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Improvement of the low knowledge, attitude and practice of hepatitis B virus infection among Saudi national guard personnel after educational intervention. | BACKGROUND: Although the risk of hepatitis B virus (HBV) was reported to be higher in military personnel than the general population in Saudi Arabia (SA), there is lack of studies assessing HBV awareness among them. The objective was to evaluate the knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of HBV infection among military personnel.METHODS: An intervention design with pre- and post-education KAP questionnaire was completed among National Guard soldiers working in Jeddah during January 2009. Educational intervention was provided through educational leaflets, group and individual discussions, visual show, and a lecture. A score was created from the correct answers to 58 questions.RESULTS: A total of 400 male soldiers with mean age 30.7 ± 6.1 years completed both questionnaires. The majority had school education (96.8%) and in the lower military ranks (66.0%). Only 19.5% of soldiers reported HBV vaccine intake. The low median and inter-quartile range of the pre-intervention score (16, 6-26) markedly increased after education (to 53, 50-55, p<0.001). The overall improvement of mean KAP score (204%) was also observed in all its component scores; disease nature (272%), methods of transmission (206%), prevention and control (109%), attitude (155%), and practice (192%). The improvement was evident irrespective of socio-demographic characteristics and history of HBV vaccine. KAP scores were significantly associated with higher educational levels, higher monthly income, administrative jobs, and higher job ranks.CONCLUSION: We are reporting a low level of HBV awareness among Saudi military population. The study confirms the need and effectiveness of focused multifaceted educational campaigns among the military population. | ['Adult', 'Health Education', 'Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice', 'Hepatitis B', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Military Personnel', 'Saudi Arabia', 'Surveys and Questionnaires'] | 23,111,118 | [['M01.060.116'], ['I02.233.332', 'N02.421.726.407'], ['F01.100.150.500', 'N05.300.150.410'], ['C01.221.250.500', 'C01.925.256.430.400', 'C01.925.440.435', 'C06.552.380.705.437'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.526.625'], ['Z01.252.245.500.750'], ['E05.318.308.980', 'N05.715.360.300.800', 'N06.850.520.308.980']] | ['Named Groups [M]', 'Anthropology, Education, Sociology, and Social Phenomena [I]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Geographicals [Z]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]'] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
A comparison of antidepressant response in younger and older women. | The objective of this report is to compare antidepressant response rates and tolerability in younger and older women. One hundred fifteen female outpatients who met DSM-IV criteria for major depressive disorder were evaluated before and after 8 weeks of treatment with a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, nefazodone, or venlafaxine. The sample was divided into younger and older groups based on age to approximate premenopausal and postmenopausal status. Eighty-six age-matched male outpatients formed the comparison group. Younger women compared with older women had significantly lower Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression scores after 8 weeks of antidepressant treatment and achieved significant higher rates of remission. There were no differences in overall drug tolerability. This pattern was not replicated in the male patients. Younger women with depression are more responsive to serotonergic antidepressants. This may relate to changes in menstrual status. Limitations of the study and implications for the role of female sex hormones are discussed. Future investigations should include measurement of reproductive hormone levels. | ['Adult', 'Aged', 'Aging', 'Antidepressive Agents', 'Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation', 'Depressive Disorder', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Piperazines', 'Psychiatric Status Rating Scales', 'Sertraline', 'Sex Characteristics', 'Triazoles'] | 12,920,418 | [['M01.060.116'], ['M01.060.116.100'], ['G07.345.124'], ['D27.505.954.427.700.122'], ['D27.505.954.427.700.122.050'], ['F03.600.300'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['D03.383.606'], ['F04.711.513.653'], ['D02.092.705.800', 'D02.455.426.559.847.638.845.800', 'D04.615.638.845.800'], ['G08.686.815'], ['D03.383.129.799']] | ['Named Groups [M]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Organisms [B]'] | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of rocuronium at the vocal cords and the adductor pollicis in humans. | The pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationship of rocuronium at the laryngeal adductor muscles and the adductor pollicis was determined in eight patients during general anesthesia. Rocuronium was administered as an infusion at a rate of 100 micrograms.kg-1.min-1 over 5 minutes. The half-life of transport between plasma and biophase (effect compartment) was significantly shorter at the adductor laryngeal muscles (2.7 +/- 0.6 minutes, mean +/- SD) than at the adductor pollicis (4.4 +/- 1.5 minutes, p = 0.003). The concentration in the effect compartment producing 50% of the maximum effect was significantly greater at the adductor laryngeal muscles (1424 +/- 148 micrograms.L-1) than at the adductor pollicis (823 +/- 157 micrograms.L-1, p = 0.0001). The shorter onset of neuromuscular blockade at the laryngeal muscles than at the adductor pollicis may be explained by a faster transfer rate at the laryngeal adductor muscles neuromuscular junction than at the adductor pollicis neuromuscular junction. | ['Adult', 'Androstanols', 'Half-Life', 'Humans', 'Middle Aged', 'Muscles', 'Neuromuscular Nondepolarizing Agents', 'Rocuronium', 'Thumb', 'Vocal Cords'] | 7,648,768 | [['M01.060.116'], ['D04.210.500.054.040'], ['G01.910.405'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['A02.633', 'A10.690'], ['D27.505.696.663.700.710.575'], ['D04.210.500.054.040.783'], ['A01.378.800.667.430.705'], ['A04.329.364.737']] | ['Named Groups [M]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]'] | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Evaluation of organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B1 and 1B3 humanized mice as a translational model to study the pharmacokinetics of statins. | Organic anion transporting polypeptide (Oatp) 1a/1b knockout and OATP1B1 and -1B3 humanized mouse models are promising tools for studying the roles of these transporters in drug disposition. Detailed characterization of these models will help to better understand their utility for predicting clinical outcomes. To advance this approach, we carried out a comprehensive analysis of these mouse lines by evaluating the compensatory changes in mRNA expression, quantifying the amounts of OATP1B1 and -1B3 protein by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and studying the active uptake in isolated hepatocytes and the pharmacokinetics of some prototypical substrates including statins. Major outcomes from these studies were 1) mostly moderate compensatory changes in only a few genes involved in drug metabolism and disposition, 2) a robust hepatic expression of OATP1B1 and -1B3 proteins in the respective humanized mouse models, and 3) functional activities of the human transporters in hepatocytes isolated from the humanized models with several substrates tested in vitro and with pravastatin in vivo. However, the expression of OATP1B1 and -1B3 in the humanized models did not significantly alter liver or plasma concentrations of rosuvastatin and pitavastatin compared with Oatp1a/1b knockout controls under the conditions used in our studies. Hence, although the humanized OATP1B1 and -1B3 mice showed in vitro and/or in vivo functional activity with some statins, further characterization of these models is required to define their potential use and limitations in the prediction of drug disposition and drug-drug interactions in humans. | ['Animals', 'Drug Interactions', 'Fluorobenzenes', 'Hepatocytes', 'Humans', 'Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors', 'Liver', 'Liver-Specific Organic Anion Transporter 1', 'Male', 'Mice', 'Organic Anion Transporters', 'Organic Anion Transporters, Sodium-Independent', 'Pravastatin', 'Pyrimidines', 'RNA, Messenger', 'Rosuvastatin Calcium', 'Solute Carrier Organic Anion Transporter Family Member 1B3', 'Sulfonamides'] | 24,855,184 | [['B01.050'], ['G07.690.773.968'], ['D02.455.426.559.389.358', 'D02.455.526.510.432'], ['A11.436.348'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['D27.505.519.186.071.202.370', 'D27.505.519.389.370', 'D27.505.954.557.500.202.370'], ['A03.620'], ['D12.776.157.530.450.074.500.781.500', 'D12.776.157.530.937.580', 'D12.776.543.585.450.074.500.875.500', 'D12.776.543.585.937.901'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500'], ['D12.776.157.530.450.074.500', 'D12.776.543.585.450.074.500'], ['D12.776.157.530.450.074.500.781', 'D12.776.543.585.450.074.500.875'], ['D02.455.426.559.847.638.930', 'D04.615.638.930'], ['D03.383.742'], ['D13.444.735.544'], ['D02.065.884.650', 'D02.455.526.510.432.500', 'D02.886.590.700.650', 'D03.383.742.775'], ['D12.776.157.530.450.074.500.781.875', 'D12.776.157.530.937.905', 'D12.776.543.585.450.074.500.875.875', 'D12.776.543.585.937.950'], ['D02.065.884', 'D02.886.590.700']] | ['Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Anatomy [A]'] | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
In vivo and in vitro bisphenol A exposure effects on adiposity. | In utero exposure to the ubiquitous plasticizer, bisphenol A (BPA) is associated with offspring obesity. As adipogenesis is a critical factor contributing to obesity, we determined the effects of in vivo maternal BPA and in vitro BPA exposure on newborn adipose tissue at the stem-cell level. For in vivo studies, female rats received BPA before and during pregnancy and lactation via drinking water, and offspring were studied for measures of adiposity signals. For in vitro BPA exposure, primary pre-adipocyte cell cultures from healthy newborns were utilized. We studied pre-adipocyte proliferative and differentiation effects of BPA and explored putative signal factors which partly explain adipose responses and underlying epigenetic mechanisms mediated by BPA. Maternal BPA-induced offspring adiposity, hypertrophic adipocytes and increased adipose tissue protein expression of pro-adipogenic and lipogenic factors. Consistent with in vivo data, in vitro BPA exposure induced a dose-dependent increase in pre-adipocyte proliferation and increased adipocyte lipid content. In vivo and in vitro BPA exposure promotes the proliferation and differentiation of adipocytes, contributing to an enhanced capacity for lipid storage. These findings reinforce the marked effects of BPA on adipogenesis and highlight the susceptibility of stem-cell populations during early life with long-term consequence on metabolic homeostasis. | ['Adipocytes', 'Adipogenesis', 'Adipose Tissue', 'Adiposity', 'Animals', 'Animals, Newborn', 'Benzhydryl Compounds', 'Cell Differentiation', 'Cell Proliferation', 'Cells, Cultured', 'Disease Models, Animal', 'Endocrine Disruptors', 'Estrogens, Non-Steroidal', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Maternal Exposure', 'Mesenchymal Stem Cells', 'Obesity', 'Phenols', 'Pregnancy', 'Primary Cell Culture', 'Rats', 'Rats, Sprague-Dawley'] | 30,156,179 | [['A11.329.114'], ['G04.152.149'], ['A10.165.114'], ['E01.370.600.115.100.062.500', 'G02.111.130.134.500', 'G03.180.134.500', 'G07.100.049.134.500'], ['B01.050'], ['B01.050.050.282'], ['D02.455.426.559.389.115'], ['G04.152'], ['G04.161.750', 'G07.345.249.410.750'], ['A11.251'], ['C22.232', 'E05.598.500', 'E05.599.395.080'], ['D27.505.696.353', 'D27.888.141'], ['D27.505.696.399.472.277.540'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['N06.850.460.350.145'], ['A11.329.830.500', 'A11.872.590.500'], ['C18.654.726.500', 'C23.888.144.699.500', 'E01.370.600.115.100.160.120.699.500', 'G07.100.100.160.120.699.500'], ['D02.455.426.559.389.657'], ['G08.686.784.769'], ['E01.370.225.500.223.500', 'E05.200.500.265.500', 'E05.242.223.500', 'E05.481.500.249.500'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700.750']] | ['Anatomy [A]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Health Care [N]'] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Clinical usefulness of the serum carboxypeptidase B activation peptide in acute pancreatitis. | OBJECTIVE: To assess the sensitivity and specificity of the serum carboxypeptidase B activation peptide in diagnosing and determining the severity of acute pancreatitis.PATIENTS: Twenty consecutive patients with acute pancreatitis were studied on admission to the Emergency Room: 11 patients had mild pancreatitis, and 9 patients, severe pancreatitis. Twenty consecutive patients with non-pancreatic acute abdomen and 20 healthy subjects were also studied.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Serum carboxypeptidase B activation peptide was determined using radioimmunoassay.RESULTS: Nineteen of the 20 patients with acute pancreatitis (95.0%) had serum carboxypeptidase B activation peptide concentrations above the upper reference limit, whereas 1 of the 20 patients with non-pancreatic acute abdomen (5.0%) and none of the healthy subjects had serum levels of this protein above the upper reference limit. The serum carboxypeptidase B activation peptide concentrations of patients with severe acute pancreatitis were significantly higher than those of patients with mild acute pancreatitis on the 2(nd) (P=0.044) and 3(rd) days (P=0.028) of the study. The overall sensitivity and specificity of carboxypeptidase B activation peptide in assessing the severity of acute pancreatitis were 84.6% and 59.4%, respectively.CONCLUSIONS: Serum carboxypeptidase B activation peptide may be used simultaneously both to diagnosis and assess the severity of acute pancreatitis on admission to the Emergency Room. | ['Acute Disease', 'Adult', 'Aged', 'Aged, 80 and over', 'Amylases', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Lipase', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Pancreatitis', 'Peptides', 'Sensitivity and Specificity', 'Severity of Illness Index'] | 11,854,559 | [['C23.550.291.125'], ['M01.060.116'], ['M01.060.116.100'], ['M01.060.116.100.080'], ['D08.811.277.450.066'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['D08.811.277.352.100.400'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['C06.689.750'], ['D12.644'], ['E05.318.370.800', 'E05.318.740.872', 'G17.800', 'N05.715.360.325.700', 'N05.715.360.750.725', 'N06.850.520.445.800', 'N06.850.520.830.872'], ['E05.318.308.980.438.475.456.500', 'N05.715.360.300.800.438.375.364.500', 'N06.850.520.308.980.438.475.364.500']] | ['Diseases [C]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Health Care [N]'] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Mechanics of self-stimulation and dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens. | Robust self-stimulation can be obtained from electrodes implanted in the medial forebrain bundle. We used in-vivo voltammetry to monitor stimulated dopamine release in the mouse nucleus accumbens during implantation of the stimulating electrodes. The higher the level of stimulated dopamine release during electrode implantation, the lower was the threshold for self-stimulation and the shorter the duration of the stimulation train when it was controlled by animal. We suggest that dopamine release is a reliable indicator of the proximity of the stimulating electrode to the brain reward sites. Inclusion of this indicator solves the problem of large interindividual variation in self-stimulation currents and permits a new approach to studies on mechanisms and pathways involved in brain reward. | ['Animals', 'Biomarkers', 'Dopamine', 'Electrodes, Implanted', 'Electrophysiology', 'Male', 'Mice', 'Mice, Inbred C57BL', 'Neural Pathways', 'Nucleus Accumbens', 'Presynaptic Terminals', 'Reward', 'Self Stimulation', 'Synaptic Transmission', 'Ventral Tegmental Area'] | 17,632,281 | [['B01.050'], ['D23.101'], ['D02.092.211.215.406', 'D02.092.311.342', 'D02.455.426.559.389.657.166.175.342'], ['E07.305.250.319', 'E07.695.202'], ['H01.158.344.528', 'H01.158.782.236'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500'], ['B01.050.050.199.520.520.420', 'B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500.400.420'], ['A08.612'], ['A08.186.211.200.885.287.249.487.775.500'], ['A08.675.542.145.750', 'A08.850.700', 'A11.284.149.165.420.780.700', 'A11.671.137.750', 'A11.671.501.145.750'], ['F02.463.425.770.836'], ['F01.145.775', 'F02.830.784'], ['G02.111.820.850', 'G04.835.850', 'G07.265.880', 'G11.561.830'], ['A08.186.211.132.659.413.875.820']] | ['Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]'] | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
[Serum and tissue concentrations after a single dose of cefaclor]. | Serum and tissue concentrations of cefaclor were determined a total of 155 and 96 times respectively in 16 volunteers after a single dose of 1 g. At this dosage peak concentrations of 13.5, 14.5 and 13.4 mcg/ml were measured after 60, 90 and 120 minutes respectively. Tissues in which concentrations were measured included cortical bone, spongy bone, muscle, fascia, cutis and subcutis. By measuring blood concentrations of the tissue samples, a division could be made for purposes of calculation into intravascular and extravascular active components. Low amounts of extravascular cefaclor could be established merely in the fascia and in the cutis. The cefaclor concentrations found in spongy bone, muscles and subcutis proved to be determined to a large extent by the intravascular antibiotic. No cefaclor could be detected in cortical bone at the given dosage. | ['Bacteria', 'Bone and Bones', 'Cefaclor', 'Cephalexin', 'Fascia', 'Muscles', 'Skin', 'Tissue Distribution'] | 511,343 | [] | [] | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Effect of oral clonidine on the vascular effects of stressful mental arithmetic in menopausal women. | The effects of 6 weeks of oral clonidine hydrochloride (0.05 mg b.i.d.) on the cardiovascular response to stressful mental arithmetic (SMA) were studied in menopausal women. There was no significant alteration in resting limb blood flow after oral clonidine. The rise in forearm blood flow during SMA was, however, greater and the return to basal levels after SMA slower in women treated with clonidine than in the initial control test. Hand blood flow and pulse rate changes during SMA were unaffected by clonidine. These findings, in keeping with our previous observations of the change in vascular response to exogenous amines after clonidine therapy, are difficult to explain in terms of an influence of the drug on presynaptic alpha-adrenergic activity alone. It is therefore possible that clonidine might affect other mechanisms such as peripheral cholinergic activity. | ['Adult', 'Blood Flow Velocity', 'Clonidine', 'Female', 'Forearm', 'Hand', 'Humans', 'Mathematics', 'Menopause', 'Middle Aged', 'Problem Solving', 'Stress, Psychological'] | 2,455,166 | [['M01.060.116'], ['E01.370.370.130', 'G09.330.380.630.080'], ['D03.383.129.308.436.500'], ['A01.378.800.585'], ['A01.378.800.667'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['H01.548'], ['G08.686.157.500', 'G08.686.841.249.500'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['F02.463.425.725', 'F02.463.785.810'], ['F01.145.126.990', 'F02.830.900']] | ['Named Groups [M]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]'] | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
The motor cortex and the coding of force. | The relation of cellular activity in the motor cortex to the direction of two-dimensional isometric force was investigated under dynamic conditions in monkeys. A task was designed so that three force variables were dissociated: the force exerted by the subject, the net force, and the change in force. Recordings of neuronal activity in the motor cortex revealed that the activity of single cells was directionally tuned and that this tuning was invariant across different directions of a bias force. Cell activity was not related to the direction of force exerted by the subject, which changed drastically as the bias force changed. In contrast, the direction of net force, the direction of force change, and the visually instructed direction all remained quite invariant and congruent and could be the directional variables, alone or in combination, to which cell activity might relate. | ['Animals', 'Electrophysiology', 'Haplorhini', 'Isometric Contraction', 'Motor Activity', 'Motor Cortex', 'Motor Neurons'] | 1,609,282 | [['B01.050'], ['H01.158.344.528', 'H01.158.782.236'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400'], ['G11.427.494.472'], ['F01.145.632', 'G11.427.410.698'], ['A08.186.211.200.885.287.500.270.548', 'A08.186.211.200.885.287.500.814.624'], ['A08.675.655.500', 'A11.671.655.500']] | ['Organisms [B]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Anatomy [A]'] | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Experimental brain tumors and edema in rats. I. Histology and cytology of tumors. | In this study an experimental intracerebral tumor has been investigated with special consideration of structures, which may be involved in edema production and/or resolution. For this purpose a cloned tumor cell line (RG1 2.2) has been injected stereotactically into the brain of BD-IX rats. The tumor has some characteristics in common with low differentiated oligodendroglioma in men. A honeycomb architecture may be seen in the center of the tumor. It is built up by rounded or elongated cells, which can be impregnated in parts. In the central area, cells exhibit a voluminous digestive apparatus, composed of dictyosomes, vesicles, and some vacuoles with a membranaceous or homogeneous content. Tumor cells in the periphery show large processes and a small digestive apparatus. The sinusoidal tumor vessels are composed of an endothelium with many vesicles but no openings. | ['Animals', 'Brain Edema', 'Brain Neoplasms', 'Neoplasm Transplantation', 'Neoplasms, Experimental', 'Rats'] | 7,315,198 | [['B01.050'], ['C10.228.140.187'], ['C04.588.614.250.195', 'C10.228.140.211', 'C10.551.240.250'], ['E05.624'], ['C04.619', 'E05.598.500.496'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700']] | ['Organisms [B]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]'] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Characterization of 2-amino-4,5-dichlorophenol (2A45CP) in vitro toxicity in renal cortical slices from male Fischer 344 rats. | 2-Amino-4,5-dichlorophenol (2A45CP) is a major, aromatic ring hydroxylated metabolite of the renal toxicant, 3,4-dichloroaniline. 3,4-Dichloroaniline is nephrotoxic with primary damage located to the proximal tubules. The purpose of this study was to first characterize the in vitro toxicity of 2A45CP in renal cortical slices. Second, the effect of antioxidants and sulfhydryl containing agents on the severity of 2A45CP toxicity was explored since part of the mechanism of toxicity for aminophenols may involve redox cycling. Renal tissue was isolated from male Fischer 344 rats (190--220 g). Renal slices were rinsed three times for 3 min each in 5-ml Krebs buffer. Tissues were then incubated for 90--120 min with varying concentrations of 2A45CP between 0 and 0.5 mM. In a separate series of experiments, the slices (50--100 mg) were preincubated for 30 min with 1 mM dithiothreitol (DTT), 1 mM glutathione (GSH) or 2 mM ascorbic acid prior to exposure to 0, 0.05, 0.1 or 0.25 mM 2A45CP. 2A45CP produced a concentration and time dependent increase in LDH leakage from renal cortical slices. Total glutathione levels were diminished by 0.5 mM 2A45CP within 30 min. Renal slices incubated for 60 and 120 min with 0.05 and 0.1 mM 2A45CP had lower malondialdehyde levels than control. Pretreatment with DTT did not alter 2A45CP toxicity. Pretreatment of renal cortical slices with GSH or ascorbic acid reduced 2A45CP toxicity. These findings indicate that 2A45CP is directly toxic to renal cortical slices and that cytotoxicity is at least partially mediated by a reactive intermediate. | ['Animals', 'Ascorbic Acid', 'Biotransformation', 'Cell Survival', 'Chlorophenols', 'Dithiothreitol', 'Gluconeogenesis', 'Glutathione', 'In Vitro Techniques', 'Kidney Cortex', 'Kinetics', 'L-Lactate Dehydrogenase', 'Lipid Peroxidation', 'Male', 'Malondialdehyde', 'Oxidative Stress', 'Rats', 'Rats, Inbred F344'] | 11,882,351 | [['B01.050'], ['D02.241.081.844.107', 'D02.241.511.902.107', 'D09.811.100'], ['G03.171', 'G03.787.225', 'G07.690.725.225'], ['G04.346'], ['D02.455.426.559.389.261.190', 'D02.455.426.559.389.657.190'], ['D02.033.800.196', 'D02.886.740.224', 'D09.853.196'], ['G02.111.158.500', 'G03.191.500'], ['D12.644.456.448'], ['E05.481'], ['A05.810.453.324'], ['G01.374.661', 'G02.111.490'], ['D08.811.682.047.551.400', 'D08.811.682.047.820.493'], ['G02.111.515', 'G03.295.531.587'], ['D02.047.700'], ['G03.673', 'G07.775.750'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700'], ['B01.050.050.199.520.760.200', 'B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700.400.200']] | ['Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Anatomy [A]'] | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Immunohistochemical detection of oestrogen receptors in ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast. | The expression of oestrogen receptor (ER) protein in invasive carcinoma of the breast and its clinical significance has been extensively evaluated. Little information is available regarding ER expression in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). In this study, 46 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue specimens of mammographically detected DCIS were evaluated immunohistochemically for the presence of ER using specific monoclonal antibodies against ER (ER-ICA Abbott Lab). The associations between ER expression and histological type, degree of differentiation and patient menopausal status were evaluated. Positive ER staining was present in 72% of cases. Non-comedo types of DCIS were more frequently ER-positive than comedocarcinoma. ER-positive tumours were inversely correlated with the presence of nuclear pleomorphism. The incidence of ER in pre-menopausal and post-menopausal women was similar. In conclusion, ER expression is present in a considerable percentage of DCIS, and ER-positivity is associated with the degree of differentiation and non-comedo carcinoma variants. | ['Adult', 'Aged', 'Antibodies, Monoclonal', 'Breast Neoplasms', 'Carcinoma in Situ', 'Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast', 'Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Immunohistochemistry', 'Middle Aged', 'Receptors, Estrogen'] | 9,005,143 | [['M01.060.116'], ['M01.060.116.100'], ['D12.776.124.486.485.114.224', 'D12.776.124.790.651.114.224', 'D12.776.377.715.548.114.224'], ['C04.588.180', 'C17.800.090.500'], ['C04.557.470.200.240'], ['C04.557.470.200.025.232.500', 'C04.557.470.615.132.500', 'C04.588.180.390', 'C17.800.090.500.390'], ['C04.557.470.200.025.275', 'C04.557.470.200.240.187.250', 'C04.557.470.615.275'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E01.370.225.500.607.512', 'E01.370.225.750.551.512', 'E05.200.500.607.512', 'E05.200.750.551.512', 'E05.478.583', 'H01.158.100.656.234.512', 'H01.158.201.344.512', 'H01.158.201.486.512', 'H01.181.122.573.512', 'H01.181.122.605.512'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['D12.776.826.750.350', 'D12.776.930.778.350']] | ['Named Groups [M]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]'] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Evaluation of species distribution and risk factors of candidemia: a multicenter case-control study. | This study was planned to determine the risk factors of candidemia, and the most common Candida species causing bloodstream infections. A case-control study which included adult patients was conducted over a 1-year period at tertiary-care educational hospitals in Turkey. A total of 83 candidemia episodes were identified during the study period. Candida albicans was the most common species recovered (45.8%) followed by Candida tropicalis (24.1%) Candida parapsilosis (14.5%) and Candida glabrata which was isolated from only four (4.8%) patients. Presence of a urethral catheter (odds ratio [OR] 2.38; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.09-5.19; P = 0.02), previous use of antibiotics (OR 2.61; 95% CI 1.05-6.46; P = 0.03), RBC transfusions (OR 2.14; 95% CI 1.16-3.94; P = 0.01) and parenteral nutrition (OR 4.44; 95% CI 2.43-8.11; P < 0.01) were found as independent risk factors for candidemia. TPN (Total Parenteral Nutrition) was an independent risk factor for both C. albicans and non-Candida albicans Candida species (P < 0.001). Most of the risk factors were invasive procedures and former medications. We conclude that a great number of candidemia cases are preventable by means of reduction of unnecessary invasive procedures and the use of antimicrobials. | ['Adolescent', 'Adult', 'Aged', 'Aged, 80 and over', 'Candida', 'Candidemia', 'Case-Control Studies', 'Female', 'Hospitals, University', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Risk Factors', 'Turkey', 'Young Adult'] | 20,662,635 | [['M01.060.057'], ['M01.060.116'], ['M01.060.116.100'], ['M01.060.116.100.080'], ['B01.300.107.795.095', 'B01.300.381.147', 'B01.300.930.176'], ['C01.150.703.160.175.500', 'C01.150.703.492.500.500', 'C01.757.360.150', 'C23.550.470.790.500.360.150'], ['E05.318.372.500.500', 'N05.715.360.330.500.500', 'N06.850.520.450.500.500'], ['N02.278.020.300.310', 'N02.278.421.639.725'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['E05.318.740.600.800.725', 'N05.715.350.200.700', 'N05.715.360.750.625.700.700', 'N06.850.490.625.750', 'N06.850.520.830.600.800.725'], ['Z01.252.245.500.850'], ['M01.060.116.815']] | ['Named Groups [M]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Geographicals [Z]'] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Use of abdominopelvic computed tomography in emergency departments and rates of urgent diagnoses in Crohn's disease. | BACKGROUND & AIMS: In the United States, the use of abdominopelvic computed tomography (APCT) by emergency departments for patients with abdominal pain has increased, despite stable admission rates and diagnosis requiring urgent intervention. We proposed that trends would be similar for patients with Crohn's disease (CD).METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study of data from 648 adults with CD who presented at 2 emergency departments (2001-2009; 1572 visits). Trends in APCT use were assessed with Spearman correlation coefficient. We compared patient characteristics and APCT findings during 2001-2003 and 2007-2009.RESULTS: APCT use increased from 2001 (used for 47% of encounters) to 2009 (used for 78% of encounters; P = .005), whereas admission rates were relatively stable at 68% in 2001 and 71% in 2009 (P = .06). The overall proportion of APCTs with findings of intestinal perforation, obstruction, or abscess was 29.0%; 34.9% of APCTs were associated with urgent diagnoses, including those unrelated to CD. Between 2001-2003 and 2007-2009, the proportions of APCTs that detected intestinal perforation, obstruction, or abscess were similar (30% vs 29%, P = .92), as were the proportions used to detect any diagnosis requiring urgent intervention, including those unrelated to CD (36% vs 34%, P = .91).CONCLUSIONS: Despite the increased use of APCT by emergency departments for patients with CD, there were no significant changes in admission rates between the periods of 2001-2003 and 2007-2009. The proportion of APCTs that detected intestinal perforation, obstruction, abscess, or other urgent conditions not related to CD remained high. | ['Abdominal Pain', 'Adolescent', 'Adult', 'Aged', 'Aged, 80 and over', 'Crohn Disease', 'Cross-Sectional Studies', 'Emergency Medical Services', 'Female', 'Hospitalization', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Pelvis', 'Radiography, Abdominal', 'Retrospective Studies', 'Tomography, X-Ray Computed', 'United States', 'Young Adult'] | 21,946,122 | [['C23.888.592.612.054', 'C23.888.821.030'], ['M01.060.057'], ['M01.060.116'], ['M01.060.116.100'], ['M01.060.116.100.080'], ['C06.405.205.731.500', 'C06.405.469.432.500'], ['E05.318.372.500.875', 'N05.715.360.330.500.875', 'N06.850.520.450.500.875'], ['N02.421.297'], ['E02.760.400', 'N02.421.585.400'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['A01.923.600'], ['E01.370.350.700.715'], ['E05.318.372.500.500.500', 'E05.318.372.500.750.750', 'N05.715.360.330.500.500.500', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.825', 'N06.850.520.450.500.500.500', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.825'], ['E01.370.350.350.810', 'E01.370.350.600.350.700.810', 'E01.370.350.700.700.810', 'E01.370.350.700.810.810', 'E01.370.350.825.810.810'], ['Z01.107.567.875'], ['M01.060.116.815']] | ['Diseases [C]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Geographicals [Z]'] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
[Skin cancer in kidney transplant recipients: incidence and association with clinical and demographic factors]. | INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Organ transplanted recipients have a higher risk of non melanoma skin cancer. Our objectives were to determine incidence of skin cancer and search for associations with clinical or demographic factors in a series of kidney transplant recipients.MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective study with face-to-face interview of 127 kidney transplant recipients who were observed for the first time during the second half of 2010 and in 2011. All diagnosed skin cancers were confirmed by histopathology. A 5% significance level was used and statistical analysis performed with chi-square, Fisher?s exact test or Mann Whitney test.RESULTS: The mean age was 53 (s = 12.98) and 67% were males. The mean number of years since the transplant was 8 (s = 4.61) and skin cancer was observed in 16% (20 / 127), with equal number of basaliomas and squamous cell carcinoma. In sun exposed areas, actinic keratoses and viral warts were present in 24% and 8%, respectively. Skin cancer was significantly associated with older age (p = 0.016), longer duration of immunosuppression (p = 0.003) as well as with previous outdoor work (p = 0.049) or actinic keratoses in sun exposed areas (p < 0.001). Present intake of azathioprine (n = 8) was the only medication associated with skin cancer (p = 0.035 in Fisher?s exact test).CONCLUSIONS: Skin cancer incidence is high in our series and education about photoprotection should be given to these patients, as well as regular dermatologic surveillance. This regular follow up improves compliance with photoprotection measures and helps to decrease the incidence of non melanoma skin cancer. | ['Adolescent', 'Adult', 'Aged', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Incidence', 'Kidney Transplantation', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Prospective Studies', 'Risk Factors', 'Skin Neoplasms', 'Young Adult'] | 23,809,743 | [['M01.060.057'], ['M01.060.116'], ['M01.060.116.100'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E05.318.308.985.525.375', 'N01.224.935.597.500', 'N06.850.505.400.975.525.375', 'N06.850.520.308.985.525.375'], ['E02.870.500', 'E04.936.450.485', 'E04.950.774.400'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['E05.318.372.500.750.625', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.650', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.650'], ['E05.318.740.600.800.725', 'N05.715.350.200.700', 'N05.715.360.750.625.700.700', 'N06.850.490.625.750', 'N06.850.520.830.600.800.725'], ['C04.588.805', 'C17.800.882'], ['M01.060.116.815']] | ['Named Groups [M]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Diseases [C]'] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Medially-stabilized total knee arthroplasty does not alter knee laxity and balance in cadaveric knees. | Instability after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) can lead to suboptimal outcomes and revision surgery. Medially-stabilized implants aim to more closely replicate normal knee motion than other implants following TKA, but no study has investigated knee laxity (motion under applied loads) and balance (i.e., difference in varus/valgus motion under load) following medially-stabilized TKA. The primary purposes of this study were to investigate how medially-stabilized implants change knee laxity in non-arthritic, cadaveric knees, and if it produces a balanced knee after TKA. Force-displacement data were collected on 18 non-arthritic cadaveric knees before and after arthroplasty using medially-stabilized implants. Varus-valgus and anterior-posterior laxity and varus-valgus balance were compared between native and medially-stabilized knees at 0°, 20°, 60°, and 90° under three different loading conditions. Varus-valgus and anterior-posterior laxities were not different between native and medially-stabilized knees under most testing conditions (p ? 0.068), but differences of approximately 2° less varus-valgus laxity at 20° of flexion and 4 mm more anterior-posterior laxity at 90° were present from native laxities (p < 0.017) Medially-stabilized implant balance had ?1.5° varus bias at all flexion angles. Future studies should confirm if the consistent laxity afforded by the medially-stabilized implant is associated with better and more predictable postoperative outcomes. © 2018 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 37:335-349, 2019. | ['Adult', 'Aged', 'Aged, 80 and over', 'Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Joint Instability', 'Knee Joint', 'Knee Prosthesis', 'Male', 'Middle Aged'] | 30,456,909 | [['M01.060.116'], ['M01.060.116.100'], ['M01.060.116.100.080'], ['E04.555.110.110.115', 'E04.650.110.115', 'E04.680.101.110.115'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['C05.550.521'], ['A02.835.583.475'], ['E07.695.400.410'], ['M01.060.116.630']] | ['Named Groups [M]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Anatomy [A]'] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Persistent organic pollutant concentrations in fledglings of two arctic seabird species. | Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and stable isotopes were measured in muscle from fledglings of two arctic seabird species, Northern fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis) and Black-legged kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla). The purpose was to compare POP concentrations between species, in an age class that is highly vulnerable to POPs but little studied, relate to diet using stable isotopes, and quantify differences across life stages (egg to adult). Northern fulmar fledglings had significantly higher POP concentrations than kittiwake, consistent with results reported for adults of these species. Surprisingly, carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes did not differ between species, which does not match data for, or the known feeding ecology, of the adults. Fulmar/kittiwake POP concentration ratios varied across life stages indicating variable POP exposure and accumulation with age in seabirds, indicating that of the use of avian species-specific thresholds should only be done with caution in ecosystem-based POP risk management. | ['Animals', 'Arctic Regions', 'Birds', 'Charadriiformes', 'Environmental Monitoring', 'Environmental Pollutants', 'Environmental Pollution'] | 24,121,265 | [['B01.050'], ['Z01.208'], ['B01.050.150.900.248'], ['B01.050.150.900.248.150'], ['N06.850.460.350.080', 'N06.850.780.375'], ['D27.888.284'], ['N06.850.460']] | ['Organisms [B]', 'Geographicals [Z]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]'] | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Complex coordination of multi-scale cellular responses to environmental stress. | Cells and organisms are regularly exposed to a variety of stresses, and effective responses are a matter of survival. The article describes a multi-scale experimental and dynamical modeling analysis that clearly indicates concerted stress control in different temporal and organizational domains, and a strong synergy between the dynamics of genes, proteins and metabolites. Specifically, we show with in vivo NMR measurements of metabolic profiles that baker's yeast responds to a paradigmatic stress, heat, at three organizational levels and in two time regimes. At the metabolic level, an almost immediate response is mounted. However, this response is a "quick fix" in comparison to a much more effective response that had been pre-organized in earlier periods of heat stress and is an order of magnitude stronger. Equipped with the metabolic profile data, our modeling efforts resulted in a crisp, quantitative separation of response actions at the levels of metabolic control and gene regulation. They also led to predictions of necessary changes in protein levels and clearly demonstrated that formerly observed temperature profiles of key enzyme activities are not sufficient to explain the accumulation of trehalose as an immediate response to sudden heat stress. | ['Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy', 'Models, Biological', 'Saccharomyces cerevisiae', 'Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins', 'Stress, Physiological', 'Temperature'] | 21,088,798 | [['E05.196.867.519'], ['E05.599.395'], ['B01.300.107.795.785.800', 'B01.300.930.705.655'], ['D12.776.354.750'], ['G07.775'], ['G01.906.595', 'G16.500.275.063.725.710', 'G16.500.750.775.710', 'N06.230.150.450', 'N06.230.300.100.725.710']] | ['Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Health Care [N]'] | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Eighteen-month follow-up on the treatment of urinary schistosomiasis with a single dose of metrifonate. | Egg excretion of school children with urinary schistosomiasis treated with a single 10 mg/kg dose of metrifonate was monitored over a period of 18 months. At 18 months 68.8% of infected children showed a greater than 90% reduction in egg excretion and 23.7% had ceased excreting eggs. During the study period 25% of children with no evidence of infection at the start of the trial had become infected, while 45.5% of children apparently cured by the metrifonate treatment had recommenced egg excretion. The evidence suggested that reinfection rather than recovery of adult worms was responsible. Children with scanty or light infections, in general, showed increasing egg excretion rates during the following period, while those with heavy or severe infections showed a sustained reduction. In view of this, single dose metrifonate may be a useful approach to mass treatment in a schistosomiasis control program, resulting in significant reduction in egg excretion in those most likely to be important sources of transmission. | ['Parasite Egg Count', 'Schistosomiasis', 'Time Factors', 'Trichlorfon', 'Urine'] | 4,025,687 | [['E01.370.225.932.600', 'E05.200.932.600'], ['C01.610.335.865.859', 'C01.920.922'], ['G01.910.857'], ['D02.705.429.937'], ['A12.207.927']] | ['Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Anatomy [A]'] | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
["And when the patient becomes silent in his pain..." The medical consultation and its integral significance]. | The medical dialogue constitutes the basis of every doctor-patient relationship and it consists of more parts. The diagnostical dialogue comprises of a symptome-oriented and of a problem-oriented part. In the symptom-oriented part there have to be as many as possible symptoms systematically ascertained to come to a diagnosis, in the problem-oriented part the dialogue must be quite free to enable the patients to realise their problems without them getting the feeling of having been influenced. In the therepeutic part of the dialogue the problem has to take shape and the possibilities of its solution has to be discussed. The decision should be made by the patient. | ['Communication', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Physician-Patient Relations', 'Problem Solving', 'Psychotherapy', 'Suicide'] | 8,900,881 | [['F01.145.209', 'L01.143'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['F01.829.401.650.675', 'N05.300.660.625'], ['F02.463.425.725', 'F02.463.785.810'], ['F04.754'], ['F01.145.126.980.875', 'I01.880.735.856']] | ['Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Anthropology, Education, Sociology, and Social Phenomena [I]'] | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Intractable pain--the present position. | The broad changes that have occurred in the treatment of intractable pain are considered. There is a new understanding of the anatomy and physiology of pain pathways and pain appreciation. Thus gate control theory, the spinal laminae, and the descending inhibitory pain pathway through the raphe nuclei are discussed in relation to the recent discovery of the opioid (enkephalin) systems. Out of this arises the stimulation methods of pain relief--transcutaneous neural stimulation, periaqueductal stimulation, and acupuncture. These are valuable in patients with a normal expectation of life. For patients with a shortened expectation of life other methods, especially destructive ones, are valuable (though in all types of chronic pain drug therapy is still the most used method). Basic changes in techniques and the equipment used to bring this about are detailed broadly. In particular, the use of the image intensifier X-ray machine and the stimulation and destruction available from the modern lesion generator when used in combination provide accuracy and safety. Techniques and methods are constantly altering and examples of this are given. All this costs money in time, personnel, and equipment; the costings of the Liverpool Centre for Pain Relief are given. Finally, the Pain Relief Foundation is in being in Liverpool in the grounds of Walton Hospital. This has been made possible by a large 'seed' donation by the Wolfson Foundation. | ['Electrocoagulation', 'Humans', 'Injections, Spinal', 'Narcotics', 'Pain, Intractable', 'Phenols', 'Pituitary Gland', 'Radio Waves', 'Research', 'State Medicine', 'United Kingdom'] | 6,894,676 | [['E02.154.402', 'E04.014.170.402'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E02.319.267.530.580'], ['D27.505.696.277.600', 'D27.505.696.663.850.014.760', 'D27.505.954.427.040.550', 'D27.505.954.427.210.600'], ['C23.888.592.612.776'], ['D02.455.426.559.389.657'], ['A06.300.747', 'A06.688.357.750', 'A08.186.211.180.497.352.435.500', 'A08.186.211.200.317.357.352.435.500', 'A08.713.357.750'], ['G01.358.500.505.810', 'G01.750.250.810', 'G01.750.770.721'], ['H01.770.644'], ['N03.349.550.902', 'N03.858'], ['Z01.542.363']] | ['Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Geographicals [Z]'] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Novel Insights into Interleukin 6 (IL-6) Cis- and Trans-signaling Pathways by Differentially Manipulating the Assembly of the IL-6 Signaling Complex. | The IL-6 signaling complex is described as a hexamer, formed by the association of two IL-6·IL-6 receptor (IL-6R)·gp130 trimers, with gp130 being the signal transducer inducing cis- and trans-mediated signaling via a membrane-bound or soluble form of the IL-6R, respectively. 25F10 is an anti-mouse IL-6R mAb that binds to both membrane-bound IL-6R and soluble IL-6R with the unique property of specifically inhibiting trans-mediated signaling events. In this study, epitope mapping revealed that 25F10 interacts at site IIb of IL-6R but allows the binding of IL-6 to the IL-6R and the recruitment of gp130, forming a trimer complex. Binding of 25F10 to IL-6R prevented the formation of the hexameric complex obligate for trans-mediated signaling, suggesting that the cis- and trans-modes of IL-6 signaling adopt different mechanisms for receptor complex assembly. To study this phenomenon also in the human system, we developed NI-1201, a mAb that targets, in the human IL-6R sequence, the epitope recognized by 25F10 for mice. Interestingly, NI-1201, however, did not selectively inhibit human IL-6 trans-signaling, although both mAbs produced beneficial outcomes in conditions of exacerbated IL-6 as compared with a site I-directed mAb. These findings shed light on the complexity of IL-6 signaling. First, triggering cis- versus trans-mediated IL-6 signaling occurs via distinctive mechanisms for receptor complex assembly in mice. Second, the formation of the receptor complex leading to cis- and trans-signaling biology in mice and humans is different, and this should be taken into account when developing strategies to inhibit IL-6 clinically. | ['Amino Acid Sequence', 'Animals', 'Antibodies, Monoclonal', 'Cytokine Receptor gp130', 'Female', 'Genetic Complementation Test', 'Humans', 'Interleukin-6', 'Male', 'Mice', 'Mice, Inbred C57BL', 'Mice, Inbred DBA', 'Mice, Knockout', 'Models, Molecular', 'Molecular Sequence Data', 'Multiprotein Complexes', 'NIH 3T3 Cells', 'Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs', 'Protein Multimerization', 'Protein Structure, Quaternary', 'Rats', 'Receptors, Interleukin-6', 'Sequence Homology, Amino Acid', 'Signal Transduction'] | 26,363,066 | [['G02.111.570.060', 'L01.453.245.667.060'], ['B01.050'], ['D12.776.124.486.485.114.224', 'D12.776.124.790.651.114.224', 'D12.776.377.715.548.114.224'], ['D12.776.543.750.705.852.420.400.500', 'D12.776.543.750.705.852.420.560.249', 'D12.776.543.750.705.852.555.600.500', 'D12.776.543.750.705.852.583.500', 'D12.776.543.750.750.400.550.250.500'], ['E05.393.281.526'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['D12.644.276.374.465.224', 'D12.776.467.374.465.202', 'D23.529.374.465.224'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500'], ['B01.050.050.199.520.520.420', 'B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500.400.420'], ['B01.050.050.199.520.520.500', 'B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500.400.500'], ['B01.050.050.136.500.500', 'B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500.550.455', 'B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500.800.500'], ['E05.599.595'], ['L01.453.245.667'], ['D05.500'], ['A11.251.210.100.550', 'A11.329.228.100.550'], ['G02.111.570.820.709.275.750.500'], ['G02.111.694'], ['G02.111.570.820.709.550'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700'], ['D12.776.543.750.705.852.420.400'], ['G02.111.810.200', 'G05.810.200'], ['G02.111.820', 'G04.835']] | ['Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Anatomy [A]'] | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Kinetic study of an enzyme-catalysed reaction in the presence of novel irreversible-type inhibitors that react with the product of enzymatic catalysis. | In the present paper a kinetic study is made of the behaviour of a Michaelis-Menten enzyme-catalysed reaction in the presence of irreversible inhibitors rendered unstable in the medium by their reaction with the product of enzymatic catalysis. A general mechanism involving competitive, non-competitive, uncompetitive and mixed irreversible inhibition with one or two steps has been analysed. The differential equation that describes the kinetics of the reaction is non-linear and computer simulations of its dynamic behaviour are presented. The results obtained show that the systems studied here present kinetic co-operativity for a target enzyme that follows the simple Michaelis-Menten mechanism in its action on the substrate, except in the case of an uncompetitive-type inhibitor. | ['Binding, Competitive', 'Catalysis', 'Enzyme Inhibitors', 'Enzymes', 'Kinetics', 'Mathematics', 'Protein Binding'] | 7,833,851 | [['E05.196.080', 'G02.111.084', 'G02.111.570.120.309'], ['G02.130'], ['D27.505.519.389'], ['D08.811'], ['G01.374.661', 'G02.111.490'], ['H01.548'], ['G02.111.679', 'G03.808']] | ['Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]'] | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Standardization of allergen extracts by inhibition of RAST, skin test, and chemical composition. | Five allergen extracts of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, Lolium perenne, Alternaria tenuis, Aspergillus fumigatus and Cladosporium herbarum, obtained from four different manufacturers, were examined by inhibition of RAST, content of protein and carbohydrate, contents of phosphorylcholine (Pc) and tridacnin reactive components, and by skin test. Inhibition of RAST was used as a primary method for establishing allergenic potency and demonstrated wide variations for each preparation supplied by the different manufacturers. The extracts also varied widely in protein and carbohydrate content and in the ratio of these parameters, indicating internal heterogeneity. Pc content was significantly related to RAST potency for extracts of A. fumigatus and A. tenuis, suggesting that Pc content may be used as a primary standarization procedure for these extracts. Skin test reactions undertaken at a single concentration did not show any significant variation in weal size between preparations of a given allergen extract. However, of particular importance to practising clinicians is the finding that varying numbers of patients showed negative skin reactions to one preparation of a particular allergen yet were positive to the corresponding preparations supplied by the other companies. | ['Allergens', 'Alternaria', 'Animals', 'Aspergillus fumigatus', 'Chemical Phenomena', 'Chemistry', 'Cladosporium', 'Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic', 'Humans', 'Mites', 'Poaceae', 'Radioallergosorbent Test', 'Skin Tests'] | 7,004,662 | [['D23.050.063'], ['B01.300.381.075'], ['B01.050'], ['B01.300.381.081.295'], ['G02'], ['H01.181'], ['B01.300.381.200'], ['G12.300'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['B01.050.500.131.166.132.419'], ['B01.650.940.800.575.912.250.822'], ['E01.370.225.812.735.830', 'E05.200.812.735.830', 'E05.478.566.380.810', 'E05.478.566.639.810', 'E05.478.594.760.830', 'E05.601.470.380.810', 'E05.601.470.639.810'], ['E01.370.225.812.871', 'E05.200.812.871', 'E05.478.594.890']] | ['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]'] | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Identification and characterization of the Tuber borchii D-mannitol dehydrogenase which defines a new subfamily within the polyol-specific medium chain dehydrogenases. | A novel NADP(+)-dependent D-mannitol dehydrogenase and the corresponding gene from the plant symbiotic ascomycete fungus Tuber borchii was identified and characterized. The enzyme, called TbMDH, is a homotetramer with two zinc atoms per subunit. It catalyzed both D-fructose reduction and D-mannitol oxidation, although it showed the highest substrate specificity and catalytic efficiency for D-fructose. Co-factor specificity was restricted to NADP(H) and the reaction proceeded via a sequential ordered Bi Bi mechanism. The carbon responsive transcriptional pattern showed that Tbmdh is up-regulated when mycelia are transferred to a culture medium containing D-mannitol or D-fructose. The phylogenetic analysis showed TbMDH to be the first example of a fungal D-mannitol-2-dehydrogenase belonging to the medium-chain dehydrogenase/reductases (MDRs). The enzyme identified a new group of proteins, most of them annotated in databases as hypothetical zinc-dependent dehydrogenases, forming a distinct subfamily among the polyol dehydrogenase family. | ['Amino Acid Sequence', 'Ascomycota', 'Cloning, Molecular', 'L-Iditol 2-Dehydrogenase', 'Mannitol Dehydrogenases', 'Molecular Sequence Data', 'NADP', 'Phylogeny'] | 17,317,242 | [['G02.111.570.060', 'L01.453.245.667.060'], ['B01.300.107'], ['E05.393.220'], ['D08.811.682.047.150.700.475'], ['D08.811.682.047.150.700.649'], ['L01.453.245.667'], ['D03.633.100.759.646.138.749', 'D08.211.625', 'D13.695.667.138.749', 'D13.695.827.068.749'], ['G05.697', 'G16.075.605', 'L01.100.697']] | ['Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]'] | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
[Spectroscopic imaging (1H-2D-CSI) of the prostate: sequence optimization and correlation with histopathological results]. | PURPOSE: Methodological optimization of a 1H MR spectroscopic imaging sequence (1H-2D-CSI) and evaluation of its potential to diagnose prostate cancer as validated by histopathological maps.METHODS: The prostates of 18 patients were evaluated by 1H-MR-CSI (voxel dimension: 1 cm3) at 1.5 Tesla. This sequence was additionally combined with a frequency selective fat suppression.RESULTS: It was possible to distinguish prostate carcinoma from prostate hyperplasia spectroscopically by the ratio of citrate/(choline + creatine). Differentiation of high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN, high-grade) from prostate carcinoma was not unambiguously possible. Prediction of tumor differentiation was not possible by the ratio of citrate/(choline + creatine) by our maximum spatial resolution of 1 cm3.CONCLUSION: 1H-2D-CSI is suitable for tumor detection. Tumor differentiation was not possible with the spatial resolution used. | ['Aged', 'Choline', 'Citrates', 'Creatine', 'Diagnosis, Differential', 'Humans', 'Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Neoplasm Staging', 'Prostate', 'Prostate-Specific Antigen', 'Prostatic Hyperplasia', 'Prostatic Neoplasms', 'Reproducibility of Results'] | 10,962,989 | [['M01.060.116.100'], ['D02.033.100.291.211', 'D02.092.063.291.211', 'D02.092.877.883.333', 'D02.675.276.232'], ['D02.241.081.901.434'], ['D02.078.370.280', 'D12.125.373'], ['E01.171'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E05.196.867.519'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['E01.789.625'], ['A05.360.444.575', 'A10.336.707'], ['D08.811.277.656.300.760.442.750', 'D08.811.277.656.959.350.442.750', 'D12.776.866.249.500', 'D23.050.285.625', 'D23.101.140.625'], ['C12.294.565.500'], ['C04.588.945.440.770', 'C12.294.260.750', 'C12.294.565.625', 'C12.758.409.750'], ['E05.318.370.725', 'E05.337.851', 'N05.715.360.325.685', 'N06.850.520.445.725']] | ['Named Groups [M]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Health Care [N]'] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
A missense mutation (L166P) in DJ-1, linked to familial Parkinson's disease, confers reduced protein stability and impairs homo-oligomerization. | The identification of genetic mutations responsible for rare familial forms of Parkinson's disease (PD) have provided tremendous insight into the molecular pathogenesis of this disorder. Mutations in the DJ-1 gene cause autosomal recessive early onset PD in two European families. A Dutch kindred displays a large homozygous genomic deletion encompassing exons 1-5 of the DJ-1 gene, whereas an Italian kindred harbors a single homozygous L166P missense mutation. A homozygous M26I missense mutation was also recently reported in an Ashkenazi Jewish patient with early onset PD. Mutations in DJ-1 are predicted to be loss of function. The recent determination of the crystal structure of human DJ-1 demonstrates that it exists in a homo-dimeric form in vitro, whereas the L166P mutant exists only as a monomer. Here, we examine the in vivo effects of the pathogenic L166P and M26I mutations on the properties of DJ-1 in cell culture. We report that the L166P mutation confers markedly reduced protein stability to DJ-1, which results from enhanced degradation by the 20S/26S proteasome but not from a loss of mRNA expression. Furthermore, the L166P mutant protein exhibits an impaired ability to self-interact to form homo-oligomers. In contrast, the M26I mutation does not appear to adversely affect either protein stability, turnover by the proteasome, or the capacity of DJ-1 to form homo-oligomers. These properties of the L166P mutation may contribute to the loss of normal DJ-1 function and are likely to be the underlying cause of early onset PD in affected members of the Italian kindred. | ['Autoantigens', 'Blotting, Northern', 'Blotting, Western', 'Cell Line, Tumor', 'Cycloheximide', 'Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field', 'Humans', 'In Vitro Techniques', 'Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins', 'Leucine', 'Methionine', 'Mutation, Missense', 'Oncogene Proteins', 'Parkinsonian Disorders', 'Phenylalanine', 'Precipitin Tests', 'Protein Deglycase DJ-1', 'Protein Synthesis Inhibitors', 'Proteins', 'Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc', 'RNA, Messenger', 'Ribonucleoproteins', 'Sulfur Isotopes', 'Transfection'] | 14,713,311 | [['D23.050.422'], ['E05.196.401.095', 'E05.301.300.074', 'E05.601.100'], ['E05.196.401.143', 'E05.301.300.096', 'E05.478.566.320.200', 'E05.601.262', 'E05.601.470.320.200'], ['A11.251.210.190', 'A11.251.860.180'], ['D03.383.621.808.240'], ['E05.196.401.220', 'E05.301.300.220'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E05.481'], ['D12.644.360', 'D12.776.476'], ['D12.125.070.637', 'D12.125.142.441'], ['D02.886.030.676', 'D12.125.142.557', 'D12.125.154.549', 'D12.125.166.676'], ['G05.365.590.650'], ['D12.776.624.664'], ['C10.228.140.079.862', 'C10.228.662.600'], ['D12.125.072.050.685', 'D12.125.142.666'], ['E01.370.225.812.735.645', 'E05.196.150.639.500', 'E05.200.812.735.645', 'E05.478.594.760.645', 'E05.478.605.492'], ['D08.811.277.785', 'D12.776.637.875'], ['D27.505.519.389.760'], ['D12.776'], ['D12.776.260.103.813', 'D12.776.624.664.700.189', 'D12.776.660.765', 'D12.776.930.125.813'], ['D13.444.735.544'], ['D12.776.157.725.500', 'D12.776.664.962.500'], ['D01.268.185.900.500', 'D01.496.868'], ['E05.393.350.810', 'G05.728.860']] | ['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Diseases [C]'] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Integrating Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics Education. | Combined awareness about the power and limitations of bioinformatics and molecular biology enables advanced research based on high-throughput data. Despite an increasing demand of scientists with a combined background in both fields, the education of dry and wet lab subjects are often still separated. This work describes an example of integrated education with a focus on genomics and transcriptomics. Participants learned computational and molecular biology methods in the same practical course. Peer-review was applied as a teaching method to foster cooperative learning of students with heterogeneous backgrounds. The positive evaluation results indicate that this approach was accepted by the participants and would likely be suitable for wider scale application. | ['Computational Biology', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Molecular Biology'] | 31,145,692 | [['H01.158.273.180', 'L01.313.124'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['H01.158.201.636', 'H01.158.273.343.595', 'H01.181.122.650']] | ['Disciplines and Occupations [H]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Organisms [B]'] | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Anorectal malformation and Down's syndrome in monozygotic twins. | Anorectal malformation (ARM) can be divided in high, intermediate, and low forms according to the level of termination of the rectum in relation to the pubococcygeal and ischiatic lines. Patients with Down's syndrome have a high incidence of gastrointestinal anomalies, such as tracheoesophageal fistula, duodenal obstruction, annular pancreas, Hirschsprung's disease, and ARM. In these children, ARM is generally low with or without a fistula. The mode of inheritance of ARM and its genetic relation with Down's syndrome is not known, even if the association (ARM-Down's syndrome) seems not to be coincidental. We describe here a very rare case of monozygotic twins born with the association of ARM and Down's syndrome. | ['Abnormalities, Multiple', 'Anal Canal', 'Diseases in Twins', 'Down Syndrome', 'Humans', 'Infant, Newborn', 'Male', 'Rectum'] | 19,231,514 | [['C16.131.077'], ['A03.556.124.526.070', 'A03.556.249.249.070'], ['C23.550.291.750'], ['C10.597.606.360.220', 'C16.131.077.327', 'C16.131.260.260', 'C16.320.180.260'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.703.520'], ['A03.556.124.526.767', 'A03.556.249.249.767']] | ['Diseases [C]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Named Groups [M]'] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
[Unsaturated fatty acids in diabetes mellitus]. | The following unsaturated fatty acids were examined in the serum and in the high density lipoproteins of 38 patients with diabetes mellitus type Il and 20 healthy controls: linolic, linolenic, eicosandienoic, eicosanetrienoic, arachidonic and eicosanepentaenoic. In decompensates diabetes mellitus a decrease of linolenic, eicosanedienoic, arachidonic and eicosanepentaenoic acids and an increase of linolic and eicosanetrienoic acids were found. After compensation of carbohydrate metabolism the last fatty acids showed a tendency toward normalization. The parallel changes of the fatty acids studied in the serum and in the high density lipoproteins suggest that the fatty acids contents of the HDL depends on the serum fatty acids. It is most probable that the variable changes of the individual unsaturated fatty acids play a role in the complex mechanism of vascular lesions in diabetes mellitus. | ['Aged', 'Blood Glucose', 'Chronic Disease', 'Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2', 'Fatty Acids, Unsaturated', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Lipoproteins, HDL', 'Male', 'Middle Aged'] | 2,741,444 | [['M01.060.116.100'], ['D09.947.875.359.448.500'], ['C23.550.291.500'], ['C18.452.394.750.149', 'C19.246.300'], ['D10.251.355'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['D10.532.432', 'D12.776.521.479'], ['M01.060.116.630']] | ['Named Groups [M]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Organisms [B]'] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Penetration and entrapment of large particles in erythrocytes by electrical breakdown techniques. | Human erythrocytes suspended in isotonic solutions were subjected to haemolysis by application of an electric field pulse to the cell suspension. The field strengths used were 12 and 16kV/cm, respectively; the pulse duration 40 microseconds. The lysed cells showed resealing properties. The permeability change of the membrane generated by the field pulse and by the subsequent osmotic processes were large enough to facilitate the penetration and entrapment of ferritin and Latex particles (diameter: 0.091 and 0.176 micron, respectively) as revealed by electron microscopy. Correct identification of the Latex particles in the electron-micrographs indicated that LOYTER et al. [J. Cell Biol. 66, 292 (1975)], who recently demonstrated the entrapment of Latex spheres in erythrocytes prepared by osmotic haemolysis mistook electron-dense bodies probably consisting of denaturated protein for Latex particles. Under conditions of osmotic haemolysis, carried out according to BODEMANN and PASSOW, particles could only occasionally be detected within the membrane itself and never within the cell interior, suggesting that the electrical haemolysis method is much more effective in the generation of large holes in the membrane. | ['Cell Membrane Permeability', 'Cells, Cultured', 'Electricity', 'Erythrocyte Membrane', 'Erythrocytes', 'Ferritins', 'Hemolysis', 'Humans', 'Isotonic Solutions', 'Latex', 'Microspheres', 'Osmosis', 'Particle Size'] | 689,250 | [['G03.143.335', 'G04.175'], ['A11.251'], ['G01.358.500.249'], ['A11.118.290.270', 'A11.284.149.356', 'A15.145.229.334.270'], ['A11.118.290', 'A11.443.240', 'A15.145.229.334'], ['D12.776.157.427.249', 'D12.776.556.579.249'], ['C23.550.403', 'G12.122.545'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['D26.776.498'], ['D05.750.078.625', 'D20.215.721.124', 'D25.720.099.625', 'D25.720.099.750.500', 'D25.720.327.840.239', 'J01.637.051.720.099.625', 'J01.637.051.720.540'], ['E07.565'], ['G01.154.090.750', 'G02.111.655', 'G02.691', 'G02.723.495'], ['G02.712']] | ['Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Technology, Industry, and Agriculture [J]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]'] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Characterization of the biotin transport system in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. | The characteristics of the biotin transport mechanism of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were investigated in nonproliferating cells. Microbiological and radioisotope assays were employed to measure biotin uptake. The vitamin existed intracellularly in both free and bound forms. Free biotin was extracted by boiling water. Chromatography of the free extract showed it to consist entirely of d-biotin. Cellular bound biotin was released by treating cells with 6 n H(2)SO(4). The rate of biotin uptake was linear with time for 10 min, reaching a maximum at about 20 min followed by a gradual loss of accumulated free vitamin from the cells. Biotin was not degraded or converted to vitamers during uptake. Transport was temperature- and pH-dependent, optimum conditions for uptake being 30 C and pH 4.0. Glucose markedly stimulated biotin transport. In its presence, large intracellular free-biotin concentration gradients were established. Iodoacetate inhibited the glucose stimulation of biotin uptake. The rate of vitamin transport increased in a linear fashion with increasing cell mass. The transport system was saturated with increasing concentrations of the vitamin. The apparent K(m) for uptake was 3.23 x 10(-7)m. Uptake of radioactive biotin was inhibited by unlabeled biotin and a number of analogues including homobiotin, desthiobiotin, oxybiotin, norbiotin, and biotin sulfone. Proline, hydroxyproline, and 7,8-diaminopelargonic acid did not inhibit uptake. Unlabeled biotin and desthiobiotin exchanged with accumulated intracellular (14)C-biotin, whereas hydroxyproline did not. | ['Autoradiography', 'Biological Transport, Active', 'Biotin', 'Carbon Isotopes', 'Chromatography', 'Depression, Chemical', 'Glucose', 'Hydrogen-Ion Concentration', 'Iodoacetates', 'Saccharomyces', 'Stimulation, Chemical', 'Temperature', 'Time Factors'] | 5,354,931 | [['E01.370.225.750.132', 'E05.200.750.132', 'E05.799.256'], ['G03.143.310'], ['D03.383.129.308.080', 'D08.211.096'], ['D01.268.150.075', 'D01.496.123'], ['E05.196.181'], ['G07.690.773.750'], ['D09.947.875.359.448'], ['G02.300'], ['D02.241.081.018.487', 'D02.455.526.581.247'], ['B01.300.107.795.785', 'B01.300.930.705'], ['G07.690.773.996'], ['G01.906.595', 'G16.500.275.063.725.710', 'G16.500.750.775.710', 'N06.230.150.450', 'N06.230.300.100.725.710'], ['G01.910.857']] | ['Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Health Care [N]'] | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Development of colorectal cancer predicts increased risk of subsequent hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with alcoholic liver disease: case-control and cohort study. | Alcohol increases the risk of both hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and colorectal neoplasia. In this hospital-based case-control and retrospective cohort study, we sought to determine whether development of colorectal neoplasia increases the risk of HCC in patients with alcoholic liver disease (ALD). In the phase I case-control analysis, the association between history of colorectal cancer (CRC) and HCC development was assessed in patients with ALD by logistic regression modeling (n = 1,659). In the phase II retrospective cohort analysis, the relative risk of HCC development was compared in ALD patients with respect to the history of CRC by a Cox model (n = 1,184). The history of CRC was significantly associated with HCC in the case-control analysis (adjusted odds ratio, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.06-3.15; P < 0.05). ALD patients with CRC had higher risk of developing HCC compared to those without CRC (adjusted hazards ratio [HR], 5.48; 95% CI, 1.63-18.36; P = 0.006) in the cohort analysis. Presence of CRC, liver cirrhosis, elevated baseline alpha-fetoprotein level, and low platelet counts were independent predictors of HCC development in ALD patients. Patients with history of CRC had an increased risk of HCC in both cirrhotic (HR, 3.76; 95% CI, 1.05-13.34, P = 0.041) and non-cirrhotic (HR, 23.46; 95% CI, 2.81-195.83, P = 0.004) ALD patients. In conclusion, ALD patients with CRC are at increased risk of developing HCC. | ['Adult', 'Aged', 'Carcinoma, Hepatocellular', 'Case-Control Studies', 'Cohort Studies', 'Colorectal Neoplasms', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Liver Diseases, Alcoholic', 'Liver Neoplasms', 'Logistic Models', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease', 'Odds Ratio', 'Prognosis', 'Proportional Hazards Models', 'Risk Assessment', 'Risk Factors'] | 30,824,851 | [['M01.060.116'], ['M01.060.116.100'], ['C04.557.470.200.025.255', 'C04.588.274.623.160', 'C06.301.623.160', 'C06.552.697.160'], ['E05.318.372.500.500', 'N05.715.360.330.500.500', 'N06.850.520.450.500.500'], ['E05.318.372.500.750', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750'], ['C04.588.274.476.411.307', 'C06.301.371.411.307', 'C06.405.249.411.307', 'C06.405.469.158.356', 'C06.405.469.491.307', 'C06.405.469.860.180'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['C06.552.645', 'C25.775.100.087.645'], ['C04.588.274.623', 'C06.301.623', 'C06.552.697'], ['E05.318.740.500.525', 'E05.318.740.600.800.450', 'E05.318.740.750.450', 'E05.599.835.875', 'N05.715.360.750.530.480', 'N05.715.360.750.625.700.450', 'N05.715.360.750.695.470', 'N06.850.520.830.500.525', 'N06.850.520.830.600.800.450', 'N06.850.520.830.750.450'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['C06.552.241.519'], ['E05.318.740.600.600', 'G17.680.500', 'N05.715.360.750.625.590', 'N06.850.520.830.600.600'], ['E01.789'], ['E05.318.740.500.700', 'E05.318.740.600.700', 'E05.318.740.750.725', 'E05.318.740.998.825', 'E05.599.835.900', 'N05.715.360.750.530.650', 'N05.715.360.750.625.650', 'N05.715.360.750.695.650', 'N05.715.360.750.795.825', 'N06.850.520.830.500.700', 'N06.850.520.830.600.700', 'N06.850.520.830.750.725', 'N06.850.520.830.998.912'], ['E05.318.740.600.800.715', 'N04.452.871.715', 'N05.715.360.750.625.700.690', 'N06.850.505.715', 'N06.850.520.830.600.800.715'], ['E05.318.740.600.800.725', 'N05.715.350.200.700', 'N05.715.360.750.625.700.700', 'N06.850.490.625.750', 'N06.850.520.830.600.800.725']] | ['Named Groups [M]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]'] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Factors influencing the measurement of closing volume. | The various factors influencing closing volume were studied by performing the single-breath N2 test on 9 healthy nonsmokers. Time of day, day of the week, and preceding volume history had no effect on either closing volume or alveolar plateau. Slow inspiratory flow resulted in larger ratio of closing volume to vital capacity, ratio of closing capacity to total lung capacity, and change in N2 concentration than fast inspiratory flow. Voluntary regulation of the expiratory flow resulted in smaller ratios of closing volume to vital capacity and closing capacity to total lung capacity than when flow was regulated by a resistance. Prolonged breath holding of the inspired O2 led to larger ratio of closing volume to vital capacity and ratio of closing capacity to total lung capacity. To obtain uniform, comparable closing volumes, it is suggested that the subject inspire slowly, control expiratory flow (preferably voluntarily), and not pause between inspiration and expiration. | ['Adult', 'Airway Resistance', 'Female', 'Forced Expiratory Volume', 'Humans', 'Lung Volume Measurements', 'Male', 'Nitrogen', 'Plethysmography, Whole Body', 'Pulmonary Ventilation', 'Spirometry', 'Time Factors', 'Vital Capacity'] | 1,137,243 | [['M01.060.116'], ['E01.370.386.700.050', 'G09.772.060'], ['E01.370.386.700.660.230', 'G09.772.650.430'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E01.370.386.700.485'], ['D01.268.604', 'D01.362.625'], ['E01.370.370.610.805', 'E01.370.386.700.615'], ['E01.370.386.700.660', 'G09.772.650'], ['E01.370.386.700.750'], ['G01.910.857'], ['E01.370.386.700.485.750.900', 'G09.772.850.970']] | ['Named Groups [M]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]'] | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Kinetics and regulation of the tyrosine phosphorylation of epidermal growth factor receptor in intact A431 cells. | We have previously reported that antibodies to phosphotyrosine recognize the phosphorylated forms of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptors (Zippel et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta 881:54-61, 1986, and Sturani et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 137:343-350, 1986). In this report, the time course of receptor phosphorylation is investigated. In normal human fibroblasts, ligand-induced phosphorylation of PDGF and EGF receptors is followed by rapid dephosphorylation. However, in A431 cells the tyrosine-phosphorylated form of EGF receptor persists for many hours after EGF stimulation, allowing a detailed analysis of the conditions affecting receptor phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. In A431 cells, the number of receptor molecules phosphorylated on tyrosine was quantitated and found to be about 10% of total EGF receptors. The phosphorylated receptor molecules are localized on the cell surface, and they are rapidly dephosphorylated upon removal of EGF from binding sites by a short acid wash of intact cells and upon a mild treatment with trypsin. ATP depletion also results in rapid dephosphorylation, indicating that continuous phosphorylation-dephosphorylation reactions occur in the ligand-receptor complex at steady state. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate added shortly before EGF reduces the rate and the final extent of receptor phosphorylation. Moreover, it also reduces the amount of phosphorylated receptors if it is added after EGF. Down-regulation of protein kinase C by chronic treatment with phorbol dibutyrate increases the receptor phosphorylation induced by EGF, suggesting a homologous feedback regulation of EGF receptor functions. | ['Carcinoma, Squamous Cell', 'Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel', 'ErbB Receptors', 'Fibroblasts', 'Humans', 'Hydrogen-Ion Concentration', 'Immunoassay', 'Kinetics', 'Phosphorylation', 'Protein Kinase C', 'Trypsin', 'Tumor Cells, Cultured', 'Tyrosine'] | 3,367,910 | [['C04.557.470.200.400', 'C04.557.470.700.400'], ['E05.196.401.402', 'E05.301.300.319'], ['D08.811.913.696.620.682.725.400.009', 'D12.776.543.750.630.009', 'D12.776.543.750.750.400.074'], ['A11.329.228'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['G02.300'], ['E05.478.566', 'E05.601.470'], ['G01.374.661', 'G02.111.490'], ['G02.111.665', 'G02.607.780', 'G03.796'], ['D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.725'], ['D08.811.277.656.300.760.895', 'D08.811.277.656.959.350.895'], ['A11.251.860'], ['D12.125.072.050.875']] | ['Diseases [C]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]'] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Transfusion of platelet concentrates--clinical evaluation of two preparations. | The aim of this study was to compare the clinical effect of transfusion of platelet concentrates (PC) prepared from pooled buffy coats (BC) and PCs collected from a single donor (SD) by an apheresis technique. The influence of storage time and various clinical conditions was also studied. Thirty-two patients suffering from haematological malignancies were given a total of 326 platelet concentrates; 180 BC-PCs and 146 SD-PCs, median 7 transfusions per patient. BC-PCs contained 312 +/- 52 x 10(9) and SD-PCs 383 +/- 133 x 10(9) platelets/unit (mean +/- SD). The mean storage time of BC-PC was 3 d and that of SD-PC 1 d. The mean platelet count of the patients before transfusion was 11 +/- 8 x 10(9)/L. Regression analysis showed a significant decrease of the post-transfusion platelet corrected count increment (CCI) during storage of PCs for 1-5 d (BC-PC: p < 0.01; SD-PC: p < 0.05). There was no difference in platelet increment between BC-PC and SD-PC. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alloimmunization was the major cause of clinical refractoriness to random donor platelet transfusions but splenomegaly also caused low CCI values. | ['Adolescent', 'Adult', 'Aged', 'Blood Coagulation', 'Blood Component Removal', 'Blood Preservation', 'Child', 'Child, Preschool', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Infant', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Platelet Count', 'Platelet Transfusion', 'Time Factors'] | 8,982,294 | [['M01.060.057'], ['M01.060.116'], ['M01.060.116.100'], ['G09.188.390.150'], ['E02.120'], ['E02.792.833.230', 'E05.760.833.230'], ['M01.060.406'], ['M01.060.406.448'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.703'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['E01.370.225.500.195.107.740', 'E01.370.225.625.107.700', 'E01.370.225.625.625.625', 'E05.200.500.195.107.740', 'E05.200.625.107.700', 'E05.200.625.625.625', 'E05.242.195.107.740', 'G04.140.107.740', 'G09.188.105.700'], ['E02.095.135.140.650'], ['G01.910.857']] | ['Named Groups [M]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]'] | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
[Studies on MDA and MDA/MDAa in patients with retinitis pigmentosa]. | With fluorimetry, the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the ratio of MDA before and after the blood platelets activated (MDA/MDAa) were determined in patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP). The results showed the above two parameters were statistically higher than those of the normal controls, which indicated the superoxidation metabolism increased and the blood was in a state of hypercoagulation in RP patients. The reasons for the results and their roles in RP disease were discussed. Treatments with anti-lipid, and anti-coagulation drugs combined with Chinese medicines were suggested. | ['Adolescent', 'Adult', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Lipid Peroxidation', 'Male', 'Malondialdehyde', 'Middle Aged', 'Platelet Activation', 'Retinitis Pigmentosa'] | 7,774,696 | [['M01.060.057'], ['M01.060.116'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['G02.111.515', 'G03.295.531.587'], ['D02.047.700'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['G09.188.390.600'], ['C11.270.684', 'C11.768.585.658.500', 'C16.320.290.684']] | ['Named Groups [M]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Diseases [C]'] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Topiramate in the treatment of chronic migraine. | The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of topiramate in the treatment of chronic migraine. This was a double-blind, randomized, placebo controlled, parallel-group study. Patients suffering from chronic migraine with analgesic overuse were randomly assigned in a 1 : 1 ratio to receive topiramate or placebo. Following a baseline phase of eight weeks, the study drug was titrated in 25-mg increments over one week to 50 mg daily. Titration phase was followed by a 8-week maintenance phase. Number of days with headache during a 28-day period was the efficacy variable. At baseline, there was no difference in the number of days with headache between patients treated with topiramate and those treated with placebo (mean +/- SD: 20.9 +/- 3.2 and 20.8 +/- 3.2, respectively). During the last 4 week-maintenance phase, topiramate-treated patients experienced a significantly lower 28-day headache frequency in comparison to those treated with placebo (mean number of days with headache +/- SD: 8.1 +/- 8.1 vs. 20.6 +/- 3.4, P < 0.0007). Topiramate at low doses proved to be an effective therapeutic approach to reduce headache frequency in patients with chronic migraine and analgesic overuse. | ['Adult', 'Analgesics', 'Chi-Square Distribution', 'Chronic Disease', 'Confidence Intervals', 'Double-Blind Method', 'Female', 'Fructose', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Migraine Disorders', 'Multivariate Analysis', 'Odds Ratio', 'Topiramate'] | 14,510,929 | [['M01.060.116'], ['D27.505.696.663.850.014', 'D27.505.954.427.040'], ['E05.318.740.994.300', 'G17.820.300', 'N05.715.360.750.750.200', 'N06.850.520.830.994.300'], ['C23.550.291.500'], ['E05.318.740.275', 'N05.715.360.750.220', 'N06.850.520.830.275'], ['E05.318.370.300', 'E05.581.500.300', 'N05.715.360.325.320', 'N06.850.520.445.300'], ['D09.947.875.359.250', 'D09.947.875.465.354'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['C10.228.140.546.399.750'], ['E05.318.740.150.500', 'N05.715.360.750.125.500', 'N06.850.520.830.150.500'], ['E05.318.740.600.600', 'G17.680.500', 'N05.715.360.750.625.590', 'N06.850.520.830.600.600'], ['D09.947.875.359.250.500', 'D09.947.875.465.354.500']] | ['Named Groups [M]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Organisms [B]'] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Using site assessment and risk analysis to plan and build disaster-resistant programs and facilities. | Research animals need protection from the catastrophic losses that can occur during disasters. The best method of protecting animals is to house them in facilities that have been reinforced using disaster-resistant construction methods. The authors explain the use of site-specific risk analysis to determine the proper building site and features. | ['Animals', 'Animals, Laboratory', 'Communication', 'Disaster Planning', 'Disasters', 'Facility Design and Construction', 'Housing, Animal', 'Risk Assessment'] | 12,545,184 | [['B01.050'], ['B01.050.050.199'], ['F01.145.209', 'L01.143'], ['N06.230.100.035'], ['N06.230.100'], ['J01.086.339', 'N02.278.200'], ['J03.340.250', 'N06.230.150.360.250'], ['E05.318.740.600.800.715', 'N04.452.871.715', 'N05.715.360.750.625.700.690', 'N06.850.505.715', 'N06.850.520.830.600.800.715']] | ['Organisms [B]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Technology, Industry, and Agriculture [J]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]'] | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Heart fatty acid binding protein in the rapid evaluation of myocardial damage following valve replacement surgery. | BACKGROUND: Myocardial damage occurs following valve replacement surgery. We estimated the value of heart fatty acid binding protein (H-FABP) in these patients.METHODS: Sixty elected patients were enrolled and distributed into single (group A) and double (group B) valve replacement groups. The clinical data were outlined and blood samples were collected perioperatively for determination of plasma levels of H-FABP, cardiac troponin-I (cTn-I), and CK-MB in both groups.RESULTS: 56 patients completed the study and no significant difference of clinical data was observed except CPB time and ACC time between groups. H-FABP level elevated quickly after reperfusion and peaked significantly earlier than cTn-I and CK-MB, it also declined rapidly but did not return to baseline at 24 h after reperfusion. Three markers' levels were all higher in group B than in group A after reperfusion with significant differences at their peaks and thereafter. Patients with postoperative complications had significantly higher H-FABP levels than usual. H-FABP peak level associated well with the length of CPB and ACC as well as with other 2 markers' peak levels in both groups.CONCLUSION: Compared with cTn-I and CK-MB, H-FABP is an earlier and potentially useful marker in the rapid evaluation of myocardial damage following valve replacement surgery with CPB. | ['Adult', 'Biomarkers', 'Cardiac Output, Low', 'Cardiopulmonary Bypass', 'Carrier Proteins', 'Creatine Kinase', 'Creatine Kinase, MB Form', 'Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins', 'Female', 'Heart Valves', 'Humans', 'Isoenzymes', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Myocardium', 'Time Factors', 'Troponin I'] | 15,936,311 | [['M01.060.116'], ['D23.101'], ['C14.280.148', 'C23.888.192'], ['E04.292.413'], ['D12.776.157'], ['D08.811.913.696.640.150'], ['D08.811.913.696.640.150.625'], ['D12.776.157.170'], ['A07.541.510'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['D08.811.348', 'D12.776.800.300'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['A02.633.580', 'A07.541.704', 'A10.690.552.750'], ['G01.910.857'], ['D05.500.945.925', 'D05.750.078.730.825.925', 'D12.776.210.500.910.925', 'D12.776.220.525.825.925']] | ['Named Groups [M]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]'] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
A phase II evaluation of weekly paclitaxel plus carboplatin in advanced urothelial cancer. | This Phase II trial was designed to evaluate the overall objective response rate, complete response rate, efficacy, and safety of weekly paclitaxel (Taxol) and carboplatin (Paraplatin) in the treatment of advanced urothelial carcinoma. Thirty-three patients with measurable, unresectable, stage III-IV carcinoma of the urothelium were enrolled. Paclitaxel (135 mg/m2) and carboplatin (AUC=2) were given by intravenous (IV) infusion weekly x 6 followed by two weeks rest. Patients were premedicated with oral dexamethasone, diphenhydramine, and cimetadine (or equivalent). Patient characteristics included an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status (ECOG PS) 0 (36%), one (36%), two (28%); median age 70 years (37-83); 29 (88%) male, four (12%) female; 16 (48%) patients had prior chemotherapy [eight postoperative (adjuvant), five neoadjuvant, three for metastatic disease] and eight (24%) had prior radiation therapy. Eight patients (24%) achieved objective responses, three complete responses (CR) and five partial responses (PR); one patient was not evaluable (patient died prior to first dose). The median duration of response was 13 months (range, 2-29). Nine patients (27%) had stable disease (SD) and 15 patients (45%) had progressive disease (PD). Median time to progression was 3.6 months (range, < 1-29) and median survival was 10.3 months (range, < 1-33). Grade 3 and 4 toxicities included: asthenia (46%), neutropenia (36%), leukopenia (15%), thromboembolism (12%), diarrhea (9%), nausea and vomiting (9%), hyperglycemia (7%), and neuropathy (6%). Two patients died of sepsis, one death was treatment-related. Weekly paclitaxel plus carboplatin shows promising activity; however in the current study, efficacy may have been limited by the toxicities associated with this dose-intensive regimen in an elderly, pretreated patient population with poor performance status. This regimen warrants further study, perhaps as a three out of four week regimen or at reduced doses. | ['Adult', 'Aged', 'Aged, 80 and over', 'Anti-Ulcer Agents', 'Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols', 'Asthenia', 'Carboplatin', 'Carcinoma', 'Combined Modality Therapy', 'Dexamethasone', 'Diphenhydramine', 'Disease-Free Survival', 'Drug Administration Schedule', 'Female', 'Gastrointestinal Diseases', 'Hematologic Diseases', 'Humans', 'Hyperglycemia', 'Life Tables', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Neoplasm Staging', 'Paclitaxel', 'Peripheral Nervous System Diseases', 'Premedication', 'Survival Analysis', 'Treatment Outcome', 'Urologic Neoplasms', 'Urothelium'] | 15,493,358 | [['M01.060.116'], ['M01.060.116.100'], ['M01.060.116.100.080'], ['D27.505.954.483.203'], ['E02.183.750.500', 'E02.319.077.500', 'E02.319.310.037'], ['C23.888.089'], ['D02.257.125'], ['C04.557.470.200'], ['E02.186'], ['D04.210.500.745.432.769.344', 'D04.210.500.908.238'], ['D02.092.471.320', 'D02.455.426.559.389.115.250'], ['E01.789.800.190', 'E05.318.740.998.300', 'N04.761.559.590.800.190', 'N05.715.360.575.575.800.190', 'N05.715.360.750.795.300', 'N06.850.520.830.998.300'], ['E02.319.283'], ['C06.405'], ['C15.378'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['C18.452.394.952'], ['E05.318.308.985.475', 'E05.318.740.100.500', 'N01.224.935.530', 'N06.850.505.400.975.475', 'N06.850.520.308.985.475'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['E01.789.625'], ['D02.455.426.392.368.242.888.777', 'D02.455.849.291.850.777'], ['C10.668.829'], ['E02.319.703'], ['E05.318.740.998', 'N05.715.360.750.795', 'N06.850.520.830.998'], ['E01.789.800', 'N04.761.559.590.800', 'N05.715.360.575.575.800'], ['C04.588.945.947', 'C12.758.820', 'C13.351.937.820'], ['A10.272.850']] | ['Named Groups [M]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]'] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Systematic Relations between Affective and Sensory Material Dimensions in Touch. | Participants manually explored 47 solid, fluid, and granular materials and rated them according to a list of sensory and affective attributes. In principal component analyses (PCA) of sensory ratings, we extracted six dimensions: Fluidity, Roughness, Deformability, Fibrousness, Heaviness, and Granularity. PCAs on affective ratings revealed Valence, Arousal, and Dominance. PCAs explained 87 percent of variance or more. We found sensory dimensions beyond the surface characteristics on which many previous studies had focused, and the affective dimension of Dominance which previously had not been reported-probably due to our wide range of materials. Experiment 1 investigated a single sample, Experiment 2 distinguished between participants with more versus less outdoor experience during childhood. High correlations between scores of the two groups suggested that group differences were small. Across different experiments and groups greater Arousal was associated with more Fluidity, greater Dominance with increasing Heaviness and decreasing Deformability, and greater Granularity with more positive Valence. Participants with more outdoor experience associated fluid materials with unpleasant feelings, whereas participants with less outdoor experience rated rough materials as being unpleasant. Overall, we demonstrate that the range of affective responses to touched material is broader than previously assumed, and suggests systematic associations between specific affective and sensory dimensions. | ['Adolescent', 'Adult', 'Emotions', 'Female', 'Hand', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Principal Component Analysis', 'Touch Perception', 'Young Adult'] | 29,994,318 | [['M01.060.057'], ['M01.060.116'], ['F01.470'], ['A01.378.800.667'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E05.318.740.562'], ['F02.463.593.894'], ['M01.060.116.815']] | ['Named Groups [M]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]'] | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
A pathogenic role for gamma delta T cells in relapsing-remitting experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in the SJL mouse. | Previous studies have detected gamma delta T cells in multiple sclerosis and experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) lesions but their role remains obscure. In the present study, we assessed gamma delta T cell dynamics and distribution in spleen and central nervous system (CNS) from mice with relapsing-remitting EAE, and studied the effect of depleting these cells on clinical and pathologic expression of disease using the mAb GL3. By immunohistochemistry and FACS analysis, striking disease-related changes were observed in the gamma delta T cell population in the CNS. FACS analysis showed that while gamma delta T cells remained low in the spleen (approximately 2% total CD3+ T cells) at all stages, in the CNS they increased to approximately 12% at the height of the acute attack, fell to approximately 5% during the recovery phase, but rose again to approximately 12% during the chronic phase. In animals in which gamma delta T cells were depleted immediately before the onset of acute disease, or during the chronic stage, a striking and significant reduction in the severity of the clinical signs was observed that was associated with a decrease in the percentage of CD3+/gamma delta T cells in the CNS. In depleted animals a statistically significant reduction in inflammation and demyelination was noted during the acute stage, but only marginal effects on these disease parameters were found in the chronic phase. Taken together, the data support the conclusion that gamma delta T cells play an important role in the pathogenesis of EAE in mice during both acute and chronic/progressive phases of the disease process. | ['Acute Disease', 'Animals', 'Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental', 'Female', 'Lymphocyte Count', 'Lymphocyte Depletion', 'Mice', 'Mice, Inbred Strains', 'Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta', 'Recurrence', 'Spinal Cord', 'T-Lymphocyte Subsets'] | 8,752,949 | [['C23.550.291.125'], ['B01.050'], ['C10.114.703.300', 'C10.228.140.695.562.250', 'C10.314.350.250', 'C20.111.258.625.300', 'E05.598.500.500.500'], ['E01.370.225.500.195.107.595.500', 'E01.370.225.625.107.595.500', 'E05.200.500.195.107.595.500', 'E05.200.625.107.595.500', 'E05.242.195.107.595.500', 'G04.140.107.595.500', 'G09.188.105.595.500'], ['E02.095.465.425.450.521', 'E05.478.610.570'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500'], ['B01.050.050.199.520.520', 'B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500.400'], ['D12.776.543.750.705.816.824.830'], ['C23.550.291.937'], ['A08.186.854'], ['A11.118.637.555.567.550.500', 'A11.118.637.555.567.569.500', 'A15.145.229.637.555.567.550.500', 'A15.145.229.637.555.567.569.500', 'A15.382.490.555.567.550.500', 'A15.382.490.555.567.569.500']] | ['Diseases [C]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Anatomy [A]'] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Notched audiograms and noise exposure history in older adults. | OBJECTIVE: Using data from a population-based cohort study, we compared four published algorithms for identifying notched audiograms and compared their resulting classifications with noise exposure history.DESIGN: Four algorithms: (1) , (2) , (3) , and (4) were used to identify notched audiograms. Audiometric evaluations were collected as a part of the 10-yr follow-up examinations of the Epidemiology of Hearing Loss Study, in Beaver Dam, WI (2003-2005, N = 2395). Detailed noise exposure histories were collected by interview at the baseline examination (1993-1995) and updated at subsequent visits. An extensive history of occupational noise exposure, participation in noisy hobbies, and firearm usage was used to evaluate consistency of the notch classifications with the history of noise exposure.RESULTS: The prevalence of notched audiograms varied greatly by definition (31.7, 25.9, 47.2, and 11.7% for methods 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively). In this cohort, a history of noise exposure was common (56.2% for occupational noise, 71.7% for noisy hobbies, 13.4% for firearms, and 81.2% for any of these three sources). Among participants with a notched audiogram, almost one-third did not have a history of occupational noise exposure (31.4, 33.0, 32.5, and 28.1% for methods 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively), and approximately 11% did not have a history of exposure to any of the three sources of noise (11.5, 13.6, 10.3, and 7.6%). Discordance was greater in women than in men.CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that there is a poor agreement across existing algorithms for audiometric notches. In addition, notches can occur in the absence of a positive noise history. In the absence of an objective consensus definition of a notched audiogram and in light of the degree of discordance in women between noise history and notches by each of these algorithms, researchers should be cautious about classifying noise-induced hearing loss by notched audiograms. | ['Aged', 'Aged, 80 and over', 'Algorithms', 'Audiometry, Pure-Tone', 'Auditory Threshold', 'Cross-Sectional Studies', 'Female', 'Firearms', 'Follow-Up Studies', 'Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced', 'Hobbies', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Noise', 'Occupational Diseases', 'Odds Ratio', 'Pitch Discrimination', 'Regression Analysis', 'Sex Factors', 'Sound Spectrography'] | 19,633,561 | [['M01.060.116.100'], ['M01.060.116.100.080'], ['G17.035', 'L01.224.050'], ['E01.370.382.375.060.055'], ['F02.463.593.071.173', 'F02.463.593.710.190', 'G07.888.125.173'], ['E05.318.372.500.875', 'N05.715.360.330.500.875', 'N06.850.520.450.500.875'], ['J01.637.870.350'], ['E05.318.372.500.750.249', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.350', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.350'], ['C09.218.458.341.887.460', 'C10.597.751.418.341.887.460', 'C23.888.592.763.393.341.887.460'], ['I03.450.642.469'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['G01.750.770.776.567', 'G16.500.275.600', 'N06.230.400', 'N06.850.460.610'], ['C24'], ['E05.318.740.600.600', 'G17.680.500', 'N05.715.360.750.625.590', 'N06.850.520.830.600.600'], ['F02.463.593.071.700.408', 'G07.888.125.700.408'], ['E05.318.740.750', 'N05.715.360.750.695', 'N06.850.520.830.750'], ['N05.715.350.675', 'N06.850.490.875'], ['E05.855']] | ['Named Groups [M]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Technology, Industry, and Agriculture [J]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Anthropology, Education, Sociology, and Social Phenomena [I]', 'Organisms [B]'] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Novel mutation in STXBP1 gene in a patient with non-lesional Ohtahara syndrome. | INTRODUCTION: Ohtahara syndrome (OS, OMIM#308350, ORPHA1934) is an early-onset epileptic encephalopathy (EOEE) characterised by spasms, intractable seizures, suppression-burst pattern on the electroencephalogram, and severe psychomotor retardation. Mutations in STXBP1 -a gene that codes for syntaxin binding protein 1 and is involved in synaptic vesicle exocytosis- has been identified in most patients with OS.PATIENT AND RESULTS: We report the case of a 19-month-old child with OS who displays a previously unreported mutation in STXBP1 (c.1249+2T>C, G417AfsX7). This mutation is located in a donor splice site and eliminates exon 14, resulting in a truncated protein.CONCLUSION: This previously unreported STXBP1 mutation in a subject with Ohtahara syndrome and non-lesional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) broadens the mutational spectrum associated with this devastating epileptic syndrome. | ['Child, Preschool', 'Exons', 'Humans', 'Intellectual Disability', 'Magnetic Resonance Imaging', 'Male', 'Munc18 Proteins', 'Mutation', 'Spasms, Infantile'] | 25,631,041 | [['M01.060.406.448'], ['G05.360.340.024.340.137.232'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['C10.597.606.360', 'C23.888.592.604.646', 'F01.700.687', 'F03.625.539'], ['E01.370.350.825.500'], ['D12.776.543.990.587'], ['G05.365.590'], ['C10.228.140.490.375.760', 'C10.228.140.490.493.875']] | ['Named Groups [M]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]'] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
let-7b and miR-126 are down-regulated in tumor tissue and correlate with microvessel density and survival outcomes in non--small--cell lung cancer. | Angiogenesis is a critical event in the development, progression, and spread of various human cancers, including lung cancer. Molecular mechanisms that underlie the complex regulation of angiogenic processes are poorly understood. However, an increasing body of evidence indicates miRNAs as important regulators of tumor angiogenesis. Forceps biopsies were collected from tumor tissue, surrounding tissue, and non-tumor tissue from 50 NSCLC patients. Lung tissue samples from individuals with no clinical evidence of a cancerous disease served as controls. Immunohistochemical staining for Factor VIII was used to evaluate microvessel density (MVD). TaqMan® primer-probe sets were used in quantitative real-time RT-PCR reactions to determine expression levels of let-7b, miR-126, miR-9, and miR-19a. We demonstrated significantly higher MVD and decreased expression levels of let-7b and miR-126 in tumor tissue and surrounding tissue in comparison to corresponding non-tumor tissue or lung tissue from the control group. In addition, no differences in MVD and expression levels of both miRNAs between tumor tissue and surrounding tissue from NSCLC patients were observed. Low expression of both miRNAs correlated with high MVD and worse progression-free survival and overall survival. These observations strongly suggest similar molecular alternations within tumor tissue and surrounding tissue that comprise a specific microenvironment. Low expression of let-7b and miR-126 seems to have a possible anti-angiogenic role in lung tumor tissue and significantly correlates with worse survival outcomes for lung cancer patients. Moreover, the regulation of let-7b and miR-126 expression could have therapeutic potential because it could reduce tumor angiogenesis and therefore suppress tumor growth in lung cancer patients. | ['Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung', 'Down-Regulation', 'Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic', 'Humans', 'Lung Neoplasms', 'MicroRNAs', 'Neovascularization, Pathologic'] | 23,029,111 | [['C04.588.894.797.520.109.220.249', 'C08.381.540.140.500', 'C08.785.520.100.220.500'], ['G02.111.240', 'G05.308.200', 'G07.690.773.937'], ['G05.308.370'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['C04.588.894.797.520', 'C08.381.540', 'C08.785.520'], ['D13.150.650.319', 'D13.444.735.150.319', 'D13.444.735.790.552.500'], ['C23.550.589.500']] | ['Diseases [C]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]'] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
The Relationship Between Worry and Dimensions of Anxiety Symptoms in Children and Adolescents. | BACKGROUND: Worry is a common feature across many anxiety disorders. It is important to understand how and when worry presents from childhood to adolescence to prevent long-term negative outcomes. However, most of the existing studies that examine the relationship between worry and anxiety disorders utilize adult samples.AIMS: The present study aimed to assess the level of worry in children and adolescents and how relationships between worry and symptoms of separation anxiety disorder (SAD) and social anxiety disorder (Soc) may present differently at different ages.METHOD: 127 children (age 8-12 years) and adolescents (age 13-18 years), diagnosed with any anxiety disorder, presenting at a child anxiety out-patient clinic, completed measures of worry, anxiety and depression.RESULTS: Worry scores did not differ by age group. Soc symptoms were significantly correlated with worry in both age groups; however, SAD symptoms were only significantly correlated with worry in younger participants. After the inclusion of covariates, SAD symptoms but not Soc symptoms remained significant in the regression model with younger children, and Soc symptoms remained significant in the regression model with older children.CONCLUSIONS: The finding that worry was comparable in both groups lends support for worry as a stable construct associated with anxiety disorders throughout late childhood and early adolescence. | ['Adolescent', 'Anxiety', 'Anxiety Disorders', 'Anxiety, Separation', 'Child', 'Depression', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Phobia, Social', 'Psychometrics', 'Surveys and Questionnaires'] | 27,852,349 | [['M01.060.057'], ['F01.470.132'], ['F03.080'], ['F03.080.300', 'F03.625.047'], ['M01.060.406'], ['F01.145.126.350'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['F03.080.725.500'], ['F04.711.780'], ['E05.318.308.980', 'N05.715.360.300.800', 'N06.850.520.308.980']] | ['Named Groups [M]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]'] | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Distribution of lymphocyte subsets in the large intestinal lymphoid follicles of lambs. | The phenotypes of lymphocytes in the large intestinal patches (LIP) of lambs were examined by flow cytometry and immunohistology, using a panel of monoclonal antibodies (mAb), and compared to those found in the jejunal (JPP) and ileal Peyer's patches (IPP). T-cell markers were detected on 25% of the LIP and JPP lymphocytes by cytofluorometry, and nearly all T cells expressed the CD4 molecule. In contrast, T cells were scarce in the IPP (less than 1%). The B-cell marker p220 was expressed by 74% of the LIP lymphocytes, whereas surface immunoglobulin-positive cells comprised 50-60% of the lymphocyte population. The adhesion molecule CD2 was expressed by a larger proportion of cells from the LIP and JPP than from the IPP, whereas the adhesion molecule CD44 was detected on more IPP lymphocytes. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I antigens were expressed by nearly all lymphocytes from the LIP, JPP and IPP. The LIP contained 70-80% cells with MHC class II expression, whereas the majority of IPP cells (greater than 95%) were MHC class II positive. Immunohistology showed many CD4+ T lymphocytes in the follicles of the LIP and JPP, but none in the IPP follicles. CD8+ lymphocytes were found in the interfollicular areas and were absent from the follicles. The interfollicular areas of the rectal patch contained about 15% tau delta T cells. In contrast, the JPP, IPP and the colon patch at the beginning of spiral colon contained less than 3% tau delta T cells. | ['Animals', 'Antigens, Surface', 'B-Lymphocytes', 'Colon', 'Immunoenzyme Techniques', 'Lymphocytes', 'Lymphoid Tissue', 'Rectum', 'Sheep', 'T-Lymphocytes'] | 2,199,370 | [['B01.050'], ['D23.050.301'], ['A11.063.438', 'A11.118.637.555.567.562', 'A15.145.229.637.555.567.562', 'A15.382.032.438', 'A15.382.490.555.567.562'], ['A03.556.124.526.356', 'A03.556.249.249.356'], ['E05.478.566.350', 'E05.478.583.400', 'E05.601.470.350'], ['A11.118.637.555.567', 'A15.145.229.637.555.567', 'A15.382.490.555.567'], ['A10.549', 'A15.382.520.604'], ['A03.556.124.526.767', 'A03.556.249.249.767'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.500.380.791'], ['A11.118.637.555.567.569', 'A15.145.229.637.555.567.569', 'A15.382.490.555.567.569']] | ['Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]'] | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
RhoH regulates subcellular localization of ZAP-70 and Lck in T cell receptor signaling. | RhoH is an hematopoietic-specific, GTPase-deficient Rho GTPase that plays a role in T development. We investigated the mechanisms of RhoH function in TCR signaling. We found that the association between Lck and CD3æ was impaired in RhoH-deficient T cells, due to defective translocation of both Lck and ZAP-70 to the immunological synapse. RhoH with Lck and ZAP-70 localizes in the detergent-soluble membrane fraction where the complex is associated with CD3æ phosphorylation. To determine if impaired translocation of ZAP-70 was a major determinant of defective T cell development, Rhoh(-/-) bone marrow cells were transduced with a chimeric myristoylation-tagged ZAP-70. Myr-ZAP-70 transduced cells partially reversed the in vivo defects of RhoH-associated thymic development and TCR signaling. Together, our results suggest that RhoH regulates TCR signaling via recruitment of ZAP-70 and Lck to CD3æ in the immunological synapse. Thus, we define a new function for a RhoH GTPase as an adaptor molecule in TCR signaling pathway. | ['Animals', 'CD3 Complex', 'Female', 'HEK293 Cells', 'Humans', 'Immunoblotting', 'Intracellular Space', 'Jurkat Cells', 'Lymphocyte Specific Protein Tyrosine Kinase p56(lck)', 'Male', 'Mice', 'Mice, 129 Strain', 'Mice, Inbred C57BL', 'Mice, Knockout', 'Mice, Transgenic', 'Phosphorylation', 'Protein Binding', 'Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell', 'Signal Transduction', 'T-Lymphocytes', 'Transcription Factors', 'ZAP-70 Protein-Tyrosine Kinase', 'rho GTP-Binding Proteins'] | 21,103,055 | [['B01.050'], ['D23.050.301.264.894.095', 'D23.101.100.894.095'], ['A11.251.210.172.750', 'A11.436.334'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E05.478.566.320', 'E05.601.470.320'], ['A10.082.750', 'A11.284.430'], ['A11.251.210.190.495', 'A11.251.860.180.495', 'A15.382.490.555.567.569.440'], ['D08.811.913.696.620.682.725.800.315', 'D12.776.624.664.700.128'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500.400.025', 'B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500.550.025', 'B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500.800.500.025'], ['B01.050.050.199.520.520.420', 'B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500.400.420'], ['B01.050.050.136.500.500', 'B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500.550.455', 'B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500.800.500'], ['B01.050.050.136.500', 'B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500.800'], ['G02.111.665', 'G02.607.780', 'G03.796'], ['G02.111.679', 'G03.808'], ['D12.776.543.750.705.816.824'], ['G02.111.820', 'G04.835'], ['A11.118.637.555.567.569', 'A15.145.229.637.555.567.569', 'A15.382.490.555.567.569'], ['D12.776.930'], ['D08.811.913.696.620.682.725.900', 'D12.776.476.950'], ['D08.811.277.040.330.300.400.700', 'D12.644.360.525.700', 'D12.776.157.325.515.700', 'D12.776.476.525.700']] | ['Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]'] | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Comparison of serum and plasma leukotriene B4 levels in normal and asthmatic subjects. | BACKGROUND: Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) serum and plasma concentrations were reported to be higher in some asthmatic patients than in normal subjects; however, reported LTB4 concentrations in normal subjects vary widely. One study suggested that blood clotting causes the increased LTB4 concentration.OBJECTIVE: To determine whether LTB4 concentration is increased in asthmatic patients, and whether it is affected by clotting.METHODS: We studied seven normal subjects and nine clinically stable asthmatic patients. Venous blood was drawn into test tubes without additives; containing heparin; or containing heparin and cyclo- and lipoxygenase inhibitors. Cells were separated after 30 minutes. Leukotriene B4 was measured by radioimmunoassay following its extraction from serum or plasma. In three subjects, plasma was separated also at times 0 through 30 minutes.RESULTS: Serum and plasma concentrations of LTB4 in normal volunteers and asthmatic patients were similar, but the variance of LTB4 concentrations among the asthmatic patients was significantly higher than in the normal subjects. Leukotriene B4 concentrations, measured in plasma only, were significantly reduced in both asthmatic and nonasthmatic subjects in the presence of inhibitors. There was no significant difference in LTB4 concentrations between time 0 and 30 minutes, but there was considerable variability.CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that clotting is unlikely to affect serum LTB4 concentrations. Leukotriene B4 serum and plasma concentrations are not consistently increased in asthmatic patients; however, LTB4 is synthesized during and possibly after blood has been drawn. Proper handling of the specimens and probably the addition of cyclo-oxygenase and lipoxygenase inhibitors is of the utmost importance for accurate LTB4 determination. | ['Adult', 'Asthma', 'Blood Coagulation', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Leukotriene B4', 'Male', 'Middle Aged'] | 7,583,855 | [['M01.060.116'], ['C08.127.108', 'C08.381.495.108', 'C08.674.095', 'C20.543.480.680.095'], ['G09.188.390.150'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['D10.251.355.255.100.450.411', 'D10.251.355.310.166.887.411', 'D23.469.050.175.450.415'], ['M01.060.116.630']] | ['Named Groups [M]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]'] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Marital satisfaction in couples with rheumatoid arthritis. | OBJECTIVE: To understand correlates of marital satisfaction in persons with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and their spouses.METHODS: In a cross-sectional survey, 79 persons with RA and 78 spouses completed the Kansas Marital Satisfaction Scale, the revised Ways of Coping Questionnaire scales, and the Health Assessment Questionnaire. A series of linear regression analyses were then performed to investigate correlates of marital satisfaction for patients and spouses.RESULTS: Seventy-six percent of patients were women. Mean patient age was 56.5 years (+/- 12.5 years), number of years married was 30.7 (+/- 13.5), and duration of RA was 14.2 years (+/- 9.0 years). Demographic features of spouses resembled those of patients. Patients and spouses were generally satisfied with their marriages. Linear regression analyses showed that lower marital satisfaction in patients was associated with higher education level (P < 0.01), patient's greater use of escape into fantasy (P < 0.01), patient's greater use of finding blame (P < 0.05), and spouse's higher use of escape into fantasy (P < 0.001). Spouses less satisfied with their marriages were more likely to use passive acceptance (P < 0.05) and less likely to find blame (P < 0.05). Female spouses were less likely to be satisfied in their marriages (P < 0.01) than male spouses.CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that certain passive coping styles are associated with lower marital satisfaction in persons with RA and their spouses. More highly educated patients and female spouses are also less satisfied in their marriages. These cross-sectional correlations should not be regarded as causal and should be examined further in longitudinal studies. | ['Adaptation, Psychological', 'Aged', 'Arthritis, Rheumatoid', 'Attitude to Health', 'Avoidance Learning', 'Conflict, Psychological', 'Cross-Sectional Studies', 'Educational Status', 'Fantasy', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Linear Models', 'Male', 'Marriage', 'Middle Aged', 'Models, Psychological', 'Personal Satisfaction', 'Quality of Life', 'Sick Role', 'Spouses', 'Surveys and Questionnaires'] | 14,635,288 | [['F01.058'], ['M01.060.116.100'], ['C05.550.114.154', 'C05.799.114', 'C17.300.775.099', 'C20.111.199'], ['F01.100.150', 'N05.300.150'], ['F02.463.425.097', 'F02.463.785.373.173'], ['F01.658.209'], ['E05.318.372.500.875', 'N05.715.360.330.500.875', 'N06.850.520.450.500.875'], ['N01.824.196'], ['F01.393.351', 'F02.463.188.634.507'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E05.318.740.500.500', 'E05.318.740.750.425', 'E05.599.835.750', 'N05.715.360.750.530.460', 'N05.715.360.750.695.460', 'N06.850.520.830.500.500', 'N06.850.520.830.750.425'], ['F01.829.263.315.500.500', 'I01.240.361.500.500', 'I01.880.853.150.423.500.500', 'N01.224.361.500.500', 'N01.824.308.500.500'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['E05.599.695'], ['F01.145.677'], ['I01.800', 'K01.752.400.750', 'N06.850.505.400.425.837'], ['F01.829.316.616.751'], ['F01.829.263.500.660', 'I01.880.853.150.500.670', 'M01.816'], ['E05.318.308.980', 'N05.715.360.300.800', 'N06.850.520.308.980']] | ['Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Anthropology, Education, Sociology, and Social Phenomena [I]', 'Humanities [K]'] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
A novel way to manage trastuzumab cardiotoxicity. | PURPOSE: Trastuzumab is the most widely prescribed anti-HER2 humanized monoclonal antibody. Cardiac toxicity is the only limiting toxicity of trastuzumab and it is of particular concern in patients with complete response, since the drug needs to be stopped, with a risk of disease relapse. To date, no pharmacological data on trastuzumab cardiotoxicity in patients have been made available. Here, we provide proof of concept, demonstrating that it was possible to prevent trastuzumab-induced cardiotoxicity by modifying the drug administration schedule.METHODS: In this paper, we report the case of a patient with metastatic breast cancer responding to trastuzumab, who developed severe cardiac toxicity twice using a 3-weekly regimen. Considering preclinical pharmacological data on trastuzumab cardiotoxicity, we hypothesized that a weekly schedule of trastuzumab with lower peaks of serum concentration could be safe while remaining efficient. With the patient's consent, we started a weekly combination of carboplatin (AUC2) and trastuzumab (2 mg/kg) with close monitoring of trastuzumab concentrations.RESULTS: We successfully controlled the disease for an additional 6 months with relevant trough concentrations of trastuzumab of around 50 mg/L. Another important aspect is that, with this weekly schedule, we observed no cardiac toxicity, and the left ventricular ejection fraction remained stabilized, at over 50%.CONCLUSIONS: Trastuzumab is the most widely prescribed anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody for the treatment of HER2 metastatic breast cancer, and it is the only drug that has been approved for the treatment of localized HER2 breast cancer, 1-year treatment being required after surgery. In case of cardiac toxicity, particularly in women over 60 years of age, a weekly regimen with lower peaks of concentration could be an alternative to the standard 3-weekly regimen. | ['Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized', 'Breast Neoplasms', 'Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast', 'Cardiotoxicity', 'Drug Administration Schedule', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Middle Aged', 'Prognosis', 'Trastuzumab'] | 29,497,813 | [['D12.776.124.486.485.114.224.060', 'D12.776.124.790.651.114.224.060', 'D12.776.377.715.548.114.224.200'], ['C04.588.180', 'C17.800.090.500'], ['C04.557.470.200.025.232.500', 'C04.557.470.615.132.500', 'C04.588.180.390', 'C17.800.090.500.390'], ['C14.280.260', 'C23.550.161', 'C25.100.389', 'C26.733.266', 'G01.750.748.500.266'], ['E02.319.283'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['E01.789'], ['D12.776.124.486.485.114.224.060.875', 'D12.776.124.790.651.114.224.060.875', 'D12.776.377.715.548.114.224.200.875']] | ['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Named Groups [M]'] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Cross-sectional and case-control analyses of the association of kidney function staging with adverse postoperative outcomes in general and vascular surgery. | OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess kidney dysfunction in general surgical patients and examine the effect on postoperative mortality and morbidity.BACKGROUND: An estimated 13% of the US population has chronic kidney disease (CKD), but awareness among patients and caregivers is lacking.METHODS: The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP) data sets for 2005-2007 were analyzed. Preoperative kidney function was assessed by the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease formula for estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and staged according to National Kidney Foundation. Cross-sectional analyses were performed for 30-day mortality (Cox proportional hazard) and incidence of major complications (nominal logistic regression). A case-control cohort of colectomy cases was analyzed comparing patients in the stage 4 CKD group and the no CKD group (no-CKD).RESULTS: Sixty-four percent of evaluable patients had reduced eGFR, but eGFR was not evaluable in 28% of the surgical cases. In the 260,352 evaluable cases, adjusted hazard ratio for 30-day mortality was 2.30 [95% confidence interval (CI), 2.11-2.51] for stage 3 CKD; 3.37 (95% CI, 3.01-3.76) for stage 4 CKD; and 3.05 (95% CI, 2.68-3.47) for stage 5 CKD compared with no-CKD (P < 0.0001). CKD was an independent risk factor for having major complications postsurgery [stage 3, odds ratio (OR) = 1.24 (95% CI, 1.19-1.29); stage 4, OR = 1.65 (95% CI, 1.52-1.78); and stage 5 CKD, OR = 1.40 (95% CI, 1.30-1.51); P < 0.0001]. The case-control for colectomy was confirmatory: increased 30-day mortality in stage 4 CKD versus no-CKD (hazard ratio = 2.58, 95% CI, 1.13-5.92; P = 0.025).CONCLUSIONS: Renal insufficiency may be underrecognized in the general and vascular (noncardiac) surgery population, is a leading independent predictor of poor early postoperative outcomes, and should be routinely assessed in the preoperative setting. | ['Aged', 'Analysis of Variance', 'Case-Control Studies', 'Chi-Square Distribution', 'Colectomy', 'Cross-Sectional Studies', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Kidney Failure, Chronic', 'Kidney Function Tests', 'Logistic Models', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Postoperative Complications', 'Predictive Value of Tests', 'Proportional Hazards Models', 'Risk Factors', 'Surgical Procedures, Operative', 'United States', 'Vascular Surgical Procedures'] | 23,478,526 | [['M01.060.116.100'], ['E05.318.740.150', 'N05.715.360.750.125', 'N06.850.520.830.150'], ['E05.318.372.500.500', 'N05.715.360.330.500.500', 'N06.850.520.450.500.500'], ['E05.318.740.994.300', 'G17.820.300', 'N05.715.360.750.750.200', 'N06.850.520.830.994.300'], ['E04.210.219'], ['E05.318.372.500.875', 'N05.715.360.330.500.875', 'N06.850.520.450.500.875'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['C12.777.419.780.750.500', 'C13.351.968.419.780.750.500'], ['E01.370.390.400'], ['E05.318.740.500.525', 'E05.318.740.600.800.450', 'E05.318.740.750.450', 'E05.599.835.875', 'N05.715.360.750.530.480', 'N05.715.360.750.625.700.450', 'N05.715.360.750.695.470', 'N06.850.520.830.500.525', 'N06.850.520.830.600.800.450', 'N06.850.520.830.750.450'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['C23.550.767'], ['E05.318.370.800.650', 'N05.715.360.325.700.640', 'N06.850.520.445.800.650'], ['E05.318.740.500.700', 'E05.318.740.600.700', 'E05.318.740.750.725', 'E05.318.740.998.825', 'E05.599.835.900', 'N05.715.360.750.530.650', 'N05.715.360.750.625.650', 'N05.715.360.750.695.650', 'N05.715.360.750.795.825', 'N06.850.520.830.500.700', 'N06.850.520.830.600.700', 'N06.850.520.830.750.725', 'N06.850.520.830.998.912'], ['E05.318.740.600.800.725', 'N05.715.350.200.700', 'N05.715.360.750.625.700.700', 'N06.850.490.625.750', 'N06.850.520.830.600.800.725'], ['E04'], ['Z01.107.567.875'], ['E04.100.814']] | ['Named Groups [M]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Geographicals [Z]'] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Ultrastructural mapping of a sperm plasma membrane autoantigen before and after the acrosome reaction. | The rabbit sperm plasma membrane autoantigen, RSA, is a zona binding protein that binds the spermatozoon to the zona pellucida both before and after the acrosome reaction. In the present study rabbit spermatozoa undergoing the acrosome reaction in vitro are described and monospecific polyclonal mouse anti-RSA and protein A-gold label is used with the label-fracture technique (Pinto de Silva and Kan, J Cell Biol, 99:1156-1161, 1984) to map the location of RSA at the ultrastructural level before and after the acrosome reaction. RSA is most concentrated in the plasma membrane over the postacrosomal-equatorial region border. The label appears to cluster over the anterior aspects of the postacrosomal region's tooth-like projections. Following the acrosome reaction, RSA is still present in the postacrosomal region and often appears clustered in the medial aspects of the equatorial region. | ['Acrosome', 'Animals', 'Autoantigens', 'Cell Membrane', 'Female', 'Fluorescent Antibody Technique', 'Freeze Fracturing', 'Immunohistochemistry', 'Male', 'Microscopy, Electron', 'Rabbits', 'Sperm Capacitation', 'Sperm-Ovum Interactions', 'Spermatozoa', 'Zona Pellucida'] | 3,058,567 | [['A05.360.490.890.820.100', 'A11.284.430.214.190.875.190.550.040', 'A11.497.760.400.100'], ['B01.050'], ['D23.050.422'], ['A11.284.149'], ['E01.370.225.500.607.512.240', 'E01.370.225.750.551.512.240', 'E05.200.500.607.512.240', 'E05.200.750.551.512.240', 'E05.478.583.375'], ['E01.370.225.500.620.620.260', 'E01.370.225.750.600.620.260', 'E05.200.500.620.620.260', 'E05.200.750.600.620.260'], ['E01.370.225.500.607.512', 'E01.370.225.750.551.512', 'E05.200.500.607.512', 'E05.200.750.551.512', 'E05.478.583', 'H01.158.100.656.234.512', 'H01.158.201.344.512', 'H01.158.201.486.512', 'H01.181.122.573.512', 'H01.181.122.605.512'], ['E01.370.350.515.402', 'E05.595.402'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.968.700'], ['G08.686.784.277.760'], ['G08.686.784.277.800'], ['A05.360.490.890', 'A11.497.760'], ['A05.360.490.690.950', 'A11.284.295.310.990', 'A11.497.497.900', 'A16.690.900']] | ['Anatomy [A]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]'] | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
A phosphoglycolate phosphatase/AUM-dependent link between triacylglycerol turnover and epidermal growth factor signaling. | Mammalian phosphoglycolate phosphatase (PGP, also known as AUM or glycerol-3-phosphate phosphatase) is a small molecule-directed phosphatase important for metabolite repair and lipid metabolism. Although PGP was first characterized as an enzyme involved in epidermal growth factor (EGF) signaling, PGP protein substrates have remained elusive. Here we show that PGP depletion facilitates fatty acid flux through the intracellular triacylglycerol/fatty acid cycle, and that phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), produced in a side branch of this cycle, is critical for the impact of PGP activity on EGF-induced signaling. Loss of endogenous PGP expression amplified both EGF-induced EGF receptor autophosphorylation and Src-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of phospholipase C-ã1 (PLCã1). Furthermore, EGF enhanced the formation of circular dorsal ruffles in PGP-depleted cells via Src/PLCã1/protein kinase C (PKC)-dependent signaling to the cytoskeleton. Inhibition of adipose triglyceride lipase normalized the increased PIP2 content, reduced EGF-dependent PLCã1 hyperphosphorylation, and decreased the elevated dorsal ruffle formation of PGP-depleted cells. Our data explain how PGP exerts control over EGF-induced cellular protein tyrosine phosphorylation, and reveal an unexpected influence of triacylglycerol turnover on growth factor signaling. | ['Cell Line', 'Epidermal Growth Factor', 'Humans', 'Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-Diphosphate', 'Phospholipase C gamma', 'Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases', 'Protein Kinase C', 'Signal Transduction', 'Triglycerides'] | 29,524,543 | [['A11.251.210'], ['D06.472.317.350', 'D12.644.276.382.500', 'D12.776.467.382.500', 'D23.529.382.500'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['D10.570.755.375.760.400.942.625.900'], ['D08.811.277.352.640.700.700.562.750', 'D12.644.360.571.750', 'D12.776.476.556.750'], ['D08.811.277.352.650'], ['D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.725'], ['G02.111.820', 'G04.835'], ['D10.351.801']] | ['Anatomy [A]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]'] | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
New procedure of bronchoalveolar lavage using a balloon catheter in diffuse lung diseases. | BACKGROUND: Various procedures for bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) have been developed. BAL needs a wedge between the bronchoscope and the inner surface of the bronchus. The feasibility of performing BAL at the targeted position cannot be determined until immediately before the procedure. We examined BAL performed using a balloon catheter to evaluate the stability of the procedure itself and quality of the specimen obtained.METHODS: The main inclusion criteria were diffuse lung disease with a shadow in the B5a area. The tip of a disposable balloon catheter was passed through the orifice of the B5a bronchus, and the balloon was expanded at the B5a bronchus. A 50-mL syringe containing saline was instilled, and gentle hand suction was performed. This procedure was repeated two more times (total: 150 mL).RESULTS: In all the 13 patients, the balloon of the catheter was inflated at the B5a bronchus. The median recovery rate was 34.92% ± 13.22%. These values were comparable to previously obtained BAL data (control group, N = 56) from our facility. The BAL fluid findings and final diagnosis, with the exception of one undiagnosed case, were consistent. Overall, four patients suffered an adverse event during BAL (hypoxemia). All cases were managed by increasing the oxygen flow rate, and the adverse event did not affect the subsequent examinations.CONCLUSIONS: Using a balloon catheter enabled us to perform BAL at the intended bronchus. The quality of the obtained specimen was also acceptable. | ['Bronchoalveolar Lavage', 'Humans', 'Lung Diseases'] | 31,668,934 | [['E05.927.100'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['C08.381']] | ['Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Diseases [C]'] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Effects of time, dose, and inversion time for acute myocardial infarct size measurements based on magnetic resonance imaging-delayed contrast enhancement. | OBJECTIVES: This study sought to investigate the influence of time, dose, and inversion time (TI) and their interactions on myocardial infarct size measurements to establish the foundation for a standardized protocol for multicenter trials.BACKGROUND: There is growing interest in using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) infarct size measurements as an end point in clinical trials. However, no standardized protocol exists, and there are limited data concerning the effects of time, contrast agent dose, and TI.METHODS: First, we determined the influence of postcontrast imaging time (5 to 40 min), contrast agent dose (0.1 vs. 0.2 mmol/kg), TI, and their interactions in an animal model (n = 14). Second, we tested whether the findings of the animal study apply to patients and are generalizable. Therefore, we retested the diagnostic window in a multicenter study. A total of 48 patients with first acute myocardial infarction (AMI) from three centers were imaged twice (5 and 30 min) after injection of 0.15 mmol/kg gadolinium diethylenetriamine-pentaacetate using an adjusted TI.RESULTS: The animal study showed that the infarct size is independent of time and dose (p = 0.9 and p = 0.16, respectively) using an adjusted TI. Using a fixed TI, however, infarct size is a function of time and dose (p = 0.0001 and p = 0.01, respectively). The multicenter study showed that MRI 1 (16.9 +/- 12% of left ventricle) was not statistically different from MRI 2 (16.4 +/- 12% of left ventricle, p = NS) with no difference between sites (p = NS).CONCLUSIONS: The AMI size can be measured with MRI using a contrast dose between 0.1 and 0.2 mmol/kg and a time window of 5 to 30 min after contrast administration, provided that the TI is adjusted. | ['Adult', 'Aged', 'Animals', 'Clinical Protocols', 'Contrast Media', 'Dogs', 'Dose-Response Relationship, Drug', 'Female', 'Gadolinium DTPA', 'Humans', 'Magnetic Resonance Imaging', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Myocardial Infarction', 'Prospective Studies', 'Risk Assessment', 'Time Factors'] | 16,697,321 | [['M01.060.116'], ['M01.060.116.100'], ['B01.050'], ['E02.183', 'N05.715.360.330.125'], ['D27.505.259.500', 'D27.720.259'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.750.250.216.200'], ['G07.690.773.875', 'G07.690.936.500'], ['D02.092.782.590.401', 'D02.241.081.018.639.400', 'D02.257.141'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E01.370.350.825.500'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['C14.280.647.500', 'C14.907.585.500', 'C23.550.513.355.750', 'C23.550.717.489.750'], ['E05.318.372.500.750.625', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.650', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.650'], ['E05.318.740.600.800.715', 'N04.452.871.715', 'N05.715.360.750.625.700.690', 'N06.850.505.715', 'N06.850.520.830.600.800.715'], ['G01.910.857']] | ['Named Groups [M]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Diseases [C]'] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
[Selection of the imaging modalities for diagnosis of renal trauma: experience with 74 cases]. | OBJECTIVE: To explore the diagnostic approaches and values of the imaging modalities for traumatic renal injuries.METHODS: The clinical records of 74 cases of renal trauma treated in Nanfang Hospital were retrospectively reviewed to assess the diagnostic value of intravenous urography (IVU), type B ultrasonography and computed tomography (CT).RESULTS: The positivity rates by IVU, type B ultrasonography, and CT were 89% (43/49), 80% (55/68) and 100% (51/51) respectively for the diagnosis of renal trauma.CONCLUSION: IVU is rapid and convenient, ultrasonography less costly and invasive, and CT accurate for diagnosis of renal traumas. | ['Adolescent', 'Adult', 'Aged', 'Child', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Kidney', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Tomography, X-Ray Computed', 'Ultrasonography', 'Urography', 'Wounds and Injuries'] | 12,919,927 | [['M01.060.057'], ['M01.060.116'], ['M01.060.116.100'], ['M01.060.406'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['A05.810.453'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['E01.370.350.350.810', 'E01.370.350.600.350.700.810', 'E01.370.350.700.700.810', 'E01.370.350.700.810.810', 'E01.370.350.825.810.810'], ['E01.370.350.850'], ['E01.370.350.700.830', 'E01.370.390.830'], ['C26']] | ['Named Groups [M]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Diseases [C]'] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
The (mis)matching of resources and assessed need in remote Aboriginal community aged care. | AIM: To examine processes of aged-care needs assessment for Aboriginal people in remote central Australia to assist development of appropriate models of aged care.METHOD: A qualitative study involving 11 semistructured interviews with aged-care assessors and two focus groups with Aboriginal community members.RESULTS: This paper reports four major themes concerning how needs assessments relate to realities of service delivery: cultural perspectives on aged care, context of service delivery, equity and access to services, and program (mis)alignments.CONCLUSION: Disparities exist between assessment recommendations and service availability, with a potential mismatch between Aboriginal understandings of needs, interpretations by individual assessment staff and program guidelines. Incorporating a conceptual framework, such as the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, into service guidelines to ensure structured consideration of a person's holistic needs may assist, as will building the capacity of communities to provide the level and type of services required. | ['Aged', 'Australia', 'Female', 'Focus Groups', 'Health Services Accessibility', 'Health Services Needs and Demand', 'Health Services for the Aged', 'Health Services, Indigenous', 'Healthcare Disparities', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Oceanic Ancestry Group', 'Qualitative Research'] | 25,482,529 | [['M01.060.116.100'], ['Z01.639.100', 'Z01.678.100.373'], ['E05.318.308.112', 'N05.715.360.300.269', 'N06.850.520.308.112'], ['N04.590.374.350', 'N05.300.430'], ['N03.349.380.420', 'N05.300.450'], ['N02.421.320'], ['N02.421.330'], ['N04.590.374.380', 'N05.300.493'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.686.508.600'], ['H01.770.644.241.850']] | ['Named Groups [M]', 'Geographicals [Z]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]'] | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Toward a practical and waste-free synthesis of thioureas in water. | An operationally simple and entirely green protocol for the synthesis of thiourea derivatives by the reaction of carbon disulfide with primary amines in pure water is developed. This reaction is a highly atom-economic process for production of highly pure, hindered thioureas without any catalyst and tedious work-up. | ['Drug Discovery', 'Green Chemistry Technology', 'Thiourea', 'Water'] | 20,180,020 | [['E05.295', 'H01.158.703.007.675', 'H01.181.466.675'], ['J01.897.360'], ['D02.065.950.898', 'D02.886.904'], ['D01.045.250.875', 'D01.248.497.158.459.650', 'D01.650.550.925']] | ['Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]', 'Technology, Industry, and Agriculture [J]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]'] | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
[Supplementary instrument for lens removal (author's transl)]. | A combination of a sponge holder and a squint hook is described as a supplementary instrument for intracapsular lens cryo-extraction with this instrument. Quick changes of manipulations during lens removal and other surgical manoeuvres are possible. | ['Cryosurgery', 'Humans', 'Lens, Crystalline', 'Surgical Instruments', 'Time Factors'] | 916,613 | [['E04.014.180'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['A09.371.060.500'], ['E07.858.700'], ['G01.910.857']] | ['Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]'] | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Abdominal aortic aneurysm rupture is not associated with an up-regulation of inflammation within the aneurysm wall. | BACKGROUND: The nature of the inflammatory change within ruptured AAA has not been extensively reported. The aim of this study was to compare the inflammatory response in non-ruptured and ruptured aneurysms with emphasis on the site of rupture.METHODS: Non-rupture site biopsies were taken from the anterior aneurysm sac of non-ruptured (n=31) and ruptured AAA (n=20). In 12 ruptured AAA, a further biopsy was taken from the rupture site. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to quantify IL-6, IL-1beta and TNF-alpha. Quantitative immunohistochemistry was undertaken for generic lymphocytes, T-cells, and B-cells.RESULTS: Comparing biopsies in non-ruptured AAA versus a non-rupture site biopsy from ruptured AAA; there was no significant difference in IL-6, IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, generic lymphocytes, T-cell or B-cell content. Comparing ruptured AAA--non-rupture site with rupture site; IL-6 and TNF-alpha were unchanged. By contrast IL-1beta and lymphocytes were lower at the rupture site compared to the non-rupture site (IL-1beta 1.39 ng/mg [0.97-2.29] vs. 1.92 ng/mg [1.46-2.57], p=0.027; generic lymphocytes 2.89% [0.51-5.51] vs. 4.73% [2.27-12.40], p=0.018; T-cells 0.28% [0.04-1.18] vs. 0.82% [0.40-1.36], p=0.027; B-cells 0.16% [0.04-1.14] vs. 1.30% [0.32-5.40], p=0.021).CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest the biological events leading to AAA rupture may not be dependent on an up-regulation in the inflammatory process. | ['Aneurysm, Ruptured', 'Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal', 'Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay', 'Humans', 'Imidazoles', 'Immunohistochemistry', 'Inflammation Mediators', 'Interleukin-1beta', 'Lymphocyte Count', 'Quinolones', 'Radiography', 'Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha', 'Up-Regulation'] | 20,537,568 | [['C14.907.055.185'], ['C14.907.055.239.075', 'C14.907.109.139.075'], ['E05.478.566.350.170', 'E05.478.566.380.360', 'E05.478.583.400.170', 'E05.601.470.350.170', 'E05.601.470.380.360'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['D03.383.129.308'], ['E01.370.225.500.607.512', 'E01.370.225.750.551.512', 'E05.200.500.607.512', 'E05.200.750.551.512', 'E05.478.583', 'H01.158.100.656.234.512', 'H01.158.201.344.512', 'H01.158.201.486.512', 'H01.181.122.573.512', 'H01.181.122.605.512'], ['D23.469'], ['D12.644.276.374.465.010.600', 'D12.644.276.374.500.400.600', 'D12.776.467.374.465.010.600', 'D12.776.467.374.500.400.600', 'D23.529.374.465.131.600', 'D23.529.374.500.400.600'], ['E01.370.225.500.195.107.595.500', 'E01.370.225.625.107.595.500', 'E05.200.500.195.107.595.500', 'E05.200.625.107.595.500', 'E05.242.195.107.595.500', 'G04.140.107.595.500', 'G09.188.105.595.500'], ['D03.633.100.810.835'], ['E01.370.350.700'], ['D12.644.276.374.500.800', 'D12.644.276.374.750.626', 'D12.776.124.900', 'D12.776.395.930', 'D12.776.467.374.500.800', 'D12.776.467.374.750.626', 'D23.529.374.500.800', 'D23.529.374.750.626'], ['G02.111.905', 'G05.308.850', 'G07.690.773.998']] | ['Diseases [C]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]'] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Transcutaneous Carbon Dioxide Monitoring with Reduced-Temperature Probes in Very Low Birth Weight Infants. | Background Obtaining blood gases in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants is an invasive procedure. Studies using transcutaneous carbon dioxide (tcPCO2) have reported variable skin complications with high-temperature probes. No enough data available on tcPCO2 monitoring using reduced-temperature probes (41°C). Objective The objective of this study was to assess reliability and safety of tcPCO2 monitoring at reduced-temperature probe in VLBW infants. Design and Methods A prospective study was conducted on VLBW infants. tcPCO2 was monitored for 12 hours. Default skin probe temperature was adjusted at 41°C. Blood gases were done as clinically indicated. Arterial partial pressure of CO2 (PaCO2) as well as capillary CO2 were compared with simultaneous tcPCO2. Results A total of 124 data points were identified from 50 patients (gestational age [GA] = 28.1 ± 2.4 weeks and birth weight [BW] = 1,035 ± 291 g). Patients were supported with continuous positive airway pressure (40%), noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (16%), mechanical ventilation (18%), and high-frequency oscillation ventilation (24%). PaCO2 was measured using either capillary (58%) or arterial (42%) samples. Mean CO2 did not differ between tcPCO2 (51.3 ± 16) and PaCO2 (49.1 ± 13.7) mm Hg. tcPCO2 showed positive correlation with partial pressure of CO2 (r = 0.6, p < 0.001). This correlation continued to be significant after controlling for GA, postmenstrual age, type of sample, and pH. No skin complications were reported. Conclusion tcPCO2 monitoring using a temperature of 41°C is feasible and reliable in VLBW infants. | ['Blood Gas Monitoring, Transcutaneous', 'Carbon Dioxide', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Infant, Newborn', 'Infant, Very Low Birth Weight', 'Male', 'Partial Pressure', 'Prospective Studies', 'Reproducibility of Results', 'Temperature'] | 27,673,754 | [['E01.370.225.124.100.100.600.100', 'E01.370.370.380.600.100', 'E01.370.386.700.100.600.100', 'E05.200.124.100.100.600.100'], ['D01.200.200', 'D01.362.150', 'D01.650.550.200'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.703.520'], ['M01.060.703.520.460.600'], ['G01.374.715.714'], ['E05.318.372.500.750.625', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.650', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.650'], ['E05.318.370.725', 'E05.337.851', 'N05.715.360.325.685', 'N06.850.520.445.725'], ['G01.906.595', 'G16.500.275.063.725.710', 'G16.500.750.775.710', 'N06.230.150.450', 'N06.230.300.100.725.710']] | ['Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Health Care [N]'] | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Factors influencing the use of frozen section analysis in adnexal masses. | OBJECTIVE: To determine the factors that influence the use of frozen section analysis in adnexal masses and the factors that predict malignancy.METHODS: The study participants were women scheduled for adnexal mass surgery in 11 hospitals between 2005 and 2009. Factors that potentially influenced the use of frozen section analysis and potentially predicted malignancy were studied, such as menopausal status, CA 125 level, ultrasound characteristics, presence of adhesions, and tumor size. We used univariable and multivariable analyses to assess the factors.RESULTS: A total of 670 patients were included in the study. The frozen section analyses for 323 patients (48%) showed 206 benign, 55 borderline, and 62 malignant adnexal masses. The CA 125 level, locularity of the tumor, and presence of solid areas predicted both the use of frozen section analysis and the presence of malignancy. The presence of adhesions predicted malignancy, but not the use of frozen section analysis. Menopausal status and tumor size predicted the use of frozen section analysis, but not malignancy.CONCLUSION: Menopausal status and tumor size are associated with more use of frozen section analysis, but they have not been identified as factors associated with malignancy. Frozen section analysis is useful when the CA 125 levels are greater than 35 units/mL and when there are multilocular tumors, solid areas on ultrasonography, and adhesions revealed during surgery. | ['Adnexal Diseases', 'CA-125 Antigen', 'Female', 'Frozen Sections', 'Genital Neoplasms, Female', 'Humans', 'Logistic Models', 'Membrane Proteins', 'Menopause', 'Multivariate Analysis', 'Retrospective Studies', 'Sensitivity and Specificity'] | 21,691,163 | [['C13.351.500.056'], ['D12.776.395.560.631.050', 'D23.050.285.050.225', 'D23.050.550.325.225', 'D23.101.140.075.225'], ['E01.370.225.500.620.530.160.260', 'E01.370.225.750.600.530.160.260', 'E05.200.500.620.530.160.260', 'E05.200.750.600.530.160.260'], ['C04.588.945.418', 'C13.351.937.418'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E05.318.740.500.525', 'E05.318.740.600.800.450', 'E05.318.740.750.450', 'E05.599.835.875', 'N05.715.360.750.530.480', 'N05.715.360.750.625.700.450', 'N05.715.360.750.695.470', 'N06.850.520.830.500.525', 'N06.850.520.830.600.800.450', 'N06.850.520.830.750.450'], ['D12.776.543'], ['G08.686.157.500', 'G08.686.841.249.500'], ['E05.318.740.150.500', 'N05.715.360.750.125.500', 'N06.850.520.830.150.500'], ['E05.318.372.500.500.500', 'E05.318.372.500.750.750', 'N05.715.360.330.500.500.500', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.825', 'N06.850.520.450.500.500.500', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.825'], ['E05.318.370.800', 'E05.318.740.872', 'G17.800', 'N05.715.360.325.700', 'N05.715.360.750.725', 'N06.850.520.445.800', 'N06.850.520.830.872']] | ['Diseases [C]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]'] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Antigens HLA-G, sHLA- G and sHLA- class I in reproductive failure. | It can be supposed that relation between HLA-G polymorphism and sHLA-G protein expression are associated with successful embryo implantation and pregnancy maintenance. The aim of the study was the estimation specific differences in expression of sHLA-G and sHLA- class I antigens in women with reproductive failure in comparison with fertile women. The study sample enrolled 80 women, divided into 2 groups. The study group (B) enrolled 60 women with reproductive failure including 20 women with 3 recurrent spontaneous abortions in the first trimester of pregnancy (RSA), 20 women with empty sac (ES) and 20 women with 3 consecutive in-vitro fertilization failures (IVFf). The control group (C) enrolled 20 fertile women with at least 2 children. Soluble HLA- class I antigens (sHLA-I) and soluble HLA-G (sHLA-G) were determined using ELISA test kits from IBio Vendor Labolatory Medicine, Inc. HLA-G allele found in individuals in our study were identified by comparing the obtained bp sequences of exon 2., 3. and 4. with bp sequences of HLA-G antigen published at the Nolan Research Institute website. The highest concentration of sHLA-I is noted among women with HLA-G 10401 allele which differed significantly for the mean sHLA-I concentration calculated for all the remaining alleles (p<0.0001). The most prevalent alleles were: HLA-G 10101, 10102 and 10108 with sHLA-I concentrations among women bearing those alleles significantly lower in comparison to the HLA-G 10401 carriers (p<0.001). Allele 10101 and 10102 was related to the lower significantly plasma sHLA-I concentrations than 10108 allele (p<0.02). Lowest mean sHLA-G values were observed in the IVFf group with significant difference from the remaining groups (p<0.05). To conclude, sHLA-G molecules is associated to certain HLA-G alleles and imply that sHLA-G levels are under genetic control. Low concentration sHLA-G seems to be prognostically important in IVF failure. | ['Abortion, Spontaneous', 'Alleles', 'Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay', 'Female', 'Genotype', 'HLA Antigens', 'HLA-G Antigens', 'Histocompatibility Antigens Class I', 'Humans', 'Infertility, Female', 'Leukocytes', 'Polymorphism, Genetic', 'Pregnancy', 'Pregnancy Trimester, First'] | 18,292,821 | [['C13.703.039', 'G08.686.784.769.496.125'], ['G05.360.340.024.340.030'], ['E05.478.566.350.170', 'E05.478.566.380.360', 'E05.478.583.400.170', 'E05.601.470.350.170', 'E05.601.470.380.360'], ['G05.380'], ['D23.050.301.500.450', 'D23.050.705.552.450'], ['D12.776.395.550.489.700', 'D12.776.543.550.439.700', 'D23.050.301.500.100.700', 'D23.050.301.500.450.700', 'D23.050.705.552.100.700', 'D23.050.705.552.450.700'], ['D12.776.395.550.489', 'D12.776.543.550.439', 'D23.050.301.500.100', 'D23.050.705.552.100'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['C13.351.500.365.700'], ['A11.118.637', 'A15.145.229.637', 'A15.382.490'], ['G05.365.795'], ['G08.686.784.769'], ['G08.686.707.408']] | ['Diseases [C]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]'] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose-position emission tomography: a highly accurate imaging modality for the diagnosis of chronic musculoskeletal infections. | BACKGROUND: The noninvasive diagnosis of chronic musculoskeletal infections remains a challenge. Recent studies have indicated that fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography is a highly accurate imaging technique and is significantly more accurate than the combination of a bone scan and a white blood-cell scan for the diagnosis of chronic infection in the central skeleton (p < 0.05). However, patients who had had surgery within the previous two years were excluded from study. It was our aim to evaluate the technique in an unselected, clinically representative population.METHODS: Sixty patients with a suspected chronic musculoskeletal infection involving the central skeleton (thirty-three patients) or the peripheral skeleton (twenty-seven patients) were studied with fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography. Thirty-five patients had had surgery within the previous two years. The fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography studies were read in a blinded, independent manner by two experienced readers. The final diagnosis was based on histopathological studies or microbiological culture (eighteen patients) or on clinical findings after at least six months of follow-up (forty-two patients).RESULTS: On the final composite assessment, twenty-five patients had infection and thirty-five did not. All twenty-five infections were correctly identified by both readers. There were four false-positive findings; in two of these cases, surgery had been performed less than six months prior to the study. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 100%, 88%, and 93% for the whole group; 100%, 90%, and 94% for the subgroup of patients with a suspected infection of the central skeleton; and 100%, 86%, and 93% for the subgroup of patients with a suspected infection of the peripheral skeleton. Interobserver agreement was excellent (kappa = 0.97).CONCLUSIONS: Fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography is highly accurate as a single technique for the evaluation of chronic musculoskeletal infections. It is especially valuable in the evaluation of the central skeleton, where white blood-cell scans are less useful. Because of its simplicity and high degree of accuracy, it has the potential to become a standard technique for the diagnosis of chronic musculoskeletal infections. Further studies are needed to assess its ability to identify infections at the sites of total joint replacements and to distinguish infection from aseptic loosening of these prostheses. | ['Adolescent', 'Adult', 'Aged', 'Chronic Disease', 'Female', 'Fluorodeoxyglucose F18', 'Humans', 'Infections', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Musculoskeletal Diseases', 'Osteomyelitis', 'Radiopharmaceuticals', 'Tomography, Emission-Computed'] | 11,379,733 | [['M01.060.057'], ['M01.060.116'], ['M01.060.116.100'], ['C23.550.291.500'], ['D09.254.229.500'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['C01'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['C05'], ['C01.160.495', 'C05.116.165.495'], ['D27.505.259.843', 'D27.505.519.871', 'D27.720.470.410.650'], ['E01.370.350.350.800', 'E01.370.350.600.350.800', 'E01.370.350.710.800', 'E01.370.350.825.800', 'E01.370.384.730.800']] | ['Named Groups [M]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]'] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
A significant effect of the killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor ligand human leucocyte antigen-C on fibrosis progression in chronic C hepatitis with or without liver transplantation. | BACKGROUND & AIMS: The interaction of killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors with their human leucocyte antigen ligands drives the activation and inhibition of natural killer cells. Natural killer cells could be implicated in the development of liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C.METHODS: We analysed 206 non-transplanted and 53 liver transplanted patients, selected according to their Metavir fibrosis stage. Several variables such as the number of activator killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors or the human leucocyte antigen ligands were considered in multinomial and logistic regression models. Possible confounding variables were also investigated.RESULTS: The killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors were not significant predictors of the fibrosis stage. Conversely, a significant reduction of the human leucocyte antigen-C1C2 genotype was observed in the most advanced fibrosis stage group (F4) in both cohorts. Furthermore, the progression rate of fibrosis was almost 10 times faster in the subgroup of patients after liver transplantation, and human leucocyte antigen-C1C2 was significantly reduced in this cohort compared with non-transplanted patients.CONCLUSION: This study suggests a possible role of killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors and their ligands in the development of liver damage. The absence of C1 and C2 ligands heterozygosity could lead to less inhibition of natural killer cells and a quicker progression to a high level of fibrosis in patients infected with hepatitis C virus, especially following liver transplantation. | ['Disease Progression', 'Female', 'Gene Frequency', 'Genotype', 'HLA-C Antigens', 'Hepacivirus', 'Hepatitis C, Chronic', 'Humans', 'Killer Cells, Natural', 'Liver', 'Liver Cirrhosis', 'Liver Transplantation', 'Logistic Models', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Receptors, KIR', 'Switzerland'] | 26,717,049 | [['C23.550.291.656'], ['G05.330'], ['G05.380'], ['D12.776.395.550.489.600', 'D12.776.543.550.439.600', 'D23.050.301.500.100.600', 'D23.050.301.500.450.390', 'D23.050.705.552.100.600', 'D23.050.705.552.450.390'], ['B04.450.380', 'B04.820.578.344.475'], ['C01.221.250.750.120', 'C01.925.440.440.120', 'C01.925.782.350.350.120', 'C06.552.380.350.120', 'C06.552.380.705.440.120'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['A11.118.637.555.567.537', 'A15.145.229.637.555.567.537', 'A15.382.490.555.567.537'], ['A03.620'], ['C06.552.630', 'C23.550.355.412'], ['E02.095.147.725.490', 'E04.210.650', 'E04.936.450.490', 'E04.936.580.490'], ['E05.318.740.500.525', 'E05.318.740.600.800.450', 'E05.318.740.750.450', 'E05.599.835.875', 'N05.715.360.750.530.480', 'N05.715.360.750.625.700.450', 'N05.715.360.750.695.470', 'N06.850.520.830.500.525', 'N06.850.520.830.600.800.450', 'N06.850.520.830.750.450'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['D12.776.543.750.705.895.500'], ['Z01.542.883']] | ['Diseases [C]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Geographicals [Z]'] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Lung function and respiratory symptoms at 11 years in children born extremely preterm: the EPICure study. | RATIONALE: The long-term respiratory sequelae of infants born extremely preterm (EP) and now graduating from neonatal intensive care remains uncertain.OBJECTIVES: To assess the degree of respiratory morbidity and functional impairment at 11 years in children born EP (i.e., at or less than 25 completed weeks of gestation) in relation to neonatal determinants and current clinical status.METHODS: Pre- and postbronchodilator spirometry were undertaken at school in children born EP and classroom control subjects. Physical examination and respiratory health questionnaires were completed. Multivariable regression was used to estimate the predictive power of potential determinants of lung function.MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Spirometry was obtained in 182 of 219 children born EP (129 with prior bronchopulmonary dysplasia [BPD]) and 161 of 169 classmates, matched for age, sex, and ethnic group. Children born EP had significantly more chest deformities and respiratory symptoms than classmates, with twice as many (25 vs. 13%; P < 0.01) having a current diagnosis of asthma. Baseline spirometry was significantly reduced (P < 0.001) and bronchodilator responsiveness was increased in those born EP, the changes being most marked in those with prior BPD. EP birth, BPD, current symptoms, and treatment with beta-agonists are each associated independently with lung function z-scores (adjusted for age, sex, and height) at 11 years. Fifty-six percent of children born EP had abnormal baseline spirometry and 27% had a positive bronchodilator response, but less than half of those with impaired lung function were receiving any medication.CONCLUSIONS: After extremely preterm birth, impaired lung function and increased respiratory morbidity persist into middle childhood, especially among those with BPD. Many of these children may not be receiving appropriate treatment. | ['Asthma', 'Bronchial Hyperreactivity', 'Bronchodilator Agents', 'Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia', 'Case-Control Studies', 'Child', 'Cohort Studies', 'Follow-Up Studies', 'Forced Expiratory Flow Rates', 'Forced Expiratory Volume', 'Funnel Chest', 'Humans', 'Infant, Newborn', 'Infant, Premature', 'Multivariate Analysis', 'Respiratory Rate', 'Respiratory Sounds', 'Spirometry'] | 20,378,729 | [['C08.127.108', 'C08.381.495.108', 'C08.674.095', 'C20.543.480.680.095'], ['C08.127.210'], ['D27.505.696.663.050.110', 'D27.505.954.796.050.100'], ['C08.381.520.750.500', 'C16.614.521.125'], ['E05.318.372.500.500', 'N05.715.360.330.500.500', 'N06.850.520.450.500.500'], ['M01.060.406'], ['E05.318.372.500.750', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750'], ['E05.318.372.500.750.249', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.350', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.350'], ['E01.370.386.700.660.225', 'G09.772.650.300'], ['E01.370.386.700.660.230', 'G09.772.650.430'], ['C05.116.099.386', 'C05.660.386', 'C16.131.621.386'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.703.520'], ['M01.060.703.520.520'], ['E05.318.740.150.500', 'N05.715.360.750.125.500', 'N06.850.520.830.150.500'], ['E01.370.600.875.875', 'G09.772.705.730'], ['C23.888.852.779', 'E01.370.386.720', 'G09.772.775'], ['E01.370.386.700.750']] | ['Diseases [C]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Organisms [B]'] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Human Brain Modeling with Its Anatomical Structure and Realistic Material Properties for Brain Injury Prediction. | Impairments of executive brain function after traumatic brain injury (TBI) due to head impacts in traffic accidents need to be obviated. Finite element (FE) analyses with a human brain model facilitate understanding of the TBI mechanisms. However, conventional brain FE models do not suitably describe the anatomical structure in the deep brain, which is a critical region for executive brain function, and the material properties of brain parenchyma. In this study, for better TBI prediction, a novel brain FE model with anatomical structure in the deep brain was developed. The developed model comprises a constitutive model of brain parenchyma considering anisotropy and strain rate dependency. Validation was performed against postmortem human subject test data associated with brain deformation during head impact. Brain injury analyses were performed using head acceleration curves obtained from reconstruction analysis of rear-end collision with a human whole-body FE model. The difference in structure was found to affect the regions of strain concentration, while the difference in material model contributed to the peak strain value. The injury prediction result by the proposed model was consistent with the characteristics in the neuroimaging data of TBI patients due to traffic accidents. | ['Brain', 'Brain Injuries', 'Finite Element Analysis', 'Humans', 'Models, Neurological'] | 29,404,847 | [['A08.186.211'], ['C10.228.140.199', 'C10.900.300.087', 'C26.915.300.200'], ['E05.355'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E05.599.395.642']] | ['Anatomy [A]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]'] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Office steroid injections of the larynx. | OBJECTIVE: Steroid injection into the larynx has been sporadically reported as helpful in benign lesions of the larynx. Its role in laryngology remains unclear. This study reviews the indications and results of 47 steroid injections in 34 patients in an office setting.METHODS: The authors conducted a retrospective review of 47 injections in 34 patients. Methylprednisolone acetate suspension, USP (40 mg/mL), was injected by indirect laryngoscopy under local anesthesia. Results were evaluated by stroboscopy and by perceptual evaluation of the GRABS scale before and after injection. Pre- versus postinjection ratings were compared by paired t test.RESULTS: Indications for injection were: 1) postoperative scar with local stiffness (12 patients), 2) vocal nodules and polyp (18 patients), and 3) sarcoidosis/granuloma (4 patients). Steroid injections were done in professional singers instead of repeated oral administration of steroids and/or to avoid surgery in patients with polyps and cysts. Improvement was noted in 28 of 34 (82%). Eleven of the 18 patients with polyps and nodules had significant improvement and avoided surgery. Vocal fold scars improved after injection with an improved voice grade (P < .01), an improved amplitude (P < .05), and improved mucosal wave (P < .05). There were no complications. Only two patients could not tolerate office injection.CONCLUSION: Office steroid injections are a valuable adjunct in management of vocal fold scars, polyps, nodules, and granulomas. | ['Anti-Inflammatory Agents', 'Cicatrix', 'Cysts', 'Granuloma, Laryngeal', 'Humans', 'Injections, Intralesional', 'Laryngeal Diseases', 'Laryngoscopy', 'Methylprednisolone', 'Methylprednisolone Acetate', "Physicians' Offices", 'Polyps', 'Postoperative Complications', 'Retrospective Studies', 'Sarcoidosis', 'Stroboscopy', 'Voice Quality'] | 17,003,727 | [['D27.505.954.158'], ['A10.165.450.300', 'C23.550.355.274', 'G16.762.891.249'], ['C04.182', 'C23.300.306'], ['C08.280.400', 'C08.360.232', 'C08.618.846.414', 'C09.400.232', 'C23.550.382.968.500'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E02.319.267.530.430'], ['C08.360', 'C09.400'], ['E01.370.386.460', 'E01.370.388.250.525', 'E04.502.250.525', 'E04.580.373'], ['D04.210.500.745.432.769.795.539'], ['D04.210.500.745.432.769.795.539.250'], ['N02.278.692'], ['C23.300.825'], ['C23.550.767'], ['E05.318.372.500.500.500', 'E05.318.372.500.750.750', 'N05.715.360.330.500.500.500', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.825', 'N06.850.520.450.500.500.500', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.825'], ['C15.604.515.827'], ['E01.370.350.755'], ['G09.772.925.960']] | ['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]'] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Effect of feedback regarding urinary cotinine and brief tailored advice on home smoking restrictions among low-income parents of children with asthma: a controlled trial. | BACKGROUND: Since most smoker parents of children with asthma are unable to quit, an alternative measure that would reduce their children's exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is to ban smoking in the home.METHODS: Compared with 136 usual-care controls, 128 intervention-group parents recruited from South Australian pediatric hospital outpatient waiting rooms were given written and verbal feedback about their 1- to 11-year-old child's urinary cotinine-to-creatinine level, information booklets, and two telephone calls encouraging a ban on smoking at home.RESULTS: At 6 months, 49.2% of the intervention group reported having banned smoking in the home compared with 41.9% of controls, but the differential rate of change from baseline was not significant (P = 0.40). At follow-up, there were no significant differences between groups in the percentage reporting bans on smoking in the car, the mean reduction from baseline in total daily consumption or consumption in front of the child, children's urinary cotinine level, or parental smoking cessation.CONCLUSIONS: The intervention did not change parents' propensity to create or maintain bans on smoking in their homes or otherwise change smoking habits to reduce their children's exposure to ETS. More intensive interventions may be required to achieve change among low-income smoker parents of children with asthma. | ['Adult', 'Asthma', 'Behavior Therapy', 'Biomarkers', 'Case-Control Studies', 'Child', 'Child, Preschool', 'Cotinine', 'Creatinine', 'Feedback', 'Health Education', 'Humans', 'Infant', 'Parents', 'Smoking', 'Smoking Prevention', 'South Australia', 'Tobacco Smoke Pollution'] | 11,749,097 | [['M01.060.116'], ['C08.127.108', 'C08.381.495.108', 'C08.674.095', 'C20.543.480.680.095'], ['F04.754.137'], ['D23.101'], ['E05.318.372.500.500', 'N05.715.360.330.500.500', 'N06.850.520.450.500.500'], ['M01.060.406'], ['M01.060.406.448'], ['D03.383.773.812.180'], ['D03.383.129.308.207'], ['L01.906.394.211'], ['I02.233.332', 'N02.421.726.407'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.703'], ['F01.829.263.500.320', 'I01.880.853.150.500.340', 'M01.620'], ['F01.145.805'], ['I02.233.332.812', 'N02.421.726.407.840'], ['Z01.639.100.968', 'Z01.678.100.373.968'], ['D20.633.937.680', 'N06.850.460.100.555']] | ['Named Groups [M]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Anthropology, Education, Sociology, and Social Phenomena [I]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Geographicals [Z]'] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Comparative absorption, distribution, and excretion of titanium dioxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles after repeated oral administration. | BACKGROUND: The in vivo kinetics of nanoparticles is an essential to understand the hazard of nanoparticles. Here, the absorption, distribution, and excretion patterns of titanium dioxide (TiO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles following oral administration were evaluated.METHODS: Nanoparticles were orally administered to rats for 13 weeks (7 days/week). Samples of blood, tissues (liver, kidneys, spleen, and brain), urine, and feces were obtained at necropsy. The level of Ti or Zn in each sample was measured using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry.RESULTS: TiO₂ nanoparticles had extremely low absorption, while ZnO nanoparticles had higher absorption and a clear dose-response curve. Tissue distribution data showed that TiO₂ nanoparticles were not significantly increased in sampled organs, even in the group receiving the highest dose (1041.5 mg/kg body weight). In contrast, Zn concentrations in the liver and kidney were significantly increased compared with the vehicle control. ZnO nanoparticles in the spleen and brain were minimally increased. Ti concentrations were not significantly increased in the urine, while Zn levels were significantly increased in the urine, again with a clear dose-response curve. Very high concentrations of Ti were detected in the feces, while much less Zn was detected in the feces.CONCLUSIONS: Compared with TiO₂ nanoparticles, ZnO nanoparticles demonstrated higher absorption and more extensive organ distribution when administered orally. The higher absorption of ZnO than TiO₂ nanoparticles might be due to the higher dissolution rate in acidic gastric fluid, although more thorough studies are needed. | ['Administration, Oral', 'Animals', 'Body Burden', 'Body Weight', 'Drug Administration Schedule', 'Feces', 'Female', 'Intestinal Absorption', 'Male', 'Mass Spectrometry', 'Nanoparticles', 'Rats', 'Rats, Sprague-Dawley', 'Tissue Distribution', 'Titanium', 'Zinc Oxide'] | 23,531,334 | [['E02.319.267.100'], ['B01.050'], ['E05.799.638.231', 'N06.850.460.200'], ['C23.888.144', 'E01.370.600.115.100.160.120', 'E05.041.124.160.750', 'G07.100.100.160.120', 'G07.345.249.314.120'], ['E02.319.283'], ['A12.459'], ['G03.015.500.374.500', 'G03.787.024.500.374.500', 'G07.203.650.372.500', 'G07.690.725.015.500.374.500', 'G10.261.353.500'], ['E05.196.566'], ['J01.637.512.600'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700.750'], ['G03.787.917', 'G07.690.725.949'], ['D01.268.557.800', 'D01.268.956.878', 'D01.552.547.800'], ['D01.650.550.975', 'D01.975.975']] | ['Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Technology, Industry, and Agriculture [J]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]'] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Comparison of biochemical simulations using integrators derived from "Adomian" decomposition with traditional numerical methods. | Comparisons are made between some traditional numerical integrators and integration using "Adomian" power series solutions to the ordinary differential equations. These are initial investigations to determine the viability of their application to the simulation of large complex metabolic pathways. A small set of test equations was employed to represent the types of problems encountered in biochemical applications. It was found that the "Adomian" method is as accurate as the numerical methods and, for 'nonstiff' equations or for small simulation times, the "Adomian" method is often more efficient. The results suggest that it may be worthwhile refining this method for biochemical simulations for situations where the traditional numerical methods fail. | ['Computer Simulation', 'Enzymes', 'Evaluation Studies as Topic', 'Kinetics', 'Mathematics', 'Metabolism', 'Models, Biological'] | 2,082,915 | [['L01.224.160'], ['D08.811'], ['E05.337', 'N05.715.360.335'], ['G01.374.661', 'G02.111.490'], ['H01.548'], ['G03'], ['E05.599.395']] | ['Information Science [L]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]'] | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
New prospects in the detection and comparative analysis of hybridization in the tree of life. | Assessing the relative importance of the various pathways to diversification is a central goal of biodiversity researchers. For plant biologists, and increasingly across the spectrum of biological sciences, among these pathways of interest is hybridization. New methodological developments are moving the field away from questions of whether natural hybridization occurs or hybrids can persist and toward more direct assessments of the long-term impact of hybridization on diversification and genome organization. Advances in theory and new data, especially phylogenomic data, have changed the face of this field, revealing extensive occurrences of hybridization at both shallow and deep levels, but lacking is a synthesis of these advancements. Here we provide an overview of methods that have been proposed for detecting hybridization with molecular data and advocate a time-extended, comparative view of reticulate evolution. In particular, we pose three overarching questions, newly placed within reach, that are critical for advancing our understanding of hybridization pattern and process: (1) How often is introgression biased toward certain genomes and loci, and is this bias selectively neutral? (2) What are the relative rates of formation of hybrid species and introgressants, and how does this compare to their subsequent fates? (3) Has the frequency of hybridization increased under historical periods of greater dynamism in climate and geographic range, such as the Pleistocene? | ['Biodiversity', 'Evolution, Molecular', 'Genetic Loci', 'Genetic Speciation', 'Genome, Plant', 'Genomics', 'Hybridization, Genetic', 'Phylogeny', 'Plants'] | 29,683,488 | [['G16.500.275.157.049', 'N06.230.124.049'], ['G05.045.250', 'G16.075.250'], ['G05.360.340.024.380'], ['G05.045.350', 'G16.075.350'], ['G05.360.340.365'], ['H01.158.273.180.350', 'H01.158.273.343.350'], ['E05.820.150.390', 'G05.090.390'], ['G05.697', 'G16.075.605', 'L01.100.697'], ['B01.650']] | ['Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Organisms [B]'] | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Associations Between Breastfeeding Initiation and Infant Mortality in an Urban Population. | Background: Breastfeeding promotion and support are not universally accepted in the United States as a strategy to reduce infant mortality. We investigated associations between breastfeeding and infant mortality in an urban population with high infant mortality and low breastfeeding rates. Methods: A retrospective epidemiologic study linked birth-infant death data for 148,679 live births in Shelby County, Tennessee from January 2004 to December 2014. Births <500 g, deaths ?7 days, deaths because of congenital anomalies or malignant neoplasms, and records with missing breastfeeding status were excluded. Main outcomes were infant death before the first birthday, neonatal death <28 days, and postneonatal death ?28 days by ever or never breastfed. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for breastfeeding initiation were adjusted for maternal factors and infant factors. Results: Initiation of breastfeeding was associated with a significant reduction in total infant mortality (OR = 0.81, 95% CI = 0.68-0.97, p = 0.023). Neonatal mortality was also significantly reduced with any breastfeeding (OR = 0.49, 95% CI = 0.34-0.72, p = 0.001). Postneonatal mortality was not significantly associated with breastfeeding initiation in the overall population (OR = 0.95, 95% CI = 0.78-1.17, p = 0.65), but was significant in the nonblack population (OR = 0.63, 95% CI = 0.41-0.98, p = 0.039). An association was observed between breastfeeding initiation and infant mortality from infectious disease (OR = 0.49, 95% CI = 0.32-0.77, p = 0.002). Conclusions: In an urban area with high infant mortality and low breastfeeding rates, initiation of breastfeeding was significantly associated with reductions in overall infant mortality, neonatal mortality, and infection-related deaths. Breastfeeding promotion, protection, and support should be an integral strategy of infant mortality reduction initiatives. | ['Adult', 'Breast Feeding', 'Female', 'Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice', 'Health Promotion', 'Humans', 'Infant', 'Infant Mortality', 'Infant, Newborn', 'Male', 'Odds Ratio', 'Pregnancy', 'Retrospective Studies', 'Risk Factors', 'Tennessee', 'Urban Population'] | 31,210,534 | [['M01.060.116'], ['F01.145.407.199', 'G07.203.650.195', 'G07.203.650.220.500.500', 'G07.203.650.353.199'], ['F01.100.150.500', 'N05.300.150.410'], ['I02.233.332.445', 'N02.421.726.407.579'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.703'], ['E05.318.308.985.550.475', 'N01.224.935.698.489', 'N06.850.505.400.975.550.475', 'N06.850.520.308.985.550.475'], ['M01.060.703.520'], ['E05.318.740.600.600', 'G17.680.500', 'N05.715.360.750.625.590', 'N06.850.520.830.600.600'], ['G08.686.784.769'], ['E05.318.372.500.500.500', 'E05.318.372.500.750.750', 'N05.715.360.330.500.500.500', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.825', 'N06.850.520.450.500.500.500', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.825'], ['E05.318.740.600.800.725', 'N05.715.350.200.700', 'N05.715.360.750.625.700.700', 'N06.850.490.625.750', 'N06.850.520.830.600.800.725'], ['Z01.107.567.875.075.775'], ['N01.600.900']] | ['Named Groups [M]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Anthropology, Education, Sociology, and Social Phenomena [I]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Geographicals [Z]'] | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Importance of prenatal detection of hydronephrosis of the upper pole. | To determine the impact of prenatal detection on neonates with hydronephrosis of the upper pole of a duplex collecting system, we reviewed 40 such cases seen between June 1982 and April 1989. This six-per-year rate contrasts with fewer than one case per year that was seen at our hospital from 1947 to 1977. Nineteen patients had an ectopic ureterocele, and 21 had an ectopic ureter without a ureterocele. Thirty-three (83%) were girls. Thirty-three cases were discovered because of abnormal findings on a prenatal sonogram, and 20 of those infants were asymptomatic. In the 33 patients whose prenatal sonographic findings were abnormal, the sonogram was diagnostically precise for hydronephrosis of the upper pole of a duplex collecting system in only 39%. This imprecision did not adversely affect management or outcome. Postnatal sonography modified the prenatal diagnosis in 75% of these 33 patients. Voiding cystourethrography was the most sensitive and precise imaging technique for detecting both ureterocele and reflux. Lower pole reflux was almost twice as common when an ectopic ureterocele was present (63%) than when one was not (33%). Prenatal sonographic detection of hydronephrosis of the upper pole of a duplex collecting system decreased the proportion of neonates presenting with urinary tract infection and urosepsis because of prophylactic antibiotics initiated at birth and continued until surgical correction. Precise prenatal diagnosis was not needed for effective surgical treatment. | ['Humans', 'Hydronephrosis', 'Infant, Newborn', 'Kidney', 'Prenatal Diagnosis', 'Prospective Studies', 'Radionuclide Imaging', 'Ultrasonography', 'Ureterocele', 'Urography', 'Vesico-Ureteral Reflux'] | 2,112,833 | [['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['C12.777.419.307', 'C13.351.968.419.307'], ['M01.060.703.520'], ['A05.810.453'], ['E01.370.378.630'], ['E05.318.372.500.750.625', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.650', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.650'], ['E01.370.350.710', 'E01.370.384.730'], ['E01.370.350.850'], ['C12.777.725.876', 'C13.351.968.725.876'], ['E01.370.350.700.830', 'E01.370.390.830'], ['C12.777.829.920', 'C13.351.968.829.920']] | ['Organisms [B]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]'] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
MRI of female genital and pelvic organs during sexual arousal. | We utilized contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to delineate the anatomy of the female genital and pelvic organs during sexual arousal. Eleven healthy pre-menopausal women and eight healthy post-menopausal women underwent MRI of the pelvis while watching an erotic video. A 1.5 Tesla MR system was used to produce T1-weighted images following administration of MS-325, a gadolinium-based blood pool contrast agent. Selected structural dimensions and enhancement were measured prior to and during sexual arousal. In both pre- and post-menopausal subjects, vestibular bulb and labia minora width increased with arousal. Enhancement measurements increased in the bulb, labia minora and clitoris in both pre- and post-menopausal subjects, and in the vagina in pre-menopausal subjects. There were no marked changes in size or enhancement of the labia majora, urethra, cervix, or rectum during sexual arousal in pre- or post-menopausal subjects. Using MRI, we observed specific changes in the female genitalia and pelvic organs with sexual arousal, in both pre- and post-menopausal women. MRI can potentially provide detailed anatomical information in the assessment of female sexual function, particularly with regard to changes in blood flow. | ['Adult', 'Erotica', 'Female', 'Genitalia, Female', 'Humans', 'Magnetic Resonance Imaging', 'Middle Aged', 'Pelvis', 'Photic Stimulation', 'Postmenopause', 'Premenopause', 'Sexual Behavior', 'Surveys and Questionnaires'] | 15,715,038 | [['M01.060.116'], ['K01.517.414', 'L01.178.682.441'], ['A05.360.319'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E01.370.350.825.500'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['A01.923.600'], ['E05.723.729'], ['G08.686.157.500.625', 'G08.686.841.249.500.625'], ['G08.686.157.500.812', 'G08.686.841.249.500.812'], ['F01.145.802'], ['E05.318.308.980', 'N05.715.360.300.800', 'N06.850.520.308.980']] | ['Named Groups [M]', 'Humanities [K]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Health Care [N]'] | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Live broadcast lectures on complete denture prosthodontics at Tokyo Medical and Dental University: comparison of two years. | A live broadcasting system was developed as part of dental education with Information and Communication Technology (ICT) at Tokyo Medical and Dental University. The purpose of this study was to utilize this system in complete denture prosthodontics, especially for the procedure of making a definitive impression with custom tray border molding in edentulous patients, and to evaluate its effectiveness. Live broadcast lectures on complete denture prosthodontics were given to fourth-year students in 2009 (fifty-nine students) and in 2010 (sixty-five students). To evaluate this lecture, a questionnaire was distributed to the students and faculty members after the lecture. Almost all the students and faculty members rated the lecture as good. Students commented that the lecture was "intelligible," "inspiring," "improved understanding," "good because they could ask questions in real time," "helped to know the actual time," "good for all the students to see the same case," and "close to real experience and induced a sense of tension." The results of this study suggested that a live broadcast lecture would help students experience the real clinical situation and aid in teaching complete denture prosthodontics. | ['Adult', 'Dental Impression Technique', 'Denture, Complete', 'Education, Dental', 'Educational Technology', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Program Evaluation', 'Prosthodontics', 'Schools, Dental', 'Surveys and Questionnaires', 'Tokyo', 'Video Recording'] | 23,486,896 | [['M01.060.116'], ['E06.912.130'], ['E06.780.346.760.775', 'E07.695.190.200.205'], ['I02.358.274'], ['J01.897.280'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E05.337.820', 'N04.761.685', 'N05.715.360.650'], ['E06.780', 'H02.163.876.708'], ['I02.783.495.481'], ['E05.318.308.980', 'N05.715.360.300.800', 'N06.850.520.308.980'], ['Z01.252.474.463.709', 'Z01.433.900'], ['L01.280.960']] | ['Named Groups [M]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Anthropology, Education, Sociology, and Social Phenomena [I]', 'Technology, Industry, and Agriculture [J]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]', 'Geographicals [Z]', 'Information Science [L]'] | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Understanding the human salivary metabolome. | Saliva is a readily accessible biofluid that is important for the overall health, aiding in the chewing, swallowing, and tasting of food as well as the regulation mouth flora. As a first step to determining and understanding the human saliva metabolome, we have measured salivary metabolite concentrations under a variety of conditions in a healthy population with reasonably good oral hygiene. Using (1)H NMR spectroscopy, metabolite concentrations were measured in resting (basal) and stimulated saliva from the same subject and compared in a cohort of healthy male non-smoking subjects (n = 62). Almost all metabolites were higher in the unstimulated saliva when compared to the stimulated saliva. Comparison of the salivary metabolite profile of male smokers and non-smokers (n = 46) revealed citrate, lactate, pyruvate, and sucrose to be higher and formate to be lower in concentration in smokers compared with non-smokers (p < 0.05). Gender differences were also investigated (n = 40), and acetate, formate, glycine, lactate, methanol, propionate, propylene glycol, pyruvate, succinate, and taurine were significantly higher in concentration in male saliva compared to female saliva (p < 0.05). These results show that differences between male and female, stimulated and unstimulated, as well as smoking status may be observed in the salivary metabolome. | ['Adult', 'Aged', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Metabolome', 'Middle Aged', 'Multivariate Analysis', 'Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular', 'Saliva', 'Sex Factors', 'Smoking'] | 19,259,987 | [['M01.060.116'], ['M01.060.116.100'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['G03.500'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['E05.318.740.150.500', 'N05.715.360.750.125.500', 'N06.850.520.830.150.500'], ['E05.196.867.519.550'], ['A12.200.666'], ['N05.715.350.675', 'N06.850.490.875'], ['F01.145.805']] | ['Named Groups [M]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]'] | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
The importance of observation versus process error in analyses of global ungulate populations. | Population abundance data vary widely in quality and are rarely accurate. The two main components of error in such data are observation and process error. We used Bayesian state space models to estimate the observation and process error in time-series of 55 globally distributed populations of two species, Cervus elaphus (elk/red deer) and Rangifer tarandus (caribou/reindeer). We examined variation among populations and species in the magnitude of estimates of error components and density dependence using generalized linear models. Process error exceeded observation error in 75% of all populations, and on average, both components of error were greater in Rangifer than in Cervus populations. Observation error differed significantly across the different observation methods, and predation and time-series length differentially affected the error components. Comparing the Bayesian model results to traditional models that do not separate error components revealed the potential for misleading inferences about sources of variation in population dynamics. | ['Animals', 'Bayes Theorem', 'Deer', 'Geography', 'Markov Chains', 'Models, Statistical', 'Population Dynamics'] | 24,201,239 | [['B01.050'], ['E05.318.740.600.200', 'N05.715.360.750.625.150', 'N06.850.520.830.600.200'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.500.380.373'], ['H01.277.500'], ['E05.318.740.600.500', 'E05.318.740.996.500', 'G17.830.500', 'N05.715.360.750.625.500', 'N05.715.360.750.770.500', 'N06.850.520.830.600.500', 'N06.850.520.830.996.500'], ['E05.318.740.500', 'E05.599.835', 'N05.715.360.750.530', 'N06.850.520.830.500'], ['I01.240.600', 'N01.224.625', 'N06.850.505.400.700']] | ['Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Anthropology, Education, Sociology, and Social Phenomena [I]'] | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Prevalence and significance of acanthosis nigricans in an adult obese population. | BACKGROUND AND DESIGN: Acanthosis nigricans develops commonly in obese individuals, yet its prevalence and significance in an unselected adult obese population has not been determined. To address these issues, 34 patients enrolled in the Adult Obesity Clinic at Parkland Memorial Hospital (Dallas, Tex) were chosen at random and examined.RESULTS: Acanthosis nigricans was observed in fully 74% of patients; its prevalence correlated positively with severity of obesity. Black obese patients demonstrated a greater propensity for manifesting the cutaneous disorder than did white obese individuals. Patients with acanthosis nigricans exhibited fasting plasma insulin levels that were markedly higher than those of nonacanthotic cohorts.CONCLUSIONS: Obesity is a significant risk factor for the development of acanthosis nigricans. Conversely, acanthosis nigricans is a reliable cutaneous marker of hyperinsulinemia in obese individuals. | ['Acanthosis Nigricans', 'Blood Glucose', 'Cohort Studies', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Insulin', 'Male', 'Obesity', 'Prevalence', 'Sampling Studies', 'Texas'] | 1,626,961 | [['C17.800.621.430.530.100'], ['D09.947.875.359.448.500'], ['E05.318.372.500.750', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['D06.472.699.587.200.500.625', 'D12.644.548.586.200.500.625'], ['C18.654.726.500', 'C23.888.144.699.500', 'E01.370.600.115.100.160.120.699.500', 'G07.100.100.160.120.699.500'], ['E05.318.308.985.525.750', 'N01.224.935.597.750', 'N06.850.505.400.975.525.750', 'N06.850.520.308.985.525.750'], ['E05.318.372.875', 'N05.715.360.330.875', 'N06.850.520.450.875'], ['Z01.107.567.875.760.750']] | ['Diseases [C]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Geographicals [Z]'] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
PI3K/AKT/mTOR-dependent stabilization of oncogenic far-upstream element binding proteins in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. | UNLABELLED: Transcription factors of the far-upstream element-binding protein (FBP) family represent cellular pathway hubs, and their overexpression in liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma [HCC]) stimulates tumor cell proliferation and correlates with poor prognosis. Here we determine the mode of oncogenic FBP overexpression in HCC cells. Using perturbation approaches (kinase inhibitors, small interfering RNAs) and a novel system for rapalog-dependent activation of AKT isoforms, we demonstrate that activity of the phosphatidylinositol-4,5-biphosphate 3-kinase/AKT pathway is involved in the enrichment of nuclear FBP1 and FBP2 in liver cancer cells. In human HCC tissues, phospho-AKT significantly correlates with nuclear FBP1/2 accumulation and expression of the proliferation marker KI67. Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibition or blockade of its downstream effector eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E activity equally reduced FBP1/2 concentrations. The mTORC1 inhibitor rapamycin diminishes FBP enrichment in liver tumors after hydrodynamic gene delivery of AKT plasmids. In addition, the multikinase inhibitor sorafenib significantly reduces FBP levels in HCC cells and in multidrug resistance 2-deficient mice that develop HCC due to severe inflammation. Both FBP1/2 messenger RNAs are highly stable, with FBP2 being more stable than FBP1. Importantly, inhibition of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-biphosphate 3-kinase/AKT/mTOR signaling significantly diminishes FBP1/2 protein stability in a caspase-3/-7-dependent manner.CONCLUSION: These data provide insight into a transcription-independent mechanism of FBP protein enrichment in liver cancer; further studies will have to show whether this previously unknown interaction between phosphatidylinositol-4,5-biphosphate 3-kinase/AKT/mTOR pathway activity and caspase-mediated FBP stabilization allows the establishment of interventional strategies in FBP-positive HCCs. | ['Carcinoma, Hepatocellular', 'Caspase 3', 'Caspase 7', 'DNA Helicases', 'DNA-Binding Proteins', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Liver Neoplasms', 'Male', 'Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases', 'Protein Stability', 'Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt', 'RNA-Binding Proteins', 'TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases'] | 26,901,106 | [['C04.557.470.200.025.255', 'C04.588.274.623.160', 'C06.301.623.160', 'C06.552.697.160'], ['D08.811.277.656.262.500.126.350.300', 'D08.811.277.656.300.200.126.350.300', 'D12.644.360.075.405.350.300', 'D12.776.476.075.405.350.300'], ['D08.811.277.656.262.500.126.350.700', 'D08.811.277.656.300.200.126.350.700', 'D12.644.360.075.405.350.700', 'D12.776.476.075.405.350.700'], ['D08.811.277.040.025.159', 'D08.811.399.340'], ['D12.776.260'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['C04.588.274.623', 'C06.301.623', 'C06.552.697'], ['D08.811.913.696.620.500'], ['G02.111.700'], ['D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.755', 'D12.776.476.565', 'D12.776.624.664.700.168'], ['D12.776.157.725', 'D12.776.664.962'], ['D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.931', 'D12.776.476.925']] | ['Diseases [C]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]'] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Ethylene-induced transcriptional and hormonal responses at the onset of sugarcane ripening. | The effects of ethephon as a sugarcane ripener are attributed to ethylene. However, the role of this phytohormone at the molecular level is unknown. We performed a transcriptome analysis combined with the evaluation of sucrose metabolism and hormone profiling of sugarcane plants sprayed with ethephon or aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG), an ethylene inhibitor, at the onset of ripening. The differential response between ethephon and AVG on sucrose level and sucrose synthase activity in internodes indicates ethylene as a potential regulator of sink strength. The correlation between hormone levels and transcriptional changes suggests ethylene as a trigger of multiple hormone signal cascades, with approximately 18% of differentially expressed genes involved in hormone biosynthesis, metabolism, signalling, and response. A defence response elicited in leaves favoured salicylic acid over the ethylene/jasmonic acid pathway, while the upper internode was prone to respond to ethylene with strong stimuli on ethylene biosynthesis and signalling genes. Besides, ethylene acted synergistically with abscisic acid, another ripening factor, and antagonistically with gibberellin and auxin. We identified potential ethylene target genes and characterized the hormonal status during ripening, providing insights into the action of ethylene at the site of sucrose accumulation. A molecular model of ethylene interplay with other hormones is proposed. | ['Ethylenes', 'Gene Expression Profiling', 'Gene Expression Regulation, Plant', 'Plant Development', 'Plant Growth Regulators', 'Saccharum', 'Sucrose'] | 28,266,527 | [['D02.455.326.271.367'], ['E05.393.332'], ['G05.308.375'], ['G07.345.625', 'G15.589'], ['D27.505.696.377.760'], ['B01.650.940.800.575.912.250.822.835'], ['D09.698.629.305.770', 'D09.947.750.770']] | ['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Organisms [B]'] | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Manipulation of the coronavirus genome using targeted RNA recombination with interspecies chimeric coronaviruses. | Targeted RNA recombination has proven to be a powerful tool for the genetic engineering of the coronavirus genome, particularly in its 3' part. Here we describe procedures for the generation of recombinant and mutant mouse hepatitis virus and feline infectious peritonitis virus. Key to the two-step method is the efficient selection of recombinant viruses based on host cell switching. The first step consists of the preparation---using this selection principle--of an interspecies chimeric coronavirus. In this virus the ectodomain of the spike glycoprotein is replaced by that of a coronavirus with a different species tropism. In the second step this chimeric virus is used as the recipient for recombination with synthetic donor RNA carrying the original spike gene. Recombinant viruses are then isolated on the basis of their regained natural (e.g., murine or feline) cell tropism. Additional mutations created in the donor RNA can be co-incorporated into the recombinant virus in order to generate mutant viruses. | ['Animals', 'Cats', 'Coronavirus', 'Coronavirus, Feline', 'Genome, Viral', 'Mice', 'Models, Genetic', 'Murine hepatitis virus', 'RNA, Viral', 'Recombination, Genetic'] | 19,057,874 | [['B01.050'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.750.377.750.250.125'], ['B04.820.578.500.540.150'], ['B04.820.578.500.540.150.075.500.375'], ['G05.360.340.358.840'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500'], ['E05.599.395.397'], ['B04.450.580', 'B04.820.578.500.540.150.113.875'], ['D13.444.735.828'], ['G05.728']] | ['Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]'] | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
ADAR2-dependent GluA2 editing regulates cocaine seeking. | Activation of AMPA receptors (AMPARs) in the nucleus accumbens is necessary for the reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior, an animal model of drug craving and relapse. AMPARs are tetrameric protein complexes that consist of GluA1-4 subunits, of which GluA2 imparts calcium permeability. Adenosine deaminase acting on RNA 2 (ADAR2) is a nuclear enzyme that is essential for editing GluA2 pre-mRNA at Q/R site 607. Unedited GluA2(Q) subunits form calcium-permeable AMPARs (CP-AMPARs), whereas edited GluA2(R) subunits form calcium-impermeable channels (CI-AMPARs). Emerging evidence suggests that the reinstatement of cocaine seeking is associated with increased synaptic expression of CP-AMPARs in the nucleus accumbens. However, the role of GluA2 Q/R site editing and ADAR2 in cocaine seeking is unclear. In the present study, we investigated the effects of forced cocaine abstinence on GluA2 Q/R site editing and ADAR2 expression in the nucleus accumbens. Our results demonstrate that 7 days of cocaine abstinence is associated with decreased GluA2 Q/R site editing and reduced ADAR2 expression in the accumbens shell, but not core, of cocaine-experienced rats compared with yoked saline controls. To examine the functional significance of ADAR2 and GluA2 Q/R site editing in cocaine seeking, we used viral-mediated gene delivery to overexpress ADAR2b in the accumbens shell. Increased ADAR2b expression in the shell attenuated cocaine priming-induced reinstatement of drug seeking and was associated with increased GluA2 Q/R site editing and surface expression of GluA2-containing AMPARs. Taken together, these findings support the novel hypothesis that an increased contribution of accumbens shell CP-AMPARs containing unedited GluA2(Q) promotes cocaine seeking. Therefore, CP-AMPARs containing unedited GluA2(Q) represent a novel target for cocaine addiction pharmacotherapies. | ['Adenosine Deaminase', 'Animals', 'Calcium', 'Cocaine', 'Conditioning, Operant', 'Deoxyribonucleases, Type II Site-Specific', 'Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors', 'Drug-Seeking Behavior', 'Gene Expression Regulation', 'Male', 'Nucleus Accumbens', 'RNA Editing', 'RNA, Messenger', 'Rats', 'Rats, Sprague-Dawley', 'Receptors, AMPA', 'Self Administration', 'Transduction, Genetic'] | 25,349,168 | [['D08.811.277.151.486.075'], ['B01.050'], ['D01.268.552.100', 'D01.552.539.288', 'D23.119.100'], ['D02.145.074.722.388', 'D03.132.889.354', 'D03.605.084.500.722.388', 'D03.605.869.388'], ['F02.463.425.179.509'], ['D08.811.150.280.260', 'D08.811.277.352.335.350.300.260', 'D08.811.277.352.355.325.300.260'], ['D27.505.519.562.437.220', 'D27.505.519.625.150.800', 'D27.505.519.625.600.220', 'D27.505.696.577.150.800', 'D27.505.696.577.600.220'], ['F01.145.342'], ['G05.308'], ['A08.186.211.200.885.287.249.487.775.500'], ['G02.111.760.250', 'G03.839.250', 'G05.308.700.250'], ['D13.444.735.544'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700.750'], ['D12.776.157.530.400.400.500.100', 'D12.776.543.550.450.500.200.100', 'D12.776.543.585.400.500.200.100', 'D12.776.543.750.720.200.450.400.100'], ['E02.319.890', 'E02.900.890'], ['E05.393.350.800', 'G05.728.850']] | ['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]'] | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Mechanical manipulation of thrombus: coronary thrombectomy, intracoronary clot displacement, and transcatheter aspiration. | Recanalization of occluded arteries during acute myocardial infarction has been proven to prolong life and improve left ventricular function. Patients who could not receive thrombolytic therapy for failed thrombolysis and/or angioplasty were treated by mechanical manipulation of the thrombus. Three techniques were used: transcatheter aspiration, clot displacement, and thrombectomy. Five patients in shock had the thrombus aspirated from the left main and right coronary arteries. Eight patients had the clot pushed by the balloon from the mid-left anterior descending (LAD) to the apical LAD in order to reduce the area of ischemic myocardium, and 13 patients underwent a thrombectomy of the right coronary artery. These procedures enjoyed a high rate of success in reestablishing patency and a favorable long-term clinical and angiographic follow-up. Although the applicability and role of these interventions in acute myocardial infarction are not yet defined, we conclude that they are feasible and have an acceptable success and complication rate. | ['Aged', 'Aged, 80 and over', 'Cardiac Catheterization', 'Coronary Thrombosis', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Myocardial Infarction', 'Suction', 'Thrombectomy', 'Treatment Outcome'] | 8,279,346 | [['M01.060.116.100'], ['M01.060.116.100.080'], ['E01.370.370.380.140', 'E02.148.442', 'E05.157.250'], ['C14.280.647.250.290', 'C14.907.355.830.220', 'C14.907.585.250.290'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['C14.280.647.500', 'C14.907.585.500', 'C23.550.513.355.750', 'C23.550.717.489.750'], ['E04.237.890'], ['E04.100.814.842'], ['E01.789.800', 'N04.761.559.590.800', 'N05.715.360.575.575.800']] | ['Named Groups [M]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Health Care [N]'] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
A conditioning lesion of the peripheral axons of dorsal root ganglion cells accelerates regeneration of only their peripheral axons. | Axotomy of the peripheral axon of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells is known to result in chromatolysis and changes in protein synthesis in DRG cells. We investigated whether a stimulus produced by peripheral branch axotomy would affect the regenerative properties of both the central and peripheral axon of the DRG cell equally. To examine this question, a conditioning crush lesion was made distally on the sciatic nerve 2 weeks prior to a testing lesion of either the dorsal root or peripheral branch axon near the DRG. Fast axonal transport of radioactive proteins was used to assess regeneration of DRG axons. In the adult rat, leading peripheral branch axons normally regenerate at a rate of 4.4 mm/day. If a conditioning lesion of the sciatic nerve is made 2 weeks before the test lesion, the rate of peripheral branch axonal regeneration increases by 25% to 5.5 mm/day. This effect is not limited to the fastest growing axons in the nerve since a population of more slowly growing axons also exhibits accelerated outgrowth in response to a prior peripheral axotomy. In contrast to this, the fastest growing central branch axons of DRG cells, which normally regenerate at a rate of 2.5 mm/day, are not significantly affected by a prior peripheral axotomy. A population of more slowly growing axons in the dorsal root also does not exhibit accelerated outgrowth in response to a peripheral conditioning lesion. The results of these experiments indicate that changes in the DRG neuron's metabolism induced by prior axotomy of its peripheral axon do not affect the regenerative properties of both axons equally. This raises the possibility that accelerated axonal outgrowth in only one axonal branch results from a differentially regulated supply of proteins to the two axons by the DRG cell body. | ['Animals', 'Axonal Transport', 'Axons', 'Ganglia, Spinal', 'Male', 'Nerve Crush', 'Nerve Regeneration', 'Nerve Tissue Proteins', 'Rats', 'Rats, Inbred Strains'] | 6,204,020 | [['B01.050'], ['G03.143.355.040', 'G04.392.040', 'G11.561.050'], ['A08.675.542.145', 'A11.284.180.075', 'A11.671.137', 'A11.671.501.145'], ['A08.340.390.340', 'A08.800.350.340', 'A08.800.800.720.725.350'], ['E04.525.210.560'], ['G11.561.585', 'G16.762.611'], ['D12.776.631'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700'], ['B01.050.050.199.520.760', 'B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700.400']] | ['Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]'] | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
The distinction of small cell and non-small cell lung cancer by growth in native-state histoculture. | Histological analysis remains the primary method of distinguishing between small cell (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This distinction has significant impact therapeutically because of their relative difference in chemoresponsiveness (J.D. Minna et al., Principles and Practice of Oncology, pp. 396-474, 1981). Yet for at least 10% of lung tumors, pathologists will disagree upon the classification (A.R. Feinstein et al., Am. Rev. Respir. Dis., 101: 671-684, 1970). Furthermore, current neuroendocrine markers lack specificity for SCLC although the presence of these markers may help predict chemosensitivity (S.L. Graziano et al., J. Clin. Oncol., 7: 1375-1376, 1989; S.B. Baylin, J. Clin. Oncol., 7: 1375-1376, 1989; C.L. Berger et al., J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 53: 422-429, 1981; A.F. Gazdar et al., Cancer Res., 45: 2924-2930, 1985). In vitro growth characteristics may more accurately reflect biological properties of aggressiveness and susceptibility to chemotherapy. In this study, 3-dimensional gel-histoculture was used to retrospectively distinguish between NSCLC and SCLC. Tumor explants from 78 patients with NSCLC and 13 patients with SCLC were grown in gel-supported histocultures with an overall success rate of 92%. These 2 tumor types were distinguishable by their 3-dimensional in vitro tissue architecture. In addition, proliferation rates were measured by histological autoradiography after 4-day incorporation of [3H]dThd. The percentage of cells labeled in the most proliferatively active regions of the autoradiograms was termed the growth fraction index (A.F. Gazdar et al., Cancer Res., 45: 2924-2930, 1985; R.A. Vescio et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 84: 5029-5033, 1987; R.M. Hoffman et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 86: 2013-2017, 1989). The mean growth fraction index for pure small cell lung cancer was 79 +/- 10%, differing markedly from that of 35 +/- 19% for mixed small cell/large cell tumors, adenocarcinoma (38 +/- 16%), large cell undifferentiated carcinoma (40 +/- 18%), and squamous cell carcinoma (33 +/- 15%) (P less than 0.001 in each case). We therefore conclude that 3-dimensional gel-histoculture is a useful means of distinguishing pure SCLC from NSCLC, which may improve treatment decision making. | ['Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung', 'Carcinoma, Small Cell', 'Humans', 'Lung Neoplasms', 'Tumor Cells, Cultured'] | 2,168,289 | [['C04.588.894.797.520.109.220.249', 'C08.381.540.140.500', 'C08.785.520.100.220.500'], ['C04.557.470.200.380'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['C04.588.894.797.520', 'C08.381.540', 'C08.785.520'], ['A11.251.860']] | ['Diseases [C]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]'] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
A double-blind randomized controlled trial of vaginal misoprostol for cervical priming before outpatient hysteroscopy. | OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of vaginal misoprostol for cervical priming before diagnostic outpatient hysteroscopy (OH) without anesthesia.DESIGN: Double-blind randomized controlled trial.SETTING: University teaching hospital.PATIENT(S): One hundred fifty patients requiring diagnostic OH for investigation of infertility or abnormal uterine bleeding in the reproductive age.INTERVENTION(S): Patients were randomly allocated into two equal groups (n = 75). In group I, 200 ìg misoprostol was inserted into the posterior vaginal fornix 3 hours before OH; in group II (control), vaginal examination was performed without misoprostol administration. A rigid 30° 4-mm hysteroscope was used in the vaginoscopic technique.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Ease of cervical entry (Likert scale), procedural time, patient acceptability (Likert scale), and pain scoring (visual analog scale).RESULT(S): Vaginal misoprostol significantly facilitated the procedure; cervical entry was easier, procedural time was shorter, patient acceptability was higher, and pain scoring was lower in group I compared with group II. Side effects of misoprostol were infrequent, minor, and transient. No complications were reported.CONCLUSION(S): The regimen of 200 ìg vaginal misoprostol administered 3 hours before diagnostic OH is a simple, effective, and safe method of cervical priming to facilitate the procedure without anesthesia. | ['Administration, Intravaginal', 'Adult', 'Ambulatory Care', 'Cervix Uteri', 'Double-Blind Method', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Hysteroscopy', 'Infertility, Female', 'Misoprostol', 'Pain Measurement', 'Young Adult'] | 21,575,939 | [['E02.319.267.120.500'], ['M01.060.116'], ['E02.760.106', 'N02.421.585.106'], ['A05.360.319.679.256'], ['E05.318.370.300', 'E05.581.500.300', 'N05.715.360.325.320', 'N06.850.520.445.300'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E01.370.378.330', 'E01.370.388.250.360', 'E04.502.250.360', 'E04.520.360', 'E04.950.300.539'], ['C13.351.500.365.700'], ['D10.251.355.255.550.775.450.500', 'D23.469.050.175.725.775.450.500', 'D23.469.700.660.500'], ['E01.370.600.550.324'], ['M01.060.116.815']] | ['Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]'] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Immunohistochemical investigation of the different developmental stages of trichofolliculoma with special reference to the Merkel cell. | The morphologic features of trichofolliculoma are variable, reminiscent of the anagen, catagen, and telogen phases of a normal hair follicle in its cycle. We recently described an early, fully developed stage and late stages of trichofolliculoma. Using immunohistochemical examination, we sought to demonstrate hyperplasia of Merkel cells in all three stages of trichofolliculoma. We found this to be the most striking in small lesions of the late stage. The distribution of the Merkel cells in several stages of trichofolliculoma coincided with the known arrangement of normal follicular Merkel cells during the follicular cycle. However, antibodies against neurofilaments failed to detect innervated Merkel cells, in contrast to normal follicular Merkel cells. Antibodies against Ki67 did not reveal proliferative Merkel cells in any of the trichofolliculomas, but for unknown reasons, a distinct cytoplasmic staining of Merkel cell processes sometimes occurred. Nuclear Ki67 was strongly expressed in the nuclei of follicular keratinocytes of the fully developed trichofollicullomas, whereas those at a late stage showed a markedly decreased staining pattern. Our finding of Merkel cells in all trichofolliculomas underlines their classification as hamartomas with follicular differentiation. Hyperplasia of Merkel cells, even in trichofolliculomas at a late stage, as regressing lesions might implicate hitherto unknown regulatory functions of this neuroendocrine cell. | ['Adult', 'Child, Preschool', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Hyperplasia', 'Immunohistochemistry', 'Intermediate Filament Proteins', 'Keratin-20', 'Ki-67 Antigen', 'Male', 'Merkel Cells', 'Middle Aged', 'Neoplasms, Basal Cell', 'Skin', 'Skin Neoplasms', 'Time Factors'] | 10,027,518 | [['M01.060.116'], ['M01.060.406.448'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['C23.550.444'], ['E01.370.225.500.607.512', 'E01.370.225.750.551.512', 'E05.200.500.607.512', 'E05.200.750.551.512', 'E05.478.583', 'H01.158.100.656.234.512', 'H01.158.201.344.512', 'H01.158.201.486.512', 'H01.181.122.573.512', 'H01.181.122.605.512'], ['D05.750.078.593', 'D12.776.220.475'], ['D05.750.078.593.450.300.950', 'D12.776.220.475.450.300.950', 'D12.776.860.607.300.950'], ['D12.776.660.625.500', 'D23.050.290.500', 'D23.101.140.400'], ['A08.675.650.915.750.425', 'A08.800.950.750.425', 'A11.409.875', 'A11.436.660', 'A11.671.650.915.750.425'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['C04.557.470.565'], ['A17.815'], ['C04.588.805', 'C17.800.882'], ['G01.910.857']] | ['Named Groups [M]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]'] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
[Electrophoretic types of rotavirus RNA during a 4-yr study of gastroenteritis in Tucum?n]. | Between May 1986 and November 1989 a total of 796 faecal samples obtained from children with symptoms of acute diarrhea were analyzed. Rotavirus (RV) was detected in 166 cases by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the viral RNA (PAGE) (Fig. 1). This technique allowed us to identify 19 different electropherotypes (EPT) eleven with a long pattern and 8 with a short one (Fig. 2). Two EPT's were dominant during this study; one detected in 1986 only and the other one in 1987, 1988 and 1989. During the last months of 1989 a new EPT was detected. The 8 EPT's with short patterns were the causative organisms of an outbreak during the cold season of 1987 (Table 2). These results show that the rotaviral infection is endemic in the province of Tucum?n, as well as its prevalence during the winter season (Table 1). | ['Argentina', 'Child, Preschool', 'Diarrhea, Infantile', 'Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel', 'Gastroenteritis', 'Humans', 'Infant', 'Infant, Newborn', 'RNA, Viral', 'Rotavirus', 'Rotavirus Infections'] | 1,966,305 | [['Z01.107.757.077'], ['M01.060.406.448'], ['C23.888.821.214.500'], ['E05.196.401.402', 'E05.301.300.319'], ['C06.405.205'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.703'], ['M01.060.703.520'], ['D13.444.735.828'], ['B04.820.223.719.790'], ['C01.925.782.791.814']] | ['Geographicals [Z]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]'] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Leptolide Improves Insulin Resistance in Diet-Induced Obese Mice. | Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is a complex disease linked to pancreatic beta-cell failure and insulin resistance. Current antidiabetic treatment regimens for T2DM include insulin sensitizers and insulin secretagogues. We have previously demonstrated that leptolide, a member of the furanocembranolides family, promotes pancreatic beta-cell proliferation in mice. Considering the beneficial effects of leptolide in diabetic mice, in this study, we aimed to address the capability of leptolide to improve insulin resistance associated with the pathology of obesity. To this end, we tested the hypothesis that leptolide should protect against fatty acid-induced insulin resistance in hepatocytes. In a time-dependent manner, leptolide (0.1 µM) augmented insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of protein kinase B (PKB) by two-fold above vehicle-treated HepG2 cells. In addition, leptolide (0.1 µM) counteracted palmitate-induced insulin resistance by augmenting by four-fold insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of PKB in HepG2 cells. In vivo, acute intraperitoneal administration of leptolide (0.1 mg/kg and 1 mg/kg) improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in lean mice. Likewise, prolonged leptolide treatment (0.1 mg/kg) in diet-induced obese mice improved insulin sensitivity. These effects were paralleled with an ~50% increased of insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of PKB in liver and skeletal muscle and reduced circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines in obese mice. We concluded that leptolide significantly improves insulin sensitivity in vitro and in obese mice, suggesting that leptolide may be another potential treatment for T2DM. | ['Adolescent', 'Animals', 'Anthozoa', 'Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2', 'Diet', 'Diterpenes', 'Furans', 'Hep G2 Cells', 'Humans', 'Hypoglycemic Agents', 'Insulin Resistance', 'Male', 'Mice', 'Mice, Inbred C57BL', 'Obesity, Morbid'] | 28,914,811 | [['M01.060.057'], ['B01.050'], ['B01.050.500.308.237'], ['C18.452.394.750.149', 'C19.246.300'], ['G07.203.650.240'], ['D02.455.849.291'], ['D03.383.312'], ['A11.251.860.180.432', 'A11.436.348.500'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['D27.505.696.422'], ['C18.452.394.968.500', 'G07.690.773.984.617'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500'], ['B01.050.050.199.520.520.420', 'B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500.400.420'], ['C18.654.726.500.700', 'C23.888.144.699.500.500', 'E01.370.600.115.100.160.120.699.500.500', 'G07.100.100.160.120.699.500.500']] | ['Named Groups [M]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]'] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Beta-amyloid immunotherapy prevents synaptic degeneration in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. | Alzheimer's disease neuropathology is characterized by key features that include the deposition of the amyloid beta peptide (Abeta) into plaques, the formation of neurofibrillary tangles, and the loss of neurons and synapses in specific brain regions. The loss of synapses, and particularly the associated presynaptic vesicle protein synaptophysin in the hippocampus and association cortices, has been widely reported to be one of the most robust correlates of Alzheimer's disease-associated cognitive decline. The beta-amyloid hypothesis supports the idea that Abeta is the cause of these pathologies. However, the hypothesis is still controversial, in part because the direct role of Abeta in synaptic degeneration awaits confirmation. In this study, we show that Abeta reduction by active or passive Abeta immunization protects against the progressive loss of synaptophysin in the hippocampal molecular layer and frontal neocortex of a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. These results, substantiated by quantitative electron microscopic analysis of synaptic densities, strongly support a direct causative role of Abeta in the synaptic degeneration seen in Alzheimer's disease and strengthen the potential of Abeta immunotherapy as a treatment approach for this disease. | ['Age Factors', 'Alzheimer Disease', 'Amyloid beta-Peptides', 'Animals', 'Cerebral Cortex', 'Disease Models, Animal', 'Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay', 'Hippocampus', 'Immunohistochemistry', 'Immunotherapy', 'Mice', 'Mice, Transgenic', 'Nerve Degeneration', 'Peptides', 'Synapses', 'Synaptophysin'] | 16,207,868 | [['N05.715.350.075', 'N06.850.490.250'], ['C10.228.140.380.100', 'C10.574.945.249', 'F03.615.400.100'], ['D12.644.024', 'D12.776.049.407.249.500', 'D12.776.543.039.500'], ['B01.050'], ['A08.186.211.200.885.287.500'], ['C22.232', 'E05.598.500', 'E05.599.395.080'], ['E05.478.566.350.170', 'E05.478.566.380.360', 'E05.478.583.400.170', 'E05.601.470.350.170', 'E05.601.470.380.360'], ['A08.186.211.180.405', 'A08.186.211.200.885.287.500.345'], ['E01.370.225.500.607.512', 'E01.370.225.750.551.512', 'E05.200.500.607.512', 'E05.200.750.551.512', 'E05.478.583', 'H01.158.100.656.234.512', 'H01.158.201.344.512', 'H01.158.201.486.512', 'H01.181.122.573.512', 'H01.181.122.605.512'], ['E02.095.465.425'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500'], ['B01.050.050.136.500', 'B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500.800'], ['C23.550.737'], ['D12.644'], ['A08.850', 'A11.284.149.165.420.780'], ['D12.776.543.488.875', 'D12.776.543.990.840', 'D12.776.631.800', 'D23.101.140.800']] | ['Health Care [N]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]'] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Self-assembly of natural light-harvesting bacteriochlorophylls of green sulfur photosynthetic bacteria in silicate capsules as stable models of chlorosomes. | Naturally occurring bacteriochlorophyll(BChl)s-c, -d, and -e from green sulfur photosynthetic bacteria were self-assembled in an aqueous solution in the presence of octadecyltriethoxysilane and tetraethoxysilane, followed by polycondensation of the alkoxysilanes by incubation for 50 h at 25 degrees C. The resulting BChl self-assemblies in silicate capsules exhibited visible absorption and circular dichroism spectra similar to the corresponding natural light-harvesting systems (chlorosomes) of green sulfur bacteria. Dynamic light scattering measurements indicated that the silicate capsules had an average hydrodynamic diameter of several hundred nanometers. BChl self-aggregates in silicate capsules were significantly stable to a nonionic surfactant Triton X-100, which was apt to decompose the BChl aggregates to their monomeric form, compared with conventional micelle systems. BChls in silicate capsules were more tolerant to demetalation of the central magnesium under acidic conditions than the natural systems. | ['Bacteriochlorophylls', 'Chlorobi', 'Circular Dichroism', 'Metals', 'Silicates', 'Spectrometry, Fluorescence'] | 16,848,406 | [['D03.383.129.578.840.374.100', 'D03.633.400.909.374.100', 'D04.345.783.374.100', 'D12.776.752.249'], ['B03.250'], ['E05.196.867.151'], ['D01.552'], ['D01.578.725', 'D01.837.725.700.760'], ['E05.196.712.516.600.676', 'E05.196.867.726']] | ['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]'] | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Effect of sub-inhibitory concentration of chlorhexidine on lipid and sterol composition of Candida albicans. | The effect of a sub-inhibitory concentration of chlorhexidine on lipid and sterol composition of Candida albicans was investigated. The total lipid content of this yeast grown in the presence of chlorhexidine was reduced whilst the total sterol content was increased compared with control-grown cells. Lipids and sterol analyses of this yeast grown in the presence and absence of chlorhexidine are presented. Chlorhexidine-grown yeast had a higher level of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine and monogalactosyldiacylglycerol. Lower proportions of phosphatidylinositol plus phosphatidylserine, phosphatidic acid and cardiolipin were found in C. albicans grown in the presence of the drug when compared with control-grown yeast. The major fatty acids in control-grown cells were C16 and C18. Drug grown-cells had higher proportions of palmitic acid (16:0) and stearic acid (18:0), but lower proportions of palmitoleic acid (16:1) and oleic acid (18:1). Chlorhexidine also decreased the unsaturated-to-saturated fatty acid ratio, while the C16/C18 ratios increased compared to control-grown cells. Differences in the fatty acid composition of major phospholipids and neutral lipids between drug and control-grown yeast were also detected. Sterol analysis of control-grown cells showed that the major sterol present was ergosterol (55.4% wt). A significant increase in ergosterol and obtusifoliol was observed in chlorhexidine-treated cells and a significant decrease in squalene and lanosterol. Our results suggested that chlorhexidine affected the lipid and sterol composition of C. albicans. | ['Anti-Infective Agents, Local', 'Candida albicans', 'Chlorhexidine', 'Chromatography, Thin Layer', 'Fatty Acids', 'Lipid Metabolism', 'Lipids', 'Sterols'] | 9,646,510 | [['D27.505.954.122.187'], ['B01.300.107.795.095.326', 'B01.300.381.147.326', 'B01.300.930.176.326'], ['D02.078.370.141.100'], ['E05.196.181.400.537'], ['D10.251'], ['G03.458'], ['D10'], ['D04.210.500.247.808', 'D10.570.938']] | ['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]'] | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
[Radiographic diagnosis of abdominal diseases in foals and ponys. II. Pathologic findings in 60 cases]. | A diagnostic approach based on clinical and radiographic examinations for evaluation of young foals and small ponies with acute abdominal discomfort is presented. Standing right to left lateral abdominal radiographs were taken of 54 foals and 6 ponies using a previously described technique. Interpretation of the radiographs was in conjunction with all clinical and laboratory findings and patient management. Using this approach, the site and cause of acute abdominal discomfort could be diagnosed accurately in 55 of 60 (91%) patients as confirmed by clinical, surgical or necropsy findings. Typical radiographs and photographs taken at surgery or at necropsy are presented. Typical radiographic findings, their interpretation and possible underlying gastrointestinal diseases are listed. The incorporation of standing lateral abdominal radiography in the clinical evaluation of foals and ponies with acute abdominal diseases gives findings of high diagnostic significance and should contribute to clinical decision-making. Abdominal radiography can replace data from rectal palpation in foals and ponies. | ['Abdomen', 'Abdominal Pain', 'Animals', 'Female', 'Horse Diseases', 'Horses', 'Male', 'Radiography, Abdominal'] | 2,219,108 | [['A01.923.047'], ['C23.888.592.612.054', 'C23.888.821.030'], ['B01.050'], ['C22.488'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.984.235.472'], ['E01.370.350.700.715']] | ['Anatomy [A]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]'] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Orthogonal bone plate stabilization for limb-sparing surgery. | This report describes limb-sparing surgery in a 35 kg, six-year-old Hungarian Vizsla with a distal radial lytic bone lesion. Preoperative biopsy had suggested a bone cyst, however histopathology on the excised bone segment was indicative of an osteosarcoma. Following excision of the tumour, the bone defect was filled with a composite bone graft and stabilized with a custom-made dorsal 3.5/2.7 mm pancarpal arthrodesis plate and an orthogonally positioned medial 2.7 mm compression plate. This technique has not previously been described for limb-sparing procedures. No complications were encountered, and despite the owners declining adjunctive chemotherapy, the dog was alive 34 months postoperatively with near normal limb function. | ['Animals', 'Bone Neoplasms', 'Bone Plates', 'Bone Resorption', 'Dog Diseases', 'Dogs', 'Female', 'Forelimb', 'Limb Salvage', 'Osteosarcoma'] | 24,081,486 | [['B01.050'], ['C04.588.149', 'C05.116.231'], ['E07.695.370.374', 'E07.858.442.660.460.374', 'E07.858.690.725.460.374'], ['C05.116.264', 'G11.427.213.150'], ['C22.268'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.750.250.216.200'], ['A13.395'], ['E04.100.814.603', 'E04.555.400', 'E04.680.350'], ['C04.557.450.565.575.650', 'C04.557.450.795.620']] | ['Organisms [B]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Anatomy [A]'] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Treatment of acute myelogenous leukemia in the older patient with attenuated high-dose ara-C. | We have evaluated the activity and toxicity of cytosine arabinoside (ara-C; 750 mg/m2 intravenously given over 3 hours every 12 hours for 12 doses) to induce remission in older (median age, 73 years) newly diagnosed patients who had acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). A maximum of two cycles of induction were administered. Patients who achieved complete remission could receive three additional consolidation courses limited to 4 to 6 doses of ara-C every 12 hours, depending on marrow cellularity. Thirty patients were evaluable. Twenty-two patients had one or more unfavorable prognostic factors, including antecedent hematologic disorders (10), cytogenetic abnormalities (17), or hyperleucocytosis (5). Fourteen patients (47%) achieved complete remission. Four patients did not receive consolidation as planned because of medical contraindication or refusal, and three patients relapsed during consolidation. The median duration of complete remission was 326 days. Sixteen patients failed induction because of relative or absolute drug resistance in nine patients, or death in seven patients. Median survival for the entire group was 6 months. Toxicity was significant, with a median initial hospitalization of 29 days. These results are comparable to those reported in the literature and suggest that this regimen may be considered to be an alternative to an anthracycline-containing regimen. | ['Aged', 'Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic', 'Cytarabine', 'Drug Administration Schedule', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute', 'Male', 'Remission Induction', 'Survival Analysis'] | 9,537,199 | [['M01.060.116.100'], ['D27.505.519.186.144', 'D27.505.954.248.144', 'D27.888.569.042.030'], ['D03.383.742.680.245.453', 'D13.570.065.300', 'D13.570.685.245.453'], ['E02.319.283'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['C04.557.337.539.275'], ['E02.860'], ['E05.318.740.998', 'N05.715.360.750.795', 'N06.850.520.830.998']] | ['Named Groups [M]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Health Care [N]'] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
The emergence of temporal hyperacuity from widely tuned cell populations. | Typically, individual neural cells operate on a millisecond time scale yet behaviorally animals reveal sub-microsecond acuity. Our model resolves this huge discrepancy by using populations of many widely tuned cells to attain sub-microsecond resolution in a temporal discrimination task. An echolocating bat uses its auditory system to locate objects and it demonstrates remarkable temporal precision in psychophysical tasks. Auditory cells were simulated using realistic parameters and connected in three ascending layers with descending projections from auditory cortex. Coincidence detection of firing collicular cells at thalamus and subsequent integration of multiple inputs at cortex, produce an estimate of time represented as the mean of the active cortical population. Multiple estimates allow the model bat to use memory to recognize predictable change in stimuli values. The best performance is produced using cortical feedback and a computation of target time based on combining the current and previous estimates. Temporal hyperacuity is attained through population coding of physiologically realistic cells but depends on the inherent properties of the psychophysical task. | ['Acoustic Stimulation', 'Animals', 'Auditory Cortex', 'Chiroptera', 'Computer Simulation', 'Discrimination, Psychological', 'Echolocation', 'Feedback', 'Models, Neurological', 'Neurons', 'Reaction Time', 'Signal Detection, Psychological', 'Space Perception', 'Time Factors', 'Time Perception'] | 15,468,733 | [['E02.037', 'E02.190.888.030', 'E05.723.136'], ['B01.050'], ['A08.186.211.200.885.287.500.814.249', 'A08.186.211.200.885.287.500.863.297'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.937'], ['L01.224.160'], ['F02.463.593.257'], ['F01.145.113.055.400'], ['L01.906.394.211'], ['E05.599.395.642'], ['A08.675', 'A11.671'], ['E05.796.817', 'F02.830.650', 'F04.669.817', 'G11.561.677'], ['E01.370.685.814', 'E05.796.908', 'F02.463.593.257.800', 'F02.463.593.710.725', 'F04.096.753.814', 'F04.669.908'], ['F02.463.593.778'], ['G01.910.857'], ['F02.463.593.857']] | ['Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]'] | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
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