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"Urakami Yoban Kuzure Christianity was prohibited in Japan for 259 years, from 1614 after the Catholic Church was seen as a threat, when Nagasaki had grown prosperous through trade with Portugal, local lords and their minions had converted, and tracts of land had been donated to the Church. Urakami Village was one of the areas that had been donated. The first three of the crackdowns there were minor incidents, however the last, the Urakami Yoban Kuzure in 1869 (the second year of Meiji), was severe. It was triggered by the re-baptism of “Secret Christians” who had been discovered by a French Priest, Father Bernard Petitjean. Under the Tokugawa Shogunate everyone had to belong to a Buddhist temple to prove that they were not Christian. Those who were found to be Christian were tortured for information on other Christians and then executed. So, the discovery of one Secret Christian usually led to a number of them being executed. A small group of Secret Christians confessed their true beliefs to Father Petitjean at the recently completed Ōura Catholic Church. They were found to have drifted from Catholic doctrine over their 250 years in hiding and therefore deemed in need of rebaptism. This meant renouncing their Buddhist faith and in so doing directly challenging the Tokugawa Shogunate. The Nagasaki Magistrate decided to arrest the whole village. In the early hours of the 4th of June 1867 the crackdown began with 170 officers arresting and torturing 68 residents of Urakami and trying to force conversions out of them. This led to protests from foreign consuls, and the Tokugawa Shogunate relented. However, soon after Tokugawa Shogunate ended and in February 1868 the new Meiji government appointed Sawa Nobuyoshi in charge of public order in Kyūshū. His dislike of all things foreign was well known, and, after consultation, he decided to deal with the problem once and for all. His plan to exile the entire village was approved by an Imperial council on 25 April and implemented in two stages: first the ringleaders to Hagi, Tsuwano and Fukuyama, and then the rest of the village. Families were split up, and in total 3,414 Christian men, women, and children were sent into exile to all over Japan: 500 to Kanazawa, 160 to Tsuwano, 150 to Satsuma, 117 to Tsuru Shima, Okayama, etc. While their fate, after being exiled, appears to have depended much on the local magistrates, wardens, and other authorities, forced labor and forced conversions were the norm. About 680 or 20% of them died during their internment in various penal colonies. Religious freedom was finally granted in 1873 and the prohibition on Christianity was lifted allowing the internees to return to Urakami. As recently as 2008 ecclesiastical guidance was given in an effort to help overcome the “unrelenting criticism” suffered by apostates and their descendants. Urakami Yoban Kuzure Christianity was prohibited in Japan for 259 years, from 1614 after the Catholic Church was seen as a threat, when Nagasaki had grown prosperous through trade with"
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"Justin A. Frank Justin A. Frank M.D. is an author who practices and teaches psychoanalysis in Washington, DC. He is a former Clinical Professor of Psychiatry at the George Washington University Medical Center. Frank completed his psychiatric residency At the Harvard Medical School and became the Chief Resident at the Cambridge Hospital. Frank was awarded the DuPont-Warren Fellowship by Massachusetts General Hospital. Frank is also the co-director of the Metropolitan Center for Object Relations in New York. Frank employs the principles of applied psychoanalysis to put together the kind of psychological profile used in his books about the Presidents: \"Bush on the Couch: Inside the Mind of the President\" and \"Obama on the Couch: Inside the Mind of the President\". In 2018, he published Trump on the Couch: Inside the Mind of the President. Frank is a frequent contributor to The Huffington Post on topics as diverse as politics, film, and theater. Frank's book \"Bush on the Couch: Inside the Mind of the President\" was extensively quoted from by Fidel Castro in his annual speech in 2004. Justin A. Frank Justin A. Frank M.D. is an author who practices and teaches psychoanalysis in Washington, DC. He is a former Clinical"
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"Ace Hotel Los Angeles Ace Hotel Downtown Los Angeles, originally built as the United Artists Building and later known as the Texaco Building, is a , 13-story highrise hotel and theater building located at 937 South Broadway in downtown Los Angeles, California. It was the tallest building in the city for one year after its completion in 1927, and was the tallest privately owned structure in Los Angeles until 1956. Its style is Spanish Gothic, patterned after Segovia Cathedral in Segovia, Spain. The building contains the historic United Artists Theater, the flagship theater built for the United Artists motion picture studio. The theater was later used as a church by pastors Gene Scott and his widow Melissa Scott under the name \"Los Angeles University Cathedral\". In October 2011, Scott's Wescott Christian Center Inc. sold the building to Greenfield Partners, a real estate investment company located in Westport, Connecticut, for $11 million. It was converted to a hotel, and opened in 2014. The hotel is part of the Ace Hotels chain. The United Artists Theater was designed by the architect C. Howard Crane of the firm Walker & Eisen for the United Artists film studio formed by D. W. Griffith, Charlie Chaplin, Douglas Fairbanks and Mary Pickford. The theater, a classic movie palace, was one of many constructed by United Artists and served as a major premier house. The theater occupies three floors of the 13-story building and has a 1,600-seat auditorium. Like many movie theaters, the seat rows sink in toward the front of the orchestra section, so ticket holders there must look up at the stage. The building was first leased by televangelist Gene Scott in 1989, to be used as the location from which to broadcast the live Sunday services of his ministry. Scott held his first Sunday service there in 1990 and continued to hold Sunday services there until his death in 2005. A designated historic monument in itself, the building was for many years topped by the historic \"Jesus Saves\" neon signs (originally from the Church of the Open Door). They were located in the rear lower roof, one facing the west and one north, until September 10, 2011, when one sign was removed by crane. The building was claimed to house the largest collection of Bibles in private hands. After leasing for thirteen years, Gene Scott purchased the building in 2002. Following Scott's death, services continued to be held at the Los Angeles University Cathedral by Melissa Scott, the widow of Gene Scott, with services broadcast over TV, shortwave radio, and the Internet. The building has been completely restored and renovated to serve as a luxury boutique hotel called Ace Hotel Downtown Los Angeles. It features 182 rooms, a pool, a restaurant and three bars, as well as the restored United Artists Theater. It opened in January 2014. In December 2014, Greenfield Partners put the building up for sale, seeking about $100 million as the sale price. In May 2015, Chesapeake Lodging Trust bought the building for $103 million. The theater was restored as well and re-opened with concerts by the British rock band Spiritualized. L.A. Dance Project, a dance company founded by choreographer Benjamin Millepied, will also take residence in the Theatre at Ace Hotel. Red Hot Chili Peppers performed a fundraiser at the Ace Hotel on February 5, 2016 in support of presidential candidate Bernie Sanders. The building is a historic district contributing property in the Broadway Theater District on the National Register of Historic Places. It is also a Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument. Ace Hotel Los Angeles Ace Hotel Downtown Los Angeles,"
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"1900 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team The 1900 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team was the representative of the University of Nebraska in the 1900 college football season. The team was coached by Walter C. \"Bummy\" Booth and played their home games at Antelope Field in Lincoln, Nebraska. Beginning its 11th year, Nebraska was starting out with a new head coach for the 9th time after replacing A. Edwin Branch at the end of a 1-7-1 season. Also, the team had officially adopted its new nickname \"Cornhuskers\" beginning this year, after the term was coined by Charles \"Cy\" Sherman in one of his pieces written for the Nebraska State Journal during the 1899 season. The Cornhuskers got their first scrimmage preseason tuneup under new coach Booth with another exhibition game against Lincoln High School, a 22-0 shutout to extend their record over the high schoolers to 3-0. For the first time, the Cornhuskers went head to head against a team made up of former Cornhuskers, in this second exhibition game of the season. Apparently the graduates still had what it takes, as the game ended in a 0-0 draw. Coach Booth's first official game of his career at Nebraska was a refreshing change from the disastrous previous season, as the Cornhuskers had little difficulty putting up 30-0 shutout of the Cyclones in Lincoln. Counting the exhibition games, this was the third game in a row where the Nebraska defense held the other team to zero points, and Nebraska pulled into the series lead, 3-2. Heavy winds interfered with both teams as they attempted to get on the scoreboard, and the day ended with a single touchdown and late safety by Nebraska being the only scores. The shutout streak continued, and Drake fell behind Nebraska in the series, 1-2. The Kansas City Medics put up a fight as Nebraska faced them in Kansas City for the second year in a row, and despite the best efforts of both teams, the defensive units carried the day and sent both teams off the field scoreless in a 0-0 tie. This was the last times these teams met, with the KC Medics owning the hard-fought series with Nebraska 2-1-2. Just two days after the battle in Kansas City, the Cornhuskers met Tarkio on the field for the third and final time, but on Tarkio's home field for the first time. Nebraska's first and only score was disputed by Tarkio players and fans, but the score was upheld by the officials. Nebraska failed to capitalize on a later opportunity to put up undisputed points, and the official score remained 5-0 for the rest of the game. The final outcome was disputed strongly enough in Tarkio that the home town paper reported the next day that the score had been a 0-0 tie. Nebraska's unbeaten and unscored upon roll continued with a strong effort against Missouri in Columbia. One Cornhusker score in each half summed the points of the game, which featured much punting and changes of possession. Nebraska improved to 6-3 over Missouri. The day belonged entirely to the Cornhuskers as they rolled to an easy shutout victory over Grinnell in Lincoln. The visitors' best shot at avoiding the shutout fell short with a missed 25-yard field goal attempt. This evened the Grinnell-Nebraska series at 2-2. Nebraska closed out its 9th straight shutout game, counting the exhibition games, against Kansas in Lawrence. No opponents had scored on the Cornhuskers even once during the entire season to date, and Nebraska's series record deficit with Kansas to 4-5. Nebraska's unbeaten run came to an end as the Cornhuskers hosted Minnesota for the first game of what would become a long and storied rivalry in later years. The Gophers were on average larger and taller than the Cornhuskers, posing a formidable challenge. Despite the loss, Nebraska still managed, through halftime adjustments, to outscore Minnesota in the second quarter, and those 12 points were more than any other opponent had put up against Minnesota in any other game of their season. Coach Booth's first season was a remarkable one-year turnaround from the disappointment of 1899. His first year record of 6-1-1 (.813) improved Nebraska's overall program record to 47-26-5 (.635). Dịch vụ SEO 1900 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team The 1900 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team was the representative of the University of Nebraska in the 1900 college football season. The team was coached by Walter C. \"Bummy\" Booth and played their home games at Antelope Field in Lincoln, Nebraska. Beginning its 11th year, Nebraska was starting out with a new head coach for the 9th time after replacing A. Edwin Branch at the end of a 1-7-1 season. Also, the team had officially adopted its new nickname \"Cornhuskers\" beginning this year, after the term was coined by Charles \"Cy\" Sherman in one of"
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"retrieved": [
"Perrey Reeves Perrey Reeves (born November 30, 1970) is an American film and television actress. Born in New York City, she was raised in the countryside of New Hampshire with a family who preferred not to own a television. Her paternal grandfather was sound pioneer Hazard E. Reeves, who introduced magnetic stereophonic sound to film, and her maternal great-grandfather was Delaware U.S. Senator James H. Hughes. She co-starred on the HBO comedy series \"Entourage\" (2004–2011) as Mrs. Gold, the wife of Ari Gold. She also appeared (2009) in \"Rules of Engagement\", \"Family Style\", and in \"Grey's Anatomy\". Other notable roles included Marissa opposite Will Ferrell in the film \"Old School\" and Jessie in the film \"Mr. and Mrs. Smith\". She has also had parts in the political comedy \"American Dreamz\", \"The X-Files\", \"Kicking and Screaming\", \"Escape to Witch Mountain\", and the horror film \"Child's Play 3\". In 2014, Reeves appeared during the fifth and final season of \"Covert Affairs\" as the evil Caitlyn Cook. She reprised her role as Melissa Gold in the \"Entourage\" movie in 2015. She played also Nina Devon on the TV series \"Famous in Love\". In 2012, Reeves moved to Costa Rica and started a yoga retreat in Cabuya called The Sanctuary at Two Rivers. She began practicing yoga in 1993 and also practices the ancient Indian healthcare tradition, Ayurveda. From 1993 to 1995, she was the girlfriend of actor David Duchovny. In September 2014 Reeves became engaged to her boyfriend, tennis coach Aaron Fox. They wed on June 13, 2015. In October 2017, the couple welcomed their first child, a baby girl. Perrey Reeves Perrey Reeves (born November 30, 1970) is an American film and television actress. Born in New York City, she was raised in the countryside of New Hampshire with a family who"
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"D. J. Sparr D. J. Sparr is an American composer and guitarist fluent in both classical and vernacular musical styles. He has performed with the Fondazione Arturo Toscanini, Eastman's \"Musica Nova\" Contemporary Music Ensemble, pop bands, and as a studio musician. D. J. premiered Michael Daugherty's electric guitar concerto with the Alabama Symphony in March, 2008. He was the classical guitar soloist for his own \"Guitar Folio\" with the University of Michigan Chamber Orchestra and recently performed Steve Reich's \"Electric Counterpoint\" to a packed house of over two-thousand at the Smithsonian Institution Hirshhorn Museum's \"After Hours.\" He performs as a guest of Washington DC’s Great Noise Ensemble, which premiered his “General Electric”–a concerto grosso for rock band and chamber orchestra. His music has been performed and commissioned by numerous ensembles, including the Chicago Youth Symphony Orchestras, the Albany Symphony Orchestra, eighth blackbird, the Dayton Philharmonic, and the \"Late Show\" with Jay Leno band. He is the recipient of the $10,000 Grand Prize in the orchestra category for the BMG/Williams College National Young Composers Competition, was an alternate for the 1998-9 Rome Prize from the American Academy in Rome, and has won two BMI Student Composer Awards. Dr. Sparr is a graduate of the Baltimore School for the Arts and received his Bachelor of Music degree from the Eastman School of Music. He completed his Doctor of Musical Arts degree from the University of Michigan in 2003. His composition teachers include Michael Daugherty, Augusta Read Thomas, and Pulitzer Prize winners William Bolcom, Christopher Rouse, and Joseph Schwantner. D. J. is the composer-in-residence with the Richmond Symphony Orchestra's education and community engagement dep.artment. D. J. Sparr D. J. Sparr is an American composer and guitarist fluent in both classical and vernacular musical styles. He has performed with the Fondazione Arturo Toscanini, Eastman's"
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"retrieved": [
"Divinity II Divinity II is an action role-playing game developed by Larian Studios. Its first release in 2009 was subtitled Ego Draconis, and was published by dtp entertainment and in the United States by cdv Software Entertainment. The updated 2011 re-release The Dragon Knight Saga which included the expansion Flames of Vengeance, as well as the final 2012 release as Divinity II: Developer's Cut, were published by Focus Home Interactive. The defining feature of \"Divinity II\" is the ability to switch between aerial combat as a dragon, and more traditional third-person action-role playing gameplay as a human. It is the third game in the \"Divinity\" franchise, and the first \"Divinity\" game to be released on consoles as well as for Microsoft Windows. The main focus of the game is on traditional action-role playing gameplay, which includes completing quests, exploring the game world, and interacting with a variety of non-player characters. \"Divinity II\" utilizes some elements of games like \"Diablo,\" such as a focus on upgrading equipment, randomized magical effects on equipment, unique item sets that offer greater benefits when used together, and some quest mechanics such as markers to show that an NPC will offer a quest to the player. However, it also uses elements from more traditional computer role playing games, such as branching conversation trees, choices which affect other events in the game, and non-combat segments, such as platforming or puzzle elements. When interacting with non-player characters, the player will often have the option to read their minds, which can provide information, extra choices in a quest, or equipment, at a certain cost to their experience points. The 'experience debt' then has to be repaid before they can gain experience again. Players are given a choice of starting packages for their character during the tutorial, but progression is freeform, and the player is free to develop their character in a different direction if they want to. Skills are grouped into 'schools' which correspond to traditional roles, but all skills are available to all characters, allowing mixing between these roles. Multiple forms of crafting exist: alchemy, which allows the player to create potions; necromancy, which allows a player to customize a summonable undead pet; and enchanting, which upgrades the character's equipment. After a certain point in the game, the character gains a base of operations known as the Battle Tower, as well as the ability to become a dragon in large spaces. Dragon combat works similarly to ground-based combat, but in three dimensions; as a dragon, the character still has a regular attack as well as skills they can use, and equipment to improve their abilities. The game takes place in the world of Rivellon from \"Divine Divinity\", although much time has passed since the end of \"Divine Divinity\". The player character starts out as a Dragon Slayer at the end of their training, when they are given draconic powers as a way to help fight the last remaining dragons. These powers also erase their memories of their training, but they are reassured that their memories will return quickly. The regular proceedings are interrupted by news of a dragon sighted nearby, so before the initiation is finished, the player character is rushed off with them to where the dragon was last seen. Throughout the game, the hero has several encounters with Damian, the Damned One. Damian is amassing his armies of monsters to destroy Rivellon. He was driven to such actions by the death of his love, Ygerna, at the hands of his adopted father Lucien (The Divine One, the hero from the first game). Damian seeks to resurrect her and the player seeks to foil his plan due to her evil magic that would make the Damned One even stronger. After fighting his way through Damian's evil minions such as the necromancer who overtook the Battle Tower and the rhyming mage Bellegar, the hero discovers he was tricked into reviving Ygerna himself. He is rewarded for his efforts by being imprisoned in crystal and sent away to a different dimension. In the expansion, \"Flames of Vengeance\", the Dragon Knight wakes in a crystal prison on the plane of Hypnoteromachia, where Lucien, the Divine, the messiah figure to Rivellon, is also imprisoned. A ghost called Behrilin comes and offers to free the Divine if the Dragon Knight will help to free him from his earthly prison. The ghost transports him to the last city in Rivellon after Damian's campaign of destruction, only still standing due to the magic shield created by the powerful wizard Zandalor. He begs the players help to destroy the invading force and shore up the city's defenses before the shield is broken. Development on \"Divinity II\" began around 2006, after Larian Studios had acquired enough money to begin development on a \"Divinity\" sequel in earnest. From the beginning, the game was planned with the feature of transforming into a dragon in mind, and even included a third form, halfway between the dragon and human forms, which would have served as a powerful form for fighting on the ground. However, it was not implemented in the final game, though the model was reused for enemies in the game. The original concepts included more areas, based on the original map of Rivellon in \"Divine Divinity\", as well as features like multiplayer, co-op, and a greater importance given to the Battle Tower. The game uses the Gamebryo engine, known for its use in \"\" and \"Fallout 3\". After the initial release of \"Ego Draconis\", Larian was interested in releasing an updated version that would fix many of the bugs and issues with the first game and improve the performance of the engine. At the same time, they developed an expansion that would come after the end of the game, as many people had complained that the original ending of the game had been unsatisfying. The updates to the main game and the expansion were sold together as the \"Flames of Vengeance\" add on, or bundled with the core game as \"The Dragon Knight Saga\". \"Flames of Vengeance\" and \"The Dragon Knight Saga\" were released in Germany in August 2010, and in all other language versions in November 2010. There was no retail United States release of \"The Dragon Knight Saga\" until it was released on the Xbox 360 on April 12, 2011, along with a soundtrack CD and an art book. For the tenth anniversary of the Divinity series and the release of the Divinity Anthology, Larian made another update to the game, calling the final version \"Divinity II: Developer's Cut\", which included design documents, concept art, and the ability to access the developer's console in-game through a second executable file. The \"Ego Draconis\" Windows Collector's Edition included an 18 cm resin figurine holding a metal letter opener, a cloth-map of Rivellon, a soundtrack EP with seven tracks composed by Kirill Pokrovsky and a temporary tattoo showcasing the \"Divinity II: Ego Draconis\" logo. For the release of \"Divinity II: Developer's Cut\" on GOG.com, the website ran a promotion on a pay-what-you-want model, where people who purchased the \"Developer's Cut\" through the bundle were given early access to the bonus materials and the game itself upon release. Larian released behind-the-scenes videos when the sales numbers reached certain milestones, as well as a tech demo of their first, unfinished game, \"The Lady, The Mage, and The Knight\". On Metacritic, the PC and 360 versions of \"Ego Draconis\" have an average score of 72 and 62 respectively. \"The Dragon Knight Saga\" has average scores about ten points higher, with the PC version getting an average of 82 and the Xbox 360 version getting an average of 72. GameZone's Dan Liebman gave both the PC and Xbox 360 versions an 8.4, saying \"Strong narrative and open-ended design are the highlights of this fantasy experience. Divinity II: Ego Draconis will likely be overlooked by many due to the timing of its release, but it offers a genuinely engrossing world for RPG buffs to",
"itself upon release. Larian released behind-the-scenes videos when the sales numbers reached certain milestones, as well as a tech demo of their first, unfinished game, \"The Lady, The Mage, and The Knight\". On Metacritic, the PC and 360 versions of \"Ego Draconis\" have an average score of 72 and 62 respectively. \"The Dragon Knight Saga\" has average scores about ten points higher, with the PC version getting an average of 82 and the Xbox 360 version getting an average of 72. GameZone's Dan Liebman gave both the PC and Xbox 360 versions an 8.4, saying \"Strong narrative and open-ended design are the highlights of this fantasy experience. Divinity II: Ego Draconis will likely be overlooked by many due to the timing of its release, but it offers a genuinely engrossing world for RPG buffs to wallow in.\" GameZone also gave the Dragon Knight Saga a 7 out of 10, stating \"Although the graphical improvements are appreciated, newcomers expecting a visual powerhouse shouldn’t get their hopes up. A good number of glitches can still be found, visual inconsistencies being one of the most striking. Your overall perception of Rivellon’s scope isn’t quite the same as a Bethesda RPG—it’s a limited field of view, despite the actual grandeur of the world.\" IGN scored it a 4.8 out of 10, stating \"I can’t recommend the Xbox 360 version of this product to anyone.\" However, in the review of \"The Dragon Knight Saga\", another IGN reviewer stated \"If you haven't touched Divinity II at all and you enjoy action-RPGs, you won't be disappointed with the Xbox 360 version.\" Following the success of \"Divinity II: The Dragon Knight Saga\", Larian expressed an interest in creating more \"Divinity\" games, while also developing the dragon gameplay that was featured in \"Divinity II\". They have announced that one of their next planned games is going to be an action-real time strategy game, with the main character as a Dragon Knight at a time in Rivellon's history when there were many Dragon Knights. The game was released August 6, 2013, and is titled \"\". Divinity II Divinity II is an action role-playing game developed by Larian Studios. Its first release in 2009 was subtitled Ego Draconis, and was published by dtp entertainment and in the United States by cdv Software Entertainment. The updated 2011 re-release The Dragon Knight Saga which included the expansion Flames of Vengeance, as well as the final 2012 release as"
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"retrieved": [
"Robert S. Shankland Robert Sherwood Shankland (January 11, 1908 – March 1, 1982) was an American physicist and historian. Robert S. Shankland was an undergraduate at the Case School for Applied Sciences from 1925–1929 and received his master's degree in 1933. He completed his Ph.D. degree in 1935 for work on photon scattering with Arthur Compton at the University of Chicago. His other research included work on the ionosphere and standard frequency regulations from 1929–1930 with the US National Bureau of Standards, and worked in England on sonar for submarine warfare early in World War II. Shankland's report on the Albert A. Michelson's Irvine Ranch experiments was published in 1933. In the British journal \"Nature\", Shankland gave the historical background of how Einstein formulates the first two principles, in 1905, of the special theory of relativity from the Michelson-Morley experiment. Shankland believed that the accepted direct explanation for the Michelson-Morley experiment is provided by the special theory of relativity given by Einstein in 1905. Shankland recorded that Michelson's Santa Ana trip was to look at the science of the aether. After completing graduate studies he joined the faculty at Case School for Applied Sciences. In 1941 he succeeded Dayton C. Miller as the Ambrose Swasey Professor of Physics at Case, a position he held until his retirement in 1976. Shankland worked on neutrino experiments with Argonne National Laboratory from 1953–1969, and had other interests including the history of relativity and architectural acoustics. He collaborated with George Szell, the director of the Cleveland Orchestra, to improve the acoustics of Severance Hall, making it easier for musicians to hear each other on the stage. Shankland's father, Frank North Shankland, was the author of \"Modern Romances\" and several books on birds and animals. In 1929 Shankland married Hilda Catherine Kinneson. They had five children: Ruth Ellen, Dorothy Margaret, Lois Virginia, Ava Gertrude, and Sherwood Jean, and 14 grandchildren. Hilda died in 1970 and he married Eleanor Newlin. Shankland was a passionate outdoorsman and a knowledgeable collector of iron animal traps and Native American artifacts. Beginning in 1952, Shankland led a team that performed an analysis of Dayton Miller's interferometric results, and concluded that Miller's reported positive ether drift was likely caused by thermal fluctuations, and that, when this is taken into account, the results were consistent with special relativity. Shankland's explanation is now accepted by most mainstream scientists. In 1925–1926, Dayton Miller performed interferometric observations at Mount Wilson, similar to the Michelson-Morley experiment, that appeared to reflect a measurable drift of the Earth through the luminiferous aether, in apparent contradiction with other experiments of that type and with relativity's prediction that no aether should be observable. In 1955, Shankland published a paper analyzing Miller's data, arguing that \"the small periodic fringe displacements found by Miller are due in part to statistical fluctuations in the readings of the fringe positions in a very difficult experiment\" and \"the remaining systematic effects are ascribed to local temperature conditions.\" Moreover, he argues that the thermal gradients responsible for the effects \"were much more troublesome at Mount Wilson than those encountered by experimenters elsewhere, including Miller himself in his work done at Case in Cleveland.\" In a 1973 review paper on the experimental development of relativity, Shankland included an August 31, 1954 letter to him by Einstein agreeing with his analysis. (Shankland had sent Einstein a manuscript prior to its publication.) Einstein wrote: In Shankland's re-analysis, no statistically significant signal for the existence of aether was found. The analysis is accepted by mainstream physicists, the abandonment of the concept of the aether is nearly universal, and Miller's observed signal is believed the result of experimenter's bias; the \"signal\" that Miller observed in 1933 is actually composed of points that are an average of several hundred measurements each, and the magnitude of the signal is more than 10 times smaller than the resolution with which the measurements were recorded. Though Maurice Allais and James DeMeo do not accept Shankland's refutation and hold to the belief that Miller's experiment invalidates the theory of relativity, Einstein's theory is today regarded by most physicists as proven, based largely on the vastly more accurate repetitions of Miller's measurements made using modern optical technology by numerous independent researchers that have shown conclusively that Miller's reported positive signal was spurious. Miller's data, and Shankland's analysis of it, are now of only historical interest. Robert S. Shankland Robert Sherwood Shankland (January 11, 1908 – March 1, 1982) was an American physicist and historian. Robert S. Shankland was an undergraduate at the Case School for Applied Sciences from 1925–1929 and received his master's degree in 1933. He completed his Ph.D. degree in 1935 for work on photon scattering with Arthur Compton at the University of Chicago. His other research included work on the ionosphere and standard frequency"
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"Liuqin The liuqin (Chinese: , \"liǔqín\") is a four-stringed Chinese mandolin with a pear-shaped body. It is small in size, almost a miniature copy of another Chinese plucked musical instrument, the \"pipa\". The range of its voice is much higher than the \"pipa\", and it has its own special place in Chinese music, whether in orchestral music or in solo pieces. This has been the result of a modernization in its usage in recent years, leading to a gradual elevation in status of the \"liuqin\" from an accompaniment instrument in folk Chinese opera, to an instrument well-appreciated for its unique tonal and acoustic qualities. The position of the instrument is lower than the pipa, being held diagonally like the Chinese ruan and yueqin. Like the ruan and unlike the pipa its strings are elevated by a bridge and the soundboard has two prominent soundholes. Finally, the instrument is played with a pick with similar technique to both ruan and yueqin, whereas the pipa is played with the fingers. Therefore, the liuqin is most commonly played and doubled by those with ruan and yueqin experience. Historically, the \"liuqin\" was commonly made of willow wood (柳 \"liǔ\" literally meaning \"willow\"), while the professionals used versions constructed with a higher-quality red sandalwood or rosewood. In contemporary versions, however, the front board is made of \"tong\" wood (桐木) and for the reverse side, of red sandalwood, as comparable to historical types. The \"liuqin\" has gone by various names, firstly the liuyeqin (柳葉琴), meaning willow-leaf-shaped instrument. This was the original term for the \"liuqin\", which is visibly an abbreviation of the term \"liuyeqin\". The other reference to the \"liuqin\" is the tu pipa (土琵琶), literally meaning unrefined \"pipa\", because of the aforementioned diminutive size and resemblance of the \"liuqin\" to the \"pipa\". Throughout its history, the \"liuqin\" came in variations ranging from two (which only had a range of one and a half octaves) to four strings. However, the earliest precursor of the modern four-stringed version of the instrument appeared and experienced popularity during the Qing Dynasty . This version had two strings, and was only used for accompaniment purposes in traditional operas, as mentioned before. The two-stringed \"liuqin\" remained in use for much of dynastic China from the Qing Dynasty until the late 20th century. With the modernization of traditional Chinese music in the 1970s, the four-stringed \"liuqin\" was developed as an improvement to its musical range, and the body of the instrument was enlarged to allow the player to handle the instrument with greater ease. Its technique is closer to that of the mandolin than that of the pipa, using a plectrum and frequently using the tremolo technique. Its strings are either tuned in fifths, G-D-A-E (as a mandolin or violin), or else in a mixture of fourths and fifths, as for example G-D-G-D, which is a more common tuning employed by mainstream players of the \"liuqin\". This makes playing of the \"liuqin\" exactly the same as the \"ruan\", hence players of either the \"liuqin\" or the \"ruan\" often double on both instruments. The modern \"liuqin\" has four steel strings. Like the \"ruan\", the number of the \"liuqin\"'s frets was increased from 7 to 29 over the course of the 20th century. These frets are arranged in half-step intervals. Its refreshing and jubilant tonal quality is more delicate than that of the \"yueqin\". Note that the frets on all Chinese lutes are high so that the fingers never touch the actual body—distinctively different from western fretted instruments. This allows for a greater control over timbre and intonation than their western counterparts, but makes chordal playing more difficult. On the instrument On players of the \"liuqin\" Liuqin The liuqin (Chinese: , \"liǔqín\") is a four-stringed Chinese mandolin with a pear-shaped body. It is small in size, almost a miniature copy of another Chinese plucked musical instrument, the \"pipa\". The range of its voice is much higher than the \"pipa\", and it has its own special place in Chinese music, whether in orchestral music or in solo pieces. This has been the result of a modernization in its usage in recent years, leading to a gradual elevation in status of the \"liuqin\" from an accompaniment"
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"Clyst St Lawrence Clyst St Lawrence is a village and civil parish about 8 miles north-east of the city of Exeter in the county of Devon, England. Historically it formed part of Cliston Hundred. The parish is in the East Devon district and is surrounded, clockwise from the north, by the parishes of Clyst Hydon, Whimple and the large parish of Broad Clyst. In 2001 its population was 105, little changed from the 113 people who lived there in 1901. The parish church, which is dedicated to St Lawrence, was founded in 1203 or earlier and it retains its granite font of that date. Clyst St Lawrence Clyst St Lawrence is a village and civil parish about 8 miles north-east of the city of Exeter in the county of Devon, England. Historically it formed part of Cliston Hundred. The parish is in the East Devon district and is surrounded, clockwise from the north, by the parishes of Clyst Hydon, Whimple and the large parish of Broad Clyst. In 2001 its population was 105, little changed from the 113 people who lived there in 1901. The parish church, which is dedicated to St Lawrence, was founded in 1203 or earlier and"
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"1970 Stanley Cup Finals The 1970 Stanley Cup Finals was contested by the Boston Bruins and the St. Louis Blues, appearing in their third straight finals. The Bruins were making their first appearance in the final since . The Bruins would win the series 4–0, their first Stanley Cup victory in 29 years. Bobby Orr scored the Cup-winning goal on Glenn Hall, with an assist from Derek Sanderson, at forty seconds of overtime, and the subsequent image of Orr flying through the air, his arms raised in victory — he had been tripped by Blues' defenseman Noel Picard immediately after scoring the goal — is one of the most famous and recognized hockey images of all time. With the win, the Bruins became the first American team to win the Stanley Cup since the Chicago Blackhawks in . As of 2018, this remains the last appearance in a Stanley Cup Final for the Blues, who had went to the Finals in their first three years but lost each time in four game sweeps. Boston defeated the New York Rangers 4–2 and the Chicago Black Hawks 4–0 to advance to the final. St. Louis defeated the Minnesota North Stars 4–2 and the Pittsburgh Penguins 4–2. The Boston Bruins tied for first in the East Division with the Chicago Blackhawks with 99 points. The Bruins lost the tiebreaker of wins with 40 to Chicago's 45. The St. Louis Blues finished first in the West Division with 86 points. This was the first playoff meeting between these two teams. In this year's regular season series, there were three wins for Boston, one for St. Louis and two ties. At 3:57 of the first period, a hard shot from Fred Stanfield was deflected and struck Jacques Plante in the forehead of his face mask, splitting the mask in half and injuring Plante. Plante was finished for the series. Doctors later said if he hadn't been wearing the mask, he surely would have been killed. Ernie Wakely took over in goal but only held off the Bruins for a few minutes before becoming a rather easy mark for Bruins sharpshooters. The most commonly seen video clip of Bobby Orr's famous overtime goal (\"The Flight\") in game four is the American version broadcast on CBS as called by Dan Kelly. This archival clip can be considered a rarity, since surviving kinescopes or videotapes of the telecasts of hockey games from this era usually emanate from CBC's coverage. According to Dick Irvin, Jr.'s book \"My 26 Stanley Cups\" (Irvin was in the CBC booth with Danny Gallivan during the 1970 Stanley Cup Finals), he was always curious why even the CBC typically uses the CBS replay of the Bobby Orr goal (with Dan Kelly's commentary) instead of Gallivan's call. The explanation that Irvin received was that the CBC's master tape of the game (along with others) was thrown away in order clear shelf space at the network. The New England Sports Network has played the CBS video of the goal but has used the original WBZ-FM radio call with Fred Cusick and Johnny Peirson. 1970 Stanley Cup Finals The 1970 Stanley Cup Finals was contested by the Boston Bruins and the St. Louis Blues, appearing in their third straight finals. The Bruins were making their first appearance in the final since . The Bruins would win the series 4–0, their first Stanley Cup victory in 29 years. Bobby Orr scored the Cup-winning goal on Glenn Hall, with an assist from Derek Sanderson, at forty seconds of overtime, and the subsequent image of Orr flying through the air,"
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"Sustainable Development Policy Institute The Sustainable Development Policy Institute (SDPI) provides the global sustainable development community with representation from Pakistan as well as South Asia as a whole. The Institute's mission is: \"To catalyse the transition towards sustainable development, defined as the enhancement of peace, social justice and well-being, within and across generations\". The think tank is based in Islamabad, Pakistan. The Lauder Institute thinks it is one of top 15 research institute's in Southeast Asia and the Pacific. SDPI was founded in August 1992 on the recommendation of the Pakistan National Conservation Strategy (NCS), also called Pakistan's Agenda 21. The NCS placed Pakistan's socio-economic development within the context of a national environmental plan. This highly acclaimed document, approved by the Federal Cabinet in March 1992, outlined the need for an independent non-profit organization to serve as a source of expertise for policy analysis and development, policy intervention, and policy and program advisory services. SDPI is registered under the Societies Registration Act, XXI of 1860. Dr. Tariq Banoori was the founding Executive Director of SDPI. He served from 1992-1997 Dr. Shah Rukh Rafi Khan succeeded Dr. Banoori and served as Executive Director from 1997-2002 Dr. Saba Gul Khattak, currently member National Planning Commission Pakistan, headed SDPI from 2002-2007 Dr. Abid Qaiyum Suleri current Executive Director of SDPI took over from Dr. Khattak in 2007. To These goals reflect the main axes of our work; the means through which we effect change. To The Institute's activities are designed to provide: The research program at SDPI drives the three main activities of policy advice, advocacy and training. 1. Research An effective and viable institution conducting independent research on sustainable development 2. Advocacy Creation of broad awareness of, and active support for, sustainable development in government, the private sector, NGOs, academia and the general public 3. Policy Advice Improved sustainable development policy in government, private and NGO sectors 4. Capacity Building/Training Provision of high quality training to public and private organizations, NGOs and individuals to strengthen institutions and build capacity for sustainable development SDPI defines sustainable development as the enhancement of peace, social justice and well-being within and across generations. SDPI produces knowledge that can enhance the capacity of government to make informed policy decisions and to engage civil society on issues of public interest. The Institute acts as both a generator of original research on sustainable development issues xxx and as an information resource for concerned individuals and institutions. SDPI’s function is thus two-fold: an advisory role fulfilled through research, policy advice and advocacy; and an enabling role realised through providing other individuals and organizations with resource materials and training. We welcome your views and any inquiries you may have on our () website and/or organization as a whole. According to a research report published by the Think Tanks and Civil Societies Programme (TTCSP) at the University of Pennsylvania that Sustainable Development Policy Institute (SDPI) have clinched position among top 20 think thanks of the world, SDPI was ranked 15. Sustainable Development"
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"Anna Kathryn Holbrook Anna Kathryn Holbrook (née York; born April 18, 1957, Fairbanks, Alaska) is an American soap opera actress, best known for her role as Sharlene Frame Hudson on \"Another World\", a role she played originally from 1988 to 1991. She returned from 1993–97, and again in 1999. Frame was plain and a victim of sexual abuse and multiple personality disorder, but Holbrook proved she could portray her convincingly. She was subsequently paired with David Forsyth. She won a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress award for her role as Sharlene in 1996. Holbrook has appeared in numerous guest starring roles on \"Law & Order\" and \"\". She appeared in the film \"I Love Trouble\", which starred with Nick Nolte. She has also appeared in off-Broadway and regional theater. Holbrook's father, Don York (aged 29) was killed in South Vietnam during the Vietnamese War. Her mother later remarried. Anna and Bruce Holbrook have been married since 1979, and have two children. She is currently an acting teacher at the Performing Arts Conservatory in New Canaan, Connecticut. Anna Kathryn Holbrook Anna Kathryn Holbrook (née York; born April 18, 1957, Fairbanks, Alaska) is an American soap opera actress, best known"
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"Jean-Louis Légaré Jean-Louis Légaré was a French-Canadian trader and one of the founding members of Willow Bunch, Saskatchewan. He was born in Saint-Jacques, Quebec October 25, 1841 and left in 1866 to find work first in the eastern United States, then in Minnesota. After working as a clerk and freighter around Pembina, North Dakota he opened a trading post in 1871 at Wood Mountain, Saskatchewan then a Métis hivernant settlement. He married Marie Ouellette in 1873 who bore him a son Albert Joseph. His wife died in 1876 and he never remarried. Between 1876 and 1881 nearly 5,000 Sioux and their chief Sitting Bull took refuge in the Wood Mountain region after the Battle of the Little Big Horn and traded at his post. By 1879 the Sioux were destitute because the buffalo had disappeared from the area. Légaré spent a great deal of effort and supplies to feed the starving Sioux. Since the U.S. government offered amnesty and supplies Légaré at the request of L.N.F. Crozier (NWMP) persuaded them to return to the United States. He accompanied Sitting Bull to Fort Buford in 1881. During the North-West Rebellion in 1885 he negotiated with the federal government for the employment of 40 Métis from the area. They patrolled the Canada–United States border as scouts during the Métis resistance. In the 1880s he was a cattle and horse rancher in the Willow Bunch area. Légaré became one of the first postmasters of Willow Bunch in 1898 and again in 1902 and held the position until his death on February 1, 1918. In 1960 the Jean-Louis Légaré Regional Park was established 2 km west of Willow Bunch. In 1969 Jean-Louis Légaré was designated by the Canadian government as being nationally significant in the history of the country. A plaque in Willow Bunch reads: Jean-Louis Légaré was recognized in Saskatchewan with The Jean-Louis Légaré Act in 1993. Jean-Louis Légaré Jean-Louis Légaré was a French-Canadian trader and one of the founding members of Willow Bunch, Saskatchewan. He was born in Saint-Jacques, Quebec October 25, 1841 and left in 1866 to find work first in the eastern United States, then in Minnesota. After working as a clerk and freighter around Pembina, North Dakota he opened a trading post in 1871 at Wood Mountain, Saskatchewan then a Métis hivernant settlement. He married Marie Ouellette in 1873 who bore him a son Albert Joseph. His wife died"
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"Birgit Borgersen Wiig Birgit Borgersen Wiig (7 April 1928 – 29 May 1998) was a Norwegian newspaper editor and politician. She was born in Askim to Halfdan Borgersen and Irma Hertha Neubauer, and graduated as cand.mag. in literary history at the University of Oslo in 1955. She was editor of the newspaper \"Øvre Smaalenene\" from 1957 to 1985, and from 1990 to 1993. For 25 years she was the only female member of the Association of Norwegian Editors. From 1968 to 1973 she chaired the Norwegian National Women's Council. From 1973 to 1977 she was deputy representative at the Storting from Østfold. Birgit Borgersen Wiig Birgit Borgersen Wiig (7 April 1928 – 29 May 1998) was a Norwegian newspaper editor and politician. She was born in Askim to Halfdan Borgersen and Irma Hertha Neubauer, and graduated as cand.mag. in literary history at the University of Oslo in 1955. She was editor of the newspaper \"Øvre Smaalenene\" from 1957 to 1985, and from 1990 to 1993. For 25 years she was the only female member of the Association of Norwegian Editors. From 1968 to 1973 she chaired the Norwegian National Women's Council. From 1973 to 1977 she was deputy representative at"
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"Hefferston Grange Hefferston Grange is a former country house to the southwest of the village of Weaverham, Cheshire, England. The house is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II* listed building. The house was built in 1741 for Philip Henry Warburton, incorporating parts of an earlier house dating from about 1700. It was enlarged in Neoclassical style for Nicholas Ashton of Woolton Hall in the 1770s. Extensions and alterations were made to the house for Robert Heath in 1876. During the 20th century it became part of the Grange Hospital (formerly Hefferston Grange Sanatorium). This was established in 1921 for the treatment of patients suffering from tuberculosis. The property was sold by the National Health Service in 1986. The house is constructed in orange brick with stone dressings. It has hipped roofs covered in Welsh slate, and has brick chimneys. Its plan is that of a rectangular block. The architectural style is Early Georgian. The entrance front is on the east side; it is symmetrical, in two storeys, and has seven bays. It has a moulded stone plinth, and rusticated quoins. The lateral pair of bays on each side are stepped forward. All the windows in this front are sash windows. Above the doorcase is a frieze of Tudor roses under a moulded architrave and a segmental pediment. Two bays at the right end of the south front are canted. This front has a mixture of sash and casement windows. Attached to the west front is a 19th-century cast iron conservatory with a semicircular end. On the north front is a stone porch. Inside, the ceilings of the staircase and one of the upstairs rooms have Rococo stucco decoration. To the east of the house is an icehouse. It dates from the late 18th or early 19th century, and is constructed in orange brick covered in earth. The structure is a Grade II listed building. Hefferston Grange Hefferston Grange is a former country house to the southwest of the village of Weaverham, Cheshire, England. The house is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II* listed building. The house was built in 1741 for Philip Henry Warburton, incorporating parts of an earlier house dating from about 1700. It was enlarged in Neoclassical style for Nicholas Ashton of Woolton Hall in the 1770s. Extensions and alterations were made to the"
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"Ely Municipal Airport Ely Municipal Airport is a public airport located in Saint Louis County, Minnesota, United States, four miles south of the city of Ely, which owns the airport. Most U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA, but Ely Municipal Airport is ELO to the FAA and LYU to the IATA (Eldorado, Misiones, Argentina has IATA code ELO.) The airport covers ; it has one runway, 12/30, which is 5,596 x 100 ft (1,706 x 30 m) with an asphalt surface. For the year ending May 31, 2014 the airport had 8,200 aircraft operations, an average of 22 per day: 98% general aviation and 2% air taxi. In January 2017, there were 14 aircraft based at this airport: 13 single-engine and 1 multi-engine. Ely Municipal Airport Ely Municipal Airport is a public airport located in Saint Louis County, Minnesota, United States, four miles south of the city of Ely, which owns the airport. Most U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA, but Ely Municipal Airport is ELO to the FAA and LYU to the IATA (Eldorado, Misiones, Argentina has IATA code ELO.) The airport covers ; it"
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"Sammy Barr Samuel Alexander Barr (20 December 1931 – 7 May 2012) was a British shipyard worker, trade unionist, and Upper Clyde Shipbuilders (UCS) work-in veteran. Barr was an \"inspiring speaker\" and organiser who was a \"widely respected shop steward\" of the Boilermakers' Society at the time of the \"historic work-in\" at the UCS in 1971. Barr was credited with coming up with the idea for a work-in, which gained a lot of publicity and forced the UK Government into a reversal, saving 6,000 jobs at the shipyard. Barr was a lifelong friend to fellow UCS activists Jimmy Airlie and Sammy Gilmore. Throughout his life he displayed \"considerable political commitment\" to the right to work, and protection for the rights of young working people, and also particularly to the protection of the Clyde shipyards. Richard Leonard writes that \"he was unquestionably one of the outstanding trade unionists of his generation, which was a generation of outstanding trade unionists\". Barr was born in Glasgow in 1931. At the age of 15, Barr joined Charles Connell and Company in Scotstoun as an apprentice welder. He remained in the shipbuilding industry for his entire working life. Barr married Janet, had five children, and at the time of his death was a grandfather and great-grandfather. As well as his involvement in politics and the trade unions, Barr is known to have written variously during his lifetime for journals such as Labour Monthly, the Daily Worker and the Morning Star. Barr died in 2012, at the age of 80, after a short battle with lung cancer. The crisis came about in the UK in 1971 when the new Conservative Government decided to stop subsidies provided to the shipbuilding industry., which they described as a \"lame duck\". This risked the redundancies of 6,000 of the 8,500 shipyard workers at UCS. After the Government refused to help the UCS shipyard, an organising committee of worker representatives was formed. This committee came up with the idea of a work-in, rather than a strike. This led to mass rallies, and gained support for the workers from across the world. In the short term, the UK Government, led by Ted Heath, backed down and were forced into an embarrassing u-turn on the immediate future of the shipyard. Immediately the UK Government announced a package of £35 million investment into the future of the yards, and within three years, shipbuilding on the Upper Clyde had received about £101 million of public grants. Although there are different views as to the long-term success of the work-in, it is likely that the shipbuilding still existing in the Clyde owes much for its existence to Barr and his fellow organisers. From almost the start of his working career at the age of 15, Barr developed a strong interest in representing his fellow workers. Firstly he became a shop steward for his fellow apprentices, then later for his fellow welders in the Boilermakers' Society which was the largest of the unions in the shipyards. By the time of the crisis at UCS, Barr was already a leading union figure. In 1977 he was narrowly beaten in the election for the office of assistant general secretary of the Boilermakers' Society. He became vice-chairman of the Glasgow Trades Council after acting as a delegate there in the 1980s. The Boilermakers' Society was later amalgamated with the GMB union. Barr's commitment to the representation of workers continued throughout his life and he was president of the retired member's association for the GMB Union, and a branch secretary in Glasgow right up until his death. After his death, he was described by a spokesman for the GMB union as \"one of the outstanding trade unionists of his generation. His passing marks the end of an era\". \"He leaves behind a legacy of great memories but also a reminder to workers the world over that if you stand firm you can win.\" From a young age, Barr showed a keen interest in politics - he was elected onto the Communist Party's Scottish Committee. During the 1960s, he stood as a Communist candidate for local council elections for Partick West. In the early 1970s, Barr stood as a parliamentary candidate for the Communist Party, in Glasgow Garscadden. He stood for election at the general elections in February 1974, 1979 and 1983, and also in the by-election of 1978. Barr later became a Labour Party member, recognised as a firmly old-school Labourite. Tony Benn became a lifelong friend and presented Barr with a medal to recognise his contribution at the 40th anniversary of the work-in in 2011. Barr also played an active part in local campaigns, such as successfully campaigning to prevent the closure of a park in the area of Partick where he lived. Sammy Barr Samuel Alexander Barr (20 December"
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"Mother Goose The figure of Mother Goose is the imaginary author of a collection of French fairy tales and later of English nursery rhymes. As a character, she appeared in a song, the first stanza of which often functions now as a nursery rhyme. This, however, was dependent on a Christmas pantomime, a successor to which is still performed in the United Kingdom. The term's appearance in English dates back to the early 18th century, when Charles Perrault’s fairy tale collection, \"Contes de ma Mère l'Oye\", was first translated into English as \"Tales of My Mother Goose\". Later a compilation of English nursery rhymes, titled \"Mother Goose's Melody, or, Sonnets for the Cradle\", helped perpetuate the name both in Britain and the United States. Mother Goose's name was identified with English collections of stories and nursery rhymes popularised in the 17th century. English readers would already have been familiar with Mother Hubbard, a stock figure when Edmund Spenser published the satire Mother Hubberd's Tale in 1590, as well as with similar fairy tales told by \"Mother Bunch\" (the pseudonym of Madame d'Aulnoy) in the 1690s. An early mention appears in an aside in a versified French chronicle of weekly events, Jean Loret's \"La Muse Historique\", collected in 1650. His remark, \"comme un conte de la Mère Oye\" (\"like a Mother Goose story\") shows that the term was readily understood. Additional 17th-century Mother Goose/Mere l'Oye references appear in French literature in the 1620s and 1630s. In the 20th century, Katherine Elwes-Thomas theorised that the image and name \"Mother Goose\" or \"Mère l'Oye\" might be based upon ancient legends of the wife of King Robert II of France, known as \"Berthe la fileuse\" (\"Bertha the Spinner\") or \"Berthe pied d'oie\" (\"Goose-Footed Bertha\" ), often described as spinning incredible tales that enraptured children. Other scholars have pointed out that Charlemagne's mother, Bertrada of Laon, came to be known as the goose-foot queen (\"regina pede aucae\"). There are even sources that trace Mother Goose's origin back to the biblical Queen of Sheba. Despite evidence to the contrary, it has been claimed in America that the original Mother Goose was the Bostonian wife of Isaac Goose, either named Elizabeth Foster Goose (1665–1758) or Mary Goose (d. 1690, age 42). Alternatively, the original Mother Goose lived in Boston in the 1660s, reportedly as the second wife of Isaac Goose (alternatively named Vergoose or Vertigoose), who brought to the marriage six children of her own to add to Isaac's ten. After Isaac died, Elizabeth went to live with her eldest daughter, who had married Thomas Fleet, a publisher who lived on Pudding Lane (now Devonshire Street). According to Early, \"Mother Goose\" used to sing songs and ditties to her grandchildren all day, and other children swarmed to hear them. Finally, her son-in-law gathered her jingles together and printed them, though no evidence of such prints has been found. Iona and Peter Opie, leading authorities on nursery lore, give no credence to either the Elwes-Thomas or the Boston suppositions. It is generally accepted that the term does not refer to any particular person. Charles Perrault, one of the initiators of the literary fairy tale genre, published a collection of such tales in 1695 called \"Histoires ou contes du temps passés, avec des moralités\" under the name of his son, which became better known under its subtitle of \"Contes de ma mère l'Oye\" or \"Tales of My Mother Goose\". Perrault's publication marks the first authenticated starting-point for Mother Goose stories. In 1729, an English translation appeared of Perrault's collection, Robert Samber's \"Histories or Tales of Past Times, Told by Mother Goose\", which introduced \"Sleeping Beauty\", \"Little Red Riding Hood\", \"Puss in Boots\", \"Cinderella\", and other Perrault tales to English-speaking audiences. The first public appearance of the Mother Goose stories in America was in Worcester, Massachusetts, where printer Isaiah Thomas reprinted Samber's volume under the same title in 1786. Maurice Ravel ‘s \"Ma mère l'oye\" suite is dependent on Perrault’s collection. Starting with five pieces for piano duet in 1908-10, he then orchestrated them for a ballet in which two of the episodes were named after the fairy tale characters Sleeping Beauty and Tom Thumb. The ballet was first performed in Paris in 1912 and later that year in Chicago. John Newbery was once believed to have published a compilation of English nursery rhymes titled \", or, Sonnets for the cradle\" some time in the 1760s, but the first edition was probably published in 1780 or 1781 by Thomas Carnan, one of Newbery's successors (and stepson). This edition was registered with the Stationers' Company, London in 1780. However, no copy has been traced, and the earliest surviving edition is dated 1784. The name \"Mother Goose\" has been associated in the English-speaking world with children's poetry ever since. In 1834, John Bellenden Ker Gawler published a book (with a 2nd-volume sequel in 1840) deriving the origin of the \"Mother Goose\" rhymes as arising from political disaffection expressed in a largely invented Flemish language, an effort described by the Opies as \"the most extraordinary example of misdirected labour in the history of English letters\". In addition to being the purported author of nursery rhymes, Mother Goose is herself the title character in one recorded by the Opies, only the first verse of which figures in later editions of their book. Titled \"Old Mother Goose and the Golden Egg\", this verse prefaced a 15-stanza poem that rambled through a variety of adventures involving not only the egg but also Mother Goose's son Jack. There exists an illustrated chapbook omitting their opening stanza that dates from the 1820s and another version was recorded by J. O. Halliwell in his \"The Nursery Rhymes of England\" (1842). Other shorter versions were also recorded later. All of them, however, were dependent on a very successful pantomime first performed in 1806, and it is only by reference to its script that the unexplained gaps in the poem's narration are made clear. The pantomime was the work of Thomas John Dibdin and its title, \"Harlequin and Mother Goose, or The Golden Egg\", signals how it combines the \"Commedia dell'arte\" tradition and other folk elements with fable - in this case \"The Goose That Laid the Golden Eggs\". The stage version became a vehicle for the clown Joseph Grimaldi, who played the part of Avaro, but there was also a shorter script for shadow pantomime which allowed special effects of a different kind. Special effects were needed since the folk elements in the story made a witch-figure of Mother Goose. In reference to this, and especially the opening stanza, illustrations of Mother Goose began depicting her as an old lady with a strong chin who wears a tall pointed hat and flies astride a goose. Ryoji Tsurumi has commented on the folk aspects of this figure in his monograph on the play. In the first scene, the stage directions show her raising a storm and, for the very first time onstage, flying a gander – and she later raises a ghost in a macabre churchyard scene. These elements contrast with others from the harlequinade tradition in which the old miser Avaro transforms into Pantaloon, while the young lovers Colin and Colinette become Harlequin and Columbine. A new Mother Goose pantomime was written for the comedian Dan Leno by J. Hickory Wood in 1902. This had a different story line in which the poor but happy Mother Goose is tempted with wealth by the Devil. This was the ancestor of all the pantomimes of that title that followed, adaptations of which continue to appear. Because nursery rhymes are usually referred to as Mother Goose songs in the US, however, children's entertainments in which a medley of nursery characters are introduced to sing their rhymes often introduced her name into American titles. Early 20th century examples of these include \"A dream of",
"contrast with others from the harlequinade tradition in which the old miser Avaro transforms into Pantaloon, while the young lovers Colin and Colinette become Harlequin and Columbine. A new Mother Goose pantomime was written for the comedian Dan Leno by J. Hickory Wood in 1902. This had a different story line in which the poor but happy Mother Goose is tempted with wealth by the Devil. This was the ancestor of all the pantomimes of that title that followed, adaptations of which continue to appear. Because nursery rhymes are usually referred to as Mother Goose songs in the US, however, children's entertainments in which a medley of nursery characters are introduced to sing their rhymes often introduced her name into American titles. Early 20th century examples of these include \"A dream of Mother Goose and other entertainments\" by J.C. Marchant and S.J. Mayhew (Boston, 1908); \"Miss Muffet Lost and Found : a Mother Goose play\" by Katharine C. Baker (Chicago, 1915); \"The Modern Mother Goose: a play in three acts\" by Helen Hamilton (Chicago, 1916); and the up-to-the-moment \"The Strike Mother Goose Settled\" by Evelyn Hoxie (Franklin Ohio and Denver Colorado, 1922). There have been numerous adaptations of Mother Goose with the classic nursery rhymes and adaptations with a distinct motif including: Mother Goose The figure of Mother Goose is the imaginary"
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"World Association of Ugly People The World Association of Ugly People (in Italian Club dei Brutti) is an organization dedicated to fighting for the recognition of ugly people, in a society that places a high value on physical beauty. The group's motto is \"A person is what he is and not what he looks like\". The club claims to have a history in Piobbico, Italy, from 1879. It was launched again in 1963 as a marriage agency for the town's single women. The World Association of Ugly People club campaigns against discrimination in the workplace based on looks. It attempts to make society more aware of ugly people's problems. It also helps people overcome their phobias and, in some cases, to find partners. In 2007, the group unveiled a monument dedicated to ugly people in Piobbico's town square. The monument depicts an unknown person looking at his reflection in a mirror. The club's emblem is the head of a wild boar. The club's crest features a reclining man smoking a pipe with the slogan: \"Ugliness is a virtue, beauty is slavery\". The club's patron is Vulcan from Roman mythology. At birth Vulcan was so ugly that his mother threw him over a cliff. He survived and became a skilled blacksmith. For providing Achilles with superior weapons, he was admitted to Mount Olympus where he married the beautiful Venus, goddess of love. The members of the World Association of Ugly People elect their president annually during the \"Festival of the Ugly\". This event is hosted by the small town of Piobbico in the Marche region of Italy every year on the first Sunday of September. Every year until 2007, Telesforo Iacobelli won the top prize and was president of the club, owing to his dedication to the organization. Also, he has a small nose in a culture where large noses are considered beautiful. On August 21, 2006, Iacobelli died. The following people have been members of the association. In 2010, the Association provided inspiration for the song \"Club Dei Brutti\" by the English band Idiot Savant. World Association of Ugly People The World Association of Ugly People (in Italian Club dei Brutti) is an organization dedicated to fighting for the recognition of ugly people, in a society that places a high value on physical beauty. The group's motto is \"A person is what he is and not what he looks like\"."
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"Marcus Session Marcus Session is a former American Professional Basketball player. He was born December 3, 1981 in Houston, Texas. He attended the historic Milby High School, where he played for Coach Boyce Honea. Marcus began his college career at San Jacinto College where he played for coach Scott Gernander two years. He later went on to attend St. Mary's University, Texas where he played for coach Buddy Meyer. In professional basketball he started in the pre-season and mini camp with the San Antonio Spurs in 2004. He later played for the Busan KT Sonicboom (S. Korea), Criollos de Caguas (basketball) (Puerto Rico), Espartanos de Margarita (LNB, VEN), Jilin Northeast Tigers (China), Houston Takers (ABA), Deportes Puerto Varas (Chile-DiMayor), Bucaneros De Campeche (MEX-LNBP), tested by Baloncesto Málaga , London Lions (basketball), a short stint with the New Mexico Thunderbirds (NBA D-League), Al Ahli SC (Doha) , Rizing Fukuoka (Japan) contractually, TV Langen (Germany). He currently works as an international Pro Basketball Scout with Kingdom Works Sports Agency, an Educator, Author, Public Speaker, Urban Youth Advocacy and a College Professor. He released his first book entitled \"Working With The At-Risk Teen\" in March 2016. He has also recorded a Christian Rap Album in 2008 entitled \"Motivation\" under the stage name M-Session. He has also spoken at many basketball camps, clinics, schools, and youth events around the world. Marcus Session Marcus Session is a former American Professional Basketball player. He was born December 3, 1981 in Houston, Texas. He attended the historic Milby High School, where he played for Coach Boyce Honea. Marcus began his college career at San Jacinto College where he played for coach Scott Gernander two years. He later went on to attend St. Mary's University, Texas where he played for coach Buddy Meyer. In professional basketball he started"
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"2065 Spicer 2065 Spicer, provisional designation , is a dark and eccentric asteroid from the middle region of the asteroid belt, approximately 17 kilometers in diameter. The asteroid was discovered on 9 September 1959, by the Indiana Asteroid Program at Goethe Link Observatory near Brooklyn, Indiana, United States, and named after American anthropologist Edward H. Spicer. \"Spicer\" orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.1–3.3 AU once every 4 years and 5 months (1,619 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.23 and an inclination of 6° with respect to the ecliptic. \"Spicer\"s spectra is that of a X-type and Xc-type in SMASS classification scheme, which indicates a transitional stage to the carbonaceous C-type asteroid. It has also been characterized as a P-type asteroid by the NEOWISE mission. In January 2005, photometric measurements of \"Spicer\" made by American astronomer Brian Warner at the Palmer Divide Observatory () gave a lightcurve with a well-defined rotation period of hours and a brightness variation of magnitude (). According to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, \"Spicer\" measures 16.721 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.062, while the \"Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link\" assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 18.43 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 12.4. This minor planet was named after American anthropologist Edward H. Spicer (1906–1983), professor at the University of Arizona, and a former president of the American Anthropological Association. In 1955, Spicer's negotiations with the local district and tribal councils were instrumental for receiving permission to evaluate the location where the Kitt Peak National Observatory was later built. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 26 May 1983 (). 2065"
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"Charles Troedel Charles Troedel (1835/6 Hamburg – 1906) (born Johannes Thedor Carl Troedel) was a German-born lithographic printer prominent in Melbourne during the late 19th century. He was apprenticed to his father at the age 13 and at the age of 24, emigrated to Melbourne, arriving in Williamstown on board the \"Great Britain\" in 1860. Trading as Troedel & Co, and from 1910 Troedel & Cooper, his company had close links with many well-known artists of that era. One of his apprentices was Arthur Streeton who was still working for him before being \"discovered\" by Tom Roberts and Frederick McCubbin. His name was well known in the printing industry for over 100 years. In 1863, François Cogné convinced Troedel that a book of Melbourne views would be a financial success. This artwork was ultimately published as 12 monthly subscriptions of 2 views per month and known as the \"Melbourne Views\". A bound copy of the full 24 views is held in the National Gallery of Australia, Canberra. Troedel carried out the lithography for Ferdinand von Mueller's landmark work \"Eucalyptographia. A descriptive atlas of the eucalypts of Australia and the adjoining islands\" published between 1879 and 1884. Charles Troedel Charles Troedel"
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"Anantnag railway station Anantnag railway station is a railway station on the Northern railway network. It is the headquarters of Anantnag division of Northern Railway zone . The station has been built as part of the Jammu–Baramulla line megaproject, intending to link the Kashmir Valley with Jammu Tawi and the rest of the Indian rail network. The station is basically located in rice fields which are between . wanpoh and harnag. It is approximately 4.5km far from Anantnag town. The station features Kashmiri wood architecture, with an intended ambience of a royal court which is designed to complement the local surroundings to the station. Station signage is predominantly in Urdu, English and Hindi. Anantnag railway station Anantnag railway station is a railway station on the Northern railway network. It is the headquarters of Anantnag division of Northern Railway zone . The station has been built as part of the Jammu–Baramulla line megaproject, intending to link the Kashmir Valley with Jammu Tawi and the rest of the Indian rail network. The station is basically located in rice fields which are between . wanpoh and harnag. It is approximately 4.5km far from Anantnag town. The station features Kashmiri wood architecture, with an"
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"LaKisha Jones LaKisha Ann Jones (born January 13, 1980) is an American singer. She placed fourth on the sixth season of \"American Idol\". Jones was born at Hurley Medical Center in Flint, Michigan, to a teacher at the Flint Foundation Academy. She was raised by her grandmother, Ruth Jefferson Morris. An only child, Jones is a Baptist who began singing at the Mount Zion Missionary Baptist Church at age five. She was formally trained in classical music, although her favorite genre is gospel music. Jones always dreamed of becoming a singer. She was home schooled in Flint, then attended Flint Central High School, where, in one of her earliest performances, she appeared in a play called \"Lead Poisoning.\" While in high school, Jones performed with one of the groups in the choral department: the Madrigal Singers. Jones graduated in 1998 and attended the University of Michigan-Flint, majoring in music. During college, she performed in the play \"Godspell\". Jones stated in her \"Idol\" interview that Flint, Michigan was her home. She was a single mother with a five-year-old daughter who encouraged her to try out for \"Idol\". Jones moved to Houston, Texas, where she lived for six years. One of her earliest jobs in Houston was that of a secretary at Abundant Life Cathedral, a church with 7,000 parishioners. Prior to working at the church, Jones sang in the 70-member choir. The choir has produced well-known gospel singer Yolanda Adams, among others. In 2006, Jones moved to Fort Meade, Maryland, in order to be closer to her cousins and other relatives. At that time, Jones obtained a job as a bank teller at Provident Bank in Millersville, Maryland, which she gave up when she moved to Hollywood to compete in \"American Idol\". Jones was the 1997 winner of Flint's amateur talent show, The Supershow, which is now-defunct. While living in Houston, she took second place in the 2005 \"Gimme the Mic\" competition. On October 5, 2008 in Beverly Hills, California, she married Larry Davis, a financial advisor. She has a daughter, Brionne (born February 20, 2003) from a past relationship; the couple welcomed their first child, daughter Ava LaRynn, in September 2009. Jones auditioned singing \"Think\" by Aretha Franklin. The judges were impressed with her powerful vocal and performance, and Simon noted that he \"loved this girl\". Jones was shown emotionally embracing her daughter after being sent into the next round. In her farewell montage on the episode of her elimination it was shown that she also sang \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\" during her audition. She also performed Stevie Wonder's \"Until You Come Back To Me\" during one of the Hollywood audition rounds. Jones toured with the Top 10 Idols on the Idols tour. She received positive reviews for her solo performance of \"I Will Always Love You\". She performed the Star-Spangled Banner at Comerica Park before the Detroit Tigers game on June 8, 2007 versus the New York Mets. Jones also had two homecoming events. The first at the Abundant Life Cathedral Church in Houston, Texas (Houston was her home from 2000 to 2006) on May 30, 2007. This date was also declared 'LaKisha Jones Day' in Houston by Mayor Bill White. The other homecoming was at Atwood Stadium, Flint, Michigan, where Jones was born and raised and where most of her family still resides, on June 9, 2007. It was at this ceremony that she received a $6,000 check and six-month free lease on a new Buick LaCrosse. She also received a Flint watch, personalized tree ornaments from Bronner's and a card signed by 300 fans. In late September 2007, it was announced that Jones would take over the role of the church soloist in the Broadway musical \"The Color Purple\" as of January 9, 2008. Jones played the role of Sofia during matinées (standing in for Chaka Khan). In June 2008, Jones vocal coached the girls on MTV's \"\". She demonstrated 'Amazing Grace' using chest and head voice with different vibratos. In May 2008, she appeared on American Idol Extra and \"Just As I Am\", a song from her upcoming album. Her debut single \"So Glad I'm Me\", written by Melanie Rutherford and produced by Edwin Nicholas, who produced soul musicians such as Patti LaBelle and Gerald Levert, was released on October 21, 2008. The album with the same title was released on May 19, 2009. LaKisha Jones was accepted as a contestant on the American music competition show \"The Winner Is\". On a show broadcast on June 10, 2013, the inaugural episode for the show, she was put in a duel against Lito Villareal. She performed \"Lady Marmalade\" getting just 33 votes out of a possible 101 expert judge votes and was eliminated from the show in round 1. LaKisha Jones LaKisha Ann"
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"West Ravendale Priory West Ravendale Priory was a Premonstratensian priory in North East Lincolnshire, England. The site of the priory lies south-west of Grimsby, and west of the A18. Its previous position is defined by earthworks and rubble. The ruins are Grade II listed, and lie within the civil parish of East Ravendale. The priory was founded in 1202 by Alan, son of Henry, Earl of Brittany, as a cell of the Premonstratensian abbey of Beaufort in Brittany. Owing to wars with France it was taken into the possession of the English Crown, and was part of the dowry of Joan of Navarre, wife of Henry IV. After her death in 1437 the priory was assigned to the collegiate church of Southwell. The remains of the chapel of the priory survived into the early 20th century. West Ravendale Priory West Ravendale Priory was a Premonstratensian priory in North East Lincolnshire, England. The site of the priory lies south-west of Grimsby, and west of the A18. Its previous position is defined by earthworks and rubble. The ruins are Grade II listed, and lie within the civil parish of East Ravendale. The priory was founded in 1202 by Alan, son of Henry,"
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"Modern Magic Made Simple The protagonist, Koyomi Morishita, is a short, clumsy, female high school freshman who is mercilessly teased except by her good friend Yumiko. Seeing a flyer about a school for magicians, Koyomi takes the enrollment exam and becomes a student of Misa Anehara, a powerful master magician. Modern magic is accomplished with the aid of computers by writing special programs for them. As magic is not as easy as it seems, initially Koyomi's talent seems to consist of making washbasins randomly fall out of the sky. The light novel series is by Hiroshi Sakurazaka, with illustrations by Miki Miyashita. As of March 25, 2009, six volumes have been published by Shueisha under their Super Dash Bunko imprint. A new edition of the first light novel was released on April 25, 2008. A manga adaptation started serialization in the \"shōnen\" magazine \"Jump Square\" on August 4, 2008. An anime adaptation was announced in October 2008. On July 11, 2009, the anime began airing in Japan on the networks BS11, AT-X and Bandai Channel, while also simulcast worldwide via Crunchyroll. It ran for 12 episodes, ending on September 26, 2009. North American licensor Sentai Filmworks released the series on DVD in December 2011. The opening theme of the anime series was \"programming for non-fiction\" by Natsuko Aso. The ending theme was \"Made in WONDER\" by Aki Misato. Modern Magic Made Simple The protagonist, Koyomi Morishita, is a short, clumsy, female high school freshman who is mercilessly teased except by her good friend Yumiko. Seeing a flyer about a school for magicians, Koyomi takes the enrollment exam and becomes a student of Misa Anehara, a powerful master magician. Modern magic is accomplished with the aid of computers by writing special programs for them. As magic is not as easy as"
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"Valley View High School (Pennsylvania) Valley View High School is a rural public high school located in Archbald, Pennsylvania. It is the sole high school operated by the Valley View School District. In 2014, enrollment was reported as 800 pupils in 9th through 12th grades, with 27% of pupils eligible for a free lunch due to family poverty. Additionally, 11.7% of pupils received special education services, while 2.6% of pupils were identified as gifted. The school employed 52 teachers. Per the PA Department of Education, 100% of the teachers were rated \"Highly Qualified\" under the federal No Child Left Behind Act. Valley View High School has been accredited by the Middle States Commission on Secondary Schools. Valley View HIgh School is not a federally designated Title I school. Valley View High School students may choose to attend the Career Technology Center of Lackawanna County (CTCLC) for training in the construction and mechanical trades. The Northeastern Educational Intermediate Unit IU19 provides the school with a wide variety of services like specialized education for disabled students and hearing, background checks for employees, state mandated recognizing and reporting child abuse training, speech and visual disability services and professional development for staff and faculty. According to the National Center for Education Statistics, in 2012, the Valley View High School reported an enrollment of 825 pupils in grades 9th through 12th, with 210 pupils eligible for a federal free or reduced price lunch due to the family meeting the federal poverty level. In 2012, Valley View HIgh School employed 52 teachers, yielding a student-teacher ratio of 15:1. According to a report by the Pennsylvania Department of Education, 100% of its teachers were rated \"Highly Qualified\" under No Child Left Behind. The Valley View School District was established in 1969 after the schools of Archbald, Blakely, and Jessup decided to combine and form a larger school. A contest was held to name the school throughout Archbald and Blakely. The cougar was chosen as the mascot and the colors became blue, gold, and white. In 2014, the district’s graduation rate was 96.9. Valley View High School achieved 92.2 out of 100. Reflects on grade level reading, mathematics and science achievement. In reading/literature – 80% of pupils were on grade level. In Algebra 1, only 64% showed on grade level skills. In Biology, just 77% demonstrated on grade level science understanding at the end of the course. Statewide, the percentage of high school students who scored proficient and advanced in Algebra I increased to 39.7% to 40.1%. The percentage of high school students who scored proficient and advanced in reading/literature declined to 52.5%. The percentage of high school students who scored proficient and advanced in biology improved from 39.7% to 41.4%. According to the Pennsylvania Department of Education, 2,134 of 2,947 Pennsylvania public schools (72 percent of Pennsylvania public schools), achieved an academic score of 70 or higher. Fifty-three percent of schools statewide received lower SPP scores compared with last year's, while 46 percent improved. A handful were unchanged. Valley View High School achieved 88.6 out of 100. Reflects on grade level reading, mathematics and science achievement. In reading/literature – 84% of pupils were on grade level. In Algebra 1, 74% showed on grade level skills at the end of the course. In Biology, only 67% showed on grade level science understanding. According to the Pennsylvania Department of Education, 2,181 public schools (less than 73 percent of Pennsylvania public schools), achieved an academic score of 70 or higher. Pennsylvania 11th grade students no longer take the PSSAs. Instead, beginning in 2012, they take the Keystone Exams at the end of the associated course. In 2012, Valley View High School declined to Warning Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP status due to lagging achievement in mathematics. In 2011, Valley View High School achieved AYP status. From 2004 to 2010, Valley View High School achieved AYP status each school year. In 2003, Valley View High School was in Warning AYP status due to low math achievement. Pennsylvania System of School Assessments, commonly called PSSAs are No Child Left Behind Act related examinations which were administered from 2003 through 2012, in all Pennsylvania public high schools. The exams were administered in the Spring of each school year. The goal was for 100% of students to be on grade level or better in reading and mathematics, by the Spring of 2014. The tests focused on the state's Academic Standards for reading, writing, mathematics and science. The Science exam included content in science, technology, ecology and the environmental studies. The mathematics exam included: algebra I, algebra II, geometry and trigonometry. The standards were first published in 1998 and are mandated by the Pennsylvania State Board of Education. In 2013, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania changed its high school assessments to the Keystone Exams in Algebra 1, Reading/literature and Biology1. The exams are given at the end of the course, rather than all in the spring of the student's 11th grade year. According to a Pennsylvania Department of Education study released in January 2009, \"25% of Valley View High School graduates required remediation in mathematics and or reading\" before they were prepared to take college level courses in the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education or community colleges. Less than 66% of Pennsylvania high school graduates, who enroll in a four-year college in Pennsylvania, will earn a bachelor's degree within six years. Among Pennsylvania high school graduates pursuing an associate degree, only one in three graduate in three years. Per the Pennsylvania Department of Education, one in three recent high school graduates who attend Pennsylvania's public universities and community colleges takes at least one remedial course in math, reading or English. The Valley View School Board has determined that students must earn 28 credits to graduate, including: English 4 credits, Social Studies 4 credits, Math 3 credits, Science 3 credits, Health & Physical Education 2.8 credits, Practical Arts &/or Humanities 2 credits and 8 electives. For nearly two decades, all Pennsylvania secondary school students must complete a project as a part of their eligibility to graduate from high school. The type of project, its rigor and its expectations are set by the individual school district. Effective with the graduating class of 2017, the Pennsylvania State Board of Education eliminated the state mandate that students complete a culminating project in order to graduate. By Pennsylvania State School Board regulations, beginning with the class of 2017, public school students must demonstrate successful completion of secondary level course work in Algebra I, Biology, and English Literature by passing the respective Keystone Exams for each course. The exam is given at the end of the course. Keystone Exams replace the PSSAs for 11th grade. Students have several opportunities to pass the exam. Schools are mandated to provide targeted assistance to help the student be successful. Those who do not pass after several attempts can perform a project in order to graduate. For the class of 2019, a Composition exam will be added. For the class of 2020, passing a civics and government exam will be added to the graduation requirements. In 2011, Pennsylvania high school students field tested the Algebra 1, Biology and English Lit exams. The statewide results were: Algebra 1 38% on grade level, Biology 35% on grade level and English Lit – 49% on grade level. Individual student, school or district reports were not made public, although they were reported to district officials by the Pennsylvania Department of Education. Students identified as having special needs and qualifying for an Individual Educational Program (IEP)",
"targeted assistance to help the student be successful. Those who do not pass after several attempts can perform a project in order to graduate. For the class of 2019, a Composition exam will be added. For the class of 2020, passing a civics and government exam will be added to the graduation requirements. In 2011, Pennsylvania high school students field tested the Algebra 1, Biology and English Lit exams. The statewide results were: Algebra 1 38% on grade level, Biology 35% on grade level and English Lit – 49% on grade level. Individual student, school or district reports were not made public, although they were reported to district officials by the Pennsylvania Department of Education. Students identified as having special needs and qualifying for an Individual Educational Program (IEP) may graduate by meeting the requirements of their IEP. Valley View School District offers a dual enrollment program. Dual Enrollment is a state education program which allows high school students to attend Pennsylvania colleges and universities while remaining enrolled at their high school. The credits students earn count towards both: high school graduation and earn college credits. Colleges offer the credits at a deeply discounted rate. Students have full access to their high school's extracurricular programs and participate in the high school's graduation event. Using Pennsylvania's PATRAC system, students identify PA colleges and universities that have agreed to accept these credits. Valley View School District received a state grant of $12,413 to assist students with the cost of books, tuition and fees. In 2010, Governor Edward Rendell eliminated the grants to students. In 2014, 161 Valley View School District students took the SAT exams. The district's Verbal Average Score was 497. The Math average score was 498. The Writing average score was 487. Statewide in Pennsylvania, Verbal Average Score was 497. The Math average score was 504. The Writing average score was 480. The College Board also reported that nationwide scores were: 497 in reading, 513 in math and 487 in writing. In 2014, 1,672,395 students took the SATs in the United States. In 2013, 163 Valley View School District students took the SAT exams. The district's Verbal Average Score was 492. The Math average score was 508. The Writing average score was 481. The College Board reported that statewide scores were: 494 in reading, 504 in math and 482 in writing. The nationwide SAT results were the same as in 2012. In 2012, 151 Valley View School District students took the SAT exams. The district's Verbal Average Score was 486. The Math average score was 496. The Writing average score was 484. The statewide Verbal SAT exams results were: Verbal 491, Math 501, Writing 480. In the USA, 1.65 million students took the exams achieving scores: Verbal 496, Math 514, Writing 488. According to the College Board the maximum score on each section was 800, and 360 students nationwide scored a perfect 2,400. In 2011, 152 Valley View School District students took the SAT exams. The district's Verbal Average Score was 484. The Math average score was 505. The Writing average score was 471. Pennsylvania ranked 40th among states with SAT scores: Verbal – 493, Math – 501, Writing – 479. In the United States, 1.65 million students took the exam in 2011. They averaged 497 (out of 800) verbal, 514 math and 489 in writing. The Center for Rural Pennsylvania, a research arm of the Pennsylvania General Assembly, compared the SAT data of students in rural areas of Pennsylvania to students in urban areas. From 2003 to 2005, the average total SAT score for students in rural Pennsylvania was 992, while urban students averaged 1,006. During the same period, 28 percent of 11th and 12th graders in rural school districts took the exam, compared to 32 percent of urban students in the same grades. The average math and verbal scores were 495 and 497, respectively, for rural students, while urban test-takers averaged 499 and 507, respectively. Pennsylvania’s SAT composite score ranked low on the national scale in 2004. The composite SAT score of 1,003 left Pennsylvania ranking 44 out of the 50 states and Washington, DC. The Pennsylvania Department of Education reported that 71 percent of students in rural areas of Pennsylvania chose to continue their education after high school in 2003, whereas 79 percent of urban high school graduates opted to continue their education. In 2014, Valley View High School offered 4 Advanced Placement (AP) courses at a higher cost than regular courses. The fee for each AP Exam is $91 (2014). The school normally retains $9 of that fee as a rebate to help with administrative costs. In 2012, the fee was $89 per test per pupil. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the Spring. Students, who achieve a 3 or better on the exam, may be awarded college credits at US universities and colleges. Each higher education institution sets its own standards about what level of credits are awarded to a student based on their AP exam score. Most higher education give credits for scores of 4 or 5. Some schools also give credits for scores of 3. High schools give credits towards graduation to students who take the school's AP class. At Valley View School District the AP courses are weighted. At Valley View High School just 14% of the students who took an AP course earned a 3 or better on the exam. In 2013, 11% of the students who took an AP course earned a 3 or better on the exam. The school has numerous clubs including the ski club, SADD, PTSA, chess club, drama club, Future Business Leaders of America, Leo Club, as well as Spanish, French, and Italian clubs. Eligibility to participate is set by school board policies. By Pennsylvania law, all K-12 students in the district, including those who attend a private nonpublic school, cyber charter school, charter school and those homeschooled, are eligible to participate in the extracurricular programs, including all athletics. They must meet the same eligibility rules as the students enrolled in the district's schools. According to PA Child Abuse Recognition and Reporting Act 126 of 2014, all volunteer coaches and all those who assist in student activities, must have criminal background checks. Like all school district employees, they must also attend an anti child abuse training once every three years. Music, drama, and the arts are very prominent at Valley View. Many students have participated in Pennsylvania Music Educators Association (PMEA) festivals and have won music awards. The school is known for its excellent spring musicals. Coaches receive compensation as outlined in the teachers' union contract. When athletic competition exceeds the regular season, additional compensation is paid. Article XVI-C of the Public School Code requires the disclosure of interscholastic athletic opportunities for all public secondary school entities in Pennsylvania. All school entities with grades 7-12 are required to annually collect data concerning team and financial information for all male and female athletes beginning with the 2012–13 school year and submit the information to the Pennsylvania Department of Education. Beginning with the 2013–14 school year, all non-school (booster club and alumni) contributions and purchases must also be reported to PDE. According to Pennsylvania’s Safety in Youth Sports Act, all sports coaches, paid and volunteer, are required to annually complete the Concussion Management Certification Training and present the certification before coaching. According to PIAA directory July 2015 Valley View's athletic teams have a long history of achievement on the local and state levels. Most recently, the Valley View Lady Cougars softball team won the 2013 Class AAA state championship at State College against Fort LeBoeuf under head coach EJ Weston. This championship marked the culmination of a",
"school year and submit the information to the Pennsylvania Department of Education. Beginning with the 2013–14 school year, all non-school (booster club and alumni) contributions and purchases must also be reported to PDE. According to Pennsylvania’s Safety in Youth Sports Act, all sports coaches, paid and volunteer, are required to annually complete the Concussion Management Certification Training and present the certification before coaching. According to PIAA directory July 2015 Valley View's athletic teams have a long history of achievement on the local and state levels. Most recently, the Valley View Lady Cougars softball team won the 2013 Class AAA state championship at State College against Fort LeBoeuf under head coach EJ Weston. This championship marked the culmination of a 20-0 season and earned the Lady Cougars a 27th national ranking. The girls' softball team was also state champion in 2000 under coach James Delonti. The school's football team was state champion in 1992 under coaches Frank Pazzaglia and Tom Krempasky. The boys' basketball team was state runner-up in 1996 under coach Frank Nicolosi. The school's girls' basketball team was state runner-up in 1986 under coach Lou Camoni. The girls' soccer team has won four district championships and the boys' soccer team captured their own district championship in 2006. In 2010, the Valley View Cougars football team beat the Berwick Bulldogs 35-21 to capture the Eastern Conference Class AAA Championship. The school also has dedicated baseball, swimming/diving, and track and field teams. Football is a cherished tradition at Valley View and in 2004 the school spent nearly $4 million to update its football stadium in Peckville, Pennsylvania and add new track and field facilities to the campus in Archbald. The football field surface was changed from grass to artificial turf, the bleachers were changed from wood to metal, the surrounding gravel parking lot was paved, and the concession stands were completely rebuilt and repositioned. The renovations allowed for more parking and a bigger seating area for spectators. All of Valley View's football games plus a select number of soccer, basketball, baseball and softball games are broadcast over the Internet on the Cougar Sports Network which can be found at VVCougars.com. Valley View High School is referenced numerous times in the U.S television series '\"The Office.\" Prominent characters Pam Beesly (Jenna Fischer), Darryl Philbin (Craig Robinson), and Meredith Palmer (Kate Flannery) are alumni of Valley View. A fictionalized version of the school's gymnasium served as host of a job fair in the fourth-season episode \"Job Fair.\" Also, a Cougar football helmet is featured in several episodes. Valley View High School also appears on Pam's resume in season nine episode, \"Moving On.\" Valley View High School (Pennsylvania) Valley View High School is a rural public high school located in Archbald, Pennsylvania. It is the sole high school operated by the Valley View School District. In 2014, enrollment was reported as 800 pupils in 9th through 12th grades, with 27% of pupils eligible for a free lunch due to family poverty. Additionally, 11.7% of pupils received"
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"Joe Wallach Joseph \"Joe\" Wallach (born September 10, 1923 in New York) is an American businessman, television broadcasting executive and author. In 1985 Wallach, along with Saul Steinberg and Henry Silverman of Reliance Capital Group L. P., founded Telemundo, which is today the second-largest Spanish-language television network in the United States. Wallach attended Boston University for post graduate studies in business after receiving a BBA from the City College of New York. He served as a 1st Lieutenant in the U.S. Army Infantry in World War II Europe. Wallach’s career in broadcasting began in 1960 as business manager and then general manager of San Diego based television station KOGO-TV, owned by Time-Life Broadcast Corporation from 1962-1970. In 1965, Wallach moved to Brazil to oversee another Time-Life venture, TV Globo in Rio de Janeiro. Under Wallach’s guidance, by 1980, TV Globo grew to dominate the Brazilian market and became the 4th largest network in the world, with 31 affiliates and programming provided to 80 countries. Wallach became a Brazilian citizen in 1971. In 1985, Wallach obtained an option to purchase television channel 52 in Los Angeles with a plan to make the station a Spanish language channel. He secured Reliance as major stock shareholder and purchased channel 52 through Estrella Communications. As general manager, he engaged Paul Niedermeyer as assistant manager and Frank Cruz as director of public affairs. KVEA was launched in November, 1985, and in six months captured 40% of the Los Angeles Spanish television market. In 1986, Reliance purchased television channels in various other markets to create a Spanish language network. Wallach and his team, named it “Telemundo.” Wallach managed the Telemundo network until his departure in March, 1987. After leaving Telemundo in 1987, Wallach was a consultant for the Italian network, Tele Monte Carlo owned by TV Globo. In 1991, Wallach founded GloboSat, the satellite broadcasting service based in Rio de Janeiro. As president of GloboSat he launched and operated the first pay television, 4-channel DBS broadcast system covering Brazil. In 1990 Wallach married Doreen Toll in Bel Air, California. Wallach is the author of the autobiographical book, \"My Chapter in TV Globo\" (\"Meu Capítulo na TV Globo\"), Portuguese-language, published by Top Books, Rio de Janeiro, 2011. Joe Wallach Joseph \"Joe\" Wallach (born September 10, 1923 in New York) is an American businessman, television broadcasting executive and author. In 1985 Wallach, along with Saul Steinberg and Henry"
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"Operation Scorched Earth Operation \"Scorched Earth\" (Arabic: عملية الأرض المحروقة) was the code-name of a Yemeni military offensive in the northern Saada Governorate that began in August 2009, marking the fifth wave of violence in an ongoing insurgency pitting the Zaidi Shia Houthis against the government. In November 2009, fighting spilled over the border into neighboring Saudi Arabia, resulting in a Saudi military incursion into Yemen itself, the first military operation Saudi Arabia conducted since 1991. Skirmishes and the clashes between the two sides during 2009 began in June. Nine foreigners were abducted in June while apparently on a picnic in Saada Governorate. The bodies of three of them, a South Korean teacher and two German nurses were discovered. Two German children where freed in May 2010 by combined Saudi and Yemeni forces. They, together with their younger sibling, were separated from their parents. Their sibling is presumed dead. Their parents (both German), and a Briton are still missing and their status is unknown. It is still unclear who was behind the kidnapping. Initial official statements said the group was apparently seized by Houthi rebels. However, Yemen's news agency later reported Houthi rebels accused drug cartels of abducting the group and killing the three. In addition, a spokesman for the rebels accused regional tribes of being behind the kidnappings and slayings. A government committee criticised the fighters for not abiding by an agreement to end hostilities announced by the Yemeni president in July 2008. During July and early August 2009, local officials said the fighters had taken control of more of Saada Governorate from government forces. They seized an important army post near Saada's capital on a strategic highway linking the capital Sana'a with Saudi Arabia after 12 hours of intense combat. After the government promised an \"iron fist\" against the rebels, Yemeni troops backed by tanks and fighter aircraft launched a major offensive on rebel strongholds on 11 August 2009. Air, artillery, and missile attacks targeted the Malaheedh, Mahadher, Khafji and Hasama districts, including the headquarters of rebel leader, Abdul-Malik al-Houthi. After two days of bombardment, the Yemeni government laid out ceasefire terms to the rebels, which included demands for information on the fate of six Europeans who disappeared in June. The rebels rejected those terms and fighting continued. After three weeks, the provincial capital Sa'dah was further cut off with mobile landlines being suspended after the Houthis shelled a communications tower in the neighboring Amran province. Rebels held out in Sa'dah neighborhoods and old mountain fortresses around the city. In September the first of many ceasefires that would follow the course of the war was agreed. The Yemeni army pushed to secure the road linking Sa'dah to Harf Sufyan, launching salvos of shells to \"demine\" and \"remove roadside bombs\" for humanitarian convoys. On 17 September, an air strike claimed the lives of more than 80 people in a camp for displaced people in the 'Amran Governorate. A large group of refugees caught the sites of passing Yemeni pilots on missions in the area. The forces then strafed the civilians repeatedly. Rebels and government forces also saw heavy action around Sa'dah the same day. Yemeni press releases and military officials claimed that several Houthi leaders were among the dead. Another ceasefire was agreed on 19 September in commemoration of the Islamic holiday, Eid ul-fitr. The government announced on state television that the ceasefire would go into effect for three days with the possibility of becoming a permanent ceasefire on certain conditions. The Houthis responded by saying they would abide by the ceasefire in exchange for prisoners, some of which they claim to have been held for four years. Both sides, however, claimed that neither side laid down arms. The Houthis asserted that the government continued air and rocket attacks while the government claimed the Houthis launched attacks in the Amran and Saada provinces. A Human Rights Watch report noted how the Houthis attacked the village of Mudaqqa on 16 September, prompting a government response in shelling. The rebels massed and attacked Sa'dah the next day, attacking from three directions in a pre-dawn strike. Hundreds of fighters used at least 70 vehicles to assault checkpoints in the city while attempting to storm the Republican Palace. After four hours of combat, the attack was repelled once air support was called in. The Yemeni government claimed to have killed 153 rebels and captured 70 while claiming to have lost two soldiers and 20 injured. Fighting continued on into October with Houthi rebels claiming to have captured the town of Munabbih, one of fifteen districts of the Sa'dah governorate. On 2 October, the Houthis announced that they had successfully shot down a Yemen Air Force MiG-21 fighter jet in the al-Sha'af district. A senior Yemeni military official denied the claim and said the plane ran into a mountain peak because of a technical fault. Contradicting state media, another Yemeni military commander told the AFP news agency that the aircraft had been \"flying at low attitude\" when it was hit. Just three days later, a Yemeni Sukhoi jet crashed northeast of Sa'dah in the Alanad district; the rebels claimed to have shot it down while the government further attributed the crash to technical problems. Further reports by Yemeni sources claim that these planes were shot down, adding that agents of Hezbollah armed with shoulder-fired missiles were responsible. Both the Saudi Al-Arabiya and Kuwaiti Al-Seyassah news networks noted that a group of Hezbollah fighters from Lebanon were either killed or captured by Yemeni forces. The official Yemen News Agency reported more heavy fighting in Sa'dah on 9 October, with Houthis launching suicide attacks and gaining some territory before government forces gained the upper hand, killing 100 and wounding more than 280. Dozens more casualties were reported in fighting over the following days. By the offensive's tenth week, rebels captured a military base near the Saudi border in Razeh district of Sa'dah governorate. The fighters also seized a military center, a government building, and even Razeh's airport. October was also the month where Somali forces joined the fighting alongside the Houthis. Some 200 Somali recruits arrived on boats via the Red Sea and were mainly sent on suicide missions against government and military targets in Saada City. Yemen would later claim to have captured 28 Somali troops. Other sources indicated that Somali fighters were used for engineering methods, primarily by digging trenches to hide ammunition and launch ambushes from the mountains. By December, a Somali diplomat claimed that many Somali refugees suffered abduction by the Houthis as they fled into Saudi Arabia. Those who refused faced execution. By early November, the rebels stated that Saudi Arabia was permitting Yemeni army units to launch attacks across the border from a base in Jabal al-Dukhan, charges which were denied by the Yemeni government. The conflict spilled into neighboring Saudi Arabia on 3 November when a Saudi border patrol was ambushed in a cross-border attack, killing one soldier and wounding eleven more. The kingdom's news agency later added that a second soldier later died from the same clash. Following the cross-border ambush on 3 November, Saudi Arabia responded by moving troops to the border and striking Houthi positions on 5 November, using F-15 and Tornado jets. Saudi Arabia denied hitting any targets inside Yemen, but it was reported that six Yemeni locations suffered rocket attacks, one of which received 100 rockets in one hour. Residents of the coastal city of Jizan reported hearing fighter jets, along with observing armored convoys moving toward the border. The city's King Fahd Hospital was also placed on alert for treating",
"into neighboring Saudi Arabia on 3 November when a Saudi border patrol was ambushed in a cross-border attack, killing one soldier and wounding eleven more. The kingdom's news agency later added that a second soldier later died from the same clash. Following the cross-border ambush on 3 November, Saudi Arabia responded by moving troops to the border and striking Houthi positions on 5 November, using F-15 and Tornado jets. Saudi Arabia denied hitting any targets inside Yemen, but it was reported that six Yemeni locations suffered rocket attacks, one of which received 100 rockets in one hour. Residents of the coastal city of Jizan reported hearing fighter jets, along with observing armored convoys moving toward the border. The city's King Fahd Hospital was also placed on alert for treating military casualties. A Saudi government adviser later said no decision had yet been taken to send troops across the border, but made clear Riyadh was no longer prepared to tolerate the Yemeni rebels. By 8 November, Saudi Arabia confirmed that it had entered the fray, claiming to have \"regained control\" of the Jabal al-Dukhan mountain from the rebels. Around this time, Jordanian commandos, who had arrived in Saudi camps a few days prior, backed up Saudi forces in efforts to take Al-Dukhan mountain. The Jordanians reportedly sustained casualties in the attacks. As the war extended into December, reports indicated that Moroccan special forces had joined the 2,000 Jordanian commandos on the ground. Clashes continued throughout the month of December along the border. As the fighting extended into January, Samira al-Madani became the first female journalist in Saudi Arabian history to report from the battlefield near the border. She also interviewed several soldiers and Prince Gazan Mohamed bin Nasser bin Abdul Aziz, who briefed her on the situation. As for Yemen, the government launched a direct attack into Saada on 7 December. Forces attacked the barricaded strongholds of the city while the government hoped for a 24-hour victory. Fighting continued past 11 December with Houthi forces still holding out in barricaded houses of the Old City. The battle for the city appeared to have ended following the arrest of some 200 fighters after a week and a half of fighting. Abdul Malik al-Houthi reportedly suffered injuries during the fighting, but managed to escape to safety as Yemeni forces continued to engage rebels throughout the province. By 1 January 2010, Yemen's Higher Security Committee proposed a ceasefire, which was rejected. Houthi leader Abdul Malek al-Houthi said they would stop fighting to prevent further civilian casualties and the withdrawal was a gesture for peace. Saudi General Said al-Ghamdi confirmed that the Houthis had ceased fire as result of the determined Saudi assault. Prince Khalid bin Sultan announced that the Houthis were defeated though did not declare an end to the Saudi bombing campaign to subvert the Houthis to prevent any future incursions into the Kingdom. On 30 January, Houthi rebels appeared to have accepted the Yemeni government truce offer. Following the truce, the Houthis claimed that Saudis continued with air and missile attacks. The situation deteriorated on 31 January after the Yemeni government turned down the truce offer by the Houthis. The offer, made by Abdel-Malik al-Houthi, was rejected because he demanded that the government end its military operations first. Yemen continued with the military offensive, killing 12 Houthis in the process. Early February saw a new round of attacks by Yemeni forces on Sa'ada. Saudi Arabia also rejoined the fight with air raids in support. On 5 February, the Yemeni court sentenced Yayha al-Houthi, the brother of the Houthis' leader Abdul-Malek al-Houthi, to 15 years imprisonment. The Yemeni MP was tried in absentia due to his involvement in the Shia insurgency. On 6 February, the Houthis renewed their attacks against the Yemeni government, killing 15 Yemeni soldiers in an ambush in Wadi al-Jabara district and killing 8 soldiers during street battles in Sa'dah city that day. Saudi air raids that day destroyed four civilian residences and injured two women. The Saudi military fired 174 rockets and mortars at the rebel controlled al-Dhaher, Qamamat, Ghafereh, al-Rammadiat and Shada districts. The last round of skirmishes occurred on 11 February with five soldiers and thirteen rebels dying in the Amran governorate. Fighting also continued in Sa'dah city and killed seven soldiers and eleven rebels. Houthis also repulsed an attempted army infiltration in al-Aqab district killing an unspecified number of Yemeni soldiers. Meanwhile, Saudis carried out 13 air raids on Harf Sufyan, Jouan and Jebel Talan districts During the fighting, roughly 20,000 refugees fled to the provincial capital. The increase in population forced residents to share houses with refugees, along with food and water. Street fights and the continual breaking of ceasefires posed many problems for civilians, along with hot days and rainy nights. Mobile phone networks were cut during the beginning of the war, making it nearly impossible to communicate with the outside world. United Nations aide workers were forced to pull out, but a few remained, often finding themselves pinned down in homes. Government operations were concentrated primarily in the northern portions of Old City, including the residential neighborhoods of Al-Rout, Al-Shaab, Al-Jarba, Al-Toot, and Bab Najran. The Bab Najran neighborhood in particular was cited as a main rebel stronghold and suffered frequent shelling from tanks and artillery. Houthi sources claimed that government forces used bulldozers to clear houses and other rebel positions during operations. A letter from a worker with the Islamic Relief organization provided a detailed account from the ground. Schools became refugee collection centers and prices hiked due to the closures of shops and businesses. Mortars, gunmen, and a government imposed curfew hindered efforts for refugees and aid workers to travel freely. Since the only hospital was located in the bombarded Old City, aid groups within Saada became the only means for the populace to gain limited amounts of food, water, and shelter. On 12 February, the Houthis accepted the government's ceasefire proposal. A Yemeni General claimed the Houthis violated the ceasefire on 12 February, claiming that four soldiers were killed in two districts while adding that an attempt was made to assassinate him. The Houthis denied responsibility for this attack. As the remainder of February progressed, it became clear that fighting had ceased. By the 25th, reports indicated that the Houthis, under conditions that they remain masked and not followed by security, left their final positions in northern Saada City. Yemeni engineers followed in afterward to clear homes of mines and booby traps. A United Nations team, including a representative of the UNHCR, were finally allowed into Saada City and surrounding refugee camps in April 2010. The exact breakdown of the casualties is unknown as neither side has released any casualty figures. However, news reports as of 6 February 2010 claimed that the Yemeni government suffered at least 126 casualties, including 19 tribal fighters, 2 generals, Sa'dah's regional security chief and 3 security guards. The Yemeni government also claimed to have killed 600 Houthi fighters in the first two months of the offensive although this cannot be verified. On 23 January 2010, the Saudi government released new figures confirming 133 soldiers had been killed and 6 were still missing. With the onset of renewed conflict, camps were set up along the border area between Yemen and Saudi Arabia. Other camps and settlements were dispersed throughout the Hajjah, Amran, and Al-Jawf provinces. Aid agencies tried organizing routes through Saudi Arabia, since roads into the country were generally off limits. The International Committee of the Red Cross and the Yemen",
"government suffered at least 126 casualties, including 19 tribal fighters, 2 generals, Sa'dah's regional security chief and 3 security guards. The Yemeni government also claimed to have killed 600 Houthi fighters in the first two months of the offensive although this cannot be verified. On 23 January 2010, the Saudi government released new figures confirming 133 soldiers had been killed and 6 were still missing. With the onset of renewed conflict, camps were set up along the border area between Yemen and Saudi Arabia. Other camps and settlements were dispersed throughout the Hajjah, Amran, and Al-Jawf provinces. Aid agencies tried organizing routes through Saudi Arabia, since roads into the country were generally off limits. The International Committee of the Red Cross and the Yemen Red Crescent Society sponsored three camps for internally displaced persons on the outskirts and within the city. A fourth camp had to be dismantled and the refugees moved after being caught in the crossfire. Prior to the war, an estimated 120,000 were already displaced as a result of the four prior wars. The northwestern village of al-Mazrak became the main collection center for refugees with three camps set up for 23,000 displaced persons and 70,000 more outside the camp. UNICEF played a major role in creating education environments for children and hiring instructors. It was the only camp that was opened to United Nations workers during the war. The conflict took on an international dimension in late October 2009 with clashes reported between the Houthis and Saudi security forces near the border. Since the beginning of the operation, the Houthis accused Saudi Arabia of supporting the Yemeni government and conducting bombing raids into Yemen. Prior to this, Yemeni President Ali Abdullah Saleh held talks in the Moroccan city of Agadir with Saudi Crown Prince Sultan bin Abdul Aziz Al Saud and King Abdullah II of Jordan. Saudi Arabia, Jordan, and Morocco would later play roles in the fight against the Houthis. Morocco, which had severed ties with Iran in March of that year, noted that Tehran's alleged backing of the Houthis helped in the decision to later send troops. Around this period, Yemeni officials claimed to have captured a boat in the Red Sea that was transporting anti-tank shells. Five Iranian \"instructors\" were also captured. Various official Iranian sources responded, calling it a politically motivated fabrication and stating that the ship was traveling for business activities carrying no consignment. In Saana, the government shut down an Iranian sponsored hospital on suspicion that some of the staff, which included eight Iranians, were providing aid to the rebels. Government officials claimed that services were closed down due to a delay in rent payments, but security surrounded and blocked off patients from receiving aid. As the Hajj approached during the month of November, Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad noted that \"appropriate measures\" would be taken in case Iranian pilgrims faced restrictions. On 13 November, the Iranian group Society of Seminary Teachers of Qom denounced the Yemeni and Saudi offensives against the Houthis. Two days later, Iranian Speaker of Parliament Ali Larijani accused the United States of cooperating with the Saudi campaign. A few days later, Iran announced plans to send warships to the Gulf of Aden as a means to protect routes against Somali pirates. This move coincided with the Saudi naval blockade in the Red Sea to stop arms shipments allegedly from Tehran and Eritrea to the Houthis. Three Saudi warships with marine commandos from the Yanbu naval base patrolled the waters off the coast of northern Yemen. Operation Scorched Earth Operation \"Scorched Earth\" (Arabic: عملية الأرض المحروقة) was the code-name of a Yemeni military offensive in the northern Saada Governorate that began in August 2009, marking the fifth wave of violence in an ongoing insurgency pitting the"
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"* This episode is a rendition of the Sleeping Beauty fairytale and the 1959 Disney animated movie Sleeping Beauty, with Queen Briar Rose/Sleeping Beauty, Maleficent, Princess Aurora, Prince Phillip and the King Stefan. \n * Aurora is humming \"Once Upon a Dream\" from Disney's Sleeping Beauty. \n\n\n A tree that Maleficent left burning for eternity is shown in the forest. \n Regina takes Maleficent to the remnants of the forest that the sorceress once burned and shows her the tree that is burning eternally. Maleficent attempts to channel the fire back into her body but she still lacks the ability to transform and the duo are captured by King Stefan, who had ruined Maleficent's plans in the past, and his guards. Regina refuses to give up and burns through the ropes binding her hands; she throws a fireball at a guard before her magic begins to fail her, which prompts Maleficent to realize that she does not want to go down without a fight, thus rekindling her fire and allowing her to transform into her dragon form. As they reach the castle, Maleficent and Regina are able to find Aurora, whom Maleficent puts under her legendary sleeping curse. Afterwards, Regina returns to see Rumplestiltskin, who is very impressed that she helped Maleficent regain her fire. Regina reveals that she has realized that she already had the perfect teacher all along in Rumplestiltskin, and feels that there are fates worse than death, one of them being the sleeping curse. \n Later, Maleficent brings Regina to Gold's remote cabin, where Regina is shocked to find Gold back in Storybrooke, and with his reclaimed dagger. Gold then uses his magic to turn Pinocchio back into his older self, August Booth, who might know about the Author, now that his memories have been restored. \n Hilary Busis of Entertainment Weekly said, \"Somebody call Valerie Cherish, because the subtitle of tonight's Once may as well have been \"The Comeback.\" The hour saw three–count' em!–big resurgences, two in the main storyline and one in the fairyback ... all of which involved villains, or at least morally ambiguous figures. (Remember when August tried to convince Rumple that he was actually Baelfire? Doesn't that seem like it happened 75 years ago?)\" Jevon Phillips of The Los Angeles Times commented on Rumplestiltskin's role, simple saying he \"stole the show with a few roundhouses of his own.\" \n Maleficent then meets up with Regina, revealing that they, too, are after the Author and that they have leads that Regina does not. She says that The Queens are willing to share the leads if Regina helps them with a task. The Queens are planning to reverse the history and destiny of every story that was ever written in the \"Once Upon a Time\" fairy tale book so the heroes will become the losers this time, and Regina must go with Maleficent to steal something. When Regina tells Hook and the Charmings about this, Emma Swan decides that she will follow. At the same time, Maleficent takes Regina to Marco's house, where it is revealed that the item they intend to steal is Pinocchio, and by kidnapping the now-human boy, it will prove to Maleficent that Regina is on their side. \n The Enchanted Forest events take place after \"Labor of Love (Once Upon a Time)\" and before \"Fruit of the Poisonous Tree\". The Storybrooke events take place after \"Unforgiven\". \n After Regina completes the tasks by knocking both Marco and Pinocchio unconscious, Emma enters, having tracked Regina's phone, and says she thinks that things have gone too far. Regina swears to Emma that she will protect Pinocchio. Maleficent is now convinced that Regina is on their side after she completed the kidnapping of the boy, but at this point Regina decides to keep Emma from following her, and she drops her phone on purpose. \n Amy Ratcliffe of IGN said of the episode, \"Maleficent is taking center stage among the Queens of Darkness so far, and while more backstories are probably ahead, they've done a solid job so far of balancing the \"theme\" with the primary cast. Many of them are woven into the Queens's pasts and future plans, and it's such a relief to know there is a way to tell stories about these big characters and not completely push the longtime residents of Storybrooke aside.\" Ratcliffe gave the episode a 8.6 rating out of 10. Rebecca Jane Stokes of Den of Geek gave the episode a 4 out of 5, noting the show's improvement over previous episodes, saying \"After a rough couple of weeks, it was great to see Once Upon A Time do what it does really, really well–provide a great forum for complex, strong female characters to strive, battle, fail, and persevere. Also, for them to do ridiculous things and make fools of themselves to my continual delight.\" \n An undercover Regina meets with Maleficent, Ursula, and Cruella to convince them that she is still a villain, and the Queens start testing Regina's loyalty to them in a night of debauchery. Mary Margaret and David worry that something has happened to Regina when she does not return as planned. After the couple finds her, Regina explains that she needs time to learn about their \"very powerful\" secret plan. Later on, Maleficent, Cruella, and Ursula meet with Gold, who is convinced that Regina has reverted to her evil ways because of the heartbreak she has gone through, but cryptically adds that, \"When war hits Storybrooke, everyone will have to pick a side.\" \n In the Enchanted Forest, before the Dark Curse, Rumplestiltskin finds Regina exploring Maleficent's spell book. However, Rumplestiltskin tells her that she is rushing into this too fast, saying that the key to Maleficent's skills is time, and sends Regina to Maleficent's palace, where she sees a tree still burning from Maleficent's wrath \"half a lifetime\" after she burned down a forest. Regina enters Maleficent's palace to discover a disheveled, depressed Maleficent; the sorceress explains that an encounter with Briar Rose drained her of all her spirit. Regina tells her that Briar Rose's daughter, Aurora, is about to be married. Regina is furious to see heroes getting happy endings, and, after Maleficent reveals that her fire and ability to transform into a dragon has disappeared, Regina decides to use the royal wedding to inspire Maleficent. \n The episode was met with positive reviews. \n Hook steals Belle away from a date with Will Scarlet and tells her his suspicions that the Queens are after the Dark One's dagger and plan to use it to force the Dark One to find the Author. The twosome agree to hide the dagger, but Belle has a strange feeling that Gold is already in Storybrooke, so Hook suggests that she try to conjure him. Belle uses the dagger to try to summon Gold, but he does not appear, and she gives the dagger to Hook and leaves. However, it is revealed that Belle calling the Dark One to her did not work because Gold was already there, masquerading as Hook in an attempt to acquire the dagger. Gold, as Hook, goes to the pawn shop to make Belle promise to never mention the events that transpired with the dagger, to which she agrees, believing it to be the safest option. He then questions her about her relationship with Will. She responds that she could never be truly over Gold but that Will makes her happy for the time being. \n \"Enter the Dragon\" \n--- \nOnce Upon a Time episode \nEpisode no. | Season 4 Episode 14 \nDirected by | Ralph Hemecker \nWritten by | David H. Goodman & Jerome Schwartz \nProduction code | 414 \nOriginal air date | March 15, 2015 (2015-03-15) \nGuest appearance (s) \n \n * Tony Amendola as Geppetto/Marco \n * Eion Bailey as August Booth/Pinocchio \n * Kristin Bauer van Straten as Maleficent \n * Sarah Bolger as Aurora \n * Merrin Dungey as Ursula \n * Beverley Elliott as Granny \n * Sebastian Roché as King Stefan \n * Victoria Smurfit as Cruella de Vil/Cruella Feinberg \n * Jakob Davies as young Pinocchio \n * Noah Beggs as Bartender (Credit only) \n * Russell Roberts as Visiting Duke",
"Episode chronology \n| ← Previous \"Unforgiven\" | Next → \"Poor Unfortunate Soul\" \n---|--- \nOnce Upon a Time (season 4) List of Once Upon a Time episodes \n The episode drew a 1.8/9 rating among 18-49s, with 5.88 million viewers, nearly 3% down from the previous outing, but was the most-watched scripted show of the night. \n \"Enter the Dragon\" is the fourteenth episode of the fourth season of the American fantasy drama series Once Upon a Time, which aired on March 15, 2015. \n In this episode, Regina goes undercover for the heroes; and Mr. Gold masquerades as Hook, while flashbacks show how she and Maleficent met."
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"Midhun Jith Midhun Jith (born April 2, 1989) is a Marine Engineering Officer and former two-time World Kickboxing Federation Champion who competes in the light heavyweight division. He is the only Indian to hold the World Kickboxing Championship and International Karate Championship at the same time, and he is the first Guinness World Record holder to win a World Kickboxing Federation World Championship. Jith won the World Kickboxing Championship at Zagreb, Croatia in 2013, and broke two Guinness World Records for the maximum number of martial arts kicks. Jith is a two-time International Karate Champion, Indo-Sri Lanka karate champion, seventeen-time National Karate Champion, twenty-one-time State Karate Champion, and three-time National Open fight champion. He won the Indian National Open Kickboxing Championship. He won the King of Kumite title in 2012. Jith started his martial arts career at 7 years old with his younger brother Nithinjith. He trained in Shito-ryu Karate, and began to learn Taekwondo and Judo under koshy Gireesh PK (7th Dan Black belt )from an early age. His first achievement was in a Taekwondo district championship. He won gold in the championship. He won gold for judo at the District level in 2002. He won his first national level gold (India) in karate at the age of 10, and held his first black belt at the age of 12, under P.K. Gireesh. Later, Jith won 18 consecutive National Championships in different styles, categories and federations. At the same time, he won 21 consecutive state championships. After giving a walkover (since the opponent was equal to his master) for the National Open Final Fight (2007). In 2011 he won two International Karate Championships and two National Championships in Karate. On 25 June 2011, he earned his first Guinness world record breaking attempt against Ahmad Husain from Pakistan for most martial arts kicks in 1 minute; he hit 288 kicks in one minute and broke the then-record of 190 kicks. Because of a problem with the video footage Guinness records authorities requested he retry his attempt. Four months later Raul C. Meza from the United States broke Ahmad Husain's record with a new record of 281 kicks in one minute. On 28 October 2011 Jith beat Meza‘s record with 310 kicks in one minute and also created his own Guinness World Record of 608 martial arts kicks in 3 minutes. In 2012, Jith received an invitation from Golden Glory for training sessions at Golden Glory, Thailand where he was trained by Bas Boon among others. After Dutch kickboxing and Muay thai training from Golden Glory, he returned to India and joined the national kickboxing team by winning the national kickboxing championship. He then won World Championship in Zagreb, Croatia in 2013. Jith was selected by the national team for the world championship three years in a row, and was selected for the world championships in the Czech Republic in 2014. Jith was the first Indian to achieve the trifecta of breaking the Guinness World Record, winning the International Karate Championship and the World Kickboxing Championship at the same time. Midhun Jith Midhun Jith (born April 2, 1989) is a Marine Engineering Officer and former two-time World Kickboxing Federation Champion who competes in the light heavyweight division. He is the only Indian to hold the World Kickboxing Championship and International Karate Championship at the same time, and he is the first Guinness World Record holder to win a World Kickboxing Federation World Championship. Jith won the World Kickboxing Championship at Zagreb, Croatia in 2013, and broke two Guinness World Records for the maximum number of martial arts kicks. Jith is a"
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"55 Cygni 55 Cygni (55 Cyg) is a blue supergiant star in the constellation Cygnus. It is thought to be a member of the Cygnus OB7 stellar association at about 2,700 light years. Its apparent magnitude is 4.86, but this is slightly variable and the star is also called V1661 Cyg. When first analysed, it was classified as an irregular supergiant variable, but subsequent studies have treated it as an Alpha Cygni variable. It shows pulsations with multiple periods from a few hours to 22 days, and both p- and g-modes. Apart from p- and g-modes, strange mode and associated instabilities have also been found in models of this star. The spectrum also shows variation, leading to different classifications being given for the star. The exact properties of 55 Cygni are not known precisely and are also variable. It is a hot luminous supergiant several hundred thousand times as luminous as the sun. This star was originally a standard for the B3 Ia spectral type. The type of pulsations that 55 Cyg exhibits suggest that it was previously a red supergiant that has shed its outer layers. The most massive red supergiants are expected to pass through a blue supergiant phase before becoming a Wolf-Rayet star and eventually exploding as a type Ib or Ic supernova. 55 Cygni 55 Cygni (55 Cyg) is a blue supergiant star in the constellation Cygnus. It is thought to be a member of the Cygnus OB7 stellar association at about 2,700 light years. Its apparent magnitude is 4.86, but this is slightly variable and the star is also called V1661 Cyg. When first analysed, it was classified as an irregular supergiant variable, but subsequent studies have treated it as an Alpha Cygni variable. It shows pulsations with multiple periods from a few hours to"
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"WTID (defunct) WTID (103.9 FM) was a radio station licensed to serve Thomaston, Alabama. The station was owned by Great South Wireless LLC. The CEO of Great South Wireless LLC, a family owned commercial broadcast group, is Joan Reynolds. WTID previously broadcast a country music format. Syndicated music programming included \"America's Grand Ole Opry Weekend\" from Westwood One. This station received its original construction permit from the Federal Communications Commission on January 21, 1998. The new station was assigned the call letters WAYI by the FCC on March 6, 1998. WAYI received its license to cover from the FCC on April 17, 2001. On July 26, 2002, the station went off the air. Citing staffing issues, Marengo Broadcast Associates applied to the FCC for special temporary authority to remain silent. The FCC granted this request on April 23, 2002, with an expiration date of October 23, 2002. With the staffing issues apparently unresolved, Marengo Broadcast Associates applied for an extension of this authority on October 23, 2002. The FCC granted the extension on October 25, 2002, with a caution that the station's license was subject to forfeiture if they did not resume broadcasting by February 26, 2003—one year after the station first fell silent. The station resumed broadcasting before the deadline but went off the air again on May 8, 2003. This time, citing technical issues, Marengo Broadcast Associates again applied for special temporary authority to remain silent. The FCC approved this application on May 30, 2003, with an expiration date set for November 30, 2003. In September 2003, with the station still off the air, Great South RFDC LLC (Paul Scott Alexander, managing member) reached an agreement to purchase WAYI from Marengo Broadcast Associates (Lee S. Reynolds, president) for a reported sale price of $375,000. The deal was approved by the FCC on October 24, 2003, and the transaction was consummated on November 28, 2003. On December 4, 2003, new owners Great South RFDC LLC cited ongoing technical issues related to new broadcast tower construction and requested an extension of the previous authority to remain silent. The extension was granted on December 11, 2003, with a caution that the station's license was subject to forfeiture if they did not resume broadcast operations by May 8, 2004—one year after the station fell silent. With another application pending and a new tower array under construction, the new owners had the FCC change the station's call letters to WSMO on May 25, 2004. After resolving their technical issues with the transmitter site and the legal issues with the FCC, the station went back on the air on May 26, 2005. With all of these issues behind them and the station again broadcasting, the FCC renewed WSMO's license on June 28, 2005. However, the station went off the air once again on December 16, 2005. While silent, the station swapped callsigns with then-sister station WEZZ-FM on January 26, 2006. This time the station owners waited until February 2006 to apply for special temporary authority to remain silent. The FCC granted this latest request on February 28, 2006, with an expiration date of May 28, 2006. With WEZZ-FM still off the air, Great South RFDC LLC applied for an extension on May 26, 2006. This extension was granted on June 5, 2006, with the standard caution that the station's license was subject to forfeiture if regular broadcasting did not resume by December 2, 2006. In January 2007, this station was acquired by Great South Wireless LLC from Great South RFDC LLC as part of a six station deal for a reported total sale price of $100 plus an assumption of certain debts and obligations. After the transfer, the station had the FCC change the call letters three times in 2007: to WGZZ on May 28, 2007, to WKGA on July 18, 2007, and to WZLM on November 27, 2007. On March 25, 2008, WZLM went off the air as they \"lost access to the power source that allows this station to operate\" and planned to either gain access to a different power source or seek a new transmitter location. The FCC eventually granted this remain silent authority on September 3, 2008, with the standard legal caution that the station must resume broadcasting by March 25, 2009, or risk forfeiture of their broadcast license. The still-silent station was assigned the current WTID call letters by the FCC on July 16, 2008. On August 4, 2008, WTID was granted a construction permit to change broadcast frequencies from 97.7 MHz to 103.9 MHz. WTID returned to the air in March 2009, broadcasting on 103.9 MHz, before the March 25th FCC deadline. WTID was granted a license to cover the frequency change on March 30, 2009. On February 18, 2009, WTID filed an application for a modification of their construction permit that would relocate their transmitter and change their community of license from Thomaston to Orrville, Alabama. This move would be accompanied by sister station WMRK moving to Thomaston from Selma, Alabama, so that the city \"will not be left without local service\". Great South Wireless surrendered the station's license to the FCC on February 6, 2018. WTID's license was deleted by the FCC on February 16, 2018. WTID (defunct) WTID (103.9 FM) was a radio station licensed to serve Thomaston, Alabama. The station was owned by Great South Wireless LLC. The CEO of Great South Wireless LLC,"
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"Hillhouse, Hamilton Hillhouse is a council-built housing estate on the western border of Hamilton in South Lanarkshire, Scotland. Civic amenities include Hillhouse Civic Centre, Hillhouse Library, and the Jock Stein Sports Centre and playing fields. Also in Hillhouse is the famous Burnbank Bowling Club, where Celtic manager Jock Stein was the Club's 2nd Champion in 1953. Burnbank Hamilton Bowling Club The most \"famous son\" of the estate is the Rangers, and Scottish international football player Davie Cooper who hailed from Brankholm Brae. The Reverend Scott J Brown CBE, formerly The Chaplain of the Fleet, Royal Navy, was brought up in Fleming Way. He attended Udston Primary School. The nearest railway station is Hamilton West railway station which provides quick transport to Glasgow, to the West, and Motherwell, to the East. Hillhouse is serviced by the 226 and X1 bus services, which go around hillhouse on the \"Hillhouse Loop\". Hillhouse has two non-denominational primary schools, Townhill Primary School & Udston Primary School, and one denominational school, St Ninian's Primary School. Hillhouse has no high school of its own, instead pupils wishing to go to a non-denominational school attend Calderside Academy (Formed in a merger between Earnock High School and Blantyre High School), while others attend John Ogilve High School. The McGregor family 1954 were one of the first tenants to move in Hillhouse. Hillhouse is a large housing estate with a population of 10,000 which is higher than most villages around Scotland and is just one of many housing estates in Hamilton. In Hillhouse there is the Jock Stein Centre Playpark and Football Pitch where 3 games or 1 big game can be played at a time. Hillhouse, Hamilton Hillhouse is a council-built housing estate on the western border of Hamilton in South Lanarkshire, Scotland. Civic amenities include Hillhouse Civic Centre,"
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"Howard Amon Park Howard Amon Park is a multi-use recreation area on the shore of the Columbia River in Richland in the U.S. state of Washington. The original arch at the entrance to the park was the first thing in the city when it was incorporated in 1912, but has since been replaced. The park is named after Howard Amon, one of Richland's early settlers. It is at the east end of Lee Boulevard in the center of Richland on the river side of the levee and is accessible from several roads leading off of George Washington Way. Howard Amon Park has numerous recreational features, including river access, a playground and a facility for concerts. A paved bike path, the Riverfront Trail, runs the entire length of the park. The trail continues north of the park toward WSU Tri-Cities as well as south toward Columbia Point ending at the Sacagawea Heritage Trail. This connection with the Sacagawea Heritage Trail provides access to Kennewick and Pasco. The trail is popular, especially during the warmer months. The playground in the park was built before 1970 and continues to be a popular destination for young families. An elephant slide within the playground is an iconic piece of Richland history. It was removed and put in storage in 2003 after it was deemed it no longer met safety requirements. After extensive discussion on social media in 2009, the slide was restored. It returned to the park in 2010. Other features at the playground include a short zip line and a rock climbing area. Sports equipment at the park includes four tennis courts and a half basketball court. It is also a popular destination for water-related recreational activities. There is a small wading pool in the southern portion of the park. Beyond this, the park's riverfront location makes it an easy accesspoint to the Columbia. There are three docks, one at the end of Lee Boulevard, as well as two to the north. The northernmost dock is located alongside a boat launch, while the center one is for swimming. Beyond daily and seasonal recreational use, Howard Amon Park is a venue for several events throughout the year. Among the facilities for events is a bandshell, locally known as the Fingernail, which was in the park in 1982. The 60-ton structure was inspired by boats on Lake Washington adjacent to Seattle and was formerly an office building for a construction company where Interstate 182 currently runs. It was originally built in 1963. The Allied Arts Association, which owns an art gallery adjacent to the park, hosts the Art in the Park festival the same weekend that the Columbia Cup hydroplane races are held in Columbia Park. The festival, which began in 1950, features art exhibits and music from artists from around the United States. In 2016, the festival hosted over 220 artists. The Tumbleweed Music Festival, which began in 1997, is held every Labor Day weekend at Howard Amon Park. This mostly-free event features several music varieties, including bluegrass, Celtic and folk at five different stages. Renaissance fairs have also been hosted at the park, bringing in over 6,000 visitors. A paddlewheel river cruise ship, \"American Empress\", periodically docks at the Lee Boulevard dock at Howard Amon Park while en route from Vancouver to Clarkston. Howard Amon Park Howard Amon Park is a multi-use recreation area on the shore of the Columbia River in Richland in the U.S. state of Washington. The original arch at the entrance to the park was the first thing in the city when it was incorporated in 1912, but has since"
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"Mike Roy (comics) Joseph Michel Roy (1921–1996) was a Canadian comic book and comic strip artist, working during the Golden Age of Comic Books and the Silver Age of Comic Books. He is best known for his stories about Native Americans. Born in Quebec, Roy he emigrated to the United States where he studied at the School of Industrial Art and Pratt Institute. He was a co-founder of a museum of Native American and Eskimo art. Roy got his first job in comics in 1940, as an assistant to \"Sub-Mariner\" artist Bill Everett. He went on to work on many Golden Age comic books such as \"Captain America\" and \"Crime Does Not Pay\". Roy also did work for a number of publishers, including Atlas Comics, Holyoke Publications, and Archie Comics. Roy is best known for his work on comic strips. His first strip, for the New York Herald Tribune Syndicate, was an adaptation of the Leslie Charteris character \"The Saint\", which he drew from 1948 to 1951. He also illustrated the comic strip \"Nero Wolfe \" for Columbia Features in the 1950s, and worked as a ghost artist for\" Flash Gordon.\" In 1964, he created his Indian character Akwas in a Sunday strip by the same name (also for Columbia Features). Roy's final work was a hardcover graphic novel, \"Screaming Eagle\", published posthumously in 1999 by Discovery Comics. Mike Roy (comics) Joseph Michel Roy (1921–1996) was a Canadian comic book and comic strip artist, working during the Golden Age of Comic Books and the Silver Age of Comic Books. He is best known for his stories about Native Americans. Born in Quebec, Roy he emigrated to the United States where he studied at the School of Industrial Art and Pratt Institute. He was a co-founder of a museum of Native"
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"Imnaha (sternwheeler) Imhaha was a stern-wheel steamboat which operated on the Snake River in 1903. The steamer was built, launched, placed in service, and wrecked within a single year. The rapids on the Snake river had only rarely been surmounted by a steamboat, and generally only with the aid of a steel cable for lining used to winch the entire boat upstream through the rapids. After only a few trips, \"Imnaha\" was destroyed in Mountain Sheep rapids, just downstream from the mining settlement of Eureka, on the Oregon side of the river. \"Imnaha\" was built at Lewiston, Idaho for the Lewiston Southern Company or the Lewiston Southern Navigation Company. According to one source, the steamer was supposedly built much less strongly than other boats of the day. According to another source, Imnaha was \"studily built and cross-braced in the bow.\" \"Imnaha\" was the most important boat built on the upper Columbia river system in 1903. The builder was Joseph Supple. Another source gives the builder's name as one Kaston. Most of the work was done in Portland, Oregon, with the components sent to Lewiston in \"knock-down\" form for assembly by the Snake River. There was some delay in obtaining delivery of the boat's boilers, and so it was planned to launch the boat without them. When delivered, the boilers were to furnish steam at 250 pounds pressure, generating 500 horsepower The rapids on the Snake River flowed at speeds of 12 miles per hour in some places, and the only way for the boat to negotiate the currents going up river was to line through them by cranking in a steel cable attached to a steel bolt mounted in a rock on the shore. Prior to the completion of the boat, the president of the company, G.A. Nehrhood, stated that the vessel's speed of 17 miles per hour should alone allow it to surmount the rapids, and the hoisting cable was just an extra precaution. \"Imnaha\" would be equipped with one-half mile of steel cable connected to a capstan powered by a steam donkey engine to haul the steamer up through the rapids. No boat had yet negotiated the rapids upstream on the Snake River. By April 29, 1903, the boilers still had not been delivered. The Lewiston Southern Company was a subsidiary of the Eureka Mining Company, which was formed to exploit a supposed copper-rich mining area near Eureka, Oregon. The men behind the Eureka Mining Company were named Barton and Hibbs. They were engaged in stock fraud, by overstating the value of the company's stock, and then disappearing with the proceeds. Capt. Harry Baughman was to be the master of \"Imnaha\". J.C. Campbell was to be chief engineer. \"Imnaha\" was over hull (exclusive of fantail, which was the extension over the stern on which the stern-wheel was mounted, with a beam of over hull (exclusive of guards, and depth of hold of . The overall size of the steamer was 330 gross and 216 registered tons. Imnaha was licensed to carry 100 passengers Imnaha was reported to have cost $20,000 to build. The boiler for \"Imnaha\" was built by W. J. Salberg & Son of La Crosse, Wisconsin. The boiler was about 13 feet long, 60 inches in diameter and contained 178 flue pipes, each 2.25 inches in diameter. It was tested to a steam pressure of 225 pounds per square inch. Imnaha's boilers were coal-fired, and required loading of 70 tons of coal per trip. The boat was equipped with a complete blacksmithing outfit on board. Regarding the steamer's ability to run upstream through rapids, Captain Baughman claimed that \"with good fuel, the \"Imnaha\" could climb a tree.\" The best fuel was pitch-filled pine, but there was little of it available at the river level in Hell's Canyon. Cordword cut in the higher elevations had to be hauled eight miles by wagon, and was expensive. The steamer \"Imnaha\" was the sole source of supplies for the 2,000 people who had flooded into Eureka, 55 miles upriver from Lewiston, based on news of the copper strike. \"Imnaha\" made 14 trips to Eureka from Lewiston. Before the construction of the Imnaha, all the supplies for the mines at Eureka had to be hauled overland from Elgin, OR. Eighty men were employed at the Lewiston Southern's mines at Eureka. In April, 1903, the company was reported to have invested $500,000 invested in mines and granite quarries at Eureka. On April 29, 1903, a pre-fabricated smelter was on the dock at Lewiston, waiting for \"Imnaha\" to be completed so it could be hauled up to Eureka to be assembled. On April 21, 1903, Imnaha was reported to be \"complete in every detail except the boiler.\" There was at that time no definitive date by which the boiler was to arrive, and it would take about 10 days work to install the boiler once it did arrive. The boilers finally arrived in Lewiston on Sunday night, June 14, 1903. The reason for the delay was that the boat's chief engineer, J.C. Campbell, having inspected the route, ordered changes to the boiler design. On Saturday July 1, 1903, \"Imnaha\" made its trial run to Riparia, Washington. On July 4, \"Imnaha\" made its first commercial trip upriver to the town of Eureka, Oregon, on the Oregon side of the Snake River, at the mouth of the Imnaha River. Eureka Bar landing was 52 miles upriver from Lewiston. It took the steamer 14 hours to make the round trip. This was only the second time that a steamer had reached Eureka at the confluence of the Imnaha and the Snake rivers. Capt. Harry C. Baughman, son of pioneer steamboat captain, E.W. Baughman, was in command. The first steamer had been the \"Colonel Wright\", in 1864. Low water in July and August hindered of steamboat operations. The main navigation obstructions on the Snake River between Lewiston and Pittsburg Landing were rock ledges and isolated boulders in the rapids, which at all stages of the river were hazardous, to a greater or lesser degree, to navigation. At the beginning of the low water season in July 1903, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers hired a blasting crew to work in small boats to remove boulders at Mountain Sheep Rapids, Bear Creek Rapids, and upriver from the mouth of the Salmon River. However the current, flowing at 10 to 14 miles per hour, was so swift that it was possible to do this work safely or effectively in small boats. Arrangements were made then to contract with the steamer \"Imnaha\", at $47.50 per day, to perform the work. The boat began work on August 15, 1903. Using the steamer, a steam drill could be used on the submerged rocks and ledges in the middle of the stream. Obstructions at Ten-Mile Rapids, Buffalo Rock, and Grand Ronde rapids. On its first trip to improve navigation, Imnaha embarked ten 50-pound boxes of high grade explosives. On September 4, 1903, \"Imnaha\" suffered a mishap on Wild Goose rapids, which knocked a hole in the hull, requiring the vessel to be taken downriver to Riparia for repairs, and forcing abandonment of the use of the steam drill. A crew was left at Wild Goose rapids to work from small boats, but this effort had to be suspended on September 11, 1903 due to low water in the river. There was a great demand for river transport to the mines, and freight was backed up on the dock at Eureka waiting to be carried upriver by Imnaha. In early September 1903, Imnaha was reported to be unable to ascend the Snake River. On November 7, 1903, the river level at Lewiston was reported to be rising, so that soon \"Imnaha\" could resume its trips upriver to Eureka. For a steamer move upriver through the rapids on the Snake River, It was necessary to \"line\" through the rapids. Lining consisted of running a cable out from a winch on the steamer to a bolt secured in a rock on the shore. Once the cable was secured to the bolt, the winch would then crank in the cable, pulling the steamer upstream through the rapids. On Monday, November 9, 1903, \"Imnaha\" was proceeding upriver from Lewiston, and had just lined through Mountain Sheep Rapids, when a lining cable became entangled with the steamer's eccentric rod. Mountain Sheep Rapids were two miles downriver from Eureka.",
"reported to be unable to ascend the Snake River. On November 7, 1903, the river level at Lewiston was reported to be rising, so that soon \"Imnaha\" could resume its trips upriver to Eureka. For a steamer move upriver through the rapids on the Snake River, It was necessary to \"line\" through the rapids. Lining consisted of running a cable out from a winch on the steamer to a bolt secured in a rock on the shore. Once the cable was secured to the bolt, the winch would then crank in the cable, pulling the steamer upstream through the rapids. On Monday, November 9, 1903, \"Imnaha\" was proceeding upriver from Lewiston, and had just lined through Mountain Sheep Rapids, when a lining cable became entangled with the steamer's eccentric rod. Mountain Sheep Rapids were two miles downriver from Eureka. This prevented the stern-wheel from turning, causing it to lose forward momentum. \"Imnaha\" drifted back downriver into the rapids, where it was wrecked and became an $18,000 total loss. All passengers were rescued. Loss to the cargo was estimated at $1,000. An early newspaper report estimated the cargo loss at $8,000 and the steamer value at $25,000. There was no insurance. Imnaha (sternwheeler) Imhaha was a stern-wheel steamboat which operated on the Snake River in 1903. The steamer was built, launched, placed in service, and wrecked within a single year. The rapids on the Snake river had only rarely been surmounted"
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"Ragenfrid Ragenfrid (also Ragenfred, Raganfrid, or Ragamfred) (died 731) was the mayor of the palace of Neustria and Burgundy from 715, when he filled the vacuum in Neustria caused by the death of Pepin of Heristal, until 718, when Charles Martel finally established himself over the whole Frankish kingdom. His original centre of power was the Véxin. Dagobert III appointed him in opposition to Theudoald, grandson and heir of Pepin, and his grandmother Plectrude, but he was ignored by both Plectrude and Charles. In 716, Ragenfrid and Dagobert's successor, Chilperic II, fought deep into the heartland of Arnulfing power: the Maas and Ardennes. They allied with Dagobert's old enemy, Duke Radbod of Frisia, and defeated their rival Charles near Cologne, in which he had been besieging Plectrude and Theudoald. Ragenfrid went and Chilperic forced Plectrude to surrender most of the Austrasian treasury, her grandson's claim to the mayoralty, and acknowledge Chilperic as king. At this juncture, Charles set up his own Merovingian king, Clotaire IV; Dagobert's true successor, Chilperic II, being a staunch ally of Ragenfrid and the Neustrian nation. Ragenfrid and his king allied with Odo the Great, duke of Aquitaine independent since 715, but was defeated at Amel (north of St. Vith) in 716, and in March, 717, at Vincy, near Cambrai, and then in 718 at Soissons. Ragenfrid was now decisively out of power and he fled to Angers; however, he did not give up yet. When Paris and the Loire Valley were taken and Odo gave up Chilperic, who Charles finally accepted (under his thumb) in 719, Ragenfrid then gave himself up (720) and was deprived of his office, left only with lands in Anjou. In 724, the Neustrians rebelled under Ragenfrid, but they were easily defeated. However, Ragenfrid gave up his sons as hostages in turn for keeping his county. He lived on until 731. Ragenfrid Ragenfrid (also Ragenfred, Raganfrid, or Ragamfred) (died 731) was the mayor of the palace of Neustria and Burgundy from 715, when he filled the vacuum in Neustria caused by the death of Pepin of Heristal, until 718, when Charles Martel finally established himself over the whole Frankish kingdom. His original centre of power was the Véxin. Dagobert III appointed him in opposition to Theudoald, grandson and heir of Pepin, and his grandmother Plectrude, but he was ignored by both Plectrude and Charles. In 716, Ragenfrid and Dagobert's successor, Chilperic"
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"Ruhr.2010 Ruhr.2010 – Kulturhauptstadt Europas was the name of the campaign in Germany's Ruhr region that earned it recognition as a European Capital of Culture in 2010. This was the first time a region was considered, as Essen represented all 53 towns in the region in the application. Other cultural capitals were in the same year the Hungarian Pécs (Pécs2010) and Istanbul in Turkey, where similar campaigns were held. The Ruhr.2010 campaign included the participation of all cities in the Ruhr area. Apart from Essen, which presented itself all year long, each of the other cities had one week to themselves in 2010, in which they became the reigning \"Local Hero\". The participating towns and cities were: The campaign team consisted of well-known personalities in the arts and political world: Ruhr.2010 Ruhr.2010 – Kulturhauptstadt Europas was the name of the campaign in Germany's Ruhr region that earned it recognition as a European Capital of Culture in 2010. This was the first time a region was considered, as Essen represented all 53 towns in the region in the application. Other cultural capitals were in the same year the Hungarian Pécs (Pécs2010) and Istanbul in Turkey, where similar campaigns were held. The"
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"Toshihide Saito Saito was born in Shizuoka on April 20, 1973. After graduating from Waseda University, he joined his local club Shimizu S-Pulse in 1996. He played as regular player from first season. At 1996 J.League Cup, the club won the champions and he was elected New Hero awards. End of 1996 season, he was also elected J.League Rookie of the Year awards. The club also won the 2nd place at 1998 Emperor's Cup and 1999 J1 League, he was also eleceted Best Eleven in 1999. In 2000s, the club won 1999–2000 Asian Cup Winners' Cup and 2001 Emperor's Cup. In 2006, he moved to J2 League club Shonan Bellmare and played in 2 season. In 2009, he was appointed playing manager of Prefectural Leagues side Fujieda MYFC. After promotion to the Japan Football League in 2011 and acceptance into J3 League for the 2014 season, Saito decided to leave the club. Saito was capped 17 times for the Japanese national team between 1996 and 1999. His first international appearance came on August 25, 1996 in a friendly against Uruguay at Osaka Nagai Stadium. He was an unused substitute at the 1998 World Cup. He also played at 1999 Copa América. Toshihide Saito Saito was born in Shizuoka on April 20, 1973. After graduating from Waseda University, he joined his local club Shimizu S-Pulse in 1996. He played as regular player from first season. At 1996 J.League Cup, the club won the champions and he was elected New Hero awards. End of 1996 season, he was also elected J.League Rookie of the Year awards. The club also won the 2nd place at 1998 Emperor's Cup and 1999 J1 League, he was also eleceted Best Eleven in 1999. In 2000s, the club won 1999–2000 Asian Cup Winners' Cup and 2001 Emperor's"
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"NCAA Women's Division III Tennis Championship The NCAA Division III Women's Tennis Championship is the annual tennis tournament hosted by the NCAA to determine the team, singles, and doubles championships Division III of women's collegiate tennis. Tennis was one of twelve women's sports added to the NCAA championship program for the 1981-82 school year, as the NCAA engaged in battle with the Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women for sole governance of women's collegiate sports. The AIAW continued to conduct its established championship program in the same twelve (and other) sports; however, after a year of dual women's championships, the NCAA conquered the AIAW and usurped its authority and membership. Williams has won the most national championships, with 10 national titles. The Claremont-Mudd-Scripps Athenas are the reigning national champions, winning their first title in 2018. NCAA Women's Division III Tennis Championship The NCAA Division III Women's Tennis Championship is the annual tennis tournament hosted by the NCAA to determine the team, singles, and doubles championships Division III of women's collegiate tennis. Tennis was one of twelve women's sports added to the NCAA championship program for the 1981-82 school year, as the NCAA engaged in battle with the Association for Intercollegiate"
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"Donald Culliver Donald Culliver (born November 1951) was sworn to office on December 1, 2007 after being elected to serve by the people of Mansfield, Ohio on November 6, 2007. He was the first African-American in history to be elected Mayor of Mansfield. His 2007 run for mayor was his first run for public office. He won the Mansfield mayoral election with 41% of votes with a margin of 4,862, defeating at large city council Doug Versaw (R) who received 32% of votes with a margin of 3,820 and William Anliker (Unindorsed R) who received 27% of votes with a margin of 3,159. On February 25, 2008, Culliver endorsed Illinois Senator Barack Obama for president, saying, \"If we are going to make a better future for America, we need a leader who isn't invested in the political food fights of the past.\" On November 8, 2011, Culliver was succeeded in the Mansfield mayoral election by Timothy Theaker, the first Republican to be elected by the people of Mansfield, Ohio to serve as mayor since Edward Meehan, who served as mayor of Mansfield from 1981 to 1991. Mayor Culliver is well known around the community for his work in education and as a mentor to the youth of Mansfield. While campaigning for office in 2007, Mayor Culliver set a clear goal to get the community involved in our education system to help create a positive and progressive learning environment. In 2008, Mayor Culliver helped build bridges between the government, education community and business community by forming several partnerships with local community members to help advance Mansfield to the next level together. Out of those partnerships, education has been a key focus to the Mayor and in November 2008, he created the Mayor's Education Task Force, a volunteer community organization dedicated towards getting the community involved in our local education system. The Mayor's influence in the community has reached incredible numbers with his initiative gaining 57 volunteers in five months by August 25, 2009 and community partners nationwide. While the economic recession was officially declared in December 2007, it did not stop the freshman Mayor from doing whatever it took to gain opportunity for his city. Mayor Culliver has been committed towards building partnerships throughout the state and nation and already includes the Ohio General Assembly, Governors Office and the United States Congress. Early 2009, Mayor Culliver and members of his administration traveled to Washington to work with several members of the United States House of Representatives, Senate and the Executive Office to work on funding opportunities for the City of Mansfield. Mayor Culliver was able to generate more than 3 million dollars in funding for Mansfield that helped save several safety service positions. However, because of the global economic shift, he was not able to secure positions for everyone who lost employment. In 2009, Mayor Culliver partnered with local manufacturers, the business community, State Representative and House Majority Whip Jay Goyal, Commissioner Gary Utt, Governor Ted Strickland and Senator Sherrod Brown in the Mansfield Makes Sense for the New GM campaign towards keeping the local General Motors plant open. However, efforts were unsuccessful as the community received the final plan to close from GM Headquarters on July 31, 2009. Mayor Culliver is a graduate of Malabar High School and a longtime resident and member of the Mansfield community, where he is also a husband, father and grandfather. Mayor Culliver has been active in the community of Mansfield for many years with a 20-year public service record as a city councilman and 35 years experience as a licensed journeyman at PPG Industries. Donald Culliver Donald Culliver (born November 1951) was sworn to office on December 1, 2007 after being elected to serve by the people of Mansfield, Ohio on November 6, 2007. He was the first African-American in history to be elected Mayor of Mansfield. His 2007 run for mayor was his first run for public office. He won the Mansfield mayoral election with 41% of votes with a margin of 4,862, defeating at large city council Doug Versaw (R) who received 32% of votes with a margin of 3,820 and William Anliker (Unindorsed R) who received 27% of votes with a"
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"Araiyar Sevai Araiyar sevai () is a Tamil performing art form, centered on the ritual singing and enactment of the hymns of the Divya Prabandham. Araiyar sevai is generally performed only inside Vaishnavite temples in the presence of the temple \"uthsavar\" — the temple's processional deity — by hereditary performers. Although temple inscriptions suggest its performance was once widespread, it is today only performed in few temples in Tamil Nadu: the \"koyil\" shrine of Srirangam, shrine of Azhagiya Manavala Perumal Temple, the shrine of Alvar Tirunagari and the temple of Andal at Srivilliputhur. It is also performed in a different form at the Melkote temple in southern Karnataka, where the Divya Prabhandham is sung but not enacted. Tamil legends trace the origin of the araiyar sevai to Nathamuni, a 10th-century Vaishnavite teacher, who according to tradition compiled the Divya Prabandham. According to the legends, Nathamuni composed musical tunes (\"icaippa\") for the hymns along with dance steps to bring out their meaning. He instituted three annual festivals, called \"tiruvattiyayanam\" for the performance of the hymns. These include the festivals of Pongal, Panguni uttiram and Aadi puram. The art form is practiced principally by a few families of hereditary performers, called \"araiyar\". An araiyar is attached to a temple as a priest and conducts certain prayers throughout the year but only performs the araiyar sevai during the ' festivals instituted by Nathamuni. Araiyars are male and must spend several years studying the hymns of the Divya Prabandham and the traditional commentaries on the hymns, particularly the commentary known as ' by , in addition to studying the art form itself. The traditional clothes worn during araiyar sevai performances are the \"pañcakacam\" (a style of wearing the veshti) and a conical hat called \"araiyar kullai\", which bears the Vaishnavite symbols of the conch, discus and thirunamam. During the actual performance, a piece of cloth taken from a garment used by the temple deity is tied to the hat. The araiyar wears a garland and holds cymbals which he plays during the performance. An araiyar sevai begins with a ritual summons, where the officiating priest using a ritual formula, calls upon the araiyar to come before the temple \"urcavar\" — the temple's processional deity. The araiyar replies with a formulaic response and puts on the \"araiyar kullai\" as he approaches. He then sounds a few strokes on the cymbals and begins the performance. Each verse is performed in three steps. In the first, the araiyar sings the verse. In the second, he dances a few steps which, through a system of ritualised gestures, give expression to the literal meaning of the verse. In the third step, he explains the inner meaning of the verse, as explained in \"\", a traditional commentary on the Divya Prabandham. On specific days, the performance of individual verses is followed by a dramatisation of specific scenes from Hindu mythology, such as the churning of the ocean, the birth of Andal, or the slaying of Kamsa. The final element of the performance is the \"mutukkuri vaipavam\", which depicts a worried mother consulting a \"kattuvicci\" female soothsayer about her daughter, who is lovelorn. Late. Shri Srinivasa Rengachariar (1930 - 2014) was a leading exponent of Araiyar Sevai at the temple of Andal at Srivilliputhur. Born in Srivilliputhur on Pooram day in the Tamil month of Purattasi in 1930, Araiyar Srinivasa Rengachariyar, a descendent of Melaiyagath Azhwar, was initiated into this special art of presenting the sacred verses by his father Araiyar Vadapatrasayee at the age of seven. Since then, till the time of his death in 2014, he has performed the Araiyar Sevai in various Vaishnavite shrines including that of Andal at Srivilliputhur, Nambi in Thirukkurungudi, Badrinath Temple, Alwarthirunagari Temple, etc. In 2014, he was posthumously conferred the prestigious Sangeet Natak Akademi Award for his services to the art form. He is now survived by his son, Araiyar Shri Balamukundachariyar and grandson Shri Srinivasa Rengan, who perform the Araiyar Sevai today. In recent years, some Vaishnavites have attempted to broaden the range of temples in which Araiyar Sevai is performed and to teach it to non-hereditary performers in order to arrest its decline. Srirama Bharati is a noted proponent of a new enacted and sung form of Araiyar Sevai, which is a revivalist, modern form with no hereditary connection to traditional Araiyar Sevai performed at the Srivaishnava shrines. Araiyar Sevai Araiyar sevai () is a Tamil performing art form, centered on the ritual singing and enactment of the hymns of the Divya Prabandham. Araiyar sevai is generally performed only inside Vaishnavite temples in the presence of the temple \"uthsavar\" — the temple's processional deity — by hereditary performers. Although temple inscriptions suggest its performance was once widespread, it is today only performed in few temples in Tamil Nadu: the \"koyil\" shrine"
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"Rhein-Wupper-Bahn The Rhein-Wupper-Bahn is a Regionalbahn service in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia. It connects the cities of Wuppertal, Solingen, Leverkusen, Cologne and Bonn and it is operated by National Express. The line runs mainly over the tracks of three railway lines: The trains of the Rhein-Wupper-Bahn (RB 48) stop at all stations on the line. They run daily from 5 am to 20 pm at hourly intervals between Wuppertal Hauptbahnhof and Bonn-Mehlem. Additional services run from Wuppertal to Cologne every hour, so on this section there is a service approximately 30-minutes. Until December 2007, the service ran to Wuppertal-Oberbarmen, but was shortened due to a reduction in federal funding and now operates only in the off-peak. Since December 2015, the service to Wuppertal-Oberbarmen has been restored. The section of the line in Rhineland-Palatinate that was formerly served regularly, was served from 2003 to 2015 by only one service operated to Remagen in the evening and returning next morning. Since December 2015, the service south of Bonn-Mehlem has been abandoned entirely. Since December 2015, Bombardier Talent 2 EMUs have been operated by National Express. They run regularly as a five car set coupled to a three car set. National Express also holds two spare sets of coaches and locomotives of class 182 (EuroSprinter) for the operation on the RB 48. Until the timetable change in December 2007, the Rhein-Wupper-Bahn was operated mostly using locomotive-hauled push–pull trains. This were usually made up of five “n-carriages” (Silberling), hauled by class 111 electric locomotives. Trains were often hauled by class 110 locomotives and occasionally class 425 electric multiple units in coupled sets were operated. After December 2007, RB 48 were at first operated only with class 425 in coupled sets. The ET 425 sets became available when Abellio Rail NRW won some tenders for operating services in North Rhine-Westphalia. Between the minor change of timetable in June 2009 and the regular timetable change in December 2009, some services were again operated with class 110 locomotives with five to six n-carriages, as not enough carriages were available due to the need for software modifications to the ET 425 vehicles. In December 2002, the Rhein-Wupper-Bahn replaced the North Rhine-Westphalian section of the former \"Rhein-Wupper-Express\" (RE 6), which ran between Koblenz and Wuppertal. The current RB 48 serves all stations served by Rhein-Wupper-Bahn on this section, with the exception of Hurth-Kalscheuren. The Rhein-Wupper-Express originally consisted of six n-carriages without a control car, pulled by class 110 locomotives. From 2001, following a three-part electric multiple units, consisting of two class 425 sets and one class 426 set. The Rhein-Wupper-Bahn originally ran between Remagen and Wuppertal-Oberbarmen and was operated using coupled class 425 sets. In December 2003 it was shortened to terminate at Bonn-Mehlem because Rhineland-Palatinate would not provide sufficient funds for operations in its section. After the motor coaches of the class 425 sets suffered massive brake problems in the autumn of 2003, in early September 2004 operations of the Rhein-Wupper-Bahn were changed as a precaution under the \"H'04\" program to push-pull trains of five n-carriages hauled by class 110 locomotives. Modifications to the class 425 sets were completed three years later, in late 2007. Since then class 425 EMUs have run in double sets. In December 2007, the Rhein-Wupper-Bahn was cut back from Wuppertal-Oberbarmen to Wuppertal Hauptbahnhof. This enabled the service to be run as Bonn–Wuppertal and Köln–Wuppertal cycles, saving a train set. One train runs late in the evening to Wuppertal-Oberbarmen, where it is parked overnight before returning early in the morning to Bonn. In February 2013, a tender for operation of the Rhein-Wupper-Bahn from 2015 to 2030 was won by National Express. Service to Wuppertal-Oberbarmen were resumed in December 2015. During peak times, half-hourly services have been extended to Bonn. There are plans to convert the Rhein-Wupper-Bahn service into an S-Bahn service. This would run at 20-minute intervals. This might run on a modified route between Opladen and Köln-Mülheim on the current freight line through Leverkusen-Morsbroich. This would provide better services to the suburbs of Dünnwald and Höhenhaus. It would be possible to run the service as line S 16 to Bonn, however, parts of the Left Rhine line would have to be increased to four tracks (the Cologne S-Bahn western ring). It is also possible that the new line S 16 would end in Cologne and line S 6 from Essen would be extended to Bonn. Rhein-Wupper-Bahn The Rhein-Wupper-Bahn is a Regionalbahn service in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia. It connects the cities of Wuppertal, Solingen, Leverkusen, Cologne and Bonn and it is operated by National Express. The line runs mainly over the tracks of three railway lines: The trains of the Rhein-Wupper-Bahn (RB 48) stop at all stations on the line. They run daily from 5 am to 20 pm"
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"Peruvian inca The inca was a unit of currency in Peru between 1881 and 1882. The inca was issued in banknote form only and was subdivided into 10 \"reales de inca\" or 100 \"centavos de inca\". It was replaced by the Peruvian sol at a rate of 1 inca = 10 soles. The banknotes were withdrawn in 1882. The inca appeared on two series of banknotes, one consisting of overprints on earlier notes, the other a regular issue. The overprinted denominations were 1 real de inca, surcharged on old 1 sol notes, 5 reales de inca, stamped on old 5 soles notes, and 100 centavos de inca (i.e., 1 inca), surcharged on old 100 soles notes. The regular issue of notes was in denominations of 1, 5 and 100 incas. Some of the regular issue 5 and 10 inca notes were later surcharged with their value in soles. Peruvian inca The inca was a unit of currency in Peru between 1881 and 1882. The inca was issued in banknote form only and was subdivided into 10 \"reales de inca\" or 100 \"centavos de inca\". It was replaced by the Peruvian sol at a rate of 1 inca = 10 soles."
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"Gascon campaign of 1345 Between August and November 1345 Henry, Earl of Derby, conducted the whirlwind Gascon campaign of 1345. In the border region between English-occupied Gascony and French-ruled territory morale and prestige swung England's way following this campaign, providing an influx of taxes and recruits for the English armies. The French ability to raise tax money and troops from the region was much reduced. Commanding an Anglo-Gascon force Derby carried out \"the first successful land campaign of ... the Hundred Years' War\" against the French. He twice defeated large French armies in open battle, taking numerous noble and knightly prisoners. These were ransomed by their captors, greatly enriching Derby and his soldiers in the process. Ralph, Earl of Stafford, sailed for Gascony in February 1345 with an advance force and, following conventional practice, laid siege to two French strongholds. Derby arrived in August and immediately concentrated available Anglo-Gascon forces and headed directly for the largest French force, which was gathering at Bergerac, east of Bordeaux. Bergerac had good river supply links to Bordeaux and would provide an excellent forward base from which to carry the war to the French. He decisively defeated the French there, before moving to besiege the provincial capital of Périgueux. By this time the French had diverted their main effort to the south west, under the overall command of John, Duke of Normandy, the son and heir of the French king. Unable to take Périgueux, and threatened by John's much larger force, Derby left garrisons blockading it and withdrew. One garrison, at Auberoche, was besieged by the French. Derby advanced with a small force, launched a surprise attack against the much larger French army and won another decisive victory. The French army started to disintegrate: men were unpaid, even unfed; there was a lack of fodder for the horses; desertion was rife; troops were selling their equipment. John lost heart on hearing of the defeat at Auberoche. The French abandoned all of their ongoing sieges of other Anglo-Gascon garrisons and retreated to Angouleme, where John disbanded his army, possibly because the French had run out of money. Derby moved back to the Garonne valley, captured the strong and well garrisoned town of La Réole, all of the French outposts downstream of it, and several other strong French positions in the area. In November Derby paid off his army and overwintered in La Réole. A number of small Anglo-Gascon groups maintained the pressure on the French, capturing several significant fortified places between December 1345 and March 1346. Since the Norman Conquest of 1066, English monarchs had held titles and lands within France, the possession of which made them vassals of the kings of France. The status of the English king's French fiefs was a major source of conflict between the two monarchies throughout the Middle Ages. French monarchs systematically sought to check the growth of English power, stripping away lands as the opportunity arose. Over the centuries, English holdings in France had varied in size, but by 1337 only Gascony in south western France and Ponthieu in northern France were left. The Gascons, a people with their own language and customs, preferred their relationship with a distant English king who left them alone, to one with a French king who would interfere in their affairs. A large proportion of the enormous quantity of red wine that they produced was shipped to England in a profitable trade. Following a series of disagreements between Philip VI of France () and Edward III of England (), on 24 May 1337 Philip's Great Council in Paris agreed that the Duchy of Aquitaine, effectively Gascony, should be taken back into Philip's hands on the grounds that Edward was in breach of his obligations as a vassal. This marked the start of the Hundred Years' War, which was to last one hundred and sixteen years. During the first half of the 14th century well over 1,000 ships a year departed Gascony for England. Among their cargos were more than 100,000,000 litres of wine. The duty levied by the English Crown on wine from Bordeaux was more than all other customs duties combined and by far the largest source of state income. Bordeaux, the capital of Gascony had a population of over 50,000, greater than London's, and Bordeaux was possibly richer. However, by this time English Gascony had become so truncated by French encroachments that it relied on imports of food, largely from England. Any interruptions to regular shipping were liable to starve Gascony and financially cripple England; the French were well aware of this. Although Gascony was the cause of the war, Edward was able to spare few resources for it and previously when an English army had campaigned on the continent it had operated in northern France. In previous campaigning seasons the Gascons had largely relied on their own resources and were hard pressed as a consequence. In 1339 the French besieged Bordeaux, the capital of Gascony, even breaking into the city with a large force before they were repulsed. Typically the Gascons could field 3,000–6,000 men, the large majority of whom were infantry, although up to two-thirds of them would be tied down in garrisons. The border between English and French territory in Gascony was extremely unclear, to the extent that the idea of a \"border\" is anachronistic. Most significant landholders owned a patchwork of widely separated estates, perhaps owing fealty to a different overlord for each. Each small estate was likely to have a tower house, with larger estates having castles. Fortifications were also constructed at transport choke points, to collect tolls and to restrict military passage, and fortified towns grew up alongside all bridges and most fords over the many rivers in the region. Military forces could support themselves by foraging so long as they moved on at relatively frequent intervals. If they wished to remain in one place for any length of time, as was necessary to besiege a castle, then access to water transport was essential for supplies of food and fodder and desirable for such items as siege equipment. Warfare was usually a struggle for possession of castles and other fortified points, and for the mutable loyalty of the local nobility; the region had been in a state of flux for centuries and many local lords served whichever country was stronger, regardless of national ties. By 1345, after eight years of war, English-controlled territory mostly consisted of a coastal strip from Bordeaux to Bayonne, with isolated strongholds further inland. The French had strong fortifications throughout what had once been English controlled Gascony. Several directly threatened Bordeaux: Libourne, to the east allowed French armies to assemble a day's march from Bordeaux; the strongly fortified town of Blaye was situated on the north bank of the Gironde downstream of Bordeaux and in a position to interdict its vital seaborne communications; the fortress of Langon, south of Bordeaux, blocked upstream communication along the Garonne, and facilitated the supply of any French force advancing on Bordeaux. Edward determined early in 1345 to attack France on three fronts. The Earl of Northampton would lead a small force to Brittany, a slightly larger force would proceed to Gascony under the command of Henry, Earl of Derby and the main force would accompany Edward to France or Flanders. The previous Seneschal of Gascony, Nicholas de la Beche, was replaced by the more senior Ralph, Earl of Stafford, who sailed for Gascony in February with an advance force. Derby was appointed the King's Lieutenant in Gascony on 13 March 1345 and received a contract to raise a force of 2,000 men in England, and further troops in Gascony itself. The highly detailed contract of indenture had a term of six months from the opening of the campaign in Gascony, with an option for Edward to extend it for a",
"on Bordeaux. Edward determined early in 1345 to attack France on three fronts. The Earl of Northampton would lead a small force to Brittany, a slightly larger force would proceed to Gascony under the command of Henry, Earl of Derby and the main force would accompany Edward to France or Flanders. The previous Seneschal of Gascony, Nicholas de la Beche, was replaced by the more senior Ralph, Earl of Stafford, who sailed for Gascony in February with an advance force. Derby was appointed the King's Lieutenant in Gascony on 13 March 1345 and received a contract to raise a force of 2,000 men in England, and further troops in Gascony itself. The highly detailed contract of indenture had a term of six months from the opening of the campaign in Gascony, with an option for Edward to extend it for a further six months on the same terms. Derby was given a high degree of autonomy, for example his strategic instructions were: \"si guerre soit, et a faire le bien q'il poet\" (... if there is war, do the best you can...). French intelligence had uncovered the English plan for offensives in the three theatres, but they did not have the money to raise a significant army in each. They anticipated, correctly, that the English planned to make their main effort in northern France. Thus they directed what resources they had there, planning to assemble their main army at Arras on 22 July. South-western France was encouraged to rely on its own resources, but as the Truce of Malestroit, signed in early 1343, was still in effect, the local lords were reluctant to spend money, and little was done. Derby's force embarked at Southampton at the end of May. Due to bad weather, his fleet of 151 ships was forced to shelter in Falmouth for several weeks en route, finally departing on 23 July. The Gascons, primed by Stafford to expect Derby's arrival in late May and sensing the French weakness, took the field without him. The Gascons captured the large, weakly garrisoned castles of Montravel and Monbreton on the Dordogne in early June; both were taken by surprise and their seizure broke the tenuous Truce of Malestroit. Stafford carried out a short march north to besiege Blaye with his advance party and perhaps 1,000 men-at-arms and 3,000 infantry of the Gascon lords. Having established the siege he left the Gascons to prosecute it and proceeded to Langon, south of Bordeaux, and set up a second siege. The Anglo-Gascon forces at both sieges could be readily supplied by ship. The French issued an urgent call to arms. Meanwhile, small independent parties of Gascons raided across the region. A number of local French groups joined them, and several minor nobles threw in their lot with the Anglo-Gascons. They had several significant successes, but their main effect was to tie down most of the weak French garrisons in the region and to cause them to call for reinforcements. The few French troops in the region not garrisoning their fortifications immobilised themselves with sieges: of Casseneuil in the Agenais; Monchamp near Condom; and Montcuq, a strong but strategically insignificant castle south of Bergerac. Large areas were effectively undefended. Edward's main army sailed on 29 June. They anchored off Sluys in Flanders until 22 July, while Edward attended to diplomatic affairs. When they sailed, probably intending to land in Normandy, they were scattered by a storm and found their way to various English ports over the following week. After more than five weeks on board ship the men and horses had to be disembarked. There was a further week's delay while the King and his council debated what to do, by which time it proved impossible to take any action with the main English army before winter. Aware of this, Philip despatched reinforcements to Brittany and Gascony. Peter, Duke of Bourbon was appointed commander-in-chief of the south west front on 8 August. On 9 August 1345 Derby arrived in Bordeaux with 500 men-at-arms, 1,500 English and Welsh archers, 500 of them mounted on ponies to increase their mobility, and various ancillary and support troops, such as a team of 24 miners. A significant number of the archers and some of the men-at-arms were convicted felons promised pardons if they served for the duration of the campaign, but the majority, including many of the felons, were veterans of other campaigns. After two weeks of further recruiting and organising Derby marched his army to Langon, rendezvoused with Stafford and took command of the combined force. While Stafford had to this point pursued a cautious strategy, Derby's intention was quite different. Rather than continue a war of sieges he was determined to strike directly at the French before they could concentrate their forces. The French forces in the region were under Bertrand de l'Isle-Jourdain, the Duke of Bourbon not having arrived yet. Hearing of Derby's arrival, he decided to fall back to the communications centre and strategically important town of Bergerac, east of Bordeaux, where there was an important bridge over the Dordogne River. This was a convenient place to concentrate French forces and assimilate reinforcements. After a council of war Derby decided to strike at the French there. The capture of the town, which had good river supply links to Bordeaux, would provide the Anglo-Gascon army with a base from which to carry the war to the French. It would also force the lifting of the siege of the nearby castle of Montcuq and sever communications between French forces north and south of the Dordogne. The English believed that if the French field army could be beaten or distracted the town could be easily taken. After eight years of defensive warfare by the Anglo-Gascons, there was no expectation among the French that they might make any offensive moves. Derby moved rapidly and took the French army by surprise on 26 August, decisively beating them in a running battle. The exact details of the battle are confused and there are contradictions between the original sources, which is reflected in the modern accounts. Clifford Rogers provides a summary of the contemporary accounts, their discrepancies, and the treatment of these by modern historians. In any event, French casualties were heavy, with many killed and a large number captured. Prisoners included Henri de Montigny, Seneschal of Périgord, ten other senior noblemen and a large number of lesser nobles. Derby's share of the ransoms and the loot was estimated at £34,000 (£ in 2019 terms), approximately four times the annual income from his lands. The survivors of the French field army rallied around de l'Isle and retreated north to Périgueux. Within days of the battle, Bergerac fell to an Anglo-Gascon assault and was subsequently sacked. Strategically, the Anglo-Gascon army had secured an important base for further operations. Politically, local lords who had been undecided in their allegiance had been shown that the English were again a force to be reckoned with. Derby consolidated and reorganised for two weeks, left a large garrison in the town and moved north to the Anglo-Gascon stronghold of Mussidan in the Isle valley with 6,000–8,000 men. He then pushed west to Périgueux, the provincial capital, taking several strongpoints on the way. Périgueux's defences were antiquated and derelict, but the size of the French force defending it prohibited an assault. Derby blockaded Périgueux and captured a number of strongholds blocking the main routes into the city. John, Duke of Normandy, the son and heir of Philip VI, replaced the Duke of Bourbon and gathered an army reportedly numbering over 20,000 and manoeuvred in the area. In early October a very large detachment relieved the city and drove off Derby's force, which withdrew towards Bordeaux. Further reinforced, the French started besieging the English-held strongpoints. A French force of 7,000, commanded by Louis of Poitiers, besieged the castle of Auberoche, east of Périgueux. Auberoche perches on a rocky promontory",
"provincial capital, taking several strongpoints on the way. Périgueux's defences were antiquated and derelict, but the size of the French force defending it prohibited an assault. Derby blockaded Périgueux and captured a number of strongholds blocking the main routes into the city. John, Duke of Normandy, the son and heir of Philip VI, replaced the Duke of Bourbon and gathered an army reportedly numbering over 20,000 and manoeuvred in the area. In early October a very large detachment relieved the city and drove off Derby's force, which withdrew towards Bordeaux. Further reinforced, the French started besieging the English-held strongpoints. A French force of 7,000, commanded by Louis of Poitiers, besieged the castle of Auberoche, east of Périgueux. Auberoche perches on a rocky promontory completely commanding the River Auvézère. The French encampment was divided in two, with the majority of the soldiers camped close to the river between the castle and village while a smaller force was situated to prevent any relief attempts from the north. The chronicler Froissart tells an improbable tale that a soldier attempting to reach the English lines with a letter requesting help was captured and returned to the castle via a trebuchet. A messenger did get through to Derby, who was already returning to the area with a scratch force of 1,200 English and Gascon soldiers: 400 men-at-arms and 800 mounted archers. After a night march Derby attacked the French camp on 21 October while they were at dinner, taking them by surprise and causing heavy initial casualties. The French rallied and there was a protracted hand-to-hand struggle, which ended when the commander of the small English garrison in the castle sortied and fell upon the rear of the French. They broke and fled. Derby's mounted men-at-arms pursued them relentlessly. French casualties are uncertain, but were heavy. They are variously described by modern historians as \"appalling\", \"extremely high\", \"staggering\", and \"heavy\". Many French nobles were taken prisoner; lower ranking men were, as was customary, put to the sword. The French commander, Louis of Poitiers, died of his wounds. Surviving prisoners included the second in command, Bertrand de l'Isle-Jourdain, two counts, seven viscounts, three barons, the seneschals of Clermont and Toulouse, a nephew of the Pope and so many knights that they were not counted. The ransoms alone made a fortune for many of the soldiers in Derby's army, as well as Derby himself, who was said to have made at least £50,000 (£ in 2019 terms) from the day's captives. Over the following year Philip paid large amounts from the royal treasury as contributions towards the captives' ransoms. The Duke of Normandy lost heart on hearing of the defeat. There are accounts that he resigned his command and returned to Paris, only to be reinstated and sent back by his father, the King. The French abandoned all of their ongoing sieges of other Anglo-Gascon strongpoints. There were reports of the French army disintegrating: men unpaid, even unfed; lack of fodder for the horses; desertion; troops selling their equipment. Despite heavily outnumbering the Anglo-Gascon force the Duke of Normandy retreated to Angouleme and disbanded his army, possibly because the French had run out of money. Derby was left almost completely unopposed for five months. Derby moved south after his victory, falling back on his communications as winter weather was setting in. He started clearing French fortifications from the border of English territory: the small castle at Pellegrue surrendered; that at Monségur was stormed. He then moved on the large, strongly fortified town of La Réole. This occupied a key position on the north bank of the Garonne river, only from Bordeaux. The town had been English until captured by the French twenty-one years earlier. It had enjoyed considerable autonomy and lucrative trading privileges, which it had lost under the French. After negotiations with Derby, on 8 November the citizens distracted the large French garrison and opened a gate for the English. The garrison fled to the citadel, which was considered exceptionally strong; the English proceeded to mine it. The garrison agreed a provisional surrender; if they were not relieved within five weeks they would leave. They were allowed to communicate this to the Duke of Normandy, but as he had just disbanded his army, and it was anyway mid-winter, there was little he could do. In early January 1346 the garrison left and the English replaced them. The town regained its previous privileges. Derby spent the rest of the winter in La Réole. While this was happening the main Gascon forces disbanded. Many of the English soldiers took ship for home. In the border region morale and, more importantly, prestige had decidedly swung England's way following this campaign, providing an influx of taxes and recruits for the English armies. After the main forces had gone home for the winter, small groups of Anglo-Gascons remained active. They cleared the valley of the Garonne downstream of La Réole of French presence, and raided the poorly fortified towns and weakly garrisoned French castles and smaller fortifications within their reach. Langon, which had resisted Stafford in the summer, was taken. The citizens of several French garrisoned towns persuaded the soldiers to withdraw, so that they could pre-emptively surrender to Derby and avoid the possible dangers of a siege or sack. In at least one case they seized the French soldiers in their beds and expelled them. A letter from a committee of French garrison commanders sent to Philip VI in November claimed that towns were defecting to the English on a \"daily\" basis, and to Anglo-Gascon forces of trivial size. The French defenders were thoroughly demoralised. The Duke of Bourbon, the newly-appointed French Seneschal of Gascony, unexpectedly found himself under assault. Stafford marched on the vitally important town of Aiguillon, which commanded the junction of the Rivers Garonne and Lot, \"the key to Gascony\", in late November. The inhabitants attacked the garrison and opened the gates to the English. By March 1346 almost the entire province of Agenais was in English hands. Bourbon held only Agen, the capital, and four castles; all were blockaded by the English. Morale was not good. As Bourbon started to assemble a new army at Agen, fights broke out with the townsfolk. Several Italian mercenaries were lynched. Local lords of note declared for the English, bringing significant retinues with them. The campaign had been a disaster for the French: they had lost towns and castles; suffered heavy casualties and had many nobles taken prisoner, who would not be available to fight until they had paid their heavy ransoms, much of which would go to fund the English war effort. Towns and castles throughout south west France embarked on urgent and expensive programmes to repair, improve or in some cases build from scratch their fortifications. They also paid attention to keeping them adequately garrisoned. It became next to impossible to raise tax money from the region, or to persuade men to serve away from home. This extended to areas far from where Derby had campaigned. Modern historians have praised the generalship demonstrated by Derby in this campaign: \"superb and innovative tactician\"; \"ris[ing] to the level of genius\"; \"brilliant in the extreme\"; \"stunning\"; \"brilliant\". A chronicler writing fifty years after the event described him as \"one of the best warriors in the world\". The four-month campaign has been described as \"the first successful land campaign of ... the Hundred Years' War\", which had commenced more than eight years earlier. Derby went on to lead another successful campaign in 1346. In 1346 the French decided to make their main effort against Gascony. A large French army, \"enormously superior\" to any force Derby could field, assembled early in the campaigning season under the Duke of Normandy",
"areas far from where Derby had campaigned. Modern historians have praised the generalship demonstrated by Derby in this campaign: \"superb and innovative tactician\"; \"ris[ing] to the level of genius\"; \"brilliant in the extreme\"; \"stunning\"; \"brilliant\". A chronicler writing fifty years after the event described him as \"one of the best warriors in the world\". The four-month campaign has been described as \"the first successful land campaign of ... the Hundred Years' War\", which had commenced more than eight years earlier. Derby went on to lead another successful campaign in 1346. In 1346 the French decided to make their main effort against Gascony. A large French army, \"enormously superior\" to any force Derby could field, assembled early in the campaigning season under the Duke of Normandy and marched up the Garonne valley. Their plan was to retake La Réole; to ensure their lines of supply they first had to retake Aiguillon. Stafford, in charge of Aiguillon's Anglo-Gascon garrison of 900 men, withstood an eight-month siege. Derby concentrated the main Anglo-Gascon force at La Réole, as a threat, and ensured that the French were never able to fully blockade the town. They found that their own supply lines were seriously harassed. Edward III was meanwhile assembling a large army in England. The French were aware of this, but anticipated that it would sail to Gascony and attempt to relieve Aiguillon. Instead it landed in Normandy in July, achieving strategic surprise and starting the Crécy campaign. Philip VI ordered his son to abandon the siege and march north; after several delays John did, arriving in Picardy two weeks after Philip's army had been decisively beaten at the Battle of Crécy with very heavy losses. The areas facing Derby were left effectively defenceless, and he sent local, Gascon, forces to besiege the few major strongholds in the region still held by the French. Taking a force of approximately 2,000 Derby set out from La Réole on a grand \"chevauchée\", a great mounted raid. During the following two months this was devastatingly successful. Not only Gascony, but much of the Duchy of Aquitaine was left securely in English hands. It was to be held until formally ceded by the French in 1360 by the Treaty of Brétigny. Gascon campaign of 1345 Between"
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"Globe KDG Snipe The Globe KDG Snipe was an American target drone, built by the Globe Aircraft Corporation for use by the United States Navy. The KDG, and its modified version, the KD3G Snipe, served between 1946 and the early 1950s. The KDG Snipe was a small, mid-winged target drone, operated by radio control. The Snipe was designed to be launched by use of a catapult system; if the aircraft was not destroyed during its mission, it would deploy a parachute for recovery. The KDG was powered by a McCulloch 4300 two-stroke engine; an improved version, designated KD3G, was powered by a Kiekhaefer O-45 opposed piston engine. The Snipe entered service with the U.S. Navy in 1946; the KDG had been retired from service by 1950. The improved KD3G model remained in service through the early 1950s. Globe KDG Snipe The Globe KDG Snipe was an American target drone, built by the Globe Aircraft Corporation for use by the United States Navy. The KDG, and its modified version, the KD3G Snipe, served between 1946 and the early 1950s. The KDG Snipe was a small, mid-winged target drone, operated by radio control. The Snipe was designed to be launched by use"
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"Codex Vaticanus 354 Codex Vaticanus, designated by S or 028 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 1027 (von Soden), formerly called \"Codex Guelpherbytanus\", is a Greek manuscript of the four Gospels which can be dated to a specific year instead of an estimated range. The colophon of the codex lists the date as 949 (on folio 234 verso). This manuscript is one of the four oldest New Testament manuscripts dated in this manner, and the only dated uncial. The manuscript has complex contents. The codex contains 235 parchment leaves (), with complete text of the four Gospels. The text is written in two columns per page, 27 lines per page, 15-17 letters per line. It is written in large, oblong, and compressed uncial letters. It has no breathings and accents. The nomina sacra are written in an abbreviated way. The text is divided according to the κεφαλαια (\"chapters\"), whose numbers are given at the margin, and their τιτλοι (\"titles of chapters\") at the top. There is also a division according to the smaller Ammonian sections, with references to the Eusebian Canons. It contains the Epistula ad Carpianum, lists of the κεφαλαια (\"tables of contents\") before each Gospel, and subscriptions at the end of each Gospel, with numbers of stichoi. It contains many later corrections (e.g. Luke 8:15), and margin notes (e.g. Matthew 27:16.17) predominantly added by later hand. It also includes neumes, and it is one of the oldest manuscript with neumes. The writing is large oblong and compressed, and appears Slavic. The Greek text of this codex is a representative of the Byzantine text-type in close relationship to the codices Codex Mosquensis II, Codex Washingtonianus. Kurt Aland placed it in Category V (206 105 4 12). It belongs to the textual family K. In Matthew 27:16 it has marginal comment: \"In many ancient copies which I have met with I found Barabbas himself likewise called Jesus; that is, the question of Pilate stood there as follows, Τινα θελετε απο των δυο απολυσω υμιν, Ιησουν τον Βαραββαν η Ιησουν τον λεγομενον Χριστον; for apparently the paternal name of the robber was Barabbas, which is interpreted Son of the teacher\". The spurious texts of Luke 22:43.44, John 5:4, and Pericope Adultera (John 7:53-8:11) are marked by asterisks (※) as questionable texts. In John 8:1 it reads επορευετο instead of επορευθη. The name of the scribe was Michael, a monk, who finished his work \"in the month of March, the fifth day, the sixth hour, the year 6457, the seventh indiction\". The manuscript was examined and described by Bianchini. It was collated with some errors by Birch in 1781-1783, but collators in his day rarely noticed orthographical forms. Tischendorf in 1866 corrected the collation of Birch. Tischendorf states that facsimile of Bianchini was coarsely executed, he made another for himself. The codex currently is located in Rome (Bibl. Vat. Gr. 354). Codex Vaticanus 354 Codex Vaticanus, designated by S or 028 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 1027 (von Soden), formerly called \"Codex Guelpherbytanus\","
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"Moorhead, Minnesota Moorhead is a city in Clay County, Minnesota, United States, and the largest city in northwest Minnesota. The population was 42,005 according to the 2015 United States Census estimates. It is the county seat of Clay County. Moorhead was platted in 1871. The city was named for William Garroway Moorhead (1811–1895), an official of the Northern Pacific railroad. Moorhead is bordered on the west by the Red River of the North and the city of Fargo, North Dakota. On the east, Moorhead is bordered by Dilworth, Minnesota. Moorhead, along with its twin city of Fargo, North Dakota, as well as adjacent West Fargo, form the core of the Fargo–Moorhead metropolitan area, which has a 2010 population of around 208,777 residents. Moorhead is located adjacent to the Red River in the Red River Valley. The land around the Fargo–Moorhead area is some of the flattest and richest (for agricultural uses) in the world. This is because it lies on the lake bed of glacial Lake Agassiz, which drained between 9,900 and 11,000 years ago. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all of it land. Interstate 94 and U.S. Highways 10 and 75 are three of the main routes in the city. Other nearby routes in the Fargo–Moorhead area include Interstate 29 and Minnesota State Highway 336. According to the 2010–2012 American Community Survey, the racial composition was as follows: According to the 2006–2008 American Community Survey, the top ten European ancestries were the following: As of the census of 2010, there were 38,065 people, 14,304 households, and 8,372 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 15,274 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 90.7% White, 2.0% African American, 1.5% Native American, 2.0% Asian, 1.1% from other races, and 2.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.1% of the population. There were 14,304 households of which 29.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.5% were married couples living together, 10.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 41.5% were non-families. 29.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 10% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.41 and the average family size was 2.97. The median age in the city was 28.3 years. 20.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 23.7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 23.4% were from 25 to 44; 20.5% were from 45 to 64; and 11.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.4% male and 51.6% female. As of the census of 2000, there were 32,177 people, 11,660 households, and 7,030 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,394.3 people per square mile (924.4/km²). There were 12,180 housing units at an average density of 906.3 per square mile (349.9/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 92.08% White, 0.77% African American, 1.94% Native American, 1.27% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 2.10% from other races, and 1.79% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.47% of the population. There were 11,660 households out of which 31.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.3% were married couples living together, 9.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.7% were non-families. 29.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.43 and the average family size was 3.04. In the city, the population was spread out with 22.7% under the age of 18, 23.1% from 18 to 24, 24.2% from 25 to 44, 17.2% from 45 to 64, and 12.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 29 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.3 males. The median income for a household in the city was $34,781, and the median income for a family was $49,118. Males had a median income of $33,137 versus $23,717 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,150. About 8.2% of families and 16.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14.9% of those under age 18 and 6.4% of those age 65 or over. Agriculture remains prominent in the area, but Moorhead is also home to notable corporate, manufacturing and distribution industries, including [American Crystal Sugar] (corporate headquarters and sugar beet processing), Busch Agricultural Resources (malt manufacturing) and Pactiv (container manufacturing). The unemployment rate is consistently below the national average and property values are stable. The Rourke Art Gallery and the Rourke Art Museum are native Moorhead cultural institutions hosting the annual Midwestern Invitational Exhibition. The museum displays an important art collection from local, regional and national artists. The Rourke Museum is housed in the historic Moorhead Post Office building. The city is also home to the Bluestem Center for the Arts a 3,000 seat outdoor amphitheater and Trollwood Performing Arts School, a renowned Summer arts and theater program. Bluestem opened in 2009 with a partnership between the Fargo School District, City of Moorhead, and an arts grant from the Minnesota. Jade Presents also presents a summer concert series which has drawn many famous bands including: Wilco, Goo Goo Dolls, The Beach Boys, and Weezer. The Hjemkomst Center is located in the city. It is a museum containing a re-creation of a Viking ship of the same name. The Hjemkomst vessel was built in nearby Hawley by Moorhead resident Robert Asp, and was sailed to Norway by his children after Asp's early death. The ship is now permanently housed in the center. The Clay County Museum and Archives, operated by the Clay County Historical Society, interprets the history of Clay County in a free museum in the lower level of the Hjemkomst Center. The Society has more than 30,000 artifacts in their collection, one of the largest and most important historic collections in Minnesota outside of the Minneapolis-St. Paul area. Located on the grounds of the Hjemkomst Center is a Stave Church. The traditional Norwegian-style church serves as a symbol of the Norwegian heritage in the Red River Valley. The church is a full-scale replica of the Hopperstad stave church in Vik, Norway. An additional historical landmark is the Victorian Comstock House, a blend of Queen Anne and Eastlake styles built in 1883. Solomon Comstock was a lawyer and U.S. House Representative. The Fargo-Moorhead RedHawks is an independent professional baseball team that plays at Newman Outdoor Field in Fargo. They are part of the American Association. Being a cold weather city, hockey has emerged as a favorite sport of Moorhead. The community has provided significant support to hockey programs such as Moorhead Youth Hockey. Over the years, Moorhead Senior High has produced a number of talented hockey players, including: Olympic pairs figure skater Mark Ladwig also hails from Moorhead. With partner Amanda Evora, he was a two-time U.S. national silver medalist and competed in the 2010 Winter Olympics. With Lindsay Davis, he was part of the 2012–2013 U.S. Figure Skating Reserve Team. The city has four institutions of higher learning: Concordia College (private Christian liberal arts college), Minnesota State University Moorhead (public university), Minnesota State Community and Technical College (two-year to four-year technical college), and Rasmussen College (a two- to four-year college). The combined student enrollment of these colleges is approximately 14,000. K-12 education is provided to over 5,000 students by the Moorhead School District: S.G. Reinertsen Elementary, Robert Asp Elementary, Ellen Hopkins Elementary, Horizon Middle School and Moorhead High School. All of these schools are new or remodeled thanks to a $64 million investment",
"and competed in the 2010 Winter Olympics. With Lindsay Davis, he was part of the 2012–2013 U.S. Figure Skating Reserve Team. The city has four institutions of higher learning: Concordia College (private Christian liberal arts college), Minnesota State University Moorhead (public university), Minnesota State Community and Technical College (two-year to four-year technical college), and Rasmussen College (a two- to four-year college). The combined student enrollment of these colleges is approximately 14,000. K-12 education is provided to over 5,000 students by the Moorhead School District: S.G. Reinertsen Elementary, Robert Asp Elementary, Ellen Hopkins Elementary, Horizon Middle School and Moorhead High School. All of these schools are new or remodeled thanks to a $64 million investment in 2004. The district is known for its high student achievement with students consistently performing above the national average on the ACT. The district includes the cities of Moorhead, Georgetown, Kragnes, and Sabin. The city includes the Red River Area Learning Center and the Probstfield Center for Education. Park Christian School is a private Christian school in Moorhead providing a K–12 education as well as St. Joseph's, a Catholic elementary school. The Moorhead Public Library (1906) at 102 6th Street South was paid for by Andrew Carnegie and designed by architect Milton Earl Beebe. Dorothy Dodds Elementary, a new K-4 elementary school, is the newest school in the Moorhead School District, and was opened in 2017. Moorhead is briefly referenced in the 1998 Coen brothers' film \"The Big Lebowski\" as the hometown of one of the main characters, Bunny Lebowski, played by Tara Reid. The high school photo of Bunny shown in the movie even has her wearing the correct orange, black, and white school colors of the Moorhead Spuds. Moorhead is also mentioned in the 1978 film \"The Buddy Holly Story\" as the next stop in the ill-fated Winter Dance Party tour. Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens and The Big Bopper died in a plane crash \"en route\" to their scheduled performance at the Moorhead Armory Building from Clear Lake, Iowa on February 3, 1959. Moorhead's pioneer Prairie Home Cemetery on 8th Street was the inspiration for the name of Garrison Keillor's national radio program, \"A Prairie Home Companion\". Although Keillor thought the cemetery was founded by Norwegian Lutherans, in fact it was organized in 1875 by the Rev. Oscar Elmer, a Yankee Presbyterian minister who was the first ordained Christian minister in the Moorhead/Fargo area. Moorhead is home to the first Dairy Queen to sell Dilly Bars. The original metal mold used to create the Dilly Bar with soft serve ice cream was developed by a Moorhead family, was patented and sold to local operators of other Dairy Queen franchise locations. Many restaurants still make Dilly Bars by this same method today in addition to bulk boxes of Dilly Bars using a different process by the parent corporation. The Moorhead Dairy Queen is also one of only a few Dairy Queens operating on a contract signed in 1949, which allows it to feature products not approved by corporate Headquarters. An example includes a chipper sandwich, vanilla ice cream sandwiched between two chocolate chip cookies and dipped in chocolate. Moorhead, Minnesota Moorhead is a city in Clay County, Minnesota, United States, and the largest city in northwest Minnesota. The population was 42,005 according to the 2015 United States Census estimates. It is the county seat of Clay County. Moorhead was platted in 1871. The city was named for William Garroway Moorhead (1811–1895), an official of the Northern Pacific railroad. Moorhead is bordered on the west by"
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"Herbert Kappler Herbert Kappler (23 September 1907 – 9 February 1978) was a key German SS functionary and war criminal during the Nazi era. He served as head of German police and security services (\"Sicherheitspolizei\" and SD) in Rome during the Second World War. Kappler was responsible for the Ardeatine massacre. Following the end of the war, Kappler stood trial in Italy and was sentenced to life imprisonment. He escaped from prison shortly before his death in West Germany in 1978. Kappler was born to a middle-class family in Stuttgart in the German Empire. Herbert Kappler joined the Nazi Party on 1 August 1931. He joined the SS on in 1933. In January 1936, he was assigned to duty at the Gestapo main office of Stuttgart. In 1937, Kappler graduated from the \"Führerschule der Sicherheitspolzei\" (Leadership School of the Security Police) in Berlin as a \"Kriminalkommissar\" (criminal commissioner). In 1938, during the Anschluss, he supervised the mass deportations of Austria's Jews to concentration camps. Kappler was posted to Rome as head of the \"Sicherheitsdienst\" (SD) and throughout the war years he cooperated closely with the Fascist police. Following the Armistice between Italy and the Allied Forces on 8 September 1943, Kappler acquired considerable power as German forces took control of the Italian capital. Following the armistice between Italy and the Allies on 8 September 1943, the German military occupied Rome and Kappler was appointed as Chief of the Security Police and Security Service (\"Oberbefehlshaber des Sicherheitspolizei und SD\") for all SS and Order Police (\"Ordnungspolizei\") units deployed in Rome. Kappler was in charge of Jewish roundups for deportations to Auschwitz; in his first action, 1,023 Italian Jews were deported with only 16 surviving, and Kappler would later arrange the deportation of a further 993 Roman Jews, nearly all of whom would eventually die in Nazi gas chambers. During this action, he demanded 50 kilograms of gold from the Jewish community in Rome, which he later claimed was an attempt to prevent the round-up and the deportations. By early 1944, Kappler was the highest representative of the Reich Main Security Office in Rome and answered directly to both the military governorship, under Luftwaffe General Kurt Mälzer, as well as the SS chain of command under the Higher SS and Police Leader of Italy, SS-\"Obergruppenführer\" Karl Wolff. Kappler came into direct conflict with the Vatican, as the Germans had strong suspicions that it was harbouring Allied fugitives and escaped prisoners, even though the Vatican under Pope Pius XII was technically neutral. A particular adversary of Kappler's in this respect was Monsignor Hugh O'Flaherty, whose activities helping Jewish fugitives and Allied prisoners escape from Rome led to Kappler having him targeted for assassination. Paradoxically, after the war Kappler and O'Flaherty would become friends of sorts. Kappler organised the Ardeatine massacre where 335 Italian civilians were killed on 24 March 1944 as a reprisal for an attack by resistance fighters against the 11th company of the German Police Regiment \"Bozen\" in Rome. Kappler was arrested by British authorities in 1945 and later turned over to the Italian government in 1947 and tried the following year. Kappler's second in command in Rome, SS-Captain Erich Priebke, managed to escape and it was not until 1996 that Priebke would face justice. In 1948, Kappler was tried by an Italian military tribunal and sentenced to life imprisonment in the Gaeta military prison. Kappler and his first wife divorced while he was serving his sentence. He later married Anneliese Kappler, a nurse who had carried on a lengthy correspondence with him, before marrying him at a prison ceremony in 1972. By this time, Kappler had also converted to Catholicism, partly due to the influence of his war-time enemy, the Vatican diplomat Hugh O'Flaherty, who often visited him in prison, discussing literature and religion with him. By 1975, at the age of sixty-eight, Kappler was diagnosed with terminal cancer and he was moved to a military hospital in Rome in 1976. Appeals by both his wife and the West German government to release him were denied by Italian authorities. Because of Kappler's deteriorating condition and his wife's nursing skills, Anneliese Kappler had been allowed almost unlimited access to him during his time in the Italian hospital. On a prison visit in August 1977, Kappler's wife carried him out in a large suitcase (Kappler weighed about 47 kg at the time) and escaped to West Germany, assisted by apparently unwitting carabinieri. The Italians unsuccessfully demanded that Kappler be returned, but the West Germany authorities refused to extradite him and did not prosecute Kappler for any further war crimes, reportedly owing to ill-health. Six months after his escape, Kappler died at home in Soltau, on 9 February 1978, aged 70. Herbert Kappler Herbert Kappler (23 September 1907 – 9 February 1978) was"
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"Terry Fox Award The Vancouver 2010 Terry Fox Award was awarded to Olympic athletes who embodied Terry Fox's values of determination and humility in the face of adversity. It was created for the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Fox's parents, Rolly and Betty, presented the awards to Joannie Rochette and Petra Majdič on February 27, 2010. The award is a nickel and wooden tray depicting the path of Fox's 1980 Marathon of Hope run across Canada to raise funds for cancer research. The words: \"I want to set an example that will never be forgotten. —Terry Fox\" are written on the tray in English and French. Rochette is a Canadian figure skater whose mother, Therese, died suddenly on February 21, 2010, of a massive heart attack, just hours after she and Rochette's father, Normand, arrived in Vancouver and two days before the women's short program. Despite emotional turmoil, she went on to win bronze in Ladies' Figure Skating. Majdič is a Slovenian cross-country skier who continued competing despite suffering four broken ribs and a collapsed lung as a result of a crash during training before the individual classical sprint on February 17, 2010. She fell on a sharp curve and tumbled off the course, then slid on her back down a three-metre slope and onto some rocks. Despite obvious physical pain, she went on to win bronze in the Ladies' Individual Sprint Classic. She needed help stepping onto the podium due to her injuries. The selection committee, that included Fox's brother, Darrell, sportscaster Brian Williams, former-Olympian and VANOC board member Charmaine Crooks and former rower Tricia Smith, originally planned to choose only one recipient but felt both athletes' stories were so compelling that they decided to honour both. Terry Fox Award The Vancouver 2010 Terry Fox Award"
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"Mind: Path to Thalamus Mind: Path to Thalamus is a first-person puzzle video game created by Spanish indie developer Carlos Coronado, released on August 15, 2014. \"Mind\" begins with the protagonist asking himself, \"How many times will I kill her?\" The game then fades to Menorca, Spain, where a massive tornado approaches the town where the protagonist and his daughter, Sophia, are staying. Hinting that this is a flashback, the protagonist races to the house, calling Sophia's name, but loses consciousness when the tornado reaches the house. The protagonist soon finds himself exploring a dream-like world, in which he solves puzzles within the environment and gives various monologues. Early on, the protagonist glimpses a massive tree, which he dubs \"the Thalamus\", and decides to head there, thinking he might find Sophia. Mind: Path to Thalamus Mind: Path to Thalamus is a first-person puzzle video game created by Spanish indie developer Carlos Coronado, released on August 15, 2014. \"Mind\" begins with the protagonist asking himself, \"How many times will I kill her?\" The game then fades to Menorca, Spain, where a massive tornado approaches the town where the protagonist and his daughter, Sophia, are staying. Hinting that this is a flashback,"
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"Sirsangi Kalika Temple ಶ್ರೀವಿಶ್ವಕರ್ಮರ ಕುಲದೇವತೇ ಕಾಳಿಕಾದೇವಿ ಗ್ರಾಮ ಪಂಚಾಯತ ಶಿರಸoಗಿ ತಾಲೂಕ ಸೌಂದತ್ತಿ ಜಿಲ್ಲಾ ಬೇಳಗಾಂವಿ ರಾಜ್ಯ ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ ದೇಶ ಭಾರತ ತ್ರೇತಾಯುಗದ ರಾಮದೇವರ ಸಮಕಾಲೀನ ದೇವಸ್ಥಾನ The place name is mentioned as \"Rishishringapura\", \"Pirishingi\", or \"Hirishingi\" in two records from the same place dated 1148 of Jagadekamalla and another dated 1186 of Someshwara IV. It was a noted commercial center. As per the studies conducted by the department of archaeology, the temple of Shri Kalika Devi in Sirsangi might have been constructed during the first century. Sirsangi is a place which is prominent in Karnataka and this is due to the monuments and temples in and around this small village. Earlier this place was known as Pirising but later, during the Medieval era, the name was changed as Hirisingi... The temple of Shri Kalika Devi in Sirsangi is of mythological significance as its name is mentioned in many Hindu mythologies. One such myth mentions that a saint by the name of Vrushya Shrunga was involved in penance in Vrushya Shrunga Tapovan, which is currently the place where the temple of Shri Kalika Devi is. However, demons like Narundasur (Naragun da), Bettasura (Betasur) and Nalundasur (Navalagund) disturbed his meditation. Then the goddesses Chikkumbasura (Chikkumbi) and Hirekumbasura (Hirekumbi) killed these demons heeding the pleas of the ascetic Vrushya Shrunga. The goddesses later settled down here and hence the temple of Shri Kalika Devi was erected in Shirasangi. There are two small hillocks at the outskirts of the village, one having a cave locally called Maunappanagavi and the hillock is called Kallupuragudda. Inside the cave is a hill which can accommodate about 200 people; after this is a six-meter-long passage leading to a small pit having water. Another hillock near Kalika temple has a cave locally called Siddeshwaragavi, approachable by climbing nearly 200 steps. Inside the cave is a Shivalinga. Depending upon devotees pledges, they put jaggery, wheat, coconuts, rice, edible oil, etc. equivalent to their weight in Tulaa Bhara Seva. Anna Dhasoha seva is also a part of worship. Many devotees, to complete their vows and pledges on their behalf or on behalf of their family members & also to follow traditional vows... Ugadi is one of the major festivals celebrated by Vishwakarmas of this region. The Vishwakarma Samaj Vikas Samsthe organizes religious and cultural programmes on the Amavasya(Dark-moon Day). Devotees offer wheat grown in their fields to the goddess. The famous \"Butti\" ritual is performed during the early hours of the Padyami. Halegodi Amavasya is celebrated next to Ugadi Amavasya. This is grandly celebrated on Chatti Amavasya every year. Vishwakarma Caste (also known as Vishwabrahmin / Dhiman Brahmins / Brahmins) describes a Brahmin Caste of India who claim to be descendants of Lord Vishwakarma. They are a caste of engineers, architects, sculptors, temple builders and artists. The term is applied to five sub-castes; blacksmiths, carpenters, coppersmiths, goldsmiths and sculptors. The contribution of the Vishwakarmis to Hindu art and architecture is immense. The University of Nalanda has been an architectural marvel for ages together as also the iron pillars of Delhi. At the same time Hindu architecture as well as Buddhist architecture represents great contributions of the Vishwakarmis. Tradition says that the Vishwakarmi castes are subdivided according to the names of their sons. The sons of Lord Vishwakarma were Manu, Maya, Thwastha, Silpi and Vishvajnya. People belonging to the Manu cast are blacksmiths; those of the Manu group are carpenters. The metal craftsmen are known as Thwastha and those who are goldsmiths are called by the name Vishyajnya. The Vishwakarmi castes have been subdivided into five gotras each corresponding to the name of a Rishi which has been mentioned in the Yajur Veda. The five gotras of the Vishwakarmi are Sanagasya Manu, Sanatanasya Maya, Abhuvanasya Tvashta, Pratanansya SiIpi and Suparnasya Vishvajna. The five gotras of the Vishwakarmis are again subdivided into 25 sub-clans. The Kalika Devi temple at Sirsangi is 62 km from Dharwad and is on the Dharwad–Bijapur route. It is around 2 km from the bus stand at Sirsangi. The nearest airport is Belgaum which is around 100 km and Hubli around 72 km from Shri Kalika Devi Temple at Sirsangi. The nearest railway station is located at Hubli. There are daily trains which connect Hubli to other spots in Karnataka. Sirsangi Kalika Temple ಶ್ರೀವಿಶ್ವಕರ್ಮರ ಕುಲದೇವತೇ ಕಾಳಿಕಾದೇವಿ ಗ್ರಾಮ ಪಂಚಾಯತ ಶಿರಸoಗಿ ತಾಲೂಕ ಸೌಂದತ್ತಿ ಜಿಲ್ಲಾ ಬೇಳಗಾಂವಿ ರಾಜ್ಯ ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ ದೇಶ ಭಾರತ ತ್ರೇತಾಯುಗದ ರಾಮದೇವರ ಸಮಕಾಲೀನ ದೇವಸ್ಥಾನ The place name is mentioned as \"Rishishringapura\", \"Pirishingi\", or \"Hirishingi\" in two records from the same place dated 1148 of Jagadekamalla and another dated 1186 of Someshwara IV. It was a noted commercial center. As per the studies conducted by the department of archaeology, the temple of Shri Kalika Devi in Sirsangi might have been constructed during the first century. Sirsangi is a place which is prominent in Karnataka and this is due"
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"Phan Thị Vàng Anh Phan Thị Vàng Anh (another pen name Thảo Hảo; born 18 August 1968) is a Vietnamese poet and short-story writer. She was one of the Vietnamese writers that emerged from post-Vietnam War literature. Vàng Anh was born in 1968 in Hanoi, Vietnam. Her father and mother were, respectively, Chế Lan Viên, a poet who composed on philosophical questions dealing with the occult and life, and Vũ Thị Thường, a novelist. Vang-Anh's inspirations mostly came from her parents' literary influences. The themes that Anh covers in her works are about family, life, friendship, love, and coming of age, about which she writes in a simple style. Her works are read by different generations of readers due to the relatable characters written in her stories. Phan Thị Vàng Anh Phan Thị Vàng Anh (another pen name Thảo Hảo; born 18 August 1968) is a Vietnamese poet and short-story writer. She was one of the Vietnamese writers that emerged from post-Vietnam War literature. Vàng Anh was born in 1968 in Hanoi, Vietnam. Her father and mother were, respectively, Chế Lan Viên, a poet who composed on philosophical questions dealing with the occult and life, and Vũ Thị Thường, a"
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"GM Gamma platform Gamma is General Motors' global subcompact front-wheel drive automobile platform, first used in the 2000 Opel Corsa C. During the cooperation and crossover capital participation of GM and Fiat in 2002, both companies developed this as a common platform which had been used both in GM and in Fiat models. The first version of the platform was issued in autumn 2000 with the introduction of Opel Corsa C and was a development of the earlier GM4200 platform used in previous Corsa models, developed by Opel in Germany. The wheelbase was enlarged to from on the GM4200. Vehicles based on this platform: GM Korea has taken responsibility for future development of GM's GSV (Global Small Vehicle) architecture. This architecture will eventually be used for all small vehicles from GM, as a true global small car platform. While the original Gamma was developed by Opel, the Gamma II platform is under the leadership of GM Korea (formally GM Daewoo). The vehicles will be assembled at factories in the United States, Indonesia, Ecuador, Brazil, Germany, Colombia, Spain, India, South Korea, Mexico, Thailand, Venezuela, Uzbekistan, Vietnam, China and Russia. Current and announced vehicles based on Gamma II (GSV) platform: Gamma II concept vehicles: The next-generation Gamma platform from GM will be used to build the next-generation Chevrolet Aveo and Sonic as well as the Bolt EV. GM Gamma platform Gamma is General Motors' global subcompact front-wheel drive automobile platform, first used in the 2000 Opel Corsa C. During the cooperation and crossover capital participation of GM and Fiat in 2002, both companies developed this as a common platform which had been used both in GM and in Fiat models. The first version of the platform was issued in autumn 2000 with the introduction of Opel Corsa C and was a development"
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"At the Second Special Meeting of the Conference of Heads of Government in October 1992, it was affirmed by the Conference that membership or a special form of relationship should be open to Suriname with regards to the Community. In 1993 an Action Plan for Cooperation among the Caribbean Community, Suriname and the Group of Three was negotiated covering a wide range of areas including business, small enterprise development, tourism, transport, culture, science, agriculture, multilateral financing, and hemispheric trade. In 1994 Suriname applied for full membership of the Community and Common Market, with the application being welcomed by the Heads of Government at the Fifteenth Meeting of the Conference. It was agreed to establish a review process including a small technical group to develop, with the Government of Suriname, under the co-ordination of the Bureau of the Conference, details with respect to both the application for membership of the Community, and the transitional arrangements with respect to membership of the Common Market. The Conference agreed that they would seek to make a determination of the application at the next Inter-Sessional Meeting of the Conference. At that Inter-Sessional Meeting the Heads of Government agreed to approve the application by Suriname for membership in the Caribbean Community and Common Market with effect from the Sixteenth Meeting of the Conference, in July 1995, on terms and conditions agreed by both sides. \n In January 2015, it was reported that representatives of the French Republic had begun discussion with CARICOM on their application for associate membership. Teams from French Guiana (led by the President of the French Guiana Regional Council, Rodolphe Alexandre) and from Martinique met with CARICOM's Secretary-General Irwin LaRocque on 22 January 2015 and 21 January 2015 respectively. A team from Guadeloupe is due to hold similar discussion in February 2015. \n If successful the proposal would recreate the visa-free regime which existed for CARICOM nationals travelling to the USVI prior to 1975. At that time, the United States imposed visa requirements on Commonwealth Caribbean nationals travelling to the USVI, resulting in the 1975 Caricom Heads of Government Conference passing a resolution expressing concerning for the viability of the LIAT airline as a result of the new visa requirements and calling on the United States to revise the new visa policy and to implement the required measures arising from decisions at a meeting of Labour Departments and Ministries of English-speaking Caribbean countries in St. Thomas to institute screening procedures in order regularize the immigration of CARICOM nationals to the USVI. \n Haiti was admitted as the fifteenth Member State of the Caribbean Community on 2 July 2002 following the deposit of the Instrument of Accession by Haiti for membership at the 23rd Meeting of the Conference of Heads of Government in Georgetown, Guyana after Haiti's parliament ratified the Treaty of Chaguaramas as well as the terms and conditions for Haiti's entry as a full member of the Caribbean Community including the Single Market and Economy in May 2002. \n The Bahamas had begun participating in the regional cooperation and integration movement when it began attending the Heads of Government Conferences of the Commonwealth Caribbean in 1966. This practice continued even after the establishment of CARIFTA, of which The Bahamas was never a member, with The Bahamas being involved in educational cooperation and Committees established to deepen financial cooperation among CARIFTA states and the Bahamas and to transform CARIFTA into the Caribbean Community. In particular, The Bahamas was even included in a Committee of Attorneys-General tasked with examining the legal implications of forming the Caribbean Community and to draw up a draft Treaty for its formation. In April 1973, at the final meeting of the commonwealth Caribbean Heads of Government before the establishment of the Caribbean Community, the Conference welcomed the upcoming independence of The Bahamas in July 1973 and looked forward to its participation in the Caribbean Community. In late 1974, the Bahamas (as well as Haiti and Suriname) indicated that it would like to join the Community. Bahamian involvement with the Caribbean Community and regional integration continued in the same form after independence and the establishment of CARICOM as had occurred since 1966, with The Bahamas attending the second meeting of the CARICOM Heads of Government Conference in 1975 and being involved in the setting up of a special Inter-Governmental Committee on university education. In fact, the original Treaty of Chaguaramas (In Chapter I, Article 2) provided for The Bahamas to automatically join the Caribbean Community and Common Market upon application, with the Bahamas being listed alongside the actual member states as being a state to which membership of the Community may be open to. The final Conference of the Heads of Government of the Caribbean Community and The Bahamas at which this informal participation by The Bahamas continued was November 1982 Conference in Jamaica. At the next Conference, The Bahamas was formally admitted as a member of the Community. \n In September 2015, a delegation from Sint Maarten met with the Caricom Secretary-General to continue discussing the terms and conditions of the associate membership status that St. Maarten is seeking. The delegation also received information on the work, structure and ongoing reforms of the Secretariat and the Community. As an observer, St. Maarten has attended meetings of the COHSOD (Council for Human and Social Development) and participates in the Caribbean Public Health Agency (CARPHA) and offers the Caribbean Examinations Council (CXC) curricula and examinations in its schools. In October 2016, at the margins of an EU-Caribbean conference on sustainable energy in Bridgetown, Barbados, the Prime Minister of Sint Maarten, William Marlin, met with CARICOM's Secretary General Ambassador Mr. Irwin LaRocque to discuss the progress of Sint Maarten's application for associate membership and the potential for further, structured regional cooperation between CARICOM/CARIFORUM and the Caribbean Overseas Countries and Territories (OCTs) of the EU. Ambassador LaRocque informed Prime Minister Marlin that the associate membership applications of Sint Maarten, Curacao and Aruba were being attended to be a technical working group established specially for devising the terms and conditions of associate membership, as such terms had not been spelled out in the Revised Treaty of Chaguaramas. LaRocque also noted that CARICOM was working on an enlargement policy for new member states to be submitted to the Heads of Government for agreement by the end of the year. Sint Maarten had officially applied for associate membership of CARICOM in January 2014 when it sent an official letter of interest. \n The bill was relaunched (entitled The Virgin Islands Visa Waiver Act of 2013) and introduced into the U.S. House of Representatives on May 14, 2013 and was referred to the House Judiciary's Subcommittee on Immigration and Border Security. It was not enacted during the life of that Congress. \n At a meeting of the Caribbean Tourism Organization in Martinique on October 19, 2013, the Governor of the United States Virgin Islands (USVI) John de Jongh said his administration has drafted legislation that will allow visitors from the CARICOM full members and associate members to enter that territory without a US visa. This comes as part of the USVI government's plans to encourage more CARICOM nationals to visit the USVI. \n The initiative by de Jongh is actually not new having been first launched in 2012, when de Jongh was quoted as saying that the \"waivers would be specifically for individuals who are traveling for sporting events, medical services, and general tourism\".",
"At a meeting of the Caribbean Tourism Organization in Martinique on October 19, 2013, the Governor of the United States Virgin Islands (USVI) John de Jongh said his administration has drafted legislation that will allow visitors from the CARICOM full members and associate members to enter that territory without a US visa. This comes as part of the USVI government's plans to encourage more CARICOM nationals to visit the USVI. \n The initiative by de Jongh is actually not new having been first launched in 2012, when de Jongh was quoted as saying that the \"waivers would be specifically for individuals who are traveling for sporting events, medical services, and general tourism\". \n Caricom nationals would still require a visa to travel to the U.S. mainland and other U.S. territories. \n The discussions focused on regional cooperation, the terms and conditions for associate membership and the overall relation between the French Republic and CARICOM. Rodolphe Alexandre said that support in French Guiana strongly agreed with convergence of the Caribbean in health, climate change, education, economics and issues of bio-diversity. He also noted that French Guiana had already engaged with individual Community member states on issues related to mining (in this case, with Suriname) and energy (Trinidad & Tobago). \n In preparation for the finalization of Haiti's membership of the Community, in February 2001 at the Twelfth Inter-Sessional Meeting of the Conference of Heads of Government held in Barbados, the Conference emphasised the necessity for Haiti to adhere, as is required of all Community Member States, to the Charter of Civil Society, and in keeping with Haiti's undertaking as a condition of its Terms of Accession to the Caribbean Community The Conference also agreed at the invitation of President Aristide, to explore the possibility of a joint CARICOM/International Mission to Haiti and decided to establish a CARICOM Office in Haiti at the earliest possible opportunity, and to foster contacts at all levels between the citizens of Haiti and the people of the Caribbean Community. \n The first attempt by Haiti to join CARICOM began on 6 May 1974, when Haiti officially applied for membership in the Community after Edner Brutus, the Haitian Minister of Foreign Affairs, sent a letter to William Demas, CARICOM's Secretary-General formally applying for membership. Shortly after that request, Haiti lobbied for admission, dealing mostly with Percival J. Patterson, then Jamaica's minister of industry, commerce, and tourism. Patterson welcomed the initiative and promised Jamaica's unconditional support. Despite Patterson's efforts, the CARICOM secretariat did not respond positively to the request, and CARICOM leadership decided to pursue a special type of relationship with Haiti. Haiti was later accepted as an observer in 1982 following an application for closer relations with the Community. On July 3, 1997, almost 25 years later, CARICOM chairman and Prime Minister of Jamaica Percival J. Patterson announced that Haiti was to become the fifteenth member country of CARICOM after the Heads of Government, in accordance with Article 29 of the (Original) Treaty of Chaguaramas had unanimously agreed to it. This announcement was made alongside Haitian President René Préval at an unscheduled joint press conference in Montego Bay, Jamaica. Technically, Haiti had joined the Caribbean Community but not the common market (similar to The Bahamas' membership). It was later announced that, in accordance with Article 29 (2) of the Treaty of Chaguaramas, a CARICOM technical working group would visit Haiti to consult with the Haitian government on the terms and conditions of full membership in CARICOM. The decision to admit Haiti raised a host of technical issues, including Haiti's CARICOM dues, the extent to which French would also become an official language of CARICOM, and the extent to which existing CARICOM provisions allowing for the unfettered movement of member nationals would apply to Haiti. In the interim, Haiti was invited to participate in the deliberations of CARICOM's organs and bodies. \n de Jongh said the US Virgin Islands wants closer relations with the 15-member CARICOM grouping and wants an opportunity to share in the movement of Caribbean nationals throughout the region and is convinced that making travel easier for Caricom countries' nationals will be beneficial to the territories. \n On 4 July 1995, The Conference formally admitted Suriname as the fourteenth Member of the Caribbean Community, following the deposit of the Instruments of Accession to the Treaty of Chaguaramas and the Common Market Annex. The instrument of Accession to the Common Market made provision for Suriname to implement the arrangements relating to the Common Market effective 1 January 1996. Suriname's accession to the Community and the Common Market led to significant changes in Suriname's external trade policy as prior to accession, a multiple tariff regime ranging from 0 to 100 percent under the Brussels Tariff Nomenclature (BTN) classification system was in force. In preparation for CARICOM membership, this system was replaced in 1994 with the Harmonized System (HS) used as the basis for determining duty-free entry of goods of CARICOM origin and for applying the common external tariff. Suriname's 1996 entry into the free trade area was immediate with no major transition phase contemplated in the accession agreement apart from some exceptions granted under the Treaty of Chaguaramas and a few others negotiated by Suriname upon entry. \n \"We recognise that with respect to sports tourism, sailing events and shopping, the region presents tremendous opportunity\", De Jongh told regional journalists. \n A member state of the Caribbean Community is a state that has been specified as a member state within the Treaty of Chaguaramas or any other Caribbean state that is in the opinion of the Conference, able and willing to exercise the rights and assume the obligations of membership in accordance with article 29 of the Treaty of Chaguaramas. Member states are designated as either More economically developed country (MDCs) or Less economically developed countries (LDCs). These designations are not intended to create disparity among member states. The Community was established by mainly English-(and English Creole) speaking Caribbean countries, but has since become a multilingual organisation in practice with the addition of Dutch-speaking Suriname on 4 July 1995 and French and Haitian Creole speaking Haiti on 2 July 2002. As of 4 July 2002 there are fifteen full members of the Caribbean Community, four of which are founding members. \n In 2007, the U.S. Virgin Islands government announced it would begin seeking ties with CARICOM. At the time it was not clear what membership status the USVI would obtain should they join CARICOM with the most likely possibility being observer status, considering fellow U.S. Caribbean territory Puerto Rico's current observer status. In 2012, it was confirmed by the USVI Commissioner of Tourism, Beverly Nicholson-Doty, that the U.S. Virgin Islands government has been lobbying for observer status within CARICOM. \n In November 2013, CARICOM announced that it would \"suspend consideration of the request by the Dominican Republic for membership of the Caribbean Community\" in response to a Dominican court ruling which revoked citizenship from tens of thousands, mostly descendants from illegal immigrants from Haiti. \n Delegate Plaskett, stated that the Bill (along with two others introduced by her) were geared towards improving the economy of the US Virgin Islands, with the special visa waiver program in particular aimed at boosting tourism by allowing the US Virgin Islands host more participants in seasonal regional sporting events and patients intending to access the US Virgin Islands' medical facilities without the need for visas.",
"In November 2013, CARICOM announced that it would \"suspend consideration of the request by the Dominican Republic for membership of the Caribbean Community\" in response to a Dominican court ruling which revoked citizenship from tens of thousands, mostly descendants from illegal immigrants from Haiti. \n Delegate Plaskett, stated that the Bill (along with two others introduced by her) were geared towards improving the economy of the US Virgin Islands, with the special visa waiver program in particular aimed at boosting tourism by allowing the US Virgin Islands host more participants in seasonal regional sporting events and patients intending to access the US Virgin Islands' medical facilities without the need for visas. \n | Parts of this article (those related to Anguilla) need to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (February 2012) \n---|---\n In the 1973, around the time the Caribbean Free Trade Association was being transformed into CARICOM, Suriname was granted Liaison Status/Observer Status in the Association. This followed on from a decision of the Conference of Commonwealth Caribbean Heads of Government in 1972 to study the possibility of extending the integration movement to include all the Caribbean islands and Suriname. This marked the beginning of the re-engagement of Suriname and Anglophone Caribbean in terms of economic and political cooperation, following a period from 1926 to the 1960s when representatives from Suriname first attended the British Guiana and West Indian Labour Conferences (BGWILC) and then became members of the Caribbean Labour Congress. The early Labour Conferences had called for the establishment of a federation in the British West Indies, and eventually also led to the establishment of the CLC in 1945. The CLC itself was active until 1956, at which point it was dissolved following first a schism in the regional trade union movement that reflected the global split between the World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU) and the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU) in 1949, and secondly the establishment of a rival body, the Caribbean Division of ORIT (the ICFTU Inter American Regional Organisation of Workers) or CADORIT in 1952. CADORIT continued to consist of representatives from the British and Dutch West Indies (including Suriname) and was transformed in the Caribbean Congress of Labour (CCL) in 1960, again with the same membership that included Suriname. By then however the early drive of the BGWILC/CLC to promote economic and political cooperation among its delegates' member territories had lost steam, partly because of the successful achievement of a federation among some of the British West Indian territories in 1958 and because that very federation began to falter in 1961-1962. The prospects for economic integration of Suriname with the Anglophone Caribbean only briefly experienced a resurgence in 1964-1965 as Eric Williams had engaged in (ultimately failed) diplomacy to establish a Caribbean Economic Community encompassing all of the Anglophone Caribbean, the Dutch West Indies (Netherlands Antilles and Suriname) and the French West Indies. \n Flag | State | Joined | Population | Area | GDP (PPP) $ Million | GDP (PPP) per capita | HDI | Currency | Official Language (s) \n---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|--- \nkm2 | mi2 \n| Antigua and Barbuda | 4 July 1974 | 7004947310000000000 ♠ 94,731 | 442.6 | 170.9 | $2,390 | $26,300 | 0.774 | East Caribbean Dollar | English \n| Bahamas | 4 July 1983 | 7005329988000000000 ♠ 329,988 | 10,010 | 3,860 | $9,339 | $25,100 | 0.789 | Bahamian Dollar | English \n| Barbados | 1 August 1973 (Founder) | 7005292336000000000 ♠ 292,336 | 430 | 170 | $4,919 | $17,500 | 0.776 | Barbadian Dollar | English \n| Belize | 1 May 1974 | 7005360346000000000 ♠ 360,346 | 22,806 | 8,805 | $3,230 | $8,300 | 0.732 | Belize Dollar | English \n| Dominica | 1 May 1974 | 7004738970000000000 ♠ 73,897 | 751 | 290 | $851 | $12,000 | 0.717 | East Caribbean Dollar | English \n| Grenada | 1 May 1974 | 7005111724000000000 ♠ 111,724 | 344 | 133 | $1,590 | $14,700 | 0.744 | East Caribbean Dollar | English \n| Guyana | 1 August 1973 (Founder) | 7005737718000000000 ♠ 737,718 | 196,849 | 76,004 | $6,367 | $8,300 | 0.638 | Guyanese Dollar | English \n| Haiti | 2 July 2002 | 7007106467140000000 ♠ 10,646,714 | 27,560 | 10,640 | $19,880 | $1,800 | 0.471 | Haitian Gourde | French and Haitian Creole \n| Jamaica | 1 August 1973 (Founder) | 7006299056100000000 ♠ 2,990,561 | 10,831 | 4,182 | $26,200 | $9,200 | 0.715 | Jamaican Dollar | English \n| Montserrat | 1 May 1974 | 7003529200000000000 ♠ 5,292 | 102 | 39 | $43.78 | $8,500 | \\- | East Caribbean Dollar | English \n| Saint Kitts and Nevis | 26 July 1974 | 7004527150000000000 ♠ 52,715 | 261 | 101 | $1,288 | $26,800 | 0.750 | East Caribbean Dollar | English \n| Saint Lucia | 1 May 1974 | 7005164994000000000 ♠ 164,994 | 606 | 234 | $2,384 | $13,500 | 0.714 | East Caribbean Dollar | English \n| Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 1 May 1974 | 7005102089000000000 ♠ 102,089 | 389 | 150 | $1,281 | $11,600 | 0.719 | East Caribbean Dollar | English \n| Suriname | 4 July 1995 | 7005591919000000000 ♠ 591,919 | 156,000 | 60,000 | $7,928 | $13,900 | 0.705 | Surinamese dollar | Dutch \n| Trinidad and Tobago | 1 August 1973 (Founder) | 7006121820000000000 ♠ 1,218,200 | 5,128 | 1,980 | $42,780 | $31,200 | 0.766 | Trinidad and Tobago Dollar | English \n | Highest \n---|--- \n| Lowest \n Although the group has close ties with Cuba, that nation was excluded due to lack of full democratic internal political arrangement. \n The governor is, however, confident of a positive outcome having already had discussions on the subject with officials from the U.S. Department of Homeland Security \"to come up with a regime which they will feel comfortable with.\" \n In 2005 the Foreign Minister of the Dominican Republic proposed for the second time that the government of the Dominican Republic wished to obtain full membership status in CARICOM. However, due to the sheer size of the Dominican Republic's population and its economy being almost as large as all the current CARICOM states combined and coupled with the Dominican Republic's checkered history of foreign policy solidarity with the CARICOM states, it is unclear whether the CARICOM states will unanimously vote to admit the Dominican Republic as a full member into the organisation. CARICOM has been working at great pains in trying to integrate with Haiti. It has been proposed that CARICOM may deepen ties with the Dominican Republic through the auspice of the Association of Caribbean States (ACS) instead, which is an organisation that stops just short of the Single market and economy which underpins CARICOM. \n At the Twentieth Heads of Government meeting, in Port-of-Spain, Trinidad and Tobago, the Heads of Government and Haiti exchanged notes agreeing on the terms and conditions under which Haiti would accede to Membership of the Community. The Heads of Government looked forward to the early deposit of an Instrument of Accession by Haiti to the Treaty of Chaguaramas.",
"At the Twentieth Heads of Government meeting, in Port-of-Spain, Trinidad and Tobago, the Heads of Government and Haiti exchanged notes agreeing on the terms and conditions under which Haiti would accede to Membership of the Community. The Heads of Government looked forward to the early deposit of an Instrument of Accession by Haiti to the Treaty of Chaguaramas. \n The Netherlands Antilles had applied for the status of associate membership in 2005, and both Curaçao and Sint Maarten launched applications to become associate members in CARICOM after their secession. In February 2012, the Prime Minister of Sint Maarten, Sarah Wescot-Williams said she was pleased that a working group had been set up in Caricom to examine St. Maarten's request for associate membership and was looking forward to its report. Former Caribbean Association of Industry and Commerce (CAIC) Secretary Ludwig Ouenniche said the St. Maarten Chamber of Commerce, of which he also served as a board member, has been \"aggressive in advising\" the St. Maarten government to move towards a closer relationship with CARICOM over the years due to the Chamber's membership in the CAIC. The benefits for St. Maarten are vast, especially the ability to tap into funding and programmes not accessible now because of non-membership, he added. Caricom countries are benefiting from European Union funding and other sources of financing shut off to St. Maarten because of its constitutional position as a country within the Dutch Kingdom; associate membership would clear this barrier. Among the benefits would be access to cheaper generic medication to treat, for example, HIV/AIDS thanks to Caricom agreements and programmes. What makes this move even more important is the benefit the country would be able to reap for the large number of people living in St. Maarten who are originally from Caricom member countries; according to Ouenniche \"some 65 per cent\" of St. Maarten's population is of Caricom origin. \n Aruba is an observer of CARICOM, as was the Netherlands Antilles before its dissolution in 2010. No official report has been published on the eligibility for observer status of the Caribbean countries Curaçao and Sint Maarten and the three special municipalities of the Netherlands formed by the split. \n The French Republic extends to several islands in the Caribbean that are not associated with CARICOM, and are instead part of the European Union:Guadeloupe, Martinique, Saint-Martin, Saint Barthélemy and French Guiana. The CARICOM-DR-EU Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) presently provides these areas with access to CARICOM markets. It was announced during summer of 2012 that the outer region area of Martinique, was pushing for France to become an Associate Member. Trepubhe Foreign Minister of France, Laurent Fabius, agreed to France being an associate member of CARICOM. At the Thirty-Fourth Meeting of the Heads of Government Conference in July 2013, the Heads of Government received the report of the Technical Working Group (TWG) established to review and provide recommendations on the terms and conditions of Membership and Associate Membership of the Community. They also agreed that the applications for Associate Membership of France (French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique) and the Kingdom of the Nertherlands (Curaçao and St. Maarten), would require further deliberation at the level of Heads of Government. \n In July 2013, The President of the Dominican Republic, Danilo Medina, indicated that his country was still interested in joining CARICOM and appealed to CARICOM leaders meeting in Trinidad for the 40th anniversary of CARICOM to admit his country into the organization. His bid drew the support of Trinidad and Tobago's Prime Minister and the then Chairwoman of CARICOM, Kamla Persad-Bissessar, who addressed the others CARICOM heads of government by saying \"The ongoing reform process in the community must be one that will make CARICOM not only more efficient and effective but more relevant as well. In this regard, may I urge you to consider expanding our membership to welcome the Dominican Republic into the CARICOM family.\" It is not clear whether the CARICOM Heads of Government will agree, but the move could prove critical as the Dominican Republic increasingly allies itself both with Latin America and Central America, having become a full member state of the Central American Integration System in late June 2013 (it was previously an associate member). The call for the Dominican Republic to be admitted as a full member of CARICOM was given a boost by the position of the Prime Minister of Barbados, Freundel Stuart, who confirmed that the Dominican Republic was re-committed \"to joining the movement at such time that it would be convenient for all the perceivable imperatives to be satisfied,\" and that \"I agree with the Prime Minister that the larger the bloc becomes, the more powerful the bloc becomes and the more diversified the areas for joint action and for integration.\" Stuart also remarked that it was a healthy development when Suriname and Haiti joined the movement and that the Heads of Government want to quicken the momentum in the expansion of CARICOM to countries without British heritage. \n In July 1999, Anguilla once again became involved with CARICOM when it gained associate membership. Before this, Anguilla had briefly been a part of CARICOM (1974–1980) as a constituent of the full member state of Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla. \n de Jongh is further quoted as saying:\"We fully believe that such a change would broaden our reach into neighboring Caribbean markets. The territory's sporting events are growing in popularity and prestige, especially for competitions in volleyball, track, tennis, swimming and sailing. An amendment to the immigration bill would allow for easier travel for athletes, as well as for individuals seeking top-notch medical care or just looking for a great place for a vacation, that is close to home.\" \n de Jongh said the proposal has received bi-partisan support in the US House of Representatives as well as support the Senate and the Department of Homeland Security, but admits he doesn't know how soon the regime could be implemented, noting the pace of legislation in the U.S. Congress. \n On April 29, 2015 the new Virgin Islands delegate, Stacey Plaskett, reintroduced the identical bill (now entitled The Virgin Islands Visa Waiver Act of 2015) to the U.S. House of Representatives. On the same day it was referred to the House Committee on the Judiciary and then on June 1, 2015 it was referred to the House Judiciary's Subcommittee on Immigration and Border Security \n The Dominican Republic cooperates with CARICOM (since 1992) under an umbrella organisation, CARIFORUM, an economic pact between CARICOM and the Dominican Republic with the EU. The Dominican Republic became an Observer of CARICOM in 1982 and in 1991 it presented CARICOM with a request for full membership, having first given consideration to joining the bloc in 1989. It also has an unratified free trade agreement (from 2001) with CARICOM. Within the EPA between the region and the European Commission, the Dominican Republic is given means for dispute resolution with CARICOM member-states. Under Article 234, the European Court of Justice also carries dispute resolution mechanisms between CARIFORUM and the European Union states. This is particularly useful to the Dominican Republic which is not a member of the Caribbean Court of Justice and therefore can not use the CCJ for dispute resolution with states of CARICOM.",
"On 14 April 1974, Suriname (along with Haiti) signified its desire to join CARICOM at the ceremony in St. Lucia marking the signing of the Treaty of Chaguaramas by the LDCs. Talks of regional cooperation between Suriname and CARICOM were undertaken in the early 1970s, but integration was not further pursued, in part due to the perceived difficulties of integrating Suriname's very different legal system with that of the Commonwealth Caribbean countries. Suriname continued to be an observer with regards to CARICOM after it came into existence, participating in a number of meetings of functional committees since the 1970s. In the 1980s, Suriname expressed renewed interest in CARICOM with initiatives to seek closer ties with the Community being welcomed in January 1982 by then Secretary-General Dr. Kurleigh King on a visit to the country and the Surinamese application for closer relations with the Community being considered at the November 1982 Conference of the Heads of Government. However, opposition by the member states to fuller Surinamese participation in CARICOM developed after the December 1990 \"telephone coup\" in Suriname, although Suriname retained observer status. After democracy and civilian control was restored through the 1991 elections, Suriname began taking concrete steps to open its economy, emerge from isolation, and forge a new regional identity. As a result, the ties between Suriname and the Community deepened and a Coordinating Unit for CARICOM Affairs was established and located in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Suriname. The CARICOM Coordinating Unit in Suriname had a core of three officers and was assisted in its task by CARICOM focal point officers representing the various other ministries with a supportive role being played by the Embassy of Guyana."
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"Die Warzau Die Warzau (originally Die Warzau Synfony) was an industrial music band formed in 1987 by performance artists Jim Marcus and Van Christie. Originally signed to Chris Parry's Fiction Records, the group released \"Disco Rigido\" in 1988. A second album, \"Big Electric Metal Bass Face\", was released in 1991. Contributors to the band at the time included Chris Vrenna and James Woolley (both members of Nine Inch Nails during the mid-1990s), and audio visual artist Burle Avant, who went on to co-create the MTV television series Amp. \"Engine\", a 1995 release on Fiction/Wax Trax! and distributed by TVT, was the last album the group released before going on hiatus for almost a decade, and included contributions from Chris Randall of the band Sister Machine Gun (SMG). One of the songs written by Die Warzau during this time, \"Hole In the Ground,\" ended up on the SMG album Burn. Die Warzau as a group then went on hiatus for a number of years, with Marcus and Christie working on other projects. Jim Marcus founded the pure funk group Everplastic while Van Christie worked on another project called Eco-Hed. In 2005, the duo re-united, together with new members Abel Garibaldi and Dan Evans, releasing \"Convenience\" on their Chicago-based label Pulseblack Records. 2008 saw the release of \"Vinyl 88\", a collection of remixes and previously unreleased tracks including \"Born Again\" (for which a video was released) and \"Hitler's Brain\", a collaboration with funk pioneer George Clinton. While some of the tracks had seen prior release, many of the remixes featured re-recorded elements. In 2009, Die Warzau made several songs – many from the recent \"Convenience\" and \"Vinyl 88\" releases – available for remixing at RemixGalaxy.com The different musical elements (vocals, drums, bass, etc.) of each song are available as separate tracks, which allows users the opportunity to create their own versions of the songs or incorporate the parts into their own original tracks under personal, non-commercial license. In 2011, Die Warzau announced on their Facebook page that their performance at the WTII Minifest 2 on June 12 would be the band's last performance before breaking up. The live personnel included Jim Marcus, Dan Evans, Vince McAley, and Jay Ramirez. In 2013, the band announced that they will reunite to play one show at the \"Cold Waves II\" festival held in Chicago in late September 2013. Die Warzau Die Warzau (originally Die Warzau"
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"Gourgion Tower Gourgion Tower ( or \"It-Torri Gorġun\", ) was a fortified house in the outskirts of Xewkija, Gozo, Malta. The tower was built by Giovanni Gourgion in 1690, and it became a symbol of the village of Xewkija. Despite being listed on the Antiquities List in 1925, it was demolished by American forces in 1943 to make way for an airfield for the Allied invasion of Sicily. Gourgion Tower was built by and named after Giovanni Gourgion, a Gozitan nobleman who had made a fortune in corsairing against Ottoman shipping, and who was the personal secretary of Grand Masters Gregorio Carafa and Adrien de Wignacourt. The tower was completed in 1690, and served as the centrepiece of Gourgion's estates and a farmhouse in Gozo. According to tradition, Grand Master Wignacourt himself attended the opening ceremony of the tower, but this is unlikely since it is not recorded in any archives. In 1798, during the French occupation of Malta, some of the coats of arms at Gourgion Tower were defaced by French forces. Some alterations were made to the structure over the years, including the addition of a room on the first floor. The tower was listed on the Antiquities List of 1925. The tower was demolished between 16 and 20 June 1943 to make way for Runway No. 1 of the Xewkija Airfield. The demolition work was carried out by Americans from the Company E of the 21st Engineer Aviation Regiment, as well as 300 Gozitan labourers. The airfield was inaugurated on 23 June, and was used during the Allied invasion of Sicily which started on 9 July. It became redundant on 14 July, when American aircraft moved to the Ponte Olivo Airfield in Sicily. The last planes left on 19 July, and the airfield was cleared back to agricultural land in June 1944. According to some sources, Gourgion Tower was dismantled not demolished, and the Americans marked all the stones so the tower could be rebuilt. When the airfield was cleared in 1944, the authorities reportedly asked the owners if they wanted the tower to be rebuilt or financial compensation, and the owners chose the second option. However, this claim is not verified in any documentary source. Many of the tower's inscriptions and decorated stones were retrieved by Lawrence Zammit Haber, and they were later donated to the Gozo Museum of Archaeology. They were displayed there for a number of years, but were later removed and are now in storage at Heritage Malta. The Gourgion Tower was meant to serve both as a country retreat and a defensive position, so it was largely utilitarian in nature. The structure was rectangular, and its architecture had similarities to the Bubaqra Tower on mainland Malta. A notable feature of the tower was a domed stair-hood, which was similar to echauguettes found in the Hospitaller fortifications of Malta. The tower also contained eight balcony-like structures, which were similar to the machicolation, found in earlier structures such as Gauci Tower, and to a Mashrabiya. The design derive from architecture of the Middle-East, and evolved to local interpretation. The tower's façade had musketry loopholes, and was decorated with the coats of arms of Gourgion, Carafa and Wignacourt, as well as a number of inscriptions and other sculptures. The three coats of arms were defaced during the French occupation. Gourgion's estates near the tower were surrounded by a boundary wall, which also contained a number of inscriptions and an ornate public well. Gourgion Tower Gourgion Tower ( or \"It-Torri Gorġun\", ) was a fortified house in the outskirts of Xewkija, Gozo, Malta. The tower was"
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"Kelston Boys' High School Kelston Boys' High School (\"KBHS\") is an all-boys state secondary school in Kelston, a suburb in the Waitakere region of Auckland, New Zealand. It was created in 1963 when the roll of Kelston High School (formed in 1954) became too large for the site on the corner of Archibald and Gt North Rds. The boys moved to a new site further down Archibald Road, leaving the original site to be the home of Kelston Girls High School (now Kelston Girls' College). Although the school is known for the strength of its various sports teams, it has also had some notable achievements in music, dance and theatresports and produced some outstanding academic results. The school has consistently had strong rugby teams in the top Auckland division, producing several All Blacks and international players. Kelston Boys have won the National top 4 rugby tournament five times (1989, 1995, 1996, 1999, and 2011) sharing the most wins with Wesley College. Kelston Boys have also won the Condor National sevens tournament five times (2002, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013). The former All Black coach Graham Henry is a former headmaster. The previous principal, who retired in April 2011, Stephen Watt played for the Auckland regional team in the 1970s (where he was affectionately nicknamed 'The Kicking Prop' for his unusual goalkicking prowess). Brian Evans is the current principal; he coached the women's Black Ferns national side to rugby world cup victory in 2010. Long standing Member of Parliament and Speaker of the House of Representatives Jonathan Hunt taught history at Kelston Boys'. The school offers Korean, French and Japanese courses with the option to visit a country upon completion. The school also have Samoan, Niuean and Tongan culture groups. The school provides various sport activities which include: In 1987 the school won 9-0 against Sacred Heart in Senior A1 Tennis but lost 5-4 to Auckland Grammar School. The same year, the schools softball league lost only one game in the whole season. In 1995 the school won in debating against Western Springs AFC but lost to Green Bay. The same year the school had excelled in soccer by winning 1-0 against Avondale, a 4-4 draw with Mount Albert Grammar School and a 6-2 victory over Mount Roskill Grammar School. During the 1995 rugby season KBHS had won 27-0 against Papakura and had 98 wins over Rotorua Boys' High School, Te Awamutu and Morrinsville, all of which scored three each. The same year, the school won 17-0 against Saint Kentigern College in a semi-final but then lost 30-10 to Auckland Grammar School. The school was also a winner in judo at the New Zealand Secondary Schools Championships which were held in Hamilton in August 1995 and won 4 out of 5 games in badminton. In 1995 the Junior A3 Tennis won all five games. In 1997 the school's trampoline diver Todd Anderson came in first place with 134.6 points while Bruce Utatao scored 78 in golf. The same year the school lost to Otahuhu College in the touch rugby final but won every other game prior to the loss. In 2006 the school won every match in football as well as softball but lost two games in that game. According to the 2012 Education Review Office report the school had 949 pupils out of which 28 were international. Out of those, 20% are Māori, 13% are Pākehā, 29% are Samoan, 8% Tongan, 4% Asian, 19% are identified as Pacific Islanders, 3% are Cook Island Māori, 2% are Niuean, 8% are of other ethnicity and 10% Indian and Fijian (5% each). Kelston Boys'"
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"Clara Tauson Clara Tauson (born 21 December 2002 in Gentofte, Greater Copenhagen) is a Danish tennis player playing for KB Tennis (Copenhagen Tennis) and Denmark's Fed Cup team. In 2016, at age 13, she became the youngest woman to win the Danish championship, beating the record set by a 14-year-old Caroline Wozniacki. She is the reigning European Youth Olympic Festival champion from 2017. She has won four single tournaments on the ITF Junior Circuit and - since her debut in 2017 - won one tournament on the ITF Women's Circuit. As of July 2018 she is in top 10 among the junior players of the world. She is the daughter of Søren Tauson, a brother of former tennis player Michael Tauson. Clara Tauson Clara Tauson (born 21 December 2002 in Gentofte, Greater Copenhagen) is a Danish tennis player playing for KB Tennis (Copenhagen Tennis) and Denmark's Fed Cup team. In 2016, at age 13, she became the youngest woman to win the Danish championship, beating the record set by a 14-year-old Caroline Wozniacki. She is the reigning European Youth Olympic Festival champion from 2017. She has won four single tournaments on the ITF Junior Circuit and - since her debut"
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"Jennifer Gareis (born August 1, 1970) is an American actress and former beauty queen. She is best known for her roles as Grace Turner on The Young and the Restless (1997–2004, 2014) and as Donna Logan on The Bold and the Beautiful (2006–2015, 2016, 2017, 2018). \n Gareis competed in her first beauty pageant in 1992 when she placed second runner-up at Miss Pennsylvania USA. She later competed in New York, winning the Miss New York USA 1994 title, and representing New York in the Miss USA 1994 pageant held in South Padre Island, Texas on February 11, 1994. Gareis placed in the top six of the nationally televised pageant, which was won by Lu Parker of South Carolina. \n Gareis later began an acting career and landed the role of Grace Turner on CBS soap opera The Young and the Restless, which she played from 1997 to 2000 and again in 2001, 2002, 2004 and 2014. She is best known for her current role as Donna Logan on The Bold and the Beautiful, a role she has held since July 2006. She was taken off contract in late 2014 and her last appearance in the show was on February 18, 2015. She later returned for a few episodes in October 2016, in December 2017 and in February 2018. She was ranked #90 on the Maxim Hot 100 Women of 2002. \n Year | Title | Role | Notes \n---|---|---|--- \n| The Mirror Has Two Faces | Unknown | uncredited \n1997–2004, 2014 | The Young and the Restless | Grace Turner | Contract role:1997–1999, Recurring role:2000–2002, 2004, 2014 \n1997 | Private Parts | Coed | \n1997 | Lifebreath | Elevator Woman | \n1998 | Enough Already | Unknown | \n2000 | Gangland | Sarah | \n2000 | Luckytown | Sugar | \n2000 | The 6th Day | Virtual Girlfriend | \n2000 | Miss Congeniality | Tina | \n2001 | College Try | Christine | \n2001 | Diagnosis:Murder | Thalia Roselawn | Episode:\"Less Than Zero\" \n2001 | Downward Angel | Woman | \n2001 | Feather Pimento | Woman in Green | Short \n2001 | What Boys Like | Brooke | \n2002 | Air Strike | Charlie | \n2002 | Boat Trip | Sheri | \n2005 | Veronica Mars | Cheyenne | Episodes:\"A Trip to the Dentist\" and \"Leave It to Beaver\" \n2005 | Venus on the Halfshell | Honey O'Hara | \n2006–2015, 2016, 2017, 2018 | The Bold and the Beautiful | Donna Logan | Contract role:July 20, 2006–February 18, 2015 Guest:October 20–31, 2016; December 22, 2017; February 7–9, 2018 \n2006 | Escape | Ecstatic Blonde | Short \n2007 | Panic Button | Susan | \n2014 | Infernal | Sarah | \n2016 | Comedy Bang! Bang! | Handsome Harbor Actress | Episode:\"Kristen Schaal Wears Strawberry Colored Pants and a Multicolored Shirt\" \n Jennifer Gareis \n--- \nGareis attending the second issue release of \"Girls Gone Wild Magazine\" Party at Les Deux, Hollywood, June 4, 2008 \n| Jennifer Gareis (1970-08-01) August 1, 1970 (age 47) Lancaster, Pennsylvania, United States \nResidence | New York City, New York, U.S. \nTitle | Miss New York USA 1994 \nSpouse (s) | Bobby Ghassemieh (m. 2010) \nChildren | \nBeauty pageant titleholder \nMajor competition (s) | Miss USA 1994 (Top 6) \n Gareis married Bobby Ghassemieh on March 7, 2010. On June 11, 2010, Gareis gave birth to a son, Gavin Blaze Gareis Ghassemieh. Daughter Sophia Rose Gareis Ghassemieh was born June 29, 2012. \n Gareis was born in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, and graduated from J.P. McCaskey High School in 1988. She graduated from Franklin and Marshall College in 1993 with a Bachelor of Science degree in accounting, then earned a Master's of Business Administration degree from Pepperdine University. She is of part Italian descent. Her great-grandmother Sebastiana Tringali came from Militello in Val di Catania, and the city gave her the honorary citizenship."
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"Smeagol (gastropod) Smeagol is a genus of small air-breathing sea slugs of the upper intertidal zone. They are pulmonate gastropod mollusks related to land slugs and snails. Analysis of DNA sequences has shown that \"Smeagol\" belongs in the family Ellobiidae, and is therefore closely related to ellobiid snails. The name of the genus is in honour of Tolkien's fictional character Gollum, who was originally known as Sméagol. There are five described species and potentially one undescribed species from Tasmania in the genus \"Smeagol\": \"Smeagol manneringi\" has no tentacles and is a very active blind animal with a size of up to 10 mm. \"Smeagol\" species have no shell. They have a weakly developed snout. The radula is unicuspid and the radular dentition is of the rhipidoglossate type. They have a radular membrane of flexoglossate type. They have no jaw. They have salivary glands with salivary ducts. The excretory organs are only the left ones, in the pallial cavity. In the circulatory system the haemolymph circulates as follows: mantle → nephridium or nephridia → heart. These slugs breathe using a pallial lung. They have a contractile pneumostome. They have a suprapedal gland. The number of chromosomes is unknown. They have no sex chromosomes. These slugs inhabit the upper intertidal zone on gravel substrate in New Zealand and Australia. The development of the veliger is completed in the egg (they do not have a trochophore larval stage). Smeagol (gastropod) Smeagol is a genus of small air-breathing sea slugs of the upper intertidal zone. They are pulmonate gastropod mollusks related to land slugs and snails. Analysis of DNA sequences has shown that \"Smeagol\" belongs in the family Ellobiidae, and is therefore closely related to ellobiid snails. The name of the genus is in honour of Tolkien's fictional character Gollum, who was originally known"
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"Energy Technologies Institute The Energy Technologies Institute (ETI) is an energy research, development and demonstration body established in the United Kingdom in 2007. The government set up the ETI following an announcement in the 2006 budget speech. The purpose of the ETI is to “accelerate the development, demonstration and eventual commercial deployment of a focused portfolio of energy technologies, which will increase energy efficiency, reduce greenhouse gas emissions and help achieve energy and climate change goals”. The institute works with a range of academic and commercial bodies. Deployment of the technologies involved, which are expected to contribute to the reduction of the UK’s carbon emissions, is expected to begin around 2018. Commentators generally welcomed the new body as likely to make a positive contribution in the efforts to minimise climate change. At the same time, they pointed to the slow pace of government action in promoting energy conservation and implementing existing low-carbon technologies, compared to progress in a number of other European countries. In addition to initial funding for the ETI, the Department for Business will provide £50 million a year over a period of 10 years starting in 2008-09. When establishing the ETI, the government expected the separate Energy Research Partnership to raise matching funding from commercial organisations. As of September 2006 EDF Energy, Shell, BP and E.ON UK had committed to providing funds. By 2014, this had grown to include Caterpillar and Rolls-Royce. Five objectives were set for the institute: The ETI describes as its vision: \"Affordable, secure, sustainable energy for present and future generations.\" The institute set out to focus research on a mixture of technologies. As of 2014, the ETI states that typically it supports projects that: At the same time, the institute focuses on a mix of technologies to increase security of supply, and solutions to address fuel poverty. In 2017 the ETI started the Nuclear Cost Drivers Project, which aims to identify cost reductions in nuclear power plant design, construction and operation, so enabling more widespread deployment of new nuclear. Historically, since the privatisation of the country's energy industries, public sector support for energy research and development in the UK has come from a variety of bodies with little co-ordination between them. Problems experienced as a result of this included poor continuity of funding, and the availability of funding for certain parts of the research-development-commercialisation process but not others. Funding levels have also been low by international standards. In September 2007 it was announced that the Midlands Consortium had been chosen to host the ETI. The consortium comprises the Universities of Birmingham, Loughborough and Nottingham with financial support from Advantage West Midlands and the East Midlands Development Agency. The hub of the ETI is based at Loughborough University, on the Holywell Park area of the campus, at the heart of the University's Science and Enterprise Park. Energy Technologies Institute The Energy Technologies Institute (ETI) is an energy research, development and demonstration body established in the United Kingdom in 2007. The government set up the"
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"The Mandogs The Mandogs was a Melbourne radio show operating on Radio Monash, with a large panel of hosts. It aired on Wednesdays at 2pm and ran from 2007 to late 2012. The show covered a broad range of topics from the mundane to news and current affairs. The show was renowned for its high quality, ever-changing musical intro, which included sound-bites from movies and television from the 2000s (decade). Ando is the longest standing member of The Mandogs, and has been a host since the show began in 2007. Ando's style frequently poses hypothetical situations, usually regarding a moral dilemma, to cohosts and guests. Billiam joined The Mandogs in 2008, he has a pun-related style of comedy and regularly makes jokes regarding the Spanish, Chinese and English languages. Billiam often makes passing or in-depth references to video games and other aspects of geek culture. Dexter, also joined The Mandogs in 2008. Originally Dexter was employed as the show's technical producer, but since then he has gradually become equally as vocal as the other hosts. Fans of the show often comment about the soothing nature of Dexter's voice. Agent Orange was a host during the first years of The Mandogs being on air. In 2009 he left the show but has since returned in August 2011. The most recent addition to the show, recruited in 2012. The Recruit adds a certain \"life\" to the show, especially in his quoting of the text line number and his injection of scientific \"facts.\" Jay-Jay strolled into the studio and instantly commanded the attention of the mandogs; with his suave combination of mustache and turtle neck sweater the other hosts immediately decided that Jay-Jay was needed to add a certain \"class\" to the show. Prior to 2010, the Mandogs consisted largely of planned or pre-recorded content, including radio serial \"The Hunt for Building 66\". In the first show of 2010 the Mandogs announced a format change away from highly planned, pre-recorded content to a more relaxed and casual style. The Mandogs have suggested multiple reasons for this, including demands by Radio Monash administration for a more approachable style, or because the hosts were \"spending multiple hours of preparation for 5 minutes of content\". Whereas previously The Mandogs' shows would be fast paced with multiple breaks, the shows are now more relaxed, based around comedic observations and general banter. On May 24, 2010, Dexter attempted to beat the world record for most Ferrero Rocher chocolates eaten in one minute live on air. Although he was not successful The Mandogs suggested that there may be other record attempts in later shows. Since the formatting The Mandogs have had at least one guest host per episode. Regular guests include: Dr. Yik has appeared on various Mandogs episodes throughout its history. It has never been made certain what field Dr. Yik is an expert in, and is frequently suggested that he is not a doctor at all. Dr. Yik is generally asked for his \"expert opinion\" on various topics, and his replies often contain a level of sarcasm. Another long-time guest on the show, Ash is often criticised by the other hosts for his irrational or badly considered ideas. Listeners are frequently reminded not to take his advice and that \"in a zombie outbreak Ash would be screwed\", a reference to an episode in which Ash advised listeners to roam the desert in a hypothetical 'zombie' scenario. Mintberry Jess first appeared following the show being reformatted. This may have been by request of the station management to include more female influence on the show. Jess often provides a contrast to the other panelists' typically nerdy style of humour. Dr. Law first joined the show in May 2012, after the team contacted him for legal advice; the panel decided the best course of action was for him to join them on air to prevent them getting in too much trouble. Dunco injected his wholesome humour and down to earth goodness into the mandogs panel in late April 2012; he is, reportedly, the sort of person you would love to have a beer with (in moderation) Chook, similarly to Dunco, joined the mandogs team in late April 2012. Chook was added to the panel after the hosts decided a rugged and manly host was needed to attract more female listeners. Evan Handed first appeared on the show in late September, 2012. He attempts to create political satire and resembles Simon Pegg. The Mandogs The Mandogs was a Melbourne radio show operating on Radio Monash, with a large panel of hosts. It aired on Wednesdays at 2pm and ran from 2007 to late 2012. The show covered a broad range of topics from the mundane to news and current affairs. The show was renowned for its high quality, ever-changing musical intro,"
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"Vitex trifolia Vitex trifolia, the simpleleaf chastetree, is a large coastal shrub or small tree. \"Vitex trifolia\" is a large coastal shrub or small tree, less than 5 m in height with the stems covered by soft hairs (tomentose). The leaves are oppositely arranged along the stems and are usually compound, composed of 3 linear leaflets which range between 1 –12 cm in length. The upper surface of the leaves are green and the lower surface grayish green. The flowers are born in panicles or clusters up to 18 cm in length. Individual flowers have purple to violet two-lipped corollas that are approximately 5 mm long. The stamen are in two pairs and the ovary is superior, or develops above the corolla. The fleshy fruits are about 6 mm in diameter and contain 4 small black seeds. Vitex trifolia is naturally found along coastlines from tropical East Africa as far east as French Polynesia. The leaves are used to treat female ailments in the Cook Islands, and used to relieve fever in Samoa. Additionally in Samoa, the dried leaves are burned to deter mosquitos. Details on Vitex trifolia Vitex trifolia Vitex trifolia, the simpleleaf chastetree, is a large coastal shrub"
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"Social media disruption by far-right groups in Germany The Reconquista Germanica (RG) is an extreme-right channel running on the Discord application, which was set up to disrupt the German election of 2017. The group has over 5000 users. The goal of the group is to ‘ensure the strongest possible showing for the Alternative for Germany (AfD) in the Bundestag’. It is managed according to hierarchical structures using military language and alt-right vocabulary. According to Julia Ebner, who studied the group, there are links between RG and the AfD. The Süddeutsche Zeitung cites 5 000 users on the RG Discord channel. They have been instructed to create as many Twitter accounts as possible and to re-tweet as much as possible the material on the RG Discord channel. Thus the impression of RG representing a majority point of view may be created. The goal is not so much to convince their opponents, but to provoke, humiliate and insult them. Other strategies used in social media include representing oneself as a refugee or to pretend publicly that there is no longer a war in Syria. During one day in September 2017 seven of the hashtags defined by RG reached the top 20 trending hashtags in Germany. The RG vets potential members carefully through several layers of interviews and social media background checks to weed out spies, however the organization was infiltrated by the NGO Institute for Strategic Dialogue (ISD). The RG and Internet trolls have, according to the ISD, dictated social media conversations and influenced top trending hashtags. According to Julia Ebner, who studied the group, there are links between RG and the AfD. Further, German broadcaster ARD has documented organizational links between AfD youth organization \"Junge Alternative\" and the RG. The self-proclaimed \"Commander-in-Chief\" of RG, who uses the code name \"Nikolai Alexander\", has acknowledged close connections with Russia, and stated the group would not have been possible in its actual form without Russian assistance. Social media disruption by far-right groups in Germany The Reconquista Germanica (RG) is an extreme-right channel running on the Discord application, which was set up to disrupt the German election of 2017. The group has over 5000 users. The goal of the group is to ‘ensure the strongest possible showing for the Alternative for Germany (AfD) in the Bundestag’. It is managed according to hierarchical structures using military language and alt-right vocabulary. According to Julia Ebner, who studied"
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"Consuelo Duval María Nacaranda del Consuelo Dussauge Valencia (duval) (born 11 January 1968), more commonly known by her stage name Consuelo Duval, is a Mexican comedian and actress of film, television, theatre, and voice-over. She is known for her various comic characters such as the overbearingly abusive housewife Federica P. Luche from the sitcom \"La familia P. Luche\", the dim-witted, cross-eyed receptionist Sisi, and the amiable, uncultured naca Nacaranda from \"La hora pico\". Duval was born in Parral, Chihuahua, Mexico, while her mother was visiting her grandmother. Her mother died in 1970 and she was raised by her father in Mexico City where they lived in the Unidad Habitacional Nonoalco-Tlatelolco. Duval has stated that her stage name is based on her paternal aunt, María Duval (María Dussauge Ortiz), a popular singer and actress. Duval has appeared in many telenovelas, reality shows, and comedy programs since 1990. However, she has gained mainstream popularity in the sketch comedy television show \"La hora pico\", co-starring Adrián Uribe, Miguel Galván, and Lorena de la Garza, where she portrays various comic characters such as Sisi, Nakaranda Estefanía Cacho Partida, La Cajera, Boatriz, Lahora (a parody of Laura Bozzo), among others. Duval had a recurring role as Damela Micha (a parody of Adela Micha) on \"El privilegio de mandar\", produced by the same producers of \"La hora pico.\" The series' title is a pun on the title of a telenovela in which Duval appeared, \"El privilegio de amar\". All of the aforementioned shows were produced by Carla Estrada. Duval has worked with other Televisa producers and comedians, most notably Eugenio Derbez. She first portrayed Federica P. Luche on \"Derbez en cuando\" in 1998 and reprised the role on \"XHDRBZ.\" When \"La familia P. Luche\" eventually became a sitcom on its own, she received second billing behind Derbez. \"La familia P. Luche\" won a TVyNovelas Award for \"Best Comedy Program\". She also appeared in Televisa's coverage of the 2000 Summer Olympics and 2002 FIFA World Cup, performing comedy sketches. As of 2013, Duval will form part of the supporting cast in Emilio Larrosa's telenovela \"Libre para amarte\". Duval has dubbed, in Mexican Spanish, characters such as Helen Parr \"Elastigirl\" from \"The Incredibles\" and Maggie in \"Home on the Range\". Consuelo Duval María Nacaranda del Consuelo Dussauge Valencia (duval) (born 11 January 1968), more commonly known by her stage name Consuelo Duval, is a Mexican comedian and actress"
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"1099-OID fraud 1099 OID fraud is a common scam used to obtain money from the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (IRS) by filing false tax refund claims. Form 1099-OID is intended to be submitted to the IRS by the holder of debt instruments (such as bonds, notes, or certificates) which were discounted at purchase to report the taxable difference between the instruments' actual value and the discounted purchase price. In 1099-OID fraud, the filer of a tax return fills out the form themselves with a false withholding amount and submits it to the IRS in an attempt to reduce tax liability. Promoters of the fraud allege that the withheld amount exists in a secret bank account, a claim that originates from the redemption movement. The IRS initially overlooked the fraud because it lacked time to verify withholding data; however it has since taken notice and responded with both criminal prosecutions and public awareness campaigns. In one egregious case, Ronald L. Brekke of Orange County, California, was convicted on March 17, 2012, in federal court in Seattle, Washington, of conspiracy and wire fraud in which 1,000 people, most of them Canadian, filed fraudulent U.S. tax refund claims with the IRS. The scam totaled $763 million, but the IRS paid out only $14 million. Mr. Brekke received $400 thousand from his clients. 1099-OID fraud 1099 OID fraud is a common scam used to obtain money from the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (IRS) by filing false tax refund claims. Form 1099-OID is intended to be submitted to the IRS by the holder of debt instruments (such as bonds, notes, or certificates) which were discounted at purchase to report the taxable difference between the instruments' actual value and the discounted purchase price. In 1099-OID fraud, the filer of a tax return fills out the form"
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"PerfectGoal PerfectGoal is a football manager browser game developed by \"Art-e-Fakten\" from Hannover, in cooperation with the former professional football player and world champion Gerd Müller. Therefore, the game is also known as \"Gerd Müller's PerfectGoal\". The official start of the game was on 01.10.2009. When registering, each player has to choose the time zone in which he wants to play, due to the fact that the matches are being held at fixed times of the day. The matches can be disputed at 07:30, 10:15, 13:00, 15:45, 18:30 and 21:15. Each match runs in real time and includes 15 minutes half time. A new user receives a basic stadium and a squad of 15 players, including assistant coach. The new team is still very young and little trained. During the game, the strength of the squad grows every day through training, player purchase and youth coaching. The game starts on a preliminaries server, on which the three time slots starting from 15:45 are each occupied by a match. It is important to discover the best talents, lineups and match strategies. The game can be influenced by changing tactics and deployment during a match, by moves such as pressing or counter-attack and by audience activities. When after a few days the new user is ready to compete in league matches, he can promote to a league server. These league servers are also available in different time zones. Promotion to a league server takes place on Monday and a new season begins on Tuesday. The different servers run with one week offset. A season lasts 34 match days and the subsequent free Monday. There are 63 leagues on a league server, each with 18 teams, which gives a total of 1,134 teams. The leagues are arranged in the form of a pyramid. The professionals: one 1st league, two 2nd leagues, and four 3rd leagues. The amateurs: eight 4th leagues, sixteen 5th leagues and thirty-two 6th leagues. League matches start every day at 6:30 PM. The results and the classification are given according to the generally applicable football rules. In addition, in each season there is at least one cup tournament (PerfectCup). At 09:15 PM the teams play against each other in a knockout system, and the top three of each server will receive a trophy for the team mantle. Parallel to organizing the matches, the user can develop his stadium with grandstands, standing places, seats, boxes and VIP boxes and expand elements with a total of about 200 stages of development, such as floodlighting, display panels, coach benches, but also hotels, fan shops, or a youth training facility. The development level and the admission prices, along with factors such as weather, league and opponents, affect the number of spectators and hence the income of the club. The game is graphically complex designed. Many images, such as the manager's office, the club grounds and all the adjoining buildings are detailed 3D graphics. The line-up for a match can be set by Drag&Drop from the player's bench, but it can also be set automatically on demand. The only Flash element in the game is the wheel of fortune. Everyday users get a chip to spin the wheel for free. There are 80 different types of winnings including \"Jetons\" (the game currency), but also items and licenses. To watch his matches, the user can open the \"Live Ticker\" where the most recent events of the match are updated every minute. Here the user can start game moves or spectator's activities to support the team. The entire game including Wiki and support is currently available in German, English, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Russian, Polish, Bulgarian and Turkish. Until now more than 110.000 users from all over the world have registered with PerfectGoal. The largest share of currently ~ 40,000 active users is from Germany and Poland. The game includes a shoutbox to chat and a messaging system. The game is financed through the sale of items that increase the comfort of the game or provide additional functions. In the Item Shop, the user can choose between motivational gifts, drums for the audience, chips for the wheel of fortune or manager licenses. These licenses contain numerous other items and additional functions, e.g. estimating the training strength of opponents, plan ahead or recognize the value of a player's talent in the transfer market. The only fee restricted function in the game is the professional certification for the top three leagues. It costs 1.50 € per month, but can be also won at the wheel of fortune. With the acquisition of so-called \"Times\" the user can also shorten many time-consuming processes, so that constructions can be completed more quickly, injuries can be cured faster, the sojourn in the training camp can be reduced. The game is free of pop-ups and banner ads. The game is free of violence or harmful content and is therefore suitable for all age groups. On one hand it addresses to the football fans and connoisseurs, but also to users who prefer to build and administrate and to whom the club management is more important than sportive success. In December 2009 PerfectGoal was designated a triple winner by the browsergames.de portal for: best graphics, best entertainment and best game in the sports category. PerfectGoal is currently being radically revised in all areas and by the end of 2010 a new version is due to appear with additional features, which will include, among others, a more comfortable chat module and a Hall of Fame. Since May 2010, PerfectGoal is also included in the portfolio of the publisher and browser game portal Playnik. PerfectGoal PerfectGoal is a football manager browser game developed by \"Art-e-Fakten\" from Hannover, in cooperation with the former professional football player and world champion Gerd Müller. Therefore, the game is also known as \"Gerd Müller's PerfectGoal\". The official start of the game was on 01.10.2009. When registering, each player has to choose the time zone in which he wants to play, due to the fact"
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"1938 PGA Championship The 1938 PGA Championship was the 21st PGA Championship, held July 10–16 at Shawnee Country Club in Smithfield Township, Pennsylvania. Then a match play championship, Paul Runyan won his second PGA Championship, defeating the favored Sam Snead Nicknamed \"Little Poison,\" Runyan was one of the shorter hitters on tour, while Snead was one of the longest. Runyan was five holes up after the morning round, then needed just eleven holes to finish off Snead, the largest victory margin ever in the match play finals of the PGA Championship. Snead won only one of the 29 holes, the 24th, which Runyan bogeyed. Runyan's victory four years earlier in 1934 took 38 holes to decide. Two-time defending champion Denny Shute lost in the third round to semifinalist Jimmy Hines. The course, now The Shawnee Inn & Golf Resort, is on an island in the Delaware River, east of East Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania. The match play format at the PGA Championship in 1938 called for 12 rounds (216 holes) in seven days: \"Saturday, July 16, 1938\" \"Morning\" \"Afternoon\" 1938 PGA Championship The 1938 PGA Championship was the 21st PGA Championship, held July 10–16 at Shawnee Country Club in Smithfield Township, Pennsylvania."
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"1820 United States presidential election in Connecticut The 1820 United States presidential election in Connecticut took place between November 1 to December 6, 1820, as part of the 1820 United States presidential election. The state legislature chose nine representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President. During this election, Connecticut cast its nine electoral votes to Democratic Republican candidate and incumbent President James Monroe. Effectively, the 1820 presidential election was an election with no campaign, since there was no serious opposition to Monroe and Tompkins. In fact, they won all the electoral votes barring one from New Hampshire, which was cast for Secretary of State John Quincy Adams. 1820 United States presidential election in Connecticut The 1820 United States presidential election in Connecticut took place between November 1 to December 6, 1820, as part of the 1820 United States presidential election. The state legislature chose nine representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President. During this election, Connecticut cast its nine electoral votes to Democratic Republican candidate and incumbent President James Monroe. Effectively, the 1820 presidential election was an election with no campaign, since there was no serious"
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"Hagley Museum and Library The Hagley Museum and Library is a nonprofit educational institution in Wilmington, Delaware. Covering more than 235 acres (0.95 km²) along the banks of the Brandywine Creek, the museum and grounds include the first du Pont family home and garden in the United States, the powder yards, and a 19th-century machine shop. On the hillside below the mansion lies a Renaissance-revival garden, with terraces and statuary, created in the 1920s by Louise Evalina du Pont Crowninshield (1877–1958). The facility sits at the midpoint of the DuPont Historic Corridor. Opened in 1957, the Hagley Museum features exhibits and demonstrations that show the connections between early industrial technology and early American history, focusing on the histories of the du Pont family, DuPont company, explosives and gunpowder, and innovation (through a large collection of American Patent models). The Museum also explores personal stories of the 19th-century DuPont Company employees, how they lived, and how their lifestyles changed along with new machinery and new production methods. Hagley's library houses a major research collection of manuscripts, archives, photographs, pamphlets, and books documenting the history of American business and technology. A member of the Independent Research Libraries Association, the library serves scholars from this country and abroad. Holdings include 37,000 linear feet in the Manuscripts and Archives Department, 290,000 printed volumes in the Imprints Department, 2 million visual items in the Pictorial Department, and more than 300,000 digital images and pages in the Digital Archives Department. The library and archival collections owned by Hagley are open to the public for research; a catalog and partial digital archive are available online. The library includes Hagley's intellectual heart: the Center for the History of Business, Technology, and Society, which coordinates Hagley's interactions with the world of scholarship in the fields of American economic, business, and technological history. The center offers a scholar-in-residence program and competitive fellowships, and organizes seminars and historical conferences. In 1802, French immigrant Eleuthère Irénée du Pont founded black powder mills on the banks of Brandywine Creek. He chose the location for the river's tumble over the Fall Line which provided power, timber and willow trees (used to produce quality charcoal required for superior black powder), the proximity to the Delaware River (on which other ingredients of the powder – sulfur and saltpeter – could be shipped); and the quarries of gneiss which would provide building materials for the mills. The E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company's black powder factory became the largest in the world. In 1921, the mills along the Brandywine closed and parcels of the property were sold. Plans for a museum were established 31 years later, on the occasion of the DuPont Company's 150th anniversary in 1952. Hagley historians only know that the name was already in use well before E.I. du Pont expanded downstream from Eleutherian Mills in 1813 by purchasing the land that became the Hagley Yards. An 1813 document refers to the land as Hagley and it had been called Hagley as early as 1797, when its owner, Philadelphia Quaker merchant Rumford Dawes, applied for insurance on buildings that were said to be located in a place called Hagley on the Brandywine. Dawes had acquired the property in 1783. Since the name Hagley did not appear on the documents transferring ownership at that time, it seems likely that Dawes gave this name to the Brandywine location. It seems likely that Delaware's Hagley was named for an English estate that was well known in the second half of the eighteenth century. It is likely that Dawes chose the name based on an English narrative poem entitled \"The Seasons\" by James Thomson. Hagley Hall was the seat of Thomson's patron the Baron Lyttelton, and the poem's description of a sylvan dale is strikingly reminiscent of the Brandywine Valley. \"The Seasons\" was popular in Philadelphia at the time that Rumford Dawes acquired and named Hagley. The English Hagley estate is located in the West Midlands countryside about ten miles southwest of Birmingham. Perhaps coincidently, Delaware's Hagley is about 8 miles south of Chadds Ford Township, officially known as Birmingham Township before 1996. At about the same time, Hagley Plantation on the Waccamaw River in South Carolina got its name when the owners, who were admirers of English culture, chose the name Hagley to remind them of the well-known parkland of that name near London. The Museum was featured on Mysteries at the Museum television show. Hagley Museum and Library The Hagley Museum and Library is a nonprofit educational institution in Wilmington, Delaware. Covering more than 235 acres (0.95 km²) along the banks of the Brandywine Creek, the museum and grounds include the first du Pont family home and garden in the United States, the powder yards, and a 19th-century machine shop. On the hillside below"
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"Babooshka (song) \"Babooshka\" is a song by English singer Kate Bush, taken from her album \"Never for Ever\". Released as a single in June 1980, it spent 10 weeks in the UK chart, peaking at number five. It was an even bigger hit in Australia, where it peaked at number two and was the 20th best-selling single of the year. According to an interview Kate Bush gave to the Australian TV series \"Countdown\" in 1980, the song chronicles a wife's desire to test her husband's loyalty. To do so, she takes on the \"nom de plume\" of Babooshka and sends notes to her husband in the guise of a younger woman—something which she fears is the opposite of how her husband currently sees her. (Hence the barbed lines \"Just like his wife before she \"freezed\" on him/Just like his wife when she was beautiful\".) The trap is set when, in her bitterness and paranoia, Babooshka arranges to meet her husband, who is attracted to the character who reminds him of his wife in earlier times. She thereby ruins the relationship due to her paranoia. \"I'm sure I heard about it on some TV series years ago, when I was a kid,\" Bush remarked of the song's story. \"You know, these period things that the BBC do. I think it's an extraordinary thing for someone to do… That's why I found it fascinating.\" The music video depicts Bush beside a double bass (contrabass) which symbolises the husband, wearing a black bodysuit and a veil in her role as the embittered wife. This changes into an extravagant, mythlike and rather sparse \"Russian\" costume as her alter-ego, Babooshka. An illustration by Chris Achilleos for the cover of the 1978 book \"Raven - Swordsmistress of Chaos\" was the basis for the costume. The track features John Giblin on bass and marks the significance of fretless bass sounds as instrumental \"male\" partners through Kate's music in the early eighties. The song ends with a sample of glass breaking, one of the earliest examples of a sample created with the newly-available Fairlight CMI digital synthesizer. Kate Bush said that's \"something I didn't realise at the time,\" when she learnt that \"ба́бушка\" (babushka) is the Russian word for \"grandmother\" (although the stress in Russian falls on the first syllable, not the second). \"Babooshka\" became Bush's second top five hit in the UK and was certified silver for sales of over 250,000 by the BPI. \"Babooshka\" reached number five in France and went on to sell 547,000 copies, thus becoming 465th best-selling single of all time there. The B-side contains her song \"Ran Tan Waltz\", her second non-album B-side. This song is performed as a tragicomedy, where Bush portrays a man bemoaning his bad luck in life being married to a wayward mother. This song uses the word \"dick\" in the first verse as cacophemism for a penis. Bush has stated that she doesn't typically use such harsh language or write such sexually explicit material, but that she considered the song \"good naughty fun.\" Babooshka (song) \"Babooshka\" is a song by English singer Kate Bush, taken from her album \"Never for Ever\". Released as a single in June 1980, it spent 10 weeks in the UK chart, peaking at number five. It was an even bigger hit in Australia, where it peaked at number two and was the 20th best-selling single of the year. According to an interview Kate Bush gave to the Australian TV series \"Countdown\" in 1980, the song chronicles a wife's desire to test her husband's loyalty. To do so, she takes on the \"nom"
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"Sōrin The is the vertical shaft (finial) which tops a Japanese pagoda, whether made of stone or wood. The \"sōrin\" of a wooden pagoda is usually made of bronze and can be over 10 meters tall. That of a stone pagoda is also of stone and less than a meter long. The \"sōrin\" is divided in several sections possessing a symbolic meaning and, as a whole, in turn itself represents a pagoda. Although quintessentially Buddhist, in Japan pagodas and their \"sōrin\" can be found both at Buddhist temples and Shinto shrines. This is because until the Kami and Buddhas Separation Act of 1868 a Shinto shrine was normally also a Buddhist temple and vice versa. Itsukushima Shrine for example has one. The \"sōrin\" is supported by a long shaft, often obtained by joining two or even three shorter ones, that runs to the base of the edifice. Although it is often believed that the pillar at the core of a Japanese pagoda is a device to strengthen it against earthquakes, its sole purpose is to support the long and heavy bronze \"sōrin\". In many cases the central shaft doesn't reach the ground, but has its base somewhere above it within the pagoda, where it is supported by beam or other means. At Nikkō Tōshōgū (1818), for example, it is suspended with chains from the fourth floor. From its base exits a long tenon which, penetrating a mortise in a , prevents it from oscillating. This structure was adopted not as a measure against earthquakes but because, with aging, the wood of the pagoda, whose grain is mostly horizontal, tends to shrink more than that of the vertical shaft, causing the opening of a gap between the two at the roof. From the gap rain would enter, causing rot. In other cases, this was done to allow the opening of a room at the ground floor and therefore create some usable space. (Early wooden pagodas had no usable space.) The \"sōrin\" of a wooden pagoda is usually made of bronze and is divided in several segments called (from top to bottom): The most important stone pagoda having a finial is the \"hōkyōintō\". Usually made in stone and occasionally metal or wood, \"hōkyōintō\" started to be made in their present form during the Kamakura period. Like a \"gorintō\", they are divided in five main sections, of which the \"sōrin\" is the uppermost. Its components are, from the top down: The sōrin sits on the or , a stepped pyramid with four wings at the corners called or . The is a type of small pagoda consisting just of a pole and a \"sōrin\". Sōrin The is the vertical shaft (finial) which tops a Japanese pagoda, whether made of stone or wood. The \"sōrin\" of a wooden pagoda is usually made of bronze and can be over 10 meters tall. That of a stone pagoda is also of stone and less than a meter long. The \"sōrin\" is divided in several sections possessing"
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"Ruth Rendell Ruth Barbara Rendell, Baroness Rendell of Babergh, (; 17 February 1930 – 2 May 2015), was an English author of thrillers and psychological murder mysteries. Rendell's best-known creation, Chief Inspector Wexford, was the hero of many popular police stories, some of them successfully adapted for TV. But Rendell also generated a separate brand of crime fiction that deeply explored the psychological background of criminals and their victims, many of them mentally afflicted or otherwise socially isolated. This theme was developed further in a third series of novels, written under her pseudonym Barbara Vine. Rendell was born Ruth Barbara Grasemann in 1930, in South Woodford, Essex (now Greater London). Her parents were teachers. Her mother, Ebba Kruse, was born in Sweden and brought up in Denmark; her father, Arthur Grasemann, was English. As a result of spending Christmas and other holidays in Scandinavia, Rendell learned Swedish and Danish. Rendell was educated at the County High School for Girls in Loughton, Essex, the town to which the family moved during her childhood. After high school she became a feature writer for her local Essex paper, the \"Chigwell Times\". However, she was forced to resign after filing a story about a local sports club dinner she hadn't attended and failing to report that the after-dinner speaker had died midway through the speech. Rendell met her husband Don Rendell when she was working as a newswriter. They married when she was 20, and in 1953 had a son, Simon, now a psychiatric social worker who lives in the U.S. state of Colorado. The couple divorced in 1975 but remarried two years later. Don Rendell died in 1999 from prostate cancer. She was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 1996 Birthday Honours and a life peer as Baroness Rendell of Babergh, of Aldeburgh in the County of Suffolk, on 24 October 1997. She sat in the House of Lords for the Labour Party. In 1998 Rendell was named in a list of the party's biggest private financial donors. She introduced into the Lords the bill that would later become the Female Genital Mutilation Act 2003. In August 2014, Rendell was one of 200 public figures who were signatories to a letter to \"The Guardian\" expressing their hope that Scotland would vote to remain part of the United Kingdom in September's referendum on that issue. Baroness Rendell received many awards, including the Silver, Gold, and Cartier Diamond Daggers from the Crime Writers' Association, three Edgars from the Mystery Writers of America, The Arts Council National Book Awards, and The Sunday Times Literary Award. A number of her works have been adapted for film or television. She was also a patron of the charity Kids for Kids which helps children in rural areas of Darfur. There is a blue plaque on one of her homes, 45 Millsmead Way, in Loughton. This was unveiled by her son, Simon on 24 February 2016. Rendell had a stroke on 7 January 2015 and died on 2 May 2015. Rendell wrote two unpublished novels before the 1964 publication of \"From Doon with Death\", which was purchased for £75 by John Long; it was the first mystery to feature her enduring and popular detective Chief Inspector Reginald Wexford. Rendell said that the character of Wexford was based on herself.\"The Monster in the Box\", released in October 2009, was widely rumoured to be Wexford's last case. This was incorrect; however, it was the final novel featuring Wexford as an employed policeman: in the novel that followed, \"The Vault\", he had retired. In addition to these police procedurals starring Wexford, Rendell wrote psychological crime novels exploring such themes as romantic obsession, misperceived communication, the impact of chance and coincidence, and the humanity of the criminals involved. Among such books are \"A Judgement in Stone\", \"The Face of Trespass\", \"Live Flesh\", \"Talking to Strange Men\", \"The Killing Doll\", \"Going Wrong\" and \"Adam and Eve and Pinch Me\". For the last novel published in her lifetime, \"The Girl Next Door\", she returned to the Loughton of her childhood, with an implied comparison of the moral climate of wartime England and 2014. Rendell created a third strand of writing with the publication in 1986 of \"A Dark-Adapted Eye\" under her pseudonym Barbara Vine (the name was derived from her own middle name and her great grandmother's maiden name). \"King Solomon's Carpet\", \"A Fatal Inversion\" and \"Asta's Book\" (alternative U.S. title, \"Anna's Book\"), among others, inhabited the same territory as her psychological crime novels while further developing themes of human misunderstandings and the unintended consequences of family secrets and hidden crimes. The author was noted for her elegant prose and sharp insights into the human mind, as well as her cogent plots and characters. Rendell injected the social changes of the last 40 years into her work, bringing awareness to such issues as domestic violence. The Inspector Wexford series was successfully televised, starring George Baker as Inspector Wexford and Christopher Ravenscroft as Detective Mike Burden, under the title \"The Ruth Rendell Mysteries\", with 48 episodes from 1987 to 2000. Rendell praised Baker's performance, stating \"It was a marvellous achievement as an actor to make him more and better than the author intended.\" Many of her other works have been adapted for film and television. She said that Chabrol's 1995 version of \"A Judgement in Stone\", \"La Cérémonie\" with Sandrine Bonnaire, was one of the few film adaptations of her work that she was happy with. The novel was also filmed in 1986 with Rita Tushingham. Chabrol made \"La Demoiselle d'honneur\" in 2004, based on \"The Bridesmaid\". Other adaptations are \"Diary of the Dead\" (1976), from the book \"One Across, Two Down\"; the 1997 Pedro Almodóvar film \"Live Flesh\"; \"The Tree of Hands\", directed by Giles Foster for Granada with Lauren Bacall (U.S. title: \"Innocent Victim\"); and another version of \"The Tree of Hands\", \"Betty Fisher et autres histoires\" (2001, a.k.a. \"Alias Betty\"), with screenplay and direction by Claude Miller. Ruth Rendell Ruth Barbara Rendell, Baroness Rendell of Babergh, (; 17 February 1930 – 2 May 2015), was an English author of thrillers and psychological murder mysteries. Rendell's best-known creation, Chief Inspector Wexford, was the hero of many popular police stories, some of them successfully adapted for TV. But Rendell also generated a separate brand of crime fiction that deeply explored the psychological background of criminals and their victims, many of them mentally afflicted or otherwise socially isolated. This theme was developed further in a third series of novels, written under her pseudonym Barbara Vine. Rendell was born Ruth Barbara"
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"Walter F. Clayton Walter F. Clayton (1865 in Boston, Massachusetts - 9 May 1942 in Greenport, Long Island, New York) was an American architect, builder, and politician from New York. In his youth, Clayton's parents moved him and his family to Brooklyn, New York. Following his father, Ransom F. Clayton, into the building business, Clayton was very active over a period of 35 years designing and building homes in Brooklyn. Elected as a Republican in 1921 to represent the 21st Assembly District of Flatbush in the New York State Assembly, Clayton continued on as a member of that body for an additional four more years, sitting in the 144th, 145th, 146th, 147th, and 148th New York State Legislatures. Clayton was made the chairman of the Cities Committee in his final year of political office, as well as a member of the Rules Committee. Clayton was a conservative politician. As the founder of the New York State Motion Picture Censorship Commission, one of the more controversial pieces of legislation that he passed was a motion picture censorship bill in 1923. Clayton was a respected legislator who, after serving in the Assembly for five years, returned to his building business in 1925. Walter F. Clayton Walter F. Clayton (1865 in Boston, Massachusetts - 9 May 1942 in Greenport, Long Island, New York) was an American architect, builder, and politician from New York. In his youth, Clayton's parents moved him and his family to Brooklyn, New York. Following his father, Ransom F. Clayton, into the building business, Clayton was very active over a period of 35 years designing and building homes in Brooklyn. Elected as a Republican in 1921 to represent the 21st Assembly District of Flatbush in the New York State Assembly, Clayton continued on as a member of that body for"
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"Adolphe Clément-Bayard Gustave Adolphe Clément from 1909 Clément-Bayard (22 September 1855 – 10 March 1928) was a French entrepreneur. An orphan who became a blacksmith and a \"Compagnon du Tour de France\", he went on to race and manufacture bicycles, pneumatic tyres, motorcycles, automobiles, aeroplanes and airships. In 1894 he was a passenger in the winning vehicle in the world's first competitive motor event. Albert Lemaître's Peugeot was judged to be the winner of the Paris–Rouen \"Competition for Horeseless Carriages (Concours des Voitures sans Chevaux)\". As a result of selling the manufacturing rights to his \"Clément\" car he added Bayard to the name of his new business. The company name honoured the Chevalier Pierre Terrail, seigneur de Bayard who saved the company's town of Mézières from an Imperial army during the Siege of Mézières in 1521. In 1909, five years after the successful launch of the \"Clément-Bayard\" automobile brand, he applied for and obtained the consent of the Conseil d'Etat to change his name and those of his descendants to Clément-Bayard. Clément-Bayard was appointed a Commander of the Légion d'honneur in 1912. Most of his manufacturing empire was destroyed by World War 1, by German ransacking, by conversion to war production for France, and by the subsequent weak economic market. In 1922 the Clément-Bayard company was sold to André Citroën and the factory at Levallois-Perret was the centre of 2CV manufacturing for the next 40 years. Adolphe Clément, the son of a grocer, was born at rue du Bourg, Pierrefonds, Oise. He was the second of five children of Leopold Adolphus Clément and Julie Alexandrine Rousselle. His mother died when he was seven years old and although his father remarried he also died 2 years later when Adolphe was nine years old. For the next seven years he was raised by his stepmother who had remarried a school teacher. Adolphe studied at the primary school in Pierrefonds and then at the College of Villers-Cotterêts. He worked in the family business by delivering groceries, and at 13 chose to be apprenticed to a farrier/blacksmith. During the winter of 1871–1872, the 16-year-old Adolphe left Pierrefonds to travel around France as a \"Compagnon du Tour de France\", an organization of craftsmen and artisans dating from the Middle Ages. He had saved 30 francs (circa 100 Euros in 2006) by doing multiple jobs for three years. He subsisted in each city by working in forges owned by the Compagnons du Tour de France, shoeing horses, repairing metal and doing any kind of work. He reached Paris in 1872 followed by Orléans and Tours where he encountered 'Truffault cycles'. This led him to acquire 2 wooden cart wheels and build an iron bicycle frame. Cycle racing had begun in 1869 (Paris–Rouen), so in 1873 Truffaut lent the 18-year-old Clément an iron bicycle with solid rubber tires to race in Angers. He finished 6th and was exhilarated to read his name in the newspapers. Adolphe Clément married Céleste Angèle Roguet and they had four children, Albert, Angèle, Jeanne and Maurice. Albert died while racing at the 1907 French Grand Prix. Angèle (1880–1972) was widowed from Albert Dumont, an engineer and director at the Levallois factory. Angele then remarried Numa Joseph Edouard \"Petit\" Sasias (1882–1927), a 'Fonctionnaire aux Affaires Etrangères, ex-Secrétaire à la Présidence du Conseil, with whom she had one son. Jeanne became divorced from Fernand Charron, racing driver and manager of the plant at Levallois-Perret, subsequently living alone. Maurice married Renée Hammond and had three children Andrée, Jacqueline and Albert (nicknamed \"Billy\" to avoid confusion and memories of his uncle Albert). The \"Domaine Bois D'Aucourt\" in Pierrefonds was originally a 17th-century hunting lodge of the \"Sun King\" Louis XIV which had been upgraded circa 1822. Located west of both the Château de Pierrefonds and his own birthplace on the rue du Bourg, Adolphe Clément bought the property around 1904 and employed architect Edward Redont to renovate and remodel it. Latterly the mansion 'Domaine du Bois d'Aucourt' at Pierrefonds was used by his son Maurice, while Adolphe continued living at 35 Avenue du Bois de Boulogne, Neuilly-sur-Seine. By 1893 Clément owned the \"Vélodrome de la Seine\" near the site of the factory at Levallois-Perret. \"La plus belle et la plus vite piste du monde\"\". It was managed by Tristan Bernard who also managed the Vélodrome Buffalo, and its events were an integral part of Parisian life, being regularly attended by personalities such as Toulouse-Lautrec. Clément reportedly sold or converted this around 1900. On achieving business success he used the Latinate format of his name, \"Gustavus Adolphus\", and later (circa 1909) received permission from the Conseil d'État to change his surname to \"Clément-Bayard\". The death of his son Albert while racing at the 1907 French Grand Prix had a lasting effect on him. In 1913 he was elected as mayor of Pierrefonds and, on taking office he ceded control in 1914 of Clément-Bayard to his son Maurice who was passionate about aviation. In 1928 he died of a heart attack while driving along the rue Laffitte to a meeting of a 'Board of Directors' in Paris. In 1876, after 2 years of cycle racing, working and saving, Adolphe had enough money to start in business, so he opened a bicycle repair works in Bordeaux, aged 21. The next stage of his business plan was to move to Marseille where he learned how to manufacture steel tubes for bicycles. The following year he moved to Lyon and began manufacturing whole bicycles under the name 'Clément SA cycles'. The following year, circa 1878, he moved to Paris and opened a cycle business, \"A. Clément & Cie\", at 20 Rue Brunel near the Place de l'Etoile. Here he also ran a cycling school and was competing in cycle races. In Paris his business backers were monsieur de Graffenried and monsieur de Montgeron. At the end of 1878 Adolphe partnered the cycling champion Charles Terront at the 'Six-Days' cycling event at the Agricultural Hall in London. He also opened a sales showroom at 31 rue 'du 4-September', in Paris and started a poster advertising campaign, a new concept. In September 1879, Clément built an iron smelter in Tulle, in the Limousin where there was a good supply of water power, but he did not have sufficient finance to make it viable and Tulle was too remote from Paris, so he had to sell the plant. By 1880 the \"Clément\" cycle manufacturing business at Rue Brunel, had circa 150 employees building bicycles.(\"Image and description of 1880 Clément cycle\") The machines were regarded as high quality and by 1890 \"Clément\" was the leading cycle brand in France. The Gladiator Cycle Company, a French bicycle manufacturer, was founded by Alexandre Darracq and Paul Aucoq in 1891 at Le Pré-Saint-Gervais in northeast Paris. Adolphe Clément was a major investor in this venture. In 1895 Gladiator introduced its first internal combustion, a naphtha powered tricycle. In 1896 Adolphe Clément who held the extremely profitable manufacturing rights for Dunlop tyres in France joined with a syndicate led by Dunlop's founder Harvey Du Cros to buy out the Gladiator Cycle Company and they merged it into a major bicycle manufacturing conglomerate of Clément, Gladiator & Humber & Co Limited valued at 22 million francs (circa €60–80 million Euro in 2006).. The range of cycles was expanded with tricycles, quadricycles, and in 1902 a motorised bicycle, then cars and motorcycles. Shortly after the purchase of Gladiator cycles in 1896, Adolphe Clément began to build the new factory at Levallois-Perret in northwest Paris, which also produced various cars from 1898 (\"see below\") and went on to build the Citroën 2CV for nearly forty years. From 1895 Clément cycles started to focus on motorized vehicles. In 1895 it introduced its first internal combustion vehicle, a naphtha powered tricycle. In 1902 they offered a motorized bicycle with a 142 cc engine bolted to the frame, using",
"they merged it into a major bicycle manufacturing conglomerate of Clément, Gladiator & Humber & Co Limited valued at 22 million francs (circa €60–80 million Euro in 2006).. The range of cycles was expanded with tricycles, quadricycles, and in 1902 a motorised bicycle, then cars and motorcycles. Shortly after the purchase of Gladiator cycles in 1896, Adolphe Clément began to build the new factory at Levallois-Perret in northwest Paris, which also produced various cars from 1898 (\"see below\") and went on to build the Citroën 2CV for nearly forty years. From 1895 Clément cycles started to focus on motorized vehicles. In 1895 it introduced its first internal combustion vehicle, a naphtha powered tricycle. In 1902 they offered a motorized bicycle with a 142 cc engine bolted to the frame, using overhead valves and a detachable cylinder head; the inlet valve 'automatic' (controlled by engine suction), the exhaust valve mechanically operated. A coil-and-battery ignition was used, and a two-barrel carburetor controlled by small levers attached to the frame top tube. An external flywheel kept the crankcase very small, and a long belt from the engine pulley to a 'dummy' rim on the rear wheel was tensioned by a small 'jockey' pulley on the seat tube. The front brake pressed direct on the front tire, the rear was a 'coaster' brake activated by back-pedaling. This 'motorisation adaptation' was sold on both Clément and Gladiator cycles. In Britain these popular motorised cycles were known as Clément-Garrards. James Lansdowne Norton built Clément bicycle frames under license, and used the Clément clip-on engine for his first Norton motorcycles. In 1889 Clément saw a Dunlop pneumatic tyre in London and acquired the French manufacturing rights for 50,000 francs. This success led to his millionaire status. The company he formed with a capital of 700,000 francs paid 100 per cent dividend in its first year of operation. Dunlop France, and occasionally Clément-Dunlop, was a regular entrant of motor racing and cycle racing teams. Clément is reported to have begun manufacture of Clément Tyres in 1878 to fit to the early cycles, but the French identity was lost with the overwhelming success of his Dunlop pneumatics. After World War I, Clément Pneumatics was established in Italy and was a leading supplier of \"Clément Pneumatici\" bicycle tyres throughout much of the 20th century. A leading international manufacturer during the 1950s,1960s and 1970s, it was associated with racing cyclists such as Eddy Merckx, Jacques Anquetil, Felice Gimondi, and Ole Ritter. It was purchased by Pirelli in the 1980s and manufacturing was moved to Thailand until 1995 when Pirelli vacated the bicycle tyre market. Various licensing arrangements were of little consequence until, in 2010 the name was licensed to Donnelly Sports and the American, Don Kellogg, who recommenced manufacture in Thailand. By 1898 the new Clément-Gladiator company was building cars and marketing them as both Cléments and Gladiators. Gladiators were imported into England by the Motor Power Company, which was co-owned by S. F. Edge and Harvey du Cros founder of Dunlop. Financed by Harvey du Cros Herbert Austin built Clement-Gladiator cars at Longbridge from early 1906, selling them as Austin cars. From 1901 \"Clément-Gladiator\" cars were built at the Levallois-Perret factory and by 1902 production was over 1,000 cars per annum, 800+ of which were sold in England. After 1903 the Clément-Gladiator name continued to be used on the shaft-drive cars made at the Pre-Saint-Gervais factory, whilst chain-driven vehicles were marketed as Gladiators. The Clément name was dropped in 1907 and in 1909 another French manufacturer, Vinot et Deguingand, took over Gladiator and transferred production to Puteaux. At this time the Pre-Saint-Gervais factory reverted to making bicycles. In 1897 Clément invested one million francs (the equivalent of about three 3 million Euros at 2006 valuation) in Panhard & Levassor, part of their five million francs capitalisation. This established the main business and eventually led to the creation of Clément-Panhard marque. Clément-Gladiator was divided in 1903, Charles Chetwynd-Talbot founding the English arm \"Clément-Talbot Ltd\", while Adolphe Clément formed Clément-Bayard on a former military site at Mézières (now Charleville-Mézières). He chose the name Bayard in commemoration of the Chevalier Pierre Terrail, seigneur de Bayard who saved the town of Mézières in 1521. A statue of the Chevalier stood in front of the Mézières factory, and the image was incorporated into the company logo. After the split both marques built very similar cars, but the specifications gradually diverged. In 1922 the Clément-Bayard company was sold to André Citroën, in whom Adolphe also invested financially, and the factory at Levallois-Perret was the centre of 2CV manufacturing for the next 40 years. Clément was a director of Panhard-Levassor, and when the factory could not meet the production requirements for circa 500 units of the 1898 'voiture légère' ('dog cart') model, he undertook manufacture under licence at his factory in Levallois-Perret. It was designed by airship pioneer Commandant Arthur Krebs, of Panhard, and used a tubular chassis, centre-pivot steering, near-horizontal rear-mounted engine with automatic inlet valve and hot-tube ignition, driving through a constant-mesh gear-train, and final drive by side chains; early models had no reverse gear. Around 1902 a series of Clément-Rothschild bodied automobiles, based on the Panhard-Levassor chassis, were produced by Carrosserie Clément-Rothschild at 33 Quai Michelet, Levallois-Perret, either adjacent to or in Adolphe Clement's Levallois-Perret factory. There may have been two Rothschild coach-building enterprises active in Paris at that time, because J. Rothschild & Fils traded from 131 Avenue Malakoff but had been founded by Austrian-born Josef Rothschild in 1838 in Levallois-Perret, and was building automobile coachwork by 1894. By 1896 the business had been purchased by Edmond Rheims and Leon Auscher and pioneered aluminium composite coachwork. Some Clément-Panhards were exported to Great Britain where they were variously sold as Clément-Stirling and Stirling-Panhard, by the Scottish coachbuilder Stirling. Adolphe Clément was a major shareholder in the company, along with Chetwynd-Talbot who was chairman, A. Lucas, and E. Lamberjack both of France. Both marques ( Clément-Bayard and Clément-Talbot) built very similar cars, but by 1907 the specifications diverged. On 11 October 1902 Clément-Talbot was formally incorporated, and subsequently of land was purchased for a new factory in Ladbroke Grove, North Kensington in west London, between the Great Western Railway line and the 'Edinburgh road' before it was renamed 'Barlby road'. The factory was a high status operation whose brick workshops used the latest saw-tooth roof line, glazed to maximise natural light. It was equipped with the most modern machine tools and the reception area was laid out like a miniature palace, marble Ionic columns, gilded frescoes and stained glass windows etched with the Shrewsbury coat of arms. The building is now known as Ladbroke Hall. The company traded as Clément-Talbot and the factory was titled Clément-Talbot, but after the first year of trading the cars were always known as Talbots. In 1905 Adolphe Clément-Bayard created the Diatto-Clément Societa Anonima in partnership with Diatto, who had been coachbuilders in Turin since 1835. The cars, known as \"Torino\"s were built in Turin under licence from Clément. The first cars were the 20-25HP which used 3,770cc four-cylinder engines. These were followed by 10-12HP (1,884cc two-cylinder) and 14-18HP (2,724cc four-cylinder) models. This series was a success and was followed by a six-cylinder model. In 1909 Clément-Bayard left the business and the company was renamed Societa Fonderie Officine Frejus. In 1906 Adolphe Clément-Bayard set up the",
"is now known as Ladbroke Hall. The company traded as Clément-Talbot and the factory was titled Clément-Talbot, but after the first year of trading the cars were always known as Talbots. In 1905 Adolphe Clément-Bayard created the Diatto-Clément Societa Anonima in partnership with Diatto, who had been coachbuilders in Turin since 1835. The cars, known as \"Torino\"s were built in Turin under licence from Clément. The first cars were the 20-25HP which used 3,770cc four-cylinder engines. These were followed by 10-12HP (1,884cc two-cylinder) and 14-18HP (2,724cc four-cylinder) models. This series was a success and was followed by a six-cylinder model. In 1909 Clément-Bayard left the business and the company was renamed Societa Fonderie Officine Frejus. In 1906 Adolphe Clément-Bayard set up the 'Clément Motor Company'in Coventry to build Gladiators under licence. It used the motto \"Simply Clément, nothing else\" to avoid confusion with Clément-Talbots which by then were known only as Talbot. Various sources record that motorcars were manufactured and sold under the \"Clément\" brand between 1907 (1908) and 1914. The company is recorded as Clément Motor company Ltd., Coventry, Warwickshire. Adolphe Clément-Bayard had no direct involvement in the nascent motor industry until around 1897, but he was a passenger in Albert Lemaître's (Peugeot) that was judged to be the official winner of what is considered to be the world's first motor race on 22 July 1894, from Paris to Rouen. The event was a publicity exercise organised by Pierre Giffard of \"Le Petit Journal\" newspaper and consisted of 69 cars starting a selection event before 25 were allowed into the main event, the race from Paris (Porte Maillot) to Rouen. Albert Lemaître completed the course in 9 hours 18 minutes at an average speed of , followed by Auguste Doriot (Peugeot), René Panhard (Panhard) and Émile Levassor (Panhard). Count Jules-Albert de Dion reached Rouen 3’30” ahead of Albert Lemaître but as cars were judged on speed, handling and safety characteristics the official winners were Peugeot and Panhard. De Dion's steam car needed a stoker which was forbidden. Clement was classified 20th in the 1901 Paris–Berlin Trail. Driving Panhard number 18 he completed the event in 21 hours 53 minutes and 38 seconds. Clément-Bayard started building automobiles in 1903 and then started building racing cars in 1904. The racing team included Albert Clément, Jacques Guders, Rene Hanriot, Marc-Philippe Villemain, 'Carlès', \"De la Touloubre\" and A. Villemain, and Pierre Garcets. Albert Clément finished 10th at \"L' Eliminatoires Françaises de la Coupe Internationale\", held at the Forest of Argonne on 20 May 1904. This was an eliminating contest for the French entry into the \"Coupe Internationale\" (\"Gordon Bennett Race\") where only three cars were allowed per country. Clement finished in 7 hours 10 minutes 52.8 seconds. Albert Clément won the \"II Circuit des Ardennes des Voiturettes\" on 24 July 1904 at Bastogne in 4h 26m 52.6seconds at an average speed of 53.91 km/h. Clément drove his Clément-Bayard into third place at the \"III Circuit des Ardennes\" race at Bastogne, on 25 July 1904. Clément finished second at the 1904 \"I.W.K. Vanderbilt Cup Race\" on Long Island on 8 October 1904. Rene Hanriot finished tenth in 8 hours 23 minutes 39.6s at the \"II Eliminatoires Françaises de la Coupe Internationale\" at the Auvergne on 16 June. This was a qualifier for the \"Coupe Internationale\" (\"Gordon Bennett Race\"). At the 1905 Vanderbilt cup on Long Island Clément drove an 80-hp Clément-Bayard (France #12) but suffered reliability problems. Clément retired his Clément-Bayard after the first 166 km lap of the \"II Coppa Florio\" at Brescia Italy on 4 September 1905. His team-mate 'Carlès' retired after 2 laps. Clément-Bayard entered 3 cars for the inaugural 1906 French Grand Prix at Le Mans where Albert Clément finished third in his 100Hp machine. He completed the 1,238 km event in 12 hours 49 minutes 46.2seconds. Clément lead the race at the end of laps 2 and 5 on the second day. Punctures were common and Michelin introduced a detachable rim, saving 11 minutes over manually replacing the tyre. This enabled Felice Nazzaro (FIAT) to take second place from Clément. Albert Clément finished 6th in the \"V Circuit des Ardennes\" on 13 August 1906 at Bastogne. He completed the 7 lap 961 km race in 6 hours 2 minutes 55.2 seconds in a 100Hp Clément-Bayard. His team-mates A. Villemain and Pierre Garcet finished 11th and 12th. At the 1906 Vanderbilt cup Clément finished 4th driving a Clément-Bayard (France #15) and completing the ten laps averaging . Albert Clément died while practising for the 1907 French Grand Prix on 17 May. Of the three other Clément-Bayard entries, Pierre Garcet and Elliott Shepard, finished seventh and eighth respectively. Clément's car was entered by 'Alezy' who retired after four laps. The company entered 3 cars for the 1908 French Grand Prix, using a 12,963 cc six-cylinder overhead camshaft engine. Victor Rigal finished 4th. In 1905 Clément-Bayard won the \"Coupe de Calais\" and 'finished well' at the \"Course de Dourdan\". In both 1907 and 1908 Clément-Bayard won the \"Coupe de l’Automobile-Club de Cannes', and in 1908 it also won the \"Tour de France Automobile\". Clément-Bayard was an early French manufacturer of aircraft engines and lighter-than-air vehicles, with the earliest flights occurring in 1908. Clément-Bayard created the world's first series production aircraft. The company worked with Louis Capazza to produce the 'planeur (glider) Bayard-Clément' that was unveiled in \"L'Aérophile\" on 15 May 1908. The company also started working with Alberto Santos-Dumont in 1908 to build his \"Demoiselle No 19\" monoplane that he had designed to compete for the \"Coupe d'Aviation Ernest Archdeacon\" prize from the Aéro-Club de France. The plane was small and stable, but they planned a production run of 100 units, built 50 and sold only 15 for 7,500 francs for each airframe. It was the world's first series production aircraft. By 1909 it was offered with a choice of 3 engines, Clément-Bayard 20 hp; Wright 4-cyl 30 hp (Clément-Bayard had the license to manufacture Wright engines); and Clément-Bayard 40 hp designed by Pierre Clerget. It achieved 120 km/h. Pierre Clerget designed a range of Clément-Bayard aircraft engines including a 7-cylinder supercharged radial, the 4-cyl 40 hp used on the \"Demoiselle\", a 4-cyl 100 hp used on 'Hanriot Etrich' monoplanes, and a V8 200 hp airship engine. In 1910 the Clément-Bayard Monoplane No. 1 was introduced at the Paris show. By 1912 Clément-Bayard built a biplane plus three different models of horizontally opposed aircraft engines. In November 1912 The Clément-Bayard Monoplane No. 5 was introduced. It was powered by a Gnome rotary engine which had 7 cylinders and produced . The pilot sat in an aluminium and leather tub. In 1913 a three-seater biplane was introduced as part of the military project, the Clément-Bayard No. 6. It was configured for two observers in front of the pilot, and was powered by either a 4-cyl Clément-Bayard or 4-cylinder Gnome engine. In 1914 Clément-Bayard produced a steel scouting monoplane powered by either a motor or a Gnome et Rhône engine. The nickel steel armour was designed for protection against rifle fire. In 1908 'Astra Clément-Bayard' began manufacturing airships at a new factory in La Motte-Breuil in response to a French Army decision to commence airship operations. The Clément-Bayard No.1 airship was offered to the French government but was too expensive so it was bought by Tsar Nicholas II for the Russian army. In 1910 the \"Clément-Bayard No.2\", piloted by Maurice Clément-Bayard, was the first airship to cross the Channel, travelling over 380 km in 6 hours. The army ordered 3 copies. The airship hangar in La Motte-Breuil is still maintained by Clément-Talbot Ltd. Seven Clément-Bayard airships were completed. By 1910 Clément-Bayard vociferously warned of Germany's",
"by either a motor or a Gnome et Rhône engine. The nickel steel armour was designed for protection against rifle fire. In 1908 'Astra Clément-Bayard' began manufacturing airships at a new factory in La Motte-Breuil in response to a French Army decision to commence airship operations. The Clément-Bayard No.1 airship was offered to the French government but was too expensive so it was bought by Tsar Nicholas II for the Russian army. In 1910 the \"Clément-Bayard No.2\", piloted by Maurice Clément-Bayard, was the first airship to cross the Channel, travelling over 380 km in 6 hours. The army ordered 3 copies. The airship hangar in La Motte-Breuil is still maintained by Clément-Talbot Ltd. Seven Clément-Bayard airships were completed. By 1910 Clément-Bayard vociferously warned of Germany's warlike ambitions, and in 1912 he was assaulted by a hostile German mob. Thus,when Germany invaded France he was a marked man. In September 1914 the Germans reached the outskirts of Pierrefonds and shelled the \"Domaine du Bois d'Aucourt\", although by then it was being looked after by Carlo Bugatti, the Art Nouveau furniture and jewellery designer and father of Ettore Bugatti who also lived in the town. Adolphe remained in Paris with his family. Adolphe ceded control of Clément-Bayard to his son Maurice in 1914 before the start of the war, but the consequences for the company were disastrous. The \"La Macérienne\" factory at Mézières was lost to the Germans in the opening weeks, as were his home, mayoral town and factories at Pierrefonds. The industrial machinery was shipped back to Germany, and the forges, foundries and smelter were destroyed. \"La Macérienne\" was gutted and used as an indoor riding school for German officers. Automobile production at Levallois-Perret in Paris was suspended in August 1914 and the factory was turned over to war production, military equipment and military vehicles, aero engines, airships and planes. In 1922, Clément-Bayard was appointed director and vice-president of the new Bank of Ardennes, which was established in Charleville on 12 April 1922. The Dreyfus affair split France at the end of the 19th century over the guilt or innocence of a soldier, Alfred Dreyfus, who had been convicted of selling secrets to the Germans. In 1900 Clément-Bayard was one of the leading \"anti-Dreyfusard\" industrialists, along with comté Jules-Albert de Dion, who cancelled all advertising in the \"Drefusard\" newspaper \"Le Vélo\" and started a rival daily sports paper, \"L'Auto-Velo\". The roots of both the Tour de France cycle race and L'Équipe newspaper, result from Clément's hostile \"anti-Dreyfusard\" stance. The Dreyfus affair was eventually concluded with the official exoneration of Dreyfus (as an innocent person who had been framed). With the end of official inquiries it may be said that Clément-Bayard and de Dion had been wrong for a decade. In 1912 Clément-Bayard was appointed a Commander of the Légion d'honneur. In 1928 he died of a heart attack while driving to a meeting of a 'Board of Directors' in Paris. His tomb is located at the 'Domaine du Bois d'Aucourt d'Adolphe Clément-Bayard' at Pierrefonds which has been a protected Historic Monument since 2004. The rue Clément-Bayard runs through the centre of Pierrefonds, Oise. In 2005 a 50 CHF gold coin was minted to commemorate the centenary of the Geneva Motor Show, with the theme \"Clément 1905\" a. By 1896 the title of Humber cycles had been acquired by entrepreneur and fraudster Harry Lawson. The cycle factory of Thomas Humber at Beeston, Nottinghamshire started adding the soubriquet 'Genuine Humber' to its logo. Adolphe Clément-Bayard Gustave Adolphe Clément from 1909 Clément-Bayard (22 September 1855 – 10 March 1928) was a French entrepreneur. An orphan who became a blacksmith and a \"Compagnon du Tour de France\", he went on to race and manufacture bicycles, pneumatic tyres, motorcycles, automobiles, aeroplanes and airships. In 1894 he was a passenger in the winning vehicle in the world's first competitive motor event. Albert Lemaître's Peugeot was judged to be the winner of the"
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"The Truth about Nanjing The film was backed by nationalistic figures including Tokyo governor Shintaro Ishihara and public donations, and was intended to expose what the filmmakers saw as propaganda aspects of the Nanking Massacre. Less than a month before the 70th anniversary of the Nanjing massacre, the director said in an interview that Japanese war criminals were martyrs who were made into scapegoats for war crimes as Jesus Christ was nailed to the cross in order to bear the sins of the world, and they died bearing all of old Japan's good and bad parts. He also claimed that the Nanjing Massacre was a politically motivated frame-up by China and the numerous Western eyewitnesses, whose accounts form the basis of the historical understanding of the Nanjing Massacre. These accounts were, according to the filmmakers, espionage activities. Mizushima said that the project was meant to counter the film \"Nanking\", a 2007 American documentary, which he believed was \"based on fabrications and gives a false impression\" and which he perceives to be a \"setup by China to control intelligence\". \"The Truth about Nanjing\" is a three-part film. This part shows the last day of the seven people who were condemned to death in 1948 by the International Military Tribunal for the Far East and executed on 23 December 1948 at Sugamo Prison, Tokyo. The film focuses on Iwane Matsui's campaign in Nanking through flashbacks. Focus is put on each of the seven men. A number of serving national-level Japanese politicians came out in support of the film. The Truth about Nanjing The film was backed by nationalistic figures including Tokyo governor Shintaro Ishihara and public donations, and was intended to expose what the filmmakers saw as propaganda aspects of the Nanking Massacre. Less than a month before the 70th anniversary of"
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"Red Button (digital television) The Red Button is a push-button on the remote control for certain digital television set top boxes in the UK, Australia, Belgium, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Thailand and by DirecTV and Comcast in the United States. It is for interactive television services such as BBC Red Button and Astro (Malaysia). When interactive programmes are broadcast a \"Press Red\" icon will appear on the television screen. Accreditation for the protocols behind what was originally known as 'side channels', is commonly given to London-based Entertainments Consultancy company 'Southbank UK' (now disbanded). Sky UK previously used a video of a dog and a duck playing together and saying \"press the red button\" to promote the red button to its viewers. \"Pop Idol\" used the red button as a voting device. The feature also enables several different feeds from an event, thereby enabling viewers to select between events or sporting matches that may be taking place simultaneously. For example, when the 2006 FIFA World Cup was aired, viewers could choose to view matches from multiple camera angles, or hear an alternate commentary. Hong Kong's TVB uses the Red Button to access TVBar, an interactive service on TVB J5 and TVB J2. The United States' DirecTV satellite service utilizes the Red Button in certain interactive capacities, such as for instance, bringing up the \"ScoreGuide\", a list of sports matches and scores being played at that instant, on a sports network like ESPN. However, for older boxes from about 2006-2014, the red button was mainly used for guide functions in conjunction with three other colored buttons, much like Sky Digital; the newest remote that DirecTV has started to offer alongside their new \"Genie\" whole-home DVR only has the red button, while the other buttons' functions were relegated to other keys. DirecTV is the only TV provider in the US to provide red button services; other providers do offer interactive services, but do not use a red button (such as rival Dish Network and IPTV provider Verizon FiOS, and still others do not offer much in the way of interactivity. HbbTV Red Button (digital television) The Red Button is a push-button on the remote control for certain digital television set top boxes in the UK, Australia, Belgium, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Thailand and by DirecTV and Comcast in the United States. It is for interactive television services such as BBC Red Button and Astro (Malaysia)."
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"Thai Oil Thai Oil Public Company Limited or Thaioil is Thailand’s largest refinery and supplier of petroleum products. Founded in 1961, we operate one of the most efficient refineries in Asia Pacific with the current capacity of 275,000 barrels per day. Thaioil operates under the Operational Excellence principle, operating as an integrated group of businesses in oil refinery, petrochemicals and lube base oil with supporting businesses, e.g. power generation, solvents, logistics and renewable energy generation, LAB : an intermediate in the production of surfactants, marine and pipeline transportation and storage services of crude, petroleum and petrochemical products, as well as recruitment services for Thaioil and Subsidiries. Thaioil leads the Thai refinery industry through a well-planned and integrated production process, yielding optimum efficiency. Our products are of high quality, rated in the top quartile of refineries in Asia Pacific, at lower production costs – giving Thaioil a recognized competitive advantage. Thai Paraxylene Company Limited (TPX) Thai Lube Base Public Company Limited (TLB) Thaioil Marine Company Limited (TM) Thai Petroleum Pipeline Company Limited (THAPPLINE) Thaioil Ethanol Company Limited (TET) Human Resources Management (TES) Thaioil Energy Services Company Limited (TES) LABIX Company Limited Thai Oil Thai Oil Public Company Limited or Thaioil is"
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"Ramsej Ramsej or Ramshej Fort() is a small fort located north-west of Nashik, in the Indian state of Maharashtra.There is a story that Rord Rama stayed for a while on this fort while going to Sri Lanka. This fort can be visited in a day from Nashik. This fort is located on the busy Nashik-Vapi Route. Ramsej fort saw the war against Mughal Empire for six and a half years. The first killedar (leader) was Suryaji Jadhav, but after five and a half years he was transferred and a new killedar was appointed. In 1682 Aurangzeb sent Sahabuddin Khan to conquer the fort. He raised a wooden platform to storm the fort. but the retaliation from the Marathas was so strong that he left the responsibility to Bahadurkhan and went to Junnar. Bahadurkhan was also unable to siege the fort, finally, he burnt the wooden platform and left the battle. Aurangzeb sent Kasim Khan Kirmani to lead the battle and it is said that the Mughals conquered Ramshej Fort by paying bribe to the new killedar. Ramsej was one of the forts which surrendered to British Army in 1818 after the fall of Trymbakgad fort. Captain Briggs describes that there were eight guns, 9 small cannons called \"jamburas\"and 21 \"jingals\" on the fort. The fort is located on a high tableland with escarpments on all the sides. There are good steps on the eastern side of the fort which lead to the entrance gate. There is a temple of Lord Ram at the entrance of the fort. There is a water cistern near the temple holding potable water. On the eastern side of the fort is the main gate of the fort which is chiseled from the parent rock. There are many rock-cut water cisterns on the fort. The hidden entrance gate on the eastern side of the fort leads the path to Bhorgad fort. Ramsej Ramsej or Ramshej Fort() is a small fort located north-west of Nashik, in the Indian state of Maharashtra.There is a story that Rord Rama stayed for a while on this fort while going to Sri Lanka. This fort can be visited in a day from Nashik. This fort is located on the busy Nashik-Vapi Route. Ramsej fort saw the war against Mughal Empire for six and a half years. The first killedar (leader) was Suryaji Jadhav, but after five and a half years he"
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"Export–Import Bank Reauthorization Act of 2012 The Export–Import Bank Reauthorization Act of 2012 amended the Export–Import Bank Act of 1945 to extend the termination of functions of the Export–Import Bank of the United States, which helps financing and insuring foreign purchases of United States goods for customers unable or unwilling to accept credit risk and to aid in creating and sustaining jobs in the United States by financing sales of U.S. produced exports to international buyers. The bill was signed into law on May 20, 2012 and moved the termination of the bank's functions date to September 30, 2014. In addition to placing additional reporting requirements on the bank, it also prohibits the bank from approving any guarantee, insurance, or extension of credit in connection with a borrower or controlling sponsor, or a person that is owned or controlled by such borrower or sponsor, that is subject to petroleum-related sanctions under the Iran Sanctions Act of 1996. The bank's functions were extended through June 30, 2015 as part of a continuing resolution Congress passed which provided FY2015 appropriations to federal agencies until December 11, 2014. Section one is not shown, being only the titles and table of contents of the Act. \"[Extends] the termination of functions date for the Export-Import Bank... to September 30, 2014\". Increases limit for loans, guarantees, and insurance for the 2012 Fiscal Year to $120 biilion. Requires that the Export-Import Bank submits a business plan to Congress and the Comptroller General. This business plan must include \"estimates of anticipated growth for 2012-2014\", risk potential analysis, and an analysis of Bank resources to moderate authorizations. Requires that the Comptroller General must submit an evaluation of the Bank's growth rate over time, \"the effectiveness of the Bank's risk management,\" calculations of future program costs, Bank fees, and an analysis of the Bank's policy on loan loss reserves. The Bank must report a plan of implementing those recommendations to Congress. The Bank must also monitor interest rates of short-, medium-, and long-term financing, and report to Congress on a monthly basis if that rate is more than 2%. The report must include actions taken to reduce that rate. The Bank must set standards for its partners and participants, seek a higher credit status than all other creditors, and give due notice for transactions exceeding $100 million. The Bank must, annually, categorize each loan and guarantee for the following purposes: \"(1) to assume commercial or political risk that exporter or private financial institutions are unwilling or unable to undertake; (2) to overcome maturity or other limitations in private sector export financing; (3) to meet foreign, officially sponsored, export credit competition; or (4) not identified and the reason why the purpose is not identified\". The Secretary of the Treasury must \"pursue negotiations with\" major exporters to reduce and eliminate export subsidies and financing, and all countries that finance aircraft with state funds, to reduce and eliminate export financing for aircraft. The Secretary must report progress of these negotiations to Congress annually. The Bank must release guidelines for \"conducting certain economic impact analyses or similar studies under the Export-Import Bank Act of 1945\" to the public. The Bank must report to Congress its verdict on the recommendations in the September 2007 GAO report and its efforts to support small businesses in the United States. The Bank must review its efforts to create and maintain American jobs and contribute to the national economy through exportation of goods and services. The Comptroller General must submit to Congress a report of the efforts defined in Section 15 and make any recommendations that he/she deems appropriate. The Comptroller General must audit quarterly the loans and guarantees of the Bank, so that the compliance of the Bank in its guidelines and policies can be determined. Also, the Comptroller General must review the effectiveness of the Bank's protection against fraudulent loans and guarantees. The Bank is not allowed to approve any guarantee, insurance, or extension of credit to anyone related to peoples under sanction as defined in the Iran Sanctions Act, Section 5(a). The Bank may use some of its surplus from each Fiscal Year to upgrade its technology. This spending is limited to $20 million. The textile industry now has representation in the Export-Import Bank Advisory Committee. The Committee should consider how it can promote the textile industry and support US exports of textiles, and promote jobs in the textile industry. The Bank must \"report to Congress regarding the extent to which its products are available and used by U.S. manufacturers that export U.S.-manufactured goods used as components in global textile and apparel supply chains\". The Sub-Saharan Africa Advisory Committee's termination date is extended to September 30, 2014. \"Bank authority to provide financing for the export of nonlethal articles or services meant primarily for civilian purposes\" is extended through the 2014 Fiscal Year. The Act will take effect either on June 1, 2012 or the date the Act is enacted, whichever comes first. The Act went into effect on May 30, 2012. Export–Import Bank Reauthorization Act of 2012 The Export–Import Bank Reauthorization Act of 2012 amended the Export–Import Bank Act of 1945 to extend the termination of functions of the Export–Import Bank of the United States, which helps financing and insuring foreign purchases of United States goods for customers unable or unwilling to accept credit risk and to aid in creating and sustaining jobs in the United"
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"United States grain embargo against the Soviet Union The United States grain embargo against the Soviet Union was enacted by Jimmy Carter in January 1980 in response to the Soviet Union’s invasion of Afghanistan in 1979. It remained in effect until Ronald Reagan ended it in 1981 upon taking the office of president. American farmers felt the brunt of the sanctions, while its effects upon the Soviet Union were inconclusive. During the presidential election campaign of 1980, Republican nominee Ronald Reagan promised to end the embargo while incumbent Democratic nominee Jimmy Carter was not willing to do so. The Soviet Union's 1979 invasion of Afghanistan was met by the United States with numerous economic sanctions including the grain embargo. In addition, the United States led a boycott of the 1980 Olympics which were hosted in Moscow. The effect of the embargo on the Soviet Union was minimal as they were able to receive grain from other sources. These sources included most of South America such as Venezuela and Brazil. These crops were cheaper than the American grain as the labor cost was much cheaper. The Soviet Union still received grain from the United States with regard to the grain agreement in 1975 between the two countries. The agreement said that the United States was required to send 8 million tons of grain to the Soviets. The embargo was a blessing in disguise for the Soviets as they were able to see that they didn’t need the United States’ grain. Instead, they could cultivate their own in Ukraine and import the grain from South America. Even after the embargo was lifted the Soviets still relied on the grain from Ukraine and South America and reduced their interaction with the U.S. The effects of the embargo on the United States were numerous. The embargo had no effect on price https://www.macrotrends.net/2534/wheat-prices-historical-chart-data . According this wheat price chart the price was $4.39 in Jan 1980 and $5 in Jan 1981 with highs of $5.38 in Nov 1980. ($) per bushel in 1981. The embargo had a direct effect on the 1980 presidential election. In several states farmers who were part of the farm strike movement circled their tractors around local state United States Department of Agriculture offices to protest the USDA enforcement of the embargo. With the Soviets receiving more grain from their second highest import partner, Argentina. The main figure of the 1980 grain embargo was Jimmy Carter. The grain embargo was his way of using food as a weapon. Carter believed that if he could cut out the Soviets grain imports, then they wouldn’t be able to feed their livestock or people, hoping that the people in the country would lead to unrest against the war in Afghanistan. Another key figure in the grain embargo was the Farm Bureau. At first, they supported the embargo as they saw it as a way for farmers to sell more of their grain to Americans. As a result, grain prices dropped and farmers became angered with the legislation and decided to protest against the embargo. When Jimmy Carter lost their support it was the end for the embargo. A year later, Ronald Reagan took power with the support of the Farm Bureau and ended the embargo. Another key figure of the 1980 Grain Embargo was the farm strike movement. The farm strike movement was a group of farmers who protested the embargo through peaceful means such as the incidents with encircling the USDA headquarters in few states with their tractors. Their actions brought attention to the demands of the farmers for the embargo to be lifted. United States grain embargo against the Soviet Union The United States grain embargo against the Soviet Union was enacted by Jimmy Carter in January 1980 in response to the Soviet Union’s invasion of Afghanistan in 1979. It remained in effect until Ronald Reagan ended it in 1981 upon taking the office of president. American farmers felt the brunt of the sanctions, while its effects upon the Soviet Union were inconclusive. During the presidential election campaign of 1980, Republican nominee Ronald Reagan promised to end the embargo while incumbent Democratic nominee Jimmy Carter was not willing to do so. The"
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"John Fairbairn (naval officer) Commodore John Fairbairn (12 March 1912 – March 1984) was a South African Naval officer. Fairbairn was born in Plumstead, Cape Town. After being educated at Diocesan College in Rondebosch he started working at the Standard Bank in 1930. He joined the Royal Navy Volunteer Reserve (RNVR) on 1 July 1929 on a part-time basis while still working at the bank until the start of World War II when he signed up to the South African Navy full time on 4 September 1939 and was promoted to Lieutenant on 12 November the same year. On the 1 May 1946, he joined the SA Navy Permanent Force and was given the rank of Lieutenant-Commander. On 4 January 1948 while in command of the Loch-class frigate HMSAS Transvaal, the Marion and Prince Edward islands were annexed from Great Britain. He commanded the Rothesay-class frigate SAS President Steyn before being appointed Naval Officer in Charge (NoiC) of the Simon's Town Naval Base. Fairbairn retired in 1972 and died in Cape Town in March 1984. John Fairbairn (naval officer) Commodore John Fairbairn (12 March 1912 – March 1984) was a South African Naval officer. Fairbairn was born in Plumstead, Cape"
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"Ratko Dostanić Ratko Dostanić (, ; born 25 October 1959) is a Serbian football coach and former player. Dostanić started his youth career as a member of Partizan. During his career as a footballer he used to play as a defender, playing for Yugoslavian Timok and Rad, and French clubs – FC Bourges, SM Caen, Le Mans FC, Rodez AF, Red Star 93, SO Châtellerault and EDS Montluçon. Dostanić started his coaching career in season 1995–96 as a player-manager of the lower-division French club EDS Montluçon. Until 2003 he is an assistant of the Serbian coach Slavoljub Muslin at PFC Levski Sofia and Red Star Belgrade. For a short period of time he was the head coach of FK Obilić. (second part of the season 2000–01). During the period 2003–2009 Dostanić managed a total of nine clubs from five different countries – the Serbian FK Smederevo, Red Star Belgrade, OFK Beograd, FK Bežanija and FK Srem, the Bulgarian PFC Slavia Sofia (twice – January–September 2004 and July–December 2006), the Greek Veria FC, the Chinese Dalian Shide and the Macedonian FK Vardar. On 23 July 2009 Dostanić was appointed head coach of PFC Levski Sofia replacing Emil Velev who had been fired the previous day, signing for 2+1 years with the club until 2012. On 18 October, about 3 months after becoming head coach of Levski, Dostanić resigned following a 0:1 home loss to Beroe. Under Dostanić, Levski Sofia \"achieved\" its worst record, with 8 consecutive losses both in the Bulgarian A PFG and in the European club competitions. On 21 March 2010 the ex-manager of Bulgarian club PFC Levski Sofia signed for Red Star Belgrade. On 6 August Dostanić resigned from Red Star's post as manager following team's defeat in their first UEFA Europa League game against ŠK Slovan Bratislava. On November 16, 2013 the Greek side club Veria F.C. announced the re-appointment of Ratko as the team manager. On June 13, 2014 the Tunisian team CA Bizerta announced the nomination of Ratko as manager. On 13 February 2017, Dostanić returned to Veria for the remaining of the season having as goal to avoid relegation one more time with the club. Veria is in the last position of the table with 13 points. He was fired on 25 April 2017 after only 9 games. Ratko Dostanić does not have any honours as a player. In the 2000–01 First League of FR Yugoslavia season Dostanić managed Obilić to finish third in the league, also reaching the semi-finals of the FR Yugoslavia Cup during the same season. On 1 August 2009, 10 days after his appointment as a head coach of Levski Sofia, Dostanić won the first trophy in his career after beating PFC Litex Lovech 1–0 to win the Bulgarian Supercup. With Red Star Belgrade he won Serbian cup (2010). Ratko Dostanić Ratko Dostanić (, ; born 25 October 1959) is a Serbian football coach and former player. Dostanić started his youth career as a member of Partizan. During his career"
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"String sextet In classical music, a string sextet is a composition written for six string instruments, or a group of six musicians who perform such a composition. Most string sextets have been written for an ensemble consisting of two violins, two violas, and two cellos. Among the earliest works in this form are the six string sextets Op. 23 of Luigi Boccherini, written in 1776. Other notable string sextets include the Opp. 18 and 36 of Johannes Brahms, the Op. 48 of Antonín Dvořák, the \"Souvenir de Florence\" (Op. 70) of Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, \"Verklärte Nacht\" (Op. 4) by Arnold Schoenberg, the op. 10 of Erich Wolfgang Korngold, Erwin Schulhoff's String Sextet (1924) and the String Sextet (1989) of Charles Wuorinen. More unusual combinations for a string sextet: String sextet In classical music, a string sextet is a composition written for six string instruments, or a group of six musicians who perform such a composition. Most string sextets have been written for an ensemble consisting of two violins, two violas, and two cellos. Among the earliest works in this form are the six string sextets Op. 23 of Luigi Boccherini, written in 1776. Other notable string sextets include the Opp."
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"55th Air Refueling Squadron The 55th Air Refueling Squadron was a part of the 97th Air Mobility Wing at Altus Air Force Base, Oklahoma. It formerly operated both the Combat Crew Training School and Central Flight Instructor Course for Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker aircrew qualification training. The squadron's mission is training of active duty, guard, reserve, and international KC-135 crew members. The first predecessor of the unit, the 755th Bombardment Squadron was activated on 1 July 1943, at Wendover Field, Utah. Beginning in 1944, the 755th was stationed at RAF Horsham St Faith, Norfolk, England. During 1944 and 1945, the 755th flew Consolidated B-24 Liberator combat missions in the European Theater of Operations earning seven campaign streamers and the distinction of being the test squadron for the Army Air Forces' first guided bomb project. The squadron's second predecessor, the 55th Air Refuyeling Squadron was activated on 1 November 1950. It was originally equipped with Boeing KB-29 tankers and was assigned to the 55th Strategic Reconnaissance Group at Ramey Air Force Base, Puerto Rico. On 10 October 1952, the squadron moved to Forbes Air Force Base, Kansas, as part of the 55th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing. Two years later, on 16 February 1954, the squadron moved to Lincoln Air Force Base, Nebraska, where it was inactivated two days later. The 55th Air Refueling Squadron was again reactivated on 1 October 1955, and assigned to the 55th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing at Forbes Air Force Base, Kansas, and was equipped with Boeing KC-97 Stratotanker aircraft. First introduced into the Air Force inventory in 1951, the tanker could fly fast enough to refuel the Boeing B-47 Stratojet bomber, thus providing the Air Force with an intercontinental strike capability. The squadron deployed to Ernest Harmon Air Force Base, Newfoundland, from 31 October through 27 December 1956 in response to the Suez Crisis. During this period, the squadron participated in giant simulated combat missions involving 1,000 B-47s and KC-97s, demonstrating the United States' resolve and intercontinental war fighting capability. The deployment was instrumental in the squadron winning an Air Force Outstanding Unit Award for the period July 1956 to November 1957. During the 1959 Strategic Air Command bombing competition, the largest held to date, the 55th again demonstrated its combat readiness by winning the Saunders Trophy as the best air refueling unit in Strategic Air Command. The squadron was inactivated again in 1963. On 28 October 1994, the 55th Air Refueling Squadron was activated as part of the 97th Air Mobility Wing at Altus Air Force Base, Oklahoma. The 55th Air Refueling Squadron, along with the 54th Air Refueling Squadron, were once the only two Air Education and Training Command Boeing KC-135R Stratotanker flying training squadrons. Both squadrons provided KC-135R initial and advanced flight qualification. On 31 March 2009, the 55th Air Refueling Squadron was inactivated, leaving the 54 ARS as the lone remaining AETC KC-135 unit. 55th Air Refueling Squadron The 55th Air Refueling Squadron was a part of the 97th Air Mobility Wing at Altus Air"
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"Jean Joseph Victor Génissieu Jean Joseph Victor Génissieu (29 October 1749 – 27 October 1804) was a French lawyer and politician who was in turn president of the National Convention, Minister of Justice and president of the Council of Five Hundred during the French Revolution. Jean Joseph Victor Génissieu was born in Chabeuil, Drôme, in October 1749. His family originally came from Parnans, near to Romans-sur-Isère. His grandfather Clément Génissieu left that village towards the end of the 17th century and established himself as a merchant in Chabeuil. His parents were Joseph Génissieux, notary and prosecutor, and Dominique Faure. Jean Joseph Victor Génissieu became an advocate with the Grenoble parliament before the Revolution. When the revolution broke out in 1789, he assisted in the assembly of Vizille and organized the \"People's Society of Grenoble.\" In 1790 he was named administrator of the Grenoble district and judge of the Grenoble court. In September 1792 Génissieu was elected to the National Convention for the department of Isère, and became one of the most important members. He was an ardent revolutionary. He did not sit with the Mountain, but was associated with almost all the violent measures of the Convention. On 16 December 1792 he demanded that all members of the royal family be banished, including the Duke of Orleans. On 20 January 1793 he voted for the death of King Louis XVI of France without appeal or reprieve. On 26 March he demanded that all the former nobles be disarmed. On 31 March 1793 Génissieu spoke in the Convention in favor of banning performances of Voltaire's play \"Mérope\". The allusions in the play to a queen in mourning were awkward since Louis XVI had just been executed. On 22 July he voted that a forced loan, voted the month before, be levied only on the capitalists. On 5 July he declared that the priests and nobles who took part in the Vendée uprising should be treated as chiefs of brigands. He constantly pressed for the most severe measures against the émigrés. After the Thermidorian Reaction of 9 Thermidor II (27 July 1794) Génissieu was charged with examining the conduct of the revolutionary tribunal of Brest. He submitted a cold and impartial report on 16 Prairial III (4 June 1795) describing actions that had often been appalling. His reports on the conduct of the deputies Dupin and Chaudron-Rousseau, justly accused of great misdeeds, were equally dispassionate. In a speech on 11 Floréal III (30 April 1795) Génissieu discussed the dilemma that to make the Committee of Public Safety more efficient by giving it more power would risk a dangerous transfer of authority from the elected convention to the anonymous bureaucracy. Génissieu was the author of the law of 28 Thermidor III (15 August 1795) that declared void all revolutionary judgments since 10 March 1793. While maintaining his position on the émigrés, on 18 Fructidor III (4 September 1795) he asked that Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord be removed from the list. Four days later he voted for a law restoring their property to deported priests, but he was the author of a law the next day banning all intransigent priests and the parents of émigrés from public office. He always took the position of someone whose political views did not blind him to the need for justice. However, after having voted for a law that allowed the accused to challenge their judges in some circumstances, he declared that the parents of émigrés could not sit on juries. Génissieu was made president of the Convention on 16 Vendemiaire IV (8 October 1795). On 4 Brumaire IV (26 October 1795) he declared that the Convention had completed its mission. Génissieu was elected to the Council of Five Hundred for Isère. On 17 Nivôse IV (6 January 1796) he accepted the post of Minister of Justice. He held office until 3 April 1796, when he was replaced by Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai. He had resigned since he could not achieve his goals. He was appointed French consul in Barcelona. He refused this position and was named deputy commissioner of the Court of Cassation on 14 Germinal IV (23 April 1796). Two years later, the Council of Five Hundred nominated Génissieu to the Council of Ancients as a Director, but Jean Baptiste Treilhard was accepted instead. Génissieu was reelected to the Council of Five Hundred for the Seine, and was elected president of the Council on 30 Prairial VII (18 June 1799). Génissieu was opposed to the coup of 18 Brumaire VIII (9 November 1799) in which Napoleon came to power. He was arrested on 20 Brumaire for having declared Napoleon should be outlawed. He was released after six hours. A few days later he abandoned his principles and accepted the position of a judge in the court of the Seine. He died in Paris on 27 October 1804. A street in Grenoble carries his name. Génissieu's publications included: Notes Citations Sources Further reading Jean Joseph Victor Génissieu Jean Joseph Victor Génissieu (29 October 1749 – 27 October 1804) was a French lawyer and politician who was in turn president of the National Convention, Minister of Justice and president of the Council of Five Hundred during the French Revolution. Jean Joseph Victor Génissieu was born in Chabeuil, Drôme, in October 1749. His family originally came from Parnans, near to Romans-sur-Isère. His grandfather Clément Génissieu left that village towards"
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"2018 Southern Utah Thunderbirds football team The 2018 Southern Utah Thunderbirds football team represented Southern Utah University in the 2018 NCAA Division I FCS football season. They were led by third-year head coach Demario Warren and played their home games at Eccles Coliseum in Cedar City, Utah as seventh-year as members of the Big Sky Conference. They finished the season 1–10, 1–7 in Big Sky play to finish in 12th place. The Thunderbirds finished the 2016 season 9–3, 7–1 in Big Sky play to earn a share of the conference championship with Weber State. They received the conference's automatic bid to the FCS Playoffs where they lost to Weber State in the second round. On July 16, 2018 during the Big Sky Kickoff in Spokane, Washington, the Thunderbirds were predicted to finish in sixth place in both the coaches and media poll. The Thunderbirds had five players selected to the Preseason All-Conference Team. Marquez Tucker – Sr. OT PJ Nu’usa – Jr. OG Zach Larsen – Jr. C Chinedu Ahanonu – Sr. LB Jalen Russell – So. CB 2018 Southern Utah Thunderbirds football team The 2018 Southern Utah Thunderbirds football team represented Southern Utah University in the 2018 NCAA Division"
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"Keiō-hachiōji Station It is a five-minute walk from JR East's Hachiōji Station. Keiō Hachiōji Station is a terminus of the Keio Line, and is located 37.9 kilometers from the opposing terminus of the line at Shinjuku Station. This station consists of one underground dead-headed island platforms serving two tracks, with the station building located above. The station opened on 24 March 1925, originally named . The station was renamed on 11 December 1963 and moved 190 m closer to Tokyo. The station was rebuilt as an underground station on 2 April 1989. From 22 February 2013, station numbering was introduced on Keio lines, with Keiō Hachiōji Station becoming \"KO34\". Keiō-hachiōji Station It is a five-minute walk from JR East's Hachiōji Station. Keiō Hachiōji Station is a terminus of the Keio Line, and is located 37.9 kilometers from the opposing terminus of the line at Shinjuku Station. This station consists of one underground dead-headed island platforms serving two tracks, with the station building located above. The station opened on 24 March 1925, originally named . The station was renamed on 11 December 1963 and moved 190 m closer to Tokyo. The station was rebuilt as an underground station on 2 April"
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"Eurovision Song Contest's Greatest Hits Eurovision Song Contest's Greatest Hits (also known as Eurovision's Greatest Hits) was a live television concert programme organised by the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) and produced by the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) to commemorate the Eurovision Song Contest's 60th anniversary. The concert took place on 31 March 2015 at the Eventim Apollo, in Hammersmith, London. Guy Freeman was the executive producer and Geoff Posner the director, both of whom held the same positions as the last time the BBC hosted the Eurovision Song Contest in 1998. Simon Proctor was the senior producer and David Arch was the musical director for the concert. Tickets for the event went on sale at 10am on 6 February 2015. Graham Norton and Petra Mede hosted the event, which saw fifteen acts from thirteen countries performing their Eurovision entries from yesteryear. During the televised show, video montages for some of the Eurovision Song Contest archives were shown in-between each live performance. The United Kingdom entry for the Eurovision Song Contest 2015 was performed at the concert, but never broadcast on the televised show. Riverdance performed a reprise of their 1994 Eurovision Song Contest interval act as part of the anniversary celebrations. Several countries confirmed that they would air the delayed broadcast of the concert on various dates that suited the broadcasters scheduling, including , who first competed in the Eurovision Song Contest 2015 as a wildcard entry. The host broadcaster, BBC, and Raidió Teilifís Éireann (RTÉ), simulcast the show on Good Friday, 3 April 2015 across BBC One and RTÉ 2. The Dutch broadcaster, AVROTROS, were the first to announce their decision to not broadcast the event. Other countries also announced their decision to decline broadcasting the event, including , who had an act taking part in the event. Confirmation was revealed on 3 February 2015 that the concert event was to take place in the Eventim Apollo, in Hammersmith, London. The last time the United Kingdom capital held any Eurovision events was the Eurovision Dance Contest 2007. It was announced on 22 October 2014, that the EBU had appointed the United Kingdom's broadcaster, BBC, to co-produce a special anniversary show to celebrate sixty-years of the Eurovision Song Contest, similar to the show \"\" which took place in 2005. The details regarding the title of the show were unknown at the time the announcement was made. The EBU later issued the following statement regarding the 60th anniversary: \"There are various exciting proposals from member broadcasters on the table to celebrate the 60th anniversary beyond the contest in May, which are currently in the final stages of being evaluated. A decision is expected shortly, so stay tuned!\". Edgar Böhm, executive producer of the 2015 Eurovision Song Contest said in an interview that the BBC had been chosen to host a special anniversary show. Guy Freeman was appointed as executive producer for the event, assisted by Senior Producer Simon Proctor, the script was co-written by Edward af Sillén, Daniel Réhn and Christine Rose whilst the director was Geoff Posner. Tickets for the anniversary concert went on sale from 10:15am (GMT) on Friday 6 February 2015 via the BBC's Eurovision website and the official Eurovision Song Contest's website. On 3 February 2015 it was announced that Graham Norton and Petra Mede would co-host the concert show. Norton, who co-hosted the Eurovision Dance Contest with Claudia Winkleman in and , is also the current Eurovision TV commentator for the United Kingdom. Mede was the host for Melodifestivalen 2009 (Swedish national selection show), host for the Eurovision Song Contest 2013 and co-host of the 2016 Eurovision Song Contest held in Stockholm. The concert was recorded live on 31 March 2015 at the Eventim Apollo, London; allowing participating broadcasters the freedom to air the programme on a date and channel that was convenient for their broadcasting schedules. Fifteen artists, representing thirteen countries, consisting of some of Eurovision's Greatest Hits, took part in the sixtieth anniversary gala event. The first-ever winner of the contest (in 1956), Lys Assia, appeared in the audience as a guest of honour. During the broadcast, video montages were shown prior to each entry, showing footage for that particular year's contest, ending with Eurovision Song Contest footage for the entry that was about to perform on stage. Recap montages of Eurovision entries over the last sixty years, were also broadcast in-between performances. These were as follows: Electro Velvet performed their United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest 2015 entry, \"Still in Love with You\". This performance did not appear on the televised show, but was exclusively done for the audience members of the concert hall itself. It was confirmed on 22 March 2015 that the interval act for Eurovision Song Contest's Greatest Hits would be Riverdance. The theatrical show consisting mainly of traditional Irish music and dance, and featured Irish dancing champions Jean Butler and Michael Flatley, with a score composed by Limerick native Bill Whelan, originated as an interval performance during the Eurovision Song Contest 1994. Fifteen Eurovision acts from thirteen countries participated in the anniversary concert. Although there were originally fourteen acts confirmed by the BBC, it was later announced on 5 March 2015 that 's Bobbysocks would join the line-up increasing the total to fifteen. Video montages were shown prior to each entry, showing footage for that particular year's contest, ending with Eurovision Song Contest footage for the entry that was about to perform on stage. A medley of some of the Eurovision Song Contest's greatest hits were performed in English by all of the participating artists, as a reprise act at the close of the show, including: Anne-Marie David singing 's winning entry of the Eurovision Song Contest 1979, \"Hallelujah\". Swedish trio, Herreys, sang \"Nel blu dipinto di blu\", which finished in third place at the for 's Domenico Modugno. Bucks Fizz's \"Making Your Mind Up\", the winning entry for in , was performed by Bobbysocks. The reprise concluded with Concita Wurst and Dana International leading all of the remaining performers (except Loreen) back on stage to sing ABBA's Eurovision Song Contest 1974 winning entry, \"Waterloo\". As the anniversary concert show was not broadcast live, the participating national broadcasters were able to broadcast the show on a date and channel that was convenient for their broadcasting schedules. Some broadcasters – such as Austria and Sweden – recorded additional links and interviews in London for their viewers and these were used as previews for the main show. The following countries, listed in order of broadcasting dates, had confirmed that they would broadcast the anniversary show. The following list of countries, who are members of the EBU had not announced their plans on whether to broadcast the show. Eurovision Song Contest's Greatest Hits Eurovision Song Contest's Greatest Hits (also known as Eurovision's Greatest Hits) was a live television concert programme organised by the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) and produced by the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) to commemorate the Eurovision Song Contest's 60th anniversary. The concert took place on 31 March 2015 at the Eventim Apollo, in Hammersmith, London. Guy Freeman was the executive producer and Geoff Posner the director, both of whom held the same positions as the last time the"
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"Howard Hobson Howard Andrew \"Hobby\" Hobson (July 4, 1903 – June 9, 1991) was an American basketball player and coach of football, basketball, and baseball. He served as the head basketball coach at Southern Oregon Normal School—now Southern Oregon University—from 1932 to 1935, at the University of Oregon from 1935 to 1944 and again from 1945 to 1947, and at Yale University from 1947 to 1956, compiling a career college basketball record of 401–257. Hobson's 1938–39 Oregon basketball team won the inaugural NCAA Basketball Tournament. Hobson authored numerous books on the subject of basketball. He was also the head football coach at Southern Oregon for 1932 to 1934, tallying a mark of 12–7–1, and the head baseball coach at Oregon from 1936 to 1947, amassing a record of 167–75–1. Hobson was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame as a coach in 1965. Hobson played basketball for four years at Franklin High School in Portland, Oregon, from which he graduated in 1922. During his time there, he was team captain for two years, and led the state championship-winning team in 1921. He was captain of the University of Oregon's basketball team from 1924 to 1926, and in 1925, his team tied Oregon State for the Pacific Coast Conference title. However, they lost in the playoffs. A year later, the team won the conference title, but lost to the California in the playoffs. This 1926 team was nevertheless undefeated in the conference, with a win record of 10–0. In the same year, he graduated from the University with a bachelor's degree. He went on to obtain a master's degree in 1929 and a doctorate in 1945, both from Columbia University. Hobson began his coaching career at Kelso High School in Kelso, Washington in 1928, where his team won the league championship. In 1929, he was the head football coach at the Cortland Normal School, now known as State University of New York College at Cortland. From 1930 to 1932, he coached Benson High School in Portland. They won the championship in his final year there. Hobson subsequently led Southern Oregon Normal School to three consecutive league championship victories from 1933 to 1935. In 1936, Hobson took over as head basketball coach of the University of Oregon Ducks, leading them to three consecutive Pacific Coast Conference titles from 1937 to 1939, culminating in the first-ever NCAA basketball championship in 1939. His 1939 team was known as the \"Tall Firs\" because of their size: the players averaged about six feet in height, which was considered very tall for a basketball player at the time. Hobson coached Oregon's basketball and baseball teams from 1936 to 1947, when he left to coach basketball at Yale University. He coached at Yale until 1956, during which time his teams won or shared five Big Three crowns (in 1948, 1949, 1951, 1953, and 1956). The 1949 team was the first NCAA Tournament entry in the school's history and won the Eastern Intercollegiate Basketball League title for the first time in 16 years. Hobson was the first coach to win championships at a major college level on both coasts. He also pioneered intersectional play at Oregon, making the Ducks the first Western team to travel East for games. He repeated this type of intersectional play at Yale, and the 1948–49 team was the first Yale team to appear on the Pacific Coast. His overall record for 27 years as a coach was 495-291. In 1947, Hobson was named President of the National Association of Basketball Coaches (NABC). For 12 years, he was also a member of the U.S. Olympic Basketball Committee. He served four years as a member and treasurer of the National Basketball Rules Committee and conducted basketball clinics in the U.S. and in 15 foreign countries. On October 13, 1965, Howard Hobson was enshrined as a coach in the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame, having also been inducted into the Portland High School, Helms Foundation, Oregon Sports Hall of Fame, and Portland Metro Hall of Fame. In 1988, he attended the 50th anniversary celebration of the founding of the NCAA Tournament. Hobson died on June 9, 1991. Howard Hobson Howard Andrew \"Hobby\" Hobson (July"
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"2016 International Women's Football Tournament of Manaus The 2016 Torneio Internacional de Manaus de Futebol Feminino (also known as the 2016 International Tournament of Manaus) is the eighth edition of the Torneio Internacional de Futebol Feminino, an invitational women's football tournament held every December in Brazil. Previously held in the cities of Brasília, São Paulo and Natal, 2016 is the first year the tournament will be held in Manaus. The tournament will run from December 7–18, 2016. In the first phase, the four teams play each other within the group in a single round. The two teams with the most points earned in the respective group, qualify for the next phase. In the final stage, the first and second teams placed in the Group contest the final. If the match ends in a tie, the team with the best record in the first phase is declared the winner. The third and fourth teams placed in the group contest the third place play-off. If the match ends in a tie, the team with the best record in the first phase is declared the winner. All matches will take place at Arena da Amazônia in Manaus. \"All times are local ()\" 2016"
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"Avian immune system The avian immune system refers to the system of biological structures and cellular processes that protects birds from disease. The avian immune system resembles that of mammals since both evolved from a common reptilian ancestor and have inherited many commonalities. They have also developed a number of different strategies that are unique to birds. Most avian immunology research has been carried out on the domestic chicken, \"Gallus gallus domesticus\". Birds have lymphoid tissues, B cells, T cells, cytokines and chemokines like many other animals. In addition, they can also have tumours, immune deficiency and autoimmune diseases. The physiology and immune system of birds resembles that of other animals. The lymphomyeloid tissues develop from epithelial or mesenchymal anlages that are full of haematopoetic cells. The bursa fabricus, thymus, spleen and lymph nodes all develop when haematopoetic stem cells enter the bursal or thymic anlages and become competent B and T cells. The avian immune system is divided into two types of immunity, the innate and adaptive ones. The innate immune system includes physical and chemical barriers, blood proteins and phagocytic cells. In addition, complement serum proteins, which are a part of the innate immune system, work with antibodies to lyse target cell. Adaptive immunity, on the other hand, kicks in when the innate system fails to stop invading pathogens. The adaptive response includes targeted recognition of specific molecular features on the surface of the pathogen. Birds, like other animals, have B cells, T cells and humoral immunity as part of their adaptive response. Various bird organs function to differentiate avian immune cells: the thymus, Bursa of Fabricius and bone marrow are primary avian lymphoid organs whereas the spleen, mucosal associated lymphoid tissues (MALT), germinal centers, and diffuse lymphoid tissues are secondary lymphoid organs. Birds do not have lymph nodes. The thymus, where T cells develop, is located in the neck of birds. The Bursa of Fabricius is an organ that is unique to birds and is the only site for B cell differentiation and maturation. Located in the rump of birds, this organ is full of stem cells and very active in young birds but atrophies after six months. Bronchial associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) and gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) are found along the bronchus and intestines, respectively. In the avian respiratory system, there are heterophils, which are an important part of bird immunity. Within the head, there is head associated lymphoid tissues (HALT) that contain the Harderian gland, lacrimal gland and other structures in the larynx or nasopharynx. The Harderian gland is located behind the eyeballs and is the major component of HALT. It contains a large number of plasma cells and is the main secretory body of antibodies. Alongside these primary and secondary lymphoid organs, there is also the lymphatic circulatory system of vessels and capillaries that communicate with the blood supply and transport the lymph fluid throughout the bird’s body. The antigen recognition by T cells is a remarkable process dependent on the T cell receptor (TCR). The TCR is randomly generated and thus has extensive diversity in the peptides-MHC complexes it can recognize. Using monoclonal antibodies that are specific for chicken T cell surface antigens, the development of T cells in birds is studied. The differentiation pathways, functional processes and molecules of T cells are highly conserved in birds. However, there are some novel features of T cells that are unique to birds. These include a new lineage of cytoplasmic CD3+ lymphoid cells (TCR0 cells) and a T cell sublineage that expresses a different receptor isotypes (TCR3) generated exclusively in the thymus. Homologues of the mammalian gamma, delta and alpha beta TCR (TCR1 and TCR2) are found in birds. However, a third TCR, called TCR3, has been found in avian T cell populations that lack both TCR1 and TCR2. These were found on all CD3+ T cells and were either CD4+ or CD8+. This subset of T cells, as others, develops in the thymus and gets seeded throughout the body with the exception of the intestines. The pattern of accessory molecules expressed by avian T cells resembles mammalian α/β T cells. High CD8 expression precedes the dual expression of CD4 and CD8 but following clonal selection and expansion, avian T cells cease to express either CD4 or CD8. The central organ for B cell development in birds is the Bursa of Fabricius. The function of the bursa was discovered when it was surgically removed from neonatal chicks and this led to an impaired antibody response to \"Salmonella typhimurium\". It is now clear that the bursa is the primary site of B cell lymphopoeisis and that avian B cell development has some unique properties compared to human or mouse models. Almost all the B cell progenitors in the bursa of 4-day-old chickens express IgM on their cell surface. Studies have shown that B cells of 4 – 8 week old birds are derived from 2 – 4 allotypically committed precursor cells in each follicle. Bursal follicles are colonized by 2-5 pre-bursal stem cells and these undergo extensive proliferation after they are committed to an allotype. Expression of IgM is controlled by a biological clock as opposed to the bursal microenvironment. Moreover, the source of all B cells in adult birds was determined to be a population of self-renewing sIg+ B cells. In studying the development of the avian immune system, the embryo offers several advantages such as the availability of many embryos at precise stages of development and distinct B and T cell systems. Each population differentiates from a primary lymphoid organ: T cells in the thymus and B cells in the Bursa of Fabricius. Research has found that early feeding of hydrated nutritional supplements in chickens heavily affects the immune system development. This is often measured by weight of the Bursa of Fabricius, improved resistance to disease and earlier appearance of IgA. Unlike other animals, newly hatched chicks are born with an incomplete immune system. Here, the amniotic fluid and yolk of the egg contain the maternal immunity to be passed on to the hatchling. Swallowing of the amniotic fluid during hatching confers immunity to these chicks until their immune system develops fully. In the first six weeks of the bird’s life, continuous gene conversion in the bursa completes the immune system. Upon hatch, birds do not have a library of genetic information for B cells to use for antibody production. Instead, B cells mature in the bursa during the first six weeks and then go on to seed other organs of the immune system. As a result, birds are highly susceptible to pathogens in the first few weeks after hatching. Research found that T cells from mature chickens proliferated extensively and produced high levels of IL-2 and other cytokines. On the other hand, T cells from 24 hour-old chickens failed to proliferate and could not secrete cytokines. Gene conversion within the bursa leads to the development of antibodies that are diverse in their recognition ability. Mammalian V, D and J gene segments allow for many combinations and therefore, yield a vast repertoire of antibodies. However, birds have only a single functional copy of the V and J genes for the Ig light chain and a single functional copy of the V and J heavy chain genes. This results in a low diversity from gene rearrangements of Ig heavy and light chains. However, clusters of pseudogenes upstream of the heavy and light gene Ig loci take part in somatic gene conversion – a process where pseudogenes replace the V and V genes. This diversifies the repertoire of bird antibodies. Little is known about the innate immune system of birds. Most research has been focused on chickens due to the increased threat of viral diseases within the poultry population. The innate immune response is known to be essential for",
"J gene segments allow for many combinations and therefore, yield a vast repertoire of antibodies. However, birds have only a single functional copy of the V and J genes for the Ig light chain and a single functional copy of the V and J heavy chain genes. This results in a low diversity from gene rearrangements of Ig heavy and light chains. However, clusters of pseudogenes upstream of the heavy and light gene Ig loci take part in somatic gene conversion – a process where pseudogenes replace the V and V genes. This diversifies the repertoire of bird antibodies. Little is known about the innate immune system of birds. Most research has been focused on chickens due to the increased threat of viral diseases within the poultry population. The innate immune response is known to be essential for viral infection and as a result, the publication of the full chicken genome sequence is a source for identifying possible adjuvants and immunity genes. Avian immunity begins to develop at the end of embryonic life but the majority of early immunity is obtained via passive acquisition of maternal antibodies. Such antibodies are found within the egg when it is laid and originated from the yolk of the egg. Kramer and Cho have shown immunoglobulins in both the egg white and in the embryo. Maternal IgA and IgM get transferred to the egg as it passes down the oviduct. An important element of immune systems in various animals is the protein tristetraprolin (TTP). This plays a key anti-inflammatory role by regulating TNFα. Mouse models with TTP knockouts result in chronic and often deadly inflammation when exposed to small amounts of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). However, TTP and its homologs is altogether absent from birds. Avian genomes have been searched for similar sequences to TTP and bird cell lines have been exposed to foreign proteins and bacteria molecules known to stimulate TTP production but no evidence of TTP has been found. The missing protein poses a very different immune response regulation in birds as opposed to mammals, reptiles and amphibians. The avian T cell population, like that of mammals develops in the thymus. However, the thymus in birds is a paired organ composed of many separated lobes of ovoid tissue in the neck. These are close to the vagus nerve and the jugular vein and are most active in young hatchlings. It is postulated that this organ is linked to erythropoeitic function and closely associated with the avian breeding cycle. The removal of the thymic lobes has been correlated to birds rejecting allogeneic skingrafts and delayed skin reactions. The bursa of Fabricus is a globular or spherical lymphoepithelial organ. The inner surface is littered with folds, which resemble Peyer's patches in mammals and obscure the lumen. Its growth is correlated with the rapid body growth. It regresses and disappears about the time of sexual maturity. The bursa, as studied through bursectomy at different developmental stages, indicates sequential development of IgG, IgM and IgA. The secondary (peripheral) lymphoid tissue also includes unique lymphoid nodules in the digestive tract and solitary nodules scattered throughout the body, a characteristic of avian species. Meanwhile, lymph nodes only occur in some water, marsh and shore species. Control of infectious disease is essential for the production of healthy poultry flocks. Vaccination programs have been used extensively in North American factory farming methods to induce avian immune responses against bird pathogens. These include Marek’s Disease, Duck Hepatitis Virus, Chicken Anemia Virus, Turkeypox, Fowlpox and others. Bird immunity is reliant on a complex network of cell types and soluble factors that must properly function in order for large commercial poultry flocks to survive. Infectious bursal disease virus and chicken anemia are ubiquitous and have increased interest in combatting avian pathogens. Parasites of birds are another emerging concern since the crowded nature of poultry farms facilitates easy spreading. Several immunosuppressive agents are encountered by birds including viruses, bacteria, parasites, toxins, mycotoxins, chemicals and drugs. The most common immunosuppressive viruses are Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (IBDV), Avian Leukosis, Marek’s Disease (MD) and Hemorrhagic Enteritis Virus (HEV). Concurrent immunosuppressive infections are an emerging concern in the poultry industry whereby early infection with IBDV causes the MD virus to come out of dormancy and contribute to active disease. New studies show that stress is the number one cause of immunosuppression in birds. Stressors leave birds more susceptible to infectious agents and therefore, new poultry management guidelines need to be endorsed. The migratory nature of birds poses a distinct danger for the spreading of diseases. Without being affected by the infectious agent, birds can act as vectors in spreading psittacosis, salmonellosis, campylobacteriosis, mycobacteriosis, avian influenza, giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis. These zoonotic diseases can be transmitted to humans. In the case of avian influenza (H5N1 strain), water birds can be infected with the low pathogenic form or the high pathogenic form. The former induces mild symptoms such as a drop in egg production, ruffled feathers and mild effects on the avian respiratory tract. The highly pathogenic form spreads much more rapidly and can infect multiple tissues and organs. Massive internal bleeding and hemorrhaging follow and this has earned the H5N1 virus the moniker “chicken ebola.” Much like other animals, birds are prone to cancers and tumours. This refers to the abnormal growth of cells in a tissue or organ that can be either malignant or benign. Internal cancers can occur in the kidneys, liver, stomach, ovary, muscles or bone. Squamous cell carcinoma is a form of skin cancer that birds obtain, manifesting on the wing tips, toes, and around the beak and eyes. The cause is believed to be high exposure to UV rays. Additionally, a cancer of the connective tissue, known as fibrosarcoma, is often seen in the leg or wing. This occurs in many parrot species, cockatiels, macaws and budgerigars. Treatment options include amputation and surgery. Avian immune system The avian immune system refers to the system of biological structures and cellular processes that protects birds from disease. The avian immune system resembles that of mammals since both evolved from a common reptilian ancestor and have inherited many commonalities. They have also developed a number of different strategies that are unique"
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"JBK (music) JBK or Jansen Barbieri Karn, is the name by which former Japan and Rain Tree Crow band members Steve Jansen, Richard Barbieri and Mick Karn have recorded several albums of music, all released by their own Medium Productions label, between 1993 and 2001. After the band project Rain Tree Crow was disbanded in 1991, the remaining three members decided to create a recording label so they could continue to creatively collaborate together as well with other artists, without any pressure from record companies. Also without a principal songwriter, like David Sylvian, they had the freedom to express their ideas and experiment. The band's music style was an experimental, ambient, progressive art rock with influence of electronic music. In their studio and live recordings the JBK also collaborated with Porcupine Tree frontman Steven Wilson, guitarists Rob Dean, Aziz Ibrahim, David Torn, Sugizo, Masami Tsuchiya, saxophonist Theo Travis, and vocalists Zoe Niblett, Robby Aceto among others. JBK (music) JBK or Jansen Barbieri Karn, is the name by which former Japan and Rain Tree Crow band members Steve Jansen, Richard Barbieri and Mick Karn have recorded several albums of music, all released by their own Medium Productions label, between 1993 and"
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"Operation Gatekeeper Operation Gatekeeper was a measure implemented during the Presidency of Bill Clinton by the United States Border Patrol (then a part of the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS)), aimed at halting illegal immigration to the United States at the United States–Mexico border near San Diego, California. According to the INS, the goal of Gatekeeper was \"to restore integrity and safety to the nation's busiest border.\" Operation Gatekeeper was announced in Los Angeles on September 17, 1994, by U.S. Attorney General Janet Reno, and was launched two weeks later on October 1. The United States Congress allocated additional funds to the Border Patrol and other agencies. By 1997, the budget of the Immigration and Naturalization Service had doubled to 800 million dollars, the number of Border Patrol agents had nearly doubled, the amount of fencing or other barriers more than doubled, and the number of underground sensors nearly tripled. The merits of Operation Gatekeeper were debated extensively, including during Congressional hearings. The Department of Justice, the INS, and the Border Patrol maintained that Operation Gatekeeper was a success. Some Congressmen and others sharply criticized the program and declared it a failure. The first phase of Gatekeeper focused on the 5 5/8 westernmost miles of the border, extending from the Pacific Ocean to the San Ysidro Port of Entry near San Diego. U.S. migration routes immediately shifted eastward, and the use of professional human smugglers known as \"coyotes\" or \"polleros\" increased. In May 1995, the Border Patrol initiated Operation Disruption to target human smugglers, and also established new checkpoints on interior highways. Phase two, although not formally part of Gatekeeper, was launched in October 1995. It consisted of the appointment of Alan Bersin as the Attorney General's Special Representative on Southwest Border Issues and the establishment of the first Immigration Court at the actual boundary, inside the San Ysidro Port of Entry. The court expedited hearings and subsequent deportations of undocumented immigrants apprehended attempting to enter the U.S. with false documents or through false representation. Phase two also introduced IDENT, an automated biometric identification system, to facilitate identification of repeat offenders and \"criminal aliens\", i.e., illegal immigrants with criminal records or active warrants for their arrest. The Border Patrol also intensified relations with local law enforcement agencies to counter the flow of migrants through the Otay Mountains. Academic Noam Chomsky has said that Operation Gatekeeper was a \"militarization of the U.S.-Mexican border\" and alleges it was because North American Free Trade Agreement would have increased illegal immigration into the United States; therefore, Gatekeeper was a precaution to stop future illegal immigration. Operation Gatekeeper Operation Gatekeeper was a measure implemented during the Presidency of Bill Clinton by the United States Border Patrol (then a part of the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS)), aimed at halting illegal immigration to the United States at the United States–Mexico border near San Diego, California. According to the INS, the goal of Gatekeeper was \"to restore integrity and safety to the nation's busiest border.\" Operation Gatekeeper"
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"Aurora Radial Railway Bridge Abutment The Aurora Radial Railway Bridge Abutment is all that remains of a bridge that was built across the Grand Trunk Railway line in 1899 as part of the Metropolitan Street Railway Company which built its radial line from Toronto along Yonge Street through Aurora, ending at Lake Simcoe. The bridge was removed in 1922 when radial tracks were relocated to share the Yonge Street underpass under the Grand Trunk Railway line. The radial line eventually closed in 1930 with the tracks removed the following year. The abutment is the last large remaining artefact of the radial railway in Aurora. The abutment is described as a \"sturdy, tapered, limestone pillar\" with the \"stone of the pillar is expertly laid and is typical of the construction methods of the era\". The abutment is a protected historical structure located in Aurora, Ontario. It is designated under Part IV of the \"Ontario Heritage Act\". The structure was designated by the Town of Aurora in late 2006. Aurora Radial Railway Bridge Abutment The Aurora Radial Railway Bridge Abutment is all that remains of a bridge that was built across the Grand Trunk Railway line in 1899 as part of the"
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"2016–17 Butler Bulldogs women's basketball team The 2016–17 Butler Bulldogs women's basketball team represented Butler University in the 2016–17 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Bulldogs, led by third year head coach Kurt Godlevske, played their home games at Hinkle Fieldhouse and were members of the Big East Conference. They finished the season 6–25, 2–16 in Big East play to finish in last place. They advance to the quarterfinals of the Big East Women's Tournament where they lost to Creighton. !colspan=9 style=\"| Exhibition !colspan=9 style=\"| Non-conference regular season !colspan=9 style=\"| Big East Conference Play !colspan=9 style=\"|Big East Women's Tournament 2016–17 Butler Bulldogs men's basketball team 2016–17 Butler Bulldogs women's basketball team The 2016–17 Butler Bulldogs women's basketball team represented Butler University in the 2016–17 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Bulldogs, led by third year head coach Kurt Godlevske, played their home games at Hinkle Fieldhouse and were members of the Big East Conference. They finished the season 6–25, 2–16 in Big East play to finish in last place. They advance to the quarterfinals of the Big East Women's Tournament where they lost to Creighton. !colspan=9 style=\"| Exhibition !colspan=9 style=\"| Non-conference regular season !colspan=9 style=\"| Big East Conference"
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"Confederate Monument in Augusta The Confederate Monument in Bracken County, Kentucky, in Augusta, Kentucky, honors eight unknown Confederate soldiers who were killed attacking Augusta in September 1862. Confederate Colonel Basil W. Duke led a force of Confederate soldiers to raid the town, on September 27, 1862, only to be driven back by a home guard force numbering 100 and backed up by gunboats. Eight Confederate soldiers of the 21 who died were buried in Payne Cemetery. In 1903 the present monument was placed at their burial spot. The monument is a granite tombstone four feet high with a base three feet wide. At the top of the tombstone is the Confederate battle flag. The stone was placed where the unknown soldiers were buried, forty-one years after the skirmish in which they were killed. The John B. Hood Camp of the United Confederate Veterans was responsible for the funding for the monument, which totaled $550. On July 17, 1997, the Confederate Monument in Augusta was one of sixty-one different monuments related to the Civil War in Kentucky placed on the National Register of Historic Places, as part of the Civil War Monuments of Kentucky Multiple Property Submission. It is the most northerly of the monuments on the list that honor only Confederates; the Veteran's Monument in Covington to the north honors both sides. The monument is best reached from the parking area by the flagpole on the river side of Kentucky State Road 8 west of town by descending the nearby stairs. The only other route involves walking across private yards and then up a steep 100 foot hill through Payne Cemetery. Confederate Monument in Augusta The Confederate Monument in Bracken County, Kentucky, in Augusta, Kentucky, honors eight unknown Confederate soldiers who were killed attacking Augusta in September 1862. Confederate Colonel"
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