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7,000 | Secondary progressive MS occurs in around 65% of those with initial relapsing-remitting MS, who eventually have progressive neurologic decline between acute attacks without any definite periods of remission. Occasional relapses and minor remissions may appear. The most common length of time between disease onset and co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50603 |
7,001 | Independently of the types published by the MS associations, regulatory agencies like the FDA often consider special courses, trying to reflect some clinical trials results on their approval documents. Some examples could be "Highly Active MS" (HAMS), "Active Secondary MS" (similar to the old Progressive-Relapsing) and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50603 |
7,002 | Also, when deficits always resolve between attacks, this is sometimes referred to as "benign MS", although people will still build up some degree of disability in the long term. On the other hand, the term "malignant multiple sclerosis" is used to describe people with MS having reached significant level of disability i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50603 |
7,003 | Atypical variants of MS have been described; these include tumefactive multiple sclerosis, Balo concentric sclerosis, Schilder's diffuse sclerosis, and Marburg multiple sclerosis. There is debate on whether they are MS variants or different diseases. Some diseases previously considered MS variants like Devic's disease ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50603 |
7,004 | Although there is no known cure for multiple sclerosis, several therapies have proven helpful. Several effective treatments can significantly decrease the number of attacks and the rate of progression. The primary aims of therapy are returning function after an attack, preventing new attacks, and preventing disability.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50603 |
7,005 | Older medications used to treat MS were modestly effective, could have side effects, and were poorly tolerated. However, several treatment options with better safety and tolerability profiles have been introduced, changing the prognosis of MS. In the treatment era, 16% of people with relapsing MS went on to need a cane... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50603 |
7,006 | As with any medical treatment, medications used in the management of MS have several adverse effects. Alternative treatments are pursued by some people, despite the shortage of supporting evidence of efficacy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50603 |
7,007 | During symptomatic attacks, administration of high doses of intravenous corticosteroids, such as methylprednisolone, is the usual therapy, with oral corticosteroids seeming to have a similar efficacy and safety profile. Although effective in the short term for relieving symptoms, corticosteroid treatments do not appear... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50603 |
7,008 | As of 2021, multiple disease-modifying medications were approved by regulatory agencies for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). In RRMS they are modestly effective at decreasing the number of attacks. The interferons and glatiramer acetate are first-line treatments and are roughly equivalent, reducing relaps... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50603 |
7,009 | Treatment of clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) with interferons decreases the chance of progressing to clinical MS. Efficacy of interferons and glatiramer acetate in children has been estimated to be roughly equivalent to that of adults. The role of some newer agents such as fingolimod, teriflunomide, and dimethyl fum... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50603 |
7,010 | The relative effectiveness of different treatments is unclear, as most have only been compared to placebo or a small number of other therapies. Direct comparisons of interferons and glatiramer acetate indicate similar effects or only small differences in effects on relapse rate, disease progression and magnetic resonan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50603 |
7,011 | , only one medication, mitoxantrone, had been approved for secondary progressive MS. In this population tentative evidence supports mitoxantrone moderately slowing the progression of the disease and decreasing rates of relapses over two years. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50603 |
7,012 | As of 2013, review of 9 immunomodulators and immunosuppressants found no evidence of any being effective in preventing disability progression in people with progressive MS. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50603 |
7,013 | In March 2017 the FDA approved ocrelizumab as a treatment for primary progressive MS in adults, the first drug to gain that approval, with requirements for several Phase IV clinical trials. It is also used for the treatment of relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis, to include clinically isolated syndrome, relapsing-rem... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50603 |
7,014 | In 2019, siponimod and cladribine were approved in the United States for the treatment of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50603 |
7,015 | The disease-modifying treatments have several adverse effects. One of the most common is irritation at the injection site for glatiramer acetate and the interferons (up to 90% with subcutaneous injections and 33% with intramuscular injections). Over time, a visible dent at the injection site, due to the local destructi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50603 |
7,016 | Fingolimod may give rise to hypertension and slowed heart rate, macular edema, elevated liver enzymes, or a reduction in lymphocyte levels. Tentative evidence supports the short-term safety of teriflunomide, with common side effects including: headaches, fatigue, nausea, hair loss, and limb pain. There have also been r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50603 |
7,017 | Both medications and neurorehabilitation have been shown to improve some symptoms, though neither changes the course of the disease. Some symptoms have a good response to medication, such as bladder spasticity, while others are little changed. Equipment such as catheters for neurogenic bladder or mobility aids can be h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50603 |
7,018 | A multidisciplinary approach is important for improving quality of life; however, it is difficult to specify a 'core team' as many health services may be needed at different points in time. Multidisciplinary rehabilitation programs increase activity and participation of people with MS but do not influence impairment le... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50603 |
7,019 | The spasticity associated with MS can be difficult to manage because of the progressive and fluctuating course of the disease. Although there is no firm conclusion on the efficacy in reducing spasticity, PT interventions can be a safe and beneficial option for patients with multiple sclerosis. Physical therapy includin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50603 |
7,020 | Over 50% of people with MS may use complementary and alternative medicine, although percentages vary depending on how alternative medicine is defined. Regarding the characteristics of users, they are more frequently women, have had MS for a longer time, tend to be more disabled and have lower levels of satisfaction wit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50603 |
7,021 | The availability of treatments that modify the course of multiple sclerosis beginning in the 1990s, known as disease-modifying therapies (DMTs), has improved prognosis. These treatments can reduce relapses and slow progression, but as of 2022 there is no cure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50603 |
7,022 | The prognosis of MS depends on the subtype of the disease, and there is also great individual variation in the progression of the disease. For relapsing MS, which is the most common subtype, approximately one of every five people later transition to secondary progressive MS, a form characterized by more progressive dec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50603 |
7,023 | In addition to secondary progressive MS (SPMS), a small proportion of people with MS (10-15%) experience progressive decline from the onset, known as primary progressive MS (PPMS). Most treatments have been approved for use in relapsing MS; there are limited effective treatments for progressive forms of MS, and treatme... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50603 |
7,024 | After diagnosis of MS, characteristics that predict a worse course are male sex, older age, and greater disability at the time of diagnosis. Female sex, though, is associated with a higher relapse rate. As of 2018, no biomarker can accurately predict disease progression in every patient. Spinal cord lesions, abnormalit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50603 |
7,025 | MS is the most common autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system. As of 2022, there are nearly one million known cases of multiple sclerosis in the United States. In 2020, the number of people with MS was 2.8 million globally, with rates varying widely in different regions. In Africa rates are less than 0.5 per ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50603 |
7,026 | Increasing rates of MS may be explained simply by better diagnosis. Studies on populational and geographical patterns have been common and have led to a number of theories about the cause. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50603 |
7,027 | MS usually appears in adults in their late twenties or early thirties but it can rarely start in childhood and after 50 years of age. The primary progressive subtype is more common in people in their fifties. Similarly to many autoimmune disorders, the disease is more common in women, and the trend may be increasing. A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50603 |
7,028 | Robert Carswell (1793–1857), a British professor of pathology, and Jean Cruveilhier (1791–1873), a French professor of pathologic anatomy, described and illustrated many of the disease's clinical details, but did not identify it as a separate disease. Specifically, Carswell described the injuries he found as "a remarka... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50603 |
7,029 | The French neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot (1825–1893) was the first person to recognize multiple sclerosis as a distinct disease in 1868. Summarizing previous reports and adding his own clinical and pathological observations, Charcot called the disease "sclerose en plaques". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50603 |
7,030 | The first attempt to establish a set of diagnostic criteria was also due to Charcot in 1868. He published what now is known as the "Charcot Triad", consisting in nystagmus, intention tremor, and telegraphic speech (scanning speech). Charcot also observed cognition changes, describing his patients as having a "marked en... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50603 |
7,031 | Diagnosis was based on Charcot triad and clinical observation until Schumacher made the first attempt to standardize criteria in 1965 by introducing some fundamental requirements: Dissemination of the lesions in time (DIT) and space (DIS), and that "signs and symptoms cannot be explained better by another disease proce... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50603 |
7,032 | During the 20th century, theories about the cause and pathogenesis were developed and effective treatments began to appear in the 1990s. Since the beginning of the 21st century, refinements of the concepts have taken place. The 2010 revision of the McDonald criteria allowed for the diagnosis of MS with only one proved ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50603 |
7,033 | In 1996, the US National Multiple Sclerosis Society (NMSS) (Advisory Committee on Clinical Trials) defined the first version of the clinical phenotypes that is in use. In this first version they provided standardized definitions for four MS clinical courses: relapsing-remitting (RR), secondary progressive (SP), primary... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50603 |
7,034 | There are several historical accounts of people who probably had MS and lived before or shortly after the disease was described by Charcot. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50603 |
7,035 | A young woman called Halldora who lived in Iceland around 1200 suddenly lost her vision and mobility but recovered them seven days after. Saint Lidwina of Schiedam (1380–1433), a Dutch nun, may be one of the first clearly identifiable people with MS. From the age of 16 until her death at 53, she had intermittent pain, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50603 |
7,036 | Augustus Frederick d'Este (1794–1848), son of Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex and Lady Augusta Murray and a grandson of George III of the United Kingdom, almost certainly had MS. D'Este left a detailed diary describing his 22 years living with the disease. His diary began in 1822 and ended in 1846, although i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50603 |
7,037 | As of 2022, the pathogenesis of MS as it relates to EBV is actively investigated, as are disease-modifying therapies; understanding of how risk factors combine with EBV to initiate MS is sought. Whether EBV is the only cause of MS might be better understood if an EBV vaccine is developed and shown to prevent MS as well... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50603 |
7,038 | Medications that influence voltage-gated sodium ion channels are under investigation as a potential neuroprotective strategy because of hypothesized role of sodium in the pathological process leading to axonal injury and accumulating disability. There is insufficient evidence of an effect of sodium channel blockers for... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50603 |
7,039 | MS is a clinically defined entity with several atypical presentations. Some auto-antibodies have been found in atypical MS cases, giving birth to separate disease families and restricting the previously wider concept of MS. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50603 |
7,040 | Anti-AQP4 autoantibodies were found in neuromyelitis optica (NMO), which was previously considered a MS variant. A spectrum of diseases named NMOSD (NMO spectrum diseases) or anti-AQP4 diseases has been accepted. Some cases of MS were presenting anti-MOG autoantibodies, mainly overlapping with the Marburg variant. Anti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50603 |
7,041 | A third kind of auto-antibodies is accepted. They are several anti-neurofascin auto-antibodies which damage the Ranvier nodes of the neurons. These antibodies are more related to the peripheral nervous demyelination, but they were also found in chronic progressive PPMS and combined central and peripheral demyelination ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50603 |
7,042 | In addition to the significance of auto-antibodies in MS, four different patterns of demyelination have been reported, opening the door to consider MS as a heterogeneous disease. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50603 |
7,043 | Since disease progression is the result of degeneration of neurons, the roles of proteins showing loss of nerve tissue such as neurofilaments, tau, and N-acetylaspartate are under investigation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50603 |
7,044 | Improvement in neuroimaging techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) carry a promise for better diagnosis and prognosis predictions. Regarding MRI, there are several techniques that have already shown some usefulness in research settings and could be introduced into clin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50603 |
7,045 | The hospitalization rate was found to be higher among individuals with MS and COVID-19 infection, at 10%, while the pooled infection rate is estimated at 4%. The pooled prevalence of death in hospitalized individuals with MS is estimated as 4%. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50603 |
7,046 | One emerging hypothesis, referred to as the hygiene hypothesis, suggests that early-life exposure to infectious agents helps to develop the immune system and reduces susceptibility to allergies and autoimmune disorders, including MS. Germ-free mice infected with transplanted fecal matter from MS patients exhibit an inc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50603 |
7,047 | The Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II is a single-seat, twin-turbofan, straight-wing, subsonic attack aircraft developed by Fairchild Republic for the United States Air Force (USAF). In service since 1976, it is named for the Republic P-47 Thunderbolt, a World War II-era fighter-bomber effective at attacking groun... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12502446 |
7,048 | The A-10 was intended to improve on the performance and firepower of the Douglas A-1 Skyraider. Its airframe was designed for durability, with measures such as of titanium armor to protect the cockpit and aircraft systems, enabling it to absorb damage and continue flying. Its ability to take off and land from relativel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12502446 |
7,049 | The A-10 served in the Gulf War (Operation Desert Storm), the American–led intervention against Iraq's invasion of Kuwait, where the aircraft distinguished itself. The A-10 also participated in other conflicts such as in Grenada, the Balkans, Afghanistan, Iraq, and against the Islamic State in the Middle East. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12502446 |
7,050 | The A-10A single-seat variant was the only version produced, though one pre-production airframe was modified into the YA-10B twin-seat prototype to test an all-weather night-capable version. In 2005, a program was started to upgrade the remaining A-10A aircraft to the A-10C configuration, with modern avionics for use w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12502446 |
7,051 | The development of conventionally armed attack aircraft in the United States stagnated after World War II, as design efforts for tactical aircraft focused on the delivery of nuclear weapons using high-speed designs like the McDonnell F-101 Voodoo and Republic F-105 Thunderchief. As the U.S. military entered the Vietnam... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12502446 |
7,052 | The lack of modern conventional attack capability prompted calls for a specialized attack aircraft. On 7 June 1961, the Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara ordered the USAF to develop two tactical aircraft, one for the long-range strike and interdictor role, and the other focusing on the fighter-bomber mission. The fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12502446 |
7,053 | After a broad review of its tactical force structure, the U.S. Air Force decided to adopt a low-cost aircraft to supplement the F-4 and F-111. It first focused on the Northrop F-5, which had air-to-air capability. A 1965 cost-effectiveness study shifted the focus from the F-5 to the less expensive A-7D variant of the L... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12502446 |
7,054 | During this period, the United States Army had been introducing the Bell UH-1 Iroquois into service. First used in its intended role as a transport, it was soon modified in the field to carry more machine guns in what became known as the helicopter gunship role. This proved effective against the lightly armed enemy, an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12502446 |
7,055 | The Cobra was a quickly-made helicopter based on the UH-1 Iroquois and was introduced in the mid-1960s as an interim design until the U.S. Army "Advanced Aerial Fire Support System" program delivered. The Army selected the Lockheed AH-56 Cheyenne, a much more capable attack aircraft with greater speed for initial produ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12502446 |
7,056 | On 8 September 1966, General John P. McConnell, Chief of Staff of the USAF, ordered that a specialized CAS aircraft be designed, developed, and obtained. On 22 December, a Requirements Action Directive was issued for the A-X CAS airplane, and the Attack Experimental (A-X) program office was formed. On 6 March 1967, the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12502446 |
7,057 | In May 1970, the USAF issued a modified, more detailed request for proposals for the aircraft. The threat of Soviet armored forces and all-weather attack operations had become more serious. The requirements now included that the aircraft would be designed specifically for the 30 mm rotary cannon. The RFP also specified... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12502446 |
7,058 | Two YA-10 prototypes were built in the Republic factory in Farmingdale, New York, and first flown on 10 May 1972 by pilot Howard "Sam" Nelson. Production A-10s were built by Fairchild in Hagerstown, Maryland. After trials and a fly-off against the YA-9, on 18 January 1973, the USAF announced the YA-10's selection for p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12502446 |
7,059 | One experimental two-seat A-10 Night Adverse Weather (N/AW) version was built by converting an A-10A. The N/AW was developed by Fairchild from the first Demonstration Testing and Evaluation (DT&E) A-10 for consideration by the USAF. It included a second seat for a weapon systems officer responsible for electronic count... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12502446 |
7,060 | On 10 February 1976, Deputy Secretary of Defense Bill Clements authorized full-rate production, with the first A-10 being accepted by the Air Force Tactical Air Command on 30 March 1976. Production continued and reached a peak rate of 13 aircraft per month. By 1984, 715 airplanes, including two prototypes and six devel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12502446 |
7,061 | When A-10 full-rate production was first authorized the aircraft's planned service life was 6,000 hours. A small reinforcement to the design was quickly adopted when the A-10 failed initial fatigue testing at 80% of testing; with the fix, the A-10 passed the fatigue tests. 8,000-flight-hour service lives were becoming ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12502446 |
7,062 | Spectrum 3 fatigue testing started in 1979. This round of testing quickly determined that more drastic reinforcement would be needed. The second change in production, starting with aircraft No. 442, was to increase the thickness of the lower skin on the outer wing panels. A tech order was issued to retrofit the "thick ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12502446 |
7,063 | The A-10 has received many upgrades since entering service. In 1978, the A-10 received the Pave Penny laser receiver pod, which receives reflected laser radiation from laser designators to allow the aircraft to deliver laser guided munitions. The Pave Penny pod is carried on a pylon mounted below the right side of the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12502446 |
7,064 | In the early 1990s, the A-10 began to receive the Low-Altitude Safety and Targeting Enhancement (LASTE) upgrade, which provided computerized weapon-aiming equipment, an autopilot, and a ground-collision warning system. In 1999, aircraft began receiving Global Positioning System navigation systems and a multi-function d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12502446 |
7,065 | Proposed further upgrades included integrated combat search and rescue locator systems and improved early warning and anti-jam self-protection systems, and the Air Force recognized that the A-10's engine power was sub-optimal and had been planning to replace them with more powerful engines since at least 2001 at an est... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12502446 |
7,066 | In 1987, Grumman Aerospace took over support for the A-10 program. In 1993, Grumman updated the damage tolerance assessment and Force Structural Maintenance Plan and Damage Threat Assessment. Over the next few years, problems with wing structure fatigue, first noticed in production years earlier, began to come to the f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12502446 |
7,067 | During inspections in 1995 and 1996, cracks at the WS23 location were found on many aircraft, most of them in line with updated predictions from 1993. However, two of these were classified as "near-critical" size, well beyond predictions. In August 1998, Grumman produced a new plan to address these issues and increase ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12502446 |
7,068 | An independent review of the HOG UP program at this point concluded that the data on which the wing upgrade relied could no longer be trusted. This independent review was presented in September 2003. Shortly thereafter, fatigue testing on a test wing failed prematurely and also mounting problems with wings failing in-s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12502446 |
7,069 | In 2005, a business case was developed with three options to extend the life of the fleet. The first two options involved expanding the service life extension program (SLEP) at a cost of $4.6 billion and $3.16 billion, respectively. The third option, worth $1.72 billion, was to build 242 new wings and avoid the cost of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12502446 |
7,070 | In 2014, as part of plans to retire the A-10, the USAF considered halting the wing replacement program to save an additional $500 million; however, by May 2015 the re-winging program was too far into the contract to be financially efficient to cancel. Boeing stated in February 2016 that the A-10 fleet with the new TUSK... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12502446 |
7,071 | In 2005, the entire fleet of 356 A-10 and OA-10 aircraft began receiving the Precision Engagement upgrades including an improved fire control system (FCS), electronic countermeasures (ECM), and smart bomb targeting. The aircraft receiving this upgrade were redesignated A-10C. The Government Accountability Office in 200... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12502446 |
7,072 | Throughout its life, the platform's software has been upgraded several times, and although these upgrades were due to be stopped as part of plans to retire the A-10 in February 2014, Secretary of the Air Force Deborah Lee James ordered that the latest upgrade, designated Suite 8, continue in response to Congressional p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12502446 |
7,073 | In 2012, Air Combat Command requested the testing of a external fuel tank which would extend the A-10's loitering time by 45–60 minutes; flight testing of such a tank had been conducted in 1997 but did not involve combat evaluation. Over 30 flight tests were conducted by the 40th Flight Test Squadron to gather data on ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12502446 |
7,074 | The A-10 has a cantilever low-wing monoplane wing with a wide chord. The aircraft has superior maneuverability at low speeds and altitude because of its large wing area, high wing aspect ratio, and large ailerons. The wing also allows short takeoffs and landings, permitting operations from primitive forward airfields n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12502446 |
7,075 | The leading edge of the wing has a honeycomb structure panel construction, providing strength with minimal weight; similar panels cover the flap shrouds, elevators, rudders and sections of the fins. The skin panels are integral with the stringers and are fabricated using computer-controlled machining, reducing producti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12502446 |
7,076 | The A-10 is designed to be refueled, rearmed, and serviced with minimal equipment. Its simple design enables maintenance at forward bases with limited facilities. An unusual feature is that many of the aircraft's parts are interchangeable between the left and right sides, including the engines, main landing gear, and v... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12502446 |
7,077 | The front landing gear is offset to the aircraft's right to allow placement of the 30 mm cannon with its firing barrel along the centerline of the aircraft. During ground taxi, the offset front landing gear causes the A-10 to have dissimilar turning radii; turning to the right on the ground takes less distance than tur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12502446 |
7,078 | The A-10 is battle-hardened to an exceptional degree, being able to survive direct hits from armor-piercing and high-explosive projectiles up to 23 mm. It has double-redundant hydraulic flight systems, and a mechanical system as a backup if hydraulics are lost. Flight without hydraulic power uses the manual reversion c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12502446 |
7,079 | The cockpit and parts of the flight-control systems are protected by of titanium aircraft armor, referred to as a "bathtub". The armor has been tested to withstand strikes from 23 mm cannon fire and some indirect hits from 57 mm shell fragments. It is made up of titanium plates with thicknesses varying from determined ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12502446 |
7,080 | The A-10's durability was demonstrated on 7 April 2003 when Captain Kim Campbell, while flying over Baghdad during the 2003 invasion of Iraq, suffered extensive flak damage. Iraqi fire damaged one of her engines and crippled the hydraulic system, requiring the aircraft's stabilizer and flight controls to be operated vi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12502446 |
7,081 | The A-10 was intended to fly from forward air bases and semi-prepared runways where foreign object damage to an aircraft's engines is normally a high risk. The unusual location of the General Electric TF34-GE-100 turbofan engines decreases ingestion risk and also allows the engines to run while the aircraft is serviced... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12502446 |
7,082 | To reduce the likelihood of damage to the A-10's fuel system, all four fuel tanks are located near the aircraft's center and are separated from the fuselage; projectiles would need to penetrate the aircraft's skin before reaching a tank's outer skin. Compromised fuel transfer lines self-seal; if damage exceeds a tank's... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12502446 |
7,083 | Since the A-10 operates very close to enemy positions, where it is an easy target for man-portable air-defense system (MANPADS), surface-to-air missiles (SAMs), and enemy aircraft, it carries both flares and chaff cartridges. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12502446 |
7,084 | Although the A-10 can carry a considerable amount of munitions, its primary built-in weapon is the 30×173 mm GAU-8/A Avenger autocannon. One of the most powerful aircraft cannons ever flown, it fires large depleted uranium armor-piercing shells. The GAU-8 is a hydraulically driven seven-barrel rotary cannon designed sp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12502446 |
7,085 | The fuselage of the aircraft is built around the cannon. The GAU-8/A is mounted slightly to the port side; the barrel in the firing location is on the starboard side so it is aligned with the aircraft's centerline. The gun's 5-foot, 11.5-inch (1.816 m) ammunition drum can hold up to 1,350 rounds of 30 mm ammunition, bu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12502446 |
7,086 | The AGM-65 Maverick air-to-surface missile is a commonly used munition for the A-10, targeted via electro-optical (TV-guided) or infrared. The Maverick allows target engagement at much greater ranges than the cannon, and thus less risk from anti-aircraft systems. During Desert Storm, in the absence of dedicated forward... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12502446 |
7,087 | The A-10 Precision Engagement Modification Program from 2006 to 2010 updated all A-10 and OA-10 aircraft in the fleet to the A-10C standard with a new flight computer, new glass cockpit displays and controls, two new color displays with moving map function, and an integrated digital stores management system. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12502446 |
7,088 | Since then, the A-10 Common Fleet Initiative has led to further improvements: a new wing design, a new data link, the ability to employ smart weapons such as the Joint Direct Attack Munition (JDAM) and Wind Corrected Munitions Dispenser, as well as the newer GBU-39 Small Diameter Bomb, and the ability to carry an integ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12502446 |
7,089 | Since the A-10 flies low to the ground and at subsonic speed, aircraft camouflage is important to make the aircraft more difficult to see. Many different types of paint schemes have been tried. These have included a "peanut scheme" of sand, yellow and field drab; black and white colors for winter operations and a tan, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12502446 |
7,090 | The two most common markings applied to the A-10 have been the European I woodland camouflage scheme and a two-tone gray scheme. The European woodland scheme was designed to minimize visibility from above, as the threat from hostile fighter aircraft was felt to outweigh that from ground-fire. It uses dark green, medium... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12502446 |
7,091 | The first unit to receive the A-10 Thunderbolt II was the 355th Tactical Training Wing, based at Davis-Monthan Air Force Base, Arizona, in March 1976. The first unit to achieve full combat readiness was the 354th Tactical Fighter Wing at Myrtle Beach Air Force Base, South Carolina, in October 1977. Deployments of A-10A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12502446 |
7,092 | A-10s were initially an unwelcome addition to many in the Air Force. Most pilots switching to the A-10 did not want to because fighter pilots traditionally favored speed and appearance. In 1987, many A-10s were shifted to the forward air control (FAC) role and redesignated "OA-10". In the FAC role, the OA-10 is typical... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12502446 |
7,093 | A-10s of the 23rd TFW were deployed to Bridgetown, Barbados during Operation Urgent Fury, the 1983 American Invasion of Grenada. They provided air cover for the U.S. Marine Corps landings on the island of Carriacou in late October 1983, but did not fire weapons as Marines met no resistance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12502446 |
7,094 | The A-10 was used in combat for the first time during the Gulf War in 1991, with 132 being deployed. A-10s shot down two Iraqi helicopters with the GAU-8 cannon. The first of these was shot down by Captain Robert Swain over Kuwait on 6 February 1991 for the A-10's first air-to-air victory. Four A-10s were shot down dur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12502446 |
7,095 | U.S. Air Force A-10 aircraft fired approximately 10,000 30 mm rounds in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1994–95. Following the seizure of some heavy weapons by Bosnian Serbs from a warehouse in Ilidža, a series of sorties were launched to locate and destroy the captured equipment. On 5 August 1994, two A-10s located and stra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12502446 |
7,096 | A-10s returned to the Balkan region as part of Operation Allied Force in Kosovo beginning in March 1999. In March 1999, A-10s escorted and supported search and rescue helicopters in finding a downed F-117 pilot. The A-10s were deployed to support search and rescue missions, but over time the Warthogs began to receive m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12502446 |
7,097 | During the 2001 invasion of Afghanistan, A-10s did not take part in the initial stages. For the campaign against Taliban and Al Qaeda, A-10 squadrons were deployed to Pakistan and Bagram Air Base, Afghanistan, beginning in March 2002. These A-10s participated in Operation Anaconda. Afterward, A-10s remained in-country,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12502446 |
7,098 | Operation Iraqi Freedom began on 20 March 2003. Sixty OA-10/A-10 aircraft took part in early combat there. United States Air Forces Central Command issued "Operation Iraqi Freedom: By the Numbers", a declassified report about the aerial campaign in the conflict on 30 April 2003. During that initial invasion of Iraq, A-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12502446 |
7,099 | In September 2007, the A-10C with the Precision Engagement Upgrade reached initial operating capability. The A-10C first deployed to Iraq in 2007 with the 104th Fighter Squadron of the Maryland Air National Guard. The A-10C's digital avionics and communications systems have greatly reduced the time to acquire a close a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12502446 |
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