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1,859,630 | The theory of control systems leaves room for systems with both feedforward pathways and feedback elements or pathways. The terms 'feedforward' and 'feedback' refer to elements or paths within a system, not to a system as a whole. THE input to the system comes from outside it, as energy from the signal source by way of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6965005 |
1,869,558 | The LICA experiment was designed to measure 0.5--5 MeV/nucleon solar and magnetospheric ions (He through Ni) arriving from the zenith in twelve energy bands. The mass of an ion was determined with simultaneous measurements of its time of flight (ToF) across a path length of approximately and its residual kinetic energy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10669005 |
1,872,693 | In geometry, the Petr–Douglas–Neumann theorem (or the PDN-theorem) is a result concerning arbitrary planar polygons. The theorem asserts that a certain procedure when applied to an arbitrary polygon always yields a regular polygon having the same number of sides as the initial polygon. The theorem was first published b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35762367 |
1,872,987 | Professor Sarpeshkar's work in the May 2013 edition of "Nature" (doi: 10.1038/nature12148) pioneered the field of analog synthetic biology . Recently, three awarded patents and one pending patent of his have shown how to emulate quantum physics with classical analog circuits rigorously. He has used it to create novel q... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3050547 |
1,873,892 | The idea of the proof of Vaught's theorem is as follows. If there are at most countably many countable models, then there is a smallest one: the atomic model, and a largest one, the saturated model, which are different if there is more than one model. If they are different, the saturated model must realize some "n"-typ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13797188 |
1,874,618 | Q-system appeared to be working successfully in a variety of organisms. It has been used to drive expression of luciferase, as a proof of principle, in cultured mammalian cells. In zebrafish the Q-system has been successfully used with several tissue-specific promoters, and was shown to work independently of the GAL4/U... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=51758505 |
1,913,784 | The firing of an action potential, and consequently the release of neurotransmitters, occurs by this gating mechanism. In synaptic gating, in order for an action potential to occur, there must be more than one input to produce a single output in the neuron being gated. The interaction between these sets of neurons crea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9916386 |
1,948,842 | Finally, differences in cell bond tension could also play a role in the establishment of the boundary and the separation of the two different cell populations. Experimental data has shown that Myosin-II is up-regulated along both the dorsal-ventral and anterior-posterior boundaries in the imaginal wing disc. The D/V bo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4642940 |
1,956,045 | Quantum feedback or quantum feedback control is a class of methods to prepare and manipulate a quantum system in which that system's quantum state or trajectory is used to evolve the system towards some desired outcome. Just as in the classical case, feedback occurs when outputs from the system are used as inputs that ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46926884 |
1,978,552 | The oracle complexity approach is inherently different from computational complexity theory, which relies on the Turing machine to model algorithms, and requires the algorithm's input (in this case, the function formula_3) to be represented as a bit of strings in memory. Instead, the algorithm is not computationally co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64271048 |
1,986,127 | Tomography is a method of producing a three-dimensional image of the internal structures of a solid object (such as the human body or the earth) by the observation and recording of differences in the effects on the passage of energy waves impinging on those structures. The waves of energy are P-waves generated by earth... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3463982 |
1,996,099 | Shortly after his PhD thesis work, he derived his most well known scientific contribution, what is known as the Lindblad equation. As the Schrödinger equation describes the evolution of a closed quantum system, the Lindblad equation is a generalization, describing the evolution of an open quantum system, in which a sys... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56013977 |
2,008,125 | Data in StatCrunch is represented in a "data table" view, which is similar to a spreadsheet view, but unlike spreadsheets, the cells in a data table can only contain numbers or text. Formulas cannot be stored in these cells. There are many ways to import data into StatCrunch. Data can be typed directly into cells in th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53263934 |
2,019,807 | A large amount of data collected from the Internet comes from user-generated content. This includes blogs, posts on social networks, and information submitted in forms. Besides user-generated data, corporations are also currently data mining data from consumers in order to understand customers, identify new markets, an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49882988 |
2,096,593 | Since the recognition of anthropogenic causes of climate change in the late 1980s and the identification of the energy sector as one of the main contributors, there has been a global effort to investigate the energy consumption of human activities and their indirect contribution to greenhouse gas emissions. In Europe t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55657441 |
2,109,824 | In general, the lack of low cost diagnostics for malaria results in late diagnosis of the disease in many low income communities (contributing to high morbidity and mortality from severe forms of malaria), and over-treatment of malaria where syndromic management is used due to lack of point-of-care diagnostics (contrib... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64748079 |
2,118,730 | Thermodynamics and statistical mechanics describe systems that have variable numbers of particles via the chemical potential formula_43, defined as Gibbs free energy formula_44 per particle:formula_45, where formula_46 is the Gibbs free energy for the system of formula_38 particles. In thermal and particle equilibrium ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58030745 |
2,122,131 | In condensed matter physics, the quantum dimer magnet state is one in which quantum spins in a magnetic structure entangle to form a singlet state. These entangled spins act as bosons and their excited states (triplons) can undergo Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC). The quantum dimer system was originally proposed by Ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58307276 |
2,149,311 | The "Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology" defines its scope as covering significant developments in the fields of developmental and cell biology. Included subfields are the organization of structures and functions within the cell, cell development, cell evolution for unicellular and multicellular organisms,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16094944 |
2,164,929 | Hamiltonian complexity or quantum Hamiltonian complexity is a topic which deals with problems in quantum complexity theory and condensed matter physics. It mostly studies constraint satisfaction problems related to ground states of local Hamiltonians; that is, Hermitian matrices that act locally on a system of interest... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62591526 |
2,166,661 | Viral pathogens capitalize on cell surface receptors that are ubiquitous and can recognize many diverse ligands for attachment and ultimately, entry into the cell. These ligands not only consist of endogenous proteins but also bacterial and viral products. Once the virus is anchored to the cell surface, virus uptake ty... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=68831707 |
2,211,207 | A data cooperative is a group of individuals voluntarily pooling together their data. As an entity, a data cooperative is a type of data infrastructure, formed through the voluntary and collaborative pooling efforts of individuals. As a data infrastructure, data cooperatives are created, owned and operated by community... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72285060 |
2,241,463 | NOMADS fosters system inter-operability by integrating legacy systems and emerging technologies and existing metadata conventions used for models and observational data. NOMADS relies on local decisions about data holdings. Loosely combining legacy systems, while developing new ways to support data access to valuable d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31944603 |
9,505 | The rules of quantum mechanics assert that the state space of a system is a Hilbert space and that observables of the system are Hermitian operators acting on vectors in that space – although they do not tell us which Hilbert space or which operators. These can be chosen appropriately in order to obtain a quantitative ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25202 |
11,773 | Embedded Machine Learning is a sub-field of machine learning, where the machine learning model is run on embedded systems with limited computing resources such as wearable computers, edge devices and microcontrollers. Running machine learning model in embedded devices removes the need for transferring and storing data ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=233488 |
17,352 | To derive a generalized entropy balanced equation, we start with the general balance equation for the change in any extensive quantity formula_53 in a thermodynamic system, a quantity that may be either conserved, such as energy, or non-conserved, such as entropy. The basic generic balance expression states that formul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9891 |
23,791 | The electron was discovered in 1897 by J. J. Thomson, and it was quickly realized that it is the particle (charge carrier) that carries electric currents in electric circuits. In 1900 the first (classical) model of electrical conduction, the Drude model, was proposed by Paul Drude, which finally gave a scientific expla... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49090 |
27,170 | Every cell is enclosed within a cell membrane that separates its cytoplasm from the extracellular space. A cell membrane consists of a lipid bilayer, including cholesterols that sit between phospholipids to maintain their fluidity at various temperatures. Cell membranes are semipermeable, allowing small molecules such ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9127632 |
27,172 | All cells require energy to sustain cellular processes. Energy is the capacity to do work, which, in thermodynamics, can be calculated using Gibbs free energy. According to the first law of thermodynamics, energy is conserved, i.e., cannot be created or destroyed. Hence, chemical reactions in a cell do not create new e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9127632 |
37,285 | According to current theories on the nature of wormholes, construction of a traversable wormhole would require the existence of a substance with negative energy, often referred to as "exotic matter". More technically, the wormhole spacetime requires a distribution of energy that violates various energy conditions, such... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31591 |
39,661 | This generalizes to any number of particles in any number of dimensions (in a time-independent potential): the standing wave solutions of the time-dependent equation are the states with definite energy, instead of a probability distribution of different energies. In physics, these standing waves are called "stationary ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59874 |
39,707 | In the views often grouped together as the Copenhagen interpretation, a system's wave function is a collection of statistical information about that system. The Schrödinger equation relates information about the system at one time to information about it at another. While the time-evolution process represented by the S... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59874 |
42,043 | The Poincaré recurrence theorem considers a theoretical microscopic description of an isolated physical system. This may be considered as a model of a thermodynamic system after a thermodynamic operation has removed an internal wall. The system will, after a sufficiently long time, return to a microscopically defined s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=133017 |
44,581 | Marine energy (also sometimes referred to as ocean energy) is the energy carried by ocean waves, tides, salinity, and ocean temperature differences. The movement of water in the world's oceans creates a vast store of kinetic energy, or energy in motion. This energy can be harnessed to generate electricity to power home... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25784 |
47,141 | According to current theories on the nature of wormholes, construction of a traversable wormhole would require the existence of a substance with negative energy, often referred to as "exotic matter". More technically, the wormhole spacetime requires a distribution of energy that violates various energy conditions, such... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34043 |
55,102 | Synapses may be electrical or chemical. Electrical synapses make direct electrical connections between neurons, but chemical synapses are much more common, and much more diverse in function. At a chemical synapse, the cell that sends signals is called presynaptic, and the cell that receives signals is called postsynapt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21944 |
57,673 | In January 1926, Schrödinger published in "Annalen der Physik" the paper "" (Quantization as an Eigenvalue Problem) on wave mechanics and presented what is now known as the Schrödinger equation. In this paper, he gave a "derivation" of the wave equation for time-independent systems and showed that it gave the correct e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9942 |
64,031 | The domain and codomain are not always explicitly given when a function is defined, and, without some (possibly difficult) computation, one might only know that the domain is contained in a larger set. Typically, this occurs in mathematical analysis, where "a function often refers to a function that may have a proper s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=185427 |
64,437 | A thermodynamic process might be initiated by a thermodynamic operation in the surroundings, that mechanically increases in the controlled volume of the vapor. Some mechanical work will be done within the surroundings by the vapor, but also some of the parent liquid will evaporate and enter the vapor collection which i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=166404 |
64,439 | With such independence of variables, the total increase of internal energy in the process is then determined as the sum of the internal energy transferred from the surroundings with the transfer of matter through the walls that are permeable to it, and of the internal energy transferred to the system as heat through th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=166404 |
69,019 | Solar chemical processes use solar energy to drive chemical reactions. These processes offset energy that would otherwise come from a fossil fuel source and can also convert solar energy into storable and transportable fuels. Solar induced chemical reactions can be divided into thermochemical or photochemical. A variet... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27743 |
70,208 | Spacecraft use chemical energy to launch and gain considerable kinetic energy to reach orbital velocity. In an entirely circular orbit, this kinetic energy remains constant because there is almost no friction in near-earth space. However, it becomes apparent at re-entry when some of the kinetic energy is converted to h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17327 |
74,386 | Decay energy, therefore, remains associated with a certain measure of the mass of the decay system, called invariant mass, which does not change during the decay, even though the energy of decay is distributed among decay particles. The energy of photons, the kinetic energy of emitted particles, and, later, the thermal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=197767 |
79,383 | Restating this as energy equation, the energy per unit volume in an ideal, incompressible liquid is constant throughout its vessel. At the surface, gravitational potential energy is large but liquid pressure energy is low. At the bottom of the vessel, all the gravitational potential energy is converted to pressure ener... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23619 |
93,753 | Absolutely continuous probability distributions can be described in several ways. The probability density function describes the infinitesimal probability of any given value, and the probability that the outcome lies in a given interval can be computed by integrating the probability density function over that interval.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23543 |
96,932 | In the 1990s, Andranik Tangian developed a model of artificial perception that implemented a principle of correlativity, which operationalized the Gestalt psychology laws in their interaction. The model finds structures in data without knowing the structures, similarly to segregating elements in abstract painting—like ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70402 |
104,974 | Smart cities have been conceptualized using the OSI model of 'layer' abstractions. Smart cities are constructed by connecting the city's public infrastructure with city application systems and passing collected data through three layers, the perception layer, the network layer and the application layer. City applicatio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12592050 |
105,720 | In quantum computing, a qubit () or quantum bit is a basic unit of quantum information—the quantum version of the classic binary bit physically realized with a two-state device. A qubit is a two-state (or two-level) quantum-mechanical system, one of the simplest quantum systems displaying the peculiarity of quantum mec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25284 |
118,590 | The idea of a quantum harmonic oscillator and its associated energy can apply to either an atom or a subatomic particle. In ordinary atomic physics, the zero-point energy is the energy associated with the ground state of the system. The professional physics literature tends to measure frequency, as denoted by above, us... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=84400 |
127,095 | The term is broadly applied to a number of different derivations, the first of which was introduced by John Stewart Bell in a 1964 paper titled "On the Einstein Podolsky Rosen Paradox". Bell's paper was a response to a 1935 thought experiment that Albert Einstein, Boris Podolsky and Nathan Rosen proposed, arguing that ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56369 |
127,134 | By the late 1940s, the mathematician George Mackey had grown interested in the foundations of quantum physics, and in 1957 he drew up a list of postulates that he took to be a precise definition of quantum mechanics. Mackey conjectured that one of the postulates was redundant, and shortly thereafter, Andrew M. Gleason ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56369 |
129,896 | ETL processing involves extracting the data from the source system(s). In many cases, this represents the most important aspect of ETL, since extracting data correctly sets the stage for the success of subsequent processes. Most data-warehousing projects combine data from different source systems. Each separate system ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=239516 |
130,168 | The typical extract, transform, load (ETL)-based data warehouse uses staging, data integration, and access layers to house its key functions. The staging layer or staging database stores raw data extracted from each of the disparate source data systems. The integration layer integrates the disparate data sets by transf... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7990 |
175,515 | By 2010, advancements in fuel cell technology had reduced the size, weight and cost of fuel cell electric vehicles. In 2010, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) estimated that the cost of automobile fuel cells had fallen 80% since 2002 and that such fuel cells could potentially be manufactured for $51/kW, assuming high... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1252085 |
177,321 | A quantum mechanical system or particle that is bound—that is, confined spatially—can only take on certain discrete values of energy, called energy levels. This contrasts with classical particles, which can have any amount of energy. The term is commonly used for the energy levels of the electrons in atoms, ions, or mo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59444 |
179,307 | Since the "Lennard-Jonesium" is the archetype for the modeling of simple yet realistic intermolecular interactions, a large number of thermophysical properties were studied and reported in the literature. Computer experiment data of the Lennard-Jones potential is presently considered the most accurately known data in c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=227686 |
180,829 | There are several notations for data modeling. The actual model is frequently called "entity–relationship model", because it depicts data in terms of the entities and relationships described in the data. An entity–relationship model (ERM) is an abstract conceptual representation of structured data. Entity–relationship ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=759422 |
182,724 | Compared to the previous generations the temperature levels have been reduced to increase the energy efficiency of the system, with supply side temperatures of 70 °C and lower. Potential heat sources are waste heat from industry, CHP plants burning waste, biomass power plants, geothermal and solar thermal energy (centr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1669741 |
185,018 | Performance of QDs is determined by the size and/or composition of the QD structures. Unlike simple atomic structures, a quantum dot structure has the unusual property that energy levels are strongly dependent on the structure's size. For example, CdSe quantum dot light emission can be tuned from red (5 nm diameter) to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23692678 |
185,512 | The case of classical mechanics is discussed in the next section, on ergodicity in geometry. As to quantum mechanics, there is no universal quantum definition of ergodocity or even chaos (see quantum chaos). However, there is a quantum ergodicity theorem stating that the expectation value of an operator converges to th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5456824 |
195,443 | The problem of pattern recognition can be stated as follows: Given an unknown function formula_4 (the "ground truth") that maps input instances formula_5 to output labels formula_6, along with training data formula_7 assumed to represent accurate examples of the mapping, produce a function formula_8 that approximates a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=126706 |
196,460 | Underfitting is the inverse of overfitting, meaning that the statistical model or machine learning algorithm is too simplistic to accurately represent the data. A sign of underfitting is that there is a high bias and low variance detected in the current model or algorithm used (the inverse of overfitting: low bias and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=173332 |
202,004 | Within this paper was perhaps his most outstanding contribution, the introduction of the concept of free energy, now universally called Gibbs free energy in his honor. The Gibbs free energy relates the tendency of a physical or chemical system to simultaneously lower its energy and increase its disorder, or entropy, in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1416046 |
202,308 | Ideally, a car traveling at a constant velocity on level ground in a vacuum with frictionless wheels could travel at any speed without consuming any energy beyond what is needed to get the car up to speed. Less ideally, any vehicle must expend energy on overcoming road load forces, which consist of aerodynamic drag, ti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4313931 |
210,864 | A flow battery, or redox flow battery (after reduction–oxidation), is a type of electrochemical cell where chemical energy is provided by two chemical components dissolved in liquids that are pumped through the system on separate sides of a membrane. Ion transfer inside the cell (accompanied by flow of electric current... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3133405 |
217,707 | One example of an experimental storage system based on chemical reaction energy is the salt hydrate technology. The system uses the reaction energy created when salts are hydrated or dehydrated. It works by storing heat in a container containing 50% sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution. Heat (e.g. from using a solar collec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2465250 |
219,333 | There have been several other analyses of negative mass, such as the studies conducted by R. M. Price, though none addressed the question of what kind of energy and momentum would be necessary to describe non-singular negative mass. Indeed, the Schwarzschild solution for negative mass parameter has a naked singularity ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=262606 |
222,599 | The lattice system can be found as follows. If the crystal system is not trigonal then the lattice system is of the same type. If the crystal system is trigonal, then the lattice system is hexagonal unless the space group is one of the seven in the rhombohedral lattice system consisting of the 7 trigonal space groups i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=463721 |
223,504 | One of the simplest types of neural-spiking models is the Poisson process. This however, is limited in that it is memory-less. It does not account for any spiking history when calculating the current probability of firing. Neurons, however, exhibit a fundamental (biophysical) history dependence by way of its relative a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1648224 |
228,072 | In quantum physics, a quantum fluctuation (also known as a vacuum state fluctuation or vacuum fluctuation) is the temporary random change in the amount of energy in a point in space, as prescribed by Werner Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. They are minute random fluctuations in the values of the fields which represe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=161253 |
235,768 | Considered as electric energy converters, all these existing lamps are inefficient, emitting more of their input energy as waste heat than as visible light. Global electric lighting in 1997 consumed 2016 terawatthours of energy. Lighting consumes roughly 12% of electrical energy produced by industrialized countries. Th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9910525 |
238,331 | In "Star Trek: Picard", Data is seen in Picard's dreams, playing poker with him in Ten-Forward, and later painting in the middle of the vineyards of Chateau Picard. It is revealed that Dahj and Soji Asha are Data's daughters, created through fractal neuronic cloning, a procedure developed by Dr. Bruce Maddox. These neu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47676 |
243,052 | The largest collection of data ever used for WGS purposes was assembled, processed and applied in the development of WGS 72. Both optical and electronic satellite data were used. The electronic satellite data consisted, in part, of Doppler data provided by the U.S. Navy and cooperating non-DoD satellite tracking statio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=233654 |
249,579 | In quantum physics and chemistry, quantum numbers describe values of conserved quantities in the dynamics of a quantum system. Quantum numbers correspond to eigenvalues of operators that commute with the Hamiltonian—quantities that can be known with precision at the same time as the system's energy—and their correspond... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=532405 |
249,580 | An important aspect of quantum mechanics is the quantization of many observable quantities of interest. In particular, this leads to quantum numbers that take values in discrete sets of integers or half-integers; although they could approach infinity in some cases. This distinguishes quantum mechanics from classical me... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=532405 |
259,363 | One way to simulate a two-dimensional cellular automaton is with an infinite sheet of graph paper along with a set of rules for the cells to follow. Each square is called a "cell" and each cell has two possible states, black and white. The "neighborhood" of a cell is the nearby, usually adjacent, cells. The two most co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54342 |
259,474 | One of the central tools in complex analysis is the line integral. The line integral around a closed path of a function that is holomorphic everywhere inside the area bounded by the closed path is always zero, as is stated by the Cauchy integral theorem. The values of such a holomorphic function inside a disk can be co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5759 |
260,518 | Each user in a CDMA system uses a different code to modulate their signal. Choosing the codes used to modulate the signal is very important in the performance of CDMA systems. The best performance occurs when there is good separation between the signal of a desired user and the signals of other users. The separation of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7143 |
263,896 | For White, "the primary function of culture" is to "harness and control energy." White differentiates between five stages of human development: In the first, people use the energy of their own muscles. In the second, they use the energy of domesticated animals. In the third, they use the energy of plants (agricultural ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=803661 |
268,126 | For research-oriented careers, students work toward a doctoral degree specializing in a particular field. Fields of specialization include experimental and theoretical astrophysics, atomic physics, biological physics, chemical physics, condensed matter physics, cosmology, geophysics, gravitational physics, material sci... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23269 |
283,058 | Supersymmetry has various applications to different areas of physics, such as quantum mechanics, statistical mechanics, quantum field theory, condensed matter physics, nuclear physics, optics, stochastic dynamics, astrophysics, quantum gravity, and cosmology. Supersymmetry has also been applied to high energy physics, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=224636 |
283,258 | User behavior also relies on the impact of personality traits, social norms, and attitudes on energy conservation behavior. Beliefs and attitudes toward a convenient lifestyle, environmentally friendly transport, energy security, and residential location choices affect energy conservation behavior. As a result, energy ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=478933 |
283,266 | Energy conservation through users' behaviors requires understanding household occupants' lifestyle, social, and behavioral factors in analyzing energy consumption. This involves one-time investments in energy efficiency, such as purchasing new energy-efficient appliances or upgrading the building insulation without cur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=478933 |
287,679 | A multitude of functions can be performed by the cytoskeleton. Its primary function is to give the cell its shape and mechanical resistance to deformation, and through association with extracellular connective tissue and other cells it stabilizes entire tissues. The cytoskeleton can also contract, thereby deforming the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=156970 |
291,714 | The radiated beam becomes wider as the distance between the antenna and aircraft becomes greater, making the position information less accurate. Additionally, detecting changes in aircraft velocity requires several radar sweeps that are spaced several seconds apart. In contrast, a system using ADS-B creates and listens... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18949160 |
299,319 | According to Saunders, increased energy efficiency tends to increase energy consumption by two means. First, increased energy efficiency makes the use of energy relatively cheaper, thus encouraging increased use (the direct rebound effect). Second, increased energy efficiency increases real incomes and leads to increas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=988796 |
300,232 | Thermal energy is extremely unique because it in most cases (willow) cannot be converted to other forms of energy. Only a difference in the density of thermal/heat energy (temperature) can be used to perform work, and the efficiency of this conversion will be (much) less than 100%. This is because thermal energy repres... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1413965 |
301,366 | A non-equilibrium real gas model is the most accurate model of a shock layer's gas physics, but is more difficult to solve than an equilibrium model. The simplest non-equilibrium model is the "Lighthill-Freeman model" developed in 1958. The Lighthill-Freeman model initially assumes a gas made up of a single diatomic sp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45294 |
307,203 | In signal processing and statistics, a window function (also known as an apodization function or tapering function) is a mathematical function that is zero-valued outside of some chosen interval, normally symmetric around the middle of the interval, usually near a maximum in the middle, and usually tapering away from t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=244097 |
309,113 | In mathematical optimization and decision theory, a loss function or cost function (sometimes also called an error function) is a function that maps an event or values of one or more variables onto a real number intuitively representing some "cost" associated with the event. An optimization problem seeks to minimize a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=442137 |
315,945 | In some cases, receptor activation caused by ligand binding to a receptor is directly coupled to the cell's response to the ligand. For example, the neurotransmitter GABA can activate a cell surface receptor that is part of an ion channel. GABA binding to a GABA receptor on a neuron opens a chloride-selective ion chann... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4109042 |
318,492 | The resulting daughter cells of the first cell division are called the AB cell (containing PAR-6 and PAR-3) and the P1 cell (containing PAR-1 and PAR-2). A second cell division produces the ABp and ABa cells from the AB cell, and the EMS and P2 cells from the P1 cell. This division establishes the dorsal-ventral axis, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57546 |
322,871 | In physical cosmology and astronomy, dark energy is an unknown form of energy that affects the universe on the largest scales. The first observational evidence for its existence came from measurements of supernovas, which showed that the universe does not expand at a constant rate; rather, the universe's expansion is a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19604228 |
322,878 | Nearly all inflation models predict that the total (matter+energy) density of the universe should be very close to the critical density. During the 1980s, most cosmological research focused on models with critical density in matter only, usually 95% cold dark matter (CDM) and 5% ordinary matter (baryons). These models ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19604228 |
327,227 | An axiomatization of propositional calculus is a set of tautologies called axioms and one or more inference rules for producing new tautologies from old. A "proof" in an axiom system "A" is a finite nonempty sequence of propositions each of which is either an instance of an axiom of "A" or follows by some rule of "A" f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54476844 |
331,045 | Data mining is the process of extracting and discovering patterns in large data sets involving methods at the intersection of machine learning, statistics, and database systems. Data mining is an interdisciplinary subfield of computer science and statistics with an overall goal of extracting information (with intellige... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42253 |
331,056 | Before data mining algorithms can be used, a target data set must be assembled. As data mining can only uncover patterns actually present in the data, the target data set must be large enough to contain these patterns while remaining concise enough to be mined within an acceptable time limit. A common source for data i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42253 |
331,067 | Data mining requires data preparation which uncovers information or patterns which compromise confidentiality and privacy obligations. A common way for this to occur is through data aggregation. Data aggregation involves combining data together (possibly from various sources) in a way that facilitates analysis (but tha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42253 |
332,008 | It is natural to ask why ordinary everyday objects and events do not seem to display quantum mechanical features such as superposition. Indeed, this is sometimes regarded as "mysterious", for instance by Richard Feynman. In 1935, Erwin Schrödinger devised a well-known thought experiment, now known as Schrödinger's cat,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=82728 |
338,114 | Si single-junction solar cells have been widely studied for decades and are reaching their practical efficiency of ~26% under 1-sun conditions. Increasing this efficiency may require adding more cells with bandgap energy larger than 1.1 eV to the Si cell, allowing to convert short-wavelength photons for generation of a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2352910 |
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