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Hepatopulmonary syndrome (portopulmonary hypertension) is described. The cause is obscure, but the result is pulmonary arterial vasoconstriction and ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) mismatches that lead to hypoxemia. The remaining choices are conditions that do not cause portal hypertension. Chronic inflammation and steatos...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Normal body propoion Sho stature due to Human Growth hormone deficiency in characterized by ? 1. Ratio of upper to lower segment is normal. 2. Bone age or epiphyseal development in less than chronological age by about 2 years. 3. Children's are normal in height and weight at bih. 4. Delay in growth is...
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Ans. is'd'i.e., > 40 m IU/ml FSH LEVEL:Age 0-7 years: <6.7 m IU/mlAge >7 years:Follicular phase: 3.1 -7.9 ml IU/mlOvulation peak : 2.3 - 18.5 ml IU/mlLuteal phase :1.4- 5.5 ml IU/mlPostmenopausal: 30.6-106.3 ml IU/mlHypergonadotropic hypogonadism: >40ml IU/ml
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The most common form of muscular dystrophy is Duchenne muscular dystrophy. It is inherited as an X-linked recessive trait. Male infants are rarely diagnosed at birth or early infancy since they often reach gross milestones at the expected age. Soon after beginning to walk, however, the features of this disease become m...
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9th, 10th,11th cranial nerves, inferior petrosal and sigmoid sinuses; meningeal branches of ascending pharyngeal and occipital aeries Notes; mandibular nerve passes foramen ovale Ref,BDC volume 3,sixth edition,pg no 57
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Answer is D (Biopsy): Although ultrasonography and CT scan can be useful in making a diagnosis of medullary cystic disease, an open renal biopsy that ensures recovery of tissue from the coicomedullary junction is definitive.
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D i.e. None
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Hea Hyperplastic aeriosclerosis is characteristically pathologic change seen in vessels of the patient suffering from malignant hypeension. o Aerioles of all the organs in the body can affected but oured sites are 1. Kidney 2. Small Intestine 3. Gall bladder 4. Peripancreatic fat 5. Periadrenal fat.
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Corrective Impression Waxes  • These waxes are designed to flow at mouth temperature.  • Four types of waxes can be used for this technique: IOWA Wax, white, by Dr. Smith. Korecta Wax No.4, Orange, by Dr, O.C. Apllegate. 11-1 physiologic paste, yellow-white, by Dr.C.S.Harkins. Adaptol, green, by Dr. N.G.Kaye.
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A z score is a statistic used to represent as to how many standard detion intervals a value falls above or below the mean. It is also known as standard normal scores. The z score is most commonly used in the context of population and the same principles are used for identification of location within the sample. z score...
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(B) Hypochondriasis# Hypochondriasis is a persistent preoccupation with fear or belief of having disease, based on persons own interpretation of normal body function or minor physical abnormality.> This preoccupation persists despite repeated reassurance based on appropriate clinical examination & thorough investigatio...
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ANSWER: (C) Codeine REF: KDT 5th ed p. 197ANTITUSSIVESOpioidsNon opioidsCodeinePholocodieneNoscapine or narcotineDextrpmethorphanOxeladin chlorphdianol
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The patient presents with hyperextension deformity of the knee.
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Ans. 1127 scan
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Sciatic nerve blockade results in sensory loss to the posterior thigh by blocking the posterior cutaneous nerve along with everything below the knee, except for the medial lower leg, which is innervated by the saphenous nerve.
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Phenylketonuria is a disorder of phenylalanine metabolism and occurs due to deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase.It is a recessive condition.Here,phenylalanine could not be conveed to tyrosine,so phenylalanine accumulates and alternate minor pathways are opened to produce and excrete phenylketone(phenyl pyruvate),ph...
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Ref Robbins 9/e p242,8/e p235, Harrison 17/e p2060,Op ghai pediatric 6/e p326 Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome is an X-linked recessive disease characterized by thrombocytopenia, eczema, and a marked vul- nerability to recurrent infection, ending in early death; the only treatment is bone marrow transp...
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Testes begin to descend from abdomen to scrotum between 28 to 30 weeks of gestation. By term, 95% of testes in infants are in the scrotum. Descent of testes from the abdomen into the scrotum is an androgen dependent process during which the testes are pulled downward by a fibrous cord anchored to the developing scrotum...
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Members of the mycoplasma group that are pathogenic for humans include M. pneumoniae and U. urealyticum. Mycoplasma pneumoniae is best known as the causative agent of PAP, which may be confused clinically with influenza or legionellosis. It also is associated with arthritis, pericarditis, aseptic meningitis, and the Gu...
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Sweaty feat odor - Isovaleric AcidemiaSmoky sweat - MSUDMousy or Musty - PhenylketonuriaBoiled cabbage - TyrosinemiaIn alkaptonuria - urine becomes darkish brown when exposed to air while purplish brown in porphyria(Refer: Nelson's Textbook of Pediatrics, SAE, 1st edition, pg no. 651)
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Also known as endodermal sinus tumor, yolk sac tumor is of interest because it is the most common testicular tumor in infants and children up to 3 years of age. In this age group it has a very good prognosis. In adults the pure form of this tumor is rare; instead, yolk sac elements frequently occur in combination with ...
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., Oil red 0 Staino Read following 2 facts :?1. "Oil red 0 stain is used to stain fat".2. "Characteristic histopathologic change in the cells in Rey's syndrome is fat accumulation. Glycogen is completely absent from the cells ".These changes are seen in the cells of liver, brain & kidneys.o So after comb...
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WHO collaborating centres are institutions such as research institutes, parts of universities or academies, which are designated by the Director-General to carry out activities in support of the Organization's programmes.
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., Alkaptonuria * Individual presenting in 4th decade with joint pain and stiffness and urine darkening on standing and pigment deposition in joints, is suggestive of alkaptonuria.Ochronosis (Alkaptonuria):* Alkaptonuria is a rare, heritable disorder characterized by the appearance of homogentisic acid i...
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B i.e. 2DD
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Ans. (A) High blood: gas partition coefficient(Ref: Katzung 11th/e p427)The depth of anesthesia depends on the partial pressure of anesthetic in CNS. The transfer of anesthetic into the brain starts only after the blood is fully saturated (or, in other words partial pressure of the anesthetic in blood equals the partia...
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Anxiety and other neurotic disorders do not cause hallucination.
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Loss of flexion at DIP (Distal Inter Phalangeal joint) occurs due to loss of function of FDP (Flexor Digitorum Profundus).Flexor digitorum profundus is dually innervated by the ulnar nerve to the medial phalanges (Finger 4 & 5) and the median nerve for the lateral phalanges (Finger 2 & 3). Because of the superficial co...
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Atonicity causes about 80% of PPH. Causes of PPH: Uterine atonicity (m/c) Injury to any pa of genital tract Coagulopathy (von Willebrand's disease) Retained tissues - (Causes secondary PPH)
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Ans. is 'd' i.e., All of above MarasmusProlonge deficiency of calory & protein due to starvation.Monkey facies- loss of buccal fat.Baggy pants appearance- loose skin of the buttocks hanging down,Loss of axillary fat.Appetite is preserved.No edema.
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C REACTIVE PROTEIN (CRP) Annular pentameric protein seen in blood plasma. First identified in the serum of patients which reacted with capsular polysaccharide of pneumococcus. The levels of CRP increases in inflammatory states (acute phase protein). Activates the complement system by binding to phosphocholine expressed...
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Different books have given different dose for IM route.
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., 10
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Ans. is 'd' i.e., Dibucaineo Dibucaine is the longest acting local anaesthetico Chlorprocaine is the shortest acting local anaesthetico Decreasing order of duration : - Dibucaine > Bupivacine = Tetracaine = Ropivacaine =Etidocaine > Prilocaine = Lignocaine = Mepivacaine = Cocaine > Procaine > Chlorprocaine.
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Ans. is "c' i.e., 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferolVitamin Do Vitamin D is the major vitamin involved in the absorption of calcium.o Beside dietary intake, cutaneous synthesis is the other and more important source of vitamin D (cholecalciferol) in the body. The keratinocytes of stratum corneum of the epidermis of skinQ co...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Stomach Dieulafoy's lesion* Dieulafoy's lesion is a medical condition characterized by a large tortuous arteriole most commonly in the stomach wall (submucosal) that erodes and bleeds.* It can cause gastric hemorrhage but is relatively uncommon. It is thought to cause less than 5% of all gastrointesti...
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Depression of bone marrow is usually the most significant dose limiting toxicity with cancer chemotherapy Refer CMDT 2010/1499
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Ans. (a) PrimaryRef.: K. Park 23rd ed. 141, 370-74
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Fascicular ulcer is seen with phlyctenular keratoconjunctivitis. Phlyctenular keratoconjunctivitis Cause: Staphylococcus/ M. Tuberculosis Lesions are seen near limbus Type 4 hypersensitivity reaction Predominantly affect children Fascicular ulcer has Prominent leash of blood vessels Can also cause Sacrofulous ulcer tha...
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Ans. is 'a' To prevent veical transmission . HIV infected mother can transmit the virus to fetus/infant during pregnancy, during delivery or by breast feeding. . Early diagnosis and antiretroviral therapy to mother and infant significantly decrease the rate of intrapaum and perinatal transmission (Veical transmission) ...
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In cardiac muscle the action potential is cause by opening of two types of channels: 1) Fast sodium channels 2) Slow calcium channels This second population of channels differs from the fast sodium channels in being slower to open and even more impoant, they remain open for several tenths of a second. During this time ...
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Ans. is 'd' i.e., All of above o Endocardial valvulitis (infective endocarditis), CHF and Eisenmenger syndrome, all can develop in PDA.
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Lateral decubitus view is the best view to detect minimal pleural effusion.
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Rapid Y descent seen in cardiac tamponade Cardiac tamponade, also known as pericardial tamponade, is when fluid in the pericardium (the sac around the hea) builds up, resulting in c of the hea. Onset may be rapid or gradual.Symptoms typically include those of cardiogenic shock including shoness of breath, weakness, lig...
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Sequence of A.A. in RGD motifs is Arginine, Glycine and Aspartate.
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Bilateral ethmoidal polypi are either the result of long-standing nasal allergy or fungal sinusitis. Opaque paranasal sinuses can result in both. Treatment therefore can include antihistamines, steroids and. if fungal, amphotericin-B. Epinephrine (adrenaline) has no role.
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Optic disc: It is a pink coloured, well-defined circular area of 1.5-mm diameter. At the optic disc all the retinal layers terminate except the nerve fibres, which pass through the lamina cribrosa to run into the optic nerve. A depression seen in the disc is called the physiological cup. The central retinal aery and ve...
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Ans. is 'C' i.e. Ophthalmic artery The internal carotid artery begins at the level of the upper border of the thyroid cartilage as one of the terminal branches of the common carotid artery. Its course is divided into four parts:Parts of ICABranches(A) Cervical partNo branches(B) Petrous partCaroticotympanic art.Pterygo...
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Ans: A (7th cranial...) Internal Auditory Meatus: Structures passing"I am 78 inches Lady"# 7th cranial nerve8th cranial nerveNervus intermediusLabyrinthine vesselsINTERNAL AUDITORY MEATUS OR INTERNAL ACOUSTIC CANALIt is a canal in the petrous part of the temporal bone of the skull that carries nerves from inside the sk...
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The murmur of chronic AR is typically a high-pitched, blowing, decrescendo diastolic murmur, heard best in the third intercostal space along the left sternal border. In patients with mild AR, this murmur is brief, but as the severity increases, it generally becomes louder and longer, indeed holodiastolic. When the murm...
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.
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INDERBIR SINGH&;S TEXTBOOK OF HUMAN HISTOLOGY-PAGE NO:344Medulla: the medulla consists of connective tissue in which numerous blood vessels are seen elastic fibers and smooth muscles are also present. the hilum of the ovary is the site for entry of blood vessels and lymphatics.it is continuous with the medulla. the hil...
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Ans. 36 weeks
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Rigid bronchoscopy o Treatment of choice is removal of foreign body by rigid bronchoscope with appropriate antibiotics.
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Ref, Robbins 8/e p25;7/e26;9/e p823
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CORRELATION: - Correlation is relationship between 2 quantitative or continuous variables. - Correlation is represented by: Scatter diagram/ Dot diagram. Correlation coefficient (r); Measures the degree or strength of relationship in a correlation Correlation coefficient (r) lies between : - 1 to + 1 (-1 < r < + 1) Pos...
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Gynaecomastia is hypertrophy of male breast more than usual due to increase in ductal (epithelial) and connective tissue (stromal) elements often attaining features of the female breast.  It can be unilateral or bilateral. Bilateral can be symmetrical or asymmetrical. Etiology is  Oestrogen excess—increased estradiol s...
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Serum calcium, phosphate and alkaline phosphatase are normal in osteoporosis.
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Amifostine (WR 2721) is a cytoprotectant which reduces toxicity to various chemotherapy and radiotherapy regimens. It shows chemoprotective effects against cisplatin-related renal-and neurotoxicity, and neutropenia due to cisplatin-cyclphosphamide combination therapy. In addition, preliminary studies indicate amifostin...
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Ans. C: IgG IgG is the only isotype that can pass through the human placenta, thereby providing protection to the fetus in utero. Along with IgA secreted in the breast milk, residual IgG absorbed through the placenta provides the neonate with humoral immunity before its own immune system develops. Colostrum contains a ...
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Fibrin degradation product (FDP) is the best test to diagnose bleeding in DIC. D-Dimer assay is for screening | PT & | aPTT seen in a lot of conditions - so not best.
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Ans. is 'c' i.e. 10-14 days
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Ans. (d) Sero-negative arthritisRef: Harrison 19th ed. 12136* Patients of rheumatoid arthritis harbor an antibody by the name of anti - C.C.P ( cycliccitrulline phosholipid antibodies).* The rheumatoid nodules in these patients can compress on various peripheral nerves leading to mono-neuritis multiplex. The joints are...
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Normal adult value less than 40microgram per lt. 2/3rd of liver cancer produce Afp. Screening but not a definitive test. Source: everyday health. Com
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Jenner
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The pudendal nerve (from S2-S4) is the principal nerve to innervate structures of the perineum, including sensory innervation to the genitalia, and motor innervation to muscles of the perineum, the external urethral sphincter, and the external anal sphincter. This innervation may have clinical significance, as babies c...
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(C) Common in male [?]GRAVES' DISEASE:oAutoimmune system disorderoBoth men and women get affected;#Yet, 10 times more common in women than men#Affects younger women <40 years#Results in overproduction of thyroid hormones (hyperthyroidism).#Signs and symptoms:-Anxiety, Irritability, Heat sensitivity-Increased perspirati...
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The murmur is the clinching point here as the patient is having ostium primum type of ASD with MR and Ostium primum defect alone cannot produce such murmur and in question it is already mentioned that the patient is having ASD, Floppy mitral valve should be the answer, “Presence of pansystolic murmur of mitral regurgit...
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Nasolabial Cysts/Nasoalveolar Cyst/Klestadt's Cyst It is a rare non odontogenic cyst which occurs in the region of nasolabial seen fold. It may arise from epithelial entrapment in the line of fusion between medial and lateral nasal process during the development of nose and cheek (hence also called epithelial inclusion...
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Abdomen-Neck [Ref In transhiatal esophagectomy (THE) the thorax dosen't needs to be opened. Esophagus is removed through the diaphragmatic hiatus by making incisions in the abdomen and the neck. In this operation, first an upper abdominal incision is made. The surgeon mobilizes the esophagus by working upward through t...
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Hyperemia is an active process due to aeriolar dilatation and increased blood inflow, resulting in high blood volume at tissues. Basic Pathology, Robbins. Page no.: 75
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C i.e. Decreased vital capacity in supine position
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Ans. (b) Decreased CO2Ref: Harrison 19th ed. /1731-32* Hyperventilation leads to carbon dioxide washout. It is usually a feature of type 1 respiratory failure.* Type 1 respiratory failure is defined as a low level of oxygen in the blood (hypoxemia) without an increased level of carbon dioxide in the blood (hypercapnia)...
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., Giant cell arteritis o Giant cell or temporal arteritis, the most common form of systemic vasculitis affecting the adults, is an acute and chronic, often granulomatous inflammation of arteries of large to small size.o This vasculitis affects principally the arteries in the head. the extracranial branc...
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Opioid receptors subtypes "u" and "k" receptors ;high density of u receptor detected in periaqueductal gray,thalamus,nucleus tract us solitarus ,nucleus ambiguous,area postrema. Ref KD Tripathi 8th ed.
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Acidic drugs bind to plasma albumin whereas basic drugs to alpha-1 acid glycoprotein. Acidic drugs are excreted faster in alkaline urine whereas basic drugs in acidic urine. Acidic drugs are ionized in alkaline medium (as in intestine) whereas basic drugs are ionized in acidic medium (as in stomach) Non-ionized drugs c...
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Capgras syndrome - Belief that a familiar person has been replaced by stranger Fregoli syndrome - Familiar person is imposing as a stranger and can take multiple different appearance Delusion of subjective disorder- Patient believes that there is multiple double of him/her living their own life Othello syndrome - Patho...
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The ICDAS has been further condensed by the American Dental Association into the Caries Classification System (ADA CCS). Assessment of dental caries also requires identification of caries lesion activity so as to make decisions relative to treatment recommendations.
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(A) Fovea centralis # Human retina contains on average 4.6 million cones and 92 million rods, although there is significant inter-individual variation (Curcio et al 1990).# Retina:> Fovea centralis: It lies in the center of macula lutea. Cones are highly concentrated in the fovea. It is responsible for visual acuity.> ...
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Ref: KDT 8th ed. *Lithium is used to treat acute mania and bipolar disorder. *Lithium is also used as prophylaxis for depression and mania in bipolar disorder. *It is sometimes used for other psychiatric disorders such as cycloid psychosis and unipolar depression. *Non-psychiatric uses are limited. However, it is used ...
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Ans. D (Hydrogen bond) "Integral protein interacts with hydrophobic region of the membrane through van der waais contact Q & peripheral membrane protein interacts with lipid through ionic or hydrogen bond Q"- Chatterjea & Shinde 7th/12Protein Within Cell MembraneIntegral / Transmembrane Proteins# They interact with the...
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D i.e. Succinate dehydrogenase
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Normally, there are mere traces of urobilinogen in the urine. In complete obstruction of the bile duct, no urobilinogen is found in the urine, since bilirubin has no access to the intestine, where it can be conveed to urobilinogen. In this case, the presence of bilirubin (conjugated) in the urine without urobilinogen s...
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(Refer: Watson Jones Textbook of Ohopedics & Trauma, 6thedition,pg no: 536-538)
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Pharyngeal artery is a branch of third part of maxillary artery.
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The principal transmitter agents involved in autonomic nervous system are acetylcholine and norepinephrine. The neurons that are cholinergic are 1)all preganglionic neurons, 2) all parasympathetic postganglionic neurons, 3) sympathetic postganglionic neurons that innervate sweat glands and 4)sympathetic postganglionic ...
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Ans. Rickets
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MR imaging in multiple sclerosis will show lesions in white matter with a periventricular predominance. In Multiple sclerosis, demyelinating plaques occur in the periventricular regions, corpus callosum, brainstem and cerebellum. Plaques are more periventricular, oval in shape, have irregular margins and are oriented p...
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Ans. is b, i.e. Start category I ATT in first trimesterRef Textbook of Obs. Sheila Balakrishnan 1/e, p 387,Indian Journal of TuberculosisTB during pregnancy, requires prompt treatmentATT can be given at any period in pregnancy, including the first trimester:First line drug used are:-INH, Rifampicin, ethambutol and pyra...
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Lactation in the absence of breast feeding is known as galactorrhea. Drugs causing galactorrhea are dopamine antagonists like antipsychotics (phenothiazines,butyrophenones),antidepressants, antiemetics and dopamine depleting drugs like reserpine , methyldopa .These dopamine antagonists elevate prolactin concentrations ...
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Having multiple sex paners is not a contraindication for the use of diaphragm. Contraindications to use of diaphragm: Proplapse, cystocele, rectocele because accurate fitting is not possible. Recurrent urinary tract infection Allergy to rubber or spermicidal agent. Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) may occur if the diaphragm ...
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This is piriformis syndrome. As you may recall from your anatomy, the piriformis is the small muscle that crosses the greater sciatic foramen, cutting it into two spaces as the muscle passes from the edge of the sacrum to the greater trochanter. The sciatic nerve comes out of the greater sciatic foramen below the pirif...
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Harshmohan textbook of pathology 7th edition. N- MYC oncogene: mutated MYC gene due to amplification seen in neuroblastoma and small cell carcinoma of lung..
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., H BeAg
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MRI uses a magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed pictures of the body. Unlike CT scans or X-rays, MRI doesn't use Ionizing Radiation.
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*Most common paraneoplastic syndrome: Hypercalcemia *Most common endocrinopathy in paraneoplastic syndrome: Cushing syndrome*Most common carcinoma associated with Cushing syndrome: Lung carcinoma*The cancer patients develop Cushing syndrome due to excess production of pro-opiomelanocoin and coicotrophin.*Most common pa...
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(A) Persecution # DELUSIONS are misguided beliefs that have no basis in reality, and people with schizophrenia often suffer from delusions as a symptom of their disease. Their disorganized thinking and impaired ability to interpret new information often lead them to false perceptions. People with schizophrenia often ha...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., 2 million o In the female gonads, the germ cells undergo a number of rapid mitotic divisions and differentiate into oogonia.o The number of oogonia reaches its maximum at 20th week, numbering about 7 million.o While the majority of the oogonia continue to divide, some enter into the prophase of the fi...
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Extracellular Matrix (ECM) comprises of interstitial matrix and basement membrane. The degradation of collagen and other ECM proteins is achieved by a family of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) which are dependent on zinc ions for their activity. MMPs include interstitial collagenases, which cleave fibrillar collagen (...
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