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19,700 | Months later, Nambi receives bail and returns to his house to find his family members traumatized by the way they were treated by others. Nambi's wife Meena is in need of psychiatric help and the rest of his family are still shunned by the society. Hence, Nambi decides that he has to clear his name so that his family m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58932491 |
19,701 | After hearing his story, Shah Rukh Khan (Hindi)/Suriya (Tamil) feels so bad for Nambi, that he apologizes to Nambi on the behalf of the whole nation, as the interview ends. The real Nambi is shown receiving the Padma Bhushan award from the president, Ram Nath Kovind. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58932491 |
19,702 | A film based on the espionage case of Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) scientist Nambi Narayanan was first announced to the media in September 2012 by director Anant Mahadevan. Journalist C. P. Surendran had proposed the idea for a potential film on Narayanan to Mahadevan during June 2012. The two then met Nar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58932491 |
19,703 | Work on "Rocketry: The Nambi Effect" was first reported by Madhavan in the media during April 2017, when he announced that he was set to appear in a biopic featuring the "extraordinary story of an unsung hero", who was "neither an actor nor a sportsman". He called the project his "biggest film ever" and stated that he ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58932491 |
19,704 | In October 2017, Madhavan confirmed that pre-production work for the film was underway and that he would portray Narayanan from the ages of 27 to 75, and that he was gaining weight to film the scenes featuring the older version of Narayanan first, after taking advice from Aamir Khan. Madhavan also announced that alongs... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58932491 |
19,705 | Principal photography began on 4 January 2019 in Mumbai and was shot as a multilingual, with scenes simultaneously filmed in the Hindi, Tamil, and English languages. A few days after the start of the shoot, Mahadevan left the project owing to prior commitments and Madhavan took over as the project's sole director. Film... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58932491 |
19,706 | In late January 2019, the team moved to film scenes in Georgia and Russia. The team completed the shoot five days prior to the schedule, despite shooting in unfavourable weather conditions. In April and May 2019, the team shot scenes in India, with Madhavan shaving his beard to play a younger version of the character. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58932491 |
19,707 | Tricolour Films announced the title of the film "Rocketry: The Nambi Effect" and unveiled a minute-long teaser for the film on 31 October 2018 to mark the start of production. A launch event also coincided with the teaser release, with Nambi Narayanan himself in attendance. A theatrical trailer of the film was released... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58932491 |
19,708 | The trailer received positive responses, with Manoj Kumar of "The Indian Express" and a reviewer from "The News Minute" both calling the trailer "riveting". Madhavan and Narayanan met with India's Prime Minister Narendra Modi to show him clips from the film. Modi later tweeted that the "film covers an important topic, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58932491 |
19,709 | The film premiered at the Marché du Film section of the 2022 Cannes Film Festival in France on 19 May 2022, with Madhavan and Narayanan both in attendance. The screening was also attended by India's Information and Broadcasting minister Anurag Thakur and music composer A. R. Rahman, among other film industry personalit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58932491 |
19,710 | The team then embarked on a 12-day tour across the United States, with preview screenings held at various centres including New York City, Chicago, Houston, Dallas, Arizona, Los Angeles, San Francisco and Seattle during early-June 2022. As a part of the film's promotional tour, the trailer was screened on the Nasdaq Ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58932491 |
19,711 | In mid-June 2022, Madhavan and the team returned to promote the film across India. A behind-the-scenes prologue for the film was released online, and then a promotional video showcasing the making of the film's music, along with the devotional track "Shri Venkatesa Suprabatham" was released at Sri Venkateswara Temple i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58932491 |
19,712 | Vistas Media Capital's metaverse, VistaVerse, launched collectable NFTs related to the film in late June 2022. It became the first Indian film to reach 10,000 NFTs claimed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58932491 |
19,713 | In September 2021, following the announcement of theatres reopening in Maharashtra after COVID-related closures, Madhavan initially announced that the film would be theatrically released on 1 April 2022 in the six languages (Hindi, Tamil, English, Malayalam, Telugu, Kannada). However, the release date was postponed. Fi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58932491 |
19,714 | The film was distributed worldwide by Yash Raj Films and Phars Film Co, with UFO Moviez additionally acquiring the film's distribution rights in North India. The film's Tamil version was distributed by Udhayanidhi Stalin's Red Giant Movies in Tamil Nadu, and AGS Cinemas joining as the official multiplex partner. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58932491 |
19,715 | The digital distribution rights were purchased by Amazon Prime Video. The film has been digitally streaming on Amazon Prime Video since 26 July 2022. The Hindi version was released on Voot Select since 29 July 2022. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58932491 |
19,716 | On the first day of its release, the film collected over 65 lakhs at the domestic box office. On the second day of its release, the film grossed 2 crores. After three days of its theatrical release, the film collected around 8 crore. The film grossed over . After four weeks from its release, the film has made a collect... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58932491 |
19,717 | "Rocketry" received positive reviews from critics. Devesh Sharma of Filmfare rated the film 4 out of 5 stars and wrote "Madhavan carries the film on his shoulders. We can see that he totally believes in Nambi"s innocence and is hoping that the film will finally exonerate him in the eyes of the public. He lives and brea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58932491 |
19,718 | A critic for "Bollywood Hungama" rated the film 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "The Nambi Effect tells a shocking story of an ISRO genius and is embellished with an award-winning performance by R Madhavan". Pratikshya Mishra of "The Quint" rated the film 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "Rocketry is a well-intentioned film and w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58932491 |
19,719 | Janani K of "India Today" rated the film 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote it is "a film that could have been a phenomenal watch" and "despite the shortcomings, the story of Nambi Narayanan makes it a decent watch". In contrast, Gautaman Bhaskaran of "News 18" rated the film 2.5 out of 5 stars and labelled the film as a "di... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58932491 |
19,720 | Bharathi Pradhan of "Lehren" rated the film 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "On India’s rocket programme, Rocketry: The Nambi Effect would’ve been an overwhelming and nail-biting experience". Srinivasa Ramanujam of "The Hindu" noted "the first half feels like a science class, but the second, packs some emotional heft to e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58932491 |
19,721 | Several Indian film industry personalities publicly praised the film including Rajinikanth, Anupam Kher, Anirudh Ravichander and Shilpa Shetty. In August 2022, the film was screened for civil servants and politicians in the Parliament of India. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58932491 |
19,722 | An intelligence quotient (IQ) is a total score derived from a set of standardized tests or subtests designed to assess human intelligence. The abbreviation "IQ" was coined by the psychologist William Stern for the German term "Intelligenzquotient", his term for a scoring method for intelligence tests at University of B... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14892 |
19,723 | Historically, IQ was a score obtained by dividing a person's mental age score, obtained by administering an intelligence test, by the person's chronological age, both expressed in terms of years and months. The resulting fraction (quotient) was multiplied by 100 to obtain the IQ score. For modern IQ tests, the raw scor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14892 |
19,724 | Scores from intelligence tests are estimates of intelligence. Unlike, for example, distance and mass, a concrete measure of intelligence cannot be achieved given the abstract nature of the concept of "intelligence". IQ scores have been shown to be associated with such factors as nutrition, parental socioeconomic status... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14892 |
19,725 | IQ scores are used for educational placement, assessment of intellectual disability, and evaluating job applicants. In research contexts, they have been studied as predictors of job performance and income. They are also used to study distributions of psychometric intelligence in populations and the correlations between... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14892 |
19,726 | Historically, even before IQ tests were devised, there were attempts to classify people into intelligence categories by observing their behavior in daily life. Those other forms of behavioral observation are still important for validating classifications based primarily on IQ test scores. Both intelligence classificati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14892 |
19,727 | The English statistician Francis Galton (1822–1911) made the first attempt at creating a standardized test for rating a person's intelligence. A pioneer of psychometrics and the application of statistical methods to the study of human diversity and the study of inheritance of human traits, he believed that intelligence... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14892 |
19,728 | French psychologist Alfred Binet, together with Victor Henri and Théodore Simon, had more success in 1905, when they published the Binet-Simon test, which focused on verbal abilities. It was intended to identify "mental retardation" in school children, but in specific contradistinction to claims made by psychiatrists t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14892 |
19,729 | In Binet's view, there were limitations with the scale and he stressed what he saw as the remarkable diversity of intelligence and the subsequent need to study it using qualitative, as opposed to quantitative, measures (White, 2000). American psychologist Henry H. Goddard published a translation of it in 1910. American... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14892 |
19,730 | The many different kinds of IQ tests include a wide variety of item content. Some test items are visual, while many are verbal. Test items vary from being based on abstract-reasoning problems to concentrating on arithmetic, vocabulary, or general knowledge. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14892 |
19,731 | The British psychologist Charles Spearman in 1904 made the first formal factor analysis of correlations between the tests. He observed that children's school grades across seemingly unrelated school subjects were positively correlated, and reasoned that these correlations reflected the influence of an underlying genera... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14892 |
19,732 | During World War I, the Army needed a way to evaluate and assign recruits to appropriate tasks. This led to the development of several mental tests by Robert Yerkes, who worked with major hereditarians of American psychometrics—including Terman, Goddard—to write the test. The testing generated controversy and much publ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14892 |
19,733 | ...the tests did have a strong impact in some areas, particularly in screening men for officer training. At the start of the war, the army and national guard maintained nine thousand officers. By the end, two hundred thousand officers presided, and two- thirds of them had started their careers in training camps where t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14892 |
19,734 | In total 1.75 million men were tested, making the results the first mass-produced written tests of intelligence, though considered dubious and non-usable, for reasons including high variability of test implementation throughout different camps and questions testing for familiarity with American culture rather than inte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14892 |
19,735 | The results of these tests, which at the time reaffirmed contemporary racism and nationalism, are considered controversial and dubious, having rested on certain contested assumptions: that intelligence was heritable, innate, and could be relegated to a single number, the tests were enacted systematically, and test ques... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14892 |
19,736 | L.L. Thurstone argued for a model of intelligence that included seven unrelated factors (verbal comprehension, word fluency, number facility, spatial visualization, associative memory, perceptual speed, reasoning, and induction). While not widely used, Thurstone's model influenced later theories. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14892 |
19,737 | David Wechsler produced the first version of his test in 1939. It gradually became more popular and overtook the Stanford-Binet in the 1960s. It has been revised several times, as is common for IQ tests, to incorporate new research. One explanation is that psychologists and educators wanted more information than the si... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14892 |
19,738 | Eugenics, a set of beliefs and practices aimed at improving the genetic quality of the human population by excluding people and groups judged to be inferior and promoting those judged to be superior, played a significant role in the history and culture of the United States during the Progressive Era, from the late 19th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14892 |
19,739 | The American eugenics movement was rooted in the biological determinist ideas of the British Scientist Sir Francis Galton. In 1883, Galton first used the word eugenics to describe the biological improvement of human genes and the concept of being "well-born". He believed that differences in a person's ability were acqu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14892 |
19,740 | Henry H. Goddard was a eugenicist. In 1908, he published his own version, "The Binet and Simon Test of Intellectual Capacity", and cordially promoted the test. He quickly extended the use of the scale to the public schools (1913), to immigration (Ellis Island, 1914) and to a court of law (1914). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14892 |
19,741 | Unlike Galton, who promoted eugenics through selective breeding for positive traits, Goddard went with the US eugenics movement to eliminate "undesirable" traits. Goddard used the term "feeble-minded" to refer to people who did not perform well on the test. He argued that "feeble-mindedness" was caused by heredity, and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14892 |
19,742 | California's sterilization program was so effective that the Nazis turned to the government for advice on how to prevent the birth of the "unfit". While the US eugenics movement lost much of its momentum in the 1940s in view of the horrors of Nazi Germany, advocates of eugenics (including Nazi geneticist Otmar Freiherr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14892 |
19,743 | Raymond Cattell (1941) proposed two types of cognitive abilities in a revision of Spearman's concept of general intelligence. Fluid intelligence (Gf) was hypothesized as the ability to solve novel problems by using reasoning, and crystallized intelligence (Gc) was hypothesized as a knowledge-based ability that was very... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14892 |
19,744 | John B. Carroll (1993), after a comprehensive reanalysis of earlier data, proposed the three stratum theory, which is a hierarchical model with three levels. The bottom stratum consists of narrow abilities that are highly specialized (e.g., induction, spelling ability). The second stratum consists of broad abilities. C... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14892 |
19,745 | In 1999, a merging of the Gf-Gc theory of Cattell and Horn with Carroll's Three-Stratum theory has led to the Cattell–Horn–Carroll theory (CHC Theory), with "g" as the top of the hierarchy, ten broad abilities below, and further subdivided into seventy narrow abilities on the third stratum. CHC Theory has greatly influ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14892 |
19,746 | Modern tests do not necessarily measure all of these broad abilities. For example, "quantitative knowledge" and "reading & writing ability" may be seen as measures of school achievement and not IQ. "Decision speed" may be difficult to measure without special equipment. "g" was earlier often subdivided into only Gf and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14892 |
19,747 | An alternative to standard IQ tests, meant to test the proximal development of children, originated in the writings of psychologist Lev Vygotsky (1896–1934) during his last two years of his life. According to Vygotsky, the maximum level of complexity and difficulty of problems that a child is capable to solve under som... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14892 |
19,748 | J.P. Guilford's Structure of Intellect (1967) model of intelligence used three dimensions, which, when combined, yielded a total of 120 types of intelligence. It was popular in the 1970s and early 1980s, but faded owing to both practical problems and theoretical criticisms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14892 |
19,749 | Alexander Luria's earlier work on neuropsychological processes led to the PASS theory (1997). It argued that only looking at one general factor was inadequate for researchers and clinicians who worked with learning disabilities, attention disorders, intellectual disability, and interventions for such disabilities. The ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14892 |
19,750 | The attention/arousal process involves selectively attending to a particular stimulus, ignoring distractions, and maintaining vigilance. Simultaneous processing involves the integration of stimuli into a group and requires the observation of relationships. Successive processing involves the integration of stimuli into ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14892 |
19,751 | There are a variety of individually administered IQ tests in use in the English-speaking world. The most commonly used individual IQ test series is the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) for adults and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) for school-age test-takers. Other commonly used individual I... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14892 |
19,752 | IQ scales are ordinally scaled. The raw score of the norming sample is usually (rank order) transformed to a normal distribution with mean 100 and standard deviation 15. While one standard deviation is 15 points, and two SDs are 30 points, and so on, this does not imply that mental ability is linearly related to IQ, su... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14892 |
19,753 | Psychometricians generally regard IQ tests as having high statistical reliability. Reliability represents the measurement consistency of a test. A reliable test produces similar scores upon repetition. On aggregate, IQ tests exhibit high reliability, although test-takers may have varying scores when taking the same tes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14892 |
19,754 | Outside influences such as low motivation or high anxiety can occasionally lower a person's IQ test score. For individuals with very low scores, the 95% confidence interval may be greater than 40 points, potentially complicating the accuracy of diagnoses of intellectual disability. By the same token, high IQ scores are... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14892 |
19,755 | Reliability and validity are very different concepts. While reliability reflects reproducibility, validity refers to whether the test measures what it purports to measure. While IQ tests are generally considered to measure some forms of intelligence, they may fail to serve as an accurate measure of broader definitions ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14892 |
19,756 | Some scientists have disputed the value of IQ as a measure of intelligence altogether. In "The Mismeasure of Man" (1981, expanded edition 1996), evolutionary biologist Stephen Jay Gould compared IQ testing with the now-discredited practice of determining intelligence via craniometry, arguing that both are based on the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14892 |
19,757 | Along these same lines, critics such as Keith Stanovich do not dispute the capacity of IQ test scores to predict some kinds of achievement, but argue that basing a concept of intelligence on IQ test scores alone neglects other important aspects of mental ability. Robert Sternberg, another significant critic of IQ as th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14892 |
19,758 | Despite these objections, clinical psychologists generally regard IQ scores as having sufficient statistical validity for many clinical purposes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14892 |
19,759 | Differential item functioning (DIF), sometimes referred to as measurement bias, is a phenomenon when participants from different groups (e.g. gender, race, disability) with the same latent abilities give different answers to specific questions on the same IQ test. DIF analysis measures such specific items on a test alo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14892 |
19,760 | A 2005 study found that "differential validity in prediction suggests that the WAIS-R test may contain cultural influences that reduce the validity of the WAIS-R as a measure of cognitive ability for Mexican American students," indicating a weaker positive correlation relative to sampled white students. Other recent st... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14892 |
19,761 | Since the early 20th century, raw scores on IQ tests have increased in most parts of the world. When a new version of an IQ test is normed, the standard scoring is set so performance at the population median results in a score of IQ 100. The phenomenon of rising raw score performance means if test-takers are scored by ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14892 |
19,762 | Researchers have been exploring the issue of whether the Flynn effect is equally strong on performance of all kinds of IQ test items, whether the effect may have ended in some developed nations, whether there are social subgroup differences in the effect, and what possible causes of the effect might be. A 2011 textbook... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14892 |
19,763 | Research has revealed that the Flynn effect has slowed or reversed course in several Western countries beginning in the late 20th century. The phenomenon has been termed the "negative Flynn effect". A study of Norwegian military conscripts' test records found that IQ scores have been falling for generations born after ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14892 |
19,764 | IQ can change to some degree over the course of childhood. In one longitudinal study, the mean IQ scores of tests at ages 17 and 18 were correlated at r=0.86 with the mean scores of tests at ages five, six, and seven and at r=0.96 with the mean scores of tests at ages 11, 12, and 13. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14892 |
19,765 | For decades, practitioners' handbooks and textbooks on IQ testing have reported IQ declines with age after the beginning of adulthood. However, later researchers pointed out this phenomenon is related to the Flynn effect and is in part a cohort effect rather than a true aging effect. A variety of studies of IQ and agin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14892 |
19,766 | The exact peak age of fluid intelligence or crystallized intelligence remains elusive. Cross-sectional studies usually show that especially fluid intelligence peaks at a relatively young age (often in the early adulthood) while longitudinal data mostly show that intelligence is stable until mid-adulthood or later. Subs... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14892 |
19,767 | Environmental and genetic factors play a role in determining IQ. Their relative importance has been the subject of much research and debate. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14892 |
19,768 | The general figure for the heritability of IQ, according to an American Psychological Association report, is 0.45 for children, and rises to around 0.75 for late adolescents and adults. Heritability measures for "g" factor in infancy are as low as 0.2, around 0.4 in middle childhood, and as high as 0.9 in adulthood. On... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14892 |
19,769 | Family members have aspects of environments in common (for example, characteristics of the home). This shared family environment accounts for 0.25–0.35 of the variation in IQ in childhood. By late adolescence, it is quite low (zero in some studies). The effect for several other psychological traits is similar. These st... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14892 |
19,770 | Although parents treat their children differently, such differential treatment explains only a small amount of nonshared environmental influence. One suggestion is that children react differently to the same environment because of different genes. More likely influences may be the impact of peers and other experiences ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14892 |
19,771 | A very large proportion of the over 17,000 human genes are thought to have an effect on the development and functionality of the brain. While a number of individual genes have been reported to be associated with IQ, none have a strong effect. Deary and colleagues (2009) reported that no finding of a strong single gene ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14892 |
19,772 | David Rowe reported an interaction of genetic effects with socioeconomic status, such that the heritability was high in high-SES families, but much lower in low-SES families. In the US, this has been replicated in infants, children, adolescents, and adults. Outside the US, studies show no link between heritability and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14892 |
19,773 | Dickens and Flynn (2001) have argued that genes for high IQ initiate an environment-shaping feedback cycle, with genetic effects causing bright children to seek out more stimulating environments that then further increase their IQ. In Dickens' model, environment effects are modeled as decaying over time. In this model,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14892 |
19,774 | In general, educational interventions, as those described below, have shown short-term effects on IQ, but long-term follow-up is often missing. For example, in the US, very large intervention programs such as the Head Start Program have not produced lasting gains in IQ scores. Even when students improve their scores on... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14892 |
19,775 | Recent studies have shown that training in using one's working memory may increase IQ. A study on young adults published in April 2008 by a team from the Universities of Michigan and Bern supports the possibility of the transfer of fluid intelligence from specifically designed working memory training. Further research ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14892 |
19,776 | Musical training in childhood correlates with higher than average IQ. However, a study of 10,500 twins found no effects on IQ, suggesting that the correlation was caused by genetic confounders. A meta-analysis concluded that "Music training does not reliably enhance children and young adolescents' cognitive or academic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14892 |
19,777 | It is popularly thought that listening to classical music raises IQ. However, multiple attempted replications (e.g.) have shown that this is at best a short-term effect (lasting no longer than 10 to 15 minutes), and is not related to IQ-increase. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14892 |
19,778 | Several neurophysiological factors have been correlated with intelligence in humans, including the ratio of brain weight to body weight and the size, shape, and activity level of different parts of the brain. Specific features that may affect IQ include the size and shape of the frontal lobes, the amount of blood and c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14892 |
19,779 | Health is important in understanding differences in IQ test scores and other measures of cognitive ability. Several factors can lead to significant cognitive impairment, particularly if they occur during pregnancy and childhood when the brain is growing and the blood–brain barrier is less effective. Such impairment may... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14892 |
19,780 | Since about 2010, researchers such as Eppig, Hassel, and MacKenzie have found a very close and consistent link between IQ scores and infectious diseases, especially in the infant and preschool populations and the mothers of these children. They have postulated that fighting infectious diseases strains the child's metab... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14892 |
19,781 | Developed nations have implemented several health policies regarding nutrients and toxins known to influence cognitive function. These include laws requiring fortification of certain food products and laws establishing safe levels of pollutants (e.g. lead, mercury, and organochlorides). Improvements in nutrition, and i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14892 |
19,782 | Cognitive epidemiology is a field of research that examines the associations between intelligence test scores and health. Researchers in the field argue that intelligence measured at an early age is an important predictor of later health and mortality differences. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14892 |
19,783 | The American Psychological Association's report "Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns" states that wherever it has been studied, children with high scores on tests of intelligence tend to learn more of what is taught in school than their lower-scoring peers. The correlation between IQ scores and grades is about .50. This ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14892 |
19,784 | It has been found that the correlation of IQ scores with school performance depends on the IQ measurement used. For undergraduate students, the Verbal IQ as measured by WAIS-R has been found to correlate significantly (0.53) with the grade point average (GPA) of the last 60 hours (credits). In contrast, Performance IQ ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14892 |
19,785 | Some measures of educational aptitude correlate highly with IQ tests for instance, reported a correlation of 0.82 between "g" (general intelligence factor) and SAT scores; another research found a correlation of 0.81 between "g" and GCSE scores, with the explained variance ranging "from 58.6% in Mathematics and 48% in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14892 |
19,786 | According to Schmidt and Hunter, "for hiring employees without previous experience in the job the most valid predictor of future performance is general mental ability." The validity of IQ as a predictor of job performance is above zero for all work studied to date, but varies with the type of job and across different s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14892 |
19,787 | In establishing a causal direction to the link between IQ and work performance, longitudinal studies by Watkins and others suggest that IQ exerts a causal influence on future academic achievement, whereas academic achievement does not substantially influence future IQ scores. Treena Eileen Rohde and Lee Anne Thompson w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14892 |
19,788 | It has been suggested that "in economic terms it appears that the IQ score measures something with decreasing marginal value" and it "is important to have enough of it, but having lots and lots does not buy you that much". However, large-scale longitudinal studies indicate an increase in IQ translates into an increase ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14892 |
19,789 | The link from IQ to wealth is much less strong than that from IQ to job performance. Some studies indicate that IQ is unrelated to net worth. The American Psychological Association's 1995 report "" stated that IQ scores accounted for about a quarter of the social status variance and one-sixth of the income variance. St... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14892 |
19,790 | Some studies assert that IQ only accounts for (explains) a sixth of the variation in income because many studies are based on young adults, many of whom have not yet reached their peak earning capacity, or even their education. On pg 568 of "", Arthur Jensen says that although the correlation between IQ and income aver... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14892 |
19,791 | A 2002 study further examined the impact of non-IQ factors on income and concluded that an individual's location, inherited wealth, race, and schooling are more important as factors in determining income than IQ. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14892 |
19,792 | The American Psychological Association's 1995 report "Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns" stated that the correlation between IQ and crime was −0.2. This association is generally regarded as small and prone to disappearance or a substantial reduction after controlling for the proper covariates, being much smaller than t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14892 |
19,793 | In his book "" (1998), Arthur Jensen cited data which showed that, regardless of race, people with IQs between 70 and 90 have higher crime rates than people with IQs below or above this range, with the peak range being between 80 and 90. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14892 |
19,794 | The 2009 "Handbook of Crime Correlates" stated that reviews have found that around eight IQ points, or 0.5 SD, separate criminals from the general population, especially for persistent serious offenders. It has been suggested that this simply reflects that "only dumb ones get caught" but there is similarly a negative r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14892 |
19,795 | A study of the relationship between US county-level IQ and US county-level crime rates found that higher average IQs were very weakly associated with lower levels of property crime, burglary, larceny rate, motor vehicle theft, violent crime, robbery, and aggravated assault. These results were "not confounded by a measu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14892 |
19,796 | It has also been shown that the effect of IQ is heavily dependent on socioeconomic status and that it cannot be easily controlled away, with many methodological considerations being at play. Indeed, there is evidence that the small relationship is mediated by well-being, substance abuse, and other confounding factors t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14892 |
19,797 | Multiple studies conducted in Scotland have found that higher IQs in early life are associated with lower mortality and morbidity rates later in life. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14892 |
19,798 | There is considerable variation within and overlap among these categories. People with high IQs are found at all levels of education and occupational categories. The biggest difference occurs for low IQs with only an occasional college graduate or professional scoring below 90. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14892 |
19,799 | Among the most controversial issues related to the study of intelligence is the observation that IQ scores vary on average between ethnic and racial groups, though these differences have fluctuated and in many cases steadily decreased over time. While there is little scholarly debate about the continued existence of so... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14892 |
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