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1,014,795 | Data center facilities are heavy consumers of energy, accounting for between 1.1% and 1.5% of the world's total energy use in 2010 [1]. The U.S. Department of Energy estimates that data center facilities consume up to 100 to 200 times more energy than standard office buildings.<ref name="https://energy.gov">“Best Pract... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1661475 |
1,020,550 | A simple example of the modern Hopfield network can be written in terms of binary variables formula_60 that represent the active formula_68 and inactive formula_69 state of the model neuron formula_62.formula_71In this formula the weights formula_72 represent the matrix of memory vectors (index formula_73 enumerates di... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1170097 |
1,023,812 | In his introduction to Post 1921, van Heijenoort observes that both the "truth-table and the axiomatic approaches are clearly presented". This matter of a proof of consistency both ways (by a model theory, by axiomatic proof theory) comes up in the more-congenial version of Post's consistency proof that can be found in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1252308 |
1,024,448 | The process of ICA based on infomax in short is: given a set of signal mixtures formula_89 and a set of identical independent model cumulative distribution functions(cdfs) formula_116, we seek the unmixing matrix formula_117 which maximizes the joint entropy of the signals formula_118, where formula_119 are the signals... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=598031 |
1,034,542 | In the past several decades, the most popular fault model used in practice is the single stuck-at fault model. In this model, one of the signal lines in a circuit is assumed to be stuck at a fixed logic value, regardless of what inputs are supplied to the circuit. Hence, if a circuit has "n" signal lines, there are pot... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=374448 |
1,035,051 | Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting, is also known as flow cytometry cell sorting, or commonly known by the acronym FACS, which is a trademark of Becton Dickinson and Company. Fluorescence activated cell sorting utilizes flow cytometry to separate cells based on morphological parameters and the expression of multiple e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22327978 |
1,039,036 | Consider, for one, the familiar example of a marble on the edge of a bowl. If we consider the marble and bowl to be an isolated system, then when the marble drops, the potential energy will be converted to the kinetic energy of motion of the marble. Frictional forces will convert this kinetic energy to heat, and at equ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3662314 |
1,046,892 | An MFA system is a model of an industrial plant, an industrial sector or a region of concern. The level of detail of the system model is chosen to fit the purpose of the study. An MFA system always consists of the system boundary, one or more processes, material flows between processes, and stocks of materials within p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7886277 |
1,048,218 | In recent decades, there has been an increased emphasis on data analysis and scientific inquiry in statistics education. In the United Kingdom, the Smith inquiry "Making Mathematics Count" suggests teaching basic statistical concepts as part of the science curriculum, rather than as part of mathematics. In the United S... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24985094 |
1,049,539 | The non-random two-liquid model (abbreviated NRTL model) is an activity coefficient model that correlates the activity coefficients formula_1 of a compound with its mole fractions formula_2 in the liquid phase concerned. It is frequently applied in the field of chemical engineering to calculate phase equilibria. The co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14053488 |
1,065,745 | Quantum cognition is an emerging field which applies the mathematical formalism of quantum theory to model cognitive phenomena such as information processing by the human brain, language, decision making, human memory, concepts and conceptual reasoning, human judgment, and perception. The field clearly distinguishes it... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30138821 |
1,070,095 | The proof of the no-hiding theorem is based on the linearity and the unitarity of quantum mechanics. The original information which is missing from the final state simply remains in the subspace of the environmental Hilbert space. Also, note that the original information is not in the correlation between the system and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54424691 |
1,074,021 | With unlabelled protein the usual procedure is to record a set of two-dimensional homonuclear nuclear magnetic resonance experiments through correlation spectroscopy (COSY), of which several types include conventional correlation spectroscopy, "total correlation" spectroscopy (TOCSY) and nuclear Overhauser effect spect... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3654507 |
1,077,736 | A non-trivial topology does not in itself imply energetic stability. There is in fact no necessary relation between topology and energetic stability. Hence, one must be careful not to confuse ‘topological stability,’ which is a mathematical concept, with energy stability in real physical systems. Topological stability ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44416015 |
1,083,170 | There are many ways to validate a model. Residual plots plot the difference between the actual data and the model's predictions: correlations in the residual plots may indicate a flaw in the model. Cross validation is a method of model validation that iteratively refits the model, each time leaving out just a small sam... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26502065 |
1,090,025 | where "K" is kinetic energy, "m" is mass, and "v" is velocity. Because the mass of a roller coaster car remains constant, if the speed is increased, the kinetic energy must also increase. This means that the kinetic energy for the roller coaster system is greatest at the bottom of the largest downhill slope on the trac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25303858 |
1,090,096 | One reason for the lack of global symmetry breaking is, that one can easily excite long wavelength fluctuations which destroy perfect order. ``Easily excited´´ means, that the energy for those fluctuations tend to zero for large enough systems. Let's consider a magnetic model (e.g. the XY-model in one dimension). It is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4186556 |
1,090,700 | The first workstations in the series, the Model 720, Model 730 and Model 750 systems were introduced on 26 March 1991 and were code-named "Snakes". The models used the PA-7000 microprocessor, with the Model 720 using a 50 MHz version and the Model 730 and Model 750 using a 66 MHz version. The PA-7000 is provided with 1... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=952894 |
1,092,067 | An analytical solution to the Poisson–Boltzmann equation can be used to describe an electron-electron interaction in a metal-insulator semiconductor (MIS). This can be used to describe both time and position dependence of dissipative systems such as a mesoscopic system. This is done by solving the Poisson–Boltzmann equ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6161274 |
1,093,015 | The runtime of the quantum algorithm for solving systems of linear equations originally proposed by Harrow et al. was shown to be formula_82, where formula_83 is the error parameter and formula_1 is the condition number of formula_7. This was subsequently improved to formula_86 by Andris Ambainis and a quantum algorith... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42676762 |
1,093,030 | Wiebe et al. provide a new quantum algorithm to determine the quality of a least-squares fit in which a continuous function is used to approximate a set of discrete points by extending the quantum algorithm for linear systems of equations. As the number of discrete points increases, the time required to produce a least... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42676762 |
1,103,991 | In 1988–1990, the destruction of munitions containing BZ, a non-lethal hallucinating agent occurred at Pine Bluff Chemical Activity in Arkansas. Hawthorne Army Depot in Nevada destroyed all M687 chemical artillery shells and 458 metric tons of binary precursor chemicals by July 1999. Operations were completed at Johnst... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40505833 |
1,110,426 | At its core, erwin has a computer-aided software engineering tool (or CASE tool). Users can utilize erwin Data Modeler as a way to take conceptual data model and create a logical data model that is not dependent on a specific database technology. This schematic model can be used to create the physical data model. Users... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9502078 |
1,116,785 | Stochastic resonance (SR) is observed when noise added to a system changes the system's behaviour in some fashion. More technically, SR occurs if the signal-to-noise ratio of a nonlinear system or device increases for moderate values of noise intensity. It often occurs in bistable systems or in systems with a sensory t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=965419 |
1,117,954 | Data assimilation is a mathematical discipline that seeks to optimally combine theory (usually in the form of a numerical model) with observations. There may be a number of different goals sought – for example, to determine the optimal state estimate of a system, to determine initial conditions for a numerical forecast... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2458875 |
1,119,433 | Here, is a function from the space of states to the real numbers; in physics applications, is interpreted as the energy of the configuration "x". The parameter is a free parameter; in physics, it is the inverse temperature. The normalizing constant is the partition function. However, in infinite systems, the total ener... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3085914 |
1,150,678 | Along with Zurek's related theory of envariance (invariance due to quantum entanglement), quantum Darwinism seeks to explain how the classical world emerges from the quantum world and proposes to answer the quantum measurement problem, the main interpretational challenge for quantum theory. The measurement problem aris... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1334123 |
1,155,732 | A data grid is an architecture or set of services that gives individuals or groups of users the ability to access, modify and transfer extremely large amounts of geographically distributed data for research purposes. Data grids make this possible through a host of middleware applications and services that pull together... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35951900 |
1,155,736 | The data transport service also provides for the low-level access and connections between hosts for file transfer. The data transport service may use any number of modes to implement the transfer to include parallel data transfer where two or more data streams are used over the same channel or striped data transfer whe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35951900 |
1,156,815 | The microscopic origin of the atomic magnetic moments in magnetic materials is quantum mechanical; the Planck constant enters explicitly in the equation defining the magnetic moment of an electron, along with its charge and its mass. Yet, the magnetic moments in the dysprosium titanate and the holmium titanate spin ice... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4376459 |
1,158,754 | In the field of energetics, an energy carrier is produced by human technology from a primary energy source. Only the energy sector uses primary energy sources. Other sectors of society use an energy carrier to perform useful activities (end-uses). The distinction between "Energy Carriers" (EC) and "Primary Energy Sourc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=827528 |
1,170,102 | In mathematical physics, Gleason's theorem shows that the rule one uses to calculate probabilities in quantum physics, the Born rule, can be derived from the usual mathematical representation of measurements in quantum physics together with the assumption of non-contextuality. Andrew M. Gleason first proved the theorem... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6796998 |
1,175,214 | Energy efficiency and renewable energy are twin pillars of a sustainable energy future. However, there is little linking of these pillars despite their potential synergies. The more efficiently energy services are delivered, the faster renewable energy can become an effective and significant contributor of primary ener... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37904380 |
1,177,093 | EnergyPATHWAYS is a comprehensive accounting framework used to construct economy-wide energy infrastructure scenarios. While portions of the model do use linear programming techniques, for instance, for electricity dispatch, the EnergyPATHWAYS model is not fundamentally an optimization model and embeds few decision dyn... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38803848 |
1,183,112 | Pure Physics major programmes are provided in the Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK), Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST) and University of Hong Kong (HKU). Topics include engineering physics, mechanics, thermodynamics, fluids, wave, optics, modern physics, laboratory, heat, electromagnetism, qua... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2711029 |
1,184,471 | Existing 3D methods are not without limitations, including scalability, reproducibility, sensitivity, and compatibility with high-throughput screening (HTS) instruments. Cell-based HTS relies on rapid determination of cellular response to drug interaction, such as dose dependent cell viability, cell-cell/cell-matrix in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39905795 |
1,190,314 | The method is based on the idea of a so-called fraction function formula_1. It is a scalar function, defined as the integral of a fluid's characteristic function in the control volume, namely the volume of a computational grid cell. The volume fraction of each fluid is tracked through every cell in the computational gr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16676201 |
1,191,385 | B. Hiley and R. E. Callaghan re-interpret the role of the Bohm model and its notion of quantum potential in the framework of Clifford algebra, taking account of recent advances that include the work of David Hestenes on spacetime algebra. They show how, within a nested hierarchy of Clifford algebras formula_72, for eac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8057418 |
1,195,889 | One of the most well-known examples in social physics is the relationship of the Ising model and the voting dynamics of a finite population. The Ising model, as a model of ferromagnetism, is represented by a grid of spaces, each of which is occupied by a spin (physics), numerically ±1. Mathematically, the final energy ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52054307 |
1,198,305 | The time evolution of quantum systems can be determined by solving the effective equations of motion, also known as master equations, that govern how the density matrix describing the system changes over time and the dynamics of the observables that are associated with the system. In general, however, the environment t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1079106 |
1,202,709 | In physics, fields are entities that interact with matter and can be described mathematically by assigning a value to each point in space and time. Vector fields are fields which are assigned both a numerical value and a direction at each point in space and time. Electric charges produce a vector field called the elect... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58686423 |
1,203,293 | The existence of non-standard models of arithmetic can be demonstrated by an application of the compactness theorem. To do this, a set of axioms P* is defined in a language including the language of Peano arithmetic together with a new constant symbol "x". The axioms consist of the axioms of Peano arithmetic P together... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6251420 |
1,221,856 | On March 2, 2010, at the inaugural ARPA-E Energy Innovation Summit, U.S. Energy Secretary Steven Chu announced a third funding opportunity for ARPA-E projects. Like the second funding opportunity, ARPA-E solicited projects by category: Grid-Scale Rampable Intermittent Dispatchable Storage (GRIDS), Agile Delivery of Ele... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21687875 |
1,235,651 | Furthermore, it has been shown that cell-cell adhesion formation not only restricts growth and proliferation by imposing physical constraints such as cell area, but also by triggering signaling pathways that downregulate proliferation. One such pathway is the Hippo-YAP signaling pathway, which is largely responsible fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6020806 |
1,235,815 | Physics-based energy functions, such as AMBER and CHARMM, are typically derived from quantum mechanical simulations, and experimental data from thermodynamics, crystallography, and spectroscopy. These energy functions typically simplify physical energy function and make them pairwise decomposable, meaning that the tota... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1581752 |
1,235,818 | used mostly in molecular dynamics simulations, are optimized for the simulation of single sequences, but protein design searches through many conformations of many sequences. Thus, molecular mechanics force-fields must be tailored for protein design. In practice, protein design energy functions often incorporate both s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1581752 |
1,238,152 | "Shigella flexneri" is an intracellular bacterium that infects the epithelial lining of the mammalian intestinal tract. This bacterium is acid tolerant and can survive conditions of pH 2. Thus, it is able to enter the mouth of its host and survive passage through the stomach to the colon. Once inside of the colon, "S. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3041236 |
1,239,760 | Within atomic, molecular, and optical physics, there are numerous studies using molecules to verify fundamental constants and probe for physics beyond the Standard Model. Certain molecular structures are predicted to be sensitive to new physics phenomena, such as parity and time-reversal violation. Molecules are also c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=675130 |
1,242,940 | The phase qubit is operated in the zero-voltage state, with formula_22. At very low temperatures, much less than 1 K (achievable using a cryogenic system known as a dilution refrigerator), with a sufficiently high resistance and small capacitance Josephson junction, quantum energy levels become detectable in the local ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21650344 |
1,246,975 | Through 2019 AFC Energy altered its focus towards EV charging and partnered with Rolec. Perceived advantages of the AFC Energy system are the ability to operate in remote off-grid areas, the ability to neutralise the constraints of grid capacity in any situation, and carbon-free power generation. During 2019 AFC also s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27064054 |
1,261,744 | Data must have an identity to be accessible. For instance, Skute is a mechanism based on key/value storage that allows dynamic data allocation in an efficient way. Each server must be identified by a label in the form continent-country-datacenter-room-rack-server. The server can reference multiple virtual nodes, with e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41471789 |
1,274,453 | system that describes the rates of change in each metabolite's concentration or amount. To this end, a rate law, i.e., a kinetic equation that determines the rate of reaction based on the concentrations of all reactants is required for each reaction. Software packages that include numerical integrators, such as COPASI ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3408308 |
1,286,659 | One example of a scientific problem that is naturally expressed in continuous terms is path integration. The general technique of path integration has numerous applications including quantum mechanics, quantum chemistry, statistical mechanics, and computational finance. Because randomness is present throughout quantum ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54782330 |
1,311,647 | Syntactic interoperability (see below) is a prerequisite for semantic interoperability. Syntactic interoperability refers to the packaging and transmission mechanisms for data. In healthcare, HL7 has been in use for over thirty years (which predates the internet and web technology), and uses the pipe character (|) as a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7233280 |
1,319,485 | Use of the "force-mediating particle" picture (FMPP) is unnecessary in nonrelativistic quantum mechanics, and Coulomb's law is used as given in atomic physics and quantum chemistry to calculate both bound and scattering states. A non-perturbative relativistic quantum theory, in which Lorentz invariance is preserved, is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28152615 |
1,319,875 | Stapp's work has drawn criticism from scientists such as David Bourget and Danko Georgiev. Recent papers and a book by Georgiev criticize Stapp's model in two aspects: (1) The mind in Stapp's model does not have its own wavefunction or density matrix, but nevertheless can act upon the brain using projection operators. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1157602 |
1,322,077 | Integrated quantum photonics, uses photonic integrated circuits to control photonic quantum states for applications in quantum technologies. As such, integrated quantum photonics provides a promising approach to the miniaturisation and scaling up of optical quantum circuits. The major application of integrated quantum ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49512158 |
1,327,831 | In the energy methods of simulating the dynamics of complex structures, a state of the system is often described as an element of an appropriate function space. To be in this state, the system pays a certain cost in terms of energy required by the state. This energy is a scalar quantity, a function of the state, hence ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20560973 |
1,342,323 | Anomaly detection, is formally defined as the process of identifying unexpected items or events in data sets, which differ from the norm. The prominence of social networking in the current era has led to many hidden potential concerns, primarily those related to information privacy. As more and more users rely on the s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60504486 |
1,344,672 | Quantum imaging is a new sub-field of quantum optics that exploits quantum correlations such as quantum entanglement of the electromagnetic field in order to image objects with a resolution or other imaging criteria that is beyond what is possible in classical optics. Examples of quantum imaging are quantum ghost imagi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14967282 |
1,347,096 | A governing equation may also be a state equation, an equation describing the state of the system, and thus actually be a constitutive equation that has "stepped up the ranks" because the model in question was not meant to include a time-dependent term in the equation. This is the case for a model of an oil production ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=51232766 |
1,347,393 | Perturb-seq or other conceptually similar protocols can be used to address a broad scope of biological questions and the applications of this technology will likely grow over time. Three papers on this topic, published in the December 2016 issue of the Journal Cell, demonstrated the utility of this method by applying i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53353992 |
1,353,662 | A statistical technique where the amount of model accuracy is specified as a range has recently been developed. The technique uses hypothesis testing to accept a model if the difference between a model's variable of interest and a system's variable of interest is within a specified range of accuracy. A requirement is t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35658939 |
1,363,130 | The Goldman model differs from the Kidd-Stubbs series decompression model in that the Goldman model assumes linear kinetics, where the K-S model includes a quadratic component, and the Goldman model considers only the central well-perfused compartment to contribute explicitly to risk, while the K-S model assumes all co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38814223 |
1,364,484 | The "Caulobacter" cell cycle regulatory system controls many modular subsystems that organize the progression of cell growth and reproduction. A control system constructed using biochemical and genetic logic circuitry organizes the timing of initiation of each of these subsystems. The central feature of the cell cycle ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=839361 |
1,364,486 | Each process activated by the proteins of the cell cycle engine involve a cascade of many reactions. The longest subsystem cascade is DNA replication. In "Caulobacter" cells, replication of the chromosome involves about 2 million DNA synthesis reactions for each arm of the chromosome over 40 to 80 min depending on cond... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=839361 |
1,364,488 | The control circuitry that directs and paces "Caulobacter" cell cycle progression involves the entire cell operating as an integrated system. The control circuitry monitors the environment and the internal state of the cell, including the cell topology, as it orchestrates activation of cell cycle subsystems and "Caulob... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=839361 |
1,377,047 | The relation between formula_41 and formula_42 can be deduced directly from energy conservation. Since the energy associated with the undisturbed gas is neglected by setting formula_8, the total energy of the gas within the shock sphere must be equal to formula_1. Due to self-similarity, it is clear that not only the t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65783919 |
1,386,026 | Cell–cell recognition is a cell's ability to distinguish one type of neighboring cell from another. This phenomenon occurs when complementary molecules on opposing cell surfaces meet. A receptor on one cell surface binds to its specific ligand on a nearby cell, initiating a cascade of events which regulate cell behavio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27340103 |
1,422,518 | A differential backup is a type of data backup that preserves data, saving only the difference in the data since the last full backup. The rationale in this is that, since changes to data are generally few compared to the entire amount of data in the data repository, the amount of time required to complete the backup w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8463448 |
1,429,048 | When the cell undergoes cell death during mitosis this is known as mitotic death. This is characterized by high levels of cyclin B1 still present in the cell at the time of cell death indicating the cell never finished mitosis. Mitotic catastrophe can also lead to the cell being fated for cell death by apoptosis or nec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22754707 |
1,443,762 | A different approach to describe energy dissipation is to consider time dependent Hamiltonians. Against a common misunderstanding, the resulting unitary dynamics can describe energy dissipation, as certain degrees of freedom loose energy and others gain energy. However, the quantum mechanical state of the system stays ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17580393 |
1,445,527 | His research is focused on quantum optics, the quantum theory of information and quantum many-body physics. According to his theories, quantum computing will revolutionize the information society and lead to much more efficient and secure communication of information. His joint work with Peter Zoller on ion trap quantu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7507400 |
1,446,698 | In semiconductors, valence electrons are located in energy bands. According to band theory, the electrons are either located in the valence band (lower energy) or the conduction band (higher energy), which are separated by an energy gap. In general, electrons will occupy different energy levels following the Fermi-Dira... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=66494982 |
1,471,962 | Numerous studies have confirmed the existence of two main patterns of cancer cell invasion by cell migration: collective cell migration and individual cell migration, by which tumor cells overcome barriers of the extracellular matrix and spread into surrounding tissues. Each pattern of cell migration displays specific ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58886026 |
1,492,970 | Even casual conversation with the computer's operators, or with a human guard, could allow such a superintelligent AI to deploy psychological tricks, ranging from befriending to blackmail, to convince a human gatekeeper, truthfully or deceitfully, that it is in the gatekeeper's interest to agree to allow the AI greater... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31641770 |
1,504,675 | Neurons communicate with one another via synapses. Synapses are specialized junctions between two cells in close apposition to one another. In a synapse, the neuron that sends the signal is the presynaptic neuron and the target cell receives that signal is the postsynaptic neuron or cell. Synapses can be either electri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20848680 |
1,541,042 | In quantum mechanics, a quantum speed limit (QSL) is a limitation on the minimum time for a quantum system to evolve between two distinguishable states. QSL are closely related to time-energy uncertainty relations. In 1945, Leonid Mandelstam and Igor Tamm derived a time-energy uncertainty relation that bounds the speed... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59031392 |
1,552,737 | One Garland Science success was the textbook "Molecular Biology of the Cell" (authors include Bruce Alberts and Peter Walter; James D. Watson was a previous author), which has been lauded as "the most influential cell biology textbook of its time". Other notable textbooks published by Garland Science included "The Biol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9782980 |
1,560,218 | Data activism is a social practice that uses technology and data. It emerged from existing activism sub-cultures such as hacker an open-source movements. Data activism is a specific type of activism which is enabled and constrained by the data infrastructure. It can use the production and collection of digital, volunte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=51552534 |
1,560,224 | After the Fukushima nuclear disaster in 2011, Safecast was an organization established by a group of citizens that were concerned about high levels of radiation in the area. After receiving conflicting messages about levels of radiation from different media sources and scientists, individuals were uncertain which infor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=51552534 |
1,578,807 | The mechanism behind the implicit learning that is hypothesized to occur while people engage in artificial grammar learning is statistical learning or, more specifically, Bayesian learning. Bayesian learning takes into account types of biases or "prior probability distributions" individuals have that contribute to the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6352447 |
1,580,822 | The raw payload data received through the data reception stations is further processed to generate Level-0 and Level-1 data products that are stored in the ISSDC archives for subsequent dissemination. Automation in the entire chain of data processing is planned. Raw payload data / Level-0 data/ Level-1 data for each sc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24941586 |
1,582,118 | Critical data studies is the systematic study of data and its criticisms. The field was named by scholars Craig Dalton and Jim Thatcher. Prior to its naming, significant interest in critical data studies was generated by danah boyd and Kate Crawford, who posed a set of research questions for the critical study of big d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=51578025 |
1,592,717 | Each computable function has an infinite number of different program representations in a given programming language. In the theory of algorithms one often strives to find a program with the smallest complexity for a given computable function and a given complexity measure (such a program could be called "optimal"). Bl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2757528 |
1,597,880 | In order to determine the position of signal source, a second set of measurements is required. Typically, this is done by making DTO and DFO measurements for a reference signal simultaneous with the target signal measurement. The measurement of the reference signal is purely passive and simply serves to remove the bias... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24981352 |
1,601,105 | This site includes links to the ARGO Float Data, The Data Library and Archives (DLA), the Falmouth Monthly Climate Reports, Martha's Vineyard Coastal Observatory, the Multibeam Archive, the Seafloor Data and Observation Visualization Environment (SeaDOVE): A Web-served GIS Database of Multi-scalar Seafloor Data, Seaflo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19175774 |
1,618,330 | A simple example of the Modern Hopfield network can be written in terms of binary variables formula_2 that represent the active formula_10 and inactive formula_11 state of the model neuron formula_4.formula_13In this formula the weights formula_14 represent the matrix of memory vectors (index formula_15 enumerates diff... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=68440670 |
1,620,328 | Model circuits were energized at relatively low voltages to allow for safe measurement with adequate precision. The model base quantities varied by manufacturer and date of design; as amplified indicating instruments became more common, lower base quantities were feasible. Model voltages and currents started off around... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38433617 |
1,621,278 | In the late 1970s Data General was sued (under the Sherman and Clayton antitrust acts) by competitors for their practice of bundling RDOS with the Data General Nova or Eclipse minicomputer. When Data General introduced the Data General Nova, a company called Digidyne wanted to use its RDOS operating system on its own h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=254223 |
1,630,292 | A thermodynamic system consisting of a single phase, in the absence of external forces, in its own state of internal thermodynamic equilibrium, is homogeneous. This means that the material in any region of the system can be interchanged with the material of any congruent and parallel region of the system, and the effec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39144241 |
1,639,788 | Particle physics is an important field of application for computer algebra and exploits the capabilities of Computer Algebra Systems (CAS). This leads to valuable feed-back for the development of CAS. Looking at the history of computer algebra systems, the first programs date back to the 1960s. The first systems were a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17156914 |
1,648,488 | The book has been reviewed several times and has been recommended in many other works. In a review of another work by the "MRS Bulletin" in 2011, the book was said to be "the indispensable work on electronic systems for experimental condensed matter physicists", due largely to the book's "lucidity and panache". The boo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65997474 |
1,648,825 | Energy quality is a measure of the ease with which a form of energy can be converted to useful work or to another form of energy: i.e. its content of thermodynamic free energy. A high quality form of energy has a high content of thermodynamic free energy, and therefore a high proportion of it can be converted to work; ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3254125 |
1,657,184 | Photoexcitation is the production of an excited state of a quantum system by photon absorption. The excited state originates from the interaction between a photon and the quantum system. Photons carry energy that is determined by the wavelengths of the light that carries the photons. Objects that emit light with longer... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3147924 |
1,666,908 | When coronavirus infects the host cell, its spike protein (S) binds to the receptor on the surface of the host cell, which enables the virus to enter the cell. The spike protein is cut by the host's protease at all stages of the formation, transportation and infection of the new cell. The domain that helps the external... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5813522 |
1,674,106 | Quil is a quantum instruction set architecture that first introduced a shared quantum/classical memory model. It was introduced by Robert Smith, Michael Curtis, and William Zeng in "A Practical Quantum Instruction Set Architecture". Many quantum algorithms (including quantum teleportation, quantum error correction, sim... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55836896 |
1,680,346 | divide-and-conquer or decrease-and-conquer algorithms, where the size of the data decreases as one moves deeper in the recursion. In this case, one algorithm is used for the overall approach (on large data), but deep in the recursion, it switches to a different algorithm, which is more efficient on small data. A common... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40338559 |
1,681,528 | Besides increased efficiency of power plants, there was an increase in efficiency (between 1950 and 1973) of the railway utilization of this electricity with energy-intensity dropping from 218 to 124 kwh/10,000 gross tonne-km (of both passenger and freight trains) or a 43% drop. Since energy-intensity is the inverse of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36017606 |
1,688,269 | So, there are no electric or magnetic charges in the quantum LC circuit, but electric and magnetic fluxes only. Therefore, not only in the DOS LC circuit, but in the other LC circuits too, there are only the electromagnetic waves. Thus, the quantum LC circuit is the minimal geometrical-topological value of the quantum ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24838946 |
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