Born in Tynemouth, Northumberland, Bolam studied at the University of Durham's Armstrong College before joining the \"Newcastle Journal\". He then moved to work for the \"News Chronicle\", and in 1936 became a sub-editor on the \"Daily Mirror\". Although he left in 1938 to rejoin the \"News Chronicle\", he returned ten months later, and in 1948 became the newspaper's editor. As editor, Bolam focused on a strategy of sensationalism, and was able to make the \"Mirror\" Britain's best-selling daily newspaper. In 1949, he was convicted of publishing material which might have prejudiced the trial of John George Haigh (later convicted of murder), and was jailed for three months. By 1953, he had fallen out with the paper's editorial director and resigned. He died a few months later. Silvester Bolam Silvester Bolam (23 October 1905 – 27 April 1953) was a British newspaper editor. Born in Tynemouth, Northumberland, Bolam studied at the University of Durham's Armstrong College before joining the \"Newcastle Journal\". He then moved to work for the \"News Chronicle\", and in 1936 became a sub-editor on the \"Daily Mirror\". Although he left in 1938"
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"Talpa, Texas Talpa is an unincorporated community in Coleman County, Texas, United States. According to the \"Handbook of Texas\", the community had an estimated population of 127 in 2000. Talpa is located at (31.7765369, -99.7095226). It is situated along U.S. Highway 67 in west-central Coleman County, less than 20 miles from Ballinger to the west and Coleman to the east. The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen climate classification system, Talpa has a humid subtropical climate, \"Cfa\" on climate maps. The community was founded in the early 1880s. It developed as a Santa Fe Railroad switching point. The origin of the name Talpa is not known – some say it was named for the catalpa tree and others from a rock, possibly talpatate, a rock of superficial origin resembling caliche. The original town of Talpa was mapped out in the early part of 1900, consisting of 130 blocks, of 8, 9, 10, and 20 lots per block. Several additions were mapped out, including W.J. Sayre (1901), Laughlin (1900-1901), and Cusenbary (1909). Talpa incorporated during either the 1920s or 1930s. The town had a population of 254 in 1940 with 16 businesses operating in the community. The number of residents steadily declined throughout the remainder of the 20th century – from 234 in 1950 and 195 in 1960, to 122 in 1980. Talpa citizens voted to unincorporate in an election held on April 7, 1982. Four years later, on July 1, 1986, the Talpa Centennial Independent School District and Mozelle Independent School District merged to form the Panther Creek Consolidated Independent School District. By 1990, around 127 residents were living in Talpa. That figure remained unchanged in 2000. Although it is unincorporated, Talpa has a post office with the zip code of 76882. Public education in the community of Talpa is provided by the Panther Creek Consolidated Independent School District. The district has two campuses, Panther Creek Elementary School (grades PK-5) and Panther Creek High School (grades 6-12). Talpa, Texas Talpa is an unincorporated community in Coleman County, Texas, United States. According to the \"Handbook of Texas\", the community had an estimated population of 127 in 2000. Talpa is located at (31.7765369, -99.7095226). It is situated along U.S. Highway 67 in west-central Coleman County, less than 20 miles from Ballinger to the west and Coleman to the"
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"Murder Ballad (musical) Murder Ballad is a musical with music and lyrics by Juliana Nash, and book and lyrics by Julia Jordan. \"Murder Ballad\" is about a young woman named Sara who dates a wild bartender named Tom but breaks up with him for Michael, a student at NYU with a more sensible life than Tom's dangerous ways. After getting married and raising a child, Sara starts to long for the old life with Tom. She begins secretly seeing Tom, but as her affair gets more passionate with him, Sara longs to go back to the normal life she had with Michael and her daughter. \"Murder Ballad\" had its world premiere Off-Broadway, where it was produced at Manhattan Theatre Club's Stage II venue. The production opened on 15 November 2012, following previews from 31 October. The cast included John Ellison Conlee, Rebecca Naomi Jones, Will Swenson and Karen Olivo. Originally scheduled to close on 2 December, the production was extended by two weeks and closed on 16 December 2012. A cast recording was released. The production transferred to the Union Square Theatre on 22 May 2013, following previews from 7 May. It closed on 21 July 2013. Casting remained the same except for the departure of Karen Olivo, who was replaced by Caissie Levy. The regional premiere took place at TUTS Underground in Houston, Texas in April 2014, with a cast featuring Lauren Molina, Steel Burkhardt, Kristin Warren and Pat McRoberts. The musical had its UK premiere at the Arts Theatre in the West End, with an opening night on 5 October 2016, following previews from 30 September. The cast featured Kerry Ellis as Sara, Ramin Karimloo as Tom, Norman Bowman as Michael and Victoria Hamilton-Barritt as the narrator (who was nominated for the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role in a Musical). The production received three nominations at the 2017 Whatsonstage.com Awards, with acting nods for both Karimloo and Hamilton-Barritt, and best video design for Laura Perrett. It played a limited run to 3 December 2016. In 2017 a production of Murder Ballad has been done in Argentina, Featuring Florencia Otero as Sara, German Tripel as Michael, Patricio Arellano as Tom and Sofia Rangone as the Narrator Murder Ballad (musical) Murder Ballad is a musical with music and lyrics by Juliana Nash, and book and lyrics by Julia Jordan. \"Murder Ballad\" is about a young"
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"Stop the Dominoes Stop the Dominoes is an album by Mark Heard, released in 1981 on Home Sweet Home Records. All songs written by Mark Heard. \"Special thanks to Jonathan, Tammy and Nathan for tacos and locos, to Larry and Randy for awesome rockolla, to Bill and Marsha for homestead and avocado fans, to Chris and Shanon for talking Southern, to Leo Fender for Stratification, to David and Christy for Monday nights, to Dave for A and B bath, stop and hypo.\" \"Love to the Circle of Cynics. to Jean-Daniel und Hansruedi in Zürich, to Freddie in London, to John and Prisca and the Huemoz folks, to Mita Perefit and Sandra, to the Russell Hall Stairwell Dreamers and to my folks. Additional Thanks to Bill Deaton.\" Stop the Dominoes Stop the Dominoes is an album by Mark Heard, released in 1981 on Home Sweet Home Records. All songs written by Mark Heard. \"Special thanks to Jonathan, Tammy and Nathan for tacos and locos, to Larry and Randy for awesome rockolla, to Bill and Marsha for homestead and avocado fans, to Chris and Shanon for talking Southern, to Leo Fender for Stratification, to David and Christy for Monday nights, to Dave"
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"Methylisothiazolinone Methylisothiazolinone, MIT, or MI, (sometimes erroneously called methylisothiazo\"line\"), is a powerful synthetic biocide and preservative within the group of isothiazolinones, which is used in numerous personal care products and a wide range of industrial applications. It is a cytotoxin that may affect different types of cells. Its use for a wide range of personal products for humans, such as cosmetics, lotions, moisturizers, sanitary wipes, shampoos, and sunscreens, more than doubled during the first decade of the twenty-first century and has been reported as a contact sensitizing agent by the European Commission’s Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety. Industrial applications also are quite wide ranging, from preservative and sanitizing uses to antimicrobial agents, energy production, metalworking fluids, mining, paint manufacturing, and paper manufacturing, many of which increase potential exposure to it by humans as well as organisms, both terrestrial and marine. Industrial applications in marine environments are proving to be toxic to marine life, for instance, when the effect of its now almost-universal use in boat hull paint was examined. Methylisothiazolinone and other isothiazolinone-derived biocides are used for controlling microbial growth in water-containing solutions. Two of the most widely used isothiazolinone biocides are 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (chloromethylisothiazolinone or CMIT) and 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (methylisothiazolinone or MIT), which are the active ingredients in a 3:1 mixture (CMIT:MIT) sold commercially as \"Kathon\". Kathon is supplied to manufacturers as a concentrated stock solution containing from 10-15% of CMIT/MIT. For applications the recommended use level is from 6 ppm to 75 ppm active isothiazolones. Biocidal applications range from industrial water storage tanks to cooling units, in processes as varied as mining, paper manufacturing, metalworking fluids and energy production. Kathon also has been used to control slime in the manufacture of paper products that contact food. In addition, this product serves as an antimicrobial agent in latex adhesives and in paper coatings that also contact food. One isothiazolinone, Sea-Nine 211 (4,5-dichloro-2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolino-3-one, DCOI), has quickly replaced tributyltin as the antifouling agent of choice in ship hull paint. A recent study reported the presence of DCOI in both port water and sediment samples in Osaka, Japan, especially in weakly circulating mooring areas. Of environmental concern, DCOI levels predicted in marinas now are considered a threat to various marine invertebrate species. Isothiazolinones also are extremely toxic to fish. In industrial use, the greatest occupational inhalation exposure occurs during open pouring. Non-occupational exposure to isothiazolinones by the general population also occurs, albeit at much lower concentrations. These compounds are present in a very large number of commonly used cosmetics. “Leave-on” cosmetics (hand-creams, lotions, etc.) contain 15 parts per million (100 micromolar) of combined CMIT/MIT. MIT is allergenic and cytotoxic, and this has led to some concern over its use. A report released by the European Scientific Committee on Cosmetic Products and Non-food Products Intended for Consumers (SCCNFP) in 2003 also concluded that insufficient information was available to allow for an adequate risk assessment analysis of MIT. Rising reports of consumer impact led to new research, including a report released in 2014 by the European Commission Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety which reported: \"The dramatic rise in the rates of reported cases of contact allergy to MI, as detected by diagnostic patch tests, is unprecedented in Europe; there have been repeated warnings about the rise (Gonçalo M, Goossens A. 2013). The increase is primarily caused by increasing consumer exposure to MI from cosmetic products; exposures to MI in household products, paints and in the occupational setting also need to be considered. The delay in re-evaluation of the safety of MI in cosmetic products is of concern to the SCCS; it has adversely affected consumer safety.\" \"It is unknown what proportion of the general population is now sensitized to MI and has not been confirmed as sensitized.\" In 2014, the European Commission Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety further issued a voluntary ban on \"the mixture of Methylchloroisothiazolinone (and) Methylisothiazolinone (MCI/MI) from leave-on products such as body creams. The measure is aimed at reducing the risk from and the incidence of skin allergies. The preservative can still be used in rinse-off products such as shampoos and shower gels at a maximum concentration of 0.0015 % of a mixture in the ratio 3:1 of MCI/MI. The measure will apply for products placed on the market after 16 July 2015.\" Shortly thereafter, Canada moved to adopt similar measures in its Cosmetic Ingredients Hotlist. Additionally, new research into cross reactivity of MI-sensitized patients to variants benzisothiazolinone and octylisothiazolinone have found that reactions may occur if present in sufficient amounts. Methylisothiazolinone is used commonly in products in conjunction with methylchloroisothiazolinone, a mixture sold under the registered trade name Kathon CG. A common indication of sensitivity to Kathon CG is allergic contact dermatitis. Sensitization to this family of preservatives was observed as early as the late 1980s. Due to increased use of isothiazolinone-based preservatives in recent years, an increase in reported incidences of contact allergy to this product has been reported. In 2013 the substance was declared the \"2013 Contact Allergen of the Year\" by the American Contact Dermatitis Society. In 2016 the Dermatitis Academy launched a call to action for patients to report their isothiazolinone allergy to the FDA. On December 13, 2013 the trade group, Cosmetics Europe, following discussions with the European Society of Contact Dermatitis (ESCD), recommended to its members \"that the use of Methylisothiazolinone (MIT) in leave-on skin products including cosmetic wet wipes is discontinued. This action is recommended in the interests of consumer safety in relation to adverse skin reactions. It is recommended that companies do not wait for regulatory intervention under the Cosmetics Regulation but implement this recommendation as soon as feasible.\" On March 27, 2014, the European Commission’s Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety issued an opinion on the safety of Methylisothiazolinone. This report only considered the issue of contact sensitization. The committee concluded: “Current clinical data indicate that 100 ppm MI in cosmetic products is not safe for the consumer. \"For leave-on cosmetic products (including ‘wet wipes’), no safe concentrations of MI for induction of contact allergy or elicitation have been adequately demonstrated. \"For rinse-off cosmetic products, a concentration of 15 ppm (0.0015%) MI is considered safe for the consumer from the view of induction of contact allergy. However, no information is available on elicitation.” Although many companies that had begun using the biocide in personal care products, such as Kimberly-Clark, Johnson and Johnson, and Unilever are removing methylisothiazolinone from their lotions and wipes, Colgate-Palmolive has added it as an ingredient in a mouthwash put onto the market in August 2014 with the name Colgate Total Lasting White. The New York Times reported that some companies are even considering removing the biocide from products that are routinely rinsed off shortly after application. Methylisothiazolinone Methylisothiazolinone, MIT, or MI, (sometimes erroneously called methylisothiazo\"line\"), is a powerful synthetic biocide and preservative within the group of isothiazolinones, which is used in numerous personal care products and a wide range of industrial applications. It is a cytotoxin that may",
"had begun using the biocide in personal care products, such as Kimberly-Clark, Johnson and Johnson, and Unilever are removing methylisothiazolinone from their lotions and wipes, Colgate-Palmolive has added it as an ingredient in a mouthwash put onto the market in August 2014 with the name Colgate Total Lasting White. The New York Times reported that some companies are even considering removing the biocide from products that are routinely rinsed off shortly after application. Methylisothiazolinone Methylisothiazolinone, MIT, or MI, (sometimes erroneously called methylisothiazo\"line\"), is a powerful synthetic biocide and preservative within the group of isothiazolinones, which is used in numerous personal care products and a wide range of industrial applications. It is a cytotoxin that may affect different types of cells. Its use for a wide range of personal products for humans, such as cosmetics, lotions, moisturizers, sanitary wipes, shampoos, and sunscreens, more than doubled during the first decade of the twenty-first century and has been reported"
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"Shigeru Umebayashi Once the leader and bass player of Japan's new wave rock band EX, composer Shigeru Umebayashi began scoring films in 1985 when the band broke up. He has more than 30 Japanese and Chinese film scores to his credit and is perhaps best known in the West for \"Yumeji's Theme\" (originally from Seijun Suzuki's \"Yumeji\"), included in director Wong Kar-wai's \"In the Mood for Love\" (2000). Umebayashi scored most of Wong Kar-wai's follow-up film, \"2046\" (2004), and \"House of Flying Daggers\". He is also the composer for the music of the first Serbian spectacle, \"Charleston & Vendetta\". Umebayashi received the special \"Tomislav Pinter Award\" at Avvantura Film Festival Zadar (Croatia) in 2013 during his stay as member of the official Jury. Shigeru Umebayashi Once the leader and bass player of Japan's new wave rock band EX, composer Shigeru Umebayashi began scoring films in 1985 when the band broke up. He has more than 30 Japanese and Chinese film scores to his credit and is perhaps best known in the West for \"Yumeji's Theme\" (originally from Seijun Suzuki's \"Yumeji\"), included in director Wong Kar-wai's \"In the Mood for Love\" (2000). Umebayashi scored most of Wong Kar-wai's follow-up film, \"2046\""
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"retrieved": [
"Capela Real The Capela Real was the royal chapel and musical establishment of the kings of Portugal kings in Lisbon. The capela played an important role in the development of the music history of Portugal from its foundation by Dom Dinis in 1299. Dom Duarte (1391–1438), as Edward, King of Portugal, elaborated a Regiment (Ordenaçam) of the Chapel, which indicates that the standard practice was three-voice singing. His son, Afonso V (1432–1481), sent the mestre de capela Álvaro Afonso, to the court of Henry VI of England (1421–1471) in order to get a copy of the statutes, regiment and liturgy practiced in the English Chapel Royal. The detailed description written by William Say is kept at Évora. Later composers serving the capela included Domenico Scarlatti who from 1719 until his death he served as mestre de capela where his responsibilities included teaching the Infanta Maria Barbara and the king's younger brother, Don Antonio. Capela Real The Capela Real was the royal chapel and musical establishment of the kings of Portugal kings in Lisbon. The capela played an important role in the development of the music history of Portugal from its foundation by Dom Dinis in 1299. Dom Duarte (1391–1438), as"
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"Kevin Talley Kevin Talley (born May 21, 1978) is an American heavy metal drummer for Dååth, Feared, Sylencer and Nothnegal. He is the former drummer for Dying Fetus, Misery Index, Six Feet Under, Chimaira and Suffocation. In addition, he was the touring drummer for Battlecross in 2013. Talley filled in on drums with The Black Dahlia Murder after their touring drummer, Pierre Langlois, was denied entry into the States by his home country of Canada. He was a session drummer on Soils of Fate's 2003 release \"Crime Syndicate\". He filled in with The Red Chord for their 2006 tour, and was also filling in with Hate Eternal for their 2006 North American tour, after Derek Roddy left the band due to personal reasons. In May and June 1998, Kevin filled in the drum throne for Suffocation on their U.S. tour. Kevin also auditioned to be the drummer for Slayer after Paul Bostaph's departure in late 2001, but the job ultimately went to their original drummer, Dave Lombardo. Talley played on Chimaira's self-titled album and toured with them until early 2006. He now plays with Dååth and Nothnegal; in addition to this, he played drums in 2012 on the tracks titled \"Cradle to Grave\" and \"Novus Ordo Seclorum\" by Creative Waste. He is a native of San Antonio and still lives there. Kevin Talley Kevin Talley (born May 21, 1978) is an American heavy metal drummer for Dååth, Feared, Sylencer and Nothnegal. He is the former drummer for Dying Fetus, Misery Index, Six Feet Under, Chimaira and Suffocation. In addition, he was the touring drummer for Battlecross in 2013. Talley filled in on drums with The Black Dahlia Murder after their touring drummer, Pierre Langlois, was denied entry into the States by his home country of Canada. He was a session"
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"Sanremo Music Festival 1967 The Sanremo Music Festival 1967 was the 17th annual Sanremo Music Festival, held at the Sanremo Casino in Sanremo, province of Imperia between 26 and 28 February 1967. The show was presented by Mike Bongiorno and Renata Mauro . According to the rules of this edition every song was performed in a double performance by a couple of singers or groups. The winners of the Festival were Iva Zanicchi and Claudio Villa with the song \"Non pensare a me\". During the festival, following the elimination of their song, the partner of Dalida singer-songwriter Luigi Tenco committed suicide. Sanremo Music Festival 1967 The Sanremo Music Festival 1967 was the 17th annual Sanremo Music Festival, held at the Sanremo Casino in Sanremo, province of Imperia between 26 and 28 February 1967. The show was presented by Mike Bongiorno and Renata Mauro . According to the rules of this edition every song was performed in a double performance by a couple of singers or groups. The winners of the Festival were Iva Zanicchi and Claudio Villa with the song \"Non pensare a me\". During the festival, following the elimination of their song, the partner of Dalida singer-songwriter Luigi Tenco"
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"Fairy Tales International Gay & Lesbian Film Festival The Fairy Tales International Queer Film Festival (originally \"Fairy Tales International Gay & Lesbian Film Festival\") is an annual event held at the end of May in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. It is the only LGBTQ film festival in Alberta. Started in 1999, the Fairy Tales International Gay and Lesbian Film Festival has three main objectives: to bring a rich selection of seldom-seen films to the Calgary and Southern Alberta region audience; to support the work of local, national and international filmmakers; to create an atmosphere of respect and tolerance, within and outside, of the gay and lesbian community through culture. The festival was founded by volunteers at the Calgary Society of Independent Filmmakers, however Fairy Tales evolved into its own organization through the creation in 2003 of the Fairytales Presentation Society. The Fairytales Presentation Society is a registered Canadian charity. Fairy Tales International Gay & Lesbian Film Festival The Fairy Tales International Queer Film Festival (originally \"Fairy Tales International Gay & Lesbian Film Festival\") is an annual event held at the end of May in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. It is the only LGBTQ film festival in Alberta. Started in 1999, the Fairy"
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"2010–11 York City F.C. season The 2010–11 season was the 89th season of competitive association football and seventh season in the Football Conference played by York City Football Club, a professional football club based in York, North Yorkshire, England. Their fifth-place finish in 2009–10 meant it was their seventh successive season in the Conference Premier. The season covers the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011. Ahead of Martin Foyle's second start to a season as York manager, six signings were made before the summer transfer window closed. With York 15th in the table 10 matches into the season Foyle resigned, and was succeeded by Tamworth's Gary Mills in October 2010. Under his guidance, York enjoyed an unbeaten run at home in the league that lasted until April 2011, when they were beaten by Mills' former team. York's push for a play-off place was ended late in the season and they finished eighth in the table. They reached the third round of the 2010–11 FA Cup, being beaten 2–0 away by Bolton Wanderers, and were knocked out in the first round of the 2010–11 FA Trophy after losing 1–0 at home to Boston United. 32 players made at least one appearance in nationally organised first-team competition, and there were 20 different goalscorers. Goalkeeper Michael Ingham and defender James Meredith missed only one of the 52 competitive matches played over the season. Michael Rankine finished as leading scorer with 14 goals, of which 12 came in league competition and two came in the FA Cup. The winner of the Clubman of the Year award, voted for by the club's supporters, was Danny Parslow for the second time in three seasons. The 2009–10 season was Martin Foyle's first full season as manager of York City and the team reached the play-offs after finishing fifth in the Conference Premier table. After defeating Luton Town 2–0 on aggregate in the semi-final, York were beaten 3–1 by Oxford United in the 2010 Conference Premier play-off Final at Wembley Stadium. Jamie Clarke, Kevin Gall, Josh Mimms, Craig Nelthorpe, Alan O'Hare, Richard Pacquette and Simon Russell were released by York following the play-off defeat, with Luke Graham, Ben Purkiss and Adam Smith leaving for Kettering Town, Oxford and Mansfield Town respectively. Andy McWilliams was loaned out to Stalybridge Celtic. Levi Mackin and Djoumin Sangaré signed new contracts with the club. Goalkeeper David Knight was brought in on a season-long loan from Histon before the start of the season, while two defenders, Duane Courtney and Greg Young, signed from Kidderminster Harriers and Altrincham respectively. Midfielder Jonathan Smith was signed from Forest Green Rovers, with wingers David McDermott and Peter Till joining from Kidderminster and Walsall respectively. Striker George Purcell was signed from Braintree Town for an undisclosed fee. Defender Dean Lisles and winger Jamie Hopcutt entered the first-team squad from the youth team after agreeing professional contracts. The team adopted a new home kit, which featured red shirts with white collars, white trims on the shoulders and white sleeves that included red trims. York started the season wearing red shorts with white trims, but these were replaced later in the season with navy blue shorts with white trims. The home kit also included red shorts with white trims. The away kit, retained from the previous season, comprised light blue shirts with white horizontal stripes, light blue shorts and light blue socks. Pryers Solicitors continued as shirt sponsors for the second successive season. York started the season with a 2–1 defeat at home to Kidderminster Harriers, who opened the scoring with a goal direct from a corner kick. After Michael Rankine equalised on 68 minutes with a penalty, Kidderminster won the match with a penalty three minutes later. Hopcutt was loaned out to Northern Premier League Premier Division club Whitby Town for a month. The team's first away match of the season was against Grimsby Town, with the match finishing a 0–0 draw. This was followed by another away draw, with Michael Gash and Till scoring against Bath City as the match finished 2–2. York then drew 0–0 at home to Barrow and the team's first victory of the season came after Rankine and Richard Brodie scored to beat Altrincham 3–0 at home. The team were defeated 2–1 away by Fleetwood Town, where Young made his debut and scored York's only goal. Brodie joined fellow Conference Premier club Crawley Town for an undisclosed fee, believed to be around £300,000, with the transfer being completed three minutes before the transfer deadline. Following Brodie's departure, two strikers were signed; Leon Constantine joined on a contract until the end of the season after leaving Hereford United and youth-team coach Steve Torpey was registered as a player. Till and debutant Constantine scored in the space of two minutes in a 2–0 home win over Rushden & Diamonds. Striker David Dowson, defender Jamal Fyfield and midfielder Danny Racchi joined the club on trial and played for the reserve team against Chesterfield. Having fallen a goal behind, York earned a 1–1 draw away to Wrexham after Till scored the equalising goal. Ahead of York's home match against Hayes & Yeading United, the club signed Fyfield from Maidenhead United for a nominal fee and Racchi from Wrexham, where he had been on non-contract terms. The same day, York beat Hayes & Yeading 2–0 with goals from Rankine and Constantine, the latter making his first start for the club. York were defeated 5–0 away by Mansfield Town, with Jonathan Smith being sent off on 34 tminutes after receiving a second yellow card. Hopcutt and Lisles were loaned out to Stokesley of the Northern League Division One. Manager Foyle resigned 10 matches into the season, with the team 15th in the table, and assistant manager Andy Porter was appointed caretaker manager. Porter's first match in charge was a 3–1 away victory over Tamworth, York's first away win of the season, with goals scored from Rankine, Alex Lawless and debutant Fyfield. Ahead of this match, Dowson was signed and made his debut as an 85th-minute substitute. The first home match of Porter's tenure was a 0–0 draw with Darlington, which was York's first televised appearance on sports channel Premier Sports. A 2–1 defeat away by Eastbourne Borough followed, with Lawless scoring York's only goal. McDermott was released after his month-to-month contract was not extended, having made four appearances. Striker Mark Beesley was signed on a one-month loan from Fleetwood before the match against Kettering Town. York lost this match 1–0 at home and the following day Porter left the club after four matches in charge, with Torpey being appointed caretaker manager. He led the team for a 4–0 away loss to Newport County before Tamworth manager Gary Mills was appointed as manager, with Darron Gee following as assistant manager. Mills' first match in charge was a 1–1 draw at home to Bath, with York taking the lead through a first-half penalty scored by Rankine before Bath equalised in the second half. McDermott rejoined the club on another month-to-month contract to become Mills' first signing. Former York defender Chris Smith, who played under Mills at Tamworth, was signed from Mansfield on a three-month loan, with a view to a permanent transfer. With Mills stating his desire to reduce the size of a squad that was \"too big\", Dowson, Hopcutt and Lisles were released by the club. The first victory under Mills' management was a 2–0 win away to Kidderminster in the fourth qualifying round of the FA Cup, with Racchi and Jonathan Smith scoring their first goals for the club. Courtney was made available for loan having made seven appearances for the club. Mills' first defeat came in a 2–1 away loss against Forest Green Rovers, with former Forest Green player Lawless scoring York's only goal. Beesley returned to Fleetwood after Mills decided to terminate his loan. York drew 0–0 away to League Two team Rotherham",
"Smith, who played under Mills at Tamworth, was signed from Mansfield on a three-month loan, with a view to a permanent transfer. With Mills stating his desire to reduce the size of a squad that was \"too big\", Dowson, Hopcutt and Lisles were released by the club. The first victory under Mills' management was a 2–0 win away to Kidderminster in the fourth qualifying round of the FA Cup, with Racchi and Jonathan Smith scoring their first goals for the club. Courtney was made available for loan having made seven appearances for the club. Mills' first defeat came in a 2–1 away loss against Forest Green Rovers, with former Forest Green player Lawless scoring York's only goal. Beesley returned to Fleetwood after Mills decided to terminate his loan. York drew 0–0 away to League Two team Rotherham United in the first round of the FA Cup, which resulted in a replay at home. Lawless joined York's divisional rivals Luton on loan until January 2011, when a permanent transfer for an undisclosed fee would take place. Two loan signings were subsequently made; Leicester City striker Ashley Chambers joined until January 2011 and Sunderland midfielder Robbie Weir joined for one month. Rankine scored York's equaliser in a 1–1 home draw against Wrexham with a second-half penalty. York beat Rotherham 3–0 at home in their FA Cup first round replay, with Chris Smith opening the scoring before Rankine scored twice. David McGurk handed in a transfer request having expressed his desire to join Luton, after they had a number of bids for him rejected and he had turned down a contract extension with York. York recorded their first league win under Mills with a 4–0 victory away to Rushden with Racchi, Rankine, Chambers and Neil Barrett scoring. Purcell was loaned out to Conference South team Dartford until January 2011 to regain match fitness following his return from injury. The Rushden win was followed by the season's first successive league victory, after York beat Southport 2–0 at home with late goals from Constantine and McDermott. Midfielder Andre Boucaud was signed from Kettering on loan until January 2011, with a view to a permanent transfer. York progressed to the third round of the FA Cup for the second season running after beating Darlington 2–0 away in the second round. The team's run of three straight wins came to an end after a 0–0 away draw against Kidderminster. Weir's loan from Sunderland was extended until January 2011, with Mills commenting: \"He's a fit lad who's totally committed in what he does and I've been impressed with him\". Mills was named the Conference Premier Manager of the Month for November 2010 after leading York to a seven-match unbeaten run, while Michael Ingham picked up the Player of the Month award after keeping six clean sheets and conceding one goal in this period. York were knocked out of the FA Trophy in the first round after being beaten 1–0 by Conference North team Boston United, which was the team's first home defeat under Mills. Racchi's contract with York expired, although Mills stated his intention to re-sign him once the January 2011 transfer window opened. York's away match with Luton was abandoned after 55 minutes due to heavy snow, with the score at the time being 0–0. Sangaré agreed to sign for Moroccan Botola champions Wydad Casablanca pending the expiry of his York contract at the end of December 2010, although after the transfer fell through he signed for Oxford. McDermott and Racchi agreed to sign new contracts with York once the January 2011 transfer window opened, which would keep them at the club until the end of the season. Having failed to establish a place in the team under Mills, Gash agreed to join Rushden in January 2011 on loan for the rest of the season. York started the New Year with a 3–0 victory away to Gateshead, with Jonathan Smith, Barrett and Constantine scoring in the second half. Chambers' loan at the club was extended until the end of the season. Boucaud signed a two-and-a-half-year contract for a £20,000 fee and Chris Smith signed a one-and-a-half-year contract to join the club permanently, while Lawless departed for Luton permanently. Jamie Reed was signed from Welsh Premier League club Bangor City for an undisclosed fee, on a two-and-a-half-year contract, after York had a bid for him rejected in November 2010. York were defeated 2–0 away by Premier League team Bolton Wanderers in the FA Cup third round, with Kevin Davies and Johan Elmander scoring late in the match. Weir returned to Sunderland after his loan expired, although Mills wanted to re-sign the player. Constantine scored the only goal in a 1–0 victory at home to Grimsby with a lob over goalkeeper Kenny Arthur. York came from behind to beat Histon 2–1 away after Constantine and Till scored in the last 15 minutes. A 5–0 defeat away to Luton followed after Ingham was sent off in the 15th minute, with Chris Smith subsequently playing in goal until half-time when Young took over. Following a trial with League Two club Cheltenham Town, Courtney was released by the club after having his contract cancelled. Mackin scored the winning goal in the 85th minute of a 2–1 home victory over Forest Green, in which Reed scored his first goal for the club. Leeds United midfielder Will Hatfield was signed on a one-month loan following a trial. York were beaten 4–0 away by Southport, with McGurk being sent off in the second minute. On transfer deadline day, former Leeds defender Liam Darville signed a contract until the end of the season and former Lincoln City midfielder Scott Kerr signed a one-and-a-half-year contract, following their release by their respective clubs. Fyfield joined former club Maidenhead on a one-month loan and Purcell joined Eastbourne on loan until the end of the season. Danny Parslow, James Meredith, Rankine and Chambers scored as York beat league leaders AFC Wimbledon 4–1 at home. Young returned to Altrincham on an emergency loan for the rest of the season. York played a second consecutive match against AFC Wimbledon, being beaten 1–0 away. This was followed by a 1–0 victory at home to Fleetwood, with Reed scoring the only goal of the match in the second half. York drew 0–0 away to Altrincham, which was the team's first draw since November 2010, before Jonathan Smith and Rankine scored as York won 2–1 away to Hayes & Yeading. Jonathan Smith scored in a second successive match to give York the lead at home to Gateshead, although the winning goal of a 2–1 victory was scored by Constantine with a penalty. Hatfield's loan from Leeds was extended until the end of the season, after he made two appearances during his first month at the club. McGurk signed a new contract with York, which contracted him to the club until the summer of 2013. York drew 0–0 away to Barrow. Fyfield opted not to extend his loan at Maidenhead, to fight for a place in the team. Rankine scored the only goal to give York a 1–0 victory at home to Eastbourne, with a header from a Till cross during the first half. Reed came off the bench to score both goals as York came from behind to beat Mansfield 2–1 at home. He scored for a second successive match away to Cambridge United, although York lost 2–1. Winger Aidan Chippendale was signed on loan from Huddersfield Town for the rest of the season. Reed scored his fourth goal in three matches as York beat Histon 1–0 at home. Rankine missed an 87th-minute penalty for York away to Kettering, with Reed scoring the team's goal in a 1–1 draw. Jonathan Smith scored in the first half for York at home to league-leaders Crawley, who equalised in the second half, with the match finishing a 1–1 draw. Racchi was released from his contract with immediate effect after requesting a transfer, having failed to establish himself in the team. York beat Newport 2–1 at home, with Rankine opening the scoring before assisting Reed for the second goal. McGurk picked up an ankle ligament injury in this match, which ruled him out for the rest of the",
"York lost 2–1. Winger Aidan Chippendale was signed on loan from Huddersfield Town for the rest of the season. Reed scored his fourth goal in three matches as York beat Histon 1–0 at home. Rankine missed an 87th-minute penalty for York away to Kettering, with Reed scoring the team's goal in a 1–1 draw. Jonathan Smith scored in the first half for York at home to league-leaders Crawley, who equalised in the second half, with the match finishing a 1–1 draw. Racchi was released from his contract with immediate effect after requesting a transfer, having failed to establish himself in the team. York beat Newport 2–1 at home, with Rankine opening the scoring before assisting Reed for the second goal. McGurk picked up an ankle ligament injury in this match, which ruled him out for the rest of the season. York suffered their first defeat at home since December 2010 after losing 2–1 to Tamworth, in which Constantine scored a consolation goal in the 89th minute. Having not made any appearances for the club, Chippendale was recalled by Huddersfield. Reed scored the only goal to give York a 1–0 victory at home to Luton. Young was recalled from his loan at Altrincham after Parslow suffered a head injury during the match against Luton. York were beaten 2–1 away to Darlington, in which Chris Carruthers scored a consolation goal in the 87th minute. York's hopes of making the play-offs were ended after drawing 0–0 with Cambridge in the last home match of the season. The last match of the season was a 1–1 draw away to champions-elect Crawley. York took the lead in the fifth minute through an own goal scored by David Hunt, before the home team equalised with a Matt Tubbs penalty in the 68th minute. York finished the season in eighth place in the Conference Premier table, seven points adrift of a play-off place. The Clubman of the Year award, voted for by the club's supporters, was won by Parslow for the second time in three seasons. He was presented with the trophy at an awards' ceremony held at Bootham Crescent. York spent most of the season in midtable, and having been as low as 19th in the table in November went on to reach sixth place during the last month of the season. The team's goals scored tally of 55 was the lowest of any team in the top half of the table, and the sixth lowest of any team in the division. Ingham and Meredith made the highest number of appearances during the season, each appearing in 51 of York's 52 matches. Rankine was York's top scorer in the league and in all competitions, with 12 league goals and 14 in total. He was the only player to reach double figures, and was followed by Reed with nine goals. Before the start of the new season York released Barrett, Carruthers, Constantine, Darville, Gash, Mackin and McWilliams, with Purcell, Rankine, Jonathan Smith, Till and Young leaving for Dover Athletic, Aldershot Town, Swindon Town, Fleetwood and Alfreton Town respectively. Fyfield, Ingham and Meredith signed new contracts with York, and McDermott was retained on non-contract terms. The club's new arrivals were goalkeeper Paul Musselwhite from Lincoln, defender Lanre Oyebanjo from Histon, midfielders Patrick McLaughlin from Newcastle United, Adriano Moké from Jerez Industrial and Michael Potts from Blackburn Rovers, winger Matty Blair from Kidderminster, and strikers Chambers from Leicester, Liam Henderson from Watford and Jason Walker from Luton. League positions are sourced by Statto, while the remaining information is referenced individually. 2010–11 York City F.C. season The 2010–11 season was the 89th season of competitive association football and seventh season in the Football Conference played by York City Football Club, a professional football club based in York, North Yorkshire, England. Their fifth-place finish in 2009–10 meant it was their seventh successive season in the Conference Premier. The season covers the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011. Ahead of Martin Foyle's second start to a season as York manager, six signings were made before the summer transfer window closed. With York 15th in the table 10 matches"
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"Panteón de Belén Panteón de Belén (also Santa Paula Cemetery) is a historical cemetery located in Guadalajara, Mexico. The cemetery is site of legends and night tours. It opened in 1848 and it was formally closed in 1896. Until the construction of the Rotonda de los Jalisciences Ilustres it housed the memorial for major historical figures from Jalisco. Its original name was Santa Paula Cemetery and was a project by Fray Antonio Alcalde. Guadalajara suffered of a large number of epidemics and the conventional hospitals were unable to support the demand for medical attention. In 1737, the Spanish crown requested to the Oidor Marqués de Altamira Don Juan Rodríguez de Albuerne, information about the number of patients at the Betlemitas Hospital. On March 8, 1751, the crown granted permission to relocate the Hospital. King Ferdinand VI requested the blueprints and granted funds to build a new Hospital. Guadalajara faced a large famine in 1786 ( Año del hambre ). The old Hospital was not large enough to treat the number of patients. On May 3, 1793 the Hospital of Belén was inaugurated. After the Independence War, Guadalajara faced a large number of famines and epidemic diseases like in 1833. Cholera killed a large percentage of the population. Guadalajara required a new Cemetery outside the populated areas. The gardens closer to the Hospital were used to build the cemetery, that's why it is known as \"Panteon de Belen\". The cemetery was projected by the architect Manuel Gómez Ibarra in 1848. The Panteon de Belen was divided in 2 areas. The common area and the section reserved to the wealthy. Santa Paula Cemetery received this name because the chapel in the middle of the high-class part of the cemetery was dedicated to her. Under the chapel there's a mausoleum where the remains of the most important figures in the city's history were kept. The common area has disappeared and was turned into the Tower of Medical Specialities for the Hospital (Now Called The \"Old\" Civilian Hospital and owned by the University of Guadalajara); but the wealthy part was re-opened and many legends were created to draw attention to it as some sort of \"museum of the macabre\". Legends of: The Vampire, The Pirate, The Lovers, The Monk, The Child afraid of the Dark, The Story of José Cuervo, The Nun and many more, have surfaced and are part of the local folklore. Many ghost sightings have been recorded but some think is just some form of mass-hysteria, still the Mexican cultural attraction to the dead draws dozens of people to the daytime and nighttime tours, especially on November 2. Fen-om, a non-profit organization dedicated to sharing facts of Mexican culture, focuses on the Panteón de Belén as part of quarterly tours of the city of Guadalajara. Many of the traditional tales of the graveyard can be found as part of the itinerary of its 7-day-a-week tours. Panteón de Belén Panteón de Belén (also Santa Paula Cemetery) is a historical cemetery located in"
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"Ben Mitkus Ben Mitkus (born 23 December 1994) is a Swedish television personality and singer. He also maintains a YouTube channel with over 400,000 subscribers. He came to Sweden from Lithuania with his family at the age of four and resides in Järfälla, Stockholm. He auditioned for Idol 2014, and also participated in the series \"Ung och bortskämd\", broadcast on TV3, where he placed second in the final. Mitkus has a YouTube account, which in 2016 had 36 million views, where he posts videos of himself singing. Mitkus is signed to Universal Music. In 2018, he participated in \"Farmen VIP\" along with several Swedish celebrities. He was the first celebrity to be eliminated from the Farm. In 2016, Mitkus released the single \"Kills Me\", which peaked at number 45 on the Sverigetopplistan singles chart. Notes Ben Mitkus Ben Mitkus (born 23 December 1994) is a Swedish television personality and singer. He also maintains a YouTube channel with over 400,000 subscribers. He came to Sweden from Lithuania with his family at the age of four and resides in Järfälla, Stockholm. He auditioned for Idol 2014, and also participated in the series \"Ung och bortskämd\", broadcast on TV3, where he placed second"
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"Boisrond-Tonnerre Louis Félix Mathurin Boisrond-Tonnerre (born 6 June 1776; executed 24 October 1806), better known as simply Boisrond-Tonnerre, was a Haitian writer and historian who is best known for having served as Jean-Jacques Dessalines' secretary. Boisrond-Tonnerre was educated in Paris until 179,8 when he returned to Haiti (Daut 56). He is the author of the 1804 Independence Act of Haiti, which formally declared Haiti's independence from the colonial rule of France. He is also known for his work chronicling the Haitian Revolution, \"Mémoires pour Servir à l'Histoire d'Haïti\". Boisrond-Tonnerre was born Louis Boisrond in Torbeck in southwest Haiti. He acquired the name \"Tonnerre\", French for \"thunder\", as an infant when his cradle was hit by lightning. His father, a carpenter named Mathurin Boisrond (see Daut below), amazed that his infant son was unharmed, gave him the name \"Tonnerre\". Boisrond-Tonnerre studied in France before returning to Haiti, where he took part in the Haitian Revolution. A supporter and secretary of the revolutionary general Jean-Jacques Dessalines, Boisrond-Tonnerre supported the 1804 Haiti massacre of all whites remaining on the post-revolutionary island. Voicing his support, Boisrond-Tonnerre stated, \"For our declaration of independence, we should have the skin of a white man for parchment, his skull for an inkwell, his blood for ink, and a bayonet for a pen!\" However, Boisront-Tonnerre became a victim of post-revolutionary infighting and was executed in October 1806. According to the Haitian author Christophe Phillippe Charles, Boisrond-Tonnerre scribbled the following quatrain on the walls of his cell before his execution on either the night of 23 or 24 October 1806: Humide et froid séjour fait par et pour le crime<br> Où le crime en riant immole sa victime<br> Que peuvent inspirer tes fers et tes barreaux<br> Quand un coeur pur y goûte un innocent repos? (Christophe 35). \"Translation\" : Cold and humid internment crime has both fashioned and formed <br> Where crime, laughing, immolates and consumes its servant <br> But what [fear] can your iron bars hope to inspire <br> When a pure heart wrests from them a peaceful rest? (Christophe 35) Boisrond-Tonnerre Louis Félix Mathurin Boisrond-Tonnerre (born 6 June 1776; executed 24 October 1806), better known as simply Boisrond-Tonnerre, was a Haitian writer and historian who is best known for having served as Jean-Jacques Dessalines' secretary. Boisrond-Tonnerre was educated in Paris until 179,8 when he returned to Haiti (Daut 56). He is the author of the 1804 Independence Act"
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"Charlie Stewart (footballer, born 1939) Charlie Stewart (born 19 March 1939) is a former Australian rules football player and coach. He is most notable for playing for Footscray in the Victorian Football League. Stewart was of Indigenous Australian descent. Stewart played reserve grade for Essendon in 1957 before a stint with Lemnos. In April 1961, Stewart was cleared by Essendon to Footscray. He played 20 matches in the 1961 VFL season. He was a reserve player in the Footscray team that lost the 1961 VFL Grand Final. He was released by Footscray in April 1962. Stewart was playing coach of Victorian country team Kyabram until the end of the 1966 season. For the 1967 season he moved to Stanhope where he continued as a playing coach. On 26 May 2014, the Western Bulldogs designed an Indigenous guernsey that features the names of all 18 indigenous players that have represented the club in senior VFL/AFL competition. It was worn against Fremantle at their home Indigenous round match on 1 June 2014. Stewart was one of the 18 players recognised. At the conclusion of the 1961 Grand Final, the players from opposing sides swapped jumpers. Stewart traded jumpers with his opposing wingman, Hawthorn's John Fisher. In 2012, Stewart was cleaning out his house and found Fisher's old jumper in a box. He donated the guernsey to the Hawthorn Football Club museum who said it was a \"wonderful gesture\" and described the jumper as being \"in mint condition\". Charlie Stewart (footballer, born 1939) Charlie Stewart (born 19 March 1939) is a former Australian rules football player and coach. He is most notable for playing for Footscray in the Victorian Football League. Stewart was of Indigenous Australian descent. Stewart played reserve grade for Essendon in 1957 before a stint with Lemnos. In April 1961,"
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"Thomas Chaseland Thomas Chaseland (c.1803–5 June 1869) was a New Zealand sealer, whaler and pilot. He was born in Australia on c.1803. His father, Thomas Chaseland senior, was a Londoner who arrived in Australia as a convict in 1792. Chaseland senior married fellow prisoner Margaret McMahon and the couple had six children. Chaseland fathered another child with an Aboriginal woman in around 1803. The infant was named Thomas and was born the year before Chaseland senior married and he was raised in the family home with his other children at Windsor. Thomas Chaseland junior went to work as a teenager at the shipyards on the nearby Hawkesbury River. In August 1815, he joined the crew of the \"Jupiter\" on a sealing voyage to the islands of Bass Strait. He next served on the \"King George\" on a cruise to the Marquesas Islands for a cargo of pork and sandalwood in 1818. He is next recorded aboard the \"Governor Macquarie\" in 1819 bound for New Zealand and Tahiti for seal skins and sandalwood. The vessel later spent time at Kangaroo Island taking aboard a cargo of kangaroo and seal skins. Thomas Chaseland Thomas Chaseland (c.1803–5 June 1869) was a New Zealand"
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"Gabriella Hall Gabriella Hall (born Laura Rosa Saldivar November 11, 1966) is a model and actress from Los Angeles best known for her appearances in Cinemax TV shows and movies such as \"Erotic Confessions\" and \"Beverly Hills Bordello\". To date, she has appeared in over 58 TV shows and movies. She has posed for \"Playboy\" magazine and appeared in one of their videos, \"Playboy: Girls of the Internet\" (as Gabriella Skye). Gabriella was born in Los Angeles but grew up on the beaches of Northern California. She auditioned for fashion print work on a whim as a way to pay for veterinarian school. Her fashion print work led to runway modeling in Europe before she returned to California. Gabriella had always been fascinated with movies from when she was a little girl with Rita Hayworth being her favorite actress at the time. Her first major role was in a movie called \"Centerfold\" (later renamed \"Naked Ambition\"). After that, she would go on to appear in 18 features over the next two years. It was her appearance in the Nicolas Roeg drama, \"Full Body Massage\", (as the younger flashback of Mimi Rogers' character, Nina) that drew the attention of film producers such as Curtis Hansen, and kept her steadily employed in a variety of movies. Recently, she has gotten into producing her own movies with \"Jacqueline Hyde\" (2005). Gabriella Hall Gabriella Hall (born Laura Rosa Saldivar November 11, 1966) is a model and actress from Los Angeles best known for her appearances in Cinemax TV shows and movies such as \"Erotic Confessions\" and \"Beverly Hills Bordello\". To date, she has appeared in over 58 TV shows and movies. She has posed for \"Playboy\" magazine and appeared in one of their videos, \"Playboy: Girls of the Internet\" (as Gabriella Skye). Gabriella was"
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"Duluth Does Dylan Duluth Does Dylan is a 2000 album featuring songs by Bob Dylan covered by bands from Duluth, Minnesota. The album was mixed and recorded at Inland Sea Recording in Superior, Wisconsin, and mastered at Spinout Studio in Burbank, California. \"Duluth Does Dylan\" was produced by Tim Nelson and Tom Fabjance, and features cover and liner art by Chris Monroe. The liner notes were written by Brad Nelson, then publisher of the Duluth Ripsaw. All songs originally recorded by Bob Dylan. Tim Nelson, the executive producer of \"Duluth Does Dylan\", conceived of the album as a way of \"using Dylan's connection to Duluth to promote the bands living and working here today.\" Only bands producing original music and active in the Duluth music scene were considered; most of the bands were selected in part based on their reception at the Homegrown Music Festival, Duluth's annual local music festival. Participating bands each selected a song recorded by Bob Dylan, and Nelson encouraged the musicians to use their own style rather than trying \"to sound like Dylan.\" Upon its release, \"Duluth Does Dylan\" was featured on the cover of the Duluth Ripsaw, and release parties were held in Duluth and Minneapolis–Saint Paul. A local Duluth brewery named a beer in honor of the album. \"Duluth Does Dylan\" sold out its original 1,000 -disc pressing within two months, and went on to sell over 3,000 copies during the next five years. Aside from local sales, the album also received attention nationally and internationally. The album has also been credited with bringing national attention to several local bands. It was followed by \"Duluth Does Dylan Revisited\" in 2006 and \"Another Side of Duluth Does Dylan\" in 2011. Duluth Does Dylan Duluth Does Dylan is a 2000 album featuring songs by Bob Dylan"
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"Japan–Paraguay relations Japan–Paraguay relations (, ) are foreign relations between Japan and Paraguay. With the signing of the bilateral Trade Agreement between both of them, the two countries established diplomatic relations on November 17, 1919. Japan has an embassy in Asunción. Paraguay has an embassy in Tokyo. The bilateral relations were suspended during World War II; in other words, Paraguay broke diplomatic relations with Japan, Germany and Italy on January 28, 1942, and then finally, Paraguay declared war on Japan and Germany on February 7, 1945. On September 8, 1951, the definitive Treaty of Peace with Japan was signed in San Francisco by Japan, Paraguay, the United States and other 46 allied nations except communist states. By virtue of the ratification of the treaty on November 28, 1951 in Japan and on January 15, 1953 in Paraguay, their bilateral relations were restored. There are around 7,000 Paraguayans who are of Japanese descent, whose ancestors came to Paraguay between 1936 and 1959. Both countries are full members of the United Nations and the World Trade Organization. Japan–Paraguay relations Japan–Paraguay relations (, ) are foreign relations between Japan and Paraguay. With the signing of the bilateral Trade Agreement between both of them,"
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"Inverse care law The inverse care law is the principle that the availability of good medical or social care tends to vary inversely with the need of the population served. Proposed by Julian Tudor Hart in 1971, the term has since been widely adopted. It is a pun on inverse-square law, a term and concept from physics. The law states that: \"\"The availability of good medical care tends to vary inversely with the need for it in the population served. This ... operates more completely where medical care is most exposed to market forces, and less so where such exposure is reduced.\"\" Hart later paraphrased his argument: \"To the extent that health care becomes a commodity it becomes distributed just like champagne. That is rich people gets lots of it. Poor people don’t get any of it.\" The Inverse Care Law is a key issue in the debate about health inequality. As Frank Dobson put it when he was Secretary of State for Health: \"Inequality in health is the worst inequality of all. There is no more serious inequality than knowing that you'll die sooner because you're badly off.\" Inverse care law The inverse care law is the principle that"
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".577/450 Martini–Henry \"Also known as 11.43x60R (61R)\" The .577/450 Martini–Henry was a black powder, centrefire round used by the British and British Empire militaries prior to the adoption of the .303 calibre cartridge used in the Lee–Metford, Martini–Enfield, and Lee–Enfield series of rifles alongside the Nepalese Bira gun. This cartridge is also sometimes known as 11.43×60R (61R). The .577/450 was based upon the same separate steel head used for the .577 Snider cartridge, with a wrapped foil body firing a nominally .45 calibre bullet, giving the cartridge a \"bottle-necked\" appearance. Initially, .577/450 cartridges were manufactured of rolled brass foil with an iron rim, but later on—shortly after the Anglo-Zulu War—it was discovered that the rolled foil cartridges were prone to jamming as the barrel heated up, and production was switched to the drawn brass style now commonly used for the manufacture of small arms ammunition. The Martini–Henry single-shot lever-action rifle had a Martini-designed action married to the unique rifling designed by Alexander Henry. The first three patterns or \"marks\" were equipped with a shorter lever, which was extended in the Mark IV pattern to address extraction problems in some climates. The Mark IV was the final and most refined form of the rifle in .577/450, but was already obsolete owing to the pending adoption of a smokeless powder small bore cartridge, which became the .303. The cartridge was most famously employed by British forces during the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879—which included the Battle of Isandlwana and the Battle of Rorke's Drift—as well as during the Sudanese Campaign of 1884–1898, and in various other colonial conflicts in Africa and India. By the end of the 19th century, the .577/450 Martini–Henry cartridge was considered obsolete, though it was still in military production as late as World War I (for use by Royal Flying Corps observers and Zeppelin-buster aircrews, using an incendiary spitzer bullet), and in commercial production by Kynoch until the late 1950s. The load used by the military was of black powder with a bullet at .. This configuration is slightly more powerful than a regular 45-70 Government (black powder and 405 grains bullet). The round was used in the Bira Gun, developed primarily by General Gehendra Shumsher of Nepal as an answer to the American Gardner gun after the British gave Nepal several million .577/450 Martini-Henry rounds. Due primarily to the fact that it was used so extensively by the British Army, the .577/450 Martini–Henry was also very popular among hunters all over the world for many years. It has been used to hunt virtually every possible species of big game including deer, plains game, tiger, and even elephant. The cartridge has fallen out of use in recent years because of the difficulty involved in obtaining ammunition. However, the .577/450 Martini–Henry is still used occasionally by hunters, especially in the former British colonies, and is a great choice for hunting medium and large game. Modern handloader are resizing 24 gauge brass hulls, made by CBC/Magtech, and obtaining positive results. .577/450"
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"Mil V-12 The Mil V-12 (NATO reporting name: Homer), given the project number \"Izdeliye 65\" (\"Item 65\"), is the largest helicopter ever built. The designation \"Mi-12\" would have been the name for the production helicopter and was not applied to the V-12 prototypes. Design studies for a giant helicopter were started at the Mil OKB in 1959, receiving official sanction in 1961 by the GKAT (\"Gosudarstvenny Komitet Po Aviatsionnoy Tekhnike\" - \"state committee on aircraft technology\") instructing Mil to develop a helicopter capable of lifting . The GKAT directive was followed by a more detailed specification for the V-12 with hold dimensions similar to the Antonov An-22, intended to lift major items of combat materiel as well as 8K67, 8K75 and 8K82 inter-continental ballistic missiles (ICBM). Design limitations forced Mil to adopt a twin rotor system but design studies of a tandem layout, similar to the Boeing CH-47 Chinook, revealed major problems. The single rotor layouts also studied proved to be non-viable, leading to the transverse layout chosen for the finished article. The transverse rotor system of the V-12, which eliminates the need for a tail rotor, consists of two Mil Mi-6 transmission systems complete with rotors mounted at the tips of the approximately span inverse tapered wings. Although the first use by Mil, the transverse system had been used by several of the early helicopters, including the Focke-Wulf Fw 61, Focke-Achgelis Fa 223 Drache and Kamov Ka-22 Vintokryl convertiplane. Construction of the V-12 first prototype, after exhaustive testing with test-rigs and mock-ups including a complete transmission system, began at Panki in 1965. The airframe was largely conventional, using stressed skin construction methods with high strength parts machined from solid. The large fuselage accommodated the cabin and crew section in the extreme nose, housing pilot, co-pilot, flight engineer and electrical engineer in the lower cockpit, with the navigator and radio operator in the upper cockpit. At the aft end of the fuselage access to the cabin is gained by large clamshell doors and drop down cargo ramp with inbuilt retractable support jacks. Doors in the fuselage also give access to the cargo hold: two on the starboard side and three on the port side. Above the rear fuselage is a very large fin and rudder, with a moderately sized tailplane with dihedral fitted with end-plate fins (not fitted for the first flight). The fixed undercarriage consists of large paired main-wheel units on oleo-pneumatic levered shock absorbers mounted at the junction of a strut system supporting the rotor systems and wings and connected to the centre fuselage by a tripod strut structure with the nose-leg attached aft of the crew section. A pair of bumper wheels are mounted at the rear of the fuselage keel and fixed support pads ensure that the cargo ramp is extended to the correct angle. Long braced struts also connected the transmission units to the rear fuselage forward of the fin. Cargo handling is by forklift or electric hoists on traveling beams. The power system and wings are mounted above the centre fuselage with interconnecting shafts ensuring synchronisation of the main rotors which overlapped by about . Drag and lift losses are reduced by the inverse taper wings with minimum chord in regions of strongest down-wash. The interconnecting shafts also ensured symmetrical lift distribution in event of engine failure. To optimise control in roll and yaw the rotors are arranged to turn in opposite directions with the port rotor turning anti-clockwise and the starboard rotor turning clockwise, ensuring that the advancing blades pass over the fuselage. Each power unit comprises two Soloviev D-25VF turbo-shaft engines mounted below main gearboxes which each drive five-bladed diameter rotors and the synchronisation shafts which run from wing-tip to wing-tip. Each paired engine pod has large access panels which open up for maintenance access and also form platforms for servicing crews to operate from. Control of the V-12 presented several problems to the designers and engineers due to the sheer size as well as the rotor layout. The pilot and co-pilot sat in the lower flight deck with a wide expanse of windows to give excellent visibility. Using conventional cyclic stick, collective lever and rudder pedals the pilots input their commands in a conventional fashion. Roll control is by differential collective pitch change on the left and right rotors, ensuring that sufficient lift is generated to prevent inadvertent sink. Yaw in the hover or low air speeds is achieved by tilting the rotor discs forward and backward differentially depending on direction of yaw required. At higher air speeds differential rotor control is gradually supplanted by the large aerodynamic rudder on the fin. Ascent and descent are controlled by the collective lever increasing or decreasing pitch of both rotors simultaneously. Large elevators on the tailplane control fuselage attitude and provide reaction to pitching moments from the wing and variation on rotor disc angle. The control system is complex due to the sheer size of the aircraft and the need to compensate for aeroelastic deformation of the structure, as well as the very large friction loads of the control rods, levers etc. To keep control forces felt by the pilots to a minimum, the control system is in three distinct phases. Phase one is direct mechanical control from pilot inputs which is fed into phase two. Phase two is the intermediate powered control system with low-powered hydraulic boosters transferring commands to the third phase. Phase three is the high-powered rapid action control actuators at the main gearboxes operating the swashplates directly. Construction of the first prototype was completed in 1968. A first flight on 27 June 1967 ended prematurely due to oscillations caused by control problems; one set of main wheels contacted the ground hard bursting a tyre and bending a wheel hub. The cause of the oscillations proved to be a harmonic amplification of vibrations in the cockpit floor feeding back into the control column when a roll demand was input into the cyclic stick. It was widely but erroneously reported in the Western press that the aircraft had been destroyed. The first prototype, given the registration SSSR-21142, made its first flight on 10 July 1968 from the Mil factory pad in Panki to the Mil OKB test flight facility in Lyubertsy. In February 1969, the first prototype lifted a record payload to . On 6 August 1969, the V-12 lifted to a height of , also a world record. The second prototype was also assembled at the Mil experimental production facility in Panki but sat in the workshop for a full year awaiting engines, flying for the first time in March 1973 from Panki to the flight test facilities in Lyubertsy. Curiously the second prototype was also registered SSSR-21142. The prototype V-12s outperformed their design specifications, setting numerous world records which still stand today, and brought its designers numerous awards such as the prestigious Sikorsky Prize awarded by the American Helicopter Society for outstanding achievements in helicopter technology. The V-12 design was patented in the USA, Great Britain and other countries. Despite all of these achievements the Soviet Air Force refused to accept the helicopter for state acceptance trials for many reasons, the main one being that the V-12's most important intended mission no longer existed, i.e. the rapid deployment of heavy strategic ballistic missiles. This also led to a reduction in Antonov An-22 production. In May–June 1971, the first prototype V-12 SSSR-21142 made a series of flights over Europe culminating in an appearance at the 29th Paris Air Show at Le Bourget wearing exhibit code H-833. All development on the V-12 was stopped in 1974. The first prototype remained at the Mikhail Leontyevich Mil Moscow helicopter plant in Panki-Tomilino, Lyuberetsky",
"in helicopter technology. The V-12 design was patented in the USA, Great Britain and other countries. Despite all of these achievements the Soviet Air Force refused to accept the helicopter for state acceptance trials for many reasons, the main one being that the V-12's most important intended mission no longer existed, i.e. the rapid deployment of heavy strategic ballistic missiles. This also led to a reduction in Antonov An-22 production. In May–June 1971, the first prototype V-12 SSSR-21142 made a series of flights over Europe culminating in an appearance at the 29th Paris Air Show at Le Bourget wearing exhibit code H-833. All development on the V-12 was stopped in 1974. The first prototype remained at the Mikhail Leontyevich Mil Moscow helicopter plant in Panki-Tomilino, Lyuberetsky District near Moscow and is still there today (7 March 2017) at . The second prototype was donated to Monino Air Force Museum east of Moscow for public display. Records are certified by the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale. The V-12 first prototype has held eight world records, four of which are still current, in the FAI E1 General class for rotorcraft powered by turbine engines. The aircraft was crewed by: Mil V-12 The Mil V-12 (NATO reporting name: Homer), given the project number \"Izdeliye 65\" (\"Item 65\"), is the largest helicopter ever built. The designation \"Mi-12\" would have been the name for the production helicopter and was not applied to the V-12 prototypes. Design studies for a giant helicopter were started"
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"1969 Maghreb Athletics Championships The 1969 Maghreb Athletics Championships was the third edition of the international athletics competition between the countries of the Maghreb. Libya, Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco were the competing nations. Organised by the Union des Fédérations d'Athlétisme du Maghreb Uni (Union of Athletics Federations of the United Maghreb), it took place on 24 and 25 July in Tripoli, Libya. It was the first time that Libya competed at the competition. A total of 33 athletics events were contested, 22 for men and 11 for women. The tournament was evenly contested, with Morocco topped the medal table with ten gold medals. Tunisia were a close second with nine golds, while Algeria and Libya each took seven gold medals. It was the last time that the 80 metres hurdles featured on the programme, being replaced by the international standard 100 metres hurdles from 1970 onwards. Morocco's Malika Hadki had a sprint triple, winning the 100, 200 and 400 metres events. Three men managed individual doubles: Mohammed Gammoudi won both long-distance races; Jadour Haddou was a double middle-distance champion; and Youcef Boulfelfel added a triple jump title to his pentathlon crown. 1969 Maghreb Athletics Championships The 1969 Maghreb Athletics Championships"
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"Mansfield Engineered Components Mansfield Engineered Components is a Mansfield, Ohio-based company that designs and manufactures closure mechanisms, counterbalances and hinges for the major appliance market. Mansfield Plating Company was founded by Otis Cummins Jr. in 1939. It provided metal finishing services for the automotive, appliance and furniture markets. In the 1960s, Cummins and his son Otis “Koke” Cummins III formed Mansfield Manufacturing, fabricating metal components for the company’s existing markets. The two companies merged to become Mansfield Industries in 1972. Another company, Mansfield Assemblies, was founded in 1987 to provide contract manufacturing and assembly operations. Mansfield Assemblies added a design and engineering group in 1989. On October 13, 2011, Mansfield Industries and Mansfield Assemblies announced a new name, Mansfield Engineered Components. The company is owned and operated by Bruce, Steve and Claudia Cummins, the third generation of the Cummins family to manage the business. It employs 250 and operates from a 180,000-square-foot facility.Mansfield Engineered Components has received awards and recognition from some of its major customers for its ability to design and deliver custom closure mechanisms. The company was also named a 2010 United States Department of Energy Save Energy Now Energy Champion Plant. Mansfield Engineered Components Mansfield Engineered Components"
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"Qantara.de Qantara.de ( \"qanṭarah\", meaning \"bridge\") is an Internet portal in German, English, and Arabic, designed to promote intercultural dialogue between the Western and Islamic worlds. The portal was founded on the initiative of the German Foreign Office, in reaction to the crisis ridden developments in relations to Islamic cultures in the wake of the shock of the September 11 attacks in the USA. Online since March 2003, the platform is jointly run by the German Federal Agency for Civic Education (bpb), Germany’s international broadcaster Deutsche Welle (DW), the Goethe-Institut (GI) and the German Institute for Foreign Cultural Relations (ifa), and is funded by the foreign office. The task of the joint dialogue project is to promote understanding between the various cultures, with the aim of combating ignorance and prejudice through knowledge. The editorial team works to publish writing by Western and Islamic authors who seek open and respectful discussion of both commonalities and controversial subjects. These have included diverse contributors, like the Egyptian literary scholar Nasr Hamid Abu Zaid, the German former diplomat and Muslim Murad Hofmann, the Islam theologian Halima Krausen, the conflict researcher Heiner Bielefeldt and the physicist Ernst Ulrich von Weizsäcker. Qantara.de Qantara.de ( \"qanṭarah\", meaning"
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"Mystic Records Mystic Records is an American record label and music production company specializing in hardcore punk, crossover thrash, underground music, vingtage and cult records. It is owned and operated by Doug Moody. The label was first established in Hollywood, California and subsequently moved its operations to Oceanside, California. Mystic Records is an independent label and not a member of the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). Mystic Records is closely associated with the personality of its founder, Doug Moody, regarded as a pioneer of the independent Rock and Roll industry. Moody's father, Walter Moody, was himself an influential figure in the music industry, running EMI Studios (Abbey Road) in London during the 1930s. In 1953 the family moved to the United States. Moody decided to himself become involved in the music business, first working in the A&R department of Silvertone Records in New Jersey. A series of music industry jobs followed throughout the decades of the 1960s and 1970s, including stints in various capacities at Kama Sutra Records, 20th Century Fox, and A&M Records. Seeking another place in the music industry outside of the major record labels, Moody opened a recording studio in Hollywood, California at the location of the old Mustang Studios, made famous as a facility used by the Bobby Fuller Four. Moody changed out the studio's superannuated 2 track mono recording gear and replaced it with state of the art 8-track stereo gear, leaving the recording rooms otherwise largely unaltered. In tandem with the studio was launched the Mystic Records label. During the label's peak period of activity, from 1982 through 1990, Mystic released over 200 records, many of which were multi-band compilations, involving the work of several hundred artists. Emerging as a prominent force in the Southern California punk rock music scene, Mystic put out an array of alternative bands, with an emphasis on the hardcore punk, crossover thrash, and speed metal styles in vogue during this period. Moody claimed to have invested $70,000 in the label in 1983 alone, but taking into account recording costs and sales figures averaging about 2,000 copies per record, found the operation with about $40,000 left to recover at the end of that year. Bands would purchase studio time, with Mystic recouping its investment against royalties due, which in 1984 Moody claimed was approximately 40 cents per record. In conjunction with the label, Moody and Mystic established its own wholesale record distribution branch, MD Distributing. This distributorship handled not only Mystic releases but those of other labels as well. Some of the best known artists on Mystic Records include NOFX, RKL, Battalion of Saints, Ill Repute, Agression, and The Mentors. Mystic Records has also released vinyl compilations featuring Suicidal Tendencies, Love Canal, New Regime, Black Flag, Duct Tape Hostage, SIN 34, Government Issue, The Minutemen, Habeas Corpus, The Instigators,Screaming Bloody Marys and Bad Religion. Mystic Records has been credited with several innovations in the independent record industry of the 1980s. It introduced Super Sevens (7-inch 33rpm extended play records featuring seven songs) and helped popularize the manufacture of limited edition records on colored vinyl. The label was also influential through its release of multi-band compilation albums, such as its \"The Sound of Hollywood\" series, and promotional label samplers making use of album tracks, typified by its \"Mystic Sampler\" series. Moody's key collaborators on the Mystic Records project included producer and engineer Phillip \"Philco\" Raves, sales and distribution manager Bill Karras, and \"Mystic Mark\" Wilkins, coordinator of record and tour promotion. Mystic Records Mystic Records is an American record label and music production company specializing in hardcore punk, crossover thrash,"
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"Badalona Pompeu Fabra (Barcelona Metro) Badalona Pompeu Fabra is the name of a Barcelona Metro station in downtown Badalona, a municipality in the metropolitan area of Barcelona, served by metro line L2, and its northern terminus. Saveguarded plans for the extension of L1 also include this station. It's named after Pompeu Fabra, grammarian and political figure. If the project is finally approved, it will be part of L13 as well. Construction started in October 2005 and was initially expected to be opened in 2007 under the working name \"Badalona Centre\". However, the station wouldn't be inaugurated until 2010, due to controlled demolition problems and the discovery of Roman ruins in the area. Its platforms are over 100 m long and 9 m wide. Badalona Pompeu Fabra (Barcelona Metro) Badalona Pompeu Fabra is the name of a Barcelona Metro station in downtown Badalona, a municipality in the metropolitan area of Barcelona, served by metro line L2, and its northern terminus. Saveguarded plans for the extension of L1 also include this station. It's named after Pompeu Fabra, grammarian and political figure. If the project is finally approved, it will be part of L13 as well. Construction started in October 2005 and was"
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"retrieved": [
"On 8 March, Özil scored his first goal of 2014 in a 4–1 FA Cup quarter-final win over Everton. Özil was showing signs of old form and started in Arsenal's second leg Champions League last 16 clash with Bayern Munich. He was substituted at half-time, and the reasoning behind it was that Özil had suffered a hamstring injury and will face a month out, missing key fixtures against Chelsea and Manchester City. \n Following a second-place La Liga finish to rivals Barcelona in the 2012–13 season, Özil relocated to England to join Premier League side Arsenal in a then club-record deal worth £42.5 million (€ 50 million), making him the most expensive German player of all time. During his first season, Özil helped end the club's largely publicised nine-year trophy drought, winning the FA Cup in 2014. He later became victorious in two more FA Cup campaigns, while also winning the FA Community Shield. Özil would also tie the league assist record (19) in 2014–15, as well as being named in multiple teams of the season in England. \n On 12 June 2016, Özil completed the full 90 minutes of Germany's opening Euro 2016 match against Ukraine which Germany won 2–0. He assisted Bastian Schweinsteiger's goal in the 92nd minute. On 21 June 2016, Özil completed 99% of his passes, created six chances and claimed the Man of the Match award in Germany's win over Northern Ireland. Five days later, Özil started in Germany's 3–0 round of 16 win over Slovakia. In the 13th minute of the match, he had a penalty effort saved by goalkeeper Matúš Kozáčik. On 2 July 2016, Özil scored the leading goal against Italy in the quarter-finals to give Germany a 1–0 advantage, before Italy later equalised through Leonardo Bonucci's penalty. Germany, however, emerged as the victorious side after winning the penalty shoot-out 6–5, despite Özil failing to convert his penalty kick after hitting the goal post. \n After a 2–0 home defeat to Barcelona in the Champions League, Özil scored and assisted in a 3–2 defeat at Old Trafford to Manchester United as the Gunners lost further ground in the title race. Özil started in the 2–1 Watford in the FA Cup, where he set up Danny Welbeck for Arsenal's consolation goal with a backheel assist, and three days later in a 3–1 defeat to Barcelona in the Champions League as Arsenal crashed out in successive cup competitions in March. \n * FA Cup:2013–14, 2014–15, 2016–17 \n * FA Community Shield:2015 \n\n\n Özil ended the 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification campaign as Germany's top scorer with eight goals. \n Özil started dating singer Mandy Capristo in 2013. The relationship ended in October 2014, following reports of Özil being involved with another woman. On 12 November 2015, Özil and Capristo appeared together at the Bambi awards ceremony in Berlin. An Instagram photo uploaded by Özil used the hashtag #OziStoIsBack, suggesting that the couple is back together. However, they broke up in 2017 and Özil has been dating former Miss Turkey, Amine Gülşe. \n Özil played all three of Arsenal's remaining fixtures during the last month of his debut season in England. The German playmaker came off at half-time in extra-time of Arsenal's 2014 FA Cup Final victory over Hull at Wembley Stadium. Speaking before the FA Cup final, Per Mertesacker praised his compatriot's impact on the side during his first season in England. \"You could see from the start that he is one of the best players in Europe,\" said Mertesacker. \"His contributions and assists are vital for any club so we are happy to have him back.\" Özil completed his maiden season at Arsenal with 13 assists and seven goals in all competitions spanning a course of 40 games. \n On 27 June 2010, Özil played in Germany's win over England in the last 16 match, setting up the fourth goal with a cross to Thomas Müller as Germany triumphed 4–1. During the quarter-final match against Argentina, he assisted the second goal for Miroslav Klose with a cross to ensure the 4–0 final score for the Germans. FIFA announced that he was among the ten tournament players nominated for the Golden Ball. \n Özil started four of Arsenal's six games in January. The playmaker missed Arsenal's victory over Cardiff City on New Year's Day with a shoulder injury before returning to make a late appearance from the bench against Tottenham Hotspur in the FA Cup. The 25-year-old produced a slide-rule pass for Lukas Podolski to score his first goal against Coventry City and provided the ball for Santi Cazorla's goal against Southampton at the end of the month to take his assist tally to 10. \n As of match played 5 January 2018 \n At Madrid, Özil won the Copa del Rey in his first season, before registering a league high 17 assists as the Spanish side won the league title in the following season. He also won the Supercopa de España in the same season, becoming renowned for his technical skills and creativity; due to his agility, finesse and versatility as an attacking midfielder, he has also been compared to Zinedine Zidane by former manager José Mourinho. \n Due to his creative ability and offensive prowess as a playmaker, Özil has been called \"assist-king\" in the media. As of January 2016, Özil has the best ratio of assists per game in the history of the Premier League. Germany under-21 manager Horst Hrubesch once said, \"We in Germany are prone to rave about foreign players. We praise Wayne Rooney to the heavens, likewise Ronaldo or Messi. But we have our own Messi. Our Messi is Özil.\" In the UEFA Euro 2012 qualifier against Belgium, he scored a goal which has been described as a \"work of art.\" Germany coach Joachim Löw hails Özil for his \"genius moments\" and his performance without the ball. \n * La Liga:2011–12 \n * Copa del Rey:2010–11 \n * Supercopa de España:2012 \n\n\n Due to his performances in the 2010 FIFA World Cup, Özil ensured his place among Europe's top young talents. He was sought by teams like Barcelona, Arsenal and Real Madrid. English striker Wayne Rooney was one of the many admirers Özil had garnered with his performances in the World Cup, and had even asked Manchester United manager Sir Alex Ferguson to sign the German playmaker. There were reports claiming that a deal was struck for a transfer to Barcelona, but Werder Bremen denied the reports and on 17 August 2010, the team announced that they had reached an agreement with Real Madrid for Özil's transfer. The transfer fee is believed to have been in the region of € 15 million. Upon signing, Özil said, \"When the offer came in to join Real Madrid, there is no decision to make. Let's be honest–you don't refuse this club. I was in no rush to leave Werder Bremen, but this is one club you say yes to. They are an institution, a club with a fantastic history, stadium and squad full of world-class players. The prospect of performing at the Bernabéu is so awesome you jump straight in.\" Özil made his debut on 22 August in a friendly match against Hércules, which Real Madrid won 3–1. His jersey numbers were changed often before the season started. He was given the number 26 in the pre-season and 19 for his debut. But following the transfer of Rafael van der Vaart to Tottenham Hotspur, he was given the vacant 23. \n 1. Jump up ^ Includes DFB-Pokal, Copa del Rey, and FA Cup matches. \n 2. Jump up ^ Includes DFB-Ligapokal and League Cup matches. \n 3. Jump up ^ Includes Supercopa de España and FA Community Shield matches. \n 4. ^ Jump up to:Appearances in UEFA Cup \n 5. ^ Jump up to:Appearances in UEFA Champions League \n 6. ^ Jump up to:Appearances in UEFA Europa League",
"On 31 January 2008, Özil moved to Werder Bremen for a reported fee of € 5 million, signing a contract with the German club until 30 June 2011. Other than Werder Bremen, Hannover 96 and VfB Stuttgart were reportedly interested as well in binding Özil to their respective clubs, however did not want to pay such a high transfer fee. After transferring to Werder Bremen, Özil got the jersey number 11. On 26 April 2008 (30th match day) Özil scored the go-ahead goal in the 33rd minute against Karlsruher SC, to put his team up 2–1. This was Özil's very first Bundesliga goal. He played in twelve games throughout the second half of the season, six times playing in the starting formation, becoming second with Werder Bremen in the Bundesliga at the end of the 2007–08 season. \n Özil followed up his fine form with two assists for Alexis Sánchez in a 2–1 win against Reading in the 2014–15 FA Cup semi-final on 18 April. Özil started in the 2015 FA Cup Final as Arsenal beat Aston Villa in a commanding 4–0 victory on 30 May, concluding his second season at Arsenal with 5 goals and 7 assists in 31 appearances across all competitions. \n Özil assisted Olivier Giroud's second goal in Arsenal's last Premier League match of the season against Aston Villa in a 4–0 home victory as the Gunners finished second ahead of fierce rivals, Tottenham Hotspur. That was Özil's 19th assist of the season in the league, a record only beaten by Thierry Henry with 20 in 2002–03 in Premier League history. Özil ended his third season at Arsenal with 8 goals and 20 assists in all club competitions, which won him the Arsenal Player of the Season award. \n In 2017, he worked with the charity My Shining Star to make a child cancer patient's dreams come true. He invited the child, Charlie, to be a guest at his private box and in the player's lounge during a game with Sunderland at Emirates Stadium. \n Although Bremen failed to get going in their 2008–09 Bundesliga season, eventually finishing a disappointing tenth, Özil managed to make a significant impact in most games and came away with a respectable three goals and 15 assists that highlighted his attacking credentials. He helped lead the North German club to the 2009 DFB-Pokal with the winning goal in a 1–0 victory over Bayer Leverkusen in Berlin. He also excelled in Europe where he led Werder Bremen to the final of the last ever UEFA Cup, losing out to Shakhtar Donetsk of Ukraine. \n * kicker Bundesliga Team of the Season:2008–09 \n * Bundesliga top assist provider:2009–10 \n * FIFA World Cup top assist provider:2010 \n * UEFA Champions League top assist provider:2010–11 \n * Germany national team Player of the Year:2011, 2012, 2013, 2015, 2016 \n * La Liga top assist provider:2011–12 \n * UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying top assist provider \n * UEFA European Championship top assist provider:2012 \n * UEFA European Championship Team of the Tournament:2012 \n * UEFA Team of the Year:2012, 2013 \n * FIFPro World XI 2nd team:2013, 2016 \n * FIFPro World XI 5th team:2014, 2017 \n * IFFHS World's Best Playmaker Silver award:2013 \n * PFA Fans Player of the Month:April, November & December 2015 \n * Premier League top assist provider:2015–16 \n * Arsenal F.C. Player of the Season:2015–16 \n * UEFA Best Player in Europe Award:10th place 2012 \n * FIFA Ballon d'Or:2010 (13th place), 2011 (11th place), 2012 (14th place), 2013 (16th place) \n\n\n He walked off the pitch as a second-half substitute to standing ovations in his first two games as a starter at the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium. His first goal came in a league match against Deportivo de La Coruña on 3 October 2010, in a 6–1 victory. Özil's first Champions League goal with Real came in the 14th minute against Milan on 19 October 2010. On 22 December, he made his debut in the Copa del Rey, scoring once in an 8–0 victory over Levante. \n In 2010, Özil received the Bambi award for being a prime example of successful integration within German society. \n He finished the season with 25 assists, the highest for any player in any major European competition that season. Özil's performances for Real Madrid during his first season were praised by media, fans and players. \n As of match played 14 November 2017 \n * FIFA World Cup:2014, third place 2010 \n * UEFA European Under-21 Championship:2009",
"With arrival of Luka Modrić before the start of the season, some in the media claimed Özil was unhappy at Real Madrid, but he later rejected such talk and claimed he was happy at the club and looking forward to competing for his place. After the start of the season, he added the Supercopa de España title to his honours. In league play, he provided an important assist to Cristiano Ronaldo who equalised in a 2–2 draw against Barcelona at Camp Nou. On 6 November, Özil scored a crucial 89th-minute free-kick to rescue a draw for Real Madrid and secure a point against Borussia Dortmund. He continued his fine form in the league as he scored another brace against Real Valladolid to rescue Real Madrid in a 3–2 win. He then went on to finish the season with 29 assists, although Real Madrid did not win any silverware except for the Supercopa de España, Özil's performance was praised. At the end of the season, Özil had 26 assists, more than any other player in the leagues. \n Mesut Özil Özil playing for Arsenal in 2013 \n--- \nFull name | Mesut Özil \nDate of birth | (1988-10-15) 15 October 1988 (age 29) \nPlace of birth | Gelsenkirchen, West Germany \nHeight | 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) \nPlaying position | Attacking midfielder \nClub information \nCurrent team | Arsenal \nNumber | 11 \nYouth career \n1995–1998 | Westfalia 04 Gelsenkirchen \n1998–1999 | Teutonia Schalke-Nord \n1999–2000 | Falke Gelsenkirchen \n2000–2005 | Rot-Weiss Essen \n2005–2006 | Schalke 04 \nSenior career * \nYears | Team | Apps | (Gls) \n2006–2008 | Schalke 04 | 30 | (0) \n2008–2010 | Werder Bremen | 71 | (13) \n2010–2013 | Real Madrid | 105 | (19) \n2013– | Arsenal | 138 | (27) \nNational team \n2006–2007 | Germany U19 | 11 | (4) \n2007–2009 | Germany U21 | 16 | (5) \n2009– | Germany | 88 | (22) \nHonours (show) | \n--- \nFIFA World Cup \nWinner | 2014 | \n| | \nUEFA European Championship \n| 2012 | \nUEFA European Under-21 Championship \nWinner | 2009 | \n* Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only and correct as of 14:30, 10 February 2018 (UTC). ‡ National team caps and goals correct as of 21:46, 14 November 2017 (UTC) \n Özil said of the transfer, \"At the weekend, I was certain I would stay at Real Madrid but afterwards I realised I did not have the faith from the coach or the bosses. I am a player who needs this faith and that is what I have felt from Arsenal, which is why I have joined.\" In Özil's first press conference, he said:\"I would have come here for free, that wouldn't have been a problem.\" Özil additionally stated that Arsène Wenger played an important role in his decision:\"When I spoke to Arsène Wenger on the phone, he was full of respect, and as a player, I need that.\" Several Real Madrid players were dissatisfied with Özil leaving the club, including Cristiano Ronaldo, who said, \"He was the player who best knew my moves in front of goal ... I'm angry about Özil leaving.\" \n Özil plays mostly as an attacking midfielder, but can also be deployed as a winger. He began his senior career as a member of his hometown club Schalke 04 in the Bundesliga, departing two seasons later to join Werder Bremen for € 5 million. He garnered break-out attention at the 2010 FIFA World Cup, where at age 22, Özil was instrumental in the side's campaign where they reached the semi-finals, losing to eventual champions Spain. He was also nominated for the Golden Ball Award, as well as being ranked first in assists in major European and domestic competitions with 25. This garnered him a € 15 million transfer to La Liga club Real Madrid. \n After scoring during a pre-season game against Lyon, Özil received praise from his manager, with Wenger calling for him to have his best season yet in Arsenal colours. On 2 August 2015, Özil started for Arsenal in the 2015 FA Community Shield, where the Gunners beat league champions Chelsea 1–0 at Wembley Stadium. A week later, he made his first appearance of the Premier League season in Arsenal's 2–0 opening day defeat to West Ham United. \n Özil scored his first goal of the 2015–16 season in a 3–0 home victory over Manchester United on 4 October. He had earlier assisted Alexis Sánchez to give the Gunners the lead in the sixth minute of the match. Özil was named man of the match in a 3–0 win at Watford's Vicarage Road on 17 October, supplying assists for Sánchez and Olivier Giroud. On 20 October, Özil scored his first Champions League goal of the season in Arsenal's 2–0 group stage home win over Bayern Munich. \n Özil was one of the leading forces in Germany's qualification for UEFA Euro 2012, scoring five times during the campaign as Germany won all ten of its games to top their group. Özil also confirmed his reputation as a decisive passer, as he provided seven assists, more than any European international during Euro 2012 qualification. When asked about his country's chances at Euro 2012, Özil simply replied, \"We have the potential to beat anyone and we have what it takes to win the title.\" \n Özil was selected for Germany's squad for the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa, starting in all of the team's matches. Özil provided an assist for Cacau's goal to the 4–0 final score against Australia in Germany's first group game. He scored a left-footed half-volley from the edge of the penalty area against Ghana in the final group game, ensuring Germany progressed to the second round as group winners. \n In the final, Özil played 120 minutes before being replaced by Arsenal teammate Per Mertesacker. Germany were crowned World Champions with a 1–0 win. After the trophy was presented to the Germany team, UEFA President Michel Platini asked Özil for his match shirt as a souvenir, and Özil obliged. \n His nicknames have included \"der Rabe\" (the Raven, or in Spanish, \"El Cuervo\")–playing on his smart and opportunistic style of play, and at Werder Bremen \"der neue Diego\" (the new Diego), in reference to Brazilian Diego, whose playmaker role he inherited, \"German Messi\" and \"German Zidane.\" At Real Madrid, he was supposedly called \"Nemo\"–in reference to the clownfish Nemo from the Pixar movie Finding Nemo. \n Club | Season | League | Cup | League Cup | Europe | Other | Total | Ref \n---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|--- \nDivision | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals \nSchalke 04 | 2006–07 | Bundesliga | 19 | 0 | | 0 | | 0 | | 0 | \\-- | 23 | 0 | \n2007–08 | 11 | 0 | | | 0 | 0 | | 0 | \\-- | 16 | | \nTotal | 30 | 0 | | | | 0 | 5 | 0 | \\-- | 39 | | \\-- \nWerder Bremen | 2007–08 | Bundesliga | 12 | | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | 0 | \\-- | 14 | | \n2008–09 | 28 | | 5 | | \\-- | 14 | 0 | \\-- | 47 | 5 | \n2009–10 | 31 | 9 | 5 | 0 | \\-- | 10 | | \\-- | 46 | 11 | \n2010–11 | 0 | 0 | | 0 | \\-- | 0 | 0 | \\-- | | 0 | \nTotal | 71 | 13 | 11 | | 0 | 0 | 26 | | \\-- | 108 | 17 | \\-- \nReal Madrid | 2010–11 | La Liga | 36 | 6 | 6 | | \\-- | 11 | | \\-- | 53 | 10 | \n2011–12 | 35 | | 5 | 0 | \\-- | 10 | | | | 52 | 7 | \n2012–13 | 32 | 9 | 8 | 0 | \\-- | 10 | | | 0 | 52 | 10 | \n2013–14 | | 0 | 0 | 0 | \\-- | 0 | 0 | \\-- | | 0 | \nTotal | 105 | 19 | 19 | | \\-- | 31 | | | | 159 | 27 | \\-- \nArsenal | 2013–14 | Premier League | 26 | 5 | 5 | | | 0 | 8 | | \\-- | 40 | 7 | \n2014–15 | 22 | | 5 | | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 32 | 5 | \n2015–16 | 35 | 6 | | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 | | | 0 | 45 | 8 | \n2016–17 | 33 | 8 | | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 | | \\-- | 44 | 12 | \n2017–18 | 18 | | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | \\-- | 18 | |",
"2011–12 | 35 | | 5 | 0 | \\-- | 10 | | | | 52 | 7 | \n2012–13 | 32 | 9 | 8 | 0 | \\-- | 10 | | | 0 | 52 | 10 | \n2013–14 | | 0 | 0 | 0 | \\-- | 0 | 0 | \\-- | | 0 | \nTotal | 105 | 19 | 19 | | \\-- | 31 | | | | 159 | 27 | \\-- \nArsenal | 2013–14 | Premier League | 26 | 5 | 5 | | | 0 | 8 | | \\-- | 40 | 7 | \n2014–15 | 22 | | 5 | | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 32 | 5 | \n2015–16 | 35 | 6 | | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 | | | 0 | 45 | 8 | \n2016–17 | 33 | 8 | | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 | | \\-- | 44 | 12 | \n2017–18 | 18 | | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | \\-- | 18 | | \nTotal | 134 | 27 | 14 | | | 0 | 29 | 7 | | 0 | 179 | 36 | \\-- \nCareer total | 340 | 59 | 46 | 8 | | 0 | 91 | 13 | 5 | | 485 | 81 | \\-- \n Eligible to play for either Germany or Turkey, Özil chose to play for his country of birth. In September 2006, he was called up for the Germany under-17 team. He was a member of the German under-21 team from 2007. On 29 June 2009, Özil was selected the man of the match in a 4–0 win over England during the U-21 European Championship final. \n Özil began wearing the number 10 shirt for Real Madrid in 2011–12, signalling manager José Mourinho's intent to use the German international as his main playmaker. On 14 August 2011, Özil scored his first goal against Barcelona in El Clásico in the first leg of the 2011 Supercopa de España. On 17 August 2011, he was sent off in the last minute of the second leg of the 2011 Supercopa after an altercation with Barça forward David Villa. Özil expressed his desire to end his football days at the club in an interview with German magazine kicker, saying, \"I'd like to end my career at Real Madrid. I know it will be difficult because I have many more years ahead of me and many younger and good players will also be out there, but I want to be part of that future. I know what I'm capable of, and I'm convinced, I'll stay at Real Madrid many years.\" \n Özil was on the short-list of the FIFA Ballon d'Or award. \n On 11 January 2015, Özil made his first appearance in three months as a 73rd-minute substitute in a 3–0 win against Stoke City. He scored on his return to the starting line-up in Arsenal's 3–2 win at Brighton & Hove Albion in the fourth round of the FA Cup on 25 January, latching onto a pass from Tomáš Rosický before scoring Arsenal's second goal. In his first Premier League start of the year, Özil scored once and provided an assist for Olivier Giroud as Arsenal beat Aston Villa 5–0 at home on 1 February. The following week, Özil scored the opening goal in the Gunners' 2–1 North London derby defeat to Tottenham at White Hart Lane. On 4 April, he scored the second goal for his team in a 4–1 win over Liverpool. After a 3–1 win over Hull, manager Arsène Wenger praised him by saying, \"Overall his influence was very strong.\" \n Özil made his debut for Arsenal in their league game away to Sunderland on 14 September 2013. He assisted Olivier Giroud's goal in the 11th minute of the match as they went on to win 3–1. Three days after that, he made his Champions League debut for Arsenal against Marseille. Just over three weeks after making his debut for Arsenal, he made his home debut against Stoke City in a 3–1 victory. He was involved in all three goals, with two assists and a free kick which was saved but fell into Aaron Ramsey's path. He scored his first goal for Arsenal, a brilliantly controlled finish from a Ramsey cross, in a 2–0 win against Napoli in the Champions League. On 19 October, he scored his first two Premier League goals during the 4–1 home win against Norwich City. Özil played in all six of Arsenal's games in November. The German playmaker provided the cross for Jack Wilshere's second goal against Marseille and gave further assists for Aaron Ramsey and Mathieu Flamini in the 3–0 win over Cardiff City. Özil missed the chance to score his fourth Arsenal goal when he saw his penalty in the win over Marseille saved by Steve Mandanda. \n Following an injury to Marco Reus in a warm-up game, Özil was moved from his customary number 10 role into the left-winger position for the majority of the tournament. He started all seven of Germany's 2014 FIFA World Cup games, and helped Germany make history by becoming the first European team to win the World Cup in South America. Özil scored the decisive goal in the 119th minute of Germany's 2–1 round of 16 victory over Algeria, a match widely praised as one of the most entertaining of the tournament. Özil then provided an assist for Sami Khedira in Germany's 7–1 semi-final win over Brazil. The goal Özil assisted, with a clever pass, made the score 5–0 to Germany after just 29 minutes. The shocking nature of the 5-goal flurry generated worldwide astonishment. \n In October, Özil was again short-listed for the FIFA Ballon d'Or award, along with former teammate Cristiano Ronaldo. Özil was also featured on the UEFA Team of the Year. Özil began December with two goals in as many games against Hull City and Everton. A minor shoulder injury forced him out of the final game of December in a win against Newcastle United. After the 6–3 defeat at Manchester City in which he made another assist, Özil was involved in an altercation with teammate Per Mertesacker, who was angry with Özil's failure to thank the travelling supporters, an omission for which he subsequently apologised via Facebook. \n In the 2009–10 season, Özil became the key playmaker of Werder Bremen, stepping into the shoes of Brazilian Diego who had left for Juventus, was named the best player of the first leg of the 2009 Bundesliga season. On 1 May 2010, the 33rd match day, Özil played his 100th Bundesliga game, scoring the 1–0 lead in a 2–0 win against his former club Schalke 04. Özil went on and led Werder Bremen to become third in the league and again to the DFB-Pokal final, however this time it was lost against Bayern Munich by 0–4. In his second season, Bremen finished a respectable third, with Özil contributing 9 goals and 17 assists in 31 league fixture appearances. During the 2009–10 season, Özil was also declared as the \"best player of the first half of the season\". \n Mesut Özil (German pronunciation:( ˈmeːzut ˈøːzil), Turkish:(meˈsut ˈøzil); born 15 October 1988 ) is a German professional footballer who plays for English club Arsenal and the Germany national team. \n In May 2016, international media covered Özil's visit to the Zaatari refugee camp in Jordan, home to around 80,000 people displaced as a result of the Syrian civil war. Özil toured the camp as well as playing with children, signing autographs and handing out football shirts. \n A quick, creative and technical player, Özil excels in an advanced playmaking role, as a winger on either flank, or as an attacking midfielder through the centre of the pitch. During the 2010 FIFA World Cup, he was also deployed in a new role which was later described as a false-10 or central winger, due to his tendency to drift from the centre into a wide position when in possession of the ball; he has also been deployed in a more advanced role, where he usually functions as a second striker, as he often drops into deeper positions, from which he can link the midfield with the attack and initiate passing moves. An elegant left-footed player, his main attributes are his vision, his control, movement, passing range, and accurate crossing ability, as well as his delivery from set-pieces, which allow him to get into good attacking positions, create chances, and provide many assists for his teammates.",
"After plying his trade at youth level for various clubs in Gelsenkirchen, including a five-year stint for Rot-Weiss Essen, Özil moved to the youth system of Schalke 04 in 2005. He was deployed a midfielder and wore 17 as his squad number, after starting as a playmaker and central attacking midfielder in the place of the suspended Lincoln in Ligapokal matches against Bayer Leverkusen and Bayern Munich. Upon making the first team at Schalke, he was described as \"the next big thing\". However, soon after declining an offer from Schalke 04, claiming that a yearly salary of € 1.5 million would not be enough, he eventually fell out with club management and moved on to Werder Bremen in January 2008. This led to Mirko Slomka, the then-Schalke 04 manager, claiming that Özil would not play another match for Schalke 04. \n Özil registered two assists, created nine chances, and claimed the Man of the Match award in Germany's 4–2 quarter-final win over Greece. He then scored Germany's only goal (a penalty) in their 2–1 loss to Italy in the semi-finals. His performance at Euro 2012 earned him two Carlsberg Man of the Match Awards. He finished the tournament as the joint-highest assist provider (3) and was named in the UEFA Euro Team of the Tournament. \n He set a new Premier League record being the first player to assist in six consecutive matches when setting up Kieran Gibbs' for 1–1 in the derby versus Tottenham on 8 November 2015. He then extended that run to seven straight games with an assist against West Bromwich Albion, before scoring his second Champions League goal of the season in a three-goal victory at home to Dinamo Zagreb. He then scored for the second game in a row when he clipped in the opener in a 1–1 draw at Norwich. Özil continued his run of good form by providing four assists in the next three games, against Aston Villa, Manchester City and Sunderland, helping his team win all three matches. On 28 December 2015, Özil assisted the first goal and scored the second in a 2–0 win against AFC Bournemouth, creating nine scoring chances in total–the most in a single Premier League game by any player during the season. \n As of match played 4 September 2017. Germany score listed first, score column indicates score after each Özil goal. \n Özil was brought in to back up teammate Kaká, but due to his surgery, Özil obtained a starting role. He then made his La Liga debut for Real Madrid as a substitute for Ángel Di María in the 62nd minute against Mallorca, which Real Madrid drew 0–0. \n On 24 January 2016, Özil played his 100th game for the Gunners in a 1–0 home defeat against Chelsea in the Premier League. The next Premier League game against Southampton at home on 2 February saw Özil creating 10 chances–beating the previous record, 9 created and held by him during the season. This proved in vain, however, as the match ended 0–0 with the Gunners slumping into fourth as they failed to score in three consecutive Premier League games. He then ended the Gunners' barren goal-scoring run in the Premier League with the opener against AFC Bournemouth in a 2–0 away win on 7 February. Özil delivered his 17th assist in the Premier League from a free kick for Danny Welbeck to head in the winner deep into stoppage time as Arsenal came from behind to beat league leaders Leicester City 2–1 on 14 February. \n He made his season debut in the Champions League on 15 September. He got his first assist with Real Madrid in the 74th minute against Ajax after he crossed for a Gonzalo Higuaín goal. \n On 31 January 2018, Özil signed a contract extension with Arsenal which will keep him with the club until 2021. His salary under the contract more than doubled, to £350,000 per week, making him the highest-paid player to date for Arsenal. \n Germany \n--- \nYear | Apps | Goals \n2009 | 7 | \n| 14 | \n2011 | 9 | 5 \n2012 | 13 | 6 \n2013 | 9 | \n2014 | 10 | \n2015 | 8 | 0 \n2016 | 13 | \n2017 | 5 | \nTotal | 88 | 22 \n Özil missed Arsenal's opening day defeat to Liverpool, after his excursions at UEFA Euro 2016 meant he was not match-fit. However, he started his first game of the new season for his club in a 1–3 away win at Watford, in which he scored his first goal of the campaign, heading in an Alexis Sánchez cross to score Arsenal's third of the afternoon. On 19 October 2016 in a Champions League game against Ludogorets Razgrad, Özil assisted Theo Walcott and scored his first professional career hat-trick after volleying in a cross from Lucas as Arsenal went on to win 6–0. \n On 29 February 2012, Özil was recognised as Germany's best international of the year for 2011 prior to kick-off at a friendly against France in Bremen. Özil's Germany were drawn with the Netherlands, Denmark and Portugal into Group B at Euro 2012, widely touted as the \"Group of Death.\" \n As part of the BigShoe project, Özil donated his 2014 World Cup winnings, an estimated £240,000, to pay for 23 sick Brazilian children to have medical surgery as a \"personal thank you for the hospitality of the people of Brazil.\" \n On 2 September 2013, Özil agreed to join English side Arsenal. Both the fee paid for Özil as well as the contract duration were undisclosed, but they are believed to be around £42.5 million (€ 50 million) for a five-year deal. The transfer makes him the most expensive German football player of all time. Özil was assigned the number 11 shirt and the centre-attacking midfield role by the team. Contract leaks in January 2016, however, have revealed that the record fee was actually broken down to £37.4 million (€ 44 million then) with remaining £5.1 million (€ 6 million then) split evenly over six years from July 2014 subject to Champions League qualification. A buy-back option also allows Real Madrid a 48-hour first option on Özil should Arsenal agree a sale for their playmaker to another Spanish club. \n At international level, Özil has played 86 matches for the Germany national team, scoring 22 goals. He represented his country in two FIFA World Cups, as well as two UEFA European Championships, and was an integral part in both the 2010 FIFA World Cup and UEFA Euro 2012 team in South Africa and Ukraine, starring as the joint-highest assist provider in the competitions. Özil also contributed as a part of the 2014 World Cup-winning side in Brazil, with his versatility aiding in his nation's triumph in a 1–0 victory over Argentina in the final. \n In 2013, Özil signed a sponsorship deal with German sportswear and equipment supplier Adidas. He has appeared in commercials for Adidas Predator boots with other star players such as Lionel Messi, Gareth Bale, Thomas Müller and James Rodriguez. One of those adverts, entitled \"Create Your Own Game\", was released in August 2015, in which Özil featured alongside those players. In 2013, Özil launched his own logo. \n His autobiography, The Magic of the Game/Gunning for Greatness, was released in March 2017. \n Özil is a third-generation Turkish-German, who, in reference to his game, concludes, \"My technique and feeling for the ball is the Turkish side to my game. The discipline, attitude and always-give-your-all is the German part.\" Despite his Turkish descent, his entire life he has been committed to Germany. According to Özil's own words and the majority of sources, his ancestors are ethnic Turks from Devrek, Zonguldak in northwestern Turkey. However, there are sources that claim Özil's ancestors are ethnic Kurds.",
"His autobiography, The Magic of the Game/Gunning for Greatness, was released in March 2017. \n Özil is a third-generation Turkish-German, who, in reference to his game, concludes, \"My technique and feeling for the ball is the Turkish side to my game. The discipline, attitude and always-give-your-all is the German part.\" Despite his Turkish descent, his entire life he has been committed to Germany. According to Özil's own words and the majority of sources, his ancestors are ethnic Turks from Devrek, Zonguldak in northwestern Turkey. However, there are sources that claim Özil's ancestors are ethnic Kurds. \n Former Real Madrid midfielder Xabi Alonso described Özil as \"the kind of player you don't find these days,\" adding, \"He understands the game, sees things, combines and thrives between the lines, unlocking teams.\" José Mourinho, who coached Özil for a time at Real Madrid said, \"Özil is unique. There is no copy of him–not even a bad copy.\" Assistant coach of the Germany national football team Hans-Dieter Flick said, \"We are proud to have him in our team. When he has the ball, you can feel the excitement and astonishment among the fans.\" Former Netherlands and Milan forward Ruud Gullit described Özil as a \"technically perfect\" player who has \"total control of the ball\" and a \"great imagination.\" Former Germany teammate Phillip Lahm said of Özil \"His vision is probably the best I have ever seen ... He is a dream for strikers.\", while Mario Gómez called Özil \"probably the most brilliant footballer we have or ever had\". Despite his reputation as an offensive playmaker, Özil has also drawn criticism at times for his lack of physicality and his low defensive work-rate off the ball. \n Özil led the tournament in passes completed in the final-third (171), was ranked joint-second in chances created (17), behind only Lionel Messi (23), and ranked second overall in possessions won in the final-third (6). \n Özil returned to club training in the middle of August after participating in Germany's 2014 FIFA World Cup win in Brazil. On 23 August, Özil made his first appearance of the season in the 2–2 draw with Everton at Goodison Park. On 27 August, he played a part in Alexis Sánchez's winning goal in the second leg of the Champions League qualification play-off against Beşiktaş, playing a one-two with Jack Wilshere in the build-up to the goal. On 20 September, Özil opened the scoring and assisted Danny Welbeck in a 3–0 victory against Aston Villa at Villa Park. Özil featured in the three following games and started in Arsenal's Champions League group stage victory against Galatasaray, providing an assist for Alexis Sánchez in a 4–1 win. On 8 October, the DFB declared that Özil would be sidelined for between 10 and 12 weeks with a left knee injury obtained during a 2–0 defeat at Chelsea three days prior to the international break. The prognosis would rule him out of the remainder of Arsenal's Champions League group matches, as well as four international fixtures. \n # | Date | Venue | Opponent | Score | Result | Competition \n---|---|---|---|---|---|--- \n1. | 5 September 2009 | BayArena, Leverkusen, Germany | South Africa | 2–0 | 2–0 | Friendly \n2. | 23 June 2010 | Soccer City, Johannesburg, South Africa | Ghana | 1–0 | 1–0 | 2010 FIFA World Cup \n3. | 8 October 2010 | Olympic Stadium, Berlin, Germany | Turkey | 2–0 | 3–0 | UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying \n4. | 7 June 2011 | Tofiq Bahramov Stadium, Baku, Azerbaijan | Azerbaijan | 1–0 | 3–1 \n5. | 2 September 2011 | Veltins-Arena, Gelsenkirchen, Germany | Austria | 2–0 | 6–2 \n6. | 4–1 \n7. | October 2011 | Esprit Arena, Düsseldorf, Germany | Belgium | 1–0 | 3–1 \n8. | November 2011 | Volksparkstadion, Hamburg, Germany | Netherlands | 3–0 | 3–0 | Friendly \n9. | 28 June 2012 | National Stadium, Warsaw, Poland | Italy | 1–2 | 1–2 | UEFA Euro 2012 \n10. | 7 September 2012 | AWD-Arena, Hanover, Germany | Faroe Islands | 2–0 | 3–0 | 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification \n11. | 3–0 \n12. | 11 September 2012 | Ernst-Happel-Stadion, Vienna, Austria | Austria | 2–0 | 2–1 \n13. | 12 October 2012 | Aviva Stadium, Dublin, Ireland | Republic of Ireland | 3–0 | 6–1 \n14. | 16 October 2012 | Olympic Stadium, Berlin, Germany | Sweden | 4–0 | 4–4 \n15. | 10 September 2013 | Tórsvøllur, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands | Faroe Islands | 2–0 | 3–0 \n16. | 11 October 2013 | Rhein-Energie Stadion, Cologne, Germany | Republic of Ireland | 3–0 | 3–0 \n17. | 15 October 2013 | Friends Arena, Solna, Sweden | Sweden | 1–2 | 5–3 \n18. | 30 June 2014 | Estádio Beira-Rio, Porto Alegre, Brazil | Algeria | 2–0 | 2–1 | 2014 FIFA World Cup \n19. | 29 March 2016 | Allianz Arena, Munich, Germany | Italy | 4–0 | 4–1 | Friendly \n20. | 2 July 2016 | Nouveau Stade de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France | 1–0 | 1–1 | UEFA Euro 2016 \n21. | 31 August 2016 | Borussia-Park, Mönchengladbach, Germany | Finland | 2–0 | 2–0 | Friendly \n22. | 4 September 2017 | Mercedes-Benz Arena, Stuttgart, Germany | Norway | 1–0 | 6–0 | 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification \n On 20 April, Özil made an instant impact with a lively display against Hull when he returned to the Arsenal team in a 3–0 win. He then returned to goalscoring form with Arsenal's second in their 3–0 win over Newcastle United, and then assisted Olivier Giroud's header. Manager Wenger praised Özil's impact upon his return, saying, \"Mesut Özil is very important for the team. He's been missed while he's been injured. We've missed some very important players in an important period of the season. We're really pleased to have people like him back in the team and performing at the top level because that's what we need.\" \n Özil is a practising Muslim. He recites from the Quran before his matches. Talking to the Berlin-based daily Der Tagesspiegel, Özil said, \"I always do that before I go out (on the pitch). I pray and my teammates know that they can not talk to me during this brief period.\" He observes fasting during the Islamic month of Ramadan, but he has admitted that:\"Because of my job I can not follow Ramadan properly. I do it only the few days I can, only when I have a free day. But other than that it's impossible, because you have to drink and eat a lot to stay at peak fitness.\" In May 2016, he performed Umrah pilgrimage to Mecca. \n February was a difficult month for Özil, as he struggled to reach the heights he showed in his first few months at the club. The German playmaker pulled off a brilliant piece of skill to win a penalty against Bayern Munich in the Champions League knockout phase, but his spot-kick was saved by Manuel Neuer. Speaking before the draw with Manchester United, Arsène Wenger spoke about Özil, saying, \"He has done well, he is adapting as well to the Premier League–we have seen it before (that it takes time). I wouldn't like to put too much pressure on him because he has been a top-class player until now. He didn't have the best of games (at Liverpool) (a 5–1 loss, where Özil was the centre of attention due to a bad performance) but that can happen. He works very hard to adapt to the physical level of the Premier League and for me he is an exceptional player.\"",
"He finished atop the La Liga assists chart, with 17 assists. On 2 May 2012, he helped Real Madrid to clinch a record 32nd La Liga title as he assisted Real's first goal and scored the second goal against Bilbao, which Real Madrid later won by 3–0. Eleven days later, Özil scored two goals in the final game of the regular season against Mallorca, once again consolidating his excellent performance with the club. The win made Real the first club in the Spanish top flight to ever reach 100 points in a single season. His fine form with Real Madrid and German national team saw him earn nomination for UEFA Best Player in Europe Award, in which he finished tenth, being the youngest player to feature in the Top 10. \n He made his debut for the senior side during a friendly match against Norway on 11 February 2009. He scored his first goal for the senior team in his third appearance, another friendly, against South Africa on 5 September in Leverkusen at the BayArena."
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"Cable harness A cable harness, also known as a wire harness, cable assembly, wiring assembly or wiring loom, is an assembly of electrical cables or wires which transmit signals or electrical power. The cables are bound together by straps, cable ties, cable lacing, sleeves, electrical tape, conduit, a weave of extruded string, or a combination thereof. Commonly used in automobiles, as well as construction machinery, cable harnesses provide several advantages over loose wires and cables. For example, many aircraft, automobiles and spacecraft contain many masses of wires which would stretch over several kilometres if fully extended. By binding the many wires and cables into a cable harness, the wires and cables can be better secured against the adverse effects of vibrations, abrasions, and moisture. By constricting the wires into a non-flexing bundle, usage of space is optimized, and the risk of a short is decreased. Since the installer has only one harness to install (as opposed to multiple wires), installation time is decreased and the process can be easily standardized. Binding the wires into a flame-retardant sleeve also lowers the risk of electrical fires. Cable harnesses are usually designed according to geometric and electrical requirements. A diagram is then provided (either on paper or on a monitor) for the assembly preparation and assembly. The wires are first cut to the desired length, usually using a special wire-cutting machine. The wires may also be printed on by a special machine during the cutting process or on a separate machine. After this, the ends of the wires are stripped to expose the metal (or \"core\") of the wires, which are fitted with any required terminals or connector housings. The cables are assembled and clamped together on a special workbench, or onto a pin board (\"assembly board\"), according to the design specification, to form the cable harness. After fitting any protective sleeves, conduit, or extruded yarn, the harness is either fitted directly in the vehicle or shipped. In spite of increasing automation, hand manufacture continues to be the primary method of cable harness production in general, due to the many different processes involved, such as: It is difficult to automate these processes, with major suppliers still using manual means of production, only automating portions of the process. Manual production remains more cost effective than automation, especially with small batch sizes. Pre-production can be automated in part. This affects: A terminal in a wire harness is defined as device designed to terminate a conductor that is to be affixed to a post, stud, chassis, another conductor, etc., to establish an electrical connection. Some types of terminals include ring, tongue, spade, flag, hook, blade, quick-connect, offset and flagged. Testing the electrical functionality of a cable harness can be done with the aid of a test board. The circuit diagram data are pre-programmed into the test board, where harnesses can be tested individually or in multiple numbers. The cable harnesses used in sound engineering (stage and studio) for carrying audio signals are also called multicores. Wiring harness quality standards are standardized by IPC's publication IPC/WHMA-A-620 for conforming and non-conforming requirements. Customer drawings, notes, or specifications take a higher priority to the IPC/WHMA-A-620 standard, but if no customer specifications are called for the default accept / reject is dictated by the 620 standard. IPC standards are reviewed every three years to ensure the requirements are up to date with technology, industry practices as well as other issues which may have transpired since the previous revision. The IPC/WHMA-A-620 standard covers issues such as electrostatic discharge protection), rework / repair, preparation of wire (stripping, strand damage, deformation, etc.), cleanliness, solder, crimping, pull-test requirements of crimps, hardware mounting, overmolding among other critical processing operations. All issues covered in the 620 standard are intended to provide the end user with a product which will fit their intended needs. There are three classes mentioned in the 620 standard: Cable harness A cable harness, also known as a wire harness, cable assembly, wiring assembly or wiring loom, is an assembly of electrical cables or wires which transmit signals or electrical power. The cables are bound together by straps, cable ties, cable lacing, sleeves, electrical tape, conduit, a weave of extruded string, or a"
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"Mil Años Luz (Lali Espósito song) \"Mil Años Luz\" is the third single released by Argentine singer and actress Lali Espósito, taken from her debut studio album \"A Bailar\" (2014). It was released via digital download on November 19, 2015. The song was written by Espósito along with music producers Pablo Akselrad, Luis Burgio and Gustavo Novello, and was produced by 3musica. The song was released on March 21, 2014 as part of the entire album. On November 19, 2015, the song was released as a promotional single. Espósito gave her first live performance of \"Mil Años Luz\" on the Argentine TV Show \"Susana Giménez\" on November 19, 2014. On May 12, 2015, Espósito performed the song at the tenth edition of \"Bailando por un Sueño\". The artist also performed \"Mil Años Luz\" at the 2015 Gardel Awards. On October 22, 2015 Espósito performed the song at the 2015 Kids' Choice Asards Argentina. The show aired on October 26 and she performed \"Histeria\" too. \"Mil Años Luz\" is also part of her setlist for Espósito's worldwide tour, \"A Bailar Tour\". The video was released on Espósito's VEVO channel on February 10, 2015. The video is a multi-angle live performance at Teatro Opera in Buenos Aires. On June 19, 2015, Claro Música released a second music video to promote its app. The video shows Espósito filming herself while she's singing, turning and dancing. The song is currently nominated in the 2015 Kids' Choice Awards Argentina in the category of \"Favorite Song\". Mil Años Luz (Lali Espósito song) \"Mil Años Luz\" is the third single released by Argentine singer and actress Lali Espósito, taken from her debut studio album \"A Bailar\" (2014). It was released via digital download on November 19, 2015. The song was written by Espósito along with music producers"
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"(Note:Step-down transformers yield a > 1, while step-up transformers yield a < 1.) \n S = I P V P = I S V S (\\ displaystyle S = I_ ( \\ text ( P) ) V_ (\\ text ( P) ) = I_ (\\ text ( S) ) V_ (\\ text ( S) ) ) ... (4) \n If the flux does not contain even harmonics the following equation can be used for half-cycle average voltage E of any waveshape:\n One common design of laminated core is made from interleaved stacks of E-shaped steel sheets capped with I-shaped pieces, leading to its name of' E-I transformer' . Such a design tends to exhibit more losses, but is very economical to manufacture. The cut-core or C-core type is made by winding a steel strip around a rectangular form and then bonding the layers together. It is then cut in two, forming two C shapes, and the core assembled by binding the two C halves together with a steel strap. They have the advantage that the flux is always oriented parallel to the metal grains, reducing reluctance. \n Turns ratio = V P V S = − N P − N S = a (\\ displaystyle = ( \\ frac ( V_ ( \\ text ( P) ) ) (V_ ( \\ text ( S) ) ) ) = (\\ frac (-N_ ( \\ text ( P) ) ) (- N_ ( \\ text ( S) ) ) ) = a ) ... (3) \n A varying current in the transformer's primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the transformer core and a varying magnetic field impinging on the secondary winding. This varying magnetic field at the secondary winding induces a varying EMF or voltage in the secondary winding due to electromagnetic induction. The primary and secondary windings are wrapped around a core of infinitely high magnetic permeability so that all of the magnetic flux passes through both the primary and secondary windings. With a voltage source connected to the primary winding and load impedance connected to the secondary winding, the transformer currents flow in the indicated directions. (See also Polarity.) \n * Autotransformer:Transformer in which part of the winding is common to both primary and secondary circuits, leading to increased efficiency, smaller size, and a higher degree of voltage regulation. \n * Capacitor voltage transformer:Transformer in which capacitor divider is used to reduce high voltage before application to the primary winding. \n * Distribution transformer, power transformer:International standards make a distinction in terms of distribution transformers being used to distribute energy from transmission lines and networks for local consumption and power transformers being used to transfer electric energy between the generator and distribution primary circuits. \n * Phase angle regulating transformer:A specialised transformer used to control the flow of real power on three-phase electricity transmission networks. \n * Scott-T transformer:Transformer used for phase transformation from three-phase to two-phase and vice versa. \n * Polyphase transformer:Any transformer with more than one phase. \n * Grounding transformer:Transformer used for grounding three-phase circuits to create a neutral in a three wire system, using a wye-delta transformer, or more commonly, a zigzag grounding winding. \n * Leakage transformer:Transformer that has loosely coupled windings. \n * Resonant transformer:Transformer that uses resonance to generate a high secondary voltage. \n * Audio transformer:Transformer used in audio equipment. \n * Output transformer:Transformer used to match the output of a valve amplifier to its load. \n * Instrument transformer:Potential or current transformer used to accurately and safely represent voltage, current or phase position of high voltage or high power circuits. \n * Pulse transformer:Specialized small-signal transformer used to transmit digital signaling while providing electrical isolation, commonly used in Ethernet computer networks as 10BASE-T, 100BASE-T and 1000BASE-T.",
"Dry-type transformer winding insulation systems can be either of standard open-wound' dip-and-bake' construction or of higher quality designs that include vacuum pressure impregnation (VPI), vacuum pressure encapsulation (VPE), and cast coil encapsulation processes. In the VPI process, a combination of heat, vacuum and pressure is used to thoroughly seal, bind, and eliminate entrained air voids in the winding polyester resin insulation coat layer, thus increasing resistance to corona. VPE windings are similar to VPI windings but provide more protection against environmental effects, such as from water, dirt or corrosive ambients, by multiple dips including typically in terms of final epoxy coat. \n The windings of signal transformers minimize leakage inductance and stray capacitance to improve high-frequency response. Coils are split into sections, and those sections interleaved between the sections of the other winding. \n It is a rule of thumb that the life expectancy of electrical insulation is halved for about every 7 ° C to 10 ° C increase in operating temperature (an instance of the application of the Arrhenius equation). \n For small transformers, resistance heating by injection of current into the windings is used. The heating can be controlled very well, and it is energy efficient. The method is called low-frequency heating (LFH) since the current used is at a much lower frequency than that of the power grid, which is normally 50 or 60 Hz. A lower frequency reduces the effect of inductance, so the voltage required can be reduced. The LFH drying method is also used for service of older transformers. \n Referring to the diagram, a practical transformer's physical behavior may be represented by an equivalent circuit model, which can incorporate an ideal transformer. \n A physical core is not an absolute requisite and a functioning transformer can be produced simply by placing the windings near each other, an arrangement termed an \"air-core\" transformer. The air which comprises the magnetic circuit is essentially lossless, and so an air-core transformer eliminates loss due to hysteresis in the core material. The magetizing inductance is drastically reduced by the lack of a magnetic core, resulting in large magnetizing currents and losses if used at low frequencies. A large number of turns can be used to increase magnetizing inductance, but doing so increases winding resistance and leakage inductance. Air-core transformers are unsuitable for use in power distribution. They have however very high frequency capability, and are frequently employed in radio-frequency applications, for which a satisfactory coupling coefficient is maintained by carefully overlapping the primary and secondary windings. Air cores are also used for resonant transformers such as Tesla coils, where they can achieve reasonably low loss despite the low magnetizing inductance. \n By Ohm's law and ideal transformer identity \n V S = − N S d Φ d t (\\ displaystyle V_ ( \\ text ( S) ) =-N_ (\\ text ( S) ) (\\ frac ( \\ mathrm ( d) \\ Phi ) (\\ mathrm ( d) t ) ) ) ... (1) \n Air gaps are also used to keep a transformer from saturating, especially audio-frequency transformers in circuits that have a DC component flowing in the windings. A saturable reactor exploits saturation of the core to control alternating current. \n The ideal transformer identity shown in equation 5 is a reasonable approximation for the typical commercial transformer, with voltage ratio and winding turns ratio both being inversely proportional to the corresponding current ratio. \n High-frequency transformers operating in the tens to hundreds of kilohertz often have windings made of braided Litz wire to minimize the skin-effect and proximity effect losses. Large power transformers use multiple-stranded conductors as well, since even at low power frequencies non-uniform distribution of current would otherwise exist in high-current windings. Each strand is individually insulated, and the strands are arranged so that at certain points in the winding, or throughout the whole winding, each portion occupies different relative positions in the complete conductor. The transposition equalizes the current flowing in each strand of the conductor, and reduces eddy current losses in the winding itself. The stranded conductor is also more flexible than a solid conductor of similar size, aiding manufacture. \n A dot convention is often used in transformer circuit diagrams, nameplates or terminal markings to define the relative polarity of transformer windings. Positively increasing instantaneous current entering the primary winding's' dot' end induces positive polarity voltage exiting the secondary winding's' dot' end. \n By Ohm's law and the ideal transformer identity:\n Legend \n White:Air, liquid or other insulating medium in conjunction with varnish, paper or other coil insulation. \n Green spiral:Grain oriented silicon steel. \n Black:Primary winding (Aluminum or copper). \n Red:Secondary winding (Aluminum or copper). \n Polychlorinated biphenyls have properties that once favored their use as a dielectric coolant, though concerns over their environmental persistence led to a widespread ban on their use. Today, non-toxic, stable silicone-based oils, or fluorinated hydrocarbons may be used where the expense of a fire-resistant liquid offsets additional building cost for a transformer vault. PCBs for new equipment were banned in 1981 and in 2000 for use in existing equipment in United Kingdom Legislation enacted in Canada between 1977 and 1985 essentially bans PCB use in transformers manufactured in or imported into the country after 1980, the maximum allowable level of PCB contamination in existing mineral oil transformers being 50 ppm. \n Signal and audio transformers are used to couple stages of amplifiers and to match devices such as microphones and record players to the input of amplifiers. Audio transformers allowed telephone circuits to carry on a two-way conversation over a single pair of wires. A balun transformer converts a signal that is referenced to ground to a signal that has balanced voltages to ground, such as between external cables and internal circuits. Transformers made to medical grade standards isolate the users from the direct current. These are found commonly used in conjunction with hospital beds, dentist chairs, and other medical lab equipment. \n V P V S = I S I P = N P N S = L P L S = a (\\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( V_ ( \\ text ( P) ) ) (V_ ( \\ text ( S) ) ) ) = (\\ frac ( I_ ( \\ text ( S) ) ) (I_ ( \\ text ( P) ) ) ) = (\\ frac ( N_ ( \\ text ( P) ) ) (N_ ( \\ text ( S) ) ) ) = (\\ sqrt ( \\ frac ( L_ ( \\ text ( P) ) ) (L_ ( \\ text ( S) ) ) ) ) = a ). (5) \n A transformer is a static electrical device that transfers electrical energy between two or more circuits through electromagnetic induction. A varying current in one coil of the transformer produces a varying magnetic field, which in turn induces a varying electromotive force (emf) or \"voltage\" in a second coil. Power can be transferred between the two coils, without a metallic connection between the two circuits. Faraday's law of induction discovered in 1831 described this effect. Transformers are used to increase or decrease the alternating voltages in electric power applications. \n * Power capacity:From a fraction of a volt-ampere (VA) to over a thousand MVA. \n * Duty of a transformer:Continuous, short-time, intermittent, periodic, varying. \n * Frequency range:Power-frequency, audio-frequency, or radio-frequency. \n * Voltage class:From a few volts to hundreds of kilovolts. \n * Cooling type:Dry and liquid-immersed–self-cooled, forced air-cooled; liquid-immersed–forced oil-cooled, water-cooled. \n * Circuit application:Such as power supply, impedance matching, output voltage and current stabilizer or circuit isolation. \n * Utilization:Pulse, power, distribution, rectifier, arc furnace, amplifier output, etc ...",
"* Power capacity:From a fraction of a volt-ampere (VA) to over a thousand MVA. \n * Duty of a transformer:Continuous, short-time, intermittent, periodic, varying. \n * Frequency range:Power-frequency, audio-frequency, or radio-frequency. \n * Voltage class:From a few volts to hundreds of kilovolts. \n * Cooling type:Dry and liquid-immersed–self-cooled, forced air-cooled; liquid-immersed–forced oil-cooled, water-cooled. \n * Circuit application:Such as power supply, impedance matching, output voltage and current stabilizer or circuit isolation. \n * Utilization:Pulse, power, distribution, rectifier, arc furnace, amplifier output, etc ... \n * Basic magnetic form:Core form, shell form, concentric, sandwich. \n * Constant-potential transformer descriptor:Step-up, step-down, isolation. \n * General winding configuration:By EIC vector group–various possible two-winding combinations of the phase designations delta, wye or star, and zigzag or interconnected star; other–autotransformer, Scott-T, zigzag grounding transformer winding. \n * Rectifier phase-shift winding configuration:2-winding, 6-pulse; 3-winding, 12-pulse; ... n-winding, (n-1) * 6-pulse; polygon; etc ...",
"In some applications increased leakage is desired, and long magnetic paths, air gaps, or magnetic bypass shunts may deliberately be introduced in a transformer design to limit the short-circuit current it will supply. Leaky transformers may be used to supply loads that exhibit negative resistance, such as electric arcs, mercury-and sodium-vapor lamps and neon signs or for safely handling loads that become periodically short-circuited such as electric arc welders. \n Combining the ratio of equations 1 and 2:\n Knowledge of leakage inductance is also useful when transformers are operated in parallel. It can be shown that if the percent impedance and associated winding leakage reactance-to-resistance (X/R) ratio of two transformers were hypothetically exactly the same, the transformers would share power in proportion to their respective volt-ampere ratings (e.g. 500 kVA unit in parallel with 1,000 kVA unit, the larger unit would carry twice the current). However, the impedance tolerances of commercial transformers are significant. Also, the Z impedance and X/R ratio of different capacity transformers tends to vary, corresponding 1,000 kVA and 500 kVA units' values being, to illustrate, respectively, Z ≈ 5.75% , X/R ≈ 3.75 and Z ≈ 5% , X/R ≈ 4.75. \n According to the law of conservation of energy, any load impedance connected to the ideal transformer's secondary winding results in conservation of apparent, real and reactive power consistent with equation 4. \n The tank of liquid filled transformers often has radiators through which the liquid coolant circulates by natural convection or fins. Some large transformers employ electric fans for forced-air cooling, pumps for forced-liquid cooling, or have heat exchangers for water-cooling. An oil-immersed transformer may be equipped with a Buchholz relay, which, depending on severity of gas accumulation due to internal arcing, is used to either alarm or de-energize the transformer. Oil-immersed transformer installations usually include fire protection measures such as walls, oil containment, and fire-suppression sprinkler systems. \n The EMF of a transformer at a given flux increases with frequency. By operating at higher frequencies, transformers can be physically more compact because a given core is able to transfer more power without reaching saturation and fewer turns are needed to achieve the same impedance. However, properties such as core loss and conductor skin effect also increase with frequency. Aircraft and military equipment employ 400 Hz power supplies which reduce core and winding weight. Conversely, frequencies used for some railway electrification systems were much lower (e.g. 16.7 Hz and 25 Hz) than normal utility frequencies (50–60 Hz) for historical reasons concerned mainly with the limitations of early electric traction motors. Consequently, the transformers used to step-down the high overhead line voltages (e.g. 15 kV) were much larger and heavier for the same power rating than those required for the higher frequencies. \n Lucien Gaulard and John Dixon Gibbs first exhibited a device with an open iron core called a' secondary generator' in London in 1882, then sold the idea to the Westinghouse company in the United States. They also exhibited the invention in Turin, Italy in 1884, where it was adopted for an electric lighting system. \n Westinghouse, Stanley and associates soon developed an easier to manufacture core, consisting of a stack of thin' E ‐ shaped' iron plates, insulated by thin sheets of paper or other insulating material. Prewound copper coils could then be slid into place, and straight iron plates laid in to create a closed magnetic circuit. Westinghouse applied for a patent for the new low-cost design in December 1886; it was granted in July 1887. \n In the autumn of 1884, Károly Zipernowsky, Ottó Bláthy and Miksa Déri (ZBD), three engineers associated with the Ganz factory, had determined that open-core devices were impracticable, as they were incapable of reliably regulating voltage. In their joint 1885 patent applications for novel transformers (later called ZBD transformers), they described two designs with closed magnetic circuits where copper windings were either a ) wound around iron wire ring core or b ) surrounded by iron wire core. The two designs were the first application of the two basic transformer constructions in common use to this day, which can as a class all be termed as either core form or shell form (or alternatively, core type or shell type), as in a ) or b ), respectively (see images). The Ganz factory had also in the autumn of 1884 made delivery of the world's first five high-efficiency AC transformers, the first of these units having been shipped on September 16, 1884. This first unit had been manufactured to the following specifications:1,400 W, 40 Hz, 120:72 V, 11.6:19.4 A, ratio 1.67:1, one-phase, shell form. \n V P = − N P d Φ d t (\\ displaystyle V_ ( \\ text ( P) ) =-N_ (\\ text ( P) ) (\\ frac ( \\ mathrm ( d) \\ Phi ) (\\ mathrm ( d) t ) ) ) ... (2) \n R and X are collectively termed the magnetizing branch of the model. \n Where V (\\ displaystyle V) is the instantaneous voltage, N (\\ displaystyle N) is the number of turns in a winding, dΦ/dt is the derivative of the magnetic flux Φ through one turn of the winding over time (t), and subscripts and indicate primary and secondary. \n Since the high voltages carried in the wires are significantly greater than what is needed in-home, transformers are also used extensively in electronic products to decrease (or step-down) the supply voltage to a level suitable for the low voltage circuits they contain. The transformer also electrically isolates the end user from contact with the supply voltage. Transformers are used to increase (or step-up) voltage before transmitting electrical energy over long distances through wires. Wires have resistance which loses energy through joule heating at a rate corresponding to square of the current. By transforming power to a higher voltage transformers enable economical transmission of power and distribution. Consequently, transformers have shaped the electricity supply industry, permitting generation to be located remotely from points of demand. All but a tiny fraction of the world's electrical power has passed through a series of transformers by the time it reaches the consumer. \n The transformer winding voltage ratio is thus shown to be directly proportional to the winding turns ratio according to equation 3. However, some sources use the inverse definition. \n The conducting material used for the windings depends upon the application, but in all cases the individual turns must be electrically insulated from each other to ensure that the current travels throughout every turn. For small power and signal transformers, in which currents are low and the potential difference between adjacent turns is small, the coils are often wound from enamelled magnet wire, such as Formvar wire. Larger power transformers operating at high voltages may be wound with copper rectangular strip conductors insulated by oil-impregnated paper and blocks of pressboard. \n Construction of oil-filled transformers requires that the insulation covering the windings be thoroughly dried of residual moisture before the oil is introduced. Drying is carried out at the factory, and may also be required as a field service. Drying may be done by circulating hot air around the core, by circulating externally heated transformer oil, or by vapor-phase drying (VPD) where an evaporated solvent transfers heat by condensation on the coil and core. The VPD process most often uses kerosene as the heat exchanging fluid. In addition to decreasing the moisture content in the insulation, the kerosene acts as a cleaning solvent which takes out any dust and dirt from the insulation surfaces. Compared to a conventional hot air drying process, the vapor-phase drying process decreases the drying time by 40% to 50% .",
"In both designs, the magnetic flux linking the primary and secondary windings traveled almost entirely within the confines of the iron core, with no intentional path through air (see Toroidal cores below). The new transformers were 3.4 times more efficient than the open-core bipolar devices of Gaulard and Gibbs. The ZBD patents included two other major interrelated innovations:one concerning the use of parallel connected, instead of series connected, utilization loads, the other concerning the ability to have high turns ratio transformers such that the supply network voltage could be much higher (initially 1,400 to 2,000 V) than the voltage of utilization loads (100 V initially preferred). When employed in parallel connected electric distribution systems, closed-core transformers finally made it technically and economically feasible to provide electric power for lighting in homes, businesses and public spaces. Bláthy had suggested the use of closed cores, Zipernowsky had suggested the use of parallel shunt connections, and Déri had performed the experiments; \n Where L (\\ displaystyle L) is inductance. \n In 1891, Nikola Tesla invented the Tesla coil, an air-cored, dual-tuned resonant transformer for producing very high voltages at high frequency. \n Z L ′ (\\ displaystyle Z'_ ( \\ text ( L) ) ) is the apparent load impedance of the primary. \n Winding joule losses and leakage reactances are represented by the following series loop impedances of the model:\n Experimental power transformers in the 500 ‐ to ‐ 1,000 kVA range have been built with liquid nitrogen or helium cooled superconducting windings, which eliminates winding losses without affecting core losses. \n Induction coils with open magnetic circuits are inefficient at transferring power to loads. Until about 1880, the paradigm for AC power transmission from a high voltage supply to a low voltage load was a series circuit. Open-core transformers with a ratio near 1:1 were connected with their primaries in series to allow use of a high voltage for transmission while presenting a low voltage to the lamps. The inherent flaw in this method was that turning off a single lamp (or other electric device) affected the voltage supplied to all others on the same circuit. Many adjustable transformer designs were introduced to compensate for this problematic characteristic of the series circuit, including those employing methods of adjusting the core or bypassing the magnetic flux around part of a coil. Efficient, practical transformer designs did not appear until the 1880s, but within a decade, the transformer would be instrumental in the War of Currents, and in seeing AC distribution systems triumph over their DC counterparts, a position in which they have remained dominant ever since. \n (c) similar to an inductor, parasitic capacitance and self-resonance phenomenon due to the electric field distribution. Three kinds of parasitic capacitance are usually considered and the closed-loop equations are provided \n Some transformers, instead of being liquid-filled, have their windings enclosed in sealed, pressurized tanks and cooled by nitrogen or sulfur hexafluoride gas. \n An ideal transformer is a theoretical, linear transformer that is lossless and perfectly coupled. Perfect coupling implies infinitely high core magnetic permeability and winding inductances and zero net magnetomotive force. \n The transformer model with capacitance is quite complicated, and is rarely attempted; even the' real' transformer model's equivalent circuit does not include the parasitic capacitance. However, the capacitance can be measured by comparing open-circuit inductance to a short-circuit inductance. \n Transformers can be classified in many ways, such as the following:\n Although George Westinghouse had bought Gaulard and Gibbs' patents in 1885, the Edison Electric Light Company held an option on the US rights for the ZBD transformers, requiring Westinghouse to pursue alternative designs on the same principles. He assigned to William Stanley the task of developing a device for commercial use in United States. Stanley's first patented design was for induction coils with single cores of soft iron and adjustable gaps to regulate the EMF present in the secondary winding (see image). This design was first used commercially in the US in 1886 but Westinghouse was intent on improving the Stanley design to make it (unlike the ZBD type) easy and cheap to produce. \n If the flux in the core is purely sinusoidal, the relationship for either winding between its rms voltage E of the winding, and the supply frequency f, number of turns N, core cross-sectional area a in m and peak magnetic flux density B in Wb/m or T (tesla) is given by the universal EMF equation:\n Closed-core transformers are constructed in' core form' or' shell form' . When windings surround the core, the transformer is core form; when windings are surrounded by the core, the transformer is shell form. Shell form design may be more prevalent than core form design for distribution transformer applications due to the relative ease in stacking the core around winding coils. Core form design tends to, as a general rule, be more economical, and therefore more prevalent, than shell form design for high voltage power transformer applications at the lower end of their voltage and power rating ranges (less than or equal to, nominally, 230 kV or 75 MVA). At higher voltage and power ratings, shell form transformers tend to be more prevalent. Shell form design tends to be preferred for extra-high voltage and higher MVA applications because, though more labor-intensive to manufacture, shell form transformers are characterized as having inherently better kVA-to-weight ratio, better short-circuit strength characteristics and higher immunity to transit damage. \n Z L = V S I S (\\ displaystyle Z_ ( \\ text ( L) ) = (\\ frac ( V_ ( \\ text ( S) ) ) (I_ ( \\ text ( S) ) ) ) ) ... (6) \n Electromagnetic induction, the principle of the operation of the transformer, was discovered independently by Michael Faraday in 1831, Joseph Henry in 1832, and others. The relationship between EMF and magnetic flux is an equation now known as Faraday's law of induction:\n As transformer losses vary with load, it is often useful to tabulate no-load loss, full-load loss, half-load loss, and so on. Hysteresis and eddy current losses are constant at all load levels and dominate overwhelmingly without load, while variable winding joule losses dominating increasingly as load increases. The no-load loss can be significant, so that even an idle transformer constitutes a drain on the electrical supply. Designing energy efficient transformers for lower loss requires a larger core, good-quality silicon steel, or even amorphous steel for the core and thicker wire, increasing initial cost. The choice of construction represents a trade-off between initial cost and operating cost. \n Transformers for use at power or audio frequencies typically have cores made of high permeability silicon steel. The steel has a permeability many times that of free space and the core thus serves to greatly reduce the magnetizing current and confine the flux to a path which closely couples the windings. Early transformer developers soon realized that cores constructed from solid iron resulted in prohibitive eddy current losses, and their designs mitigated this effect with cores consisting of bundles of insulated iron wires. Later designs constructed the core by stacking layers of thin steel laminations, a principle that has remained in use. Each lamination is insulated from its neighbors by a thin non-conducting layer of insulation. The transformer universal EMF equation implies an acceptably large core cross-sectional area to avoid saturation. \n where E (\\ displaystyle ( \\ mathcal ( E) ) ) is the magnitude of the EMF in Volts and Φ is the magnetic flux through the circuit in webers.",
"where E (\\ displaystyle ( \\ mathcal ( E) ) ) is the magnitude of the EMF in Volts and Φ is the magnetic flux through the circuit in webers. \n According to Faraday's law, since the same magnetic flux passes through both the primary and secondary windings in an ideal transformer, a voltage is induced in each winding proportional to its number of windings. In the secondary winding the voltage is determined by Faraday's equation 1 (see box at right). In the primary winding the voltage is determined by equation 2. The primary EMF is sometimes termed counter EMF. This is in accordance with Lenz's law, which states that induction of EMF always opposes development of any such change in magnetic field. \n In 1876, Russian engineer Pavel Yablochkov invented a lighting system based on a set of induction coils where the primary windings were connected to a source of AC. The secondary windings could be connected to several' electric candles' (arc lamps) of his own design. The coils Yablochkov employed functioned essentially as transformers. \n Toroidal transformers are built around a ring-shaped core, which, depending on operating frequency, is made from a long strip of silicon steel or permalloy wound into a coil, powdered iron, or ferrite. A strip construction ensures that the grain boundaries are optimally aligned, improving the transformer's efficiency by reducing the core's reluctance. The closed ring shape eliminates air gaps inherent in the construction of an E-I core. The cross-section of the ring is usually square or rectangular, but more expensive cores with circular cross-sections are also available. The primary and secondary coils are often wound concentrically to cover the entire surface of the core. This minimizes the length of wire needed and provides screening to minimize the core's magnetic field from generating electromagnetic interference. \n Building regulations in many jurisdictions require indoor liquid-filled transformers to either use dielectric fluids that are less flammable than oil, or be installed in fire-resistant rooms. Air-cooled dry transformers can be more economical where they eliminate the cost of a fire-resistant transformer room. \n Transformer energy losses are dominated by winding and core losses. Transformers' efficiency tends to improve with increasing transformer capacity. The efficiency of typical distribution transformers is between about 98 and 99 percent. \n Where S (\\ displaystyle S) is conserved power and I (\\ displaystyle I) is current. \n E avg = 4 f N a B peak (\\ displaystyle E_ ( \\ text ( avg) ) = 4fNaB_ (\\ text ( peak) ) \\! ) \n Power-frequency transformers may have taps at intermediate points on the winding, usually on the higher voltage winding side, for voltage adjustment. Taps may be manually reconnected, or a manual or automatic switch may be provided for changing taps. Automatic on-load tap changers are used in electric power transmission or distribution, on equipment such as arc furnace transformers, or for automatic voltage regulators for sensitive loads. Audio-frequency transformers, used for the distribution of audio to public address loudspeakers, have taps to allow adjustment of impedance to each speaker. A center-tapped transformer is often used in the output stage of an audio power amplifier in a push-pull circuit. Modulation transformers in AM transmitters are very similar. \n (b) Unlike the ideal model, the windings in a real transformer have non-zero resistances and inductances associated with:\n The resulting model, though sometimes termed' exact' equivalent circuit based on linearity assumptions, retains a number of approximations. Analysis may be simplified by assuming that magnetizing branch impedance is relatively high and relocating the branch to the left of the primary impedances. This introduces error but allows combination of primary and referred secondary resistances and reactances by simple summation as two series impedances. \n Core form = core type; shell form = shell type \nMechanical vibration and audible noise transmission \n In addition to magnetostriction, the alternating magnetic field causes fluctuating forces between the primary and secondary windings. This energy incites vibration transmission in interconnected metalwork, thus amplifying audible transformer hum. \n The ideal transformer model assumes that all flux generated by the primary winding links all the turns of every winding, including itself. In practice, some flux traverses paths that take it outside the windings. Such flux is termed leakage flux, and results in leakage inductance in series with the mutually coupled transformer windings. Leakage flux results in energy being alternately stored in and discharged from the magnetic fields with each cycle of the power supply. It is not directly a power loss, but results in inferior voltage regulation, causing the secondary voltage not to be directly proportional to the primary voltage, particularly under heavy load. Transformers are therefore normally designed to have very low leakage inductance. \n Core losses are caused mostly by hysteresis and eddy current effects in the core and are proportional to the square of the core flux for operation at a given frequency. The finite permeability core requires a magnetizing current I to maintain mutual flux in the core. Magnetizing current is in phase with the flux, the relationship between the two being non-linear due to saturation effects. However, all impedances of the equivalent circuit shown are by definition linear and such non-linearity effects are not typically reflected in transformer equivalent circuits. With sinusoidal supply, core flux lags the induced EMF by 90 °. With open-circuited secondary winding, magnetizing branch current I equals transformer no-load current. \n In normal course of circuit equivalence transformation, R and X are in practice usually referred to the primary side by multiplying these impedances by the turns ratio squared, (N/N) = a. \n Powdered iron cores are used in circuits such as switch-mode power supplies that operate above mains frequencies and up to a few tens of kilohertz. These materials combine high magnetic permeability with high bulk electrical resistivity. For frequencies extending beyond the VHF band, cores made from non-conductive magnetic ceramic materials called ferrites are common. Some radio-frequency transformers also have movable cores (sometimes called' slugs') which allow adjustment of the coupling coefficient (and bandwidth) of tuned radio-frequency circuits. \n One example is in traction transformers used for electric multiple unit and high-speed train service operating across regions with different electrical standards. The converter equipment and traction transformers have to accommodate different input frequencies and voltage (ranging from as high as 50 Hz down to 16.7 Hz and rated up to 25 kV) while being suitable for multiple AC asynchronous motor and DC converters and motors with varying harmonics mitigation filtering requirements. \n Core loss and reactance is represented by the following shunt leg impedances of the model:\n * Hysteresis losses due to nonlinear application of the voltage applied in the transformer core, and \n * Eddy current losses due to joule heating in the core that are proportional to the square of the transformer's applied voltage.",
"Where Z L (\\ displaystyle Z_ ( \\ text ( L) ) ) is the secondary load impedance. \n Operation of a transformer at its designed voltage but at a higher frequency than intended will lead to reduced magnetizing current. At a lower frequency, the magnetizing current will increase. Operation of a large transformer at other than its design frequency may require assessment of voltages, losses, and cooling to establish if safe operation is practical. For example, transformers may need to be equipped with' volts per hertz' over-excitation, ANSI function 24, relays to protect the transformer from overvoltage at higher than rated frequency. \n The first type of transformer to see wide use was the induction coil, invented by Rev. Nicholas Callan of Maynooth College, Ireland in 1836. He was one of the first researchers to realize the more turns the secondary winding has in relation to the primary winding, the larger the induced secondary EMF will be. Induction coils evolved from scientists' and inventors' efforts to get higher voltages from batteries. Since batteries produce direct current (DC) rather than AC, induction coils relied upon vibrating electrical contacts that regularly interrupted the current in the primary to create the flux changes necessary for induction. Between the 1830s and the 1870s, efforts to build better induction coils, mostly by trial and error, slowly revealed the basic principles of transformers. \n Z L ′ = V P I P = a V S I S/a = a 2 V S I S = a 2 Z L (\\ displaystyle Z'_ ( \\ text ( L) ) = (\\ frac ( V_ ( \\ text ( P) ) ) (I_ ( \\ text ( P) ) ) ) = (\\ frac ( aV_ ( \\ text ( S) ) ) (I_ ( \\ text ( S) )/a ) ) = a ^ (2) (\\ frac ( V_ ( \\ text ( S) ) ) (I_ ( \\ text ( S) ) ) ) = a ^ (2) (Z_ ( \\ text ( L) ) ) ). (7) \n Magnetostriction related transformer hum \n Magnetic flux in a ferromagnetic material, such as the core, causes it to physically expand and contract slightly with each cycle of the magnetic field, an effect known as magnetostriction, the frictional energy of which produces an audible noise known as mains hum or transformer hum. This transformer hum is especially objectionable in transformers supplied at power frequencies and in high-frequency flyback transformers associated with television CRTs. \nStray losses \n Leakage inductance is by itself largely lossless, since energy supplied to its magnetic fields is returned to the supply with the next half-cycle. However, any leakage flux that intercepts nearby conductive materials such as the transformer's support structure will give rise to eddy currents and be converted to heat. \n Since the invention of the first constant-potential transformer in 1885, transformers have become essential for the transmission, distribution, and utilization of alternating current electrical energy. A wide range of transformer designs is encountered in electronic and electric power applications. Transformers range in size from RF transformers less than a cubic centimeter in volume to units interconnecting the power grid weighing hundreds of tons. \n Larger transformers are provided with high-voltage insulated bushings made of polymers or porcelain. A large bushing can be a complex structure since it must provide careful control of the electric field gradient without letting the transformer leak oil. \n E rms = 2 π f N a B peak 2 ≈ 4.44 f N a B peak (\\ displaystyle E_ ( \\ text ( rms) ) = (\\ frac ( 2 \\ pi fNaB_ ( \\ text ( peak) ) ) (\\ sqrt ( 2) ) ) \\ approx 4.44 fNaB_ (\\ text ( peak) ) ) \n Ferrite toroidal cores are used at higher frequencies, typically between a few tens of kilohertz to hundreds of megahertz, to reduce losses, physical size, and weight of inductive components. A drawback of toroidal transformer construction is the higher labor cost of winding. This is because it is necessary to pass the entire length of a coil winding through the core aperture each time a single turn is added to the coil. As a consequence, toroidal transformers rated more than a few kVA are uncommon. Relatively few toroids are offered with power ratings above 10 kVA, and practically none above 25 kVA. Small distribution transformers may achieve some of the benefits of a toroidal core by splitting it and forcing it open, then inserting a bobbin containing primary and secondary windings. \n The ideal transformer model neglects the following basic linear aspects in real transformers:\n By the 1870s, efficient generators producing alternating current (AC) were available, and it was found AC could power an induction coil directly, without an interrupter. \n Various specific electrical application designs require a variety of transformer types. Although they all share the basic characteristic transformer principles, they are customized in construction or electrical properties for certain installation requirements or circuit conditions. \n Large power transformers are vulnerable to insulation failure due to transient voltages with high-frequency components, such as caused in switching or by lightning. \n In 1878, the Ganz factory, Budapest, Hungary, began producing equipment for electric lighting and, by 1883, had installed over fifty systems in Austria-Hungary. Their AC systems used arc and incandescent lamps, generators, and other equipment. \n Regarding image at top captioned, Cut view of transformer windings:\n * Primary winding:R, X \n * Secondary winding:R, X. \n\n\n Winding joule losses \n Current flowing through a winding's conductor causes joule heating. As frequency increases, skin effect and proximity effect causes the winding's resistance and, hence, losses to increase. \nCore losses \n \n\nHysteresis losses \n Each time the magnetic field is reversed, a small amount of energy is lost due to hysteresis within the core. According to Steinmetz's formula, the heat energy due to hysteresis is given by \n\n W h ≈ η β max 1.6 (\\ displaystyle W_ ( \\ text ( h) ) \\ approx \\ eta \\ beta _ (\\ text ( max) ) ^ (1.6) ), and, \n hysteresis loss is thus given by \n\n P h ≈ W h f ≈ η f β max 1.6 (\\ displaystyle P_ ( \\ text ( h) ) \\ approx (W) _ (\\ text ( h) ) f \\ approx \\ eta (f) \\ beta _ (\\ text ( max) ) ^ (1.6) ) \n where, f is the frequency, η is the hysteresis coefficient and β is the maximum flux density, the empirical exponent of which varies from about 1.4 to 1.8 but is often given as 1.6 for iron. \nEddy current losses \n Eddy currents are produced in the metal transformer core and cause heating of the core. The eddy current loss is a complex function of the square of supply frequency and inverse square of the material thickness. Eddy current losses can be reduced by making the core of a stack of plates electrically insulated from each other, rather than a solid block; all transformers operating at low frequencies use laminated or similar cores. \n Combining equations 3 and 4 with this endnote yields the ideal transformer identity \n Transformer equivalent circuit impedance and transformer ratio parameters can be derived from the following tests:open-circuit test, short-circuit test, winding resistance test, and transformer ratio test. \n By law of conservation of energy, apparent, real and reactive power are each conserved in the input and output \n There are also radiative losses due to the oscillating magnetic field but these are usually small. \n * the secondary circuit load impedance can be expressed as equation 6 \n * the apparent load impedance referred to the primary circuit is derived in equation 7 to be equal to the turns ratio squared times the secondary circuit load impedance.",
"Transformers today are designed on the principles discovered by the three engineers. They also popularized the word' transformer' to describe a device for altering the EMF of an electric current, although the term had already been in use by 1882. In 1886, the ZBD engineers designed, and the Ganz factory supplied electrical equipment for, the world's first power station that used AC generators to power a parallel connected common electrical network, the steam-powered Rome-Cerchi power plant. \n E = d Φ B d t (\\ displaystyle ( \\ mathcal ( E) ) = \\ left (( \\ mathrm ( d) \\ Phi _ (\\ text ( B) ) ) \\ over \\ mathrm (d) t ) \\ right ). \n Toroidal transformers are more efficient than the cheaper laminated E-I types for a similar power level. Other advantages compared to E-I types, include smaller size (about half), lower weight (about half), less mechanical hum (making them superior in audio amplifiers), lower exterior magnetic field (about one tenth), low off-load losses (making them more efficient in standby circuits), single-bolt mounting, and greater choice of shapes. The main disadvantages are higher cost and limited power capacity (see Classification parameters below). Because of the lack of a residual gap in the magnetic path, toroidal transformers also tend to exhibit higher inrush current, compared to laminated E-I types. \n * Joule losses due to resistance in the primary and secondary windings \n * Leakage flux that escapes from the core and passes through one winding only resulting in primary and secondary reactive impedance. \n\n\n * Core or iron losses:R \n * Magnetizing reactance:X. \n\n\n * Capacitance between adjacent turns in any one layer; \n * Capacitance between adjacent layers; \n * Capacitance between the core and the layer (s) adjacent to the core; \n\n\n At much higher frequencies the transformer core size required drops dramatically:a physically small and cheap transformer can handle power levels that would require a massive iron core at mains frequency. The development of switching power semiconductor devices and complex integrated circuits made switch-mode power supplies viable, to generate a high frequency from a much lower one (or DC), change the voltage level with a small transformer, and, if necessary, rectify the changed voltage. \n Audio frequency transformers (' repeating coils' ) were used by early experimenters in the development of the telephone. \n (a) Core losses, collectively called magnetizing current losses, consisting of \n Small dry-type and liquid-immersed transformers are often self-cooled by natural convection and radiation heat dissipation. As power ratings increase, transformers are often cooled by forced-air cooling, forced-oil cooling, water-cooling, or combinations of these. Large transformers are filled with transformer oil that both cools and insulates the windings. Transformer oil is a highly refined mineral oil that cools the windings and insulation by circulating within the transformer tank. The mineral oil and paper insulation system has been extensively studied and used for more than 100 years. It is estimated that 50% of power transformers will survive 50 years of use, that the average age of failure of power transformers is about 10 to 15 years, and that about 30% of power transformer failures are due to insulation and overloading failures. Prolonged operation at elevated temperature degrades insulating properties of winding insulation and dielectric coolant, which not only shortens transformer life but can ultimately lead to catastrophic transformer failure. With a great body of empirical study as a guide, transformer oil testing including dissolved gas analysis provides valuable maintenance information. This underlines the need to monitor, model, forecast and manage oil and winding conductor insulation temperature conditions under varying, possibly difficult, power loading conditions. \n Distribution transformers can achieve low no-load losses by using cores made with low-loss high-permeability silicon steel or amorphous (non-crystalline) metal alloy. The higher initial cost of the core material is offset over the life of the transformer by its lower losses at light load. \n The effect of laminations is to confine eddy currents to highly elliptical paths that enclose little flux, and so reduce their magnitude. Thinner laminations reduce losses, but are more laborious and expensive to construct. Thin laminations are generally used on high-frequency transformers, with some of very thin steel laminations able to operate up to 10 kHz. \n In 1889, Russian-born engineer Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky developed the first three-phase transformer at the Allgemeine Elektricitäts-Gesellschaft (' General Electricity Company' ) in Germany. \n A steel core's remanence means that it retains a static magnetic field when power is removed. When power is then reapplied, the residual field will cause a high inrush current until the effect of the remaining magnetism is reduced, usually after a few cycles of the applied AC waveform. Overcurrent protection devices such as fuses must be selected to allow this harmless inrush to pass. On transformers connected to long, overhead power transmission lines, induced currents due to geomagnetic disturbances during solar storms can cause saturation of the core and operation of transformer protection devices. \n Three-phase transformers used in electric power systems will have a nameplate that indicate the phase relationships between their terminals. This may be in the form of a phasor diagram, or using an alpha-numeric code to show the type of internal connection (wye or delta) for each winding. \n Faraday performed early experiments on induction between coils of wire, including winding a pair of coils around an iron ring, thus creating the first toroidal closed-core transformer. However he only applied individual pulses of current to his transformer, and never discovered the relation between the turns ratio and EMF in the windings."
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"Kemper Museum of Contemporary Art The Kemper Museum of Contemporary Art opened in 1994 in Kansas City, Missouri. With a $4 million annual budget and more than 100,000 visitors each year, it is Missouri's largest contemporary museum. The core of the museum's permanent collection is the Bebe and R. Crosby Kemper Jr. Collection, a gift of the museum's founders. The Kemper collection includes more than 700 works created after the 1913 Armory Show to works by present-day artists. Artists in the permanent collection include Jackson Pollock, Willem de Kooning, Robert Motherwell, Robert Rauschenberg, Jasper Johns, Jim Dine, Tom Otterness, Helen Frankenthaler, David Hockney, Bruce Nauman, William Wegman, Nancy Graves, Dale Chihuly, Arthur Dove, Louise Bourgeois, Andrew Wyeth, Fairfield Porter, Georgia O'Keeffe, Frank Stella, Lesley Dill, Romare Bearden, Christian Boltanski, Robert Mapplethorpe, Garry Winogrand, Barbara Grad, Kojo Griffin, Jim Hodges, Wayne Thiebaud, Hung Liu, Marcus Jansen, and Stephen Scott Young. In 2000, the museum received 15 works by artists including the photographer Nan Goldin from the collection of Peter Norton. Along with the collection, the museum also maintains a schedule of self-organized and traveling exhibitions. Each year, the it presents 10–12 special exhibitions in its galleries. The museum opened in 1994 with an exhibition of rare early series of 28 watercolors by Georgia O'Keeffe, known as the \"Canyon Suite\" (1916-1918), that had never been shown publicly as a group. In 1999, the paintings' authenticity was challenged because the paper used for some of them could not have been obtained in the United States from 1916 to 1918, when O'Keeffe taught art at West Texas State Normal College in Canyon. The National Gallery of Art subsequently excluded the \"Canyon Suite\" from O'Keeffe's catalogue raisonne, and Gerald Peters Gallery refunded the $5 million that the Kemper Museum paid for them. The Kemper Museum’s 23,200-square-foot concrete, steel and glass building, constructed from 1992 to 1994 at a cost of $6.6 million, was designed by architect Gunnar Birkerts. The structure has a large central atrium under an articulated skylight. Two wings extend from either side of the atrium. The main gallery displays works from the permanent collection and exhibits works in special exhibitions. Side galleries present works in rotation, and a large meeting room displays works on paper and crafts from the permanent collection. Works of art are always on view in the atrium and the corridors of each wing. The Café Sebastienne restaurant combines the worlds of contemporary art and contemporary cuisine in the heart of the museum. The dining area features numerous paintings by renowned African-American artist Frederick J. Brown. The restaurant was named after his daughter, Sebastienne Nicole Brown. Kemper Museum of Contemporary Art The Kemper Museum of Contemporary Art opened in 1994 in Kansas City, Missouri. With a $4 million annual budget and more than 100,000 visitors each year, it is Missouri's largest contemporary museum. The core of the museum's permanent collection is the Bebe and R. Crosby Kemper Jr. Collection, a gift of the museum's founders. The Kemper collection includes"
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"Ruth Coker Burks Frances Ruth Coker Burks (also known as the Cemetery Angel) is a former caregiver of AIDS crisis victims and an AIDS awareness advocate based in Arkansas. During the onslaught of the AIDS epidemic in the late 1980s, she used her salary as a real estate agent to care for AIDS patients whose families and communities had abandoned them. Because of the prejudices, fears, and stigma surrounding the disease at the time, she was often the patients' only caregiver until they eventually died. She is recognized for burying them in her own family cemetery in Hot Springs, Arkansas. She currently lives in Rogers, Arkansas. Born as Frances Ruth Coker Burks after her grandmother, Burks was born in Hot Springs, Arkansas, and was friends with Bill Clinton growing up. During her childhood, her mother was hospitalized with tuberculosis for a prolonged period, during which Burks' father was her primary caretaker until his death when she was 5, after which her mother struggled with being Burks' parent. She cites these experiences as formative for her notable empathy. Burks’s family members have been buried in Files Cemetery since the late 19th century. When Burks was a young girl, her mother got into a row with Burks’s uncle. To ensure he and his branch of Burks would be never buried in the same place as the rest of the family, her mother bought every grave space in the cemetery. Those were 262 plots of land in Files Cemetery in Hot Springs. Later Burks' mother left that land to her. As an adult, Burks worked as a real estate broker. Burks' first interaction with an AIDS patient occurred in 1984, when she was visiting a friend in the hospital. Burks' friend had cancer, so Burks spent a lot of time in the hospital. During one visit, she noticed that nurses were afraid to go into one room covered by a red bag and found out that the patient had what was then known as Gay-Related Immune Deficiency (GRID). Burks' cousin was gay, and she had an interest in learning about the disease and was curious about the patient behind the door. She met the patient, a young man who wanted to see his mother before he died. To force his mother to hear his wishes, Burke had to threaten the mother with the publication of the man's obituary in their hometown newspaper; even then, the mother called him a \"sinner\" and that she would not see him or claim the body when he died. Burks then took over his palliative care and comforted him until his death 13 hours later. After finding a funeral home that would take his body, she buried his ashes in her family cemetery. After that first encounter, Burks began to receive phone calls from others who needed her help, caring for over 1,000 people over the 30 or so years she worked with them. With assistance from her daughter, Burks has buried more than 40 people in her family cemetery in Hot Springs. While her charges were still alive, she helped take them to appointments, obtain medications, apply for assistance, and more. She also kept supplies of AIDS medications on hand, as some pharmacies would not carry these medications. Because of her work with people with AIDS, as she told KLRT-TV, she and her daughter were \"outcasts\" and crosses were burned in her yard twice. Burks received financial assistance from gay bars in Arkansas, including the Discovery Club in Little Rock: \"They would twirl up a drag show on Saturday night and here'd come the money. [...] That's how we'd buy medicine, that's how we'd pay rent. If it hadn't been for the drag queens, I don't know what we would have done.\" In 1988, Norman Jones, owner of the Discovery Club, created Helping People with AIDS, where Burks worked for several years. During Clinton's presidency, Burks was a White House consultant for AIDS education. Burks' patients lived longer past the national average life expectancy, catching the interest of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and National Institutes of Health which sent researchers to investigate. After medical care and social attitudes towards AIDS improved, she lived and worked in Florida as a fishing guide and funeral director. In 2012, Burks suffered a stroke and had to relearn many skills, including how to talk, read, feed herself and write; she attributes the stress of caring for victims of the AIDS crisis as a plausible influencing factor. The stroke also led to memory loss. That year, she moved back to Rogers, Arkansas, both in order to be closer to her family and because health insurance would no longer cover her after her stroke. In 2013, she advocated for three foster children who were removed from school due to rumors that one might be HIV-positive. After she appeared on TV as an HIV advocate for the children, the community blackballed her, the funeral home she had previously worked at rescinded her standing job offer, and other businesses refused to hire her, with the local Walmart allegedly removing a chair she sat in after finding out she did work with HIV advocacy. In August 2016, she was honored at New York City's Pride Week by not-for-profit group Broadway Sings for Pride. Burks and others are working to create a memorial for victims of AIDS in Hot Springs, which would turn the Files Cemetery into a garden that fits its current status as a sort of pilgrimage site for those affected by the crisis. She has spoken at Washington State University and Gonzaga University on her experiences, and in 2017, Rose McGowan wrote and directed the short film \"Ruth\" to cover Burks' work. Ruth Coker Burks Frances Ruth Coker Burks (also known as the Cemetery Angel) is a former caregiver of AIDS crisis victims and an AIDS awareness advocate based in Arkansas. During the onslaught of the AIDS epidemic in the late 1980s, she used her salary as a real estate agent"
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"Bruce Payne Bruce Martyn Payne (born 1958) is an English actor, producer, and assistant director. Payne trained at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA) in London and was identified, in the late 1980s, with the \"Brit Pack\" of rising young British actors. Payne is best known for portraying villains, such as Charles Rane in \"Passenger 57\", Jacob Kell in \"\", and Damodar in \"Dungeons & Dragons\" and \"\". Payne was born in Woking, Surrey, and grew up in New Haw, Surrey. He developed an interest for acting at an early age. In an interview with \"Impact\" magazine in 2001, Payne revealed, \"I know that my immediate family tell me that when I was very young I saw a play that my brother was in – probably a \"Peter Pan\" pantomime because it involved a crocodile – and I apparently shouted out 'That crocodile is going to eat my brother' and ran up on the stage. I don't remember that myself, but if it really happened, I think it shows that from an early age I loved that suspension of disbelief\". At the age of 14, he was diagnosed with a slight form of spina bifida, which by age 16 required surgery to rectify. Payne was hospitalised for 6 months following the operation. Payne continued school studies, despite a contact with a talent scout during that time. After his graduation, he enrolled in the National Youth Theatre for two seasons. Payne has described this experience as \"Four hundred kids thrown together to work on 7 plays.\" In addition, he was occupied with the Edinburgh Festival Fringe for one season. He then auditioned for several fringe acting companies, but was told he was too young and lacked experience. However, in 1979, he was admitted to the \"prestigious\" RADA acting programme. Before being accepted at RADA, Payne worked as a joiner, a salesman, and a landscape gardener. Payne graduated from RADA in 1981 with seven major prizes for acting, comedy (Payne won the Fabia Drake Prize for Comedy) and physical presence. Payne was part of a 'new wave' of actors to emerge from the academy. Others included Jonathan Pryce, Juliet Stevenson, Alan Rickman, Anton Lesser, Kenneth Branagh, and Fiona Shaw. In 1980 the Principal of RADA, Hugh Cruttwell, selected a scene from an adaptation of William Shakespeare's \"Macbeth\", which Payne co-wrote with Paul McGann, to be performed in front of Queen Elizabeth II, in one of her rare visits to the academy. Payne directed the scene in which he and McGann acted. Payne played Macbeth and wielded a baseball bat on stage instead of a sword. Kenneth Branagh performed a soliloquy from \"Hamlet\" at the same event. Payne's first television role was in the \"Tales Out of School\" series. Payne played a PE teacher who 'comes across as more head bully than responsible adult during his classes'. His first major film role came in \"Privates on Parade\" in which he played the singing and dancing Flight Sergeant Kevin Cartwright (whom he had already played in the stage version). In 1983, he appeared in Michael Mann's horror film \"The Keep\" as an unnamed border guard. That same year, Steven Berkoff cast him in his production of \"West\" at the Donmar Warehouse. Payne played Les, a member of an East End London gang intent on gaining revenge against the rival Hoxton Mob for the slaying of one of their number. Richard Corliss of \"TIME\" stated that Payne bestowed \"a frighteningly dynamic performance\" in the play. In 1985, Payne was cast as a \"committed\", \"butch snooker manager\" known as \"The One\" (also known as \"T.O.\") in director Alan Clarke's snooker musical \"Billy the Kid and the Green Baize Vampire\". Michael Brooke stated that Payne gave the \"stand-out performance\" in the film. and \"MS London\" stated that Payne 'is a charismatic presence, with a capable voice, who is perfectly cast as The One'. In 1986, both Payne and Berkoff appeared in Julien Temple's musical \"Absolute Beginners\" . Payne played a psychotic \"pompous and pathetic racist\" named Flikker, who participated in the 1958 Notting Hill race riots. One reviewer argued that Payne was \"the only actor to walk off \"Absolute Beginners\" with his reputation not only intact but enhanced\" and that his portrayal of Flikker \"was a headbutt of reality in a fantasmagoria of overkill.\" One critic stated that Payne gave a \"meaty, saving-grace performance\" in the film. The film journalist and editor, Ann Lloyd, selected Payne as the most promising newcomer of 1987 for his role in the film. In the same year Payne appeared in the Mel Brooks film \"Solarbabies\", along with fellow British performer Alexei Sayle, as filthy bounty hunters named Dogger and Malice. Payne said of his and Sayle's performances in \"Vogue\" that \"the old image of an English arch-villain – Boris Karloff, that sort of thing\" is turned \"upside down. We're just a couple of soaks\". In 1988, Payne appeared as Eddy in the Steven Berkoff-directed play, \"Greek\" (a retelling of Sophocles' \"Oedipus Rex\"), at the Wyndham's Theatre. Martin Hoyle, writing for \"The Independent\", stated that Payne's \"Eddy is vital, intelligent and physically disciplined in the best Berkoff style\". Charles Osbourne, writing for \"The Daily Telegraph\", stated that Payne brought \"a cheerful zest to the role of Eddy\". A reviewer for \"The Listener\" stated that Payne \"impresses throughout\" the play. Another reviewer stated that \"Payne gives a powerful performance as Eddy, the crusader out to defeat the horror of society\" only \"to find that he is part of the horror\". In 1989, he was cast in \"For Queen and Country\" as a 'drug kingpin' named Colin. Payne and other young British actors who were becoming established film actors, such as Tim Roth, Gary Oldman, Colin Firth, and Paul McGann, were dubbed the 'Brit Pack'. Payne's performances endeared him to Warner Bros., who considered \"Bruce Payne as Bruce Wayne\" on their \"one liner\" press marketing PR campaign for the first of Tim Burton's \"Batman\" films. Ultimately, Michael Keaton got the role. Payne has commented, \"Warner were fascinated by the similarity\" between his name and that of Bruce Wayne. Payne has said that \"they drew up a very short shortlist and there I was on it. Obviously, I lost out in the end to Michael Keaton\".<ref name=\"http://www.agwlbp.com/sunday.html\"></ref> In the same year Payne appeared as Doctor Burton in the dramatic film \"Zwei Frauen\" The film was nominated for Outstanding Feature Film at the German Film Awards. In 1990 Payne appeared in the music video for Neil Young's song \"Over and Over\", directed by Julien Temple, as a Stanley Kowalski (played by Marlon Brando in \"A Streetcar Named Desire\", a film based on Tennessee Williams' play of the same name) esque character. In 1991, Payne was cast as the Devil in \"Switch\". Payne was described as a \"delightfully wicked Satan\" by \"Film Review\". \"The Providence Journal\" described him as a \"slick devil\". In 1992, Payne was cast in his best-known role, opposite Wesley Snipes, as a \"notorious terrorist and hijacker\", with a steely, demonic nerve, named Charles Rane, in \"Passenger 57\". Marcus Trower of \"Empire\" stated that Payne was \"a brilliantly disconcerting madman. With his flowing blond Jesus locks, armour-piercing stare and casual sadism, he makes Hannibal Lecter look like a social worker – and like Anthony Hopkins' serial killer, part of the man's menace is in the apparent contradiction between his articulate, well-spoken English and his off-hand brutality.\" The \"Radio Times\" stated that Payne and Snipes both gave \"charismatic turns\" in the film. \"The New York Times\" stated that Payne brought a 'tongue-in-cheek humor to the psychopathic fiend'. A reviewer for \"People\" magazine stated that \"Bruce Payne steals the plane—and the movie\". In an article for the \"Waterloo Region Record\", Jamie Portman described Payne as a \"suave and cultivated English actor\" playing \"a suave and cultivated killer named Charles Rane\" and suggested that a \"key reason director Kevin Hooks chose him for the role was that he wanted a villain with as much magnetism as the hero\". Payne was",
"worker – and like Anthony Hopkins' serial killer, part of the man's menace is in the apparent contradiction between his articulate, well-spoken English and his off-hand brutality.\" The \"Radio Times\" stated that Payne and Snipes both gave \"charismatic turns\" in the film. \"The New York Times\" stated that Payne brought a 'tongue-in-cheek humor to the psychopathic fiend'. A reviewer for \"People\" magazine stated that \"Bruce Payne steals the plane—and the movie\". In an article for the \"Waterloo Region Record\", Jamie Portman described Payne as a \"suave and cultivated English actor\" playing \"a suave and cultivated killer named Charles Rane\" and suggested that a \"key reason director Kevin Hooks chose him for the role was that he wanted a villain with as much magnetism as the hero\". Payne was described as \"icily perfect as the villainous Rane\" in the Worcester \"Telegram & Gazette\". Julius Marshall stated that Payne was \"ideal for his role: charming, dangerous – the kind of evil genius you love to hate\". The \"Star Tribune\" stated that 'Bruce Payne makes a splendid psychopath, consistently stealing scenes from the likes of Wesley Snipes and Elizabeth Hurley throughout \"Passenger 57\"'. In 1993, Payne played a \"charismatic\" werewolf named Adam Garou in \"Full Eclipse\". Joseph Savitski, who reviewed the film for Beyond Hollywood, stated, \"Payne is masterful as Detective Garou, a seductive and evil villain with arrogance and confidence to spare. When he's on screen, Payne demands the attention of the audience, and you're hard pressed to resist his performance. Payne is also the perfect adversary, the kind you're supposed to hate, but who has the charisma to draw you in nonetheless\". In 1995, Payne played a \"rogue FBI agent\" named Karl Savak in director Kurt Wimmer's \"One Tough Bastard\". One reviewer described Savak as one of the most 'entertaining movie villains in low budget action flick history' and noted that 'so awesome is Karl Savak that some lunatic has created a Facebook page in his honor'. Another reviewer stated that 'Bruce Payne, with his Whitesnake hair and nose ring is slimeball perfection as the villain'. In 1998, he played Jurgen, a first-class and charismatic operative in season two of \"La Femme Nikita\". In 2000, Payne portrayed the villain Jacob Kell in \"\" (2000), the third sequel to the original \"Highlander\" film. One reviewer said of \"Highlander: Endgame\", \"the one in the cast that seems to be having the most fun is Bruce Payne. Traditionally, \"Highlander\" villains give performances that go completely over-the-top and well into the stratosphere. Payne contrarily gives a performance where he enunciates every syllable with relish and dramatic weight, resulting in a performance that is entirely captivating whenever he is on screen.\" Salon.com's reviewer wrote that \"[Payne] playing Kell as a cockney thug with triple crucifixes embedded in the heels of his Doc Martens, Payne is more fun than either of the stars\". A reviewer for \"Trash City\" stated that \"\"Endgame\" is pretty good, largely thanks to Bruce Payne's efforts as the bad guy, who is right up there with Clancy Brown's original decapitator\", the Kurgan. Marke Andrews, writing for \"The Vancouver Sun\", stated that Payne provided the \"focal point\" in the film and that he dived \"into his role with gusto\". Andrews also stated that Payne's 'facial expressions rival Jim Carrey's in \"The Mask\"'. Cherriece Wright, who reviewed the film for \"The Dispatch\", stated that it contained \"brilliant performances by Christopher Lambert and Bruce Payne\". Wright stated that Payne \"delivers a great performance as Jacob Kell blending smoothly the malicious vindictiveness of the embittered immortal with a sarcastic wit that provides needed humor\". In the same year, Payne played Damodar in \"Dungeons & Dragons\", henchman of the malevolent Profion (played by Jeremy Irons). Although the film was critically panned, Payne's performance was reviewed favourably. One reviewer said that \"Bruce Payne (Damodar) as Profion's nefarious assistant in his power-hungry schemes was the stand-out performance of all the actors in the film. Payne has a true lock on how to play a character that is menacing even without any show of power. His portrayal of Damodar calls to mind Doug Bradley's portrayal of Pinhead in the \"Hellraiser\" films, so coldly, coolly arrogant and confident is his character. Above and beyond the grade I give to this film, Payne has earned himself an A+ in my gradebook.\" Another reviewer stated that Payne's performance proved that he is \"one of Hollywood's more reliable villains\". Branden Chowen, who reviewed the film for \"Indie Pulse\", stated that \"the standout in the film is the man who returns for the sequel: Bruce Payne. His character is written to be one-note throughout, but Payne still manages to create an excellent villain. Once the audience gets past his blue lipstick, which is no small feat, Payne is a formidable and passionate force\". \"The Charlotte Observer\" stated that \"menacing Bruce Payne gives the film's one potent performance\". Abbie Bernstein for \"Audio Video Revolution\" declared that Payne was \"enjoyably evil as the secondary baddie in charge of capturing the rebels\" In 2004, Payne appeared as the \"snarling\" Neighbour, who \"dabbles\" in producing kinky virtual games in the dystopian horror mystery \"Paranoia 1.0\". The film was nominated in the best film category at the Sitges - Catalan International Film Festival and at the Sundance Film Festival, and won the best film award at the Malaga International Week of Fantastic Cinema. John Fallon stated that as the Neighbour, Payne \"laid on the charisma and the macho-ness thick\". In 2005, Payne returned to the role of Damodar in \"\". Payne was the only member of the original cast in the sequel. In 2006, he helped to launch the National Youth Theatre's 50th-anniversary programme along with Sir Ian McKellen, Timothy Spall, Diana Quick, Paula Wilcox, Jonathan Wrather, newsreader Krishnan Guru-Murthy, and \"Little Britain\"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s Matt Lucas and David Walliams. In 2011, Payne appeared in the horror film \"Prowl\" as a \"blatantly untrustworthy\" \"hillbilly truck driver\" named Bernard in the film. Matt Withers, who reviewed the film for JoBlo.com, stated that \"Bruce Payne shows up as a trucker in a throwaway role that he makes anything but\". Payne also appeared in \"Carmen's Kiss\" (an adaptation of the Georges Bizet opera \"Carmen\"). In 2012, Payne voiced a demon in the found-footage horror film \"Greystone Park\" (also known as \"The Asylum Tapes\"). In 2013, Payne appeared in the Warner Bros. action film \"Getaway\". Payne also appeared in the action film \"Vendetta\" as a sinister Whitehall Mandarin named Mr. Rooker. One reviewer of the film gave it eight out of ten and stated that Payne 'nearly steals the movie with a plum role as the icy head of British black ops'. In addition, Payne portrayed Auschwitz camp Commandant Rudolf Hoess, in a 'superciliously evil' manner, in the French film \"Victor Young Perez\", which concerns the life of the Tunisian Jew flyweight boxer Victor Perez. In 2015, Payne played Winston, a religious fanatic, in the horror film \"Re-Kill\". In 2018 Payne appeared in the Anthology film \"London Unplugged\", which premiered at the East End Film Festival. Payne played the main antagonist in \"\" (which he also produced and acted as assistant director for), which is due to be released in 2019. Payne has also been cast as Frank Warren in \"Michael-The Michael Watson Story\", a biopic of boxer Michael Watson. Music Videos Television Advertisements Bruce Payne Bruce Martyn Payne (born 1958) is an English actor, producer, and assistant director. Payne trained at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA) in London and was identified, in the late 1980s, with the \"Brit Pack\" of rising young British actors. Payne is best known for portraying villains, such as Charles Rane in \"Passenger 57\", Jacob Kell in \"\", and Damodar in \"Dungeons & Dragons\" and \"\". Payne was born",
"in the Anthology film \"London Unplugged\", which premiered at the East End Film Festival. Payne played the main antagonist in \"\" (which he also produced and acted as assistant director for), which is due to be released in 2019. Payne has also been cast as Frank Warren in \"Michael-The Michael Watson Story\", a biopic of boxer Michael Watson. Music Videos Television Advertisements Bruce Payne Bruce Martyn Payne (born 1958) is an English actor, producer, and assistant director. Payne trained at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA) in London and was identified, in the late 1980s, with the \"Brit Pack\" of rising young British actors. Payne is best known for portraying villains, such as Charles Rane in \"Passenger 57\", Jacob Kell in \"\", and Damodar in \"Dungeons & Dragons\" and \"\". Payne was born in Woking, Surrey, and grew"
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"retrieved": [
"NaPTAN The National Public Transport Access Node (NaPTAN) database is a UK nationwide system for uniquely identifying all the points of access to public transport in the UK. The database is closely associated with the National Public Transport Gazetteer. Every UK railway station, coach terminus, airport, ferry terminal, bus stop, taxi rank or other place where public transport can be joined or left is allocated a unique NaPTAN identifier. The relationship of the stop to a City, Town, Village or other locality can be indicated through an association with elements of the National Public Transport Gazetteer. There is a CEN standardisation initiative, Identification of Fixed Objects In Public Transport ('IFOPT'), to develop NaPTAN concepts into a European standard for stop identification as an extension to Transmodel, the European standard for Public Transport information. The ability to identify and locate stops in relation to topography, both consistently and economically, is fundamental to modern computer based systems that provide passenger information and manage public transport networks. Stop data is needed by journey planners, scheduling systems, real-time systems, for transport planning, performance monitoring, and for many other purposes. Digitalising a nation's public transport stops is an essential step in creating a national information infrastructure. In the UK NaPTAN has enabled the creation of the Transport Direct Portal, a UK nationwide system for multi-modal journey planning. NaPTAN also underpins TransXChange, the UK standard for bus schedules, which is used for the Electronic Registration of Bus Services. NaPTAN comprises several distinct elements NaPTAN identfiers are designed to be used within the UK's Digital National Framework a system of unique persistent reference for shareable information resources of all types managed by the Ordnance Survey. NaPTAN includes on a related standard - the UK National Public Transport Gazetteer. The National Public Transport Access Node database holds a current copy of all UK stops. Stops are submitted by PTEs to a central authority which consolidates the stops and distributes them back to users. There are some 450,000 stop points in the current database. The NaPTAN database is maintained centrally under contract to the Department of Transport. NaPTAN data is described by a NaPTAN XML Schema. This can be used to describe NaPTAN data when exchanging it between systems as XML documents. It is versioned so that different generations of data can be managed. See http://www.dft.gov.uk/naptan/schema/2.4/NaPTAN.xsd The NPTG & NaPTAN data conforms to a family of consistent, interlocking data models. The models are described in the NPTG & NaPTAN Schema Guide in UML notation. NaPTAN identifiers are a systematic way of identifying of all UK points of access to public transport or \"Stop points\"). NaPTAN stop points have a number of text descriptor elements associated with them: not just a name, but also additional labels and distinguishing identifiers that will help users to recognise them. These elements can be combined in different ways to provide presentations of names useful for many different contexts, for example on maps, stop finders, timetables etc., and on mobile devices The Purpose of these descriptors is to create an iterative level of detail i.e. \"Country - County - Locality - Street - Name - Identifier\". All of this information should be included but it is up to the user of the data to decide how much data is relevant for the task in hand. Every NaPTAN point includes geospatial coordinates specified in both Ordnance Survey National Grid format and as WGS84 latitide and longitude pairs. This allows NaPTAN points to be projected on maps and to be associated with other information layers such as the Integrated Transport Network of the Ordnance Survey. The National Public Transport Gazetteer is closely associated with the NaPTAN dataset and contains details of every City, Town, Village, suburb in Great Britain (i.e., UK but not including Northern Ireland). This dataset is based on usage of names, rather than legal definitions and so includes local informal names for places as well as their official names. NaPTAN The National Public Transport Access Node (NaPTAN) database is a UK nationwide system for uniquely identifying all the points of access to public transport in the UK. The database is closely associated with the National Public Transport Gazetteer. Every UK railway station, coach terminus,"
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"retrieved": [
"Danilo Barthel Danilo Timon Barthel (born October 24, 1991) is a German professional basketball player for Bayern Munich of the Basketball Bundesliga (BBL). Barthel began his professional career in his hometown with USC Heidelberg back in 2008. On June 23, 2011, he signed with Fraport Skyliners. In the 2013–14 season he played 34 league games for Frankfurt, averaging 11.3 points, 4.9 rebounds and 1.4 assists in 28.1 minutes per game. For the season, he was named the League's BBL Most Improved Player. With Frankfurt he won the 2015–16 FIBA Europe Cup in a final against Openjobmetis Varese. On July 6, 2016, he signed a two-year deal with Bayern Munich. On June 17, 2018, Barthel won his first BBL championship with Bayern after defeating Alba Berlin 3–2 in the finals. Barthel was named the Finals MVP after the decisive game five. Over five finals games, he averaged 12.8 points, 4.6 rebounds on 70.8% shooting from the field. Barthel has been a member of the German national under-18 and German national under-20 teams. He played in the 2009 FIBA Europe Under-18 Championship and the 2010 and 2011 FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship and helped the German team to fifth place in 2011, averaging 4.9 points, 4.1 rebounds and 0.9 assists. On 27 July 2014, he made his debut for the senior Germany national basketball team in a game against Finland. Danilo Barthel Danilo Timon Barthel (born October 24, 1991) is a German professional basketball player for Bayern Munich of the Basketball Bundesliga (BBL). Barthel began his professional career in his hometown with USC Heidelberg back in 2008. On June 23, 2011, he signed with Fraport Skyliners. In the 2013–14 season he played 34 league games for Frankfurt, averaging 11.3 points, 4.9 rebounds and 1.4 assists in 28.1 minutes per game. For the season,"
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"Leslie Peterson (bishop) Leslie Ernest Peterson (November 4, 1928 – July 25, 2002) was a Canadian Anglican bishop in the 20th century. Peterson was born on 4 November 1928 in Rouyn-Noranda, Quebec. He received at Bachelor of Arts degree in 1952 from the University of Western Ontario and in 1952 he earned a Licentiate in theology from Huron University College. He later went on to earn a Doctor of Sacred Theology from Thorneloe University in Sudbury, Ontario. He was ordained as a Deacon in 1954 and as a priest 1955. Between 1955 and 1983 he held numerous incumbencies including: In 1983 he became the coadjutor bishop and then the diocesan Bishop of Algoma. He resigned his see in 1994 and moved to London, Ontario for his retirement. He died on 25 July 2002. Leslie Peterson (bishop) Leslie Ernest Peterson (November 4, 1928 – July 25, 2002) was a Canadian Anglican bishop in the 20th century. Peterson was born on 4 November 1928 in Rouyn-Noranda, Quebec. He received at Bachelor of Arts degree in 1952 from the University of Western Ontario and in 1952 he earned a Licentiate in theology from Huron University College. He later went on to earn a"
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"Canopus in Argos Canopus in Argos: Archives is a sequence of five science fiction novels by Nobel Prize in Literature-winning author Doris Lessing which portray a number of societies at different stages of development, over a great period of time. The focus is on accelerated evolution being aided by advanced species for less advanced species and societies. The novels take place in the same future history, but do not relate a continuous storyline. Each book covers unrelated events, with the exception of \"Shikasta\" and \"The Sirian Experiments\", which tell the story of accelerated evolution on Earth through the eyes of Canopeans and Sirians respectively. The five books have also appeared compiled in a single volume entitled \"Canopus in Argos: Archives\" (1992, ). When Lessing began writing \"Shikasta\" she intended it to be a \"single self-contained book\". But as her fictional universe developed, she found she had ideas for more than just one book, and ended up writing a series of five. The \"Canopus in Argos\" series as a whole falls into categories of social or soft science fiction (\"space fiction\" in Lessing's own words) because of its focus on characterisation and social-cultural issues, and its lack of emphasis of the details of scientific technology. This set of writings represented a major shift of focus for Lessing, influenced by spiritual and mystical themes in Sufism, in particular by Idries Shah. She later wrote several essays on Sufism which were published in her essay collection, \"Time Bites\" (2004). The \"Canopus in Argos\" was not well received by some reviewers and readers, who felt that Lessing had abandoned her \"rational worldview\". This prompted her to write in the Preface to the third book, \"The Sirian Experiments\": Later Lessing discovered that many younger people who had read the \"Canopus\" series were not interested in her other works. They told her, \"Oh, realism, I can't be bothered with that.\" \"The Making of the Representative for Planet 8\" and \"The Marriages Between Zones Three, Four and Five\" were adapted for the opera by composer Philip Glass with librettos written by Lessing. Canopus in Argos Canopus in Argos: Archives is a sequence of five science fiction novels by Nobel Prize in Literature-winning author Doris Lessing which portray a number of societies at different stages of development, over a great period of time. The focus is on accelerated evolution being aided by advanced species for less advanced species"
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"George van der Mijn George van der Mijn (1723, London – 1763, Amsterdam), was an 18th-century painter from the Northern Netherlands. According to the Netherlands Institute for Art History (Dutch: Rijksbureau voor Kunsthistorische Documentatie or RKD) he was the son of Herman van der Mijn, who was born in London after his father moved there. He is known for portraits and genre works and his pupil was Dirk van Dijl. Johan van Gool wrote about him, his father, his brothers Robert, Francis, Andreas and Gerard, and his sister Cornelia who were all good painters in their own right. Van Gool mentioned that another brother Willem could have been a good painter, but fell through the ice while skating and died young. He probably discussed his family with George himself, since they were contemporaries in Amsterdam during the period Van Gool was working on his book. George van der Mijn George van der Mijn (1723, London – 1763, Amsterdam), was an 18th-century painter from the Northern Netherlands. According to the Netherlands Institute for Art History (Dutch: Rijksbureau voor Kunsthistorische Documentatie or RKD) he was the son of Herman van der Mijn, who was born in London after his father moved there."
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"Emmanuel Erskine Lieutenant General Emmanuel Alexander Erskine (born 19 January 1937) is a retired Ghanaian soldier and politician. He is a former Chief of Army Staff of the Ghana army. He is also a former commander of the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO) and the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL). Erskine trained in various military institutions in the United Kingdom. He had telecommunications training at the Royal Military Academy at Sandhurst in England, completing in 1960. He was also at the Staff College, Camberley in 1968. He also trained at the Royal College of Defence Studies in 1968 and 1972. Erskine was commissioned at the Royal Military Academy, Sandhurst, in December 1960 into the Signal Corps of the Ghana army. Erskine has served in various capacities with the Ghana army. He was Commanding Officer of the Ghana Signals Regiment and later Director of Communications with the Ghana Ministry of Defence. He later became Director for Operations and Planning at the same Ministry from 1971 to 1972. He was the Chief of Army Staff briefly between January and February 1972. He again held the same position from February 1973 to April 1974. Erskine served as the Chief of Staff and Deputy Force Commander of the United Nations Emergency Force Two (UNEF 2) from 1974 to 1976 in Egypt. He was then appointed as the Chief of Staff of UNTSO in Israel between January 1976 and April 1978. He subsequently became the first commander of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) between 1978 and 1981. Erskine again occupied the position of Chief of Staff of UNTSO and was also the United Nations Secretary General's Representative for Matters relating to UN Peacekeeping Operations in the Middle East from February 1981 to May 1986. Erskine was one of the founding members of the People's Heritage Party (PHP). He was the party's presidential candidate during the 1992 Ghanaian presidential election. He came fifth with 1.7% of the vote. The PHP later merged with the National Independence Party to form the People's Convention Party (PCP) in 1993. Erskine was one of the nine members of the National Reconciliation Commission which were appointed by the President of Ghana, John Kufuor in consultation with the Council of State of Ghana. The commission was to investigate human rights abuses committed during the five military regimes which have ruled Ghana. The Centre for Peace Initiatives in Africa (CPIA) is a peace organization based in Harare, Zimbabwe. It was established in February 2001 and has Erskine as the chairman of the board of trustees. The CPIA has the General Emmanuel Erskine Research and Documentation Centre (GERDC) named in his honour and was officially opened in September 2001 by him. The GERDC also launched the General Emmanuel Erskine Annual Lecture Series. The inaugural lecture was delivered by General Erskine himself. General Erskine is the Chairman of the Opportunities Industrialization Centre Ghana Accra Local Programme Committee. He has been a member of the Pugwash council since 1992 and was a participant at the 50th Pugwash conference which deliberated on \"Eliminating the Causes of War\". He served as the Chairman of the Ghana Action Network on Small Arms (GANSA)in 2002. Emmanuel Erskine Lieutenant General Emmanuel Alexander Erskine (born 19 January 1937) is a retired Ghanaian soldier and politician. He is a former Chief of Army Staff of the Ghana army. He is also a former commander of the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO) and the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL). Erskine trained in various military institutions in the United Kingdom. He had telecommunications training at the"
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"Maryland Department of Business and Economic Development The Maryland Department of Commerce is a government agency in the state of Maryland in the United States. Although its roots began in 1884, the department came to be recognized as the Department of Commerce in 2015. The department attracts new businesses, encourages the expansion and retention of existing facilities, provides financial assistance and training, and promotes biotechnology. The Agency publicizes Maryland's attributes, and markets local products in Maryland and abroad to stimulate economic development, international trade, and tourism. The department also invests in the arts and promotes film production and sporting events in Maryland. Its mission is to create, attract and retain jobs while promoting the state’s vibrant culture and history. Commerce Secretary Mike Gill leads the department with 40 years of business experience as an entrepreneur, veteran of large technology firms and public servant. He was appointed by Governor Larry Hogan in January 2015. Read his bio to learn more. Benjamin H. Wu, an internationally recognized technology policy expert with more than 25 years of experience and management leadership, serves as Deputy Secretary and Chief Operating Officer. The department provides a number of services to create, attract, retain and expand businesses in Maryland. These include: Maryland's commitment to develop economic opportunities began in 1884 with the creation of the Bureau of Statistics and Information of the Industries of the State (Chapter 211, Acts of 1884). To guide development, government needed to know the agricultural, mineral and industrial output of the state, what commerce was moving through Maryland, and whether transportation networks functioned. In 1892, the General Assembly directed the Bureau to collect statistics on labor, particularly wages and strikes; any information about agriculture calculated to attract immigration; and data on mineral products, manufacturing, transportation, shipping, and commerce (Chapter 29, Acts of 1892). The Bureau also was to receive reports from all officers and institutions of the state, publish the information in book form, and annually revise and republish. By 1916, as the Bureau of Industrial Statistics, it reformed to become the State Board of Labor and Statistics. Its information-gathering responsibilities continued even as it reorganized into the Department of Labor and Industry in 1945. Yet, over time, that department's focus shifted toward regulating the conditions of labor. By 1948, another agency was formed to collect information about the state. Authorized by the Board of Public Works, the Department of Information began as a division of the Hall of Records Commission. In 1949, it became an independent agency (Chapter 665, Acts of 1949). The department compiled data not only about industry and agriculture, but also natural resources, recreation, government, and history. To encourage a burgeoning tourist and outdoor recreation trade, the department promoted Maryland and its products with films, photographs, pamphlets, and press releases. The Department of Information was superseded in 1959 by the Department of Economic Development (Chapter 185, Acts of 1959). Its mandate — to advance the economic welfare of Maryland citizens by developing the state's natural resources, industrial opportunities, and tourism potential — was carried out by three divisions: Business and Industrial Development; Research; and Tourist Development and Publicity. Another forerunner of the current department, the Development Credit Corporation of Maryland, was created in 1959 to stimulate business and industry by making loans to small businesses when conventional financing was unavailable. In 1970, the Department of Economic Development was reorganized as the Department of Economic and Community Development (Chapter 527, Acts of 1970). Added to its economic responsibilities now were duties to protect and enhance the social, cultural and fiscal viability of Maryland communities. In 1987, the Department of Economic and Employment Development was created (Chapter 311, Acts of 1987). It contained agencies and programs formerly administered by its immediate predecessors, the Department of Economic and Community Development and the Department of Employment and Training. In 1995, the Department of Economic and Employment Development reorganized as the Department of Business and Economic Development to emphasize its mission of bringing new jobs and new businesses to Maryland (Chapter 120, Acts of 1995). In 2015, the Department of Business and Economic Development was renamed the Department of Commerce and reorganized to better emphasize Maryland's different industries, according to the governor's office. The department's objectives are carried out by three divisions: Business and Enterprise Development; Marketing and Communications; and Tourism, Film, and the Arts. The department also is aided by public-private commissions including the Maryland Economic Development Commission and the Maryland Life Sciences Advisory Board. Further assistance is provided by the Maryland Biotechnology Center, the Division of Administration and Technology, and its Office of Policy and Governmental Affairs, which acts as a liaison to the Governor, General Assembly, and private technology sector. With 81 authorized positions and $51.9 million budget for FY2012, and branded the Division of Commerce in October 2015, originated in 1959 when the Department of Economic Development was created to encourage businesses to locate in Maryland and to retain and expand existing enterprises (Chapter 185, Acts of 1959). Led by Assistant Secretary Robert Walker, a former State Secretary of Agriculture, the division oversees five offices: Business Development; Business Services; Finance Programs; International Investment and Trade; and Military and Federal Affairs. By attracting new and expanding businesses, the division helps create jobs and improve the state's economy. It also assists domestic and international firms in finding attractive locations in Maryland and promotes international trade opportunities to Maryland firms. The Office of Finance Programs, with an FY2012 appropriation of $3.5 million and 26 employees, directs and supervises certain state funds used as incentives or seed money for businesses in Maryland. These funds enable the state to retain businesses and attract new ones; foster economic growth; create new jobs; support commercial and industrial redevelopment; and help small, minority and high technology businesses. The office is mandated by statute to be responsible for the Economic Development Opportunities Program (Sunny Day) Fund; Enterprise Fund (includes Challenge Investment Program); Maryland Competitive Advantage Financing Fund; Maryland Economic Adjustment Fund; Maryland Economic Development Assistance Authority and Fund; Maryland Industrial Development Financing Authority; Maryland Small Business Development Financing Authority; and Smart Growth Economic Development Infrastructure (One Maryland) Fund. Also under the team is the Maryland Economic Adjustment Financing Committee. The Maryland Venture Fund (MVF) provides for direct investment in Maryland companies through the Challenge Investment, Enterprise Investment, and the Enterprise Venture-Capital Limited Partnership programs. The fund organized as the Investment Financing Group in 1995. Formerly under the Division of Financing Programs, the fund transferred to Technology Strategy and Business Development in December 2003, and reformed as Venture Capital under the Deputy Secretary in 2005. MVF focuses on seed and early stage investments, often equity and convertible debt, in amounts between $100,000 and $1,000,000 for companies with fewer than 250 employees. It invests in companies that maintain a principal place of business in Maryland or that commit to moving to Maryland if their principal",
"Committee. The Maryland Venture Fund (MVF) provides for direct investment in Maryland companies through the Challenge Investment, Enterprise Investment, and the Enterprise Venture-Capital Limited Partnership programs. The fund organized as the Investment Financing Group in 1995. Formerly under the Division of Financing Programs, the fund transferred to Technology Strategy and Business Development in December 2003, and reformed as Venture Capital under the Deputy Secretary in 2005. MVF focuses on seed and early stage investments, often equity and convertible debt, in amounts between $100,000 and $1,000,000 for companies with fewer than 250 employees. It invests in companies that maintain a principal place of business in Maryland or that commit to moving to Maryland if their principal offices re outside the state. It aims to leverage growth in industries such as software, information technology (IT), communications, cyber security, education tech, energy tech, health care IT, diagnostics and medical devices. With an FY2012 appropriation of $26.6 million and 42 employees, the division of Tourism, Film and the Arts promotes Maryland as a destination for domestic and international travelers. The division also supports the performing, visual and creative arts and promotes Maryland as a location for film and television production. The division includes the Maryland State Arts Council, the Maryland Film Office, and the Office of Tourism Development. The Office of Tourism Development had formed as the Tourism Development Office by 1981 and reorganized within the Division of Tourism, Film, and the Arts under its present name in 1996. The office has an FY2012 appropriation of nearly $3.6 million and 25 employees. Tourism is Maryland's fourth largest industry and has an economic impact on Maryland by creating jobs, generating tax revenue, and increasing business income. In fiscal 2011, the state's tourism industry generated $359 million, more than 5.1 percent over fiscal 2010. From 2007 to 2010, the number of visitors to Maryland grew by 5 million and the state increased its market share 16.9 percent. Maryland drew 32.2 million visitors in 2010, up 10.7 percent from 2009. To stimulate tourism, the Office develops recreational, historical and cultural attractions. The Office promotes Maryland as a travel destination for domestic and international tourists. It promotes the state’s attractions, accommodations and events through its annual publications, Destination Maryland and Maryland Calendar of Events. Additionally, the staff advises third-party sellers of travel such as travel agents, and tour operators. There is a public relations staff that has assisted travel writers to generate nearly $7 million in destination publicity. The office also manages three Welcome centers. The Council supports the performing, visual and creative arts, including dance, drama, music, architecture, painting, sculpture, graphics, crafts, photography, design, film, television and creative writing (Code Economic Development Article, sec. 4-502). Support takes the form of grants and special programs. The Council makes grants to individual artists, arts organizations, and county arts councils. The Council has 13 authorized positions and a $14.2 million appropriation for FY2012. Formed in August 2008 as a joint venture between DBED and the Maryland Stadium Authority, the Office of Sports Marketing attracts, promotes, and develops regional, national and international sporting events. The office evaluates Maryland's sports assets and develops strategies to increase the number of sports events, both professional and amateur, in the state. The Maryland Film Office promotes Maryland as a location for film and video production. The office is an informational and logistical resource for productions, and assists productions with location scouting, permits, casting, film crew housing, catering, equipment rental, and other production needs. The Department of Commerce's Division of Marketing and Communications develops, coordinates, implements and evaluates proactive and integrated marketing activities for Maryland Commerce. Using research, brand assets and technology, the division communicates Maryland’s competitive business advantages and quality of life. A centralized marketing resource, the division operates a creative and production shop, interactive program and business research and information services office. The division coordinates and creates a number of publications such as the Department's Annual Report and online e-letters Business Pulse, a monthly report on business expansions, economic development activity and industry events; Economic Pulse, timely reports on Maryland's latest economic indicators; Global Pulse, Maryland-related international investment and trade news; Bio Pulse, quarterly reports on the state's life sciences community; and Cyber Pulse, which promotes Maryland as the nation’s epicenter for cybersecurity and information technology. The Public Affairs and Media Relations team maximizes Maryland’s competitive business in broadcast, print and new media for local, national and trade media. The Office of Marketing consists of the Promotions and Events team, which coordinates opportunities to promote the Agency, and the Creative Services team, which develops the department’s brand marketing, creative collateral and information resources to support the Agency’s marketing initiatives. The Research and Information team analyzes and communicates key economic and employment data. In addition to monthly reports on the economy, state rankings, and new and expanding businesses, the team also contributes to the department's many publications and strategic reports. As part of the Maryland BIO 2020 Initiative, the Maryland Biotechnology Center opened its offices in Rockville and Baltimore in September 2009. The center consolidates and coordinates existing initiatives in state government, the University System of Maryland, and the private sector to better support and expand biotechnology innovation and enterprises in Maryland. The Maryland Life Sciences Advisory Board guides center activities. The Maryland Biotechnology Center awarded $1 million to five promising life sciences companies through its Biotechnology Commercialization and Translational Research Awards in December 2011. A key component of the Bio 2020 initiative, the awards have assisted 13 Maryland life sciences companies and three university research projects with nearly $3.1 million in funding since 2009. Maryland has approximately 500 core life sciences companies engaged in pharmaceutical discovery, research tools development, medical diagnostics and device development, and contract research and manufacturing organizations. The Center also helped more than 30 Maryland biotechs exhibit products before 15,000 biotech executives at the 2011 Bio International Conference in Washington, D.C. At the event, Maryland Governor Martin O'Malley released a report that showed Maryland’s life sciences industry employs 160,030 people — 71,600 directly – and accounts for 6.5 percent of the state’s GDP. The industry was also found to create roughly $17.6 billion in economic activity and support $500 million in income and sales taxes annually. Maryland Commerce oversees the following organizations that are integral to its role and mission: The Maryland Economic Development Commission establishes economic development policy and oversees department efforts to attract and retain businesses and jobs in Maryland. The Commission was revived in August 2009 and is chaired by Anirban Basu, Chairman and CEO of the Sage Policy Group. From the private sector, the Commission raises funds to supplement economic development programs and financial incentives to business. The Commission also advises the Commerce Secretary on regulations for financing programs and on the allocation of financial incentives. The Maryland Economic Development Commission was",
"billion in economic activity and support $500 million in income and sales taxes annually. Maryland Commerce oversees the following organizations that are integral to its role and mission: The Maryland Economic Development Commission establishes economic development policy and oversees department efforts to attract and retain businesses and jobs in Maryland. The Commission was revived in August 2009 and is chaired by Anirban Basu, Chairman and CEO of the Sage Policy Group. From the private sector, the Commission raises funds to supplement economic development programs and financial incentives to business. The Commission also advises the Commerce Secretary on regulations for financing programs and on the allocation of financial incentives. The Maryland Economic Development Commission was formed first by the Governor and then by statute in 1995 (Executive Order 01.01.1995.04; Chapter 120, Acts of 1995). See all commission members. Established October 1, 2015, the Commerce Cabinet is composed of the Secretaries of the Departments of Commerce, Transportation, Labor, Licensing and Regulation, Environment, Housing and Community Development, Planning and the Governor’s Office of Minority Affairs. The LSAB was created by the legislature in 2007 to assist in maintaining Maryland’s preeminence in the life sciences industry. Having 18 members, the Board includes the Secretary of the Maryland Department of Commerce, a representative designated by the Maryland Technology Development Corporation (TEDCO) and 16 members appointed by the Governor. The Advisory Council on the Impact of Regulations on Small Businesses was created by the General Assembly in 2015 to advise the Joint Committee on Administrative, Executive and Legislative Review on the potential economic impact proposed regulations may have on small businesses. E-Nnovation Initiative Fund Authority advises and consults with Maryland Commerce concerning the implementation and administration of the Maryland E-Nnovation Initiative Fund (MEIF). Through the program, nonprofit institutions of higher education in Maryland may create research endowments in scientific and technical fields of study. Private donations to those endowments may be matched by State funds from the Maryland E-Nnovation Initiative Fund Authority. The Maryland Marketing Partnership, founded in statute as the Maryland Public-Private Partnership Marketing Corporation, was created to develop a branding strategy for the state, market the state’s assets and encourage the location and growth of new businesses in Maryland. Promotes the viability and expansion of businesses owned by economically and socially disadvantaged entrepreneurs, and also small businesses that do not meet the established credit criteria of financial institutions, and consequently are unable to obtain adequate business financing on reasonable terms through normal financing channels. Created in 1978, the nine members serve five-year terms. In 1966, the Maryland State Arts Council originated as the Governor's Council on the Arts in Maryland, established by Executive Order. It became the Maryland State Arts Council in 1967 (Chapter 644, Acts of 1967). Formerly under the Department of Economic and Community Development, the Council joined the Department of Economic and Employment Development in 1987 (Chapter 311, Acts of 1987), and transferred to the Department of Business and Economic Development in 1995 (Chapter 120, Acts of 1995). The Maryland Industrial Development Financing Authority (MIDFA) and the Maryland Economic Development Assistance Authority and Fund (MEDAAF) are both served by the same Authority members. For MIDFA, the Authority reviews and approves financing transactions being issued as private activity bonds and loan guarantees; for MEDAAF, the Authority reviews and approves loans to support economic development initiatives. The Maryland Military Installation Council identifies the public infrastructure, potential impact on local communities, and support needed for State military installation development and expansion. The Council reviews State policies to support military installations and maximize economic benefits to local communities. The Maryland Public Art Commission implements Maryland's formal public art program through sculptures, murals and other works in an effort to enhance the cultural landscape of Maryland communities. Created in 2005, with 12 members. The Maryland Tourism Development Board was authorized in 1993 and reconstituted in 2007 (Chapter 625, Acts of 1993; Chapter 152, Acts of 2007). Chaired by Greg Shockley, the board stimulates and promotes travel and tourism in Maryland. Subject to the approval of the Secretary of Business and Economic Development and the Maryland Economic Development Commission, the board formulates a five-year strategic plan, an annual marketing plan, and an annual operating budget. Maryland Department of Business and Economic Development The Maryland Department of Commerce is a government agency in the state of Maryland in the United States. Although its roots began in 1884, the department came to be recognized as the Department of Commerce in 2015. The department attracts new businesses, encourages the"
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"Duchess Eilika of Oldenburg Duchess Eilika of Oldenburg (née Duchess Eilika Helene Jutta Clementine of Oldenburg) (born 22 August 1972) is the wife of Georg von Habsburg, the third in the line of succession to the former Austro-Hungarian throne. She was in line of succession to the British throne before her marriage to a Roman Catholic. She is a daughter of Duke Johann of Oldenburg and his wife Countess Ilka of Ortenburg. Her father is a younger son of Nikolaus, Hereditary Grand Duke of Oldenburg and his wife Princess Helena of Waldeck and Pyrmont. On 18 October 1997, Eilika married Georg von Habsburg in St. Stephen's Basilica in Budapest, Hungary. He is the younger son of Otto von Habsburg (himself a son of the deposed Emperor Charles I of Austria) and his wife Princess Regina of Saxe-Meiningen. Among the wedding guests were Felipe, Prince of Asturias, Prince Albert of Monaco, and Hassan II of Morocco. Pope John Paul II sent his best wishes to the couple, and ambassadors of many foreign nations, including the United States, attended as representatives. The 25-year-old Eilika wore a high-necked white dress, along with a veil worn by her great-grandmother Duchess Elisabeth Alexandrine of Mecklenburg-Schwerin in 1896. The ceremony was broadcast live on Hungarian television; roughly 2,000 Hungarian citizens and tourists gathered outside the church to witness the wedding. Their wedding was the first union between the Catholic Habsburgs and Lutheran Oldenburgs in their families' histories (Archduchess Isabella of Austria married Oldenburg King Christian II of Denmark before the Reformation) and the first marriage between members of the houses of Habsburg and Oldenburg since the wedding of Archduke Joseph and Grand Duchess Alexandra Pavlovna of Russia, herself a member of the house of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov, a branch of the Oldenburgs. It was also the second time that a Habsburg was married in Hungary since the fall of communism in 1989. The couple have three children: Georg is the only one of his siblings to make a dynastically equal marriage according to previous Habsburg family laws (though his sister Andrea married the Hereditary Count of Neipperg, heir to a mediatised family, and the requirements had previously been narrowed for his uncle Rudolf). Had his father not accepted his older brother Karl's marriage to Baroness Francesca Thyssen-Bornemisza, which would have been otherwise considered morganatic, Georg would have been his father's heir after his elder brother, as it would have been with Archduke Franz Ferdinand towards Emperor Franz Joseph. She and her family live next to the village of Sóskút, in Pest County in Hungary. Their eldest child was the first Habsburg to be born in Hungary in more than fifty years. While Georg is a Roman Catholic, Eilika has chosen to remain a Lutheran. Duchess Eilika of Oldenburg Duchess Eilika of Oldenburg (née Duchess Eilika Helene Jutta Clementine of Oldenburg) (born 22 August 1972) is the wife of Georg von Habsburg, the third in the line of succession to the former Austro-Hungarian throne. She was in line of"
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"Dynalite Dynalite is a lighting and automation control system developed in Sydney, Australia by a company of the same name. In 2009 the company was bought by Philips to become Philips-Dynalite. The system is commonly used for lighting control, building automation, home automation and room automation applications and is sold worldwide. The Dynalite system consists of: User Interfaces - Switches, panels, motion and heat sensors, touch screens and recently IOS devices, Panels are typically standard sized (Australian or European standard size) wall switch plates, but instead of normal rocker switches, they have buttons of various designs, usually with an indicator LED inside. Output devices - Dimmers, Relays, LED drivers and DALI, DSI and 0–10 volt controllers. The dimmers range anywhere from a single 240 V relay controller to leading and trailing edge 1-20 amp dimmer devices. Network Backbone Devices: Network connectors extend the range of the network, as well as providing integration with other technologies such as AMX, Crestron, etc. Through the 100-BT device, the communication network can be extended over TCP/IP networks, which also allows the use of computer systems which can integrate into the system. The network components are all used to set a system of Areas and Channels. Any given lighting, fan, louvre, and relay circuit is a Channel in an Area. For example, a house might have 3 rooms. Each room is called an Area. The kitchen may contain overhead lights, a range-hood fan and lights over the bench. These three are called Channels. Those Areas and Channels are in states called Presets. In Preset 1, typically, all lights etc. are fully on, in Preset 4, all of the lights are off. This is all customisable either by the programmer, or if it has been allowed, by the end user as well. So, sending 'Area 3 Preset 4' will turn off the lights in Area 3 (room 3). Sending 'Area 3 Preset 2' will set the lights to a low level, which is customisable. Channels can also be sent presets aside from the preset of the area to which they belong. 'Area 3 Preset 4' turns off the lights, then 'Area 3 Channel 7 Preset 1' will turn that light back on. Dynalite components communicate using DyNet. The physical layer consists of a modified RS-485 TIA/EIA-485-A serial bus running along CAT5 cable, blue and blue/white carry the hot and cold signal respectively, orange and orange/white carry +12 V DC, green and green/white carry 0 V, Brown and Brown/white are unused. End of line termination is required DyNet 1 is the most commonly used protocol over the bus, being messages of 8 bytes of data, the 8th byte being a checksum. Data is send at speed of 9600 baud, 8 bits, no parity, 1 stopbit (8N1). Commonly there are two types of message sent via DyNet 1: logical and physical. Logical messages talk to Areas and Channels, and physical messages talk directly to the devices. These 2 are typically called 1C and 5C messages, on account of the first byte of their message. A 1C message consist of: [1C] [Area] [Data 1] [OpCode] [Data 2] [Data 3] [Join] [Checksum] Area is the Logical Area the message is to control. OpCode defines the Action to be taken on the Area. Join is a bitswitch which can be used to filter out selected channels. An OpCode of 00 to 03 means the action is to send the given area into preset 1 to 4 plus 8 times the value of Data 3 over the time specified by Data 1 and Data 2. An OpCode of 0A to 0D means the action is to send the given area into preset 5 to 8 plus 8 times the value of Data 3 over the time specified by Data 1 and Data 2. That gives a possibility of 8 × 255 presets. A usual job uses 4 to 8, and generally preset 4 is reserved to 'Off' or 'all to 0%'. DyNet 2 is used mainly to upload data to devices on the network. It allows larger messages of data to be sent at higher speeds (115200 baud), significantly reducing lag time. Each device contains its own programmable logic controller and follows the peer-to-peer model, the main advantage of this is that there is no reliance on a single central controller, the system is capable of a high level of resilience and therefore well suited to situations where total failure could be a safety issue, such as lighting systems in public places. The 'Message on Change' system only sends a message every time a lighting state is to change, as opposed to the DMX protocol, which is constantly streaming the entire data-map. This allows for much more devices on a single bus, but also leads to missed messages - as below. As most of the DyNet is openly published, it is possible to integrate with third party devices. The DyNet protocol offers no error correction or transmission control, each network message is sent on a 'best effort' basis. This means that if a transmitted message is corrupted or missed by a receiving device, there is nothing to pick up that the message was not received, but also makes for much faster communication and response to user input in ideal situations. The design opens the possibility of devices missing messages. In the case of a user pushing a button to turn on a light, this does not present a large problem as the user will probably notice and press the button again, but if it is an automated message say, from a timeclock, there is potential for an important message turning on outside lights of a shopping center to be missed. The usual workaround for this is to simply send the important message twice or more. The previous Dynalite programming software (dLight 2) commonly in use up to 2011, (and still sometimes used for older equipment) was built progressively upon a Windows 3.11 application, and hides many undocumented keyboard shortcuts which are necessary to program a system. The Envision editor was launched in 2010 and is designed to be more intuitive and easy to use. It is designed for programmers - it is not expected that end users will be able to set up their own systems, one needs training (usually free) provided by Dynalite distributors. A selection of large scale installations of DyNet in buildings: Dynalite Dynalite is a lighting and automation control system developed in Sydney, Australia by a company of the same name. In 2009 the company was bought by Philips to become Philips-Dynalite. The system is commonly used for"
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"Sport Australia Hall of Fame Awards The Sport Australia Hall of Fame was established on 10 December 1985 to recognise the achievements of Australian sportsmen and sportswomen. The inaugural induction included 120 members with Sir Don Bradman as the first inductee and Dawn Fraser the first female inductee. In 1989, the Hall of Fame was expanded to include associate members who have assisted in the development of sport in Australia. In 2012, there were 518 members. Each year the Hall of Fame inducts notable retired athletes, associate members and upgrades one member to 'legend' status. The main award each year is the 'Don' Award but other awards include Team Sport Australia Award, Spirit of Sport Award and Hall of Fame Moments. The National Sports Museum located at the Melbourne Cricket Ground houses the Sport Australia Hall of Fame. This award was first awarded in 1998. It is named after Sir Donald Bradman and recognises the sporting achievement of the year which has inspired the people of Australia. Each year a member is elevated to 'Legend' status. Sport Australia Hall of Fame Awards The Sport Australia Hall of Fame was established on 10 December 1985 to recognise the achievements of Australian"
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"Duty to retreat In law, the duty to retreat is a legal requirement in some jurisdictions that a threatened person cannot harm another in self-defense (especially lethal force) when it is possible to instead retreat to a place of safety. This requirement contrasts with right in some other jurisdictions to \"stand one's ground\", meaning being allowed to defend one's self instead of retreating. It is a specific component which sometimes appears in the criminal defense of self-defense, and which must be addressed if criminal defendants are to prove that their conduct was justified. Some U.S. jurisdictions require that a person retreat from an attack, and allow the use of deadly force in self-defense only when retreat is not possible or when retreat poses a danger to the person under attack. The duty to retreat is not universal, however. For example, police officers are not required to retreat when acting in the line of duty. Other states apply what is known as the castle doctrine, whereby a threatened person need not retreat within his or her own dwelling or place of work. Sometimes this has been the result of court rulings that one need not retreat in a place where one has an especial right to be. In other states, this has been accomplished by statute, such as that suggested by the Model Penal Code. Still other states have passed stand your ground laws that do not require an individual to retreat and allow one to match force for force, deadly force for deadly force. Most state legal systems began by importing English Common Law such as Acts of Parliament of 2 Ed. III (Statute of Northampton), and 5 Rich. II of 1381 (Forcible Entry Act 1381)—which imposed criminal sanctions intending to discourage the resort to self-help. This required a threatened party to retreat, whenever property was \"involved\" and resolve the issue by civil means. Today, the majority of American states have construed their statutes of forcible entry, both penal and civil, in such a manner as to abrogate (i.e. abolish) the common law privilege to use force in the recovery of possession of land. In \"Erwin v. State\" (1876), the Supreme Court of Ohio wrote that a \"true man\", one without fault, would not retreat. In \"Runyan v. State\" (1877), the Indiana court rejected a duty to retreat, implying it was un-American, writing of a referring to the distinct American mind, \"the tendency of the American mind seems to be very strongly against\" a duty to retreat. The court went further in saying that no statutory law could require a duty to retreat, because the right to stand one's ground is \"founded on the law of nature; and is not, nor can be, superseded by any law of society.\" In English law the focus of the test is whether the defendant is acting reasonably in the particular situation. There is no specific requirement that a person must retreat in anticipation of an attack. Although some withdrawal would be useful evidence to prove that the defendant did not want to fight, not every defendant is able to escape. In \"R v Bird\" the defendant was physically attacked, and reacted instinctively and immediately without having the opportunity to retreat. Had there been a delay in the response, the reaction might have appeared more revenge than self-defense. As to carrying weapons in anticipation of an attack, \"Evans v Hughes\" held that for a defendant to justify his possession of a metal bar on a public highway, he had to show that there was an imminent particular threat affecting the particular circumstances in which the weapon was carried. Similarly, in \"Taylor v Mucklow\" a building owner was held to be using an unreasonable degree of force in carrying a loaded airgun against a builder who was demolishing a new extension because his bills were unpaid. More dramatically, in \"AG's Reference (No 2 of 1983)\" Lord Lane held that a defendant who manufactured ten petrol bombs to defend his shop during the Toxteth riots could set up the defense of showing that he possessed an explosive substance \"for a lawful purpose\" if he could establish that he was acting in self-defense to protect himself or his family or property against an imminent and apprehended attack by means which he believed to be no more than reasonably necessary to meet the attack. Duty to retreat In law, the duty to retreat is a legal requirement in some jurisdictions that a threatened person cannot harm another in self-defense (especially lethal force) when it is possible to instead retreat to a place of safety. This requirement contrasts with right in some other jurisdictions to \"stand one's ground\", meaning being allowed to defend one's self instead of retreating. It is a specific component which sometimes appears in the criminal"
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"Satte Pe Satta सत्ते पे सत्ता \n--- \nMovie poster \nDirected by | Raj N. Sippy \nProduced by | Romu N. Sippy \nWritten by | Satish Bhatnagar Kader Khan Jyoti Swaroop \nStarring | Amitabh Bachchan Hema Malini Ranjeeta Kaur Amjad Khan Shakti Kapoor Sachin Paintal Sudhir Inderjeet Kanwaljeet Singh \nNarrated by | Kader Khan \nMusic by | R.D. Burman Gulshan Bawra (lyrics) \nCinematography | Anwar Siraj \nDistributed by | Eagle Home Entertainment \nRelease date | January 22, 1982 \nRunning time | 166 mins \nCountry | India \nLanguage | Hindi \n Actor/Actress | Character/Role \n---|--- \nAmitabh Bachchan | Ravi Anand/Babu \nHema Malini | Indu R. Anand \nSudhir | Shom Anand \nShakti Kapoor | Mangal Anand \nPaintal | Budh Anand \nKanwaljit Singh | Guru Anand \nVikram (Vicky) Sahu | Shukra Anand \nSachin | Sunny Anand \nRanjeeta Kaur | Seema Singh \nVijayendra Ghatge | Shekhar (Ravi's Friend) \nSarika | Sheela (Shekhar's Wife) \nGoga Kapoor | Rowdy in bar \nAmjad Khan | Ranjit Singh \nMac Mohan | Ranjit's Henchman \nKalpana Iyer | Ranjit's Mistress \nPrema Narayan | Mangal's Girlfriend \nMadhu Malhotra | Budh's Girlfriend \nAsha Sachdev | Guru's Girlfriend \nAradhana | Shom's Girlfriend \nRajni Sharma | Shani's Girlfriend \nManmauji | Hospital Watchman \nKader Khan | Narrator \n Satte Pe Satta is the story of seven brothers living on a large farmhouse. The first half of the movie shows the life of the brothers who grew up under the leadership of their oldest brother Ravi (Amitabh Bachchan). Being orphans and uneducated, all seven brothers are unsophisticated bumpkins and lack social etiquette and hygiene. They live on a small farm among animals. A sequence of events leads Ravi to fall in love with a nurse named Indu (Hema Malini). Indu despises unruliness and chaos. Therefore, Ravi tricks her into believing that he has only 1 younger brother, Shani and thus Indu eventually marries him only to realize he has five more brothers, all uneducated and uncouth. Ravi's six brothers learn to adjust with new woman in their lives as she does with them, trying to civilize them. Soon enough, they all fall in love with a group of six women, friends with an heiress (and the feeling is mutual). Shortly things take a turn when Babu, Ravi's lookalike, is hired by the heiress's guardian, Ranjit Singh, to kill her for possession of her ancestral property. \n Song Title | Singers \n---|--- \nDilbar Mere | \n\nKishore Kumar, Annette Pinto \n \nDukki Pe Dukki Ho | Asha Bhonsle, Kishore Kumar & Rahul Dev Burman \nJhuka Ke Sar Ko Puchho | Asha Bhonsle, Sapan Chakraborty & Anand \nMausam Mastana | Asha Bhonsle, Dilraj Kaur, Annette Pinto, & Chorus \nPariyon Ka Mela Hain | Kishore Kumar \nPyar Hamen Kis Mod Pe | Kishore Kumar, Rahul Dev Burman, Sapan Chakraborty & Gulshan Bawra \nZindagi Milke Bitayenge | Kishore Kumar \nZindagi Milke Bitayenge | Kishore Kumar, Bhupinder Singh, Sapan Chakraborty & Rahul Dev Burman \n Satte Pe Satta (Hindi:सत्ते पे सत्ता, tr. Seven on Seven) is a Hindi action comedy film released in 1982. It featured Amitabh Bachchan, Hema Malini, Amjad Khan, Ranjeeta Kaur, Sachin, Shakti Kapoor, Paintal, Sudhir, Inderjeet, Sarika, Kanwaljit Singh, Prema Narayan, Mac Mohan and Kalpana Iyer amongst others. The film became a hit at the box office. Satte pe Satta is Adapted from 1954 Movie Seven Brides for Seven Brothers, Starring Howard Keel & Jane Powell in lead. \n The lyrics were written by Gulshan Bawra and music was composed by Rahul Dev Burman."
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"Bidford-on-Avon Bidford-on-Avon is a large village and civil parish in the English county of Warwickshire, very close to the border with Worcestershire. In the 2001 census it had a population of 4,830, increasing to 5,350 at the Census 2011. Bidford-on-Avon village is, as its name suggests, situated on the River Avon, some downstream of Stratford-upon-Avon and about the same distance upstream of Evesham. The village grew up around an ancient ford, (Byda's Ford) now replaced by a narrow stone bridge, on the Ryknild Street Roman road, now a minor country road to Honeybourne to the south. To the north Alcester is about away, Redditch away and Birmingham away. It also lies on the Heart of England Way. Bidford-on-Avon is a civil parish with an elected parish council. It falls within the areas of Stratford-on-Avon District Council and Warwickshire County Council. The three councils are responsible for different aspects of local government. Besides the village of Bidford itself, the civil parish includes the settlements of Barton, Broom and Marlcliff. Broom lies to the north of Bidford, whilst both Barton and Marlcliff lie south of the river. Ryknield Street, the Roman road, passes through the village, going north towards Alcester. There is also an ancient Anglo-Saxon burial site under the free car park located just behind the Indian restaurant \"No 72\". Artefacts from the latter excavations are at Warwick Museum while material from the first excavations on the site currently reside in the hands of the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust. William Shakespeare is said to have joined a party of Stratford folk which set itself to outdrink a drinking club at Bidford-on-Avon, and as a result of his labours in that regard to have fallen asleep under the crab tree of which a descendant is still called Shakespeares tree. When morning dawned his friends wished to renew the encounter but he wisely said \"No I have drunk with “Piping Pebworth, Dancing Marston, Haunted Hillboro’, Hungry Grafton, Dodging Exhall, Papist Wixford, Beggarly Broom and Drunken Bidford” and so, presumably, I will drink no more.\" The story is said to date from the 17th century but of its truth or of any connection of the story or the verse to Shakespeare there is no evidence. The Falcon Inn was a favorite tavern in his day. Bidford was the birthplace and childhood home of the author Barbara Comyns Carr. The river is crossed by Bidford Bridge, which is a scheduled monument. Week beginning Monday 26 November 2012, the Bridge had to be closed due to flooding, when the River Avon burst its banks, in various places. On 9 June 2015, the bridge was closed to traffic after a heavy duty farm vehicle crashed into it, causing serious damage to the historic structure. Police cars were positioned either side of the bridge to alert drivers to the fact that the bridge was inaccessible to traffic. After repairs, the bridge has now re-opened. Bidford no longer has an active railway line, but it once had a station on the Stratford-upon-Avon and Midland Junction Railway, which ran east-west across country from Broom Junction on the Midland Railway's Barnt Green-Redditch-Alcester-Evesham-Ashchurch line, through Stratford-upon-Avon to Towcester and beyond. The Broom to Stratford section (including Bidford and also Binton), was an early casualty, with passenger services suspended in June 1947 and closure rubber-stamped as permanent in May 1949. The line itself remained open with the south curve of Broom Junction until at least 1952. The village was featured on the BBC motoring programme \"Top Gear\" when the presenters resurfaced a local road in a single day, a task that would have usually taken an entire working week. The Anglican parish church is dedicated to St. Laurence. St. Joseph the Worker Church is the local Roman Catholic church. TheBarn is the home of Bidford Baptist Church. Bidford also has a Methodist church. Bidford is twinned with Ebsdorfergrund, found close to Marburg in Rheinhessen, Germany. Bidford-on-Avon Bidford-on-Avon is a large village and civil parish in the English county of Warwickshire, very close to the border with Worcestershire. In the 2001 census it had a population of 4,830, increasing to 5,350 at the Census 2011. Bidford-on-Avon village is, as its name suggests, situated on the"
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"Petronax of Monte Cassino Saint Petronax of Monte Cassino () (c. 670 – c. 747), called \"The Second Founder of Monte Cassino\", was an Italian monk and abbot who rebuilt and repopulated the monastery of Monte Cassino, which had been destroyed by the invading Lombards in the late sixth century. A native of Brescia, Petronax had made a pilgrimage to the tomb of Saint Benedict in 717 after being advised to do so by Pope Gregory II. Monte Cassino was a ruin, but there were a few hermits who had nevertheless remained there. Petronax was elected their superior and other recruits soon joined the monastery. Funds to restore the monastery came from noblemen such as the duke of Beneventum. Petronax received the monastic rule written in Benedict's own hand from Pope Zachary. Both Saint Willibald and Saint Sturmius of Fulda were monks under Petronax. Petronax of Monte Cassino Saint Petronax of Monte Cassino () (c. 670 – c. 747), called \"The Second Founder of Monte Cassino\", was an Italian monk and abbot who rebuilt and repopulated the monastery of Monte Cassino, which had been destroyed by the invading Lombards in the late sixth century. A native of Brescia, Petronax had"
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"Bourgoyen-Ossemeersen Bourgoyen-Ossemeersen is a nature reserve on the outskirts of the Belgian city of Ghent. It lies mainly in the district of Mariakerke and covers 230 hectares. It mostly consists of wet, often flooded, meadows interspersed with ditches and canals, and is an important wintering area for water birds. It acts as a buffer zone between the city and the R4 ring road's noise-reducing barriers have been erected to lessen the road's impact on the wildlife. There are three main trails through the reserve and at the centre is the \"Valkenhuis\" or Falcon House, a historic building previously used by falconers for the training of birds for the Counts of Flanders. A visitor information centre was built in 2006 at the entrance to the reserve. The reserve is best known for the large numbers of ducks and geese that overwinter here on the flooded grassland. The commonest wildfowl are wigeon, teal and shovelers. Also present are smaller numbers of pintail, gadwall, shelduck, tufted duck and pochard. There are also Canada geese and barnacle geese, neither of which are native species. Other water birds include lapwings, curlews, ruff and snipe. Some of these waterfowl are present in the reserve throughout the year and others are summer visitors. Lapwings, gadwall and black-tailed godwits breed here as do the great crested grebe, the little grebe and the kingfisher, and there is a large colony of cormorants at the west end of the park. Small passerine birds nesting here include the reed warbler, the marsh warbler, the sedge warbler, the reed bunting, the willow tit, the bluethroat, the common grasshopper warbler and the Cetti's warbler. Other nesting species include the hobby hawk, the Eurasian sparrowhawk, the lesser spotted woodpecker, the cuckoo and the tawny owl. Near the water are dragonflies and in the water are many species of aquatic invertebrates. Amphibians present in the park include smooth and Alpine newts, the common toad, the common frog and the green frog. Land mammals include hares and rabbits, and many species of bats, mice and shrews. The predatory mammals in the reserve include the red fox, the stoat, the weasel, the pole cat and the beech marten. Bourgoyen-Ossemeersen Bourgoyen-Ossemeersen is a nature reserve on the outskirts of the Belgian city of Ghent. It lies mainly in the district of Mariakerke and covers 230 hectares. It mostly consists of wet, often flooded, meadows interspersed with ditches and"
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"Orosi High School Orosi High School is a public high school in Orosi, California, in the Cutler-Orosi Joint Unified School District. The Orosi High School District was organized in 1909 by Frances E. Snell. Grammar and high school classes were held in the same building, with high school occupying the upstairs portion and one downstairs room. The first class was made up of twenty-nine freshmen, two sophomores, and one junior. Frances Snell taught mathematics, history, and English while Louise Duncan was in charge of the commercial department and Latin. By 1911, the high school was distinct from the grammar school, but remained in the same building. In 1912, Orosi High School's first class graduated. Two students made up the graduating class. That same year, a new site for the school was purchased on Road 128 (formerly Palm Avenue). Temporary buildings were put up to accommodate the students. The main structure was of the old California style with boards running up and down. The front of the building was an assembly room with an office adjoining and four classrooms toward the back. Small utility buildings were in the back. One of these had a loft which was a great attraction for the boys. In the 1914–1915 academic year, the school welcomed 15 new students and graduated 7 seniors. In 1917 a combination brick and stucco schoolhouse was built with seven classrooms, assembly hall, administrative office and faculty room. A brick gymnasium of brick and a frame shop building were added in 1922. The homemaking department had a wing to itself. A south wing was added in 1937, and remains after other old buildings burned or were demolished to be replaced by new ones in 1956. The school suffered a destructive fire in 1942. Bonds and state support provided funds for new classrooms and a new gymnasium, which was ready in 1951. The other new buildings were occupied in 1954. In 1955 the administration of both the elementary and high schools was placed under one superintendent, each retaining its own principal. In 1962, a new building was built, which housed a library, science laboratory, and additional classrooms. In 1965, the district unified and the high school students from Badger were included in the district. A football stadium was built for the school in 1972. In 1990, Orosi High School was awarded the California Distinguished School recognition. In 2007, Cutler-Orosi was one of the communities to receive the U.S. Department of Justice \"weed and seed\" grants and in 2010, it underwent a remodeling, which included adding new classrooms and an amphitheater and redesigning the student quad area. The Class of 2012 was Orosi High school's 100th graduating class. The last of the graduating classes to begin their formal education in the 20th century. The class is considered a \"turning point\" in the educational history for OHS and saw they highest number of students going into higher education and the UC system. The graduating class consisted of eight valedictorians. In 2015 was named a Gold Ribbon School by the California Department of Education. In 2017 a new science building was added to the school featuring 8 new classrooms and new restrooms. In 2018 the Orosi High School will receive a new stadium which is planned to start on March 1, 2018 and will be complete by October of 2018. The stadium will have new bleachers seating 3,200 people more than the old one. There will also be a nine-synthetic track around the field. It will also include a new bathroom and concession stand on the visitor’s side. Orosi High School has faced struggles as a small school in an unincorporated community. Its student population is largely low-income, many of whom deal with poverty and do not expect to pursue higher education. With youth-focused efforts from the school and community, Orosi has sought to decrease gang violence and juvenile crime through providing a stronger foundation for the betterment of education and social services. Without an incorporated city department, the school district takes a leadership role in a lot of initiatives in the community, using OHS as a central location. In 2007, Cutler-Orosi was one of the communities to receive the U.S. Department of Justice \"weed and seed\" grants which enabled funds to be put towards anti-gang programs, graffiti abatement, the opening of \"safe haven\" after-school sites by the Cutler-Orosi Joint Unified School District. After the 2010 remodeling, spare trailers formerly used as classrooms were available to be used as a StepUp program location after receiving a service learning grant in 2011. It has since been able to provide many more alternative activities for students after-school. With the addition of an AVID program, and grassroots support from parents and community, OHS has turned its focus on college preparation and developing working skills in its students. OHS has consistently been a National Demonstration School for AVID. The Academy of Engineering and Green Technology was added in 2013 and the Academy of Health Sciences in 2014. Future projects hope for the addition of a third academy: the Academy of Sustainable Agriculture. Orosi High School's campus is also a site for College of Sequoias course programs. Orosi High School has an AVID (Advancement Via Individual Determination) program to prepare students for college and assist them in the application process. The Cardinal Band is a marching band and also plays at home football games. The school is also involved with the United States Academic Decathlon and Tulare County Mock Trial. In 2012, a JV baseball team was established, which is still in existence. The Boys Varsity Soccer Team were Valley Champions in 2013. For the first time in Orosi High School history, the Varsity Team won back to back Valley Champions in 2014. Orosi High School also has a Mariachi team called \"Los Cardinales.\" They have competed in 12 competitions taking 1st six times, 2nd 5 times, and 3rd only once. In 2015 Frankie Manquero was made head coach for Orosi High school football team. In 2016 The Orosi Cardinal marching band under the direction of new Band instructor Johnathan Gaspar took Grand Sweepstakes at The 3rd annual Orange Cove band Review. In 2017 Benjamin White was made new head coach for the Orosi High School Varsity football program and led them into the semifinals against Strathmore, this was the first time in 12 years that Orosi has made it into the semifinals and having an 8-4 record. White also gave Orosi an East Sierra League championship and wining back the “O” against school rival Orange Cove in the Battle of the O. The JV football team also had an amazing year going 8-2. Orosi High School Orosi High School is a public high school in Orosi, California, in the Cutler-Orosi Joint Unified School District. The Orosi High School District was organized in 1909 by Frances E. Snell. Grammar and high school classes were held in the same building, with high school occupying the upstairs portion and one downstairs room. The first class was made up of twenty-nine freshmen, two sophomores, and one junior. Frances Snell taught mathematics, history, and English while Louise Duncan was in charge of the commercial department and Latin. By 1911, the high school was distinct"
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"Simon Ritter Cobblestone Farmhouse Simon Ritter Cobblestone Farmhouse is a historic home located at Varick in Seneca County, New York. It is a late Federal / early Greek Revival style, cobblestone farmhouse with an overlay of Italianate detailing. It is a two-story, slightly asymmetrical structure, on a raised fieldstone foundation. It was built about 1830 and is constructed of irregularly sized and variously colored field cobbles. The house is among the approximately 18 surviving cobblestone buildings in Seneca County. Also on the property are two large early / mid 19th century barns, a carriage house and machine shed, a boathouse built about 1900 on the shore of Cayuga Lake, and a limestone carriage stepping stone. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008. The owners operate Varick Winery, which has a tasting room on another part of the property. Simon Ritter Cobblestone Farmhouse Simon Ritter Cobblestone Farmhouse is a historic home located at Varick in Seneca County, New York. It is a late Federal / early Greek Revival style, cobblestone farmhouse with an overlay of Italianate detailing. It is a two-story, slightly asymmetrical structure, on a raised fieldstone foundation. It was built about 1830 and is"
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"Western Sugar Cooperative The Western Sugar Cooperative is a grower owned American agricultural cooperative. Its origins date from 1903 when Charles Boettcher founded the Great Western Sugar Company and opened a sugar beet plant in Loveland, Colorado and another in Greeley, Colorado. Starting at its creation in 1903 Great Western brought in German and Russian families and single Japanese men to help with the labors of sugar beet farming. These people would work in the fields of the South Platte Valley until 1916. By then Spanish Americans had taken over the need for beet labor. When the Utah Sugar Company approached Great Western Sugar Company in 1902, the companies agreed to allow Utah Sugar to expand into Idaho, provided Utah Sugar didn't expand into Colorado. This was likely on behalf of Henry Osborne Havemeyer, whose American Sugar Refining Company owned 50% of both companies. The Loveland plant closed in 1977, when the company was purchased by the sugar firm Tate & Lyle, at which time the name was changed to the Western Sugar Company. In 2002, more than 1000 sugar beet growers purchased the company, creating the grower owned cooperative. The organization is headquartered in Denver, Colorado. It has five refineries, located at Fort Morgan, Colorado, Scottsbluff, Nebraska, Torrington and Lovell, Wyoming, and Billings, Montana. In May 2015 the company announced it would be ending production at the Torrington site and would only use that site for storage. As such it plans to reduce the workforce at its Torrington site from 76 staffers to just 6. The changes we're set to take effect late 2016, however as of early 2018 it is still fully operable. Western Sugar Cooperative The Western Sugar Cooperative is a grower owned American agricultural cooperative. Its origins date from 1903 when Charles Boettcher founded the Great"
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"Albert Serrán Albert Serrán Polo (born 17 July 1984) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a defender for Indian club Bengaluru FC. He can occupy all three defensive positions. Born in Barcelona, Catalonia, Serrán was a product of RCD Espanyol's youth system. He appeared in three La Liga games with the team, his debut coming on 11 March 2007 in a 1–1 away draw against Racing de Santander; during his tenure at the \"Estadi Cornellà-El Prat\", however, he was mainly registered with the B-side. Deemed surplus to requirements following Tintín Márquez's appointment to the managerial post at the \"Estadi Olímpic Lluís Companys\", Serrán signed a three-year contract with Swansea City in the Football League Championship, with teammate Jordi Gómez also making the move on a loan deal. The link contained a buy-back clause that allowed Espanyol to re-sign the player at a later date, but it was later revealed that such clause did not exist; however, the \"Pericos\" retained the first option should the Welsh club wish to sell in future. Serrán was released by Swansea at the end of the 2010–11 season, which ended in Premier League promotion. He joined AEK Larnaca FC in Cyprus shortly after, having already reached an agreement with the team in May. After five years abroad, Serrán returned to Spain and signed for AD Alcorcón in Segunda División. Subsequently, he moved back to the Cypriot First Division, first with Anorthosis Famagusta FC then former club AEK. On 17 June 2017, Serrán began negotiations with Albanian Superliga champions FK Kukësi. He was presented three days later as a replacement for Albi Alla, penning a one-year deal with an option of a further one worth €60.000 which made him one of the highest-paid players in Albanian football history. His contract also included a clause in which the club would find a school for his six-year-old daughter, and he spoke of the \"dream of playing in the UEFA Champions League\" during his presentation; on 20 July, however, he was released by mutual consent alleging personal problems. In September 2017, 33-year-old Serrán signed with Moroccan club Chabab Rif Al Hoceima. On 31 August of the following year, he joined Indian Super League's Bengaluru FC on an one-year contract. Albert Serrán Albert Serrán Polo (born 17 July 1984) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a defender for Indian club Bengaluru FC. He can occupy all"
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"Mark Leduc Mark Leduc (May 4, 1962 – July 22, 2009) was a boxer from Canada, who won a silver medal at the 1992 Barcelona Summer Olympics. Leduc turned pro in 1992 and had limited success. He retired in 1993 with a record of 6-1-0 after losing to Michel Galarneau. In 1993, Leduc spoke about being a gay athlete in CBC Radio's documentary \"The Last Closet\", which aired on the weekly sports series \"The Inside Track\"; as he was not yet ready to officially come out, the interview was aired anonymously and recorded through a voice filter. Another Canadian athlete who would also subsequently come out as gay, Mark Tewksbury, also granted an anonymous interview to the same program. In 1994, Leduc officially came out as gay in the TV documentary \"For the Love of the Game\", one of the few boxers ever to do so. He also later volunteered as a speaker and mentor for various LGBT youth groups. He attended Toronto’s Pride Parade in 1999 as grand marshal with Savoy Howe. Leduc worked for and volunteered with the Toronto People with AIDS Foundation, later becoming a set-builder and construction worker in the film industry. Leduc died on July 22, 2009 in Toronto. He had collapsed in the sauna of St. Marks Spa and doctors suggested that his death may have resulted from heat stroke. Mark Leduc Mark Leduc (May 4, 1962 – July 22, 2009) was a boxer from Canada, who won a silver medal at the 1992 Barcelona Summer Olympics. Leduc turned pro in 1992 and had limited success. He retired in 1993 with a record of 6-1-0 after losing to Michel Galarneau. In 1993, Leduc spoke about being a gay athlete in CBC Radio's documentary \"The Last Closet\", which aired on the weekly sports series \"The"
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"Lin Hsiung-cheng Lin Hsiung-cheng (; 5 November 1888 - 27 November 1946), born in Pangkio, Tamsui District, Taipeh Prefecture, Fujian-Taiwan Province, Qing Taiwan (modern-day Banqiao District, New Taipei, Taiwan), was a Taiwanese banker and philanthropist. He was a member of the Lin Ben Yuan Family, the richest family of Taiwan in the late Qing dynasty and Japanese-ruled Era. He was the richest person of Taiwan in his time. He joined the Tongmenghui in 1904, and supported the Sun Yat-sen's revolutions as a patronage. Lin was a co-founder of the Hua Nan Bank. He also participated in other businesses such as sugar production, railroad building, or coal mining. His father was Lin Erh-kang (林爾康). His only son is Lin Ming-cheng, the current chairman of Hua Nan Financial Holdings. Lin Hsiung-cheng Lin Hsiung-cheng (; 5 November 1888 - 27 November 1946), born in Pangkio, Tamsui District, Taipeh Prefecture, Fujian-Taiwan Province, Qing Taiwan (modern-day Banqiao District, New Taipei, Taiwan), was a Taiwanese banker and philanthropist. He was a member of the Lin Ben Yuan Family, the richest family of Taiwan in the late Qing dynasty and Japanese-ruled Era. He was the richest person of Taiwan in his time. He joined the Tongmenghui in"
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"Sikin Panyang Sikin Panjang (also known as Sikin Panyang, Gloepak Sikin, Glupak Sikin, Jekinpandjang, Loedjoe Aceh, Loedjoe Atjeh, Loedjoe Naru, Ludju Naru, Narumo, Sekin Pandjang, Sekin Panjang, Sekin Pandjang, Sekin Panjang Meutatah, Thikin Panjang) is a sword originating from northern Sumatra, Indonesia. The Sikin Panjang is the most popular fighting weapon of the inhabitants of northern Sumatra. In the early years of the Aceh War against the Dutch (which began in 1873 and lasted for over thirty years) many Sikins were made, especially prior to 1879 when a start was made with disarmament of the population. It is a version of Klewang. The spread of the Sikin Panjang was limited to Sumatra, and especially to Aceh and Gayo (where the term Luju Naru is used), but also in Alas (where it is named Andar) and to a lesser degree in the Batak area. Another typical sword in this region is the Balato of the Nias people. During the Aceh Sultanate period, the \"Panglima Prang\" (warlord) ranking titles were given. The Sikin Panjang and Rencong which the \"Panglima Prang\" receives from the \"Ulubalang\" (district chief) on his appointment, he must return to the \"Ulubalang\" again if he should ever embrace the cause of an enemy of the \"Ulubalang\". Person of position or those who are going on a journey carry in addition the Sikin Panjang which is the common weapon used in fighting. It is of uniform width from end to end, and placed in a sheath. The Sikin Panjang is a straight, single edged sword. The sword comes with its sheath, and carried at the waist. Parts of the Sikin Panjang includes the \"wilah\" (blade), \"hulu\" (handle), \"sarung\" (sheath). The back and the edge of the blade are parallel making it a very straight sword. The blade also has a hollow ground edge throughout the blade. The hilt is shaped like the letter Y, with its length up to 25 cm. The moderate overall length of the sword is approximately 70 to 79 cm. The blade of the sword is usually made of \"pamor\" (pattern welding or Damascus) steel. Sikin Panyang Sikin Panjang (also known as Sikin Panyang, Gloepak Sikin, Glupak Sikin, Jekinpandjang, Loedjoe Aceh, Loedjoe Atjeh, Loedjoe Naru, Ludju Naru, Narumo, Sekin Pandjang, Sekin Panjang, Sekin Pandjang, Sekin Panjang Meutatah, Thikin Panjang) is a sword originating from northern Sumatra, Indonesia. The Sikin Panjang is the most popular fighting weapon"
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"Treaty of London (1913) The Treaty of London (1913) was signed on 30 May during the London Conference of 1912–13. It dealt with the territorial adjustments arising out of the conclusion of the First Balkan War. The combatants were the victorious Balkan League (Serbia, Greece, Kingdom of Bulgaria, and Montenegro) and the defeated Ottoman Empire. Representing the Great Powers were the United Kingdom, Germany, Russia, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. Hostilities had officially ceased on 2 December 1912, except for Greece that had not participated in the first truce. Three principal points were in dispute: The Treaty was negotiated in London at an international conference which had opened there in December 1912, following the declaration of independence by Albania on 28 November 1912. Austria-Hungary and Italy strongly supported the creation of an independent Albania. In part, this was consistent with Austria-Hungary's previous policy of resisting Serb expansion to the Adriatic; Italy had designs on the territory, manifested in 1939. Russia supported Serbia and Montenegro. Germany and Britain remained neutral. The balance of power struck between the members of the Balkan League had been on the assumption that no Albanian polity would be formed and Albanian territory would be split between them. The terms enforced by the Great Powers were: However, the division of the territories ceded to the Balkan League was not addressed in the Treaty, and Serbia refused to carry out the division agreed with Bulgaria in their treaty of March 1912. As a result of Bulgarian dissatisfaction with the \"de facto\" military division of Macedonia, the Second Balkan War broke out between the combatants on 16 June 1913. The Bulgarians were defeated, and the Ottomans made some gains west of the Enos-Midia line. A final peace was agreed at the Treaty of Bucharest on 12 August 1913. A separate treaty, the Treaty of Constantinople, was concluded between the Bulgarians and Turks, largely defining the modern-day borders between the two countries. The delineation of the exact boundaries of the Albanian state under the Protocol of Florence (17 December 1913) was highly unpopular among the local Greek population of Southern Albania (or Northern Epirus for Greeks), who, after their revolt managed to declare the Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus, was internationally recognised as an autonomous region inside Albania under the terms of the Protocol of Corfu. Albanians have tended to regard the Treaty as an injustice imposed by the Great Powers, as roughly half of the predominantly Albanian territories and 40% of the population were left outside the new country's borders. Treaty of London (1913) The Treaty of London (1913) was signed on 30 May during the London Conference of 1912–13. It dealt with the territorial adjustments arising out of the conclusion of the First Balkan War. The combatants were the victorious Balkan League (Serbia, Greece, Kingdom of Bulgaria, and Montenegro) and the defeated Ottoman Empire. Representing the Great Powers were the United Kingdom, Germany, Russia, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. Hostilities had officially ceased on 2 December 1912, except for Greece that had"
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"Temporale The temporale ( or ) is one of the two main cycles that, running concurrently, comprise the Liturgical year in Roman Catholicism, defined by the General Roman Calendar. (The other cycle is the \"sanctorale\".) The term comes into English from medieval Latin \"temporāle\" (from \"tempus\" 'time'). The \"temporale\" consists of the movable feasts, most of them keyed to Easter (which falls on a different Sunday every year), including Ascension, Pentecost (Whitsun), and so on. The \"sanctorale\" consists of the fixed feasts, celebrated on the very same date each year (no matter what the day of the week), including Christmas and all the saints' days. The \"temporale\" is also known as the proper of time, with \"proper\" a noun in the sense 'that part of the Eucharist or liturgical offices which is varied according to the calendar or the particular occasion; an office or part of an office, as a psalm, lesson, etc., or portion of the Eucharist, appointed for a particular occasion or season'. Because the events of \"sanctorale\" and the \"temporale\" do not occur in the same order every year, the two cycles are often written separately in liturgical books, specifically that section of the Missal known as the Breviary. Prominent events in the \"temporale\" are: \"Lent\" (including Ash Wednesday, Palm Sunday of the Passion of the Lord, and Holy Week); the Paschal Triduum (including Good Friday, Holy Saturday, the Easter Vigil and Easter Sunday); and \"Easter Time\" (the fifty days from Easter Sunday to Pentecost Sunday). Temporale The temporale ( or ) is one of the two main cycles that, running concurrently, comprise the Liturgical year in Roman Catholicism, defined by the General Roman Calendar. (The other cycle is the \"sanctorale\".) The term comes into English from medieval Latin \"temporāle\" (from \"tempus\" 'time'). The \"temporale\" consists of"
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"1993–94 League of Ireland First Division The 1993–94 League of Ireland First Division season was the 9th season of the League of Ireland First Division. The First Division was contested by 10 teams and Sligo Rovers F.C. won the division. Under player manager Willie McStay and with a team that also included Riccardo Gabbiadini and Eddie Annand, Rovers also completed a treble when they won the First Division Shield and the FAI Cup. Third placed Finn Harps F.C. played off against Cobh Ramblers F.C. who finished in tenth place in the 1993–94 League of Ireland Premier Division. The winner would compete in the 1994–95 League of Ireland Premier Division. \"Cobh Ramblers F.C. won 3–1 on aggregate and retain their place in the Premier Division\" 1993–94 League of Ireland First Division The 1993–94 League of Ireland First Division season was the 9th season of the League of Ireland First Division. The First Division was contested by 10 teams and Sligo Rovers F.C. won the division. Under player manager Willie McStay and with a team that also included Riccardo Gabbiadini and Eddie Annand, Rovers also completed a treble when they won the First Division Shield and the FAI Cup. Third placed Finn"
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"Ateni (Georgia) Ateni () was a medieval city in Georgia, in the valley of the Tana river, on both banks of the river. Ateni was built in the 11th century by the Georgian king Bagrat IV. The city was secured with three fortresses located near Ateni: \"Ateni fortress\", \"Vere fortress\" and \"Dektsikhe\". In the 13th-17th centuries Ateni was still considered an important place in the country but in the 18th Century it began decreasing in importance and gradually the town became a village. Today is in the area of Ateni there are two Georgian villages: \"Didi Ateni\" and \"Patara Ateni\". They belong to the Gori District, Shida Kartli region. Ateni (Georgia) Ateni () was a medieval city in Georgia, in the valley of the Tana river, on both banks of the river. Ateni was built in the 11th century by the Georgian king Bagrat IV. The city was secured with three fortresses located near Ateni: \"Ateni fortress\", \"Vere fortress\" and \"Dektsikhe\". In the 13th-17th centuries Ateni was still considered an important place in the country but in the 18th Century it began decreasing in importance and gradually the town became a village. Today is in the area of Ateni there"
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"Jack de Manio Giovanni Batista \"Jack\" de Manio MC and Bar (26 January 1914 – 28 October 1988) was a British journalist, best known as a radio presenter. He was the son of Jean and Florence de Manio. His father was an Italian aviator, who died in a flying accident before he was born; his mother was Polish. He attended Aldenham School. As a young man he worked as an invoice clerk and then as a waiter. He joined the British Army and was commissioned as a second lieutenant into the Royal Sussex Regiment in 1939 and during World War II fought with the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) in 1939-40 and was awarded the Military Cross. On 20 March 1944, as a lieutenant, he was dismissed from the service following a Field General Court-Martial. De Manio's first experience of radio came when he joined the Forces Broadcasting Unit in Beirut in 1944. He became an announcer on the BBC Overseas Service on leaving the army in 1946. He transferred to the Home Service in 1950. De Manio's career nearly crashed in 1956 when he was duty announcer for the BBC's Home Service. A major radio feature, \"The Land of the Niger\", was broadcast worldwide to mark a Royal visit to Nigeria. Carelessly, he back-announced it as 'The Land of the Nigger'. There was outrage; he was immediately suspended and then returned to the General Overseas Service. In 1958 de Manio was chosen to present the morning current affairs programme \"Today\", which had begun a few months earlier. The programme was less hard news oriented than it would eventually become and was well suited to de Manio's relaxed, humorous style. He became famous for the number of occasions on which he gave the time incorrectly. In 1969 he was the first radio broadcaster to be permitted to interview Prince Charles. He was voted British Radio Personality of the Year in 1964 and 1971. In 1970 the programme format was changed so that there were two presenters each day. Uneasy with the new format, de Manio left the following year. At the point of his departure, de Manio was considered out-of-step with the news values of the BBC. \"The World at One\" had successfully brought to the BBC the best of Fleet Street values and a hardened newspaper editor in the form of William Hardcastle. Hardcastle contrasted unflatteringly with de Manio—whom David Hendy described in \"Life on Air: A History of Radio 4\" as \"a Bentley-driving habitué of Chelsea and the clubs of St James, complete with a rich gin and tonic voice\". Sue MacGregor disliked de Manio's \"golf-club bore attitude to anything foreign\". From 1971 to 1978 de Manio presented an afternoon show, \"Jack de Manio Precisely\" on Radio 4. Subsequently, he was an occasional contributor to \"Woman's Hour\". His home was a flat on Chelsea Embankment in London. He married first in 1935 Juliet Gravaeret Kaufmann of New York. They had a son. The marriage was dissolved in 1946. He married second in 1947 in Chelsea, London, Loveday Elizabeth Matthews, a widow (née Abbott), (2 February 1917 - April 1999). Jack de Manio Giovanni Batista \"Jack\" de Manio MC and Bar (26 January 1914 – 28 October 1988) was a British journalist, best known as a radio presenter. He was the son of Jean and Florence de Manio. His father was an Italian aviator, who died in a flying accident before he was born; his mother was Polish. He attended Aldenham School. As a young man he worked as an invoice clerk and then as a waiter. He joined the"
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"Fred Martin (baseball) Fred Turner Martin (June 27, 1915 – June 11, 1979) was an American pitcher, coach and scout in Major League Baseball. Born in Williams, Oklahoma, Martin threw and batted right-handed, stood tall and weighed during his active playing career. Martin was one of a handful American Major League players who \"jumped\" to the then-outlaw Mexican League during the 1946 season. With the reserve clause then binding players permanently to the U.S. teams who held their contracts, the insurgent Mexican League induced players such as Martin, Sal Maglie, Mickey Owen, Lou Klein, Max Lanier, Danny Gardella and others to leave their clubs — in Martin's (and Lanier's and Klein's) case, the pennant-contending but notoriously low-paying St. Louis Cardinals — for greater riches south of the border. Martin, then almost 31, was in his first MLB campaign after years of toiling in the minors and World War II service in the United States Army. He had appeared in six games for the 1946, title-bound Cards, winning two of three decisions and compiling an earned run average of 4.08 in 28 innings pitched. He, along with the other \"jumpers,\" was then suspended from organized baseball by Commissioner of Baseball Albert B. Chandler. While the Mexican League raids of MLB stopped, and most of the American players soon attempted to rejoin organized baseball in the U.S., the bans remained in force. In 1949, Martin and Lanier filed a $2.5 million lawsuit against baseball in an attempt to have the five-year bans lifted. The case in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit was officially named \"MARTIN et al. v. NATIONAL LEAGUE BASEBALL CLUB\" and was argued in front of Chief Judge Learned Hand. As part of the lawsuit, Martin and Lanier had requested a preliminary injunction allowing the \"jumpers\" to immediately return to their former major league teams, per the reserve clause. A district judge had denied the injunction on the grounds that it would \"disturb the status quo\" by restoring the plaintiffs to positions which they had voluntarily resigned three years before. Also, the judge ruled that the players' rights depended upon disputed questions of fact and law, and that they had an adequate legal remedy in the recovery of damages. Hand and the appeals court affirmed the denial of the injunction but, with respect to the disputed questions of fact and law, added \"that the cause should be preferred, and that it should be brought to trial as soon as possible.\" On June 5, 1949, Chandler lifted the ban, and so Martin and Lanier dropped the suit. Martin, nearly 34 at that point, returned to the Cardinals upon his reinstatement and posted a 6–0 mark with a 2.44 ERA in 70 innings for the remainder of 1949. He then spent one final season in the National League with the 1950 Cards, winning four of six decisions and posting a 5.12 ERA. Overall, Martin appeared in 57 career MLB games, won 12 games and lost only three, with an ERA of 3.78 in 162 innings pitched. Martin pitched in the minor leagues through the 1950s; his last pitching appearance came as the 45-year-old playing manager of the Class C St. Cloud Rox. Martin appeared in 618 minor league games between 1935 and 1960, and won 169 of 304 decisions. In addition, he would have a long post-playing career as a scout, minor league manager and pitching coach, largely in the Chicago Cubs organization. He was a member of the Cubs' infamous College of Coaches from 1961 to 1965 and served as a minor league instructor for the Cubs (1966–75; 1977–78) and Detroit Tigers (1976). He became especially famous as a proponent of the split-finger fastball, which he taught to Cub farmhand Bruce Sutter, who mastered it enough to become a dominant relief pitcher in the 1970s and 1980s, and was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 2006. Sutter's success focused industry-wide attention on Martin's expertise. In 1979, former Cub shortstop Don Kessinger, named the playing manager of the Chicago White Sox, asked him to be the Chisox' pitching coach, but Martin was fatally ill with cancer, began treatments in March, and served only a few weeks in the job. He died June 11, 1979, in Chicago, at the age of 63. Fred Martin (baseball) Fred Turner Martin (June 27, 1915 – June 11, 1979) was an American pitcher, coach and scout in Major League Baseball. Born in Williams, Oklahoma, Martin threw and batted right-handed, stood tall and weighed during his active playing career. Martin was one of a handful American Major League players who \"jumped\" to the then-outlaw Mexican League during the 1946 season. With the reserve clause then binding players permanently to the U.S. teams who held their contracts, the insurgent Mexican League induced players"
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"Catanduva Catanduva is a municipality in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The population is 119,480 (2015 est.) in an area of 290.59 km². Is the second largest city in the Northern part of the state, after São José do Rio Preto. The city has a diversified economy, and the cultivation and processing of sugarcane is relevant. Catanduva is the center of the microregion of Catanduva with 221,465 inhabitants, in an area of 2,283.6 km². The history of Catanduva begins in the middle of the 19th century, in lands that belonged to Araraquara and, posteriorly, originated the cities of Monte Alto, Jaboticabal and São José do Rio Preto. In the beginning of the 20th century, Catanduva was known as \"Cerradinho\", a small village. In December 16, 1909, the village was elevated to district, with the name of \"Vila Adolpho\", and in April 14, 1918, the municipality of Catanduva was established. The founders of Catanduva remain unknown, as there are two different histories. One of the versions tells that the small community of \"Cerradinho\", a little town built on the banks of the São Domingos river, was founded by the Figueiredo family, from Minas Gerais. The other famous version tells that the city was founded by Antônio Maximiano Rodrigues, also from Minas Gerais, who bought lands on the region, by the end of the 19th century. Later, part of these lands were donated to the \"São Domingos\" (Saint Dominic) parish. Saint Dominic is the patron saint of Catanduva. Catanduva (Caa-tã-dyba in Tupi-guarani language) is a word of indigenous origin meaning \"rough grass\" or \"unhealthy vegetation\". It is a reference to the Brazilian Cerrado, the region's typical vegetation. The climate is Tropical sub-hot humid (3 dry months), with dry and mild winters and hot, wet summers. The average temperature of the coldest month is above 17 °C, and the average precipitation of the driest month is less than 60 mm. Its Köppen climate classification is Aw. The average annual temperature is 25.33 °C. The economic basis of the city is the Tertiary sector. Commerce and services corresponds to 70.5% of the GDP. The Industry is responsible for 28.5% of the city GDP. Mechanical fan is one of the main exported products of Catanduva. The cultivation and processing of sugarcane is relevant in the region. Grêmio Catanduvense de Futebol is the city's professional football club. It replaced other now-defunct football clubs, Catanduva Esporte Clube, Grêmio Esportivo Catanduvense, Catanduva Esporte e Clube, and Clube Atlético Catanduvense. The city's stadium is the \"Estádio Municipal Sílvio Salles\". Catanduva Catanduva is a municipality in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The population is 119,480 (2015 est.) in an area of 290.59 km². Is the second largest city in the Northern part of the state, after São José do Rio Preto. The city has a diversified economy, and the cultivation and processing of sugarcane is relevant. Catanduva is the center of the microregion of Catanduva with 221,465 inhabitants, in an area of 2,283.6 km². The history of Catanduva"
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"How to Cook a Moose: A Culinary Memoir How To Cook A Moose: A Culinary Memoir is a 2015 autobiographical cookbook by Kate Christensen. It is about Christensen leaving New York and settling in New England. The \"Los Angeles Review of Books\", in a review of \"How To Cook A Moose\", compared it to M. F. K. Fisher's book \"How to Cook a Wolf\" writing \"The shoes Christensen was tasked to fill .. were cavernous. The challenge to carry on Fisher’s legacy, formidable. From the onset, Christensen seemed up to the challenge\" and concluded \"As a stand-alone, the book serves up heartfelt reflections on the food history of Maine and insights into the ways we build community, meal by meal. .. As a continuation of the social and culinary classic \"How to Cook a Wolf\", it leaves the reader hungry for more.\" The \"Chicago Tribune\" wrote \"Fans of Christensen's novels and of her cooking-and-living blog, who have drooled for years over her fairy-tale travel, culinary, and romantic adventures with Brendan, will delight in this raucously, unabashedly ecstatic paean to her adopted home in \"the northern corner\" of New England, and to her delicious, contented life.\" \"The New York Times\" was critical, writing \"Christensen comes across as a shrill arbiter of that notoriously slippery concept, authenticity.\" \"How To Cook A Moose\" has also been reviewed by the \"Star Tribune\", \"Kirkus Reviews\", \"Library Journal\", and \"BookList\" It won the 2016 Maine Literary Award for Memoir. How to Cook a Moose: A Culinary Memoir How To Cook A Moose: A Culinary Memoir is a 2015 autobiographical cookbook by Kate Christensen. It is about Christensen leaving New York and settling in New England. The \"Los Angeles Review of Books\", in a review of \"How To Cook A Moose\", compared it to M. F. K."
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"KCR CRO KCR is an international contract research organization providing a full service model for execution of clinical trials across a range of therapeutic areas. It offers three main services: Functional Sourcing Provision (FSP), Trial Execution (TE) and Trial Execution Consulting (TC). The company operates within four main hubs in: Warsaw (Poland), Kiev (Ukraine), Berlin (Germany) and Boston (US). It employs over 330 staff. KCR was established in 1997 by Marek Kiecana as Kiecana Clinical Research. The company was providing services for clinical monitoring, clinical project management, safety/pharmacovigilance, regulatory affairs and quality assurance. Since its early days KCR forged a path in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) and developed further to the East and across Western Europe and the US. In March 2014 KCR opened new offices in Germany and UK. In April 2014 KCR launched a new service company KCR Placement which offers recruitment solutions for pharma and biotech in Europe. In 2017 KCR opened its new office in Boston, US. By year 2017 KCR, together with The Story agency established a new project called #HumanBehindEveryNumber which promotes patient-centricity in clinical trials. In March 2018 both, KCR and The Story, received iF Design Award for their work. KCR CRO"
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"Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Vienne The Archbishopric of Vienne, named after its episcopal see Vienne in the Isère département of southern France, was a metropolitan Roman Catholic archdiocese. It is now part of the Archdiocese of Lyon. The legend according to which Crescens, the first Bishop of Vienne, is identical with the Crescens of Saint Paul's Second Letter to Timothy, iv, 20 certainly postdates the letter of Pope Zosimus to the Church of Arles (417) and the letter of the bishops of Gaul in 451; because, although both these documents allude to the claims to glory which Arles owes to St. Trophimus, neither of them mentions Crescens. Archbishop Ado of Vienne (860–875) set afoot this legend of the Apostolic origin of the See of Vienne and put down St. Zachary, St. Martin and St. Verus, later successors of Crescens, as belonging to the Apostolic period. This legend was confirmed by the \"Recueil des privilèges de l'Eglise de Viene\", which, however, was not compiled under the supervision of the future Pope Callistus II, as M. Gundlach maintained, but a little earlier, about 1060, as Louis Duchesne proved. This collection contains the pretended letters of a series of popes, from Pius I to Paschal II, and sustains the claims of the Church of Vienne. \"Le Livre épiscopal de l'archevêque Léger\" (1030–1070) included both the inventions of Ado and the forged letters of the \"Recueil\". It is historically certain that Verus, present at the Council of Arles (314), was the fourth Bishop of Vienne. In the beginning the twelve cities of the two Roman Viennese provinces were under the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the Archbishop of Vienne, but when Arles was made an archbishopric, at the end of the fourth century, the see of Vienne grew less important. The disputes that later arose between it and the metropolitan of Arles concerning their respective antiquity are well known in ecclesiastical history. In 450 Pope Leo I gave the Archbishop of Vienne the right to ordain the Bishops of Tarantaise, Valence, Geneva and Grenoble. Many vicissitudes followed, and the territorial limit of the powers of Metropolitan of Vienne followed the wavering frontier of the Kingdom of Burgundy and in 779, was considerably restricted by the organization of a new ecclesiastical province comprising Tarantaise, Aosta (in Italy) and Sitten (or Sion in French; in Switzerland). In 1120 Calixtus II, who had been Bishop of Vienne, decided that the Archbishop of Vienne should have for suffragans the Bishop of Grenoble, Bishop of Valence, Bishop of Die, Bishop of Viviers, Bishop of Geneva, and Bishop of Maurienne; that the Archbishop of Tarantaise should obey him, notwithstanding the fact that this archbishop himself had suffragans, that he should exercise the primacy over the province of Bourges, province of Narbonne, province of Bordeaux, province of Aix, province of Auch and province of Embrun, and that, as the metropolitans of both provinces already bore the title of primate, the Archbishop of Vienne should be known as the \"Primate of Primates\". In 1023 the Archbishops of Vienne became secular lords paramount. They had the title of Count, making them prince-archbishops, and when in 1033 the Kingdom of Arles was reunited to the Holy Roman Empire, they retained their independence and obtained from the empire the title of Archchancellors of the Kingdom of Arles (1157). Besides the four Bishops of Vienne heretofore mentioned, others are honoured as saints. According to the chronology created by M. Duchesne, they are: St. Justus, St. Dionysius, St. Paracodes, St. Florentius (about 374), St. Lupicinus, St. Simplicius (about 400), St. Paschasius, St. Nectarius, St. Nicetas (about 449), St. Mamertus (died 475 or 476), who instituted the rogation days, whose brother Claudianus Mamertus was known as a theologian and poet, and during whose episcopate St. Leonianus held for forty years the post of grand penitentiary at Vienne; St. Avitus (494 – 5 February, 518), St. Julianus (about 520–533), Pantagathus (about 538), Namatius (died 559), St. Evantius (died 584–586), St. Verus (586), St. Desiderius (Didier) 596–611, St. Domnolus (about 614), St. Ætherius, St. Hecdicus, St. Chaoaldus (about 654–664), St. Bobolinus, St. Georgius, St. Deodatus, St. Blidrannus (about 680), St. Eoldus, St. Eobolinus, St. Barnardus (810–841), noted for his conspiracies in favour of the sons of Louis the Pious, St. Ado (860–875), author of a universal history and two martyrologies, St. Thibaud (end of the tenth century). Among its later bishops were Guy of Burgundy (1084–1119), who became Pope Callistus II; Christophe de Beaumont, who occupied the see of Vienne for seven months of the year 1745 and afterwards became Archbishop of Paris; Jean Georges Le Franc de Pompignan (1774–1790), brother of the poet and a great enemy of the \"philosophers\", and also d'Aviau (1790–1801), illustrious because of his strong opposition to the civil constitution of the clergy and the first of the émigré bishops to re-enter France (May, 1797), returning under an assumed name and at the peril of his life. Michael Servetus was living in Vienne, whither he had been attracted by Archbishop Pierre Palmier, when Calvin denounced him to the Inquisition for his books. During the proceedings ordered by ecclesiastical authority of Vienne, Servetus fled to Switzerland (1553). In 1605 the Jesuits founded a college at Vienne, and here Massillon taught at the close of the 17th century. The churches of Saint-Pierre and Saint-André le Haut are ancient Benedictine foundations. The famous council of Vienne was held at Vienne in 1311 (see also Templars). After the Napoleonic Concordat of 1801, the archiepiscopal title of Vienne passed to the see of Lyon, whose Metropolitan was henceforth called \"Archbishop of Lyons and Vienne\", although Vienne belongs to the Diocese of Grenoble. Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Vienne The Archbishopric of Vienne, named after its episcopal see Vienne in the Isère département of southern France, was a metropolitan Roman Catholic archdiocese. It is now part of the Archdiocese of Lyon. The legend according to which Crescens, the first Bishop of Vienne, is identical with the Crescens of Saint Paul's Second Letter to Timothy,"
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"II (Fuzz album) II is the second studio album by American hard rock band Fuzz, released on October 23, 2015 on In the Red Records. The album is the first to feature bass guitarist and vocalist Chad Ubovich. Regarding the writing process for \"II\", bass guitarist Chad Ubovich noted that it was a more collaborative process than the band members were used to: “We all kind of did something we’ve never done before, which was write together as a band. That was a first for all of us. Usually in our respective projects it’s all about writing on our own, and that process. This time we tried something definitely new.\" II (Fuzz album) II is the second studio album by American hard rock band Fuzz, released on October 23, 2015 on In the Red Records. The album is the first to feature bass guitarist and vocalist Chad Ubovich. Regarding the writing process for \"II\", bass guitarist Chad Ubovich noted that it was a more collaborative process than the band members were used to: “We all kind of did something we’ve never done before, which was write together as a band. That was a first for all of us. Usually in"
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"South Park (season 4) The fourth season of \"South Park\", an American animated television series created by Trey Parker and Matt Stone, began airing on April 5, 2000. The fourth season concluded after airing 17 episodes on December 20, 2000. The first four episodes in this season has the year 2000 at the end of their episode titles. As explained in the FAQ section on the official website: \"When the year 2000 was coming up, everyone and their brother had '2000' in the titles of their products and TV shows. America was obsessed with 2000, so Trey Parker put '2000' in the titles to make fun of the ubiquity of the phrase.\" This is the first season not to feature Mary Kay Bergman as a series regular, who provided many of the female voices on the show. Bergman committed suicide on November 11, 1999. Eliza Schneider and Mona Marshall replaced Mary Kay Bergman in season four after her suicide in 1999 meant that there was no female cast members. This is the first season to feature Eliza Schneider and Mona Marshall as a series regulars, who would go on to provide many of the female voices on the show. They replaced Mary Kay Bergman, who committed suicide on November 11, 1999. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> South Park (season 4) The fourth season of \"South Park\", an American animated television series created by Trey Parker and Matt Stone, began airing on April 5, 2000. The fourth season concluded after airing 17 episodes on December 20, 2000. The first four episodes in this season has the year 2000 at the end of their episode titles. As explained in the FAQ section on the official website: \"When the year 2000 was coming up, everyone and their brother had '2000' in the titles of their products and"
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"Live Your Life (T.I. song) \"Live Your Life\" is a song by American rapper T.I., from his sixth studio album, \"Paper Trail\" (2008), and features Barbadian singer Rihanna. It was released as the seventh single from the album on September 23, 2008. The song's lyrics speak of T.I.'s rise to fame and optimism of the future. It also gives dedication to the American troops fighting in Iraq and Afghanistan. \"Live Your Life\" was a commercial success worldwide. In the United States, the song topped the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, marking T.I.'s third number-one single, and Rihanna's fifth. The song also attained top ten placements in twelve other countries, reaching the top five in Australia, Canada, the Netherlands, New Zealand and the United Kingdom. Furthermore, \"Live Your Life\" topped the US Mainstream Top 40 and Rap Songs charts and reached number two on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. The song was T.I.'s highest charting and most successful single worldwide until \"Blurred Lines\" in 2013. The song's accompanying music video, directed by Anthony Mandler, depicts a story of T.I.'s rise to fame in a narrated form, featuring Rihanna performing in a dressing room and bar. The duo performed \"Live Your Life\" at the 2008 MTV Video Music Awards. The song is featured in the 2009 film \"The Hangover\" as well as the trailer. \"Live Your Life\" was written by T.I. Dan Balan, Justin Smith, and Makeba Riddick whilst being produced by Just Blaze and Riddick. T.I. explained Rihanna's incorporation progress into the song to Artist Direct, \"It was a back and forth studio thing with Rihanna. I picked her. I was just able to 'hear' her voice on this record. I could hear her, so I reached out and she said, 'Yes,' thankfully.\" The song borrows samples, melody, and lyrics from O-Zone's 2004 song \"Dragostea Din Tei\", which was further made famous by the Numa Numa Internet meme. The first unfinished version of \"Live Your Life\" leaked onto the Internet on August 26, 2008. The official mastered album version, which has Rihanna's own verse, and T.I.'s dedication to soldiers on the Iraqi battlefield (on the first part, he told \"Ay... This a special what's haapnin' to all my, all my soldiers over there in Iraq. Errbody right here, what you need to do is be thankful for the life you got you know what I'm sayin'? Stop lookin' at what you ain't got, start and be thankful for what you do got. Let's give it to 'em baby girl\"). The radio edit lasts for a duration of 4:01, while the album version is 5:39 long, including extended verses from Rihanna. \"Live Your Life\" was released in the United States on September 23, 2008. A worldwide release of the song followed on September 26 as a digital download via iTunes. It was sent to US rhythmic radio on October 20, 2008. Alex Fletcher of Digital Spy awarded \"Live Your Life\" two out of five stars saying, \"While some will be charmed by T.I's well-meaning lyrics and Rihanna's hypnotic chorus hooks, others will find the mixture of samples and robotic effects grating. Our view? Well, hats off to Rihanna for finally taking time out from mining her \"Good Girl Gone Bad\" album, but it's a shame she had to waste her break on a naff novelty release like this.\" The American magazine \"The Village Voice\" voted \"Live Your Life\" at number 13 on their annual \"Pazz & Jop\" critics' poll; T.I.'s own \"Whatever You Like\" was voted at number 14 on the same poll. In the United States, \"Live Your Life\" debuted at number 80 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 for the chart week of October 11, 2008. The song surged to number one the following week, setting a record for the highest jump to number one in history, a feat previously set by T.I. himself six weeks prior with his song \"Whatever You Like\" that jumped from number 71 to number one on the chart. However, this record was broken again the following week by Britney Spears' \"Womanizer\" that jumped from number 96 to one. The song marked T.I.'s second Hot 100 number one as a lead artist, and third overall, while it became Rihanna's fifth chart topper. With the latter, Rihanna became the first female artist to have five number ones in the 21st century. In addition, \"Live Your Life\" replaced \"Whatever You Like\" at number one on the Hot 100, making T.I. the ninth artist to replace themselves at number one in the history of the chart. \"Whatever You Like\" simultaneously occupied the number two position on the chart that week, marking the first time an artist has held the top two positions since Akon in 2006. \"Live Your Life\" had three separate runs at number one on the Hot 100. Prior to this, the only other songs to have three separate turns at the top had been \"Le Freak\" by Chic in late 1978 and early 1979 plus two other 2008 chart-toppers, Leona Lewis' \"Bleeding Love\" and T.I's own \"Whatever You Like\". For the issue dated December 6, 2008, \"Live Your Life\" topped the US Pop Songs chart, marking T.I.'s first ever number one single on the chart, and Rihanna's fourth. The single held the top spot for six non-consecutive weeks. The song also topped the Rap Songs chart for ten consecutive weeks. The song entered the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart as the week's \"Hot Shot Debut\" at number 77. The following week, it rose to number 38. After ten weeks on the chart, the song made a final peak of number two, where it remained for ten consecutive weeks, being barred from the top spot by Beyoncé's hit single \"Single Ladies (Put A Ring On It)\". The song was certified triple-platinum by the RIAA and it has sold 4.7 million copies in the US. The song also peaked at number four on the Canadian Hot 100. In New Zealand, \"Live Your Life\" debuted at number 23 on October 6, 2008. It entered the top ten in its third week on the chart, steadily rising over the following weeks culminating in its number two peak on December 8, 2008. The song was certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand for sales of 15,000 copies. On the Australian Singles Chart, the song debuted at number 48 on October 26, 2008. By its fourth week, it had reached the top ten of the chart. The song reached its peak of number three on December 21, where it remained for four consecutive weeks. It received a Platinum certification from the Australian Recording Industry Association for sales of 70,000 copies. In the United Kingdom, \"Live Your Life\" entered the UK Singles Chart at number 39 for the week dated November 15, 2008. The following week, it surged to number two, automatically becoming T.I.'s highest charting single in the country. It also gave Rihanna her sixth top two single on the chart. The song debuted at number three on the Irish Singles Chart, giving T.I. his highest charting single in the country. It also gave Rihanna her tenth top ten in the region. The music video for \"Live Your Life\" was filmed in October 2008 in Los Angeles and was directed by Anthony Mandler. The video, using the radio edit of the song, features both T.I. and Rihanna. It plays backwards, starting with the end of T.I.'s day. In the opening scene, T.I. is shown walking along the Los Angeles River in a suit with bloody wounds culminating in the song beginning. It then goes into a series of underground shots of him with interspersed scenes of Rihanna in a dressing room. T.I. is then shown being thrown out of a car, in the Los Angeles river. The video then cuts again to the day with T.I. wearing the same suit seen earlier in the video, but undamaged. He then encounters a group of thugs whom he brawls with. The video then begins a different story arc, showing T.I. before he made his fortune, rapping in a recording studio and in front of a house playing dice and dominoes with friends. This portion of the video is interspersed with clips of the other story arc, such as showing T.I. with a briefcase full of money. He is then shown in the bathroom of a bar, before walking out into the bar passing Rihanna who has exited her dressing room. Rihanna performs on stage with a microphone while T.I. talks to",
"him with interspersed scenes of Rihanna in a dressing room. T.I. is then shown being thrown out of a car, in the Los Angeles river. The video then cuts again to the day with T.I. wearing the same suit seen earlier in the video, but undamaged. He then encounters a group of thugs whom he brawls with. The video then begins a different story arc, showing T.I. before he made his fortune, rapping in a recording studio and in front of a house playing dice and dominoes with friends. This portion of the video is interspersed with clips of the other story arc, such as showing T.I. with a briefcase full of money. He is then shown in the bathroom of a bar, before walking out into the bar passing Rihanna who has exited her dressing room. Rihanna performs on stage with a microphone while T.I. talks to a man saying \"I want out.\"; the man replies by explaining that there is no getting out, not for him nor for the character that Rihanna plays. T.I slams the money briefcase down on the table and shows it to the man saying that \"I'm done. I got myself here, I'll get myself out\". Then he is seen walking into that same bar, in a flashback, with a CD in his hand. The man that T.I. spoke to earlier calls him over. This is a flashback showing T.I. trying to get a record deal. The last shot of the video takes place at around the same time as the first shot of the video. T.I. is walking down the Los Angeles River, raising his hands triumphantly in the air with a bloodied and scarred face. The song's producer, Just Blaze, is briefly seen playing pool in the bar during the second verse and final chorus. T.I. performed the track with Rihanna at the 2008 MTV Video Music Awards on September 7, 2008, following a solo performance of \"Whatever You Like\" prior. The track was included on the set list of Rihanna's Last Girl on Earth Tour (2010–11) in a medley with Rihanna's own \"Wait Your Turn\", and the Jay-Z, Rihanna and Kanye West single \"Run This Town\". It was also performed with \"Run This Town\" on Rihanna's Loud Tour (2011). Live Your Life (T.I. song) \"Live Your Life\" is a song by American rapper T.I., from his sixth studio album, \"Paper Trail\" (2008), and features Barbadian singer Rihanna. It was released as the seventh single from the album on September 23, 2008. The song's lyrics speak of T.I.'s rise to fame and"
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"Pinta Island tortoise The Pinta Island tortoise (\"Chelonoidis \"), also known as the Pinta giant tortoise, Abingdon Island tortoise, or Abingdon Island giant tortoise, is a species of Galápagos tortoise native to Ecuador's Pinta Island that is most likely extinct. The species was described by Albert Günther in 1877 after specimens arrived in London. By the end of the 19th century, most of the Pinta Island tortoises had been wiped out due to hunting. By the mid-20th century, the species was assumed to be extinct until a single male was discovered on the island in 1971. Efforts were made to mate the male, named Lonesome George, with other species, but no viable eggs were produced. Lonesome George died on 24 June 2012 and the species is believed to have become extinct with his death. However, 17 first-generation hybrids were reported in 2012 to have been found at Wolf Volcano on Isabela Island during a trip by Yale University researchers. As these specimens were juveniles, their parents might still be alive. The species is now classified as extinct on the IUCN Red List. \"Lonesome George\" along with other of the tortoises on Pinta Island, belong to a genus of 21 species. Giant tortoises were widespread on most of the continents except for Australia and Antarctica. Not only do the Galapagos tortoises remain the largest living tortoises, but in the Galapagos, distinct populations survived in multiple localities. Several of the surviving species of Galapagos tortoises are seriously endangered. Lonesome George was the perfect example. It is said that the decline of the population began in the 17th century, due to buccaneers and whalers. They hunted tortoises as a source of fresh meat, and took away about 200,000 tortoises collectively. This species was originally described in 1877 by German-born British herpetologist Albert Günther, who named it \"Testudo abingdonii\", a new species, in his book \"The Gigantic Land-tortoises (Living and Extinct) in the Collection of the British Museum\". The name, \"abingdonii\", derives from Abingdon Island, now more commonly known as Pinta Island. The knowledge of its existence was derived from short statements of the voyages of Captain James Colnett in 1798 and Basil Hall in 1822. In 1876, Commander William Cookson brought three male specimens (along with other species of Galápagos tortoise) to London aboard the Royal Navy ship HMS \"Peterel\". Some synonyms of \"Chelonoidis abingdonii\" are: \"Testudo abingdonii\" Günther, 1877; \"Testudo elephantopus abingdonii\" – Mertens & Wermuth, 1955; \"Geochelone elephantopus abingdonii\" – Pritchard, 1967; \"Geochelone nigra abingdonii\" – Iverson, 1992; \"Geochelone abingdonii\" – Valverde, 2004. The origin and systematic relationships are still unresolved today; they even captivated Charles Darwin himself. Scientists used DNA sequencing and decided to collect a few tortoises from the Pinta Island in 1906. Using DNA sequencing, their results show that the three best candidates for the closest living relative of the Galapagos tortoises are all located in South America. They are the yellow-footed tortoise (\"Geochelone denticulata\"), the red-footed tortoise (\"Geochelone carbonaria\"), and the Chaco tortoise (\"Geochelone chilensis\"). These three species are extant species. During their time on the island, the Galapagos Tortoise, including the Pinta Island species, was observed many times and it was concluded that the tortoises rest about 16 hours a day. The Galapagos tortoises are herbivores who feed primarily on greens, grasses, native fruit, and cactus pads. These tortoises also drink heavy quantities of water which they can then store in their bodies for long periods of time and utilize later. They can reportedly survive up to six months without any food or water. For breeding, the tortoises were most active during the \"hot season\" (January to May) and then during the cool season (June to November), female tortoises migrated to nesting zones in order to lay out their offspring. The effort to conserve species to increase biodiversity is a very important aspect of life involving economic, social and cultural values with phylogenetic, biogeographic, ecological and demographic indulgence. Galapagos giant tortoises provide a great example of this as they represent the top mega-herbivores that aid in shaping Galapagos ecosystems. They provide critical ecosystem services by seed dispersing and by being ecological engineers through herbivory and nutrient cycling. Due to the extinction of many of these large herbivores, ecosystem functioning has diminished worldwide. On the island of Santa Cruz near the geographic center of the Galapagos, there was a study by Blake et al. on seed dispersal by Galapagos tortoises. In order to determine the number of seeds spread, they identified and counted intact seeds from 120 fresh dung piles in both the agricultural and natural park land. To obtain the distance seeds were moved by tortoises they used an estimated digesta retention time from captive tortoises as a proxy for retention times of wild tortoises; and data for the tracking of the tortoises was obtained from GPS telemetry. Germination trials were administered for five plant species to determine whether germination success was influenced by tortoises. The results showed that there were over 45 plant seeds still intact. On average tortoises defecated 464 (SE 95) and 2.8 (SE 0.2) species per dung pile. Seeds were found over long distances where tortoises had transported them. However, no evidence was found that tortoise ingestion or the presence of dung influenced the success of seed germination. It was concluded that Galapagos tortoises are colossal seed dispersers, regularly transporting a vast amount of seeds over distances. More extensive research is needed to quantify germination success, demography of plants under natural conditions, with and without tortoise dispersal, to determine the seed dispersal effectiveness of Galapagos tortoises. In 1958, goats immigrated to Pinta Island, Galápagos began eating much of the herbs and shrubs to the detriment of the natural habitat. A prolonged effort to exterminate the goats was initiated. As the goat populations declined, the vegetation underwent an amazing recovery. Small trees began regenerating from the stumps left by the goats. Highland shrub species, forest tree seedlings, \"Opuntia\" cactus, and other endemic species increased. In 2003, Pinta Island was declared \"goat-free\". In addition to current conservation efforts such as the elimination of goat populations in the Galápagos, there has been a new effort to revive a number of species of Galápagos tortoise. There is new information which states that from 12 females and 3 male tortoises there came around 1700 offspring which now live in the Galápagos area. Many of these offspring also coincide with many species of Galápagos tortoise, such as the vital Pinta Island Galápagos tortoise. The statistics also show that compared to a 3% hatching rate in 2004, in 2007 there was a 24% hatching rate which gave an unprecedented rise in tortoise population. This also shows that the number of animals in a species can rise despite genetic variation. The last known individual of the species was a male named Lonesome George (), who died on 24 June 2012. In his last years, he was known as the rarest creature in the world. George served as a potent symbol for conservation efforts in the Galápagos and internationally. George was first seen on the island of Pinta on 1 December 1971 by Hungarian malacologist József Vágvölgyi. Relocated for his safety to the Charles Darwin Research Station on Santa Cruz Island, George was penned with two females of a different species. Although eggs were produced, none hatched. The Pinta tortoise was pronounced functionally extinct as George was in captivity. Over the decades, all attempts at mating Lonesome George had been unsuccessful, possibly due to the lack of females of his own species. On 24 June",
"The last known individual of the species was a male named Lonesome George (), who died on 24 June 2012. In his last years, he was known as the rarest creature in the world. George served as a potent symbol for conservation efforts in the Galápagos and internationally. George was first seen on the island of Pinta on 1 December 1971 by Hungarian malacologist József Vágvölgyi. Relocated for his safety to the Charles Darwin Research Station on Santa Cruz Island, George was penned with two females of a different species. Although eggs were produced, none hatched. The Pinta tortoise was pronounced functionally extinct as George was in captivity. Over the decades, all attempts at mating Lonesome George had been unsuccessful, possibly due to the lack of females of his own species. On 24 June 2012, at 8:00 am local time, Director of the Galápagos National Park Edwin Naula announced that Lonesome George had been found dead by his caretaker of 40 years, Fausto Llerena. Naula suspects that the cause of death was heart failure consistent with the end of the natural lifecycle of a tortoise. In 2006, Peter Pritchard, one of the world’s foremost authorities on Galápagos tortoises, suggested that a male tortoise residing in the Prague Zoo might be a Pinta Island tortoise due to its shell structure. Subsequent DNA analysis, however, revealed it was more likely to be from Pinzón Island, home of the species \"C. duncanensis\". Whalers and pirates of the past used Isabela Island, the central and largest of the Galápagos Islands, as a tortoise dumping ground. Today, the remaining tortoises that live around Wolf Volcano have combined genetic markers from several species. In May 2007, analysis of genomic microsatellites (DNA sequences) suggested that individuals from a translocated group of \"C. abingdonii\" may still exist in the wild on Isabela. Researchers have identified one male tortoise from the Volcano Wolf region, which has half his genes in common with George's species. This animal must be a first-generation intergrade between the species of the islands Isabela and Pinta. A pure Pinta tortoise possibly lives among the 2,000 tortoises on Isabela. A recent trek to Isabela by Yale University researchers revealed that there are 17 first-generation hybrids living at Wolf Volcano. The researchers plan on returning to Isabela in the spring of 2013 to look for surviving Pinta and to try to collect hybrids in an effort to start a captive selective-breeding program and to hopefully reintroduce Pintas back to their native island. Pinta Island tortoise The Pinta Island tortoise (\"Chelonoidis \"), also known as the Pinta giant tortoise, Abingdon Island tortoise, or Abingdon Island giant tortoise, is a species of Galápagos tortoise native to Ecuador's Pinta Island that is most likely extinct. The species was described by Albert Günther in 1877 after specimens arrived in London. By the end of the 19th century, most of the Pinta"
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"John C. Breckinridge John Cabell Breckinridge (January 16, 1821 – May 17, 1875) was an American lawyer, politician, and soldier. He represented Kentucky in both houses of Congress and became the 14th and youngest-ever Vice President of the United States, serving from 1857 to 1861. He was a member of the Democratic party. He served in the U.S. Senate during the outbreak of the American Civil War, but was expelled after joining the Confederate Army. He was appointed Confederate Secretary of War in 1865. Breckinridge was born near Lexington, Kentucky to a prominent local family. After non-combat service during the Mexican–American War, he was elected as a Democrat to the Kentucky House of Representatives in 1849, where he took a states' rights position against interference with slavery. Elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1850, he allied with Stephen A. Douglas in support of the Kansas–Nebraska Act. After reapportionment in 1854 made his re-election unlikely, he declined to run for another term. He was nominated for vice-president at the 1856 Democratic National Convention to balance a ticket headed by James Buchanan. The Democrats won the election, but Breckinridge had little influence with Buchanan and, as presiding officer of the Senate, could not express his opinions in debates. He joined Buchanan in supporting the pro-slavery Lecompton Constitution for Kansas, which led to a split in the Democratic Party. In 1859, he was elected to succeed Senator John J. Crittenden at the end of Crittenden's term in 1861. After Southern Democrats walked out of the 1860 Democratic National Convention, the party's northern and southern factions held rival conventions in Baltimore that nominated Douglas and Breckinridge, respectively, for president. A third party, the Constitutional Union Party, nominated John Bell. These three men split the Southern vote, while more anti-slavery Republican candidate Abraham Lincoln won all but three electoral votes in the North, allowing him to win the election. Breckinridge carried most of the Southern states. Taking his seat in the Senate, Breckinridge urged compromise to preserve the Union. Unionists were in control of the state legislature, and gained more support when Confederate forces moved into Kentucky. Breckinridge fled behind Confederate lines. He was commissioned a brigadier general and then expelled from the Senate. Following the Battle of Shiloh in 1862, he was promoted to major general, and in October he was assigned to the Army of Mississippi under Braxton Bragg. After Bragg charged that Breckinridge's drunkenness had contributed to defeats at Stone River and Missionary Ridge, and after Breckinridge joined many other high-ranking officers in criticizing Bragg, he was transferred to the Trans-Allegheny Department, where he won his most significant victory in the 1864 Battle of New Market. After participating in Jubal Early's campaigns in the Shenandoah Valley, Breckinridge was charged with defending supplies in Tennessee and Virginia. In February 1865, Confederate President Jefferson Davis appointed him Secretary of War. Concluding that the war was hopeless, he urged Davis to arrange a national surrender. After the fall of Richmond, Breckinridge ensured the preservation of Confederate records. He then escaped the country and lived abroad for more than three years. When President Andrew Johnson extended amnesty to all former Confederates in 1868, Breckinridge returned to Kentucky, but resisted all encouragement to resume his political career. War injuries sapped his health, and he died in 1875. Breckinridge is regarded as an effective military commander. Though well-liked in Kentucky, he was reviled by many in the North as a traitor. John Cabell Breckinridge was born at Thorn Hill, his family's estate near Lexington, Kentucky on January 16, 1821. The fourth of six children born to Joseph \"Cabell\" Breckinridge and Mary Clay (Smith) Breckinridge, he was their only son. His mother was the daughter of Samuel Stanhope Smith, who founded Hampden–Sydney College in 1775, and granddaughter of John Witherspoon, a signer of the Declaration of Independence. Having previously served as Speaker of the Kentucky House of Representatives, Breckinridge's father had been appointed Kentucky's Secretary of State just prior to his son's birth. In February, one month after Breckinridge's birth, the family moved with Governor John Adair to the Governor's Mansion in Frankfort, so that his father could better attend to his duties as Secretary of State. In August 1823, an illness referred to as \"the prevailing fever\" struck Frankfort, and Cabell Breckinridge took his children to stay with his mother in Lexington. On his return, both he and his wife fell ill. Cabell Breckinridge died, but she survived. His assets were not enough to pay his debts, and his widow joined the children in Lexington, supported by her mother-in-law. While in Lexington, Breckinridge attended Pisgah Academy in Woodford County. His grandmother taught him the political philosophies of her late husband, John Breckinridge, who served in the U.S. Senate and as Attorney General under President Thomas Jefferson. As a state legislator, Breckinridge had introduced the Kentucky Resolutions in 1798, which stressed states' rights and endorsed the doctrine of nullification in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts. After an argument between Breckinridge's mother and grandmother in 1832, he, his mother, and his sister Laetitia moved to Danville, Kentucky, to live with his sister Frances and her husband, who was president of Centre College. Breckinridge's uncle, William Breckinridge, was also on the faculty there, prompting him to enroll in November 1834. Among his schoolmates were Beriah Magoffin, William Birney, Theodore O'Hara, Thomas L. Crittenden and Jeremiah Boyle. After earning a Bachelor of Arts degree in September 1838, he spent the following winter as a \"resident graduate\" at the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University). Returning to Kentucky in mid-1839, he read law with Judge William Owsley. In November 1840, he enrolled in the second year of the law course at Transylvania University in Lexington, where his instructors included two members of the Kentucky Court of Appeals – George Robertson and Thomas A. Marshall. On February 25, 1841, he received a Bachelor of Laws degree and was licensed to practice the next day. Breckinridge remained in Lexington while deciding where to begin practice, borrowing law books from the library of John J. Crittenden, Thomas Crittenden's father. Deciding that Lexington was overcrowded with lawyers, he moved to Frankfort, but was unable to find an office. After being spurned by a love interest, he and former classmate Thomas W. Bullock departed for the Iowa Territory on October 10, 1841 seeking better opportunities. Journeying westward, they considered settling on land Breckinridge had inherited in Jacksonville, Illinois, but they found the bar stocked with able men like Stephen A. Douglas and Abraham Lincoln. They continued on to Burlington, Iowa, and by the winter of 1842–1843, Breckinridge reported to family members that his firm handled more cases than almost any other in Burlington. Influenced by Bullock and the citizens of Iowa, he identified with the Democratic Party, and by February 1843, he had been named to the Democratic committee of Des Moines County. Most of the Kentucky Breckinridges were Whigs, and when he learned of his nephew's party affiliation, William Breckinridge declared, \"I felt as I would have done if I had heard that my daughter had been dishonored.\" Breckinridge visited Kentucky in May 1843. His efforts to mediate between his mother and the Breckinridges extended his visit and after he contracted influenza, he decided to remain for the summer rather than returning to Iowa's colder climate. While at home, he met Bullock's cousin, Mary Cyrene Burch, and by September, they were engaged. In October,",
"more cases than almost any other in Burlington. Influenced by Bullock and the citizens of Iowa, he identified with the Democratic Party, and by February 1843, he had been named to the Democratic committee of Des Moines County. Most of the Kentucky Breckinridges were Whigs, and when he learned of his nephew's party affiliation, William Breckinridge declared, \"I felt as I would have done if I had heard that my daughter had been dishonored.\" Breckinridge visited Kentucky in May 1843. His efforts to mediate between his mother and the Breckinridges extended his visit and after he contracted influenza, he decided to remain for the summer rather than returning to Iowa's colder climate. While at home, he met Bullock's cousin, Mary Cyrene Burch, and by September, they were engaged. In October, Breckinridge went to Iowa to close out his business, then returned to Kentucky and formed a law partnership with Samuel Bullock, Thomas's cousin. He married on December 12, 1843, and settled in Georgetown, Kentucky. The couple had six children – Joseph Cabell (b. 1844), Clifton Rodes (b. 1846; later a Congressman from Arkansas), Frances (b. 1848), John Milton (b. 1849), John Witherspoon (b. 1850) and Mary Desha (b. 1854). Gaining confidence in his ability as a lawyer, Breckinridge moved his family back to Lexington in 1845 and formed a partnership with future U.S. Senator James B. Beck. A supporter of the Mexican–American War, Breckinridge sought appointment to the staff of Major General William Orlando Butler, a prominent Kentucky Democrat, but Butler could only offer him an unpaid aide position and advised him to decline it. In July 1847, Breckinridge delivered an address at a mass military funeral in Frankfort to honor Kentuckians killed in the Battle of Buena Vista. The oration brought Whig Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky, whose son was among the dead, to tears, and inspired Theodore O'Hara to write \"Bivouac of the Dead\". Breckinridge again applied for a military commission after William Owsley, the Governor of Kentucky, called for two additional regiments on August 31, 1847. Owsley's advisors encouraged the Whig governor to commission at least one Democrat, and Whig Senator John J. Crittenden supported Breckinridge's application. On September 6, 1847, Owsley appointed Manlius V. Thomson as colonel, Thomas Crittenden as lieutenant colonel and Breckinridge as major of the Third Kentucky Infantry Regiment. The regiment left Kentucky on November 1 and reached Vera Cruz by November 21. After a serious epidemic of \"La Vomito,\" or yellow fever, broke out at Vera Cruz, the regiment hurried to Mexico City. Reports indicate that Breckinridge walked all but two days of the journey, allowing weary soldiers to use his horse. When the Third Kentucky reached Mexico City on December 18, the fighting was almost over; they participated in no combat and remained in the city as an army of occupation until May 30, 1848. In demand more for his legal expertise than his military training, he was named as assistant counsel for Gideon Johnson Pillow during a court of inquiry initiated against him by Winfield Scott. Seeking to derail Scott's presidential ambitions, Pillow and his supporters composed and published letters that lauded Pillow, not Scott, for the American victories at Contreras and Churubusco. To hide his involvement, Pillow convinced a subordinate to take credit for the letter he wrote. Breckinridge biographer William C. Davis writes that it was \"most unlikely\" that Breckinridge knew the details of Pillow's intrigue. His role in the proceedings was limited to questioning a few witnesses; records show that Pillow represented himself during the court's proceedings. Returning to Louisville on July 16, the Third Kentucky mustered out on July 21. During their time in Mexico, over 100 members of the 1,000-man regiment had died of illness. Although he saw no combat, Breckinridge's military service proved an asset to his political prospects in Kentucky. Breckinridge campaigned for Democratic presidential nominee James K. Polk in the 1844 election. He decided against running for county clerk of Scott County after his law partner complained that he spent too much time in politics. In 1845, some local Democrats encouraged him to seek the Eighth District's congressional seat, but he declined, supporting instead Alexander Keith Marshall, the party's unsuccessful nominee. As a private citizen, he opposed the Wilmot Proviso that would have banned slavery in the territory acquired in the war with Mexico. In the 1848 presidential election, he backed the unsuccessful Democratic ticket of Lewis Cass and William Butler. He did not vote in the election. Defending his decision during a speech in Lexington on September 5, 1860, Breckinridge explained: In August 1849, Kentuckians elected delegates to a state constitutional convention in addition to state representatives and senators. Breckinridge's abolitionist uncles, William and Robert, joined with Cassius Marcellus Clay to nominate slates of like-minded candidates for the constitutional convention and the legislature. In response, a bipartisan group of pro-slavery citizens organized its own slate of candidates, including Breckinridge for one of Fayette County's two seats in the House of Representatives. Breckinridge, who by this time owned five slaves, had publicly declared his opposition to \"impairing in any form\" the legal protection of slavery. Despite his endorsement of slavery protections, he was a member of the Freemasons and the First Presbyterian Church in Lexington, both of which officially opposed slavery. He had also previously represented free blacks in court, expressed support for voluntary emancipation, and supported the Kentucky Colonization Society, which was dedicated to the relocation of free blacks to Liberia. Breckinridge received 1,481 votes in the election, over 400 more than his nearest competitor, making it the first time that Fayette County had elected a Democrat to the state House of Representatives. Between the election and the legislative session, Breckinridge formed a new law partnership with Owsley's former Secretary of State, George B. Kinkead; his previous partner having died in a cholera epidemic earlier in the year. He also co-founded the \"Kentucky Statesman\", a semi-weekly Democratic newspaper, and visited his cousin, Mary Todd, where he met her husband, Abraham Lincoln, for the first time; despite their political differences, they became friends. When the House convened, Breckinridge received a plurality of votes for Speaker, but fell at least eight votes short of a majority. Unable to break the deadlock, he withdrew from the race, and the position went to Whig Thomas Reilly. Breckinridge biographer Frank H. Heck wrote that Breckinridge was the leader of the House Democratic caucus during the session, during which time most of the measures considered were \"local or personal ... and in any case, petty\". Breckinridge was assigned to the House's standing committees on Federal Relations and the Judiciary. He supported bills allocating funding for internal improvements, a traditionally Whig stance. As Congress debated Henry Clay's proposed Compromise of 1850, the four Whigs on the Committee on Federal Relations drew up resolutions urging the Kentucky congressional delegation to support the compromise as a \"fair, equitable, and just basis\" for settlement of the slavery issue in the newly acquired U.S. territories. Breckinridge felt that the resolution was too vague and authored a minority report that explicitly denied federal authority to interfere with slavery in states and territories. Both sets of resolutions, and a set adopted by the Senate, were all laid on the table. On March 4, 1850, three days before the end of the session, Breckinridge took a leave of absence to care for his son, John Milton, who had become ill; he died on March 18. Keeping a busy schedule to cope with his grief, he urged adoption of the",
"proposed Compromise of 1850, the four Whigs on the Committee on Federal Relations drew up resolutions urging the Kentucky congressional delegation to support the compromise as a \"fair, equitable, and just basis\" for settlement of the slavery issue in the newly acquired U.S. territories. Breckinridge felt that the resolution was too vague and authored a minority report that explicitly denied federal authority to interfere with slavery in states and territories. Both sets of resolutions, and a set adopted by the Senate, were all laid on the table. On March 4, 1850, three days before the end of the session, Breckinridge took a leave of absence to care for his son, John Milton, who had become ill; he died on March 18. Keeping a busy schedule to cope with his grief, he urged adoption of the proposed constitution at a series of meetings around the state. His only concern with the document was its lack of an amendment process. The constitution was overwhelmingly ratified in May. Democrats wanted to nominate him for re-election, but he declined, citing problems \"of a private and imperative character\". Davis wrote \"his problem – besides continuing sadness over his son's death – was money.\" Breckinridge was a delegate to the January 8, 1851, state Democratic convention which nominated Lazarus W. Powell for governor. A week later, he announced that he would seek election to Congress from Kentucky's Eighth District. Nicknamed the \"Ashland district\" because it contained Ashland, the estate of Whig Party founder Henry Clay, and much of the area Clay once represented, the district was a Whig stronghold. In the previous congressional election, Democrats had not even nominated a candidate. Breckinridge's opponent, Leslie Combs, was a former state legislator whose popularity was bolstered by his association with Clay and his participation in the War of 1812; he was expected to win the election easily. In April, the candidates held a debate in Frankfort, and in May, they jointly canvassed the district, making daily speeches. Breckinridge reiterated his strict constructionist view of the U.S. Constitution and denounced the protective tariffs advocated by the Whigs, stating that \"free thought needs free trade\". His strong voice and charismatic personality contrasted with the campaign style of the much older Combs. On election day, he carried only three of the district's seven counties, but accumulated a two-to-one victory margin in Owen County, winning the county by 677 votes and the election by 537. Democrats carried five of Kentucky's ten congressional districts, and Powell was elected as the first Democratic governor since 1834. Supporters promoted Breckinridge for Speaker of the House, but he refused to allow his own nomination and voted with the majority to elect fellow Kentuckian Linn Boyd. Despite this, the two were factional enemies, and Boyd assigned Breckinridge to the lightly regarded Committee on Foreign Affairs. Breckinridge's first speech, and several subsequent ones, were made to defend William Butler, again a presidential aspirant in 1852, from charges leveled by proponents of the Young America movement that he was too old and had not made his stance on slavery clear. The attacks came from the pages of George Nicholas Sanders's \"Democratic Review\", and on the House floor from several men, nearly all of whom supported Stephen Douglas for the nomination. These men included California's Edward C. Marshall, who was Breckinridge's cousin. Their attacks ultimately hurt Douglas's chances for the nomination and Breckinridge's defense of Butler enhanced his own reputation. After this controversy, he was more active in the chamber's debates but introduced few significant pieces of legislation. He defended the constitutionality of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 against attacks by Ohio Representative Joshua Giddings and opposed Andrew Johnson's proposed Homestead Act out of concern that it would create more territories that excluded slavery. Despite his campaign rhetoric that federal funds should only be used for internal improvements \"of a national character\", he sought to increase Kentucky's federal allocation for construction and maintenance of rivers and harbors, and supported bills that benefited his district's hemp farmers. Returning home from the legislative session, Breckinridge made daily visits with Henry Clay, who lay dying in Lexington, and was chosen to deliver his eulogy in Congress when the next session commenced. The eulogy enhanced his popularity and solidified his position as Clay's political heir apparent. He also campaigned for the election of Democrat Franklin Pierce as president. Although Pierce lost Kentucky by 3,200 votes, Breckinridge wielded more influence with him than he had with outgoing Whig President Millard Fillmore. A week after his inauguration, Pierce offered Breckinridge an appointment as governor of Washington Territory. He had initially sought the appointment, securing letters of recommendation from Powell and Butler, but by the time it was offered, he had decided to stay in Kentucky and seek re-election to the House. The Whigs, seeking to recapture Breckinridge's seat, nominated Kentucky State Attorney General James Harlan, but some Whig factions opposed him, and he withdrew in March. Robert P. Letcher, a former congressman and governor who had won 14 elections in Kentucky without a loss, was the party's second choice. Both candidates campaigned vigorously throughout the Eighth District, making multiple speeches a day between May and August. Letcher was an experienced campaigner, but his popular, anecdote-filled oratory was unpolished, and he was prone to outbursts of anger when frustrated. By contrast, Breckinridge delivered calm, well-reasoned speeches. Cassius Clay, a political enemy of Letcher's for years, endorsed Breckinridge, despite their differences on slavery. Citing this endorsement and the abolitionism of Breckinridge's uncles, Letcher tried to paint Breckinridge as an enemy of slavery. Breckinridge pointed to his consistent support for slavery and claimed Letcher was actually hostile to the interests of slaveholders. Although the district had gone for Whig candidate Winfield Scott by over 600 votes in the previous year's presidential election, Breckinridge defeated Letcher by 526 votes. Once again, he received a large margin in Owen County, which reported 123 more votes than eligible voters living in the county. Grateful for the support of the reliably Democratic county, he gave his son John Witherspoon Breckinridge the nickname \"Owen\". Of the 234 members of the House, Breckinridge was among the 80 that were returned to their seats for the Thirty-third Congress. Due to his increased seniority, he was assigned to the more prestigious Ways and Means Committee, but he was not given a committee chairmanship as many had expected. Although he supported Pierce's pro-slavery agenda on the principle of states' rights and believed that secession was legal, he opposed secession as a remedy to the country's immediate problems. This, coupled with his earlier support of manumission and African colonization, balanced his support for slavery; most still considered him a moderate legislator. An ally of Illinois' Stephen A. Douglas, Breckinridge supported the doctrine of popular sovereignty as expressed in Douglas's Kansas–Nebraska Act. He believed passage of the act would remove the issue of slavery from national politics – although it ultimately had the opposite effect – and acted as a liaison between Douglas and Pierce to secure its passage. During the debate on the House floor, New York's Francis B. Cutting, incensed by a statement that Breckinridge had made, demanded that he explain or retract it. Breckinridge interpreted Cutting's demand as a challenge to duel. Under \"code duello\", the individual being challenged retained the right to name the weapons used and the distance between the combatants; Breckinridge chose rifles at",
"still considered him a moderate legislator. An ally of Illinois' Stephen A. Douglas, Breckinridge supported the doctrine of popular sovereignty as expressed in Douglas's Kansas–Nebraska Act. He believed passage of the act would remove the issue of slavery from national politics – although it ultimately had the opposite effect – and acted as a liaison between Douglas and Pierce to secure its passage. During the debate on the House floor, New York's Francis B. Cutting, incensed by a statement that Breckinridge had made, demanded that he explain or retract it. Breckinridge interpreted Cutting's demand as a challenge to duel. Under \"code duello\", the individual being challenged retained the right to name the weapons used and the distance between the combatants; Breckinridge chose rifles at 60 paces. He also specified that the duel should be held at Silver Spring, Maryland, the home of his friend Francis Preston Blair. Cutting, who had not intended his initial remark as a challenge, believed that Breckinridge's naming of terms constituted a challenge; he chose to use pistols at a distance of 10 paces. While the two men attempted to clarify who had issued the challenge and who reserved the right to choose the terms, mutual friends resolved the issue, preventing the duel. The recently adopted Kentucky Constitution prevented anyone who participated in a duel from holding elected office, and the peaceful resolution of the issue may have saved Breckinridge's political career. In February 1854, the Whig majority in the Kentucky General Assembly passed – over Powell's veto – a reapportionment bill that redrew Breckinridge's district, removing Owen County and replacing it with Harrison and Nicholas counties. This, combined with the rise of the Know Nothing Party in Kentucky, left Breckinridge with little hope of re-election, and he decided to retire from the House at the expiration of his term. Following the December 1854 resignation of Pierre Soulé, the U.S. Minister to Spain who failed to negotiate a U.S. annexation of Cuba following the controversial Ostend Manifesto, Pierce nominated Breckinridge to the position. Although the Senate confirmed the nomination, Breckinridge declined it on February 8, 1855, telling Pierce only that his decision was \"of a private and domestic nature.\" His term in the house expired on March 4. Desiring to care for his sick wife and rebuild his personal wealth, Breckinridge returned to his law practice in Lexington. In addition to his legal practice, he engaged in land speculation in Minnesota territory and Wisconsin. When Governor Willis A. Gorman of the Minnesota Territory thwarted an attempt by Breckinridge's fellow investors (not including Breckinridge) to secure approval of a railroad connecting Dubuque, Iowa, with their investments near Superior, Wisconsin, they petitioned Pierce to remove Gorman and appoint Breckinridge in his place. In 1855, Pierce authorized two successive investigations of Gorman, but failed to uncover any wrongdoing that would justify his removal. During his time away from politics, Breckinridge also promoted the advancement of horse racing in his native state and was chosen president of the Kentucky Association for the Improvement of the Breed of Horses. As a delegate to the 1856 Democratic National Convention in Cincinnati, Ohio, Breckinridge favored Pierce's re-nomination for president. When Pierce's hopes of securing the nomination faltered, Breckinridge joined other erstwhile Pierce backers by throwing his support behind his friend, Stephen Douglas. Even with this additional support, Douglas was still unable to garner a majority of the delegates' votes, and he withdrew, leaving James Buchanan as the Democratic nominee. William Alexander Richardson, a Kentucky-born Congressman from Illinois, then suggested that nominating Breckinridge for vice-president would balance Buchanan's ticket and placate disgruntled supporters of Douglas or Pierce. A delegate from Louisiana placed his name before the convention, and although Breckinridge desired the nomination, he declined, citing his deference to fellow Kentuckian and former House Speaker Linn Boyd, who was supported by the Kentucky delegation. Ten men received votes on the first vice-presidential ballot. Mississippi's John A. Quitman had the most support with 59 votes. Eight state delegations – with a total of 55 votes – voted for Breckinridge in spite of his refusal of the nomination, making him the second-highest vote getter. Kentucky cast its 12 votes for Boyd, bringing his third-place total to 33 votes. Seeing Breckinridge's strength on the first ballot, large numbers of delegates voted for him on the second ballot, and those who did not soon saw that his nomination was inevitable and changed their votes to make it unanimous. Unlike many political nominees of his time, Breckinridge actively campaigned for his and Buchanan's election. During the first ten days of September 1856, he spoke in Hamilton and Cincinnati in Ohio; Lafayette and Indianapolis in Indiana; Kalamazoo, Michigan; Covington, Kentucky; and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. His speeches stressed the idea that Republicans were fanatically devoted to emancipation, and their election would prompt the dissolution of the Union. Breckinridge's presence on the ticket helped the Democrats carry his home state of Kentucky – which the party had not won since 1828 – by 6,000 votes. Buchanan and Breckinridge received 174 electoral votes to 114 for Republicans John C. Frémont and William L. Dayton and 8 for Know Nothing candidates Millard Fillmore and Andrew Jackson Donelson. Thirty-six years old at the time of his inauguration on March 4, 1857, Breckinridge was the youngest vice-president in U.S. history, exceeding the minimum age required under the Constitution by only a year. Buchanan resented the fact that Breckinridge had supported both Pierce and Douglas before endorsing his nomination. Relations between the two were further strained when, upon asking for a private interview with Buchanan, Breckinridge was told to come to the White House and ask for Harriet Lane, who acted as the mansion's host for the unmarried president. Feeling slighted by the response, Breckinridge refused to carry out these instructions; later, three of Buchanan's intimates informed Breckinridge that requesting to speak to Miss Lane was actually a secret instruction to White House staff to usher the requestor into a private audience with the president. They also conveyed Buchanan's apologies for the misunderstanding. Buchanan rarely consulted Breckinridge when making patronage appointments, and meetings between the two were infrequent. When Breckinridge and Buchanan endorsed the Lecompton Constitution, which would have admitted Kansas as a slave state instead of allowing the people to vote, they managed to alienate most Northern Democrats, including Douglas. This disagreement ended plans for Breckinridge, Douglas, and Minnesota's Henry Mower Rice to build a series of three elaborate, conjoined row houses in which to live during their time in Washington, D.C. In November 1857, after Breckinridge found alternative lodging in Washington, he sold a slave woman and her young infant which, according to historian James C. Klotter, probably ended his days as a slaveholder. When Breckinridge did not travel to Illinois to campaign for Douglas's re-election to the Senate and gave him only a lukewarm endorsement, relations between them worsened. Functioning as the Senate's presiding officer, Breckinridge's participation in the chamber's debates was also restricted, but he won respect for presiding \"gracefully and impartially.\" On January 4, 1859, he was asked to deliver the final address in the Old Senate Chamber; in the speech, he expressed his desire that the Congress find a solution that would preserve the Union. During its half century in the chamber, the Senate had grown from 32 to 64 members. During those years, he observed, the",
"a slave woman and her young infant which, according to historian James C. Klotter, probably ended his days as a slaveholder. When Breckinridge did not travel to Illinois to campaign for Douglas's re-election to the Senate and gave him only a lukewarm endorsement, relations between them worsened. Functioning as the Senate's presiding officer, Breckinridge's participation in the chamber's debates was also restricted, but he won respect for presiding \"gracefully and impartially.\" On January 4, 1859, he was asked to deliver the final address in the Old Senate Chamber; in the speech, he expressed his desire that the Congress find a solution that would preserve the Union. During its half century in the chamber, the Senate had grown from 32 to 64 members. During those years, he observed, the Constitution had \"survived peace and war, prosperity and adversity\" to protect \"the larger personal freedom compatible with public order.\" Breckinridge expressed hope that eventually \"another Senate, in another age, shall bear to a new and larger Chamber, this Constitution vigorous and inviolate, and that the last generation of posterity shall witness the deliberations of the Representatives of American States, still united, prosperous, and free.\" Breckinridge then led a procession to the new chamber. Breckinridge opposed the idea that the federal government could coerce action by a state, but maintained that secession, while legal, was not the solution to the country's problems. Although John Crittenden's Senate term did not expire until 1861, the Kentucky General Assembly met to choose his successor in 1859. Until just days before the election, the contest was expected to be between Breckinridge and Boyd, who had been elected lieutenant governor in August; Boyd's worsening health prompted his withdrawal on November 28, 1859. On December 12, the Assembly chose Breckinridge over Joshua Fry Bell, the defeated candidate in the August gubernatorial election, by a vote of 81–53. In his acceptance speech, delivered to the Kentucky House of Representatives on December 21, Breckinridge endorsed the Supreme Court's decision in \"Dred Scott v. Sandford\" – which ruled that Congress could not restrict slavery in the territories – and insisted that John Brown's recent raid on Harpers Ferry was evidence of Republicans' insistence on either \"negro equality\" or violence. Resistance in some form, he predicted, would eventually be necessary. He still urged the Assembly against secession – \"God forbid that the step shall ever be taken!\" – but his discussion of growing sectional conflict bothered some, including his uncle Robert. Early in 1859, Senator James Henry Hammond of South Carolina reported to a friend that Breckinridge was seeking the Democratic presidential nomination, but as late as January 1860, Breckinridge told family members that he had no desire for the nomination. A \"The New York Times\" editorial noted that while Buchanan was falling \"in prestige and political consequence, the star of the Vice President rises higher above the clouds.\" Douglas, considered the frontrunner for the Democratic presidential nomination, was convinced that Breckinridge would be a candidate; this, combined with Buchanan's reluctant support of Breckinridge and Breckinridge's public support for a federal slave code deepened the rift between the two. Among Breckinridge's supporters at the 1860 Democratic National Convention in Charleston, South Carolina, were several prominent Kentuckians. They were former Kentucky Governor and current Senator Lazarus W. Powell, former Kentucky Congressmen William Preston (a distant relative) and law partner James Brown Clay, and James B. Beck. Breckinridge did not attend the convention, but instructed his supporters not to nominate him as long as James Guthrie remained a candidate. Accordingly, when a delegate from Arkansas nominated Breckinridge for president on the thirty-sixth ballot, Beck asked that it be withdrawn, and the request was honored. Over the course of 57 ballots, Douglas maintained a wide plurality, but failed to gain the necessary two-thirds majority; Guthrie consistently ran second. Unable to nominate a candidate, delegates voted to reconvene in Baltimore, Maryland on June 18. Pro-Southern delegates, who had walked out of the Charleston convention in protest of its failure to adopt a federal slave code plank in its platform, did not participate in the Baltimore convention. The delegates from Alabama and Louisiana – all of whom had walked out at Charleston – had been replaced with Douglas supporters from those states, leading to the nomination of Douglas and Herschel Vespasian Johnson for president and vice-president, respectively. The protesting delegates convened five days later in Baltimore. On the first ballot, Breckinridge received 81 votes, with 24 going to former Senator Daniel S. Dickinson of New York. Dickinson supporters gradually changed their support to Breckinridge in order to make his nomination unanimous, and Oregon's Joseph Lane was chosen by acclamation as his running mate. Despite concerns about the breakup of the party, Breckinridge accepted the nomination. In August, Mississippi Senator Jefferson Davis attempted to broker a compromise under which Douglas, Breckinridge, and Tennessee's John Bell, the nominee of the Constitutional Union Party, would all withdraw in favor of a compromise candidate. Both Breckinridge and Bell readily agreed to the plan, but Douglas was opposed to compromising with the \"Bolters,\" and his supporters retained an intense dislike for Breckinridge that made them averse to Davis's proposal. Opponents knew Breckinridge believed in the right of secession and accused him of favoring the breakup of the Union; he denied the latter during a speech in Frankfort: \"I am an American citizen, a Kentuckian who never did an act nor cherished a thought that was not full of devotion to the Constitution and the Union.\" While he had very little support in the northern states, most, if not all, of the southern states were expected to go for Breckinridge. This would give him only 120 of 303 electoral votes, but to gain support from any northern states, he had to minimize his connections with the southern states and risked losing their support to Bell. Some Breckinridge supporters believed his best hope was for the election to be thrown to the House of Representatives; if he could add the support of some Douglas or Bell states to the thirteen believed to support him, he could best Lincoln, who was believed to carry the support of fifteen states. To Davis's wife, Varina, Breckinridge wrote, \"I trust I have the courage to lead a forlorn hope.\" In the four-way contest, Breckinridge came in third in the popular vote, with 18.1%, but second in the Electoral College. The final electoral vote was 180 for Lincoln, 72 for Breckinridge, 39 for Bell, and 12 for Douglas. Although Breckinridge won the states of the Deep South, his support in those states came mostly from rural areas with low slave populations; the urban areas with higher slave populations generally went for Bell or Douglas. Breckinridge also carried the border states of Maryland and Delaware. Historian James C. Klotter points out in light of these results that, while Douglas maintained that there was \"not a disunionist in America who is not a Breckinridge man\", it is more likely that party loyalty and economic status played a more prominent role in Breckinridge's support than did issues of slavery and secession. He lost to Douglas in Missouri and Bell in Virginia and Tennessee. Bell also captured Breckinridge's home state, Kentucky. Lincoln swept most of the northern states, although New Jersey split its electoral votes, giving four to Lincoln and three to Douglas. As the candidate of the Buchanan faction, Breckinridge outpolled Douglas in Pennsylvania and received support comparable to Douglas in Connecticut, although he received very little support elsewhere in the",
"Delaware. Historian James C. Klotter points out in light of these results that, while Douglas maintained that there was \"not a disunionist in America who is not a Breckinridge man\", it is more likely that party loyalty and economic status played a more prominent role in Breckinridge's support than did issues of slavery and secession. He lost to Douglas in Missouri and Bell in Virginia and Tennessee. Bell also captured Breckinridge's home state, Kentucky. Lincoln swept most of the northern states, although New Jersey split its electoral votes, giving four to Lincoln and three to Douglas. As the candidate of the Buchanan faction, Breckinridge outpolled Douglas in Pennsylvania and received support comparable to Douglas in Connecticut, although he received very little support elsewhere in the North. It was Breckinridge's duty as vice-president to announce Lincoln as the winner of the electoral college vote on February 13, 1861. On February 24, Breckinridge visited Lincoln at Willard's Hotel in Washington, D.C., and frequently thereafter he visited his cousin, now the First Lady, at the White House. In the lame duck session following the election, Congress adopted a resolution authored by Lazarus Powell, now in the Senate, calling for a committee of thirteen (Committee of Thirteen on the Disturbed Condition of the Country) \"to consider that portion of the President's message relating to the disturbances of the country.\" Frank Heck wrote that Breckinridge appointed \"an able committee, representing every major faction.\" He endorsed Crittenden's proposed compromise, a collection of constitutional amendments designed to avert secession and appease the South. Breckinridge used his influence as the Senate's presiding officer in an unsuccessful attempt to get it approved by either the committee or the Senate. Ultimately, the committee reported that they were unable to agree on a recommendation. On March 4, 1861, the last day of the session, Breckinridge swore in Hannibal Hamlin as his successor as vice-president. Hamlin, in turn, swore in the newly elected senators, including Breckinridge. Seven states had already seceded when Breckinridge took his seat as a senator, leaving the remaining Southern senators more outnumbered in their defense of slavery. Seeking to find a compromise that would reunite the states under constitutional principles, he urged Lincoln to withdraw federal forces from the Confederate states in order to avert war. The congressional session ended on March 28, and in an April 2 address to the Kentucky General Assembly, he continued to advocate peaceful reconciliation of the states and proposed a conference of border states to seek a solution. On April 12, Confederate troops fired on Fort Sumter, ending plans for the conference. Breckinridge recommended that Governor Beriah Magoffin call a sovereignty convention to determine whether Kentucky would side with the Union or the Confederacy. On May 10, he was chosen by the legislature as one of six delegates to a conference to decide the state's next action. The states' rights delegates were Breckinridge, Magoffin, and Richard Hawes; the Unionist delegates were Crittenden, Archibald Dixon, and S.S. Nicholas. Unable to agree on substantial issues, the delegates recommended that Kentucky adopt a neutral stance in the Civil War and arm itself to prevent invasion by either federal or Confederate forces. Breckinridge did not support this recommendation, but he agreed to abide by it once it was approved by the legislature. In special elections in June, pro-Union candidates captured 9 of 10 seats in Kentucky's House delegation. Returning to the Senate for a special session in July, Breckinridge was regarded as a traitor by most of his fellow legislators because of his Confederate sympathies. He condemned as unconstitutional Lincoln's enlistment and arming of men for a war Congress had not officially declared, his expending funds for the war that had not been allocated by Congress, and his suspension of the writ of habeas corpus. He was the only senator to vote against a resolution authorizing Lincoln to use \"the entire resources of the government\" for the war. Asked what he would do if he were president, he replied, \"I would prefer to see these States all reunited upon true constitutional principles to any other object that could be offered me in life ... But I infinitely prefer to see a peaceful separation of these States than to see endless, aimless, devastating war, at the end of which I see the grave of public liberty and of personal freedom.\" On August 1, he declared that, if Kentucky sided with the federal government against the Confederacy, \"she will be represented by some other man on the floor of this Senate.\" Kentucky's neutrality was breached by both federal and Confederate forces in early September 1861. Confederate forces under the command of Major General Leonidas Polk invaded Kentucky on September 3 and occupied the southwestern town of Columbus. They were followed by a Union force commanded by Brigadier General Ulysses S. Grant, which on the morning of September 6 occupied the town of Paducah on the Ohio River. Soon after, Unionists in the state arrested former governor Charles S. Morehead for his suspected Confederate sympathies and shut down the \"Louisville Courier\" because of its pro-Confederate editorials. Word reached Breckinridge that Union General Thomas E. Bramlette intended to arrest him next. To avoid detainment, on September 19, 1861, he left Lexington. Joined in Prestonsburg by Confederate sympathizers George W. Johnson, George Baird Hodge, William Preston, and William E. Simms, he continued to Abingdon, Virginia, and from there by rail to Confederate-held Bowling Green, Kentucky. The state legislature immediately requested his resignation. In an open letter to his constituents dated October 8, 1861, Breckinridge maintained that the Union no longer existed and that Kentucky should be free to choose her own course; he defended his sympathy to the Southern cause and denounced the Unionist state legislature, declaring, \"I exchange with proud satisfaction a term of six years in the Senate of the United States for the musket of a soldier.\" He was indicted for treason in U.S. federal district court in Frankfort on November 6, 1861, having officially enlisted in the Confederate army days earlier. On December 2, 1861, he was declared a traitor by the United States Senate. A resolution stating \"Whereas John C. Breckinridge, a member of this body from the State of Kentucky, has joined the enemies of his country, and is now in arms against the government he had sworn to support: Therefore—Resolved, That said John C. Breckinridge, the traitor, be, and he hereby is, expelled from the Senate,\" was adopted by a vote of 36–0 on December 4. Ten Southern Senators had been expelled earlier that year in July. On the recommendation of Simon Bolivar Buckner, the former commander of the Kentucky State Militia who had also joined the Army of the Confederate States, Breckinridge was commissioned as a brigadier general in the Confederate Army on November 2, 1861. On November 16, he was given command of the 1st Kentucky Brigade. Nicknamed the Orphan Brigade because its men felt orphaned by Kentucky's Unionist state government, the brigade was in Buckner's 2nd Division of the Army of Mississippi, commanded by General Albert Sidney Johnston. For several weeks, he trained his troops in the city, and he also participated in the organization of a provisional Confederate government for the state. Although not sanctioned by the legislature in Frankfort, its existence prompted the Confederacy to admit Kentucky on December 10, 1861. Johnston's forces were forced to withdraw from Bowling Green in February 1862. During the retreat, Breckinridge was put in charge of Johnston's Reserve Corps. Johnston decided to attack Ulysses S. Grant's forces at Shiloh, Tennessee on April 6, 1862 by advancing North from his base",
"Brigade. Nicknamed the Orphan Brigade because its men felt orphaned by Kentucky's Unionist state government, the brigade was in Buckner's 2nd Division of the Army of Mississippi, commanded by General Albert Sidney Johnston. For several weeks, he trained his troops in the city, and he also participated in the organization of a provisional Confederate government for the state. Although not sanctioned by the legislature in Frankfort, its existence prompted the Confederacy to admit Kentucky on December 10, 1861. Johnston's forces were forced to withdraw from Bowling Green in February 1862. During the retreat, Breckinridge was put in charge of Johnston's Reserve Corps. Johnston decided to attack Ulysses S. Grant's forces at Shiloh, Tennessee on April 6, 1862 by advancing North from his base in Corinth, Mississippi. Breckinridge's reserves soon joined the Battle of Shiloh as Johnston tried to force Grant's troops into the river. Despite Johnston being killed in the fighting, the Confederates made steady progress against Grant's troops until P. G. T. Beauregard – who assumed command after Johnston's death – ordered his generals to break off the fighting at about 6 o'clock in the afternoon. The next day, the Union forces regrouped and repelled the Confederates. Of the 7,000 troops under Breckinridge's command at the battle, 386 were killed and 1,628 were wounded, Breckinridge among the latter. Breckinridge's performance earned him a promotion to major general on April 14, 1862. After his promotion, he joined Earl Van Dorn near Vicksburg, Mississippi. The Confederate forces awaited a Union attack throughout most of July. Finally, Van Dorn ordered Breckinridge to attempt to recapture Baton Rouge, Louisiana, from federal forces. Despite having his forces reduced to around 3,000 by illness and desertions, on August 5, he attacked the Union garrison, capturing several prisoners, destroying its supplies, and driving it from the city. The ironclad \"CSS Arkansas\" was supposed to support Breckinridge's attack, but it was immobilized by a mechanical failure and its crew sank it to prevent its capture. Without naval support, the Confederates were unable to hold the city. Later that month, Breckinridge served as an independent commander in the lower Mississippi Valley, securing Confederate control of the area by taking Port Hudson, which helped halt the federal advance down the Mississippi River. Meanwhile, General Braxton Bragg, commanding the Army of Mississippi, was preparing an invasion of Kentucky, and Breckinridge was ordered to join him. Confederate leaders believed that Breckinridge's presence in the state could spur enlistments. Van Dorn was reluctant to lose command of Breckinridge and his men, and by the time he relented on October 15, Bragg was already retreating from the state after being defeated at the Battle of Perryville. Breckinridge and his division of 7,000 men met Bragg at Murfreesboro, Tennessee. With Kentucky solidly under Union control, Breckinridge's wife and children moved south and followed his troops as closely as was safely possible. Bragg resented Breckinridge's close ties to Confederate commanders, particularly Joseph E. Johnston, Wade Hampton, John B. Floyd, and William Preston, all of whom were related to Breckinridge. Furthermore, he thought Breckinridge's late arrival for the Kentucky campaign had contributed to the lack of Confederate volunteers he found in the state. In December, Bragg ordered the execution of Kentucky Corporal Asa Lewis after a court martial had convicted him of desertion. Lewis's enlistment had expired, but he continued to serve with the 6th Kentucky Infantry until his impoverished mother and siblings begged him to return home. Although Lewis claimed he was returning to the army at the time of his arrest, Bragg was insistent on reducing desertions by making him an example. After witnessing the execution, Breckinridge reportedly became nauseated and fell forward on his horse, requiring assistance from members of his staff. He protested Bragg's \"military murder\" and was barely able to prevent open mutiny by his Kentucky soldiers. Relations between Breckinridge and Bragg continued to deteriorate; Breckinridge's opinion that Bragg was incompetent was shared by many Confederate officers. At Murfreesboro, Breckinridge's Division was assigned to Lieutenant General William J. Hardee's Corps and was stationed on the east side of the Stones River. When the Union Army of the Cumberland, commanded by Major General William Rosecrans, attacked on December 31, 1862, beginning the Battle of Stones River, Bragg's main force initially repelled the attack. Bragg ordered Breckinridge to reinforce him on the west side of the river, but Brigadier General John Pegram, who commanded a cavalry brigade, erroneously reported that a large Union force was advancing along the east bank, and Breckinridge was slow to comply with Bragg's order. When he finally crossed the river, his attacks were ineffective, and Bragg ordered him back across the river. By January 2, Union forces had taken a ridge that ran along the river; against Breckinridge's advice, Bragg ordered the 2nd Division to launch a near-suicidal attack on the federal position. Prior to the attack, Breckinridge wrote to Preston, \"if [the attack] should result in disaster and I be among the killed, I want you to do justice to my memory and tell the people that I believed this attack to be very unwise and tried to prevent it.\" Breckinridge's men initially broke the Union line and forced them across the river. Artillery on the opposite side of the river then opened fire on Breckinridge's men, and reinforcements for the fleeing Union troops arrived. In just over an hour, nearly one-third of Breckinridge's troops were killed, wounded, or captured. One anecdote holds that, as he rode among the survivors, he cried out repeatedly, \"My poor Orphans! My poor Orphans,\" bringing recognition to the Orphan Brigade. Bragg's official report criticized the conduct of Breckinridge's division and assigned to Breckinridge most of the blame for the Confederate defeat. Breckinridge asserted to his superiors that Bragg's report \"fails ... to do justice to the behavior of my Division\"; he requested a court of inquiry, but the request was denied. Several Kentuckians under Breckinridge's command, who already blamed Bragg for the failed invasion of their native state, encouraged him to resign his commission and challenge Bragg to a duel. In May 1863, Breckinridge was reassigned to Joseph E. Johnston, participating in the Battle of Jackson in an unsuccessful attempt to break the Siege of Vicksburg. Vicksburg fell to Grant's forces on July 4, and Breckinridge was returned to Bragg's command on August 28, 1863. After seeing no action on the first day of the Battle of Chickamauga in Georgia on September 19, he led a division of D.H. Hill's corps in an attack on the Union forces the next morning. The Confederate troops succeeded in breaking the Union line, but the main army, due at least in part to Bragg's hesitation, escaped back to Tennessee. Of Breckinridge's 3,769 men, 166 were killed in the battle; 909 were wounded and 165 were missing. In late November, Breckinridge commanded one of Bragg's two corps during the Confederate defeat at the Battles for Chattanooga. Bragg ordered a significant number of Breckinridge's men to reinforce Hardee's corps, leaving him with insufficient forces to repel the combined attack of Joseph Hooker and George Henry Thomas on Missionary Ridge. His son, Cabell, was captured in the battle. He was later freed in a prisoner exchange. In his official report, Bragg charged Breckinridge with drunkenness at Chattanooga and (retroactively) at Stones River. Historian Lowell H. Harrison noted that, while Breckinridge frequently drank whiskey, he was well known for being able to consume large amounts without getting drunk. Before submitting his own resignation, which was accepted, Bragg",
"165 were missing. In late November, Breckinridge commanded one of Bragg's two corps during the Confederate defeat at the Battles for Chattanooga. Bragg ordered a significant number of Breckinridge's men to reinforce Hardee's corps, leaving him with insufficient forces to repel the combined attack of Joseph Hooker and George Henry Thomas on Missionary Ridge. His son, Cabell, was captured in the battle. He was later freed in a prisoner exchange. In his official report, Bragg charged Breckinridge with drunkenness at Chattanooga and (retroactively) at Stones River. Historian Lowell H. Harrison noted that, while Breckinridge frequently drank whiskey, he was well known for being able to consume large amounts without getting drunk. Before submitting his own resignation, which was accepted, Bragg removed Breckinridge from command. It would be almost two years – on May 1, 1865 – before the two would reconcile. On December 15, 1863, Breckinridge took leave in Richmond. Premature rumors of his death prompted \"The New York Times\" to print a quite vituperative obituary suggesting that Breckinridge had been a hypocrite for supporting states' rights, then abandoning his home state when it chose to remain in the Union. Confederate leaders were skeptical of Bragg's claims against Breckinridge, and in February 1864, Confederate President Jefferson Davis assigned him to the Eastern Theater and put him in charge of the Trans-Allegheny Department (later known as the Department of East Tennessee and West Virginia). On May 5, General Robert E. Lee, commander of the Army of Northern Virginia, ordered Breckinridge to take command of a reconnaissance mission to scout the federal forces under Franz Sigel near Winchester, Virginia as part of the Lynchburg Campaign. With a force of about 4,800 men, including 261 cadets from the Virginia Military Institute, he defeated Sigel's 6,300 men at the Battle of New Market on May 15, driving them west across the Shenandoah River. In doing so, Breckinridge's troops managed to protect Lee's flank, defend a crucial railroad juncture, and protect the valuable wheat supply. Lee had suggested that Breckinridge invade Maryland, but he was unable to do so because floodwaters had made the Potomac River virtually impassable. The victory was considered one of his best performances as a general. Since then, many in the South have viewed him as a \"worthy successor\" of the late Stonewall Jackson. Breckinridge would draw more comparisons at the Second Battle of Kernstown, the scene of the first fight in Jackson's Valley Campaign two years earlier. In the Second Battle, which occurred on July 24, 13,000 Confederate troops commanded by Lt. Gen. Jubal Early attacked and defeated 10,000 Federal troops under the command of Brig. Gen. George Crook. The victory allowed the Confederates to resume their invasion of the North. Shortly thereafter, Breckinridge's Division reinforced Lee's Army of Northern Virginia and played an important role in halting Grant's advance at the Battle of Cold Harbor. During the battle, his troops repulsed a powerful Union attack. Breckinridge was wounded when a cannonball struck his horse and he was pinned underneath. He was still unable to walk or ride when Lee ordered him to take command of the survivors of the Confederate defeat at the Battle of Piedmont. Traveling by rail to Rockfish Gap on June 10, he marched his forces into the city of Lynchburg, Virginia. He was joined there by General Early's troops, who arrived just in time to save the Confederate forces from an assault by Union forces under David Hunter at the Battle of Lynchburg. After Early and Breckinridge (who was now able to ride a horse) chased Hunter more than sixty miles away from the city, Lee ordered them to clear the Union forces from the Shenandoah Valley, then cross into Maryland and probe the defenses of Washington, D.C. Union forces' only serious attempt to turn back the expedition came at the Battle of Monocacy on July 9. Confederate troops were delayed, but ultimately prevailed and continued toward Washington. They were defeated at the Battle of Fort Stevens on July 11–12, partially with reinforcements brought in by the United States Government with the time gained from the Battle of Monocacy. Since Lincoln was watching the fight from the ramparts of Fort Stevens, this marked only time in American history in which two former opponents in a presidential election faced one another across battle lines. Following the battle, Early decided to withdraw rather than assault the well-fortified federal capital. Early and Breckinridge were able to hold the Shenandoah Valley through July and August, but on September 19, 1864, Philip Sheridan forced their retreat at the Third Battle of Winchester. Responding to General John Brown Gordon's admonition to be careful in the fight, Breckinridge responded, \"Well, general, there is little left for me if our cause is to fail.\" After the death of John Hunt Morgan, Breckinridge again took command of the Department of East Tennessee and West Virginia. He reorganized the department, which was in great disarray. On October 2, 1864 at the First Battle of Saltville, his troops were able to protect critical Confederate salt works from United States forces under Stephen G. Burbridge, despite a lack of resources. The next morning, he discovered that soldiers under his command had begun killing about 100 wounded black Union soldiers of the 5th United States Colored Cavalry. Hearing the gunfire, he rushed to stop the massacre. Brigadier General Felix Huston Robertson was suspected of involvement. General Lee instructed Breckinridge to \"prefer charges against him and bring him to trial\", but no trial ever took place. In mid-November, Breckinridge led a raid into northeastern Tennessee, driving Alvan Cullem Gillem's forces back to Knoxville at the Battle of Bull's Gap. On December 17–18, he faced a two-pronged attack from Union cavalry under Major General George Stoneman at the Battle of Marion in Virginia. Badly outnumbered on either flank, Breckinridge resisted Stoneman's forces until he ran low on ammunition. Stoneman's forces were able to damage Confederate salt works, lead mines, and railroads in the area, and destroy supply depots at Bristol and Abingdon. Finally restocked with ammunition after three days, Breckinridge was able to drive Stoneman – whose men were now short of ammunition themselves – out of the area. James A. Seddon resigned his position as the Confederate Secretary of War on January 19, 1865. On February 6, Davis appointed Breckinridge to the vacant position, partially to quiet growing opposition to his administration. Initially opposed by several members of the Confederate Congress because he had waited to join the Confederacy, he eventually gained their support by administrating his office more efficiently than his predecessors. With their support, he was able to expand the post's influence to include making officer assignments and promotion recommendations and advising field generals regarding strategy. His first act as secretary was to promote Robert E. Lee to general-in-chief of all Confederate forces. After Lee reported a critical shortage of food, clothing, and supplies among his troops, Breckinridge recommended the removal of Lucius B. Northrop, the Confederate commissary general. Northrop's successor, Isaac M. St. John, improved the flow of supplies to troops in the field. By late February, Breckinridge concluded that the Confederate cause was hopeless. Delegating the day-to-day operations of his office to his assistant, John Archibald Campbell, he began laying the groundwork for surrender. Davis desired to continue the fight, but Breckinridge urged, \"This has been a magnificent epic. In God's name let it not terminate in farce.\" On April 2, Lee sent a telegram to Breckinridge informing him that he would have to withdraw from his position that night, and that this would necessitate the evacuation of",
"a critical shortage of food, clothing, and supplies among his troops, Breckinridge recommended the removal of Lucius B. Northrop, the Confederate commissary general. Northrop's successor, Isaac M. St. John, improved the flow of supplies to troops in the field. By late February, Breckinridge concluded that the Confederate cause was hopeless. Delegating the day-to-day operations of his office to his assistant, John Archibald Campbell, he began laying the groundwork for surrender. Davis desired to continue the fight, but Breckinridge urged, \"This has been a magnificent epic. In God's name let it not terminate in farce.\" On April 2, Lee sent a telegram to Breckinridge informing him that he would have to withdraw from his position that night, and that this would necessitate the evacuation of Richmond. Ordering Campbell to organize the flight of the Confederate cabinet to Danville, Virginia, Breckinridge remained in the city to oversee the destruction of facilities and supplies to prevent their use by the invading federal forces. In the process, he ensured that the Confederate archives, both government and military, were captured intact by the Union forces, ensuring that a full account of the Confederate war effort would be preserved for history. Upon his exit from the city, he ordered that the bridges over the James River be burned. His son Clifton, then serving in the Confederate Navy at Richmond, resigned his post and joined his father as he moved southward to meet Davis. After overseeing the transfer of Richmond, Breckinridge joined Lee's forces at Farmville, Virginia, on the night of April 5 and remained there until April 7. He continued on to Danville, arriving on April 11 to discover that Lee had surrendered on April 9 and the Confederate cabinet had already fled to Greensboro, North Carolina. Arriving in Greensboro on April 13, he advised the cabinet that the remaining Confederate armies should be surrendered; only Davis and Secretary of State Judah P. Benjamin disagreed. At Bennett Place, he assisted Joseph E. Johnston in his surrender negotiations with Major General William Tecumseh Sherman. Sherman later praised Breckinridge's negotiating skills, and the surrender terms agreed to were later rejected by Washington as too generous, forcing Sherman to offer the same terms as Grant had at Appomattox, which were accepted. On April 18, Breckinridge heard from Sherman and Johnston of the assassination of Abraham Lincoln four days earlier; the President had died in the Petersen House, where Breckinridge briefly resided in late 1852 as a congressman. The Kentuckian was visibly devastated. Eyewitness accounts recall him to have said, \"Gentlemen, the South has lost its best friend.\" Breckinridge rode into Abbeville, South Carolina on the morning of April 28. While there, Breckinridge and Brigadier General Basil W. Duke finally convinced Davis that further prosecution of the war was hopeless. Breckinridge was put in charge of the $150,000 in gold specie remaining in the Confederate treasury; traveling southward by rail toward Washington, Georgia, a group of soldiers in his military escort – unpaid for months – threatened to divide the gold among themselves before it could be captured by federal troops. Breckinridge convinced them to abandon their scheme after paying them their wages from the treasury, but some of them refused to escort Breckinridge and the bullion any further. Breckinridge's party arrived in Washington on May 4 and, after paying out several requisitions from the treasury, deposited the rest in banks there. He also composed a letter to his remaining deputies in which he disbanded the War Department. On May 5, the same day that Davis officially dissolved the Confederate Government in Washington, Georgia, Breckinridge discharged most of the men escorting him, retaining only a small contingent of Kentuckians under the command of his cousin, William Campbell Preston Breckinridge. Feeling honor bound to protect Davis, he attempted to create a diversion that would allow him to escape. The next day, his party encountered a large Federal force; while his cousin negotiated with the force's commander, Breckinridge and a small detachment escaped. Riding southward across Georgia, they reached Milltown (now Lakeland) by May 11 and remained there for a few days. Learning of Davis's capture, he left Milltown with only a military aide, a personal servant, and his son Cabell. On May 15, 1865, in Madison, Florida, he was joined by fellow fugitive John Taylor Wood, who had been a captain in the Confederate Navy. Breckinridge and Wood decided to flee to the Bahamas, but because Cabell was allergic to mosquito bites, Breckinridge told him to surrender to the nearest federal officer. At Gainesville, Florida, the group found Confederate Colonel John Jackson Dickison, who gave them a lifeboat he had taken from a captured federal gunboat. Traveling down the St. Johns River, they reached Fort Butler on May 29. From there, they continued on the St. Johns to Lake Harney where the boat was loaded on a wagon and hauled about 12 miles to Sand Point (today's Titusville) on the Indian River. They reached the river by May 31, but as they followed its course southward, they had to drag the boat across the river's mudflats and sandbars. They stopped at the John C. Houston place on Elbow Creek (Melbourne), where their boat was brought ashore and caulked. When the repairs were completed, Colonel John Taylor Wood, again led the party south. Transferring the boat to the Atlantic Ocean near Jupiter Inlet, they continued along the Florida coast and landed near present-day Palm Beach on June 4. Strong winds prevented them from navigating the small craft out to sea, so they continued southward down the coast. On June 5, the party was spotted by a federal steamer, but convinced the crew they were hunters scavenging the coast. Two days later, they encountered a larger boat with a mast and rigging; chasing it down, they disarmed the occupants and hijacked the craft. As compensation, they gave their old boat and twenty dollars in gold to the owners of the larger craft, and returned some of their weapons after the exchange was complete. With this more seaworthy craft, they decided to flee to Cuba. Departing from Fort Dallas, they survived an encounter with pirates, two significant storms, and a dangerous lack of provisions before arriving in the city of Cárdenas on June 11, 1865. A Kentuckian then living in the city recognized Breckinridge, introduced him to the locals, and served as his interpreter. The refugees were given food and stayed the night in a local hotel. The next morning, they traveled by rail to Havana, where Breckinridge was offered a house. He declined the offer, choosing to travel with Charles J. Helm, a fellow Kentuckian who had been operating as a Confederate agent in the Caribbean, to Great Britain. Arriving in Britain in late July, he consulted with former Confederate agents there and arranged communication with his wife, then in Canada. Re-crossing the Atlantic, he was reunited with his wife and all of his children except Clifton in Toronto on September 13, 1865. The family spent the winter in Toronto, living first in a hotel and then in a rented house. There were quite a number of other Confederate exiles in the city. It was enough, according to Mrs. Breckinridge, \"to form quite a pleasant society among ourselves.\" The family moved to Niagara in May. In August, doctors advised Breckinridge's wife that the climate of France might benefit her ailing health. Cabell Breckinridge returned to the U.S. to engage in business ventures with his brother Clifton, and Mary, just 12 years old, was sent to live with relatives in New York. The remainder of the family journeyed to Europe, where the children attended school in Paris, Versailles, and Vevey, Switzerland. From mid-1866 to early 1868, Breckinridge toured Europe – including visits to Germany, Austria, Turkey, Greece,",
"the winter in Toronto, living first in a hotel and then in a rented house. There were quite a number of other Confederate exiles in the city. It was enough, according to Mrs. Breckinridge, \"to form quite a pleasant society among ourselves.\" The family moved to Niagara in May. In August, doctors advised Breckinridge's wife that the climate of France might benefit her ailing health. Cabell Breckinridge returned to the U.S. to engage in business ventures with his brother Clifton, and Mary, just 12 years old, was sent to live with relatives in New York. The remainder of the family journeyed to Europe, where the children attended school in Paris, Versailles, and Vevey, Switzerland. From mid-1866 to early 1868, Breckinridge toured Europe – including visits to Germany, Austria, Turkey, Greece, Syria, Egypt, and the Holy Land; because of her poor health, his wife remained in France until February 1868, when she joined him in Naples, Italy. During their tour of Italy, Breckinridge met with Pope Pius IX in Rome, and also visited Pompeii. Desiring to return to the U.S. but still fearing capture, Breckinridge moved his family back to Niagara in June 1868. Within sight of the U.S. border, he steadfastly refused to seek a pardon, although 70 members of the Kentucky General Assembly had requested one on his behalf from President Andrew Johnson on February 10, 1866. On January 8, 1868, the Louisville City Council instructed the state's congressional delegation to seek assurance that Breckinridge would not be prosecuted on his return. James Beck, Breckinridge's old law partner, was then in Congress and wrote to him on December 11, 1868, that it appeared likely that Johnson would issue a general pardon for all former Confederates; he advised Breckinridge to return to the U.S. prior to the pardon being issued because he feared it might only apply to those in the country. Johnson proclaimed amnesty for all former Confederates on December 25, 1868. Still in Canada, Breckinridge lingered for a few weeks to receive assurance that it still applied to him even though he had not been in the U.S. when it was issued. Departing Canada on February 10, 1869, he made several stops to visit family and friends along the route to Lexington, where he arrived on March 9. Although he resided in Kentucky for the rest of his life, he never bought a home there after the war, living first in hotels and then renting a home on West Second Street. Many insurance companies in the south asked Breckinridge to join them in various capacities. In August 1868, he became manager of the Kentucky branch of Virginia's Piedmont Life Insurance Company (which soon became the Piedmont and Arlington Insurance Company). Washington College (now Washington and Lee University) offered him a professorship. He was urged to accept by former Confederate Colonel William Preston Johnston, who was already serving as a faculty member, but Breckinridge declined. He resumed his law practice, taking as a partner Robert A. Thornton, a 27-year-old former Confederate soldier. He served as general counsel for the proposed Cincinnati Southern Railway, which would connect Cincinnati to Chattanooga via Lexington. Officials in Louisville tried to block the move, which would break the near-monopoly that the Louisville and Nashville Railroad had on southern trade. On January 25, 1870, he presented his case to the House and Senate railroad committees and, although they rejected it at that time, they approved it two years later. Construction began in 1873. Breckinridge's other railroad ventures were less successful. During his lifetime, he was unable to secure the construction of railroads to his real estate investments in and around Superior, Wisconsin. As president of the newly formed Elizabethtown, Lexington, and Big Sandy Railroad company, he secured financial backing from Collis Potter Huntington for a railroad connecting Elizabethtown and Lexington to the Big Sandy River as part of a route linking those cities with the Atlantic Ocean. When Huntington invested in June 1871, he became president of the company, and Breckinridge became vice-president. A line from Lexington to Mount Sterling was all that could be completed before the Panic of 1873 dried up the needed investment capital. The proposed line was finally completed in 1881. Breckinridge refused all requests – including one made by President Ulysses S. Grant – to return to politics, insisting, \"I no more feel the political excitements that marked the scenes of my former years than if I were an extinct volcano.\" Under the terms of section 3 of the Fourteenth Amendment, a two-thirds vote in each house of Congress would have been needed to allow him to hold office because he sided with the Confederacy. He never expressed interest in seeking such approval. Speaking as a private citizen in March 1870, he publicly denounced the actions of the Ku Klux Klan. In 1872, he supported passage of a state statute which successfully legalized black testimony against whites in court. By 1873, Breckinridge began to experience health problems which he referred to as \"pleuro-pneumonia\". Repeated surgeries and visits to the New York coast and the Virginia mountains did not improve his condition. In May 1875, he consulted surgeons Lewis Sayre and Samuel D. Gross, who concluded that his ill health was caused by cirrhosis brought on by injuries to his liver suffered during the war. Of more immediate concern was the fluid that filled two-thirds of one of his lungs. On May 11, Sayre attempted to create an artificial opening through which the fluid could drain; although he had to stop before completing the operation, some of the fluid was drained, bringing a measure of relief. Assisted by Beck and Frank K. Hunt, Breckinridge completed his will. Sayre further alleviated Breckinridge's pain via another surgery on the morning of May 17, but by the afternoon, his condition rapidly worsened, and he died at approximately 5:45 p.m. at the age of 54. Basil Duke led the funeral procession to Lexington Cemetery where Breckinridge's body was buried. As a military commander, Breckinridge was highly respected. Fellow Confederate George M. Edgar, describing Breckinridge's performance, wrote: On May 20, 1875, the \"Louisville Courier Journal\" declared that it was Breckinridge who was \"truly representative of the rebellion as an actual force and its underlying causes.\" He was viewed poorly in the North. The premature \"New York Times\" 1863 obituary labelled \"him one of the basest and wickedest of traitors.\" Despite differences in spelling, the towns of Breckenridge, Minnesota, Breckenridge, Missouri, Breckenridge, Texas, and Breckenridge, Colorado were named in Breckinridge's honor. The Colorado town changed the spelling of its name when its namesake joined the Confederacy. Fort Breckinridge, Arizona Territory (1860 to 1865), located at the confluence of the Aravaipa Creek and the San Pedro River, was named in honor of the Vice President. During the Civil War, its name was changed to Fort Stanford in honor of California Governor Leland Stanford, before being changed back to Fort Breckinridge. After the Civil War, the name was changed once again to Camp Grant. Between 1855 and 1862, the county now known as Lyon County, Kansas, was known as Breckinridge County. Breckinridge was played by Jason Isaacs in the 2014 film \"Field of Lost Shoes\", which depicted the Battle of New Market. A memorial to Breckinridge was placed on the Fayette County Courthouse lawn in Lexington in 1887. The racially motivated Charleston church shooting in South Carolina in June 2015 reinvigorated demands for the removal of monuments dedicated to prominent pro-slavery and Confederate figures. In November 2015, a committee, the Urban County Arts Review Board's, voted to recommend removal of both the Breckinridge statue and the John Hunt Morgan statue from the Courthouse grounds. Amy Murrell Taylor, an associate professor of history at the",
"changed once again to Camp Grant. Between 1855 and 1862, the county now known as Lyon County, Kansas, was known as Breckinridge County. Breckinridge was played by Jason Isaacs in the 2014 film \"Field of Lost Shoes\", which depicted the Battle of New Market. A memorial to Breckinridge was placed on the Fayette County Courthouse lawn in Lexington in 1887. The racially motivated Charleston church shooting in South Carolina in June 2015 reinvigorated demands for the removal of monuments dedicated to prominent pro-slavery and Confederate figures. In November 2015, a committee, the Urban County Arts Review Board's, voted to recommend removal of both the Breckinridge statue and the John Hunt Morgan statue from the Courthouse grounds. Amy Murrell Taylor, an associate professor of history at the University of Kentucky, claimed that the \"statues are not and have never been neutral representations of the Civil War past but instead they are embodiments of a racially charged postwar interpretation of it.\" John C. Breckinridge John Cabell Breckinridge (January 16, 1821 – May 17, 1875) was an American lawyer, politician, and soldier. He represented Kentucky in both houses of Congress and became the 14th and youngest-ever Vice President of the United States, serving from 1857 to 1861. He was a member"
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"Remo Mancini Remo Mancini (born May 26, 1951) is a businessman and former politician in Ontario, Canada. He was a Liberal member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1975 to 1993, and served as a cabinet minister in the government of David Peterson. Mancini was born in Pescara, Italy. A gold medal gymnast, he received athletic scholarships to both U.S and Canadian Universities. Injuries ended Mancini's athletic career and formal education. Mancini received an ICD.D certification from the Corporate Governance College at the Rotman School of Management, University of Toronto. The program is a joint initiative by Rotman and the Institute of Corporate Directors. In 1972, Mancini was elected to the local municipal council of Anderdon township. In December 1974, Mancini was elected deputy reeve and Essex County councillor at the age of 23. Mancini was elected to the provincial legislature the following year in the Ontario general election of 1975, defeating Progressive Conservative Frank Klees by just over 2,000 votes in Essex South. He defeated Klees again by a wider margin in the 1977 Ontario election, and easily retained his seat in the elections of 1981, 1985 and 1987. The Liberal Party was able to form a minority government under David Peterson following the 1985 provincial election, after 42 years in opposition. Mancini was named as the Premier's parliamentary assistant from 1985 to 1987. He was promoted to minister without portfolio responsible for disabled persons on September 29, 1987, and finally to Minister of Revenue on August 2, 1989. The Liberals were defeated by the New Democratic Party in the 1990 Ontario election. Mancini was the only Liberal MPP elected in the Windsor to London region. Remo Mancini was elected to House Leader by the Liberal Caucus in a formal process which he served until February 1992. While in opposition Mancini was chairman of the Public Accounts Committee. He endorsed Steve Mahoney's bid to lead the Liberal Party in 1991. Mancini retired from the legislature on April 30, 1993. In February 1994, Mancini was appointed as director of corporate affairs for the \"Canadian Transit Company\" which operates the Canadian portion of the Ambassador Bridge linking Windsor, Ontario and Detroit, Michigan. Four months later, he was promoted to vice-president. He stayed in that position for 10 years until he resigned in September 2004. In 2006 he was appointed to the Board of Advisors of Watts Energy, a Michigan-based energy company focused on renewable wind energy. He also served on the US-based National Association of Corporate Directors (NACD) and the Canadian-based \"Institute of Corporate Directors\" (ICD). In 2007, Mancini was elected Chairman of the Board of the \"Windsor-Essex Development Commission (WEDC)\", a not-for-profit corporation that seeks to \"maximize economic diversity, growth and prosperity\" in Windsor and Essex. In March 2008, Mancini was appointed Acting Interim Executive Officer, making Mancini the WEDC's fifth CEO in five years. Mancini resigned, along with the entire WEDC Board of Directors in March 2009 due to political interference after publicly stating such interference was contrary the principles under which the Dev. Com. was established. Remo Mancini Remo Mancini (born May 26, 1951) is a businessman and former politician in Ontario, Canada. He was a Liberal member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1975 to 1993, and served as a cabinet minister in the government of David Peterson. Mancini was born in Pescara, Italy. A gold medal gymnast, he received athletic scholarships to both U.S and Canadian Universities. Injuries ended Mancini's athletic career and formal education. Mancini received an ICD.D certification from the Corporate Governance College at the Rotman School of Management, University of Toronto."
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"Fred Claire Fred Claire (born October 5, 1935) is a former major league baseball executive who served in numerous roles for the Los Angeles Dodgers from 1969–1998 including the role of general manager from 1987 to 1998. Claire was born on October 5, 1935 in Jamestown, Ohio. His father owned and operated a drugstore. Claire has one brother and a sister. In 1950, Marston and Mary Francis Claire moved their family to Torrance, CA, a suburb of Los Angeles. Fred graduated from Torrance High School, then obtained his bachelor's degree in journalism from San Jose State University. He holds an Associate of Arts degree from Mt. San Antonio College and has been honored by the college as an outstanding alumnus. He also attended El Camino College, located in Torrance. While at El Camino, he had a paper published in \"Baseball Magazine\" called \"Make Way for the Coast League\" which discussed baseball on the west coast and turning the Pacific Coast League into a Major League. Throughout the late 1950s and 1960s, Claire worked as a sports editor/sports writer for the \"Whittier Daily News\", the \"Pomona Progress-Bulletin\", and the \"Long Beach Independent Press-Telegram\". He married and had three children, Jen, Jeff, and Kim. In the spring of 1969, Fred was assigned to cover the Dodgers during spring training in Vero Beach, FL for the Press-Telegram. During the season, one of the assistants in the public relations department for the Dodgers was fired. Claire expressed his interest in the position to Dodger executives and was hired in July 1969. He worked in that same position until 1975 when his boss, Dodgers vice president of public relations, Red Patterson, left to work for the California Angels. Claire moved into Patterson's position. During his time as VP of Public Relations, he was instrumental in creating the branding that came to be known as \"Dodger blue\" and the subsequent \"Think Blue\" campaign and also the hiring of announcer Ross Porter. Porter would remain a Dodger announcer from 1977 until 2004. On April 6, 1987, Dodgers General Manager Al Campanis accepted the offer to appear on the \"Nightline\" television show to talk about his thoughts on the 40th anniversary of Jackie Robinson breaking the color barrier. Campanis did not alert anyone in the Dodgers organization that he would be on the show. When Campanis was asked why he felt there were not African American baseball managers, he stated, \"I truly believe they may not have some of the necessities to be, let's say, a field manager, or perhaps, a general manager. Why are black people not good swimmers? Because they don't have buoyancy.\" These comments stunned the baseball world. Campanis, who did not have a reputation as a racist and was one of the few Dodger players to welcome Robinson during his debut, was forced to resign his post with the Dodgers with Claire assuming player personnel responsibilities. Dodgers president Peter O'Malley moved Claire into the general manager position. After a dismal 1987 season, Claire rebuilt the team into an instant playoff contender. During the offseason before the 1988 season, Claire acquired veteran outfielders Kirk Gibson and Mike Davis, veteran shortstop Alfredo Griffin, and pitchers Jay Howell and Jesse Orosco. The Dodgers would go on to win the 1988 World Series against the heavily favored Oakland Athletics in just five games. His later moves were not as successful. On November 8, 1990 the Dodgers gave free agent outfielder Darryl Strawberry a five-year contract worth $20 million. At the time it looked like a good deal. Strawberry hit 37 home runs with a .277 batting average in 1989 for the New York Mets. However, Strawberry's time with the Dodgers was characterized by chronic back problems, drug abuse and overall underachievement. Strawberry was given his outright release on May 26, 1994 after he failed to show up to a game. The following year, on November 27, 1991, Claire traded pitchers Tim Belcher and John Wetteland to the Cincinnati Reds for outfielder Eric Davis and pitcher Kip Gross. It was supposed to set up a reunion of childhood friends Strawberry and Davis. However, Davis was also plagued by injuries throughout his less than 2-year stint with the Dodgers. He was traded to the Detroit Tigers in August 1993. Wetteland, was traded from the Reds to the Montreal Expos less than a month after he had joined the Reds. Wetteland went on to become one of the most dominating relief pitchers in the MLB throughout the rest of the 1990s. The transaction even Claire would later regret occurred in 1994. In need of a second baseman after a contract dispute with Jody Reed, Claire sent the talented Pedro Martínez to Montreal for Delino DeShields. Martinez became one of the best pitchers in the MLB for the next decade and a half. Martinez was selected to 8 All Star teams and won the Cy Young Award in 1997, 1999 and 2000. Deshields spent three years as the Dodgers starting second baseman in which he was more known for his various injuries and numerous complaints that the Dodgers did not have enough black players on the team. Claire continued as the Dodger general manager through the 1997 season. When Rupert Murdoch's News Corporation, owner of the Fox network and 20th Century Fox purchased the team in 1998, officials stated that Claire and Field Manager Bill Russell would remain in their positions. On May 15, 1998, new Dodger officials made a blockbuster trade without the involvement or knowledge of General Manager Claire, a move that was unheard of in baseball at the time. The trade was one of the biggest in Dodger history. The Dodgers traded Mike Piazza and Todd Zeile to the Florida Marlins for Gary Sheffield, Charles Johnson, Jim Eisenreich and Bobby Bonilla. Claire was furious that the new FOX officials would make such a deal as Piazza had been with the organization for over a decade and Zeile had signed for less than market value to be closer to his home in suburban Santa Clarita, CA. Claire, who had full control of player transactions before FOX took over, pulled no punches when he was asked his feeling on the trade. On June 21, 1998 Claire and Russell were both relieved of their duties in what was deemed by those in baseball as the \"Sunday Night Massacre.\" Russell was replaced by Glenn Hoffman, Claire by Tom Lasorda. Fred Claire Fred Claire (born October 5, 1935) is a former major league baseball executive who served in numerous roles for the Los Angeles Dodgers from 1969–1998 including the role of general manager from"
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"Little White Mountain Little White Mountain is a mountain near the city of Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada, near the central Okanagan Valley. It has an elevation of 2,171 meters (or 7,123 feet). It is a significant destination for backcountry recreation, with backcountry skiing, snowshoeing and snowmobiling opportunities. The BC parks website describes it as, \"...one of the most attractive sub-alpine areas in the Okanagan and is a significant destination for backcountry recreation. The forested south slopes provide extensive hiking opportunities at the urban interface.\" The site goes on to say that \"Little White Mountain provides backcountry skiing and snowshoeing opportunities\". There are snowmobiling opportunities in the park. Snowmobiles can use the KVR and Little White Mountain when \"snow depth precludes environmental damage.\" Little White Mountain Little White Mountain is a mountain near the city of Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada, near the central Okanagan Valley. It has an elevation of 2,171 meters (or 7,123 feet). It is a significant destination for backcountry recreation, with backcountry skiing, snowshoeing and snowmobiling opportunities. The BC parks website describes it as, \"...one of the most attractive sub-alpine areas in the Okanagan and is a significant destination for backcountry recreation. The forested south slopes provide extensive"
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"Danielle Pafunda Danielle Pafunda is an American writer and poet. She has taught for the University of Wyoming, University of California San Diego, and is 2018-19 Visiting Assistant Professor of Poetry and Poetics at the University of Maine. She also teaches for Mississippi University for Women's low-residency MFA. She often lives and works in the Mojave Desert. Danielle Pafunda is native of upstate New York. She earned a BA in Russian literature and creative writing from Bard College in New York. She earned her MFA in poetry from the New School also located in New York. Pafunda earned her PhD in English Literature from the University of Georgia. She has taught creative writing, English literature, gender and women's studies, queer studies, cultural diversity and disability studies at Columbia College Chicago, University of Wyoming, University of California San Diego, and University of Maine. She is author of eight poetry collections. Her first collection, \"Pretty Young Thing\", was published by Soft Skull Press in 2005. \"My Zorba\" was published by Bloof Books in 2008, \"Iatrogenic: Their Testimonies\" by Noemi Press in 2010, \"Manhater\" by Dusie Press in 2012, and \"Natural History Rape Museum\" by Bloof Books in 2013. Recent collections include \"The Dead Girls Speak in Unison\" from Bloof Books 2017, \"Beshrew\" Dusie Press 2018 forthcoming, and \"Spite\" Ahsahta Press 2020 forthcoming. Her first book of prose \"The Book of Scab\" is forthcoming from Ricochet Editions. Among Pafunda's awards are inclusion in the Best American Poetry series, and in the Academy of American Poets Poem-a-Day feature. Her poems and essays have appeared in \"American Poet, Conjunctions, Denver Quarterly, Kenyon Review\", and others. Pafunda was editor of the online literary journal \"La Petite Zine\" for seven years, and currently serves on the board of directors of VIDA: Women in Literary Arts. She currently splits her time between Maine and the Mojave Desert. Danielle Pafunda's books include: Her poems appear in: Her poems, essays, and short stories have appeared in A\"merican Poet, Conjunctions, Denver Quarterly, Fairy Tale Review, Kenyon Review\" and \"The Huffington Post\". Pafunda is a neo-gothic feminist poet interested in bodies, power, and pain: “I have always had to, and will always have to, live consciously within the meat of the body, and this meat life influences every fiber of my politics/poetics.” “In poetry I try to do at least one thing consistently: to attract the gaze, to pin or fix it in place, and then show it those sights which brutalize, horrify, repulse, or shame it.” Danielle Pafunda Danielle Pafunda is an American writer and poet. She has taught for the University of Wyoming, University of California San Diego, and is 2018-19 Visiting Assistant Professor of Poetry and Poetics at the University of Maine. She also teaches for Mississippi University for Women's low-residency MFA. She often lives and works in the Mojave Desert. Danielle Pafunda is native of upstate New York. She earned a BA in Russian literature and creative writing from Bard College in New York. She earned her MFA"
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"Robert Capell, 10th Earl of Essex Robert Edward de Vere Capell, 10th Earl of Essex (13 January 1920 – 5 June 2005) was the 10th Earl of Essex. Lord Essex was born in 1920, the son of Arthur de Vere Capell and Alice Currie. His father died when he was three. He spent some time in an orphanage, where he was bewildered when the head told him he would be the Earl of Essex someday. This interest was revived when many years later, he received a newspaper clipping from a friend saying that the heir to the Earls of Essex might be an American, Bladen Horace Capell. This led to an exhaustive search by de Vere Capell with much correspondence with many distant and formerly unknown relatives. Eventually, he managed to prove that his great-grandfather Algernon Capell was the elder brother of Bladen's great-great-grandfather Adolphus Capell. Capell married Doris Margaret Tomlinson, daughter of George Frederick Tomlinson, in 1942. They had one child, Paul, later the 11th Earl of Essex. When the 9th Earl died in 1981, it took eight years for Robert to be permitted to take his seat in the House of Lords, a seat which he lost due to the House of Lords Act 1999. He died in 2005, and was succeeded as Earl of Essex by his son. This chart shows the relation between the 9th Earl of Essex and the 10th Earl. Robert Capell, 10th Earl of Essex Robert Edward de Vere Capell, 10th Earl of Essex (13 January 1920 – 5 June 2005) was the 10th Earl of Essex. Lord Essex was born in 1920, the son of Arthur de Vere Capell and Alice Currie. His father died when he was three. He spent some time in an orphanage, where he was bewildered when the"
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"When the Love Is Good \"When the Love is Good\" is a song by the American female pop group Big Trouble. It was released as the second and final single from the band's debut and only album \"Big Trouble\", where it was the opening track. Following on from the minor success in America and the UK with the band's single \"Crazy World\" in 1987, which had peaked at #71 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart, the group's third and final single \"When the Love is Good\" would be the second to be taken from their debut album. Released in 1988, the single failed to chart in America, although it did find minor success in the UK, where it peaked at #83 and lasted in the Top 100 for three weeks during April 1988. It entered at #83 on its first week. In the UK, the \"Crazy World\" single would be the follow-up to \"When the Love is Good\" as its original release failed to make an impact in 1987. The single was released in America, the UK and the Netherlands via Epic Records, and distributed by CBS Records. It was released on 7\" vinyl, and additionally as a 12\" vinyl maxi single in the UK and the Netherlands. In all countries of release, the 7\" vinyl featured the non-album, exclusive track \"Last Kiss\" as the b-side. The song was written by Moroder and Whitlock like the b-side, and was produced solely by Moroder. The song has not appeared elsewhere on any other release. In America a promotional 7\" vinyl was also issued, featuring \"When the Love is Good\" on both sides of the vinyl. The 12\" vinyl released in the UK featured \"Lipstick\" and \"Last Kiss\" as the b-sides. \"When the Love is Good\" was not extended. \"Lipstick\" was taken from the \"Big Trouble\" album and was written by David Darling and Reeves, whilst being produced by Moroder and Reeves. The Netherlands 12\" vinyl issue featured the same track-listing and duration as the 7\" vinyl release. All releases, including the American promotional vinyl, featured artwork. In America the artwork compiled four separate photographs of all four members of the band, whilst the UK and Netherlands releases featured a group photograph of the band in front of a blue backdrop. Like \"Crazy World\", a music video was created to promote the single. Since appearing unofficially on YouTube in March 2012, the video has gained over 2,800 views. The video largely showed the band performing the song on a stage in front of a small audience, along with other various shots. In the \"New Straits Times\" issue of March 6, 1988, a review of the album was published. The author Saw Tek Meng spoke of the song, stating \"\"The good news is that Big Trouble don't disgrace themselves or their mentors. Lead singer Bobbie Eakes has not let her Miss Georgia 1983 title get in the way of her vocal abilities and keyboardist Rebecca Ryan, bassist Julia Farey and drummer Suzy Zarow show enough chops on tracks like \"When the Love is Good,\" \"Crazy World\" and two oldies, \"Cool Jerk\" and Dionne's Warwick's \"Trains and Boats and Planes,\" to indicate they should survive longer than the average female band.\"\" When the Love Is Good \"When the Love is Good\" is a song by the American female pop group Big Trouble. It was released as the second and final single from the band's debut and only album \"Big Trouble\", where it was the opening track. Following on from the minor success in America and the UK with the band's single \"Crazy World\" in"
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"Myndert Schuyler Myndert Schuyler (January 16, 1672 – October 18, 1755) was a colonial trader and merchant with extensive real estate holdings who served as Mayor of Albany, New York twice between 1719 and 1725. Schuyler was born on January 16, 1672 at the family homestead, Schuyler Flatts (near present day Menands, New York). He was one of eight children born to his parents, David Pieterse Schuyler (1636–1690), who was born in the Netherlands, and Catharina Verplanck (1639–1690), between 1659 and 1678. Both of his parents died during the Schenectady massacre of 1690. He was the younger brother of David Davidse Schuyler, also a mayor of Albany. His paternal grandparents were Pieter Tjercks Van Schuylder and Geertruyt Philips and his uncle was Philip Pieterse Schuyler (1628–1683), the prominent colonist landowner. Through his uncle, he was first cousins with Gertruj Schuyler (b. 1654), who married Stephanus van Cortlandt (1643–1700), the patroon of Van Cortlandt Manor and a Mayor of New York City, Alida Schuyler (1656–1727), who married Nicholas van Rensselaer and after his death, Robert Livingston the Elder, Pieter Schuyler (1657–1724), the first mayor of Albany, Arent Schuyler (1662–1730), and Johannes Schuyler. Schuyler was a prominent merchant and trader who turned his profits into extensive real estate holdings throughout the New York region. He served the Albany government as a juror, constable, Alderman, and mayor. He also was elected five times to represent Albany in the New York General Assembly, serving from 1701 to 1709, in 1713, from 1716 to 1726, and again in 1728. In addition, he was the Albany County surrogate for many years. In 1726, Schuyler was appointed and began serving as Mayor of Albany for two non-consecutive times. The first term began in 1719 and he was in office until 1720 when he was succeeded by Pieter Van Brugh, who served from 1720 to 1723. Schuyler succeeded him in 1723 and was in office until 1725 when he was replaced by Johannes Cuyler. For thirty-five years, the longest of any Commissioner, he served as Commissioner of Indian Affairs for the Province of New York, appointed in 1706, 1710, 1712, 1715, 1728, 1729, 1732, 1734, 1739, 1742, 1745, 1752, and 1754. In December 1693, Schuyler married Rachel Cuyler (1674–1747), the daughter of Hendrick Cuyler and Anna Schempoes, pioneers of New Netherland, at the New York Reformed Church, New York City. Together, they were the parents of one child: Schuyler died in October 18, 1755 and was buried beneath the Albany Dutch church. He was the grandfather of Anna de Peyster (1723–1794), who married Volkert Petrus Douw (1720–1801), a New York State Senator and Mayor of Albany who was the grandson of Hendrick van Rensselaer, Rachel de Peyster (1728–1794), who married Tobias Coenraedt Ten Eyck (1717–1785), and his namesake, Myndert Schuyler de Peyster (1736–1745), who died young. Through his granddaughter Anna, he was the great-grandfather of nine children, including John De Peyster Douw (1756–1835), who took part in the Clinton-Sullivan Expedition and also served as Surrogate of Albany County, replacing de Peyster in 1782. Through his granddaughter Rachel, he was also the great-grandfather of Johannes De Peyster Ten Eyck (d. 1798), Myndert Schuyler Ten Eyck (1753–1805), Henry Ten Eyck (b. 1755), and Tobias Ten Eyck (b. 1764). Myndert Schuyler Myndert Schuyler (January 16, 1672 – October 18, 1755) was a colonial trader and merchant with extensive real estate holdings who served as Mayor of Albany, New York twice between 1719 and 1725. Schuyler was born on January 16, 1672 at the family homestead, Schuyler Flatts (near present day Menands, New York). He was one of eight children born to"
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"Juniperus grandis Juniperus grandis, with the common names Sierra juniper, Sierra western juniper, and western juniper, is a tree or tall shrub that is endemic to the Western United States. The tree is native to the Sierra Nevada in eastern California and western Nevada; and the White and Inyo Mountains, San Gabriel and San Bernardino Mountains, and higher elevations of Mojave Desert mountains, in Southern California. It is found in exposed, dry, rocky slopes, flats, pinyon-juniper woodland, and Temperate coniferous forest habitats, including the Sierra Nevada upper montane forest and Sierra Nevada subalpine zone ecoregions. It grows at elevations of . \"Juniperus grandis\" is a medium-sized tree tall. It has a stout trunk up to diameter, with red-brown bark. The whorled leaves are scale-like and closely appressed. Most plants are dioecious, but about 5–10% are monoecious. Its fleshy and berry-like cones are 5–9 mm diameter. Its pollination period is May and June. The seeds are wingless. Juniperus grandis Juniperus grandis, with the common names Sierra juniper, Sierra western juniper, and western juniper, is a tree or tall shrub that is endemic to the Western United States. The tree is native to the Sierra Nevada in eastern California and western Nevada;"
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"Odostomia orariana Odostomia orariana is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies. The length of an adult shell measures 2 mm. The milk-white shell is elongate, conic, and turreted. The whorls of the protoconch are deeply obliquely immersed in the first of the succeeding turns, above which only the tilted edge of the last volution projects. The six whorls of the teleoconch are strongly tabulately shouldered at the summit, flat in the middle, and sloping suddenly toward the suture. They are ornamented by slender axial ribs, of which 15 occur upon the second and 18 upon the remaining whorls. In addition to the axial ribs, the whorls are marked between the sutures by two strong spiral keels, one of which is situated at the angle of the shoulder, the other at the posterior termination of the anterior third between the sutures. The junctions of the axial ribs and spiral keels are very slightly nodulous. The sutures are deeply channeled. The periphery of the body whorl are well rounded, marked by a spiral keel. The base of the shell is well rounded. It is marked by two spiral keels, which divide the space between the peripheral keel and the umbilical area into three equal parts, and the continuation of the axial ribs, which are fainter on the base than on the spire. The aperture is ovate. The posterior angle is obtuse. The outer lip is thin, rendered angular by the keels. The columella is slender, decidedly curved, reinforced by the base. The parietal wall is covered with a thin callus. This species occurs in the Pacific Ocean off Panama. Odostomia orariana Odostomia orariana is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and"
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"* 30 Days of Night (paperback, collects 30 Days of Night #1-3, June 2004, ISBN 0-9719775-5-0). The first printing featured the autographs of Steve Niles and Ben Templesmith. \n * 30 Days of Night (hardcover, collects 30 Days of Night #1-3, December 2004, ISBN 1-4352-3506-1) \n * The Complete 30 Days of Night (hardcover, collects 30 Days of Night #1-3, January 2004, ISBN 1-932382-17-8) \n * Dark Days (paperback, collects Dark Days #1-6, April 2004, ISBN 1-932382-16-X) \n * The Complete Dark Days (hardcover, collects Dark Days #1-6, December 2004, ISBN 1-932382-61-5) \n * 30 Days of Night:Return to Barrow (paperback, collects Return to Barrow #1-6, October 2004, ISBN 1-932382-36-4) \n * 30 Days of Night:Return to Barrow (hardcover, collects Return to Barrow #1-6, October 2004, ISBN 1-4352-3614-9) \n * 30 Days of Night:Bloodsucker Tales (paperback, collects Bloodsucker Tales #1-8, September 2005, ISBN 1-932382-78-X) \n * 30 Days of Night:Bloodsucker Tales (hardcover, collects Bloodsucker Tales #1-8, August 2005, ISBN 1-933239-11-5) \n * 30 Days of Night:Three Tales (paperback, collects 30 Days of Night Annual #2, 30 Days of Night:Dead Space #1-3, 30 Days of Night:Picking up the Pieces, July 2006, ISBN 1-933239-92-1) \n * 30 Days of Night Annual #2:\"The Journal of John Ikos\"-Written by Steve Niles, art by Nat Jones. \n * 30 Days of Night:Dead Space-Written by Steve Niles and Dan Wickline, art by Milx. \n * 30 Days of Night:Spreading the Disease (paperback, collects Spreading the Disease #1-5, July 2007, ISBN 1-60010-085-6). Written by Dan Wickline, art by Alex Sanchez. \n * 30 Days of Night:Eben and Stella (paperback, collects Eben and Stella #1-4, November 2007, ISBN 1-60010-107-0). Written by Steve Niles and Kelly Sue DeConnick, art by Justin Randall. \n * 30 Days of Night:Red Snow (paperback, collects Red Snow #1-3, January 2008, ISBN 1-60010-149-6). Written and illustrated by Ben Templesmith. \n * 30 Days of Night:Beyond Barrow (paperback, collects Beyond Barrow #1-3, March 2008, ISBN 1-60010-155-0). Written by Steve Niles. \n * 30 Days of Night:30 Days' Til Death (paperback, collects 30 Days' Til Death #1-4, June 2009, ISBN 1-60010-441-X). Written and illustrated by David Lapham. \n\n\n Vampires flock to Barrow, Alaska, where the sun sets for about 30 days, allowing them to feed without the burden of sleep to avoid lethal sunlight. When the vampire elder Vicente learns of this plan, he travels to Barrow to end the feeding, to preserve the secrecy of vampires. Because of the cold, the vampires' senses are weakened and a few of the town's residents are able to hide. One such resident is Sheriff Eben Olemaun, who saves the town by injecting vampire blood into his veins. He uses his enhanced strength to fight Vicente, saving the lives of the few remaining townspeople, including his wife Stella. Suffering the same weakness as all vampires, Eben allows himself to die and turns to ash when the sun rises. \n * Vicente \n * Marlow \n * Lilith \n * Agent Norris \n * Santana \n * Dane \n * Billy \n * Zurial \n * Thomas Ramandt \n * Eben Olemaun \n * Stella Olemaun \n\n\n 30 Days of Night was originally published as several miniseries of 22-page comic books from IDW Publishing. These single issues are now collected in several trade paperbacks, as well as hardcover collections. \n A sequel to the film was released in October 2010. 30 Days of Night:Dark Days was directed by Ben Ketai and stars Kiele Sanchez as Stella Oleson. \n In the series, vampirism is portrayed as a virus, one that can be spread through scratches, bites, and contact with vampire blood. The disease turns humans who contract it undead and gives them a mouthful of shark-like fangs and black eyes, as well as superhuman strength and speed, an aversion to sunlight, and superhumanly acute senses of sight, smell, and hearing. However, these senses can be weakened by extreme cold. Also, some vampires possess additional powers, such as teleportation, telepathy, and the ability to disguise oneself. Vampires in the series differ in many ways from their mythological counterparts:impaling them with a wooden stake will not, on its own, kill them; neither will exposing them to garlic or even fire. They are extremely resilient, capable of withstanding grenades going off on their bodies, or surviving after losing half of their faces to explosions. The only way to kill them is to behead them, or expose them to the vitamins generated in direct sunlight, which sets them on fire, and burns them to ash rapidly. Also, large amounts of ultraviolet light burns them and probably can kill them, but they can never stay dead for long; if blood hits their ashes, they will regenerate. \n 30 Days of Night:Return to Barrow garnered Steve Niles and Ben Templesmith's first Eisner Award nominations in 2005. These included:\n * Eben Olemaun \n * Stella Olemaun \n * Jason Clifton \n * Agent Andy Gray \n * Jose Alex Diaz \n * Chirs Johnson \n\n\n 30 Days of Night \n--- \nCover to 30 Days of Night trade paperback (art by Ben Templesmith) \nPublication information \nPublisher | IDW Publishing \nSchedule | Monthly \nFormat | Mini-series \nGenre | \n\n * Horror \n\n \nPublication date | August–October 2002 \nNo. of issues | \nCreative team \nCreated by | Steve Niles Ben Templesmith \nWritten by | Steve Niles Matt Fraction Dan Wickline Kelly Sue DeConnick Ben Templesmith \nArtist (s) | Ben Templesmith Szymon Kudranski Brandon Hovet Josh Medors Kody Chamberlain Nat Jones Milx Alex Sanchez Justin Randall Bill Sienkiewicz \nCollected editions \n30 Days of Night | ISBN 0-9719775-5-0 \n The series takes place in Barrow, Alaska, so far north that during the winter, the sun does not rise for 30 days. In the series, vampires, being vulnerable to sunlight, take advantage of the prolonged darkness to openly kill the townspeople and feed at will. \n An ongoing series of 30 Days of Night novels is being published by IDW Publishing and Pocket Books. They include a novelization of the film. \n * Nomination, Best Limited Series \n * Nomination, Best Writer (Steve Niles) \n * Nomination, Best Painter/Multimedia Artist (Ben Templesmith) \n\n\n * 30 Days of Night (film novelization) by Tim Lebbon ISBN 978-1-4165-4497-5 \n * 30 Days of Night:Rumors of the Undead by Steve Niles and Jeff Mariotte ISBN 0-7434-9651-5 \n * 30 Days of Night:Immortal Remains by Steve Niles and Jeff Mariotte ISBN 978-0-7434-9652-0 \n * 30 Days of Night:Eternal Damnation by Steve Niles and Jeff Mariotte ISBN 978-0-7434-9653-7 \n * 30 Days of Night:Light of Day by Jeff Mariotte and Steve Niles ISBN 978-1-4391-2227-3 \n * 30 Days of Night:Fear of the Dark by Tim Lebbon ISBN 978-1-4391-2228-0 \n\n\n Initially an unsuccessful film pitch, the series became a breakout success story for Steve Niles, whose previous works had received relatively little attention. It was also the first full-length work by co-creator Ben Templesmith. The series has been followed by numerous sequel series, and in 2007, was adapted into a film of the same name. \n The Nosferatu were once ruled by a \"Council of Elders\" led by Vicente. When the council decided to make themselves known to the human race, humanity rebelled and persecuted most of their race. After a millennium, only a handful survived, led by Vicente. \n A film adaptation of the original 30 Days of Night miniseries was produced by Columbia Pictures and Ghost House Pictures. The screenplay went through several versions and writers, among them Steve Niles and Stuart Beattie. The film was directed by David Slade and stars Hollywood actors Josh Hartnett and Melissa George. It was released on October 19, 2007, and was filmed at Henderson Valley Studios in Auckland, New Zealand. \n 30 Days of Night is a three-issue horror comic book miniseries written by Steve Niles, illustrated by Ben Templesmith, and published by American company IDW Publishing in 2002. All three parties co-own the property."
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"Chico (Egyptian artist) Chico (born 1985/1986) is the pseudonym of an anonymous Egyptian street artist and graffiti artist whose work has gained popularity and notoriety in Egypt following the 2011 Egyptian Revolution. Chico claims not to have studied art formally, although he now teaches it. He has said that he has always been \"interested in graffiti and stencils in particular.\" Chico has stated that he works with stencils because they are \"fast and safe.\" During the days of the revolution, he and fellow Egyptian graffiti artist El Teneen spray painted stencils on surfaces in public spaces, such as lampposts and walls, in downtown Cairo. However, these stencils were often quickly identified by security forces and removed, sometimes within minutes. Since the 2011 revolution, Chico's work has been noted for its political content and criticism of the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces, or SCAF, which as ruled the country since the February, 2011 resignation of former president Housni Mubarak. He said during the February revolution that contemporary political events had led to the politicization of his artwork, stating that \"[m]y work has not always addressed the political situation. I have expressed a variety of issues, including social grievances, on the streets of Cairo and Alexandria. But the Egyptian government does not want to differentiate between political and non-political messages. They are not welcomed by the government, regardless of the topic.\" Chico (Egyptian artist) Chico (born 1985/1986) is the pseudonym of an anonymous Egyptian street artist and graffiti artist whose work has gained popularity and notoriety in Egypt following the 2011 Egyptian Revolution. Chico claims not to have studied art formally, although he now teaches it. He has said that he has always been \"interested in graffiti and stencils in particular.\" Chico has stated that he works with stencils because they"
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"Port Washington, Wisconsin Port Washington is the county seat of Ozaukee County in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. The population was 11,250 at the 2010 census. The city was named for its natural port, and in honor of first President George Washington. Port Washington contains a post office with the ZIP code of 53074. The area that became Port Washington was originally inhabited by the Sauk tribe of Native Americans, and later explored by the French in the late 17th century. In 1835, General Wooster Harrison became the town's first permanent settler, in what he originally named \"Wisconsin City.\" Harrison later renamed the town \"Washington\". Harrison's wife, Rhoda, was the first white settler to be buried in the town, when she died in 1837. Around 1843 the name was changed to \"Sauk Washington\". The town of Port Washington was formed in January 1846 and until 1847 included the surrounding areas and what is currently Fredonia, Saukville, and Belgium. Appropriately, it was originally the county seat for Washington County until that county was bisected in 1853, with its former lakeside townships becoming the new Ozaukee County, and Port Washington becoming the new county's seat (Washington County's seat moved to West Bend). The City of Port Washington was incorporated with its present name in 1882. With a natural harbor at the mouth of Sauk Creek, the city became a port on Lake Michigan. The city exported cord wood, wheat and rye flour, bricks, and fish and hides, among other things. In 1843, the first Christian religious services were held by the Methodist Episcopal Church in private homes. The first Catholic Church services were held in a similar manner in 1847. \"The Washington Democrat\", the town's first newspaper, was started in 1847 by Flavius J. Mills. The population reached 2,500 in 1853 and continued to increase, with an influx of immigrants from Germany and Luxembourg between 1853 and 1865. The United States Congress passed a military conscription law in late 1862, and Wisconsites were drafted to fight in the Civil War. Yet immigrants were not often keen to fight, and Germans and Luxembourgers in Port Washington protested the draft. In November 1862, they burned draft records and vandalized the homes of prominent Port Washington Republicans. In 1870, the city saw major improvements in transportation. Not only was the railroad approved to extend through Ozaukee County, the harbor was substantially improved. The dredging that occurred resulted in the first man-made harbor in North America. J. M. Bostwick was instrumental in the opening of the Wisconsin Chair Company in September 1888, the success of which allowed the town to flourish. The Gilson Manufacturing Company started making garden tractors and tractor lawn mowers in 1894 and soon became the second-largest business, after the Wisconsin Chair Factory. In 1896, Delos and Herbert Smith brought their commercial fishing business to Port Washington as that harbor afforded them the use of a steam powered fish tug. There, the Smith family would call Port Washington home to their family business. Smith Bros., as it was called, grew to a fleet of fishing tugs, fish wholesale, whitefish caviar, burbot oil, fish retail (markets), restaurants, and a hotel. From 1910 through 1935, Port Washington was the home of Paramount Records and other associated record labels. In 1940, the population was 4,046; 4,754 in 1950. The Port Washington power plant operated by Wisconsin Electric Power Company, now known as We Energies, was established in the area. In 1943 the company stated that the Port Washington Plant was \"the most efficient steam power plant in the world.\" The coal-fired plant received shipments of coal primarily by lake boat from its beginnings in 1935 until 2004 when the coal-fired boilers were taken out of service. The plant has since been converted to generate electricity from natural gas. The end of coal shipments also ended the use of Port Washington as a commercial port. The harbor is now used almost exclusively by recreational boaters. Port Washington has the largest collection of pre-Civil War buildings in Wisconsin, several of which are on the National Register of Historic Places. The Port Washington Visitor Center is itself in the historic Edward Dodge House, also known as the \"Pebble House.\" The three-story brick courthouse was built in 1854 and originally served as jail, housing for the jailer, county offices and courtrooms. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which, is land and is water. The city is located at the mouth of Sauk Creek on Lake Michigan, and includes the 63-acre (250,000 m²) Lake Bluff Park, where Possibility Playground is located. Its average elevation above sea level is 612 feet (187 m). Downtown Port Washington is close to the level of Lake Michigan (approximately 581 feet above sea level) and adjacent to the marina. The remainder of the city resides somewhat higher, spread across seven hills. Lion's Den Gorge Nature Preserve is a large bluffland and wetland county protected area on the shore of Lake Michigan, just south of the city. As of the census of 2010, there were 11,250 people, 4,704 households, and 2,956 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 5,020 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 95.0% White, 1.6% African American, 0.4% Native American, 0.7% Asian, 0.8% from other races, and 1.4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.1% of the population. There were 4,704 households of which 29.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.0% were married couples living together, 8.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 37.2% were non-families. 31.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.31 and the average family size was 2.91. The median age in the city was 39.5 years. 22.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 7.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 28.2% were from 25 to 44; 27% were from 45 to 64; and 14.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.0% male and 51.0% female. As of the census of 2000, there were 10,467 people residing in Port Washington. The racial makeup of the city was 97.0% White, 0.7% Black or African American, 0.5% Asian, 0.4% Native American, 0% Pacific Islander, 0.6% from other races, and 0.89% from two or more races. 1.5% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 3,244 families and 4,763 households, of which 34.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.5% were married couples living together, 7.4% had a female householder with no husband present and 31.9% were non-families. The householder lives alone in 26.3% of all households and 10.5% of householders were aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.49 and the average family size was 3.05. In the city, the population was spread out with 6.6% under the age of 5, 74.2% aged 18 and over, and 13.2% 65 years and over. The median age was 36.7 years. The population is 50.4% female and 49.6% male. In 1999 the median income for a family was $62,557. The per capita income for the city was $24,770. About 2.6% of families and 4.0% of the population were below the poverty line. Interstate 43 passes around Port Washington to the city's west and north. WI-32 passes north to south through the city while WI-33 travels from the west before it terminates downtown. The Ozaukee Interurban Trail, a cycling trail that follows the former interurban rail line, passes through Port Washington as it traverses Ozaukee County. The Ozaukee County Shared Ride Taxi Service is operated by the county and offers county wide transportation. Unlike a typical taxi, the rider must contact the Shared Ride Taxi Service to schedule their pick-up",
"age was 36.7 years. The population is 50.4% female and 49.6% male. In 1999 the median income for a family was $62,557. The per capita income for the city was $24,770. About 2.6% of families and 4.0% of the population were below the poverty line. Interstate 43 passes around Port Washington to the city's west and north. WI-32 passes north to south through the city while WI-33 travels from the west before it terminates downtown. The Ozaukee Interurban Trail, a cycling trail that follows the former interurban rail line, passes through Port Washington as it traverses Ozaukee County. The Ozaukee County Shared Ride Taxi Service is operated by the county and offers county wide transportation. Unlike a typical taxi, the rider must contact the Shared Ride Taxi Service to schedule their pick-up date and time. The taxi service plans their routes based on the number of riders, pick-up/drop-off time and destination then plans the routes accordingly. Port Washington has one of the largest charter fishing fleets on the Great Lakes. Shoe manufacturer Allen Edmonds, as well as lawn and garden equipment producer, Simplicity Manufacturing Company, were founded in Port Washington. Simplicity was purchased by Briggs & Stratton in 2004, who closed its doors on October 15, 2008. It also contains the Port Washington Generating Station, a large, gas-fired power plant operated by WEC Energy Group. Port Washington is served by the Port Washington-Saukville school district. There are three elementary schools. There is only one middle school (TJMS) and one high school (PWHS). Port Washington, Wisconsin Port Washington is the county seat of Ozaukee County in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. The population was 11,250 at the 2010 census. The city was named for its natural port, and in honor"
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"Canon FL lens mount Canon FL refers to a lens mount standard for 35mm single-lens reflex cameras from Canon. It was introduced in April 1964 with the Canon FX camera, replacing the previous Canon R lens mount. The FL mount was in turn replaced in 1971 by the Canon FD lens mount. FL lenses can also be used on FD-mount cameras. Currently mirrorless cameras are able to use Canon FL lenses via an adapter. Source: Canon released 3 'levels' of standard lenses (exc. macro). The f/1.8 lenses were small and lightweight, f/1.4 were mid-range, and the f/1.2 were professional level (top of their line). Canon FL lens mount Canon FL refers to a lens mount standard for 35mm single-lens reflex cameras from Canon. It was introduced in April 1964 with the Canon FX camera, replacing the previous Canon R lens mount. The FL mount was in turn replaced in 1971 by the Canon FD lens mount. FL lenses can also be used on FD-mount cameras. Currently mirrorless cameras are able to use Canon FL lenses via an adapter. Source: Canon released 3 'levels' of standard lenses (exc. macro). The f/1.8 lenses were small and lightweight, f/1.4 were mid-range, and the"
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"Microsoft Corp. v. Baker Microsoft Corp. v. Baker, 582 U.S. ___ (2017), is a United States Supreme Court case holding that Federal courts of appeals lack jurisdiction to review a denial of class certification after plaintiffs have voluntarily dismissed their claims with prejudice. On October 5, 2009, the United States District Court for the Western District of Washington refused to certify a class action lawsuit regarding scratched discs caused by Xbox 360 technical problems, and plaintiffs then settled. A new set of plaintiffs then filed a new class action bringing the same claims. After the district court again refused to certify the class action claims, plaintiffs joined Microsoft’s motion to dismiss the entire lawsuit with prejudice, which U.S. District Judge Ricardo S. Martinez granted on March 27, 2012. Plaintiffs hoped this would create an appealable issue whereby they could also challenge the denied class certification. On March 18, 2015, the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit agreed with the plaintiffs, finding that it had jurisdiction to review and that denying class certification had been an abuse of discretion, in which Judge Johnnie B. Rawlinson was joined by Michael Daly Hawkins, and Judge Carlos Bea concurred in the result. On March 21, 2017, oral arguments were heard before the Supreme Court, where Professor Jeffrey L. Fisher appeared for the plaintiffs. On June 12, 2017, the Supreme Court delivered judgment in favor of Microsoft, voting unanimously to reverse and remand to the lower court. Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg wrote the opinion of the Court, joined by Justices Anthony Kennedy, Stephen Breyer, Sonia Sotomayor, and Elena Kagan. Justice Clarence Thomas, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and Justice Samuel Alito concurred only in the judgment. Microsoft Corp. v. Baker Microsoft Corp. v. Baker, 582 U.S. ___ (2017), is a United"
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"Peter of Farfa Peter (died ca. 919) was the long-serving Abbot of Farfa from about 890 until his death. He replaced the interim abbot Vitalis. His abbacy marked the return of stability after a period which saw four abbots in the space of two years. In 897, Farfa was attacked and sacked, presumably by Saracens, who had begun to settle in south and central Italy and systematically plunder the countryside. An account of these events, the \"Destructio monasterii Farfensis\", was written by the early eleventh-century abbot Hugh. He records \"the properties of our monastery, which were given mercifully by the pious, [were] dispersed cruelly by the impious [through] evil destruction\". His vague wording allows that at least some of the raiders were locals and not Saracens. Under Peter's direction, the monks of Farfa fled, some to Rome and others to Rieti. The abbey buildings were used as a barracks by the Saracens at first, but in 898 they were accidentally burnt down. The abbey's treasures were rescued by the monks, and its library and archive were brought by Peter and a few others to the church of Saint Hippolytus in Fermo. He soon had them moved again to the castle of Santa Vittoria in Monte Matenano. In the late eleventh century, the Farfese monk Gregory of Catino records that many documents were missing from the abbey's archives; these were probably lost during the itinerant period after 897. The books and documents did not return to Farfa until around 930, after Peter's death. Peter of Farfa Peter (died ca. 919) was the long-serving Abbot of Farfa from about 890 until his death. He replaced the interim abbot Vitalis. His abbacy marked the return of stability after a period which saw four abbots in the space of two years. In 897, Farfa"
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"Paul Thumann Friedrich Paul Thumann (5 October 1834, Groß Schacksdorf-Simmersdorf – 19 February 1908, Berlin) was a German illustrator and painter. He was the son of a teacher. Originally, he intended to take up a career in science and attended the engineering school in Glogau. His interests soon turned to art and, from 1854 to 1856, he attended the Prussian Academy of Arts in Berlin. Until 1860, he worked in the studios of Julius Hübner in Dresden. After two years in Leipzig, he entered the Weimar Saxon-Grand Ducal Art School, where he studied under Ferdinand Pauwels. He became a professor there in 1866. During the Franco-Prussian War, he was a draftsman at the Prussian Third Army's headquarters. In 1875, he was appointed Professor at the Academy of Arts, Berlin and held that position until 1887. He travelled extensively throughout his life; visiting Hungary and Transylvania and spending some time studying in England, in addition to the usual art-related tours of Italy and France. From 1887 to 1891, he lived in Italy. He took over the Master Studio of Professor Julius Schrader in 1892. He primarily worked as an illustrator, producing plates for books by Goethe, Tennyson, Chamisso, Heine and many others. The elegance of his illustrations attracted many admirers but, as time went by, his work became increasingly facile. He married a woman from the English nobility. One of his daughters married a brother of the poet Algernon Swinburne. In 1893, Thumann exhibited his work \"Psyche at Nature's Mirror\" at the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago where it got the interest of the management of the White Rock Mineral Water who then purchased the reproduction rights from Thumann to use the image as part of the logo for their mineral water. Georg Speitel: \"Paul Thumann (1834-1908) und seine in Minden befindlichen Monumentalgemälde.\" Papers of the Minden Historical Society, Jahrgang 51 (1979), S. 85-92. Paul Thumann Friedrich Paul Thumann (5 October 1834, Groß Schacksdorf-Simmersdorf – 19 February 1908, Berlin) was a German illustrator and painter. He was the son of a teacher. Originally, he intended to take up a career in science and attended the engineering school in Glogau. His interests soon turned to art and, from 1854 to 1856, he attended the Prussian Academy of Arts in Berlin. Until 1860, he worked in the studios of Julius Hübner in Dresden. After two years in Leipzig, he entered the Weimar Saxon-Grand"
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"Shimo-Togari Station Shimo-Togari Station is served by the Gotemba Line. This station has a single island platform. The station building is to the east of tracks and connected to the platform with an overpass. It has automated ticket machines, TOICA automated turnstiles, and a \"Midori no Madoguchi\" ticket counter staffed only during daytime hours. The station first opened on June 15, 1898 as Mishima Station on the original route of the Tōkaidō Main Line under the Japanese Government Railways. It was renamed Shimo-Togari Station on October 1, 1934 shortly before the opening of the Tanna Tunnel created a more direct route from to and led to the creation of a new Mishima Station further south. JGR became the Japanese National Railways (JNR) from 1946. Regularly scheduled freight operations were suspended from 1982. Along with privatization and division of JNR, JR Central started operating the station from April 1, 1987. Shimo-Togari Station Shimo-Togari Station is served by the Gotemba Line. This station has a single island platform. The station building is to the east of tracks and connected to the platform with an overpass. It has automated ticket machines, TOICA automated turnstiles, and a \"Midori no Madoguchi\" ticket counter staffed only"
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"Robert of Courçon Robert of Courçon (also written de Curson, or Curzon) ( 1160/1170 – 1219) was an English cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He was born in England sometime between 1160 and 1170, a member of an Anglo-Norman family originating from the village of Notre-Dame-de-Courson in Normandy. After having studied at Oxford, Paris, and Rome, he became the Chancellor of the University of Paris in 1211. The following year, he was created Cardinal priest of S. Stefano al Monte Celio. In 1213, he was appointed legate a latere to preach the crusade, and in 1215 was placed at the head of a commission to inquire into the errors prevalent at the University of Paris. He participated in the papal conclave of 1216, which elected Pope Honorius III. He took an active part in the campaign against heresy in France, and accompanied the army of the Fifth Crusade into Egypt as legate of Pope Honorius III. He died during the siege of Damietta in 1219, and was buried in Damietta. He is the author of several works, including a \"Summa\" devoted to questions of canon law and ethics and dealing at length with the question of usury. His interference in the affairs of the University of Paris, in the midst of the confusion arising from the introduction of the Arabian translations of Aristotle, resulted in the proscription (1215) of the metaphysical as well as the physical treatises of the Stagyrita, together with the summaries thereof (\"Summæ de eiusdem\"). At the same time, his rescript (Denifle, \"Chartul. Univ. Paris\", I, 78) renews the condemnation of the Pantheists David of Dinant and Amaury of Bene, but permits the use, as texts, of Aristotle's Ethics and the logical treatises. The rescript also contains several enactments relating to academic discipline. Robert of Courçon"
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"Ron Piché Ronald Jacques Piché (May 22, 1935 – February 3, 2011) was a Canadian professional baseball player who pitched in the Major Leagues from 1960–63 and in 1965–66 for the Milwaukee Braves, Los Angeles Angels and St. Louis Cardinals. A native of Verdun, Quebec, he threw and batted right-handed and was listed as tall and (11 stone, 11). Piché's professional pitching career lasted for 17 seasons between 1955 and 1972 (sitting out the 1971 campaign), and included 134 games in the majors. Only in , when he worked in 37 games for Braves, all but one of them out of the bullpen, did he spend a full campaign at the major league level. All told, Piché had a 10–16 win-loss record with 12 saves. Although he started only 11 of his 134 career MLB games pitched, he threw three complete games. In 221 innings pitched, he allowed 216 hits and 123 bases on balls, with 157 strikeouts, while posting a career earned run average of 4.19. He appeared in 500 minor league baseball games, and compiled a stellar 130–65 (.667) career record with an ERA of 2.96. After retiring from the mound, he served in the Montreal Expos organization as a minor league coach and was the Expos' bullpen coach in under managers Karl Kuehl and Charlie Fox. One of his best days in the major leagues occurred on May 30, 1962. He was the starting pitcher for the Braves in the first game of a doubleheader against the Cincinnati Reds. He pitched a complete game, allowing six hits, and also got his first and only major league hit. In the last of the fourth inning, with two outs and runners on first and second, he hit a single to the shortstop Leo Cardenas driving in two runs and reaching second on an error by Cardenas. The Braves won the game, 5-4. During his time in the major leagues, he was a teammate of eight Baseball Hall of Fame players, those being Hank Aaron, Eddie Mathews, Red Schoendienst, Warren Spahn, Lou Brock, Steve Carlton, Orlando Cepeda and Bob Gibson. Piché was also a volunteer firefighter with the Montreal Auxiliary Firemen. He died of cancer on February 3, 2011, at age 75. Ron Piché Ronald Jacques Piché (May 22, 1935 – February 3, 2011) was a Canadian professional baseball player who pitched in the Major Leagues from 1960–63 and in"
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"John Hart (baseball) John Henry Hart (born July 21, 1948) is an American Major League Baseball executive. In addition, he is the former general manager of the Cleveland Indians and Texas Rangers and President of Baseball Operations for the Atlanta Braves. He also served as the interim manager of the Indians in 1989, and a studio analyst for the MLB Network. Hart was born in Tampa, Florida. He attended Winter Park High School. He attended Seminole Junior College where he was catcher on the baseball team. In 1969 he won All-American honors and began his professional career as a catcher in the Montreal Expos organization. He caught with them for three seasons before leaving the organization and returning to Florida. He graduated in 1973 from the University of Central Florida with majors in history and physical education. Hart then coached baseball at William R. Boone High School in Orlando, Florida before joining the Orioles organization in 1982 as a minor league manager. He managed in their minor league organization for six seasons before joining the major league team as third base coach in 1988. In 1989, John Hart joined the Cleveland Indians as a special assignment scout, then later replaced Doc Edwards as manager for the final 19 games of the regular season (the team put up an 8-11 record during those games). For the next two seasons, Hart served as Director of Baseball Operations for the club. In September 1991, John Hart replaced Hank Peters as general manager and executive vice president of the Indians. During the next 10 years, the Indians were 870-681 under Hart. They won six of the seven possible American League Central division titles, which was introduced for the 1994 strike shortened season (1995–99 and 2001) with appearances in the World Series in 1995 and 1997. Hart built the team's core through the draft, successful scouting and trades. He signed young players before the arbitration process got underway and thus enticed veteran players to stay with the team. At the beginning of the 2001 season, Hart announced it would be his last season as general manager of the Indians. After the season, Hart stayed true to his word and Assistant GM Mark Shapiro took over as general manager on November 1, although rather than take another position with the club, or retire, Hart instead took the general manager position which had opened up with the Texas Rangers after the departure of Doug Melvin. On July 21, 2004 the Rangers announced a contract extension for Hart for a guaranteed two more years and an annual mutual option to extend the contract each year thereafter. In addition, the contract stipulated that once it was terminated by either side, it automatically converted to a five-year agreement for Hart to serve as senior advisor to the owner. Just over a year after agreeing to the extension, John Hart stepped down as general manager of the Texas Rangers on October 4, 2005 and was replaced by Jon Daniels. During his four years with the Rangers, the team compiled a record of 311-337, never advancing to the playoffs. After Hart garnered interest for the general manager position on other teams in the 2005 off-season, the Rangers extended his senior advisor contract for three more years, through the 2013 season, in exchange for Hart refusing to consider any other GM positions. Soon after his Rangers contract expired, the Atlanta Braves announced Hart had signed with the organization as senior advisor for baseball operations, similar to the position Hart held with the Rangers. Hart and long-time Braves executive John Schuerholz had been friends since long before the Braves and Indians met in the 1995 World Series. On September 22, 2014, Hart was named as the Braves interim general manager after the Braves released general manager Frank Wren. On October 23, 2014, Hart was hired as President of Baseball Operations for the Atlanta Braves. He resigned that position on November 17, 2017. Hart and his wife Sandi have been married since 1970. John Hart (baseball) John Henry Hart (born July 21, 1948) is an American Major League Baseball executive. In addition, he is the former general manager of the Cleveland Indians and Texas Rangers"
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"2012 Heineken Cup Final The 2012 Heineken Cup Final was the final match of the 2011–12 Heineken Cup, the 17th season of Europe's top club rugby union competition. The match was played on 19 May 2012 at Twickenham Stadium in London, England. The final was between Ulster and defending champions Leinster. Leinster triumphed, with captain Leo Cullen becoming the first person to raise the trophy three times. The match broke many records, including the largest winning margin in a Heineken Cup final and the most points scored. It led to media reports suggesting Leinster were the greatest European club team of all time. It was confirmed on 1 May that the match was an 82,000 sell-out. 7,500 tickets were assigned to each province for the final with a Leinster spokesman saying that demand for tickets had outstripped supply with Ulster selling their remaining tickets to new 2012-13 season ticket holders. Under rules of the competition organiser, European Rugby Cup (ERC), the winner of the Heineken Cup Final receives an automatic place in the following year's competition, apart from the normal allocation for the winning team's country. If the champion is already qualified through performance in its domestic or regional league, the cup holder's place (normally) passes to another team from its country. Because Leinster and Ulster had already qualified for the 2012–13 Heineken Cup by their performance in Pro12, the fourth Irish place passed to Connacht. Leinster, the first team since Toulouse (in 2005) to make back-to-back finals, stood to become the second team, and first since Leicester in 2002, to win back-to-back titles. Leinster beat Ulster by five tries to one. Leinster flanker Sean O'Brien and prop Cian Healy scored first half tries and the team scored a penalty try early in the second half. Leinster's replacement prop Heinke van der Merwe and Sean Cronin both scored tries late on and Fergus McFadden converted Cronin's try, completing the largest winning margin in a Heineken Cup final. Leinster fly-half Jonathan Sexton scored 15 points in total (from three conversions and three penalties). The result represented both a record winning points total and a record winning margin for a Heineken Cup Final. Leinster become only the second team to defend the title successfully and the first to win it three times in four years. Leo Cullen became the first captain to raise the trophy three times. 2012 Heineken Cup Final The"
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"Mike Adamson John Michael Adamson (born September 13, 1947) is an American former professional baseball player, a right-handed pitcher who appeared in eleven Major League Baseball games for the Baltimore Orioles. Adamson was tall and weighed . Drafted out of the University of Southern California in the first round of the secondary phase in the 1967 Major League Baseball Draft and signed to a Baltimore contract on June 27, 1967, Adamson became the first player to go straight to the Major Leagues without spending a day in the minors since the institution of the June baseball lottery in 1965. In his July 1 debut against the Cleveland Indians, Adamson hurled two innings of relief; he surrendered two hits, two earned runs, and three stolen bases, including a steal of home by Cleveland's Chuck Hinton. He would be sent to the minors after his third MLB appearance (and second start), although he would spend part of the next two seasons with the Orioles. From his demotion in 1969 to 1971, Adamson pitched in Baltimore Orioles' minor league system. He was picked up by the Milwaukee Brewers and spent part of 1971 with the Evansville Triplets, the Brewers' AAA affiliate. In the course of his eleven-game MLB career, Adamson yielded 28 hits and 22 bases on balls, with 14 strikeouts, in 25⅓ innings pitched. He retired after the 1971 season. Mike Adamson John Michael Adamson (born September 13, 1947) is an American former professional baseball player, a right-handed pitcher who appeared in eleven Major League Baseball games for the Baltimore Orioles. Adamson was tall and weighed . Drafted out of the University of Southern California in the first round of the secondary phase in the 1967 Major League Baseball Draft and signed to a Baltimore contract on June 27, 1967, Adamson became"
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{
"retrieved": [
"Jean Espariat Jean Espariat was a French lawyer and politician. He served as the first Mayor of Aix-en-Provence in 1790, and again as the third Mayor from 1791 to 1792. Additionally, he helped create the department of the Bouches-du-Rhône and served as a member of the Legislative Assembly from 1791 to 1792. Jean Espariat was born on September 17, 1747 in Aix-en-Provence. His father, Charles Espariat, was a silversmith and later a lawyer in the Parliament of Aix-en-Provence. After the Ancien Régime came to an end and the Parliament of Aix-en-Provence was dismantled by the French Revolution, Espariat was elected as first Mayor of Aix-en-Provence on February 10, 1790. However, the early days were still chaotic. He was a moderate. Indeed, on the Cours Saint-Louis in Aix, he stopped the Vexin regiment, a pro-revolutionary regiment, and the Royal Marine regiment, a pro-aristocratic regiment, from killing each other. He stepped down on November 11, 1790 and let the Vice Mayor, Toussaint-Bernard Émeric-David, serve as Mayor. During that time, lawyer (1732-1790), a royalist, was killed during the . Meanwhile, together with Antoine Balthazar Joachim, baron d'André (1759 -1825) and an abbey from Quinson, he helped establish the department of the Bouches-du-Rhône. He served as a member of the Legislative Assembly from September 1791 to 1792, when he condemned the revolutionary crimes in Avignon. He also returned as Mayor of Aix on September 1, 1791, up until September 20, 1792. He was jailed during the Reign of Terror of 1793-1794. During the French Directory of 1795 to 1799, he served as an administrator of the department of the Bouches-du-Rhône he had helped create. During the French Consulate of 1799-1804, he served as a magistrate in the Criminal Court of the Bouches-du-Rhône. He received the Knighthood of the Legion of Honour for his public service. He died on January 14, 1827 in Aix-en-Provence. Jean Espariat Jean Espariat was a French lawyer and politician. He served as the first Mayor of Aix-en-Provence in 1790, and again as the third Mayor from 1791 to 1792. Additionally, he helped create the department of the Bouches-du-Rhône and served as a member of the Legislative Assembly from 1791 to 1792. Jean Espariat was born on September 17, 1747 in Aix-en-Provence. His father, Charles Espariat, was a silversmith and later a lawyer in the Parliament of Aix-en-Provence. After the Ancien Régime came to an end and the Parliament of Aix-en-Provence"
]
}
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