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798,178 | The "Dialogue" does not treat the Tychonic system, which was becoming the preferred system of many astronomers at the time of publication and which was ultimately proven incorrect. The Tychonic system is a motionless Earth system but not a Ptolemaic system; it is a hybrid system of the Copernican and Ptolemaic models. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=265006 |
800,792 | There have been several attempts to create methods and tools that can detect and observe biases within an algorithm. These emergent fields focus on tools which are typically applied to the (training) data used by the program rather than the algorithm's internal processes. These methods may also analyze a program's outp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55817338 |
826,863 | In an electrolytic cell, a current passes through the cell by an external voltage, causing a non-spontaneous chemical reaction to proceed. In a galvanic cell, the progress of a spontaneous chemical reaction causes an electric current to flow. An equilibrium electrochemical cell exists in the state between an electrolyt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=361021 |
827,681 | Exergy is a combination property of a system and its environment because it depends on the state of both the system and environment. The exergy of a system in equilibrium with the environment is zero. Exergy is neither a thermodynamic property of matter nor a thermodynamic potential of a system. Exergy and energy both ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1075005 |
828,138 | The underlying ideas for the D-Wave approach arose from experimental results in condensed matter physics, and in particular work on quantum annealing in magnets performed by Gabriel Aeppli, Thomas Felix Rosenbaum and collaborators, who had been checking the advantages, proposed by Bikas K. Chakrabarti & collaborators, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9448373 |
828,189 | If the function represents the quantum state vector , then the real expression , that depends on , forms a probability density function of the given state. The difference of a "density function" from simply a numerical probability means that one should integrate this modulus-squared function over some (small) domains i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=429425 |
871,334 | The primary aim of health-related AI applications is to analyze relationships between clinical techniques and patient outcomes. AI programs are applied to practices such as diagnostics, treatment protocol development, drug development, personalized medicine, and patient monitoring and care. What differentiates AI techn... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52588198 |
879,370 | Many biological processes involve the conversion of energy into forms that are usable for chemical transformations, and are quantum mechanical in nature. Such processes involve chemical reactions, light absorption, formation of excited electronic states, transfer of excitation energy, and the transfer of electrons and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13537626 |
887,484 | Despite the serious challenges presented by the inability to utilize the valuable rules of excluded middle and double negation elimination, intuitionistic logic has practical use. One reason for this is that its restrictions produce proofs that have the existence property, making it also suitable for other forms of mat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=169262 |
893,578 | A solar cell's quantum efficiency value indicates the amount of current that the cell will produce when irradiated by photons of a particular wavelength. If the cell's quantum efficiency is integrated over the whole solar electromagnetic spectrum, one can evaluate the amount of current that the cell will produce when e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1162543 |
899,043 | Specific energy or massic energy is energy per unit mass. It is also sometimes called gravimetric energy density, which is not to be confused with energy density, which is defined as energy per unit volume. It is used to quantify, for example, stored heat and other thermodynamic properties of substances such as specifi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2030045 |
899,049 | Energy density measures the energy released when the food is metabolized by a healthy organism when it ingests the food (see food energy for calculation) and the food is metabolized with oxygen, into waste products such as carbon dioxide and water. Besides alcohol the only sources of food energy are carbohydrates, fats... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2030045 |
917,545 | A "logical system" or "language" (not be confused with the kind of "formal language" discussed above which is described by a formal grammar), is a deductive system (see section above; most commonly first order predicate logic) together with additional (non-logical) axioms. According to model theory, a logical system ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=396102 |
938,028 | A particle in a fluid is described by a Langevin equation with a potential energy function, a damping force, and thermal fluctuations given by the fluctuation dissipation theorem. If the potential is quadratic then the constant energy curves are ellipses, as shown in the figure. If there is dissipation but no thermal n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=166890 |
955,937 | Osmosis is the movement of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane. The net movement of water molecules through a partially permeable membrane from a solution of high water potential to an area of low water potential. A cell with a less negative water potential will draw in water but this depends on oth... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=417014 |
958,433 | Quantum cryptography is the science of exploiting quantum mechanical properties to perform cryptographic tasks. The best known example of quantum cryptography is quantum key distribution which offers an information-theoretically secure solution to the key exchange problem. The advantage of quantum cryptography lies in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28676005 |
959,681 | Supervised learning is a type of algorithm that learns from labeled data and learns how to assign labels to future data that is unlabeled. In biology supervised learning can be helpful when we have data that we know how to categorize and we would like to categorize more data into those categories.A common supervised le... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=149353 |
961,326 | A MIL-STD-1553 multiplex data bus system consists of a Bus Controller (BC) controlling multiple Remote Terminals (RT) all connected together by a data bus providing a single data path between the Bus Controller and all the associated Remote Terminals. There may also be one or more Bus Monitors (BM); however, Bus Monito... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1441618 |
972,043 | During embryonic development, cells are restricted to different layers due to differential affinities. One of the ways this can occur is when cells share the same cell-to-cell adhesion molecules. For instance, homotypic cell adhesion can maintain boundaries between groups of cells that have different adhesion molecules... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19965 |
974,519 | Although the equipartition theorem makes accurate predictions in certain conditions, it is inaccurate when quantum effects are significant, such as at low temperatures. When the thermal energy is smaller than the quantum energy spacing in a particular degree of freedom, the average energy and heat capacity of this degr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=516133 |
974,602 | A commonly cited counter-example where energy is "not" shared among its various forms and where equipartition does "not" hold in the microcanonical ensemble is a system of coupled harmonic oscillators. If the system is isolated from the rest of the world, the energy in each normal mode is constant; energy is not transf... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=516133 |
987,319 | The flywheel collects a percentage of the initial kinetic energy of the car, and this percentage can be represented by formula_8. The flywheel stores the energy as rotational kinetic energy. Because the energy is kept as kinetic energy and not transformed into another type of energy this process is efficient. The flywh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=305992 |
1,001,168 | Wigner's friend is a thought experiment in theoretical quantum physics, first conceived by the physicist Eugene Wigner in 1961, and further developed by David Deutsch in 1985. The scenario involves an indirect observation of a quantum measurement: An observer formula_1 observes another observer formula_2 who performs a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=71119 |
1,003,261 | The study of the complexity of explicitly given algorithms is called analysis of algorithms, while the study of the complexity of problems is called computational complexity theory. Both areas are highly related, as the complexity of an algorithm is always an upper bound on the complexity of the problem solved by this ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6511 |
1,012,191 | After concluding that human reasoning is non-computable, Penrose went on to controversially speculate that some kind of hypothetical non-computable processes involving the collapse of quantum mechanical states give humans a special advantage over existing computers. Existing quantum computers are only capable of reduci... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2958015 |
1,022,390 | When the scope of variables declared within a function does not extend beyond that function, this is known as function scope. Function scope is available in most programming languages which offer a way to create a "local variable" in a function or subroutine: a variable whose scope ends (that goes out of context) when ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62068 |
1,022,391 | Importantly, in lexical scope a variable with function scope has scope only within the "lexical context" of the function: it goes out of context when another function is called within the function, and comes back into context when the function returns—called functions have no access to the local variables of calling fu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62068 |
1,025,405 | Systems biology was begun as a new field of science around 2000, when the Institute for Systems Biology was established in Seattle in an effort to lure "computational" type people who it was felt were not attracted to the academic settings of the university. The institute did not have a clear definition of what the fie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=467899 |
1,034,696 | The mean squared prediction error can be computed exactly in two contexts. First, with a data sample of length "n", the data analyst may run the regression over only "q" of the data points (with "q" < "n"), holding back the other "n – q" data points with the specific purpose of using them to compute the estimated model... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3244288 |
1,037,606 | A likelihood function arises from a probability density function considered as a function of its distributional parameterization argument. For example, consider a model which gives the probability density function formula_1 of observable random variable formula_2 as a function of a parameter formula_3 Then for a specif... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17905 |
1,039,032 | In contrast, for isolated systems (and fixed external parameters), the second law states that the entropy will increase to a maximum value at equilibrium. An isolated system has a fixed total energy and mass. A closed system, on the other hand, is a system which is connected to another, and cannot exchange matter (i.e.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3662314 |
1,042,935 | The figure shows the normalized effective sail area normalized by the coil area formula_215 for the MKM case from Gros of equation and for Zubrin from equation for formula_222, formula_116=100 km, and formula_205=0.1 (cm for the G-cloud on approach to Alpha Centauri corresponding to ISM density formula_225 (kg/m) consi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37845 |
1,042,938 | The figure plots the distance traveled while decelerating formula_255 (ly) and time required to decelerate formula_256 (yr) given a starting relative velocity formula_257 and a final velocity formula_258 (m/s) consistent with that from Freeland for the same parameters above. Equation gives the magsail mass formula_259 ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37845 |
1,045,790 | In the early 1950s, Eccles and his colleagues performed the research that would lead to his receiving the Nobel Prize. To study synapses in the peripheral nervous system, Eccles and colleagues used the stretch reflex as a model, which is easily studied because it consists of only two neurons: a sensory neuron (the musc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16426 |
1,047,380 | CdSe-derived nanoparticles with sizes below 10 nm exhibit a property known as quantum confinement. Quantum confinement results when the electrons in a material are confined to a very small volume. Quantum confinement is size dependent, meaning the properties of CdSe nanoparticles are tunable based on their size. One ty... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2115745 |
1,048,209 | In many colleges, a basic course in "statistics for non-statisticians" has required only algebra (and not calculus); for future statisticians, in contrast, the undergraduate exposure to statistics is highly mathematical. As undergraduates, future statisticians should have completed courses in multivariate calculus, lin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24985094 |
1,062,019 | In the field of cellular biology, single-cell analysis is the study of genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics and cell–cell interactions at the single cell level. The concept of single-cell analysis originated in the 1970s. Before the discovery of heterogeneity, single-cell analysis mainly referred to the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38991948 |
1,065,956 | The choice of free energy function, formula_13, can have a significant effect on the physical behaviour of the interface, and should be selected with care. The double-well function represents an approximation of the Van der Waals equation of state near the critical point, and has historically been used for its simplici... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16706608 |
1,073,582 | Calculating the elastic modulus with software involves using software filtering techniques to separate the critical unloading data from the rest of the load-displacement data. The start and end points are usually found by using user defined percentages. This user input increases the variability because of possible huma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4023692 |
1,097,721 | A form of enterprise application integration, it is intended to reduce costs and standardize on agreed data definitions associated with integrating business systems. A canonical model is any model that is canonical in nature, i.e. a model which is in the simplest form possible based on a standard, application integrati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27500605 |
1,143,310 | Inadequate data sanitization methods can result in two main problems: a breach of private information and compromises to the integrity of the original dataset. If data sanitization methods are unsuccessful at removing all sensitive information, it poses the risk of leaking this information to attackers. Numerous studie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=67273665 |
1,170,116 | Moreover, the theorem is historically significant for the role it played in ruling out the possibility of hidden variables in quantum mechanics. A hidden-variable theory that is deterministic implies that the probability of a given outcome is "always" either 0 or 1. For example, a Stern–Gerlach measurement on a spin-1 ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6796998 |
1,171,585 | Biosurveillance<br>In 1999, the University of Pittsburgh's Center for Biomedical Informatics deployed the first automated bioterrorism detection system, called RODS (Real-Time Outbreak Disease Surveillance). RODS is designed to draw collect data from many data sources and use them to perform signal detection, that is, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45584 |
1,187,599 | To formulate such a denotational semantics, one might first try to construct a "model" for the lambda calculus, in which a genuine (total) function is associated with each lambda term. Such a model would formalize a link between the lambda calculus as a purely syntactic system and the lambda calculus as a notational sy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=325077 |
1,191,397 | Hiley refers to the quantum potential as internal energy and as "a new quality of energy only playing a role in quantum processes". He explains that the quantum potential is a further energy term aside the well-known kinetic energy and the (classical) potential energy and that it is a nonlocal energy term that arises n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8057418 |
1,194,791 | Neurons are known as excitable cells because on its surface membrane there are an abundance of proteins known as ion-channels that allow small charged particles to pass in and out of the cell. The structure of the neuron allows chemical information to be received by its dendrites, propagated through the perikaryon (cel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1685778 |
1,198,300 | In physics, an open quantum system is a quantum-mechanical system that interacts with an external quantum system, which is known as the "environment" or a "bath". In general, these interactions significantly change the dynamics of the system and result in quantum dissipation, such that the information contained in the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1079106 |
1,198,747 | A fire requires heat, fuel, and an oxidizing agent. The energy required to overcome the activation energy barrier for combustion is transferred as heat into the system, resulting in changes to the system's internal energy. In a process, the energy input to start a fire may comprise both work and heat, such as when one ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5598930 |
1,200,066 | Over the same period in the 1980s, biologists studying cell motility had hit upon an interesting and reproducible behavior of cells in culture: the scattering response. Epithelial cells in culture grow normally as tight clusters. However, they could be induced to break cell-cell contacts and become elongated and motile... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55054202 |
1,201,521 | The simplest stochastic Lagrangian model is the Langevin equation, which provides a model for the velocity following the fluid particle. In particular, the Langevin equation for the fluid-particle velocity yields a complete prediction for turbulent dispersion. According to the equation, the Lagrangian velocity autocorr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7747984 |
1,236,429 | The log-linear models can be thought of to be on a continuum with the two extremes being the simplest model and the saturated model. The simplest model is the model where all the expected frequencies are equal. This is true when the variables are not related. The saturated model is the model that includes all the model... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35696836 |
1,281,417 | If the quantum system has a classical analog, e.g. a coherent state or thermal radiation, then is non-negative everywhere like an ordinary probability distribution. If, however, the quantum system has no classical analog, e.g. an incoherent Fock state or entangled system, then is negative somewhere or more singular tha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5906119 |
1,286,658 | Occasionally, and somewhat confusingly, the term "continuous quantum computation" is used to refer to a different area of quantum computing: the study of how to use quantum systems having "finite"-dimensional Hilbert spaces to calculate or approximate the answers to mathematical questions involving continuous functions... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54782330 |
1,315,850 | Motorola offered a 1970s-era system based on the United States Coast Guard LORAN maritime navigation system. The LORAN system was intended for ships but signal levels on the US east- and west-coast areas were adequate for use with receivers in automobiles. The system may have been marketed under the Motorola model name... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=369646 |
1,319,118 | The MBS process often can be divided in 5 main activities. The first activity of the MBS process chain is the” 3D CAD master model”, in which product developers, designers and engineers are using the CAD system to generate a CAD model and its assembly structure related to given specifications. This 3D CAD master model ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40547030 |
1,328,325 | NARMAX methods are designed to do more than find the best approximating model. System identification can be divided into two aims. The first involves approximation where the key aim is to develop a model that approximates the data set such that good predictions can be made. There are many applications where this approa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40158142 |
1,332,570 | Hydraulic hybrid vehicle systems consists of four main components: the working fluid, reservoir, pump/motor (in parallel hybrid system) or in-wheel motors and pumps (in series hybrid system), and accumulator. In some systems, a hydraulic transformer is also installed for converting output flow at any pressure with a ve... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23268078 |
1,357,648 | The resulting top-level OPD is the system diagram (SD), which includes the stakeholder group, in particular the beneficiary group, and additional top-level environmental things, which provide the context for the system's operation. The SD should contain only the central and important things—those things indispensable f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1656850 |
1,360,834 | Shiing-Shen Chern published his proof of the theorem in 1944 while at the Institute for Advanced Study. This was historically the first time that the formula was proven without assuming the manifold to be embedded in a Euclidean space, which is what it means by "intrinsic". The special case for a hypersurface (an n-1-d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=393115 |
1,373,324 | The concerns about the energy needs and environmental impacts of data centers are intensifying. Energy efficiency is one of the major challenges of today's Information and communications technology (ICT) sector. The networking portion of a data center is accounted to consume around 15% of overall cyber energy usage. Ar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41945536 |
1,389,009 | How, then, does one define a concept as a system's total mass which is easily defined in classical mechanics? As it turns out, at least for spacetimes which are asymptotically flat (roughly speaking, which represent some isolated gravitating system in otherwise empty and gravity-free infinite space), the ADM 3+1 split ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6513985 |
1,389,031 | This conjecture was soon proved to be correct by one of Hilbert's close associates, Emmy Noether. Noether's theorem applies to any system which can be described by an action principle. Noether's theorem associates conserved energies with time-translation symmetries. When the time-translation symmetry is a finite parame... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6513985 |
1,412,953 | XCS inspired the development of a whole new generation of LCS algorithms and applications. In 1995, Congdon was the first to apply LCS to real-world epidemiological investigations of disease followed closely by Holmes who developed the BOOLE++, EpiCS, and later EpiXCS for epidemiological classification. These early wor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=854461 |
1,421,734 | Induction of proliferation by the EpoR is likely cell type-dependent. It is known that EpoR can activate mitogenic signaling pathways and can lead to cell proliferation in erythroleukemic cell lines "in vitro", various non-erythroid cells, and cancer cells. So far, there is no sufficient evidence that "in vivo", EpoR s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5827434 |
1,425,156 | Intracrine refers to a hormone that acts inside a cell, regulating intracellular events. In simple terms it means that the cell stimulates itself by cellular production of a factor that acts within the cell. Steroid hormones act through intracellular (mostly nuclear) receptors and, thus, may be considered to be intracr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4060393 |
1,469,211 | Typically, a signal box with an intermediate block section will have a home signal (and associated distant signal), starting signal and an intermediate block home signal which has its own distant signal. The line from the starting signal to the intermediate block home signal is called the intermediate block home sectio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2861203 |
1,482,507 | In quantum computing, the variational quantum eigensolver (VQE) is a quantum algorithm for quantum chemistry, quantum simulations and optimization problems. It is a hybrid algorithm that uses both classical computers and quantum computers to find the ground state of a given physical system. Given a guess or ansatz, the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=68092250 |
1,533,348 | A term closely related to data archaeology is data lineage. The first step in performing data archeology is an investigation into their data lineage. Data lineage entails the history of the data, its source and any alterations or transformations they have undergone. Data lineage can be found in the metadata of a datase... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2588620 |
1,534,210 | One example of a computer system that can be used as a computer-aided ergonomics system is "The AnyBody Modeling System" that consider the human body as a dynamic multi-rigid-body system. The human model is a public domain model contains most of the bones, muscles and joints that are present in the human body. The mode... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21559539 |
1,534,827 | Now, paradigms are concerned with not only theory but also modes of behaviour within inquiry. One significant part of Beer's paradigm is the development of his Viable Systems Model (VSM) that addresses problem situations in terms of control and communication processes, seeking to ensure system viability within the obje... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=51777886 |
1,536,949 | The G protein-coupled receptor, GPR31, cloned from PC3 human prostate cancer cell line is a high affinity (Kd=4.8 nM) receptor for 12("S")-HETE; GPR31 does not bind 12("R")-HETE and has relatively little affinity for 5("S")-HETE or 15("S")-HETE. GPR31 mRNA is expressed at low levels in several human cell lines includin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24796896 |
1,549,508 | There are four instrumentation components used to detect these signals: (1) the signal source, (2) the transducer used to detect the signal, (3) the amplifier, and (4) the signal processing circuit. The signal source refers to the location at which the EMG electrode is place. EMG signal acquisition is dependent on dist... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40610658 |
1,573,133 | Designing workflow for processing and combining the resulting multimodal data depends on the particular research question patch-seq is being applied to. In cell typing studies the data should be compared with existing scRNA-seq studies with larger sample sizes (in the order of thousands of cells compared to tens or hun... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=66692692 |
1,580,787 | From time to time a system forms a new concept or eliminates an old one. At every level, the NMF system always keeps a reserve of vague (fuzzy) inactive concept-models. They are inactive in that their parameters are not adapted to the data; therefore their similarities to signals are low. Yet, because of a large vaguen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19208664 |
1,593,443 | In general, electron energy loss spectroscopy is based on the energy losses of electrons when inelastically scattered on matter. An incident beam of electrons with a known energy (E) is scattered on a sample. The scattering of these electrons can excite the electronic structure of the sample. If this is the case the sc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1942466 |
1,610,737 | To understand why it is a good idea for a statistical language model to contain a cache component one might consider someone who is dictating a letter about elephants to a speech recognition system. Standard (non-cache) N-gram language models will assign a very low probability to the word "elephant" because it is a ver... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31139924 |
1,616,472 | Combining multi-dimensional algebraic notation with the relational data model was the obvious answer. Compiler writing techniques were by now widespread, and languages like GAMS could be implemented relatively quickly. However, translating this rigorous mathematical representation into the algorithm-specific format req... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1438314 |
1,633,528 | As already observed, the parametric search technique can be substantially sped up by replacing the simulated test algorithm by an efficient parallel algorithm, for instance in the parallel random-access machine (PRAM) model of parallel computation, where a collection of processors operate in synchrony on a shared memor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50716864 |
1,634,606 | A typical ADV system equipped with N receivers records simultaneously 4.N values with each sample. That is, for each receiver, a velocity component, a signal strength value, a signal-to-noise (SNR) and a correlation value. The signal strength, SNR and correlation values are used primarily to determine the quality and a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22366672 |
1,634,607 | Although acoustic Doppler velocimetry (ADV) has become a popular technique in laboratory in field applications, several researchers pointed out accurately that the ADV signal outputs include the combined effects of turbulent velocity fluctuations, Doppler noise, signal aliasing, turbulent shear and other disturbances. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22366672 |
1,642,964 | There was a case of application of partially linear model in biometrics by Zeger and Diggle in 1994. The research objective of their paper is the evolution period cycle of CD4 cell amounts in HIV (Human immune-deficiency virus) seroconverters (Zeger and Diggle, 1994). CD4 cell plays a significant role in immune functio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60262610 |
1,655,822 | In quantum field theory, there exist quantum categories. and quantum double groupoids. One can consider quantum double groupoids to be fundamental groupoids defined via a 2-functor, which allows one to think about the physically interesting case of quantum fundamental groupoids (QFGs) in terms of the bicategory Span(Gr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19515158 |
1,660,708 | Due to a delay in the MICNS secure data link, the first prototype system was produced in a Block I configuration. This system used the same air vehicle (minus the MICNS and automated landing system), the same hydraulic launcher, the same hydraulically operated recovery system, and same Ground Control System. This syste... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17844797 |
1,663,915 | A problem with solar cells is that the high energy photons that hit the surface are converted to heat. This is a loss for the cell because the incoming photons are not converted into usable energy. The idea behind the hot carrier cell is to utilize some of that incoming energy which is converted to heat. If the electro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25451813 |
1,682,742 | The quantum automaton differs from the topological automaton in that, instead of having a binary result (is the iterated point in, or not in, the final set?), one has a probability. The quantum probability is the (square of) the initial state projected onto some final state "P"; that is formula_108. But this probabilit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7926008 |
1,688,747 | The IBM System/38 was intended to be the successor of the System/34 and the earlier System/3x systems. However, due to the delays in the development of the System/38 and the high cost of the hardware once complete, IBM developed the simpler and cheaper System/36 platform which was more widely adopted than the System/38... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=256354 |
1,695,988 | In machine learning, Manifold regularization is a technique for using the shape of a dataset to constrain the functions that should be learned on that dataset. In many machine learning problems, the data to be learned do not cover the entire input space. For example, a facial recognition system may not need to classify... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48777199 |
1,705,673 | Kuṭṭaka is an algorithm for finding integer solutions of linear Diophantine equations. A linear Diophantine equation is an equation of the form "ax" + "by" = "c" where "x" and "y" are unknown quantities and "a", "b", and "c" are known quantities with integer values. The algorithm was originally invented by the Indian a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49669987 |
1,713,348 | The National Meteorological Center's Global Spectral Model was introduced during August 1980. The European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts model debuted on May 1, 1985. The United Kingdom Met Office has been running their global model since the late 1980s, adding a 3D-Var data assimilation scheme in mid-1999.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30890995 |
1,744,981 | The third, SROSS 3 (also known as SROSS C), attained a lower-than-planned orbit on 20 May 1992. The GRB monitored celestial gamma ray bursts in the energy range 20–3000 keV. SROSS C and C2 carried a gamma-ray burst (GRB) experiment and a Retarded Potential Analyzer (RPA) experiment. The GRB experiment operated from 25 ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11385141 |
1,748,846 | Video modulation is a strategy of transmitting video signal in the field of radio modulation and television technology. This strategy enables the video signal to be transmitted more efficiently through long distances. In general, video modulation means that a higher frequency carrier wave is modified according to the o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=566523 |
1,756,362 | Chemical compatibility is important when choosing materials for chemical storage or reactions, so that the vessel and other apparatus will not be damaged by its contents. For purposes of chemical storage, chemicals that are incompatible should not be stored together so that any leak will not cause an even more dangerou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8761205 |
1,772,216 | A marathon runner's velocity at lactate threshold is strongly correlated to their performance. Lactate threshold or anaerobic threshold is considered a good indicator of the body's ability to efficiently process and transfer chemical energy into mechanical energy. A marathon is considered an aerobic dominant exercise, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57276769 |
1,803,608 | QTT addresses the measurement problem in quantum mechanics by providing a detailed description of what happens during the so-called "collapse of the wave function". It reconciles the concept of a quantum jump with the smooth evolution described by the Schrödinger equation. The theory suggests that "quantum jumps" are n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65266370 |
1,819,870 | Algorithmic complexity is the rate in which an algorithm performs. Although there are multiple ways to solve a computational problem, the best and most effective way in doing so matters. All factors such as the hardware, networking, programming language, and performance constraints play into the time a program takes to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27733786 |
1,823,042 | Energy security measures center on reducing dependence on any one source of imported energy or supplier, exploiting renewable energy resources, and reducing demand by energy conservation. Finland is highly dependent on energy import from Russia: 71% of total energy in 2007: Hard coal 92%, raw oil 75% and natural gas 10... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32854563 |
1,823,050 | For example, the politicians of Espoo sold the public district heating system for the big energy company Fortum in 2006. Since then the district heating prices in Espoo have kept rising and Espoo city has lost tens of millions of euros annually in the energy business compared to nearby cities Helsinki and Vantaa. Furth... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32854563 |
1,835,621 | Development of CICE began in 1994 by Elizabeth Hunke at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL). Since its initial release in 1998 following development of the Elastic-Viscous-Plastic (EVP) sea ice rheology within the model, it has been substantially developed by an international community of model users and developers. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58881336 |
1,838,647 | Scanning the photon energy corresponds to shifting the internal energy distribution of the parent ion. The parent ion sits in a potential energy well, in which the lowest energy exit channel often corresponds to the breaking of the weakest chemical bond, resulting in the formation of a fragment or daughter ion. A mass ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34385670 |
1,853,207 | "Contemporary Physics" has been published by Taylor & Francis since 1959 and publishes four issues per year. The subjects covered by this journal are: astrophysics, atomic and nuclear physics, chemical physics, computational physics, condensed matter physics, environmental physics, experimental physics, general physics... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25728623 |
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