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14,700 | Indian schools of philosophy, such as the Hindu Nyaya and Carvaka schools, and the Jain and Buddhist philosophical schools, developed an epistemological tradition independently of the Western philosophical tradition called "pramana". Pramana can be translated as "instrument of knowledge" and refers to various means or ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9247 |
14,701 | In the Indian traditions, the most widely discussed pramanas are: "Pratyakṣa" (perception), "Anumāṇa" (inference), "Upamāṇa" (comparison and analogy), "Arthāpatti" (postulation, derivation from circumstances), "Anupalabdi" (non-perception, negative/cognitive proof) and "Śabda" (word, testimony of past or present reliab... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9247 |
14,702 | The theory of knowledge of the Buddha in the early Buddhist texts has been interpreted as a form of pragmatism as well as a form of correspondence theory. Likewise, the Buddhist philosopher Dharmakirti has been interpreted both as holding a form of pragmatism or correspondence theory for his view that what is true is w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9247 |
14,703 | The main contribution to epistemology by the Jains has been their theory of "many sided-ness" or "multi-perspectivism" (Anekantavada), which says that since the world is multifaceted, any single viewpoint is limited ("naya" – a partial standpoint). This has been interpreted as a kind of pluralism or perspectivism. Acco... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9247 |
14,704 | Social epistemology deals with questions about knowledge in contexts where our knowledge attributions cannot be explained by simply examining individuals in isolation from one another, meaning that the scope of our knowledge attributions must be widened to include broader social contexts. It also explores the ways in w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9247 |
14,705 | Formal epistemology uses formal tools and methods from decision theory, logic, probability theory and computability theory to model and reason about issues of epistemological interest. Work in this area spans several academic fields, including philosophy, computer science, economics, and statistics. The focus of formal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9247 |
14,706 | Metaepistemology is the metaphilosophical study of the methods, aims, and subject matter of epistemology. In general, metaepistemology aims to better understand our first-order epistemological inquiry. Some goals of metaepistemology are identifying inaccurate assumptions made in epistemological debates and determining ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9247 |
14,707 | The "Arleigh Burke" class of guided-missile destroyers (DDGs) is a United States Navy class of destroyer built around the Aegis Combat System and the SPY-1D multi-function passive electronically scanned array radar. The class is named for Admiral Arleigh Burke, an American destroyer officer in World War II and later Ch... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=197341 |
14,708 | These warships were designed as multi-mission destroyers, able to fulfill the strategic land strike role with Tomahawk missiles; anti-aircraft warfare (AAW) role with powerful Aegis radar and surface-to-air missiles; anti-submarine warfare (ASW) with towed array sonar, anti-submarine rockets, and ASW helicopters; and a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=197341 |
14,709 | The first ship of the class was commissioned on 4 July 1991. With the decommissioning of the last , , on 21 September 2005, the "Arleigh Burke"-class ships became the U.S. Navy's only active destroyers until the became active in 2016. The "Arleigh Burke" class has the longest production run for any post-World War II U.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=197341 |
14,710 | With an overall length of , displacement ranging from 8,230 to 9,700 tons, and weaponry including over 90 missiles, the "Arleigh Burke" class are larger and more heavily armed than most previous ships classified as guided-missile cruisers. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=197341 |
14,711 | The "Arleigh Burke"-class ships are among the largest destroyers built in the United States. Only the , (), and classes () are longer. The larger ships were constructed on "Spruance" class hull forms, but they are designated as cruisers due to their different mission and weapons systems compared to the "Spruance" and "... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=197341 |
14,712 | Its designers incorporated lessons from the "Ticonderoga"-class ships, which were deemed too expensive to continue building and difficult to upgrade further. For these destroyers, the U.S. Navy also returned to all-steel construction. An earlier generation had combined a steel hull with a superstructure made of lighter... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=197341 |
14,713 | The class's design incorporates stealth techniques, such as the angled—rather than traditional vertical—surfaces and the tripod mainmast, which make the ship more difficult to detect by radar. Starting with USS "Mustin" (DDG-89), the exhaust funnels are shrouded to minimize their radar and infrared signature further. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=197341 |
14,714 | Each "Arleigh Burke" destroyer carries two AN/SLQ-32 electronic warfare (EW) suites—one on each side—that provide passive detection and intelligence. Some ships are equipped with the SLQ-32(V)2 variant, some have the (V)3 variant, and the newest have (V)6. Vessels with the (V)3 or (V)6 variant have an additional capabi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=197341 |
14,715 | A Collective Protection System makes the "Arleigh Burke" class the first U.S. warships designed with an air-filtration system against nuclear, biological, and chemical warfare (NBC). Other NBC defenses include air-locked hatches, pressurized compartments, and an external "countermeasure wash down system". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=197341 |
14,716 | The "Arleigh Burke" class is a set of multi-mission ships with numerous combat systems, including a "combination of... an advanced anti-submarine warfare system (ASW), land attack cruise missiles, ship-to-ship missiles, and advanced anti-aircraft missiles". An onboard dual-purpose 5-inch gun can engage ships, land targ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=197341 |
14,717 | Their SPY radars differ from traditional rotating radars that mechanically rotate 360 degrees for each sweep scan of the airspace. Instead, Aegis uses the AN/SPY-1D passive electronically scanned array (or the AN/SPY-6 active electronically scanned array on Flight III ships), which allows continual tracking of targets ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=197341 |
14,718 | The Standard Missile SM-2MR/ER and SM-6 provide area air defense, though they may also be used in a secondary ASuW role. The SM-2 uses semi-active radar homing, meaning that up to three targets may be simultaneously intercepted since the "Arleigh Burke"s have three AN/SPG-62 fire-control radars for terminal target illu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=197341 |
14,719 | Flight IIA and III destroyers carry RIM-162 Evolved SeaSparrow Missiles, which provide medium-range defense against missiles and aircraft up to a range of about 27 nmi and are small enough to be quad-packed into a single Mk 41 VLS cell. They are also capable of targeting other ships. ESSM Block 1 uses semi-active radar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=197341 |
14,720 | The SM-3, SM-6, and SM-2ER Block IV provide Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD), the SM-3 being a dedicated ballistic missile interceptor, and the latter two having terminal phase anti-ballistic capability. So vital has the Aegis BMD role of the class become that all ships of the class are being updated with BMD capability... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=197341 |
14,721 | Flights I and II carry stand-alone Harpoon anti-ship missile launchers for a total of 4 to 8 Harpoons, giving them an anti-ship capability with a range in excess of . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=197341 |
14,722 | The class can perform strategic land strikes with VLS-launched Tomahawks. With the development of the Tomahawk Block V, all existing Block IV Tomahawks carried will be converted to the Block V version to become dual-role missiles with anti-ship capability in addition to their land attack role. The Tomahawk Block Va ver... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=197341 |
14,723 | "Arleigh Burke"-class ships feature the Navy's latest AN/SQQ-89 anti-submarine warfare combat system, which is integrated with Aegis. It encompasses the AN/SQS-53C bow-mounted sonar and AN/SQR-19 or TB-37U towed array sonar (though several Flight IIA ships do not have a towed array). The ships carry standoff RUM-139 an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=197341 |
14,724 | All ships of the class are fitted with at least one Phalanx close-in weapon system (CIWS), which provides point defense against air and surface threats. They also carry two 25 mm Mk 38 Machine Gun Systems, one on each side of the ship. They are designed to counter fast surface craft. There are numerous mounts for crew-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=197341 |
14,725 | Located on the forward deck is the 5-inch (127 mm) Mark 45 gun. The Mark 45 Mod 2 variant, with a barrel length of 54 calibers (), is installed on ship hull numbers DDG-51 – DDG-80 (30 ships). Hull numbers beginning with DDG-81 employ the Mark 45 Mod 4 variant, which has a barrel length of 62 calibers (). The 5-inch Ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=197341 |
14,726 | Flights IIA and III are equipped with two hangars for stowing MH-60 helicopters. Their Light Airborne Multi-Purpose System (LAMPS) helicopter system improves the ship's capabilities against submarines and surface ships by enabling the MH-60 to serve as a platform for monitoring submarines and surface ships, launching t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=197341 |
14,727 | In March 2022, an "Arleigh Burke" destroyer was deployed with an AAI Aerosonde Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The aircraft is being demonstrated for Flight I and II ships, which do not have accommodations for permanently storing helicopters. The Aerosonde has a small enough footprint to be stowed away on those destroye... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=197341 |
14,728 | In 1980, the U.S. Navy initiated design studies with seven contractors. By 1983, the number of competitors had been reduced to three: Bath Iron Works, Todd Shipyards, and Ingalls Shipbuilding. On 3 April 1985, Bath Iron Works received a US$321.9 million contract to build the first of class, USS "Arleigh Burke". Gibbs &... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=197341 |
14,729 | The Flight II "Arleigh Burke" ships have the following improvements over the original Flight I: incorporation of combat direction finding, SLQ-32(V)3 instead of (V)2, SPS-67(V)5 instead of (V)3, TADIX-B, JTIDS command and control processor, and the capability to launch and control the SM-2 Extended Range Block IV. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=197341 |
14,730 | The Flight IIA "Arleigh Burke" ships feature several changes, including both the addition and removal of systems. Among the additions are two hangars for anti-submarine warfare (ASW) helicopters and a new, longer 5-inch/62-caliber (127 mm) Mark 45 Mod 4 naval gun (installed onto and later ships). Retractable missile lo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=197341 |
14,731 | DDG-68 to DDG-84 were built with AN/SLQ-32(V)3 EW suites, and other destroyers were built with the (V)2 variant. Whereas (V)2 has only passive detection capabilities, (V)3 features an active electronic countermeasures component. Many (V)2 suites have since been upgraded to (V)3. The AN/SLQ-32 is currently being upgrade... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=197341 |
14,732 | A number of Flight IIA ships were constructed without any Phalanx CIWS because of the planned Evolved SeaSparrow Missile; the Navy had initially decided that ESSM made Phalanx redundant. However, the Navy later changed its mind and decided to retrofit all IIA ships to carry at least one Phalanx CIWS by 2013. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=197341 |
14,733 | The experimental 60 kW High Energy Laser and Integrated Optical-dazzler and Surveillance (HELIOS) underwent land-based testing from August 2021 to March 2022. In August 2022, became the first ship to be equipped with the system. It is expected that "Preble" will begin at-sea testing of the HELIOS in FY2023. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=197341 |
14,734 | USS "Pinckney", , , , , and have superstructure differences to accommodate the Remote Mine-hunting System (RMS). Additionally, the Mk 32 torpedo tubes were repositioned from amidships to the aft missile deck. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=197341 |
14,735 | In an effort to address congressional concerns over the retirement of the , the Navy began a modernization program for the "Arleigh Burke"s aimed at improving their gun systems. This modernization was to include an extension of the range of the guns on the Flight I "Arleigh Burke"-class destroyers ("Arleigh Burke" to "... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=197341 |
14,736 | The current modernization program is designed to provide a comprehensive mid-life upgrade to ensure that the class remains effective. Reduced manning, increased mission effectiveness, and reduced total cost—including construction, maintenance, and operation—are the goals of the modernization program. Modernization tech... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=197341 |
14,737 | The Navy is also upgrading the ships' ability to process data. Beginning with , the Navy is installing an internet protocol (IP)-based data backbone, which enhances the ship's ability to handle video. "Spruance" is the first destroyer to be fitted with the Boeing Company's gigabit Ethernet data multiplex system (GEDMS)... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=197341 |
14,738 | In July 2010, BAE Systems announced that they had been awarded a contract to modernize 11 ships. In May 2014, Sam LaGrone reported that 21 of the 28 Flight I/II "Arleigh Burke"-class destroyers would not receive a mid-life upgrade that included electronics and Aegis Baseline 9 software for SM-6 compatibility; instead, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=197341 |
14,739 | In 2016, the Navy announced they would begin the outfitting of 34 Flight IIA "Arleigh Burke" vessels with a hybrid-electric drive (HED) to lower fuel costs. While the four LM-2500 gas turbines of the "Arleigh Burke"s are most efficient at high speeds, an electric motor is to be attached to the main reduction gear to tu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=197341 |
14,740 | Also in 2016, four destroyers patrolling with the U.S. 6th Fleet based in Naval Station Rota, Spain (USS "Carney", USS "Ross", USS "Donald Cook", and USS "Porter") received self-protection upgrades, replacing one of their two Phalanx CIWS with a SeaRAM CIWS, which combines the Phalanx sensor dome with an 11-cell RIM-11... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=197341 |
14,741 | In February 2018, Lockheed Martin received a contract to deliver their High Energy Laser and Integrated Optical-dazzler with Surveillance (HELIOS) system for installation onto an "Arleigh Burke" destroyer to "dazzle" or destroy small boats and UAVs and be the first time a laser weapon would be put on a warship. In Nove... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=197341 |
14,742 | In October 2020, National Security Advisor Robert C. O'Brien said that the Common-Hypersonic Glide Body (C-HGB) missile developed under the Conventional Prompt Strike program would be fielded on all three Flights of "Arleigh Burke"-class destroyers. However, the C-HCB is expected to be around wide, making it too large ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=197341 |
14,743 | In December 2021, Raytheon was awarded a $237 million contract for integration and production support to enable the upgrading of Flight IIA ships from AN/SPY-1 to AN/SPY-6V(4) radar. This upgrade would provide capabilities similar to Flight III ships, such as providing integrated air and missile defense with the abilit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=197341 |
14,744 | The class was scheduled to be replaced by "Zumwalt"-class destroyers beginning in 2020, but an increasing threat from both long- and short-range missiles caused the Navy to restart production of the "Arleigh Burke" class and consider placing littoral combat mission modules on the new ships. "Arleigh Burke" class produc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=197341 |
14,745 | In April 2009, the Navy announced a plan limiting the "Zumwalt" class to three units while ordering another three "Arleigh Burke"-class ships from both Bath Iron Works and Ingalls Shipbuilding. In December 2009, Northrop Grumman received a $170.7 million letter contract for long-lead-time materials. Shipbuilding contra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=197341 |
14,746 | DDG-113 to DDG-115 are "restart" ships, similar to previous Flight IIA ships, but including modernization features such as Open Architecture Computing Environment. Additionally, DDG-113 onwards are installed with the TB-37U (previously known as the AN/SQR-20) Multi-Function Towed Array (MFTA), the successor to the olde... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=197341 |
14,747 | Flight III ships, construction starting in FY2016 in place of the canceled CG(X) program, have various design improvements, including radar antennas of mid-diameter increased to from the previous . The AN/SPY-6 Air and Missile Defense Radar (AMDR) uses an active electronically scanned array with digital beamforming ins... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=197341 |
14,748 | Costs for the Flight III ships increased rapidly as expectations and requirements for the program have grown. In particular, this was due to the changing requirements needed to carry the proposed Air and Missile Defense Radar system required for the ships' BMD role. The Government Accountability Office found that the d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=197341 |
14,749 | In spite of the production restart, the U.S. Navy is expected to fall short of its requirement for 94 destroyer or cruiser platforms capable of missile defense starting in FY 2025 and continuing past the end of the 30-year planning window. While this is a new requirement as of 2011, and the U.S. Navy has never had so m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=197341 |
14,750 | The U.S. Navy was considering extending the acquisition of "Arleigh Burke"-class destroyers into the 2040s, according to revised procurement tables sent to Congress, with the procurement of Flight IV ships from 2032 through 2041. This was canceled to cover the cost of the s, with the air defense commander role retained... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=197341 |
14,751 | In April 2022, the Navy proposed a procurement plan for nine ships, with an option for a tenth, to build two ships a year from 2023 to 2027. Some lawmakers pushed to add a third ship to be built in 2023, bringing the total of the proposed deal to eleven ships. This would follow the Navy's two-ship per year procurement ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=197341 |
14,752 | was originally intended to be the last of the "Arleigh Burke" class. However, with the reduction of the "Zumwalt"-class destroyer production, the U.S. Navy requested new DDG-51-class ships. Long-lead materials contracts were awarded to Northrop Grumman in December 2009 for DDG-113 and in April 2010 for DDG-114. General... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=197341 |
14,753 | In April 2014, the U.S. Navy began the early stages of developing a new destroyer to replace the "Arleigh Burke" class called the "Future Surface Combatant". The new class is expected to enter service in the early 2030s and initially serve alongside the 22 Flight III DDGs. No hull design or shape has been speculated ye... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=197341 |
14,754 | The Future Surface Combatant may place importance on the "Zumwalt"-class destroyer's electric drive system that propels the ship while generating 58 megawatts of onboard electrical power, levels required to operate future directed energy weapons. Laser weapon systems are likely to become more prominent to engage threat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=197341 |
14,755 | In October 2011, it was announced that four "Arleigh Burke"-class destroyers would be forward-deployed in Europe to support the NATO missile defense system. The ships, to be based at Naval Station Rota, Spain, were named in February 2012 as "Ross", "Donald Cook", "Porter", and "Carney". By reducing travel times to stat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=197341 |
14,756 | In October 2016, the "Arleigh Burke"-class destroyer "Mason" and two other ships were deployed to the coast of Yemen after a UAE auxiliary ship was hit in an attack for which Houthi rebels claimed responsibility. On 9 October, while in the Red Sea, USS "Mason" detected two anti-ship missiles headed towards herself and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=197341 |
14,757 | was damaged on 12 October 2000 in Aden, Yemen, while docked by an attack in which a shaped charge of 200–300 kg in a boat was placed against the hull and detonated by suicide bombers, killing 17 crew members. The ship was repaired and returned to duty in 2001. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=197341 |
14,758 | On 12 August 2012, USS "Porter" collided with the oil tanker MV "Otowasan" near the Strait of Hormuz. Though there were no injuries on the ships, the U.S. Navy removed the "Porter"s commanding officer from duty. Repairs took two months at a cost of $700,000. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=197341 |
14,759 | On 17 June 2017, collided with the MV "ACX Crystal" cargo ship near Yokosuka, Japan. Seven sailors drowned. Following an investigation, the ship's commanding officer, executive officer, and Command Master Chief Petty Officer were relieved of their duties. In addition, close to a dozen sailors were given non-judicial pu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=197341 |
14,760 | On 21 August 2017, USS "John S. McCain" collided with the container ship "Alnic MC". The collision injured 48 sailors and killed 10, whose bodies were all recovered by 27 August. The cause of the collision was determined to be poor communication between the two ships and the bridge crew lacking situational awareness. I... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=197341 |
14,761 | The 2012 film "Battleship" features the "Arleigh Burke"-class destroyer as a major setting for most of the film's scenes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=197341 |
14,762 | The 2014 television series "The Last Ship", loosely based on the 1988 novel of the same name, is set on the fictional . Its hull designation in the book is DDG-80, but was changed to DDG-151 for the television series, to avoid confusion with the real-life USS "Roosevelt", which did not exist when the book was written. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=197341 |
14,763 | Diazepam, first marketed as Valium, is a medicine of the benzodiazepine family that acts as an anxiolytic. It is commonly used to treat a range of conditions, including anxiety, seizures, alcohol withdrawal syndrome, muscle spasms, insomnia, and restless legs syndrome. It may also be used to cause memory loss during ce... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=234806 |
14,764 | Common side-effects include sleepiness and trouble with coordination. Serious side effects are rare. They include increased risk of suicide, decreased breathing, and an increased risk of seizures if used too frequently in those with epilepsy. Occasionally, excitement or agitation may occur. Long-term use can result in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=234806 |
14,765 | Diazepam was patented in 1959 by Hoffmann-La Roche. It has been one of the most frequently prescribed medications in the world since its launch in 1963. In the United States it was the best-selling medication between 1968 and 1982, selling more than 2billion tablets in 1978 alone. In 2020, it was the 128th most-commonl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=234806 |
14,766 | Diazepam is mainly used to treat anxiety, insomnia, panic attacks and symptoms of acute alcohol withdrawal. It is also used as a premedication for inducing sedation, anxiolysis, or amnesia before certain medical procedures (e.g., endoscopy). In 2020, it was approved for use in the United States as a nasal spray to inte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=234806 |
14,767 | Used in treatment of organophosphate poisoning and reduces the risk of seizure induced brain and cardiac damage. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=234806 |
14,768 | Dosages should be determined on an individual basis, depending on the condition being treated, severity of symptoms, patient body weight, and any other conditions the person may have. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=234806 |
14,769 | Intravenous diazepam or lorazepam are first-line treatments for status epilepticus. However, intravenous lorazepam has advantages over intravenous diazepam, including a higher rate of terminating seizures and a more prolonged anticonvulsant effect. Diazepam gel was better than placebo gel in reducing the risk of non-ce... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=234806 |
14,770 | The anticonvulsant effects of diazepam can help in the treatment of seizures due to a drug overdose or chemical toxicity as a result of exposure to sarin, VX, or soman (or other organophosphate poisons), lindane, chloroquine, physostigmine, or pyrethroids. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=234806 |
14,771 | Diazepam is sometimes used intermittently for the prevention of febrile seizures that may occur in children under five years of age. Recurrence rates are reduced, but side effects are common so the decision to treat febrile seizures (which are benign in nature) with medication should use this as part of the evaluation.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=234806 |
14,772 | Because of its relatively long duration of action, and evidence of safety and efficacy, diazepam is preferred over other benzodiazepines for treatment of persons experiencing moderate to severe alcohol withdrawal. An exception to this is when a medication is required intramuscular in which case either lorazepam or mida... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=234806 |
14,773 | Diazepam is used for the emergency treatment of eclampsia, when IV magnesium sulfate and blood-pressure control measures have failed. Benzodiazepines do not have any pain-relieving properties themselves, and are generally recommended to avoid in individuals with pain. However, benzodiazepines such as diazepam can be us... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=234806 |
14,774 | Diazepam is marketed in over 500 brands throughout the world. It is supplied in oral, injectable, inhalation, and rectal forms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=234806 |
14,775 | The United States military employs a specialized diazepam preparation known as Convulsive Antidote, Nerve Agent (CANA), which contains diazepam. One CANA kit is typically issued to service-members, along with three Mark I NAAK kits, when operating in circumstances where chemical weapons in the form of nerve agents are ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=234806 |
14,776 | Adverse effects of benzodiazepines such as diazepam include anterograde amnesia, confusion (especially pronounced in higher doses) and sedation. The elderly are more prone to adverse effects of diazepam, such as confusion, amnesia, ataxia, and hangover effects, as well as falls. Long-term use of benzodiazepines such as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=234806 |
14,777 | In September 2020, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) required the boxed warning be updated for all benzodiazepine medicines to describe the risks of abuse, misuse, addiction, physical dependence, and withdrawal reactions consistently across all the medicines in the class. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=234806 |
14,778 | Less commonly, paradoxical side effects can occur, including nervousness, irritability, excitement, worsening of seizures, insomnia, muscle cramps, changes in libido, and in some cases, rage and violence. These adverse reactions are more likely to occur in children, the elderly, and individuals with a history of a subs... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=234806 |
14,779 | Diazepam may impair the ability to drive vehicles or operate machinery. The impairment is worsened by consumption of alcohol, because both act as central nervous system depressants. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=234806 |
14,780 | During the course of therapy, tolerance to the sedative effects usually develops, but not to the anxiolytic and myorelaxant effects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=234806 |
14,781 | Patients with severe attacks of apnea during sleep may experience respiratory depression (hypoventilation), leading to respiratory arrest and death. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=234806 |
14,782 | Diazepam in doses of 5 mg or more causes significant deterioration in alertness performance combined with increased feelings of sleepiness. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=234806 |
14,783 | Diazepam, as with other benzodiazepine drugs, can cause tolerance, physical dependence, substance use disorder, and benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome. Withdrawal from diazepam or other benzodiazepines often leads to withdrawal symptoms similar to those seen during barbiturate or alcohol withdrawal. The higher the dose... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=234806 |
14,784 | Withdrawal symptoms can occur from standard dosages and also after short-term use, and can range from insomnia and anxiety to more serious symptoms, including seizures and psychosis. Withdrawal symptoms can sometimes resemble pre-existing conditions and be misdiagnosed. Diazepam may produce less intense withdrawal symp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=234806 |
14,785 | Benzodiazepine treatment should be discontinued as soon as possible by a slow and gradual dose reduction regimen. Tolerance develops to the therapeutic effects of benzodiazepines; for example tolerance occurs to the anticonvulsant effects and as a result benzodiazepines are not generally recommended for the long-term m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=234806 |
14,786 | Differences in rates of withdrawal (50–100%) vary depending on the patient sample. For example, a random sample of long-term benzodiazepine users typically finds around 50% experience few or no withdrawal symptoms, with the other 50% experiencing notable withdrawal symptoms. Certain select patient groups show a higher ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=234806 |
14,787 | Rebound anxiety, more severe than baseline anxiety, is also a common withdrawal symptom when discontinuing diazepam or other benzodiazepines. Diazepam is therefore only recommended for short-term therapy at the lowest possible dose owing to risks of severe withdrawal problems from low doses even after gradual reduction... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=234806 |
14,788 | Improper or excessive use of diazepam can lead to dependence. At a particularly high risk for diazepam misuse, substance use disorder or dependence are: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=234806 |
14,789 | Patients from the aforementioned groups should be monitored very closely during therapy for signs of abuse and development of dependence. Therapy should be discontinued if any of these signs are noted, although if dependence has developed, therapy must still be discontinued gradually to avoid severe withdrawal symptoms... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=234806 |
14,790 | People suspected of being dependent on benzodiazepine drugs should be very gradually tapered off the drug. Withdrawals can be life-threatening, particularly when excessive doses have been taken for extended periods of time. Equal prudence should be used whether dependence has occurred in therapeutic or recreational con... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=234806 |
14,791 | Diazepam is a good choice for tapering for those using high doses of other benzodiazepines since it has a long half-life thus withdrawal symptoms are tolerable. The process is very slow (usually from 14 to 28 weeks) but is considered safe when done appropriately. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=234806 |
14,792 | An individual who has consumed too much diazepam typically displays one or more of these symptoms in a period of approximately four hours immediately following a suspected overdose: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=234806 |
14,793 | Although not usually fatal when taken alone, a diazepam overdose is considered a medical emergency and generally requires the immediate attention of medical personnel. The antidote for an overdose of diazepam (or any other benzodiazepine) is flumazenil (Anexate). This drug is only used in cases with severe respiratory ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=234806 |
14,794 | The oral (lethal dose in 50% of the population) of diazepam is 720mg/kg in mice and 1240mg/kg in rats. D. J. Greenblatt and colleagues reported in 1978 on two patients who had taken 500 and 2000mg of diazepam, respectively, went into moderately-deep comas, and were discharged within 48 hours without having experienced ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=234806 |
14,795 | If diazepam is administered concomitantly with other drugs, attention should be paid to the possible pharmacological interactions. Particular care should be taken with drugs that potentiate the effects of diazepam, such as barbiturates, phenothiazines, opioids, and antidepressants. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=234806 |
14,796 | Diazepam does not increase or decrease hepatic enzyme activity, and does not alter the metabolism of other compounds. No evidence would suggest diazepam alters its own metabolism with chronic administration. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=234806 |
14,797 | Agents with an effect on hepatic cytochrome P450 pathways or conjugation can alter the rate of diazepam metabolism. These interactions would be expected to be most significant with long-term diazepam therapy, and their clinical significance is variable. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=234806 |
14,798 | Diazepam is a long-acting "classical" benzodiazepine. Other classical benzodiazepines include chlordiazepoxide, clonazepam, lorazepam, oxazepam, nitrazepam, temazepam, flurazepam, bromazepam, and clorazepate. Diazepam has anticonvulsant properties. Benzodiazepines act via micromolar benzodiazepine binding sites as calc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=234806 |
14,799 | Diazepam inhibits acetylcholine release in mouse hippocampal synaptosomes. This has been found by measuring sodium-dependent high-affinity choline uptake in mouse brain cells "in vitro", after pretreatment of the mice with diazepam "in vivo". This may play a role in explaining diazepam's anticonvulsant properties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=234806 |
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