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352,636 | Rice's theorem generalizes the theorem that the halting problem is unsolvable. It states that for "any" non-trivial property, there is no general decision procedure that, for all programs, decides whether the partial function implemented by the input program has that property. (A partial function is a function which ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21391870 |
355,664 | The objective consists of adjusting the parameters of a model function to best fit a data set. A simple data set consists of "n" points (data pairs) formula_1, "i" = 1, …, "n", where formula_2 is an independent variable and formula_3 is a dependent variable whose value is found by observation. The model function has th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=82359 |
358,226 | Although Tycho admired Copernicus and was the first to teach his theory in Denmark, he was unable to reconcile Copernican theory with the basic laws of Aristotelian physics, that he considered to be foundational. He was also critical of the observational data that Copernicus built his theory on, which he correctly cons... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30027 |
369,342 | When an electric eel identifies prey, its brain sends a nerve signal to the electric organ; the nerve cells involved release the neurotransmitter chemical acetylcholine to trigger an electric organ discharge. This opens ion channels, allowing sodium to flow into the electrocytes, reversing the polarity momentarily. The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61262925 |
380,568 | Quantum computing is an area of research that brings together the disciplines of computer science, information theory, and quantum physics. While the idea of information as part of physics is relatively new, there appears to be a strong tie between information theory and quantum mechanics. Whereas traditional computing... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5213 |
394,867 | In 2010, Peru passed the Law for Personal Data Protection, which defines biometric information that can be used to identify an individual as sensitive data. In 2012, Colombia passed a comprehensive Data Protection Law which defines biometric data as senstivite information. According to Article 9(1) of the EU's 2016 Gen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=602401 |
397,216 | As of the 21st Century, multiple unit systems are used all over the world such as the United States Customary System, the British Customary System, and the International System. However, the United States is the only industrialized country that has not yet at least mostly converted to the Metric System. The systematic ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21347678 |
399,980 | where formula_6. Although Bayes' theorem is a fundamental result of probability theory, it has a specific interpretation in Bayesian statistics. In the above equation, formula_1 usually represents a proposition (such as the statement that a coin lands on heads fifty percent of the time) and formula_2 represents the evi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=404412 |
411,069 | Classical DFT allows the calculation of the equilibrium particle density and prediction of thermodynamic properties and behavior of a many-body system on the basis of model interactions between particles. The spatially dependent density determines the local structure and composition of the material. It is determined as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=209874 |
415,421 | The data model of the data access layer is a generalization of the NetCDF-3 data model, and substantially the same as the NetCDF-4 data model. The coordinate system layer implements and extends the concepts in the Climate and Forecast Metadata Conventions. The scientific data type layer allows data to be manipulated in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19332380 |
416,844 | The Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman equation (HJB) is a partial differential equation which is central to optimal control theory. The solution of the HJB equation is the 'value function', which gives the optimal cost-to-go for a given dynamical system with an associated cost function. Classical variational problems, for exampl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=730173 |
416,927 | A Data Mapper is a Data Access Layer that performs bidirectional transfer of data between a persistent data store (often a relational database) and an in-memory data representation (the domain layer). The goal of the pattern is to keep the in-memory representation and the persistent data store independent of each other... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37202848 |
425,696 | To illuminate a particular cell, the electrodes that intersect at the cell are charged by control circuitry and electric current flows through the cell, stimulating the gas (typically xenon and neon) atoms inside the cell. These ionized gas atoms, or plasmas, then release ultraviolet photons that interact with a phosph... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10158337 |
447,788 | Chemical physics is a subdiscipline of chemistry and physics that investigates physicochemical phenomena using techniques from atomic and molecular physics and condensed matter physics; it is the branch of physics that studies chemical processes from the point of view of physics. While at the interface of physics and c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=733929 |
461,201 | To derive an energy equation, note that the advective acceleration term formula_37 may be decomposed as:formula_38where formula_39 is the vorticity of the flow and formula_40 is the Euclidean norm. This leads to a form of the momentum equation, ignoring the external forces term, given by:formula_41Taking the dot produc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2235244 |
461,439 | Synaptic signaling, an integral part of nervous system activity, occurs between neurons and target cells. These target cells can also be neurons or other cell types (i.e. muscle or gland cells). Protocadherins, a member of the cadherin family, mediate the adhesion of neurons to their target cells at synapses otherwise ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24950378 |
463,496 | Electric music technology refers to musical instruments and recording devices that use electrical circuits, which are often combined with mechanical technologies. Examples of electric musical instruments include the electro-mechanical electric piano (invented in 1929), the electric guitar (invented in 1931), the electr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49182501 |
465,494 | In multicellular animals the same principle has been put in the service of gene cascades that control body-shape. Each time a cell divides, two cells result which, although they contain the same genome in full, can differ in which genes are turned on and making proteins. Sometimes a 'self-sustaining feedback loop' ensu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=356382 |
469,309 | Embodied energy analysis is interested in what energy goes to supporting a consumer, and so all energy depreciation is assigned to the final demand of consumer. Different methodologies use different scales of data to calculate energy embodied in products and services of nature and human civilization. International cons... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1520238 |
470,127 | In the 1940s, filling the vast observational gap between cytology and biochemistry, cell biology arose and established existence of cell organelles besides the nucleus. Launched in the late 1930s, the molecular biology research program cracked a genetic code in the early 1960s and then converged with cell biology as "c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1845675 |
473,856 | Energy economics is a broad scientific subject area which includes topics related to supply and use of energy in societies. Considering the cost of energy services and associated value gives economic meaning to the efficiency at which energy can be produced. Energy services can be defined as functions that generate and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177696 |
500,042 | The Potts model is related to, and generalized by, several other models, including the XY model, the Heisenberg model and the N-vector model. The infinite-range Potts model is known as the Kac model. When the spins are taken to interact in a non-Abelian manner, the model is related to the flux tube model, which is used... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1162226 |
501,889 | For the set cover problem, Lovász proved that the integrality gap for an instance with "n" elements is "H", the "n"th harmonic number. One can turn the linear programming relaxation for this problem into an approximate solution of the original unrelaxed set cover instance via the technique of randomized rounding . Give... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6368430 |
503,723 | Quantum complexity theory is the subfield of computational complexity theory that deals with complexity classes defined using quantum computers, a computational model based on quantum mechanics. It studies the hardness of computational problems in relation to these complexity classes, as well as the relationship betwee... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24092190 |
503,724 | A complexity class is a collection of computational problems that can be solved by a computational model under certain resource constraints. For instance, the complexity class P is defined as the set of problems solvable by a Turing machine in polynomial time. Similarly, quantum complexity classes may be defined using ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24092190 |
503,738 | Notice the discrepancy between the quantum query complexities associated with a particular type of problem, depending on which query model was used to determine the complexity. For example, when the matrix model is used, the quantum complexity of the connectivity model in Big O notation is formula_75, but when the arra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24092190 |
509,652 | The determination of a cell to a particular fate can be broken down into two states where the cell can be specified (committed) or determined. In the state of being committed or specified, the cell type is not yet determined and any bias the cell has toward a certain fate can be reversed or transformed to another fate.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8285473 |
521,380 | More precisely, a nonholonomic system, also called an "anholonomic" system, is one in which there is a continuous closed circuit of the governing parameters, by which the system may be transformed from any given state to any other state. Because the final state of the system depends on the intermediate values of its tr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=554248 |
540,523 | At a global level, the implementation of digital health solutions depends on large data sets, ranging from simple statistics that record every birth and death to more sophisticated metrics that track diseases, outbreaks, and chronic conditions. These systems record data such as patient records, blood test results, EKGs... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37451236 |
544,629 | FuelCell Energy, Inc. is a publicly traded fuel cell company, headquartered in Danbury, Connecticut. It designs, manufactures, operates and services Direct Fuel Cell power plants (a type of molten carbonate fuel cell). The company's fuel cell technology is an alternative to traditional combustion-based power generation... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42044114 |
546,949 | In cochlear implants, the sound is picked up by a microphone and transmitted to the behind-the-ear external processor to be converted to the digital data. The digitized data is then modulated on a radio frequency signal and transmitted to an antenna inside a headpiece. The data and power carrier are transmitted through... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29803004 |
558,279 | The drop down menu (accessed by double clicking or right clicking an object) includes several tools for liquifying, turning into sponges, cloning, and mirroring objects; for generating plots of physics-relevant quantities of the object (such as velocity vs. time or y-position vs. x-position); for selecting objects; for... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24443136 |
558,503 | The inverse demand function can be used to derive the total and marginal revenue functions. Total revenue equals price, P, times quantity, Q, or TR = P×Q. Multiply the inverse demand function by Q to derive the total revenue function: TR = (120 - .5Q) × Q = 120Q - 0.5Q². The marginal revenue function is the first deriv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3976717 |
569,589 | Transferring the knowledge from a large to a small model needs to somehow teach to the latter without loss of validity. If both models are trained on the same data, the small model may have insufficient capacity to learn a concise knowledge representation given the same computational resources and same data as the larg... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62295363 |
576,021 | To explain quantum integrability, it is helpful to consider the free particle setting. Here all dynamics are one-body reducible. A quantum system is said to be integrable if the dynamics are two-body reducible. The Yang–Baxter equation is a consequence of this reducibility and leads to trace identities which provide an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2573213 |
578,675 | The traditional topics in quantum chaos concerns spectral statistics (universal and non-universal features), and the study of eigenfunctions of various chaotic Hamiltonian. For example, before the existence of scars was reported, eigenstates of a classically chaotic system were conjectured to fill the available phase s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=313779 |
583,074 | In a typical undergraduate program for physics majors, required courses are in the sub-disciplines of physics, with additional required courses in mathematics. Because much of the insight of physics is described by differential equations relating matter, space, and time (for example Newton's law of motion and the Maxwe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33615960 |
583,220 | Energy engineering or Energy Systems Engineering is a broad field of engineering dealing with energy efficiency, energy services, facility management, plant engineering, environmental compliance, sustainable energy and renewable energy technologies. Energy engineering is one of the most recent engineering disciplines t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9348093 |
600,021 | The Wheeler–DeWitt equation is a functional differential equation. It is ill-defined in the general case, but very important in theoretical physics, especially in quantum gravity. It is a functional differential equation on the space of three dimensional spatial metrics. The Wheeler–DeWitt equation has the form of an o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1253305 |
608,693 | China is pursuing a strategic policy of military-civil fusion on AI for global technological supremacy. According to a February 2019 report by Gregory C. Allen of the Center for a New American Security, China's leadership – including paramount leader Xi Jinping – believes that being at the forefront in AI technology is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56127293 |
613,239 | An essential component of the experiment is the data acquisition (DAQ) system, which manages the data flow from the detector electronics. The requirement for the experiment is to acquire raw data at a rate of 18 GB/s. This is accomplished by employing parallel data-processing architecture using 24 high-speed GPUs (NVID... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53887100 |
620,517 | ETC is also a more viable option than other alternatives by definition. ETC requires much less energy input from outside sources, like a battery, than a railgun or a coilgun would. Tests have shown that energy output by the propellant is higher than energy input from outside sources on ETC guns. In comparison, a railgu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10382 |
629,750 | Data integration involves combining data residing in different sources and providing users with a unified view of them. This process becomes significant in a variety of situations, which include both commercial (such as when two similar companies need to merge their databases) and scientific (combining research results... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4780372 |
630,988 | Biological neuron models, also known as a spiking neuron models, are mathematical descriptions of the properties of certain cells in the nervous system that generate sharp electrical potentials across their cell membrane, roughly one millisecond in duration, called action potentials or spikes (Fig. 2). Since spikes are... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14408479 |
631,093 | In the case of modelling a biological neuron, physical analogues are used in place of abstractions such as "weight" and "transfer function". A neuron is filled and surrounded with water containing ions, which carry electric charge. The neuron is bound by an insulating cell membrane and can maintain a concentration of c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14408479 |
632,662 | In 2021, Kelly, Hart and Rose produced a μCF model whereby the ratio, Q, of thermal energy produced to the kinetic energy of the accelerated deuterons used to create negative pions (and thus negative muons through pion decay) was optimized. In this model, the heat energy of the incoming deuterons as well as that of the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=285048 |
643,334 | Cell adhesion is the process by which cells interact and attach to neighbouring cells through specialised molecules of the cell surface. This process can occur either through direct contact between cell surfaces such as cell junctions or indirect interaction, where cells attach to surrounding extracellular matrix, a ge... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=531064 |
660,043 | The asymptotic complexity is defined by the most efficient (in terms of whatever computational resource one is considering) algorithm for solving the game; the most common complexity measure (computation time) is always lower-bounded by the logarithm of the asymptotic state-space complexity, since a solution algorithm ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=317419 |
661,637 | Games of chance are not merely pure applications of probability calculus and gaming situations are not just isolated events whose numerical probability is well established through mathematical methods; they are also games whose progress is influenced by human action. In gambling, the human element has a striking charac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7804447 |
678,866 | Approaches to quantum theory, like QBism, which treat quantum states as expressions of information, knowledge, belief, or expectation are called "epistemic" interpretations. These approaches differ from each other in what they consider quantum states to be information or expectations "about", as well as in the technica... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35611432 |
681,191 | While it is generally accepted that archive data (i.e. which never changes), regardless of its storage medium, is data at rest and active data subject to constant or frequent change is data in use. “Inactive data” could be taken to mean data which may change, but infrequently. The imprecise nature of terms such as “con... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33993923 |
724,076 | Energy released (or absorbed) because of a reaction between chemical substances ("reactants") is equal to the difference between the energy content of the products and the reactants. This change in energy is called the change in internal energy of a chemical system. It can be calculated from formula_1, the internal ene... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5936 |
744,546 | The Klein–Gordon equation was first considered as a quantum wave equation by Schrödinger in his search for an equation describing de Broglie waves. The equation is found in his notebooks from late 1925, and he appears to have prepared a manuscript applying it to the hydrogen atom. Yet, because it fails to take into acc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=209627 |
750,680 | One strength of agent-based modelling is its ability to mediate information flow between scales. When additional details about an agent are needed, a researcher can integrate it with models describing the extra details. When one is interested in the emergent behaviours demonstrated by the agent population, they can com... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=985619 |
751,732 | A statistical model is a probability distribution function proposed as generating data. In a parametric model, the probability distribution function has variable parameters, such as the mean and variance in a normal distribution, or the coefficients for the various exponents of the independent variable in linear regres... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2381958 |
759,615 | GENESIS ("Gemi Entegre Savaş İdare Sistemi", i.e., "Ship Integrated Combat Management System"), a network-centric warfare management system developed by HAVELSAN and initially used in the upgraded s of the Turkish Navy, was contracted for the first two corvettes on 23 May 2007. In the last Ada-class corvette, "Kınalıad... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40390348 |
780,865 | Higher-level behaviors implemented by a runtime system may include tasks such as drawing text on the screen or making an Internet connection. It is often the case that operating systems provide these kinds of behaviors as well, and when available, the runtime system is implemented as an abstraction layer that translate... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2106840 |
786,123 | The myenteric plexus functions as a part of the enteric nervous system (digestive system). The enteric nervous system can and does function autonomously, but normal digestive function requires communication links between this intrinsic system and the central nervous system. The ENS contains sensory receptors, primary a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=730370 |
797,479 | Recent research and study has been done in utilizing an organic solar cell as the top cell in a hybrid tandem solar cell stack. Because organic solar cells have a higher band gap than traditional inorganic photovoltaics like silicon or CIGS, they can absorb higher energy photons without losing much of the energy due to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18397250 |
818,152 | The Bell–LaPadula model focuses on data confidentiality and controlled access to classified information, in contrast to the Biba Integrity Model which describes rules for the protection of data integrity. In this formal model, the entities in an information system are divided into subjects and objects. The notion of a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=423866 |
824,770 | These experimental results proved to be consistent with the Bohr model for atoms that had been proposed the previous year by Niels Bohr. The Bohr model was a precursor of quantum mechanics and of the electron shell model of atoms. Its key feature was that an electron inside an atom occupies one of the atom's "quantum e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=381805 |
826,862 | An electrolytic cell is an electrochemical cell that utilizes an external source of electrical energy to force a chemical reaction that would not otherwise occur. The external energy source is a voltage applied between the cell′s two electrodes; an anode (positively charged electrode) and a cathode (negatively charged ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=361021 |
827,988 | Data quality refers to the state of qualitative or quantitative pieces of information. There are many definitions of data quality, but data is generally considered high quality if it is "fit for [its] intended uses in operations, decision making and planning". Moreover, data is deemed of high quality if it correctly re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1609808 |
829,199 | Although X.25 predates the OSI Reference Model (OSIRM), the physical layer of the OSI model corresponds to the X.25 "physical layer", the data link layer to the X.25 "data link layer", and the network layer to the X.25 "packet layer". The X.25 "data link layer", LAPB, provides a reliable data path across a data link (o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43336 |
839,781 | Data vault's philosophy is that all data is relevant data, even if it is not in line with established definitions and business rules. If data are not conforming to these definitions and rules then that is a problem for the business, not the data warehouse. The determination of data being "wrong" is an interpretation of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19260221 |
839,994 | Three G states exist and can be categorized as either reversible (quiescent) or irreversible (senescent and differentiated). Each of these three states can be entered from the G phase before the cell commits to the next round of the cell cycle. Quiescence refers to a reversible G state where subpopulations of cells res... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=619064 |
844,640 | Amyloid beta (Aβ) was found to cause neurotoxicity and cell death in the brain when present in high concentrations. Aβ results from a mutation that occurs when protein chains are cut at the wrong locations, resulting in chains of different lengths that are unusable. Thus they are left in the brain until they are broken... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=546712 |
852,937 | For an isolated "massive" system, the center of mass of the system moves in a straight line with a steady sub-luminal velocity (with a velocity depending on the reference frame used to view it). Thus, an observer can always be placed to move along with it. In this frame, which is the center-of-momentum frame, the total... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=162321 |
853,163 | Since Newton, scientists have extensively attempted to model the world. In particular, when a mathematical model is available (for instance, Newton's gravitational law or Coulomb's equation for electrostatics), we can foresee, given some parameters that describe a physical system (such as a distribution of mass or a di... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=203956 |
853,183 | As mentioned above, noise may be such that our measurements are not the image of any model, so that we cannot look for a model that produces the data but rather look for the best (or optimal) model: that is, the one that best matches the data. This leads us to minimize an objective function, namely a functional that qu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=203956 |
859,246 | The new Mode S system was intended to operate with just a single reply from an aircraft, a system known as monopulse. The accompanying diagram shows a conventional main or "sum" beam of an SSR antenna to which has been added a "difference" beam. To produce the sum beam the signal is distributed horizontally across the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2056508 |
864,745 | A schema is applied to a table in traditional databases. In such traditional databases, the table typically enforces the schema when the data is loaded into the table. This enables the database to make sure that the data entered follows the representation of the table as specified by the table definition. This design i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30248516 |
871,347 | For many diseases, pathological analysis of cells and tissues is considered to be the gold standard of disease diagnosis. AI-assisted pathology tools have been developed to assist with the diagnosis of a number of diseases, including breast cancer, hepatitis B, gastric cancer, and colorectal cancer. AI has also been us... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52588198 |
871,360 | Beyond making content edits to an EHR, there are AI algorithms that evaluate an individual patient's record and predict a risk for a disease based on their previous information and family history. One general algorithm is a rule-based system that makes decisions similarly to how humans use flow charts. This system take... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52588198 |
876,450 | According to Walker, system 1 functions as a serial cognitive steering processor for system 2, rather than a parallel system. In large-scale repeated studies with school students, Walker tested how students adjusted their imagined self-operation in different curriculum subjects of maths, science and English. He showed ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6240358 |
880,437 | In vector calculus and differential geometry the generalized Stokes theorem (sometimes with apostrophe as Stokes' theorem or Stokes's theorem), also called the Stokes–Cartan theorem, is a statement about the integration of differential forms on manifolds, which both simplifies and generalizes several theorems from vect... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29040 |
885,704 | Local area networking standards such as Ethernet and IEEE 802.3 specifications use terminology from the seven-layer OSI model rather than the TCP/IP model. The TCP/IP model, in general, does not consider physical specifications, rather it assumes a working network infrastructure that can deliver media-level frames on t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30862590 |
894,318 | A natural model of passive learning is Valiant's probably approximately correct (PAC) learning. Here the learner receives random examples (x,c(x)), where x is distributed according to some unknown distribution D. The learner's goal is to output a hypothesis function h such that h(x)=c(x) with high probability when x is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44108758 |
899,569 | Bioenergetics is the part of biochemistry concerned with the energy involved in making and breaking of chemical bonds in the molecules found in biological organisms. It can also be defined as the study of energy relationships and energy transformations and transductions in living organisms. The ability to harness energ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1369210 |
900,451 | An energy balance can be used to track energy through a system, and is a very useful tool for determining resource use and environmental impacts, using the First and Second laws of thermodynamics, to determine how much energy is needed at each point in a system, and in what form that energy is a cost in various environ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177694 |
913,830 | In probability and statistics, the quantile function, associated with a probability distribution of a random variable, specifies the value of the random variable such that the probability of the variable being less than or equal to that value equals the given probability. Intuitively, the quantile function associates w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10167616 |
931,644 | Normally, once a tissue is injured or infected, damaged cells elicit inflammation by stimulating specific patterns of enzyme activity and cytokine gene expression in surrounding cells. Discrete clusters ("cytokine clusters") of molecules are secreted, which act as mediators, inducing the activity of subsequent cascades... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2332422 |
940,444 | To impute missing data in statistics, NMF can take missing data while minimizing its cost function, rather than treating these missing data as zeros. This makes it a mathematically proven method for data imputation in statistics. By first proving that the missing data are ignored in the cost function, then proving that... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3681279 |
944,191 | On the other hand, for systems which are unbound, the "closure" of the system may be enforced by an idealized surface, inasmuch as no mass–energy can be allowed into or out of the test-volume over time, if conservation of system invariant mass is to hold during that time. If a force is allowed to act on (do work on) on... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=491022 |
944,193 | In special relativity, mass is not "converted" to energy, for all types of energy still retain their associated mass. Neither energy nor invariant mass can be destroyed in special relativity, and each is separately conserved over time in closed systems. Thus, a system's invariant mass may change "only" because invarian... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=491022 |
956,636 | where "u"("t") is an input signal, "y"("t") is an output signal, the vector x represents a set of "n" state variables describing the device, and "g" and "f" are continuous functions. For a current-controlled memristive system the signal "u"("t") represents the current signal "i"("t") and the signal "y"("t") represents ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14246162 |
958,458 | Under the name of 'quantum tagging', the first position-based quantum schemes have been investigated in 2002 by Kent. A US-patent was granted in 2006. The notion of using quantum effects for location verification first appeared in the scientific literature in 2010. After several other quantum protocols for position ver... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28676005 |
958,833 | A generative algorithm models how the data was generated in order to categorize a signal. It asks the question: based on my generation assumptions, which category is most likely to generate this signal? A discriminative algorithm does not care about how the data was generated, it simply categorizes a given signal. So, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1222578 |
965,503 | By an external system that lies in the surroundings, not necessarily a thermodynamic system as strictly defined by the usual thermodynamic state variables, otherwise than by transfer of matter, work can be said to be done on a thermodynamic system. Part of such surroundings-defined work can have a mechanism just as for... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3616613 |
965,525 | The definition of thermodynamic work is in terms of the changes of the system's extensive deformation (and chemical constitutive and certain other) state variables, such as volume, molar chemical constitution, or electric polarisation. Examples of state variables that are not extensive deformation or other such variabl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3616613 |
965,532 | When work, for example pressure–volume work, is done on its surroundings by a closed system that cannot pass heat in or out because it is confined by an adiabatic wall, the work is said to be adiabatic for the system as well as for the surroundings. When mechanical work is done on such an adiabatically enclosed system ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3616613 |
965,556 | Non-mechanical work contrasts with pressure–volume work. Pressure–volume work is one of the two mainly considered kinds of mechanical contact work. A force acts on the interfacing wall between system and surroundings. The force is that due to the pressure exerted on the interfacing wall by the material inside the syste... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3616613 |
967,615 | Level 1 is a cab signalling system that can be superimposed on the existing signalling system, leaving the fixed signalling system (national signalling and track-release system) in place. Eurobalise radio beacons pick up signal aspects from the trackside signals via signal adapters and telegram coders ("Lineside Electr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2214121 |
979,112 | Since the cost of energy has become a significant factor in the performance of economy of societies, management of energy resources has become very crucial. Energy management involves utilizing the available energy resources more effectively; that is, with minimum incremental costs. Many times it is possible to save ex... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2935251 |
981,839 | Both terms, zero energy buildings and green buildings, have similarities and differences. "Green" buildings often focus on operational energy, and disregard the embodied carbon footprint from construction. According to the IPCC, embodied carbon will make up half of the total carbon emissions between now[2020] and 2050.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4211531 |
995,883 | The model is initially fit on a training data set, which is a set of examples used to fit the parameters (e.g. weights of connections between neurons in artificial neural networks) of the model. The model (e.g. a naive Bayes classifier) is trained on the training data set using a supervised learning method, for example... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1514392 |
996,071 | In order to allow the use of a G1 ballistic coefficient rather than velocity data Dr. Pejsa provided two reference drag curves. The first reference drag curve is based purely on the Siacci/Mayevski retardation rate function. The second reference drag curve is adjusted to equal the Siacci/Mayevski retardation rate funct... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=584911 |
997,004 | In a report published in 1926 in Transactions of the Faraday Society, James Franck was concerned with the mechanisms of photon-induced chemical reactions. The presumed mechanism was the excitation of a molecule by a photon, followed by a collision with another molecule during the short period of excitation. The questio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1590747 |
1,001,887 | The notion that self-organising biological systems – like a cell or brain – can be understood as minimising variational free energy is based upon Helmholtz’s work on unconscious inference and subsequent treatments in psychology and machine learning. Variational free energy is a function of observations and a probabilit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39403556 |
1,001,915 | Concerning the top-down vs bottom-up controversy that has been addressed as a major open problem of attention, a computational model has succeeded in illustrating the circulatory nature of reciprocation between top-down and bottom-up mechanisms. Using an established emergent model of attention, namely, SAIM, the author... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39403556 |
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