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{ "retrieved": [ "James McNab James McNab was the first settler in Norval, Ontario. McNab was a Lieutenant at the Battle of Queenston Heights during the War of 1812. McNab was not a United Empire Loyalist, since they were veterans of the American Revolution, but as a veteran of the War of 1812, he was similarly entitled to a grant of land. He was born in Barnet, Caledonia, Vermont on 9 July 1787. He arrived from Vermont about 1805 and after the war lived in Toronto where he later married his wife, Sarah Marsh. When the area around Esquesing (later Norval) was opened for settlement in 1819, he obtained a land grant and moved his family there. He set up a grist mill and saw mill on the Credit River. He later sold the mills and moved to Owen Sound with his wife and family. He is referred to as \"Colonel James McNab\" in later years due to his raising a troop of men during the 1837 Rebellion. It is said that he was unable to claim his expenses from the government and had to sell his mills to pay for the cost. He died in Owen Sound on 24 Sept. 1866 and is buried in the Greenwood cemetery there. In 1991, a historic plaque was unveiled in McNab Park in Norval, Ontario in his honour. James McNab James McNab was the first settler in Norval, Ontario. McNab was a Lieutenant at the Battle of Queenston Heights during the War of 1812. McNab was not a United Empire Loyalist, since they were veterans of the American Revolution, but as a veteran of the War of 1812, he was similarly entitled to a grant of land. He was born in Barnet, Caledonia, Vermont on 9 July 1787. He arrived from Vermont about 1805 and" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "National Heroes Acre (Zimbabwe) National Heroes Acre or simply Heroes Acre is a burial ground and national monument in Harare, Zimbabwe. The site is situated on a ridge seven kilometres from Harare, towards Norton. Its stated purpose is to commemorate Patriotic Front guerrillas killed during the Rhodesian Bush War, and contemporary Zimbabweans whose dedication or commitment to their country justify their interment at the shrine. Persons buried here are considered heroes by the incumbent Zimbabwe African National Union - Patriotic Front regime, which has administered the country since independence at 1980. Indeed, most of the recipients of the 'hero status' were known to be Zanu-PF sympathisers. The actual monument itself is modeled after two AK-47s lying back-to-back; the graves are meant to resemble their magazines. The monument is an early example of work of the North Korean firm Mansudae Overseas Projects. It closely mirrors the design of the Revolutionary Martyrs' Cemetery in Taesong-guyŏk, just outside Pyongyang, North Korea. Work was initiated on the National Heroes' Acre in September 1981, a year after Zimbabwean independence. Ten Zimbabwean and seven North Korean architects and artists were recruited to map the site's layout. 250 local workers were involved in the project at the height of its construction. Black granite used for the main structures was quarried from Mutoko, about 140 kilometres northeast of the capital, then known as Salisbury. National Hero Status is the highest honour that can be conferred to an individual by Zimbabwe and the recipient is entitled to be buried at the National Heroes' Acre. As of 7 August 2001, 47 persons had been interred on site. The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier recognises unidentified insurgents who lost their lives during the liberation war. Included is a bronze statue of three guerrillas – one female, two male – a flagpole, and an ornate artifice. The Eternal Flame rests atop a tower measuring some fourty metres. It was lit at independence celebrations in 1982 and embodies the spirit of Zimbabwean independence. The tower is the highest point at Heroes' Acre; it can readily be viewed from Harare. Two walls on either side of the monument carry murals depicting the history of Zimbabwe, from pre-colonial times through the Chimurenga, the Rhodesian Bush War, and independence under national hero Robert Mugabe. Near the entrance of Heroes' Acre is a museum dedicated to the rise of African nationalism in Zimbabwe and the anti-colonial struggle, showcasing artifacts, photographs, documents and other paraphernalia from the war and the period shortly after independence Zimbabwe National heroes buried at the shrine. National Heroes Acre (Zimbabwe) National Heroes Acre or simply Heroes Acre is a burial ground and national monument in Harare, Zimbabwe. The site is situated on a ridge seven kilometres from Harare, towards Norton. Its stated purpose is to commemorate Patriotic Front guerrillas killed during the Rhodesian Bush War, and contemporary Zimbabweans whose dedication or commitment to their country justify their interment at the shrine. Persons buried here are considered heroes by the incumbent Zimbabwe African National" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Maria Anderton Maria Anderton (born 14 January 1969) is a former association football player who represented New Zealand at international level. Anderton scored on her Football Ferns début after coming on as a substitute in a 7-0 win over Trinidad & Tobago on 8 August 1993, and finished her international career with four caps and one goal to her credit. Her other international appearances were against Brazil, the USSR and Ghana. She began playing football as a 10-year-old primary school student in Gordonton, Waikato District,and then at Fairfield College, Hamilton, New Zealand. She represented Waikato at U13, U14, U17 and U19 level and played club football for Hamilton AFC, Waikato Unicol, Western City and Te Awamutu FC before joining Cambridge FC in 2002. She captained Cambridge's women's first team for 12 years before retiring from competitive football in 2014, having helped her team win the Waikato Cup in her final match. Cambridge FC honoured her long service and achievements by presenting Anderton with a Special Achievement Award in October 2014, noting that in more than 800 competitive games over 35 consecutive seasons she had never received a yellow card or red card. She was awarded the club's Women's Player of the Year Award for her final season. Anderton was awarded a Services to Sport Medal at the Waipa Networks District Sports Awards in November 2014 in recognition of her 35 consecutive seasons of competitive football. Maria Anderton Maria Anderton (born 14 January 1969) is a former association football player who represented New Zealand at international level. Anderton scored on her Football Ferns début after coming on as a substitute in a 7-0 win over Trinidad & Tobago on 8 August 1993, and finished her international career with four caps and one goal to her credit. Her other international appearances were" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Star Gate (novel) Star Gate is a science fantasy novel by American writer Andre Norton, published by Harcourt, Brace & Company in 1958. The story is a blend of science fiction with sword and sorcery, continuing the premise that Norton introduced in \"The Crossroads of Time\", mingling technologically advanced aliens (from Earth) with the natives of the far-off world Gorth and a native culture that has achieved the development level of Medieval Europe. In her prologue, Norton mentions the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics that Hugh Everett III had presented the year before \"Star Gate\" was published. On the assumption that every quantum interaction splits the universe into two copies that evolve along separate historical tracks, Norton postulated a mechanism that enables people to travel between alternate versions of the same world and even meet alternate versions of themselves. Long ago people came from beyond the sky and landed on Gorth. There they raised the humanoid natives out of the wild state and led them to develop a civilization analogous to that of Medieval Europe. Then they went away, leaving behind a few of their number, memories, and a small population of cross-breeds. Kincar s’Rud is one of those cross-breeds. Part native and part Star Lord, he has assumed that he will inherit the throne of a small fief when his grandfather dies. Instead, his grandfather bestows upon him the livery of a Star Lord and warns him to leave Styr Holding immediately, because his uncle intends to kill him in order to take the throne for himself. Riding his larng Cim, the four-eyed analogue of a horse, and accompanied by his pterodactyl-like hunting mord, Vorken, he leaves the only world he has known, following a map that his grandfather gave him. Falling in with a party of cross-breeds and a Star Lord, he helps them fight off outlaws and follows them through a pair of luminous webs to another Gorth. As they pass through the Star Gate Kincar is burned by an amulet, a Tie, that he wears. Joined by others, the group takes refuge in an abandoned keep that they find on their new world. Kincar meets a healer, Lady Asgar, who treats his burn while Lord Dillan tells him about many worlds and of travel between them. They have come to a Gorth that they had not intended to occupy, so they will have to build another Star Gate. While out hunting, Kincar captures a small man who was trying to steal his kill. Back at the keep the man reacts to the Star Lords’ presence with fear, telling the refugees that the Star Lords he knows, the Dark Ones, are cruel people who have enslaved the native Gorthians. One of the Dark Ones is Rud, a doppelgänger of Kincar’s father. Kincar volunteers to reconnoiter the lands occupied by the Dark Ones and their slaves. Before he can even reach the city where he would spy out what the refugees need to know, he is captured and taken to an open field to be eaten alive by mords. The Tie burns the thug who tries to take it and the mords finish him off while Vorken, who has become leader of the flock, protects Kincar. Astounded by Kincar’s survival, the evil Lords Rud and Dillan take him and Vorken to the place where their starships stand grounded. Desperate, putting his faith in the Tie, Kincar escapes and goes back to the mountains to meet up again with the refugees and the bastard son of this Gorth’s Rud. In the aircar that Kincar used in his escape, the Star Lords go to the starships on a day when all of the Dark Lords will be in them. They set the automatic controls and send the ships back into space, thereby ending the cruel dictatorship of the Dark Ones. The Star Lords then use materials that they took from the ships to build another Star Gate and they, Kincar and the other refugees pass through it into yet another alternate Gorth. The \"Kirkus Reviews\" issue of 1 August 1958 wrote: Star Gate (novel) Star Gate is a science fantasy novel by American writer Andre Norton, published by Harcourt, Brace" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Sankhar Sankhar is a village development committee in Chapakot Municipality of Syangja District in the Province No. 4 of central Nepal. At the time of the 2011 Nepal census it had a population of 4,630 people residing in 1,055 individual households. Majuwa, Mohami, Bhattarai Danda, Keladighat, Patasar, Panglung, Salghari, Manechaur, Khasa Bankata, Pipalchhap, Khardi, Samakot, Tangle, Gahate, Ajingare, and Hadiban are major villages in Sankhar. Kali Gandaki river flows through some villages of Sankhar such as Bankata, Murchaur, Majuwa, Bhattarai Danda, at the edge of Keladighat. Kali Gandaki itself is known for rafting. Many tourists visit Sankhar each year for rafting. Tourists can go for trekking as Sankhar is surrounded by hills on all sides. The view of mountain Makalu and Annapurna has added more beauty to Sankhar. The tourism industry has not yet been developed because of the lack of resources. For visiting tourists in Sankhar the most known and most famous places which are known as Keladighat and Ramghat. Keladighat is the historical place by the point of view for tourism. In Keladighat, there is a temple and different parks to visit. In temple Radha Krishna is worshiped in 24 hours nonstop. Most of the people go there to worship as they said their wishes are fulfilled. Majuwa is mainly known as the heart of Sankhar as it has plain land with fertile land for agriculture. But, nowadays it is developing to a highly populated area. Mohami, a village in Sankhar, is famous for its historical place because it had a palace for royal family at the period of kingship in Nepal. Sankhar is divided into nine wards. It is surrounded by Kali Gandaki at northern side, Gajarkot VDC from east, Sekham and Chimnebas VDCs from west and Kyakami VDC at south. Patasar is its headquarter. Keladighat Temple (known as the second heaven by the locals) is situated at the northern side of Sankhar which is near from Kali Gandaki river. It lies in ward number 6 of Sankhar. A newly constructed motor-able bridge mainly benefits the people around Syangja, Palpa, Nawalparasi, Tanahun and almost all people of nearby districts. These days, buses, trucks and tractors ply through the bridge in hundreds of numbers on daily basis. And, the bridge has brought new dimensions for the economic development of the nearby VDCs which were lagging behind and unaccessible until few years ago. Sankhar Sankhar is a village development" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Kristian Norheim Kristian Norheim (born 19 April 1976) is a Norwegian politician who has been a member of the Stortinget as an alternate for State Secretary Bård Hoksrud. He is a member of the Progress Party and an expert on international relations. Norheim was born in Porsgrunn. He is the son of Helge Kristian Norheim. He received a Cand. Polit. degree in Political Science from the University of Oslo and an M.A. in Southeast European Studies from the National & Karpostrain University of Athens. He was leader of the Youth of the Progress Party in Telemark from 1993 to 1994, but left the party in 1994 following the 1994 Progress Party national convention and joined the Free Democrats. From 1995 to 1999, he sat in the municipal council in Siljan for the Conservative Party. He was the leader of the Free Democrats from 1999 to 2000. He returned to the Progress Party, where he served as an advisor for its parliamentary group. Before the 2013 election Norheim was responsible for international issues as group secretary, and covered this field as advisor to party leader Siv Jensen. In February 2012 Norheim was unanimously chosen leader of the Progress Party in Telemark. In the 2013 general election he was elected as first deputy to the Parliament of Norway from Telemark. Since regular representative Bård Hoksrud was named to Erna Solberg's cabinet, Norheim took his seat as a regular representative. He is a member of the Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and Defence. He serves as second deputy on that committee, as well as on the Storting's delegation for relations with the European Parliament and on its delegation to the Nordic Council. He is a member of the Nordic Council's Citizens' and Consumer Rights Committee. In addition, he is a member of the European Commission. He took part in the 2010 Balkans seminar in Serbia and Bosnia-Herzegovina, arranged by the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs. In a 2010 article about the Progress Party, Jay Nordlinger of \"National Review\" wrote that Norheim’s office “must be the most politically incorrect room in Scandinavia. There are three posters of Churchill. There’s Reagan, of course: 'Viva the Reagan Revolution!' There’s Barry Goldwater: 'In your heart you know he’s right.' There’s a George Washington doll, and a George W. Bush doll. There’s a picture of the Stealth bomber. There’s a hat from the New York Fire Department. There’s an Israeli flag, a GOP flag (with elephant), a Gadsden flag ('Don’t Tread on Me'). And that’s only a fraction of the inventory.” Before and after the 2013 elections, Norheim has frequently been identified in the media as the Progress Party's foreign-policy spokesman. He has also been described in English-language media as the party's head of international affairs and as its international secretary. Norheim has expressed concern over the Progress Party's image abroad, where it is often described as far-right and compared to the French Popular Front and other more radical parties. In September 2013, when the Progress Party held a major press conference for international journalists to dispel any myths about its political orientation. Norheim told a reporter that the purpose of the event is to explain “who we are, and definitely who we are not,” adding that it “was very important we did this because of the distorted picture many foreign media have painted of Progress.” He described the party as “a pragmatic and classical Liberal Party” that is “generally more akin to those such as Denmark’s Liberal Party, Britain’s Conservative Party, the Czech Republic’s Civic Democratic Party (ODF), Iceland’s Independence Party, and the United States’ Republicans.” Norheim has referred to the Progress Party as Norway's “new Labor Party.” He argues that the Labor Party has become less a party of workers and more a party of public employees. Norheim argues for a liberal alcohol policy and has criticized Norway's highly restrictive alcohol policy, writing that “unfortunately there are many who fail to use alcohol with moderation, but there are many more who do, and the system should not be designed for the exceptions... adults should be treated as adults... Drunkenness is not a result of a liberal alcohol policy, but of an illiberal alcohol policy.” At the 2012 national Progress Party convention, Norheim gave a speech in which he criticized the social-democratic welfare state: “Welfare has become one of the leading businesses in this country.” He also complained about the size of the public sector: “Norway is the country in the world with the most public employees.” Norheim's stance is to move away from the welfare state and instead towards a more classically liberal society. Norheim has defended the Progress Party's criticism of female genital mutilation, forced marriage, and other examples of “ukultur,” or culturally negative practices. Norheim has expressed concern about antisemitism in Norway and, in particular, about antisemitic statements made by leaders of Norway's largest mosque, and about the inability of the Islamic Council of Norway to respond at once when asked if they support the death penalty for gays. Norheim has written that “Norway will and should be a secular state” but added that “this does not mean we are also obliged to clear away everything that reminds us of the more than thousand-year-old Christian heritage.” Norheim has condemned the now-defunct Workers' Communist Party (Marxist- Leninist), of which many leading Norwegians were once members, saying that the world that party fought for “was no more fair than the world Quisling and his foreign beacons fought for.” During the 2013 election campaign, Norheim said that “in [his] heart” he supported Norwegian membership in the European Union, but has describes himself as a “non-practicing EU supporter,” owing to his concern about “the growing bureaucracy in Brussels\". Norheim told Morgenbladet in October 2013 that the Progress Party has a good relationship with the Republican Party in the U.S. and is rhetorically close to its Reaganite wing. He admitted that the then U.S. Ambassador to Norway, Barry White, was correct when he quipped that “all Norwegian parties are Democrats.” In response to the question of whether the Progress Party views the U.S. as a model, Norheim stated that the U.S. is worth examining closely. He expressed admiration for American economist Milton Friedman, for the American free-market ideology, and for the fact that private capital is not viewed negatively in America. After businessman George James Tsunis, U.S. President Barack Obama's nominee for Ambassador to Norway, made international headlines with uninformed and incendiary comments about the Progress Party during a Senate committee hearing in January 2014, Norheim said he has \"been in dialogue\" with the U.S. Embassy about Tsunis's remarks, which he described as problematic. Norheim and Tone Kåsastul Norheim live in Skien and have one son, Henrik Leander, born 24 June 2011. Kristian Norheim Kristian Norheim (born 19 April 1976) is a Norwegian politician who has been a member of the Stortinget as an alternate for State Secretary Bård Hoksrud. He is a member of the Progress Party and an expert on international relations. Norheim was born in Porsgrunn. He is the son of Helge Kristian Norheim. He received a Cand. Polit. degree in Political Science from the University of Oslo and an M.A. in Southeast European Studies from" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "The Devils (play) The Devils is a play, commissioned by Sir Peter Hall for the Royal Shakespeare Company and written by British dramatist John Whiting, based on Aldous Huxley's book, \"The Devils of Loudun\". \"The Devils\" had its first performance at London's Aldwych Theatre in February, 1961, with Dorothy Tutin portraying the deformed and hysterical Sister Jeanne of the Angels, and Richard Johnson as the existential hero, Father Urbain Grandier. Diana Rigg appeared in the supporting role of Philippe and Max Adrian played the zealot exorcist, Father Pierre Barre (Max Adrian himself would go on to appear in the film version of the play, albeit not as Pierre Barre, but as Ibert, the chemist). Whiting revised his text in 1963, shortly before his death from cancer. The play was subsequently produced at the Arena Stage in Washington, D.C. under the direction of Zelda Fichandler, and on Broadway in 1965, with Anne Bancroft and Jason Robards in the leading roles. The Broadway version was produced by Alexander H. Cohen and directed by Michael Cacoyannis, and ran for a total of 31 performances. In 1967, the Mark Taper Forum in Los Angeles presented \"The Devils\" as its inaugural production, directed by Gordon Davidson and starring Frank Langella in the role of Grandier. The play was performed by the Melbourne Theatre Company as part of its repertory season. It starred Fred Parslow and Joanna McCallum. The play's action takes place primarily in Loudun, France in 1634 and revolves around a secular priest Urbain Grandier, whose adamant public opposition to Cardinal Richelieu's ongoing centralization of the French government makes him a hot political target. The hysterical Sister Jeanne, Mother Superior of the Convent of St Ursula, falls in lust with Urbain Grandier, and subsequently accuses him of bewitching her. When these charges of witchcraft are brought against the priest, both church and state move swiftly to destroy him. The investigation, subsequent trial and eventual execution quickly take on a ludicrous carnival-like atmosphere with crazed nuns (including Sister Jeanne herself), dubious medical procedures, ecclesiastical torture and outrageous public exorcisms, all depicted with considerable onstage realism. Readers of both Huxley's book and Whiting's play will note several alterations made for the stage. First, the addition of a Chorus-like character, the \"Sewerman\", who not only provides ironic commentary but assists in the narrative action of the highly episodic play itself. Secondly, the role of \"Philippe\" is a composite character, fashioned from two historical figures in Huxley's text: \"Madeline de Brou\" and \"Philippe Trincant\", the young and vulnerable daughter of Loudun's Magistrate. Whiting's \"The Devils\" also provided ample text, following some adaptation, for Krzysztof Penderecki's opera, \"The Devils of Loudun\" (\"Die Teufel von Loudun\"). It was also heavily used by British film director Ken Russell in the preparation for the screenplay of his highly controversial film version, \"The Devils\" (1971). Russell's film has been banned in several countries and was originally issued an \"X\" rating in the United States, despite numerous edits. The Devils (play) The Devils is" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Alicetown Alicetown is a central suburb of Lower Hutt located at the bottom of the North Island of New Zealand. The suburb is situated north of the major suburb of Petone and west of the Lower Hutt CBD. Its boundaries are the Ewen Bridge that crosses the Hutt River, New Zealand to the east, the Western Hutt Rd/Melling Railway track to the west, Wakefield St/Hutt Railway track to the south and Railway Ave to the north. Aglionby, on what is now Tama Street, became the first European settlement in the Hutt Valley in 1840. The Aglionby Arms, the valley's first hotel, was built in Alicetown in 1840 and relocated in 1847. Alicetown began as a farming settlement and was settled from the early 1900s by Petone factory workers. Te Tatau o Te Pō Marae was established in Alicetown in 1933. It is a \"marae\" (tribal meeting ground) of Taranaki Whānui ki te Upoko o te Ika and Te Āti Awa and includes Te Tatau o Te Pō \"wharenui\" (meeting house). Alicetown was named for Alice Maud Fitzherbert, the daughter of mayor William Fitzherbert who married Professor George William von Zedlitz in 1905. Alicetown has two schools: The nearest state intermediate (Year 7–8) school is Hutt Intermediate School, and the nearest state secondary (Year 9–13) school is Hutt Valley High School, both across the Hutt River in neighbouring Woburn. Alicetown Alicetown is a central suburb of Lower Hutt located at the bottom of the North Island of New Zealand. The suburb is situated north of the major suburb of Petone and west of the Lower Hutt CBD. Its boundaries are the Ewen Bridge that crosses the Hutt River, New Zealand to the east, the Western Hutt Rd/Melling Railway track to the west, Wakefield St/Hutt Railway track to the south and Railway" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "DreamChaser Tour (Jessica Simpson) The DreamChaser Tour was the debut concert tour by American recording artist Jessica Simpson. It supported her second studio album, \"Irresistible\" and visited United States. Shows was include extreme-sport exhibits and interactive games. Tickets are $25; the first 10 dates go on sale Saturday (July 14). The tour runs through mid-September. Starting July 18, fans can catch Simpson alongside Destiny's Child, Eve, Nelly, Dream, and 3LW on MTV's inaugural TRL tour. The jaunt kicks off in Albany, N.Y., and runs through Sept. 23 in Honolulu, with Simpson on board through Aug. 9. She was out in support of her new Columbia album \"Irresistible,\" which is No. 37 on The Billboard 200 in its fourth week on the chart. The set's title track is No. 15 on The Billboard Hot 100. Apart from the live performances, Simpson went out on a North America only headlining tour titled the DreamChaser Tour. In contrast to her previous co-headlining tour with 98 Degrees, Simpson wanted \"DreamChaser\" to present her as a singer and a performer, in the mold of Spears. Simpson decided to make the tour risque by adding more backup dancers and wearing skimpier clothing. She took dance lessons for the tour, as she felt that she had to transform herself into a performer. The tour was set up on a portable stage called the \"Extreme Mobile Venue\", with a capacity to hold 10,000 people, and ran in mall parking lots. The arena featured a stadium stage, complete with a sound system and lights. Arrangements for concertgoers to bungee jump, climb a rock wall, and go mechanical surfing while the singer was not performing were also provided. The venue featured interactive games and exhibits, and was supported by a -high ramp for extreme motorcycle riders. The tour openers included Eden's Crush, Youngstown, Toya, and Plus One. It was choreographed by Dan Karaty. The tour launched on August 7, 2001, at Corpus Christi, Texas, and ran twenty-five dates through mid-September. Tickets price ranged between $29.99 and $39.99. In an interview with \"Deseret News\", Simpson said that it \"was a fun tour. That was like a preparation for me. It was one of those things where I just wanted to go out and meet all my fans.\" A video tape, titled \"Dream Chaser\", was released on January 22, 2002, which included Simpson's biography, music videos, behind-the-scenes looks at \"Irresistible\" and \"A Little Bit\", and footage from the tour. The tape reached number twenty-five on \"Billboard\" Top Music Videos chart, for the issue dated February 9, 2002. DreamChaser Tour (Jessica Simpson) The DreamChaser Tour was the debut concert tour by American recording artist Jessica Simpson. It supported her second studio album, \"Irresistible\" and visited United States. Shows was include extreme-sport exhibits and interactive games. Tickets are $25; the first 10 dates go on sale Saturday (July 14). The tour runs through mid-September. Starting July 18, fans can catch Simpson alongside Destiny's Child, Eve, Nelly, Dream, and 3LW on MTV's inaugural TRL tour." ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Erwin Mueller Erwin Louis Mueller (March 12, 1944 – June 7, 2018) was an American basketball player. A 6'8\" forward/center,he attended the University of San Francisco where he was All-Coast, All Conference & All-America and was selected by the Chicago Bulls in the second round (10th pick overall) of the 1966 NBA draft. During his first season, Mueller averaged 12.7 points per game for the Bulls and earned NBA All-Rookie Team honors. He was traded midway through his second season to the LA Lakers for Jim Barnes and a draft choice on January 9, 1968. Mueller would return to the Bulls for the start of the 68-69 season by way of another trade through the Lakers sending Keith Erickson to LA for Erwin on September 23, 1968. However his tenure in Chicago would not last through the season. On January 31, 1969 Mueller was traded to the Seattle SuperSonics for a draft choice and cash. In his seven season (1966–1973) NBA career, he also played for the Los Angeles Lakers, Seattle SuperSonics, and Detroit Pistons and scored 3,248 total points. He spent parts of the 1972–73 and 1973–74 seasons in the rival American Basketball Association as a member of the Virginia Squires and Memphis Tams. Erwin Mueller Erwin Louis Mueller (March 12, 1944 – June 7, 2018) was an American basketball player. A 6'8\" forward/center,he attended the University of San Francisco where he was All-Coast, All Conference & All-America and was selected by the Chicago Bulls in the second round (10th pick overall) of the 1966 NBA draft. During his first season, Mueller averaged 12.7 points per game for the Bulls and earned NBA All-Rookie Team honors. He was traded midway through his second season to the LA Lakers for Jim Barnes and a draft choice on January 9, 1968." ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "David Ensor (journalist) A television and radio journalist for over 30 years, David Burnham Ensor is a communications executive with experience in government, business and the non-profit sector. Ensor is the Director of the George Washington University Project for Media and National Security, a non-profit group bringing reporters, military leaders and national security leaders together for face-to-face conversations, in support of fact-based journalism. The Project includes the Defense Writers Group, a forty year Washington, D.C. institution. He was an Executive Vice President of the Atlantic Council, a Washington, D.C. think tank on international issues 2016-2017. In the Fall Term of 2015, he was a Fellow at the Shorenstein Center, at Harvard University's Kennedy School of Government. Ensor served as the 28th director of the Voice of America 2011-2015. During his four years leading VOA, its audience increased almost 40 percent. He co-founded a daily Russian language television show \"Current Time\" responding to Vladimir Putin's invasion of Crimea, developed a partnership with the BBC fighting Ebola in Africa; and helped defend VOA against political attempts to weaken its journalistic independence. He helped VOA reach over 187 million globally per week in 45 languages, on television, radio, internet, social media. In 2010-11 he served as Director for Communications and Public Diplomacy of the U.S. Embassy in Kabul, Afghanistan. He led American efforts to help Afghans build a modern mobile telephone, social media, radio and television infrastructure, and a broad range of press and cultural activities designed to help Afghanistan recover from 30 years of war. He was one of the highest ranking representatives of President Obama's 'civilian surge' to serve in Afghanistan. From 2006-9, Ensor was the spokesman and Executive Vice President for Communications at Mercuria Energy Group. Prior to joining Mercuria Energy Group he worked for 31 years as a journalist for National Public Radio, ABC News, and CNN. Ensor earned a bachelor's degree with honors in European history from the University of California, Berkeley. From 1975-1980, Ensor was a reporter in Washington, D.C. for National Public Radio. He joined ABC News as White House correspondent in 1980, reporting on the presidency of Jimmy Carter. During his career at ABC News Ensor also served as a diplomatic correspondent for ABC News based at the U.S. State Department, and reported from Warsaw, Rome and Moscow. In August 1999, Ensor joined CNN, where he worked as national security correspondent based in Washington, D.C, reporting on the U.S. intelligence community and on national security issues such as international terrorism, the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and the national missile defense debate. For his 2004 CNN documentary \"Warsaw Rising\" on the 1944 Polish uprising against the Nazis, he received an Emmy nomination, a National Headliner Award and the Knight's Cross of the Order of Merit, from the President of Poland. Ensor is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations. He serves on the board of the Intermedia Survey Institute, a global non-profit research consultancy. \"In Volatile Europe Danger and Opportunity Abound\", with Fred Kempe, Handelsblatt.com, June 2, 2016, \"How Washington Can Win the Information War\", Foreign Policy, December 14, 2015 \"No, Governor Kasich, Voice of America's Not About 'Judeo-Christian Values', Politico, November 2015 \"Exporting the First Amendment\" Shorenstein Center paper, Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, December 14, 2015 Ensor is the son of Mideast oil expert Andrew F. Ensor and grandson of the historian Sir Robert Ensor, founder of the Fabian Society and one of the founders of the Labour Party (UK). David Ensor (journalist) A television and radio journalist for over 30 years, David Burnham Ensor is a communications executive with" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Lola Maja Lola Maja (born Omolola Maja; 26 January 1978), also known as Lola Maja-Okojevoh, is a Nigerian make-up artist; her speciality include: special effects, eyebrows and eyelashes. She is also a massage therapist, beauty tutor, and Spa and Cosmetics Brand Consultant. She is the founder and Chief Executive Officer of \"Sacred Beauty\"; she is known for working on several major fashion events and on major films such as \"The Figurine\" and \"October 1\", as well as several music videos. She has done make-up for celebrities such as Genevieve Nnaji and Tiwa Savage. She also has worked with major fashion magazines, such as \"Style Mania\" and \"FAB\", as well as models like Iman and Tyson Beckford. In 2015, she won the \"Best Make-up\" Africa Magic Viewers Choice Award for \"October 1\". Maja was born in Nigeria, to a father of Yoruba descent and a mother with Itsekiri, Lebanese, Italian, Indian and Scottish ancestry. At the age of 2, she and her family moved to the United Kingdom where she grew up. She moved back to Nigeria in 2010, after she got married. Maja started working as a makeup artist when she was 14; whilst she still in high school, and into college. At 18, she had to make a choice whether to continue her degree or leave and take the role as makeup artist of the original team to launch Iman Cosmetics at their flagship counter in London; she followed her heart and launched Iman Cosmetics in 1997. She launched her own Lashes range, \"Sacred Lashes\", in 2010. The line was started mainly to provide high quality products for make-up students and other makeup artistes in Nigeria, but the clients loved them a lot, that the company decided to start retailing them in boutiques and on the internet. The brand eventually grew to have a wide range of items. Maja went back to school to get a formal qualification in \"Beauty Therapy\". She graduated from the London College of Beauty Therapy, then went on to St Mary’s College University. Thereafter, she obtained a Teaching Diploma, after which She went further to launch a Beauty Academy in 2013. \"Sacred Lashes\" eventually metamorphosed into \"Sacred Group of Companies\", which focuses on wide range of make-up related activities, such as: editorial, catwalk, studio photography, television, film, music videos, beauty therapy and training. Maja has a wide range in her make-up portfolio, from special effects to bridal, from beauty to creative fashion. She worked on the music video of My Darlin by Tiwa Savage, whom she transformed into an old lady in the video. She did Genevieve Nnaji's make up for the photoshoot of her clothing line \"St.Genevieve\". She has also worked as a Beauty editor for major fashion magazines like \"Style Mania\", \"FAB\" and \"Noir\". Her make-up works have appeared on popular magazines, like: \"TW\", \"Genevieve Magazine\", \"True Love\", \"Elan\", \"Black Hair & Beauty\", \"Colors\", \"Pride\", \"Sideview\", and \"Trendsetter\". She has worked with supermodels like Iman and Tyson Beckford. Other celebrities she has worked with include: Alek Wek, Ernie Hudson, Joe Estevez, Joe, Dru Hill, Ojy Okpe, Fifi Ejindu, Genevieve Nnaji, Omotola Jalade, Rita Dominic, Kate Henshaw, Tiwa Savage, Omawumi, Waje, Toolz, Toke Makinwa, Eku Edewor and so on. Maja did the make-up for two of Kunle Afolayan's films: \"The Figurine\" (2009) and \"October 1\" (2014); the latter, for which, she won the 2015 Africa Magic Viewers Choice Award for \"Best Make-up\". She was also the make-up artiste for the third and fourth season of the television drama series \"Shuga\". Maja has also worked on several music videos, such as: Wizkid's \"Tease Me\", Banky W’s \"Lagos Party\", Omawumi’s \"Today na Today\" and Dr SID’s \"Something about You\". Maja is also a regular guest on television lifestyles shows & radio, to talk about beauty, fashion and makeup advice, while commenting latest trends in fashion. Maja met her husband, Tonio Okojevoh at a cousin's wedding, whilst she was still engaged to another; an engagement which didn't work out. She became friends with Tonio and after six years, he proposed, without prior dating. Maja has stated that she and her husband were celibate before they got married, a decision which her husband initiated, as his promise to God. Tonio and Lola got married in 2010; together, they have two children, Tega and Tallulah, born in 2011 and 2013 respectively. She once shared that whilst she was in labour with her first child, listening to \"Bumper to Bumper\" by Wande Coal helped to ease her labour pains. She has also made it known that she won't be having anymore children. Lola Maja Lola Maja (born Omolola Maja; 26 January 1978), also known as Lola Maja-Okojevoh, is a Nigerian make-up artist; her speciality include: special effects, eyebrows and eyelashes. She is also a massage therapist, beauty tutor, and" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Science & Environmental Health Network The Science & Environmental Health Network (SEHN) is a non-profit organization founded in 1994. Its principal aim is to use law and best practices to combat cumulative impacts, especially in matters relating to public health and the environment. It is also a keen advocate of the Precautionary Principle, releasing a number of guidelines regarding how this principle should be actioned by governments and organizations. SEHN concentrates its efforts in the application of science to help with public health and environmental issues, with a particular focus on ensuring that scientific practices are safe and will not cause harm to the environment or people in general. Their mission is to: SEHN was formed in 1994 by a number of different environmental organizations from North America, including: All of the organizations involved in the formation of SEHN were concerned with the way science was being used in the realms of public health and the environment, noticing that the application of new scientific principles was often more harmful than beneficial. In 1999, SEHN was granted the status of a 501(c) organization. The Cumulative Impacts project was launched by SEHN in collaboration with the Collaborative on Health and the Environment. It is designed to reduce the effect of cumulative impact on: Cumulative Impact refers to the myriad of different factors that can adversely affect one of the above three categories, such as exposure to toxic substances, nutrition and infectious diseases, among many others. The group works towards establishing best practices within science and on legal shifts, in the hope that these can be used to reduce the cumulative impact seen in many aspects of the world. SEHN is an active advocate of the Precautionary Principle, which advises that, when an action could have a negative effect on the public or environment, those taking the action should be expected to prove that the action is not harmful. SEHN played an active role in the promotion of this principle and Carolyn Raffensperger, executive director of SEHN, convened the Wingspread Conference on the Precautionary Principle in 1998, where the principle was defined. Members of SEHN have also published a number of different essays on the Precautionary Principle, as well as released many statements responding to developments surrounding the principle. In 2012, along with Peaceful Uprising, SEHN sponsored the Women's Congress for Future Generations, a three-day gathering attended by over 100 people . The meeting was designed to highlight the role women have to play in the future of the world, especially environmental issues. . Science & Environmental Health Network The Science & Environmental Health Network (SEHN) is a non-profit organization founded in 1994. Its principal aim is to use law and best practices to combat cumulative impacts, especially in matters relating to public health and the environment. It is also a keen advocate of the Precautionary Principle, releasing a number of guidelines regarding how this principle should be actioned by governments and organizations. SEHN concentrates its efforts in the application of science to" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "David Dougal Williams David Dougall Williams FRSA DA (Edin.) (June 1888 – 27 September 1944) was a Cheshire-born artist and art teacher who lived and worked in Dundee. David Dougall Williams was born in 1888 in Liscard, in Cheshire, the third son of four to writer and geographer John Francon Williams and his wife Barbara Balmain Dougall. David was baptized on 22 July 1888 at St. Mary’s Church, Liscard. David had three brothers, John B. (born 1877, Northampton), Aeneas Francon Williams (born 1886, Liscard) and George Stanley (born 1890, Liverpool), and one sister, Margaret Mary Ann (born October, 1891, Liscard). David grew up in an artistic and literary household: his father John Francon Williams was a writer, geographer, cartographer and inventor, and David's brother Aeneas Francon Williams was also a keen artist and a writer. By 1901, the Williams family had moved to the South of England and was living at Queens Grove Road in the affluent area of Chingford in Essex. Williams trained at Edinburgh College of Art and at Edinburgh University and Moray House Training College. His first professional job was as a Designer. At this point in his life, Williams had already married Minnie (née) Johnston. In 1916, during the World War, Williams joined the King's Own Scottish Borderers 3rd Battalion, an infantry regiment of the Scottish Division of the British Army. He was stationed in Scotland. After the World War ended, Williams remained in Scotland and lived and worked for a short period in Oban in Argyll where he was principal art teacher at Oban High School. In October 1922, Williams moved to Dundee to take up the post of assistant art master at Morgan Academy, a post he held until 1929. In Dundee, Williams lived with his wife and two children (a daughter and a son, Arthur Alexander) at 35 Blackness Avenue. In 1929, Williams became the principal art master at Logie Central School in Dundee where he remained teaching for fifteen years until his death in 1944. Williams was a respected figure amongst Dundee art circles and art world. He was a contemporary of such artists as John MacLaughlan Milne and James McIntosh Patrick. During the inter-war years a classical tradition in Scottish painting had emerged that experimented with Surrealism that was also influenced by the meticulous technique of Italian Renaissance painting. Williams was appointed a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts, and was also for many years a member of the Dundee Arts Society. An artist of repute, David D. Williams had numerous paintings exhibited, including ‘God Be With You ‘Till We Meet Again’ and the seascape ‘Outward Bound’ that were exhibited in 1937 at the Royal Cambrian Academy in Cardiff. His seascape ‘Outward Bound’ was also exhibited at the Imperial Gallery in Kensington, London. Williams was an active member of the Dundee Art Society and the treasurer of Dundee’s, Elim Foursquare Church. Williams exhibited numerous works in the 1938 Dundee Art Society's 32nd Fine Art Exhibition held at the Victoria Art Galleries, Dundee, from 4 March–15 April, and at the 1942 Dundee Art Society's 33rd Fine Art Exhibition at the Victoria Art Galleries, Dundee, from 12 September–11 October. David used two spellings of his middle name ‘Dougall’, dropping one of the L’s, preferring to use ‘Dougal’ on many occasions with regards to his art and paintings. David Dougal Williams died on 27 September 1944 after a brief illness from appendicitis–gangrenous and cardiovascular degeneration, and is buried in Western Cemetery, Perth Road, Dundee. An obituary printed in the 1944 Dundee Art Society Report reads: ‘\"David Dougall Williams was a member of the Society for many years. He contributed to its exhibitions distinguished pictures of the great vessels that sail the seas. His last picture, in the 1944 Exhibition, was a fine example of his work. Mr. Williams was the popular and enthusiastic Art Master of Logie Central School, where his influence was strong and helpful to his many students.\"’ David’s son, Arthur Alexander Francon Williams, was also an artist and trained at Dundee College of Art, Duncan of Jordanstone College of Art and Design (DJCAD). David’s wife Minnie died in Dundee in 1978 aged 86. Their son Arthur Alexander died in Montrose in 2001 aged 83. David Dougal Williams is the brother of the writer, poet and missionary Aeneas Francon Williams. David Dougal Williams David Dougall Williams FRSA DA (Edin.) (June 1888 – 27 September 1944) was a Cheshire-born artist and art teacher who lived and worked in Dundee. David Dougall Williams was born in 1888 in Liscard, in Cheshire, the third son of four to writer and geographer John Francon Williams and his wife Barbara Balmain Dougall. David was baptized on 22 July 1888 at St. Mary’s Church, Liscard. David had three brothers, John B. (born 1877, Northampton), Aeneas Francon Williams" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Die beste Zeit im Jahr ist mein \"Die beste Zeit im Jahr ist mein\" (The best time of the year is mine) is a hymn by the Protestant reformer Martin Luther. He wrote it not as a hymn but as part of a longer poem which appeared first in 1538. In the current Protestant German hymnal \"Evangelisches Gesangbuch\", it is EG 319. The reformer Martin Luther wrote the text as part of a longer poem of praise, not intended to be sung. The topic is firstly praise of music, especially singing, which turns to praise of God. The long poem appeared as a preface of a 1538 publication by Johann Walter, \"Lob vnd preis der loblichen Kunst Musica\", praising the art of music. Luther's preface was titled \"Vorrede auf alle guten Gesangbücher\" (Foreword on all good hymnals), subtitled \"Lob der Frau Musica\" (The praise of Lady Music), with Music speaking. Luther's poem appears also in the Klug'sches Wittenberger Gesangbuch of 1543. The poem is in 40 lines, rhymed in pairs without structure in stanzas, which was a typical way of narration at the time. The lines 25 to 40 were taken as four stanzas. In the first stanza, Frau Musica introduces herself. The personification of the seven liberal arts as female figures was a medieval practice which Luther \"translated\" to German. Songbirds are mentioned, possibly representing a peaceful natural life. Luther said in a sermon about the Sermon on the Mount which also mentions birds: \"Thut doch wie das vogelein, singt, seid frohlich und lasst die Sorge, lernet glauben.\" (Do as the bird, sing, be joyful and let go of sorrow, learn to believe). The second stanza mentions the nightingale. The other two stanzas develop from the praise of music the praise of God as the Creator. The four stanzas were assigned a melody of the Bohemian Brethren, adapted to a more modern form by Karl Lütge in 1917, commemorating 400 years after the Reformation. With this melody, the song was used more as a folk song than a hymn, but appeared in some regional appendices of the Protestant hymnal \"Evangelisches Kirchengesangbuch\" (EKG). The text was also sung to a melody and setting by Melchior Vulpius. Arnold Mendelssohn created a melody in triple time and composed a four-part setting. In the current Protestant German hymnal \"Evangelisches Gesangbuch\", the song with the Lütge tune is EG 319. set the melody for four parts. In 2017, remembering 500 years of the Reformation, the song was the title of a night of broadcasting by the Deutschlandfunk, focused on Luther's hymns and music derived of them. \"Die beste Zeit im Jahr ist mein\" was heard in settings by Ernst Pepping and Arnold Mendelssohn. Die beste Zeit im Jahr ist mein \"Die beste Zeit im Jahr ist mein\" (The best time of the year is mine) is a hymn by the Protestant reformer Martin Luther. He wrote it not as a hymn but as part of a longer poem which appeared first in 1538. In" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Temascal, Oaxaca Temascal is a town in the Mexican state of Oaxaca which is the seat of the municipality of San Miguel Soyaltepec. It is part of the Tuxtepec District of the Papaloapan Region. The name \"Soyaltepec\" means \"hill of palm trees\" in Náhuatl but the area also carries the Mazatec name of Naxhingee which means “ragged hill”. The original town of San Miguel Soyaltepec was founded in 1500. The area saw a battle on 25 April 1865 where invading French forces were defeated by Colonel Luis Pérez Figueroa. For this reason, the name of the town was changed to Patriótica Villa de San Miguel Soyaltepec in 1868. The Presidente Miguel Alemán dam was completed in 1954, flooding the original town of San Miguel Soyaltepec and forcing the relocation of about 22,000 Mazatecs. The dam controls the lower Río Papaloapan which historically has had devastating floods, and generates 725 million kilowatts of electrical power. The dam’s artificial lake lends itself to various water sports such as fishing (catfish, mojarra and carp) as well as boat tours to the islands of San Miguel Soyaltepec and Isabel María. The lakesides abound with birds, small mammals and reptiles. As municipal seat, Temascal has governing jurisdiction over the following communities: Agua Escondida (Isla Agua Escondida), Arroyo Caracol, Arroyo Chical (Nuevo Arroyo Chicali), Arroyo de Enmedio (La Guadalupe), Arroyo Macín, Arroyo Tigre, Benito Juárez II (San Martín), Cabeza de Tigre, Cerro de Agua Platanar, Cerro Tepexcuintle, Cerro Verde, Colonia Cosoltepec, Colonia Ingeniero Raúl Sandoval Landázuri, Corral de Piedra, Corriente Ancha o Miguel Hidalgo, Cosolapa Caracol, El Capulín (La Nueva Pochota), El Carmen, El Dique, Emiliano Zapata, Isla de Málzaga, Isla del Viejo, Soyaltepec (Isla Soyaltepec), Isla la Patria Vieja, Islas Santa Julia, La Candelaria, La Luz, La Parcela (Armando Vásquez), La Reforma, La Reforma (La Reformita), Las Margaritas, Las Pilas, Loma Bonita, Los Nanches, Nueva Calería, Nueva Patria, Nuevo Buenavista, Nuevo Paso Nazareno (Chichicazapa), Nuevo Pescadito de Abajo, Nuevo Pescadito de Abajo Dos, Nuevo Pescadito de Enmedio, Nuevo Pescadito de Málzaga (La Breña), Pescadito de Arriba, Piedra de Amolar, Playa de Jícama, Playa Lecuona (Miguel Hidalgo), Rancho Norteño, Rancho Nuevo, Rancho Orozco, Rancho Valdez, Regino Malpica Vicente, Rincón Bonito, San Antonio Abad (Cerro Chango), San Antonio Cosolapa, and San Marcos Temascal, Oaxaca Temascal is a town in the Mexican state of Oaxaca which is the seat of the municipality of San Miguel Soyaltepec. It is" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Todmobile Todmobile is an Icelandic pop/rock band which was very popular in Iceland in the 1990s. The band was created in the summer of 1988 around Þorvaldur Bjarni Þorvaldsson, a renowned vocalist, guitarist, and record producer in Iceland. In the beginning, all 3 members were part of local bands and studying at the Reykjavík College of Music in May 1989. \"\"Sameiginlegt\"\" was the name of their first demo, which made it onto the first studio album, \"Betra En Nokkuð Annað\". The following year, their most memorable self-titled album was released to rave reviews and respectability for their live concerts. This was followed by the release of their debut English-language songs \"Opera\" and \"All Around\". After the huge success of the \"Spillt\" album in 1993, the members of Todmobile moved onto other projects. Eyþór joined a band called \"Bong\", which had moderate success in 1994 in both Iceland and the UK. Andrea fronted a swing band called \"Citysister\" while collaborating with Þorvaldur in 1994 to form \"Tweety\", who made music in the dance/rock and pop genres, and she also took the lead role of Eva Perón in the Icelandic production of \"Evita\". In February 1996, after fans wrote to Andrea and Þorvaldur pleading for them to revive Todmobile, they re-formed under the original name of Todmobile. Andrea, Þorvaldur and new lead singer Vilhjálmur Goði released their \"comeback\" CD titled \"Perlur og svín\" and once again started touring shortly after the album. Solo projects once again ensued, Þorvaldur being the main success after co-writing the Icelandic ESC 1999 entry \"All Out Of Luck\" for Selma Björnsdóttir, which placed second. In 2003 Todmobile released their first live CD and DVD - \"Sinfónía\", which was a compilation of all their hits with the Iceland Symphony Orchestra. In 2009, Eyþór Ingi Gunnlaugsson took over the singing duties from Eyþór Arnalds. Eyþór Ingi Gunnlaugsson represented Iceland at the ESC 2013, with his song \"Ég á líf\". 2014's \"Úlfur\" includes guest appearances by Jon Anderson (formerly of Yes) and Steve Hackett (formerly of Genesis). in 2016, they received the special honour of having Nik Kershaw as their special guest in Harpa, Reykjavík, on November 11th. The band was joined by Atli Örvarsson on keyboards (1990–1991) and Ólafur Hólm (drums) (1990-1991) replaced by Matthías Hemstock (from 1991 onwards) Todmobile Todmobile is an Icelandic pop/rock band which was very popular in Iceland in the 1990s. The band was created" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "National Association of Chicana and Chicano Studies The National Association for Chicana and Chicano Studies (NACCS) is \"the academic organization that serves academic programs, departments and research centers that focus on issues pertaining to Mexican Americans, Chicana/os, and Latina/os.\" Unlike many professional academic associations, NACCS \"rejects mainstream research, which promotes an integrationist perspective that emphasizes consensus, assimilation, and legitimization of societal institutions. NACCS promotes research that directly confronts structures of inequality based on class, race and gender privileges in U.S. society.\" The association is based in San José, California. NACCS was formed in 1972 in San Antonio, Texas, when attendees of the yearly meeting of the Southwestern Social Science Association discussed \"the need for a national association of Chicana/o scholar activists.\" Discussants proposed the foundation of a National Caucus of Chicano Social Scientists (NCCSS). The NCCSS held its first meeting in New Mexico, chaired by Jaime Sena-Rivera, in May 1973 to discuss the organization's structure, ideology, and to set up a coordinating committee. Approximately fifty Chicano scholars were at this first meeting. At another meeting at the University of California, Irvine in November of the same year, the organization was officially named the National Association of Chicano Social Scientists (NACSS). NACSS became a place for Chicana/o scholars to share their work, research and help establish Chicana/o studies in higher education. By 1975, it was still the only \"national gathering of faculty, students and researchers specifically focusing on Chicano Studies and research.\" In 1976, members voted to rename the organization National Association for Chicano Studies (NACS). By 1977, the NACS was considered a very successful organization that was able to manage the growth of Chicana/o studies. In 1995, the organization was again renamed. Members chose the name National Association for Chicana and Chicano Studies \"in recognition of the critical contribution and role of Chicanas in the association.\" The association is led by a coordinating committee made up of representatives from nine regional \"focos\" and the chairs of 8 caucuses. The coordinating committee selects a national coordinator, secretary, and treasurer from among its ranks. In 2006, the membership began electing a chair, secretary, treasurer and three at-large representatives to the coordinating committee. The coordinating committee, reorganized as the national board, established a subgroup called \"Research Divisions.\" In 2010 the divisions were voted out of the association. NACCS hosts an annual conference at which scholars present research papers from the social sciences, humanities, and other fields of study. The first such conference was held in Irvine in 1974, and was titled \"Action Research: Community Control.\" Today, conferences attract from 500 to 1000 participants and as many as 90-110 panels. The association also awards an annual \"NACCS Scholar Award,\" which is intended to honor a lifetime of accomplishment in the field of Chicano and Chicana studies. Notable past recipients include Carey McWilliams, Américo Paredes, Julián Samora, Tomás Rivera, Rodolfo Acuña, and Gloria Anzaldúa. Each foco and caucus also has a listserve to keep members updated about association activities. On its website, NACCS publishes a web-based \"Directory of Chicana/o, Latina/o, and Latin American Studies Program, Research and Policy Centers\", a regionally-indexed list. It also publishes the proceedings of its annual conferences, a quarterly newsletter, National Association of Chicana and Chicano Studies The National Association for Chicana and Chicano Studies (NACCS) is \"the academic organization that serves academic programs, departments and research centers that focus on issues pertaining to Mexican Americans, Chicana/os, and Latina/os.\" Unlike many professional academic associations, NACCS \"rejects mainstream research, which promotes an integrationist perspective that emphasizes consensus, assimilation, and legitimization of societal institutions. NACCS promotes research that directly confronts structures of inequality" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird The Lockheed SR-71 \"Blackbird\" is a long-range, Mach 3+ strategic reconnaissance aircraft that was operated by the United States Air Force. It was developed as a black project from the Lockheed A-12 reconnaissance aircraft in the 1960s by Lockheed and its Skunk Works division. American aerospace engineer Clarence \"Kelly\" Johnson was responsible for many of the design's innovative concepts. During aerial reconnaissance missions, the SR-71 operated at high speeds and altitudes to allow it to outrace threats. If a surface-to-air missile launch were detected, the standard evasive action was simply to accelerate and outfly the missile. The shape of the SR-71 was based on the A-12 which was one of the first aircraft to be designed with a reduced radar cross-section. The SR-71 served with the U.S. Air Force from 1964 to 1998. A total of 32 aircraft were built; 12 were lost in accidents, but none were lost to enemy action. The SR-71 has been given several nicknames, including \"Blackbird\" and \"Habu\". Since 1976, it has held the world record for the fastest air-breathing manned aircraft, a record previously held by the related Lockheed YF-12. Lockheed's previous reconnaissance aircraft was the relatively slow U-2, designed for the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). In late 1957, the CIA approached the defense contractor Lockheed to build an undetectable spy plane. The project, named Archangel, was led by Kelly Johnson, head of Lockheed's Skunk Works unit in Burbank, California. The work on project Archangel began in the second quarter of 1958, with aim of flying higher and faster than the U-2. Of 11 successive designs drafted in a span of 10 months, \"A-10\" was the frontrunner. Despite this, however, its shape made it vulnerable to radar detection. After a meeting with the CIA in March 1959, the design was modified to have a 90% reduction in radar cross-section. The CIA approved a US$96 million contract for Skunk Works to build a dozen spy planes, named \"A-12\" on 11 February 1960. The 1960 downing of Francis Gary Powers's U-2 underscored its vulnerability and the need for faster reconnaissance aircraft such as the A-12. The A-12 first flew at Groom Lake (Area 51), Nevada, on 25 April 1962. Thirteen were built; two variants were also developed, including three of the YF-12 interceptor prototype, and two of the M-21 drone carrier. The aircraft was meant to be powered by the Pratt & Whitney J58 engine, but development ran over schedule, and it was equipped instead with the less powerful Pratt & Whitney J75 initially. The J58s were retrofitted as they became available, and became the standard powerplant for all subsequent aircraft in the series (A-12, YF-12, M-21), as well as the SR-71. The A-12 flew missions over Vietnam and North Korea before its retirement in 1968. The program's cancellation was announced on 28 December 1966, due both to budget concerns and because of the forthcoming SR-71, a derivative of the A-12. The SR-71 designation is a continuation of the pre-1962 bomber series; the last aircraft built using the series was the XB-70 Valkyrie. However, a bomber variant of the Blackbird was briefly given the B-71 designator, which was retained when the type was changed to SR-71. During the later stages of its testing, the B-70 was proposed for a reconnaissance/strike role, with an \"RS-70\" designation. When the A-12 performance potential clearly was found to be much greater, the Air Force ordered a variant of the A-12 in December 1962. Originally named R-12 by Lockheed, the Air Force version was longer and heavier than the A-12, with a longer fuselage to hold more fuel, two seats in the cockpit, and reshaped chines. Reconnaissance equipment included signals intelligence sensors, a side-looking airborne radar, and a photo camera. The CIA's A-12 was a better photo-reconnaissance platform than the Air Force's R-12, since the A-12 flew somewhat higher and faster, and with only one pilot, it had room to carry a superior camera and more instruments. During the 1964 campaign, Republican presidential nominee Barry Goldwater repeatedly criticized President Lyndon B. Johnson and his administration for falling behind the Soviet Union in developing new weapons. Johnson decided to counter this criticism by revealing the existence of the YF-12A Air Force interceptor, which also served as cover for the still-secret A-12 and the Air Force reconnaissance model since July 1964. Air Force Chief of Staff General Curtis LeMay preferred the SR (Strategic Reconnaissance) designation and wanted the RS-71 to be named SR-71. Before the July speech, LeMay lobbied to modify Johnson's speech to read SR-71 instead of RS-71. The media transcript given to the press at the time still had the earlier RS-71 designation in places, creating the story that the president had misread the aircraft's designation. Johnson only referred to the A-11 to conceal the A-12, while revealing that there was a high speed, high altitude reconnaissance aircraft. In 1968, Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara cancelled the F-12 interceptor program; the specialized tooling used to manufacture both the YF-12 and the SR-71 was also ordered destroyed. Production of the SR-71 totaled 32 aircraft with 29 SR-71As, two SR-71Bs, and the single SR-71C. The SR-71 was designed for flight at over Mach 3 with a flight crew of two in tandem cockpits, with the pilot in the forward cockpit and the reconnaissance systems officer operating the surveillance systems and equipment from the rear cockpit, and directing navigation on the mission flight path. The SR-71 was designed to minimize its radar cross-section, an early attempt at stealth design. Finished aircraft were painted a dark blue, almost black, to increase the emission of internal heat and to act as camouflage against the night sky. The dark color led to the aircraft's nickname \"Blackbird\". While the SR-71 carried radar countermeasures to evade interception efforts, its greatest protection was its combination of high altitude and very high speed, which made it almost invulnerable. Along with its low radar cross-section, these qualities gave a very short time for an enemy surface-to-air missile (SAM) site to acquire and track the aircraft on radar. By the time the SAM site could track the SR-71, it was often too late to launch a SAM, and the SR-71 would be out of range before the SAM could catch up to it. If the SAM site could track the SR-71 and fire a SAM in time, the SAM would expend nearly all of the delta-v of its boost and sustainer phases just reaching the SR-71's altitude; at this point, out of thrust, it could do little more than follow its ballistic arc. Merely accelerating would typically be enough for an SR-71 to evade a SAM; changes by the pilots in the SR-71's speed, altitude, and heading were also often enough to spoil any radar lock on the plane by SAM sites or enemy fighters. At sustained speeds of more than Mach 3.2, the plane was faster than the Soviet Union's fastest interceptor, the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-25, which also could not reach the SR-71's altitude. During its service life, no SR-71 was shot down. On most aircraft, use of titanium was limited by the costs involved; it was generally used only in components exposed to the highest temperatures, such as exhaust fairings and the leading edges of wings. On the SR-71, titanium was used for 85% of the structure, with much of the rest polymer composite materials. To control costs, Lockheed used a more easily worked titanium alloy which softened at a lower temperature. The challenges posed led Lockheed to develop new fabrication methods, which have since been used in the manufacture of other aircraft. Lockheed found that washing welded titanium requires distilled water, as the chlorine present in tap water is corrosive; cadmium-plated tools could not be used, as they also caused corrosion. Metallurgical contamination was another problem; at one point, 80% of the delivered titanium", "by the costs involved; it was generally used only in components exposed to the highest temperatures, such as exhaust fairings and the leading edges of wings. On the SR-71, titanium was used for 85% of the structure, with much of the rest polymer composite materials. To control costs, Lockheed used a more easily worked titanium alloy which softened at a lower temperature. The challenges posed led Lockheed to develop new fabrication methods, which have since been used in the manufacture of other aircraft. Lockheed found that washing welded titanium requires distilled water, as the chlorine present in tap water is corrosive; cadmium-plated tools could not be used, as they also caused corrosion. Metallurgical contamination was another problem; at one point, 80% of the delivered titanium for manufacture was rejected on these grounds. The high temperatures generated in flight required special design and operating techniques. Major portions of the skin of the inboard wings were corrugated, not smooth. Aerodynamicists initially opposed the concept, disparagingly referring to the aircraft as a Mach 3 variant of the 1920s-era Ford Trimotor, known for its corrugated aluminum skin. The heat would have caused a smooth skin to split or curl, whereas the corrugated skin could expand vertically and horizontally and had increased longitudinal strength. Fuselage panels were manufactured to fit only loosely with the aircraft on the ground. Proper alignment was achieved as the airframe heated up and expanded several inches. Because of this, and the lack of a fuel-sealing system that could handle the airframe's expansion at extreme temperatures, the aircraft leaked JP-7 fuel on the ground prior to takeoff. The outer windscreen of the cockpit was made of quartz and was fused ultrasonically to the titanium frame. The temperature of the exterior of the windscreen reached during a mission. Cooling was carried out by cycling fuel behind the titanium surfaces in the chines. On landing, the canopy temperature was over . The red stripes featured on some SR-71s were to prevent maintenance workers from damaging the skin. Near the center of the fuselage, the curved skin was thin and delicate, with no support from the structural ribs, which were spaced several feet apart. The Blackbird's tires, manufactured by B.F. Goodrich, contained aluminum and were filled with nitrogen. They cost $2,300 and would generally require replacing within 20 missions. The Blackbird landed at over and deployed a drag parachute to stop; the chute also acted to reduce stress on the tires. Titanium was in short supply in the United States, so the Skunk Works team was forced to look elsewhere for the metal. Much of the needed material came from the Soviet Union. Colonel Rich Graham, SR-71 pilot, described the acquisition process: The airplane is 92% titanium inside and out. Back when they were building the airplane the United States didn't have the ore supplies – an ore called rutile ore. It's a very sandy soil and it's only found in very few parts of the world. The major supplier of the ore was the USSR. Working through Third World countries and bogus operations, they were able to get the rutile ore shipped to the United States to build the SR-71. The first operational aircraft designed around a stealth aircraft shape and materials, the SR-71 had several features designed to reduce its radar signature. The SR-71 had a radar cross-section (RCS) around . Drawing on early studies in radar stealth technology, which indicated that a shape with flattened, tapering sides would reflect most energy away from a radar beam's place of origin, engineers added chines and canted the vertical control surfaces inward. Special radar-absorbing materials were incorporated into sawtooth-shaped sections of the aircraft's skin. Cesium-based fuel additives were used to somewhat reduce exhaust plumes visibility to radar, although exhaust streams remained quite apparent. Kelly Johnson later conceded that Soviet radar technology advanced faster than the stealth technology employed against it. The SR-71 featured chines, a pair of sharp edges leading aft from either side of the nose along the fuselage. These were not a feature on the early A-3 design; Frank Rodgers, a doctor at the Scientific Engineering Institute, a CIA front organization, discovered that a cross-section of a sphere had a greatly reduced radar reflection, and adapted a cylindrical-shaped fuselage by stretching out the sides of the fuselage. After the advisory panel provisionally selected Convair's FISH design over the A-3 on the basis of RCS, Lockheed adopted chines for its A-4 through A-6 designs. Aerodynamicists discovered that the chines generated powerful vortices and created additional lift, leading to unexpected aerodynamic performance improvements. The angle of incidence of the delta wings could be reduced for greater stability and less drag at high speeds, and more weight carried, such as fuel. Landing speeds were also reduced, as the chines' vortices created turbulent flow over the wings at high angles of attack, making it harder to stall. The chines also acted like leading-edge extensions, which increase the agility of fighters such as the F-5, F-16, F/A-18, MiG-29, and Su-27. The addition of chines also allowed the removal of the planned canard foreplanes. The air inlets allowed the SR-71 to cruise at over Mach 3.2, while keeping airflow into the engines at the initial subsonic speeds. Mach 3.2 was the design point for the aircraft, its most efficient speed. However, in practice the SR-71 was sometimes more efficient at even faster speeds—depending on the outside air temperature—as measured by pounds of fuel burned per nautical mile traveled. During one mission, SR-71 pilot Brian Shul flew faster than usual to avoid multiple interception attempts; afterwards, it was discovered that this had reduced fuel consumption. At the front of each inlet, a pointed, movable cone called a \"spike\" (inlet cone) was locked in its full forward position on the ground and during subsonic flight. When the aircraft accelerated past Mach 1.6, an internal jackscrew moved the spike up to inwards, directed by an analog air inlet computer that took into account pitot-static system, pitch, roll, yaw, and angle of attack. Moving the spike tip drew the shock wave riding on it closer to the inlet cowling until it touched just slightly inside the cowling lip. This position reflected the spike shock wave repeatedly between the spike center body and the inlet inner cowl sides, and minimized airflow spillage which is the cause of spillage drag. The air slowed supersonically with a final plane shock wave at entry to the subsonic diffuser. Downstream of this normal shock, the air is subsonic. It decelerates further in the divergent duct to give the required speed at entry to the compressor. Capture of the plane's shock wave within the inlet is called \"starting the inlet\". Bleed tubes and bypass doors were designed into the inlet and engine nacelles to handle some of this pressure and to position the final shock to allow the inlet to remain \"started\". In the early years of operation, the analog computers would not always keep up with rapidly changing flight environmental inputs. If internal pressures became too great and the spike was incorrectly positioned, the shock wave would suddenly blow out the front of the inlet, called an \"inlet unstart\". During unstarts, afterburner extinctions were common. The remaining engine's asymmetrical thrust would cause the aircraft to yaw violently to one side. SAS, autopilot, and manual control inputs would fight the yawing, but often the extreme off-angle would reduce airflow in the opposite engine and stimulate \"sympathetic stalls\". This generated a rapid counter-yawing, often coupled with loud \"banging\" noises, and a rough ride during which crews' helmets would sometimes strike their cockpit canopies. One response to a single unstart was unstarting", "would not always keep up with rapidly changing flight environmental inputs. If internal pressures became too great and the spike was incorrectly positioned, the shock wave would suddenly blow out the front of the inlet, called an \"inlet unstart\". During unstarts, afterburner extinctions were common. The remaining engine's asymmetrical thrust would cause the aircraft to yaw violently to one side. SAS, autopilot, and manual control inputs would fight the yawing, but often the extreme off-angle would reduce airflow in the opposite engine and stimulate \"sympathetic stalls\". This generated a rapid counter-yawing, often coupled with loud \"banging\" noises, and a rough ride during which crews' helmets would sometimes strike their cockpit canopies. One response to a single unstart was unstarting both inlets to prevent yawing, then restarting them both. Lockheed later installed an electronic control to detect unstart conditions and perform this reset action without pilot intervention. Beginning in 1980, the analog inlet control system was replaced by a digital system, which reduced unstart instances. The SR-71 was powered by two Pratt & Whitney J58 (company designation JT11D-20) axial-flow turbojet engines. The J58 was a considerable innovation of the era, capable of producing a static thrust of . The engine was most efficient around Mach 3.2, the Blackbird's typical cruising speed. At lower speeds, the turbojet provided most of the compression. At higher speeds, the engine largely ceased to provide thrust, the afterburner taking its place. Air was initially compressed (and heated) by the inlet spike and subsequent converging duct between the center body and inlet cowl. The shock waves generated slowed the air to subsonic speeds relative to the engine. The air then entered the engine compressor. Some of this compressor flow (20% at cruise) was removed after the fourth compressor stage and went straight to the afterburner through six bypass tubes. Air passing through the turbojet was compressed further by the remaining five compressor stages and then fuel was added in the combustion chamber. After passing through the turbine, the exhaust, together with the compressor bleed air, entered the afterburner. At around Mach 3, the temperature rise from the intake compression, added to the engine compressor temperature rise, reduced the allowable fuel flow because the turbine temperature limit did not change. The rotating machinery produced less power, but still enough to run at 100% RPM, thus keeping the airflow through the intake constant. The rotating machinery had become a drag item and the engine thrust at high speeds came from the afterburner temperature rise. Maximum flight speed was limited by the temperature of the air entering the engine compressor, which was not certified for temperatures above . Originally, the Blackbird's J58 engines were started with the assistance of two Buick Wildcat V8 internal combustion engines, externally mounted on a vehicle referred to as an AG330 \"start cart\". The start cart was positioned underneath the J58 and the two Buick engines powered a single, vertical drive shaft connecting to the J58 engine and spinning it to above 3,200 RPM, at which point the turbojet could self-sustain. Once the first J58 engine was started, the cart was repositioned to start the aircraft's other J58 engine. Later start carts used Chevrolet big-block V8 engines. Eventually, a quieter, pneumatic start system was developed for use at main operating bases. The V8 start carts remained at diversion landing sites not equipped with the pneumatic system. Several exotic fuels were investigated for the Blackbird. Development began on a coal slurry power plant, but Johnson determined that the coal particles damaged important engine components. Research was conducted on a liquid hydrogen powerplant, but the tanks for storing cryogenic hydrogen were not of a suitable size or shape. In practice, the Blackbird would burn somewhat conventional JP-7, which was difficult to light. To start the engines, triethylborane (TEB), which ignites on contact with air, was injected to produce temperatures high enough to ignite the JP-7. The TEB produced a characteristic green flame, which could often be seen during engine ignition. On a typical SR-71 mission, the airplane took off with only a partial fuel load to reduce stress on the brakes and tires during takeoff and also ensure it could successfully take off should one engine fail. As a result, the SR-71s were typically refueled immediately after takeoff. The SR-71 also required in-flight refueling to replenish fuel during long-duration missions. Supersonic flights generally lasted no more than 90 minutes before the pilot had to find a tanker. Specialized KC-135Q tankers were required to refuel the SR-71. The KC-135Q had a modified high-speed boom, which would allow refueling of the Blackbird at nearly the tanker's maximum airspeed with minimum flutter. The tanker also had special fuel systems for moving JP-4 (for the KC-135Q itself) and JP-7 (for the SR-71) between different tanks. As an aid to the pilot when refueling, the cockpit was fitted with a peripheral vision horizon display. This unusual instrument projected a barely visible artificial horizon line across the top of the entire instrument panel, which gave the pilot subliminal cues on aircraft attitude. Nortronics, Northrop Corporation's electronics development division, had developed an astro-inertial guidance system (ANS), which could correct inertial navigation system errors with celestial observations, for the SM-62 Snark missile, and a separate system for the ill-fated AGM-48 Skybolt missile, the latter of which was adapted for the SR-71. Before takeoff, a primary alignment brought the ANS's inertial components to a high degree of accuracy. In flight, the ANS, which sat behind the reconnaissance systems officer's (RSO's), position, tracked stars through a circular quartz glass window on the upper fuselage. Its \"blue light\" source star tracker, which could see stars during both day and night, would continuously track a variety of stars as the aircraft's changing position brought them into view. The system's digital computer ephemeris contained data on a list of stars used for celestial navigation: the list first included 56 stars, and was later expanded to 61. The ANS could supply altitude and position to flight controls and other systems, including the mission data recorder, automatic navigation to preset destination points, automatic pointing and control of cameras and sensors, and optical or SLR sighting of fixed points loaded into the ANS before takeoff. According to Richard Graham, a former SR-71 pilot, the navigation system was good enough to limit drift to off the direction of travel at Mach 3. The SR-71 originally included optical/infrared imagery systems; side-looking airborne radar (SLAR); electronic intelligence (ELINT) gathering systems; defensive systems for countering missile and airborne fighters; and recorders for SLAR, ELINT, and maintenance data. The SR-71 carried a Fairchild tracking camera and an HRB Singer infrared camera, both of which ran during the entire mission. As the SR-71 had a second cockpit behind the pilot for the RSO, it could not carry the A-12's principal sensor, a single large-focal-length optical camera that sat in the \"Q-Bay\" behind the A-12's single cockpit. Instead, the SR-71's camera systems could be located either in the fuselage chines or the removable nose/chine section. Wide-area imaging was provided by two of Itek's Operational Objective Cameras, which provided stereo imagery across the width of the flight track, or an Itek Optical Bar Camera, which gave continuous horizon-to horizon coverage. A closer view of the target area was given by the HYCON Technical Objective Camera (TEOC), that could be directed up to 45° left or right of the centerline. Initially, the TEOCs could not match the resolution of the A-12's", "mission. As the SR-71 had a second cockpit behind the pilot for the RSO, it could not carry the A-12's principal sensor, a single large-focal-length optical camera that sat in the \"Q-Bay\" behind the A-12's single cockpit. Instead, the SR-71's camera systems could be located either in the fuselage chines or the removable nose/chine section. Wide-area imaging was provided by two of Itek's Operational Objective Cameras, which provided stereo imagery across the width of the flight track, or an Itek Optical Bar Camera, which gave continuous horizon-to horizon coverage. A closer view of the target area was given by the HYCON Technical Objective Camera (TEOC), that could be directed up to 45° left or right of the centerline. Initially, the TEOCs could not match the resolution of the A-12's larger camera, but rapid improvements in both the camera and film improved this performance. SLAR, built by Goodyear Aerospace, could be carried in the removable nose. In later life, the radar was replaced by Loral's Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar System (ASARS-1). Both the first SLAR and ASARS-1 were ground-mapping imaging systems, collecting data either in fixed swaths left or right of centerline or from a spot location for higher resolution. ELINT-gathering systems, called the Electro Magnetic Reconnaissance System, built by AIL could be carried in the chine bays to analyse electronic signal fields being passed through, and were programmed to identify items of interest. Over its operational life, the Blackbird carried various electronic countermeasures (ECMs), including warning and active electronic systems built by several ECM companies and called Systems A, A2, A2C, B, C, C2, E, G, H, and M. On a given mission, an aircraft carried several of these frequency/purpose payloads to meet the expected threats. Major Jerry Crew, an RSO, told \"Air & Space/Smithsonian\" that he used a jammer to try to confuse surface-to-air missile sites as their crews tracked his airplane, but once his threat-warning receiver told him a missile had been launched, he switched off the jammer to prevent the missile from homing in on its signal. After landing, information from the SLAR, ELINT gathering systems, and the maintenance data recorder were subjected to postflight ground analysis. In the later years of its operational life, a datalink system could send ASARS-1 and ELINT data from about of track coverage to a suitably equipped ground station. Flying at meant that crews could not use standard masks, which could not provide enough oxygen above . Specialized protective pressurized suits were produced for crew members by the David Clark Company for the A-12, YF-12, M-21 and SR-71. Furthermore, an emergency ejection at Mach 3.2 would subject crews to temperatures of about ; thus, during a high-altitude ejection scenario, an onboard oxygen supply would keep the suit pressurized during the descent. The cockpit could be pressurized to an altitude of during flight. The cabin needed a heavy-duty cooling system, as cruising at Mach 3.2 would heat the aircraft's external surface well beyond <ref name=\"PM06/91\">\"Popular Mechanics\", June 1991, p. 28.</ref> and the inside of the windshield to . An air conditioner used a heat exchanger to dump heat from the cockpit into the fuel prior to combustion. The same air-conditioning system was also used to keep the front (nose) landing gear bay cool, thereby eliminating the need for the special aluminum-impregnated tires similar to those used on the main landing gear. Blackbird pilots and RSOs were provided with food and drink for the long reconnaissance flights. Water bottles had long straws which crewmembers guided into an opening in the helmet by looking in a mirror. Food was contained in sealed containers similar to toothpaste tubes which delivered food to the crewmember's mouth through the helmet opening. The first flight of an SR-71 took place on 22 December 1964, at Air Force Plant 42 in Palmdale, California. The SR-71 reached a top speed of Mach 3.4 during flight testing, with pilot Major Brian Shul reporting a speed of Mach 3.5 on an operational sortie while evading a missile over Libya. The first SR-71 to enter service was delivered to the 4200th (later, 9th) Strategic Reconnaissance Wing at Beale Air Force Base, California, in January 1966. SR-71s first arrived at the 9th SRW's Operating Location (OL-8) at Kadena Air Base, Okinawa on 8 March 1968. These deployments were code named \"Glowing Heat\", while the program as a whole was code named \"Senior Crown\". Reconnaissance missions over North Vietnam were code named \"Giant Scale\". On 21 March 1968, Major (later General) Jerome F. O'Malley and Major Edward D. Payne flew the first operational SR-71 sortie in SR-71 serial number 61-7976 from Kadena AFB, Okinawa. During its career, this aircraft (976) accumulated 2,981 flying hours and flew 942 total sorties (more than any other SR-71), including 257 operational missions, from Beale AFB; Palmdale, California; Kadena Air Base, Okinawa, Japan; and RAF Mildenhall, UK. The aircraft was flown to the National Museum of the United States Air Force near Dayton, Ohio in March 1990. The Air Force could fly each SR-71, on average, once per week, because of the extended turnaround required after mission recovery. Very often an aircraft would return with rivets missing, delaminated panels or other broken parts such as inlets requiring repair or replacement. There were cases of the aircraft not being ready to fly again for a month due to the repairs needed. Rob Vermeland, Lockheed Martin's manager of Advanced Development Program, said in an interview in 2015 that high-tempo operations were not realistic for the SR-71. \"If we had one sitting in the hangar here and the crew chief was told there was a mission planned right now, then 19 hours later it would be safely ready to take off.\" From the beginning of the Blackbird's reconnaissance missions over North Vietnam and Laos in 1968, the SR-71s averaged approximately one sortie a week for nearly two years. By 1970, the SR-71s were averaging two sorties per week, and by 1972, they were flying nearly one sortie every day. Two SR-71s were lost during these missions, one in 1970 and the second aircraft in 1972, both due to mechanical malfunctions. Over the course of its reconnaissance missions during the Vietnam War, the North Vietnamese fired approximately 800 SAMs at SR-71s, none of which managed to score a hit. While deployed at Okinawa, the SR-71s and their aircrew members gained the nickname Habu (as did the A-12s preceding them) after a pit viper indigenous to Japan, which the Okinawans thought the plane resembled. Operational highlights for the entire Blackbird family (YF-12, A-12, and SR-71) as of about 1990 included: Only one crew member, Jim Zwayer, a Lockheed flight-test reconnaissance and navigation systems specialist, was killed in a flight accident. The rest of the crew members ejected safely or evacuated their aircraft on the ground. European operations were from RAF Mildenhall, England. There were two routes: One along the Norwegian west coast and up the Kola Peninsula, which contained several large naval bases belonging to the Soviet Navy's Northern Fleet. Over the years, there were several emergency landings in Norway, four in Bodø and two of them in 1981 (flying from Beale) and 1985. Rescue parties were sent in to repair the planes before leaving. On one occasion, one complete wing with engine was replaced as the easiest way to get the plane airborne again. The other route was from Mildenhall over the Baltic sea, also called the Baltic Express. Swedish Air Force fighter pilots have managed to lock their radar on an SR-71 on multiple occasions within shooting range. Target illumination was maintained by feeding target location from ground-based radars to the fire-control computer in the JA 37 Viggen interceptor. The most common site for the lock-on was the thin stretch of international airspace between", "to the Soviet Navy's Northern Fleet. Over the years, there were several emergency landings in Norway, four in Bodø and two of them in 1981 (flying from Beale) and 1985. Rescue parties were sent in to repair the planes before leaving. On one occasion, one complete wing with engine was replaced as the easiest way to get the plane airborne again. The other route was from Mildenhall over the Baltic sea, also called the Baltic Express. Swedish Air Force fighter pilots have managed to lock their radar on an SR-71 on multiple occasions within shooting range. Target illumination was maintained by feeding target location from ground-based radars to the fire-control computer in the JA 37 Viggen interceptor. The most common site for the lock-on was the thin stretch of international airspace between Öland and Gotland that the SR-71s used on their return flights. On April 15 1986, the US Navy and USAF attacked targets in Libya. Some time later, an SR-71 (61-7980) sortied out on a Post-Bombing-Analysis mission. Before approaching the target area, the crew noticed that one of the F-111s was missing, it was shot down during the raid and crashed into the Mediterranean Sea. During the mission, it was fired on by Surface to Air Missiles. In a effort to outrun them, the crew throttled up to full speed. This enabled it to avoid the missiles. It successfully landed back in RAF Mildenhall. The SR-71 program was terminated due to Pentagon politics, and not because the aircraft had become obsolete or irrelevant, or suffered maintenance problems, or had unsustainable program costs, although these reasons are frequently cited as justifications for its downfall. In the 1970s and early 1980s, SR-71 squadron and wing commanders were often promoted into higher positions as general officers within the Air Force structure and the Pentagon. (In order to be selected into the SR-71 program in the first place, a pilot or navigator (RSO) had to be a top-quality Air Force officer, so continuing career progression for members of this elite group was not surprising.) These generals were adept at communicating the value of the SR-71 to an Air Force command staff and a Congress who often lacked a basic understanding of how the SR-71 worked and what it did. However, by the mid-1980s, these SR-71 generals all had retired, and a new generation of Air Force generals wanted to cut the program's budget and spend its funding on new strategic bomber programs instead, especially the very expensive B-2 Spirit. The Air Force saw the SR-71 as a bargaining chip which could be sacrificed to ensure the survival of other priorities. Also, the SR-71 program's \"product\", which was operational and strategic intelligence, was not seen by these generals as being very valuable to the Air Force. The primary consumers of this intelligence were the CIA, NSA, and DIA. A former 1st SRS commander believed that if the SR-71 had been funded by an intelligence agency (like the A-12 was), instead of the Air Force, it would have easily survived. A general misunderstanding of the nature of aerial reconnaissance and a lack of knowledge about the SR-71 in particular (due to its secretive development and operations) was used by detractors to discredit the aircraft, with the assurance given that a replacement was under development. Dick Cheney told the Senate Appropriations Committee that the SR-71 cost $85,000 per hour to operate. Opponents estimated the aircraft's support cost at $400 to $700 million per year, though the cost was actually closer to $300 million. The SR-71, while much more capable than the Lockheed U-2 in terms of range, speed, and survivability, suffered the lack of a data link, which the U-2 had been upgraded to carry. This meant that much of the SR-71's imagery and radar data could not be used in real time, but had to wait until the aircraft returned to base. This lack of immediate real-time capability was used as one of the justifications to close down the program. Attempts to add a datalink to the SR-71 were stymied early on by the same factions in the Pentagon and Congress who were already set on the program's demise, even in the early 1980s. These same factions also forced expensive sensor upgrades to the SR-71, which did little to increase its mission capabilities, but could be used as justification for complaining about the cost of the program. In 1988, Congress was convinced to allocate $160,000 to keep six SR-71s and a trainer model in flyable storage that could become flightworthy within 60 days. However, the USAF refused to spend the money. While the SR-71 survived attempts to retire it in 1988, partly due to the unmatched ability to provide high-quality coverage of the Kola Peninsula for the US Navy, the decision to retire the SR-71 from active duty came in 1989, with the last missions flown in October that year. Four months after the plane's retirement, General Norman Schwarzkopf Jr., was told that the expedited reconnaissance, which the SR-71 could have provided, was unavailable during Operation Desert Storm. The SR-71 program's main operational capabilities came to a close at the end of fiscal year 1989 (October 1989). The 1st SRS kept its pilots and aircraft operational and active, and flew some operational reconnaissance missions through the end of 1989 and into 1990, due to uncertainty over the timing of the final termination of funding for the program. The squadron finally closed in mid-1990, and the aircraft were distributed to static display locations, with a number kept in reserve storage. Due to unease over political situations in the Middle East and North Korea, the U.S. Congress re-examined the SR-71 beginning in 1993. Rear Admiral Thomas F. Hall addressed the question of why the SR-71 was retired, saying it was under \"the belief that, given the time delay associated with mounting a mission, conducting a reconnaissance, retrieving the data, processing it, and getting it out to a field commander, that you had a problem in timelines that was not going to meet the tactical requirements on the modern battlefield. And the determination was that if one could take advantage of technology and develop a system that could get that data back real time... that would be able to meet the unique requirements of the tactical commander.\" Hall also stated they were \"looking at alternative means of doing [the job of the SR-71].\" Macke told the committee that they were \"flying U-2s, RC-135s, [and] other strategic and tactical assets\" to collect information in some areas. Senator Robert Byrd and other Senators complained that the \"better than\" successor to the SR-71 had yet to be developed at the cost of the \"good enough\" serviceable aircraft. They maintained that, in a time of constrained military budgets, designing, building, and testing an aircraft with the same capabilities as the SR-71 would be impossible. Congress's disappointment with the lack of a suitable replacement for the Blackbird was cited concerning whether to continue funding imaging sensors on the U-2. Congressional conferees stated the \"experience with the SR-71 serves as a reminder of the pitfalls of failing to keep existing systems up-to-date and capable in the hope of acquiring other capabilities.\" It was agreed to add $100 million to the budget to return three SR-71s to service, but it was emphasized that this \"would not prejudice support for long-endurance UAVs [such as the Global Hawk].\" The funding was later cut to $72.5 million. The Skunk Works was able to return the aircraft to service under budget at $72 million. Retired USAF Colonel Jay Murphy was made the Program Manager for Lockheed's reactivation plans. Retired Air Force Colonels Don Emmons and Barry MacKean were put under government contract to remake the plane's logistic and support structure. Still-active Air Force pilots and Reconnaissance Systems Officers (RSOs) who had worked with the aircraft were asked to volunteer to fly the reactivated planes. The aircraft was", "in the hope of acquiring other capabilities.\" It was agreed to add $100 million to the budget to return three SR-71s to service, but it was emphasized that this \"would not prejudice support for long-endurance UAVs [such as the Global Hawk].\" The funding was later cut to $72.5 million. The Skunk Works was able to return the aircraft to service under budget at $72 million. Retired USAF Colonel Jay Murphy was made the Program Manager for Lockheed's reactivation plans. Retired Air Force Colonels Don Emmons and Barry MacKean were put under government contract to remake the plane's logistic and support structure. Still-active Air Force pilots and Reconnaissance Systems Officers (RSOs) who had worked with the aircraft were asked to volunteer to fly the reactivated planes. The aircraft was under the command and control of the 9th Reconnaissance Wing at Beale Air Force Base and flew out of a renovated hangar at Edwards Air Force Base. Modifications were made to provide a data-link with \"near real-time\" transmission of the Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar's imagery to sites on the ground. The reactivation met much resistance: the Air Force had not budgeted for the aircraft, and UAV developers worried that their programs would suffer if money was shifted to support the SR-71s. Also, with the allocation requiring yearly reaffirmation by Congress, long-term planning for the SR-71 was difficult. In 1996, the Air Force claimed that specific funding had not been authorized, and moved to ground the program. Congress reauthorized the funds, but, in October 1997, President Bill Clinton attempted to use the line-item veto to cancel the $39 million allocated for the SR-71. In June 1998, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the line-item veto was unconstitutional. All this left the SR-71's status uncertain until September 1998, when the Air Force called for the funds to be redistributed; the Air Force permanently retired it in 1998. NASA operated the two last airworthy Blackbirds until 1999. All other Blackbirds have been moved to museums except for the two SR-71s and a few D-21 drones retained by the NASA Dryden Flight Research Center (later renamed the Armstrong Flight Research Center). The SR-71 was the world's fastest and highest-flying operational manned aircraft throughout its career. On 28 July 1976, SR-71 serial number 61-7962, piloted by then Captain Robert Helt, broke the world record: an \"absolute altitude record\" of . Several aircraft have exceeded this altitude in zoom climbs, but not in sustained flight. That same day SR-71 serial number 61-7958 set an absolute speed record of , approximately Mach 3.3. SR-71 pilot Brian Shul states in his book \"The Untouchables\" that he flew in excess of Mach 3.5 on 15 April 1986 over Libya to evade a missile. The SR-71 also holds the \"speed over a recognized course\" record for flying from New York to London—distance , , and an elapsed time of 1 hour 54 minutes and 56.4 seconds—set on 1 September 1974, while flown by U.S. Air Force pilot James V. Sullivan and Noel F. Widdifield, reconnaissance systems officer (RSO). This equates to an average speed of about Mach 2.72, including deceleration for in-flight refueling. Peak speeds during this flight were likely closer to the declassified top speed of over Mach 3.2. For comparison, the best commercial Concorde flight time was 2 hours 52 minutes and the Boeing 747 averages 6 hours 15 minutes. On 26 April 1971, 61-7968, flown by majors Thomas B. Estes and Dewain C. Vick, flew over in 10 hours and 30 minutes. This flight was awarded the 1971 Mackay Trophy for the \"most meritorious flight of the year\" and the 1972 Harmon Trophy for \"most outstanding international achievement in the art/science of aeronautics\". When the SR-71 was retired in 1990, one Blackbird was flown from its birthplace at United States Air Force Plant 42 in Palmdale, California, to go on exhibit at what is now the Smithsonian Institution's Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center in Chantilly, Virginia. On 6 March 1990, Lt. Col. Raymond E. and Lt. Col. Joseph T. Vida piloted SR-71 S/N 61-7972 on its final Senior Crown flight and set four new speed records in the process: These four speed records were accepted by the National Aeronautic Association (NAA), the recognized body for aviation records in the United States. Additionally, \"Air & Space/Smithsonian\" reported that the Air Force clocked the SR-71 at one point in its flight reaching . After the Los Angeles–Washington flight, on 6 March 1990, Senator John Glenn addressed the United States Senate, chastising the Department of Defense for not using the SR-71 to its full potential: Speculation existed regarding a replacement for the SR-71, including a rumored aircraft codenamed Aurora. The limitations of reconnaissance satellites, which take up to 24 hours to arrive in the proper orbit to photograph a particular target, make them slower to respond to demand than reconnaissance planes. The fly-over orbit of spy satellites may also be predicted and can allow assets to be hidden when the satellite is above, a drawback not shared by aircraft. Thus, there are doubts that the US has abandoned the concept of spy planes to complement reconnaissance satellites. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are also used for much aerial reconnaissance in the 21st century, being able to overfly hostile territory without putting human pilots at risk, as well as being smaller and harder to detect than man-carrying aircraft. On 1 November 2013, media outlets reported that Skunk Works has been working on an unmanned reconnaissance airplane it has named SR-72, which would fly twice as fast as the SR-71, at Mach 6. However, the Air Force is officially pursuing the Northrop Grumman RQ-180 UAV to take up the SR-71's strategic ISR role. United States Air Force National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Twelve SR-71s were lost and one pilot died in accidents during the aircraft's service career. Eleven of these accidents happened between 1966 and 1972. Notes: Many secondary references use apparently incorrect 64- series aircraft serial numbers (\"e.g.\" SR-71C 64-17981), but no primary government documents have been found to support this. After completion of all USAF and NASA SR-71 operations at Edwards AFB, the SR-71 Flight Simulator was moved in July 2006 to the Frontiers of Flight Museum at Love Field Airport in Dallas, Texas. Additional sources Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird The Lockheed SR-71 \"Blackbird\" is a long-range, Mach 3+ strategic reconnaissance aircraft that was operated by the United States Air Force. It was developed as a black project from the Lockheed A-12 reconnaissance aircraft in the 1960s by Lockheed and its Skunk Works division. American aerospace engineer Clarence \"Kelly\" Johnson was responsible for many of the design's innovative concepts. During aerial" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Vladimir Turkevich Vladimir Zinovievich Turkevich (; born 9 June 1958) is a scientist in the field of study of the physicochemical aspects of the superhard materials synthesis under high pressures and temperatures, the study of the thermodynamics and kinetics crystallization of diamond and cubic boron nitride at high pressures and temperatures, thermophysical instruments development. Doctor of Science (1996), professor (2011), corresponding member of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (2009). Born 9 June 1958 in Kiev, Ukraine. In 1981 he was graduated from the Heat and Power Faculty of Kiev Polytechnic Institute (modern name - National Technical University of Ukraine \"Kyiv Polytechnic Institute\"), his specialty was an engineer - thermal physicist. In 1987 he defended the Ph.D. thesis in physical and mathematical sciences (Institute of Metal Physics of NAS of Ukraine) and in 1996 the Doctor of Chemical Science thesis (Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv). Since 2009 – corresponding member of the NAS of Ukraine. In 2011 he was entitled as professor. and: Prize winner Vladimir Turkevich Vladimir Zinovievich Turkevich (; born 9 June 1958) is a scientist in the field of study of the physicochemical aspects of the superhard materials synthesis under high pressures and temperatures, the study" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Pierre Goldman Pierre Goldman, (Lyon, 22 June 1944 – 20 September 1979 in Paris) was a French left-wing intellectual who was convicted of several robberies and mysteriously assassinated. It has been suspected that the Grupos Antiterroristas de Liberación (GAL) death squad was involved in his murder. His half-brother Jean-Jacques Goldman is a popular French singer. Pierre Goldman was born near the end of World War II, the illegitimate son of Alter Mojze Goldman and Janine Sochaczewska, who were active in the FTP-MOI Resistance movement. After the liberation of France, his parents separated, and his father, in concert with a group of former FTP-MOI members, kidnapped him. At that time, Alter said that he took Pierre so that he would not grow up in the country that had seen the elimination of so many Jews. Thereafter, he had only sporadic contact with his mother, who returned to Poland. Though he was expelled from various high schools and boarding schools, Goldman obtained his baccalauréat and pursued courses at the Sorbonne as an independent auditor. He joined the Union of Communist Students in 1963. In 1966, he refused to do his compulsory military service, and travelled to Cuba instead, where he heard Fidel Castro speak at the Tricontinental Conference in January 1966. Still in Havana for the funerary eve after Che Guevara's death, he met through intermediary Régis Debray, a number of Venezuelan \"guerrilleros\". Returning to Paris, he remained distant from May '68 activism. In June 1968 he returned to Venezuela and spent a year there in guerrilla activities. On 11 June 1969, after the attack of an arms depot his group withdrew in the \"sierra\", and then lost all support from Cuba which rallied with the Venezuelan government's side. Goldman then robbed the Royal Bank of Canada in Puerto La Cruz on 11 June 1969, taking 2.6 million bolívars (the biggest hold-up of that year), a robbery later claimed by the FALN guerrilla. Of his comrades, only Goldman was not identified, fleeing in September to Paris. Having quickly spent his remaining money, he staged several robberies of small businesses in December 1969 and January 1970. During this period, he reportedly considered kidnapping writer Jean-Edern Hallier, whom he profoundly disliked. In 1974, he was given a life-sentence by the Paris cour d'assises after being convicted of a bloody robbery on 19 December 1969 on the Boulevard Richard-Lenoir, in which two pharmacists were killed. He denied having committed the robbery, although he admitted having conducted three earlier robberies. He was sentenced to 12 years in prison for the other three robberies and given a life sentence for the December 1969 assassination. During the five years he spent in prison, he studied philosophy and Spanish, and wrote a book on his own case, \"Souvenirs obscurs d'un juif polonais né en France\" ( \"Obscure Memories of a Polish Jew Born in France\"), published in 1975. The impact of the book on some French intellectuals and personalities, including the actress Simone Signoret, the writer Françoise Sagan, Jean-Paul Sartre and Régis Debray, among others, plus many inconsistencies recorded during the investigation led to a second trial, which started on 26 April 1976. He was acquitted and freed in October 1976. Afterward, he contributed to left-wing newspapers, joining the Temps Modernes and Libération. On 20 September 1979, he was assassinated at point-blank range in Paris. Eyewitnesses described seeing three Spanish-looking persons. The police first suspected the Mafia, however, the murder was vindicated by (according to AFP) an unknown far-right group: \"Honneur de la police\" (Honour of the Police). Pierre Goldman's funeral was attended by 15,000 people. A few hours after his death, his wife Christiane gave birth to a son, Manuel. The perpetrators of Pierre Goldman's murder have not been found. Various theories persist, the most serious one pointing to Marseilles' criminal underground, which might have assassinated him on behalf of the GAL ( \"Grupos Antiterroristas de Liberación\"), a death squad set up by Spanish officials to fight ETA in the 1980s. Pierre Goldman was allegedly helping ETA procure weapons, and planned to create an organization to fight the GAL. Another theory shared by VSD points toward the French intelligence services — supported by the fact that former police officer Lucien Aimé-Blanc, in charge of the Narcotics Department, pointed to the presence of a SDECE officer in the scene. In April 2006 Libération published an interview of said former police officer, who stated that one of his informants, Jean-Pierre Maïone, had admitted a few years later of having killed Goldman on behalf of the GAL: On 22 May 2012, a blog post from lemonde.fr identified the killer of Pierre Goldman as René Resciniti de Says. A former paratrooper for the French Armed Forces, Resciniti de Says was known as \"René l'élégant\" and died on 17 April 2012 at the age of 61. Goldman's assassin had previously been identified under the pseudonym \"Gustavo\" by documentarian Michel Despratx in 2010. Extreme right journalist, Emmanuel Ratier, in the bimonthly newsletter \"Faits et Documents\", claims the true identity of \"Gustavo\" to have been René Resciniti de Says. The blog post alleges that René Resciniti de Says was an associate of French monarchist group Action Française as well as being one of Bob Denard's mercenaries. \"Gustavo\", the 2010 Michel Despratx documentary which was broadcast by Canal+, claims to have assassinated Goldman as part of a four-person commando squad which included an inspector of the Direction de la surveillance du territoire (DST) and a police officer of the Direction centrale des renseignements généraux (RG). Nevertheless, as pointed out by the blog post, \"Gustavo\"'s testimony and his identification as René Resciniti de Says remain to be corroborated. Books about him: Pierre Goldman Pierre Goldman, (Lyon, 22 June 1944 – 20 September 1979 in Paris) was a French left-wing intellectual who was convicted of several robberies and mysteriously assassinated. It has been suspected that the Grupos Antiterroristas de Liberación (GAL) death squad was involved in his murder. His half-brother Jean-Jacques Goldman is a popular French singer. Pierre" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Elizabeth Shaughnessy Elizabeth Shaughnessy (born 1937) is an Irish chess player and trainer who regularly represents the national team at the Chess Olympiad. She has lived in Berkeley, California, United States for more than 30 years. By profession, she is a trained architect, having completed a 6-year course at the National University of Ireland, University College Dublin. For several years she practiced architecture in Belgrade, London and Dublin, before marrying and moving to California. Shaughnessy, a former Irish Women's Chess Champion, runs the Berkeley Chess School which teaches chess in schools throughout the Bay Area and holds chess camps in the summer. She was twice elected to the Berkeley School Board. Elizabeth Shaughnessy Elizabeth Shaughnessy (born 1937) is an Irish chess player and trainer who regularly represents the national team at the Chess Olympiad. She has lived in Berkeley, California, United States for more than 30 years. By profession, she is a trained architect, having completed a 6-year course at the National University of Ireland, University College Dublin. For several years she practiced architecture in Belgrade, London and Dublin, before marrying and moving to California. Shaughnessy, a former Irish Women's Chess Champion, runs the Berkeley Chess School which teaches chess" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Clover Township, Clearwater County, Minnesota Clover Township is a township in Clearwater County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 116 at the 2000 census. Clover Township was organized in 1914. According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of , of which, of it is land and of it (3.34%) is water. As of the census of 2000, there were 116 people, 49 households, and 29 families residing in the township. The population density was 6.8 people per square mile (2.6/km²). There were 59 housing units at an average density of 3.5/sq mi (1.3/km²). The racial makeup of the township was 90.52% White, 8.62% Native American, and 0.86% from two or more races. There were 49 households out of which 18.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.1% were married couples living together, 6.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.8% were non-families. 36.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 8.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 3.17. In the township the population was spread out with 27.6% under the age of 18, 3.4% from 18 to 24, 21.6% from 25 to 44, 32.8% from 45 to 64, and 14.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 141.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 133.3 males. The median income for a household in the township was $32,083, and the median income for a family was $39,375. Males had a median income of $26,250 versus $25,417 for females. The per capita income for the township was $16,248. There were 17.1% of families and 27.0% of the population living below the poverty line, including 47.1% of under eighteens and none of those over 64. Clover Township, Clearwater County, Minnesota Clover Township is a township in Clearwater County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 116 at the 2000 census. Clover Township was organized in 1914. According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of , of which, of it is land and of it (3.34%) is water. As of the census of 2000, there were 116 people, 49 households, and 29 families residing in the township. The" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "William Comyn of Kirkintilloch William Comyn of Kirkintilloch (died 1291) was a 13th-century Scottish nobleman. He was a son of John Comyn, Lord of Badenoch (died c.1275) and Alicia de Ros. William was married to Isabella Russell, daughter of Isabella, Countess of Menteith and John Russell. Petitions were placed to King Edward I of England and King Alexander III of Scotland claiming the Earldom of Mentieth, in the right of Isabella, his wife and in 1285 half the lands of the Earldom of Mentieth were granted to William and Isabella. The title of the Earl of Mentieth was kept by Walter Bailloch, jure uxoris by his wife Mary, sister of Isabella, Countess of Menteith. William died in 1291, without issue by his own wife. William Comyn of Kirkintilloch William Comyn of Kirkintilloch (died 1291) was a 13th-century Scottish nobleman. He was a son of John Comyn, Lord of Badenoch (died c.1275) and Alicia de Ros. William was married to Isabella Russell, daughter of Isabella, Countess of Menteith and John Russell. Petitions were placed to King Edward I of England and King Alexander III of Scotland claiming the Earldom of Mentieth, in the right of Isabella, his wife and in 1285" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Australian sawtail catshark The Australian sawtail catshark (\"Figaro boardmani\") is a common species of catshark, and part of the family Scyliorhinidae, endemic to southern Australian waters. It is found on or near the bottom of the outer continental shelf and upper continental slope, at depths of . This slim-bodied species is characterized by crests of enlarged dermal denticles along both the dorsal and ventral edges of its caudal fin and caudal peduncle, along with a color pattern of broad, dark saddles outlined in white. It can grow to in length. The Australian sawtail catshark feeds mainly on fishes, crustaceans, and cephalopods. Females are oviparous and lay eggs enclosed by capsules. This species is often caught incidentally by commercial bottom trawl fisheries, but is not significantly threatened by fishing activity. Thus, it has been assessed as of Least Concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Australian ichthyologist Gilbert Percy Whitley originally described the Australian sawtail catshark as \"Pristiurus boardmani\", in a 1928 issue of the scientific journal \"Records of the Australian Museum\", and placed it within his newly created subgenus \"Figaro\". Whitley named the species after his friend and colleague William Boardman, who collected the first known specimens, including the holotype: a long adult male trawled by the \"Bar-ea-mul\" on 18 July 1925, northeast of Montague Island off New South Wales. Another common name for this species is banded shark. Both \"Pristiurus\" and \"Figaro\" have generally been considered junior synonyms of the genus \"Galeus\"; in 2008, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) researchers Daniel Gledhill, Peter Last, and William White resurrected \"Figaro\", with \"F. boardmani\" as the type species. Whitley regarded sharks from the Great Australian Bight as representing a distinct subspecies, \"F. b. socinus\", which has not been recognized by subsequent authors. However, individuals from different portions of its range do exhibit minor differences in morphology and coloration, which merit further study. The maximum known length of the Australian sawtail catshark is . Its slender body is firm and nearly cylindrical in cross-section. The snout is rather short and narrow, with a somewhat angular profile from above. The eyes are horizontally oval and equipped with rudimentary nictitating membranes (protective third eyelids). Beneath the eye is a thin ridge, and behind is a tiny spiracle. The nostrils have triangular flaps of skin in front. The mouth is wide and arched, with furrows of medium length at each corner. The teeth are small, each with a long central cusp and multiple smaller cusplets on each side. There are five pairs of gill slits. The two dorsal fins have rounded apexes, with the first slightly larger than the second. The first and second dorsal fins originate over the rear of the pelvic fin and anal fins respectively. The pectoral fins are broad and moderate in size. The pelvic fins are small and low with an angular shape; in adult males their inner margins are fused to form a subtle \"apron\" over the claspers. The anal fin is roughly triangular; its base measures 11% of the total length, exceeding the distance between the pelvic and anal fins but not the distance between the dorsal fins. The caudal fin is short and low, with a small but obvious lower lobe and a ventral notch near the tip of the upper lobe. Small, overlapping dermal denticles cover the body and fins; each denticle has three marginal teeth. In addition, there are enlarged spiny denticles forming prominent crests along the front half of the upper caudal fin edge, and beneath the caudal peduncle to the ventral caudal fin edge. This species is grayish above and light below. Dorsally, there are 12–13 variegated dark saddles or bands along the body and tail, including three saddles before the dorsal fins that are separated by narrow bands. The saddles are highlighted by a lighter edge, and may contain white flecks. The dorsal and pectoral fins are dark at the bases and light at the margins. Widely distributed off southern Australia, the Australian sawtail catshark has been found from Carnarvon in Western Australia to Noosa in Queensland, including all of Tasmania. This abundant, demersal species inhabits the outer continental shelf and upper continental slope at a depth of . The Australian sawtail catshark has been known to assemble in groups of a single sex. It feeds primarily on fishes, crustaceans, and cephalopods. Reproduction is oviparous, possibly without a well-defined breeding season as is the case in other catsharks. Adult females have a single functional ovary and two functional oviducts; apparently a single egg matures in each oviduct at a time. The eggs are enclosed in capsules measuring long, across, and thick. Males and females attain sexual maturity at roughly and long respectively. The Australian sawtail catshark is a frequent incidental catch of bottom trawl commercial fisheries operating throughout its range, including the Western Australian Deep Water Trawl Fishery, the South East Trawl Fishery, and the Queensland East Coast Trawl Fishery. It may be retained and utilized, but is more commonly discarded; the survival rate of discarded sharks is unknown. This species remains widespread and common, and fishing activities do not appear to pose a substantial threat to its population at present. As a result, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has listed it under Least Concern. Australian sawtail catshark The Australian sawtail catshark (\"Figaro boardmani\") is a common species of catshark, and part of the" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Boronia Park The Boronia Park, or the Boronia Park Reserve, is a waterfront parkland and nature reserve wholly within the suburb of Hunters Hill, in the Municipality of Hunter's Hill, New South Wales, Australia. The park dates back to pre-colonial New South Wales, with original and widely diverse flora and fauna: The park was named after the \"Boronia ledifolia\" which is all but locally extinct, probably due to the introduction of rabbits in the 19th century. The Boronia Park is bordered in Hunters Hill by Park Road to the west, High Street to the north, Ryde Road to the south and the Lane Cove River and Boronia Avenue to the east. Boronia Park Reserve contains Brickmakers Creek where the water flows over Tipperary Falls, a high waterfall on a Hawkesbury sandstone escarpment before entering the Lane Cove River through a tidal pool lined with saltmarsh, mangrove, Avicienna marina and Casuarina glauca. Three ovals are available for playing various sports and it is also the home of the Hunters Hill Rugby Union Football Club and Ryde Hunters Hill Pirates Cricket Club. The main oval has one grandstand which contains several rows of seats. The Boronia Park Public School, named after the parkland and reserve, is located on the east side of Pittwater Road (between Pittwater Road and Earl Street), wholly within the suburb of Hunters Hill. It provides schooling for around 650 pupils of the local area. It prides itself in its beautiful grounds, much of which is shaded by leafy trees which are characteristic of the area. Nearby is the Gladesville-Boronia Park Uniting Church. The Great North Walk passes through Boronia Park just downstream of Tipperary Falls. Boronia Park The Boronia Park, or the Boronia Park Reserve, is a waterfront parkland and nature reserve wholly within the suburb of Hunters" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Superstation Superstation is a term in North American broadcasting that has several meanings. In its most precise meaning, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in the United States defines \"superstation\" as a \"television broadcast station, other than a network station, licensed by the FCC, that is secondarily transmitted by a satellite carrier.\" In the early days of television broadcasting, most large media markets had, by standards of the period, a large number of television stations. Generally, these markets had three VHF stations that were respectively affiliated with NBC, ABC and CBS (the then dominant television networks), one or more public television stations (which usually were member stations of PBS), and one or more UHF stations (and in the largest markets, such as New York City, Los Angeles and Chicago, at least one VHF station) without a network affiliation. These independent stations relied on syndicated reruns, older movies and local programming (such as newscasts, children's programming or sporting events) to fill their broadcast schedules. Smaller media markets, however, often had only the basic three network-affiliated stations. Cable television providers in smaller municipalities and rural areas sought a foothold by \"importing\" signals from larger nearby or distant cities for their customers. Anxious for more viewers, the stations assisted by relaying their signals by wire or microwave transmission to these towns. These stations, especially independents that were owned by Gaylord Broadcasting – such as WVTV (channel 18) in Milwaukee, KSTW (channel 11) in Seattle, KTVT (channel 11) in Fort Worth–Dallas and KHTV (channel 39, now KIAH) in Houston, which all served their respective states with entertainment programming via these connections – became the first \"superstations,\" on a regional basis. With the advent of C-Band satellites, Ted Turner came up with the idea of distributing his Atlanta, Georgia independent station WTCG (channel 17; later renamed WTBS, and now WPCH-TV) via C-Band to the entire country (and beyond). WTCG, which had already been distributed via microwave to cable systems in much of the Southeastern United States, became the first national superstation; Turner's idea was soon copied by companies who applied for satellite uplinks to distribute other independent stations, including WGN-TV (channel 9) in Chicago, Illinois. One key legal point is that Turner's contracts with content providers charged him for programming content as if his station were reaching only a local market. No one had thought of adding contract language to deal with satellite broadcasts of a television station to a much larger market. This terrestrial loophole was eventually closed, so other local stations that could get a satellite transponder spot were charged appropriately. American copyright law requires pay television providers that carry superstations or other out-of-market television stations to make royalty payments to the United States Copyright Office under compulsory license retransmission provisions. Much of the appeal to viewers these superstations had came from the national carriage of games involving sports teams that the stations held broadcast rights to in their home markets, such as WTCG/WTBS's carriage of the Atlanta Hawks and Braves, and WGN-TV's broadcasts of sporting events featuring the Chicago Cubs, White Sox and Bulls. The distribution of these superstations eventually caused conflicts between these stations and providers of similar, or identical, programming in local markets. In 1989, the Federal Communications Commission drafted the Syndication Exclusivity Rules (or \"SyndEx\") to resolve some of these conflicts; the law requires cable providers to black out any syndicated programs carried on out-of-market stations if a television station exclusively holds the local broadcast rights to a particular program, even if the out-of-market station has the same owner as the station with that particular exclusive program. After the SyndEx rules became law, some nationally distributed superstations (such as WGN-TV and WWOR-TV) decided to launch separate feeds on January 1, 1990, to avoid potential blackouts. These also ran separate national advertising. WTBS effectively limited the number of necessary substitutions by licensing the majority of its programming for carriage on both its national and Atlanta area feeds (certain local programs carried by the station, such as public affairs and educational children's programs, were not carried on the TBS national feed, but these omissions were generally not because of market exclusivity claims). The uplinkers of WGN and WWOR opted to instead devise alternate schedules with a mix of programs aired by the parent station that were not subject to market exclusivity claims, and substituted programs seen only on the national cable feed. Sports programming on the nationally distributed stations was sometimes replaced with other programming due to broadcast rights restrictions imposed by the major professional sports leagues on the number of game telecasts that the stations could air outside their local markets on an annual basis (this particularly affected WGN-TV, whose national feed was allowed to broadcast all Cubs and White Sox games shown locally but after 1996, prohibited from carrying select Bulls and, from 2008 onward, any Chicago Blackhawks games; in the cases of WGN, WWOR and WPIX, which each had news departments, regularly scheduled newscasts often were subjected to substitutions if a sports event – particularly one shown during prime time – was preempted). The FCC placed tight restrictions on the remaining superstations (excluding the WGN national feed), allowing no new ones and limiting the distribution of the five grandfathered stations to rural areas without distributors of similar programming. Many of the intrastate superstations eventually let their carriage agreements with out-of-market cable providers expire due to contractual restrictions resulting from them becoming affiliates of either UPN, The WB or, after network shuffles in their markets, one of the Big Four networks during the mid-1990s. Incidentally, Paramount Television (which operated the network in a joint venture with WWOR's owner at the time, Chris-Craft Industries) used a syndication exclusivity claim to prevent the WWOR EMI Service from carrying programming from UPN when it launched in January 1995, which had the side effect of preventing that network's programming from reaching markets where no affiliate was initially present. The WB, in contrast, allowed WGN (whose corporate parent, the Tribune Company, held minority ownership in the network) to carry its programming from that network's January 1995 launch until October 1999, when the network's national affiliate coverage was considered sufficient enough for the superstation feed to stop carrying it. The regional superstations carried on direct broadcast satellite and C-Band providers were not subject to SyndEx claims, so for the most part, satellite viewers saw all programming seen on the local broadcast signals of these stations. WWOR, although it never formally gave up its superstation status, stopped distributing a national feed when Advance Entertainment Corporation (which had acquired the satellite distribution rights to WWOR and WSBK-TV from Eastern Microwave Inc. in 1996) sold the satellite transponder slot that carried its WWOR EMI Service feed to Discovery Communications, which used the slot to expand coverage of Animal Planet on January 1, 1997. After outcry from satellite dish owners, the National Programming Service uplinked to the station's New York City area feed less than one week later, exclusively for distribution by satellite providers; the NPS feed would be discontinued in 1999. WWOR is currently (as of 2014) only available nationwide on Dish Network, in areas where no local MyNetworkTV affiliate is available. The five remaining", "gave up its superstation status, stopped distributing a national feed when Advance Entertainment Corporation (which had acquired the satellite distribution rights to WWOR and WSBK-TV from Eastern Microwave Inc. in 1996) sold the satellite transponder slot that carried its WWOR EMI Service feed to Discovery Communications, which used the slot to expand coverage of Animal Planet on January 1, 1997. After outcry from satellite dish owners, the National Programming Service uplinked to the station's New York City area feed less than one week later, exclusively for distribution by satellite providers; the NPS feed would be discontinued in 1999. WWOR is currently (as of 2014) only available nationwide on Dish Network, in areas where no local MyNetworkTV affiliate is available. The five remaining superstations – MyNetworkTV affiliates WSBK-TV (channel 38) in Boston, Massachusetts, and WWOR-TV (channel 9) in Secaucus, New Jersey (part of the New York City television market), and CW affiliates WPIX (channel 11) in New York City, KWGN-TV (channel 2) in Denver, Colorado, and KTLA (channel 5) in Los Angeles, California (the latter three are owned by the same company, Tribune Broadcasting, which is also the owner of WGN-TV) – are carried on some rural cable providers, C-Band providers and on the Dish Network satellite service. However, syndication exclusivity blackout requests led Dish Network to stop offering one or more of the stations in some markets in recent years. Dish stopped selling a programming package with the five superstations outside their home markets on September 19, 2013, limiting their distribution to customers who were already subscribed to the a la carte tier at that point. TBS, the successor to WTCG, eventually gave up its status as a superstation and became a conventional cable channel (outside Atlanta) in October 2007; its former parent station, WTBS, is now known as WPCH-TV and in the United States, is only available in and near the Atlanta market as well as in Canada. WGN's national feed was formerly branded as Superstation WGN from November 2002 until May 2008, when it changed its name to WGN America. WGN also decided to give up its status as a superstation (in the United States) and formally began a conversion into a basic cable network on December 16, 2014, when its first deals with cable providers to move the channel from limited to expanded basic tiers went into effect. However, the WGN-TV local Chicago feed is now a stream on Channel Master's LinearTV service, which launched in the spring of 2015. While the FCC defines \"superstation\" as a term, it does not prohibit its use by others – such as KYUR (channel 13) in Anchorage, Alaska, an affiliate of ABC and The CW that has a network of repeater stations in other parts of that state, which are collectively branded as \"The Alaska SuperStation\". Some Spanish language networks like Telemundo and Univision may only have one station in an entire state that serves the largest city in their market and is distributed statewide by cable providers; this is the case for Milwaukee Telemundo affiliate WYTU-LD (channel 63), which has statewide cable distribution through Wisconsin via Spectrum, along with extended coverage on low-power stations in Rockford, Illinois, and South Bend, Indiana, giving it coverage resembling a regional superstation, but not marketed as such. The term is used by many other television and radio stations, but none of these operations is a superstation as defined by the FCC and it used solely for marketing purposes. Canada does not have any television stations that operate as \"superstations\" in the official sense of the term. Technically, virtually every broadcast television station in Canada is a superstation, as almost all local television stations in that country – most commonly those that are owned-and-operated stations (along with a few affiliates) of CBC Television, CTV, CTV Two, City and Global and French language networks Ici Radio-Canada Télé, V and TVA – are carried nationally by one or both satellite providers (Bell TV and Shaw Direct), and any of these stations can be carried by any Canadian cable provider, at least on digital cable. The closest Canadian equivalent to the \"superstation\" model is an independent station (the number of which had grown to some extent with the 2009 demise of E!, although some have affiliated with other systems and networks), and to some extent the television system. Moreover, Canadian providers are able to distribute American television stations in their digital package, regardless of whether or not they are licensed superstations. Beginning in the late 1980s, Canadian Satellite Communications (Cancom) began distributing CHAN-TV (channel 8) from Vancouver, British Columbia, CITV-TV (channel 13) from Edmonton, Alberta, and CHCH-TV (channel 11) from Hamilton, Ontario, primarily for distribution by smaller cable systems throughout Canada. Coincidentally, these stations were, like Cancom, owned (or later acquired) by Western International Communications. As a result of their early availability, which predated most Canadian specialty channels, these stations (the first two are now owned by Shaw Media, the latter by Channel Zero) continue to have a superstation-type status on analog cable in many smaller Canadian communities, and in the United States along border-area cable systems (such as Buffalo/Niagara Falls, New York, Burlington, Vermont, and Bellingham, Washington). Presently, both the aforementioned CHCH and CJON-TV (channel 21) in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador use slogans referring to each as a \"superstation.\" The stations have no formal network affiliation, although CJON carries news and entertainment programming from Global and news programming from CTV, and both stations carry programming from the country's only syndicator, yes TV. (CJON and CHCH are both notable for carrying superstation feeds that are available outside Canada through their Web sites; while yes TV and the CBC have free online feeds, those channels only offer the programs to viewers in Canada. In both cases, only a limited amount of non-local programming is carried on the online feed.) Neither CHCH nor CJON has any special regulatory status at present conferring that title. Canadian subscribers to premium movie channels Crave and/or The Movie Network Encore, Movie Central or Super Channel also may receive several major U.S. superstations like WGN-TV, KTLA and WPIX, depending on their television provider. The Canadian Radio-Television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC), which maintains a list of foreign television channels that it has approved for distribution, authorizes most U.S. superstations for domestic pay television providers – although KWGN-TV is the only one of the CRTC-approved superstations that has no cable or satellite carriage in Canada. TBS was removed from the Canadian market when it became a cable-exclusive channel in the U.S., as this would have required approval by the CRTC to be carried on Canadian cable providers. However, it has been replaced with WPCH-TV, the former Atlanta feed of TBS; as such, WPCH is one of only two superstations eligible under the Commission's foreign distribution list (along with WGN-TV since December 2014) that is no longer distributed in the United States as a regional or national superstation. Much as is the case in Canada, almost all of the television stations in Mexico are available on satellite to be carried on cable and DTH providers within the country. However, no station is carried equally nationwide, certain laws, such as the electoral law, forbid stations to broadcast ads (particularly, political campaign ads) from other states or regions. It is mandatory by law that satellite pay TV providers carry the signals of stations that are part of networks that cover 50% of the Mexican territory with regional lock outs. Radio stations in North America are permitted to uplink to satellite. WSM in", "under the Commission's foreign distribution list (along with WGN-TV since December 2014) that is no longer distributed in the United States as a regional or national superstation. Much as is the case in Canada, almost all of the television stations in Mexico are available on satellite to be carried on cable and DTH providers within the country. However, no station is carried equally nationwide, certain laws, such as the electoral law, forbid stations to broadcast ads (particularly, political campaign ads) from other states or regions. It is mandatory by law that satellite pay TV providers carry the signals of stations that are part of networks that cover 50% of the Mexican territory with regional lock outs. Radio stations in North America are permitted to uplink to satellite. WSM in Nashville, Tennessee, received a lot of attention in the 1980s as it was delivered via C-band alongside The Nashville Network. Very few stations actually distribute themselves through C-band, as there is not much reason to do so and the station's audio can be dialed in through either ISDN lines, or listened to via an audio stream over the internet (if the station offers such). Ones that do, like WEEI in Boston, often do so to feed their station to others that simulcast the programming. This is the case with several stations in Mexico, as radio and TV broadcasting in that country is very nationalized and most local stations are merely 24-hour-a-day affiliates of a national network. Some local radio stations are, or have been distributed on satellite radio throughout the United States, and Canada in select cases. Stations once distributed on satellite radio include WLTW New York City, KHMX Houston, KIIS-FM Los Angeles, KNEW San Francisco, WTKS-FM Orlando, WLW Cincinnati and WSIX-FM Nashville on XM Satellite Radio, and WSM on Sirius Satellite Radio. XM, in particular, used superstations owned by Clear Channel Communications for much of its early programming, and still had two superstations from Clear Channel as recently as late 2008 (talk radio station WLW and country music station WSIX); both of those were dropped by March 2009. WSIX, KIIS and WLTW returned to the now-merged Sirius XM lineup in June 2011, along with new additions WHTZ New York City and WGCI-FM Chicago. Three other stations, all of them specialty stations, are currently distributed on satellite radio; these are Bloomberg Radio affiliate WBBR in New York City, Brigham Young University station KBYR-HD2 from Provo, Utah, and C-SPAN Radio station WCSP-FM in Washington, D.C. Most of WBBR's programming is also syndicated terrestrially to other stations through United Stations Radio Networks (KPIG-FM ended its terrestrial syndication deal with Dial Global in 2010, making WBBR the only terrestrial superstation on U.S. radio). KDIS in Los Angeles converted to superstation status in 2014; this was the result of the station, which serves as the flagship of Radio Disney, becoming the only analog terrestrial broadcaster of the network as Radio Disney's remaining affiliates are either sold or shut down, to focus the network's efforts primarily on mobile distribution (Radio Disney began to return to HD Radio subchannels in 2016 through brokered programming arrangements, though with a drastically reduced affiliate base). Former CBS Radio stations now owned by Entercom also started using HD Radio technology to introduce its major market stations to other markets. For instance, KFRG in San Bernardino is carried on KTWV-HD3 in Los Angeles, KSCF in San Diego is heard on KAMP-HD2 in Los Angeles; WBZ-FM in Boston was heard on WTIC-HD3 in Hartford before WBZ-FM's sale to Beasley Broadcast Group; KROQ-FM in Los Angeles was formerly heard on KEGY in San Diego; and a yet-to be-determined affiliate in New York City (likely WXRK-HD2), and WFAN in New York City simulcasts on three affiliates in Florida (WOCL-HD3 in Orlando, WLLD-HD3 in Tampa, and WEAT-HD3 in West Palm Beach). In many cases where radio stations distribute outside their home market, the local stations make some concessions, such as replacement of local advertisements with either national advertising or a bed of production music that plays over commercial breaks. Also in the example of WFAN, that station's play-by-play coverage of the New York Mets and Giants, the New Jersey Devils and the Brooklyn Nets is not carried on the Florida HD Radio affiliates and replaced with alternate programming, as the station only has rights to broadcast the programming in the New York metropolitan area. Superstation Superstation is a term in North American broadcasting that has several meanings. In its most precise meaning, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in the United States defines \"superstation\" as a \"television broadcast station, other than a network station, licensed by the FCC, that is secondarily transmitted by a satellite carrier.\" In the early days of television broadcasting, most large media markets had, by standards of the period, a large number of television" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "The Promise (In This Moment song) \"The Promise\" is a song by American metal band In This Moment. It is the second promotional single released from their third studio album, \"A Star-Crossed Wasteland\", and first to go for radio adds. The song is a duet with Otherwise vocalist Adrian Patrick. The music video for the song premiered in late September 2010. Originally, Brink had written the male vocal parts of the song for Five Finger Death Punch frontman Ivan Moody. Due to record business issues, Moody was not able to lend his vocals to the track. Brink explains, \"They (Five Finger Death Punch) would've had a single coming out at the same time as us, so it prevents problems business wise or whatever. [There] was nothing we could do for it...\" Producer Kevin Churko instead enlisted Adrian Patrick, who sang on the demo version of the song to appear on the final version. Guitarist Chris Howorth says Patrick's vocals were a perfect match, \"Adrian had this deep, rich voice. And together with Maria, it was a sound I have never heard before from any band or any duet. It was such a thrill to write such a powerful song and hear it sound so amazing in its rough form.\" The music video was directed by David Brodsky and shot around the same time as the first single, \"The Gun Show\" in May 2010. The clip premiered on Century Media's YouTube channel in September 22, 2010. To perform the song live, Adrian Patrick has made appearances throughout the summers 2010 Mayhem festival to sing the duet while his band Otherwise opened for In This Moment on a few off festival shows. Patrick continued to sing the duet during the bands co headlining tour with Nonpoint during the fall of 2010. Maria Brink has invited other vocalists from touring bands to fill in Patricks vocals live. For Record Store Day 2011, a limited edition CD single of \"The Promise\" was released. Only 1,000 were produced and the single features two tracks recorded live at Criminal Records on December 11, 2010. \"The Promise\" is In This Moment's highest charting single to date. The song cracked the Top 40 Active Rock Chart in late January. Promo CD CD single The Promise (In This Moment song) \"The Promise\" is a song by American metal band In This Moment. It is the second promotional single released" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Chicago Federation of Labor The Chicago Federation of Labor (CFL) is an umbrella organization for unions in Chicago, Illinois, USA. It is a subordinate body of the AFL-CIO, and as of 2011 has about 320 affiliated member unions representing half a million union members in Cook County. The labor body is also involved in political lobbying, often in alliance with other allied organizations (e.g.. Interfaith Worker Justice), is active in Chicago politics, and participates in many of Chicago's civic committees (composed of business and city leaders). The CFL was formed by the American Federation of Labor (AFL) on November 9, 1896. In part, the federation was an outgrowth of previous umbrella labor bodies in the city, many of which had fragmented during the previous two decades. But, in part, the formation of the CFL was an attempt to end corruption in Chicago's labor unions. Only over time did the CFL change its focus to strengthening the efforts of individual union locals by creating a unified voice for the city's labor movement, uphold the labor rights of its union members, and mediate contract disputes on behalf of local unions. Unfortunately, the CFL was dominated in its early years by Martin \"Skinney\" Madden, a notoriously corrupt labor leader who had managed to get himself elected President, Vice President and Treasurer for life in his Steamfitters' local in Chicago. The early years of the CFL saw corrupt and reform elements battle for control. The CFL's constitution required an election for the presidency every six months, which encouraged instability, and a new president was elected roughly every year in the organization's first decade. Elections were also rife with fraud and violence. In January 1903, Madden arranged to have the names of all the reform candidates placed low on the ballot, many names were misspelled to deny the candidate election, and some names omitted altogether. Unions on both sides padded their membership lists in order to have more delegates to the convention. At least seven major brawls broke out on the convention floor, and one man was injured so badly he had to be rushed to the hospital. Only police intervention brought order. The July 1904 election saw such widespread violence (including fistfights in front of the ballot boxes). Three brawlers had to be carried home. Reform elements began to get the upper hand in 1905. Charles Dold was elected in January of that year despite ballot irregularities, accusations of bribery, and ballot box stuffing. When Dold appeared to have enough support to win re-election on July 16, 1905, Madden's supporters attempted to prevent his victory by smashing ballot boxes and destroying ballots. Madden's thugs severely beat Michael Donnelly, a Dold supporter and international president of the Amalgamated Butcher Workmen, on the floor of the convention in full view of hundreds of delegates. Madden disrupted the election so much that a new election was held on August 6. Again, Madden used violence and fraud to force cancellation of the election. Dold finally won re-election on August 13. Madden's forces boycotted the August 13 election and claimed the results were invalid. He pressured the CFL into invalidating the election on August 20, but public outcry and an investigation by the AFL led the CFL to reverse itself on September 3. John Fitzpatrick was elected CFL president on January 21, 1906. Despite repeated attempts to deny reform delegates seats at subsequent conventions and install his own puppet as CFL president, Dold and Fitzpatrick branded Madden a dual unionist for being under the control of organized crime. They campaigned actively against him and his most powerful supporter throughout the fall and winter. More than 150 policemen were on guard in the convention hall on January 21 to ensure that there was no repeat of the violence of 1905. Fitzpatrick easily outpolled his opponent, two to one. Fitzpatrick's election ushered in an era of stability and reform for the labor federation. The CFL gained increasing amounts of autonomy, and became one of the nation's leading central labor federations. For a while, William Z. Foster and his circle, briefly organized as the International Trade Union Educational League became influential. In the 1910s and during World War I, Fitzpatrick oversaw mass organizing drives in steel and meatpacking, led by Foster. The CFL also affiliated the Chicago Federation of Teachers, providing critical support for the nascent teachers' union movement. After World War I, the CFL was active in the formation of the short-lived Labor Party of the United States. Fitzpatrick endorsed socialism and remained a political progressive for the rest of his life, although he also fought bitterly to keep communists out of the labor movement. Fitzpatrick's presidency was also notable for its emphasis on ending the corruption that that plagued the CFL during Madden era. He worked closely with fellow reformer Illinois State Federation of Labor President Reuben Soderstrom to combat the influence of organized crime on organized labor. Fitzpatrick also worked to counter perceived press bias against labor. From 1926 through 1979, the Chicago Federation of Labor operated a radio station, WCFL, as the \"Voice of Labor\" in the Midwest. Fitzpatrick died in office in September 1946 at the age of 75. His successor was William A. Lee, a vice president of the Teamsters. Lee expanded CFL's role in the politics. Although personally a conservative, Lee continued to support a broad liberal agenda. Lee was a close friend to Chicago Mayor Richard J. Daley, and a very strong backer of the Cook County Democratic Party. Although the AFL and the Congress of Industrial Organizations merged in 1955, the respective Chicago bodies did not do so until 1962. Lee was elected president of the unified organization, and remained so until his death in 1984. Since Lee's death, there have been six presidents of the Chicago Federation of Labor, about one every five years. Twice (Robert Healey and Don Turner) the presidency has gone to a member from the Chicago Federation of Teachers, giving the teachers union a top spokesperson in the labor federation for 14 of the last 23 years. Healey was the first president since Charles Dold in 1905 to retire from the presidency rather than die in office. Under Healey, the CFL began to distance itself from its close relationship with the Democratic Party to take a more independent stance on issues. Under Turner, the CFL emphasized community investment, workforce development, affordable living, and an end to urban sprawl. In 2010, CFL delegates elected Jorge Ramirez (UFCW Local 1546) the first Mexican-American president of the organization. Ramirez's tenure was marked by a boom in construction and tourism, as well as an attack on public sector unions by right-leaning organizations. In 2018, Robert G. (\"Bob\") Reiter, Jr. was elected president after serving 8 years as the CFL's Secretary-Treasurer. Reiter, a member of Operating Engineers Local 150 and an attorney, is considered a progressive in the labor movement. Following is a list of the presidents of the Chicago Federation of Labor. Chicago Federation of Labor The Chicago Federation of Labor (CFL) is an umbrella organization for unions in Chicago, Illinois, USA. It is a subordinate body of the AFL-CIO, and as of 2011 has about 320 affiliated member unions representing half" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "UC Health Stadium UC Health Stadium is a stadium in Florence, Kentucky. It is primarily used for baseball and is the home field of the Florence Freedom of the Frontier League, an independent baseball league. It originally opened in 2004 as Champion Window Field and holds 4,500 people. On November 27, 2012, the Freedom announced that UC Health, the healthcare system of the University of Cincinnati, had signed a 10-year naming rights deal, giving the ballpark its UC Health Stadium name. In July 2004, shortly after the opening of Champion Window Field, contractors began filing liens against the Florence Freedom, accusing the team of not paying for work done on the stadium. Eventually, 33 liens totaling $4.7 million were filed. In August, Fifth Third Bank sued team part-owner Chuck Hildebrant for failing to repay multiple loans taken out to finance the stadium construction. As part of the lawsuit, it was revealed that Hildebrant had used of land that he did not own as collateral for the loans, and that he had given the bank a forged document as proof of ownership. Hildebrant was later the subject of a federal white collar crime investigation and sentenced to prison in October 2005. The team was sold in November 2004 to a new ownership group led by Clint Brown, who was not associated with Hildebrant's ownership group. From 2006 to 2008, the Northern Kentucky Norse baseball team, then of NCAA Division II, moved from on-campus Bill Aker Baseball Complex to play its home schedule at Champion Window Field. UC Health Stadium UC Health Stadium is a stadium in Florence, Kentucky. It is primarily used for baseball and is the home field of the Florence Freedom of the Frontier League, an independent baseball league. It originally opened in 2004 as Champion Window Field and" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Smoothing problem (stochastic processes) The Smoothing problem (not to be confused with smoothing in statistics, image processing and other contexts) refers to Recursive Bayesian estimation also known as Bayes filter is the problem of estimating an unknown probability density function recursively over time using incremental incoming measurements. It is one of the main problems defined by Norbert Wiener A smoother is an algorithm or implementation that implements a solution to such problem. Please refer to the article Recursive Bayesian estimation for more information. The Smoothing problem and Filtering problem are often considered a closely related pair of problems. They are studied in Bayesian smoothing theory. Note: Not to be confused with blurring and smoothing using methods such as moving average. See smoothing. Some variants include: There are four terms that cause confusion: Smoothing (in two senses: estimation and convolution), and Filtering (again in two senses: estimation and convolution). Smoothing (estimation) and smoothing (convolution) can mean totally different, but sound like they are apparently similar. The concepts are different and are used in almost different historical contexts. The requirements are very different. Note that initially, the Wiener's filter was just a convolution, but the later developments were different: one was estimation and the other one was filter deisgn in the sense of design of a convolution filter. This is a source of confusion. Both the smoothing problem (in sense of estimation) and the filtering problem (in sense of estimation) are often confused with smoothing and filtering in other contexts (especially non-stochastic signal processing, often a name of various types of convolution). These names are used in the context of World War 2 with problems framed by people like Norbert Wiener. One source of confusion is the Wiener Filter is in form of a simple convolution. However, in Wiener's filter, two time-series are given. When the filter is defined, a straigtforward convolution is the answer. However, in later developments such as Kalman filtering, the nature of filtering is different to convolution and it deserves a different name. The distinction is described in the following two senses: 1. Convolution: The smoothing in the sense of convolution is simpler. For example, moving average, low-pass filtering, convolution with a kernel, or blurring using Laplace filters in image processing. It is often a filter design problem. Especially non-stochastic and non-Bayesian signal processing, without any hidden variables. 2. Estimation: The smoothing problem (or Smoothing in the sense of estimation) uses Bayesian and state-space models to estimate the hidden state variables. This is used in the context of World War 2 defined by people like Norbert Wiener, in (stochastic) control theory, radar, signal detection, tracking, etc. The most common use is the Kalman Smoother used with Kalman Filter, which is actually developed by Rauch. The procedure is called Kalman-Rauch recursion. It is one of the main problems solved by Norbert Wiener. Most importantly, in the Filtering problem (sense 2) the information from observation up to the time of the current sample is used. In smoothing (also sense 2) all observation samples (from future) are used. Filtering is causal but smoothing is batch processing of the same problem, namely, estimation of a time-series process based on serial incremental observations. But the usual and more common smoothing and filtering (in the sense of 1.) do not have such distinction because there is no distinction between hidden and observable. The distinction between Smoothing (estimation) and Filtering (estimation): In smoothing all observation samples are used (from future). Filtering is causal, whereas smoothing is batch processing of the given data. Filtering is the estimation of a (hidden) time-series process based on serial incremental observations. Smoothing problem (stochastic processes) The Smoothing problem (not to be confused with smoothing in statistics, image processing and other contexts) refers to Recursive Bayesian estimation also known as Bayes filter is the problem of estimating an unknown probability density function recursively over time using incremental incoming measurements. It is one of the main problems defined by Norbert Wiener A smoother is an algorithm or implementation that implements a solution to such problem. Please refer to the article Recursive Bayesian estimation for more information. The Smoothing problem and Filtering problem are often considered a closely related pair of problems. They" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Pseudorhaphitoma brionae Pseudorhaphitoma brionae is a small sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Mangeliidae. The length of the shell attains 20 mm, its diameter 6 mm The dark red shell has a very long and turreted spire. The shell contains 9 whorls. It is smooth, and the very fine spiral striae can only be seen through a lens. The 10 longitudinal ribs are rounded and smooth, but become acuminate at the base of the shell.The body whorl is small and slightly convex. The oblong aperture is broad in the middle and narrow at the extrmities. The columella is perpendicular. The outer lip is arcuate and slightly insinuate at the base. This marine genus occurs off Hong Kong. Pseudorhaphitoma brionae Pseudorhaphitoma brionae is a small sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Mangeliidae. The length of the shell attains 20 mm, its diameter 6 mm The dark red shell has a very long and turreted spire. The shell contains 9 whorls. It is smooth, and the very fine spiral striae can only be seen through a lens. The 10 longitudinal ribs are rounded and smooth, but become acuminate at the base of the shell.The body whorl" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Northern Black Forest The Northern Black Forest () refers to the northern third of the Black Forest in Germany or, less commonly today, to the northern half of this mountain region. The Northern Black Forest is bounded in the north by a line from Karlsruhe to Pforzheim and, in the south, by a line running from the Rench valley to Freudenstadt. Its northern boundary largely coincides with the emergence of the extensively forested bunter sandstone strata from the arable region of the Kraichgau; its southern boundary with the Central Black Forest (or, in the case of a bipartite division, the Southern Black Forest) varies depending on the definition or natural regional division used (see also Black Forest). Earlier the Northern Black Forest was the entire northern half of the mountain range as far as the line of the Kinzig valley, which divides the Black Forest east of Lahr. To the west it is bounded by the Upper Rhine Plain, to the east by the Gäu landscapes. The Northern Black Forest is not the same as the spatial-planning region of Northern Black Forest, which covers the eastern area. The Northern Black Forest, with its rather angular, in places trapezoidally-shaped summits, rises above the Rhine Plain by more than . By contrast its eastern slopes descend gradually and there is less of a height difference with its neighbouring regions. Its highest peak is the Hornisgrinde at . Woods cover on average 73% of the whole land area and make the Northern Black Forest the most cohesive forested part of the Black Forest, but there are also extensive areas of so-called \"Grinden\", treeless, wet heaths, on its highland slopes. Geologically the dominant rock of the Northern Black Forest is bunter sandstone, although in the deeply incised west its gneiss bedrock reaches the surface. Granites (e.g. Forbach granite) and porphyries have intruded forming crags and tors. The highland regions of the Northern Black Forest are among the regions of the German Central Uplands with the heaviest rainfall (up to 2,200 mm per annum). Its most important rivers are the Murg, Nagold, Enz, Alb, Acher, Rench, Oos and the upper reaches of the Wolf. In 2001 the Central and Northern Black Forest Nature Park (\"Naturpark Schwarzwald Mitte/Nord\") was established and its coverage includes the whole of the Northern Black Forest. In addition an area of about 10,000 hectares has been designated since 1 January 2014 as the Black Forest National Park. It has numerous highly popular tourist attractions as well as winter sport areas in addition to the towns named below and the Black Forest High Road and Kaltenbronn. Numerous tarns in the Northern Black Forest are evidence of ice age glacial formations, The best-known is the Mummelsee on the Hornisgrinde. Other tarns are the Ellbachsee, Herrenwieser See, Huzenbacher See, Sankenbachsee, Schurmsee and the Wildsee near Ruhestein. Many of them were also impounded in order to supply excess water for timber rafting which was common until the 19th century. Other former tarns have silted up. The Hohlohsee and the Wildsee near Gernsbach-Kaltenbronn are raised bog lakes on the highlands between the Murg and Enz valleys that are only fed by local precipitation. There are several dams in the Northern Black Forest. The Schwarzenbach Dam and the Murg Dam are part of the \"Rudolf-Fettweis-Werk\", a pumped storage and run-of-the-river power station in Forbach. The Nagold Dam regulates the water level of the Nagold. The Kleine Kinzig Dam is used for drinking water, water regulation and electricity generation. Northern Black Forest The Northern Black Forest () refers to the northern third of the Black Forest in Germany" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "CIBM-FM CIBM-FM is a French-language Canadian radio station located in Rivière-du-Loup, Quebec. Owned and operated by Groupe Radio Simard, it broadcasts on 107.1 MHz with an effective radiated power of 100,000 watts using an omnidirectional antenna (class C). The station has a contemporary hit radio format branded as FM 107. The station rebroadcasts CKOI-FM Montreal from 6 p.m. to 6:45 a.m. CIBM was launched in 1966 as CHGB-FM at 102.9 FM, until it moved to its current frequency in 1982. The CIBM call sign was later adopted at an unknown date. In 1986, it was authorized to increase its effective radiated power to 100,000 watts. CIBM-FM CIBM-FM is a French-language Canadian radio station located in Rivière-du-Loup, Quebec. Owned and operated by Groupe Radio Simard, it broadcasts on 107.1 MHz with an effective radiated power of 100,000 watts using an omnidirectional antenna (class C). The station has a contemporary hit radio format branded as FM 107. The station rebroadcasts CKOI-FM Montreal from 6 p.m. to 6:45 a.m. CIBM was launched in 1966 as CHGB-FM at 102.9 FM, until it moved to its current frequency in 1982. The CIBM call sign was later adopted at an unknown date. In 1986, it was" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Hollywood Brats The Hollywood Brats were a British glam rock and protopunk band in the early 1970s. They found little commercial success at the time, and split up in 1974, but are regarded as influential on the later punk rock scene. The band was originally known as The Queen, and was formed in London in 1971 by singer Andrew Matheson, keyboard player Casino Steel (born Stein Groven, Trondheim, Norway, 22 February 1952), and drummer Lou Sparks. When another rock band, Queen, started to become popular, they were obliged to adopt a new name, Hollywood Brats. In 1972, the group added guitarist Eunan Brady – recruited through an advertisement in \"Melody Maker\" for a guitarist \"drunk on scotch and Keith Richards\" – and bassist Wayne Manor. The band became noted in London for their flamboyant make-up and clothes, and aggressive musical approach, influenced by, and in many ways parallel to, the New York Dolls. Brady later commented that \"The whole point of the Brats was to annoy and disturb!\" Matheson said:The Brats were always being booed offstage - sometimes even beaten up by all these people who only ever wanted to hear Barry White or Billy Paul. They never wanted fast rock 'n' roll music...We went round every record company, even the small ones and all they kept saying was that rock 'n' roll music was dead and that that kind of raunchy music would never come back. The group was championed by Keith Moon, who said they were the best band he had ever seen, and in 1973 they recorded an LP for NEMS Records, described at Allmusic as \"pure rock fun with fuzzy, garage-flavored guitar solos, cowbell accents, and snotty lyrics populated with gold diggers and tramps.\" All the songs were written by Matheson and Steel, apart from a cover of \"Then He Kissed Me\". However, the record company refused to release the album, and by the time it was eventually issued in Norway by Mercury Records, titled \"Grown Up Wrong\", in 1975, the band had split up. \"Then He Kissed Me\" was belatedly released as a single by Cherry Red Records in 1979, and the album was reissued as \"Hollywood Brats\" the following year. After the Hollywood Brats, Brady performed with Wreckless Eric. Steel briefly joined London SS before becoming a member of The Boys. Matheson released a solo album, \"Monterey Shoes\", in 1979. He later moved to Canada, where he released the album \"Night of the Bastard Moon\", recorded in Oslo, Norway, in 1994, and garnered a Juno Award nomination for Best New Solo Artist at the Juno Awards of 1995.In 2015, he published a memoir of the band, \"Sick On You: The Disastrous Story of Britain’s Great Lost Punk Band\", named after one of the Hollywood Brats' songs. Hollywood Brats The Hollywood Brats were a British glam rock and protopunk band in the early 1970s. They found little commercial success at the time, and split up in 1974, but are regarded as influential on the later" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "USS Plunger (1895) USS \"Plunger\" was the first submarine built for the United States Navy. She was ordered in 1895 but was never commissioned; thus, the \"USS\" appellation is in error. On 3 March 1893, the United States Congress authorized the first \"submarine torpedo boat\" to be built for the U.S. Navy. John P. Holland won a Navy design competition in 1895 to build it with his design for a submarine powered by a steam engine. The Navy ordered Holland's design as USS \"Plunger\" and awarded a contract for her construction on 13 March 1895 to Holland's firm, the Holland Torpedo Boat Company. While building \"Plunger\", Holland concluded that steam power would never be suitable in a submarine, and he abandoned construction of \"Plunger\" in favor of the construction of \"Holland\", powered by a gasoline engine, which he funded personally. Accordingly, the Navy cancelled the contract for \"Plunger\"s construction in April 1900; the money paid towards her was credited to her successor . That same month, it purchased \"Holland\" and commissioned her as its first submarine: . The first \"Plunger\" (also called \"Holland V\") was an experimental submarine which was evaluated by the United States Navy from 1898 to 1900. It was the fifth submarine designed and built by Irish engineer and inventor John Philip Holland. It was a 149-ton steam-powered submarine which had its design approved in October 1893 and built under a U.S. Navy contract issued in March 1895. Her features included three propellers, a steam engine plant, a retractable smokestack, thrusters to facilitate maneuvering, a camera lucida (an optical device serving as a periscope), and two torpedo tubes. \"Plunger\" was constructed at the Columbia Iron Works in Baltimore, Maryland and launched on August 7, 1897, and the Navy conducted dock trials in 1898. Her complex steam power plant proved impractical for a submarine and the boat was not accepted for service by the Navy. The Navy considered reconstructing \"Plunger\" with new engines in July 1899 but decided against it. The contract was cancelled between Holland and the Navy in 1900, and the money already outlaid was applied to the cost of purchasing a new submarine which became USS \"Plunger\" (SS-2). The original Plunger was kept by the Holland Torpedo Boat Company at its facility in New Suffolk on Long Island, New York. She remained unused until she was scrapped in 1917. Holland applied lessons learned from \"Plunger\" to the design of \"Holland VI\", which was accepted by the Navy and commissioned as USS \"Holland\". The name \"Plunger\" was given to the lead ship of the first multi-ship class of U.S. Navy submarines. USS Plunger (1895) USS \"Plunger\" was the first submarine built for the United States Navy. She was ordered in 1895 but was never commissioned; thus, the \"USS\" appellation is in error. On 3 March 1893, the United States Congress authorized the first \"submarine torpedo boat\" to be built for the U.S. Navy. John P. Holland won a Navy design competition in 1895 to build it" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Kangalanchery Kangalanchery or Kangalancheri is a small village located near Thiruvarur Tamilnadu, India known for its paddy fields and temples.It is located five kilometers from Thiruvarur town. It is on the way to Mayiladuthurai. The village has gained popularity as of recent times, due to the presence of \"Central University\". Kangalancherry also houses a post office of its own ( PIN Code-610101). It also houses library, banks, ATM's, marriage halls. The upcoming central university has a Kendriya Vidhyalaya school. Kangalancherry is at the confluence of the Nagoor-Kumbakonam highway and Thiruvarur -Mayiladuthurai highway. So it has gained popularity among the masses as a junction for shopping. 90% of population in Kangalancheri are following Hinduism while Christians and Muslims are other minorities. 8 Hindu temples located in Kangalancheri (Vinayagar temple, Kathayi amman temple, Perumal temple, Thoondikaran temple, Angalamman temple) and pray halls for christians and muslims also there. Kangalanchery Kangalanchery or Kangalancheri is a small village located near Thiruvarur Tamilnadu, India known for its paddy fields and temples.It is located five kilometers from Thiruvarur town. It is on the way to Mayiladuthurai. The village has gained popularity as of recent times, due to the presence of \"Central University\". Kangalancherry also houses a" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Brunnthaler Quellbach Brunnthaler Quellbach (also: Quellenbach) is a river of Munich, Bavaria, Germany. Until the end of the 19th century, the Munich river Brunnbach had its source near Bad Brunnthal in the lower Bogenhausen district and, as today, was a tributary of the Isar at St. Emmeran. At the time the Herzogpark was covered with buildings the Brunnbach was filled up north of the street Montgelaßstraße. The former upper course of the Brunnbach in the park is now a river of its own and is called Brunnthaler Quellbach or Quellenbach. The Brunnthaler Quellbach flows along the street Steinbacherstraße into the small pond Steinbacher Teich, from there a subterranean drainage south of the bridge into the Isar exists. Brunnthaler Quellbach Brunnthaler Quellbach (also: Quellenbach) is a river of Munich, Bavaria, Germany. Until the end of the 19th century, the Munich river Brunnbach had its source near Bad Brunnthal in the lower Bogenhausen district and, as today, was a tributary of the Isar at St. Emmeran. At the time the Herzogpark was covered with buildings the Brunnbach was filled up north of the street Montgelaßstraße. The former upper course of the Brunnbach in the park is now a river of its own" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Roman-Aequian wars The Roman-Aequian wars were a series of wars during the early expansion of ancient Rome in central Italy against their eastern neighbours, the Aequi. Livy mentions that the last king of Rome, Tarquinius Superbus, made peace with the Aequi. They fought several battles against the Romans, among which was the battle of Mount Algidus (458 BC). Their chief center is said to have been taken by the Romans about 484 BC and again about ninety years later. Records of fighting between Romans and Aequi become much sparser in the second half of the 5th century BC. Likely the Aequi had gradually become a more settled people and their raiding petered out as a result. The Aequi were not finally subdued until the end of the second Samnite war, when they seem to have received a limited form of franchise. During the period of popular discontent in Rome which led to the First secessio plebis in 494 BC, each of the Volsci, Sabines and the Aequi took up arms at the same time. To meet the threat, a Roman dictator was appointed, Manius Valerius Maximus. Ten legions were raised, a greater number than had been raised previously at any one time, three of which were assigned to the consul Veturius to deal with the Aequi. The Aequi had invaded Latium, and Veturius marched there to meet the enemy at the request of the Latin allies of Rome, rather than allowing the Latins to arm themselves. Upon the arrival of the Roman army, the Aequians retreated from Latium to the safety of the mountains to the east. Shortly afterwards, the Romans advanced into the mountains towards the Aequian camp. The Roman consul would have preferred to delay any attack, because the Aequian army's camp was situated on a position which was difficult to approach. However the Roman troops demanded that there be no delay, because of their anxiety to return to Rome as soon as possible because of the political events that had been fomenting there. Therefore the Roman army advanced up the hill towards the Aequian camp. The Aequi, however, were so stunned at the Romans' boldness that they abandoned their camp and fled. The Roman army captured the Aequian camp, and took from it an abundance of booty, thereby securing a bloodless victory. In 488 BC the Volsci, led by Gaius Marcius Coriolanus and Attius Tullus Aufidius, laid siege to Rome. Coriolanus, a native of Rome, relented and broke off the siege. The Volsci eventually returned to attack Rome, and were joined by an army of the Aequi. However the Aequi refused to accept the leadership of Aufidius, and as a result a dispute broke out and the two armies fought, diminishing the strength of each of them such that they were no longer a threat to Rome. The Volsci and the Aequi were together defeated again in 485 BC. The consul Quintus Fabius Vibulanus incurred the anger of the plebs by lodging the spoils of victory with the \"publicum\". Again in 484 BC hostilities with the Volsci and Aequi were renewed. The Romans led by the consul Lucius Aemilius Mamercus defeated the enemy, and the Roman cavalry slaughtered many in the rout which followed. The Aequi took up arms again in 482 BC. In 481 BC they laid siege to the Latin town of Ortona, and the Romans raised an army and placed it under the command of the consul Kaeso Fabius. The Romans met the Aequi in battle, and routed them solely by a cavalry charge. Due to popular discontent amongst the Roman army, both with the patricians and with Fabius himself, the Roman infantry refused to pursue the enemy. Fabius exhorted them to attack the fleeing enemy, but they refused, and returned to camp. Nevertheless Fabius and the army returned to Rome victorious. In 479 BC Kaeso Fabius was again consul. The Aequi invaded the Latin territory, and Fabius was assigned an army to deal with the threat. No significant battle was fought, because the Aequi retreated to their walled towns. When word arrived that the other consul Titus Verginius Tricostus Rutilus was threatened by the Veientes, Fabius took his army to rescue his colleague. In 475 BC the Aequi together with the Volsci invaded the Latin territory. The Latins, joined by the Hernici but without the assistance of any Roman troops or Roman commander, repelled the enemy and captured a significant amount of booty. In 471 BC the Aequi again invaded, as did the Volsci. The consul Titus Quinctius Capitolinus Barbatus was given command of the Roman forces against the Aequi. He successfully ravaged the enemy territory. In contrast to his colleague Claudius who had offended the plebeians and therefore lost the discipline of his troops, Quinctius suffered no military ill-discipline. Indeed his troops returned to Rome with praises for Quinctius, calling him their 'parent'. In the following year the Roman consul Lucius Valerius Potitus again led Roman troops into Aequian territory. He unsuccessfully attempted to assault the Aequian army camp, and instead ravaged the Aequian territory. Three years later in 467 BC, the Roman consul Quintus Fabius Vibulanus was sent into the Aequian territory with a Roman army. The Aequi sued for peace, and peace was agreed. However the Aequi broke the peace shortly after by a raid into Latin territory. In 466 BC the consul Quintus Servilius Priscus Structus led a Roman army into the Aequian territory to continue the war. However an illness through the Roman camp prevented any military engagement. In 465 BC Quintus Fabius Vibulanus, Roman consul for the second time, was given a special command against the Aequi. He sought to persuade the Aequi to make peace, however the Aequi rejected that offer, and marched to Algidum. The Romans were so offended by the Aequian behaviour that the second consul, Titus Quinctius Capitolinus Barbatus, was sent with another Roman army against the Aequi. A battle was fought and the Romans were successful, following which the Aequi retreated to their own territory. However the Aequi immediately returned to Latium and began pillaging the countryside. News of this fresh attack, at a time when both consuls were still absent from the city, caused panic in Rome. The consul Quinctius returned to the city, and to calm the populace he declared the justitium and appointed Quintus Servilius Priscus Structus as praefectus urbi during the consuls' absence. Quinctius and his army then left Rome again, but were unable to locate the enemy to engage in battle. He returned to Rome four days later and declared the justitium concluded. Meanwhile the other consul Fabius successfully ambushed the Aequi and routed them, recovering all the bounty that had been taken from the Latin territory. He then pursued the Aequi into their own territory and ravaged their lands, later returning to Rome with much bounty and glory. Hostilities continued in 464 BC. The Aequi allied with the Volscian town of Ecetra (already under Roman rule) against Rome. The Hernici learnt of this alliance, and warned Rome that the Ecetrans had revolted. The Romans also suspected that the Volscian town of Antium (which included a Roman colony) would also revolt. This suspicion arose because Antium had been defeated by Rome in 468 BC, and many of the chief opponents of Rome from Antium had fled to the Aequi, and had fought with the Aequi against Rome, and had subsequently returned to Antium. The Roman consuls Aulus Postumius Albus Regillensis and Spurius Furius Medullinus Fusus summoned the chief men of Antium to Rome to explain their position, but they attended without reluctance and answered sufficiently that they were allowed return to Antium. The Aequi invaded the Hernican territory, and the Roman consul Furius marched against them. In an initial battle the Aequi were victorious, and the Roman forces were besieged in their camp. The Hernici sent news of the defeat to Rome, and the senate declared the emergency decree, the senatus consultum ultimum (the first recorded occasion of that decree), urging the remaining consul Postumius to take all measures to protect the", "had fled to the Aequi, and had fought with the Aequi against Rome, and had subsequently returned to Antium. The Roman consuls Aulus Postumius Albus Regillensis and Spurius Furius Medullinus Fusus summoned the chief men of Antium to Rome to explain their position, but they attended without reluctance and answered sufficiently that they were allowed return to Antium. The Aequi invaded the Hernican territory, and the Roman consul Furius marched against them. In an initial battle the Aequi were victorious, and the Roman forces were besieged in their camp. The Hernici sent news of the defeat to Rome, and the senate declared the emergency decree, the senatus consultum ultimum (the first recorded occasion of that decree), urging the remaining consul Postumius to take all measures to protect the state. Postumius remained at Rome to levy troops and Titus Quinctius, consul the previous year, was granted command of fresh Roman forces as proconsul. The Latin allies, the Hernici, and Antium, were each ordered to provide emergency troops. Aequian forces were sent to invade Roman territory, and if possible to attack the city. The remaining consul Postumius was sent to meet this new threat and Lucius Valerius, the consul of 470 BC, was left to defend Rome. A justitium was declared for several days. Meanwhile the Roman forces led by the consul Furius burst forth from their besieged camp and attacked the Aequi. The Roman attack initially succeeded, however the consul's brother Publius, (who had been consul in 472 BC and was serving as a legatus under his brother's command) led his forces too far from the main Roman force, and was cut off and killed. This led the consul to pursue him, and he was himself wounded and only just rescued from the enemy. The Aequi besieged the Romans in their camp once again, and displayed the head of the consul's brother. But then the proconsul Quinctius arrived with Latin and Hernican forces, and attacked the Aequian army. The besieged Roman army again broke forth from the camp, and the Aequian army was soundly defeated. Postumius was also successful against the Aequian forces in the Roman territory, and he was joined in the attack by the returning Roman armies of Quinctius and Furius. Livy, relying on Valerius Antias gives the number of Romans dead in Hernican territory as 5,300, and 2,400 Aequi killed in the Roman territory plus a further 4,230 Aequians killed fleeing with booty. The Roman forces returned to Rome. The justitium was ended. The Latin and Hernican troops were returned with much thanks. A force of 1,000 from Antium arrived to late to give assistance and were dismissed. A number of portents were witnessed in Rome at the conclusion of this war, and a solemn festical of three days was declared to appease the gods. In 390 BC a Gaulish war band defeated the Roman army at the Battle of Allia and then sacked Rome. The ancient writers report that in 389 BC the Etruscans, the Volsci, and the Aequi all raised armies in hope of exploiting this blow to Roman power. According to Livy and Plutarch, the Aequi gathered their army at Bolae. However, the Roman dictator, Marcus Furius Camillus, had just inflicted a severe defeat on the Volsci. He surprised the Aequian army and captured both their camp and the town. According to Diodorus Siculus, the Aequi were actually besieging Bolae when they were attacked by Camillus. According to Livy, a Roman army ravaged Aequian territory again in 388, this time meeting no resistance. Oakley (1997) considers these notices of Roman victories against the Aequi in 389 and 388 to be historical, confirmed by the disappearance of the Aequi from the sources until 304. Owing to the dispute in the sources, however, the precise nature of the fighting around Bolae cannot be determined. Bolae was a Latin town, but it was also the scene of much fighting between Romans and Aequi, and it changed hands several times. Either an (unreported) Aequian capture followed by Roman recapture, or a failed Aequan siege, are therefore possible. Roman-Aequian wars The Roman-Aequian wars" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU) is an agricultural university located in Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. The Tamil Nadu Agricultural University had its genesis from establishment of an agricultural school at Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, as early as 1868 which was later relocated at Coimbatore during 1906. In 1920 it was affiliated to Madras University. TNAU assumed full responsibilities of Agricultural Education and Research and supported the State Agricultural Department by delivering research products. In 1958, it was recognised as a post-graduate centre and began to offer master's and doctoral degrees. The university offers 13 undergraduate programs, 40 graduate programs and 27 doctoral programs. As the university switched over to the e-learning from the academic year 2007, it was made compulsory for first-year students to procure personal laptops. Apart from academic institutes, the University now has research programs at more than 32 stations, spread over in Tamil Nadu with more than 1200 scientists and teaching faculty. Internationally, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University was ranked 105 among BRICS nations by the QS World University Rankings of 2018. The National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) ranked Tamil Nadu Agricultural University 40 overall in India and 25 among universities in 2018. The university has 15 constituent colleges: Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU) is an agricultural university located in Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. The Tamil Nadu Agricultural University had its genesis from establishment of an agricultural school at Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, as early as 1868 which was later relocated at Coimbatore during 1906. In 1920 it was affiliated to Madras University. TNAU assumed full responsibilities of Agricultural Education and Research and supported the State Agricultural Department by delivering research products. In 1958, it was recognised as a post-graduate centre and began to offer master's and doctoral degrees. The" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Zilia Dandolo Zilia Dandolo (died 13 October 1566), was the Dogaressa of Venice by marriage to the Doge Lorenzo Priuli (ruled 1556–1559). She was the daughter of Marco Dandolo and related to the doges Andrea Dandolo and Arigo Dandolo. She married Priuli in 1526 in what was considered as almost an unequal match, as she was considered more high born than he. Her daughter was painted by Titian in \"The Annunciation\" as Mary. Zilia hosted many parties in the famous Palazzo Priuli. She was described as the leading female aristocrat and the most respected female noble in Venice, and the election of her spouse to doge is attributed to her. When her spouse was elected doge in 1556, the council decided that Zilia should be crowned. This was somewhat remarkable, as no dogaressa had been crowned since Taddea Michiel in 1478. Her Grand Entry and coronation on 18 September 1557 set the pattern for future ceremonies of the same kind. Zilia was given many honors from the state unknown to other dogaressas. As a widow in 1559, she was granted the title of princess, her own court and pension from the state: when she appeared in public as dowager dogaressa, she was accompanied by courtiers, and was entitled to wear state robes. This was not usually granted a dogaressa, who was by custom normally expected to enter a convent as a widow. Dogaressa Cecilia Contarini were given the same honors in 1578. In the \" Cerimoniali\" (1464- 1592), she is one of only three dogaressas depicted in state robes as widows: the other two being Cecilia Contarini and Loredana Marcello. A new form of glass was named after her: \"La Zilia\". Zilia Dandolo Zilia Dandolo (died 13 October 1566), was the Dogaressa of Venice by marriage to the Doge Lorenzo" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Nieuwe Kerk (Haarlem) The Nieuwe Kerk is a historical Protestant Reformed church dating from the 17th century on the Nieuwe Kerksplein in Haarlem, Netherlands. The tower was built in 1613 by Lieven de Key against the older St. Anna church that itself was replaced by a design by Jacob van Campen in 1645-1649. The organ was originally built by J. van Covelen in the 16th century for the St. Bavochurch and was moved to the Nieuwe Kerk in 1791 by H. Hess. The mechanical clock in the tower is from 1795. In the church tower there is a bell from 1749 with a diameter of 98 centimeters by Cyprianus Crans. Nieuwe Kerk (Haarlem) The Nieuwe Kerk is a historical Protestant Reformed church dating from the 17th century on the Nieuwe Kerksplein in Haarlem, Netherlands. The tower was built in 1613 by Lieven de Key against the older St. Anna church that itself was replaced by a design by Jacob van Campen in 1645-1649. The organ was originally built by J. van Covelen in the 16th century for the St. Bavochurch and was moved to the Nieuwe Kerk in 1791 by H. Hess. The mechanical clock in the tower is from" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "T. E. Ellis Thomas Edward Ellis (16 February 1859 – 5 April 1899), often known as T. E. Ellis or Tom Ellis, was a Welsh politician who was the leader of Cymru Fydd, a movement aimed at gaining home rule for Wales. Ellis was, for a time, the most prominent of a generation of Liberal politicians who emerged in Wales after 1886, who placed greater emphasis than the previous generation to a Welsh dimension to their politics. His early death in 1899 in his fortieth year added to the aura that surrounded his name. T. E. Ellis was born ar Cefnddwysarn near Bala, the son of a tenant farmer, and was brought up among folk memories of the political evictions in Merioneth following the 1859 and 1868 General Elections. Having attended Bala Grammar School, where his fellow pupils included Owen Morgan Edwards, he progressed to the University of Wales, Aberystwyth (then Aberystwyth college) from 1875 to 1879, then went to New College, Oxford, graduating in history in 1884. On leaving Oxford, Ellis briefly went into journalism and also acted as a private tutor to the son of a South Wales shipping magnate. He then became private secretary to Liberal Party MP, John Brunner. This took him to London and drew him closer to a political life. In 1886, he was selected as the Liberal Party candidate for the Merionethshire constituency, and was elected the same year at the general election. Ellis quickly became prominent as a spokesman for Welsh concerns, and in a speech in Bala in 1890 called for a legislative assembly for Wales. He became the leader of the Cymru Fydd movement which sought to gain home rule for Wales, cooperating closely with David Lloyd George, and also played a prominent part in the campaign for Welsh disestablishment. In 1892 when Gladstone formed a new administration, Ellis accepted the post of second whip, which meant that he had to withdraw from the movement, whose leadership was taken over by Lloyd George and John Herbert Lewis (MP for Flint Boroughs). In 1894 Ellis was appointed Chief Whip. Ellis also published the first volume of the collected works of the 17th century Welsh Puritan writer Morgan Llwyd, a work completed after his death by his brother in law, J. H. Davies. He died in Cannes in 1899. His son, the academic Thomas Iorwerth Ellis, wrote a two-volume biography of him, the volumes being published in 1944 and 1948 respectively. Tom Ellis, according to Kenneth O Morgan, was a 'nationalist of a complex kind'. On the one hand he was deeply rooted in the Methodist tradition, with a love of Welsh poetry and literature. He regarded himself as a follower of Mazzini, and his support for Cymru Fydd made him a prominent advocate of Home Rule. In contrast, he became an admirer of Cecil Rhodes, whom he had met in Cape Colony and his acceptance of government office attracted criticism from some of his erstwhile supporters. \"Dictionary of Welsh Biography\" Entry by K O Morgan in \"Dictionary of National Biography\", Oxford, 2004-08 T. E. Ellis Thomas Edward Ellis (16 February 1859 – 5 April 1899), often known as T. E. Ellis or Tom Ellis, was a Welsh politician who was the leader of Cymru Fydd, a movement aimed at gaining home rule for Wales. Ellis was, for a time, the most prominent of a generation of Liberal politicians who emerged in Wales after 1886, who placed greater emphasis than the previous generation to a Welsh dimension to their politics. His early death in 1899 in his fortieth year added to the" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Alabama State Route 58 State Route 58 (SR 58) was a state highway in Centreville in Bibb County. The western terminus of the highway was at an intersection with US 82/SR 25/SR 219. The eastern terminus of the highway was at a second intersection with US 82. SR 58 traveled through the historic business district of Centreville. SR 58 began at an intersection with former US 82/SR 6/SR 25/SR 219 (now SR 382) in Centreville, heading east on two-lane undivided Walnut Street. The highway headed into the historic business district of the town, intersecting former SR 209 at the town square. Farther east, the highway headed into wooded residential areas. SR 58 curved to the southeast and reaches its eastern terminus at an intersection with US 82/SR 6. State Route 58 was decommissioned in 2015. After that, all of the mileage, along with the mileage of State Route 209, was transferred to SR 382. Alabama State Route 58 State Route 58 (SR 58) was a state highway in Centreville in Bibb County. The western terminus of the highway was at an intersection with US 82/SR 25/SR 219. The eastern terminus of the highway was at a second intersection with US" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Changing Faces – The Very Best of 10cc and Godley & Creme Changing Faces – The Very Best of 10cc and Godley & Creme was the first compilation that included all the hits from 10cc and Godley & Creme. The album featured sixteen tracks including a remixed version of \"Snack Attack\" by Godley & Creme, that originally featured on their 1981 album \"Ismism\". The track was also issued as a single with an edit of \"Wet Rubber Soup\" from \"The History Mix Volume 1\" on the B-side. The single failed to chart. The album was very successful in the UK reaching No.4 and achieving platinum status - selling over 300,000 copies, and was the catalyst to Polydor conducting market research to see if the public would welcome a new album from the band. The results were \"...Meanwhile\" The cover featured a composite of all the band's faces placed on top of each other - a reference to the famous morphing video for Godley & Creme's \"Cry\" single from 1985. Following on from the success of the album, a compilation of videos was assembled and released in 1988. Because many of the early singles didn't have promo films available, the track listing differed from the album. The video has since been repackaged as the companion to the \"Greatest Hits ... And More\" compilation from 2006, available as a DVD. Changing Faces – The Very Best of 10cc and Godley & Creme Changing Faces – The Very Best of 10cc and Godley & Creme was the first compilation that included all the hits from 10cc and Godley & Creme. The album featured sixteen tracks including a remixed version of \"Snack Attack\" by Godley & Creme, that originally featured on their 1981 album \"Ismism\". The track was also issued as a single with" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "The Bicycle Thief (Modern Family) \"The Bicycle Thief\" is the second episode of the ABC series \"Modern Family\". It originally premiered on American Broadcasting Company (ABC) in the United States on September 30, 2009. The episode was written by Bill Wrubel and directed by Jason Winer. In the episode, Jay tries to show his stepson he can be a good father; Phil tries to teach his son a lesson by stealing his bike, but gets in lots of trouble when he discovers he got the wrong bike; Cameron and Mitchell put Lily in Day Care Center and try to act straight. \"The Bicycle Thief\" received positive reviews from critics mostly towards Ty Burrell's performance as Phil Dunphy. The episode was viewed by more than 9 million viewers and dropped 4 tenths from last week's episode, \"Pilot\" in the 18-49 demographic tying with the \"Criminal Minds\" in the timeslot according to Nielsen Media Research. The question of the episode in the teaser concerns being a good dad. Phil (Ty Burrell) and Claire (Julie Bowen) go on a bike-ride with Luke (Nolan Gould), who is riding his sister's bike because he is not responsible enough to own a bike. While the Dunphys are riding, they come across Desiree (Brandy Ledford), a newly single mother who has a child at Luke's school. Phil flirts with her, to Claire's disgust. Phil decides to buy Luke a brand new green bike after Jay (Ed O'Neill) ridicules Luke for riding a girl's bike and tells him that he is responsible for it. When Phil comes across a bike that is similar to Luke's new bike, he immediately assumes Luke left the bike unlocked. Phil jumps on the bike to take it home, feeling that Claire will be upset with him for not listening to her. On his way home, he comes across Desiree and sets the bike down in order to help her get into her home - she had locked herself out. When returning to leave, the bike has disappeared. Phil visits the bike store to buy a replacement but when he gets home and confronts Luke, he learns that Luke never left the bike. When trying to take the replacement bike to the store, he is confronted by Claire who says he should not be sneaky and she forgives him - only to have Desiree show up with the second bike, saying her neighbor had placed it in her garage while Phil was in her bedroom. Phil eventually places one of the replacement bikes back in the spot from where he had stolen the second bike and he is confronted by a pair of kids who claim the bike. The second plot line begins at the Delgado-Pritchett residence where Jay helps Manny (Rico Rodriguez) to set up a fan they bought. Jay refuses to read the instructions or listen to Manny while he reads them and gets shocked twice. Manny and Jay have an argument after one of the blades falls off the fan causing Manny to shout that he wished Jay had never married Gloria (Sofía Vergara). Later, as Jay is getting ready for his trip to the wine country with Gloria, he gets a call from Manny's father. Manny's father says that he is winning at craps and does not want to leave the table and take Manny to Disneyland as promised, something that disgusts Jay. Going outside to tell Manny, he makes up an excuse saying that his father will not be able to make it due to flight delays. He then tells Manny that the limousine was sent by his father to take all three of them to Disneyland, even though originally it was for Jay and Gloria's trip. In third plot line of the episode, Cameron (Eric Stonestreet) and Mitchell (Jesse Tyler Ferguson) go to the playschool with Lily (Ella Hiller/Jaden Hiller). When they find out that all the other kids are much more advanced than Lily they decide to steal some blocks that another child has stacked and claim that Lily did it. When the employee informs them of the CCTV cameras and that they can have a copy of Lily stacking the blocks, they quickly leave. Jay presents the final moments of the episode, answering the opening question by saying that the biggest part of being a good dad, is simply being there. In its original American broadcast, \"The Bicycle Thief\" was viewed by an estimated by 9.993 million households and got a 3.8 rating/10% share in the 18-49 demographic tying for first in its timeslot with \"Criminal Minds\" going down 4 tenths from the pilot episode according to the Nielsen Media Research. \"The Bicycle Thief\" received positive reviews. Robert Canning of \"IGN\" gave the episode a 7.2 saying it was \"Decent\" and \"Though the tone was still fun, Wednesday night's outing felt a bit too comfortable, as if we were watching an episode from season three.\" James Poniewozik of \"Time\" said \"whether the characters are one-joke specials or if they have more dimensions to them. So far, with its second episode, Modern Family is meeting that test just fine.\" Jason Hughes of \"TV Squad\" gave the episode a positive review saying \"Its brilliance in its simplicity, brilliantly executed. Not only did we get so many funny moments throughout, but if we paid close attention, we learned several lessons about life and parenthood between the laughs.\" Donna Bowman of \"The A.V. Club\" gave the episode an A- saying \"This episode is even better than the pilot. It deepens the neuroses that drive the characters, it solidifies the style, and it differentiates itself nicely -- in the kinds of stories it tells and the tone and method of the telling -- from \"Arrested Development\", the touchstone for most of the descriptions of the pilot.\" \"TV Fanatic\" gave the episode a good review and remarked \"On last night's Modern Family, each of the fathers of the family were asked what it means to be a great dad and it led to three great stories.\" Michael Slezak of \"Entertainment Weekly\" said \"The good news about Modern Family‘s hilarious second episode is that it proved the show isn’t going to just be a one-hit wonder.\" Many of the critics have praised Ty Burrell's performance of Phil Dunphy. Michael Slezak said \"MVP for this episode, which might as well have been titled “The Sins of the Father,” was definitely Ty Burrell’s Phil, who got himself into all kinds of bizarre trouble by going against his wife’s wishes and buying a bike for his irresponsible son.\" Robert Canning said \"Ty Burrell as Phil has some great nervous comedic timing and the scene where his wife introduces the new neighbor was the highlight of this plotline.\". The Bicycle Thief (Modern Family) \"The Bicycle Thief\" is the second episode of the ABC series \"Modern Family\". It originally premiered on American Broadcasting Company (ABC) in the United States on September 30, 2009. The episode was written by Bill Wrubel and directed by Jason Winer. In the episode, Jay tries to show his stepson he can be a good father; Phil tries to teach his son a lesson by stealing his bike, but gets in lots of" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Serrana (composition) Serrana is a solo guitar etude that relies heavily on arpeggios and the technique of sweep picking. It was written and composed by neo-classical metal guitarist Jason Becker. Though the final orchestral trumpet version appears on his 1996 album \"Perspective\", its roots can be traced to almost the mid-1980s. Serrana was composed in the late 1980s while Becker was in the band Cacophony. Around this time, the guitarist began to incorporate the composition into his solos, using complex sweep picking techniques. One such performance was filmed during an April 1989 concert in Japan. Again in 1989, shortly before being diagnosed with ALS at nearly 20 years old, Becker performed a nearly ninety-minute guitar clinic at the Atlanta Institute of Music in Norcross, Georgia. This is his last recorded performance of \"Serrana\". Melodically, the piece is mostly composed of one and two octave major and minor triadic arpeggios within the key of D major. The last half of the piece is composed of various minor and diminished arpeggios. The piece follows these chord changes: D major, G major, A major, D major, F minor, B minor, E minor, C minor, G Minor, E major, D diminished, C minor, C diminished, G Major. The piece ends on the note G. At the end of the piece, Becker uses his whammy bar on his Floyd Rose tremolo system to bend the notes up a half step and back down. Becker's father played the trumpet part backwards on guitar on the introduction of the studio version of the song. The recording was then played in reverse. Jason mentions this during the Atlanta performance of the song. His ex-girlfriend and still best friend shares the song's name. He thought her name suited this piece perfectly. Serrana (composition) Serrana is a solo guitar etude" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Marshall Brown (basketball, born 1918) Marshall Earl Brown (June 28, 1918 – August 20, 2008) was an American professional basketball player, minor league baseball player, and college basketball coach. He is best known for being the head men's basketball coach at Stephen F. Austin State University between 1959 and 1978 in which he compiled an overall record of 345 wins and 168 losses. His wins are the most in school history, and during his tenure he won five Lone Star Conference championships. Brown also led the Lumberjacks to five NAIA Tournament appearances, with his best finish coming in 1971–72: that season, his team went 31–3 overall en route to a third place finish at the national tournament, losing in the semifinal to eventual national champion Kentucky State 87 to 82. The 31 wins was a school record that stood until 2013–14, and the Lumberjacks scored 100+ points in a game 11 times that season. Brown also coached at the high school and junior college levels. As a basketball player, Brown played at Lon Morris College after graduating from Whitehouse High School (Whitehouse, Texas) in 1936. He transferred to Texas Tech and played for the Red Raiders, where he graduated in 1940. Professionally, Brown played for the National Basketball League's Cleveland Allmen Transfers in 10 games during the 1945–46 season. He averaged 3.6 points per game. In 2003, Brown was inducted into the Stephen F. Austin Hall of Fame. Marshall Brown played semi-professional baseball during most of the 1940s. He was an outfielder and played for the Lamesa Lobos (1940–1941), Pampa Oilers (1942), Tyler Trojans (1946), and Kilgore Drillers (1947–1948, 1950). His career batting average was .324 and he hit 47 home runs. Marshall Brown (basketball, born 1918) Marshall Earl Brown (June 28, 1918 – August 20, 2008) was an American" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Roy A. Vitousek Royal \"Roy\" Arnold Vitousek, (May 6, 1890 – April 6, 1946) — was a member of the Hawaii Territorial House of Representatives from 1922 to 1944. He was Speaker of the House from 1931–1932, 1935–1940, and 1943-1944. Vitousek was born in Sissons, CA to Frank and Luella (Arnold) Vitousek. He attended public schools in Healdsburg, CA and graduated from the University of California, Berkeley in 1912. While in college, he was a member of the Pirates' Club and lettered in track. When the Pirates' Club became a chapter of Sigma Pi fraternity the year after his graduation he was one of the first alumni to be initiated into the national organization. After college he became the city clerk of Healdsburg and had a law practice on the side. He married his wife, the former Juanita Judy, in 1914 and moved to Hawaii in 1917. From 1919 to 1921 he was the city and county attorney for Honolulu He also coached a high school track team in his spare time. During this time he became a partner in the law firm of Stanley, Vitousek, Pratt, & Winn. Vitousek was elected as a Republican to the Hawaii Territorial House of Representatives from 1922-1944. During that time he served as Speaker of the House three times. He was a delegate to the 1940 Republican National Convention for the territory where he was a member of the Resolutions Committee. He also served as the Hawaii Territory Republican Party chair in 1945. While in office he worked as Chairman of the Commission on Crime was highly praised. He worked continuously for the cause of Hawaii statehood and sponsored important legislation in the areas of civil service, labor relations, police organization, workmen's compensation, unemployment compensation, and public welfare. Vitousek was caught in the air on a joy ride with his seventeen-year-old son, Martin, during the attack on Pearl Harbor. He was flying an Aeronica when a passing Japanese fighter plane took a shot at them. After about ten minutes of trying to avoid Japanese aircraft they were able to land at John Rodgers Airport amid exploding bombs. Once on the ground they found a dead man (Robert Tyce) and two passenger planes that had been shot up. The Vitouseks were fortunate. Of the eight civilian pilots in the air that day, three were shot down of which two died. One was forced to bail out. Two landed safely. Two pilots went missing and are presumed dead. After the attack was over, Vitousek was sworn in as an assistant police captain to help organize the city. Vitousek's wife, Juanita was a painter best known for her watercolors. They had three children: Frederica Vitousek Carah; Roy A. Vitousek Jr., an attorney; and Martin Judy Vitousek, a geophysicist and researcher. Two of their grandsons are Roy (Randy) Vitousek III and Peter Vitousek. Roy A. Vitousek Royal \"Roy\" Arnold Vitousek, (May 6, 1890 – April 6, 1946) — was a member of the Hawaii Territorial House of" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Mazar-e-Shura Mazar-e-Shura (; transliteration: \"Mazār-i Shuʿārā\", translation: \"The Cemetery of Poets\") is a cemetery on a small hill by the main road in Dalgate, an area of Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir in India. Founded in the reign of the Mughul emperor Akbar the Great, it was built in a scenic location on the banks of the Dal Lake as a cemetery for eminent poets. Historical records show that there were five poets and men of letters buried in the cemetery, all natives of Iran who emigrated to India and were associated with the Mughal court. Only three tombstones are now visible as the place is neglected, overrun by weeds and littered with rubbish. One of the tombstones bears an inscription that is only partially legible. A native of Iran who came to India, Shah Abul Fatah became a courtier of Akbar. He traveled to Kashmir with Akbar in 1587 AD (995 Hijri) where he suddenly fell ill and died. The poet Urfi eulogised him in a poem. He was the first person to be buried in this cemetery. Haji Jan Mohammed Qudsi was a native of the Mashhad in Iran. He joined the court of the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan where he rose to become \"MulkushShura\" (poet laureate). It is said that Shah Jahan had Qudsi weighed in gold, which was then presented to him as a reward for his poetic excellence. When his son Mohammed Baqir died in the prime of his youth in Mashhad, Qudsi was heartbroken and decided not to go back to his native land but remain in India. Later he settled permanently in Kashmir. He was a great admirer of Ghani Kashmiri and the admiration was mutual. An anecdote recounts that one of Qudsi's couplets was reworded by a school boy as he was reciting it in front of that boy's teacher. Qudsi cheerfully accepted the correction and appreciated the boy's wit. A native of the Persian city of Hamedan, when Abu Talib Kaleem heard about Qudsi's reception at the court of Shah Jahan, he too went to India and became a courtier of the Emperor. Kaleem soon attained fame as a poet. The great Urdu poets Sauda and Mir Taqi Mir have written \"Tazmeens\" (poems formed by inserting verses from another's poem) of his ghazals. Kaleem was assigned the task of writing a history of the Mughals in poetic form and sent to Kashmir so that he could do his work undisturbed. Like Qudsi, he was a great admirer and friend of Ghani Kashmiri who wrote an elegy on his death (in 1650 A.D) in which he also remembered Qudsi and Saleem as great and noble poets, saying that it was the love of those two that prevailed upon Kaleem so, that he left this world and joined them in the cemetery. Another native of Iran, Mohammed Quli Saleem also went India in the reign of Shah Jahan. He joined the court of the prime minister Nawab Islam Khan. Saleem was accused by the Iranian poet Sa'ib of plagiarising his poetry. He went to Kashmir with some Omrahs where he fell ill and died and was buried in the Mazar e Shura. As his name indicates, Tughra Mashhadi was a native of Mashhad in Iran. He was an accomplished poet, but had a bad habit of satirizing his contemporaries including Qudsi and Ghani. He was the only person against whom Ghani wrote harsh words. The reason for Ghani's displeasure was the use of abusive language by Tughra when satirising him. Tughra went to Kashmir with Mirza Abul Qasim (who is also buried in the cemetery). In later life he apparently became demented and lived like a madman in a shop in Nayidyaar in the Rainawari district of Srinagar. Mazar-e-Shura Mazar-e-Shura (; transliteration: \"Mazār-i Shuʿārā\", translation: \"The Cemetery of Poets\") is a cemetery on a small hill by the main road in Dalgate, an area of Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir in India. Founded in the reign of the Mughul emperor Akbar the Great, it was built in a scenic location on the banks of the Dal Lake as a cemetery for eminent poets. Historical records show that there were five poets and men of letters" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Delta Music Museum The Delta Music Museum is a museum in Ferriday, Louisiana. It offers exhibits on sixteen rock and roll and blues musicians from the Mississippi River delta country. The museum opened with a grant from the State of Louisiana and is operated by local volunteers. There is no admission charge; the facility relies on the sales of souvenirs. Visitors from all over the United States have signed the guestbook since the museum opened in the spring of 2002. A scaled-down version of the museum, called simply the Ferriday Museum, had begun operations at another location in 1995. There are also exhibits on two well-known former Ferriday personalities not affiliated with the music industry: former CBS and ABC commentator Howard K. Smith (1914–2002) and Ann Boyar Warner (1908–1990), second wife of Warner Brothers studio mogul Jack L. Warner. There is a mural drawn in 1991 presented by Monterey High School in Concordia Parish. The first exhibit one encounters in the museum is a sculpture of the three Ferriday cousins at the piano: singers Mickey Gilley of Branson, Missouri, Jerry Lee Lewis and Jimmy Lee Swaggart, the last an evangelist based in Baton Rouge. Other honorees are blues trombonist Leon \"Pee Wee\" Whittaker, a native of Newellton in northern Tensas Parish. In 2001, Louisiana State Representative Bryant Hammett of Ferriday secured legislation to bring the museum under the jurisdiction of the Louisiana secretary of state, then Fox McKeithen. The museum has been actively promoted by current Secretary of State Jay Dardenne, who has secured state funding and regularly appears at the annual Delta Music Festival. The museum is located at 218 Louisiana Avenue, the main street of downtown Ferriday. The museum building was the former post office, built in 1939. It contains the inscription of James A. Farley, the Postmaster General at the time. The museum is across the street from a Ferriday Garden Club green space and is adjacent to the restored Arcade Theatre. The original Arcade was built in the latter 1920s, burned in the 1950s and was permanently closed in the 1970s. On March 12, 2008, Dardenne presided at the ribbon-cutting ceremony at the Arcade, along with Mickey Gilley and one of Dardenne's predecessors, former Secretary of State and Insurance Commissioner James H. \"Jim\" Brown, a Ferriday native. That night Dardenne and Gilley joined the group Easy Eddie and the Party Rockers in the maiden performance in the new Arcade. The rebuilt Arcade, which cost $1 million, was funded by Dardenne's office. Prior to the restoration, the building had been a pawn shop. The sign at the Arcade is a replica of the original. Bobby Jones (born ca. 1927) of Ferriday recalled having swept the Arcade for $1 a day. A graduate and football player at nearby Ferriday High School, Jones also recalls five-cent popcorn and nine-cent movie admission. \"Those were the days. Nothing was real expensive. I always had money in my pocket,\" Jones reminisced for the \"Concordia Sentinel\". Gaye Clark of Vidalia, the seat of Concordia Parish, said that she worked at the Arcade as a cashier in 1954. \"I have so many memories of the Arcade . . . Working there and being given the responsibility of being cashier gave me a work ethic that has stayed with me my entire life . . . \", Clark added. Dan Ratcliff of Natchez recalls that each year the Arcade had three free movie days prior to Christmas. \"Each showing was packed, and I remember they mostly showed Elvis Presley or Jerry Lewis and Dean Martin movies. Under the 2012–2013 budget proposed by Governor Bobby Jindal, the Delta Music Museum could close. Budget constraints have already placed it on a Thursday-through-Saturday schedule, insufficient to meet the weeklong needs of tourists. In a meeting with the state House Appropriations Committee in March 2012, Louisiana Secretary of State Tom Schedler outlined the situation regarding the seventeen museums funded through his office. Schedler, who is seeking a way to keep the facilities open, noted that most of the museums are operated by volunteers and part-time workers. As of October, 2016, the Louisiana Secretary of State reinstated hours of operation to be Wednesday-Friday 9-4. Delta Music Museum The Delta Music" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Virendra Razdan Virendra Razdan (c. 1950 – 13 June 2003) was an Indian film and television actor. He is best known for his portrayal of Maulana Azad, a leading figure of the Indian independence movement, in the 1982 biographical film \"Gandhi\" directed by Richard Attenborough. and for his role of statesman Vidura in the Indian television series \"Mahabharat\". He also played a supporting role in the Aditya Pancholi-starrer \"Zanjeer: The Chain\" (1998). Razdan's father was a Sufi musician. He studied acting and theater at the National School of Drama in New Delhi, where he was a student of Ibrahim Alkazi. Virendra Razdan died in Mumbai, India, on 13 June 2003, at the age of 53. Virendra Razdan Virendra Razdan (c. 1950 – 13 June 2003) was an Indian film and television actor. He is best known for his portrayal of Maulana Azad, a leading figure of the Indian independence movement, in the 1982 biographical film \"Gandhi\" directed by Richard Attenborough. and for his role of statesman Vidura in the Indian television series \"Mahabharat\". He also played a supporting role in the Aditya Pancholi-starrer \"Zanjeer: The Chain\" (1998). Razdan's father was a Sufi musician. He studied acting and theater at the" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Kenji Imai (architect) Kenji Imai went to Waseda University in Tokyo and graduated with a degree in Architecture. He travelled to the USSR, Scandinavia, Italy and Spain in 1926. He met Walter Gropius, Le Corbusier, Ernst May and others, which asserted an influence on his way of thinking and his architectural style. Like Togo Murano and Takamasa Yoshizaka who also trained at Waseda University, Imai had a style which can be categorized as Expressionist. Impressed with the works of Antoni Gaudi, he proceeded to promote him in Japan and elsewhere. He also introduced the work of the Austrian mystic, Rudolf Steiner to Japan. In 1948 his wife Maria Shimko died and he converted to Catholicism. Kenji Imai (architect) Kenji Imai went to Waseda University in Tokyo and graduated with a degree in Architecture. He travelled to the USSR, Scandinavia, Italy and Spain in 1926. He met Walter Gropius, Le Corbusier, Ernst May and others, which asserted an influence on his way of thinking and his architectural style. Like Togo Murano and Takamasa Yoshizaka who also trained at Waseda University, Imai had a style which can be categorized as Expressionist. Impressed with the works of Antoni Gaudi, he proceeded to promote" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "New Morning (club) New Morning is a Parisian music nightclub that opened in 1981, specialising in jazz and blues. Its concerts are often featured on Mezzo TV. The first concert was given on 16 April 1981 by Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers. It has also hosted George Russell, Stan Getz, Chet Baker, Robben Ford, Pat Metheny, Charlie Haden, Dizzy Gillespie, Arturo Sandoval, Dexter Gordon, Roy Hargrove, Kenny Clarke and French violinist Didier Lockwood. Blues musicians who have appeared there include Taj Mahal, Music Maker, Terry Evans, Mighty Mo Rodgers and Roland Tchakounte. Although mainly a jazz venue, it has also featured Stan Ridgway, Bob Dylan, Prince, Jean-Jacques Goldman, Michel Berger and Elliott Murphy. New Morning (club) New Morning is a Parisian music nightclub that opened in 1981, specialising in jazz and blues. Its concerts are often featured on Mezzo TV. The first concert was given on 16 April 1981 by Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers. It has also hosted George Russell, Stan Getz, Chet Baker, Robben Ford, Pat Metheny, Charlie Haden, Dizzy Gillespie, Arturo Sandoval, Dexter Gordon, Roy Hargrove, Kenny Clarke and French violinist Didier Lockwood. Blues musicians who have appeared there include Taj Mahal, Music Maker, Terry" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Parasiempre Parasiempre is a live album issued by the Spanish rock band Héroes del Silencio after the \"Avalancha Tour\" in 1996, where the group performed all across Europe, South America and North America. The title is taken from a song of the album Avalancha. The first part of the album was recorded on June 8, 1996 in Zaragoza and the second part on 7 June 1996 in Madrid. In this album the song Decadencia is 11 minutes long and is fully improvised in the last concert of the \"Avalancha Tour\", in the last minutes the band says: \"Nos vemos en la gira del próximo milenio\", making a promise to do a tour in the new millennium as of the One in September 2007. Disc 1 Disc 2 The edition for Mexico does not contain songs Parasiempre in disc 1 and Hechizo in disc 2. Parasiempre Parasiempre is a live album issued by the Spanish rock band Héroes del Silencio after the \"Avalancha Tour\" in 1996, where the group performed all across Europe, South America and North America. The title is taken from a song of the album Avalancha. The first part of the album was recorded on June 8, 1996" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "The Rhythm Section The Rhythm Section is an upcoming British-American action thriller film directed by Reed Morano and written by Mark Burnell and based on his novel of the same name. The film stars Blake Lively and Jude Law. The Rhythm section is an international spy thriller that follows the story of Stephanie Patrick, a woman who seeks to uncover the truth behind a plane crash that killed her family. Patrick was also meant to be on the flight. After she discovers that the crash was not accidental, she embarks on a mission to track down those responsible by assuming the identity of an assassin. On August 16, 2017, it was reported that Paramount Pictures had acquired the rights to the film. It has a production budget of around $50 million and is produced by EON Productions, the film company known for producing the James Bond franchise. Principal photography on the film began in December 2017 in Dublin, Ireland. Production was halted temporarily after Lively got injured on the film set, with filming scheduling to begin again in June. Sterling K. Brown joined the film as production resumed in Spain in the summer of 2018. In July 2018 the film was shot in Almería with Jude Law and Blake Lively. The Rhythm Section The Rhythm Section is an upcoming British-American action thriller film directed by Reed Morano and written by Mark Burnell and based on his novel of the same name. The film stars Blake Lively and Jude Law. The Rhythm section is an international spy thriller that follows the story of Stephanie Patrick, a woman who seeks to uncover the truth behind a plane crash that killed her family. Patrick was also meant to be on the flight. After she discovers that the crash was not accidental, she embarks" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Nottinghamshire Pride Nottinghamshire Pride is a registered charity in Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, England. It organizes an annual pride festival held within the city of Nottingham. The event usually takes place during July. The first festival was held in 1999. The festival aims to eliminate discrimination against the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender plus (LGBT+) community while celebrating each individual's differences. The event usually consists of a day-long celebration, including a parade, stalls, art, music and other activities. \"The purpose of Pride is to provide a safe focal point to bring together our community to celebrate our diversity and a sense of pride which for some people may be difficult in everyday life, due to prejudice and injustice.\" Pride 2009 took place on 25 July in the Nottingham Arboretum. Pride 2010 took place on 31 July on the Forest Recreation Ground. It was officially opened by the Lord Mayor of Nottingham, Brian Grocock, and the event was headlined by The Cheeky Girls, with other acts including Kenelis, Lisa Scott-Lee and Betty. Pride 2011 had over 20,000 visitors, with headline act Ruth Lorenzo performing. In 2011, E.ON UK was the principal sponsor of Nottinghamshire Pride. In 2018 Pride was held on Saturday 28 July in the city centre of Nottingham. The parade included many live events by various individuals, stalls, art and music, along with a huge Pride Parade which took place at 11 am. The parade began at Lister Gate and finished at Broad Street. Pride 2018 was sponsored by various companies including Nottinghamshire Council, Nottingham Fire and Rescue and Capital One. In July 2018, Nottingham Academy, Greenwood Campus became the first educational institution to support Nottinghamshire Pride. The secondary school's tutorial group 10SGI held various events and educational sessions for its pupils and teaching staff. These sessions included educational activities, powerpoints and two assemblies, one of which included a transgender speaker who gave students an insight into her story. The school raised funds for the charity through Pride-themed fundraisers, including an ice pole and cake sale, non-uniform day and face paints. The school raised over 110 pounds. The aim of these activities and celebrations was to bring students and staff together to celebrate individuals' differences disregarding race, religion, colour, creed or sexual orientation, while educating those attending the Greenwood Campus. Nottinghamshire Pride Nottinghamshire Pride is a registered charity in Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, England. It organizes an annual pride festival held within the" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Mark Brunell Mark Allen Brunell (born September 17, 1970) is an American football coach and former quarterback who is the current head coach at the Episcopal School of Jacksonville. He was selected by the Green Bay Packers in the fifth round of the 1993 NFL Draft. He played college football at Washington. Brunell was a three-time Pro Bowl selection with the Jacksonville Jaguars. He has also played for the Washington Redskins, New Orleans Saints, and New York Jets. In 2009, he earned a Super Bowl ring as the backup quarterback and holder for the Saints' Super Bowl XLIV winning team against the Indianapolis Colts. Brunell was the starting quarterback for the St. Joseph High School Knights of Orcutt, California, in the 1985, 1986, and 1987 seasons. Brunell led his team to two league championships and one appearance in the CIF finals, California's version of the state championship series. Brunell signed with the University of Washington out of high school in 1988, a highly touted recruiting class that included future NFL players Lincoln Kennedy and Steve Emtman. Brunell saw his first action in his redshirt freshman year, and took over the starting duties in his sophomore season in 1990. Brunell's abilities as a run-pass combo quarterback flashed potential from his first start. In his third start, Brunell led the Huskies in a 31-0 romp over a highly ranked USC team, which established the Huskies of the early 1990s as a potential force in Pac-10 football. While Brunell continued to develop throughout his first season as a starter the Huskies climbed in the rankings. An early season loss to the eventual national champion Colorado and late season 25-22 loss to UCLA were the only setbacks for what, by season's end, was a dominant Husky team. With the Huskies crowned Pac-10 champions, Brunell played his best game yet in the Rose Bowl and was named the game's MVP as Washington coasted to a 46–34 win over Big Ten Conference Champion Iowa. After building a 39–14 lead after three quarters, Washington heavily substituted with reserves; the Hawkeyes scored twenty points in the fourth quarter. Though the Huskies finished the season ranked 5th in the Associated Press poll, one poll crowned them national champions. Irrespective of their final ranking, the Huskies, with Brunell's star rising, seemed set to soar to even loftier heights in 1991. Brunell was expected to lead the Huskies in 1991, but a devastating knee injury in the annual Husky spring game would sideline Brunell and cast the Husky hopes for a national championship run in doubt. Brunell, however, was capably replaced by Puyallup native Billy Joe Hobert and the University of Washington went on to win their first two games in Brunell's absence. Though Brunell was not yet fully recovered, he returned months ahead of schedule to action in Washington's third game in 1991. Brunell received a standing ovation upon his return in the 56-3 victory over Kansas State. Brunell would play occasionally in the remainder of Husky games as the season progressed, but usually entered the games well after the outcomes were no longer in doubt. The 1991 Washington team defeated every regular season opponent with most games providing plenty of playing time for younger and back up players. On January 1, 1992, Brunell played a small role (but threw a touchdown pass to Mario Bailey) in Washington's second straight Rose Bowl victory, this time over Michigan. Washington finished the season ranked first in the UPI poll and 2nd in the Associated Press poll, behind undefeated Miami. In 1992, with two successful quarterbacks returning (Hobert and Brunell), Brunell was unable to wrestle the starting QB spot away from Hobert and as such contributed in a limited role during their first eight games (all wins). However, during the week of November 2, 1992, the \"Los Angeles Times\" ran an exposé on Washington football wherein current starter Hobert was implicated in actions seemingly in violation of NCAA rules. As a result, Hobert was immediately suspended and Brunell was thrust back into the starting role for the Huskies. Now a senior, Brunell steered the devastated Huskies to one win in their last three regular season games. The Huskies, however, again won the Pac-10 and Brunell started his second Rose Bowl game, this time against Michigan. In 2015, Brunell was inducted into the Rose Bowl Hall of Fame. Following his senior season, Brunell was selected by the Green Bay Packers in the 5th round of the 1993 NFL Draft. Many voices in the Seattle media were openly critical of the hometown Seahawks (who possessed the 2nd overall selection in the draft) for choosing to take Notre Dame QB Rick Mirer, instead of waiting to select Brunell. He appeared in just two games with Packers over the next two seasons. After two years with the Packers, he was acquired in 1995 by the Jacksonville Jaguars, in a trade for a 3rd round and 5th round pick in the 1995 draft. Brunell started 13 games in 1995, completed 201 out of 346 passes, for 2,168 yards, with 15 touchdowns and 7 interceptions. He also rushed for 480 yards. During his years in Jacksonville, Brunell was selected to the Pro Bowl three times, in 1997, 1998, and 2000 and awarded the Pro Bowl MVP in the 1997 game. With Brunell starting, the Jaguars won an AFC Central Division title and became the first NFL expansion team to make the playoffs three times in its first four seasons of play. The furthest he led the team was to the 1996 AFC Championship Game, which they lost to the New England Patriots. They returned again in 1999, but would lose to the Tennessee Titans. Brunell was benched in favor of Byron Leftwich following halftime of the third game of the 2003 season. It would be the final time Brunell took the field as a member of the Jaguars. As a starter since their inaugural season, Brunell left the team holding all of the Jacksonville Jaguars passing records. In December 2013, Brunell was inducted into the Pride of the Jaguars, the team's Hall of Fame equivalent. He was traded to the Washington Redskins prior to the 2004 season. During the 2004 season, limited by a hamstring injury, Brunell struggled and would be benched midseason for backup quarterback Patrick Ramsey. Ramsey's play towards the end of that season and following pre-season would lead to a quarterback controversy where Brunell would be benched going into the 2005 season. This would change in 2005 after Ramsey suffered an early season injury that thrust Brunell back into the starter's role. In 2005, Brunell played much better and led the team to a 10–6 record and a playoff victory over the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. He finished third in the 2005 NFL Comeback Player of the Year awards. Brunell's most prolific moment in the 2005 season was during Week 2, when he completed two long passes to wide receiver Santana Moss for two touchdowns in the final four minutes of the fourth quarter to defeat the Dallas Cowboys on Monday Night Football, 14–13. On September 24, 2006, Brunell broke the NFL record for most consecutive completions in single game when he completed his first 22 passes against the Houston Texans. Brunell also set the Redskins franchise record for highest completion percentage in a single game (88.9%). The previous record was held by Hall of Fame quarterback Sammy Baugh for 66 years (87.5%). On November 13, 2006, after winning only three of their first nine games of 2006, Brunell was benched in favor of Jason Campbell, Washington's 2005 first round draft pick. Many experts and teammates felt he was the scapegoat for a team that was under performing across the board. Brunell underwent surgery on January 8, 2007, to repair a damaged labrum in his throwing shoulder, but returned in time for training camp. In 2007, Mark Brunell was surpassed on the Redskins' depth chart by Todd Collins. On March 13, 2008, Brunell was signed by the New Orleans Saints. As the Saints have not issued number 8 since Archie Manning retired, Brunell changed his", "completion percentage in a single game (88.9%). The previous record was held by Hall of Fame quarterback Sammy Baugh for 66 years (87.5%). On November 13, 2006, after winning only three of their first nine games of 2006, Brunell was benched in favor of Jason Campbell, Washington's 2005 first round draft pick. Many experts and teammates felt he was the scapegoat for a team that was under performing across the board. Brunell underwent surgery on January 8, 2007, to repair a damaged labrum in his throwing shoulder, but returned in time for training camp. In 2007, Mark Brunell was surpassed on the Redskins' depth chart by Todd Collins. On March 13, 2008, Brunell was signed by the New Orleans Saints. As the Saints have not issued number 8 since Archie Manning retired, Brunell changed his jersey number to 11, the only time in his career he would wear a jersey number besides his customary number 8. He entered the 2008 season as the backup to Drew Brees, appearing in just two games. In 2009, he appeared in all 16 games as the holder on the Saints place-kicking unit, and saw his first playing time at quarterback in 3 years during a week 17 loss to the Carolina Panthers, as the Saints had already clinched homefield advantage and rested starter Drew Brees, as well as many other starters. Although he played little for the Saints, he was noted for his role as a veteran advisor to the Saints' starting quarterback, Drew Brees. On January 24, 2010, Brunell was the holder on the 40-yard field goal kicked by Garrett Hartley in overtime against the Minnesota Vikings in the NFC Championship game to send the New Orleans Saints to the team's first ever Super Bowl. On February 7, 2010, Brunell got his first and only Super Bowl ring with the New Orleans Saints when the team won its first franchise world championship by defeating the Indianapolis Colts 31-17 in Super Bowl XLIV. Brunell was a free agent after the 2009 season, and did not re-sign with the Saints. On July 28, 2010, he signed a two-year deal to play for the New York Jets. Brunell completed his first pass for the Jets on October 3 against the Buffalo Bills. In the last regular game of the 2010 season, while filling in for starting quarterback Mark Sanchez, Brunell threw his first scoring pass since 2006, a 17-yard touchdown pass to Santonio Holmes with 15 seconds left in the opening half. He then went on to throw a second scoring pass for 52 yards to Braylon Edwards in the second half. Brunell sat on the bench as the Jets made it to the AFC Championship but eventually lost to the Steelers 24-19. After one season with the Jets, he was released on July 29, 2011. He was re-signed two days later at a reduced salary. In April 2012, Brunell stated that he would like to play another season if the opportunity presented itself, contradicting a report from the Florida Times Union that he was ready to retire. When Washington Redskins quarterback Jason Campbell, who played quarterback for the team after Brunell, was asked what player he learned the most from in his career, Campbell said it was Mark Brunell. Campbell said \"a nice tribute about how the man he replaced helped him become a better person off the field.\" Football Nation ranked Brunell the twenty-ninth best quarterback of the post-merger era. Brunell was an assistant football coach at Providence School in Jacksonville, Florida in 2012. In January 2013, Brunell became the new head football coach and program director at Episcopal School of Jacksonville. Episcopal went 2–8 in Brunell's first season, then improved to 8–3 in 2014. 's NFL off-season, Mark Brunell held at least 36 Jaguars franchise records, including: Brunell and his family have been active members of the Metro Morningstar Church in Sterling, Virginia (now Grace Covenant Church). When they were living in Florida, Brunell was very active within Southpoint Community Church, a church on the southside of Jacksonville that he helped found. He was also one of the most involved members of Champions for Christ. He also conducted volunteer work at the University of North Florida. Brunell's links with Champions for Christ has garnered some controversy, with the National Football League investigating CFC over concerns that players were being taken advantage of financially. Brunell is married to Stacy with a daughter, Caitlin, and three sons: Jacob, Joseph and Luke, Caitlin won the Miss Virginia's Outstanding Teen title in 2007 and then the Miss America's Outstanding Teen 2008 in a national pageant held in Orlando in August 2007. Caitlin won Miss Teen Jacksonville USA on February 28, 2009, and competed for the title of Miss Teen Florida USA in July 2009. Caitlin was also crowned Queen Shenandoah LXXXIV at the 84th Shenandoah Apple Blossom Festival on April 30, 2011 in Winchester, Virginia and was elected Miss University of Alabama in 2012. In June 2014 she was crowned Miss Alabama and will represent the state in the Miss America competition. Brunell has been credited in establishing numerous Whataburger fast food locations around the Jacksonville area. These businesses and the money they lost contributed to his bankruptcy proceedings. On June 25, 2010, Brunell filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy, at least in part due to numerous failed real estate and other business investments. It is also reported that Brunell and several of his co-investors (also former teammates) have defaulted on 'multiple' loans involving different properties around the country. According to a Florida Times-Union report, Brunell listed approximately $5.5 million in assets against almost $25 million in liabilities. The liabilities are mostly in the form of personal guarantees on commercial real estate loans involving several of his limited liability corporations. The operation of 11 Whataburger franchise locations in which Brunell is involved will not be affected by the bankruptcy. Mark Brunell Mark Allen Brunell (born" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Open society The open society was conceived in 1932 by French philosopher Henri Bergson. The idea was further developed during the Second World War by Austrian-born British philosopher Karl Popper. Bergson describes a closed society as a closed system of law or religion. It is static, like a closed mind. Bergson suggests that if all traces of civilization were to disappear, the instincts of the closed society for including or excluding others would remain. In contrast, an open society is dynamic and inclined to moral universalism. Popper saw the open society as part of a historical continuum reaching from the organic, tribal, or closed society, through the open society marked by a critical attitude to tradition, to the abstract or depersonalized society lacking all face-to-face interaction transactions. In open societies, the government is expected to be responsive and tolerant, and its political mechanisms transparent and flexible. It can be characterized as opposed to authoritarianism. Popper saw the classical Greeks as initiating the long slow transition from tribalism towards the open society, and as facing for the first time the strain imposed by the less personal group relations entailed thereby. Whereas tribalistic and collectivist societies do not distinguish between natural laws and social customs, so that individuals are unlikely to challenge traditions they believe to have a sacred or magical basis, the beginnings of an open society are marked by a distinction between natural and man-made law, and an increase in personal responsibility and accountability for moral choices (not incompatible with religious belief). Popper argued that the ideas of individuality, criticism, and humanitarianism cannot be suppressed once people have become aware of them, and therefore that it is impossible to return to the closed society, but at the same time recognized the continuing emotional pull of what he called “the lost group spirit of tribalism”, as manifested for example in the totalitarianisms of the 20th century. While the period since Popper's study has undoubtedly been marked by the spread of the open society, this may be attributed less to Popper's advocacy and more to the role of the economic advances of late modernity. Growth-based industrial societies require literacy, anonymity and social mobility from their members — elements incompatible with much traditional-based behavior but demanding the ever-wider spread of the abstract social relations Georg Simmel saw as characterizing the metropolitan mental stance. Popper defined the open society as one \"in which individuals are confronted with personal decisions\" as opposed to a \"magical or tribal or collectivist society.\" He considered that only democracy provides an institutional mechanism for reform and leadership change without the need for bloodshed, revolution or coup d'état. Modern advocates of the open society suggest that society would keep no secrets from itself in the public sense, as all are trusted with the knowledge of all. Political freedoms and human rights are claimed to be the foundation of an open society. Popper's concept of the open society is epistemological rather than political. When Popper wrote \"The Open Society and its Enemies\", he believed that the social sciences had failed to grasp the significance and the nature of fascism and communism because these sciences were based on what he saw to be faulty epistemology. Totalitarianism forced knowledge to become political which made critical thinking impossible and led to the destruction of knowledge in totalitarian countries. Popper's theory that knowledge is provisional and fallible implies that society must be open to alternative points of view. An open society is associated with cultural and religious pluralism; it is always open to improvement because knowledge is never completed but always ongoing: “if we wish to remain human, then there is only one way, the way into the open society... into the unknown, the uncertain and insecure”. In the closed society, claims to certain knowledge and ultimate truth lead to the attempted imposition of one version of reality. Such a society is closed to freedom of thought. In contrast, in an open society each citizen needs to engage in critical thinking, which requires freedom of thought and expression and the cultural and legal institutions that can facilitate this. Humanitarianism, equality and political freedom are ideally fundamental characteristics of an open society. This was recognized by Pericles, a statesman of the Athenian democracy, in his laudatory funeral oration: \"advancement in public life falls to reputation for capacity, class considerations not being allowed to interfere with merit; nor again does poverty bar the way, if a man is able to serve the state, he is not hindered by the obscurity of his condition. The freedom which we enjoy in our government extends also to our ordinary life.\" Arguably however it was the tension between a traditional society and the new, more open space of the emerging \"polis\" which most fully marked classical Athens, and Popper was very aware of the continuing emotional appeal of what he called \"holism...longing for the lost unity of tribal life\" into the modern world. Investor and philanthropist George Soros, a self-described follower of Karl Popper, argued that sophisticated use of powerful techniques of subtle deception borrowed from modern advertising and cognitive science by conservative political operatives such as Frank Luntz and Karl Rove casts doubt on Popper's view of open society. Because the electorate's perception of reality can easily be manipulated, democratic political discourse does not necessarily lead to a better understanding of reality. Soros argues that in addition to the need for separation of powers, free speech, and free elections, an explicit commitment to the pursuit of truth is imperative. \"Politicians will respect, rather than manipulate, reality only if the public cares about the truth and punishes politicians when it catches them in deliberate deception.\" Popper however, did not identify the open society either with democracy or with capitalism or a \"laissez-faire\" economy, but rather with a critical frame of mind on the part of the individual, in the face of communal group think of whatever kind. An important aspect in Popper's thinking is the notion that the truth can be lost. Critical attitude does not mean that the truth is found. Open society The open society was conceived in 1932 by French philosopher Henri Bergson. The idea was further developed during the Second World War by Austrian-born British philosopher Karl Popper. Bergson describes a closed society as a closed system of law or religion. It is static, like a closed mind. Bergson suggests that if all traces of civilization were to disappear, the instincts of the closed society for including or excluding others would remain. In contrast, an open society is dynamic and inclined to moral universalism. Popper saw the" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Tsotsin-Yurt operation The Tsotsin-Yurt operation was a \"zachistka\"-type () operation by Russian Spetsnaz forces in Tsotsin-Yurt, Chechnya, from December 30, 2001 to January 3, 2002, during the Second Chechen War. The four-day sweep of Tsotsin-Yurt erupted into armed clashes with Chechen separatists, ending in a stalemate with disputed casualty figures. Russian forces were accused of widespread human rights violations, including pillaging, ethnic cleansing and forced disappearances. The Chechen Republic of Ichkeria (Chechnya) had been \"de facto\" independent from Russia since the beginning of the First Chechen War in 1994. During this independence the secular government weakened, and Chechnya came under the increasing influence of warlords and Islamist rule. In August 1999, the War of Dagestan began when Chechen Islamists invaded the Russian state of Dagestan, but were defeated by the Russian military in a month. The War of Dagestan was used as a \"casus belli\" to trigger the Second Chechen War, when Russian federal troops entered Chechnya and ended its independence. By June 2000, the war had entered an \"insurgency phase\", where Russian troops would perform several day-long \"zachistka\" () operations that became notorious for their human rights violations. The operation by the Russian Spetsnaz special forces in Tsostin-Yurt, a large village near Argun south-east of the Chechen capital of Grozny, started on December 30, 2001. Reportedly, an armed conflict broke out and resulted in a disputed number of deaths among combatants and civilians, as well as 11 forced disappearances. The Russian casualties included at least two commandos killed and 11 wounded. Three Chechen rebel fighters who were surrounded in a house were also confirmed killed. The Russian government sources, however, presented the incident as a fierce battle in which 21 to 43 rebel fighters were killed, according to the differing figures by Russian officials. According to the Russian human rights group Memorial, the operation was accompanied by gross and massive violations of human rights and of Russian law. Accusations included pillage and wanton destruction of civilian property, desecration of a mosque, massive robberies and extortion, and beatings and torture of around 100 detainees in the \"filtration point\", of which 11 were forcibly disappeared and five were found to be brutally murdered. There was also reported use of human shields by the Russian forces. Foreign media sources reported the murders of 37, or even 80, civilians during the course of the operation, but this was not confirmed by the Memorial. According to the April 2002 Amnesty International report, \"The fate and whereabouts of the 11 people named in the original urgent action, who were detained by Russian security forces during the December 2001-January 2002 raid on Tsotsin-Yurt, is unknown.\" According to a March 2002 open letter, during the war 41 residents of Tsotsin-Yurt died or disappeared during so-called mopping-up operations, more than 20 died of wounds inflicted by gunfire or bombings, five were killed at checkpoints, six were tortured to death, and 12 were picked up for questioning in their homes, some as long as two years before, and had yet to return. A \"zachistka\" operation had occurred in Tsotsin-Yurt two months earlier in October to November 2001, where Russian troops were accused of abuses again residents. Another \"zachistka\" then occurred in the village a month after in February 2002, following an attack on a Russian military vehicle, which also resulting in a various human rights violations, including civilian killings, property destruction and looting. Tsotsin-Yurt operation The Tsotsin-Yurt operation was a \"zachistka\"-type () operation by Russian Spetsnaz forces in Tsotsin-Yurt, Chechnya, from December 30, 2001 to January 3, 2002, during the Second Chechen War. The four-day sweep of Tsotsin-Yurt erupted" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Emily Hamilton Emily Miranda Hamilton (née Beevers; born 24 May 1971) is a British actress. Hamilton's notable roles include: Emily Hamilton was born Emily Miranda Beevers in Hammersmith, London and grew up with her mother in Ealing, west London, where she attended Notting Hill and Ealing High School GDST. While at school, she appeared in a regular photo story for teen magazine 'Jackie'. She was originally planning to study at St Andrew's University, but after achieving better-than-expected A'Level results, she took a year out and re-applied to Wadham College, University of Oxford, where she won a place to study English Literature. Married since September 2001, Hamilton's husband is the actor Tristan Gemmill, best known for playing Adam Trueman in BBC One's long-running medical drama series \"Casualty\". The couple have a son together and Gemmill announced on Twitter that his wife had given birth to a girl some time in September 2010. Emily Hamilton Emily Miranda Hamilton (née Beevers; born 24 May 1971) is a British actress. Hamilton's notable roles include: Emily Hamilton was born Emily Miranda Beevers in Hammersmith, London and grew up with her mother in Ealing, west London, where she attended Notting Hill and Ealing High School GDST." ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Biological warfare Biological warfare (BW)—also known as germ warfare—is the use of biological toxins or infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi with the intent to kill or incapacitate humans, animals or plants as an act of war. Biological weapons (often termed \"bio-weapons\", \"biological threat agents\", or \"bio-agents\") are living organisms or replicating entities (viruses, which are not universally considered \"alive\") that reproduce or replicate within their host victims. Entomological (insect) warfare is also considered a type of biological weapon. This type of warfare is distinct from nuclear warfare and chemical warfare, which together with biological warfare make up NBC, the military initialism for nuclear, biological, and chemical warfare using weapons of mass destruction (WMDs). None of these are considered conventional weapons, which are deployed primarily for their explosive, kinetic, or incendiary potential. Biological weapons may be employed in various ways to gain a strategic or tactical advantage over the enemy, either by threats or by actual deployments. Like some of the chemical weapons, biological weapons may also be useful as area denial weapons. These agents may be lethal or non-lethal, and may be targeted against a single individual, a group of people, or even an entire population. They may be developed, acquired, stockpiled or deployed by nation states or by non-national groups. In the latter case, or if a nation-state uses it clandestinely, it may also be considered bioterrorism. Biological warfare and chemical warfare overlap to an extent, as the use of toxins produced by some living organisms is considered under the provisions of both the Biological Weapons Convention and the Chemical Weapons Convention. Toxins and psychochemical weapons are often referred to as \"midspectrum agents\". Unlike bioweapons, these midspectrum agents do not reproduce in their host and are typically characterized by shorter incubation periods. The use of biological weapons is prohibited under customary international humanitarian law, as well as a variety of international treaties. The use of biological agents in armed conflict is a war crime. Offensive biological warfare, including mass production, stockpiling, and use of biological weapons, was outlawed by the 1972 Biological Weapons Convention (BWC). The rationale behind this treaty, which has been ratified or acceded to by 170 countries as of April 2013, is to prevent a biological attack which could conceivably result in large numbers of civilian casualties and cause severe disruption to economic and societal infrastructure. Many countries, including signatories of the BWC, currently pursue research into the defense or protection against BW, which is not prohibited by the BWC. A nation or group that can pose a credible threat of mass casualty has the ability to alter the terms on which other nations or groups interact with it. Biological weapons allow for the potential to create a level of destruction and loss of life far in excess of nuclear, chemical or conventional weapons, relative to their mass and cost of development and storage. Therefore, biological agents may be useful as strategic deterrents in addition to their utility as offensive weapons on the battlefield. As a tactical weapon for military use, a significant problem with a BW attack is that it would take days to be effective, and therefore might not immediately stop an opposing force. Some biological agents (smallpox, pneumonic plague) have the capability of person-to-person transmission via aerosolized respiratory droplets. This feature can be undesirable, as the agent(s) may be transmitted by this mechanism to unintended populations, including neutral or even friendly forces. While containment of BW is less of a concern for certain criminal or terrorist organizations, it remains a significant concern for the military and civilian populations of virtually all nations. Rudimentary forms of biological warfare have been practiced since antiquity. During the 6th century BC, the Assyrians poisoned enemy wells with a fungus that would render the enemy delirious. In 1346, the bodies of Mongol warriors of the Golden Horde who had died of plague were thrown over the walls of the besieged Crimean city of Kaffa. Specialists disagree over whether this operation may have been responsible for the spread of the Black Death into Europe, Near East and North Africa, resulting in the killing of approximately 25 million Europeans. The British Army are alleged to have used smallpox against Native Americans during the Siege of Fort Pitt in 1763. An outbreak that left as many as one hundred Native Americans dead in Ohio Country was reported in 1764. The spread of the disease weakened the natives' resistance to the British troops led by Henry Bouquet. It is not clear, however, whether the smallpox was a result of the Fort Pitt incident or the virus was already present among the Delaware people. It is likely that the British Marines used smallpox in New South Wales in 1789. Dr Seth Carus (2015) states: \"Ultimately, we have a strong circumstantial case supporting the theory that someone deliberately introduced smallpox in the Aboriginal population.\" By 1900 the germ theory and advances in bacteriology brought a new level of sophistication to the techniques for possible use of bio-agents in war. Biological sabotage—in the form of anthrax and glanders—was undertaken on behalf of the Imperial German government during World War I (1914–1918), with indifferent results. The Geneva Protocol of 1925 prohibited the use of chemical weapons and biological weapons. With the onset of World War II, the Ministry of Supply in the United Kingdom established a BW program at Porton Down, headed by the microbiologist Paul Fildes. The research was championed by Winston Churchill and soon tularemia, anthrax, brucellosis, and botulism toxins had been effectively weaponized. In particular, Gruinard Island in Scotland, was contaminated with anthrax during a series of extensive tests for the next 56 years. Although the UK never offensively used the biological weapons it developed on its own, its program was the first to successfully weaponize a variety of deadly pathogens and bring them into industrial production. Other nations, notably France and Japan, had begun their own biological weapons programs. When the United States entered the war, Allied resources were pooled at the request of the British and the U.S. established a large research program and industrial complex at Fort Detrick, Maryland in 1942 under the direction of George W. Merck. The biological and chemical weapons developed during that period were tested at the Dugway Proving Grounds in Utah. Soon there were facilities for the mass production of anthrax spores, brucellosis, and botulism toxins, although the war was over before these weapons could be of much operational use. The most notorious program of the period was run by the secret Imperial Japanese Army Unit 731 during the war, based at Pingfan in Manchuria and commanded by Lieutenant General Shirō Ishii. This unit did research on BW, conducted often fatal human experiments on prisoners, and produced biological weapons for combat use. Although the Japanese effort lacked the technological sophistication of the American or British programs, it far outstripped them in its widespread application and indiscriminate brutality. Biological weapons were used against both Chinese soldiers and civilians in several military campaigns. In 1940, the Japanese Army Air Force bombed Ningbo with ceramic bombs full of fleas carrying the bubonic plague. Many of these operations were ineffective due to inefficient delivery systems, although up to 400,000 people may have died. During the Zhejiang-Jiangxi Campaign in 1942, around 1,700 Japanese troops died out of a total 10,000 Japanese soldiers who fell ill with disease when their own biological weapons attack rebounded", "on prisoners, and produced biological weapons for combat use. Although the Japanese effort lacked the technological sophistication of the American or British programs, it far outstripped them in its widespread application and indiscriminate brutality. Biological weapons were used against both Chinese soldiers and civilians in several military campaigns. In 1940, the Japanese Army Air Force bombed Ningbo with ceramic bombs full of fleas carrying the bubonic plague. Many of these operations were ineffective due to inefficient delivery systems, although up to 400,000 people may have died. During the Zhejiang-Jiangxi Campaign in 1942, around 1,700 Japanese troops died out of a total 10,000 Japanese soldiers who fell ill with disease when their own biological weapons attack rebounded on their own forces. During the final months of World War II, Japan planned to use plague as a biological weapon against U.S. civilians in San Diego, California, during Operation Cherry Blossoms at Night. The plan was set to launch on 22 September 1945, but it was not executed because of Japan's surrender on 15 August 1945. In Britain, the 1950s saw the weaponization of plague, brucellosis, tularemia and later equine encephalomyelitis and vaccinia viruses, but the programme was unilaterally cancelled in 1956. The United States Army Biological Warfare Laboratories weaponized anthrax, tularemia, brucellosis, Q-fever and others. In 1969, the UK and the Warsaw Pact, separately, introduced proposals to the UN to ban biological weapons, and US President Richard Nixon terminated production of biological weapons, allowing only scientific research for defensive measures. The Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention was signed by the US, UK, USSR and other nations, as a ban on \"development, production and stockpiling of microbes or their poisonous products except in amounts necessary for protective and peaceful research\" in 1972. However, the Soviet Union continued research and production of massive offensive biological weapons in a program called Biopreparat, despite having signed the convention. as of September 2018, 182 countries have ratified the treaty and none are proven—though nine are still suspected—to possess offensive BW programs. Biological weapons are difficult to detect, economical and easy to use, making them appeal to the terrorists. The cost of a biological weapon is estimated to be about 0.05 percent the cost of a conventional weapon in order to produce similar numbers of mass casualties per kilometer square. Moreover, their production is very easy as common technology can be used to produce biological warfare, like that used in production of vaccines, foods, spray devices, beverages and antibiotics. A major factor about biological warfare that attracts terrorists is that they can easily escape, before the government agencies or secret agencies have even started their investigation. This is because the potential organism has incubation period of 3 to 7 days, after which the results begin to appear, thereby giving the terrorists a lead. A technique called Clustered, Regularly Interspaced, Short Palindromic Repeat (CRISPR) is now so cheap and widely available that scientists fear that the amateurs will start experimenting with them. In this technique, a DNA sequence is cut off and replaced with a new sequence or code that codes for a particular protein or characteristic, which could potentially show up in the required organism. Though this technique is a breakthrough and is commendable, it can cause serious issues and potential danger if used by people with wrong intentions. Concerns have emerged regarding Do-it-yourself biology research organizations due to their associated risk that a rogue amateur DIY researcher could attempt to develop dangerous bioweapons using genome editing technology. In 2002, when CNN went through Al-Qaeda's (AQ's) experiments with crude poisons, they found out that the AQ associated had begun planning ricin and cyanide attacks with the help of a loose association of cells. The associates had infiltrated many countries like Turkey, Italy, Spain, France and others. In 2015, to combat the threat of bioterrorism, a National Blueprint for Biodefense was issued by the Blue-Ribbon Study Panel on Biodefense. Also, 233 potential exposures of select biological agents outside of the primary barriers of the biocontainment in the US were described by the annual report of the Federal Select Agent Program. Though a verification system can reduce bioterrorism, an employee or a lone terrorist having adequate knowledge of the company plants, can cause potential danger by injecting a deadly or harmful substance into the plant. Moreover, it has been found that about 95% of accidents that have occurred due to low security have been done by employees or those who had security clearance. It has been argued that rational state actors would never use biological weapons offensively. The argument is that biological weapons cannot be controlled: the weapon could backfire and harm the army on the offensive, perhaps having even worse effects than on the target. An agent like smallpox or other airborne viruses would almost certainly spread worldwide and ultimately infect the user's home country. However, this argument does not necessarily apply to bacteria. For example, anthrax can easily be controlled and even created in a garden shed; the FBI suspects it can be done for as little as $2,500 using readily available laboratory equipment. Also, using microbial methods, bacteria can be suitably modified to be effective in only a narrow environmental range, the range of the target that distinctly differs from the army on the offensive. Thus only the target might be affected adversely. The weapon may be further used to bog down an advancing army making them more vulnerable to counterattack by the defending force. Ideal characteristics of a biological agent to be used as a weapon against humans are high infectivity, high virulence, non-availability of vaccines, and availability of an effective and efficient delivery system. Stability of the weaponized agent (ability of the agent to retain its infectivity and virulence after a prolonged period of storage) may also be desirable, particularly for military applications, and the ease of creating one is often considered. Control of the spread of the agent may be another desired characteristic. The primary difficulty is not the production of the biological agent, as many biological agents used in weapons can often be manufactured relatively quickly, cheaply and easily. Rather, it is the weaponization, storage and delivery in an effective vehicle to a vulnerable target that pose significant problems. For example, \"Bacillus anthracis\" is considered an effective agent for several reasons. First, it forms hardy spores, perfect for dispersal aerosols. Second, this organism is not considered transmissible from person to person, and thus rarely if ever causes secondary infections. A pulmonary anthrax infection starts with ordinary influenza-like symptoms and progresses to a lethal hemorrhagic mediastinitis within 3–7 days, with a fatality rate that is 90% or higher in untreated patients. Finally, friendly personnel and civilians can be protected with suitable antibiotics. Agents considered for weaponization, or known to be weaponized, include bacteria such as \"Bacillus anthracis\", \"Brucella spp.\", \"Burkholderia mallei\", \"Burkholderia pseudomallei\", \"Chlamydophila psittaci\", \"Coxiella burnetii\", \"Francisella tularensis\", some of the Rickettsiaceae (especially \"Rickettsia prowazekii\" and \"Rickettsia rickettsii\"), \"Shigella spp.\", \"Vibrio cholerae\", and \"Yersinia pestis\". Many viral agents have been studied and/or weaponized, including some of the Bunyaviridae (especially Rift Valley fever virus), Ebolavirus, many of the Flaviviridae (especially Japanese encephalitis virus), Machupo virus, Marburg virus, Variola virus, and Yellow fever virus.", "or higher in untreated patients. Finally, friendly personnel and civilians can be protected with suitable antibiotics. Agents considered for weaponization, or known to be weaponized, include bacteria such as \"Bacillus anthracis\", \"Brucella spp.\", \"Burkholderia mallei\", \"Burkholderia pseudomallei\", \"Chlamydophila psittaci\", \"Coxiella burnetii\", \"Francisella tularensis\", some of the Rickettsiaceae (especially \"Rickettsia prowazekii\" and \"Rickettsia rickettsii\"), \"Shigella spp.\", \"Vibrio cholerae\", and \"Yersinia pestis\". Many viral agents have been studied and/or weaponized, including some of the Bunyaviridae (especially Rift Valley fever virus), Ebolavirus, many of the Flaviviridae (especially Japanese encephalitis virus), Machupo virus, Marburg virus, Variola virus, and Yellow fever virus. Fungal agents that have been studied include \"Coccidioides spp.\". Toxins that can be used as weapons include ricin, staphylococcal enterotoxin B, botulinum toxin, saxitoxin, and many mycotoxins. These toxins and the organisms that produce them are sometimes referred to as select agents. In the United States, their possession, use, and transfer are regulated by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Select Agent Program. The former US biological warfare program categorized its weaponized anti-personnel bio-agents as either Lethal Agents (\"Bacillus anthracis\", \"Francisella tularensis\", Botulinum toxin) or Incapacitating Agents (\"Brucella suis\", \"Coxiella burnetii\", Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, Staphylococcal enterotoxin B). Anti-crop/anti-vegetation/anti-fisheries; The United States developed an anti-crop capability during the Cold War that used plant diseases (bioherbicides, or mycoherbicides) for destroying enemy agriculture. Biological weapons also target fisheries as well as water-based vegetation. It was believed that destruction of enemy agriculture on a strategic scale could thwart Sino-Soviet aggression in a general war. Diseases such as wheat blast and rice blast were weaponized in aerial spray tanks and cluster bombs for delivery to enemy watersheds in agricultural regions to initiate epiphytotics (epidemics among plants). When the United States renounced its offensive biological warfare program in 1969 and 1970, the vast majority of its biological arsenal was composed of these plant diseases. Enterotoxins and Mycotoxins were not affected by Nixon's order. Though herbicides are chemicals, they are often grouped with biological warfare and chemical warfare because they may work in a similar manner as biotoxins or bioregulators. The Army Biological Laboratory tested each agent and the Army's Technical Escort Unit was responsible for transport of all chemical, biological, radiological (nuclear) materials. Scorched earth tactics or destroying livestock and farmland were carried out in the Vietnam war (cf. Agent Orange) and Eelam War in Sri Lanka. Biological warfare can also specifically target plants to destroy crops or defoliate vegetation. The United States and Britain discovered plant growth regulators (i.e., herbicides) during the Second World War, and initiated a herbicidal warfare program that was eventually used in Malaya and Vietnam in counterinsurgency operations. In 1980s Soviet Ministry of Agriculture had successfully developed variants of foot-and-mouth disease, and rinderpest against cows, African swine fever for pigs, and psittacosis to kill chicken. These agents were prepared to spray them down from tanks attached to airplanes over hundreds of miles. The secret program was code-named \"Ecology\". During the Mau Mau Uprising in 1952, the poisonous latex of the African milk bush was used to kill cattle. Entomological warfare (EW) is a type of biological warfare that uses insects to attack the enemy. The concept has existed for centuries and research and development have continued into the modern era. EW has been used in battle by Japan and several other nations have developed and been accused of using an entomological warfare program. EW may employ insects in a direct attack or as vectors to deliver a biological agent, such as plague. Essentially, EW exists in three varieties. One type of EW involves infecting insects with a pathogen and then dispersing the insects over target areas. The insects then act as a vector, infecting any person or animal they might bite. Another type of EW is a direct insect attack against crops; the insect may not be infected with any pathogen but instead represents a threat to agriculture. The final method uses uninfected insects, such as bees, wasps, etc., to directly attack the enemy. In 2010 at The Meeting of the States Parties to the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and Their Destruction in Geneva the sanitary epidemiological reconnaissance was suggested as well-tested means for enhancing the monitoring of infections and parasitic agents, for practical implementation of the International Health Regulations (2005). The aim was to prevent and minimize the consequences of natural outbreaks of dangerous infectious diseases as well as the threat of alleged use of biological weapons against BTWC States Parties. It is important to note that most classical and modern biological weapons' pathogens can be obtained from a plant or an animal which is naturally infected. Indeed, in the largest biological weapons accident known—the anthrax outbreak in Sverdlovsk (now Yekaterinburg) in the Soviet Union in 1979—sheep became ill with anthrax as far as 200 kilometers from the release point of the organism from a military facility in the southeastern portion of the city and still off limits to visitors today, (see Sverdlovsk Anthrax leak). Thus, a robust surveillance system involving human clinicians and veterinarians may identify a bioweapons attack early in the course of an epidemic, permitting the prophylaxis of disease in the vast majority of people (and/or animals) exposed but not yet ill. For example, in the case of anthrax, it is likely that by 24–36 hours after an attack, some small percentage of individuals (those with compromised immune system or who had received a large dose of the organism due to proximity to the release point) will become ill with classical symptoms and signs (including a virtually unique chest X-ray finding, often recognized by public health officials if they receive timely reports). The incubation period for humans is estimated to be about 11.8 days to 12.1 days. This suggested period is the first model that is independently consistent with data from the largest known human outbreak. These projections refines previous estimates of the distribution of early onset cases after a release and supports a recommended 60-day course of prophylactic antibiotic treatment for individuals exposed to low doses of anthrax. By making these data available to local public health officials in real time, most models of anthrax epidemics indicate that more than 80% of an exposed population can receive antibiotic treatment before becoming symptomatic, and thus avoid the moderately high mortality of the disease. From most specific to least specific: The goal of biodefense is to integrate the sustained efforts of the national and homeland security, medical, public health, intelligence, diplomatic, and law enforcement communities. Health care providers and public health officers are among the first lines of defense. In some countries private, local, and provincial (state) capabilities are being augmented by and coordinated with federal assets, to provide layered defenses against biological weapon attacks. During the first Gulf War the United Nations activated a biological and chemical response team, Task Force Scorpio, to respond to any potential use of weapons of mass destruction on civilians. The traditional approach toward protecting agriculture, food, and water: focusing on the natural or unintentional", "specific to least specific: The goal of biodefense is to integrate the sustained efforts of the national and homeland security, medical, public health, intelligence, diplomatic, and law enforcement communities. Health care providers and public health officers are among the first lines of defense. In some countries private, local, and provincial (state) capabilities are being augmented by and coordinated with federal assets, to provide layered defenses against biological weapon attacks. During the first Gulf War the United Nations activated a biological and chemical response team, Task Force Scorpio, to respond to any potential use of weapons of mass destruction on civilians. The traditional approach toward protecting agriculture, food, and water: focusing on the natural or unintentional introduction of a disease is being strengthened by focused efforts to address current and anticipated future biological weapons threats that may be deliberate, multiple, and repetitive. The growing threat of biowarfare agents and bioterrorism has led to the development of specific field tools that perform on-the-spot analysis and identification of encountered suspect materials. One such technology, being developed by researchers from the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), employs a \"sandwich immunoassay\", in which fluorescent dye-labeled antibodies aimed at specific pathogens are attached to silver and gold nanowires. In the Netherlands, the company TNO has designed Bioaerosol Single Particle Recognition eQuipment (BiosparQ). This system would be implemented into the national response plan for bioweapon attacks in the Netherlands. Researchers at Ben Gurion University in Israel are developing a different device called the BioPen, essentially a \"Lab-in-a-Pen\", which can detect known biological agents in under 20 minutes using an adaptation of the ELISA, a similar widely employed immunological technique, that in this case incorporates fiber optics. Theoretically, novel approaches in biotechnology, such as synthetic biology could be used in the future to design novel types of biological warfare agents. Special attention has to be laid on future experiments (of concern) that: Most of the biosecurity concerns in synthetic biology, however, are focused on the role of DNA synthesis and the risk of producing genetic material of lethal viruses (e.g. 1918 Spanish flu, polio) in the lab. Recently, the CRISPR/Cas system has emerged as a promising technique for gene editing. It was hailed by The Washington Post as \"the most important innovation in the synthetic biology space in nearly 30 years.\" While other methods take months or years to edit gene sequences, CRISPR speeds that time up to weeks. However, due to its ease of use and accessibility, it has raised a number of ethical concerns, especially surrounding its use in the biohacking space. (passim) Bioweaponeers: Writers and activists: Biological warfare Biological warfare (BW)—also known as germ warfare—is the use of biological toxins or infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi with the intent to kill or incapacitate humans, animals or plants as an act of war. Biological weapons (often termed \"bio-weapons\", \"biological threat agents\", or \"bio-agents\") are living organisms or replicating entities (viruses, which are not universally considered \"alive\") that reproduce or replicate within their host victims. Entomological (insect) warfare is also considered a type of biological weapon. This type of warfare is distinct" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Ansa-metallocene An \"ansa\"-metallocene is a type of organometallic compound containing two cyclopentadienyl ligands that are linked by a bridging group such that both cyclopentadienyl groups are bound to the same metal. The link prevents rotation of the cyclopentadienyl ligand and often modifies the structure and reactivity of the metal center. Some ansa-metallocenes are active in Ziegler-Natta catalysis, although none are used commercially. The term \"ansa\"-metallocene (ansa being Greek for \"handle\") was coined by Lüttringhaus and Kullick to describe alkylidene-bridged ferrocenes, which were developed in the 1950s. Often \"ansa\"-metallocenes are described in terms of the angle defined by the two Cp rings. In titanocene dichloride, this angle is 58.5° whereas in the \"ansa\"-titanocene MeSi(CH)TiCl the angle is 51.2°. The prototypical linker groups are of the type (CH) where n = 1, 2, and 3. More easily installed are linker groups consisting of heteroatoms, e.g. (CH)Si. One potential application of \"ansa\"-metallocenes is in polymerisation reactions. Specifically, the ansa bridge allows greater control of the stereochemistry at the metal centre. For example, three distinct \"ansa\"-zirconocene dichloride catalysts used in the synthesis of polypropylene in the presence of methylaluminoxane (MAO) can be used to direct whether the product is syndiotactic, isotactic, or atactic. Ansa-metallocene" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Ill Chemistry Ill Chemistry is a spoken word/beatboxing/hip hop group based in Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States. The group consists of Carnage the Executioner and Desdamona. Ill Chemistry's members, Desdamona and Carnage the Executioner met in 1998 at a cafe in Minneapolis's Dinkytown neighborhood, where they exchanged lyrics. Carnage was recognized for his beatboxing abilities and Desdamona was gaining fame in the Minneapolis music scene. Each were performing separately, but sometime after they met, Carnage began to beatbox for Desdamona, taking the place of a DJ. They began to perform as a group after that. As they bonded as a musical act, the group lacked a name which Carnage said was, \"because it was really organic. Literally, not practiced.\" One fan commented that the group had \"Ill Chemistry\", and when the duo heard the phrase come from the mouths of multiple fans across the city, they chose it as their name. Carnage also noted that the name was powerful because of the chemistry he and Desdamona share as a musical group. In October, 2007, the group was hired to do filler acts at Minneapolis's Black Dog Cafe's Black Dog Block Party. However, a thunderstorm nearly halted the event, so to keep people from leaving, the group got onstage and started performing with the thunder as an additional beat. Choreographer Andrew Rist, a co-founder of Ballet Minnesota, went home and choreographed dances to several of the duo's songs as part of his Black Dog Cafe ballet project. Instead of playing the tracks from a CD, Ill Chemistry performed live onstage next to the dancers. In 2006, the group was nominated for \"Best Hip Hop Artist/Group\" in the Minnesota Music Awards. in December 2011, they make their first French appearance at Les Allumés du Jazz in Le Mans and in Campus-Terrain d'Entente in Paris. Then in February 2012, they play their first official show at Sons d'Hiver opening for David Krakauer two months before their first French tour in April. In this first French tour they are performing twice in Paris and then in Strasbourg, Nancy, Nantes, Dijon, and above all in Bourges for the famous Printemps de Bourges. Ill Chemistry's previously unreleased track, \"Hold On\", was one of 31 songs released in the \"For New Orleans\" two-disc compilation. The CD, released on 2007 Apr 24, was sold to benefit the New Orleans Musicians' Village project. Desdamona and Carnage have also released CDs individually, some of which include guest appearances by the other. In 2012, Ill Chemistry's self-titled first album was released on Nato in France. Ill Chemistry Ill Chemistry is a spoken word/beatboxing/hip hop group based in Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States. The group consists of Carnage the Executioner and Desdamona. Ill Chemistry's members, Desdamona and Carnage the Executioner met in 1998 at a cafe in Minneapolis's Dinkytown neighborhood, where they exchanged lyrics. Carnage was recognized for his beatboxing abilities and Desdamona was gaining fame in the Minneapolis music scene. Each were performing separately, but sometime after they met, Carnage began to beatbox" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Michael Parsons (cricketer) Michael Parsons (born 26 November 1984) was an English cricketer. He was a right-handed batsman and a right-arm medium-fast bowler who played first-class cricket for Somerset. Parsons was born in Taunton. Parsons began his career playing Second XI cricket in 2002, and made his most recent appearance in the competition in August 2006. In between he played occasional limited overs cricket, though he didn't get his debut first-class start until May 2005. While Parsons made little contribution with the bat, his, and the rest of the team's, bowling against opponents Lancashire was expensive, as the match was played out to a draw. Parsons would play County Cricket on one further occasion, against Derbyshire, where once again his performance was marked by his wild bowling and his inability, in the second innings, to attain a partnership long enough to secure the first of three consecutive scores of fifty or above for batting partner and namesake Keith Parsons. Parsons attained one cap for the England Under-19 cricket team, representing the team in a defeat against South Africa Under-19s in August 2003. Since his exit from first-class cricket, Parsons has played one game for Minor Counties side Devon. Career highlights: Playing against a strong New Zealand side in 2004 where Parsons produced an impressive bowling display to finish with figures of 6 for 30 off 10 overs. In 2005 he was in the Somerset side that beat a very strong Australian team led by Ricky Ponting. Michael Parsons (cricketer) Michael Parsons (born 26 November 1984) was an English cricketer. He was a right-handed batsman and a right-arm medium-fast bowler who played first-class cricket for Somerset. Parsons was born in Taunton. Parsons began his career playing Second XI cricket in 2002, and made his most recent appearance in the competition in" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "* Jennifer Lawrence as Dominika Egorova, a former ballerina who is now a \"Sparrow\" \n * Joel Edgerton as Nate Nash, a CIA operative \n * Matthias Schoenaerts as Ivan Vladimirovich Egorov, Dominika's uncle \n * Charlotte Rampling as Matron, the Headmistress of Sparrow School \n * Mary-Louise Parker as Stephanie Boucher, a US Senator's Chief of Staff \n * Ciarán Hinds as Colonel Zakharov \n * Joely Richardson as Nina Egorova, Dominika's mother \n * Bill Camp as Marty Gable, Nash's superior \n * Jeremy Irons as General Vladimir Andreievich Korchnoi \n * Thekla Reuten as Marta Yelenova, a fellow Sparrow \n * Douglas Hodge as Maxim Volontov \n * Sakina Jaffrey as Trish Forsyth \n * Sergei Polunin as Konstantin, Dominika's former dance partner \n * Sasha Frolova as Anya \n * Sebastian Hülk as Sergei Matorin, a Russian operative and torture expert \n * Kristof Konrad as Dimitri Ustinov \n * Hugh Quarshie as Simon Benford \n * Sergej Onopko as Simionov, a Russian operative and executioner \n\n\n \| 2. Adagio Grieg's piano concerto \n---\|--- \nProblems playing this file? See media help. \n As a former member of the CIA, Matthews coached actor Joel Edgerton. Edgerton said it was difficult to consider having \"an interpersonal dating-style relationship ... (and) That fact that you would have to report any of those kinds of interactions with your bosses.\" Matthias Schoenaerts and Jeremy Irons joined the cast by December 2016. \n Red Sparrow is a 2018 American spy thriller film directed by Francis Lawrence and written by Justin Haythe, based on the 2013 novel of the same name by Jason Matthews. The film stars Jennifer Lawrence, Joel Edgerton, Matthias Schoenaerts, Charlotte Rampling, Mary-Louise Parker, and Jeremy Irons. It tells the story of a Russian intelligence officer who is sent to make contact with a CIA agent in the hope of discovering the identity of a mole. \n Nate Nash is a CIA operative working in Moscow. While meeting with an asset in Gorky Park, they are confronted by the police. Nash creates a diversion to ensure his asset, a mole in Russian ranks code-named Marble, escapes unidentified. Nash is reassigned back to the U.S. but insists that he is the only individual whom Marble will work with. Since he can not return to Russia, he is assigned to Budapest, where he will regain contact with Marble. \n In post-production, Francis offered Jennifer Lawrence the opportunity to view a cut of the film ahead of the studio and producers, so that she might request the deletion of any nude or sexual scenes. She declined to request any deletions. However, the film was edited for the United Kingdom release to remove a violent sequence and secure a 15 certificate from the British Board of Film Classification. \n As of June 24, 2018, Red Sparrow has grossed $46.9 million in the United States and Canada, and $104.4 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $151.3 million, against a production budget of $69 million. \n Matthews advised Lawrence that double agents from Russia feel \"a dread of discovery, a dread of being arrested, a dread of going to prison.\" Lawrence also studied ballet for four months. Kurt Froman of the New York City Ballet coached her, as she had never studied ballet before, and spent four hours with her each day for five days per week. \n Overseas, Red Sparrow screened at FEST in Belgrade on February 28, 2018. It was released in the United Kingdom on March 1, 2018. \n Manohla Dargis of The New York Times found the film to be \"preposterously entertaining\" and credited its success to Lawrence's performance, writing that \"like all great stars, (Lawrence) can slip into a role as if sliding into another skin, unburdened by hesitation or self-doubt.\" IndieWire's Eric Kohn, who graded the film a B, noted the performances of Lawrence and Rampling, stating that \"the considerable talent on display is (the film's) constant saving grace.\" However, he also found that the film \"doesn't know when to stop, sagging into bland torture scenes and an underwhelming final showdown.\" Giving the film a B -, The A.V. Club's Jesse Hassenger noted its methodical nature, with its minimal action and character exploration, and remarked that Francis Lawrence \"brings to this material what he brought to The Hunger Games:a sense of style that feels constrained by obligations to hit a certain number of plot points.\" \n In the United States and Canada, Red Sparrow was released alongside Death Wish, and was projected to gross $20–24 million from 3,056 theaters in its opening weekend. It made $6 million on its first day (including $1.2 million from Thursday night previews) and $17 million over the weekend, finishing second, behind holdover Black Panther. Deadline Hollywood noted the opening was underwhelming given the film's $69 million budget, and that Lawrence's salary of $15–20 million was too much to spend on one star. It fell 51% in its second weekend to $8.15 million, finishing fourth. \n Back home in Russia, Dominika lives with her mother, and receives a phone call from an unknown person who plays Grieg's piano concerto that she had listened to during her love affair with Nash. \n Red Sparrow \n--- \nTheatrical release poster \nDirected by \| Francis Lawrence \nProduced by \| \n\n * Peter Chernin \n * Steven Zaillian \n * Jenno Topping \n * David Ready \n\n \nScreenplay by \| Justin Haythe \nBased on \| Red Sparrow by Jason Matthews \nStarring \| \n\n * Jennifer Lawrence \n * Joel Edgerton \n * Matthias Schoenaerts \n * Charlotte Rampling \n * Mary-Louise Parker \n * Jeremy Irons \n\n \nMusic by \| James Newton Howard \nCinematography \| Jo Willems \nEdited by \| Alan Edward Bell \nProduction company \| \n\n * TSG Entertainment \n * Chernin Entertainment \n\n \nDistributed by \| 20th Century Fox \nRelease date \|", "* February 15, 2018 (2018-02-15) (Newseum) \n * March 2, 2018 (2018-03-02) (United States) \n * * * \n \nRunning time \| 140 minutes \nCountry \| United States \nLanguage \| English \nBudget \| $69 million \nBox office \| $151.5 million \n Matthews, who said he based his book on his experiences in the CIA, was also hired as technical advisor, to supervise the accuracy of the depiction of espionage. He had the Gorky Park scene rewritten to depict espionage methods more accurately. \n On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 47% , based on 237 reviews, and an average rating of 5.6/10. The website's critical consensus reads, \"Red Sparrow aims for smart, sexy spy thriller territory, but Jennifer Lawrence's committed performance isn't enough to compensate for thin characters and a convoluted story.\" On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 53 out of 100, based on 51 critics, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \"B\" on an A+to F scale. \n Dominika offers to work for Nash as a double agent. She carries out Marta's assignment to meet Boucher, and covertly exchanges the supplied information for CIA-supplied floppy disks. On leaving the meeting place, Boucher sees American agents and is spooked. She unintentionally steps into traffic and is killed. Russian agents observing Boucher realize that the mission had been compromised. Dominika and Volontov are required to immediately return to Moscow. She is tortured and interrogated for days. Dominika returns to Budapest, and informs Nash that she wishes to defect with her mother to America. \n Principal photography started in Budapest and Dunaújváros in Hungary on January 5, 2017. Other filming locations include Festetics Mansion in Dég, Hungary; Bratislava, Slovakia; and Vienna, Austria. On May 3, 2017, Jennifer Lawrence was spotted shooting some scenes at London's Heathrow Airport. \n In modern-day Russia, Dominika Egorova is a famed Russian ballerina who supports her ill mother. Following a career-ending injury, Dominika is approached by her uncle, Ivan, the Deputy Director of SVR. She is tasked with seducing Dimitry Ustinov, a Russian gangster, in exchange for her mother's continued medical care. As Ustinov rapes her, he is killed by Sergei Matorin, an SVR operative authorized by Ivan. Ivan offers Dominika a choice to begin working for the SVR, or be executed so there are no witnesses to Ustinov's death. \n Screenwriter Justin Haythe reduced the number of narrators and shifting perspectives in the novel, concentrating on Dominika. Russian President Vladimir Putin, who appears in the novel, was also cut from the adaptation, due to Lawrence's belief that it would be a distraction to have an actor play the highly public figure. \n After Jason Matthews' book Red Sparrow was published in 2013, 20th Century Fox purchased the film rights, and signed Francis Lawrence to direct. Matthews said the idea of \"sparrows\" and a \"sparrow school\" was based on State School 4 in the Soviet Union, though Russian \"sexpionage\" is now done by women contracted outside of spy agencies. The Russian concept of kompromat was also influential. Lawrence worked on adapting Matthews' book in 2015, and has said that at the time, he had reservations about the timeliness of a Cold War story. \n After spending the night with Nash, Dominika awakes to find him being tortured by Matorin, who is attempting to discover the identity of Marble. She initially helps Matorin torture Nash, but turns on the executioner and kills him. She wakes in a hospital where General Vladimir Korchnoi reveals that he is Marble. He explains that he was initially patriotic, but grew to feel that Russia was corrupt. He fears he will be caught soon, and instead of dying in vain, instructs Dominika to reveal his identity to Ivan. She could then replace him as a mole and further their work by passing information to the CIA. But when Dominika contacts her superiors to reveal the identity of the mole, she frames her uncle Ivan rather than betray Korchnoi. Ivan is killed by the Russian side during a spy swap, and Dominika is congratulated for her work by her Russian superiors. \n Dominika is sent to State School 4, a specialist training schools for' Sparrows' , SVR operatives capable of seducing their targets. Dominika excels in her training, despite some friction with her trainers, and she is assigned to Budapest. Meanwhile the SVR has been tracking Nash, and hopes to find out the identity of Marble. Dominika's assignment is to gain the trust of Nash, and reveal his contact. \n Upon her arrival in Budapest, Dominika lives with Marta Yelenova, another Sparrow. Her boss in Budapest is Maxim Volontov. Dominika quickly makes contact with Nash, who correctly determines that she is a Russian intelligence operative. Dominika reveals her true identity to him, as well as her motive to find out Marble's identity. Dominika inspects Marta's room, and realizes that she is working to gather information from Stephanie Boucher, the chief of staff to a U.S. Senator. Dominika claims to her uncle that she is helping in Marta's effort to gather information from Boucher. \n Red Sparrow was released on digital streaming platforms on May 15, 2018. It was released on 4K UHD Blu-ray, Blu-ray and DVD on May 22, 2018. \n Francis Lawrence presented the screenplay to Jennifer Lawrence, who accepted the part. Jennifer stated she admired the character and Francis' direction, with her sole point of hesitation being the \"really sexual\" nature of the character. Francis Lawrence then met with her personally to discuss the nude scenes. In 2014, Jennifer had private nude photos stolen in the iCloud leaks. However, Lawrence drew a distinction between the film and the leak based on her consent to the film, as opposed to the leak. Lawrence explained:\"The insecurity and fear of being judged for getting nude, what I went through, should that dictate decisions I make for the rest of my life?\" \n For the soundtrack, the 1868 Piano Concerto by Edvard Grieg was used. James Newton Howard wrote the score, recorded in October 2017, citing Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's Requiem and Igor Stravinsky's The Firebird as influences. He commenced work before seeing a cut of the film. \n Red Sparrow premiered at Newseum in Washington, D.C. on February 15, 2018, and was released in the United States on March 2, 2018. The film grossed $151 million worldwide, becoming a modest box-office success, and received mixed reviews from critics, who described it as having \"more style than substance\", and criticized the film's length and over-reliance on graphic violence and sex, while praising Jennifer Lawrence's performance. \n Alonso Duralde of TheWrap criticized the derivative story and the lack of chemistry between Lawrence and Edgerton, calling the film \"neither intelligent enough to be involving nor fun enough to be trashy.\" Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune gave the film 1.5 out of 4 stars and said, \"Half of the Red Sparrow audience will spend at least part of the running time fighting off memories of Salt and Atomic Blonde and the Black Widow storyline from The Avengers. The other half, meantime, will wonder when spy movies became quite so punishing.\" Simran Hans of The Guardian found the film to be sexist, writing that \"it busies itself with the grim surface pleasures of ogling its central character as she is degraded in every way possible.\" \n Matthews, a former member of the CIA, advised the production on the depiction of spying. Based on historic Soviet sexpionage and contemporary Russian use of kompromat, filming took place in Hungary, Slovakia and Austria. Jennifer Lawrence studied with the New York City Ballet to prepare for her performance.", "Matthews, a former member of the CIA, advised the production on the depiction of spying. Based on historic Soviet sexpionage and contemporary Russian use of kompromat, filming took place in Hungary, Slovakia and Austria. Jennifer Lawrence studied with the New York City Ballet to prepare for her performance. \n Red Sparrow was originally scheduled to be released by 20th Century Fox on November 10, 2017, but in April 2017 it was announced that the film's release would be pushed back to March 2, 2018, because it was seen as a less competitive one. The studio's adaptation of Murder on the Orient Express was moved into Red Sparrow's November slot. The first trailer for the film was released on September 14, 2017. The film premiered on February 15, 2018 at Newseum, and began a U.S. theatrical release on March 2." ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "GAZ Ermak GAZ Ermak (Russian:Ермак) is a Russian truck, based at the GAZ Valdai. It was officially presented in October 2011 on \"AgroTech-2011\", created a test batch for testing. There are two prototypes: rear wheel drive with a 2.8 engine and all-wheel drive with an engine 3.8. Serial production is scheduled for 2013. Plans have been adjusted and the car turned into a new family of medium-duty trucks Gazon-Next in different versions with cab from Gazelle NEXT , which should replace the models GAZ 3307 /3309 and GAZ-3308 Sadko. Issue will begin in September 2014. The family will be two versions with rear powered- for the city and the countryside, and one version with all-wheel drive. GAZ Ermak GAZ Ermak (Russian:Ермак) is a Russian truck, based at the GAZ Valdai. It was officially presented in October 2011 on \"AgroTech-2011\", created a test batch for testing. There are two prototypes: rear wheel drive with a 2.8 engine and all-wheel drive with an engine 3.8. Serial production is scheduled for 2013. Plans have been adjusted and the car turned into a new family of medium-duty trucks Gazon-Next in different versions with cab from Gazelle NEXT , which should replace the models GAZ" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Happy Jacks Creek The Happy Jacks Creek, a perennial river that is part of the Murrumbidgee catchment within the Murray–Darling basin, is located in the Snowy Mountains region of New South Wales, Australia. The Happy Jacks Creek (technically a river) rises near The Dip within the Kosciuszko National Park, sourced by runoff from the Australian Alps, part of the Great Dividing Range. The creek flows generally south by southwest and then north by northwest, joined by two minor tributaries, before reaching its confluence with the Tumut River (itself a tributary of the Murrumbidgee River), in remote mountainous country at the Happy Jacks Pondage, formed by the Happy Jacks Dam. The creek descends over its course, that is contained entirely within the Kosciuszko National Park. The catchment area is part of the territory traditionally occupied by the Aboriginal Walgalu people, who were joined in the summer months by the Ngarigo and Ngunawal for the Bogong feasts. Happy Jacks Creek The Happy Jacks Creek, a perennial river that is part of the Murrumbidgee catchment within the Murray–Darling basin, is located in the Snowy Mountains region of New South Wales, Australia. The Happy Jacks Creek (technically a river) rises near The Dip within" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "AnnArbor.com AnnArbor.com was an online newspaper that covered local news of Ann Arbor, Michigan and the surrounding Washtenaw County, Michigan. In 2013 AnnArbor.com was transitioned to MLive.com along with Advance Publications other Michigan newspapers and renamed \"The Ann Arbor News\". \"AnnArbor.com\" reported news both online and in print. The print version was also known as \"AnnArbor.com\" and was published on Thursdays and Sundays. It had a full-time staff of 60, 35 of which were reporters; 80 more bloggers. The website had online ads known as \"deals,\" on which users could vote to include on the Sunday print edition. As a website, AnnArbor.com was not only a news source but also a place for social interaction, presenting information in a chronological blog-style format. Users could register to start \"conversations\" and upload photos and videos. \"AnnArbor.com\" was launched on July 24, 2009, to replace \"The Ann Arbor News\", when Advance Publications, the parent company of the \"News\" as well as more than 20 other daily newspapers, attempted to produce a greater profit from the newspaper. By downsizing the print edition from seven days a week to two, the newspaper could reduce costs, becoming more sustainable in the long run. The website is part of Advance's experiment to convert its paper publications to online versions; Ann Arbor was chosen because a study found that 92% of its population was able to access online news. In response to the change, one local lamented, \"The [175-year-old] \"News\" was like an old friend.\" A Time article has compared the \"News\" to similar defunct newspapers like the \"Seattle Post-Intelligencer\" and the \"Rocky Mountain News\". In 2013, AnnArbor.com was transitioned to MLive.com and renamed \"The Ann Arbor News\". AnnArbor.com AnnArbor.com was an online newspaper that covered local news of Ann Arbor, Michigan and the surrounding Washtenaw County, Michigan." ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Exercise Longstep Exercise Longstep was a ten-day NATO naval exercise held in the Mediterranean Sea during November 1952 under the overall command of Admiral Robert B. Carney, USN, the Commander-in-Chief Allied Forces Southern Europe (CINCAFSOUTH). This exercise involved over 170 warships and 700 aircraft, and it featured a large-scale amphibious assault along the western coast of Turkey. With Exercise Grand Slam, this exercise served as the prototype for future NATO maritime exercises in the Mediterranean Sea during the Cold War. In January 1950, the North Atlantic Council approved NATO's military strategic concept of deterring Soviet aggression. NATO military planning took on a renewed urgency following the outbreak of the Korean War, prompting NATO to establish Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE) under the command of General of the Army Dwight D. Eisenhower, U.S. Army, on 2 April 1951. Exercise Longstep was an early naval exercise for SHAPE's southern regional command, Allied Forces Southern Europe (AFSOUTH). The overall exercise commander for Grand Slam was Admiral Robert B. Carney USN, NATO's Commander-in-Chief Allied Forces Southern Europe (CINCSOUTH). AFSOUTH component commanders during Longstep were: The objective of the Allied (\"Blue\") forces was to dislodge enemy (\"Green\") invasion forces from their occupying positions in the Eastern Mediterranean. Green forces consisted of the Italian 56th Tactical Air Force and submarines of the United States, Great Britain, France, Greece, and Turkey lying in wait to ambush the Blue amphibious convoy departing from Italian embarkation ports. Over 170 warships and 700 aircraft were involved in Operation Longstep. Blue naval forces were centered around the U.S. Sixth Fleet, under the command of Vice Admiral John H. Cassady, USN, and its two aircraft carriers, the and . Air sorties were flown by American and Italian aircraft attacking Blue naval forces, and Blue carrier-based aircraft counter-attacking Green military targets in northern Italy. Operation Longstep concluded with an amphibious landing at Lebidos Bay south of İzmir, Turkey, involving 3000 French, Italian, and Greek troops, including the Third Battalion, Second Marines, under the overall command of General Robert E. Hogaboom, USMC. In the actual landing at Lebidos Bay, the Italians went ashore at H-Hour minus six in a diversionary attack on nearby Doganbey Island. This was followed by the main landing force led U.S. Marines along with the French and Greek troops. After securing the beach-head and setting up a defensive perimeter, the landing force was re-embarked onto the amphibious shipping off-shore, concluding Exercise Longstep. Carrier Air Group Seventeen (CVG-17) embarked on USS \"Franklin D. Roosevelt\" (CVB-42): Carrier Air Group Eighteen (CVG-18) embarked on USS \"Wasp\" (CV-18): Longstep was an early attempt to integrate the vavious naval forces into a more combined force under NATO command. Another important aspect of Longstep was combined training in the coordination of radio and wire communications between ships, aircraft, and ground forces of the six-nation, five-language combined force. Exercise Longstep Exercise Longstep was a ten-day NATO naval exercise held in the Mediterranean Sea during November 1952 under the overall command of Admiral Robert B. Carney, USN," ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Kazimierz Wielikosielec Kazimierz Wielikosielec (born May 5, 1945) is a Roman Catholic bishop and Dominican. Wielikosielec graduated on Seminary in Riga (1984), since 1992 is the Vicar General and Dean of the Diocese of Pinsk deanery in Baranovichi and since 1999 the auxiliary bishop of Pinsk. Wielikosielec was born in the village area Starawola prużańskiego. The nearest church was established in Kobryniu Also met in Vilnius oo. Dominicans. The state authorities for three years did not allow to study at the Seminary in Riga, but Kazimierz wasted no time: together with the present Bishop Anthony Dziemianko secretly studied theology with Dr. Fr. Wenceslas Piatkowski (parish Dipper). In 1981 Wielkosielec was admitted to the seminary in Riga. While studying at the Seminary made his first vows in the Order of Dominican Fathers. After graduating from the seminary in 1984, the Feast of the Holy Trinity, was ordained a priest by Cardinal J. Wajwadsa and was directed to his first parish of the Holy Trinity in Iszkoldzi. Because in those days lacked the priests, under the spiritual care of Kazimierz also includes: Juszkowicze, Horodziszcze, Stalawicze, Palanieczka, New Swierzan, Horodzieja, Kareliczy, Mir, Hancewicze. In addition to the pastoral ministry of Father Wielikosielec dealt with the reconstruction and renovation of temples. In 1992 he was appointed Vicar General of the Diocese of Pinsk, while performing duties of dean of the Deccan Baranovichi and pastor of Holy Cross in Baranovichi. On June 24, 1999 at the Cathedral of Pinsk Bishop Kazimierz Wielikosielec was consecrated, chaired by Cardinal Kazimierz Swiatek. Kazimierz Wielikosielec Kazimierz Wielikosielec (born May 5, 1945) is a Roman Catholic bishop and Dominican. Wielikosielec graduated on Seminary in Riga (1984), since 1992 is the Vicar General and Dean of the Diocese of Pinsk deanery in Baranovichi and since 1999 the auxiliary bishop of Pinsk." ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Wagon Mound National Historic Landmark The Wagon Mound is a butte that was a major landmark for pioneers along the Cimarron Cutoff of the Old Santa Fe Trail, a well-known settlement route connecting St. Louis, Missouri and Santa Fe, New Mexico. It is located just east of Wagon Mound, New Mexico, a village named after the butte. The bute is a designated National Historic Landmark, along with Santa Clara Canyon, a site just northwest of the village where travelers on the trail frequently camped and took on water. Wagon Mound is a roughly lozenge-shaped mesa with its highest point at about . New Mexico State Road 120 runs eastward from the village of Wagon Mound to the north of the mesa, while New Mexico State Road 271 runs southeastearly from the village to its south and west. The village is located directly west of the mesa, with two small mesas, known as the Pilot Knobs, to its west. Wagon Mound is readily visible from the Rabbit Ears, the major landmark further east on the trail. Wagon Mound was an important landmark on the Cimarron Cutoff branch of the Santa Fe Trail for several reasons. First, it was the last major landmark before reaching Santa Fe, signalling the approaching end of the journey to westbound travelers. Second, the Santa Clara Canyon, located about to the northwest, had a spring that was a reliable source of water in the desert environment. It also served as a cautionary point, because the topography of Santa Clara Canyon made groups camping their vulnerable to attacks by hostile Native Americans, with one notably large attack occurring in 1850. The route was heavily used between about 1822 and the American Civil War. Usage declined with the advent of the railroad (which followed the Santa Fe Trail route in this area) in the 1870s. Wagon Mound National Historic Landmark The Wagon Mound is a butte that was a major landmark for pioneers along the Cimarron Cutoff of the Old Santa Fe Trail, a well-known settlement route connecting St. Louis, Missouri and Santa Fe, New Mexico. It is located just east of Wagon Mound, New Mexico, a village named after the butte. The bute is a designated National Historic Landmark, along with Santa Clara Canyon, a site just northwest of the village where travelers on the trail frequently camped and took on water. Wagon Mound is a roughly lozenge-shaped" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Serpent (video game) In the future, there is a sport called \"Serpent\". Two fighters in serpentine robotic machines try to box each other in to win the fight. The serpents are detailed in the fact that they aren't just a line, giving a greater sense of realism to the game. Each snake has a fixed number of lives; with losing a life being a representation of \"losing the war.\" The \"game over\" message is a simple message saying \"the bitter taste of defeat\" with an animated picture of a snake crying and accompanied by a melancholic music in a waltz rhythm. There are two modes with four difficulty levels; level 1 is considered to be the easiest (normal speed and enemy performance) while level 4 is the hardest (fast speed and enemies are likely to cheat death). The first mode allows players to simply compete against an opponent while the second mode brings in a series of small snakes that emerge when players take too long conquering a level. Missiles can be launched when the player collects them on the field. White numbers help the player develop a longer body while black numbers make the body shorter. Missiles can either make the enemy faster (black missiles) or slower (white missiles). Winning 7 of the 13 possible matches automatically makes the player into the \"champion of serpents.\" Serpent (video game) In the future, there is a sport called \"Serpent\". Two fighters in serpentine robotic machines try to box each other in to win the fight. The serpents are detailed in the fact that they aren't just a line, giving a greater sense of realism to the game. Each snake has a fixed number of lives; with losing a life being a representation of \"losing the war.\" The \"game over\" message is" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Irish Canadians Irish Canadians () are Canadian citizens who have full or partial Irish heritage including descendants who trace their ancestry to immigrants who originated in Ireland. 1.2 million Irish immigrants arrived from 1825 to 1970, and at least half of those in the period from 1831–1850. By 1867, they were the second largest ethnic group (after the French), and comprised 24% of Canada's population. The 1931 national census counted 1,230,000 Canadians of Irish descent, half of whom lived in Ontario. About one-third were Catholic in 1931 and two-thirds Protestant. The Irish immigrants were majority Protestant before the famine years of the late 1840s, when far more Catholics than Protestants arrived. Even larger numbers of Catholics headed to the United States; others went to Great Britain and Australia. The 2006 census by Statistics Canada, Canada's Official Statistical office, revealed that the Irish were the 4th largest ethnic group, with 4,354,000 Canadians with full or partial Irish descent or 15% of the country's total population. This was a large and significant increase of 531,495 since the 2001 census, which counted 3,823,000 respondents quoting Irish ethnicity. According to the National Household Survey 2011, the population of Irish ancestry has increased since 2006 to 4,544,870. The first recorded Irish presence in the area of present-day Canada dates from 1536, when Irish fishermen from Cork traveled to Newfoundland. After the permanent settlement in Newfoundland by Irish in the late 18th and early 19th century, overwhelmingly from Waterford, increased immigration of the Irish elsewhere in Canada began in the decades following the War of 1812 and formed a significant part of The Great Migration of Canada. Between 1825 and 1845, 60% of all immigrants to Canada were Irish; in 1831 alone, some 34,000 arrived in Montreal. Between 1830 and 1850, 624,000 Irish arrived; in contextual terms, at the end of this period, the population of the provinces of Canada was 2.4 million. Besides Upper Canada (Ontario), Lower Canada Quebec, the Maritime colonies of Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island and New Brunswick, especially Saint John, were arrival points. Not all remained, many out-migrated to the United States or to Western Canada in the decades that followed. Seldom few ever returned to Ireland. During the Great Famine, Canada received the most destitute Irish Catholics, who left Ireland in grave circumstances. Land estate owners in Ireland would either evict landholder tenants to board on returning empty lumber ships, or in some cases pay their fares. Others left on ships from the overcrowded docks in Liverpool and Cork. Most of the Irish immigrants who came to Canada and the United States in the nineteenth century and before were Irish speakers, with many knowing no other language on arrival. The great majority of Irish Catholics arrived in Grosse Isle, an island in Quebec in the St. Lawrence River, which housed the immigration reception station. Thousands died or arrived sick and were treated in the hospital (equipped for less than one hundred patients) in the summer of 1847; in fact, many ships that reached Grosse-Île had lost the bulk of their passengers and crew, and much more died in quarantine on or near the island. From Grosse-Ile, most survivors were sent to Quebec City and Montreal, where the existing Irish community mushroomed. The orphaned children were adopted into Quebec families and accordingly became Québécois, both linguistically and culturally. At the same time, ships with the starving also docked at Partridge Island, New Brunswick in similarly desperate circumstances. A large number of the families that survived continued on to settle in Canada West (now Ontario) and provided a cheap labor pool and colonization of land in a rapidly expanding economy in the decades after their arrival. In comparison with the Irish who went to the United States or Britain, many Irish arrivals in Canada settled in rural areas, in addition to the cities. The Catholic Irish and Protestant (Orange) Irish were often in conflict from the 1840s. In Ontario, the Irish fought with the French for control of the Catholic Church, with the Irish successful. In that instance, the Irish sided with the Protestants to oppose the demand for French language Catholic schools. Thomas D'Arcy McGee, an Irish-Montreal journalist, became a Father of Confederation in 1867. An Irish Republican in his early years, he would moderate his view in later years and become a passionate advocate of Confederation. He was instrumental in enshrining educational rights for Catholics as a minority group in the Canadian Constitution. In 1868, he was assassinated in Ottawa. Historians are not sure who the murderer was, or what his motivations were. One theory is that a Fenian, Gaylord O'Neiel Whelan, was the assassin, attacking McGee for his recent anti-Raid statements. Others argue that Whelan was used as a scapegoat. After Confederation, Irish Catholics faced more hostility, especially from Protestant Irish in Ontario, which was under the political sway of the already entrenched anti-Catholic Orange Order. The anthem \"The Maple Leaf Forever,\" written and composed by Scottish immigrant and Orangeman Alexander Muir, reflects the pro-British Ulster loyalism outlook typical of the time with its disdainful view of Irish Republicanism. This only amplified with Fenian Raids of the time. As the Irish became more prosperous and newer groups arrived on Canada's shores, tensions subsided through the remainder the latter part of the 19th century. In the years between 1815, when vast industrial changes began to disrupt the old life-styles in Europe, and Canadian Confederation in 1867, when immigration of that era passed its peak, more than 150,000 immigrants from Ireland flooded into Saint John, New Brunswick. Those who came in the earlier period were largely tradesmen, and many stayed in Saint John, becoming the backbone of its builders. But when the Great Irish Potato Famine raged between 1845-1852, huge waves of Famine refugees flooded these shores. It is estimated that between 1845 and 1847, some 30,000 arrived, more people than were living in the city at the time. In 1847, dubbed \"Black 47,\" one of the worst years of the Famine, some 16,000 immigrants, most of them from Ireland, arrived at Partridge Island, the immigration and quarantine station at the mouth of Saint John Harbour. From 1840 to 1860 sectarian violence was rampant in Saint John resulting in some of the worst urban riots in Canadian history. The following statistics are not from the 2006 Census of Canada. The graph excludes those who have only some Irish ancestry. Historian and journalist Louis-Guy Lemieux claims that about 40% of Quebecers have Irish ancestry on at least one side of their family tree. Shunned by Protestant English-speakers, it was not uncommon for Catholic Irish to settle among and intermarry with the Catholic French-speakers. Considering that many other Canadians throughout Canada likewise have Irish roots, in addition to those who may simply identify as Canadian, the total number of Canadians with some Irish ancestry extrapolated would include a significant proportion of the Canadian population. Irish established communities in both urban and rural Quebec. Irish immigrants arrived in large numbers in Montreal during the 1840s and were hired as labourers to build the Victoria Bridge, living in a tent city at the foot of the bridge. Here, workers unearthed a mass grave of 6,000 Irish immigrants who had died at nearby Windmill Point in the typhus outbreak of 1847-48. The Irish Commemorative Stone or \"Black Rock,\" as it is commonly known, was erected by bridge workers to commemorate the tragedy. The Irish would go on to settle permanently in the close-knit working-class neighbourhoods of Pointe-Saint-Charles, Griffintown and Goose Village, Montreal. With the help of Quebec's Catholic Church, they would", "extrapolated would include a significant proportion of the Canadian population. Irish established communities in both urban and rural Quebec. Irish immigrants arrived in large numbers in Montreal during the 1840s and were hired as labourers to build the Victoria Bridge, living in a tent city at the foot of the bridge. Here, workers unearthed a mass grave of 6,000 Irish immigrants who had died at nearby Windmill Point in the typhus outbreak of 1847-48. The Irish Commemorative Stone or \"Black Rock,\" as it is commonly known, was erected by bridge workers to commemorate the tragedy. The Irish would go on to settle permanently in the close-knit working-class neighbourhoods of Pointe-Saint-Charles, Griffintown and Goose Village, Montreal. With the help of Quebec's Catholic Church, they would establish their own churches, schools, and hospitals. St. Patrick's Basilica was founded in 1847 and served Montreal's English-speaking Catholics for over a century. Loyola College was founded by the Jesuits to serve Montreal's mostly Irish English-speaking Catholic community in 1896. Saint Mary's Hospital was founded in the 1920s and continues to serve Montreal's present-day English-speaking population. The St. Patrick's Day Parade in Montreal is one of the oldest in North America, dating back to 1824. It annually attracts crowds of over 600,000 people. The Irish would also settle in large numbers in Quebec City and establish communities in rural Quebec, particularly in Pontiac, Gatineau and Papineau where there was an active timber industry. However, most would move on to larger North American cities. Today, many Québécois have some Irish ancestry. Examples from political leaders include Brian Mulroney, Laurence Cannon, Daniel Johnson, Claude Ryan, the former Premier Jean Charest, Georges Dor (born Georges-Henri Dore) and former Prime Minister Louis St. Laurent. The Irish constitute the second largest ethnic group in the province after French Canadians. From the times of early European settlement in the 17th and 18th centuries, the Irish had been coming to Ontario, in small numbers and in the service of New France, as missionaries, soldiers, geographers and fur trappers. After the creation of British North America in 1763, Protestant Irish, both Irish Anglicans and Ulster-Scottish Presbyterians, had been migrating over the decades to Upper Canada, some as United Empire Loyalists or directly from Ulster. In the years after the War of 1812, increasing numbers of Irish, a growing proportion of them Catholic, were venturing to Canada to obtain work on projects such as canals, roads, early railroads and in the lumber industry. The labourers were known as ‘navvies’ and built much of the early infrastructure in the province. Settlement schemes offering cheap (or free) land brought over farming families, with many being from Munster (particularly Tipperary and Cork). Peter Robinson organized land settlements of Catholic tenant farmers in the 1820s to areas of rural Eastern Ontario, which helped establish Peterborough as a regional centre. The Irish were instrumental in the building of the Rideau Canal and subsequent settlement along its route. Alongside French-Canadians, thousands of Irish laboured in difficult conditions and terrain. Hundreds, if not thousands, died from malaria. The Great Irish Hunger 1845–1849, had a large impact on Ontario. At its peak in the summer of 1847, boatloads of sick migrants arrived in desperate circumstances on steamers from Quebec to Bytown (soon to be Ottawa), and to ports of call on Lake Ontario, chief amongst them Kingston and Toronto, in addition to many other smaller communities across southern Ontario. Quarantine facilities were hastily constructed to accommodate them. Nurses, doctors, priests, nuns, compatriots, some politicians and ordinary citizens aided them. Thousands died in Ontario that summer alone, mostly from typhus. How permanent a settlement was depended on circumstances. A case in point is Irish immigration to North Hastings County, Canada West, which happened after 1846. Most of the immigrants were attracted to North Hastings by free land grants beginning in 1856. Three Irish settlements were established in North Hastings: Umfraville, Doyle's Corner, and O'Brien Settlement. The Irish were primarily Roman Catholic. Crop failures in 1867 halted the road program near the Irish settlements, and departing settlers afterward outnumbered new arrivals. By 1870, only the successful settlers, most of whom were farmers who raised grazing animals, remained. In the 1840s the major challenge for the Catholic Church was keeping the loyalty of the very poor Catholic arrivals during marches. The fear was that Protestants might use their material needs as a wedge for evangelicalization. In response the Church built a network of charitable institutions such as hospitals, schools, boarding homes, and orphanages, to meet the need and keep people inside the faith. The Catholic church was less successful in dealing with tensions between its French and the Irish clergy; eventually the Irish took control. Toronto had similar numbers of both Irish Protestants and Irish Catholics. Riots or conflicts repeatedly broke out from 1858–1878, such as during the annual St.Patrick's Day parade or during various religious processions, which culminated in the Jubilee Riots of 1875. These tensions had increased following the organized but failed Fenian Raids at points along the American border, which arose suspicions by Protestant's of Catholic's sympathies toward the Fenian cause. The Irish population essentially defined the Catholic population in Toronto until 1890, when German and French Catholics were welcomed to the city by the Irish, but the Irish were still 90% of the Catholic population. However, various powerful initiatives such as the foundation of St. Michael's College in 1852 (where Marshall McLuhan held the chair of English until his death in 1980), three hospitals, and the most significant charitable organizations in the city (the Society of St. Vincent de Paul) and House of Providence created by Irish Catholic groups strengthened the Irish identity, transforming the Irish presence in the city into one of influence and power. From 1840 to 1860 sectarian violence was rampant in Saint John, New Brunswick resulting in some of the worst urban riots in Canadian history. Orange Order parades ended in rioting with Catholics, many Irish-speaking, fighting against increased marginalization trapped in Irish ghettos at York Point and North End areas such as Portland Point. Nativist Protestants had secured their dominance over the city's political systems at the peak of the famine, which saw the New Brunswick city's demographics completely changed with waves of immigration. In three years alone, 1844 to 1847, 30,000 Irish came to Partridge Island, a quarantine station in the city's harbour. An economic boom and growth in the years after their arrival allowed many Irish men to obtain steady employment on the rapidly expanding railroad network, settlements developed or expanded along or close to the Grand Trunk Railroad corridor often in rural areas, allowing many to farm the relatively cheap, arable land of southern Ontario. Employment opportunities in the cities, in Toronto but elsewhere, occupations included construction, liquor processing (see Distillery District), Great Lakes shipping, and manufacturing. Women generally entered into domestic service. In more remote areas, employment centred around the Ottawa Valley timber trade which eventually extending into Northern Ontario along with railroad building and mining. There was a strong Irish rural presence in Ontario in comparison to their brethren in the northern US, but they were also numerous in the towns and cities. Later generations of these poorer immigrants were among those who rose to prominence in unions, business, judiciary, the arts and politics. Redclift (2003) concluded that many of the one", "relatively cheap, arable land of southern Ontario. Employment opportunities in the cities, in Toronto but elsewhere, occupations included construction, liquor processing (see Distillery District), Great Lakes shipping, and manufacturing. Women generally entered into domestic service. In more remote areas, employment centred around the Ottawa Valley timber trade which eventually extending into Northern Ontario along with railroad building and mining. There was a strong Irish rural presence in Ontario in comparison to their brethren in the northern US, but they were also numerous in the towns and cities. Later generations of these poorer immigrants were among those who rose to prominence in unions, business, judiciary, the arts and politics. Redclift (2003) concluded that many of the one million migrants, mainly of British and Irish origin, who arrived in Canada in the mid-19th century benefited from the availability of land and absence of social barriers to mobility. This enabled them to think and feel like citizens of the new country in a way denied them back in the old country. Akenson (1984) argued that the Canadian experience of Irish immigrants is not comparable to the American one. He contended that the numerical dominance of Protestants within the national group and the rural basis of the Irish community negated the formation of urban ghettos and allowed for a relative ease in social mobility. In comparison, the American Irish in the Northeast and Midwest were dominantly Catholic, urban dwelling, and ghettoized. There was however, the existence of Irish-centric ghettos in Toronto (Corktown, Cabbagetown, Trinity Niagara, the Ward) at the fringes of urban development, at least for the first few decades after the famine and in the case of Trefann Court, a holdout against public housing and urban renewal, up to the 1970s. This was also the case in other Canadian cities with significant Irish Catholic populations such as Montreal, Ottawa and Saint John. Likewise the new labour historians believe that the rise of the Knights of Labor caused the Orange and Catholic Irish in Toronto to resolve their generational hatred and set about to form a common working-class culture. This theory presumes that Irish-Catholic culture was of little value, to be rejected with such ease. Nicolson (1985) argues that neither theory is valid. He says that in the ghettos of Toronto the fusion of an Irish peasant culture with traditional Catholism produced a new, urban, ethno-religious vehicle - Irish Tridentine Catholism. This culture spread from the city to the hinterland and, by means of metropolitan linkage, throughout Ontario. Privatism created a closed Irish society, and, while Irish Catholics cooperated in labour organizations for the sake of their families' future, they never shared in the development of a new working-class culture with their old Orange enemies. McGowan argues that between 1890 and 1920, the city's Catholics experienced major social, ideological, and economic changes that allowed them to integrate into Toronto society and shake off their second-class status. The Irish Catholics (in contrast to the French) strongly supported Canada's role in the First World War. They broke out of the ghetto and lived in all of Toronto's neighbourhoods. Starting as unskilled labourers, they used high levels of education to move up and were well represented among the lower middle class. Most dramatically, they intermarried with Protestants at an unprecedented rate. With Canadian Confederation in 1867, Catholics were granted a separate school board. Through the late 19th and early 20th century, Irish immigration to Ontario continued but a slower pace, much of it family reunification. Out-migration of Irish in Ontario (along with others) occurred during this period following economic downturns, available new land and mining booms in the US or the Canadian West. The reverse is true of those with Irish descent who migrated to Ontario from the Maritimes and Newfoundland seeking work, mostly since World War II. In 1877, a breakthrough in Irish Canadian Protestant-Catholic relations occurred in London, Ontario. This was the founding of the Irish Benevolent Society, a brotherhood of Irishmen and women of both Catholic and Protestant faiths. The society promoted Irish Canadian culture, but it was forbidden for members to speak of Irish politics when meeting. Today, the Society is still operating. Some writers have assumed that the Irish in 19th-century North America were impoverished. DiMatteo (1992), using evidence from probate records in 1892, shows this is untrue. Irish-born and Canadian-born Irish accumulated wealth in a similar way, and that being Irish was not an economic disadvantage by the 1890s. Immigrants from earlier decades may well have experienced greater economic difficulties, but in general the Irish in Ontario in the 1890s enjoyed levels of wealth commensurate with the rest of the populace. By 1901 Ontario Irish Catholics and Scottish Presbyterians were among the most likely to own homes, while Anglicans did only moderately well, despite their traditional association with Canada's elite. French-speaking Catholics in Ontario achieved wealth and status less readily than Protestants and Irish Catholics. Although differences in attainment existed between people of different religious denominations, the difference between Irish Catholics and Irish Protestants in urban Canada was relatively insignificant. Ciani (2008) concludes that support of World War I fostered an identity among Irish Catholics as loyal citizens and helped integrate them into the social fabric of the nation. Rev. Michael Fallon, the Catholic bishop of London, sided with the Protestants against the French Catholics. His primary motive was to advance the cause of Irish Catholics in Canada and abroad; he had significant support from the Vatican. He opposed the French Canadian Catholics, especially by opposing bilingual education. French Canadians did not participate in Fallon's efforts to support the war effort and became more marginalized in Ontario politics and society. Today, the impact of the heavy 19th-century Irish immigration to Ontario is evident as those who report Irish extraction in the province number close to 2 million people or almost half the total Canadians who claim Irish ancestry. In 2004, March 17 was proclaimed \"Irish Heritage Day\" by the Ontario Legislature in recognition of the immense Irish contribution to the development of the Province. Ontario sustains a network of Irish language enthusiasts, many of whom see the language as part of their ethnic heritage. Ontario is also home to Gaeltacht Bhuan Mheiriceá Thuaidh (the Permanent North American Gaeltacht), an area which hosts cultural activities for Irish speakers and learners and has been recognized by the Irish government. With the downturn of Ireland's economy in 2010, Irish people are again coming to Canada looking for work. Some come on work and travel visas. There are many communities in Ontario that are named after places and last names of Ireland, including Ballinafad, Ballyduff, Ballymote, Cavan, Connaught, Connellys, Dalton, Donnybrook, Dublin, Dundalk, Dunnville, Enniskillen, Erinsville, Galway, Hagarty, Irish Lake, Kearney, Keenansville, Kennedys, Killaloe, Killarney, Limerick, Listowel, Lucan, Maguire, Malone, McGarry, Moffat, Mullifarry, Munster, Navan, New Dublin, O'Connell, Oranmore, Quinn Settlement, Ripley, Shamrock, Tara, South Monaghan, Waterford and Westport. Saint John has often been called \"Canada's Irish City\". In the years between 1815, when vast industrial changes began to disrupt the old life-styles in Europe, and Canadian Confederation in 1867, when immigration of that era passed its peak, more than 150,000 immigrants from Ireland flooded into Saint John. Those who came in the earlier period were largely tradesmen, and many stayed in Saint John, becoming the backbone of its builders. But when the", "Dublin, Dundalk, Dunnville, Enniskillen, Erinsville, Galway, Hagarty, Irish Lake, Kearney, Keenansville, Kennedys, Killaloe, Killarney, Limerick, Listowel, Lucan, Maguire, Malone, McGarry, Moffat, Mullifarry, Munster, Navan, New Dublin, O'Connell, Oranmore, Quinn Settlement, Ripley, Shamrock, Tara, South Monaghan, Waterford and Westport. Saint John has often been called \"Canada's Irish City\". In the years between 1815, when vast industrial changes began to disrupt the old life-styles in Europe, and Canadian Confederation in 1867, when immigration of that era passed its peak, more than 150,000 immigrants from Ireland flooded into Saint John. Those who came in the earlier period were largely tradesmen, and many stayed in Saint John, becoming the backbone of its builders. But when the Great Irish Potato Famine raged between 1845-1852, huge waves of Famine refugees flooded these shores. It is estimated that between 1845 and 1847, some 30,000 arrived, more people than were living in the city at the time. In 1847, dubbed \"Black 47,\" one of the worst years of the Famine, some 16,000 immigrants, most of them from Ireland, arrived at Partridge Island, the immigration and quarantine station at the mouth of Saint John Harbour. After the partitioning of the British colony of Nova Scotia in 1784 New Brunswick was originally named New Ireland with the capital to be in Saint John. By 1850, the Irish Catholic community constituted Saint John's largest ethnic group. In the census of 1851, over half the heads of households in the city registered themselves as natives of Ireland. By 1871, 55 per cent of Saint John's residents were Irish natives or children of Irish-born fathers. However, the city was split with tensions between Irish Catholics and Unionist Protestants. From the 1840s onward, Sectarian riots were rampant in the city with many poor, Irish-speaking immigrants clustered at York Point. In 1967, at Reed's Point at the foot of Prince William Street, St. Patrick's Square was created to honour citizens of Irish heritage. The square overlooks Partridge Island, and a replica of the island's Celtic Cross stands in the square. Then in 1997 the park was refurbished by the city with a memorial marked by the city's St. Patrick's Society and Famine 150 which was unveiled by Hon. Mary Robinson, president of Ireland. The St. Patrick's Society of Saint John, founded in 1819, is still active today. The Miramichi River valley, received a significant Irish immigration in the years before the potato famine. These settlers tended to be better off and better educated than the later arrivals, who came out of desperation. Though coming after the Scottish and the French Acadians, they made their way in this new land, intermarrying with the Catholic Highland Scots, and to a lesser extent, with the Acadians. Some, like Martin Cranney, held elective office and became the natural leaders of their augmented Irish community after the arrival of the famine immigrants. The early Irish came to the Miramichi because it was easy to get to with lumber ships stopping in Ireland before returning to Chatham and Newcastle, and because it provided economic opportunities, especially in the lumber industry. They were commonly Irish speakers, and in the eighteen thirties and eighteen forties there were many Irish-speaking communities along the New Brunswick and Maine frontier. Long a timber-exporting colony, New Brunswick became the destination of thousands of Irish immigrants in the form of refugees fleeing the potato famines during the mid-19th century as the timber cargo vessels provided cheap passage when returning empty to the colony. Quarantine hospitals were located on islands at the mouth of the colony's two major ports, Saint John (Partridge Island) and Chatham-Newcastle (Middle Island), where many would ultimately die. Those who survived settled on marginal agricultural lands in the Miramichi River valley and in the Saint John River and Kennebecasis River valleys. The difficulty of farming these regions, however, saw many Irish immigrant families moving to the colony's major cities within a generation or to Portland, Maine or Boston. Saint John and Chatham, New Brunswick saw large numbers of Irish migrants, changing the nature and character of both municipalities. Today, all of the amalgamated city of Miramichi continues to host a large annual Irish festival. Indeed, Miramichi is one of the most Irish communities in North America, second possibly only to Saint John or Boston. As in Newfoundland, the Irish language survived as a community language in New Brunswick into the twentieth century. The 1901 census specifically enquired as to the mother tongue of the respondents, defining it as a language commonly spoken in the home. There were several individuals and a scattering of families in the census who described Irish as their first language and as being spoken at home. In other respects the respondents had less in common, some being Catholic and some Protestant. For years, Prince Edward Island had been divided between Irish Catholics and British Protestants (which included Ulster Scots from Northern Ireland). In the latter half of the 20th century, this sectarianism diminished and was ultimately destroyed recently after two events occurred. First, the Catholic and Protestant school boards were merged into one secular institution; second, the practice of electing two MLAs for each provincial riding (one Catholic and one Protestant) was ended. According to professor \"emeritus\", Brendan O'Grady, a history professor at the University of Prince Edward Island for fifty years, before the Great Famine of 1845–1852, in which a million Irish died and another million emigrated, the majority of Irish immigrants had already arrived on Prince Edward Island. One coffin ship landed on the Island in 1847. The first waves of Irish immigrants took place between 1763 and 1880. when ten thousand Irish immigrants arrived on the Island. From 1800 to 1850, \"10,000 immigrants from every county in Ireland\" had settled in Prince Edward Island and represented 25% of the Island population by 1850. The British divided St John's Island, following 1763, was divided into dozens of lots that were granted to \"influential individuals in Britain\" with conditions for land ownership including the settlement of each lot by 1787 by British Protestants. From 1767 through 1810 English speaking Irish Protestants were brought to the colony as colonial pioneers to establish the British system of government with its institutions and laws. The Irish-born Captain Walter Patterson was the first Governor of St John's Island from 1769 until he was removed from office by Whitehall in 1787. According to the \"Dictionary of Canadian Biography\", what became known as the century-long \"land question\", originated with Patterson's failure as administrator of a colony whose lands were owned by a monopoly of British absentee proprietors who demanded rent from their Island tenants. In May 1830 the first ship of families from County Monaghan, in the province of Ulster, Ireland accompanied by Father John MacDonald who had recruited them, arrived on the Island to settle in Fort Augustus, on the lots inherited by Father John MacDonald from his father Captain John MacDonald. From the 1830s through 1848, 3,000 people emigrated from County Monaghan to PEI in what became known as the Monaghan settlements, forming the largest group of Irish to arrive on the Island in the first half of the 19th century. The large Irish Catholic element in Newfoundland in the 19th century played a major role in Newfoundland history, and developed a strong local culture of their own. They were in repeated political conflict—sometimes violent—with the Protestant Scots-Irish \"Orange\" element. In 1806, The Benevolent Irish Society (BIS) was founded as a philanthropic organization in St. John's, Newfoundland for locals of Irish birth or ancestry, regardless of religious persuasion.", "in Fort Augustus, on the lots inherited by Father John MacDonald from his father Captain John MacDonald. From the 1830s through 1848, 3,000 people emigrated from County Monaghan to PEI in what became known as the Monaghan settlements, forming the largest group of Irish to arrive on the Island in the first half of the 19th century. The large Irish Catholic element in Newfoundland in the 19th century played a major role in Newfoundland history, and developed a strong local culture of their own. They were in repeated political conflict—sometimes violent—with the Protestant Scots-Irish \"Orange\" element. In 1806, The Benevolent Irish Society (BIS) was founded as a philanthropic organization in St. John's, Newfoundland for locals of Irish birth or ancestry, regardless of religious persuasion. The BIS was founded as a charitable, fraternal, middle-class social organization, on the principles of \"benevolence and philanthropy\", and had as its original objective to provide the necessary skills which would enable the poor to better themselves. Today the society is still active in Newfoundland and is the oldest philanthropic organization in North America. Newfoundland Irish Catholics, mainly from the southeast of Ireland, settled in the cities (mainly St. John's and parts of the surrounding Avalon Peninsula), while British Protestants, mainly from the West Country, settled in small fishing communities. Over time, the Irish Catholics became wealthier than their Protestant neighbours, which gave incentive for Protestant Newfoundlanders to join the Orange Order. In 1903, Sir William Coaker founded the Fisherman's Protective Union in an Orange Hall in Herring Neck. Furthermore, during the term of Commission of Government (1934–1949), the Orange Lodge was one of only a handful of \"democratic\" organizations that existed in the Dominion of Newfoundland. In 1948, a referendum was held in Newfoundland as to its political future; the Irish Catholics mainly supported a return to independence for Newfoundland as it existed before 1934, while the Protestants mainly supported joining the Canadian Confederation. Newfoundland then joined Canada by a 52-48% margin, and with an influx of Protestants into St. John's after the closure of the east coast cod fishery in the 1990s, the main issues have become one of Rural vs. Urban interests rather than anything ethnic or religious. To Newfoundland, the Irish gave the still-familiar family names of southeast Ireland: Walsh, Power, Murphy, Ryan, Whelan, Phelan, O'Brien, Kelly, Hanlon, Neville, Bambrick, Halley, Houlihan, Hogan, Dillon, Byrne, Quigley, Burke, and FitzGerald. Irish place names are less common, many of the island's more prominent landmarks having already been named by early French and English explorers. Nevertheless, Newfoundland's Ballyhack, Cappahayden, Kilbride, St. Bride's, Port Kirwan, Waterford Valley, Windgap and Skibereen all point to Irish antecedents. Along with traditional names, the Irish brought their native tongue. Newfoundland is the only place outside Europe with its own distinctive name in the Irish language, \"Talamh an Éisc\", \"the land of fish\". Eastern Newfoundland was one of the few places outside Ireland where the Irish language was spoken by a majority of the population as their primary language. Newfoundland Irish was of Munster derivation and was still in use by older people into the first half of the twentieth century. It has influenced Newfoundland English both lexically (in words like 'angishore' and 'sleveen') and grammatically (the 'after' past-tense construction, for instance). The family names, the features and colouring, the predominant Catholic religion, the prevalence of Irish music – even the dialect and accent of the people – are so reminiscent of rural Ireland that Irish author Tim Pat Coogan has described Newfoundland as \"\"the most Irish place in the world outside of Ireland\"\". The United Irish Uprising occurred during April 1800, in St. John's, Newfoundland where up to 400 Irishmen had taken the secret oath of the Society of the United Irishmen. The Colony of Newfoundland rebellion was the only one to occur which the British administration linked directly to the Irish Rebellion of 1798. The uprising in St. John's was significant in that it was the first occasion on which the Irish in Newfoundland deliberately challenged the authority of the state, and because the British feared that it might not be the last. It earned for Newfoundland a reputation as a \"Transatlantic Tipperary\"–a far-flung but semi-Irish colony with the potential for political chaos. Seven Irishman were hung by the crown because of the uprising. According to the 2001 Canadian census, the largest ethnic group in Newfoundland and Labrador is English (39.4%), followed by Irish (39.7%), Scottish (6.0%), French (5.5%), and First Nations (3.2%). While half of all respondents also identified their ethnicity as \"Canadian,\" 38% report their ethnicity as \"Newfoundlander\" in a 2003 Statistics Canada Ethnic Diversity Survey. Accordingly, the largest single religious denomination by number of adherents according to the 2001 census was the Roman Catholic Church, at 36.9% of the province's population (187,405 members). The major Protestant denominations make up 59.7% of the population, with the largest group being the Anglican Church of Canada at 26.1% of the total population (132,680 members), the United Church of Canada at 17.0% (86,420 members), and the Salvation Army at 7.9% (39,955 members), with other Protestant denominations in much smaller numbers. The Pentecostal Church made up 6.7% of the population with 33,840 members. Non-Christians made up only 2.7% of the total population, with the majority of those respondents indicating \"no religion\" (2.5% of the total population). According to the Statistics Canada 2006 census, 21.5% of Newfoundlanders claim Irish ancestry (other major groups in the province include 43.2% English, 7% Scottish, and 6.1% French). In 2006, Statistics Canada have listed the following ethnic origins in Newfoundland; 216,340 English, 107,390 Irish, 34,920 Scottish, 30,545 French, 23,940 North American Indian etc. It should be noted that most of the Irish migration to Newfoundland was pre-famine (late 18th century and early 19th century), and two centuries of isolation have led many of Irish descent in Newfoundland to consider their ethnic identity as \"Newfoundlander,\" and not \"Irish,\" although they are aware of the cultural links between the two. About one Nova Scotian in four is of Irish descent, and there are good tracing facilities for genealogists and family historians. Many Nova Scotians who claim Irish ancestry are of Presbyterian Ulster-Scottish descent. William Sommerville (1800–1878) was ordained in the Irish Reformed Presbyterian Church and in 1831 was sent as a missionary to New Brunswick. There, with missionary Alexander Clarke, he formed the Reformed Presbytery of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia in 1832 before becoming minister of the West Cornwallis congregation in Grafton, Nova Scotia, in 1833. Although a strict Covenanter, Sommerville initially ministered to Presbyterians generally over a very extensive district. Presbyterian centres included Colchester County, Nova Scotia. Catholic Irish settlement in Nova Scotia was traditionally restricted to the urban Halifax area. Halifax, founded in 1749, was estimated to be about 16% Irish Catholic in 1767 and about 9% by the end of the 18th century. Although the harsh laws enacted against them were generally not enforced, Irish Catholics had no legal rights in the early history of the city. Catholic membership in the legislature was nonexistent until near the end of the century. In 1829 Lawrence O'Connor Doyle, of Irish parentage, became the first of his faith to become a lawyer and helped to overcome opposition to the Irish. There were also rural Irish village settlements throughout most of Guysborough County, such as the Erinville (meaning", "district. Presbyterian centres included Colchester County, Nova Scotia. Catholic Irish settlement in Nova Scotia was traditionally restricted to the urban Halifax area. Halifax, founded in 1749, was estimated to be about 16% Irish Catholic in 1767 and about 9% by the end of the 18th century. Although the harsh laws enacted against them were generally not enforced, Irish Catholics had no legal rights in the early history of the city. Catholic membership in the legislature was nonexistent until near the end of the century. In 1829 Lawrence O'Connor Doyle, of Irish parentage, became the first of his faith to become a lawyer and helped to overcome opposition to the Irish. There were also rural Irish village settlements throughout most of Guysborough County, such as the Erinville (meaning Irishville) /Salmon River Lake/Ogden/Bantry district (Bantry being named after Bantry Bay, County Cork, Ireland but abandoned since the 19th century for better farmland in places like Erinville/Salmon River Lake). In this area Irish last names are prevalent and an Irish influence is apparent in the accent, the traditional music of the area, food, religion (Roman Catholic) and lingering traces of the Irish language. In Antigonish County there are other villages of Irish provenance, and still others can be found on Cape Breton Island, in places such as New Waterford, Rocky Bay and Glace Bay. Murdoch (1998) notes that the popular image of Cape Breton Island as a last bastion of Scottish Highland and specifically Gaelic culture distorts the complex history of the island since the 16th century. The original Micmac inhabitants, Acadian French, Lowland Scots, Irish, Loyalists from New England, and English have all contributed to a history which has included cultural, religious, and political conflict as well as cooperation and synthesis. The Highland Scots became the largest community in the early 19th century, and their heritage has survived in diminished form. While some influential Canadian politicians anticipated that the assisted migrations of Irish settlers would lead to the establishment of a 'New Ireland' on Canada's prairies, or at least raise the profile of the country's potential as a suitable destination for immigrants, neither happened. Sheppard (1990) looks at the efforts in the 1880s of Quaker philanthropist James Hack Tuke as well as those of Thomas Connolly, the Irish emigration agent for the Canadian government. The Irish press continued to warn potential emigrants of the dangers and hardships of life in Canada and encouraged would-be emigrants to settle instead in the United States. Irish migration to the Prairie Provinces had two distinct components: those who came via eastern Canada or the United States, and those who came directly from Ireland. Many of the Irish-Canadians who came west were fairly well assimilated, in that they spoke English and understood British customs and law, and tended to be regarded as a part of English Canada. However, this picture was complicated by the religious division. Many of the original \"English\" Canadian settlers in the Red River Colony were fervent Irish Loyalist Protestants, and members of the Orange Order. They clashed with Catholic Metis leader Louis Riel's provisional government during the Red River Rebellion, and as a result Thomas Scott was executed, inflaming sectarian tensions in the east. At this time and during the course of the following decades, many of the Catholic Irish were fighting for separate Catholic schools in the west, but sometimes clashed with the Francophone element of the Catholic community during the Manitoba Schools Question. After World War I and the \"de facto\" resolution of the religious schools issue, any eastern Irish-Canadians moving west blended in totally with the majority society. The small group of Irish-born who arrived in the second half of the 20th century tended to be urban professionals, a stark contrast to the agrarian pioneers who had come before. About 10% of the population of Saskatchewan during 1850–1930 were Irish-born or of Irish origin. Cottrell (1999) examines the social, economic, political, religious, and ideological impact of the Irish diaspora on pioneer society and suggests that both individually and collectively, the Irish were a relatively privileged group. The most visible manifestations of intergenerational Irish ethnicity - the Catholic Church and the Orange Order - served as vehicles for recreating Irish culture on the prairies and as forums for ethnic fusion, which integrated people of Irish origin with settlers of other nationalities. The Irish were thus a vital force for cohesion in an ethnically diverse frontier society, but also a source of major tension with elements that did not share their vision of how the province of Saskatchewan should evolve. Tensions between the Irish Protestants and Irish Catholics were widespread in Canada in the 19th century, with many episodes of violence and anger, especially in Atlantic Canada and Ontario. In New Brunswick, from 1840 to the 1860s sectarian violence was rampant in Saint John resulting in some of the worst urban riots in Canadian history. The city was shaped by Irish ghettos at York Point, and suppression of poor, Irish-speaking peoples rights lead to decades of turmoil. The division would continue to shape Saint John in years to come. The Orange Order, with its two main tenets, anti-Catholicism and loyalty to Britain, flourished in Ontario. Largely coincident with Protestant Irish settlement, its role pervaded the political, social and community as well as religious lives of its followers. Spatially, Orange lodges were founded as Irish Protestant settlement spread north and west from its original focus on the Lake Ontario plain. Although the number of active members, and thus their influence, may have been overestimated, the Orange influence was considerable and comparable to the Catholic influence in Quebec. In Montreal in 1853, the Orange Order organized speeches by the fiercely anti-Catholic and anti-Irish former priest Alessandro Gavazzi, resulting in a violent confrontation between the Irish and the Scots. St. Patrick's Day processions in Toronto were often disrupted by tensions, that boiled over to the extent that the parade was cancelled permanently by the mayor in 1878 and not re-instituted until 110 years later in 1988. The Jubilee Riots of 1875 jarred Toronto in a time when sectarian tensions ran at their highest. Irish Catholics in Toronto were an embattled minority among a Protestant population that included a large Irish Protestant contingent strongly committed to the Orange Order. Irish Canadians Irish Canadians () are Canadian citizens who have full or partial Irish heritage including descendants who trace their ancestry to immigrants who originated in Ireland. 1.2 million Irish immigrants arrived from 1825 to 1970, and at least half of those in the period from 1831–1850. By 1867, they were the second largest ethnic group (after the French), and comprised 24% of Canada's population. The 1931 national census counted 1,230,000 Canadians of Irish descent, half of whom lived in Ontario. About one-third" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Roskilde Barracks Roskilde Barracks (Danish: Roskilde Kaserne), now known as Kildegården, is a former military barracks on Helligkorsvej in Roskilde, Denmark. The buildings are now owned by Roskilde Municipality and used as a hub for local sports clubs and other public associations and societies. Roskilde's first spell as a garrison town began in 1777 when an equadron of the Guard Hussar Regiments was stationed in the city. The soldiers stayed in rented premises at different locations around the city. Their commanding officer from 1806 until 1828 was Major Carl Christian Leopold von Gether. He was given a residence at Roskilde Royal Mansion. The Guard Hussars' horses were stabled in a 51-bay long, half-timbered building next to Roskilde Royal Mansion (Stændertorvet 3F) which is now known as the Hussar Stable (\"Husarstalden\"). The Guard Hussar s left Roskilde in 1842 in connection with a reorganization of the army. The Danish Army Act of 1909 (\"Hærloven af 1909\") placed a new garrison in Roskilde. Roskilde Barracks was originally built in 1911–12 but rebuilt after a fire in 1913. The architect was Vilhelm Fischer. The buildings were partly a gift from Roskilde to the Ministry of Defence and housed a battalion of 500 men. The barracks was decommissioned in 1974. Most of the buildings were acquired by Roskilde Municipality while Infirmary and Commander's House were used as a new home for Roskilde city court. These buildings were purchased by the city in 2014 following the inauguration of the new Roskilde Courthouse. The Barracks Building (Helligkorsvej 5) has the local television and radio channel Kanal Roskilde and Roskilde Handball Club among its tenants. Helligkorsvej 3 and 3C is the old infirmary. Helligkorsvej 7 contained the commender's residence. The old gymnastics house is used by nearby Absalon's School (Absalonskolen), a primary school. The former garage complex is used for Roskilde Library's vehicles. Other buildings at the site include former stables and a small jailhose. The local department of DGI (\"Danske Gymnastik- & Idrætsforeninger\") which covers central and western Zealand are planning to move their headquarters to Kildegården after first temporarily moving to Musicon. Roskilde Barracks Roskilde Barracks (Danish: Roskilde Kaserne), now known as Kildegården, is a former military barracks on Helligkorsvej in Roskilde, Denmark. The buildings are now owned by Roskilde Municipality and used as a hub for local sports clubs and other public associations and societies. Roskilde's first spell as a garrison town began in" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Henry May (New Zealand politician) Henry Leonard James May (13 April 1912 – 22 April 1995) was a New Zealand politician of the Labour Party. He was a cabinet minister from 1972 to 1975. He represented the Wellington area electorates of Onslow from a to 1963, then Porirua from 1963 to 1969, then Western Hutt from 1969 to 1975, when he was defeated by Brian Lambert. He served as Labour's senior whip from 1958 to 1972 when he entered cabinet. He was Minister of Local Government (1972–1975), and Minister of Internal Affairs (1972–1975). He was appointed a Companion of the Queen's Service Order for public services in the 1976 Queen's Birthday Honours. Henry May (New Zealand politician) Henry Leonard James May (13 April 1912 – 22 April 1995) was a New Zealand politician of the Labour Party. He was a cabinet minister from 1972 to 1975. He represented the Wellington area electorates of Onslow from a to 1963, then Porirua from 1963 to 1969, then Western Hutt from 1969 to 1975, when he was defeated by Brian Lambert. He served as Labour's senior whip from 1958 to 1972 when he entered cabinet. He was Minister of Local Government (1972–1975), and" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Latin Lover (film) Latin Lover is a 2015 Italian comedy-drama film written and directed by Cristina Comencini. It marked the last cinema appearance of Virna Lisi. The film received four nominations at the 2015 David di Donatello Awards, for best actress (Lisi), best costumes (Alessandro Lai), best makeup (Ermanno Spera) and best hairstyling (Alberta Giuliani). Upon the tenth anniversary of the death of fictional film star Saverio Crispo, his four daughters get together in the family manor in Apulia, Southern Italy. As Saverio used to be at the top of his game as an internationally known film star, he had liaisons with different women across the world, thus having several love children. His children include his Italian daughter, Susanna, who is secretly engaged to Walter, the former editor of Saverio's latest movies, his French daughter, Stéphanie, a mother of three sons from different men, his Spanish daughter, Segunda, the only one being married, and his youngest daughter, Solveig, from Sweden, who had little to no contact with her late father. None of the four women got to really know their late father, but each of them has fabricated an idealized and very personal memory of him. Saverio's two widows, the Italian-born Rita and the Spanish-born Ramona, are also present at the family reunion. The meeting happens as Saverio's hometown celebrates the late actor's life and achievements, but apparently many secrets are yet to be unveiled about his life and his family. Final film of Virna Lisi. She was already very ill from cancer during production and died shortly after. The film is dedicated to her in the end credit. Latin Lover (film) Latin Lover is a 2015 Italian comedy-drama film written and directed by Cristina Comencini. It marked the last cinema appearance of Virna Lisi. The film received four nominations" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Thaksin Shinawatra's entry into politics Thaksin Shinawatra entered politics in late-1994 at the invitation of Chamlong Srimuang, who had just reclaimed the position of Palang Dharma Party (PDP) leader from Boonchu Rojanastien. In a subsequent purge of Boonchu-affiliated PDP cabinet ministers, Thaksin was appointed foreign minister in December 1994, replacing Prasong Soonsiri. The PDP soon withdrew from the government over the Sor Por Kor 4-01 land reform corruption scandal, causing the government of Chuan Leekpai to collapse. Chamlong, strongly criticized for mishandling internal PDP politics in the last days of the Chuan-government, retired from politics and hand-picked Thaksin as new PDP leader. Thaksin ran for election for the first time in July 1995, winning a parliamentary seat from Bangkok. However, the weakened and internally divided PDP won only 23 seats, compared to 46 in the 1992 elections. Thaksin joined the government of Banharn Silpa-acha and was appointed deputy prime minister in charge of Bangkok traffic. In May 1996, Thaksin and four other PDP ministers quit the Banharn cabinet (while retaining their MP seats) to protest widespread allegations of corruption, prompting a cabinet reshuffle. Many have claimed that Thaksin's move was designed to help give Chamlong Srimuang a boost in the June 1996 Bangkok Governor elections, which Chamlong returned from retirement to contest. Chamlong lost the election. He and incumbent governor, former PDP-member Krisda Arunwongse na Ayudhya, were defeated by Pichit Rattakul, an independent. Chamlong's failure to buttress the PDP's failing power base in Bangkok amplified internal divisions in the PDP, particularly between Chamlong's \"temple\" faction and Thaksin's faction. Soon afterwards, Chamlong announced he was retiring again from politics. Thaksin and the PDP pulled out of the Banharn-government in August 1996. In a subsequent no-confidence debate, the PDP gave evidence against the Banharn government. Soon afterwards, Banharn dissolved parliament in September 1996. Thaksin announced that he would not run in the subsequent November 1996 elections, but would remain as leader of the PDP. He claimed that he wanted to devote his energies to campaigning for political reform and supporting other PDP candidates. Some speculated that Thaksin wanted to resign from the party leadership. The PDP suffered a fatal defeat in the elections, winning only 1 seat in parliament. The PDP soon imploded, with most members resigning. However, the PDP is still in existence, with a different leadership and an insignificant presence in the political sphere. Although there was much controversy about the root causes of the fall of the PDP, most agree that it was due to internal divisions in the party. Particularly divisive were conflicts between the Chamlong \"temple\" faction and subsequent generations of outsiders, including Thaksin. On 15 August 1997, Thaksin was invited to become Deputy Prime Minister in Chavalit Yongchaiyudh's government. This occurred soon after the Thai baht was floated and devalued on 2 July 1997, sparking the Asian Financial Crisis. Thaksin held this position for only 3 months, leaving on November 14 after Chavalit resigned. During an unsuccessful censure debate on 27 September 1997, Democrat Suthep Thaugsuban accused Thaksin of profiting on insider information about the government's decision to float the baht. However, this accusation was not investigated during the subsequent Democrat or TRT governments. During 1997, Thaksin's flagship company, AIS, suffered 1.8 billion baht in foreign exchange losses and saw its debt more than double due to the devaluation. However, critics have alleged that Thaksin's businesses suffered much less from the devaluation than rival companies. Thaksin founded the Thai Rak Thai (TRT) (\"Thais Love Thais\") party in 1998 along with Somkid Jatusripitak, PDP ally Sudarat Keyuraphan, Purachai Piumsombun, and 19 others. With a populist platform often attributed to Somkid, TRT promised universal access to healthcare, a 3-year debt moratorium for farmers, and one million baht locally managed development funds for all Thai villages. After Prime Minister Chuan dissolved parliament in November 2000, TRT won a sweeping victory in the January 2001 elections, the first election held under the People's Constitution of 1997. It was called the most open, corruption-free election in Thai history. Thai Rak Thai won 248 parliamentary seats (more than any other party previously) and needed only 3 more seats to form a government. Nonetheless, Thaksin opted for a broad coalition with the Chart Thai Party (41 seats) and the New Aspiration Party (36 seats), while absorbing the smaller Seritham Party (14 seats). Thaksin Shinawatra's entry into politics Thaksin Shinawatra entered politics in late-1994 at the invitation of Chamlong Srimuang, who had just reclaimed the position of Palang Dharma Party (PDP) leader from Boonchu Rojanastien. In a subsequent purge of Boonchu-affiliated PDP cabinet ministers, Thaksin was appointed foreign minister in December 1994, replacing Prasong Soonsiri. The PDP soon withdrew from the government over the Sor Por Kor 4-01 land reform corruption scandal, causing the government of Chuan Leekpai to collapse. Chamlong, strongly criticized for" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Thomas William Allies Thomas William Allies (12 February 1813 – 17 June 1903) was an English historical writer specializing in religious subjects. He was one of the Anglican churchmen who joined the Roman Catholic Church in the early period of the Oxford Movement. Allies was born at Midsomer Norton in Somerset and briefly educated at Bristol Grammar School and then at Eton College, where he was the first winner of the Newcastle Scholarship in 1829, and at Wadham College, Oxford, of which he became a fellow in 1833. In the later 1830s Allies became a Tractarian supporter, influenced by William Dodsworth. In 1840 Bishop Blomfield of London appointed him his examining chaplain and presented him to the rectory of Launton, Oxfordshire, which he resigned in 1850 on becoming a Roman Catholic. Allies was appointed secretary to the Catholic Poor School Committee in 1853, a position which he occupied till 1890. Allies raised £50,000 to assist Catholic schools with meeting the needs of education acts. Allies was a strong influence on his family and after 1883 his daughter Mary was left at home. Inspired by her father she devoted her time to writing about the lives of Catholic saints. He died in London in 1903 and he was buried by his wife who died the year before. His major work was \"The Formation of Christendom\" (London, 8 vols., 1865-1895). His other writings included (1852); (1850); \"Per Crucem ad Lucem\" (2 vols., 1879). They went through many editions and were translated into several languages. Thomas William Allies Thomas William Allies (12 February 1813 – 17 June 1903) was an English historical writer specializing in religious subjects. He was one of the Anglican churchmen who joined the Roman Catholic Church in the early period of the Oxford Movement. Allies was born at Midsomer" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "David V. Herlihy David V. Herlihy (born July 30, 1958) is an author and historian. He is notable for writing \"Bicycle: The History\", published by Yale University Press, and \"Lost Cyclist: The Epic Tale of an American Adventurer and His Mysterious Disappearance\". He has also presented at the International Cycling History Conference and has published an opinion piece on cycling in The New York Times. He graduated from Harvard University in 1980 and is an alumnus of the Harvard Cycling Club. He is the son of noted historian David Herlihy. Herlihy presented evidence at the fourth International Cycling History Conference in Boston, Massachusetts, Oct. 11-16, 1993, that Pierre Lallement deserves credit for putting pedals on the dandy horse. David V. Herlihy David V. Herlihy (born July 30, 1958) is an author and historian. He is notable for writing \"Bicycle: The History\", published by Yale University Press, and \"Lost Cyclist: The Epic Tale of an American Adventurer and His Mysterious Disappearance\". He has also presented at the International Cycling History Conference and has published an opinion piece on cycling in The New York Times. He graduated from Harvard University in 1980 and is an alumnus of the Harvard Cycling Club. He" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Vanished (Crystal Castles song) \"Vanished\" is a single by Crystal Castles. It was released on Play It Again Sam Records on July 21, 2008, despite the fact that the release was supposed to be canceled. The band did not want to release the song as a single and did not approve of the track listing or the artwork. \"Tell Me What to Swallow\" beat demo was a rejected remix by a French producer, not produced by Ethan Kath, but somehow the song appeared on the release. The vocals are sampled from the track \"Sex City\" from Van She. \"Vanished\" were received positively by critics, being described by \"NME\" as \"just sensational, a weightless, sleekly designed electro-disco anthem\". Vanished (Crystal Castles song) \"Vanished\" is a single by Crystal Castles. It was released on Play It Again Sam Records on July 21, 2008, despite the fact that the release was supposed to be canceled. The band did not want to release the song as a single and did not approve of the track listing or the artwork. \"Tell Me What to Swallow\" beat demo was a rejected remix by a French producer, not produced by Ethan Kath, but somehow the song appeared" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Stock Judging Pavilion (Oskaloosa, Iowa) The Stock Judging Pavilion is a historic building located in Oskaloosa, Iowa, United States. The facility on the Southern Iowa Fairgrounds was built in 1919 by P.W. Sparks, a prominent local contractor. It is believed he designed the building as well. It is one of several structures built at the grounds around the same time. In 1919 the Southern Iowa Fair was the second largest fair in the state after the Iowa State Fair. The pavilion originally had a double monitor roof. The upper monitor was removed sometime before 1945. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. Stock Judging Pavilion (Oskaloosa, Iowa) The Stock Judging Pavilion is a historic building located in Oskaloosa, Iowa, United States. The facility on the Southern Iowa Fairgrounds was built in 1919 by P.W. Sparks, a prominent local contractor. It is believed he designed the building as well. It is one of several structures built at the grounds around the same time. In 1919 the Southern Iowa Fair was the second largest fair in the state after the Iowa State Fair. The pavilion originally had a double monitor roof. The upper monitor was removed" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Tagus The Tagus (; , ; , ) is the longest river in the Iberian Peninsula. It is long, in Spain, along the border between Portugal and Spain and in Portugal, where it empties into the Atlantic Ocean near Lisbon. It drains an area of (the second largest in the Iberian peninsula after the Douro). The Tagus is highly utilized for most of its course. Several dams and diversions supply drinking water to places of central Spain and Portugal, while dozens of hydroelectric stations create power. Between dams it follows a very constricted course, but after Almourol it enters a wide alluvial valley, prone to flooding. Its mouth is a large estuary near the port city of Lisbon. The source of the Tagus is the Fuente de García, in the Frías de Albarracín municipal term, Montes Universales, Sistema Ibérico, Sierra de Albarracín Comarca. All its major tributaries enter the Tagus from the right (north) bank. The main cities it passes through are Aranjuez, Toledo, Talavera de la Reina and Alcántara in Spain, and Abrantes, Santarém, Almada and Lisbon in Portugal. The first notable city on the Tagus is Sacedón. Below Aranjuez it receives the combined flow of the Jarama, Henares, Algodor and Tajuña. Below Toledo it receives the Guadarrama River. Above Talavera de la Reina it receives the Alberche. At Valdeverdeja is the upper end of the long upper reservoir, the \"Embalse de Valdecañas\", beyond which are the \"Embalse de Torrejon\", into which flow the Tiétar, and the lower reservoir, the Alcántara Dam into which flows the Alagón at the lower end. There is a canal and aqueduct between the Tagus and the Segura, the Tagus-Segura Water Transfer. After forming the border it enters Portugal, passing Vila Velha de Ródão, Abrantes, Constância, Entroncamento, Santarém and Vila Franca de Xira at the head of the long narrow estuary, which has Lisbon at its mouth. The estuary is protected by the Tagus Estuary Natural Reserve. There is a large bridge across the river, the Vasco da Gama Bridge, which with a total length of is the second longest bridge in Europe. The Port of Lisbon, located at its mouth, is one of Europe's busiest. The Portuguese Alentejo region and former Ribatejo Province take their names from the river; Alentejo, from \"além Tejo\" \"Beyond the Tagus\" and Ribatejo from \"arriba Tejo\", an archaic way of saying \"Upper Tagus\". In Spanish Riba means land beside a river or shore along of a river. Then Ribatejo should mean \"The land beside the Tejo\" or \"The shore of the Tejo\" you can see too many samples of towns in Spain with this prefix. The lower Tagus is on a fault line. Slippage along it has caused numerous earthquakes, the major ones being those of 1309, 1531 and 1755. The Pepper Wreck, properly the wreck of the \"Nossa Senhora dos Mártires\", is a shipwreck located and excavated at the mouth of the Tagus between 1996 and 2001. The river had strategic value to the Spanish and Portuguese empires, as it guarded the approach to Lisbon. For example, in 1587, Francis Drake briefly approached the river after his successful raid at Cadiz. A major river, the Tagus is brought to mind in the songs and stories of the Portuguese. A popular fado song in Lisbon notes that while people get older, the Tagus remains young (\"\"My hair getting white, the Tagus is always young\"\"). The author, Fernando Pessoa, wrote a poem that begins: Richard Crashaw's poem \"Saint Mary Magdalene, or the Weeper\" refers to the \"Golden\" Tagus as wanting Mary Magdalene's silver tears. In classical poetry the Tagus was famous for its gold-bearing sands (Catullus 29.19, Ovid, \"Amores\", 1.15.34, Juvenal, \"Satires\", 3.55, etc.). Tagus The Tagus (; , ; , ) is the longest river in the Iberian Peninsula. It is long, in Spain, along the border between Portugal and Spain and in Portugal, where it empties into the Atlantic Ocean near Lisbon. It drains an area of (the second largest in the Iberian peninsula after the Douro). The Tagus is highly utilized for most of its course. Several dams and diversions supply drinking water to places of central Spain and Portugal, while dozens of hydroelectric stations create" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Baltimore City Community College Baltimore City Community College (BCCC) is the only community college in the city of Baltimore, Maryland, United States and the only State-sponsored community college in Maryland. It is accredited by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education (MSCHE). It was founded in 1947 and has about 5,000 students enrolled in one of its campuses. While BCCC primarily serves the residents and business community of Baltimore, it also offers educational opportunities on all levels to the citizens of Baltimore and the State of Maryland that enables students to obtain good jobs, transfer to four-year colleges, or take short-term training to upgrade their skills or acquire new ones. BCCC also offers continuing education programs such as General Educational Development (GED) to students seeking a High School Diploma. In addition, the College offers English as a Second Language (ESL) instruction to students wanting to strengthen their language skills and Adult Basic Education (ABE) to those students wanting to gain literacy skills. The College's Workforce Development and Continuing Education (WDCE) division partners with local businesses and industries to offer contract and customized training; apprenticeships and other workforce development training; industry certifications; lifelong learning opportunities; and refugee assistance services. Baltimore City Community College dates its origins to the \"Baltimore Junior College\" (BJC), founded as part of the Baltimore City Public Schools system in 1947 to provide post-high school education for returning World War II (1939/1941-1945) veteran soldiers and officers known as the Veterans Institute and was the inspiration of Dr. Harry Bard, its later dominant president and alumnus of the BCC. It was also one of the earliest examples of the growing \"junior college\" (also with some known as \"city colleges\" especially in California) an educational advancement movement which had roots in several early public high schools /secondary schools and small colleges and institutes in the post-Civil War (1861–1865) era and regained popularity at the beginning of the 20th century and has resulted in the growth of present-day \"community colleges\" in numerous cities/towns and counties all across America. This new type of college comprising the first two years of freshmen and sophomores with awarding an associate's instead of a bachelor's degree/diploma, was designed to serve and meet the academic and especially vocational and trade/job training of the intermediate needs between the high schools and large colleges and universities. The BJC for its first decade of the late 1940s and 1950s was located on the third floor of the Baltimore City College, third oldest public high school in America located at 33rd Street and The Alameda in the northeast city in its landmark 1926–1928 \"Castle on the Hill\" massive stone structure of Collegiate Gothic style architecture surmounted by a distinctive 150 feet high tower. The symbolic gray stone tower besides providing a sight-seeing observation level of the surrounding residential neighborhoods and five mile distant downtown skyline and harbor to the south, also coincidentally housed the first studio and transmitting antenna for the school's public radio radio station WBJC-FM broadcasting programs across the metro area. BCC (also known as \"City\", was a specialized academic magnet secondary school for the arts, humanities and social sciences, and had acquired its distinctive name as a result of its late 19th century curriculum of 5 and 6 years encompassing an early program combining both high school and early college education. By 1959, the Baltimore Junior College had outgrown its sharing of the BCC \"castle\" and campus on 33rd Street and had relocated to a park-like campus of its own in the northwest city along Liberty Heights Avenue nearby the newly constructed huge popular Mondawmin Mall which both had replaced the former George Brown estate and mansion, one of the last open spaces in northwestern Baltimore. Around the same time, BJC was separated from the Baltimore City Public Schools and became a distinct entity of the City of Baltimore municipal government structure and with an independent president of the Junior College who was not also the principal of the Baltimore City College (high school) such as previously Dr. Chester H. Katzenkamp. In 1967, the name of the school was changed as the title of \"Baltimore Junior College\" was dropped and was renamed as the \"Community College of Baltimore\" (CCB) in order to not be confused with the older City College, now exclusively a secondary school and acquire the new name increasingly being used across the nation by similar growing numbers of institutions known for several decades as junior colleges or city colleges but now as Community College. By the middle of the 1970s, Dr. Harry Bard's ideal of a second additional campus on a tight city block in a high-rise tower in the envisioning of a revitalized downtown surrounding the former \"Basin\" of the Northwest Branch of the Patapsco River and Baltimore Harbor and Port facilities which were gradually moving further downstream along shores with greater spaces and anchorage depths. This industrial movement left the Basin with its piers, docks, warehouses, cranes etc. of port facilities more unused and declining which were adjacent to center city skyscrapers, office buildings and commercial businesses along the streets. The newly renamed Inner Harbor in the late 1950s was eventually added with Dr. Bard's dream of an educational institution closer to the residential areas of East and Southeast Baltimore and was realized later with the construction of two buildings along East Lombard Street by Market Place, to the north across East Pratt Street from Piers 5 and 6. These were later named the Bard and Lockwood Buildings. In the 1980s City and State leaders recognized that shrinking City resources made it difficult for the City to operate a quality institution of higher education. On July 1, 1990, the Maryland General Assembly created a new institution, New Community College of Baltimore, funded by the State of Maryland. The College was granted permanent status in 1992 and renamed Baltimore City Community College. In 1997, BCCC celebrated its 50th anniversary. In the 2000s, BCCC began to experience significant difficulties. Problems began to surface in 2004 when faculty held a public protest over issues related to remedial courses and governance. In 2010, faculty gave BCCC president Williams a vote of no-confidence and the state legislature held back funding. These troubles worsened in 2011. BCCC's regional accreditor, the Middle States Commission on Higher Education, placed BCCC on probation because of \"concerns about the school's ability to evaluate student learning.\" To address these problems, Maryland governor Martin O'Malley replaced the majority of BCCC's board of trustees with new members. In 2012, two years after the faculty's initial vote of no confidence, the board of trustees removed Carolane Williams as president of the college. The interim president was Dr Carolyn Hull Anderson, followed by the current president and CEO, Gordon F. May, PhD. In the summer of 2014 BCCC was warned by the Middle States Commission that the college's accreditation was in jeopardy. MSCHE reaffirmed its accreditation on June 25, 2015. In 2015 NASA selected BCCC and four other higher education institutions to share in $6 million as part of its Minority University Research and Education Project (MUREP), an initiative that aims to provide educator training and expand science, technology, engineering and math (STEM) course offerings. BCCC has five major locations. The main campus of BCCC is on Liberty Heights Avenue, located west of The Maryland Zoo in Baltimore. In addition to classes and student services, the Liberty Main Campus provides services including childcare, a library, and a fitness center.", "the current president and CEO, Gordon F. May, PhD. In the summer of 2014 BCCC was warned by the Middle States Commission that the college's accreditation was in jeopardy. MSCHE reaffirmed its accreditation on June 25, 2015. In 2015 NASA selected BCCC and four other higher education institutions to share in $6 million as part of its Minority University Research and Education Project (MUREP), an initiative that aims to provide educator training and expand science, technology, engineering and math (STEM) course offerings. BCCC has five major locations. The main campus of BCCC is on Liberty Heights Avenue, located west of The Maryland Zoo in Baltimore. In addition to classes and student services, the Liberty Main Campus provides services including childcare, a library, and a fitness center. The Downtown Harbor campus is located on Market Place in the Inner Harbor. This campus holds the Business and Continuing Education division. The Reisterstown Road Plaza Campus houses additional classroom space. The Life Sciences Institute started in 1987, is one of the nation's oldest and foremost community college biotechnology training programs. In 2009, it was moved to one of the nation's top research campuses at University of Maryland's BioPark. There is also a National Weatherization Training Center is located in East Baltimore on East Preston Street. The center is one of only 26 U.S. Department of Energy National Weatherization Training Centers and the only one in Maryland. Since 1951, the college has operated WBJC radio station. It is a FM, non-commercial, station at 91.5 MHz that broadcasts classical music and arts information programming nearly 24 hours daily all week. The station studios and office is located in northwest Baltimore, Maryland and the antenna is near the junction of I-695 and Reisterstown Road. The station's 50,000 watt signal reaches more than 180,000 listeners weekly across Maryland, Washington, DC and portions of the surrounding states. Since 2003, the Refugee Youth Project (RYP) has been providing quality after-school programming for refugee youth pre-K through 12th grades in the Baltimore metropolitan area. The RYP is committed to its mission of creating a safe environment for refugee children to improve their literacy skills, enhance their knowledge of American culture, engage in enriching extracurricular activities, and grow to be confident, caring children. BCCC joined forces with the Year Up program, a one-year intensive technical and professional skills development experience serving predominantly low-income 18- to 24-year-olds who have a high school diploma or GED. These young adults will receive six months of college credited skills at BCCC and a six-month internship with a major corporation (including Johns Hopkins, T. Rowe Price, Morgan Stanley, Constellation Energy and Bechtel). The program, founded in Boston, is running in eight urban areas across the nation. Baltimore's is the first college-based Year Up pilot. BCCC is a member of the Maryland Junior College Athletic Conference which belongs to Region XX (20) of the National Junior College Athletic Association. BCCC athletes compete in men's and women's basketball, men's cross country and women's volleyball. Exclusive to BCCC students, the Granville T. Woods (GTW) Scholars Program awards select students with a full scholarship to pay for tuition, fees, and books. A state-of-the-art notebook computer is loaned to scholars to keep during their participation in the program. Upon completion, the computer is awarded to the graduates. During the summer, scholars are given the opportunity to study abroad and participate in internships. The program is designed to attract and prepare high-achieving students primarily from Baltimore City Public Schools. Scholars who are selected for the program are expected to transfer to a four-year college or university to pursue, at a minimum, a bachelor's degree in any discipline. Once they graduate from BCCC, scholars may receive a full or partial scholarship to attend Morgan State University. The purpose of the GTW program is to challenge students at a higher level and to create an environment of interdependence which should lead to greater successful outcomes. Applicants must be residents of Baltimore City and have at least a 3.0 cumulative grade point average based on a 4.0 scale. Applicants should also have at least a combined total SAT score of 1000 (Math and Writing only) or at least a composite score of 21 on the ACT. Baltimore City Community College Baltimore City Community College (BCCC) is the only community college in the city of Baltimore, Maryland, United States and the only State-sponsored community college in Maryland. It is accredited by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education (MSCHE). It was founded in 1947 and has about 5,000 students enrolled in one of its campuses. While BCCC primarily serves the residents and business community of Baltimore, it also offers educational opportunities on all levels to the citizens of Baltimore and the" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Fair Consideration Framework Fair Consideration Framework (FCF) is a guideline announced by Singapore's Ministry of Manpower that requires employers to consider Singaporeans fairly for all job opportunities before hiring Employment Pass (EP) holders. The FCF was announced on 23 September 2013 and was a result from the feedback received through MOM's \"Our Singapore Conversation\" sessions, employer groups and key stakeholders such as the National Trades Union Congress (NTUC). Starting from 1 August 2014, firms will have to show that they were unable to hire suitable Singapore candidates for any job vacancies before submitting new EP applications. MOM and other government agencies will also identify firms that can improve their hiring and career development practices. For example, firms with a disproportionately low concentration of Singaporeans at the Professional, Managerial and Executive (PME) level compared to others in their industry. Such firms will be asked to provide information to MOM such as (but not restricted to): Actions will be taken for firms who are unresponsive towards improving their recruitment and training practices. They may also have their work pass privileges curtailed. Firms that are exempted from posting vacancies in the jobs banks are - However, if complaints are received of nationality-based or other discriminatory HR practices, these firms will be reviewed. FCF is generally welcomed as a move to give Singaporeans fair consideration in jobs. However, there are calls for the FCF to be expanded to include more categories of Singaporeans. The National Solidarity Party (NSP), for example, has called for MOM to extend the rules to work pass schemes beyond the EP. Fair Consideration Framework Fair Consideration Framework (FCF) is a guideline announced by Singapore's Ministry of Manpower that requires employers to consider Singaporeans fairly for all job opportunities before hiring Employment Pass (EP) holders. The FCF was announced on 23" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Wang Yuanlu Wang Yuanlu (; c. 1849 – 1931) was a Taoist priest and abbot of the Mogao Caves at Dunhuang during the early 20th century. He is credited with the discovery of the Dunhuang manuscripts. He engaged in the restoration of the site which he funded with the sale of numerous manuscripts to Western and Japanese explorers. Wang Yuanlu was an itinerant monk, originally from the Shanxi province. He was active from the late 19th to the early 20th century. He was a self-appointed caretaker of the Dunhuang cave complex and a self-styled Taoist priest. He died in 1931 at the Magao Grottoes. When engaging in an amateur restoration of statues and paintings in what is now known as Cave 16, Wang noticed a hidden door which opened into another cave, later named Cave 17 or the \"Library Cave\". Therein he found the as yet undiscovered cache of thousands of ancient manuscripts, many of which related to early Chinese Buddhism. He first spoke of the manuscripts to the local officials, in an attempt to gain funding for their conservation. The officials ordered to reseal the cave, in preparation for their transportation, preservation and study. He would also later sell numerous manuscripts to archaeologist Aurel Stein, who took a largely random selection of the works. Later Paul Pelliot would come to purchase what may be considered the most valuable among them. Because of his involvement in the discovery and sale of the Dunhuang manuscripts to Westerners for a fraction of their value (₤220 in 1907), Wang is both \"revered and reviled\". Wang Yuanlu Wang Yuanlu (; c. 1849 – 1931) was a Taoist priest and abbot of the Mogao Caves at Dunhuang during the early 20th century. He is credited with the discovery of the Dunhuang manuscripts. He engaged in" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Shirley Burkovich Shirley Burkovich [״Hustle״] (born February 4, 1933) is a former infielder, outfielder and pitcher who played from through in the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League. Listed at , 150 lb., she batted and threw right-handed. Born in Swissvale, Shirley Burkovich was one of forty players from Pennsylvania who made the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League clubs; these included stars as Jaynne Bittner, Ann Cindric, Jean Faut, Jean Geissinger, Jean Marlowe, Marguerite Pearson, Ruth Richard, Sarah Jane Sands, Fern Shollenberger and Jane Stoll, among others. She was nicknamed ״Hustle״ for her boundless intensity on the field, as she filled in at every position except catcher during her three seasons in the league. Growing up in the Pittsburgh area, Burkovich started playing sandlot ball with the boys of her neighborhood when she was a little girl, but never played organized softball. Though she attended three different high schools, Burkovich played basketball and field hockey in all of them, and also played in the Westinghouse Girls Basketball League. At age 16, she was signed a contract by the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League after attending a tryout in Pittsburgh. Because she was still in high school, she needed permission from her parents and the school district to leave school in March for spring training. Burkovich played for the Chicago Colleens, Springfield Sallies and Rockford Peaches from 1949 to 1951, collecting a .229 batting average and a .325 on-base percentage in 37 games. She also made three relief appearances and did not have a decision. After baseball, Burkovich went to work for Pacific Bell Telephone for 30 years and retired in 1983. She also has been an active collaborator in different projects of the AAGPBL Players Association since its foundation in 1982. The association helped to bring the league story to the public eye and was largely responsible for the opening of \"Women in Baseball\", a permanent display based at the Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum, which was unveiled in 1988 to honor the entire All-American Girls Professional Baseball League rather than any individual personality. Burkovich showed off her acting skills as well by playing the role of Alice ″Skeeter″ Gaspers in the 1992 film \"A League of Their Own\", which was a fictionalized account of activities in the AAGPBL. This film, directed by Penny Marshall, brought many of the real AAGPBL former players began to earn a rebirth of celebrity. Shirley Burkovich currently lives in Cathedral City, California, while still working as a member of the AAGPBL Players Association Board of Directors. Shirley Burkovich Shirley Burkovich [״Hustle״] (born February 4, 1933) is a former infielder, outfielder and pitcher who played from through in the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League. Listed at , 150 lb., she batted and threw right-handed. Born in Swissvale, Shirley Burkovich was one of forty players from Pennsylvania who made the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League clubs; these included stars as Jaynne Bittner, Ann Cindric, Jean Faut, Jean Geissinger, Jean Marlowe, Marguerite Pearson, Ruth Richard, Sarah Jane" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Richard Matthews (microbiologist) Richard Ellis Ford Matthews (20 November 1921 – 19 February 1995) was a New Zealand plant virologist. Matthews was born in Hamilton, New Zealand in 1921 and was educated at Mount Albert Grammar School in Auckland. He then attended Auckland University College, graduating with a Master of Science degree with second class honours in 1942. After serving in the 7th Antitank Regiment of the 2nd New Zealand Expeditionary Force in Italy from 1943 to 1945, Matthews undertook PhD studies at Emmanuel College, Cambridge, graduating in 1948. He was appointed senior mycologist at the New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research in 1954 and senior principal research officer in 1956. In 1962 he was appointed professor of microbiology at the University of Auckland, retiring in 1987. Matthews was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of New Zealand in 1962 and in 1978 he was awarded the Hector Medal. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1974. On 6 February 1988, Matthews was appointed a Member of the Order of New Zealand. He died in Auckland on 19 February 1995. Richard Matthews (microbiologist) Richard Ellis Ford Matthews (20 November 1921 – 19 February 1995)" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Houqua (clipper) Houqua was an early clipper ship with an innovative hull design, built for A.A. Low & Brother in 1844. She sailed in the China trade. \"Houqua\" was named \"in honor of the beloved Canton Hong merchant Houqua, who had died the year before, and with whom the Low brothers had traded with in China for many years\". Houqua, (also spelled Howqua or Hoqua), was the most prominent Hong merchant of the day. He \"was to take her delivery in China as a warship on behalf of the Chinese government. However, upon arrival, she was found to be too small, and so she spent her career in merchant service for A.A. Low. The \"Houqua\" design combined the practical experience of an experienced sea captain with the mathematical insights of a leading naval architect of the time, John W. Griffiths. In 1843, the A. A. Low & Bros. representative in Canton, William Low, and his pregnant wife Ann had been passengers on a very slow and frustrating trip home from Canton with Captain Nathaniel Palmer on \"Paul Jones\". \"To vent his frustration [Captain Nat] began carving a block of wood into the shape of what he thought the ideal hull of a Canton trader should look like, one that .. 'would outsail anything afloat' ... \"He incorporated John W. Griffiths' ideas concerning a sharp concave bow with his own ideas of a fuller flat-bottomed hull.\" Upon arrival in New York, they approached A. A. Low & Bros. with the new design, which was further developed and built by David Brown of Brown & Bell shipyard. Captain Nathaniel Palmer \"became an advisor to the Lows as a marine superintendent.\" In 1853, the ferry \"Tonawanda\" collided with \"Houqua\" in the fog in New York Harbor, necessitating repairs before she could set sail for San Francisco. \"Subsequently, off the Horn, on this passage, she had very heavy weather, lying to, off and on, for many days. On May 5th, in a violent squall, a meteor, apparently about the size of a man’s head, broke at the masthead, throwing out the most violent sparks. Coming down the mast it passed to leeward and the two men standing near were sensibly affected and much frightened.\" \"She sailed from Yokohama, August 15, 1864, for New York, and was thereafter never heard from again. It is assumed she foundered in a typhoon.\" Houqua (clipper) Houqua was an" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "William King (engineer) William Falconer King FRSE FRMetS (17 April 1851 – 6 October 1929 in Hunter's Quay, Argyll) was a Scottish engineer. He was a pioneer in the laying of submarine telegraphy cables. A student at Glasgow University and then employee of Sir William Thomson, King was responsible for laying the first transatlantic telegraph cable to Brazil, while serving as chief engineer (1873–84) of the Western and Brazilian Telegraph Company. For his services in Brazil Emperor Dom Pedro II awarded him a Knight of the Order of the Rose. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1880. His proposers were William Thomson, Lord Kelvin, Peter Guthrie Tait, William Durham, and James Thomson Bottomley. He returned to Scotland in 1884, living at Lonend on Russell Place in Trinity, Edinburgh. In Edinburgh he created the engineering firm of King, Brown & Co with Andrew Betts Brown based at the Rosebank Works in Leith and in 1894 King & Co, electrical engineers who built the Leith Electric Works at 1 Prince Regent Street and created the Leith Electricity Generating Station on Junction Place and installed one of Britain's first systems of electric street lights (1895) and Scotland's first electric tram system (also in Leith, 1910). In the First World War his firm won the very lucrative contract from the Admiralty for the installation and repair of all electrical equipment in the Naval Dockyards at both Rosyth and Leith. In later life he devoted much effort to the refinement of clocks and created a very fine chronometer which was installed in the Royal Observatory, Edinburgh on the Braid Hills. He retired to Hunter's Quay in Argyllshire, where he had long kept a yacht and died there on 6 October 1929. William King (engineer) William Falconer King FRSE FRMetS" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Richard the Redeless Richard the Redeless (\"Richard without counsel\") is an anonymous fifteenth-century English alliterative poem that critiques Richard II's kingship and his court, seeking to offer Richard retrospective (or even posthumous) advice, following his deposition by Henry IV in 1399. The poet claims that \"Richard has been poorly advised, his kingdom mismanaged, his loyal subjects ill-served.\" The author believes that the advice he imparts will be of great aid to any guiding the kingdom in future years. The poem also contains elements of satire, especially towards court manners and clothing fashions. The history of \"Richard the Redeless\" has become heavily intertwined with another fifteenth-century poem, Mum and the Sothsegger. Indeed, John Bale (1495–1563), an important early antiquarian, identified what Skeat named \"Richard the Redeless\" as \"\"Mum, Soth-segger\"\". This link between the two poems continued to the early 20th century, with Day and Steele declaring in their EETS edition that \"the two fragments form part of one larger composition.\" This assertive opinion has also generally fallen out of favour within the academic community for a more nuanced and cautious belief. As James Dean argues: \"The two alliterative fragments do have much in common. They both presume to advise a king, include satirical critiques, and imitate \"Piers Plowman\", by far the most important source for both poems. They both have an intimate knowledge of law and the courts, which has led some to believe that the author or authors were law clerks. Both poems manifest a delight in word play, though this is typical of alliterative poems generally. But the differences are striking as well. Richard the Redeless focuses wholly and exclusively on Richard II and the latter part of his reign, whereas Mum ignores Richard's rule to concentrate exclusively on problems during Henry IV's administration... Richard the Redeless contains specific allusions to events and personalities of Richard II's reign, but this is not the case with Mum... to be a truth teller and name names may have proved too much for him. He prefers more general, satirical attacks to explicit personalities or incidents... It seems best to hold open the possibility that there may be a connection between them, but there may not be.\" Richard the Redeless Richard the Redeless (\"Richard without counsel\") is an anonymous fifteenth-century English alliterative poem that critiques Richard II's kingship and his court, seeking to offer Richard retrospective (or even posthumous) advice, following his deposition" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Just Like Us (film) Just Like Us is a 2010 documentary about a comedy tour of international comedians throughout the middle east. Directed by Egyptian-American actor/comedian, Ahmed Ahmed, the film premiered at the 2010 Tribeca Film Festival. Modern technology and globalization have made the world a much smaller place and caused us to be more interconnected as people, yet cultural misconceptions persist. Through a celebration of culture and comedy, this film uproots the widely held misconception that Arabs have no sense of humor − when in fact they laugh, and are, just like us. This documentary features Egyptian-American comedian Ahmed Ahmed, in his directorial debut, along with a host of critically acclaimed international stand-up comedians. Presented by Cross Cultural Entertainment and Cross Cultural Productions, \"Just Like Us\" exemplifies their goal of reintroducing socially relevant issues to the world in an effort to build cultural bridges in this age of greater tolerance, understanding and acceptance. The film documents four countries in the Middle East, showcasing the cultures of Dubai, Lebanon, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and Egypt with sold out crowds totaling over 20,000 people. Contemporary stand-up comedy has the powerful ability to provide relief, encourage a younger generation, break down barriers and serves as a platform for cross cultural dialogue. This art form is very new to the Middle East and older generations did not have the opportunity to appreciate this creative platform. However, through the current Internet age stand-up comedy has flourished in the Arab region over the past few years, and continues to show us that laughter is the common language of the world. Comedian Ahmed Ahmed hosts a celebration of culture through comedy, by sharing his experience through the Middle East. It features an international lineup of stand-up comedians that reveals an appreciation for stand-up comedy in a modern generation coming of age. Just Like Us was filmed in Los Angeles, New York, Arkansas, Cairo, Dubai, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and Beirut. Just Like Us premiered at the 2010 Tribeca Film Festival. Its theatrical premiere was on June 6, 2011 in Los Angeles. \"Just Like Us\" features an original score by Omar Fadel, as well as licensed tracks from, Fredwreck, MC Rai, and Tom Morello's Street Sweeper Social Club. Just Like Us (film) Just Like Us is a 2010 documentary about a comedy tour of international comedians throughout the middle east. Directed by Egyptian-American actor/comedian, Ahmed Ahmed, the" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "House of Ibelin The House of Ibelin was a noble family in the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem in the 12th century. They rose from humble beginnings to become one of the most important families in the kingdom, holding various high offices and with extensive holdings in the Holy Land and Cyprus. The family disappeared after the fall of the Kingdom of Cyprus in the 15th century. The family took their name from the castle of Ibelin, which was built in 1141 by King Fulk I and entrusted to Barisan, the founder of the family. \"Ibelin\" was the crusader's name for the Arab city of Yibna, where the castle was situated. The castle fell to the Saracens at the end of the 12th century, but by then the family had holdings at Beirut and in Cyprus. The Ibelin family rose from relatively humble origins to become one of the most important noble families in the Crusader states of Jerusalem and Cyprus. The family claimed to be descended from the Le Puiset viscounts of Chartres, Barisan was given the castle of Ibelin in 1141 by King Fulk as a reward for his loyalty during the revolt of his then master Hugh II of Le Puiset, Count of Jaffa, in 1134. Ibelin was part of the County of Jaffa, which was annexed to the royal domain after Hugh's unsuccessful revolt. Barisan's marriage with Helvis produced Hugh, Baldwin, Barisan, Ermengarde, and Stephanie. The younger Barisan came to be known as Balian. Along with Ibelin, the family then held Ramla (inherited from Helvis), and the youngest son Balian received the lordship of Nablus when he married Maria Comnena, the Dowager Queen. Balian was the last to hold these territories as they all fell to Saladin in 1187. The family underwent a remarkable rise in status in only two generations. In the circumstances of the crusader kingdom, this rapid rise, \"noblesse nouvelle\", was not as difficult as it would have been in Europe. In crusader Palestine, individuals and whole families tended to die much sooner and replacements, \"sang nouveau\", were needed. Balian's descendants were among the most powerful nobles in the Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Kingdom of Cyprus. Balian's first son John of Ibelin, the \"Old Lord of Beirut\", was the leader of the opposition to Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, when the emperor tried to impose imperial authority over the crusader states. The family briefly regained control of the castle of Ibelin in 1241 in the aftermath of Frederick's Sixth Crusade, when certain territories were returned to the Christians by treaty. John had numerous children with Melisende of Arsuf, including Balian, lord of Beirut; Baldwin, seneschal of Cyprus; another John, lord of Arsuf and constable of Jerusalem; and Guy, constable of Cyprus. This Balian was married to Eschiva of Montbéliard and was the father of John II of Beirut, who married the daughter of Guy I of la Roche, duke of Athens. John of Arsuf was the father of Balian of Arsuf, who married Plaisance of Antioch. Guy the constable was the father of Isabella, who married Hugh III de Lusignan. Balian of Ibelin's second son Philip was regent of Cyprus while his niece, the widowed Queen Alice, needed help to govern. With Alice of Montbéliard, Philip was the father of John of Ibelin, count of Jaffa and Ascalon, regent of Jerusalem, and author of the Assizes of the Haute Cour of Jerusalem, the most important legal document from the crusader kingdom. John married Maria, sister of Hethum I of Armenia, and was the father of James, count of Jaffa and Ascalon and also a noted jurist; and of Guy, count of Jaffa and Ascalon and husband of his cousin Maria, Hethum's daughter. Several members of the family went to the new kingdom of Cyprus at the beginning of the 13th century. Most of the rest moved there as the mainland kingdom was lost piece by piece. No members of the Ibelin family seem to have gone to any other country during this period. At this time, some of the Embriaco lords of Gibelet, relatives of the Ibelins, also took the name of \"Ibelin\" because of their common maternal descent. Despite the family's modest origins on the paternal side, the Ibelins during the 13th–15th centuries were among the highest nobility in the Kingdom of Cyprus, producing brides for younger sons, grandsons and brothers of kings (though the kings and eldest sons tended to find more royal wives). Ibelins lived among the highest circles of Cyprus, and married into the royal family, the Lusignans, and among such families as Montfort, Dampierre, ducal Brunswick, Montbeliard, and Gibelet(-Ibelins). They married also into other branches of Ibelins. They also had loftier ancestors: Maria Comnena was from the Byzantine imperial Comnenus dynasty, and was descended from the kings of Georgia, Bulgaria, ancient Armenia, Parthia, Persia and Syria. When the Kingdom of Cyprus was destroyed in the 15th century, the Ibelins apparently also lost their lands and positions, and the family possibly became extinct — the sources, at least, no longer mention them. Descendants of the Ibelins, through the royal Lusignans, include several royal families of modern Europe, since their descendant Anne, Duchess of Savoy, daughter of Janus of Cyprus, was, for example, the ancestor of the Dukes of Savoy, the La Tremoille princes of Talmond and Taranto, the Longueville family, the princes of Monaco, the electors of Bavaria, the Farnese of Parma, the last Valois kings of France, the Dukes of Lorraine, the Habsburg-Lorraines, the Bourbons of Navarre and France, and, as their progeny, practically all Catholic royalty in recent centuries. The Ibelin crest shown here was used in the film, \"Kingdom of Heaven\", but has nothing to do with the real Ibelin family. While researching crests and coats of arms for the film (which used real and fabricated crests), members of the production team discovered this crest - a red cross on a gold field - in a museum in Paris, with \"Balian 1380\" written under it. They were delighted, even though it wasn't \"their\" Balian, and used it as the Ibelin crest, despite it having no historic connection to that family. This information can be found in the \"Kingdom of Heaven\" companion book. House of Ibelin The House of Ibelin was a noble family in the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem in the 12th century. They rose from humble beginnings to become one of the most important families in the kingdom, holding various high offices and with extensive holdings in the Holy Land and Cyprus. The family disappeared after the fall of the Kingdom of Cyprus in the" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Massachusetts Compromise The Massachusetts Compromise was a solution reached in a controversy between Federalists and Anti-Federalists over ratification of the United States Constitution. The compromise helped gather enough support for the Constitution to ensure its ratification and lead to the adoption of the first ten amendments, the Bill of Rights. Anti-Federalists feared the Constitution would over-centralize government and diminish individual rights and liberties. They sought to amend the Constitution, particularly with a Bill of Rights as a condition before ratification. Federalists insisted that states had to accept or reject the document as written. When efforts to ratify the Constitution encountered serious opposition in Massachusetts, two noted anti-Federalists, John Hancock and Samuel Adams, helped negotiate a compromise. The anti-Federalists agreed to support ratification, with the understanding that they would put forth recommendations for amendments should the document go into effect. The Federalists agreed to support the proposed amendments, specifically a bill of rights. Following this compromise, Massachusetts voted to ratify the Constitution on February 6, 1788. Five states subsequently voted for ratification, four of which followed the Massachusetts model of recommending amendments along with their ratification. Massachusetts Compromise The Massachusetts Compromise was a solution reached in a controversy between Federalists and" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Kuwait–Saudi Arabia relations Kuwait–Saudi Arabia relations are the relations between the State of Kuwait and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Both are members of the Gulf Cooperation Council. Historically there was a Saudi–Kuwaiti neutral zone inhabited by coastal fishermen; however, with the discovery of oil, the countries agreed to divide the territory, and reached an agreement in 1969. In 1990, following the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, Saudi Arabia participated in the Gulf War to expel Iraqi forces from the country. Although Kuwait and Saudi Arabia are allies and cooperate within OPEC and the GCC, Riyadh disputes Kuwait's ownership of the Qaruh and Umm al Maradim islands. Kuwait–Saudi Arabia relations Kuwait–Saudi Arabia relations are the relations between the State of Kuwait and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Both are members of the Gulf Cooperation Council. Historically there was a Saudi–Kuwaiti neutral zone inhabited by coastal fishermen; however, with the discovery of oil, the countries agreed to divide the territory, and reached an agreement in 1969. In 1990, following the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, Saudi Arabia participated in the Gulf War to expel Iraqi forces from the country. Although Kuwait and Saudi Arabia are allies and cooperate within OPEC and the GCC," ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Tom Manning (comics) Tom Manning is a fictional character from Dark Horse Comics' \"Hellboy\" universe. He is director of the Bureau of Paranormal Research and Defense. Manning has classically been portrayed as a stuffed-shirt bureaucrat who refuses to trust the paranormal members of his agency, even though their presence is critical to the successful defense of the planet. In recent years, Manning has softened his approach to his superhumans; Roger the Homunculus, for example, was promoted to leader of his own squad even though Manning, at one point, had a bomb placed in Roger's chest as a precautionary measure. Manning, perhaps smarting from the defection of Hellboy from the Bureau, recently refused to accept the resignation of Captain Ben Daimio after a disaster that claimed Roger and his team. In this way, Manning has developed from a cold administrator to a leader that places the needs of his agents over the needs of the Bureau. Tom Manning (comics) Tom Manning is a fictional character from Dark Horse Comics' \"Hellboy\" universe. He is director of the Bureau of Paranormal Research and Defense. Manning has classically been portrayed as a stuffed-shirt bureaucrat who refuses to trust the paranormal members of his agency," ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "George Kollias (biologist) George Kollias (Greek: Γιώργος Κόλλιας; born November 9, 1958 in Athens) is a , Member of the Academy of Athens and Professor of Physiology at the Medical School of the University of Athens. He is renowned for providing the preclinical rationale for the development of anti-TNF therapies for rheumatoid arthritis. His research is highly cited for discovering disease pathways in animal models of chronic inflammation and autoimmunity (e.g. Rheumatoid Arthritis, Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Multiple Sclerosis). He is credited with the development of major national infrastructures of scientific and technological excellence in Greece. George Kollias graduated from the Biology Department of the University of Athens, Greece and performed doctoral studies in Molecular Biology from 1980 to 1984 at the National Hellenic Research Foundation. He continued with postdoctoral research in the field of gene structure and expression at the Laboratory of Gene Structure and Expression, National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London, UK, and from 1990-2000 he established the Laboratory of Molecular Genetics at the Hellenic Pasteur Institute in Athens, Greece. From 2000-2002, he was appointed Director of the Institute for Immunology at the Biomedical Sciences Research Center \"Alexander Fleming\", and has served as the Center's President and Scientific Director (2002-2010 & 2016–present). Since May 2012, he is Professor of Experimental Physiology at the Medical School of the University of Athens. In 1991, George Kollias' group was first to provide \"in vivo\", proof of principle studies, on deregulated TNF production being causal to the development of chronic polyarthritis in a transgenic animal model, and for showing originally that anti-huTNF antibody treatment was efficacious in treating the modeled disease (pg. 370). These studies were instrumental in mobilizing the interest of anti-TNF industry and foreshadowed the success of the first clinical trials performed in RA in 1994. Further work in his lab provided insights into the function of TNF in host defense and the structure and function of secondary lymphoid organs, a work that more recently evolved into the establishment of TNFRI and NFkB signals specifically in follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) being of pivotal significance in the regulation of humoral B cell responses and autoimmunity. Moreover, George Kollias' group demonstrated TNF’s causal effect in the development of combined Crohn's disease and polyarthritis, and the contribution of transmembrane versus soluble TNF in the pathogenic processes. These studies offered a better understanding of the physiological function of TNF in health and disease and rationalized potential complications or optimizations of anti-TNF therapies in other diseases such as in MS. More recently, George Kollias introduced a novel pathogenic principle to explain the cellular basis of TNF function in gut/joint axis diseases, including spondyloarthropathies, by showing that mesenchymal cells, namely synovial fibroblasts and intestinal subepithelial myofibroblasts, are common pathogenic targets of TNF sufficient to drive the chronic inflammatory and destructive disease process. Animal models developed in his lab have been distributed to numerous academic and industrial laboratories around the world (over 200 MTAs in the last ten years). In 2005 he founded the first CRO-biotech spin-off of BSRC Fleming, Biomedcode Hellas SA. George Kollias is placed amongst the top cited European scientists in Rheumatology research for the period 1997-2008. He has published over 170 primary research articles in peer-reviewed journals and more than 40 reviews and commentaries. His work has received over 29.000 citations and an h-index of 76 (data from Google Scholar). His laboratory is supported by several competitive grants from European Commission and National sources, as well as by the international biopharmaceutical industry. From 2005 - 2009 Dr. Kollias coordinated a consortium of 24 EU organizations constituting the FP6 Network of Excellence MUGEN (\"Functional Genomics in mutant mouse models as tools to investigate the complexity of human immunological disease\", 11M€). He is currently a core member of the Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI) project BeTheCure (Total budget: 38 M€, 2011-2016) and has recently been awarded a 2013 Advanced ERC grant to study the role of mesenchymal cells in intestinal tissue homeostasis and pathophysiology. George Kollias is an elected member of the European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO) since 2000 and Member of the Biosciences Steering Group of the European Academies Science Advisory Panel (EASAC) since 2014. In recognition of eminent scientific discoveries and contributions to science, he was awarded the internationally acclaimed Carol-Nachman Award for Rheumatology in 2014 and the first Galien Scientific Research Award, of Prix Galien Greece in 2015. Dr. Kollias served as the National Representative of Greece for the ESFRI (2010-2012) and as member of the ESFRI strategic working group on Health and Food (2010 to date). George Kollias has been a member of the National Council on Research and Technology of the Ministry of Development (2001-2003 and 2005-2009) and has served as an elected President of the Council of the Directors of the Greek Research Centers (2009-2010). He serves as an advisor for scientific organizations and consults for industry. George Kollias also serves as invited speaker, chairman and member of the Organising and Scientific Committees of several scientific meetings throughout the world. George Kollias is Director of the Graduate Program in \"Molecular Biomedicine\" at the Medical School of the University of Athens. George Kollias (biologist) George Kollias (Greek: Γιώργος Κόλλιας; born November 9, 1958 in Athens) is a , Member of the Academy of Athens and Professor of Physiology at the Medical School of the University of Athens. He is renowned for providing the preclinical rationale for the development of" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Greeley County, Nebraska Greeley County is a county located in the U.S. state of Nebraska. As of the 2010 census, the population was 2,538. Its county seat is Greeley. In the Nebraska license plate system, Greeley County is represented by the prefix 62 (it had the 62nd-largest number of vehicles registered in the county when the license plate system was established in 1922). Greeley County was created in 1871 and organized in 1872. It was named after Horace Greeley, a newspaper editor and politician of the mid-19th century. Greeley encouraged western settlement with the motto \"Go West, young man\". According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and (0.1%) is water. As of the census of 2000, there were 2,714 people, 1,077 households, and 734 families residing in the county. The population density was 5 people per square mile (2/km²). There were 1,199 housing units at an average density of 2 per square mile (1/km²). The racial makeup of the county was 97.94% White, 0.66% Black or African American, 0.07% Native American, 0.07% Asian, 0.77% from other races, and 0.48% from two or more races. 0.85% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 1,077 households out of which 29.30% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.00% were married couples living together, 6.40% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.80% were non-families. 30.50% of all households were made up of individuals and 18.80% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.46 and the average family size was 3.08. In the county, the population was spread out with 26.90% under the age of 18, 5.90% from 18 to 24, 21.60% from 25 to 44, 22.40% from 45 to 64, and 23.20% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females there were 97.10 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.20 males. The median income for a household in the county was $28,375, and the median income for a family was $34,159. Males had a median income of $22,036 versus $17,056 for females. The per capita income for the county was $13,731. About 11.90% of families and 14.60% of the population were below the poverty line, including 22.10% of those under age 18 and 10.50% of those age 65 or over. Greeley County, Nebraska Greeley County is a county located in the U.S. state of Nebraska. As of the 2010 census, the population was 2,538. Its county seat is Greeley. In the Nebraska license plate system, Greeley County is represented by the prefix 62 (it had the 62nd-largest number of vehicles registered in the county when the license plate system was established in 1922). Greeley County was created in 1871 and organized in 1872. It was named after Horace Greeley, a newspaper editor and politician of the" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Androw Myllar Androw Myllar (fl. 1503–1508) was the first Scottish printer. Myllar was a burgess of Edinburgh and a bookseller, but perhaps combined the sale of books with some other occupation. On 29 March 1503 the sum of 10 Scots pounds was paid by the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland \"to Andro Millar for thir bukis undirwritten, viz., Decretum Magnum, Decretales Sextus cum Clementinis, Scotus super quatuor libris Sententiarum, Quartum Scoti, Opera Gersonis in tribus voluminibus.\" Another payment of fifty shillings was made on 22 December 1507 \"for 3 prentit bukis to the King, tane fra Andro Millaris wyff.\" The first book on which Myllar's name appears is an edition, printed in 1505, of Joannes de Garlandia's \"Multorum vocabulorum equiuocorum interpretation\", of which the only copy known is in the Bibliothèque Nationale at Paris. It has a colophon which states that Androw Myllar, a Scotsman, had been solicitous that the work should be printed with admirable art and corrected with diligent care. The second book is the \"Expositio Sequentiarum\", according to the use of Sarum, printed in 1506, the copy of which in the British Museum is believed to be unique. The last page contains Myllar's punning device, representing a windmill with the miller ascending the outside ladder and carrying a sack of grain upon his back. Beneath is the printer's monogram and name. These two books were undoubtedly printed abroad. M. Claudin, who discovered them, and Dr. Dickson have ascribed them to the press of Laurence Hostingue of Rouen; but Gordon Duff has produced evidence to show that they should rather be assigned to that of Pierre Violette, another printer at Rouen. It was probably due to the influence of William Elphinstone the Bishop of Aberdeen, who was engaged in preparing an adaptation of the Sarum breviary for the use of his diocese, that James IV on 15 September 1507 granted a patent to Walter Chepman and Androw Myllar \"to furnis and bring hame ane prent, with all stuff belangand tharto, and expert men to use the samyne, for imprenting within our Realme of the bukis of our Lawis, actis of parliament, croniclis, mess bukis, and portuus efter the use of our Realme, with addicions and legendis of Scottis sanctis, now gaderit to be ekit tharto, and al utheris bukis that salbe sene necessar, and to sel the sammyn for competent pricis.\" Chepman having found the necessary capital, and Myllar having obtained the type from France, probably from Rouen, they set up their press in a house at the foot of Blackfriars Wynd, in the Southgait, now the Cowgate, of Edinburgh, and on 4 April 1508 issued the first book known to have been printed in Scotland, \"The Maying or Disport of Chaucer\", better known as \"The Complaint of the Black Knight\", and written not by Chaucer but by Lydgate. This tract consists of fourteen leaves, and has Chepman's device on the title-page, and Myllar's device at the end. The only copy known has been held in the Library of the Faculty of Advocates at Edinburgh since 1788. Bound with this work are ten other unique pieces, eight of which are also from the Southgait press, but two only of all are perfect, \"The Maying or Disport of Chaucer\" and \"The Goldyn Targe\" of William Dunbar. Four of the tracts bear the devices both of Chepman and of Myllar, and three others that of Myllar alone. The titles of the other pieces, two only of which are dated, are as follows: Two other pieces, The Tretis of the Twa Mariit Wemen and the Wedo, also by Dunbar, and \"A Gest of Robyn Hode\", are contained in the same volume, but they are printed with different types, and there is no evidence to prove that they emanated from the first Scottish press. About two years later, in 1510, the Aberdeen Breviary, the main cause of the introduction of printing into Scotland, was executed by the command and at the expense of Walter Chepman; but doubt exists as to the actual printer of this, the last but most important work of the primitive Scottish press. Neither in connection with the Breviary nor elsewhere does Androw Myllar's name again occur. Androw Myllar" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Heart Extra Heart extra is a national digital radio station owned and operated by Global as part of the Heart network, and broadcast from studios at Leicester Square in London. On 2 February 2016 Global announced that \"Heart Extra\" would launch on national DAB on 29 February. The station broadcasts a presenter-free music sequence from 9:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. every day. Outside this time, it simulcasts sister station Heart London programming, including the breakfast show hosted by Jamie Theakston and Emma Bunton. The initial presenter lineup also included Jenni Falconer, Mark Wright and Jason Donovan. On 14 March 2017, Heart Extra was removed from the Sky and Virgin Media TV platforms in favour of new sibling Heart 80s. Heart Extra continued to broadcast over DAB and online as before. Heart Extra was rebranded as \"Heart extra Xmas\", a pop-up Christmas music service with the slogan 'Turn up the festive feel good!', during November and December 2016. The pop-up festive offering was Global's successor to the prior Smooth Christmas service. Heart Extra Xmas ran again at the end of 2017. From 3 November until 27 December 2018, Heart Extra has again been temporarily rebranded as Heart extra Xmas. Heart Extra" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

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