question stringlengths 13 291 | contexts stringlengths 2 24.7k | ground_truth stringlengths 6 6.9k ⌀ | exact_answer stringlengths 2 710 |
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Does replication timing affect the rate of somatic mutations? | ['Here we observe that mutation rate, as reflected in recent evolutionary divergence and human nucleotide diversity, is markedly increased in later-replicating regions of the human genome', 'll classes of substitutions are affected, suggesting a generalized mechanism involving replication time-dependent DNA damage', 'W... | ['Mutation rate, as reflected in recent evolutionary divergence and human nucleotide diversity, is markedly increased in later-replicating regions of the human genome. All classes of substitutions are affected, suggesting a generalized mechanism involving replication time-dependent DNA damage. DNA repair systems, in ge... | ['yes'] |
What is the effect of ivabradine in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction? | ['Traditional agents with strong evidence in HFrEF have proved unsuccessful in HFpEF. Newer agents such as angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor, sildenafil, and ivabradine have demonstrated benefits without improving mortality.', 'In db/db, a model of HFPEF, selective HR reduction by If-inhibition improved vascula... | ['I(f)-channel inhibition potentially exhibits beneficial effects in diastolic heart failure. In patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), short-term treatment with ivabradine increased exercise capacity, with a contribution from improved left ventricular filling pressure response to exerci... | [] |
Which genes/proteins have been found to inhibit cyclin dependent kinase 4 (CDK4)? | ['Interestingly, the Cdk inhibitor p18(Ink4c) was induced in the transgenic pineal glands independently of p53, and transgenic mice that lacked Ink4c developed invasive PNET, although at an older age than those lacking p53.', 'Our finding that the Cdk4 inhibitor p18(Ink4c) is a tumor suppressor in cyclin D1-driven PNET... | ['The p15(ink4b) and p16(ink4a) CDK4 inhibitor genes map within the chromosome band 9p21 region deleted frequently in various cancers.The Cdk4 inhibitor p18(Ink4c) is a tumor suppressor. Recent studies of Cyclin D1/Cdk4 have proposed that p21(Waf1/Cip1/Sdi1) plays a key role as a potent Cdk4 inhibitor. p27KIP1 is also ... | ['p16', 'p16INK4', 'p16INK4a', 'MTS1', 'CDKN2', 'p15', 'p15INK4B', 'p18(Ink4c)', 'p21(Waf1/Cip1/Sdi1)', 'p27KIP1'] |
Which drugs are utilized to treat amiodarone-induced thyroitoxicosis? | ['good response to anti-thyroid drugs and steroid therapy', 'The disease course of amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis is usually benign and remits with timely administration of anti-thyroid medications, with or without corticosteroids.', 'RIT may be a safe and useful method of AIT therapy in patients with low RAIU, in w... | ['Amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis treatment includes anti-thyroid drugs and steroid therapy\nRadio Iodine Treatment (RIT) may be a safe and useful method of AIT therapy in patients with low RAIU, in whom other treatment methods are contraindicated.\nLithium is a useful and safe medication for treatment of iodine-indu... | ['Antithyroid drugs', 'Corticosteroids', 'Lithium', 'Radioiodine'] |
What is the role of LIMT lncRNA? | ['LIMT is a novel metastasis inhibiting lncRNA suppressed by EGF and downregulated in aggressive breast cancer.', 'This led to the identification of 11 prognostic lncRNAs. Functional analyses of this group uncovered LINC01089 (here renamed LncRNA Inhibiting Metastasis; LIMT), a highly conserved lncRNA, which is deplete... | ['LINC01089 (LncRNA Inhibiting Metastasis; LIMT) is a highly conserved lncRNA, which is depleted in basal-like and in HER2-positive tumors, and the low expression of which predicts poor patient prognosis. Interestingly, EGF rapidly downregulates LIMT expression by enhancing histone deacetylation at the respective promo... | [] |
What is the role of the TSC1 and TSC2 genes in regulating the mTOR signaling pathway and cell growth? | ['["The genetic basis of this disease has been attributed to mutations in one of two unlinked genes, TSC1 and TSC2.", "The functions of the TSC1 and TSC2 gene products, hamartin and tuberin, respectively, have remained ill defined until recently", "Genetic, biochemical, and biologic analyses have highlighted their role... | The TSC1 and TSC2 genes act as negative regulators of the mTOR signaling pathway. Tuberin, a product of the TSC2 gene, coordinates inputs from growth factors and energy availability to control cell growth, proliferation, and survival. The TSC 1/2 complex may also modulate the activity of beta-catenin and TGFbeta, provi... | [] |
Can RG7112 inhibit MDM2? | ['To assess the influence of the p53 regulatory pathway further, we studied the effect of RG7112, a small molecule MDM2 antagonist that activates p53 by preventing its interaction with MDM2, on normal megakaryocytopoiesis and platelet production.', 'RG7112 (2g) is the first clinical small-molecule MDM2 inhibitor design... | ['Yes, RG7112 is a small molecule MDM2 antagonist.'] | ['yes'] |
Where do the Schwann cells and melanocytes originate from? | ['The development of the nervous system involves cells remaining within the neural tube (CNS) and a group of cells that delaminate from the dorsal neural tube and migrate extensively throughout the developing embryo called neural crest cells (NCC). These cells are a mesenchymal highly migratory group of cells that give... | ['Schwann cells and melanocytes originate from the multipotent population of neural crest cells.'] | ['neural crest cells', 'NCC'] |
Does SCRIB deregulation promote cancer? | ['human homologs of Drosophila dlg, scrib, and lgl are cancer-associated genes.', 'Aberrant overexpression of the cell polarity module scribble in human cancer.', 'we show that Scrib is nearly universally overexpressed in cultured tumor cell lines and genetically disparate cancer patient series compared with matched no... | ['Yes, deregulation of scribble promotes cancer.'] | ['yes'] |
What is trichotillomania? | ['Trichotillomania (hair pulling disorder, HPD) is characterized by significant psychological distress, childhood-onset, and, in adults, certain cognitive deficits such as inhibitory control. ', 'TRICHOTILLOMANIA (HAIR PULLING DISORDER)', 'Hair pulling disorder (HPD; trichotillomania) is thought to be associated with s... | ['Trichotillomania is a hair pulling disorder.'] | ['Trichotillomania is a hair pulling disorder.'] |
Which genes are known to be involved in Diamond-Blackfan anemia? | ['Diamond-Blackfan anemia (DBA) is an inherited red blood cell aplasia that usually presents during the first year of life. The main features of the disease are normochromic and macrocytic anemia, reticulocytopenia, and nearly absent erythroid progenitors in the bone marrow. The patients also present with growth retard... | ['Diamond-Blackfan anemia (DBA) is an inherited red blood cell aplasia that usually presents during the first year of life. The disease has been associated with point mutations and large deletions in ten ribosomal protein (RP) genes RPS19, RPS24, RPS17, RPL35A, RPL5, RPL11, RPS7, RPS10, RPS26, and RPL26, as well as in ... | ['RPS19', 'RPS24', 'RPS17', 'RPL35A', 'RPL5', 'RPL11', 'RPS7', 'RPS10', 'RPS26', 'RPL26', 'GATA1'] |
List BRAF inhibitors that have been tested in clinical trials for treatment of melanoma patients | ['Combined BRAF (Dabrafenib) and MEK inhibition (Trametinib) in patients with BRAFV600-mutant melanoma experiencing progression with single-agent BRAF inhibitor.', ' Here, we report patients treated with combination therapy after disease progression with BRAF inhibitor treatment administered before study enrollment (pa... | ['Vemurafenib and dabrafenib are BRAF inhibitors that have been tested in clinical trials for treatment of melanoma patients.'] | ['Vemurafenib', 'Dabrafenib'] |
Can vitamin B1 deficiency cause encephalopathy? | ["Wernicke's encephalopathy (WE) is a severe neurological syndrome caused by thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency and clinically characterized by the sudden onset of mental status changes, ocular abnormalities, and ataxia", 'Wernicke encephalopathy (or Wernicke-Korsakoff encephalopathy) is a rarely diagnosed neurological d... | ["Wernicke's encephalopathy (WE) is a severe neurological syndrome caused by thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency and clinically characterized by the sudden onset of mental status changes, ocular abnormalities, and ataxia. It is commonly associated with heavy alcohol consumption. Other clinical associations are with hypere... | ['yes'] |
Describe mechanism of action of Eteplirsen? | ['Eteplirsen (Exondys\xa051) is an antisense oligonucleotide designed to induce exon 51 skipping that is developed by Sarepta Therapeutics. Intravenous eteplirsen has received accelerated approval from the US FDA for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) in patients with a confirmed mutation of the DMD gen... | ['Eteplirsen (Exondys 51) is an antisense oligonucleotide designed to induce exon 51 skipping. Eteplirsen is approved for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) in patients with a confirmed mutation of the DMD gene amenable to exon 51 skipping.'] | [] |
List features of the Perry syndrome. | ['BACKGROUND: Depression, parkinsonism, and hypoventilation (Perry syndrome) or familial motor neuron disease have been linked to mutations in dynactin P150(Glued) (DCTN1).', 'BACKGROUND: Perry syndrome (PS) caused by DCTN1 gene mutation is clinically characterized by autosomal dominant parkinsonism, depression, severe... | ['Perry syndrome is a familial parkinsonism associated with central hypoventilation, mental depression, and weight loss.'] | ['parkinsonism', 'central hypoventilation', 'depression', 'weight loss'] |
Which is the mechanism used for synthesis of a highly functional N-truncated dystrophin isoform that attenuates dystrophinopathy? | ['Translation from a DMD exon 5 IRES results in a functional dystrophin isoform that attenuates dystrophinopathy in humans and mice', 'amelioration of disease severity has been shown to result from alternative translation initiation beginning in DMD exon 6 that leads to expression of a highly functional N-truncated dys... | ['Translation from a DMD exon 5 IRES results in a functional dystrophin isoform that attenuates dystrophinopathy in humans and mice', 'Alternative translation initiation beginning in DMD exon 6 with the use of an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) within exon 5 that is glucocorticoid inducible leads to expression of a... | [] |
How is MicroRNA let-7a potentially useful as a marker for selection of paclitaxel in ovarian cancer management? | [' in the carcinogenesis of ovarian cancer through deregulation of cell proliferation. They may be novel biomarkers for early detection or therapeutic targets of ovarian cancer", "MicroRNA let-7a: a potential marker for selection of paclitaxel in ovarian cancer management", " The study... | The study suggests that the beneficial impact of the addition of paclitaxel on EOC survival was significantly linked to let-7a levels, and that miRNAs such as let-7a may be a useful marker for selection of chemotherapeutic agents in EOC management | [] |
Which is the protein (antigen) targeted by anti-Vel antibodies in the Vel blood group? | ['Anti-Vel is an uncommon antibody to a high-prevalence antigen. Its clinical significance and management in the prenatal setting are not well characterized.', 'Haemolytic disease of the newborn because of rare anti-Vel.', 'A haemolytic anti-Vel was detected in the tube test. In contrast, the particular commercial gel ... | ['Disruption of SMIM1 causes the Vel- blood type. The protein carrying the Vel blood group antigen was biochemically purified from red blood cell membranes. Mass spectrometry-based de novo peptide sequencing identified this protein to be small integral membrane protein 1 (SMIM1), a previously uncharacterized single-pas... | ['SMIM1'] |
Is NADPH oxidase 5 expressed in rodents? | ['Because the Nox5 gene is absent in rodents, we generated transgenic mice expressing human Nox5 in a podocyte-specific manner (Nox5(pod+)). ', 'The NADPH oxidase 5 (NOX5) gene is present in humans but not rodents. ', 'The data document that the NOX5 gene was expressed in cells of lagomorphs unlike rodents, making the ... | ['No, NADPH oxidase 5 is not expressed in rodents, because the gene is absent.'] | ['no'] |
Please list 2 treatments for a torn rotator cuff | ['To compare clinical outcomes between conventional en masse repair and separate double-layer double-row repair for the treatment of delaminated rotator cuff tears', ' To systematically review and evaluate the effectiveness of grafts in the augmentation of large-to-massive rotator cuff repairs', 'To evaluate the effect... | ['to compare clinical outcomes between conventional en masse repair and separate double-layer double-row repair for the treatment of delaminated rotator cuff tears.', 'Surgical repair earlier or later than 3 months after injury may result in similar outcomes and patient satisfaction.'] | ['early surgery', 'later surgery(3 months after injury)', 'en masse repair', 'double-layer double-row repair', 'arthroscopic', 'open', 'knotless transosseous-equivalent'] |
What is the role of RhoA in bladder cancer? | ['Alterations in RhoA, RhoB, RhoC, Rac1 and Cdc42 expression play a significant role in the genesis and progression of UCC of the urinary bladder.', 'Published reports suggest that elevated RhoA/Rho-kinase signaling plays a role in the development of benign prostatic hyperplasia, erectile dysfunction, kidney failure, e... | ['In urinary bladder cancer, RhoA was more commonly found to be activated in the later stages of the disease. This activation was related to poor tumor differentiation, muscle invasion, lymph node metastasis, and shortened disease-free and overall survival.'] | [] |
What is the the Menzerath-Altmann law? | ['Recently, a random breakage model has been proposed to explain the negative correlation between mean chromosome length and chromosome number that is found in many groups of species and is consistent with Menzerath-Altmann law, a statistical law that defines the dependency between the mean size of the whole and the nu... | ['Recently, a random breakage model has been proposed to explain the negative correlation between mean chromosome length and chromosome number that is found in many groups of species and is consistent with Menzerath-Altmann law, a statistical law that defines the dependency between the mean size of the whole and the nu... | [] |
What is the connection between furin and hepcidin? | ['Hepcidin is mainly produced by the liver as a propeptide and processed by furin into the mature active peptide. ', 'Implication of the proprotein convertases in iron homeostasis: proprotein convertase 7 sheds human transferrin receptor 1 and furin activates hepcidin.', 'Analysis of primary hepatocytes from mice lacki... | ['The iron-regulatory peptide hepcidin is synthesized in the liver as an 84-aa pre-pro-hormone maturated by proteolysis through a consensus furin cleavage site to generate the bioactive 25-aa peptide secreted in the circulation. The hepatic prohormone convertase furin mediates the posttranslational processing of hepcid... | [] |
Which peak calling algorithm employs mixture model clustering under the hood? | ["We developed JAMM (Joint Analysis of NGS replicates via Mixture Model clustering): a peak finder that can integrate information from biological replicates, determine enrichment site widths accurately and resolve neighboring narrow peaks. JAMM is a universal peak finder that is applicable to different types of dataset... | ['JAMM (Joint Analysis of NGS replicates via Mixture Model clustering) is a peak finder that can integrate information from biological replicates, determine enrichment site widths accurately and resolve neighboring narrow peaks. JAMM is a universal peak finder that is applicable to different types of datasets.'] | ['JAMM'] |
List drugs withdrawn from the market for cardiovascular adverse events. | [' rofecoxib was voluntarily removed from the market for increased cardiovascular risk and in April 2005, valdecoxib was also withdrawn, at least in part, due to excess cardiovascular risk.', 'A common over-the-counter (OTC) non-opioid antitussive drug, clobutinol, was recently withdrawn from the market due to its pote... | ['Over the years, a number of different drugs have been withdrawn for Cardiotoxicity. Drugs like Clobutinol, that induce cardiac arrhythmias by a blockade of the potassium channel coded by the hERG channel, sibutramine for weight loss and Cox2 inhibitors, Rofecoxib and Valdecoxib have been withdrawn from the market.'] | ['Rofecoxib', 'Valdecoxib', 'Sibutramine', 'Clobutinol', 'Sertindole', 'aprotinin'] |
What is the functional role of the protein Drp1? | ['dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1), a GTPase that mediates mitochondrial fission,', 'dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1), a protein required for mitochondrial network division.', 'dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1)-mediated mitochondrial fission', 'Mitochondrial fission is mediated by dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1),', 'Dr... | ['Drp1 is involved in the regulation of mitochondrial fission.', 'Dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) mediates mitochondrial fission.'] | ['mitochondrial fission'] |
List two most common symptoms of Aagenaes syndrome. | ['Aagenaes syndrome, also called lymphoedema cholestasis syndrome 1 (LSC1), is characterized by neonatal intrahepatic cholestasis, often lessening and becoming intermittent with age and severe chronic lymphoedema, mainly affecting the lower extremities. ', 'In this study, 17 out of 20 Norweigian adult patients with lym... | ['Aagenaes syndrome, also called lymphoedema cholestasis syndrome 1, is characterized by neonatal intrahepatic cholestasis, often lessening and becoming intermittent with age and severe chronic lymphoedema, mainly affecting the lower extremities.'] | ['intrahepatic cholestasis', 'lymphoedema'] |
What is the genomic structure of the FAA (FANCA) gene? | ['In the present study we describe the genomic structure of the FAA gene. The gene contains 43 exons spanning approximately 80 kb as determined by the alignment of four cosmids and the fine localization of the first and the last exons in restriction fragments of these clones. Exons range from 34 to 188 bp', "Sequence a... | ["The FAA (FANCA) gene contains 43 exons spanning approximately 80 kb. Exons range from 34 to 188 bp, whereas sequence analysis of the 5' region upstream of the putative transcription start site showed no obvious TATA and CAAT boxes, but did show a GC-rich region, typical of housekeeping genes."] | [] |
what is the role of erythropoietin in cardiac regeneration after myocardial infarction? | ['EPO in patients with STEMI treated with PCI is associated with an increase in diameter stenosis that is not associated with circulating progenitor cells.', 'The cytokines granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, erythropoietin, and stem cell factor may play a role in helping to stimulate cell regeneration under normal ... | ['In preclinical studies, erythropoietin improved cardiac function and perfusion by angiomyogenesis and protection of cardiomyocytes in myocardial infarction indicating that erythropoietin may play a role in the stimulation of cell regeneration under normal physiologic conditions and in patients with myocardial injury.... | [] |
What tissue is commonly affected in Marfan's syndrome | ['Marfan syndrome (MS) is a connective tissue disorder that affects thousands of adolescents ', 'Fibrillin-1 mutations have also been found in several other related connective tissue disorders, such as severe neonatal Marfan syndrome, dominant ectopia lentis, familial ascending aortic aneurysm, isolated skeletal featur... | ['Marfan syndrome (MS) is a connective tissue disorder that affects thousands of adolescents ', 'Marfan syndrome (MS) is a connective tissue disorder that affects thousands of adolescents', 'Marfan syndrome (MS) is a connective tissue disorder that affects thousands of adolescents. ', 'Marfan syndrome (MS) is a connect... | ['connective tissue'] |
Which domain of TIA-1 is necessary for stress granule assembly? | ['Tia1/Pub1 is a stress granule component carrying a Q/N-rich prion domain', 'Codependent functions of RSK2 and the apoptosis-promoting factor TIA-1 in stress granule assembly and cell survival', 'We report an unanticipated link between stress granules and the serine/threonine kinase RSK2. In stressed breast cells, end... | ['TIA-1 is an RNA binding protein that promotes the assembly of stress granules (SGs), discrete cytoplasmic inclusions into which stalled translation initiation complexes are dynamically recruited in cells subjected to environmental stress. The RNA recognition motifs of TIA-1 are linked to a glutamine-rich prion-relate... | ['The glutamine-rich prion-related domain (PRD)'] |
Which disease(s) are caused by HEX A deficiency? | ['Tay-Sachs disease (TSD) is a recessively inherited neurodegenerative disorder due to mutations in the HEXA gene resulting in a beta-hexosaminidase A (Hex A) deficiency. ', 'Rapid identification of HEXA mutations in Tay-Sachs patients.', 'Tay-Sachs disease (TSD) is a recessively inherited neurodegenerative disorder ca... | ['Mutations in the HEX A gene, encoding the alpha-subunit of beta-hexosaminidase A (Hex A), are the cause of Tay-Sachs disease as well as of juvenile, chronic, and adult GM2 gangliosidoses.'] | [] |
Is thrombophilia related to increased risk of miscarriage? | ['Thrombophilia does hardly increase the risk of IUGR/PMPC or if so, it can be prevented by LMWH', 'for illustrative purposes, a patient presenting with combined thrombophilia--both genetic and acquired--will be discussed. This patient had suffered severe gestational complications that led to devastating obstetrical ou... | ['Thrombophilia has been found to be considerably more common in women with pregnancy-associated complications in comparison with the general population, and most frequently in conjunction with venous thromboembolism during pregnancy and the postpartum period. In particular there is an increased risk of pregnancy-relat... | ['yes'] |
Which R / bioconductor package is used for performing SNP enrichment analysis? | ['traseR: an R package for performing trait-associated SNP enrichment analysis in genomic intervals', 'Here, we present traseR, an easy-to-use R Bioconductor package that performs enrichment analyses of trait-associated SNPs in arbitrary genomic intervals with flexible options, including testing method, type of backgro... | ['traseR is an easy-to-use R Bioconductor package that performs enrichment analyses of trait-associated SNPs in arbitrary genomic intervals with flexible options, including testing method, type of background and inclusion of SNPs in LD.'] | ['traseR'] |
Which genes have been associated with Cerebral Cavernous Malformation? | ['Cerebral cavernous malformations associated to meningioma: High penetrance in a novel family mutated in the PDCD10 gene', 'we outline a consistent association between PDCD10 mutations and a syndrome of CCMs with multiple meningiomas', 'Cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM) is a disease of vascular malformations known... | ['Loss-of-function mutations in genes encoding CCM1 (also known as KRIT1), CCM2 (also known as OSM and malcavernin) or CCM3 (also known as PDCD10) cause cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs).'] | ['CCM1/KRIT1', 'CCM2/OSM/Malcavernin', 'CCM3/PDCD10'] |
List the components of a Replisome Progression Complex (RPC). | ['This interaction requires the RPC components Mrc1 and Ctf4, both of which associate with a tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domain located at the amino terminus of Dia2', 'Here we show that SCF(Dia2) associates with the replisome progression complex (RPC) that assembles around the MCM2-7 helicase at DNA replication for... | ['RPC components include the essential initiation and elongation factor, Cdc45, the checkpoint mediator Mrc1, the Tof1-Csm3 complex that allows replication forks to pause at protein-DNA barriers, the histone chaperone FACT (facilitates chromatin transcription) and Ctf4, which helps to establish sister chromatid cohesio... | ['Cdc45', 'Mrc1', 'Tof1-Csm3 complex', 'FACT', 'Ctf4'] |
Can ferric carboxymaltose be used to treat anemia in inflammatory bowel disease patients? | ['Intravenous iron should be preferred where oral iron is poorly tolerated or where it has failed in moderate to severe anemia, and in combination with erythropoietin', 'Ferric carboxymaltose is much more convenient, and has been shown to be more effective than iron sucrose in a large randomized tria', 'nemia and iron ... | ['Ferric carboxymaltose can be used to treat anemia in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, and prevents recurrence of anemia in these patients, compared with placebo. Treatment with ferric carboxymaltose is efficious, safe and well tolerated in iron-deficient IBD patients.'] | ['yes'] |
How does phospholamban (PLN) regulate cardiac contractility through its modulation of sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA) activity? | ['["Phospholamban (PLN) is a small integral membrane protein, which binds and inhibits in a yet unknown fashion the Ca(2+)-ATPase (SERCA) in the sarcoplasmic reticulum.", "SR calcium uptake is mediated by a Ca(2+)-ATPase (SERCA2), whose activity is reversibly regulated by phospholamban (PLN). Dephosphorylated PLN is an... | Phospholamban (PLN) regulates cardiac contractility via its modulation of sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA) activity. Impairment of this regulatory process causes heart failure. | [] |
Where is the protein CLIC1 localized? | ['CLIC1 expression was obtained in the cytoplasm and plasma membrane of cells in both cell lines.', 'CLIC1, an intracellular chloride ion channel,', 'Like NCC27/CLIC1, CLIC3 is predominantly localized in the nucleus ', 'the nuclear localization pattern of CLIC1 was remarkably changed by insulin stimulation'] | ['CLIC1 is an intracellular chloride ion channel that is localized both to the nucleus and to the cytolasm.'] | [] |
Which eye condition is managed by the athens protocol? | ['Keratoconus management: long-term stability of topography-guided normalization combined with high-fluence CXL stabilization (the Athens Protocol).', 'The Athens Protocol to arrest keratectasia progression and improve corneal regularity demonstrates safe and effective results as a keratoconus management option. Progre... | ['The athens protocol (transepithelial topography-guided PRK therapeutic remodeling, combined with same-day, collagen cross-linking) was developed for the management of cornea blindness due to severe corneal scarring.'] | ['Keratoconus', 'cornea blindness due to severe corneal scarring'] |
Which molecule is targeted by the drug Gevokizumab? | ['Detailed mechanistic analysis of gevokizumab, an allosteric anti-IL-1β antibody with differential receptor-modulating properties.', 'Gevokizumab is a potent anti-IL-1β antibody being developed as a treatment for diseases in which IL-1β has been associated with pathogenesis. Previous data indicated that gevokizumab ne... | ['Gevokizumab is an allosteric anti-IL-1β monoclonal antibody.'] | ['IL-1β'] |
What is the role of Lysine 2-hydroxyisobutyrylation? | ['Lysine 2-hydroxyisobutyrylation is a widely distributed active histone mark.', 'We report the identification of a new type of histone mark, lysine 2-hydroxyisobutyrylation (Khib), and identify the mark at 63 human and mouse histone Khib sites, including 27 unique lysine sites that are not known to be modified by lysi... | ['Lysine 2-hydroxyisobutyrylation (Khib) is a widely distributed active histone mark. This histone mark was initially identified by MS and then validated by chemical and biochemical methods. Histone Khib shows distinct genomic distributions from histone Kac or histone Kcr during male germ cell differentiation. In male ... | [] |
Which pharmacogenetic test is available for abacavir? | ['Pharmacogenomic tests offer a promising strategy to improve the safety and efficacy of drug treatment. Compelling examples, such as HLA-B*5701 testing to identify patients at risk for abacavir-associated hypersensitivity, are already changing clinical care', 'International HIV treatment guidelines recommend HLA-B*57:... | ['The pharmacogenetic test recommended prior to abacavir administration is the HLA B*5701 genotyping.'] | ['HLA B*5701 genotyping'] |
Which are the subunits of the IkB protein kinase (IKK)? | ['NEMO (NF-κB essential modulator) associates with catalytic subunits IKKα and IKKβ to form the IκB kinase (IKK) complex and is a key regulator of NF-κB pathway signaling.', 'All known NF-κB activators converge on the IkappaB kinase (IKK) complex to activate the canonical and non-canonical NF-κB pathways. The IKK compl... | ['Proinflammatory NF-kappaB activation requires the IkappaB (inhibitor of NF-kappaB) kinase (IKK) complex that contains two catalytic subunits named IKKalpha and IKKbeta and a regulatory subunit named NF-kappaB essential modulator (NEMO).Additional components may exist, transiently or permanently, but their characteriz... | ['IKKalpha', 'IKKα', 'IKK1', 'IKKbeta', 'IKKβ', 'IKK2', 'IKKgamma', 'IKKγ', 'NEMO'] |
What is the function of the protein tafazzin? | ['Tafazzin is a transacylase that transfers acyl chains with unsaturated fatty acids from phospholipids to monolysocardiolipin to generate cardiolipin with unsaturated fatty acids.', 'Tafazzin (EC 2.3.1.23) is a Phospholipid Transacylase involved in Cardiolipin remodeling on mitochondrial membrane and coded by TAZ gene... | ['Tafazzin is a phospholipid transacylase that transfers acyl chains with unsaturated fatty acids from phospholipids to monolysocardiolipin to generate cardiolipin with unsaturated fatty acids on mitochondrial membrane.'] | [] |
List 3 features of IRVAN syndrome. | ['Fluorescein photodiagnosis of idiopathic retinal vasculitis, aneurysms, and neuroretinitis (IRVAN) syndrome: A case report and long-term outcome of photocoagulation therapy.', 'Idiopathic retinal vasculitis, aneurysms, and neuroretinitis (IRVAN) syndrome is a disease characterized by multiple retinal macroaneurysms, ... | ['Idiopathic retinal vasculitis, aneurysms, and neuroretinitis is coined as IRVAN syndrome.'] | ['Idiopathic retinal vasculitis', 'Aneurysms', 'Neuroretinitis'] |
Are BBS mutations involved in syndromic Hirschsprung disease? | ['Epistasis between RET and BBS mutations modulates enteric innervation and causes syndromic Hirschsprung disease', 'Here, we report 3 families with BBS and HSCR with concomitant mutations in BBS genes and regulatory RET elements, whose functionality is tested in physiologically relevant assays. Our data suggest that B... | ['In 3 families with Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) and Hirschsprung disease (HSCR), concomitant mutations in BBS genes and regulatory RET elements have been identified. Analysis of the data suggests that BBS mutations can potentiate HSCR predisposing RET alleles, which by themselves are insufficient to cause disease.'] | ['yes'] |
Is the abnormal dosage of ultraconserved elements disfavored in cancer cells? | ['Abnormal dosage of ultraconserved elements is highly disfavored in healthy cells but not cancer cells.', 'We begin by showing that depletion for UCEs characterizes the most recent large-scale human CNV datasets and then find that even newly formed de novo CNVs, which have passed through meiosis at most once, are sign... | ['No. Abnormal dosage of ultraconserved elements is highly disfavored in healthy cells but not cancer cells.'] | ['no'] |
Can SUMO affect calcium homeostasis? | ['Increasing SUMOylation levels correlated inversely with calcium influx in sensory neurons.', 'CRMP2 deSUMOylation by SUMO proteases SENP1 and SENP2 normalized calcium influx to those in the CRMP2AAA mutant.', 'Thus, our results identify a novel role for SUMO modification in CRMP2/CaV2.2 signaling pathway', 'Moreover,... | ['Yes, SUMO proteins can affect calcium homeostasis.'] | ['yes'] |
Which disease is treated with semaglutide? | ['INTRODUCTION: Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) are increasingly being used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, but consideration of benefits and potential adverse events is required. This review examines the state of glycemic control, weight loss, blood pressure, and tolerability, as w... | ['Semaglutide is glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist that is being used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.'] | ['Type 2 diabetes mellitus', 'TYPE 2 DIABETES'] |
A common problem in proteomics is the contamination of samples with exogenous proteins (often from other species). These proteins can be found in specific databases. List some contaminants. | ['protease autolysis or keratin contaminants.', 'Most of the interfering masses originate from trypsin autolysis and human keratins.', '5-15% FBS. Contamination by bovine proteins is difficult to avoid because of adherence to the plastic vessel and the cultured cells.', 'The main disadvantage of traditional IP and co-I... | ['Some common contaminants in proteomics are proteases (used for the digestion of the proteins), keratins (usually from the skin), proteins originated from the serum of the culture media and antibodies if used in the experiment.'] | ['Proteases', 'Keratins', 'Bovine serum proteins', 'Antibodies'] |
Can chronological age be predicted by measuring telomere length? | ['Human somatic cells gradually lose telomeric repeats with age. This study investigated if one could use a correlation between telomere length and age, to predict the age of an individual from their DNA.', 'Therefore, telomere length measurement by real-time quantitative PCR cannot be used to predict age of a person, ... | ['No, telomere length measurement by real-time quantitative PCR cannot be used to predict age of a person, due to the presence of large inter-individual variations in telomere lengths.'] | ['no'] |
Are people with blood group O protected against severe Malaria? | ['Differential carbonylation of cytoskeletal proteins in blood group O erythrocytes: potential role in protection against severe malaria.', '. Our findings indicate a possible correlation between the protection against severe malaria in blood group O individuals and a specific pattern of 4-HNE-carbonylation of cytoskel... | ['It appears that individuals who are of blood-group O are relatively resistant to the severe disease caused by P. falciparum infection.'] | ['yes'] |
Is there an increased risk for cancer in Dyskeratosis Congenita? | ['People with DC are at increased risk for progressive bone marrow failure (BMF), myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) or acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), solid tumors (usually squamous cell carcinoma of the head/neck or anogenital cancer), and pulmonary fibrosis', 'Clinical progression of the disease can lead to aplastic a... | ['People with DC are at increased risk for progressive bone marrow failure (BMF), myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) or acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), solid tumors (usually squamous cell carcinoma of the head/neck or anogenital cancer), and pulmonary fibrosis ', 'Yes. Clinical progression of the disease can lead to apl... | ['yes'] |
How has the study of ancient DNA (aDNA) been impacted by the use of refined sampling methods such as the inner part of petrous bones and the cementum layer in teeth roots? | ['["Large-scale genomic analyses of ancient human populations have become feasible partly due to refined sampling methods. The inner part of petrous bones and the cementum layer in teeth roots are currently recognized as the best substrates for such research.", "Ancient DNA (aDNA) research involves invasive and destruc... | The study of ancient DNA (aDNA) has been impacted by the use of refined sampling methods such as the inner part of petrous bones and the cementum layer in teeth roots by making large-scale genomic analyses of ancient human populations feasible. These substrates are recognized as the best for such research, allowing for... | [] |
Which is the target of bortezomib used in cancer therapy? | ['The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) degrades 80 - 90% of intracellular proteins. Cancer cells take advantage of the UPS for their increased growth and decreased apoptotic cell death. Thus, the components that make up the UPS represent a diverse group of potential anti-cancer targets. The success of the first-in-cla... | ['Bortezomib is a potent and specific reversible ubiquitin/proteasome pathway inhibitor, which has shown strong in vitro antitumor activity as single agent and in combination with other cytotoxic drugs in a broad spectrum of hematological and solid malignancies.'] | ['The ubiquitin/proteasome pathway'] |
Which is the main difference between Alu and B1 repeats? | ['The mouse B1 sequence is congruent to 130 nucleotides long and shows homology with the monomeric units of the dimeric 300-nucleotide primate sequence. ', 'Here we show that some members of the mouse B1 Alu sequence family encode a small cytoplasmic RNA', 'Alus and B1s are short interspersed repeat elements (SINEs) de... | ['B1 is a murine homolog of the human SINE Alu. B1 (Alu-equivalent) is a murine short interspersed element whose amplification probably involved an RNA intermediate. The modern B1 elements are similar to the left Alu monomer, but with a 9 bp deletion and a 29 bp duplication.', 'The mouse B1 sequence is congruent to 130... | ['it is the mouse homolog to the left Alu monomer'] |
What memory problems are reported in the " Gulf war syndrome" | ['memory loss', 'loss of memory,', ' loss of memory', 'dysmnesia', 'memory problems', '"impaired cognition," characterized by problems with attention, memory, and reasoning, as well as insomnia, depression, daytime sleepiness, and headaches'] | ['memory loss'] | ['memory loss'] |
Which gene mutations are predictive of response to anti-TNF therapy in Rheumatoid Arthritis patients? | ['Genetic Variations in Pattern Recognition Receptor Loci Are Associated with Anti-TNF Response in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis', 'Six of twenty successfully genotyped polymorphisms were nominally associated with EULAR treatment response. Three of these were in weak to moderate linkage disequilibrium with polymor... | ['Μutations in TLR5 and TLR1 genes contribute to differential response to anti-TNF treatment in RA. Variation at FCGR2A and functionally related genes such as DHX32 and RGS12 is also associated with the response to anti-TNF therapy in rheumatoid arthritis.'] | ['TLR5', 'TLR1', 'FCGR2A', 'DHX32', 'RGS12'] |
How can Human Hsp70 Disaggregase potentially reverse Parkinson's-linked α-Synuclein amyloid fibrils, given the need for therapeutic agents to address neurodegenerative disorders caused by protein misfolding and aggregation, and the role of disaggregases in resolubilizing protein aggregates? | ['["Therapeutic agents are urgently required to cure several common and fatal neurodegenerative disorders caused by protein misfolding and aggregation, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Parkinson\'s disease (PD), and Alzheimer\'s disease (AD).", "Human Hsp70 Disaggregase Reverses Parkinson\'s-Linked \\u03b... | Human Hsp70 Disaggregase can potentially reverse Parkinson's-linked α-Synuclein amyloid fibrils by resolubilizing protein aggregates. Disaggregases, such as Hsp70, are molecular chaperones that can dissolve protein aggregates, including those linked to neurodegenerative disorders like Parkinson's disease. This process ... | [] |
What kind of affinity purification would you use in order to isolate soluble lysosomal proteins? | ['Most luminal lysosomal proteins are synthesized as precursors containing mannose 6-phosphate (Man6-P) and a number of recent studies have conducted affinity purification of Man6-P containing proteins as a step toward defining the composition of the lysosome', 'This chapter describes the process of production, purific... | ['The rationale for purification of the soluble lysosomal proteins resides in their characteristic sugar, the mannose-6-phosphate (M6P), which allows an easy purification by affinity chromatography on immobilized M6P receptors.'] | [] |
Is NSD-1015 an inhibitor of Aromatic L-Amino Acid Decarboxylase? | ['When pretreated with a central AADC inhibitor (NSD-1015), further application of l-dopa failed to increase the motoneuron activity although the expression of DA in the AADC cells was not completely inhibited. ', 'Inhibition of Ddc by AADC inhibitor NSD-1015 or anti-sense morpholino oligonucleotides (MO) reduced brain... | ['Yes, NSD-1015 is an ihnibitor of Aromatic L-Amino Decarboxylase.'] | ['yes'] |
Which anticancer drugs target human topoisomerase II? | ['Etoposide is effective as an anti-tumour drug by inhibiting eukaryotic DNA topoisomerase II via establishing a covalent complex with DNA', 'benzoxazoles, benzimidazoles and related fused heterocyclic compounds, which exhibited significant eukaryotic DNA topoisomerase II inhibitory activity', 'F14512, a polyamine-cont... | ['Etoposide (VP-16) and Teniposide (VM-26) are effective as an anti-tumour drug by inhibiting eukaryotic DNA topoisomerase II via establishing a covalent complex with DNA. Doxorubicin, Daunorubicin and Aclarubicin are anthracyclins that act as DNA topoisomerase II inhibitors and may be used in combination. Benzoxazoles... | ['Etoposide (VP-16)', 'Teniposide (VM-26)', 'Doxorubicin', 'Daunorubicin', 'Aclarubicin', 'Mitoxantrone', 'Amsacrine (m-AMSA)'] |
Is Mycobacterium avium less susceptible to antibiotics than Mycobacterium tuberculosis? | ['The prevalence of MAC lung infection in two inner city hospitals was four times higher than that of TB.', 'Most patients with combined infection were clinically consistent with MTB and responded to anti MTB treatment alone.', 'The triplex PCR developed by us could be used to detect and differentiate M. tuberculosis, ... | ['Mycobacterium avium causes disseminated infection in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. M tuberculosis disease is preventable and curable and yet communicable, physicians should maintain a high degree of suspicion for tuberculosis in HIV-infected adults. In comparison, the goal of treating M avium com... | ['yes'] |
What is the CEGA catalog? | ['CEGA--a catalog of conserved elements from genomic alignments.', 'To facilitate the study of such CNCs/UCEs, we present our resource of Conserved Elements from Genomic Alignments (CEGA), accessible from http://cega.ezlab.org. Harnessing the power of multiple species comparisons to detect genomic elements under purify... | ['CEGA is a catalog of conserved elements from genomic alignments. Harnessing the power of multiple species comparisons to detect genomic elements under purifying selection, CEGA provides a comprehensive set of CNCs identified at different radiations along the vertebrate lineage. Evolutionary constraint is identified u... | [] |
Which are the thyroid hormone analogs utilized in human studies? | ["Here, we evaluate the therapeutic potential of the TH analog 3,5,3',5'-tetraiodothyroacetic acid (tetrac) as a replacement for T(4) in brain development. ", 'This treatment was sufficient to promote TH-dependent neuronal differentiation in the cerebellum, cerebral cortex, and striatum but was ineffective in suppressi... | ['TRIAC and TETRAC are two different thyroid hormone analogs utilized in human studies'] | ['TRIAC', 'TETRAC'] |
Has vitamin D has been shown to reduce incidence of falls in older people in clinical trials? | ['However, apart from the beneficial effects of 800 IU/d of vitamin D3 for reduction of falls in the elderly, causality remains yet unproven in randomized controlled trials (RCTs). ', 'The rate of falls and the number of fallers was significantly reduced in two studies evaluating the effect of medication on preventing ... | ['The rate of falls and the number of fallers was significantly reduced in two studies evaluating the effect of medication on preventing falls; one study (85 participants) compared vitamin D versus placebo in institutionalised women after stroke with low vitamin D levels, and the other study (79 participants) evaluated... | ['yes'] |
Which protein phosphatases have been found to dephosphorylate phospholamban? | ['The protein phosphatases which dephosphorylate native, sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)-associated phospholamban were studied in cardiac muscle extracts and in a Triton fraction prepared by detergent extraction of myofibrils, the latter fraction containing 70-80% of the SR-associated proteins present in the tissue. At phy... | ['The protein phosphatases which dephosphorylate native, sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)-associated phospholamban were studied in cardiac muscle extracts and in a Triton fraction prepared by detergent extraction of myofibrils, the latter fraction containing 70-80% of the SR-associated proteins present in the tissue. At phy... | ['Protein Phosphatase 1', 'PP1', 'Protein phosphatase 2A', 'PP2A', 'Protein Phosphatase 2C', 'PP2C', 'Protein Phosphatase 2B', 'PP2B'] |
Is the PTPN22 gene a biomarker for rheumatoid arthritis? | ['TPN22 is a tyrosine phosphatase and functions as a damper of TCR signals. A C-to-T single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) located at position 1858 of human PTPN22 cDNA and converting an arginine (R620) to tryptophan (W620) confers the highest risk of rheumatoid arthritis among non-HLA genetic variations that are known ... | ['Most association studies have indeed confirmed an association between mutations at the PTPN22 gene and rheumatoid arthritis'] | ['yes'] |
Can aspirin be used in cancer prevention? | [' Evidence for an association between aspirin or other nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) use and basal cell carcinoma (BCC) has been inconsistent.', ' We report for the first time, in a typical risk US clinical population, a lack of protective association of aspirin for polyps among active smokers. Future pro... | ['Long-term aspirin use was associated with a modest but significantly reduced risk for overall cancer, especially gastrointestinal tract tumors. Regular aspirin use may prevent a substantial proportion of colorectal cancers and complement the benefits of screening.'] | [] |
What is the effect of ranolazine in diastolic heart failure? | ['Data from in vitro and animal studies indicate that ranolazine improves diastolic function by inhibiting the late sodium current. ', 'Ranolazine is an innovative anti-ischemic and antianginal agent that inhibits the late Na current, thereby reducing the Na-dependent Ca-overload, which improves diastolic tone and oxyg... | ['Data from in vitro and animal studies indicate that ranolazine improves diastolic function by inhibiting the late sodium current. Ranolazine is an innovative anti-ischemic and antianginal agent that reduces the Na-dependent Ca-overload, which improves diastolic tone and oxygen handling during myocardial ischemia. Fur... | [] |
Is tirilazad effective for treatment of aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage? | ['There was no significant difference between the two groups at the end of follow up for the primary outcome, death (odds ratio (OR) 0.89, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.74 to 1.06), or in poor outcome (death, vegetative state or severe disability) (OR 1.04, 95% CI 0.90 to 1.21). During the treatment period, fewer pati... | ['No. Based on meta-analysis, there is no evidence that tirilazad, in addition to nimodipine, reduces mortality or improves poor outcome in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage.'] | ['no'] |
What do nerve-associated peripheral glial progenitors give rise to? | ['Parasympathetic neurons originate from nerve-associated peripheral glial progenitors.', 'We show that the parasympathetic system in mice--including trunk ganglia and the cranial ciliary, pterygopalatine, lingual, submandibular, and otic ganglia--arise from glial cells in nerves, not neural crest cells. The parasympat... | ['Nerve-associated peripheral glial progenitors give rise to parasympathetic neurons. The parasympathetic system in mice--including trunk ganglia and the cranial ciliary, pterygopalatine, lingual, submandibular, and otic ganglia--arise from glial cells in nerves, not neural crest cells. The parasympathetic fate is indu... | ['Parasympathetic neurons'] |
Which is the subcellular localization of ERAP2? | ['The human endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase (ERAP) 1 and 2 proteins ', 'They are categorized as a unique class of proteases based on their subcellular localization on the luminal side of the endoplasmic reticulum. ', 'endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 2 (ERAP2) ', 'ERAP2 is a proteolytic enzyme set in the endop... | ['Endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 2 (ERAP2) is localized to the luminal side of the endoplasmic reticulum.'] | ['luminal side of the endoplasmic reticulum'] |
Is PUVA therapy indicated for eczema treatment? | ['With bath PUVA treatment, the best results were found in patients with hyperkeratotic eczema (17/22; 77% good clinical response) followed by patients with palmoplantar psoriasis (26/41; 63%) and patients with dyshidrotic eczema (8/16; 50%). ', 'Oral vs. bath PUVA using 8-methoxypsoralen for chronic palmoplantar eczem... | ['Yes, PUVA (psoralen plus UVA) therapy is effective for eczema treatment and has relatively few side effects.'] | ['yes'] |
Which genes does thyroid hormone receptor alpha1 regulate in the liver? | ['Mice expressing the mutant thyroid hormone receptor TRalpha1R384C, which has a 10-fold reduced affinity to the ligand T(3), exhibit hypermetabolism due to an overactivation of the sympathetic nervous system. To define the consequences in the liver, we analyzed hepatic metabolism and the regulation of liver genes in t... | ['phosphoenolpyruvate-carboxykinase"//\n"pyruvate kinase"//\n"D1", "deiodinase 1"//'] | ['phosphoenolpyruvate-carboxykinase', 'pyruvate kinase', 'D1', 'deiodinase 1'] |
Which proteins participate in the formation of the Notch transcriptional activation complex? | ['The Notch intracellular domain (NICD) forms a transcriptional activation complex with the DNA-binding factor CSL and a transcriptional co-activator of the Mastermind family (MAML). The "RAM" region of NICD recruits Notch to CSL, facilitating the binding of MAML at the interface between the ankyrin (ANK) repeat domain... | ['The Notch intracellular domain (NICD) forms a transcriptional activation complex with the DNA-binding factor CSL and a transcriptional co-activator of the Mastermind family (MAML). ICN binds to a highly conserved DNA-binding transcription factor called CSL (also known as RBP-Jkappa, CBF1, Suppressor of Hairless, and ... | ['Notch intracellular domain (NICD)', 'NICD', 'Intracellular part of Notch', 'ICN', 'NIC', 'Transcription factor CSL', 'RBP-Jkappa', 'CBF1', 'Suppressor of Hairless', 'Lag-1', 'The coactivator protein Mastermind-like 1', 'MAML-1'] |
Is RET the major gene involved in Hirschsprung disease? | ['The RET proto-oncogene is the major gene associated to HSCR with differential contributions of its rare and common, coding and noncoding mutations to the multifactorial nature of this pathology', 'The RET proto-oncogene is the major gene for HSCR with differential contributions of its rare and common, coding and nonc... | ['The RET proto-oncogene is the major gene associated to Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) with differential contributions of its rare and common, coding and noncoding mutations to the multifactorial nature of this pathology.', 'RET is the major gene associated to Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) with differential contributions o... | ['yes'] |
Have gnotobiotic animal models been used for the study of bowel disease? | ['Host gene expression in the colon of gnotobiotic interleukin-2-deficient mice colonized with commensal colitogenic or noncolitogenic bacterial strains: common patterns and bacteria strain specific signatures.', ' Specific pathogen-free (SPF), but not germfree (GF), interleukin (IL)-2-deficient (IL-2-/-) mice develop ... | ['Yes, gnotobiotic animals (e.g. mice) have been used for the study of bowel disease (e.g. inflammatory bowel disease).'] | ['yes'] |
Do conserved noncoding elements co-occur with matrix-attachment regions? | ["We hypothesized that some of these regions might be matrix-scaffold attachment regions, MARs (or S/MARs). MARs comprise one of the few classes of eukaryotic noncoding DNA with an experimentally characterized function, being involved in the attachment of chromatin to the nuclear matrix, chromatin remodeling and transc... | ["Yes. It is estimated that 11% of the conserved noncoding DNA consists of predicted MARs. Conversely, more than half of the predicted MARs co-occur with one or more independently identified conserved sequence blocks. An excess of conserved predicted MARs is seen in intergenic regions preceding 5' ends of genes, sugges... | ['yes'] |
Which enzyme deficiency can cause GM1 gangliosidoses? | ['GM1 and GM2 gangliosidosis are associated with deficiency of β-galactosidase and β-hexosaminidase respectively', 'The total content and distribution of retinal glycosphingolipids was studied for the first time in control mice and in Sandhoff disease (SD) and GM1 gangliosidosis mice', 'The GSL abnormalities in the SD ... | ['GM1 gangliosidoses are associated with deficiency of β-galactosidase.'] | ['β-galactosidase'] |
Is there a relation between ANP and transcapillary albumin escape? | ['Thus, in a large ethnically homogeneous cohort of diabetic subjects, our data show: (1) a significant association of C708/T polymorphism with microalbuminuria in long-term diabetes and with both lower plasma ANP levels and widespread albumin leakage', 'hese results suggest a possible role of PND gene in conferring pr... | ['A possible role of ANP gene in conferring protection from nephropathy and microvascular damage in type 1 diabetes is present.\nANP infusion in healthy subjects caused a shift of plasma water and electrolytes from the circulation, with albumin escape as a secondary phenomenon'] | ['yes'] |
Which enzyme is targeted by the drug Imetelstat? | ['Imetelstat (a telomerase antagonist) exerts off‑target effects on the cytoskeleton.', "imetelstat sodium (GRN163L), is a 13-mer oligonucleotide N3'→P5' thio-phosphoramidate lipid conjugate, which represents the latest generation of telomerase inhibitors targeting the template region of the human functional telomerase... | ["Imetelstat sodium (GRN163L), is a 13-mer oligonucleotide N3'→P5' thio-phosphoramidate lipid conjugate, which represents the latest generation of telomerase inhibitors targeting the template region of the human functional telomerase RNA subunit. In preclinical trials, this compound has been found to inhibit telomerase... | ['Human Telomerase'] |
LY450139 is investigational name of which drug? | ['The outcomes of the clinical trials of the γ-secretase inhibitor Semagacestat (LY-450139) and the γ-secretase modulator (GSM) Tarenflurbil were disappointing, but may not represent the end of the γ-secretase era. ', 'A selective BACE inhibitor and the γ-secretase inhibitor LY450139 (semagacestat) were used to inhibit... | ["LY450139 is investigational name of Semagacestat. It is a γ-secretase inhibitor developed for treatment for Alzheimer's disease. Chemical name of LY450139 is hydroxylvaleryl monobenzocaprolactam."] | ['semagacestat'] |
Does ghrelin play a role in ischemic stroke? | ['Recent evidence suggests that ghrelin may also be neuroprotective after injury in animal models of cerebral ischemia.', 'Overall, these experiments point to a neurodegenerative but antiapoptotic effect of endogenous ghrelin in this model of global ischemia, highlighting that further research is essential before we ca... | ['Yes. It has been shown that serum ghrelin levels are reduced after ischemic stroke and ghrelin is associated with stroke type. Ghrelin can be a useful marker for the prediction of stoke after cardiopulmonary bypass. Ghrelin may be neuroprotective after injury in animal models of cerebral ischemia by inhibiting apopto... | ['yes'] |
What is Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)? | ['Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is a rare, rapidly progressive, and fatal neurodegenerative disease affecting the central nervous system', 'Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) is the most prevalent of the human prion diseases, which are fatal and transmissible neurodegenerative diseases caused by the infectious prion pr... | ['Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is the most prevalent of the human prion diseases, which are fatal and transmissible neurodegenerative diseases caused by the infectious prion protein (PrP(Sc)). The origin of CJD is unknown, although the initiating event is thought to be the stochastic misfolding of endogenous prion p... | [] |
Which are the different proteins/isoforms encoded but the ASPH (aspartate beta-hydroxylase) gene in humans? | ['The single genomic locus, AbetaH-J-J, encodes three functionally distinct proteins aspartyl beta-hydroxylase, junctin and junctate by alternative splicing.', 'The human AbetaH-J-J locus is a genomic sequence which generates three functionally distinct proteins, the enzyme aspartyl-beta-hydroxylase (AbetaH), the struc... | ["Alternative splicing of the locus AbetaH-J-J (asparetyl-beta-hydroxylase) generates three functionally distinct proteins: an enzyme, AbetaH (aspartyl-beta-hydroxylase), a structural protein of the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane (junctin), and an integral membrane calcium binding protein (junctate). Aspartyl (asparag... | ['Aspartyl-beta-hydroxylase', 'Aspartyl (asparaginyl)-beta-hydroxylase', 'AbetaH', 'AAH', 'BAH', 'humbug', 'junctate', 'junctin', 'junctin isoform'] |
Is calcium overload involved in the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy? | ['High-glucose treatment resulted in increased intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) which was mobilized to the mitochondria. Concomitant intra-mitochondrial calcium ([Ca2+]m) increase resulted in enhanced reactive oxygen and nitrogen species generation. These events led to mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis.', 'The nov... | ['Yes.'] | ['yes'] |
List the off-label use of SSRIs | ['The present analysis evaluates the prevalence and medication use in inpatients with depression during childhood and adolescence', 'Fluoxetine and mirtazapine were the most frequently prescribed substances. Sertraline, escitalopram, and citalopram were also prescribed. CONCLUSION: A reserved medical treatment can be o... | ['depression during childhood and adolescence\nPremature ejaculation (PE)\nerectile dysfunction\nInsomnia\npostprostatectomy established stress urinary incontinence.\nmood and anxiety disorders during pregnancy and breast feeding\nsymptoms of vasomotor dysregulation (hot flashes) associated with the menopausal transiti... | ['depression during childhood and adolescence', 'Premature ejaculation', 'PE', 'erectile dysfunction', 'Insomnia', 'postprostatectomy established stress urinary incontinence', 'SUI', 'mood and anxiety disorders during pregnancy and breast feeding', 'hot flashes', 'postmenopausal symptoms', 'bulimia', 'benzodiazepine/al... |
Describe the usefulness of the SPIKE database in human signaling pathways | ['The rapid accumulation of knowledge on biological signaling pathways and their regulatory mechanisms has highlighted the need for specific repositories that can store, organize and allow retrieval of pathway information in a way that will be useful for the research community. SPIKE (Signaling Pathways Integrated Know... | ['The rapid accumulation of knowledge on biological signaling pathways and their regulatory mechanisms has highlighted the need for specific repositories that can store, organize and allow retrieval of pathway information in a way that will be useful for the research community. SPIKE (Signaling Pathways Integrated Know... | [] |
List all articles on network meta-analysis for smoking cessation | ['Cardiovascular events associated with smoking cessation pharmacotherapies: a network meta-analysis.', 'Pharmacological interventions for smoking cessation: an overview and network meta-analysis.', 'Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of computer and other electronic aids for smoking cessation: a systematic review an... | ['Cardiovascular events associated with smoking cessation pharmacotherapies: a network meta-analysis.\nPharmacological interventions for smoking cessation: an overview and network meta-analysis\nEffectiveness and cost-effectiveness of computer and other electronic aids for smoking cessation: a systematic review and net... | ['Cardiovascular events associated with smoking cessation pharmacotherapies: a network meta-analysis.', 'Pharmacological interventions for smoking cessation: an overview and network meta-analysis', 'Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of computer and other electronic aids for smoking cessation: a systematic review and... |
What is the suggested clinical management of Fanconi anemia? | ['Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is the only proven cure for the hematopoietic manifestations of FA and aggressive lifelong surveillance for solid tumors is essential.', 'Bone marrow surveillance is an important part of the clinical management of FA and often reveals cytogenetic aberrations', 'In patients with... | ['Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is the only proven cure for the hematopoietic manifestations of FA and aggressive lifelong surveillance for solid tumors is essential.In patients with FA, there is a high incidence of aggressive HNSCC at a young age. Surgery remains the mainstay of treatment because patients wi... | [] |
Which genes are associated with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type I/II? | ['It is currently estimated that approximately 50% of patients with a clinical diagnosis of classic Ehlers-Danlos syndrome harbor mutations in the COL5A1 and the COL5A2 gene, encoding the α1 and the α2-chain of type V collagen, respectively', 'In the majority of patients with molecularly characterized classic Ehlers-Da... | ['It is currently estimated that approximately 50% of patients with a clinical diagnosis of classic Ehlers-Danlos syndrome harbor mutations in the COL5A1 and the COL5A2 gene, encoding the α1 and the α2-chain of type V collagen, respectively', 'Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) type I (the classical variety) is a dominantly ... | ['COL5A1', 'COL5A2'] |
Which technique is used for detection of EWS/FLI1 fusion transcripts? | ['We evaluated the feasibility and usefulness of reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) on fine-needle aspirates for categorization of small blue round cell tumors (SBRCTs). A total of 51 cases, including 25 Ewing sarcoma/peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs), 11 rhabdomyosarcomas, 13 ne... | ['Molecular detection of EWS-FLI1 chimeric transcripts in Ewing family tumors is carried out by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).'] | ['Reverse transcription - polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)'] |
Have microRNAs been implicated in pharmacogenomics? | ["A major discovery is the ability of miRNAs to determine the efficacy of drugs, which has given rise to the field of 'miRNA pharmacogenomics' through 'Pharmaco-miRs'. miRNAs play a significant role in pharmacogenomics by down-regulating genes that are important for drug function.", 'The potential modulation of toxicol... | ['Yes. MicroRNAs have been implicated in pharmacogenomics.'] | ['yes'] |
Is Rheumatoid Arthritis related to myopathy? | ['Prevalence of risk factors for statin-induced myopathy in rheumatoid arthritis patients', 'we describe a patient with rheumatoid arthritis and respiratory failure associated with proximal myopathy secondary to HCQ', 'Occurrence of chloroquine-induced myopathy after low-dose treatment of rheumatoid arthritis for seven... | ['Vacuolar myopathy and statin-induced myopathy have been reported in rheumatoid arthritis patients, but this association may be due to the anti-malarial treatment received. An increased prevalence of neurogenic but not myogenic changes in patients with RA compared with controls has been reported.'] | ['yes'] |
What is the function of 6SRNA in bacteria? | ['Qbeta replicase lacking subunit alpha (R-alpha) is capable of replicating templates other than (+) strand, such as (--), "6S" RNA, poly(C) etc., in the absence of the host factor.', 'Escherichia coli 6S RNA gene is part of a dual-function transcription unit.', 'The DNA sequence results confirm the accuracy of the pre... | ['6S RNA, first described as a ncRNA in E. coli, mimics an open promoter structure, which has a large bulge with two hairpin/stalk structures that regulate transcription through interactions with RNA polymerase. Escherichia coli 6S RNA represents a non-coding RNA (ncRNA), which, based on the conserved secondary structu... | [] |
What is ceritinib? | ['We tested the antitumor activity of the next-generation ALK-TKI ceritinib in the patient with acquired resistance to alectinib. ', 'The first-generation ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) crizotinib is a standard therapy for patients with ALK-rearranged non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).', 'Both ALK mutations confe... | ['Ceritinib is a second generation tyrosine kinase inhibitor, that serves as an effective and approved oral therapy for patients with ALK-rearranged non-small cell lung cancer.'] | [] |
What genes are drug targets for Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva (FOP)? | [' Recently, FOP has been associated with a specific mutation of ACVR1, the gene coding for a bone morphogenetic protein type I receptor. ', 'Small molecule inhibitors of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) receptor kinase ALK2 (ACVR1) are needed urgently to treat the progressively debilitating musculoskeletal disease... | [' Recently, FOP has been associated with a specific mutation of ACVR1, the gene coding for a bone morphogenetic protein type I receptor. ', 'here, it is noted that if b cells are found to be the lymphocytes responsible for excess bmp-4 production in fop, use of rituximab, a monoclonal anti-cd20 antibody which effectiv... | ['ALK2', 'BMP'] |
Which histone modifications distinguish between promoters and enhancers? | ['Here, we used chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by high-throughput sequencing (ChIP-seq) to measure genome-wide changes in histone H3 acetylation at lysine 27 (H3K27ac), a marker of active enhancers, in unstimulated HUVECs and HUVECs stimulated with VEGFA for 1, 4, and 12 h.', 'Here we use whole-transcriptome an... | ['H3K27ac is a marker of active enhancers. An enhancer chromatin state signature associated with active developmental enhancers may be defined by high levels of H3K27ac marking, nucleosome displacement, hypersensitivity to sonication, and strong depletion of H3K27me3.'] | ['H3K27ac enrichment', 'H3K27me3 depletion'] |
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