doc_id int32 0 2.25M | text stringlengths 101 8.13k | source stringlengths 38 44 |
|---|---|---|
14,900 | Low-level EMF does have some effects on other organisms. Vian "et al.", 2006 finds an effect of microwave on gene expression in plants.A meta-study of 95 in vitro and in vivo studies showed that an average of 80% of the in vivo research showed effects of such radiation, as did 58% of the in vitro research, but that the results were inconclusive as to whether any of these effects pose a health risk. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23475353 |
14,901 | As the introduction of 5G technology coincided with the time of COVID-19 pandemic, several conspiracy theories circulating online posited a link between COVID-19 and 5G. This has led to dozens of arson attacks being made on telecom masts in the Netherlands (Amsterdam, Rotterdam, etc.), Ireland (Cork, etc.), Cyprus, the United Kingdom (Dagenham, Huddersfield, Birmingham, Belfast and Liverpool), Belgium (Pelt), Italy (Maddaloni), Croatia (Bibinje) and Sweden. It led to at least 61 suspected arson attacks against telephone masts in the United Kingdom alone and over twenty in The Netherlands. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23475353 |
14,902 | In the early months of the pandemic, anti-lockdown protesters at protests over responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia were seen with anti-5G signs, an early sign of what became a wider campaign by conspiracy theorists to link the pandemic with 5G technology. There are two versions of the 5G-COVID-19 conspiracy theory: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23475353 |
14,903 | In various parts of the world, carriers have launched numerous differently branded technologies, such as "5G Evolution", which advertise improving existing networks with the use of "5G technology". However, these pre-5G networks are an improvement on specifications of existing LTE networks that are not exclusive to 5G. While the technology promises to deliver higher speeds, and is described by AT&T as a "foundation for our evolution to 5G while the 5G standards are being finalized," it cannot be considered to be true 5G. When AT&T announced 5G Evolution, 4x4 MIMO, the technology that AT&T is using to deliver the higher speeds, had already been put in place by T-Mobile without being branded with the 5G moniker. It is claimed that such branding is a marketing move that will cause confusion with consumers, as it is not made clear that such improvements are not true 5G. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23475353 |
14,904 | 5G Automotive Association have been promoting the C-V2X communication technology that will first be deployed in 4G. It provides for communication between vehicles and infrastructures. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23475353 |
14,905 | A real time digital twin of the real object such as a turbine engine, aircraft, wind turbines, offshore platform and pipelines. 5G networks helps in building it due to the latency and throughput to capture near real-time IoT data and support digital twins. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23475353 |
14,906 | Mission-critical push-to-talk (MCPTT) and mission-critical video and data are expected to be furthered in 5G. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23475353 |
14,907 | Fixed wireless connections will offer an alternative to fixed line broadband (ADSL, VDSL, Fiber optic, and DOCSIS connections) in some locations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23475353 |
14,908 | Sony has tested the possibility of using local 5G networks to replace the SDI cables currently used in broadcast camcorders. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23475353 |
14,909 | The 5G Broadcast tests started around 2020 (Orkneys, Bavaria, Austria, Central Bohemia) based on FeMBMS (Further evolved multimedia broadcast multicast service). The aim is to serve unlimited number of mobile or fixed devices with video (TV) and audio (radio) streams without these consuming any data flow or even being authenticated in a network. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23475353 |
14,910 | Tardigrades (), known colloquially as water bears or moss piglets, are a phylum of eight-legged segmented micro-animals. They were first described by the German zoologist Johann August Ephraim Goeze in 1773, who called them Kleiner Wasserbär ("little water bear"). In 1777, the Italian biologist Lazzaro Spallanzani named them Tardigrada (), which means "slow steppers". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19817681 |
14,911 | They have been found in diverse regions of Earth's biospheremountaintops, the deep sea, tropical rainforests, and the Antarctic. Tardigrades are among the most resilient animals known, with individual species able to survive extreme conditions – such as exposure to extreme temperatures, extreme pressures (both high and low), air deprivation, radiation, dehydration, and starvation – that would quickly kill most other known forms of life. Tardigrades have survived exposure to outer space. There are about 1,300 known species in the phylum Tardigrada, a part of the superphylum Ecdysozoa consisting of animals that grow by ecdysis such as arthropods and nematodes. The earliest known true members of the group are known from Cretaceous (145 to 66 million years ago) amber, found in North America, but are essentially modern forms, and therefore likely have a significantly earlier origin, as they diverged from their closest relatives in the Cambrian, over 500 million years ago. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19817681 |
14,912 | Tardigrades are usually about long when fully grown. They are short and plump, with four pairs of legs, each ending in claws (usually four to eight) or suction disks. Tardigrades are prevalent in mosses and lichens and feed on plant cells, algae, and small invertebrates. When collected, they may be viewed under a low-power microscope, making them accessible to students and amateur scientists. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19817681 |
14,913 | Johann August Ephraim Goeze originally named the tardigrade "Kleiner Wasserbär", meaning "little water-bear" in German (today, they are often referred to in German as "Bärtierchen" or "little bear-animal"). The name "water-bear" comes from the way they walk, reminiscent of a bear's gait. The name "Tardigradum" means "slow walker" and was given by Lazzaro Spallanzani in 1777. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19817681 |
14,914 | The largest adults may reach a body length of , the smallest below . Newly hatched tardigrades may be smaller than . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19817681 |
14,915 | Tardigrades are often found on lichens and mosses, for example by soaking a piece of moss in water. Other environments in which they are found include dunes and coasts generally, soil, leaf litter, and marine or freshwater sediments, where they may occur quite frequently, up to 25,000 animals per litre (95,000 animals per gallon). One tardigrade, "Echiniscoides wyethi", may be found on barnacles. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19817681 |
14,916 | Tardigrades have barrel-shaped bodies with four pairs of stubby legs. Most range from in length, although the largest species may reach . The body consists of a head, three body segments each with a pair of legs, and a caudal segment with a fourth pair of legs. The legs are without joints, while the feet have four to eight claws each. The cuticle contains chitin and protein and is moulted periodically. The first three pairs of legs are directed downward along the sides and are the primary means of locomotion, while the fourth pair is directed backward on the last segment of the trunk and is used primarily for grasping the substrate. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19817681 |
14,917 | Tardigrades lack several Hox genes and a large intermediate region of the body axis. In insects, this corresponds to the entire thorax and the abdomen. Practically the whole body, except for the last pair of legs, is made up of just the segments that are homologous to the head region in arthropods. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19817681 |
14,918 | All adult tardigrades of the same species have the same number of cells (see eutely). Some species have as many as 40,000 cells in each adult, while others have far fewer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19817681 |
14,919 | The body cavity consists of a haemocoel, but the only place where a true coelom can be found is around the gonad. No respiratory organs are found, with gas exchange able to occur across the entirety of the body. Some tardigrades have three tubular glands associated with the rectum; these may be excretory organs similar to the Malpighian tubules of arthropods, although the details remain unclear. Also, nephridia are absent. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19817681 |
14,920 | The tubular mouth is armed with stylets, which are used to pierce the plant cells, algae, or small invertebrates on which the tardigrades feed, releasing the body fluids or cell contents. The mouth opens into a triradiate, muscular, sucking pharynx. The stylets are lost when the animal molts, and a new pair is secreted from a pair of glands that lie on either side of the mouth. The pharynx connects to a short esophagus, and then to an intestine that occupies much of the length of the body, which is the main site of digestion. The intestine opens, via a short rectum, to an anus located at the terminal end of the body. Some species only defecate when they molt, leaving the feces behind with the shed cuticle. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19817681 |
14,921 | The brain develops in a bilaterally symmetric pattern. Tardigrades have a dorsal brain atop a paired ventral nervous system. The brain includes multiple lobes, mostly consisting of three bilaterally paired clusters of neurons. The brain is attached to a large ganglion below the esophagus, from which a double ventral nerve cord runs the length of the body. The cord possesses one ganglion per segment, each of which produces lateral nerve fibres that run into the limbs. Many species possess a pair of rhabdomeric pigment-cup eyes, and numerous sensory bristles are on the head and body. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19817681 |
14,922 | Tardigrades all possess a buccopharyngeal apparatus (swallowing device made of muscles and spines that activates an inner jaw and begins digestion and movement along the throat and intestine) which, along with the claws, is used to differentiate species. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19817681 |
14,923 | Although some species are parthenogenic, both males and females are usually present, although females are frequently larger and more common. Both sexes have a single gonad located above the intestine. Two ducts run from the testes in males, opening through a single pore in front of the anus. In contrast, females have a single duct opening either just above the anus or directly into the rectum, which forms a cloaca. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19817681 |
14,924 | Tardigrades are oviparous, and fertilization is usually external. Mating occurs during the molt with the eggs being laid inside the shed cuticle of the female and then covered with sperm. A few species have internal fertilization, with mating occurring before the female fully sheds her cuticle. In most cases, the eggs are left inside the shed cuticle to develop, but some species attach them to nearby substrate. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19817681 |
14,925 | The eggs hatch after no more than 14 days, with the young already possessing their full complement of adult cells. Growth to the adult size occurs by enlargement of the individual cells (hypertrophy), rather than by cell division. Tardigrades may molt up to 12 times. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19817681 |
14,926 | Tardigrades tend to court before mating. Courtship is an early step in mating and was first observed in tardigrades in 1895. Research shows that up to nine males aggregate around a female to mate. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19817681 |
14,927 | Most tardigrades are phytophagous (plant eaters) or bacteriophagous (bacteria eaters), but some are carnivorous to the extent that they eat smaller species of tardigrades (e.g., "Milnesium tardigradum"). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19817681 |
14,928 | Tardigrades share morphological characteristics with many species that differ largely by class. Biologists have a difficult time finding verification among tardigrade species because of this relationship. These animals are most closely related to the early evolution of arthropods. Tardigrade fossils go as far back as the Cretaceous period in North America. Tardigrades are considered cosmopolitan and can be located in regions all over the world. The eggs and cysts of tardigrades are so durable that they can be carried great distances on the feet of other animals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19817681 |
14,929 | Tardigrades have survived all five recognized mass extinctions due to their plethora of survival characteristics, including the ability to survive conditions that would be fatal to almost all other animals (see the next section). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19817681 |
14,930 | The lifespan of tardigrades ranges from three to four months for some species, up to two years for other species, not counting their time in dormant states. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19817681 |
14,931 | Scientists have reported tardigrades in hot springs, on top of the Himalayas (6,000 m; 20,000 ft, above sea level) to the deep sea () and from the polar regions to the equator, under layers of solid ice, and in ocean sediments. Many species can be found in milder environments such as lakes, ponds, and meadows, while others can be found in stone walls and roofs. Tardigrades are most common in moist environments, but can stay active wherever they can retain at least some moisture. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19817681 |
14,932 | Tardigrades are thought to be able to survive even complete global mass extinction events caused by astrophysical events, such as gamma-ray bursts, or large meteorite impacts. Some of them can withstand extremely cold temperatures down to (close to absolute zero), while others can withstand extremely hot temperatures up to for several minutes, pressures about six times greater than those found in the deepest ocean trenches, ionizing radiation at doses hundreds of times higher than the lethal dose for a human, and the vacuum of outer space. Tardigrades that live in harsh conditions undergo an annual process of cyclomorphosis, allowing for survival in subzero temperatures. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19817681 |
14,933 | They are not considered extremophilic because they are not adapted to exploit these conditions, only to endure them. This means that their chances of dying increase the longer they are exposed to the extreme environments, whereas true extremophiles thrive in a physically or geochemically extreme environment that would harm most other organisms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19817681 |
14,934 | Tardigrades are one of the few groups of species that are capable of suspending their metabolism (see cryptobiosis). While in this state, their metabolism lowers to less than 0.01% of normal and their water content can drop to 1% of normal, and they can go without food or water for more than 30 years, only to later rehydrate, forage, and reproduce. Many species of tardigrade can survive in a dehydrated state up to five years, or longer in exceptional cases. Depending on the environment, they may enter this state via anhydrobiosis, allowing tardigrades, along with some other micro-metazoans (such as worms, rotifers, and crustaceans), protozoans, and plants that ability to survive in inhospitable habitats as opposed to other living things. In addition to offering protection from desiccation and freezing under normal circumstances, anhydrobiosis also permits resistance to unnatural abiotic extremes such as subzero temperatures.cryobiosis, osmobiosis, or anoxybiosis. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19817681 |
14,935 | Their ability to remain desiccated for such long periods of time was thought to be dependent on high levels of the nonreducing disaccharide trehalose, which is commonly seen in other organisms that survive desiccation, and tardigrades have trehalase genes. However, it has been seen that in both tardigrades and bdelloid rotifers, there is only a partial capability to synthesize trehalose in quantities that may contribute to desiccation tolerance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19817681 |
14,936 | In response to this finding, more research was done on how these animals survived such extreme conditions. It was found that intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) were highly expressed in response to desiccation in tardigrades. Additionally, three new IDPs were found to be specific to tardigrades and coined tardigrade specific proteins (TDPs). These TDPs may maintain the structure of membranes by associating with the polar heads of the phospholipids bilayers, avoiding structural damage upon rehydration. Also, TDPs, being highly hydrophilic, are thought to be involved in a vitrification mechanism, where a glass-like matrix forms within cells to protect the cellular contents upon desiccation. Their DNA is further protected from radiation by a protein called "dsup" (short for "damage suppressor"). In this cryptobiotic state, the tardigrade is known as a tun. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19817681 |
14,937 | Tardigrades are able to survive in extreme environments that would kill almost any other animal. Extremes at which tardigrades can survive include those of: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19817681 |
14,938 | Research published in 2020 shows that tardigrades are sensitive to high temperatures. Researchers showed it takes 48 hours at to kill half of active tardigrades that have not been acclimated to heat. Acclimation boosted the temperature needed to kill half of active tardigrades to . Tardigrades in the tun state fared a bit better, tolerating higher temperatures. It took heating to to kill half of tun-state tardigrades within one hour. Longer exposure time decreased the temperature needed for lethality, though. For 24 hours of exposure, was enough to kill half of the tun-state tardigrades. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19817681 |
14,939 | Tardigrades are the first known animal to survive after exposure to outer space. In September 2007, dehydrated tardigrades were taken into low Earth orbit on the FOTON-M3 mission carrying the BIOPAN astrobiology payload. For 10 days, groups of tardigrades, some of them previously dehydrated, some of them not, were exposed to the hard vacuum of outer space, or vacuum and solar UV radiation. Back on Earth, more than 68% of the subjects protected from solar UV radiation were reanimated within 30 minutes following rehydration, although subsequent mortality was high; many of these produced viable embryos. In contrast, hydrated samples exposed to the combined effect of vacuum and full solar UV radiation had significantly reduced survival, with only three subjects of "Milnesium tardigradum" surviving. Also, it was found that the space vacuum did not have a significant effect on egg-laying in either R. "coronifer" or M. "tardigradum". However, M. "tardigradum" exposed to UV radiation had a lower egg laying rate. In May 2011, Italian scientists sent tardigrades on board the International Space Station along with extremophiles on STS-134, the final flight of . Their conclusion was that microgravity and cosmic radiation "did not significantly affect survival of tardigrades in flight, and stated that tardigrades represent a useful animal for space research." In November 2011, they were among the organisms to be sent by the U.S.-based Planetary Society on the Russian Fobos-Grunt mission's Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment to Phobos; however, the launch failed. In August 2019, scientists reported that a capsule containing tardigrades in a cryptobiotic state may have survived for a while on the Moon after the April 2019 crash landing of "Beresheet", a failed Israeli lunar lander, but in May 2021 it was reported that they were unlikely to have survived the impact. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19817681 |
14,940 | In recent years, there has also been increased speculation regarding tardigrades' ability to survive on Mars without any life support systems, but despite the hardiness of the tardigrade, it would still "need stuff to eat," in order to set up shop. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19817681 |
14,941 | Scientists have conducted morphological and molecular studies to understand how tardigrades relate to other lineages of ecdysozoan animals. Two plausible placements have been proposed: tardigrades are either most closely related to Arthropoda and Onychophora, or to nematodes. Evidence for the former is a common result of morphological studies; evidence of the latter is found in some molecular analyses. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19817681 |
14,942 | The latter hypothesis has been rejected by recent microRNA and expressed sequence tag analyses. Apparently, the grouping of tardigrades with nematodes found in a number of molecular studies is a long branch attraction artifact. Within the arthropod group (called panarthropoda and comprising onychophora, tardigrades and euarthropoda), three patterns of relationship are possible: tardigrades sister to onychophora plus arthropods (the lobopodia hypothesis); onychophora sister to tardigrades plus arthropods (the tactopoda hypothesis); and onychophora sister to tardigrades. Recent analyses indicate that the panarthropoda group is monophyletic, and that tardigrades are a sister group of Antennopoda, the lineage consisting of arthropods and Onychophora. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19817681 |
14,943 | The minute sizes of tardigrades and their membranous integuments make their fossilization both difficult to detect and highly unusual. The only known fossil specimens are those from mid-Cambrian deposits in Siberia (Orsten fauna) and a few rare specimens from Cretaceous amber. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19817681 |
14,944 | The Siberian tardigrade fossils differ from living tardigrades in several ways. They have three pairs of legs rather than four, they have a simplified head morphology, and they have no posterior head appendages, but they share with modern tardigrades their columnar cuticle construction. Scientists think they represent a stem group of living tardigrades. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19817681 |
14,945 | In October 2021, a new species, "Paradoryphoribius chronocaribbeus", was discovered as a fossil in amber that was dated to be 16 million years old. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19817681 |
14,946 | There are multiple lines of evidence that tardigrades are secondarily miniaturized from a larger ancestor, probably a lobopodian and perhaps resembling "Aysheaia", which many analyses place close to the divergence of the tardigrade lineage. An alternative hypothesis derives tactopoda from a clade encompassing dinocaridids and "Opabinia". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19817681 |
14,947 | The oldest remains of modern tardigrades are those of "Milnesium swolenskyi," belonging to the living genus "Milnesium" known from a Late Cretaceous (Turonian) aged specimen of New Jersey amber, around 90 million years old. Another fossil, "Beorn leggi", is known from a Late Campanian (~72 million years old) specimen of Canadian amber and has been placed in its own family (Beornidae), but was subsequently suggested to belong to the Hypsibiidae. An indeterminate heterotardigrade was also noted from the same deposit. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19817681 |
14,948 | Tardigrade genomes vary in size, from about 75 to 800 megabase pairs of DNA. "Hypsibius exemplaris" (formerly "Hypsibius dujardini") has a compact genome of 100 megabase pairs and a generation time of about two weeks; it can be cultured indefinitely and cryopreserved. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19817681 |
14,949 | The genome of "Ramazzottius varieornatus," one of the most stress-tolerant species of tardigrades, was sequenced by a team of researchers from the University of Tokyo in 2015. While previous research had claimed that around one-sixth of the genome had been acquired from other organisms, it is now known that less than 1.2% of its genes were the result of horizontal gene transfer. They also found evidence of a loss of gene pathways that are known to promote damage due to stress. This study also found a high expression of novel tardigrade-unique proteins, including Damage suppressor (Dsup), which was shown to protect against DNA damage from X-ray radiation. The same team applied the Dsup protein to human cultured cells and found that it suppressed X-ray damage to the human cells by around 40%. While the exact mechanism of DNA protection is largely unknown, the results from an August 2020 study suggest that strong electrostatic attractions along with high protein flexibility help form a molecular aggregate, which allows Dsup to shield DNA. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19817681 |
14,950 | Many organisms that live in aquatic environments feed on species such as nematodes, tardigrades, bacteria, algae, mites, and collembolans. Tardigrades work as pioneer species by inhabiting new developing environments. This movement attracts other invertebrates to populate that space, while also attracting predators. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19817681 |
14,951 | The Matrix is an American media franchise consisting of four feature films, beginning with "The Matrix" (1999) and continuing with three sequels, "The Matrix Reloaded", "The Matrix Revolutions" (both 2003), and "The Matrix Resurrections" (2021). The first three films were written and directed by The Wachowskis and produced by Joel Silver. The screenplay for the fourth film was written by David Mitchell and Aleksandar Hemon, was directed by Lana Wachowski, and was produced by Grant Hill, James McTeigue, and Lana Wachowski. The franchise is owned by Warner Bros., which distributed the films along with Village Roadshow Pictures. The latter, along with Silver Pictures, are the two production companies that worked on the first three films. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=376228 |
14,952 | The series features a cyberpunk story of the technological fall of humanity, in which the creation of artificial intelligence led the way to a race of self-aware machines that imprisoned mankind in a virtual reality system—the Matrix—to be farmed as a power source. Occasionally, some of the prisoners manage to break free from the system and, considered a threat, become pursued by the artificial intelligence both inside and outside of it. The films focus on the plight of Neo (Keanu Reeves), Trinity (Carrie-Anne Moss), and Morpheus (Laurence Fishburne and Yahya Abdul-Mateen II) trying to free humanity from the system while pursued by its guardians, such as Agent Smith (Hugo Weaving, Abdul-Mateen II, and Jonathan Groff). The story incorporates references to numerous philosophical, religious, or spiritual ideas, among others the dilemma of choice vs. control, the brain in a vat thought experiment, messianism, and the concepts of inter-dependency and love. Influences include the principles of mythology, anime, and Hong Kong action films (particularly "heroic bloodshed" and martial arts movies). The film series is notable for its use of heavily choreographed action sequences and "bullet time" slow motion effects, which revolutionized action films to come. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=376228 |
14,953 | The characters and setting of the films are further explored in other media set in the same fictional universe, including animation, comics, and video games. The comic "Bits and Pieces of Information" and "The Animatrix" short film "The Second Renaissance" act as prequels to the films, explaining how the franchise's setting came to be. The video game "Enter the Matrix" connects the story of the "Animatrix" short "Final Flight of the Osiris" with the events of "Reloaded", while the online video game "The Matrix Online" was a direct sequel to "Revolutions". These were typically written, commissioned, or approved by the Wachowskis. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=376228 |
14,954 | The first film was an important critical and commercial success, winning four Academy Awards, introducing popular culture symbols such as the red pill and blue pill, and influencing action filmmaking. For those reasons, it has been added to the National Film Registry for preservation. Its first sequel was also a commercial success, becoming the highest-grossing R-rated film in history, until it was surpassed by "Deadpool" in 2016. As of 2006, the franchise has generated US$3 billion in revenue. A fourth film, "The Matrix Resurrections", was released on December 22, 2021, with Lana Wachowski producing, co-writing and directing and Reeves and Moss reprising their roles." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=376228 |
14,955 | The series depicts a future in which Earth is dominated by a race of self-aware machines that was spawned from the creation of artificial intelligence early in the 21st century. At one point conflict arose between mankind and machines, and the machines rebelled against their creators. Mankind attempted to block out the machines' source of solar power by covering the sky in thick, stormy clouds. A massive war emerged between the two adversaries which ended with the machines victorious, capturing mankind. Having lost their definite source of energy, the machines devised a way to extract the human body's bioelectric and thermal energies by enclosing people in pods, while their minds are controlled by cybernetic implants connecting them to a simulated reality called The Matrix. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=376228 |
14,956 | The virtual reality world simulated by the Matrix resembles human civilization around the turn of the 21st century (this time period was chosen because it is supposedly the pinnacle of human civilization). The environment inside the Matrix is practically indistinguishable from reality (although scenes set within the Matrix are presented on-screen with a green tint to the footage, and a general bias towards the color green), and the vast majority of humans connected to it are unaware of its true nature. Most of the central characters in the series are able to gain superhuman abilities within the Matrix by taking advantage of their understanding of its true nature to manipulate its virtual physical laws. The films take place both inside the Matrix and outside of it, in the real world; the parts that take place in the Matrix are set in a vast Western megacity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=376228 |
14,957 | The virtual world is first introduced in "The Matrix". The short comic "Bits and Pieces of Information" and the "Animatrix" short film "The Second Renaissance" show how the initial conflict between mankind and machines came about, and how and why the Matrix was first developed. Its history and purpose are further explained in "The Matrix Reloaded". In "The Matrix Revolutions" a new status quo is established in the Matrix's place in mankind and machines' conflict. This was further explored in "The Matrix Online", a now-defunct MMORPG. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=376228 |
14,958 | During production of the original trilogy, the Wachowskis told their close collaborators that, "at that time they had no intention of making another "Matrix" film after "The Matrix Revolutions"". In February 2015, in promotion interviews for "Jupiter Ascending", Lilly Wachowski called a return to "The Matrix" "a particularly repelling idea in these times", noting studios' tendencies to "greenlight" sequels, reboots, and adaptations, in preference to original material. Meanwhile, Lana Wachowski, in addressing rumors about a potential reboot, stated that "...they had not heard anything, but she believed that the studio might be looking to replace them". At various times, Keanu Reeves and Hugo Weaving each confirmed their interest and willingness to reprise their roles in potential future installments of the "Matrix" films, with the stipulation that the Wachowskis were involved in the creative and production process. These comments were made prior to the announcement in August 2019 that Lana Wachowski would direct a fourth "Matrix" film ultimately titled "The Matrix Resurrections". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=376228 |
14,959 | Following the release of "Resurrections", producer James McTeigue said that there were no plans for further "Matrix" films, though he believed that the film's open ending meant that could change in the future. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=376228 |
14,960 | In March 2017, "The Hollywood Reporter" wrote that Warner Bros. was in the early stages of developing a re-launch of the franchise. Consideration was given to producing a "Matrix" television series, but was dismissed as the studio opted to pursue negotiations with Zak Penn in writing a treatment for a new film, with Michael B. Jordan eyed for the lead role. According to the article, the Wachowskis were not involved at that point. In response to the report, Penn refuted all statements regarding a reboot, remake, or continuation, remarking that he was working on stories set in the pre-established continuity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=376228 |
14,961 | Potential plotlines being considered by Warner Bros. Pictures included a prequel film about a young Morpheus, or an alternate storyline with a focus on one of his descendants. By April 2018, Penn described the script as "being at a nascent stage". Later, in September 2019, Jordan addressed the rumors of his involvement by saying he was "flattered", but without making a definitive statement. In October 2019, Penn confirmed the script he wrote is set within an earlier time period than the first three films in the franchise. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=376228 |
14,962 | The following is a list of crew members who have participated in the making of the "Matrix" film series. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=376228 |
14,963 | The "Matrix" series includes four feature films. The first three were written and directed by the Wachowskis and produced by Joel Silver, starring Keanu Reeves, Laurence Fishburne, Carrie-Anne Moss and Hugo Weaving. The series was filmed in Australia and began with 1999's "The Matrix", which depicts the recruitment of hacker Neo into humanity's rebellion against sentient machines. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=376228 |
14,964 | The film's mainstream success had backed up the initial idea of making a trilogy. The sequels, "The Matrix Reloaded" and "The Matrix Revolutions", were filmed simultaneously during one shoot (under the project codename "The Burly Man"), and released in two parts in 2003. They tell the story of the impending attack on the human enclave of Zion by a vast machine army. Neo also learns more about the history of the Matrix and his role as The One. The sequels also incorporate more ambitious action scenes and visual effects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=376228 |
14,965 | "The Matrix" was highly successful, earning over $460 million worldwide on a modest budget of $63 million. The sequels had a much larger budget of $150 million each; "Reloaded" was also a big commercial success, earning almost $742 million worldwide and becoming the highest-grossing R-rated film in history, a title which it held for 13 years until it was surpassed by the film "Deadpool"; "Revolutions" had the world's first simultaneous release across major cities all over the world, which for the first time in history included both a release in China, and a release in IMAX theaters. Its five-day opening at $204 million broke the previous record, but ultimately the film made $427 million, a little less than the original. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=376228 |
14,966 | "The Matrix" and "The Matrix Reloaded" received positive reviews, the critical response to "The Matrix Revolutions" was more negative. One complaint was that "Revolutions" did not give answers to the questions raised in "Reloaded". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=376228 |
14,967 | In April 2003, Sophia Stewart filed a legal complaint in the United States District Court for the Central District of California alleging that the idea of "The Matrix" (and the 1984 film "The Terminator") were plagiarized from her own film treatment titled "The Third Eye". The court allowed the lawsuit to move forward in 2005, but Stewart did not attend the hearing. In a 53-page ruling, Judge Margaret Morrow dismissed the case, stating that Stewart and her attorneys "had not entered any evidence to bolster its key claims or demonstrated any striking similarity between her work and the accused directors' films." Despite the ruling, the case became the subject of "Internet legend", with many sources claiming Stewart had actually won the lawsuit. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=376228 |
14,968 | In 2013, Thomas Althouse filed suit in California federal court alleging that ideas for the sequels "The Matrix Reloaded" and "The Matrix Revolutions" came from a screenplay he wrote called "The Immortals". In a summary judgement for the defendants, Judge R. Gary Klausner stated "The basic premises of "The Matrix Trilogy" and "The Immortals" are so different that it would be unreasonable to find their plots substantially similar." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=376228 |
14,969 | The "Matrix" films make numerous references to films and literature, and to historical myths and philosophy, including Buddhism, Vedanta, Advaita Hinduism, Christianity, Messianism, Judaism, Gnosticism, existentialism, obscurantism, and nihilism. The films' premise resembles Plato's Allegory of the cave, René Descartes's evil demon, Kant's reflections on the Phenomenon versus the Ding an sich, Zhuangzi's "Zhuangzi dreamed he was a butterfly", Marxist social theory and the brain in a vat thought experiment. Many references to Jean Baudrillard's 1981 treatise "Simulacra and Simulation" appear in the first film. Baudrillard himself considered this a misrepresentation, although Lana Wachowski claims the point the reference was making was misunderstood. There are similarities to cyberpunk works such as the 1984 book "Neuromancer" by William Gibson, who has described "The Matrix" as "arguably the ultimate 'cyberpunk' artifact". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=376228 |
14,970 | Japanese director Mamoru Oshii's 1995 film "Ghost in the Shell" was a strong influence. Producer Joel Silver has stated that the Wachowskis first described their intentions for "The Matrix" by showing him that anime and saying, "We wanna do that for real." Mitsuhisa Ishikawa of Production I.G, which produced "Ghost in the Shell", noted that the anime's high-quality visuals were a strong source of inspiration for the Wachowskis. He also commented, "... cyberpunk films are very difficult to describe to a third person. I'd imagine that "The Matrix" is the kind of film that was very difficult to draw up a written proposal for to take to film studios." He stated that since "Ghost in the Shell" had gained recognition in America, the Wachowskis used it as a "promotional tool". Similarities to the 1985 anime film "Megazone 23" have also been noticed, but the Wachowskis stated they have never seen it. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=376228 |
14,971 | Reviewers have commented on similarities between "The Matrix" and other late-1990s films such as "Strange Days", "Dark City", and "The Truman Show". The Wachowskis stated "Dark City" had no influence on the franchise, but commented about it and "The Truman Show" that they thought it was "very strange that Australia came to have three films associated with it that were all about the nature of reality." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=376228 |
14,972 | Comparisons have also been made to Grant Morrison's comic series "The Invisibles"; Morrison believes that the Wachowskis essentially plagiarized their work to create the film. The Wachowskis responded that they enjoy the comic, but did not use it for inspiration. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=376228 |
14,973 | In addition, the similarity of the films' central concept to a device in the long-running series "Doctor Who" has also been noted. As in the film, the Matrix of that series (introduced in the 1976 serial "The Deadly Assassin") is a massive computer system which one enters using a device connecting to the head, allowing users to see representations of the real world and change its laws of physics; but if killed there, they will die in reality. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=376228 |
14,974 | The first "Matrix" film features numerous references to the "White Rabbit", the "Rabbit Hole" and mirrors, referring to Lewis Carroll's novels "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland" (1865) and "Through the Looking-Glass" (1871). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=376228 |
14,975 | Matrixism is a new religious movement inspired by the trilogy. A sociologist of religion Adam Possamai describes these types of religions/spiritualities as hyper-real religions due to their eclectic mix of religion/spirituality with elements of popular culture and their connection to the fluid social structures of late capitalism. There is some debate about whether followers of Matrixism are indeed serious about their practice; however, the religion (real or otherwise) has received attention in the media. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=376228 |
14,976 | Following the Wachowskis' coming out as transgender women some years after the release of the films, the first film and the pill analogy have also been analyzed in the context of the Wachowskis' transgender experiences. In this case, taking the red pill and living out of the Matrix symbolizes exploring one's own gender identity, starting the transition and coming out as transgender, as opposed to a continued life in the closet. In 2016, Lilly Wachowski acknowledged this analysis by calling it "a cool thing because it's an excellent reminder that art is never static". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=376228 |
14,977 | In 2004, Warner Home Video released "The Ultimate Matrix Collection", a 10-disc set of the films on DVD. It included the trilogy of films, "The Animatrix", and six discs of additional material, including the documentary film "The Matrix Revisited", the live-action footage shot for "Enter the Matrix", and a promotional compilation of "The Matrix Online". For this release, "The Matrix" was remastered under the supervision of the Wachowskis and the trilogy's cinematographer, Bill Pope, to improve its picture quality and make its color timing closer to that of its sequels. At the request of the Wachowskis, as they explain in a written statement that accompanies the boxset, each of the three films is accompanied by two audio commentaries, one by philosophers who liked the films, and another by critics who did not, with the intention that viewers use them as reference points to form their own opinion. The compilation includes 35 hours of bonus material, but some of the extras from earlier, standalone, releases are missing. A "Limited Edition" of "The Ultimate Matrix Collection" was also released. It encases the ten discs plus a resin bust of Neo inside an acrylic glass box. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=376228 |
14,978 | "The Ultimate Matrix Collection" was later also released on HD DVD (5 discs) and Blu-ray (6 discs) in 2007 and 2008, respectively. The HD DVD release added a picture-in-picture video commentary to the three films and the extras that were missing from the previous DVD compilation. The Blu-ray release presented "The Animatrix" in high definition for the first time. A pared-down set dubbed "The Complete Matrix Trilogy" was also released on HD DVD and Blu-ray (3 discs each), which dropped "The Animatrix" and some of the special features. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=376228 |
14,979 | The Ultra HD Blu-ray release of "The Matrix Trilogy" came out in 2018 (9 discs), and presented the trilogy in 4K resolution and high-dynamic-range video, remastered from the original camera negative and supervised by Bill Pope. In this release, "The Matrix" is presented with a color grade that reportedly comes closer to its theatrical presentation than any of the previous home video releases. The set also includes standard Blu-ray copies of the films sourced from the new 4K master, but is missing "The Animatrix" and some special features. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=376228 |
14,980 | By August 2000, "The Matrix" DVD had sold over three million copies in United States, becoming the best-selling of all time. By November 2003, "The Matrix" franchise had generated from VHS and DVD sales, from the video game "Enter the Matrix" (2003), from "" soundtrack sales, and from licensed merchandise sales. As of 2006, the franchise has grossed from all sources worldwide. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=376228 |
14,981 | In acknowledgment of the strong influence of Japanese Anime on the "Matrix" series, "The Animatrix" was produced in 2003 to coincide with the release of "The Matrix Reloaded". This is a collection of nine animated short films intended to further flesh out the concepts, history, characters, and setting of the series. The objective of "The Animatrix" project was to give other writers and directors the opportunity to lend their voices and interpretation to the "Matrix" universe; the Wachowskis conceived of and oversaw the process, and they wrote four of the segments themselves, although they were given to other directors to execute. Many of the segments were produced by notable figures from the world of Japanese animation. Four of the films were originally released on the series' official website, one was shown in cinemas with "Dreamcatcher", one was shown on MTV, MTV2, MTV3, MTV4, and Syfi, and the others first appeared with the DVD release of all nine shorts shortly after the release of "The Matrix Reloaded". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=376228 |
14,982 | On May 15, 2003, the game "Enter the Matrix" was released in North America concurrently with "The Matrix Reloaded". The first of three video games related to the films, it told a story running parallel to "The Matrix Reloaded" and featured scenes that were shot during the filming of "The Matrix Reloaded" and "The Matrix Revolutions". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=376228 |
14,983 | Two more "The Matrix" video games were released in 2005. The MMORPG "The Matrix Online" continued the story beyond "The Matrix Revolutions", while "" allowed players to control Neo in scenes from the film trilogy. "The Matrix Online" was shut down in 2009. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=376228 |
14,984 | An interactive technology demonstration, titled "The Matrix Awakens", was released on December 9, 2021. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=376228 |
14,985 | "The Matrix Comics" is a set of comics and short stories based on the series and written and illustrated by figures from the comics industry; one of the comics was written by the Wachowskis and illustrated by the films' concept artist Geof Darrow. The comics and stories were originally presented for free on the "Matrix" series' website between 1999 and 2003. One of them was printed in 1999 to be given away at theaters as a promotional item for "The Matrix", but Warner Bros. recalled it due to its mature content. Most of them were later republished by the Wachowskis' Burlyman Entertainment, along with some new stories and updates with color to some of the existing ones, in two printed trade paperback volumes in 2003 and 2004 and a deluxe hardcover twentieth-anniversary edition in 2019. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=376228 |
14,986 | The "Matrix" official website provided a free screensaver for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X, which simulates the falling "Matrix digital rain" of the films. The screensaver was reported to have a password security problem. The "Matrix digital rain" also inspired the creation of many unofficial screensavers. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=376228 |
14,987 | Raspberry Pi () is a series of small single-board computers (SBCs) developed in the United Kingdom by the Raspberry Pi Foundation in association with Broadcom. The Raspberry Pi project originally leaned towards the promotion of teaching basic computer science in schools and in developing countries. The original model became more popular than anticipated, selling outside its target market for uses such as robotics. It is widely used in many areas, such as for weather monitoring, because of its low cost, modularity, and open design. It is typically used by computer and electronic hobbyists, due to its adoption of the HDMI and USB standards. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31692117 |
14,988 | After the release of the second board type, the Raspberry Pi Foundation set up a new entity, named Raspberry Pi Trading, and installed Eben Upton as CEO, with the responsibility of developing technology. The Foundation was rededicated as an educational charity for promoting the teaching of basic computer science in schools and developing countries. Most Pis are made in a Sony factory in Pencoed, Wales, while others are made in China and Japan. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31692117 |
14,989 | There are three series of Raspberry Pi, and several generations of each have been released. Raspberry Pi SBCs feature a Broadcom system on a chip (SoC) with an integrated ARM-compatible central processing unit (CPU) and on-chip graphics processing unit (GPU), while Raspberry Pi Pico has a RP2040 system on chip with an integrated ARM-compatible central processing unit (CPU). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31692117 |
14,990 | As of 4 May 2021, the Foundation is committed to manufacture most Pi models until at least January 2026. Even the 1 GB Pi 4B can still be specially-ordered. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31692117 |
14,991 | The Raspberry Pi hardware has evolved through several versions that feature variations in the type of the central processing unit, amount of memory capacity, networking support, and peripheral-device support. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31692117 |
14,992 | This block diagram describes models B, B+, A and A+. The Pi Zero models are similar, but lack the Ethernet and USB hub components. The Ethernet adapter is internally connected to an additional USB port. In Model A, A+, and the Pi Zero, the USB port is connected directly to the system on a chip (SoC). On the Pi 1 Model B+ and later models the USB/Ethernet chip contains a five-port USB hub, of which four ports are available, while the Pi 1 Model B only provides two. On the Pi Zero, the USB port is also connected directly to the SoC, but it uses a micro USB (OTG) port. Unlike all other Pi models, the 40 pin GPIO connector is omitted on the Pi Zero, with solderable through-holes only in the pin locations. The Pi Zero WH remedies this. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31692117 |
14,993 | Processor speed ranges from 700 MHz to 1.4 GHz for the Pi 3 Model B+ or 1.5 GHz for the Pi 4; on-board memory ranges from 256 MB to 8 GB random-access memory (RAM), with only the Raspberry Pi 4 having more than 1 GB. Secure Digital (SD) cards in MicroSDHC form factor (SDHC on early models) are used to store the operating system and program memory, however some models also come with onboard eMMC storage and the Raspberry Pi 4 can also make use of USB-attached SSD storage for its operating system. The boards have one to five USB ports. For video output, HDMI and composite video are supported, with a standard 3.5 mm tip-ring-sleeve jack carrying mono audio together with composite video. Lower-level output is provided by a number of GPIO pins, which support common protocols like I²C. The B-models have an 8P8C Ethernet port and the Pi 3, Pi 4 and Pi Zero W have on-board Wi-Fi 802.11n and Bluetooth. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31692117 |
14,994 | The Broadcom BCM2835 SoC used in the first generation Raspberry Pi includes a 700 MHz 32-bit ARM1176JZF-S processor, VideoCore IV graphics processing unit (GPU), and RAM. It has a level 1 (L1) cache of 16 KB and a level 2 (L2) cache of 128 KB. The level 2 cache is used primarily by the GPU. The SoC is stacked underneath the RAM chip, so only its edge is visible. The ARM1176JZ(F)-S is the same CPU used in the original iPhone, although at a higher clock rate, and mated with a much faster GPU. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31692117 |
14,995 | The earlier V1.1 model of the Raspberry Pi 2 used a Broadcom BCM2836 SoC with a 900 MHz 32-bit, quad-core ARM Cortex-A7 processor, with 256 KB shared L2 cache. The Raspberry Pi 2 V1.2 was upgraded to a Broadcom BCM2837 SoC with a 1.2 GHz 64-bit quad-core ARM Cortex-A53 processor, the same one which is used on the Raspberry Pi 3, but underclocked (by default) to the same 900 MHz CPU clock speed as the V1.1. The BCM2836 SoC is no longer in production as of late 2016. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31692117 |
14,996 | The Raspberry Pi 3 Model B uses a Broadcom BCM2837 SoC with a 1.2 GHz 64-bit quad-core ARM Cortex-A53 processor, with 512 KB shared L2 cache. The Model A+ and B+ are 1.4 GHz | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31692117 |
14,997 | The Raspberry Pi 4 uses a Broadcom BCM2711 SoC with a 1.5 GHz (later models: 1.8 GHz) 64-bit quad-core ARM Cortex-A72 processor, with 1 MB shared L2 cache. Unlike previous models, which all used a custom interrupt controller poorly suited for virtualisation, the interrupt controller on this SoC is compatible with the ARM Generic Interrupt Controller (GIC) architecture 2.0, providing hardware support for interrupt distribution when using ARM virtualisation capabilities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31692117 |
14,998 | The Raspberry Pi Zero and Zero W use the same Broadcom BCM2835 SoC as the first generation Raspberry Pi, although now running at 1 GHz CPU clock speed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31692117 |
14,999 | The Raspberry Pi Zero W 2 uses the RP3A0-AU CPU, a 1 GHz 64 bit ARM Cortex A53, on 512MB of SDRAM. Documentation states this "system-on-package" is a Broadcom BCM2710A1 package, using a BCM2837 Broadcom chip as core, which is an ARM v8 quad-core. The Raspberry Pi 3 also uses the BCM2837, but clocked at 1.2 GHz. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31692117 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.