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Seetal railway line The Seetal railway line () is a (standard-gauge) railway of the Swiss Federal Railways between Lenzburg and Lucerne in Switzerland. The line was opened in 1883 by the Lake Valley of Switzerland Railway Company, which was owned by British investors, and subsequently owned by the Schweizerische Seethalbahn-Gesellschaft (SthB). As built, the line had many of the characteristics of a roadside tramway, following the parallel road almost throughout and running within the villages, separating houses from the road. Despite rebuilding to improve its safety record, much of this nature has survived to the current day. History Inception In the communities of the Seetal valley, it was hoped initially that the main line from Basel to Lucerne would be routed through the valley, but the Swiss Central Railway opted for a route via Zofingen, Sursee and Sempach. At around the same time, the engineer Theodor Lutz developed a concept for the construction of local railways. According to his ideas, these railways should share the use of existing roads, which would anyway lose the most traffic at the newly opened railway. In addition, this allowed the introduction of the local train directly into the town centers. Lutz managed to raise finance from investors in London to put his ideas into practice on a line through the Seetal. On 22 August 1882 the Lake Valley Railway Company of Switzerland was established in London. On September 3, 1883, the first section was opened. The passengers included tourists from Lucerne doing sightseeing tours to the Hallwilersee and Baldeggersee lakes. Expansions of the main line followed, as well as a short branch line between Beinwil and Beromünster. Changes of ownership The profitable expectations of the British investors were not fulfilled, and so they sold the line in 1894 to the newly founded Schweizerische Seethalbahn Aktiengesellschaft (SthB). They made various improvements, including the introduction of restaurant carriages. They were also pioneers of the electrification of Switzerland's railways, starting electric service in 1910 with 5.5 kV 25 Hz AC. Despite their efforts, the line remained unprofitable. In 1922 the line was acquired by the Swiss Confederation and incorporated into the Swiss Federal Railways (SBB). In 1930, the SBB modified the electrification to its standard of . In 1997 the branch line between Beinwil and Beromünster was closed down. It now forms part of a cycle path. Rebuild By the end of the 20th century, the Seetalbahn had by far the worst safety record of all SBB lines. Between 1987 and 1992 the line accounted for around half of all the SBB's level crossing accidents and there were nine fatalities on the line. Improvement of safety was therefore a major target for the line. Although the line's infrastructure had many of the attributes of a roadside tramway or light railway, it was operated using standard heavy rail rolling stock, with its greater width and longer stopping distances. Various options were investigated, including a major realignment of the line to more conventional heavy rail standands, but this had the twin disadvantages of a very high cost coupled with losing the attractiveness of bringing public transport to the hearts of the villages along the line. Conversion to light rail was also discussed, and a vehicle from the Saarbrücken tramway was tried out on the line in 1998. In the end, the decision was made to build new heavy rail railcars for the line, but to build these with low floors and using a limited width. The reduction in width allowed the infrastructure on the northern section of the line, between Lenzburg and Hitzkirch, to be reconfigured providing more space between parallel road lanes and at level crossings. Enhanced brakes on the new railcars allowed tramway-like 'on sight' operation through the villages with a maximum speed of , whilst speed on other parts of the line was increased to . Other parts of the line were realigned to avoid conflict and as many level crossings as possible were removed. Operation As a consequence of the reduction of the loading gauge width from to , only specially cleared vehicles can use the northern section of the line between Lenzburg and Hitzkirch. The southern section, from Lucerne to Hitzkirch, still has a normal profile, allowing freight and other traffic to operate. Passenger services are operated by the SBB RABe 520, a wide, four section variant of the Stadler GTW train. This variant was specially created for the Seetal line, although it is cleared to operate anywhere on the SBB network. The passenger service on the line operates every half-hour, and is designated as service S9 of the Lucerne S-Bahn. References External links Category:Railway lines in Switzerland Category:Defunct railway companies of Switzerland Category:Railway lines opened in 1883	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Coffee production in Democratic Republic of the Congo Coffee production in Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) is centered in the Lake Kivu provinces. There are about 11,000 coffee farmers in the country who produce two main varieties of coffee, Robusta and Arabica. Farmers and co-ops There were more than 11,000 coffee farmers in the DRC in 2013. Co-operative associations, such as Furaha, Muungano, and Sopacdi are valuable partners to the coffee farmers in sales and distribution. Species Many varieties of coffee are grown in the DRC but the two major species are Robusta, which is grown mainly in the northeast of the country such as in Isiro, and in the low lands of Ubangi, Uele, Kivu, Kasai, and Bas-Congo; and the lighter Arabica varieties which is grown at higher elevations in Kivu and Ituri. Arabica accounts for one fifth of the total production of coffee. Production By 1989, coffee exports were at a high of 119,320 tonnes, but they declined sharply in the 1994–2003 period, possibly due to the civil wars of 1997 and 1998. Coffee wilt disease also affected growth in some areas. After the peace agreement was signed in December 2002, following the end of the civil war, production of coffee rose to 40,000 tons in 2003 from a figure of 32,000 tons in 2002. In 2006, coffee production, in terms of 60 kg bags, was 100,000 bags of Arabica and 470,000 bags of Robusta. Total exports were 400,000 bags of 60 kg, but by 2010 coffee production was still 6,000 tonnes less than 10% of what it had been 20 years earlier in 1989 (119,320 tonnes). In 2012, the government launched a programme for the recovery of the coffee sector titled Strategy Document for the Recovery of the Coffee Sector 2011–2015 and made a budgetary provision US $100 million for the purpose. It was estimated that the recovery plan would result in an increase in production to 120,000 tonnes by 2015. The regions where recovery of coffee growth has been planned are eight districts of South Kivu province, the Robusta variety of coffee in the Orientale province, and about 700 hectares of Arabica coffee in Bandundu province. References Bibliography Democratic Republic of the Congo Category:Lake Kivu Category:Economy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Sorcerers & Secretaries Sorcerers & Secretaries is a manga-influenced comic created by Amy Kim Ganter and was published by Tokyopop. Further reading External links TOKYOPOP's Rising Stars of Manga IV: Amy Kim Ganter on Sorcerers & Secretaries Category:Tokyopop titles Category:Original English-language manga	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Whitford G. Smith House Whitford G. Smith House is a historic home located at Asheville, Buncombe County, North Carolina. It was built in 1894, and is a 2 1/2-story, irregular plan, Queen Anne style frame dwelling. It features a wraparound porch and a myriad of projecting pyramidal or gable-roof bays. The house was divided into apartments in the 1980s. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005. References External links Category:Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in North Carolina Category:Queen Anne architecture in North Carolina Category:Houses completed in 1894 Category:Houses in Asheville, North Carolina Category:National Register of Historic Places in Buncombe County, North Carolina	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
List of American films of 2020 This is a list of American films that are scheduled to be released in 2020. Some films have announced release dates but have yet to begin filming, while others are in production but do not yet have definite release dates. Box office The highest-grossing American films released in 2020, by domestic box office gross revenue, are as follows: January–March April–June July–September October–December See also List of 2020 box office number-one films in the United States 2020 in the United States References External links Films American 2020	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Cao Bằng Cao Bằng () is a city in northern Vietnam. It is the capital and largest settlement of Cao Bằng Province. It is located on the bank of the Bằng Giang river, and is around away from the border with China's Guangxi region. History The area, Cao Bằng (), was the stronghold of the last years of the Mạc dynasty after their 1592 defeat at the hands of the Trịnh lords. During the 19th century the area was resistant to the Nguyễn government. The city is also known for the Battle of Cao Bằng, the first major decisive victory of the Việt Minh against the French Army. Climate References Category:Provincial capitals in Vietnam Category:Populated places in Cao Bằng Province Category:District capitals in Vietnam Category:Cities in Vietnam Category:Districts of Cao Bằng Province	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Emma Cattle Emma Cattle (born 10 April 1988 in Luton) is a British Paralympian competing in S10 events. She competed at the 2008 Summer Paralympics. Cattle trains at Luton swimming club. She attended Barnfield College. Career Cattle has cerebral palsy, and competes in S10 and SM10 events. She began swimming aged 8 at her local swimming club in Luton. She was selected to compete at the 2008 Paralympics, coming sixth in the final of the 100 metre backstroke S10 competition. She also competed in the 50 metre freestyle S10, where she finished last in her heat, and the Women's 200 m Individual Medley SM10, where she was disqualified in her heat. Cattle qualified to compete at the 2009 IPC Swimming European Championships, her third appearance at the event. She won a bronze medal in the 400 metre freestyle S10. In 2009, Cattle broke the British 100m backstroke S10 record with a time of 1:12.55; her record was later broken in 2013. Cattle failed to qualify for the 2012 Summer Paralympics after finishing eighth in the 400m mixed category freestyle final at the British Championships. In 2015, Cattle won the mixed category 100m freestyle C final of a 2015 British Para-Swimming International Meet event in Glasgow. She also competed in the 50m and 100m freestyle and 100m backstroke events in the East Region Winter Championships. References External links Category:1988 births Category:Living people Category:Sportspeople from Luton Category:English female swimmers Category:English disabled sportspeople Category:Swimmers with cerebral palsy Category:Swimmers at the 2008 Summer Paralympics Category:Paralympic swimmers of Great Britain Category:S10-classified Paralympic swimmers	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Shian (disambiguation) Shian is a village in Kurdistan Province, Iran. Shian or Shiyan or Sheyan () may also refer to: Shian, Isfahan Shian, alternate name of Shuhan-e Sofla, Kermanshah Qaleh-ye Shian, Kermanshah Province Shian, Salas-e Babajani, Kermanshah Province Shiyan Rural District, in Kermanshah Province	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
El Cerrito High School El Cerrito High School is a four-year public high school in the West Contra Costa Unified School District. It is located on Ashbury Avenue in El Cerrito, California, United States. As of the 2014-15 school year, the school had an enrollment of 1,364 students and 55.2 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 24.7:1. There were 572 students (41.9% of enrollment) eligible for free lunch and 119 (8.7% of students) eligible for reduced-cost lunch. Overview The original main school building was built in the late 1930s as a WPA project. The school opened to students on January 6, 1941. Student population quickly outgrew the facilities, and the campus became a collection of small, outlying buildings. As concern grew over the building's safety and structural stability, plans were made for more integrated buildings and, in the summer of 2005, demolition of the old campus began. By 2007, the campus had been demolished, and the terrain was leveled in preparation for reconstruction. During the reconstruction, all classes were held in temporary buildings located south of the campus on the former baseball field. The new campus opened on January 5, 2009. El Cerrito's student body is 35.6% African-American, 23.7% Hispanic, 17.2% Asian, 16.7% Caucasian, and 2.5% Filipino. Many of these students are actually mixed race, making El Cerrito a very diverse high school. Half of students come from families with a low enough income to qualify for free or reduced price lunches under the National School Lunch Act. Many students come from the neighboring city of Richmond, which is also served by the West Contra Costa Unified School District. Art Programs Before the bankruptcy of the Richmond Unified School District, El Cerrito High School was a regional magnet for the arts. Recovery from the bankruptcy coincided with less available funds, slowing recovery, but the rebuilt school has a theater that has been used by professional organizations such as West Edge Opera. Bands The Gaucho Band may have become the first high-school band to be nationally televised when they stood in for Ohio State University Marching Band at their game against Berkeley at Memorial Stadium on October 3, 1953. The Gauchos then adapted and adopted Ohio's fight song, "Across the Field," as "Down the Field." Notable attendees Athletics Dwain Anderson, MLB infielder, Oakland Athletics 1971-1972, St. Louis Cardinals 1972-1973, San Diego Padres 1973, Cleveland Indians 1974 Jerry Bell, NFL tight end, Tampa Bay Buccaneers 1982-1987 Ernie Broglio, MLB pitcher, St. Louis Cardinals 1959-1964, Chicago Cubs 1964-66 Mike Burns, NFL player Les Cain, MLB pitcher, Detroit Tigers 1968, 1970–1972 John Flavin, MLB pitcher, Chicago Cubs 1964 Drew Gooden, NBA power forward/center, Washington Wizards Cornell Green, NFL defensive back, Dallas Cowboys 1962-1974 Pumpsie Green, MLB infielder, Boston Red Sox 1959-1962, New York Mets 1963 Mario Hollands, MLB pitcher, Philadelphia Phillies 2014-prese Roddy Lee, Olympic athlete Jamir Miller, NFL linebacker, Arizona Cardinals 1994-98, Cleveland Browns 1999-2002 Bill Nelson, NFL defensive tackle, Los Angeles Rams 1971-1975 Bob Newman, football player Chris Roberson, MLB outfielder, Philadelphia Phillies 2006-07 Terrell Roberts, NFL player Harvey Salem, NFL offensive tackle 1983-1992 Todd Spencer, NFL running back, Pittsburgh Steelers 1984-1985, San Diego Chargers 1987 John Thomas, NFL player 1958-1967 Lamont Thompson, NFL defensive safety 2002-2007 Entertainment Paul Baloff (d. 2002), former vocalist of Exodus Stephen Bradley, touring member of the band No Doubt; music producer Doug Clifford, member of the band Creedence Clearwater Revival Lawrence Coates, novelist Stu Cook, member of the band Creedence Clearwater Revival John Fogerty, member of the band Creedence Clearwater Revival Cynthia Gouw, TV news host, model and actress; class of 1981 Michael Jeffries, singer, Tower of Power Phil Lesh, musician, of the Grateful Dead Larry Lynch, drummer best known for his work with The Greg Kihn Band Maria Remenyi, former Miss USA Adam Sessler, host of G4's X-Play Mark Whitaker, former band manager of Exodus; produced albums for Exodus and Metallica Steve Wright, bassist best known for his work with The Greg Kihn Band Business Martin Eberhard, founder of Tesla Motors Byron Lars, fashion designer Academia Amy Chua, law professor at Yale Law School, author of Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother Lawrence Coates, professor at Bowling Green State University References Category:High schools in Contra Costa County, California Category:Educational institutions established in 1941 Category:Public high schools in California	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Duck Creek (Ohio) Duck Creek is a tributary of the Ohio River, approximately 30 mi (50 km) long, in southeastern Ohio in the United States. Via the Ohio River, it is part of the Mississippi River watershed. It drains an area of the Unglaciated Allegheny Plateau, between the watersheds of the Muskingum and Little Muskingum Rivers. Course Duck Creek is formed in the hill country of northern Washington County at the community of Warner, just west of Lower Salem and approximately 15 mi (24 km) north of Marietta, by the confluence of East Fork Duck Creek and West Fork Duck Creek. The East Fork, approximately 20 mi (30 km) long, rises in western Monroe County and flows generally southwardly through eastern Noble and northern Washington Counties. The West Fork, approximately 30 mi (50 km) long, rises in southeastern Guernsey County and flows generally south-southeastwardly through central Noble and northern Washington Counties, past the towns of Belle Valley, Caldwell, Dexter City and Macksburg; it is the larger of the two headwaters streams. From Warner, Duck Creek flows generally southwardly in a highly meandering course and joins the Ohio River at Marietta, about 3 mi (5 km) east of its downtown. See also List of rivers of Ohio Category:Rivers of Ohio Category:Tributaries of the Ohio River Category:Rivers of Noble County, Ohio Category:Rivers of Washington County, Ohio Category:Allegheny Plateau	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Palaiochora Palaiochora () is a small town in Chania regional unit, Greece. It is located 77 km south of Chania, on the southwest coast of Crete and occupies a small peninsula 400m wide and 700m long. The town is set along 11 km of coastline bordering the Libyan Sea. It is the seat of the municipality of Kantanos–Selino and its population was 1,675 in the 2011 census. Economy Palaiochora's economy is based on tourism and agriculture (mainly tomatoes cultivated in glass houses and also olive oil). It is a relaxing holiday destination since the early 1970s when it was popular with hippies. Palaiochora has crystal clear waters, well organised beaches, and beautiful isolated small anchorages. It is served by numerous hotels, restaurants, tavernas, cafés, and bars. Facilities in Palaiochora include bank branches, a post office, a central telephone office, a health centre, doctor's offices, dentists, chemists, a police station, a coast guard and customs office, and many types of stores. Ferry boats connect Palaiochora with Sougia, Agia Roumeli, Loutro, Chora Sfakion, and Gavdos. Local attractions include the abundant wild flowers in the spring, the opportunity to see Venetian and Byzantine wall paintings in some of the local churches (those in Anidri and Voutas being particularly impressive), and a museum dedicated to the Acretans in the town itself. The nearby village of Azogires, 5 km away, contains a museum dedicated to the area as well as the, now empty, Monastery of the 99 Holy Fathers and what is claimed to be the largest Evergreen Plane Tree on the Island. In 2009 it was planned to open a number of signposted walking routes in the area and the town is on the European E4 Long Distance Footpath. Palaiochora is built on the ruins of the ancient city of Kalamydi. History In 1278, the Venetian general Marino Gradenigo built a fort in the Palechora area, called the "Selino Kasteli". The fort gave its name to the whole province, previously called "Orina", which was then renamed "Selino". The fort was destroyed in 1332 and it was rebuilt in 1334. Near the fort, the Venetians established a new settlement for workers and merchants called Vourgos. The general Hayreddin Barbarossa destroyed the fort in 1539, but later in 1595 Dolf revamped it. In 1645, the Turks conquered the town and modified the fort to suit their needs. In 1834 an English traveler named Robert Pashley found the fort completely destroyed and the whole area without any inhabitants and with only a granary and one or two small buildings left. In 1866 the recolonization of Paleochora began. In December 1866, during the Cretan uprising against the Ottoman Turks, the British gunboat evacuated some 340 women and children from Paleochora, then known as Selino Castelli (or Selino Kastelli), and took them to Piraeus for safety. This caused a major international incident since the Ottoman authorities accused the British of siding with the Cretan rebels. Russian gunboats followed suit, evacuating refugees from Loutro and Sougia, east of Paleochora. During the Battle of Crete during World War II, the town was the scene of fighting between motorcycle-riding troops of the German 95th Reconnaissance Battalion and the Eighth Greek Regiment (Provisional) with elements of the Cretan Gendarmerie. The Germans built a number of gun emplacements by the Venetian Fortezza and their remains are still present. The general phase of urbanization that started in other parts of Greece in the 1960s, took place in the 1950s on the nearby island of Gavdos. During that period the islanders exchanged their land on Gavdos for ex-Turkish land on Crete, which had now become exchangeable through a state program. They created a community known as "Gavdiotika", in the 'old town' section of Paleochora. Climate The town has a Mediterranean climate. References External links Current weather conditions paleochora.com The Paleochora Site - Walks, Weather, Recipes, Botany, History of Paleochora Private page featuring lots of anecdotes and photos involving Paleochora Site dedicated to palaiochora with many webcams , virtual tour and other villages around palaiochora Category:Populated places in Chania (regional unit)	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Thoroughfare, Virginia Thoroughfare is an unincorporated community in western Prince William County, Virginia. Roughly located on Virginia State Route 55 about 1.5 miles West of Haymarket where the Norfolk Southern Railway tracks cross the road. The community thrived through the 1940s as a community founded by former slaves. As a place name, Thoroughfare is no longer in common use. External links Free People Of Color At Thoroughfare Category:Unincorporated communities in Prince William County, Virginia Category:Washington metropolitan area Category:Unincorporated communities in Virginia	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Ángel Bastos Ángel Bastos Teijeira (born 3 May 1992) is a Spanish footballer who plays for Extremadura UD as a right back. Football career Bastos was born in Mos, Pontevedra, Spain, and started his career with Porriño Industrial CF. In July 2013 he joined Tercera División side CD Choco, being an ever-present figure as his side finished sixth. On 5 July 2014, Bastos moved to Coruxo FC in Segunda División B. Again being a regular starter, he signed for fellow league team Cultural Leonesa on 20 June 2016. Bastos appeared in all league matches of the 2016–17 season, scoring two goals as his side achieved promotion to Segunda División as champions. He made his professional debut on 26 August 2017, starting in a 2–1 home win against CA Osasuna. On 21 June 2018, after suffering relegation, Bastos signed for CF Reus Deportiu still in the second division. The following January, he terminated his contract with the Catalans due to the club's poor financial situation overall. On 28 January 2019, Bastos moved to fellow second division side Extremadura UD. Honours Cultural Leonesa Segunda División B: 2016–17 References External links Category:1992 births Category:Living people Category:People from Vigo (comarca) Category:Spanish footballers Category:Galician footballers Category:Association football defenders Category:Segunda División players Category:Segunda División B players Category:Tercera División players Category:Divisiones Regionales de Fútbol players Category:Coruxo FC players Category:Cultural Leonesa footballers Category:CF Reus Deportiu footballers Category:Extremadura UD footballers	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Joey Bosa Joseph Anthony Bosa (born July 11, 1995) is an American football defensive end for the Los Angeles Chargers of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Ohio State, and was selected by the Chargers third overall in the 2016 NFL Draft. High school career Bosa attended St. Thomas Aquinas High School in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, where he played high school football for the Raiders. He was rated by Rivals.com as a four-star recruit and was ranked as the fourth best defensive end in his class. Bosa committed to play college football at Ohio State University in April 2012. College career As a true freshman in 2013, Bosa started 10 of 14 games, recording 44 tackles and 7.5 sacks. He was named a freshman All-American by the Sporting News and College Football News. In 2014, Bosa was named a Unanimous First Team All-American, becoming the 27th Buckeye in 84 years to do so. He finished his sophomore year with 13.5 sacks on 55 tackles. He earned Big Ten Defensive Player of the Year. On July 30, 2015, it was announced that Bosa would be suspended from the first game of the 2015 season with three other Ohio State football players for undisclosed reasons. During his junior year, Bosa finished with five sacks and an interception on 47 tackles. On December 31, 2015, he announced his intentions to enter the 2016 NFL Draft. During the 2016 Fiesta Bowl against Notre Dame on January 1, 2016, Bosa was ejected in the first quarter for a targeting penalty when he made a hit on quarterback DeShone Kizer. Ohio State won the Bowl game by a score of 44–28. After his junior season, he entered the 2016 NFL Draft. Bosa was a highly decorated Buckeye receiving National and Conference honors beginning his Freshman year. In 2013, Bosa was named a First Team Freshman All-American as well as selected to the Freshman All-Big Ten First Team. In 2014, his sophomore year, he was named Big Ten Defensive Player of the Year, Big Ten Lineman of the Year, First Team All-American, and All-Big Ten, as well as a Lombardi Award Finalist. He repeated most of the honors his Junior year, falling short of claiming the Nagurski-Woodson Defensive Player of the Year for the second time. College statistics Professional career In March 2016, Bosa was projected to be a top 10 pick in the 2016 NFL Draft by NFL analyst Daniel Jeremiah. Bosa received an invitation to the NFL combine as a top prospect in the upcoming draft. He completed all of the required combine drills and also participated in positional drills. Bosa met and interviewed with 13 NFL teams at the combine, including the Baltimore Ravens, New Orleans Saints, Dallas Cowboys, Cleveland Browns, and Tennessee Titans. His overall performance at the combine was thought by scouts to be impressive. Bosa was drafted in the first round with the third overall selection by the San Diego Chargers. He was the first of five Ohio State players to be drafted in the first round of the 2016 NFL Draft, followed by Ezekiel Elliott, Eli Apple, Taylor Decker, and Darron Lee. When he remained the last unsigned draft pick of his class due to contractual disputes with the team, Bosa's mother stated "I wish we pulled an Eli Manning on draft day", referring to the 2004 NFL Draft in which Manning, a highly touted prospect who was projected to get selected first overall by the Chargers, refused to play for San Diego and forced a draft-day trade to the New York Giants. On August 24, 2016, the Chargers issued a press release stating that they had offered Bosa an initial signing bonus payment that was larger than any rookie has received in the last two NFL drafts, which was more money in 2016 than any rookie in his draft class except Philadelphia Eagles quarterback Carson Wentz. On August 29, 2016, Bosa signed a four-year contract with the team, ending the dispute. 2016 season Bosa missed the first four weeks of the season due to a hamstring injury. On October 9, Bosa made his regular season debut against AFC West rival Oakland Raiders. Although Bosa only played 27 snaps, he finished the game with two sacks, a hit, and four hurries. The following game against the Denver Broncos, he had one quarterback hit, five hurries, and a stop while also drawing double teams throughout the game. Bosa was named Defensive Rookie of the Month for October. Despite being limited to 12 games, Bosa finished his rookie year with 41 tackles, 10.5 sacks, and a forced fumble. He was named the NFL Defensive Rookie of the Year. Bosa was ranked as the 100th best player in the league by his peers on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2017. 2017 season Bosa followed his impressive rookie season with a solid second season, which began with the Chargers' move from San Diego to Los Angeles. He and Melvin Ingram formed one of the best pass rushing duos in the league, with Bosa totaling 70 tackles and 12.5 sacks - seventh in the NFL. On December 19, 2017, Bosa was named to his first Pro Bowl. He was ranked #37 by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2018. 2018 season Bosa suffered a foot injury, which sidelined him until Week 11 of the 2018 season. In seven games, he recorded 5.5 sacks, 23 combined tackles, nine quarterback hits, and one fumble recovery. He made his playoff debut in the Wild Card Round against the Baltimore Ravens. In the 23-17 win, he had one sack, two tackles, and one quarterback hit. In the Divisional Round against the New England Patriots, he had one tackle in the 41-28 loss. 2019 season On April 12, 2019, Bosa switched his jersey number from 99 to 97. He wore 97 during his tenure with Ohio State. On April 23, 2019, the Chargers picked up the fifth-year option on Bosa's contract. In week 7 against the Tennessee Titans, Bosa sacked Ryan Tannehill twice in the 23–20 loss. In week 8 against the Chicago Bears, Bosa recorded another two sacks on Mitch Trubisky in the 17–16 win. He was named the AFC Defensive Player of the Week for his performance along with his brother, Nick Bosa. In week 14 against the Jacksonville Jaguars, Bosa sacked rookie quarterback Gardner Minshew II twice in the 45–10 blowout win. Career statistics Personal life Bosa's father, John Bosa, played in the NFL from 1987 to 1989. His brother, Nick Bosa, played defensive end for Ohio State, and was drafted with the second overall pick by the San Francisco 49ers in 2019. Bosa's grandfather Palmer Pyle and grand-uncle Mike Pyle both played in the NFL as well. Bosa's great-grandfather was Chicago mob boss Tony Accardo. References External links Los Angeles Chargers bio Ohio State Buckeyes bio Category:1995 births Category:Living people Category:All-American college football players Category:American Conference Pro Bowl players Category:American football defensive ends Category:American football defensive tackles Category:American football linebackers Category:Los Angeles Chargers players Category:Ohio State Buckeyes football players Category:Players of American football from Florida Category:San Diego Chargers players Category:Sportspeople from Fort Lauderdale, Florida	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Tala (song) "Tala" (English: Star) is a song by Filipino singer and actress Sarah Geronimo, written by Nica del Rosario and Emmanuel Sambayan with music and production by Jumbo De Belen and Alisson Shore of Flip Music Production. It was released as the lead single from Geronimo's platinum album The Great Unknown. The song became one of the most played OPM songs of 2016, winning “Song of the Year” at the 2017 Myx Music Awards. In 2018, Geronimo performed the song on ASEAN-Japan Music Festival held in Tokyo. In 2019, CNN Philippines named the song as the Best OPM song of 2010s. In the latter half of 2019, "Tala" became ubiquitous three years after its release receiving a new level of popularity and started as a dance challenge through social media in the Philippines. Live performances Sarah Geronimo premiered Tala on her From the Top concert on December 2015. She also performed the song on various album mall tour for The Great Unknown in the Philippines. On ASAP stage, the popstar performed the hit four times. She also made an acoustic version of the song for her The Great Unknown Unplugged concert. It also became one of the highlights of her This 15 Me concert in Smart Araneta Coliseum. Music video The music video shows Sarah Geronimo’s sexier side as she shows off her Georcelle Dapat-Sy Choreographed dance moves along with the G-force while performing the song. It was directed by Paul Basinilio. The music video was premiered on Myx, and posted on Viva Records official YouTube Channel on June 11, 2016. As of November 2019, the video has garnered over 15 million views. The video reached the 25 million mark on the first day of 2020. The music video throned the most-viewed OPM music video on March 2020 with over 100 million views, beating Yeng Constantino's Ikaw's 90+ million record. Notable covers The song was covered by PBB Teens housemate Vivoree. Encantadia’s Glaiza de Castro made a dance cover of the song. Ella Cruz uploaded a dance cover of the song on her YouTube channel, she also performed the song along with Julian Trono during the 2017 Myx Music Awards. Filipina singer-songwriter Donnalyn Bartolome made a dance cover of the song, it was uploaded on her YouTube channel. AC Bonifacio performed the hit numerous times, she also made a dance cover of the song with The Voice winner Jason Dy. Diva Montelaba made a dance cover of the song. The Addlib made a dance cover of the song and was uploaded to their YouTube channel. In May 2018, Geronimo was impersonated in Your Face Sounds Familiar Kids 2 by contestant Sheena Belarmino and performed the hit song. Filipina girl group After 5 performed the song live on Wish FM Bus. Anne Curtis performed the song with Geronimo on her "AnneKulit: Promise, Last Na 'To!" concert held in Smart Araneta Coliseum. South Korean boy band WINNER surprised fans in Manila by dancing to Sarah Geronimo's "Tala" during their concert in the Mall of Asia Arena in Pasay City on Saturday January 25, 2020. Media usage The melody of the song was used in a Jollibee advertisement featuring Anne Curtis. Award-winning Filipino magazine show Kapuso Mo, Jessica Soho used the song as the theme for its "Selos Sa Peryahan" feature. Charts 2016 2019 - 2020 Legacy Awards References Category:2015 songs Category:2016 singles Category:Sarah Geronimo songs Category:Music memes	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Dais Records Dais Records is an American independent record label founded in August 2007 by musicians Gibby Miller and Ryan Martin, based in Los Angeles, California, and Brooklyn, New York. The label has released recordings from artists including Drab Majesty, Cold Cave, Iceage, King Dude, High Functioning Flesh, Genesis P-Orridge, Tor Lundvall, Youth Code, William S. Burroughs and Cold Showers. Label roster Reissues References External links Official website Facebook Category:American record labels Category:Experimental music record labels Category:Indie rock record labels	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Mangaweka deviation The Mangaweka Deviation is a 7 km single track deviation of the North Island Main Trunk (NIMT) railway line in the central North Island of New Zealand, between the settlements of Mangaweka and Utiku, south of Taihape. Opened on 18 November 1981, it was constructed between 1973 and 1981; to move the line away from geologically unstable land; and also to replace the high-maintenance steel viaducts including the Mangaweka Viaduct. It is the most recent and most significant deviation of the NIMT since it was opened in 1909. History The original section of the line was constructed as part of the NIMT in 1904. The entirety of the route from Marton north to Taihape was built to the west of the Rangitikei River and lies predominantly on the terraces within the river valley. Only south of Marton does the NIMT cross the Rangitikei en route to Palmerston North and Wellington. Between the settlements of Mangaweka and Utiku the western river terrace is largely non-existent with steep hill country running into tall river cliffs. The topography is also compounded by the confluence of the Kawhatau River with the Rangitikei. However, despite these obstacles surveyors were able to identify a route that kept the line to the west of the river along the cliff tops; albeit one that included a climb at each end of the section, a viaduct, and several tunnels. By the 1960s concerns existed about the long-term stability of the land the section ran through. While the general Mangaweka area was susceptible to slips due to its steep hilly nature, rainfall and underlying geology of papa rock (mudstone), the railway, by virtue of its cliff top nature and several tunnels, was thought to be under particular threat from erosion and collapse. At the same time concerns were also being voiced over State Highway 1 as the steep, narrow and twisting alignment was also prone to slips – having been built after the railway in the same area though further to the west – and naturally imposed speed restrictions that were exacerbated by heavier vehicles and creating bottlenecks. As a result, investigations were commenced into improving both routes, including the feasibility of a joint rail-road alignment. Construction and new alignment From a number of options put forward different routes were chosen for SH1 and the NIMT, as it proved possible to reconstruct SH1 over much of the existing alignment. The SH1 works were completed in stages between 1972 and 1980. The NIMT route chosen was from one of the joint options given and was constructed between 1973 and 1981. The new alignment crossed the Rangitikei River twice and the Kawhatau River once - requiring the construction of three massive viaducts - and also removed the gradients at each end of the section. From the south, the deviation leaves the old alignment at exit of the Mangaweka tunnel, and crosses SH1 and passes much closer to the settlement than it did previously. It then passes under SH1 before crossing the South Rangitikei viaduct, which is a 78-m high, 315-m long triple-span structure. The line then runs along the eastern river terrace for about 2 km, firstly through a lengthy cutting and then across the Blind Gully embankment (New Zealand's largest) before crossing the Kawhatau (73-m high) and North Rangitikei (81-m high) viaducts in quick succession; the North Rangitikei viaduct is the highest on the NIMT. Both the Kawhatau and North Rangitikei viaducts have a 160-m long single centre span and two 25-m long approach spans, and are to a cantilever design so differ from the South Rangitikei Viaduct design. The line rejoins the original NIMT alignment a further 1 km north, just to the south of Utiku. The section was subsequently electrified as part of the NIMT electrification carried out between 1984 and 1988. Following the deviation's opening in 1981 work commenced on the removal of the former alignment with the lifting of the line. The Mangaweka viaduct was demolished in 1982. The former alignment today Much of the former alignment still exists today. For most travellers the most visible remnant of the old line are the bases of the Mangaweka viaduct which sit on the hillsides on each side of SH1 just north of the railway overpass. The formation can still be followed either side of where the viaduct stood, though to the south it is slowly being reclaimed by bush and the tunnel at the top of the climb has been almost totally blocked by a slip at the northern portal. North of the former viaduct the formation runs through farmland. The five tunnels on this side of the alignment remain largely intact. References The Old Mangaweka Section in Exploring New Zealand's Ghost Railways by David Leitch and Brian Scott pp28–29 (1995; 1998 revised edition, Grantham) North Island Main Trunk by Bill Pierre pp. 199–202 (Reed, Wellington, 1981) Rails: The Great New Zealand Adventure by Roy Sinclair pp 38,148 (1987, Grantham House, Wellington) Category:Railway lines in New Zealand Category:Buildings and structures in Manawatū-Whanganui Category:Rail transport in Manawatū-Whanganui	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Pramod Ranjan Choudhury Pramod Ranjan Choudhury (1904 – 28 September 1926) was a Bengali activist of Indian freedom movement who was hanged for the assassination of Police officer Bhupen Chatterjee. Early life Pramod Ranjan was born at Kelishahar, Chittagong District in British India. His father name was Ishan Chandra Choudhury. Revolutionary activities Choudhury joined in Anushilan Samiti of Chattogram. In 1921 he took part in Non-cooperation movement. He was arrested from Dakshineswar for having connection with Dakshineswar Conspiracy Case and sent to prison. On 28 May 1926 Choudhury and other fellow revolutionary inmates killed Bhupen Chatterjee with an iron rod. Chatterjee was a Deputy Superintendent of Police of Intelligence Branch who always spying on inmates and tried to destroy the mental strength of political prisoners. Death The trial started against them on 15 June 1926 and Capital punishment was awarded on 21 June. Choudhury and Anantahari Mitra were hanged to death on 28 September 1926 in the Alipore Central Jail in Kolkata. References Category:1904 births Category:1926 deaths Category:Executed revolutionaries Category:Bengali people Category:Revolutionary movement for Indian independence Category:Indian nationalism Category:Indian revolutionaries Category:Executed Indian people Category:20th-century executions by the United Kingdom Category:People executed by British India by hanging Category:Prisoners and detainees of British India Category:People executed for murdering police officers	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Julian Fane (musician) Julian Fane is an Electronic producer, vocalist and DJ. New York based Fane originally hails from the creative hub of Vancouver, Canada where he came to the attention of the Planet Mu imprint. Two albums Special Forces (2004) and Our New Quarters (2007) followed but for the past few years he's recorded primarily for film and TV. His ethereal perspective evokes the sounds of Sigur Rós and The Flaming Lips whilst his musical range compares to that of Boards Of Canada and Mercury Rev, a true reflection of his skills behind the big screen. In 2013 Julian signed with Lewis Recordings. His forthcoming release Racer is a nine-track album with hints of the aforementioned Sigur Rós and Boards Of Canada, Kraftwerk and Jai Paul. Julian provided the keyboards on the "Daylight For Delay" EP by Astoria. Discography Albums Racer (Unreleased, Lewis Recordings 2013) Special Forces (Planet Mu, 2004) Our New Quarters (Planet Mu, 2007) External links Lewis Recordings Planet Mu References Category:Year of birth missing (living people) Category:Living people Category:Canadian electronic musicians Category:Musicians from Vancouver	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
R3HDML R3H domain containing-like is a protein in humans that is encoded by the R3HDML gene. References Further reading Category:Genes on human chromosome 20	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
SS Police Regiment Brixen The SS Police Regiment Brixen () was a security formation of the German Order Police during World War II. The unit operated along the Alps, conducting Nazi security warfare in German-occupied northern Italy. Formation and service The unit was raised on 12 October 1944 in Brixen, Italy, from local conscripts with a cadre of Germans; its training was completed in December. The previous month it reported a strength of 1,335 men in three battalions. When the men learned that it might be transferred to the front lines in early 1945, many deserted. In February, the two remaining battalions were used to rebuild SS Volunteer Grenadier Regiment 80 of the 31st SS Volunteer Grenadier Division. Order of Battle Supreme SS and Police Leader "Italien" - SS-Obergruppenführer Karl Wolff SS and Police Leader "Mitteitalien-Verona" - SS-Brigadeführer Wilhelm Harster 15th SS Police Regiment SS Police Regiment Bozen SS Police Regiment Brixen Citations Bibliography Tessin, Georg & Kannapin, Norbert (2000). Waffen-SS under Ordnungspolizei im Kriegseinsatz 1939–1945: Ein Überlick anhand der Feldpostübersicht, Osnabrück, Germany: Biblio Verlag. Brixen Category:History of South Tyrol	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Lists of countries by debt The following articles contain lists of countries by debt: List of countries by public debt List of countries by household debt List of countries by external debt	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Branimir Porobić Branimir "Brana" Porobić (), (5 January 1901 – 18 December 1952) was a Serbian footballer. He was one of the pioneers of Serbian football as one of the founders of SK BUSK and a member of the club direction of BSK Belgrade. Born in Belgrade, he escaped to France during World War I where he finished high-school and played there in Lyon. When he returned to Belgrade he joined BSK Belgrade in 1918 and played as a full-back. He debuted for the first team of BSK in 1919. That year he moved to another Belgrade club, BUSK, but in 1921 he returned to giants BSK bringing with him two of his BUSK teammates, Aleksandar Milošević and Dušan Zdravković. He played with BSK until 1926. He was part of the first Yugoslav national team squad which was gathered to play in the 1920 Summer Olympics and he played in the second match on September 2, 1920 against Egypt. He also played 7 matches for the Belgrade Football Subassociation selection. He was a member of the BSK direction board, and was one of the founders and a number 1 member of another club, SK BUSK. During the Second World War he was an officer in the French Army in the French occupation zone in the Allied-occupied Germany. He died in Osnabrück, West Germany, on September 25, 1973. References Category:1901 births Category:1952 deaths Category:Sportspeople from Belgrade Category:Serbian footballers Category:Yugoslav footballers Category:Yugoslavia international footballers Category:Olympic footballers of Yugoslavia Category:Footballers at the 1920 Summer Olympics Category:OFK Beograd players Category:Yugoslav First League players Category:Expatriate footballers in France Category:Association football defenders	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
1980 San Diego Chargers season The San Diego Chargers season was the franchise's 11th season in the National Football League (NFL), and its 21st overall. the team failed to improve on their 12–4 record in 1979 and finished 11-5. They won their first playoff game in 17 years. The season ended with loss to the Raiders in the playoffs. Dan Fouts broke his own record with over 4,500 yards passing, with 30 touchdowns. The Chargers finished #1 in total offense #2 in scoring. The defensive unit finished #6, leading the NFL with 60 QB sacks. The Chargers finished 11-5, winning the tiebreaker with the Oakland Raiders for the AFC West crown. To help bolster a sagging running game, Running back Chuck Muncie was traded from the New Orleans Saints mid-season. The Chargers Achilles heel that season was turnovers which they led the league in giveaways. In the Divisional Round against Buffalo, a 50-yard touchdown pass from Fouts to Ron Smith in the final 3 minutes of the game lifted the Chargers to a 20-14 win. In the AFC Championship Game, big plays and turnovers got the Chargers down, 28 to 7. The Chargers comeback fell short as the Raiders hung on to win 34-27, with Oakland running out the final 7 minutes of the 4th quarter. 1980 NFL Draft Roster Regular season Schedule Playoffs Game summaries Week 2 SD: Glen Edwards 2 INT, Willie Buchanon INT Week 3 Week 6 Week 7 Divisional playoffs January 3, 1981 AFC: San Diego Chargers 20, Buffalo Bills 14 Conference championships January 11, 1981 AFC Championship: Oakland Raiders 34, San Diego Chargers 27 Standings Awards and records John Jefferson, NFL Leader in Receiving Yards, (1,340) Kellen Winslow, Second in NFL in Receiving Yards, (1,290) Milestones The San Diego Chargers became the first team in NFL history to have three of its receivers with over 1,000 receiving yards. References External links 1980 San Diego Chargers at pro-football-reference.com San Diego Chargers Category:San Diego Chargers seasons Category:AFC West championship seasons San Diego Chargers f	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Gentiana autumnalis Gentiana autumnalis, the pine barren gentian, is a tall flowering plant in the Gentianaceae family. It is native to eastern North America coastal pinebarrens from New Jersey to South Carolina. Fire suppression, invasive weeds, and the altering of natural water flows all pose threats to rare native populations of G. autumnalis. References autumnalis Category:Endemic flora of the United States Category:Flora of the Northeastern United States Category:Flora of the Southeastern United States Category:Plants described in 1776 Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Araeomolis albipicta Araeomolis albipicta is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by Paul Dognin in 1909, originally under the genus Aphyle. It is found in French Guiana, Colombia and the Brazilian state of Amazonas. References Category:Phaegopterina Category:Moths described in 1909 Category:Moths of South America	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Aethomyias Aethomyias is a genus of passerine birds in the family Acanthizidae that are endemic to New Guinea. A molecular phylogenetic study of the scrubwrens and mouse-warblers published in 2018 led to a substantial revision of the taxonomic classification. In the reorganisation the genus Aethomyias was resurrected to bring together a group of scrubwrens that had previously been placed in the genera Sericornis and Crateroscelis. The genus Aethomyias had originally been introduced by the English ornithologist Richard Bowdler Sharpe in 1879 with the pale-billed scrubwren (Aethomyias spilodera) as the type species. The name of the genus combines the Ancient Greek aēthēs "unusual" or "change" with ēthos "custom" or "character". The genus contains six species: Bicolored scrubwren, Aethomyias nigrorufus Pale-billed scrubwren, Aethomyias spilodera Vogelkop scrubwren, Aethomyias rufescens Buff-faced scrubwren, Aethomyias perspicillatus Papuan scrubwren, Aethomyias papuensis Grey-green scrubwren, Aethomyias arfakianus References Category:Bird genera Category:Acanthizidae	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Moskal (disambiguation) Moskal is an ethnic slur (formerly neutral term) that means "Russian", literally "Muscovite", in Ukrainian, Polish and Belarusian. Moskal may also refer to: Moskal (surname) a species of European sprat (Latin: Clupeidae Latulus) a species of flax (Latin: Linum usitatissimum) the north-eastern wind in the Eastern Ukraine. (muscal) a driver of horse-drawn cabs (Romanian culture)	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Görbeyaz, Feke Görbeyaz is a village in the District of Feke, Adana Province, Turkey. References Category:Populated places in Adana Province Category:Feke Category:Villages in Turkey	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
John Horn John Horn may refer to: John J. Horn (1917–1999), American labor leader and politician from New Jersey John L. Horn (1928–2006), American psychologist John A. Horn, former United States Attorney Steve Horn, John Stephen Horn (born 1931), American politician from California John Horn (tennis), British former tennis player of the 1950s See also John Horn High School, a secondary school in Mesquite, Texas, United States John Horne (disambiguation)	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Division of Goldstein The Division of Goldstein is an Australian Electoral Division in Victoria. The division was created in 1984, when the former Division of Balaclava was abolished. It is located in the bayside suburbs of Melbourne, including Beaumaris, Bentleigh, Brighton, Caulfield South, Cheltenham, Gardenvale and Sandringham. History The division is named after Vida Goldstein, an early feminist parliamentary candidate who contested five separate elections within the first two decades after Federation. It has always been a safe seat for the Liberal Party; it and its predecessor seat of Balaclava has always gone to the Liberals and its predecessors. When combined, the seat is one of very few that has never been held by the Labor Party at any point since 1901. Its most prominent members include Ian Macphee, a minister under Malcolm Fraser and prominent Liberal moderate; and Andrew Robb, a former federal director of the Liberal Party who served as a minister under John Howard, Tony Abbott and Malcolm Turnbull. Members Election results References External links Division of Goldstein - Australian Electoral Commission Category:Electoral divisions of Australia Category:Constituencies established in 1984 Category:1984 establishments in Australia	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Alinza Alinza is a genus of moths of the family Erebidae. The genus was erected by Francis Walker in 1866. Alinza banianoides Schaus, 1916 French Guiana Alinza cumana Schaus, 1916 Brazil (São Paulo) Alinza discessalis Walker, [1866] Brazil (Amazonas) References Category:Hypeninae Category:Noctuoidea genera	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
1962 Indian general election in Madras The 1962 Indian general election polls in Tamil Nadu were held for 41 seats in the state. The result was a victory for Indian National Congress winning 31 out of 41 seats. This would mark the last time, that Congress has won more than 30 seats in this state, without the help of allies. After the defeat of Congress, in Madras, in 1967, Congress sought help and allied with local parties, to get seats in Madras/Tamil Nadu. Voting and results Results by Alliance List of Elected MPs See also Elections in Tamil Nadu Bibliography Volume I, 1962 Indian general election, 3rd Lok Sabha External links Website of Election Commission of India CNN-IBN Lok Sabha Election History Category:1962 elections in India Category:Indian general elections in Tamil Nadu	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Bronchial thermoplasty Bronchial thermoplasty is a treatment for severe asthma approved by the FDA in 2010 involving the delivery of controlled, therapeutic radiofrequency energy to the airway wall, thus heating the tissue and reducing the amount of smooth muscle present in the airway wall. This reduces the capacity of the immune system to cause bronchoconstriction through nitric oxide signalling, which is the main root cause of asthma symptoms Bronchial thermoplasty is normally used in severe persistent asthmatics who do not respond well to typical pharmacotherapy regimens. Through a standard bronchoscopy procedure, a small flexible tube is advanced into the airway, via mouth or nose, to mildly heat the airway halls. This treatment has been shown to result in acute epithelial destruction with regeneration observed in the epithelium, blood vessels, mucosa and nerves. However, airway smooth muscle has demonstrated almost no capacity for regeneration, instead being replaced by connective tissue. The treatment has been shown to be safe and effective in prospective studies with duration up to five years. Bronchial Thermoplasty is indicated for the treatment of severe persistent asthma in patients 18 years and older whose asthma is not well controlled with inhaled corticosteroids and long acting beta agonists as per GINA guidelines. Procedure A full course of bronchial thermoplasty treatment includes three separate bronchoscopic procedures: one for the each lower lobe of the lung and another for both upper lobes. Each outpatient procedure is performed approximately three weeks apart. Under sedation, a catheter inside a bronchoscope—a thin, flexible tube-like instrument introduced through the patient’s nose or mouth, and into their lungs—delivers thermal energy into the airways. The patient is monitored after the procedure and usually returns home that day or early the next day. The catheter delivers a series of 10-second temperature controlled bursts of radio frequency energy which heat the lining of the lungs to 65 degrees Celsius. It is this heat that destroys some of the muscle tissue which constricts during an asthma attack, reducing the number and severity of exacerbations. Benefits In a double-blind, randomized, sham-controlled clinical study of bronchial thermoplasty, adults with severe asthma that were treated with bronchial thermoplasty had improved asthma-related quality of life out to a year compared to the control (sham-treated) patients. Additionally, when compared to control patients, patients treated with bronchial thermoplasty also experienced the following benefits, however none reached statistical significance: 32% reduction in asthma attacks 84% reduction in emergency room visits for respiratory symptoms 66% reduction in days lost from work, school, or other daily activities due to asthma symptoms 73% reduction in hospitalizations for respiratory symptoms In a clinical study, BT has been proven to provide long-term reduction in asthma induced breathing difficulty to at least 5 years, and improve the quality of life for severe persistent asthma patients. Reduction in asthma attacks, ER visits, and hospitalizations for respiratory symptoms are maintained to at least 5 years. These benefits were observed during clinical studies where patients continued to take their standard maintenance asthma medications which included combinations of inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting bronchodilators. Risks In the period immediately following the bronchial thermoplasty procedure, there was an expected transient increase in the frequency and worsening of respiratory-related symptoms. Bronchial thermoplasty is not appropriate for patients who: Are under 18 years old Have a pacemaker, internal defibrillator, or other implantable electronic device Have a known sensitivity to medications required to perform bronchoscopy, including lidocaine, atropine and benzodiazepines Have previously been treated with bronchial thermoplasty Bronchial thermoplasty is irreversible; the smooth muscle tissue which is destroyed cannot be recovered. Procedure Availability Bronchial thermoplasty was first approved by FDA in April 2010. Bronchial thermoplasty is now being used as a treatment in many countries which include United Kingdom, India, and United States. References Category:Asthma Category:Respiratory therapy Category:Articles containing video clips	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Salimatou Fatty Salimatou Fatty (born 2 February 1994) is a Gambian educator and gender advocate. She is the Founder of the Salimatou Foundation for Education, a charitable foundation in The Gambia that advocate for accessible and affordable quality education for all. She is a Global Youth Advocate at Global Partnership for Education. In 2017, she was named in the 100 list of the most influential young Africans for her efforts in promoting education for young girls.. Education Fatty started her education at Arabic institution where she learned about her Islam religion. She proceed to Kerewan Primary School up to primary 2. After completion of Primary two, Salimatou and her family moved to the city in FajiKunda. She studied Gender and Development at Management Development Institute and currently studying Law at the University of the Gambia. Activism Salimatou started her humanitarian work in 2014 after her High School Education. She was appointed as Global Youth Ambassador by A World At School in 2014 to 2017. She founded the Salimatou Foundation for Education in November 2015. Her charity advocates for quality education for all and Gender Equality. She was nominated for African Youth Award under “Advocate of the year” in December 2016, she was named “Girl of the Month” in September 2016 by Girls Pride Circle, and she was named “Young Personality of the week” in March 2016 by Young People in the Media. Salimatou is a Barack Obama Young African Leaders Initiative (YALI RLC) Alumni. She was named “African Woman of the Day” by MTV Ghana on 3rd March 2017, she was listed as 100 Most Influential Young Africans leaders in 2017 by African Youth Award. Salimatou has represented and attended several conferences and meetings In Africa, Asia, America, Europe and United Kingdom on humanitarian issues. Personal life Fatty was born in Kerewan village in the North Bank Division of the Gambia in 1994 to Aja Fatoumatta Jarra Ceesay and Alhajie Saikou Fatty. She is the seventh of nine children. She attended Oustass Keita Dara, where she learned to practice her religion, Islam. Her father died when she was one years old. She was raised by a single mother. In 2019 January, after her medical checkup, she found out she has been suffering from multiple scoliosis. Salimatou has been battling with depression throughout 2019. References Category:Living people Category:1994 births Category:Gambian activists Category:Gambian educators Category:Gambian women	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Maryland Route 496 Maryland Route 496 (MD 496) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland. Known as Bachmans Valley Road, the state highway runs from MD 97 near Pleasant Valley east to MD 30 in Melrose. MD 496 was constructed from Pleasant Valley to Bachman Mills in the mid-1930s. The state highway was completed to Melrose in the late 1940s. Route description MD 496 begins at an intersection with MD 97 (Littlestown Pike) near the hamlet of Pleasant Valley north of Westminster. The state highway heads northeast as a two-lane undivided road through farmland. MD 496 crosses Bear Branch, on which lies the Bear Branch Nature Center, and passes Saw Mill Road, which leads to the Whittaker Chambers Farm. The state highway intersects Old Bachmans Valley Road just south of the hamlet of Bachman Mills, where the highway crosses Big Pipe Creek. Old Bachmans Valley Road leads southwest to the historic Christian Royer House and John Orendorff Farm. MD 496 continues northeast to the community of Melrose north of Manchester, where the state highway reaches its eastern terminus at MD 30 (Hanover Pike). The roadway continues northeast as county-maintained Wentz Road. History The first sections of MD 496 from what was then U.S. Route 140 (now MD 97) to Bachman Mills were completed as a concrete road by 1933. The next segment of the state highway was constructed from Bachman Mills to near Hoover Mill Road between 1934 and 1936. Traffic from Bachman Mills to Melrose followed county-maintained Ebbvale Road until MD 496 was completed as a macadam road on a new alignment to MD 30 in 1947. Junction list See also References External links MDRoads: MD 496 496 Maryland Route 496	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Emerald of the East Emerald of the East is a 1929 British adventure film directed by and featuring Jean de Kuharski. It also starred Joshua Kean, Mary Odette and Lya Delvelez. It was based on a novel by Jerbanu Kothawala. It was one of a growing number of British films to be set in India during the era. Plot In India, British troops attempt to rescue the kidnapped son of a Maharaja. Cast Joshua Kean - Lt. Desmond Armstrong Mary Odette - Nellum Jean de Kuharski - Maharajah Rujani Lya Delvelez - The Maharanee Gillian Dean - Evelyn Gordon Maria Forescu - The Chieftainess Kenneth Rive - Maharaj Kumar Promotha Bose - Vaghi References Bibliography Lahiri, Shompa. Indians in Britain: Anglo-Indian encounters, race and identity, 1880-1930. Frank Casss, 2000. Low, Rachel. The History of British Film: Volume IV, 1918–1929. Routledge, 1997. External links Category:1929 films Category:British films Category:British adventure films Category:1920s adventure films Category:Films shot at Elstree Studios Category:English-language films Category:Films based on Indian novels Category:Films set in India Category:Films set in the British Raj Category:British silent feature films Category:British black-and-white films	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Phryganopsis punctilineata Phryganopsis punctilineata is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It is found in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, South Africa and Uganda. References Natural History Museum Lepidoptera generic names catalog Category:Lithosiini	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Lux Aeterna Lux Aeterna may refer to: Lux Aeterna (Communion), the Communion antiphon for the Roman Catholic Requiem Mass As such, it has often been set to music. The following works are settings of it, or have been inspired by it: Lux Aeterna (Dave Fitzgerald album) (1997) Lux Aeterna (Terje Rypdal album) (2002) Lux Aeterna (Ligeti), a 1966 choral work by György Ligeti used in the film 2001: A Space Odyssey "Lux Aeterna" (Mansell), the theme song to Requiem for a Dream, written by Clint Mansell and performed by the Kronos Quartet "Lux Aeterna", a section of the liturgy from Messa da Requiem by Giuseppe Verdi Lux Aeterna, a 1972 album by William Sheller Lux aeterna, a 2011 work for mixed SATB choir by Robert Paterson Lux Aeterna, a 1997 five-movement quasi-Requiem by Morten Lauridsen Lux Aeterna, a 2009 track by Christopher Tin from Calling All Dawns Lux Aeterna, a 2014 song by Two Steps from Hell from the Miracles Lux Aeterna for 5 masked musicians, a 1971 avant-garde piece by George Crumb Symphony N 5 Lux Aeterna, a 2006 avant-garde piece by Vassil Kazandjiev Lux Aeterna for organ, a 1974 work by Joonas Kokkonen Lux aeterna, a 1926 symphonic poem for orchestra with viola obligato by Howard Hanson See also Lux Æterna (film), a film by Gaspar Noé Luxturna, trade name for voretigene neparvovec, a gene therapy for the treatment of Leber's congenital amaurosis Sanctuary lamp or eternal light	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Paul Gerritsen Paul Gerritsen, (born 8 December 1984) is a New Zealand rower. He was a member of the world champion under-23 coxed four in 2006 also winning a bronze medal at the senior world championships the same year. Early life Gerritsen was born in Cambridge, New Zealand and attended St Paul's Collegiate School in nearby Hamilton. He started rowing with the school club in 2000, where he was coached by three time Olympian Ian Wright. In 2002 and 2003 Gerritsen was part of the U19 Eight that won the Maadi Cup – the first two wins in the school's history. International rowing In 2006 Gerritsen was selected as the number three oarsman in the New Zealand coxed four, along with James Dallinger, Steven Cottle, Dane Boswell and cox Daniel Quigley. They won gold at the FISA Under 23 World Champs in Hazewinkel, Belgium, and Bronze at the World Championships in Eton, UK. References Category:New Zealand male rowers Category:New Zealand people of Dutch descent Category:1984 births Category:Living people Category:Sportspeople from Cambridge, New Zealand Category:World Rowing Championships medalists for New Zealand Category:People educated at St Paul's Collegiate School	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Waveland (Danville, Kentucky) Waveland, a historic estate located at 120 East Erksine Rd in Danville, Kentucky. The Waveland House is owned by Dr. Thad and Jane Overmyer. History Waveland is the ancestral home of the Green family. It was built between 1797 and 1800 by Willis Green. The Green lore, as related around Danville, in the Southern Bluegrass region of Kentucky, begins with Willis and Sarah Reed Green, the parents of John Green and grandparents of Thomas Marshall Green, whose direct descendants include Adlai Stevenson I, whose great-grandson is Adlai Stevenson IV. Willis and Sarah, of Scotch-Irish descent, were born and reared in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia, and were married near Danville in 1783. This is said to have been the first Christian marriage in Kentucky. Willis had come to Kentucky in a surveying party, and had located for himself a tract of several thousand acres that struck his fancy a mile or two from the Danville settlement. Here he built, between 1797 and 1800, the fine large brick house for years called Waveland. The Willis Greens had twelve children, of whom the eldest, John, the lawyer, and the youngest, Lewis, the clergyman, are now most widely remembered. Willis Green represented Kentucky County in the Virginia legislature, and later served also in Kentucky's own legislature. He held office, too, as clerk of the court of Lincoln County, which then included Danville and what is now Boyle County. History books note that he held other various important trusts and was one of the early valuable men of the Kentucky country. Waveland was passed down from Willis Green to his son Lewis Warner Green, who is known as the fifth president of Centre College in Danville, Kentucky. References Category:Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Kentucky Category:Georgian architecture in Kentucky Category:Houses completed in 1800 Category:Houses in Boyle County, Kentucky Category:Irish-American culture in Kentucky Category:Scotch-Irish American history Category:National Register of Historic Places in Danville, Kentucky	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
King Street Junior King Street Junior is a radio comedy which was broadcast on BBC Radio 4 between March 1985 and November 1998. The show ran for ten series and the cast included Peter Davison, James Grout and Karl Howman. The series is written by Jim Eldridge. Research for the show was done at Newtown Road School in Carlisle. A continuation series aired in 2002 and was named King Street Junior Revisited. Cast Peter Davison as Mr. Eric Brown (Series one and two) James Grout as Mr. Harry Beeston Karl Howman as Mr. Philip Sims (From series three onwards) Tom Watson as Mr. Fred Holliday Margaret John as Mrs. Dorothy Stone Vivienne Martin as Mrs. Lillian Rudd Paul Copley as Mr. Geoff Long Marlene Sidaway as Miss. Glenda Lewis Deirdre Costello as Mrs. Yvonne Patterson Episodes Series 1 Broadcast in 1985 All episodes written by Jim Eldridge The New School Year Starts Here Redeployment Crime And Punishment The Principle Of The Thing Scale Points Language Units Christmas At King Street Series 2 Broadcast in 1987 Priorities Dispute Barn Dance Problem Parents The Sound Of Music Assemblies Parents' Evening The Outing Sports Day Breaking Up Is Hard To Do Series 3 Broadcast in 1988. Peter Davison's character is no longer in the show, having taken a position at another school; from here on is Karl Howman as Philip Sims. Back To School Fireworks The Spirit Of Christmas The History Game Pressures Facts Of Life Under Canvas The School Fete Series 4 It's Only Rock'n'Roll Closure Opting Out Fundraising Health The Succession It's Not Cricket That Old Time Religion Series 5 Broadcast in 1990 D-Day Minus One Is This A Career I See Before Me? Good Times, Bad Times Choices Bon Voyage Work The Reunion Series 6 In Real Terms Travellers Safety First A Good Read Emergency A Day At The Centre Thursday's Child The Games Children Play Series 7 Broadcast in 1992 Back In The Jug Again Witch Hunt Is There A Father Christmas? Fatal Attraction Horses For Courses Beside The Seaside Taking The Rap Endings & Beginnings Series 8 Back after a few years in 1995 Mr Chips - by Paul Copley Settling In Beginnings & Endings Left Out, Roped In Confusion - by Richard Stoneman Internal Enquiries Series 9 Responsibilities by Richard Stoneman Danger Zone by Jim Eldridge A Bridge To Afar by Paul Copley Relative Value by Andy Rashleigh With Love by Jim Eldridge Crossed Lines Richard Stoneman Financial Times by Paul Copley Gridlocked by Jim Eldridge Series 10 Broadcast in 1998 Proposals The Rivals Accusations Target Practice Incidental Music Final Thoughts Broadcast History For most of its run, it was broadcast in Radio 4's lunchtime comedy slot at 12.27, with later series moving to a morning broadcast. Repeats have also been aired on BBC Radio 7 and BBC Radio 4 Extra. Critical Reception The series was described as follows: Multimedia The ten series of the show are published by Penguin and available to purchase at Audible. Book Jim Eldridge, who created the show and wrote 87 episodes, also wrote a 2006 book, King Street Junior – The Inside Story, describing the history of the show including the behind-the-scenes conflicts. References External links British Comedy & Drama Guide British Comedy Guide Category:BBC Radio comedy programmes Category:1985 radio programme debuts	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Massive Attack (song) "Massive Attack" is the debut single by American rapper and singer Nicki Minaj, featuring Sean Garrett and was released on April 13, 2010. The song was produced by Garrett and Alex da Kid, who wrote the song together with Minaj. It was initially intended to be the lead single from Minaj's debut studio album, Pink Friday, but the song was dropped from the album due to the single's underwhelming commercial performance. The song was a distinct change in Minaj's previous work on mixtapes and features and received mixed to positive reviews from critics, commending lyrical content and distinctiveness, and criticizing that it did not fit her "Barbie" persona well. An accompanying music video which features a helicopter chase, and militaristic jungle and desert scenes, was positively received. Commercially, the song had limited success, reaching number 65 on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, while failing to chart on the Billboard Hot 100. Later in an interview with Billboard magazine, Garrett revealed that the song would not be included on Pink Friday and that the poor performance of the song was out of his control, "I was only able to do as much as I was allowed to do. Sometimes you have to step back and get off the wheel. I didn't have control of the entire creative process. A lot of [other] artists trust me enough and allow me to do what I know is best to do as a producer". Background In an interview with Rap-Up in March 2010, Minaj revealed the title to the song, and Garrett later hinted around details around his single with Minaj, stating, "I just did Nicki’s first single featuring me. It’s gonna be a fucking bomb. It’s very, very explosive! It’s a club banger. It’s a lot broader than what people would expect her to come with. The record puts her in the game in a way that says she should’ve been here a long time ago. She has a real way of how she wants to do this. It’s just gonna be a surprise when it comes. She just wants to make it as huge as possible." Additionally, co-producer Alex da Kid said, "I started on the train and finished in the studio. I knew it was special from the start. It wasn't like I was aiming for Nicki with this track; I had an idea I thought was crazy. Nicki heard it and the rest was history." In an interview with MTV News, Minaj stated when she first heard the song she felt she was in Africa and fell in love with the drum beats, and commented, "It's a very rare. ... You're not gonna get the song the first time you hear it. After the second or third time, you're gonna be like, 'Whoa, what is this?' It sounds nothing like anything that's out right now." She also called the song "next-level futuristic", and said that she chose Garrett for the song in that he would be the best to "illustrate Nicki Minaj", as he got her and her personality". In an interview on the set of the video shoot for "Massive Attack", Minaj said, "I'm excited for people to hear me ... doing more than one verse. It's really creative. I wanted to be theatrical, but I am very serious about what I do." Also on the set of the video, Garrett said, "We wanted to give her something that was global," he continued. "We wanted to give her something that was urban; we wanted to give her something that was mainstream pop, you know what I mean, that the world could get a chance to see her out on this pedestal. And of course, you know, I had to come along with her, because I've got an album dropping soon." The song made its debut March 29, 2010 on WQHT. The song leaked onto the Internet on March 30, 2010, the day before its music video premiere on 106 & Park. The single's art cover was revealed on April 1, 2010, featuring a still of Minaj in the music video as a ninja and comic book font designs. Alex da Kid said that a lot of artists wanted the beat such as Jamie Foxx and Young Jeezy but he gave it to Nicki because it fit her "quirky, left-field vibe." Alex da Kid was also interviewed by Rap-Up, and when asked about the commercial flop of the song and he said, "My whole thing [is that] I don’t want to do anything that’s the same as what’s out there, I think 'Massive Attack' may have been too different. If we would've put a big feature on it, like a Kanye or Rihanna or someone, I think it might've done a bit better. It needed something familiar about it." Music and lyrics The song fuses hip-hop and dance as Minaj delivers her lyrics in a Caribbean accent. It is composed in a "futuristic" style with heavy drum beats. It carries a "chaotic" beat with "screechy Euro-club synths" compared to Timbaland. Minaj references E.T. The Extra Terrestrial, Mr. Miyagi, The Phantom of the Opera, and Simba and Mufasa of The Lion King film in her lines. Critical reception Monica Herrera of Billboard gave the single a mixed review, stating that Minaj, being "one of the most visually distinctive rappers to come along in years", that the single was an "anticlimatic coming out song", "considering the hype Minaj has generated through mixtapes, cameos and her co-starring role in Lil Wayne's Young Money project". However Hererra did commend the lyrical content, stating "her sassy one-liners are as entertaining as always", and the overall production although it didn't suit Minaj's "her mental-patient delivery nearly as well as, say, Kane Beatz' simpler track for Young Money's "BedRock". Robbie Daw of 'Idolator' said, "we wouldn’t expect Nicki to do any less than come out of the gate charging full force, lyrically, on her debut single. That said, we were expecting maybe a tad more of a melody on the track." Chris Ryan of 'MTV Buzzworthy' gave the song a positive review, stating "you get the feeling, listening to the song's air-raid keyboards and thunderous beats, that the Young Money princess really wants to separate herself from the rap pack and carve out a space all her own". Ryan also said, "her verbal dexterity, complex flow and humor, Nicki is reminiscent of classic Missy Elliott -- and that's a compliment of the highest order". Music video A music video for the single was shot on March 15, 2010 in the deserts of Lancaster, California, directed by Hype Williams. When talking to MTV News about the video Minaj stated, "I didn't want to shoot the typical new-artist vision. Thank God I have a wonderful label that stands behind me and my vision. I met Hype in a freakin' airport...and it happened to be a week before I wanted to shoot a video. I told him the idea. Of course, I had to let Baby and Slim know and hope they would understand my expensive taste. It all came together." It's just beautiful — the clothes, everything. The ambiance..It's for all the girls that like to play dress-up. They're gonna love this one...we get on the walkie-talkie, like, 'Mayday! Mayday!' It's really fashion and beauty shots, and we're acting like we're doing something important. We wanted to make it pretty in the dirt. We wanted to have a very crazy contrast. I didn't want to do everything clean. I like the dirt. All that pink stuff looks even prettier in the dirt." Concept Sean Garrett appears in the video and Birdman, Amber Rose, and Ringmasters of Season 3 of America's Best Dance Crew make cameos. The video premiered on BET's 106 & Park on March 31, 2010 The video is in native 4:3 instead of 16:9 like most other music videos from the era. The video comprises a helicopter chase and militaristic desert and jungle scenes. The music video begins with Birdman giving Minaj a stack of money to carry to an unknown area in the desert. As the song begins Minaj appears in a blonde wig with a pink background which then cuts to Minaj riding in a pink Lamborghini with Amber Rose driving as a potential new take on Thelma & Louise in a helicopter chase. Shots of desert creatures and Minaj in her Barbie wig are shown during the first hook. As the helicopter chase progresses, Minaj is seen singing to the camera in military gear and is later shown walking in an attacking line with her Harajuku Army, which are all dressed in the same gear with pink wigs under helmets. During the chorus of the song, a shirtless Garrett is shown singing into the camera while clips of the helicopter chase are interpreted. During the second verse Minaj is in the jungle as a ninja with a long pink braid running down her back as she crawls on the ground and walks around the jungle. Some clips of two men (from Ringmasters) dancing with double-jointed shoulders are also shown. During the climax of the song Minaj is still in the jungle this time with a green wig, dancing in the mud and comes out of the water, crawling through the forest. The video ends as clips of the entire video are shown and closes with Minaj and Rose escaping in the pink Lamborghini. Reception and lawsuit The video garnered media attention, with Monica Herrera of Billboard commenting on a review for the single, "It figures, then, that discussion of her debut single, "Massive Attack," would take a back seat to its Hype Williams-directed, B-movie-inspired video." Chris Ryan of MTV News commented on the video, saying, "We L-U-V Barbie because she's a trendsetter and a strident, unique artist. But with great style comes great responsibility. Her video for 'Massive Attack,' the first single off her long-awaited debut album, is bananas". On June 11, 2010 Hollywood Exotic Car Rental filed a lawsuit against Minaj for damages and unpaid rental charges on the car. They claimed that the vehicle was driven "off-road" and damaged “in the approximate amount of $11,589.41." Along with damages to the car, Minaj rented the car for $1,750 a day, and used the vehicle an additional three days totaling in an extra $5,250 owed. The rental company is suing for unpaid rental charges, property damage, and punitive damage. Charts Release history References Category:2010 singles Category:Debut singles Category:Music videos directed by Hype Williams Category:Nicki Minaj songs Category:Songs written by Nicki Minaj Category:Songs written by Sean Garrett Category:Song recordings produced by Alex da Kid Category:Songs written by Alex da Kid Category:2010 songs	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability The Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability (OE) is a program office within the United States Department of Energy. The mission of OE is "to lead national efforts to modernize the electric grid; enhance security and reliability of the energy infrastructure; and facilitate recovery from disruptions to energy supply." Responsibilities The Office is responsible for leading efforts to modernize the electric grid. This is done through the development and implementation of national policy pertaining to electric grid reliability, and through the management of research, development, and demonstration activities for "next generation" electric grid infrastructure technologies. The Office analyzes electricity congestion, the designation of draft National Interest Electric Transmission Corridors, the coordination of energy corridors across federal lands, and workforce issues related to the electricity utility industry. The Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability works with the United States Department of Homeland Security and other agencies to enhance the security of the nation's critical energy infrastructure. Organization The Office is under the general supervision of the Under Secretary of Energy for Energy and Environment. The Office is administered by the Assistant Secretary of Energy for Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability (ASE-OE), who is appointed by the President of the United States. The current ASE-OE is Patricia A. Hoffman, who was appointed by President Barack Obama in June 2010. The Assistant Secretary is assisted in running the Office by three Deputy Assistant Secretaries, who are all career employees. Each of the Deputy Assistant Secretaries oversee a different branch of the Office's work. Assistant Secretary Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary Deputy Assistant Secretary - Research and Development Deputy Assistant Secretary - Permitting, Siting, and Analysis Deputy Assistant Secretary - Infrastructure Security and Energy Restoration References External links Category:United States Department of Energy agencies Category:Renewable energy organizations based in the United States	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
William Bassett (died 1586) William Bassett (1507 – 10 March 1586) was an Anglo-Welsh gentleman and parliamentarian from Glamorgan, Wales. Life William Bassett was born in 1507. His family had been settled in Glamorgan since the 13th century. He was the first son of William Bassett of Beaupré and Margaret Fleming, daughter of William Fleming of Flemingston. His grandfather was Jenkin Basset. During the Protestant Reformation there was some hostility to the supposed curative powers of the springs of Buxton, supposed to derive from some spiritual agency. Basset's father wrote from Langley to Lord Thomas Cromwell saying that he had sealed up the baths and wells and awaited instructions. The prohibition does not seem to have lasted long. William married Catherine Mansell (died 1593), daughter of Sir Rice Mansel of Margam, from another parliamentary family. They had at least three sons and two daughters. William Bassett was a Justice of the Peace in Glamorgan from 1561 and Sheriff of Glamorgan in 1557–58 among other offices. He was Knight of the Shire in the 1563–67 and 1571 parliaments. He owned various properties in Glamorgan and Gloucestershire including the manors of Saint Hilary, Tregrove and Llantrithyd, and the advowsons of Penmark, Landore and Cardiff. William Bassett died on 10 March 1586 aged 80, leaving most of his property to his eldest son Arnold Bassett. He left Beaupré to his widow. His wife, Katheryne, died on 10 March 1593 at the age of 80. It is said that the bard Meurig Dafydd once presented a praise poem to Bassett. Basset read the poem, confirmed that it was the only copy, paid the bard, rebuked him for his unsatisfactory work and threw the manuscript into the hall fire, saying, "By my honestie I swere yf there bee no copie of this extante, none shall there ever bee." Notes Sources Category:1507 births Category:1586 deaths Category:16th-century English MPs	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Eustache de Refuge Eustache de Refuge (1564 - September 1617), seigneur de Précy et de Courcelles, was an Early Modern French courtier, statesman and author. Biography De Refuge was born into a family of Breton origin that asserted a noble ancestry reaching back to the 14th century. His father was a member of both the Parlement of Brittany and the Parlement of Paris, and his mother and stepmother were both daughters of members of the Parlement of Paris. He studied law at Bourges and graduated in 1586. In 1592 he acquired a position as a Conseiller of the Parlement of Paris as part of the loyalist majority in Tours. In 1595, de Refuge married Helène de Bellièvre, the widowed daughter of Pomponne de Bellièvre, a retired diplomat and administrator who had served as the king’s representative in Lyon. De Bellièvre was called out of retirement to serve as the Chancellor of France for Henri IV in 1599, a position that he held until his death in 1607. His patronage was therefore of great value to Eustache de Refuge during his career, particularly during his years in Lyon. In 1597, de Refuge was dispatched by de Bellièvre for two years to report on financial irregularities in Montpellier. On his return, he was sent to Guyenne to see to the implementation of the Edict of Nantes. He was also sent on the king’s business to Lyonnais, Dauphiné and Provence. In 1599 he lost out in a competition to become Lieutenant General of Toulouse to a young man "who had the great merit of contributing 7000-8000 écus" to secure it. In 1600, however, he was promoted to Maître des requêtes: an acknowledged stepping-stone to career advancement in the administrative hierarchy. In 1601 he was again promoted, this time to Intendant at Lyon. His mandate focused primarily on improving local finances, maintaining law and order in the region, and seeing to the application of the Treaty of Lyon between France and Savoy. De Refuge remained in his position at Lyon until 1607, when he was appointed French ambassador to the thirteen cantons of Switzerland at Solothurn, where he was required to renegotiate the alliance with the cantons, including the provision of mercenary troops for the anticipated war with the House of Austria. De Refuge held this position until 1611, when he was appointed Counsellor of State and dispatched as ambassador to Holland (1611–1613), to Flanders, and back to Holland in 1614. He was then appointed Intendant in the army of the Marshal of Boisdauphin (1615), and in 1616 was made Intendant charged with setting up a Parlement in Béarn. He lived to see the early career of Armand du Plessis, later Cardinal Richelieu, and died in 1617. Works Traicté de la cour, ou instruction des courtisans (1616) A popular work in the courtly literature tradition of The Prince and The Courtier, the Treatise on the Court, or Instruction of Courtiers was first published anonymously in Holland in 1616. It consists of two books, the first of which is traditional and general in nature. De Refuge is best known, however, for the second book of the Treatise, which is an instruction manual for success at court. It is an early example of a complete work on organizational behaviour, with advice that is still taken to be as generally relevant today. It plots every step in a career, and elaborates on how to respond to many specific circumstances. Extracts from the Treatise on the Court: Many good pilots have been lost at sea despite their knowledge and experience of navigation, whereas others less knowledgeable, with neither astrolabe nor compass, have successfully completed many a long and perilous voyage. This doesn't lead us to conclude, though, that we should just throw ourselves to the mercy of the winds without skill, science or compass. A courtier must be careful to avoid giving counsel the outcome of which may be doubtful or dangerous. If the project is a success the prince will take the credit, while if it is not the advisor will take the blame. Though the desire for vengeance is always very violent, fear will drive an adversary to oppose you with even greater passion. For this reason, it is far harder to divert someone who is driven by fear than someone who is driven by hatred. It's a common trick at court to stick your leg out and trip someone so that later you can help them to their feet, and thereby earn their gratitude and bind them to you. Avarice is just as odious as cruelty to the common people, but they will endure it longer because of the excuse of public need which is usually used to justify increased taxes and reduced public expenditures. Many hold that it's better to be indebted to your leader than to have your leader indebted to you. A prince is better disposed towards those he has helped, and believes have good reason to think well of him, than towards those for whom he's done little or nothing. Book two of the Treatise was a bestseller for a century after its publication, with over thirty editions in French, English, Italian, German, and Latin. Other works Géographie historique, universelle et particulière, avec un Traité de la préséance du roy de France contre celuy d'Espagne, par feu M. de Refuge (published 1645), a survey of politics and the geography of the then-known world. Traité de la reformation de la justice (c.1615), written in whole or in part by de Refuge, possibly based on a text by Michel de l'Hôpital, who was Chancellor of France from 1560 to 1567, concerning structures and governance. References External links De Refuge Biography and Chronology Category:French nobility Category:French political writers Category:1564 births Category:1617 deaths Category:French male non-fiction writers	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Automatic platform gate Automatic platform gates (or half-height platform screen doors as referred to by some manufacturers) are chest-height sliding doors at the edge of railway platforms to prevent passengers from falling off the platform edge onto the railway tracks. Like full-height platform screen doors, these platform gates slide open or close simultaneously with the train doors. Half-height platform gates are cheaper to install than platform screen doors, which require more metallic framework for support. Some railway operators may therefore prefer such an option to improve safety at railway platforms and, at the same time, keep costs low and non-air-conditioned platforms naturally ventilated. However, these gates are less effective than full platform screen doors in preventing people from intentionally jumping onto the tracks. These gates were first in practical use by Hong Kong metro system, MTR on Disneyland Resort Line for their open-air stations design. The later design by other manufacturers, such as Manusa or Gilgen Door Systems AG, have their gates higher than the one installed on Disneyland Resort Line. Examples A few examples include: Beijing Subway Chennai Metro Paris Métro Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore) MTR Fukuoka City Subway Osaka Metro All stations: Sennnichimae, Nagahori Tsurumi-ryokuchi, and Imazatosuji lines. The Midosuji and Chuo lines are to be fully outfitted by the end of FY 2024 in time for Expo 2025. Some stations: Midosuji Line (Shinsaibashi and Tennoji); Higashi-Umeda on the Tanimachi Line and Sakaisuji-Hommachi on the Sakaisuji Line are slated for installation during FY 2019. Nagoya Municipal Subway JR East, Seibu, Tokyu, Tobu, Tokyo Monorail, Tokyo Metro, and Toei Taipei Metro Shanghai Metro Rapid KL Guangzhou Metro Bangkok MRT BTS Skytrain References Category:Rapid transit Category:Railway platforms Category:Doors	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Merel Blom Merel Blom (born 19 August 1986) is a Dutch Olympic eventing rider. She competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro where she finished 19th in the individual and 6th in the team competition. Blom also participated at the 2014 World Equestrian Games and at two European Eventing Championships (in 2011 and 2015). She won a team bronze at the 2014 World Games in Normandy, France. References Category:Living people Category:1986 births Category:Dutch female equestrians Category:Equestrians at the 2016 Summer Olympics Category:Olympic equestrians of the Netherlands	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Vladimir Bodiansky Vladimir Bodiansky (March 25, 1894 – December 10, 1966) was a French engineer with origins in Russia and a specialty in modern architecture. Early life and education Vladamir Bodiansky began his education in 1910 at the Moscow Highway Institute. After spending four years there, Bodianksy left with a civil engineering degree in 1914, and began building railways for the Russian Protectorate of Bokhara. Because he was enrolled as a volunteer member of the Russian Cavalry, he was sent off to fight in World War I in 1915. He fought in Russia until three months after the October 1917 Revolution, receiving his first degree in aviation in November 1917 from the Aviation School of Tiflis. He arrived in France in January 1918, and three months later Bodiansky joined the French Foreign Legion. As a member of the Foreign Legion, Bodiansky had many different roles in the aviation division, including as a military aviator pilot, a hydroplane pilot, a seaplane pilot, and a civil aviation pilot. He demobilised from the French Legion on November 27, 1919, however he remained in France. He decided to attend the College of Aeronautics Mechanical Construction, receiving a diploma in 1920. He elected to apply for Naturalization on April 11, 1927 and was naturalized on June 26, 1929. After a three-year stint in the Congo building highways, Bodianski returned to France in 1923, where he started working with design offices and aircraft companies, specifically one owned by the Caudron brothers. From 1925 to 1930, Bondiansky worked as a project manager for the aviation studios of François Villiers in Meudon, where he was able to take out three patents with Villier himself. Following Villier's death, Bodiansky started designing prototypes for a two-seater fighter plane for the French Army. Change in career Due to his work in the field of aviation, Bodiansky was able to meet Marcel Lods, an architect who shared his interest in the field. This encounter marked a change in Bodiansky's career, as he took on the role of an engineer in the field of architecture. Through Lods, Bodiansky met Eugene Mopin, an accomplished contractor who was working on making concrete for a housing complex in Drancy. Because this was the first time that Mopin was using his experimental method of construction and Bodiansky's name was associated with it, this furthered Bodiansky's role in the field of architecture. This continued when Bodiansky began working as the head of design in Mopin's office starting in March 1933. He worked there until July 1937, when he was hired by Lods' agency to be a salaried engineer, where he worked until July 1940. This marked another shift in Bodiansky's career, as he then began his career as a freelance engineer. Maison du Peuple In 1935, Charles Auffray, the Mayor of Clichy, commissioned Lods and architect Eugène Beaudouin to build a covered market at meeting hall on the site of the former open air market of the rue de Lorraine. This gave Bodiansky the opportunity to work closely with Lods again. The two of them, along with Beaudouin and metal fabricator Jean Prouvé, designed a market with both a ground and upper floor. The latter could be used as a 1000-seat auditorium or transformed into a cinema. This building came to be known as the Maison du Peuple. Both the floor and the roof were retractable. This innovative project helped Bodiansky solidify himself as both an engineer and an architect, as his design made the market more versatile (by providing both food and entertainment). The Maison du Peuple is now known as one of the biggest open air markets in France. ATBAT Bodiansky met Le Corbusier during the Second World War, and together they organized a team of architects and engineers to engage in the postwar reconstruction. This led to the formation of the Atelier des Bâtisseurs (ATBAT, builders' workshop), an interdisciplinary research group, in 1945. After the war, Bodiansky accompanied Le Corbusier on a trip to the United States, where he was impressed with the interdisciplinary approach of the TVA projects. On their return to France Bodiansky took the leadership of ATBAT and reorganized it as a collaborative research center. Over the next few years, Bodiansky as head of ATBAT collaborated with Le Corbusier on the realization of some of his best-known buildings, including the Unité d'habitation in Marseille and the Headquarters of the United Nations in New York. North African housing problem In the late 1940s, Bodiansky oversaw the construction of houses in Morocco, an area that had been plagued with too much internal migration from nearby rural areas, leading to a shortage of houses. Bodiansky, acting on behalf of Le Corbusier, teamed up with young architects such as Georges Candilis, Shadrach Woods, and Henri Pilot, and created ATBAT-Afrique, a firm designed to fix the housing problems throughout Northern Africa. The goal of the firm was to efficiently construct projects and bring engineers and architects closer together as well as strengthen and contribute to the reconstruction effort following World War II. Bodiansky's team was able to come up with quick and innovative housing solutions, and solved the housing problem within two years. References External links Image of the Maison du people Category:1894 births Category:1966 deaths Category:Architecture	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
The Children of Bullerbyn Village The Children of Bullerbyn Village () is a 1960 TV film re-edited from the 1960 Swedish TV series of the same name and directed by Olle Hellbom. It was entered into the 2nd Moscow International Film Festival. Cast Kaj Andersson as Bosse Tove Hellbom as Kerstin Jan Erik Husbom as Olle Tomas Johansson as Lasse Elisabeth Nordkvist as Anna Lena Wixell as Lisa Kim Åsberg as Britta References External links Category:1960 films Category:1960s drama films Category:Swedish films Category:Swedish drama films Category:Swedish-language films	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Windfields Farm (Maryland) For the Canadian parent company, see Windfields Farm (Ontario).<p> Windfields Farm in Chesapeake City was Maryland's leading stud farm for Thoroughbred horses before it closed in 1988. Windfield Farms, Maryland, was owned by E. P. Taylor, who bought the farm in 1964 at the recommendation of Allaire du Pont. He originally used the farm to board horses to be closer to American racing. This changed when his champion Northern Dancer retired to stud. Northern Dancer had been raised on the original Windfields Farm in Ontario, and originally stood there as well. However, his first crops were so successful that Northern Dancer was moved to Maryland in 1969 where he had more access to high quality mares. Northern Dancer became one of the most successful sires of all times. A series of notable horses retired to stud at Windfields, including El Gran Senor, and Assert. Shareef Dancer, Devil's Bag and Secreto were bred on the farm. The farm's most profitable horse, Northern Dancer, retired from stud in the spring of 1987, and the owners decided that it was no longer profitable to run a stud farm in Maryland, where costs very high. The remaining horses were sold to farms in other states. The Northern Dancer legacy Most influential sire of the 20th century Windfields Farm in Ontario is the birthplace of racing great and champion sire Northern Dancer, winner of the 1964 Kentucky Derby, in stakes record time, the Preakness Stakes, and the Queen's Plate. Northern Dancer was retired after the 1964 racing season and started a career at stud. The National Thoroughbred Racing Association states that Northern Dancer is "one of the most influential sires in Thoroughbred history," and the Daily Racing Form calls Northern Dancer the most influential sire of the 20th century. Northern Dancer is also regarded as the 20th century's best sire of sires. Led by Northern Dancer, in the 1960s, Windfields Farm earned more prize money than any other stable in North American Thoroughbred racing. Windfields bred Northern Dancer's sons Nijinsky, Secreto, and The Minstrel, all of whom won England's most prestigious race, The Derby. In 1968 a barn fire at the Maryland division resulted in the death of thirteen horses who had just arrived from the Canadian farm. Included in the horses that died were twelve mares, three of which were in foal to Northern Dancer and one to Nearctic. Northern Dancer spent most of his years at stud at the Maryland division which also became home to other sires such as Dancer's Image and Assert. A national icon in Canada, Northern Dancer died in 1990 at Windfields' Maryland farm but was returned to his birthplace in Oshawa for burial. $1 million stud fee and world record offspring prices Between 1974 and 1988, twelve times Northern Dancer yearlings led the Keeneland July Selected Yearling Sale by average price. In the 1983 Keeneland Sales horse auction, one of Windfields' colts, that would eventually be named Snaafi Dancer, became the first $10 million yearling. In 1984 his twelve yearlings sold for an unrivalled sale-record average of price of US$3,446.666. In the 1980s, Northern Dancer's stud fee reached US$1 million, an amount four to five times his rivals and a record amount that as at 2009 has not been equalled. Horses owned by Windfields Farm have won eleven Queen's Plate races, as well as the Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes. Their horses have won the Canadian Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing twice, in 1959 and 1963. Windfields Farm and/or E. P. Taylor bred a world-record 48 champions and 360 stakes winners. References Category:1965 establishments in Maryland Category:Chesapeake City, Maryland Category:Horse farms in Maryland	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Jawshing Arthur Liou Jawshing Arthur Liou (劉肇興; born June 13, 1968) is a digital artist whose work depicts spaces not probable in reality. Working with both lens-based representation and digital post-production, he aims to transform recognizable imagery into realms of transcendent and otherworldly experience. Life and education Liou was born in Zhongli District, Taoyuan. He completed a BA in journalism at National Chengchi University in Taipei, Taiwan in 1990, and worked as a video journalist in Taiwan in the early 1990s before emigrating to the United States at age 25. He enrolled in graduate school and received an MFA in Photography and Electronic Intermedia from the University of Florida, Gainesville in 1998. While in Florida, Liou studied photography with the world-renowned Jerry Uelsmann. During this time Liou's work became more personal and organic, and his practice expanded to incorporate video. Career Artworks Liou's works are derived from source footage spanning many types of content. From the human body, to landscapes, to oil paint and food items, Liou's works are filled with rich details. He responds to the personal experiences of spiritual sanctuary, illness, searching, tragedy, and the spectacles in life. Liou's work is primarily based in extremely high resolution and exquisitely layered moving image composites, which he then shapes into large-scale installations for gallery spaces, or screens at experimental film and new media festivals. Stills taken from his video works are also printed and exhibited photographically. Exhibitions Liou's videos and prints have been exhibited and screened internationally, including in the United Kingdom, Taiwan, Canada, Japan, Sweden, Italy, Denmark, the Netherlands, Argentina, Brazil, as well as New York, Chicago, Houston, Miami, Atlanta, New Orleans, and Indianapolis. His works have also been featured at the New Media Caucus Showcase, College Art Association National Conference, (2013), SIGGRAPH conference in Vancouver (2011) and the European Biennial Conference of the Society for Science, Literature, and the Arts in Amsterdam (2006). Liou's massive installation, Kora, was exhibited at the Sharjah Biennial in the Emirate of Sharjah in the UAE. Indiana University Bloomington Liou is a Professor of Digital Art and the Director of School of Fine Arts at Indiana University, Bloomington. Liou began working as faculty there in 1999, where he founded the school's Digital Art program. Representation His work is represented by Chi-Wen Gallery, Taipei and Beaux-Arts des Amériques, Montréal. Museum programs and collections Liou's videos and prints are featured in numerous private and public programs and collections nationally and internationally, including but not limited to the following: The Museum of Fine Arts Houston The Indianapolis Museum of Art The Tokyo Metropolitan Museum of Photography Vehbi Koç Foundation, Istanbul The National Taiwan Museum of Fine Arts Hong-gah Museum The Museum of Contemporary Photography, Chicago Taipei Fine Arts Museum The Seoul Museum of Art Indiana University Art Museum Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne, Australia Prizes & awards In 2014, Liou was one of 102 artists selected for the ambitious “State of the Art: Discovering American Art Now” exhibition at Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art. Liou was the only artist from Indiana to be represented. Liou is the recipient of numerous additional awards and grants, including the Asian Cultural Council Grant, New York (2013); Efroymson Contemporary Arts Fellowship, Indianapolis (2010); Taipei Artist Village Residency, Taipei City Government, Taiwan (2010), Central Indiana Community Foundation, Indianapolis (2010); New Frontiers grants from Indiana University, Bloomington (2006, 2011); the Garry B. Fritz Award from the Society for Photographic Education National Conference, Chicago (2006); the Rising Star Award at Fotofusion, Palm Beach Photographic Center, Florida (2014). References Category:1968 births Category:Living people Category:Taiwanese emigrants to the United States Category:New media artists Category:American contemporary artists Category:American installation artists Category:Digital imaging Category:National Chengchi University alumni Category:University of Florida alumni Category:American video artists Category:American photographers Category:American digital artists Category:Artists from Taoyuan City	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Daniel Burke (rower) Daniel Burke (born 2 May 1974 in Sydney) is an Australian rower who won a silver medal at the 2000 Sydney Olympics. He's one of only two Australian oarsmen to have twice won the Grand Challenge Cup at the Henley Royal Regatta. Club and state rowing Burke was raised in Shoal Bay on the central coast of New South Wales. He was educated at St. Joseph's College, Hunters Hill where he took up rowing. He rowed in that school's First VIII in both of his senior years 1991 and 1992. His senior club rowing was done from the Sydney Rowing Club and the Sydney University Boat Club. Burke first made state selection for New South Wales in the 1996 senior men's eight to contest the King's Cup at the Interstate Regatta within the Australian Rowing Championships. He stroked that crew to a second place. He raced in four further King's Cup eights for New South Wales in 1997, 1998, 1999, and 2000. His King's Cup career was during a period of Victorian dominance. International representative rowing Burke's Australian representative debut came in 1995 when he was selected to row a coxed pair with Shane McLaughlin at the 1995 World Rowing Championships in Tampere. With Teesan Koo in the bow, they placed fourth. At the 1996 World Rowing U23 Championships he competed in the Australian coxless pair and rowed to a silver medal with Alastair Gordon. In 1997 he secured a seat in the Australian men's senior eight. He raced in the eight at two World Rowing Cups in Europe that year and then at the Henley Royal Regatta as an Australian Institute of Sport crew they contested and won the 1997 Grand Challenge Cup. At the 1997 World Rowing Championships in Aiguebelette, France he rowed in the six seat for their third placing in the final and to a bronze medal. He held his seat in the Australian eight in 1998 and raced at the 1998 World Rowing Championships in Cologne to a sixth-place finish. In the 2000 Olympic year Burke was back in contention for the Australian eight. He rowed in both World Rowing Cup races in Europe in their lead up campaign as well as at the Henley Royal Regatta where they raced as an Australian Institute of Sport eight and won that year's Grand Challenge Cup. At Sydney 2000 the Australian eight won their heat in a pace that blew away the eventual gold medallists Great Britain. However in the final they started slowly and their late sprint home left them 0.8 seconds behind the Brits at the line and taking the silver Olympic medal in a thrilling finish. Burke's record in winning two Grand Challenge Cups at the Henley Royal Regatta is a rare feat for British rowers, but never before achieved by an Australian oarsman. Yachting After the 2000 Olympic Games Burke turned his hand to Yacht racing. In 2003 he competed in the Rolex IMS maxi world championships in Capri Italy. He was a crew member aboard 'Bumblebee 5' finishing 5th. Personal and family He attended the University of Sydney where he obtained a Bachelor of Education and a Masters of Commerce in International Business and Marketing. In 2002 Burke received a Sydney University Blue for the sport of rowing. His brother Michael - a state and national amateur heavy weight boxing representative - also received a Blue in the same year for the sport of boxing. His brother in-law Matthew Gray is a three time Olympic archer for Australia. His sister Kathleen is also an Australian rower. References Category:1974 births Category:Living people Category:Sportsmen from New South Wales Category:Australian male rowers Category:Rowers from Sydney Category:Rowers at the 2000 Summer Olympics Category:Olympic silver medalists for Australia Category:Olympic rowers of Australia Category:Olympic medalists in rowing Category:People educated at St Joseph's College, Hunters Hill Category:World Rowing Championships medalists for Australia Category:Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Whaling in the Philippines Whaling in the Philippines refers to the catching of whales in Philippine waters. Evidence of whaling in the archipelago was recorded as early as the seventeenth century. Whaling has been banned in the Philippjnes since 1997. History There is limited documentation of whaling in the Philippines. Filipino whalers often caught Bryde whales in the past. American and British whalers often caught sperm whales in Sulu, Mindoro and the Celebes. British whaling in the Philippines were reported to have occurred from 1820 to 1840 while American whaling was reported to have happened in 1825 and 1880 alongside local whaling by Filipinos in Bohol. There was a short period of commercial whaling in the Philippines from 1981 to 1986. Philippine whalers fished within Philippine exclusive economic zone (EEZ) but it was reported that they also hunted Bryde whales in international waters. The Philippines was also a member of the International Whaling Commission from 1981 to 1988. Ban on whaling Whaling in the Philippines has been illegal since 1997 under Fisheries Administrative Order 185 which was issued in 1991. The provision concerned initially only banned the catching, selling, or transporting of dolphins but was amended in 1997 to include all Cetaceans including whales. The calls for a ban on whaling and dolphin hunting in the Philippines were raised by both domestic and international groups after local whaling and dolphin hunting traditions of residents of Pamilacan in Bohol were featured in newspapers in the 1990s. As a compromise for residents of Pamilacan who were dependent on whaling and dolphin hunting, whale and dolphin watching is being promoted in the island as a source of tourism income. Despite the ban, it is believed that the whaling industry in the Philippines did not cease to exist but went underground. See also Environment of the Philippines References Category:Whaling in the Philippines Category:Environmental issues in the Philippines Category:Economic history of the Philippines	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Continuous predicate Continuous predicate is a term coined by Charles Sanders Peirce (1839–1914) to describe a special type of relational predicate that results as the limit of a recursive process of hypostatic abstraction. Here is one of Peirce's definitive discussions of the concept: When we have analyzed a proposition so as to throw into the subject everything that can be removed from the predicate, all that it remains for the predicate to represent is the form of connection between the different subjects as expressed in the propositional form. What I mean by "everything that can be removed from the predicate" is best explained by giving an example of something not so removable. But first take something removable. "Cain kills Abel." Here the predicate appears as "— kills —." But we can remove killing from the predicate and make the latter "— stands in the relation — to —." Suppose we attempt to remove more from the predicate and put the last into the form "— exercises the function of relate of the relation — to —" and then putting "the function of relate to the relation" into another subject leave as predicate "— exercises — in respect to — to —." But this "exercises" expresses "exercises the function". Nay more, it expresses "exercises the function of relate", so that we find that though we may put this into a separate subject, it continues in the predicate just the same. Stating this in another form, to say that "A is in the relation R to B" is to say that A is in a certain relation to R. Let us separate this out thus: "A is in the relation R¹ (where R¹ is the relation of a relate to the relation of which it is the relate) to R to B". But A is here said to be in a certain relation to the relation R¹. So that we can express the same fact by saying, "A is in the relation R¹ to the relation R¹ to the relation R to B", and so on ad infinitum. A predicate which can thus be analyzed into parts all homogeneous with the whole I call a continuous predicate. It is very important in logical analysis, because a continuous predicate obviously cannot be a compound except of continuous predicates, and thus when we have carried analysis so far as to leave only a continuous predicate, we have carried it to its ultimate elements. (C.S. Peirce, "Letters to Lady Welby" (14 December 1908), Selected Writings, pp. 396–397). See also Bradley's regress Unity of the proposition References Peirce, C.S., "Letters to Lady Welby", pp. 380–432 in Charles S. Peirce: Selected Writings (Values in a Universe of Chance), Philip P. Wiener (ed.), Dover, New York, NY, 1966. Category:Abstraction Category:Mathematical logic Category:Charles Sanders Peirce	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
1980 in country music This is a list of notable events in country music that took place in the year 1980. Events January 25 — At age 84, octogenarian comedian George Burns becomes by far the oldest performer (to that time) to have a single in the top 40 of Billboards Hot Country Singles chart with "I Wish I Was 18 Again." The song peaks at No. 15 in March. March 2 — The Public Broadcasting Company (PBS) telecasts the Grand Ole Opry for the third time, and this telecast lasts longer than any of the other telecasts. The telecast featured Tom T. Hall, Ronnie Milsap, Roy Acuff, Hank Snow, Minnie Pearl, Porter Wagoner, Billy Grammer, George Hamilton IV, Marty Robbins, and many others. Sissy Spacek also appeared on this telecast with Loretta Lynn, promoting the new movie Coal Miner's Daughter, which opened the next week. March — Alabama, a southern rock-influenced band from Fort Payne, Alabama, signs a recording contract with RCA Records, and records its first album, My Home's in Alabama. The album is released in May, and by late in the year, the band was on its way to superstardom. April 19 — For the first time in chart history, the top 5 positions on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart are held (or co-held) by female artists. The list: "It's Like We Never Said Goodbye" by Crystal Gayle "A Lesson in Leavin'" by Dottie West "Are You on the Road to Lovin' Me Again" by Debby Boone "Beneath Still Waters" by Emmylou Harris "Two Story House" by Tammy Wynette (Duet with George Jones) July 5 — George Jones' classic "He Stopped Loving Her Today" reaches #1 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles charts. November 18 — The country-variety TV series, Barbara Mandrell and the Mandrell Sisters, debuts. Country music goes Hollywood Country music had a major impact on the motion picture industry throughout the year, with no less than four major box office hits released during the year: March 7 — Coal Miner's Daughter, the biography of Loretta Lynn told in film, opens. Sissy Spacek wins that year's Academy Award for Best Actress for her portrayal of Lynn; Tommy Lee Jones and Beverly D'Angelo also play leading roles. The movie is a huge success with critics and at the box office, and briefly sparks Spacek's singing career. June 6 — The movie Urban Cowboy, starring John Travolta and Debra Winger, opens in American theaters. The movie — which showcases Mickey Gilley's nightclub, Gilley's — is a huge success at the box office ($54 million), and its soundtrack includes several major hits and makes stars out of several of the artists (most notably Johnny Lee), and will have a major impact on the direction of country music of the early 1980s. July 18 — Honeysuckle Rose, starring Willie Nelson, opens. December 19 — 9 to 5 – with Dolly Parton in one of the leading roles – opens. Top hits of the year Singles released by American artists Singles released by Canadian artists Top new album releases {\| class="wikitable sortable" \|- ! US ! CAN ! Album ! Artist ! Record Label \|- \| align="center"\| \| align="center"\| 10 \| 6 Cylinder \| 6 Cylinder \| RCA \|- \| align="center"\| 1 \| align="center"\| 3 \| 9 to 5 and Odd Jobs \| Dolly Parton \| RCA \|- \| align="center"\| 13 \| align="center"\| \| 10th Anniversary \| The Statler Brothers \| Mercury \|- \| align="center"\| \| align="center"\| 6 \| All for the Love of a Song \| Carroll Baker \| RCA \|- \| align="center"\| \| align="center"\| 24 \| American Son \| Levon Helm \| MCA \|- \| align="center"\| 2 \| align="center"\| 1 \| Anne Murray's Greatest Hits \| Anne Murray \| Capitol \|- \| align="center"\| 5 \| align="center"\| 7 \| Any Which Way You Can (Soundtrack) \| Various Artists \| Warner Bros. \|- \| align="center"\| 14 \| align="center"\| \| Ask Me to Dance \| Cristy Lane \| United Artists \|- \| align="center"\| 8 \| align="center"\| \| Back to the Barrooms \| Merle Haggard \| MCA \|- \| align="center"\| \| align="center"\| 12 \| Back to the Sod \| Carlton Showband \| RCA \|- \| align="center"\| \| align="center"\| 18 \| Best Country Duets \| Various Artists \| Epic \|- \| align="center"\| 57 \| align="center"\| 21 \| The Best of Jerry Jeff Walker \| Jerry Jeff Walker \| MCA \|- \| align="center"\| \| align="center"\| 18 \| Best of the Family Brown \| Family Brown \| RCA \|- \| align="center"\| \| align="center"\| 11 \| Best of the Good Brothers \| The Good Brothers \| RCA \|- \| align="center"\| 20 \| align="center"\| \| Blue Pearl \| Earl Thomas Conley \| Sunbird \|- \| align="center"\| 10 \| align="center"\| \| Bronco Billy (Soundtrack) \| Various Artists \| Elektra \|- \| align="center"\| 57 \| align="center"\| 6 \| The Champ \| Moe Bandy \| Columbia \|- \| align="center"\| 2 \| align="center"\| 1 \| Coal Miner's Daughter (Soundtrack) \| Various Artists \| MCA \|- \| align="center"\| \| align="center"\| 8 \| Come with Me \| Nana Mouskouri \| Grand \|- \| align="center"\| 7 \| align="center"\| 2 \| A Country Collection \| Anne Murray \| Capitol \|- \| align="center"\| 16 \| align="center"\| \| Crying \| Stephanie Winslow \| Warner Bros./Curb \|- \| align="center"\| 14 \| align="center"\| \| Danny Davis & Willie Nelsonwith the Nashville Brass \| Danny Davis & The Nashville Brass& Willie Nelson \| RCA \|- \| align="center"\| 7 \| align="center"\| 1 \| Dolly, Dolly, Dolly \| Dolly Parton \| RCA \|- \| align="center"\| 21 \| align="center"\| 4 \| Down & Dirty \| Bobby Bare \| Columbia \|- \| align="center"\| 58 \| align="center"\| 1 \| Dream Street Rose \| Gordon Lightfoot \| Warner Bros. \|- \| align="center"\| 47 \| align="center"\| 17 \| Drunk & Crazy \| Bobby Bare \| Columbia \|- \| align="center"\| 22 \| align="center"\| \| Ed Bruce \| Ed Bruce \| MCA \|- \| align="center"\| \| align="center"\| 9 \| Eddie Eastman \| Eddie Eastman \| Columbia \|- \| align="center"\| 8 \| align="center"\| 2 \| Elvis Aron Presley \| Elvis Presley \| RCA \|- \| align="center"\| 14 \| align="center"\| \| Encore \| Mickey Gilley \| Epic \|- \| align="center"\| \| align="center"\| 18 \| The Entertainer \| Artie MacLaren \| Broadland \|- \| align="center"\| 16 \| align="center"\| 11 \| Friday Night Blues \| John Conlee \| MCA \|- \| align="center"\| 5 \| align="center"\| 9 \| Full Moon \| Charlie Daniels \| Epic \|- \| align="center"\| 1 \| align="center"\| 1 \| Gideon \| Kenny Rogers \| United Artists \|- \| align="center"\| 22 \| align="center"\| \| Greatest Hits \| Larry Gatlin and the Gatlin Brothers \| Columbia \|- \| align="center"\| 1 \| align="center"\| 10 \| Greatest Hits \| Ronnie Milsap \| RCA \|- \| align="center"\| 5 \| align="center"\| 13 \| Greatest Hits \| The Oak Ridge Boys \| MCA \|- \| align="center"\| 1 \| align="center"\| 2 \| Greatest Hits \| Kenny Rogers \| Liberty \|- \| align="center"\| \| align="center"\| 18 \| Gypsy \| Johnny Rodriguez \| Epic \|- \| align="center"\| 4 \| align="center"\| 7 \| Habits Old and New \| Hank Williams, Jr. \| Elektra/Curb \|- \| align="center"\| 18 \| align="center"\| \| Hard Times \| Lacy J. Dalton \| Columbia \|- \| align="center"\| 10 \| align="center"\| 3 \| Heart & Soul \| Conway Twitty \| MCA \|- \| align="center"\| 11 \| align="center"\| 13 \| Help Yourself \| Larry Gatlin and the Gatlin Brothers \| Columbia \|- \| align="center"\| 1 \| align="center"\| 4 \| Honeysuckle Rose \| Willie Nelson \| Columbia \|- \| align="center"\| 1 \| align="center"\| 5 \| Horizon \| Eddie Rabbitt \| Elektra \|- \| align="center"\| 7 \| align="center"\| \| I Am What I Am \| George Jones \| Epic \|- \| align="center"\| 2 \| align="center"\| 3 \| I Believe in You \| Don Williams \| MCA \|- \| align="center"\| 12 \| align="center"\| \| I Wish I Was Eighteen Again \| George Burns \| Mercury \|- \| align="center"\| \| align="center"\| 18 \| Into a Mystery \| Murray McLauchlan \| True North \|- \| align="center"\| \| align="center"\| 22 \| Iris Larratt \| Iris Larratt \| RCA \|- \| align="center"\| 3 \| align="center"\| \| It's Hard to Be Humble \| Mac Davis \| Casablanca \|- \| align="center"\| \| align="center"\| 23 \| King of the Newfies \| Michael T. Wall \| Boot \|- \| align="center"\| 11 \| align="center"\| \| Lacy J. Dalton \| Lacy J. Dalton \| Columbia \|- \| align="center"\| \| align="center"\| 4 \| Live \| The Good Brothers \| Solid Gold \|- \| align="center"\| 8 \| align="center"\| 6 \| Lookin' for Love \| Johnny Lee \| Asylum \|- \| align="center"\| 17 \| align="center"\| \| Lookin' Good \| Loretta Lynn \| MCA \|- \| align="center"\| 24 \| align="center"\| 5 \| Loretta \| Loretta Lynn \| MCA \|- \| align="center"\| 17 \| align="center"\| \| Love Has No Reason \| Debby Boone \| Warner Bros./Curb \|- \| align="center"\| 6 \| align="center"\| 12 \| Love Is Fair \| Barbara Mandrell \| MCA \|- \| align="center"\| 24 \| align="center"\| \| M-M-Mel Live \| Mel Tillis \| MCA \|- \| align="center"\| \| align="center"\| 12 \| Make a Little Magic \| Nitty Gritty Dirt Band \| Liberty \|- \| align="center"\| 3 \| align="center"\| \| Milsap Magic \| Ronnie Milsap \| RCA \|- \| align="center"\| 1 \| align="center"\| 1 \| Music Man \| Waylon Jennings \| RCA \|- \| align="center"\| 3 \| align="center"\| 1 \| My Home's in Alabama \| Alabama \| RCA \|- \| align="center"\| 9 \| align="center"\| \| Porter & Dolly \| Porter Wagoner & Dolly Parton \| RCA \|- \| align="center"\| 12 \| align="center"\| \| Razzy \| Razzy Bailey \| RCA \|- \| align="center"\| 12 \| align="center"\| 16 \| Rest Your Love on Me \| Conway Twitty \| MCA \|- \| align="center"\| \| align="center"\| 23 \| Rockabilly Blues \| Johnny Cash \| Columbia \|- \| align="center"\| 2 \| align="center"\| 2 \| Roses in the Snow \| Emmylou Harris \| Warner Bros. \|- \| align="center"\| \| align="center"\| 1 \| The Rovers \| The Rovers \| Attic \|- \| align="center"\| 3 \| align="center"\| 1 \| San Antonio Rose \| Willie Nelson & Ray Price \| Columbia \|- \| align="center"\| \| align="center"\| 20 \| She Don't Like the Highway \| Dale Russell \| Sunshine \|- \| align="center"\| 4 \| align="center"\| \| Shriner's Convention \| Ray Stevens \| RCA \|- \| align="center"\| 10 \| align="center"\| 11 \| Smokey and the Bandit 2 (Soundtrack) \| Various Artists \| MCA \|- \| align="center"\| 19 \| align="center"\| \| Smooth Sailin\| T. G. Sheppard \| Warner Bros./Curb \|- \| align="center"\| 15 \| align="center"\| 1 \| Somebody's Waiting \| Anne Murray \| Capitol \|- \| align="center"\| 25 \| align="center"\| 24 \| Songs I Love to Sing \| Slim Whitman \| Cleveland Int'l. \|- \| align="center"\| 18 \| align="center"\| \| Sons of the Sun \| The Bellamy Brothers \| Warner Bros./Curb \|- \| align="center"\| 22 \| align="center"\| \| Southern Rain \| Mel Tillis \| Elektra \|- \| align="center"\| \| align="center"\| 3 \| The Star \| Marie Bottrell \| MBS \|- \| align="center"\| 12 \| align="center"\| \| Texas in My Rear View Mirror \| Mac Davis \| Casablanca \|- \| align="center"\| 8 \| align="center"\| \| That's All That Matters to Me \| Mickey Gilley \| Epic \|- \| align="center"\| 1 \| align="center"\| \| There's a Little Bit of Hank in Me \| Charley Pride \| RCA \|- \| align="center"\| 6 \| align="center"\| \| These Days \| Crystal Gayle \| Columbia \|- \| align="center"\| 10 \| align="center"\| 1 \| Together \| The Oak Ridge Boys \| MCA \|- \| align="center"\| \| align="center"\| 22 \| True Feelings \| Sonny Sinclair \| Rural Root \|- \| align="center"\| 1 \| align="center"\| 2 \| Urban Cowboy (Soundtrack) \| Various Artists \| Asylum \|- \| align="center"\| 16 \| align="center"\| \| The Way I Am \| Merle Haggard \| MCA \|- \| align="center"\| \| align="center"\| 13 \| We Could Make Beautiful Music Together \| Terry Carisse \| MBS \|- \| align="center"\| \| align="center"\| 5 \| With Love \| Marty Robbins \| Columbia \|- \| align="center"\| 9 \| align="center"\| \| You Can Get Crazy \| The Bellamy Brothers \| Warner Bros./Curb \|- \| align="center"\| 25 \| align="center"\| \| Your Body Is an Outlaw \| Mel Tillis \| Elektra \|- \| align="center"\| \| align="center"\| 2 \| Zephyr \| Canadian Zephyr \| RCA \|} Other top albums {\| class="wikitable sortable" \|- ! US ! CAN ! Album ! Artist ! Record Label \|- \| align="center"\| 60 \| align="center"\| \| After Hours \| Joe Stampley \| Epic \|- \| align="center"\| 27 \| align="center"\| \| Always \| Patsy Cline \| MCA \|- \| align="center"\| 28 \| align="center"\| \| Autograph \| John Denver \| RCA \|- \| align="center"\| 43 \| align="center"\| \| The Best of Chet on the Road — Live \| Chet Atkins \| RCA \|- \| align="center"\| 34 \| align="center"\| \| The Best of the Kendalls \| The Kendalls \| Ovation \|- \| align="center"\| 64 \| align="center"\| \| But What Will the Neighbors Think \| Rodney Crowell \| Warner Bros. \|- \| align="center"\| 49 \| align="center"\| \| Cactus and a Rose \| Gary Stewart \| RCA \|- \| align="center"\| 71 \| align="center"\| \| Changes \| Billy "Crash" Craddock \| Capitol \|- \| align="center"\| 47 \| align="center"\| \| Christmas with Slim Whitman \| Slim Whitman \| Cleveland Int'l. \|- \| align="center"\| 29 \| align="center"\| \| Dallas \| Floyd Cramer \| RCA \|- \| align="center"\| 51 \| align="center"\| \| Don't It Break Your Heart \| Con Hunley \| Warner Bros. \|- \| align="center"\| 45 \| align="center"\| \| Double Trouble \| George Jones & Johnny Paycheck \| Epic \|- \| align="center"\| 41 \| align="center"\| \| Dreamlovers \| Tanya Tucker \| MCA \|- \| align="center"\| 37 \| align="center"\| \| Even Cowgirls Get the Blues \| Lynn Anderson \| Columbia \|- \| align="center"\| 55 \| align="center"\| \| Eyes \| Eddy Raven \| Dimension \|- \| align="center"\| 26 \| align="center"\| \| Family Bible \| Willie Nelson \| MCA \|- \| align="center"\| 37 \| align="center"\| \| Favorites \| Crystal Gayle \| United Artists \|- \| align="center"\| 44 \| align="center"\| \| Following the Feeling \| Moe Bandy \| Columbia \|- \| align="center"\| 40 \| align="center"\| \| The Game \| Gail Davies \| Warner Bros. \|- \| align="center"\| 59 \| align="center"\| \| Greatest Country Hits of the 70's \| Various Artists \| Columbia \|- \| align="center"\| 61 \| align="center"\| \| I Don't Want to Lose \| Leon Everette \| Orlando \|- \| align="center"\| 29 \| align="center"\| \| I Don't Want to Lose You \| Con Hunley \| Warner Bros. \|- \| align="center"\| 27 \| align="center"\| \| I'll Be There \| Gail Davies \| Warner Bros. \|- \| align="center"\| 28 \| align="center"\| \| I'll Need Someone to Hold Me When I Cry \| Janie Fricke \| Columbia \|- \| align="center"\| 66 \| align="center"\| \| I've Got Something to Say \| David Allan Coe \| Columbia \|- \| align="center"\| 61 \| align="center"\| \| In My Dreams \| Johnny Duncan \| Columbia \|- \| align="center"\| 56 \| align="center"\| \| Jerry Reed Sings Jim Croce \| Jerry Reed \| RCA \|- \| align="center"\| 61 \| align="center"\| \| John Anderson \| John Anderson \| Warner Bros. \|- \| align="center"\| 35 \| align="center"\| \| Killer Country \| Jerry Lee Lewis \| Elektra \|- \| align="center"\| 26 \| align="center"\| \| A Legend and His Lady \| Eddy Arnold \| RCA \|- \| align="center"\| 59 \| align="center"\| \| Love So Many Ways \| Ronnie McDowell \| Epic \|- \| align="center"\| 61 \| align="center"\| \| Many Moods of Mel \| Mel Street \| Sunbird \|- \| align="center"\| 48 \| align="center"\| \| New York Town \| Johnny Paycheck \| Epic \|- \| align="center"\| 47 \| align="center"\| \| New York Wine Tennessee Shine \| Dave Rowland & Sugar \| RCA \|- \| align="center"\| 45 \| align="center"\| \| No One Will Ever Know \| Gene Watson \| Capitol \|- \| align="center"\| 69 \| align="center"\| \| Oklahoma Rose \| Rex Allen, Jr. \| Warner Bros. \|- \| align="center"\| 52 \| align="center"\| \| Once a Drifter \| Charlie Rich \| Elektra \|- \| align="center"\| 35 \| align="center"\| \| One Man, One Woman \| Jim Ed Brown & Helen Cornelius \| RCA \|- \| align="center"\| 37 \| align="center"\| \| Only Lonely Sometimes \| Tammy Wynette \| Epic \|- \| align="center"\| 70 \| align="center"\| \| Standing Tall \| Billie Jo Spears \| United Artists \|- \| align="center"\| 52 \| align="center"\| \| A Sure Thing \| Freddie Hart \| Sunbird \|- \| align="center"\| 30 \| align="center"\| \| Take Me Back \| Brenda Lee \| MCA \|- \| align="center"\| 43 \| align="center"\| \| ''Texas Bound and Flyin \| Jerry Reed \| RCA \|- \| align="center"\| 56 \| align="center"\| \| There's Always Me\| Jim Reeves \| RCA \|- \| align="center"\| 26 \| align="center"\| \| Together Again\| George Jones & Tammy Wynette \| Epic \|- \| align="center"\| 32 \| align="center"\| \| When Two Worlds Collide\| Jerry Lee Lewis \| Elektra \|- \| align="center"\| 31 \| align="center"\| \| Where Did the Money Go?\| Hoyt Axton \| Jeremiah \|- \| align="center"\| 28 \| align="center"\| \| Who's Cheatin' Who\| Charly McClain \| Epic \|- \| align="center"\| 73 \| align="center"\| \| Women Get Lonely\| Charly McClain \| Epic \|} On television Regular series Barbara Mandrell and the Mandrell Sisters (1980–1982, NBC) Hee Haw (1969–1993, syndicated) Pop! Goes the Country (1974–1982, syndicated) The Porter Wagoner Show (1960–1981, syndicated) That Nashville Music (1970–1985, syndicated) Specials Births April 1 – Kip Moore, country singer of the 2010s. April 2 – Bobby Estell, radio personality of the 2010s-onward who uses the on-air name Bobby Bones and host of his eponymously named show. July 3 – Sarah Buxton, singer-songwriter best known as co-writer of "Stupid Boy." October 18 — Josh Gracin, rose to fame as fourth-place contestant on American Idol in 2003; had a string of hits thereafter ("I Want to Live," "Nothin' to Lose"). Deaths March 17 – Hugh Farr, 76, member of the Sons of the Pioneers. April 4 — Red Sovine, 61, best known for recitations of truck driving life (car accident resulting from a heart attack). June 16 – Bob Nolan, 72, member of the Sons of the Pioneers. Country Music Hall of Fame Inductees Johnny Cash (1932–2003) Connie B. Gay (1914–1989) Original Sons of the Pioneers (Roy Rogers 1911–1998, Bob Nolan 1908–1980, Lloyd Perryman 1917–1977, Tim Spencer 1908–1974, Hugh Farr 1903–1980 and Karl Farr 1909–1961) Major awards Grammy Awards Best Female Country Vocal Performance — "Could I Have This Dance," Anne Murray Best Male Country Vocal Performance — "He Stopped Loving Her Today," George Jones Best Country Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal — "That Lovin' You Feelin' Again," Emmylou Harris and Roy Orbison Best Country Instrumental Performance — "Orange Blossom Special/Hoedown," Gilley's Urban Cowboy Band Best Country Song — "On the Road Again," Willie Nelson (Performer: Willie Nelson) Juno Awards Country Male Vocalist of the Year — Murray McLauchlan Country Female Vocalist of the Year — Anne Murray Country Group or Duo of the Year — The Good Brothers Academy of Country Music Entertainer of the Year — Barbara Mandrell Song of the Year — "He Stopped Loving Her Today," Bobby Braddock and Curly Putman (Performer: George Jones) Single of the Year — "He Stopped Loving Her Today," George Jones Album of the Year — Urban Cowboy, Soundtrack Top Male Vocalist — George Jones Top Female Vocalist — Dolly Parton Top New Male Vocalist — Johnny Lee Top New Female Vocalist — Terri Gibbs Country Music Association Founding President's Award (formerly Connie B. Gay Award) — Charlie Daniels Entertainer of the Year — Barbara Mandrell Song of the Year — "He Stopped Loving Her Today," Bobby Braddock and Curly Putman (Performer: George Jones) Single of the Year — "He Stopped Loving Her Today," George Jones Album of the Year — Coal Miner's Daughter'', SoundtrackMale Vocalist of the Year — George JonesFemale Vocalist of the Year — Emmylou HarrisVocal Duo of the Year — Moe Bandy and Joe StampleyVocal Group of the Year — The Statler BrothersInstrumentalist of the Year — Roy ClarkInstrumental Group of the Year' — Charlie Daniels Band Further reading Kingsbury, Paul, "The Grand Ole Opry: History of Country Music. 70 Years of the Songs, the Stars and the Stories," Villard Books, Random House; Opryland USA, 1995 Kingsbury, Paul, "Vinyl Hayride: Country Music Album Covers 1947–1989," Country Music Foundation, 2003 () Millard, Bob, "Country Music: 70 Years of America's Favorite Music," HarperCollins, New York, 1993 () Whitburn, Joel, "Top Country Songs 1944–2005 – 6th Edition." 2005. References Other links Country Music Association Inductees of the Country Music Hall of Fame External links Country Music Hall of Fame Country Category:Country music by year	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Hooded visorbearer The hooded visorbearer, Colibri Lumachelle, or ColibrÍ Lumaquela (Augastes lumachella) is a species of hummingbird in the family Trochilidae. It is found only in Brazil. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland. It is threatened by habitat loss. References hooded visorbearer Category:Birds of Brazil Category:Endemic birds of Brazil hooded visorbearer Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Lila Nath Shrestha Lila Nath Shrestha (born 28 January 1962) is a Nepali communist politician and a member of the House of Representatives of the federal parliament of Nepal. He joined politics as a student and has remained a prominent communist politician from Siraha District. He was a candidate in the constituent assembly elections of 2013 but was defeated. He finally won his first seat in parliament in the 2017 legislative election from Siraha-3 constituency. Biography Born on 28 January 1962 to Jit Bahadur and Dhan Maya Shrestha, in Chandralalpur-2 of Siraha, he is a graduate in Law and has two children – a son and a daughter. He joined politics as a student in 1980, and went on to become a prominent member of the student wing of CPN ML, ANNFSU, and later the youth wing of CPN UML. He was a long-time member and prominent leader of CPN UML in Siraha District, until the party's dissolution in 2018. Following the merger of CPN UML and CPN (Maoist Centre), he was appointed the "District Incharge" of Siraha for the newly formed Nepal Communist Party (NCP). He was the candidate for the second constituent assembly in the 2013 election from CPN UML, but was defeated by Pushpa Kamal Dahal, chairman of the CPN (Maoist) party. He was finally elected to the House of Representatives for the first time in the 2017 legislative election. He was elected from Siraha-3 constituency under the first-past-the-post system representing CPN UML of the left alliance. He defeated his nearest rival, Asheswor Yadav, by acquiring 23,227 votes to Yadav's 21,220. References Category:Living people Category:1962 births Category:Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist) politicians Category:People from Siraha District Category:Nepalese communists Category:Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist–Leninist) politicians Category:Nepal Communist Party (NCP) politicians Category:Members of the House of Representatives (Nepal) Category:21st-century Nepalese people Category:Nepalese lawyers Category:Newar	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
TOCHKA.net TOCHKA.net is a horizontal portal developed in 2009 by Digital Ventures company, which is a part of System Capital Management Group. According to gemiusAudience study for July 2010, is the biggest among other Ukrainian portals. Mikhaylina Skorik has been editor-in-chief for Tochka.net since 2010. List of portals at TOCHKA.NET: lady.tochka.net video.tochka.net afisha.tochka.net job.tochka.net sport.tochka.net links.tochka.net fun.tochka.net news.tochka.net hi-tech.tochka.net auto.tochka.net finance.tochka.net References External links official website Category:Organizations established in 2009 Category:Internet in Ukraine Category:Web portals	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
1974 European Athletics Indoor Championships – Men's 1500 metres The men's 1500 metres event at the 1974 European Athletics Indoor Championships was held on 10 March in Gothenburg. Results References Category:1500 metres at the European Athletics Indoor Championships 1500	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Joubertin Joubertin is a red French wine grape variety that was historically grown in the Savoie wine region of southeast France. The grape was once prized for its productivity and high yields but its plantings have declined as the grape has fallen out of favor and it is now on the verge of extinction. In the 20th century, ampelographers Louis Levadoux and (decades later) Linda Bisson categorized Joubertin as a member of the Pelorsien eco-geogroup along with Bia blanc, Béclan, Dureza, Exbrayat, Durif, Jacquère, Mondeuse blanche, Peloursin, Servanin and Verdesse. Synonyms Various synonyms have been used to describe Joubertin and its wines including Jaubertin, Pinot Joubertin, Plant d´Aix, Plant de la Claye and Plant de la Mure. References Category:Red wine grape varieties	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Threadneedle Prize The Columbia Threadneedle Prize (formerly The Threadneedle Prize) is a major art prize, which showcases contemporary figurative art. It was launched by the Mall Galleries in 2008. The prize is open to any artist, eighteen or over, who is living or working in the UK or Continental Europe. Background The Threadneedle Prize was launched in 2008 to support the popular interest in figurative art. It was organised by the Federation of British Artists and offered a prize of £25,000. The new competition coincided with a move by the rival Turner Prize away from painting and sculpture and, in some eyes, becoming "trivial and dull". Art critic Brian Sewell welcomed the new prize, though complained that the majority of entries were disappointing, concluding that the "new prize is capable of achieving a greater good than any other, but it must, without becoming quite as predictable as the Turner Prize... achieve next year a far higher level of distinction." In 2009 almost half of the 80 final exhibits at the Mall Galleries were portrait paintings, in a wide variety of styles. By 2013 the number of exhibits had increased to 111, chosen from over 3,500 entries. Prizes In the first year of the competition there was a single prize of £25,000. In 2010 the Visitors’ Choice Prize, worth £10,000, was introduced. The two major prizes available are the Threadneedle Prize and the Visitor’ Choice Prize. In 2012 the Threadneedle Prize was increased from £25,000 to £30,000 making it the largest prize for single work of art in the UK. For the Threadneedle Prize, a panel of selectors shortlist six works and then choose the winner of the £30,000 prize. Two finalists for the Visitors' Choice Prize are awarded £500. Each of the five finalists for the Threadneedle Prize receives £1,000. In 2013 there are eight prizes totalling £46,000. Selectors have included artists, critics and curators Peter Randall-Page, Ed Vaizey, Michael Sandle, Jock McFadyen, Daphne Todd, Richard Cork and Desmond Shawe-Taylor. In 2016, the £20,000 winner - Salt in Tea by Lewis Hazelwood-Horner - was also named the winner of the £10,000 Visitors' Choice Award. Following the 2016 exhibition at Mall Galleries, London, selected works from the Prize toured to Palazzo Strozzi in Florence, Italy. Prize winners 2016 Winner - Lewis Hazelwood-Horner, Salt in Tea Visitors' Choice - Lewis Hazelwood-Horner, Salt in Tea 2014 Winner - Tina Jenkins, Bed Head Visitors' Choice - Ben Johnson, Room of the Revolutionary 2013 Joint winner - Clare McCormack, Dead Labour/Dead Labourer Joint winner - Lisa Wright, The Guilty's Gaze on the Innocent Visitors' Choice - Conrad Engelhardt, Aung San Suu Kyi 2012 Winner - Ben Greener, My Feet Visitors' Choice - Robert Truscott, Defeat 2011 Winner - Henrietta Simson, Bad Government Visitors' Choice - Nicholas McLeod, Drained 2010 Winner - Patricia Cain, Building the Riverside Museum Visitors' Choice - Fionnuala Boyd and Les Evans, Clee Hill 2009 2009 Winner - Sheila Wallis Emerging Artist Prize - Aishan Yu 2008 Winner - Nina Murdoch, Untitled Selectors' Choice - Tim Shaw, Tank on Fire Selectors 2016 Emma Crichton-Miller, David Dawson, Dr Arturo Galansino, Dr Tim Knox 2014 John Martin, Kevin Francis Gray, Nancy Durrant, Whitney Hintz 2013 Tim Shaw, Barnaby Wright, Paul Benney, Laura Gascoigne 2012 Nicholas Usherwood, Peter Randall-Page, Christopher Riopelle 2011 Julie Lomax, Lisa Milroy, Godfrey Worsdale 2010 Dr Xavier Bray, David Rayson, Michael Sandle RA 2009 Jock McFadyen, Cathy Lomax, Michael Leonard, Desmond Shawe-Taylor, Daphne Todd OBE, Nine Murdoch 2008 Richard Cork, Angela Flowers, Hew Locke, William Packer, Brian Sewell See also List of European art awards References External links The Threadneedle Prize for painting and sculpture Category:British art awards Category:Awards established in 2008 Category:Figurative art Category:Arts competitions	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Revenge (Iron Fire album) Revenge is the "comeback" album from the band Iron Fire, released March 31, 2006. The album followed a struggle to get a record deal and maintain a stable line-up. Track listing "Wings of Rage" - 4:24 "Iron Head" - 4:25 "Metal Messiah" - 4:54 "Whirlwind of Doom" - 4:51 "Savage Prophecy" - 5:28 "Fate of Fire" - 4:26 "Stand as King" - 4:49 "Brotherhood of the Brave" - 4:40 "Alone in the Dark" - 4:26 "Mindmachine" - 3:55 "Ice-cold Arion" - 4:20 "Break the Spell" - 4:40 All songs written by: Martin Steene Album line-up Martin Steene - Vocals (Acoustic Guitar on "Icecold Arion") Kirk Backarach - Guitars J.J. - Guitars Martin Lund - Bass Jens B. - Drums Guest Musicians Tommy Hansen - Keyboards on all tracks except track # 11 Casper Jensen - Keyboards on track # 11 References Category:2006 albums Category:Iron Fire albums Category:Napalm Records albums	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Remlap, Alabama Remlap is an unincorporated community in Blount County, Alabama, United States, located along Alabama State Route 75, southwest of Oneonta. Remlap has a post office with ZIP code 35133. Remlap is named for the area's Palmer family; the community's name is "Palmer" spelled backwards. See also List of geographic names derived from anagrams and ananyms References Category:Unincorporated communities in Blount County, Alabama Category:Unincorporated communities in Alabama	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
MTV Fanaah MTV Fanaah is an Indian thriller television miniseries broadcast by MTV India. It premiered on 21 July 2014. Produced by BBC Worldwide India, MTV Fanaah is about the complexities of a love story featuring supernatural entities such as vampires and werewolves. The second season of the show started airing on 25 October 2014 and ended on 22 January 2015 Cast Ahsaas Channa as Young Dhara Harsh Mehta as young Vivaan Chetna Pande as Dhara Karan Kundra as Vivaan Nakul Sahdev as Anshuman (replaced) Yuvraj Thakur as Anshuman Anita Hassanandani as Preet Vishal Gandhi as Adhrij Anupam Bhattacharya as Abhimanyu Rohan Shah as Adwik Aaradhna Uppal as Faridaji Sandit Tiwari as Vivan's Brother-in-law Nikita Sharma as Mahi Rithvik Dhanjani as Vidhyut Ratan Rajput as Iravati Chetna Pande as Avni Karan Kundra as Vivaan Yuvraj Thakur as Sarthak Anita Hassanandani as Yamini Ayaz Ahmed as Ranbir Meghna Naidu as Meghna Pankhuri Awasthy as Seher Mohit Abrol as Jo Scarlett Rose as Rose Ankit Patidar as Prateek References Category:Indian fantasy television series Category:MTV India television series Category:Hindi-language television programs Category:2014 Indian television series debuts Category:2015 Indian television series endings Category:Indian drama television series Category:Indian teen drama television series Category:2010s Indian television series	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Rosa Bailly Rosa Bailly (14 March 1890 – 14 June 1976), known also as Rosa Dufour-Bailly and Aimée Dufour was a French teacher, journalist and writer closely tied throughout her professional life to the cause of Poland and its literature. She was also a poet. Biography Bailly was born in Saint-Florent-sur-Cher in a modest family of farmers and artisans. She completed her education at the École Normale Supérieure de Sèvres, France. Although destined to become a school teacher, she never forgot the history lessons in primary school when she learned to her lasting horror of the partitions of Poland and its obliteration as a state. Later, she was to tell her colleagues: « Apprenez à vos éléves que le démembrement de la Pologne en 1772 a sauvé la France, dites leurs que maintes fois le sang polonais à coulé à flot pour notre salut. Montrez leur la beauté de cette race intelligente, artiste et généreuse, son patriotisme et sa vitalité , son grand rôle historique … » – 'Teach your pupils that the dismemberment of Poland in 1772 saved France, tell them that Polish blood flowed many times to save us. Show them the beauty of that intelligent and artistic nation, its patriotism and its vitality, its great role in history ...' She became a leading light of an association she founded in Paris, in 1919 under the name of Les Amis de la Pologne – The Friends of Poland, whose general secretary she was for many years. In 1921 she became an activist in the matter of a plebiscite about Upper Silesia joining the rest of a newly independent Second Polish Republic. She both translated into French and had published the works of many Polish writers, among them, Maria Konopnicka, Julian Tuwim, Leopold Staff, Zofia Nałkowska, Kazimierz Przerwa-Tetmajer, Zenon Przesmycki, Wacław Berent and Boleslaw Leśmian. During World War II, Rosa Bailly organised assistance for Polish prisoners of war and soldiers in France. She continued her Polish contacts after the war and well into retirement, but the intensity and the welcome had waned with the advent of Polish communism. She visited there one last time in 1959 and wrote a history of Warsaw. She was also a great lover of the Pyrenees and finally settled in that region. She died in Pau in 1976, aged 86. Bibliography Selected works by Rosa Bailly connected to Poland: 1926, 1928, 1939 : Histoire de l'amitié franco-polonaise – A History of Franco-Polish friendship 1924 : La Pologne renaît – The rebirth of Poland 1926 (?) : Comment se renseigner sur la Pologne, Union française des amis de la Pologne – How to find out about Poland, French Union of the friends of Poland 1930 : L'Hommage de la France à Mickiewicz – France's hommage to Mickiewicz 1928, 1938 : Petite histoire de la Pologne – A short history of Poland 1920–1930 : Villes de Pologne – Cities of Poland 1920 : Vilno, ville polonaise – Wilno, a Polish city 1924 : À la gloire de Léopol – The glory of Lwów 1927 : Une Ville polonaise : Bydgoszcz – Bydgoszcz, a Polish city 1928 : Guide de Pologne : Poznań, Varsovie, Wilno, Cracovie, Léopol, Zakopane – A guide to Poland: Poznań, Warsaw, Wilnius, Kraków, Lwów, Zakopane 1936 : Au cœur de la Pologne : Petites villes, châteaux, campagnes – The heart of Poland: small towns, stately homes, countryside. 1940 : Lettres aux Polonais en France – Letters to Poles in France 1949 : Varsoviennes (traduction de Kobiety de Stanisława Kuszelewska) – Women of Warsaw (translation of a work in Polish by Stanislawa Kuszelewska) Works about the author Mieczysława Wazdrag-Parisot, Rosa Bailly et la Pologne, Université de Paris-Sorbonne, 1980 Anita Plytarz, " Rosa Bailly, sa vie et ses liens d'amitié tissés avec la Pologne " in Synergies Pologne, revue du Gerflint, Cracovie, 2006 Tadeusz Edward Domański, Rosa Bailly : Wielka Francuzka o polskim sercu, Lublin, Norbertinum, 2003 Małgorzata Nossowska, O Francuzce, która pokochała Polskę. Rosa Bailly i stowarzyszenie "Les Amis de la Pologne" , Lublin, University of Maria Curie-Skłodowska, 2012, – About the French woman who fell in love with Poland. Rosa Bailly and the association, Friends of Poland. Portraits of her are by Nina Alexandrowicz, Zbigniew Więckowski ( in oil) and Maja Berezowska (water colour). The sculptor Francis Black has made a bust of her, which is in the Bibliothèque polonaise de Paris see "cracovia-leopolis" . Awards and Distinctions 1936 : Gold Medal of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland. 1937 : Prix de l'Académie française – prix Kornmann (1 000F) Commander of the Order of Polonia Restituta Laures académiques of the Polish Academy of Literature 1969 : Prize of the Polish PEN Club 1969 : Francis Jammes prize See also Literary Association of the Friends of Poland Hotel Lambert France - Poland relations Franco-Polish alliance (1921) Poles in France References Category:1890 births Category:1976 deaths Category:People from Hautes-Pyrénées Category:20th-century French women writers Category:French women poets Category:French Roman Catholics Category:French translators Category:Commanders of the Order of Polonia Restituta Category:20th-century French poets Category:20th-century translators	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Peng Chau Kaito Peng Chau Kaito Limited is a small kai-to ferry operator in Hong Kong. The company runs services between Peng Chau and Discovery Bay with occasional stops at the Trappist Monastery on Lantau Island, as well as the route between Discovery Bay and Mui Wo. The main route between Peng Chau and Discovery Bay received an estimated 1,420 passngers per day in 2013. The company also offers vessel hire. The routes which serve Peng Chau make use of the Peng Chau Public Pier. Service In 2012, the company was granted permission from the government to reduce the frequency of its route between Discovery Bay and Mui Wo to reduce costs which had risen due to an increase in fuel prices. The service was suspended the following year as a result of extra requirements the government imposed in the wake of the 2012 Lamma Island ferry collision. Fleet The company maintains a fleet of 3 vessels: Wing Yip No.10 () Built in 1990, the launch was produced in Guangdong Province, CHina. The vessel serves mainly the Peng Chau >> Trappist Monastery >> Discovery Bay route. Registration number: A5573 Ma Wan No.1 () Built in 1995 in Zhuhai, Guangdong Province, China. The ferry has an air-conditioned lower deck. The vessel mainly runs the route between Mui Wo and Discovery Bay. Registration number: A9433 Sing Way 3 () Serves the Peng Chau >> Trappist Monastery >> Discovery Bay route. Registration number: A6093 Fare The following table outlines the fare for the Peng Chau >> Discovery Bay route. See also Transport in Hong Kong References Category:Peng Chau Category:Ferry transport in Hong Kong Category:Transport operators of Hong Kong	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
List of Law & Order episodes Law & Order is a police procedural and legal drama series that premiered on NBC on September 13, 1990. Set in New York City, where episodes were also filmed, the series ran for twenty seasons before it was cancelled on May 14, 2010, and aired its final episode ten days later on May 24. After its cancellation, AMC Network considered reviving Law & Order for a twenty-first season; however, in July 2010, Dick Wolf indicated that attempts had failed and he declared that the series had now "moved to the history books". A total of 456 original episodes and one TV film of Law & Order aired before cancellation. Series overview Episodes Season 1 (1990–91) The sixth episode "Everybody's Favorite Bagman" was the original pilot made by CBS in 1988. NBC decided to air "Prescription for Death" as the first episode of the series in 1990, before airing the original pilot later in the season. George Dzundza (Max Greevey) left the cast at the end of the first season. He was replaced by Paul Sorvino. S. Epatha Merkerson guest stars as Denise Winters in the episode "Mushrooms". She then joins the main cast as Anita Van Buren three seasons later. 13 episodes (excluding the CBS pilot) were filmed from the spring to the summer of 1990 before being broadcast. 13 episodes were already in can when the show premiered on NBC. Season 2 (1991–92) Paul Sorvino joined the cast as Phil Cerreta. The episode "The Wages of Love" guest-starred Jerry Orbach as a defense attorney. He became Mike Logan's new partner the next season as wisecracking detective Lennie Briscoe. Season 3 (1992–93) Paul Sorvino (Phil Cerreta) left the cast after the episode "Point of View". He was replaced by Jerry Orbach (Lennie Briscoe) who came in during that episode. Carolyn McCormick joined the cast as Dr. Elizabeth Olivet Dann Florek (Don Cragen) and Richard Brooks (Paul Robinette) left the cast after the episode "Benevolence;" they both returned in guest roles. Florek was replaced by S. Epatha Merkerson (Anita Van Buren), and Brooks was replaced by Jill Hennessy (Claire Kincaid). Season 4 (1993–94) S. Epatha Merkerson (Anita Van Buren) and Jill Hennessy (Claire Kincaid) joined the cast. Carolyn McCormick (Elizabeth Olivet) and Michael Moriarty (Benjamin Stone) left the cast at the end of the season. Moriarty was replaced by Sam Waterston (Jack McCoy) in season 5. This season the opening sequence changed to a shorter version with more bass. Beginning with this season, Florek directed several episodes before joining the cast of its 1999 spin-off, Law & Order: Special Victims Unit. Season 5 (1994–95) Sam Waterston (Jack McCoy) joined the cast. Dann Florek reprises his role as Donald Cragen in the episode "Bad Faith". This is the final season in which Chris Noth was a member of the regular cast as Mike Logan; he later would reprise his character in the TV movie Exiled: A Law & Order Movie in 1998, and on the series second spin-off, Law & Order: Criminal Intent in 2005 until 2008. He was replaced by Benjamin Bratt (Rey Curtis) in season 6. Season 6 (1995–96) Benjamin Bratt (Rey Curtis) joined the cast; Richard Brooks reprises his role as former ADA Paul Robinette; and Jill Hennessy (Claire Kincaid) left the cast at the end of the season, with her character being killed. The season finale episode "Aftershock" was the first and only episode of the entire Law & Order series not to feature a case and instead focus on the characters' private lives. Claire Kincaid is killed in a car accident, injuring Detective Lennie Briscoe. Season 7 (1996–97) Carey Lowell joined the cast as Jamie Ross, replacing Jill Hennessy (Claire Kincaid) from the previous season. Season 8 (1997–98) This is the first season in the series in which no cast change was made from the previous season. This is the first season to feature 24 episodes. This is the final season to feature Carey Lowell in the main cast as Jamie Ross. She would make a guest appearance in an episode in the next two seasons as well as becoming a judge on the series third spin-off, Law & Order: Trial by Jury. Season 9 (1998–99) Angie Harmon joins the cast as Abbie Carmichael in this season. Benjamin Bratt (Rey Curtis) leaves the cast after this season but returns in the twentieth-season episode "Fed". Exiled: A Law & Order Movie was broadcast during this season. Season 10 (1999–00) Benjamin Bratt (Rey Curtis) left the cast at the end of the ninth season, and was replaced by Jesse L. Martin (Ed Green) this season. Steven Hill (Adam Schiff) left the cast at the end of the season; he was the last first-season cast member to leave the series. This was also the season that aired with the creation of the series’ first spin-off Law & Order: Special Victims Unit. Season 11 (2000–01) Dianne Wiest joins the cast as Nora Lewin in this season and Angie Harmon (Abbie Carmichael) leaves the series at the end of this season. This is the first season not to premiere in September. Season 12 (2001–02) Elisabeth Röhm joined the cast as Serena Southerlyn (character named after Dick Wolf’s daughter). Dianne Wiest (Nora Lewin) left the cast at the end of the season. In the aftermath of 9/11, the main title voiceover by Steven Zirnkilton was changed for the first few episodes to include the following dedication: "On September 11, 2001, New York City was ruthlessly and criminally attacked. While no tribute can ever heal the pain of that day, the producers of Law & Order dedicate this season to the victims & their families and to the firefighters & police officers who remind us with their lives & courage what it truly means to be an American". This voiceover was also heard at the beginning of Law & Order: Special Victims Unit and Law & Order: Criminal Intent, whose series premiere was suitably altered to reflect the events; the latter became L&O’s second spin-off. Season 13 (2002–03) Dianne Wiest (Nora Lewin) was replaced by Fred Dalton Thompson (Arthur Branch) this season. "Absentia" was the first episode in the series to have more than 1 director listed. With the October 9, 2002 telecast of its 279th episode, "Shangri-La," Law & Order surpassed the original Hawaii Five-O as TV's longest-running crime drama in prime-time, breaking a record that stood for 22 years. Season 14 (2003–04) This is the second season in the series in which a cast change has not been made from the previous season. Jerry Orbach (Lennie Briscoe) left the cast at the end of the season. The character Lennie Briscoe retired from the 27th Precinct and was transferred to the series' third spin-off, Law & Order: Trial by Jury, which premiered with L&O next season. Season 15 (2004–05) Dennis Farina joined the cast as Joe Fontana this season. Elisabeth Röhm (Serena Southerlyn) left the cast midway through the season; in the episode "Ain't No Love" she was replaced by Annie Parisse as Alexandra Borgia in the episode "Fluency". Michael Imperioli temporarily replaced Jesse L. Martin (Ed Green) in the last four episodes as Nick Falco while Martin was filming Rent. The series' third spin-off was created, Law & Order: Trial by Jury this season. It featured Jerry Orbach reprising his role as Lennie Briscoe, before his death in 2004. This was the final season to have 24 episodes. Season 16 (2005–06) This is the third season in which there were no cast changes in between seasons, as every principal cast member who finished season 15 returned. This is Annie Parisse's first full season in the role of ADA Alexandra Borgia. She joined the cast in the 14th episode of the previous season. Parisse and Dennis Farina (Joe Fontana) leave the cast after the season finale. Michael Imperioli (Nick Falco) reprises his role in the episode "Hindsight". Law & Order: Trial by Jury was canceled by the end of the 2005–06 season, only lasting one season. Season 17 (2006–07) Alana de la Garza (Connie Rubirosa) and Milena Govich (Nina Cassady) joined the cast. Fred Dalton Thompson (Arthur Branch) and Milena Govich left the cast after the season finale. Govich was replaced by Jeremy Sisto (who guest stars as a defense lawyer in the episode "The Family Hour") who joined the cast as Cyrus Lupo in the next season. Season 18 (2008) Jeremy Sisto (Cyrus Lupo) and Linus Roache (Michael Cutter) joined the cast. Jesse L. Martin (Ed Green) left the cast and was replaced by Anthony Anderson (Kevin Bernard) in the episode "Burn Card". Production of the eighteenth season was interrupted by the 2007 Writers Guild of America strike when executive producer René Balcer and the rest of the writing staff participated in the work stoppage, making this season the first to start in January. Season 19 (2008–09) This was the fourth season with no cast changes from the end of the previous season, and it was the first season to start in November. During this season, Law & Order: UK made its debut in the United Kingdom on ITV1. Season 20 (2009–10) This was the fifth (and final) season in which the series had no cast changes from the previous season. Benjamin Bratt (Rey Curtis) reprised his role in the episode "Fed". Prior to the show's cancellation, S. Epatha Merkerson (Anita Van Buren) announced she was leaving the cast in the season finale after playing her character for sixteen years, the 20th season being her 17th season. Home video releases See also List of Law & Order: Special Victims Unit episodes List of Law & Order: Criminal Intent episodes List of Law & Order: Trial by Jury episodes List of Law & Order: LA episodes References Episode guide from NBC.com Category:Law & Order (franchise) Law and Order	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Bernard Gates Bernard Gates (The Hague, 23 April 1686-North Aston, 15 November 1773, aged 87) was an English composer, and a bass singer employed by Handel in his oratorios. He was director of the choir at Westminster Abbey from 1740 to 1757. Surviving music, in a conservative style, includes six anthems and a morning service. Life He was the second son of Bernard Gates, gentleman, of St. Margaret's, Westminster. His name appears in the list of children of the Chapel Royal in 1702. At the end of 1708 he was sworn a gentleman of the Chapel Royal in the place of J. Howell, who died on 15 July in that year. He held the sinecure office of tuner of the regals at court, and was a member of the choir of Westminster Abbey. At some time before 1732 Gates was made master of the children of the Chapel Royal. On 23 February 1732 Handel's Esther was performed at Gates's house in James Street, Westminster, by the children of the chapel. The same singers sang the work at a subscription concert at the Crown and Anchor Tavern, and again at the room in Villiers Street, York Buildings. In 1734 Gates seceded from the Academy of Vocal Music, taking the children of the chapel with him. He had been a prominent member of the society from its inauguration. Gates sang one of the airs in the first performance of the "Dettingen Te Deum" in 1743. John Hawkins states that says that Gates introduced into the Chapel the system of solmisation by hexachords. Death In 1737 (10 March) Mrs. Gates died, and in 1758 Gates moved to North Aston, Oxfordshire. He died there on 15 November 1773, and was buried in the north cloister of Westminster Abbey on the 23rd of the month. The inscription on his monument, a source for his family information, gives his age as eighty-eight. A tablet to his memory was put up in the church of North Aston, at the expense of his pupil, Thomas Sanders Dupuis. Family Gates married before 1717, since on 6 June of that year his eldest child, a daughter named Atkinson, was buried in the north cloister of Westminster Abbey. This unusual Christian name, which was borne by another daughter of Gates (buried 1736), was derived from a Mrs. Atkinson, who had been laundress to Queen Anne, and who had brought up Mrs. Gates, and made her her heiress. References Attribution Category:English composers Category:English bass-baritones Category:1686 births Category:1783 deaths Category:Musicians from The Hague Category:Masters of the Children of the Chapel Royal	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Gaurav Dagaonkar Gaurav Dagaonkar (गौरव डगाकर) is an Indian music director, singer and songwriter. As music director Prior to this, Gaurav composed an item number called Kaafirana in the film "Joker", directed by Shirish Kunder, starring Akshay Kumar and Sonakshi Sinha. The song was sung by Sunidhi Chauhan and picturised on Chitrangada Singh. The lyrics of the song were changed from "I Want Fakht You" to "I Want Just You", as the former was deemed objectionable by the censor board. As music director, Gaurav's first release was the movie Lanka, which released on 9 December 2011. The film was directed by Maqbool Khan and was produced by filmmaker Vikram Bhatt. The song 'Sheet Leher' won 2 Radio Mirchi Music Awards. Amongst other songs composed by Gaurav has been the song 'Soniye' from the film Will You Marry Me. The song has been sung by Pakistani singer Rahat Fateh Ali Khan as has been written by lyricist Shabbir Ahmed. Gaurav has also featured in the music video of the remix of 'Soniye', alongside Bollywood actors Rajeev Khandelwal, Shreyas Talpade and Mugdha Godse. Synchronicity Gaurav is the lead vocalist and frontman of the group 'Synchronicity'. Synchronicity is also the name of the series started by Gaurav in which he performs mash-ups of popular Bollywood, Nepali and Western songs. The first mashup to be recorded and shot as a music video in this series was Tujhe Bhula Diya / Hello. The video has had over 500,000 hits on YouTube. Subsequently, two more tracks, Yara Sili Sili / Careless Whisper and Pee Loon / You Sang To Me were released to a great response. With several requests to perform live, Gaurav and the musicians involved, got together to form the band Synchronicity. Gaurav and Arunima Bhattacharya are the permanent singers in the group, while guest singers in live shows include names like Neeti Mohan, Shalmali Kholgade, Rahul Saxena, Natalie De Luccio, Ustad Sawan Khan, Thomson Andrews and Vidhi Sharma. He has also released synchronized tracks with Nepali and Bollywood songs. As a performing artiste As a live performer, Gaurav plays with a four-piece band and has performed at some of the biggest festivals in India such as Mood Indigo (IIT Bombay), Chaos (IIM Ahmedabad), Backwaters (IIM Kohzikode). He has shared the stage with renowned artistes and bands from India and Pakistan such as Junoon, Silk Route, Mohit Chauhan, Parikrama, Rahul Sharma etc. He is one of the official brand ambassadors of Gibson guitars in India. Gaurav has been featured amongst the "Faces of the Future" by India Today (Simply Mumbai, January '09). Discography As a solo artiste Filmography As a music director References External links Website http://gauravdagaonkar.com/ Gaurav's http://www.gauravonline.com Gaurav refuses job offers to choose music – https://web.archive.org/web/20120216081244/http://inhome.rediff.com/cms/print.jsp?docpath=%2F%2Fmoney%2F2006%2Fapr%2F01iim.htm Narayana Murthy releases Gaurav's demo – http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060402/asp/frontpage/story_6046972.asp Gaurav releases his album – http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2752731.cms Gaurav on Indiatimes: http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2759382.cms Gaurav in the "Times of India" – http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-12-17/india/27827173_1_iim-a-grad-iim-campus-management-ahmedabad Gaurav named in Faces of the Future – http://indiatoday.digitaltoday.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=25296&Itemid=1&issueid=89&sectionid=20&secid=34&limit=1&limitstart=3 Gaurav in Westside Plus, TOI – http://www.mumbaipluses.com/santacruzplus/index.aspx?page=article&sectid=3&contentid=200802292008030316282966e77f5bbe&sectxslt=&comments=true&pageno=1 Sonu Nigam sings for 'Joker' – http://sonuniigaamandviviek.blogspot.com/2010/01/sonu-niigaam-ji-records-two-songs-in.html Gaurav on 'Eventfaqs' – https://web.archive.org/web/20130922112646/http://ec.eventfaqs.com/gauravdagaonkar/profile/4f772736-5029-4c06-ba95-f73f9ffdc0aa.pdf Gaurav on 'Box office Capsule' – http://www.boxofficecapsule.com/news-specific.aspx?news_id=673 Gaurav in 'Hindustan Times' – http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Giselli-set-to-reprise-Alba-s-role/Article1-822833.aspx Category:Living people Category:Indian male singers Category:Indian male singer-songwriters Category:Nepali-language singers Category:1982 births Category:Singers from Mumbai	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
2013 Dutch Darts Masters The 2013 Dutch Darts Masters was the eighth of eight PDC European Tour events on the 2013 PDC Pro Tour. The tournament took place at the Koningshof Hotel in Veldhoven, Netherlands, between 25–27 October 2013. It featured a field of 64 players and £100,000 in prize money, with £20,000 going to the winner. Kim Huybrechts won his first European Tour title by defeating Brendan Dolan 6–3 in the final. Prize money Qualification The top 32 players from the PDC ProTour Order of Merit on 30 September 2013 automatically qualified for the event. The remaining 32 places went to players from three qualifying events - 20 from the UK Qualifier (held in Dublin on 4 October), eight from the European Qualifier and four from the Host Nation Qualifier (both held at the venue in Veldhoven on 24 October). Robert Thornton withdrew from the event the day before it started due to personal reasons and was replaced by an additional European Qualifier. 1–32 UK Qualifier John Bowles (First round) Dan Russell (First round) Mickey Mansell (Third round) Peter Hudson (First round) Michael Barnard (Third round) Daryl Gurney (Second round) Paul Barham (First round) Dave Ladley (First round) Andrew Gilding (First round) Mark Cox (Third round) Mark Dudbridge (First round) Ross Smith (Second round) Darren Johnson (First round) Joe Cullen (Second round) Mark Lawrence (First round) Campbell Jackson (Second round) James Richardson (First round) Steve Hine (First round) David Pallett (Third round) Dean Winstanley (First round) European Qualifier Jyhan Artut (First round) Davyd Venken (First round) Maik Langendorf (First round) Ronny Huybrechts (Second round) Jarkko Komula (Quarter-finals) Michael Hurtz (First round) Max Hopp (First round) Andree Welge (First round) Tonči Restović (First round) Host Nation Qualifier Davy Verkooijen (First round) Vincent van der Voort (First round) Jerry Hendriks (First round) Gino Vos (Second round) Draw References Category:2013 PDC European Tour Category:2013 in Dutch sport	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Roger Mathis (footballer, born 1921) Roger Mathis (4 April 1921 – 9 July 2015) was a Swiss football defender who played for Switzerland in the 1954 FIFA World Cup. He also played for FC Lausanne-Sport. Mathis died in July 2015 at the age of 94. References Category:1921 births Category:2015 deaths Category:Swiss footballers Category:Switzerland international footballers Category:Association football defenders Category:FC Lausanne-Sport players Category:1954 FIFA World Cup players Category:Swiss Super League players	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Results of the Victorian state election, 1940 (Legislative Assembly) \|} This is a list of electoral district results for the Victorian 1940 election. Results by electoral district Albert Park Allandale Two party preferred vote was estimated. Ballarat Barwon Benalla Benambra Bendigo Boroondara Brighton Preferences were not distributed. Brunswick Bulla and Dalhousie Carlton Two party preferred vote was estimated. Castlemaine and Kyneton Caulfield Clifton Hill Coburg Collingwood Two candidate preferred vote was estimated. Dandenong Dundas Essendon Evelyn Flemington Footscray Geelong Gippsland East Gippsland North Gippsland South Gippsland West Preferences were not distributed. Goulburn Valley Grant Gunbower Hampden Hawthorn Heidelberg Kara Kara and Borung Two candidate preferred vote was estimated. Kew Korong and Eaglehawk Lowan Two candidate preferred vote was estimated. Maryborough and Daylesford Melbourne Mildura Mornington Northcote Nunawading Oakleigh Ouyen Polwarth Port Fairy and Glenelg Ernie Bond had been elected as an Independent in 1937 and joined the Labor party before the election. Port Melbourne Prahran Richmond Rodney St Kilda Stawell and Ararat Swan Hill Preferences were not distributed. Toorak Upper Goulburn Upper Yarra Walhalla Wangaratta and Ovens Waranga Warrenheip and Grenville Two candidate preferred vote was estimated. Warrnambool Williamstown Wonthaggi See also 1940 Victorian state election Candidates of the Victorian state election, 1940 Members of the Victorian Legislative Assembly, 1940–1943 References Category:Results of Victorian state elections Category:1940s in Victoria (Australia)	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Snipes (surname) Snipes is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: Angelo Snipes (born 1963), American football linebacker Brenda Snipes (born 1943), American supervisor of elections in Florida Renaldo Snipes (born 1956), American boxer Roxy Snipes (1896–1941), American baseball player for the Chicago White Sox Wesley Snipes (born 1962), American actor	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Ngel Nyaki Forest Reserve The 'Ngel Nyaki Forest Reserve, whose site is historically known as Majang, is situated on the Mambilla Plateau in SE Nigeria, covering 46 km2. It can be reached on foot from Yelwa village past the Mayo Jigawal, from where it is less than half an hour’s walk to the upper edge of the forest. The altitude ranges from up to . Ngel Nyaki was formally gazetted a local authority Forest Reserve under Gashaka - Mambilla Native Authority Forest order of April 1969, but at present it is under the management of the Taraba State Government and the Nigerian Conservation Foundation (NCF), with the Nigerian Montane Forest Project (NMFP) as a project partner. In November 2014 a long term monitoring vegetation plot was established in the reserve, funded by Nigerian philanthropist Theophilus Danjuma and administered by the Nigerian Montane Forest Project. The research plot is part of the Center for Tropical Forest Science (CTFS) global network operated through the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. Vegetation The reserve contains a stand of rare dry type montane to sub-montane forest and is the only forest of its type left on the heavily populated Mambilla plateau. The forest is an isolated fragment of approximately 7.5 km2. The forest is diverse in species composition, amongst the most floristically diverse montane–submontane forest stands in Nigeria, and has many tall emergents (e.g. Pouteria altissima, locally exclusive to this forest). Four tree species are Red Data listed (Entandrophragma angolense, Lovoa trichilioides, Millettia conraui, Pouteria altissima), and several, such as Anthonotha noldeae are new to West Africa and others new to Nigeria. An illustrated checklist of the flora of Ngel Nyaki Forest Reserve has been created. Fauna Ngel Nyaki is home to a population of the rare and endangered Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes subsp. ellioti. It is estimated that the chimpanzee population in the forest comprises a single interbreeding community of 11–13 adults. Other primates including putty-nosed monkey (Cercopithecus nictitans), mona monkey (Cercopithecus mona) and tantalus monkey (Chlorocebus tantalus) also inhabit the forest. Birds such as turacos, the Cameroon olive-pigeon (Columba sjostedti), double-toothed barbet (Lybius bidentatus) and green bulbul are common. Freshwater crayfish belonging to the genus Astacopsis are abundant in the forested streams. Ngel Nyaki has been classified as an Important Bird Area by Birdlife International. Species of interest include the IUCN vulnerable Bannerman's weaver (Ploceus bannermani) and the near threatened Crossley's ground-thrush (Zoothera crossleyi). 158 bird species were recorded on the Mambilla Plateau between 13 November – 22 December 2003 by Tony Disley, many of them were within Ngel Nyaki Forest Reserve. References Category:Forest Reserves of Nigeria	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Liz Da-Silva Elizabeth Omowunmi Tekovi Da-Silva (born June 10 1978) is a Nigerian born actress and movie producer of Togolese descent featuring predominantly in the Nigerian Yoruba movie industry. In 2016 Da-Silva was nominated for City People Movie Award for Best Supporting Actress of the Year (Yoruba) at City People Entertainment Awards and in 2018 won the award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role at Best of Nollywood Awards. Early life and education Da-Silva was born to Togolese parents residing in Nigeria. She was precisely born in a geographical area known as Obalende in Lagos State where her parents resided and where she spent her childhood. In an interview with a Nigerian print media The Punch she described Lagos as her home and stated in the interview that she was from a polygamous home. Da-Silva attended Ireti Grammar School for secondary school education and in bid to obtain a college degree proceeded to Lagos State University and eventually graduated with a B.Sc. degree from the institution of higher learning. Career Da-Silva in an interview disclosed that her attraction to the Nigerian Yoruba movie industry began whilst in secondary school and subsequently she began to get involved in school plays. Da-Silva In an interview with The Punch media press stated that she officially debuted into the Nigerian Yoruba movie industry in 2004 through the help of Iyabo Ojo. Da-Silva’s career as an actress received recognition after she featured as notable characters in two movies; the first titled Wakati Meta by Wale Lawal and a movie titled Omidan by Iyabo Ojo. Da-Silva in 2012, debuted her career as a movie producer with a movie titled Mama Insurance which featured Ayo Mogaji, Lanre Hassan, Iyabo Ojo, Ronke Ojo, and Doris Simeon. Awards and nominations Da-Silva was nominated for City People Movie Award for Best Supporting Actress of the Year (Yoruba) at City People Entertainment Awards. Da-Silva won the award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role at Best of Nollywood Awards. Influence Da-Silva named Bukky Wright as her role model in the Nigerian Yoruba movie industry and stated that she had influenced her acting style significantly. Personal life Da-Silva is a Nigerian by virtue of birth and a Togolese because her parents are citizens of Togo. Da-Silva has described Lagos state as her home but maintains she still has connections to her extended family in Togo. Da-Silva In 2013 converted from Christianity to Islam. Selected filmography Ore l’ore Nwoto (2007) Omidan Desire Itanje Mama Insurance Alebu kan Mawo’badan Tasere References External links Liz Da-Silva Page Category:Living people Category:Nigerian actresses Category:21st-century Nigerian actresses Category:Yoruba actresses	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II deficiency Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II deficiency is an autosomal recessively inherited genetic metabolic disorder characterized by an enzymatic defect that prevents long-chain fatty acids from being transported into the mitochondria for utilization as an energy source. The disorder presents in one of three clinical forms: lethal neonatal, severe infantile hepatocardiomuscular and myopathic. First characterized in 1973 by DiMauro and DiMauro the adult myopathic form of this disease is triggered by physically strenuous activities and/or extended periods without food and leads to immense muscle fatigue and pain. It is the most common inherited disorder of lipid metabolism affecting the skeletal muscle of adults, primarily affecting males. CPT II deficiency is also the most frequent cause of hereditary myoglobinuria. Angel Parker from Diagnosis was found to have CPT2. Signs and symptoms The three main types of carnitine palmitoyltransferase II deficiency classified on the basis of tissue-specific symptomatology and age of onset. Among the few people diagnosed with CPT2, some have unknown and/or novel mutations that place them outside these three categories while remaining positive for CPT2. Neonatal form The neonatal form is the least common clinical presentation of this disorder and is almost invariably fatal in rapid fashion regardless of intervention. Symptomatic onset has been documented just hours after birth to within 4 days of life. Affected newborns typically experience respiratory failure, low blood sugar, seizures, liver enlargement, liver failure, and heart enlargement with abnormal heart rhythms leading to cardiac arrest. In most cases, elements of abnormal brain and kidney development are apparent, sometimes even at prenatal ultrasound. Infants with the lethal neonatal form usually live no longer than a few months. Neuronal migration defects have also been documented, to which the CNS pathology of the disorder is often attributed. Infantile form Symptomatic presentation usually occurs between 6 and 24 months of age, but the majority of cases have been documented in children less than 1 year of age. The infantile form involves multiple organ systems and is primarily characterized by hypoketotic hypoglycemia (recurring attacks of abnormally low levels of fat breakdown products and blood sugar) that often results in loss of consciousness and seizure activity. Acute liver failure, liver enlargement, and cardiomyopathy are also associated with the infantile presentation of this disorder. Episodes are triggered by febrile illness, infection, or fasting. Some cases of sudden infant death syndrome are attributed to infantile CPT II deficiency at autopsy. Adult form This exclusively myopathic form is the most prevalent and least severe phenotypic presentation of this disorder. Characteristic signs and symptoms include rhabdomyolysis (breakdown of muscle fibers and subsequent release of myoglobin), myoglobinuria, recurrent muscle pain, and weakness. The myoglobin release causes the urine to be red or brown and is indicatory of damage to the damage being done to the kidneys which ultimately could result in kidney failure. Muscle weakness and pain typically resolves within hours to days, and patients appear clinically normal in the intervening periods between attacks. Symptoms are most often exercise-induced, but fasting, a high-fat diet, exposure to cold temperature, sleep deprivation, or infection (especially febrile illness) can also provoke this metabolic myopathy. In a minority of cases, disease severity can be exacerbated by three life-threatening complications resulting from persistent rhabdomyolysis: acute kidney failure, respiratory insufficiency, and episodic abnormal heart rhythms. Severe forms may have continual pain from general life activity. The adult form has a variable age of onset. The first appearance of symptoms usually occurs between 6 and 20 years of age but has been documented in patients as young as 8 months as well as in adults over the age of 50. Roughly 80% cases reported to date have been male. Biochemistry Enzyme structure The CPT system directly acts on the transfer of fatty acids between the cytosol and the inner mitochondrial matrix. CPT II shares structural elements with other members of the carnitine acyltransferase protein family. The crystal structure of rat CPT II was recently elucidated by Hsiao et al. The human homolog of the CPT II enzyme shows 82.2% amino acid sequence homology with the rat protein. Significant structural and functional information about CPT II has thus been derived from the crystallographic studies with the rat protein. In addition to similarities shared by the acyltransferases, CPT II also contains a distinct insertion of 30 residues in the amino domain that forms a relatively hydrophobic protrusion composed of two alpha helices and a small anti-parallel beta sheet. It has been proposed that this segment mediates the association of CPT II with the inner mitochondrial membrane. Moreover, the insert might also facilitate the shuttling of palmitoylcarnitines directly into the active site of CPT II after translocation across the inner membrane by virtue of its juxtaposition to the active site tunnel of the enzyme. Catalytic mechanism CPT II catalyzes the formation of palmitoyl-CoA from palmitoylcarnitine imported into the matrix via the acylcarnitine translocase. The catalytic core of the CPT II enzyme contains three important binding sites that recognize structural aspects of CoA, palmitoyl, and carnitine. Although kinetic studies are hindered by high substrate inhibition, strong product inhibition, very low Km values for the acyl-CoA substrates, and complex detergent effects with respect to micelle formation, studies have shown that CPT II demonstrates a compulsory-order mechanism in which the enzyme must bind CoA before palmitoylcarnitine, and then the resulting product palmitoyl-CoA is the last substrate to be released from the enzyme. The carnitine binding site is made accessible by the conformational change induced in the enzyme by the binding of CoA. This ordered mechanism is believed to be important so that the enzyme responds appropriately to the acylation state of the mitochondrial pool of CoA despite the fact that the concentrations of both CoA and acyl-CoA found in the matrix well exceed the measured km value of the enzyme (most CPT II will already have bound the CoA). The histidine residue (at position 372 in CPT II) is fully conserved in all members of the carnitine acyltransferase family and has been localized to the enzyme active site, likely playing a direct role in the catalytic mechanism of the enzyme. A general mechanism for this reaction is believed to involve this histidine acting as a general base. More specifically, this reaction proceeds as a general base-catalyzed nucleophilic attack of the thioester of acetyl-CoA by the hydroxyl group of carnitine. Biochemical significance of disease-causing mutations The majority of the genetic abnormalities in CPT II deficient patients affect amino acid residues somewhat removed from the active site of the enzyme. Thus, these mutations are thought to compromise the stability of the protein rather than the catalytic activity of the enzyme. Theories regarding the biochemical significance of the two most common mutations are noted below: Ser113Leu Hsiao et al. theorize that this mutation may disturb the hydrogen-bonding between Ser113 and Arg 498 and the ion-pair network between Arg498 and Asp376, thereby indirectly affecting the catalytic efficiency of the His372 residue. Isackson et al. suggest that this mutation increases the thermolability of the enzyme, structurally destabilizing it. This is noteworthy in light of the fact that this mutation is associated with the exercise-induced adult form (i.e., rising core body temperature may exacerbate enzymatic defects leading to symptomatic presentation). Rufer et al. speculate that mutation of serine to the bulkier, hydrophobic leucine alters a critical interaction with nearby Phe117, ultimately modifying the position and environment of the catalytically important residues Trp116 and Arg498, reducing enzyme activity. Pro50His This proline is 23 residues from the active site, and is located right below the hydrophobic membrane insert in the active CPT II enzyme. Hsiao et al. speculate that this mutation indirectly compromises the association between CPT II and the inner mitochondrial membrane and disturbs the shuttling of the palmitoylcarnitine substrate into the active site of the enzyme. Enzyme activity and disease severity The clinical significance of the biochemical consequences that result from the genetic abnormalities in patients with CPT II Deficiency is a contested issue. Rufer et al. support the theory that there is an association between level of enzyme activity and clinical presentation. Multiple research groups have transfected COS-1 cells with different CPT II mutations and found varying levels of reduction in enzyme activity compared with controls: Phe352Cys reduced enzyme activity to 70% of wild-type, Ser113Leu reduced enzyme activity to 34% of wild-type, and several severe mutations reduced activity to 5-10% of wild-type. However, most researchers are reluctant to accept the existence of a causal relationship between enzyme functionality and clinical phenotype. Two groups have recently reported a limited correlation (lacking in statistical significance) between the genotypic array and the clinical severity of the phenotype in their patient cohorts. There is a need for further explorations of this topic in order to fully assess the biochemical ramifications of this enzymatic deficiency. The rate of long-chain fatty acid oxidation in CPT II-deficient patients has been proposed to be a stronger predictor of clinical severity than residual CPT II enzyme activity. For example, one study found that although the level of residual CPT II activity in adult versus infantile onset groups overlapped, a significant decrease in palmitate oxidation was noted in the infantile group when compared to the adult group. This group concluded that both the type and location of CPT2 mutation in combination with at least one secondary genetic factor modulate the long-chain fatty acid flux and, therefore, the severity of the disease. Pathophysiology Carnitine is a hydrophilic natural substance acquired mostly through dietary meats and dairy products and is used by cells to transport hydrophobic fatty acids. The "carnitine shuttle" is composed of three enzymes that utilize carnitine to facilitate the import of hydrophobic long-chain fatty acids from the cytosol into the mitochondrial matrix for the production of energy via β-oxidation. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I) is localized to the outer mitochondrial membrane and catalyzes the esterification reaction between carnitine and palmitoyl-CoA to produce palmitoylcarnitine. Three tissue-specific isoforms (liver, muscle, brain) have been identified. Carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase (CACT) is an integral inner mitochondrial membrane protein that transports palmitoylcarnitine from the intermembrane space into the matrix in exchange for a molecule of free carnitine that is subsequently moved back out of the mitochondria into the cytosol. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II (CPT II) is a peripheral inner mitochondrial membrane protein ubiquitously found as a monomeric protein in all tissues that oxidize fatty acids. It catalyzes the transesterification of palmitoylcarnitine back into palmitoyl-CoA which is now an activated substrate for β-oxidation inside the matrix. Molecular genetics CPT II deficiency has an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance. CPT2 is the gene that encodes the CPT II enzyme, and it has been mapped to chromosomal locus 1p32. This gene is composed of 5 exons that encode a protein 658 amino acids in length. To date, sixty disease-causing mutations within the coding sequence of CPT2 have been reported in the literature, of which 41 are thought to result in amino acid substitutions or deletions at critical residues. Amino acid consequences of some reported mutations Ser113Leu (338C>T) is the most common mild mutation observed in adult cases, it has an observed allelic frequency of 65% in adult cases, and both homozygous and heterozygous cases have been documented. Pro50His (149C>A) is also relatively common in the adult form, with an allelic frequency of 6.5%. Arg161Trp, Glu174Lys and Ile502Thr are other homozygous mild mutations associated with the adult form Arg151Gln and Pro227Leu are examples of severe homozygous mutations that have been associated with the mutisystemic infantile/neonatal form of the disorder. The 18 known severe mutations that result in prematurely truncated proteins lack residual CPT II activity are associated with the neonatal onset and are likely incompatible with life in most circumstances. Val368Ile and Met647Val are polymorphisms have been linked to CPT II deficiency. These genetic abnormalities alone do not directly cause the disorder, but they seem to exacerbate the reduction in enzymatic efficiency when combined with one or more primary CPT2 mutations. Recent research found that mutations associated with a specific disease phenotype segregated to specific exons. In this study, infantile-onset cases had mutations in exon 4 or 5 of the CPT2 gene, while adult-onset cases had at least one mutation in exon 1 and/or exon 3. This group suggested that Ser113Leu (exon 3) and Pro50His (exon 1) might confer some sort of protective advantage against the development of the severe infantile phenotype in patients predisposed to develop the adult form of the disorder, since these two mutations have never been identified in cases of compound heterozygous infantile cases. In support of this theory, an independent group reported two cases where mutations that have been shown to cause the infantile (Arg151Gln) or neonatal (Arg631Cys) forms when homozygous instead were associated with the milder, adult-onset phenotype when present as compound heterozygous mutations with Ser113Leu as the second mutation. Diagnosis Tandem mass spectrometry: non-invasive, rapid method; a significant peak at C16 is indicative of generalized CPT II deficiency Genetic testing and carrier testing to confirm deficiency using a skin enzyme test. Pregnant women can also undergo testing via amniocentesis. Enzymatic activity studies in fibroblasts and/or lymphocytes Laboratory findings: most patients have low total and free carnitine levels and high acylcarnitine:free carnitine ratios. Adult patients often have serum and/or urine screen positive for the presence of myoglobin and serum creatine kinase and transaminase levels 20-400x higher than normal levels during an attack. Signs of metabolic acidosis and significant hyperammonemia have been reported in infantile and neonatal cases. Treatment Standard of care for treatment of CPT II deficiency commonly involves limitations on prolonged strenuous activity and the following stipulations: The medium-chain fatty acid triheptanoin appears to be an effective therapy for adult-onset CPT II deficiency. Restriction of lipid intake, increased carbohydrate intake Avoidance of fasting situations Glucose infusions during infections to prevent catabolism Avoidance of valproic acid, ibuprofen, diazepam, and general anesthesia Dietary modifications including replacement of long-chain with medium-chain triglycerides supplemented with L-carnitine Rigorous meal schedule Avoidance of rigorous exercise. See also Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I deficiency Fasciculation Myokymia Primary carnitine deficiency References External links This article incorporates public domain text from The U.S. National Library of Medicine GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase II Deficiency Category:Autosomal recessive disorders Category:Hepatology Category:Fatty-acid metabolism disorders	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Calculus of moving surfaces The calculus of moving surfaces (CMS) is an extension of the classical tensor calculus to deforming manifolds. Central to the CMS is the Tensorial Time Derivative whose original definition was put forth by Jacques Hadamard. It plays the role analogous to that of the covariant derivative on differential manifolds. in that it produces a tensor when applied to a tensor. Suppose that is the evolution of the surface indexed by a time-like parameter . The definitions of the surface velocity and the operator are the geometric foundations of the CMS. The velocity C is the rate of deformation of the surface in the instantaneous normal direction. The value of at a point is defined as the limit where is the point on that lies on the straight line perpendicular to at point P. This definition is illustrated in the first geometric figure below. The velocity is a signed quantity: it is positive when points in the direction of the chosen normal, and negative otherwise. The relationship between and is analogous to the relationship between location and velocity in elementary calculus: knowing either quantity allows one to construct the other by differentiation or integration. The Tensorial Time Derivative for a scalar field F defined on is the rate of change in in the instantaneously normal direction: This definition is also illustrated in second geometric figure. The above definitions are geometric. In analytical settings, direct application of these definitions may not be possible. The CMS gives analytical definitions of C and in terms of elementary operations from calculus and differential geometry. Analytical definitions For analytical definitions of and , consider the evolution of given by where are general curvilinear space coordinates and are the surface coordinates. By convention, tensor indices of function arguments are dropped. Thus the above equations contains rather than .The velocity object is defined as the partial derivative The velocity can be computed most directly by the formula where are the covariant components of the normal vector . Also, defining the shift tensor representation of the Surface's Tangent Space and the Tangent Velocity as , then the definition of the derivative for an invariant F reads where is the covariant derivative on S. For tensors, an appropriate generalization is needed. The proper definition for a representative tensor reads where are Christoffel symbols and is the surface's appropriate temporal symbols ( is a matrix representation of the surface's curvature shape operator) Properties of the δ/δt-derivative The -derivative commutes with contraction, satisfies the product rule for any collection of indices and obeys a chain rule for surface restrictions of spatial tensors: Chain rule shows that the -derivative of spatial "metrics" vanishes where and are covariant and contravariant metric tensors, is the Kronecker delta symbol, and and are the Levi-Civita symbols. The main article on Levi-Civita symbols describes them for Cartesian coordinate systems. The preceding rule is valid in general coordinates, where the definition of the Levi-Civita symbols must include the square root of the determinant of the covariant metric tensor . Differentiation table for the δ/δt-derivative The derivative of the key surface objects leads to highly concise and attractive formulas. When applied to the covariant surface metric tensor and the contravariant metric tensor , the following identities result where and are the doubly covariant and doubly contravariant curvature tensors. These curvature tensors, as well as for the mixed curvature tensor , satisfy The shift tensor and the normal satisfy Finally, the surface Levi-Civita symbols and satisfy Time differentiation of integrals The CMS provides rules for time differentiation of volume and surface integrals. References Category:Tensors Category:Differential geometry Category:Riemannian geometry Category:Curvature (mathematics) Category:Calculus	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Subadditivity In mathematics, subadditivity is a property of a function that states, roughly, that evaluating the function for the sum of two elements of the domain always returns something less than or equal to the sum of the function's values at each element. There are numerous examples of subadditive functions in various areas of mathematics, particularly norms and square roots. Additive maps are special cases of subadditive functions. Definitions A subadditive function is a function , having a domain A and an ordered codomain B that are both closed under addition, with the following property: An example is the square root function, having the non-negative real numbers as domain and codomain, since we have: A sequence , is called subadditive if it satisfies the inequality for all m and n. This is a special case of subadditive function, if a sequence is interpreted as a function on the set of natural numbers. Properties Sequences A useful result pertaining to subadditive sequences is the following lemma due to Michael Fekete. Fekete's Subadditive Lemma: For every subadditive sequence , the limit exists and is equal to the infimum . (The limit may be .) The analogue of Fekete's lemma holds for superadditive sequences as well, that is: (The limit then may be positive infinity: consider the sequence .) There are extensions of Fekete's lemma that do not require the inequality (1) to hold for all m and n, but only for m and n such that Moreover, the condition may be weakened as follows: provided that is an increasing function such that the integral converges (near the infinity). There are also results that allow one to deduce the rate of convergence to the limit whose existence is stated in Fekete's lemma if some kind of both superadditivity and subadditivity is present. Besides, analogues of Fekete's lemma have been proved for subadditive real maps (with additional assumptions) from finite subsets of an amenable group , and further, of a cancellative left-amenable semigroup. Functions Theorem: For every measurable subadditive function the limit exists and is equal to (The limit may be ) If f is a subadditive function, and if 0 is in its domain, then f(0) ≥ 0. To see this, take the inequality at the top. . Hence A concave function with is also subadditive. To see this, one first observes that . Then looking at the sum of this bound for and , will finally verify that f is subadditive. The negative of a subadditive function is superadditive. Examples in various domains Entropy Entropy plays a fundamental role in information theory and statistical physics, as well as in quantum mechanics in a generalized formulation due to von Neumann. Entropy appears always as a subadditive quantity in all of its formulations, meaning the entropy of a supersystem or a set union of random variables is always less or equal than the sum of the entropies of its individual components. Additionally, entropy in physics satisfies several more strict inequalities such as the Strong Subadditivity of Entropy in classical statistical mechanics and its quantum analog. Economics Subadditivity is an essential property of some particular cost functions. It is, generally, a necessary and sufficient condition for the verification of a natural monopoly. It implies that production from only one firm is socially less expensive (in terms of average costs) than production of a fraction of the original quantity by an equal number of firms. Economies of scale are represented by subadditive average cost functions. Except in the case of complementary goods, the price of goods (as a function of quantity) must be subadditive. Otherwise, if the sum of the cost of two items is cheaper than the cost of the bundle of two of them together, then nobody would ever buy the bundle, effectively causing the price of the bundle to "become" the sum of the prices of the two separate items. Thus proving that it is not a sufficient condition for a natural monopoly; since the unit of exchange may not be the actual cost of an item. This situation is familiar to everyone in the political arena where some minority asserts that the loss of some particular freedom at some particular level of government means that many governments are better; whereas the majority assert that there is some other correct unit of cost. Finance Subadditivity is one of the desirable properties of coherent risk measures in risk management. The economic intuition behind risk measure subadditivity is that a portfolio risk exposure should, at worst, simply equal the sum of the risk exposures of the individual positions that compose the portfolio. In any other case the effects of diversification would result in a portfolio exposure that is lower than the sum of the individual risk exposures. The lack of subadditivity is one of the main critiques of VaR models which do not rely on the assumption of normality of risk factors. The Gaussian VaR ensures subadditivity: for example, the Gaussian VaR of a two unitary long positions portfolio at the confidence level is, assuming that the mean portfolio value variation is zero and the VaR is defined as a negative loss, where is the inverse of the normal cumulative distribution function at probability level , are the individual positions returns variances and is the linear correlation measure between the two individual positions returns. Since variance is always positive, Thus the Gaussian VaR is subadditive for any value of and, in particular, it equals the sum of the individual risk exposures when which is the case of no diversification effects on portfolio risk. Thermodynamics Subadditivity occurs in the thermodynamic properties of non-ideal solutions and mixtures like the excess molar volume and heat of mixing or excess enthalpy. Combinatorics on words A factorial language is one where if a word is in , then all factors of that word are also in . In combinatorics on words, a common problem is to determine the number of length- words in a factorial language. Clearly , so is subadditive, and hence Fekete's lemma can be used to estimate the growth of . See also Triangle inequality Superadditivity Choquet integral Apparent molar property Notes References György Pólya and Gábor Szegő. "Problems and theorems in analysis, volume 1". Springer-Verlag, New York (1976). . Einar Hille. "Functional analysis and semi-groups". American Mathematical Society, New York (1948). N.H. Bingham, A.J. Ostaszewski. "Generic subadditive functions." Proceedings of American Mathematical Society, vol. 136, no. 12 (2008), pp. 4257–4266. External links Category:Mathematical analysis Category:Sequences and series	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Kenbrell Thompkins Kenbrell Thompkins (born July 29, 1988) is an American football wide receiver who is currently a free agent. He played college football for El Camino College from 2008 to 2009 and for the University of Cincinnati from 2011 to 2012. He was signed as an undrafted free agent by the New England Patriots in 2013 and has also been a member of the Oakland Raiders and New York Jets. Early years A native of the Liberty City neighborhood of Miami, Thompkins attended The school of Ian Meausee and Brady Tiggleman Miami Northwestern High School. A classmate of NFL cornerback Anthony Gaitor, Thompkins started for Northwestern, but was academically ineligible to play as a sophomore and was later expelled for violating school policy. He was allowed to re-enroll prior to his junior football season, only to be expelled again later in the year. After spending his junior year at an alternative school, he re-enrolled at Northwestern for the third time prior to his senior year and finished his high school football career. Not long after the season concluded, Thompkins was expelled for the third time, after being arrested on armed robbery charges. After seven mostly drug-related arrests Thompkins was barely recruited coming out of high school. His only scholarship offer was from Morgan State, but he never enrolled. College career Thompkins briefly attended Palomar College in San Marcos, California in 2008 before transferring to El Camino College in Torrance, California to play football. At El Camino College, Thompkins recorded two 1,000-yard seasons in a row, being named a team captain as a sophomore. Following his sophomore campaign, Thompkins signed with the University of Tennessee in order to play under then-coach Lane Kiffin; following Kiffin's departure to become head coach of the USC Trojans football team, Thompkins transferred to the University of Oklahoma Sooners, but did not play at either university, as Oklahoma has a strict policy against admitting students with a history of legal troubles. Instead, Thompkins transferred to the University of Cincinnati, where he played for two seasons from 2011 to 2012. As a junior in 2011, Thompkins caught 44 passes for 536 yards (12.2 yards per reception) and two touchdowns. As a senior in 2012, he recorded 34 receptions for 541 yards (15.9) and two touchdowns. Professional career New England Patriots Thompkins signed with the New England Patriots as an undrafted free agent on May 3, 2013. In his preseason debut, Thompkins registered 4 receptions for 23 yards with the first-team offense against the Philadelphia Eagles. In the third game of the season, Thompkins caught the first two touchdown passes of his career to help the Patriots win the game 23–3 against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. In Week 6's matchup against the undefeated New Orleans Saints, Thompkins caught the game-winning touchdown on a 2nd down play with 5 seconds remaining in the game. Thompkins was released by the Patriots on October 4, 2014. Oakland Raiders Thompkins was claimed off waivers by the Oakland Raiders two days after his release from the Patriots, on October 6, 2014. He caught 15 passes in 12 games for 209 yards with Oakland and was cut by Oakland on September 1, 2015. New England Patriots (second stint) The Patriots re-signed Thompkins to their practice squad on September 6, 2015. He was released from the practice squad on September 30, 2015. New York Jets On October 2, 2015, the New York Jets signed Thompkins to their practice squad. He was promoted to the active roster on October 20, 2015 after Quincy Enunwa was suspended. On September 3, 2016, Thompkins was released by the Jets as part of their final roster cuts. On August 16, 2017, Thompkins re-signed with the Jets. On September 2, 2017, Thompkins was released by the Jets. Winnipeg Blue Bombers On May 22, 2018 the Winnipeg Blue Bombers of the Canadian Football League (CFL) announced they had signed Thompkins to a contract. Statistics Personal life He is the cousin of wide receiver Antonio Brown and also has a younger brother Kendal Thompkins who has played in the Arena Football League. References External links Cincinnati Bearcats biography New England Patriots biography Category:1988 births Category:Living people Category:American football wide receivers Category:Cincinnati Bearcats football players Category:New England Patriots players Category:Oakland Raiders players Category:New York Jets players Category:Palomar Comets football players Category:Sportspeople from Miami Category:El Camino College alumni Category:Winnipeg Blue Bombers players Category:Canadian football wide receivers Category:American players of Canadian football	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Damir Bičanić Damir Bičanić (born 29 July 1985) is a Croatian handball player, playing for RK Zagreb and the Croatian national team. He competed for the Croatian national team at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London. Honours RK Zagreb Croatian Premier League: 2006–07, 2007–08 Croatian Cup: 2007, 2008 CB Ademar León Copa ASOBAL: 2009 Chambéry Trophée des champions: 2013 References External links EHF profile Category:1985 births Category:Living people Category:Sportspeople from Vukovar Category:Croatian male handball players Category:Olympic handball players of Croatia Category:Handball players at the 2012 Summer Olympics Category:Olympic bronze medalists for Croatia Category:Olympic medalists in handball Category:Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics Category:Liga ASOBAL players Category:CB Ademar León players Category:RK Zagreb players Category:Mediterranean Games silver medalists for Croatia Category:Mediterranean Games medalists in handball Category:Expatriate handball players Category:Croatian expatriate sportspeople in France Category:Croatian expatriate sportspeople in Spain Category:Competitors at the 2005 Mediterranean Games	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
1969 in Argentina Events from the year 1969 in Argentina. Events May – Cordobazo uprising May–September – Rosariazo uprising Births February 1 – Gabriel Batistuta, footballer September 12 – Ángel Cabrera, golfer See also List of Argentine films of 1969 Deaths Category:Years of the 20th century in Argentina	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
1945 in Norwegian football Results from Norwegian football in 1945. Norwegian Cup Third round Kristiansund - Aalesund 2-1 (extra time) Årstad - Voss 1-0 Birkebeineren - Strømsgodset 0-3 Lisleby - Borg 2-0 Stavanger IF - Djerv 1919 3-1 Fram (Larvik) - Fredrikstad 0-3 Frigg - Mjøndalen 1-3 Raufoss - Gjøa 1-1 (extra time) Kvik (Trondheim) - Wing 1-2 Lillestrøm - Vålerengen 1-0 Lyn - Sandefjord 5-0 Nydalen - Moss 1-1 (extra time) Ranheim - Verdal 1-0 Sarpsborg - Vikersund 3-1 Skiold - Skeid 0-1 Start - Viking 2-2 (extra time) Rematch Gjøa - Raufoss 6-3 Moss - Nydalen 1-1 (extra time) Viking - Start 3-1 Rematch Nydalen - Moss 0-1 (extra time) Fourth round Årstad - Stavanger IF 3-2 Fredrikstad - Lillestrøm 10-1 Gjøa - Kristiansund 3-4 (extra time) Viking - Lisleby 0-6 Mjøndalen - Lyn 0-1 Moss - Strømsgodset 1-1 (extra time) Skeid - Ranheim 7-1 Wing - Sarpsborg 2-6 Rematch Strømsgodset - Moss 0-1 Quarter-finals Fredrikstad - Årstad 4-0 Lyn - Kristiansund 6-0 Lisleby - Moss 3-0 Sarpsborg - Skeid 4-3 Semi-finals Fredrikstad - Sarpsborg 3-0 Lyn - Lisleby 6-1 Final Rematch October 28: Fredrikstad - Lyn 1-1 (extra time) Rematch November 4: Lyn - Fredrikstad 4-0 National team References Category:Seasons in Norwegian football	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Mineral (nutrient) In the context of nutrition, a mineral is a chemical element required as an essential nutrient by organisms to perform functions necessary for life. However, the four major structural elements in the human body by weight (oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, and nitrogen), are usually not included in lists of major nutrient minerals (nitrogen is considered a "mineral" for plants, as it often is included in fertilizers). These four elements compose about 96% of the weight of the human body, and major minerals (macrominerals) and minor minerals (also called trace elements) compose the remainder. Nutrient minerals, being elements, cannot be synthesized biochemically by living organisms. Plants get minerals from soil. Most of the minerals in a human diet come from eating plants and animals or from drinking water. As a group, minerals are one of the four groups of essential nutrients, the others of which are vitamins, essential fatty acids, and essential amino acids. The five major minerals in the human body are calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, and magnesium. All of the remaining elements in a human body are called "trace elements". The trace elements that have a specific biochemical function in the human body are sulfur, iron, chlorine, cobalt, copper, zinc, manganese, molybdenum, iodine, and selenium. Most chemical elements that are ingested by organisms are in the form of simple compounds. Plants absorb dissolved elements in soils, which are subsequently ingested by the herbivores and omnivores that eat them, and the elements move up the food chain. Larger organisms may also consume soil (geophagia) or use mineral resources, such as salt licks, to obtain limited minerals unavailable through other dietary sources. Bacteria and fungi play an essential role in the weathering of primary elements that results in the release of nutrients for their own nutrition and for the nutrition of other species in the ecological food chain. One element, cobalt, is available for use by animals only after having been processed into complex molecules (e.g., vitamin B12) by bacteria. Minerals are used by animals and microorganisms for the process of mineralizing structures, called "biomineralization", used to construct bones, seashells, eggshells, exoskeletons and mollusc shells. Essential chemical elements for humans At least twenty chemical elements are known to be required to support human biochemical processes by serving structural and functional roles as well as electrolytes. Oxygen, hydrogen, carbon and nitrogen are the most abundant elements in the body by weight and make up about 96% of the weight of a human body. Calcium makes up 920 to 1200 grams of adult body weight, with 99% of it contained in bones and teeth. This is about 1.5% of body weight. Phosphorus occurs in amounts of about 2/3 of calcium, and makes up about 1% of a person's body weight. The other major minerals (potassium, sodium, chlorine, sulfur and magnesium) make up only about 0.85% of the weight of the body. Together these eleven chemical elements (H, C, N, O, Ca, P, K, Na, Cl, S, Mg) make up 99.85% of the body. The remaining ~18 ultratrace minerals comprise just 0.15% of the body, or about a gram in total for the average person. Total fractions in this paragraph are WP:CALC amounts based on summing percentages from the article on chemical composition of the human body Different opinions exist about the essential nature of various ultratrace elements in humans (and other mammals), even based on the same data. For example, there is no scientific consensus on whether chromium is an essential trace element in humans. The United States and Japan designate chromium as an essential nutrient, but the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), representing the European Union, reviewed the question in 2014 and does not agree. Most of the known and suggested mineral nutrients are of relatively low atomic weight, and are reasonably common on land, or for sodium and iodine, in the ocean: Roles in biological processes RDA = Recommended Dietary Allowance; UL = Tolerable upper intake level; Figures shown are for adults age 31-50, male or female neither pregnant nor lactating * One serving of seaweed exceeds the US UL of 1100 μg but not the 3000 μg UL set by Japan. Blood concentrations of minerals Minerals are present in a healthy human being's blood at certain mass and molar concentrations. The figure below presents the concentrations of each of the chemical elements discussed in this article, from center-right to the right. Depending on the concentrations, some are in upper part of the picture, while others are in the lower part. The figure includes the relative values of other constituents of blood such as hormones. In the figure, minerals are color highlighted in purple. Dietary nutrition Dietitians may recommend that minerals are best supplied by ingesting specific foods rich with the chemical element(s) of interest. The elements may be naturally present in the food (e.g., calcium in dairy milk) or added to the food (e.g., orange juice fortified with calcium; iodized salt fortified with iodine). Dietary supplements can be formulated to contain several different chemical elements (as compounds), a combination of vitamins and/or other chemical compounds, or a single element (as a compound or mixture of compounds), such as calcium (calcium carbonate, calcium citrate) or magnesium (magnesium oxide), or iron (ferrous sulfate, iron bis-glycinate). The dietary focus on chemical elements derives from an interest in supporting the biochemical reactions of metabolism with the required elemental components. Appropriate intake levels of certain chemical elements have been demonstrated to be required to maintain optimal health. Diet can meet all the body's chemical element requirements, although supplements can be used when some recommendations are not adequately met by the diet. An example would be a diet low in dairy products, and hence not meeting the recommendation for calcium. Safety The gap between recommended daily intake and what are considered safe upper limits (ULs) can be small. For example, for calcium the U.S. Food and Drug Administration set the recommended intake for adults over 70 years at 1,200 mg/day and the UL at 2,000 mg/day. The European Union also sets recommended amounts and upper limits, which are not always in accord with the U.S. Likewise, Japan, which sets the UL for iodine at 3000 μg versus 1100 for the U.S. and 600 for the EU. In the table above, magnesium appears to be an anomaly as the recommended intake for adult men is 420 mg/day (women 350 mg/day) while the UL is lower than the recommended, at 350 mg. The reason is that the UL is specific to consuming more than 350 mg of magnesium all at once, in the form of a dietary supplement, as this may cause diarrhea. Magnesium-rich foods do not cause this problem. Elements considered possibly essential but not confirmed Many ultratrace elements have been suggested as essential, but such claims have usually not been confirmed. Definitive evidence for efficacy comes from the characterization of a biomolecule containing the element with an identifiable and testable function. One problem with identifying efficacy is that some elements are innocuous at low concentrations and are pervasive (examples: silicon and nickel in solid and dust), so proof of efficacy is lacking because deficiencies are difficult to reproduce. Ultratrace elements of some minerals such as silicon and boron are known to have a role but the exact biochemical nature is unknown, and others such as arsenic are suspected to have a role in health, but with weaker evidence. Mineral ecology Minerals can be bioengineered by bacteria which act on metals to catalyze mineral dissolution and precipitation. Mineral nutrients are recycled by bacteria distributed throughout soils, oceans, freshwater, groundwater, and glacier meltwater systems worldwide. Bacteria absorb dissolved organic matter containing minerals as they scavenge phytoplankton blooms. Mineral nutrients cycle through this marine food chain, from bacteria and phytoplankton to flagellates and zooplankton, which are then eaten by other marine life. In terrestrial ecosystems, fungi have similar roles as bacteria, mobilizing minerals from matter inaccessible by other organisms, then transporting the acquired nutrients to local ecosystems. See also Food composition References Further reading Humphry Bowen (1966) Trace Elements in Biochemistry. Academic Press. Humphrey Bowen (1979) Environmental Chemistry of the Elements. Academic Press, . External links Metals in Nutrition Concept of a nutritious food: toward a nutrient density score * Category:Nutrition Category:Food science Category:Essential nutrients ca:Bioelement#Bioelements secundaris	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Koldbrann Koldbrann (Gangrene) is a Norwegian black metal band founded in 2001. Musically Koldbrann, like countrymen 1349, play very orthodox black metal in the classic Norwegian mould and have also received favorable comparisons to early Gorgoroth, Mayhem and Darkthrone. Much of the praise directed at the band has therefore been centered on their songwriting and excellent reproduction of the old sound of the Norwegian scene. Koldbrann have been very vocal about their distaste for drum triggers, featuring anti-trigger notifications on both of their full-length albums. History They recorded two demos in 2002 and their first album "Nekrotisk Inkvisition" one year later. It was originally limited to 333 units, but due to several recent re-releases more than five thousand have been released. After releasing a Split EP with Ljå and the Atomvinter EP the band moved to German label Twilight Vertrieb for the release of their second album "Moribund", which featured guest appearances by Iblis and L. Wachtfels from Endstille (who are on the same label). It was followed by a split with Faustcoven and a tour with Negator and Sarkom. In the year 2007 they toured with Taake and Urgehal and appeared at the 2007 edition of Oslo's Inferno Metal Festival. They also embarked on the same year on a tour of Eastern Europe with Marduk. As of 2009 they are touring with Shining, they performed again in Inferno, and will perform in Barther Metal Openair in Germany. Discography Studio albums Nekrotisk Inkvisition (2003) Moribund (2006) Vertigo (2013) EPs Fredløs (2004) – split single with Ljå. Atomvinter (2006) Pogrom Pestilent (2006) – split single with Faustcoven. Stigma: På kant med livet (2008) Russian Vodka / Metalni Bog (2009, Corrosia Metalla/Bombarder cover) Totalt Sjelelig Bankerott (2012) Demos Pre-Prod 2002 (2002) Mislyder fra Det Nekrotiske Kammer (2002) – rehearsal tape. DVDs Live at Ragnarök Festival 2007 (2007) – official bootleg. Band members Current members Mannevond – vocals (2001–present) Kvass – guitar (2001–present) Folkedal - drums (2009-present) Voidar - guitars (2009-present) Former members Dragev – guitar (2002) Jonas aus Slavia – bass (2002–2003) Fordervelse (Tom V. Nilsen) – drums (2001–2009) Geir Antonsen – guitar (2004–2009) Stian Johnskareng – bass (2003–2013) Live members General Kshatriya – guitar (1 show, 2003) Mpress – bass (2 shows, 2003) Kjøttring – bass (1 show, 2003) Desecrator - bass (2014-present) Touring history Balkan Inkvisition 2003 - 5 dates (Balkan, Headliner) German Inkvisition 2004 - 11 dates (Europe, w/Endstille) Black Hordes Over Europe 2006 - 10 dates (Europe, Headliner) Moribund Balkan Tour 2006 - 5 dates (Balkan, Headliner) Black Hordes Over Europe pt. II 2007 - 15 dates (Europe, w/Taake) Werewolf Tour 2007 - 14 dates (Eastern Europe, w/Marduk) 9 dates cancelled References External links Official MySpace site Category:Norwegian black metal musical groups Category:Musical groups established in 2001 Category:2001 establishments in Norway Category:Season of Mist artists Category:Musical groups from Norway with local place of origin missing	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Two by Four Two by Four (released is a 1989 by EmArcy label) is a studio album by jazz bassist Marc Johnson released on the ECM label. Review On this series of duets you get Johnson served with distinction as the bassist in Evans' last trio. Here Two By Four Harmonica player extraordinaire Toots Thielemans joins Johnson for a beautifully strutting take of "Killer Joe," afollowed by an amazingly soft and subtle take of "Spartacus Love Theme" by Alex North, a favorite of Evans that Johnson never got the opportunity to play with him. Two By Four song «Goodbye Porkpie Hat» is done with a very effectfull slow arrangement. Vibraphonist Gary Burton also appears on three tracks, opened by «Monk's Dream», and with a dreamy take of the melancholy «Gary's Theme» and gorgeous version of Evans' «Time Remembered». Pianist Makoto Ozone also appears on three duets, proving to be sutable choice as well, giving an inspired version of Johnsons rather challenging «Miss Teri», Ozone is also up to the rapid-fire, uptempo post-bop «One Finger Snap» by Herbie Hancock. Singer Lucy Crane is the widow of Fred Crane, an early teacher and mentor of Johnson, and probably not familiar to the jazz audience, as this was the major label debut. She provides spirited vocals on both «Beautyful Love» and «Ain't Misbehaven'». Two By Four was one of the betst album releases in 1989. Reception The Allmusic review by Ken Dryden awarded the album 4½ stars stating "This series of duets featuring bassist Marc Johnson with different guests could be considered a tribute to Bill Evans, because it includes such a number of songs associated with the late pianist (though only one is an Evans composition)". Track listing «Killer Joe» (4:40) (B. Golson) «Spartacus - Love Theme» (3:40) (A. North) «Dinner For One Please, James» (6:40) (M. Carr) «One Finger Snap» (4:17) (H. Hancock) «Miss Teri» (5:58) (M. Johnson) «Monk's Dream» (3:51) (T. Monk) «Gary's Theme» (6:39) (G. McFarland) «Beautyful Love» (3:16) (H. Gillespie/V. Young/W. King/E.V. Alstyne) «Ain't Misbehaven'» (2:57) (F. Waller/Harry Brooks) «Time Remembered» (5:24) (B. Evans) «Goodbye Porkpie Hat» (5:05) (C. Mingus) Personnel Marc Johnson – bass Toots Thielemans – harmonica (tracks: 1, 2 & 11) Makoto Ozone – piano (tracks: 3, 4 & 5) Gary Burton – vibraphone (tracks: 6, 7 & 10) Lucy Crane – vocals (tracks: 8 & 9) Notes April 17 & 18, 1989 at Cinton Recording Studio, New York References Category:1989 albums Category:EmArcy Records albums Category:Marc Johnson (musician) albums	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Eulalios Eulalios was a famous Byzantine painter who lived during the 12th century, a time in which most art was done anonymously. His name was noted by several writers of the time who also described his paintings, such as Nicephorus Callistus and Nicholas Mesarites. Of his works, the most famed was the dome of the now-demolished Church of the Holy Apostles in Constantinople. The painting is a depiction of Christ Pantocrator. Nicephorus Callistus' description of the painting: Either Christ himself came down from heaven and showed the exact traits of his face to [the painter] or else the famous Eulalios mounted up to the very skies to paint with his skilled hand Christ's exact appearance. Nicholas Mesarites' description of the painting: [The dome] exhibits an image of the God-man Christ looking down, as it were, from the rim of heaven towards the floor of the church and everything that is in it. . .His head is in proportion to his body that is represented down to the navel, his eyes are joyful and welcoming to those who are not reproached by their conscience, but to those who are condemned by their own judgement, they are wrathful and hostile. . .The right hand blesses those who walk a straight path, while it admonishes those who do not and, as it were, checks them and turns them back from their disorderly course. The left hand with its fingers spread apart as possible, supports the Gospel. Bibliography Fred S. Kleiner and Christin J. Mamiya, Gardner's Art Through the Ages: Twelfth Edition (Wadsworth, 2005) Category:12th-century Byzantine people Category:Byzantine painters	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Timeline of labour in Greater Sudbury The following is a timeline of the history of labour organizations in communities in and around Greater Sudbury, Ontario, Canada. Listings for incorporated townships which were later amalgamated with the City of Sudbury are noted separately. 1800s 1896 - First recorded strike in Sudbury, when workers building its new waterworks system struck for higher wages. 1900s 1900s 1906 - Tailors' Union of America (Journeymen) Local No. 226 (Sudbury) founded on September 6. 1910s 1911 Sudbury (87 members reported by 4 out of 5) Bricklayers and Masons International Union Local No. 31 founded on Sept 16. Amalgamated Society of Carpenters and Joiners local founded. Hotel and Restaurant Employees' International Alliance and Bartenders' International League of America (AFL), Local No. 237 recorded. Canadian Brotherhood of Railroad Employees, Local No. 31 founded. 1912 - 5 unions in total, with 2 reporting 59 members combined. 1913 Sudbury (348 members reported by 5 out of 6) International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers Local No. 374 founded on December 22. Western Federation of Miners Local No. 183 founded on April 18. United Association of Plumbers and Steam Fitters Local No. 620 existed. Canadian Brotherhood of Railroad Employees, Local No. 31 dissolved after being dormant. Tailors' Local No. 226 dissolved. Western Federation of Miners Local No. 182 (Garson Mines) founded on March 3. 1914 Copper Cliff December: The socialist Peoples' Society takes over the Finland Hall at 353 Temperance Street. Within months, the hall would be destroyed by a fire which was rumoured to be deliberate. Sudbury (306 members reported by 3 out of 5) Carpenters and Joiners local listed as No. 2635. 1915 Sudbury (47 members reported by 2 out of 4) United Association of Plumbers and Steam Fitters Local No. 620 dissolved. 1916 Sudbury Bricklayers' Local 31 reports 15 members and is the only chartered local in the city that year. International Union of Mine, Mill, and Smelter Workers (Mine-Mill) Local No. 183 dissolved after inactivity. This is the same Local 183; the Western Federation of Miners had renamed itself. Carpenters and Joiners Local No. 2635 dissolved. Restaurant and Bartenders' Local No. 237 dissolved. 1919 Sudbury Trades and Labour Council comes into existence. It represented eighteen local unions with a combined membership of 800. Mine-Mill Local 116 forms in Coniston, but disappears by 1920. 1920s 1920 Capreol (531 members reported by 6 out of 8 unions) Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers Local No. 728 is recorded. Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen and Enginemen Local No. 584 is recorded. International Association of Machinists Local No. 518 is recorded. United Brotherhood of Maintenance-of-Way Employees and Railway Shop Labourers Local No. 372 is recorded. Canadian Brotherhood of Railroad Employees Local No. 48 is recorded. Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen Local No. 894 is recorded. Brotherhood of Railway Carmen of America Local No. 422 is recorded. Order of Railway Conductors Local No. 645 is recorded. Sudbury (284 union members reported by 7 out of 15 unions) International Typographical Union Local No. 846 is chartered. International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees and Moving Picture Machine Operators Local No. 634 is chartered. Canadian Association of Stationary Engineers Local No. 35 is dissolved. Retail Clerks' International Protective Association Local No. 505 is dissolved. Mine-Mill Local No. 148 (Coniston) surrenders its charter. 1921 Capreol (449 union members reported by 6 out of 8 unions) Canadian Association of Railway Enginemen Local No. 5 is chartered. Copper Cliff: Vapaus reports Finnish Organization of Canada "reception committees" active. Sudbury (121 union members reported by 4 out of 8 unions) Locally published Finnish-language Communist Party newspaper Vapaus reports "reception committees" active. United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners Local No. 267 surrenders its charter. Brotherhood of Painters, Decorators and Paperhangers of America Local No. 1152 surrenders its charter. United Association of Journeymen Plumbers and Steam Fitters Local No. 369 surrenders its charter. International Association of Bridge, Structural and Ornamental Iron Workers Local No. 264 surrenders its charter. International Typographical Union Local No. 846 surrenders its charter. International Union of Steam and Operating Engineers Local No. 753 surrenders its charter. Brotherhood of Railway and Steamship Clerks, Freight Handlers, Express and Station Employees Local No. 1386 surrenders its charter. Blacksmiths, Drop Forgers and Helpers Local No. 279 is recorded. International Brotherhood of Boilermakers, Iron Ship Builders and Helpers Local No. 492 is recorded. International Brotherhood of Dominion Express Employees Local No. 19 is recorded. International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers Local No. 900 is recorded. International Association of Machinists Local No. 1205 is recorded. Canadian Brotherhood of Railroad Employees Local No. 136 is recorded. Brotherhood of Railway Carmen of America Local No. 187 is recorded. Worthington: Vapaus reports Finnish Organization of Canada "reception committees" active. 1922 Capreol (446 members reported by 7 out of 8 unions) Sudbury Sudbury Trades and Labour Council ceases to function. Boilermakers Local No. 492 surrenders its charter. 1923 Capreol (465 members reported by 6 out of 9 unions) Sudbury (46 members reported by 3 out of 4 unions) 1924 Capreol (506 members reported by 7 out of 9 unions) Sudbury (121 members reported by 6 out of 7 unions) Branch of Lumber Workers Industrial Union No. 120 (Industrial Workers of the World) is founded. Railway and Steamship Clerks, Freight Handlers, Express and Station Employees Local No. 1093 is founded. Tailors' Union of America (Journeymen) Local No. 69 is founded. 1925 Capreol (382 members reported by 6 out of 9 unions) Sudbury (3,751 members reported by 6 out of 6 unions) Branch of Lumber Workers Industrial Union No. 120 (IWW) reports membership of 3,650, meaning that an overwhelming majority of union members in the city were IWW members. Journeymen Tailors Union of America Local No. 69 surrenders its charter. 1926 Capreol (367 members reported by 5 out of 9 unions) International Brotherhood of Firemen and Oilers Local No. 919 is recorded. Sudbury (89 members reported by 5 out of 7 unions) Algoma Eastern System Federation, a federation of workers on the Algoma Eastern Railway, is dissolved. Brotherhood of Canadian Pacific Express Employees Local No. 19 is recorded. Pattern Makers League of North America Local No. 1205 chartered. 1927 Capreol (342 members reported by 6 out of 9 unions) Sudbury (588 members reported by 6 out of 8 unions) Lumber Workers Industrial Union of Canada branch is chartered. 1928 Capreol (409 members reported by 6 out of 8 unions) International Brotherhood of Firemen and Oilers Local No. 919 surrenders its charter. Sudbury (380 members reported by 6 out of 8 unions) An Employment Service of Canada office opens. At its ninth Ontario district conference on October 7, the Lumber Workers' Industrial Union (IWW) decides to select French- and Ukrainian-speaking delegates to travel to lumber camps in the Sudbury area. Local association of the Canadian Federation of Women's Labour Leagues founded. 1929 Capreol (330 members reported by 6 out of 10 unions) Sudbury (337 members reported by 5 out of 11 unions) Order of Railroad Telegraphers, Div. No. 7 (Canadian Pacific Railway) is recorded with a Sudbury chairman covering lines headed east, and a Winnipeg chairman covering lines headed west, for Northwestern Ontario. Provincial Federation of Ontario Fire Fighters Local No. 38 is recorded with its office at the Central Fire Station. United Association of Journeymen Plumbers and Steamfitters Local No. 604 is recorded. Communist Party of Canada attempts to run a candidate for the 1929 Ontario provincial election for Sudbury, but is rejected due to insufficient nominations. International Association of Bridge, Structural and Ornamental Iron Workers local chartered. International Brotherhood of Firemen and Oilers Local No. 398 chartered. Lumber Workers Industrial Union of Canada dissolves its local branch, as well as many other branches in Northern Ontario. 1930s 1930 Capreol (402 members reported by 8 out of 10 unions) Sudbury (150 members reported by 5 out of 12 unions) Sudbury Trades and Labour Council is re-founded with dual American Federation of Labor and Canadian Trades and Labour Congress charters. It represents 8 of the 12 local unions then in existence. Bricklayers, Masons and Plasterers' International Union Local No. 28 is chartered. International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers Local No. 473 is chartered. Federated Association of Letter Carriers Local No. 61 is chartered. Branch of Lumber and Agricultural Workers' Industrial Union of Canada is recorded. Canadian Brotherhood of Railway Employees Local No. 248 is recorded alongside Local 136. Branch of Mine Workers' Industrial Union (Workers' Unity League) is recorded. Communist Party of Canada sponsors mayor and alderman candidates for Sudbury municipal elections, receiving 69 and 56 votes respectively. May Day parade is broken up by police, who arrest eighteen participants, including Amos Hill. A demonstration is made outside the police station, with the fire hose used on the protestors and more arrests made. After being convicted in local courts, the convictions are overruled on appeal, with fines of $25 plus costs being upheld. Lumber Workers' Industrial Union No. 120 (IWW) branch is dissolved. Amos T. Hill runs under Communist Party of Canada endorsement for Nipissing (which at the time included Sudbury) in the 1930 federal election, receiving 584 votes and coming in third and last place. Lumber and Agricultural Workers' Industrial Union branches founded in Sudbury, Turbine and Worthington, the latter with 41 members. 1931 Capreol (410 members reported by 8 out of 9 unions) Sudbury (164 members reported by 9 out of 10 unions) National headquarters of the Lumber and Agricultural Workers' Industrial Union located at 35 Lorne Street. May Day meeting at Bell Park occurs, with no arrests or disruption. 1935 - Joseph Levert and Amos T. Hill run as Co-operative Commonwealth and Communist Party of Canada candidates for Nipissing in the 1935 federal election, receiving 2,236 and 931 votes respectively and coming in third and fifth place. 1936 An organizer for Mine-Mill, George W. "Scotty" Anderson, comes to Sudbury. March: Mine-Mill Local 239 is chartered. By May, it has 150 members. 1940s 1942 April 30: Mine-Mill Local 598 is chartered. November: INCO management creates the United Copper-Nickel Workers (UCNW), nicknamed the "Nickel Rash", a company union intended to sabotage Mine-Mill's organizing campaign. 1943 Workers at the Sudbury and Copper Cliff Suburban Electric Railway unionize. August: Robert Carlin (Co-operative Commonwealth) is elected for the Sudbury riding to the Ontario Legislative Assembly after running in the 1943 provincial election. September: Sudbury Workers Organizing Committee (SWOC) is formed under the Canadian Congress of Labour to unionize Sudbury workers in diverse industries. 1944 April 21: Mine-Mill Local 598 is certified as representative of workers at INCO and Falconbridge. May 3: Local 598 is certified at the Canadian Industries Limited sulfuric acid plant and a contract is signed there by June 15. 1945 June: J. Benonie Levert (Co-operative Commonwealth) receives 11,349 votes running for the Nipissing riding in the 1945 federal election, coming in second place. June 28: Right-wing candidate James Kidd becomes president of Mine-Mill Local 598. Robert Carlin (Co-operative Commonwealth) is re-elected to the Ontario Legislative Assembly in the 1945 provincial election. 1946 - James Kidd wins re-election as president of Mine-Mill Local 598. 1947 - On December 8, Nels Thibault wins the presidency of Mine-Mill Local 598, signalling a leftward turn in the local's politics. 1948 The Canadian Congress of Labour (CCL) and Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) begin to attack the leadership of Mine-Mill as a part of their anti-communist purges. Robert Carlin, then-MPP for Sudbury, falls victim and the CCF withdraws its endorsement of him as a candidate. June: The United Mine Workers of America (UMWA), with the assistance of James Kidd, begins to raid workers at CIL, which had earlier been certified with Mine-Mill Local 598. Robert Carlin finishes in second place for the Sudbury riding in the 1948 provincial election, running as an independent after being expelled from the Ontario CCF as a result of its anti-communist purges. The resulting disillusionment in the CCF destroys local support for the party for decades. August 23: Mine-Mill is suspended as an affiliate of the Canadian Congress of Labour. 1949 May: The UMWA returns to raid workers at CIL. Its application for certification there is rejected by the Ontario Labour Relations Board. In the 1949 federal election, Robert Carlin runs under a Farmer-Labour ticket against Co-operative Commonwealth candidate Willard H. Evoy in the newly created Sudbury riding, with the two coming in third and fourth place respectively, with 6,161 and 5,717 votes. October: Mine-Mill Local 902 (General Workers' Union) is chartered to organize service workers in the Sudbury region. October 7: Mine-Mill is expelled from the Canadian Congress of Labour (CCL) as a part of the CCL's anti-communist purges. 1950s 1950 Mine-Mill's jurisdiction is granted to the United Steelworkers, which begins raiding Mine-Mill locals throughout North America, including Sudbury. Mine-Mill Local 902 has twenty-four contracts by the end of the year (seventeen with hotels) and includes grocery chain stores and taxicab drivers. 1951 - Mike Solski becomes president of Mine-Mill Local 598, replacing Nels Thibault who had been promoted to regional director of District 8 (Canada) for the union. 1953 - Willard H. Evoy (Co-operative Commonwealth) receives 3,514 votes running for the Sudbury riding in the 1953 federal election, coming in third place with 16.49% of the vote. 1956 Mine-Mill holds its Canadian convention in Sudbury, which hosted the first concert performed by Paul Robeson outside of the United States after his travel ban. Mine-Mill Local 902 holds fifty contracts in the Sudbury area. May: James Kidd is expelled for life from Mine-Mill Local 598 due to his intentional efforts to sabotage the union; by then, Kidd had become a full-time staff members with the United Steelworkers. 1958 - First major mine workers' strike in Sudbury. 1960s 1961 - Riot occurs at a Mine-Mill meeting at the Sudbury Arena on September 21 over a discussion of whether or not the local should affiliate with the United Steelworkers. 1965 - Sudbury Steelworkers Hall is opened on November 25. 1966 - INCO strike which was smaller than the one in 1958. 1967 - National Mine-Mill organization merges with the United Steelworkers, but Local 598 stays independent as a rump local. 1969 - INCO strike which was smaller than the one in 1958. 1970s 1975 - INCO strike. 1978 - INCO strike of 1978-79 begins on September 15. 11,700 workers participated in the strike, which was organized by USW Local 6500 and which became known as one of the most significant labour disputes in Canadian history. 1979 - INCO strike of 1978-79 ends on June 7. 1980s 1980 - Teachers with the Sudbury Public School Board go on strike from January to March. 1982 - INCO strike. 1990s 1993 - Mine-Mill Local 598 affiliates with the Canadian Auto Workers, having been the last surviving Mine-Mill local for almost 30 years. 2000s 2000s 2000 - Mine-Mill/CAW Local 598 members at Falconbridge Ltd. go on strike for six and a half months. 2004 - Mine-Mill/CAW Local 598 strikes at Falconbridge again, this time for three weeks. The strike was largely focused on Falconbridge's use of contractors, especially in newly opened mines. 2007 - 112 workers at eight Toronto-Dominion Bank (TD) branches in the Sudbury area go on strike, the first multi-branch banking strike in Canadian history. The strike continues for one month from June to July, when the workers vote by a majority of 56 percent to accept the contract offered by TD. The contract provisions include an hourly pay raise of 35 cents as well as improved severance protection. 2008 January to October: Workers at local Sudbury branches of the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce (CIBC) go on strike under United Steelworkers representation. After nine months, the workers win an immediate 4.5 percent wage increase, as well as a 3 percent wage increase built into an eighteen-month contract. August: Full-time and part-time faculty at the University of Sudbury engage in a nine-day strike after the university administration attempted to negotiate individual contracts with faculty members instead of renewing their collective agreement. September 19: Historic Sudbury Steelworkers Hall is destroyed by arson. December: USW Local 2020 members at Sudbury Toronto-Dominion Bank (TD) branches vote to decertify from their union one year after a strike. 2009 - Strike at Vale by members of USW Local 6500 begins on July 13. 2010s 2010 Graduate teaching assistants at Laurentian University vote to join the Canadian Union of Public Employees. Vale strike ends on July 5, having lasted longer than the 1978 strike. Unit 2 of the Ontario Public Service Employees Union (OPSEU) Local 677, representing office, technical, and administrative workers at the Northern Ontario School of Medicine, goes on strike on August 16. A tentative agreement is reached by November 2 and was ratified on November 7. 2011 - Support and administrative staff at Cambrian College (OPSEU Local 655) and Collège Boréal (OPSEU Local 672) participate in a province-wide strike at Ontario community colleges. 2015 - Workers (unionized with Unifor) at the Sudbury Downs are locked out by the track's owner, the Ontario Lottery and Gaming Corporation (OLG), over a pension dispute in September. References Category:History of Greater Sudbury Category:Economy of Greater Sudbury Category:Labour disputes in Ontario Category:Miners' labor disputes Category:United Steelworkers Category:Industrial Workers of the World	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Ringed hornsnail The ringed hornsnail, scientific name Pleurocera annulifera, is a species of freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Pleuroceridae. This species is endemic to the United States. References Category:Molluscs of the United States Category:Pleuroceridae Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
SubSpace (video game) SubSpace is a 2D space shooter video game created in 1995 and released in 1997 by Virgin Interactive which was a finalist for the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences Online Game of the Year Award in 1998. SubSpace incorporates quasi-realistic zero-friction physics into a massively multiplayer online game. It is no longer operated by VIE; instead, fans and players of the game provide servers and technical updates. The action is viewed from above, which presents challenges very different from those of a three-dimensional game. The game has no built-in story or set of goals; players may enter a variety of servers, each of which have differing objectives, maps, sounds, and graphics. SubSpace is considered an early entry in the massively multiplayer online genre due to its unprecedented player counts. History SubSpace evolved from a game originally called Sniper (1995), a project to test the effects and severity of lag in a massively multiplayer environment over dialup connections. After its creators realized its viability as an actual game, public beta testing began in February, 1996, and it became fully public later that year. The game was released commercially in December 1997 with a list price of US$27.99 for unlimited play, requiring no monthly or hourly fees. The game was originally developed by Burst, led by Jeff Petersen, Rod Humble and Juan Sanchez, for the US branch of the now-defunct Virgin Interactive. When the game was officially released, it was not a commercial success due to a lack of marketing and the relative newness of internet gaming. Two years of playing for free became problematic as many players refused to pay for a game that they had beta tested for two years, and instead opted to pirate the software. SubSpace server software being distributed with the commercial release of the game allowed users to host their own servers on their own computers, enabling them to preserve the game. Once VIE went under in 1998, many of its remaining US assets were purchased by Electronic Arts, but the SubSpace license was not. This caused all of the commercially hosted servers, including the official VIE servers, to eventually go offline permanently, and independent user-run servers became the only choice for hosting zones, including original zones previously hosted by VIE. Gameplay SubSpace players control one of eight ships which are equipped with weapons and a variety of special abilities. Players interact with each other in zones, which are typically split into multiple arenas. Players in each arena are then divided into teams; friendly ships appear as yellow, while enemy ships appear blue. The keyboard is used exclusively for control of the ship and use of in-game chat functions. Although each zone can have its own unique style of gameplay, certain basic gameplay mechanics are ubiquitous throughout all zones. Map elements Each arena uses a 1024x1024 map as the field of play. Some arenas may use the entire size of the map, while others may enclose the players in a smaller space. A coordinate system (A-T horizontal, 1–20 vertical) allows players to easily identify and communicate where they are on the map. Maps may contain obstacles such as walls or asteroids which cannot be moved or destroyed. Maps often use gates, which open and close at random or regular intervals. If a player's ship gets caught in a gate when it closes, the ship is relocated ("warped") to a random location on the map. Safe zones allow a players to evade enemies or simply take a break from the game. While in a safe zone, a ship cannot take damage but also cannot fire. Most safe zones have a time limit; if a player stays in a safe zone too long, he is kicked from the game and must rejoin the zone. This prevents players from camping out in a safe zone and leaving their computer idle for an extended period of time in order to maintain their state in the game. A flag or ball may be present as well. Their importance and role in the game depend on the zone. The most common map elements in SubSpace are prizes, or "greens" (for their green color). Prizes allow players to upgrade their ships and gain special weapons or abilities. While prizes are generally plentifully scattered throughout the map, the upgrades or abilities they award are randomly selected by the zone. Energy Rather than dealing with ammunition counts and hit points separately, SubSpace combines both of these elements into a single unit of measure: energy. Each ship is equipped with a certain amount of energy, from which it must draw its health as well as its weapons power. When a ship's energy is reduced from its capacity (whether from firing weapons or enduring enemy fire), the ship will automatically recharge back to its maximum capacity over a period of time; however, sustained weapons fire or enemy fire will inevitably cause the energy to drop lower. Once the ship's energy drops below zero, the ship is destroyed and the player is respawned elsewhere in the area. Any upgrades, weapons, or special abilities are lost. The energy mechanic forces players to be cautious of their energy usage, as reckless weapons fire could result in a quick death. It is usually not possible for players to commit suicide; if a player's own weapon causes more damage than that player has energy, his energy will simply be reduced to one and begin recharging. However, suicide was possible in early beta versions of the game and the offline practice mode included with the original SubSpace client. Ship Control Thrust (Up for forward, Down for reverse) and rotation (Left for counter-clockwise, Right for clockwise) make up the basic movement of the ship. Ships maintain inertia once they are set in motion and cannot be brought to a complete stop except when in a safe zone. In addition, ships experience inelastic collisions with walls and asteroids but do not take damage from them. Ships do not collide with each other. Players achieve their ship's top speed by maintaining thrust. Each ship is also equipped with afterburners (Shift+Up/Down) which allow the ship to exceed its typical top speed; however, this gradually drains the ship's energy. When afterburners are disengaged, the ship's inertia returns to its normal top speed, not its speed with afterburners. Ships can instantly warp (Ins) to a random location on the map. This action requires the ship to be at full energy, and its energy is totally drained once the warp is complete, although the ship will begin recharging its energy immediately. Ships may also attach to other friendly ships. In this scenario, the attaching ship loses thrust control and becomes a weapons turret on the back of another ship. This is technically achieved by performing a warp, thus requiring full energy to attach and draining energy in the process. A turret ship takes damage like a normal ship and may detach at any time. In addition, a ship carrying turrets may detach one or all of them at any time. Scoring Players primarily increase their score by killing other players. Each ship has a bounty, which is increased by collecting prizes, killing enemies, or other in-game mechanics. When a ship is killed, its bounty is added to the killer's score. Each zone implements its own scoring system and may award bonuses for certain achievements. Competitive Play Many SubSpace players are organized into squads. These squadrons serve the same purpose as clans or teams do in other online games and allow players to cooperate and improve their skills, as well as to become more familiar with fellow players. In addition, many squads compete in competitive leagues hosted by various zones. Dueling is another favorite pastime and many zones have separate arenas for this purpose alone. Ships Within any given zone, a player can choose between up to eight different ships: Warbird, Javelin, Spider, Leviathan, Terrier, Weasel, Lancaster, and Shark. Standard VIE Settings Standard VIE Settings, SVS for short, (also referred to as Standard SubSpace Settings) is a server configuration conforming to the physics and rules used in non-special game types hosted by Virgin Interactive Entertainment (VIE) before the company's dissolution. The term is sometimes used informally to describe servers which seek, through other means, to preserve the spirit of the game as it was originally played. Zones Gameplay can vary depending on the zone. Some zones are just free-for-all style gameplay, while others are capture the flag, or even powerball style. Zones typically have multiple public arenas, whose settings and maps are the same, which players are automatically distributed to upon joining the server. This serves to reduce crowding in highly populated arenas. There are also numerous sub-arenas in SubSpace, and these sub-arenas can at times have greater populations than the "main/public" arenas. They differ from the main public arenas, in the sense that they may have their own settings, map, graphics, and bots (if required – or modules in ASSS zones). Flag Games War – Standard flag game whose name is derived from its original zone (War Zone). The objective is to claim all flags for one's own team. Flags can be picked up by opponents only. Flags that are picked up are dropped after a set time. Flagging games usually involve bases to store flags and are heavily team-oriented. Bounty Rabbit – One player is the rabbit, and has the 'flag'. The rabbit's kills are worth 101 points while a regular players' kills are only worth 1 point. Kill the current rabbit to become the new rabbit. The player with the most points at the end of the game wins. This game is usually run by bots in a main arena or sub-arenas. Turf – Territorial flag game in which flags are located at specific locations around the map. Ownership is claimed by simply passing over the flag by any player. Turf games can either be won or involve periodic point rewards. Basing – Similar to Turf, except there is a base with one flag. The team that controls that flag controls the base, and thus the base is often completely populated by the controlling team. Trench Wars is an example of a popular basing game. Running – Flags in running zones do not have drop timers, and may only be claimed by killing an opponent carrying flags or picking up neutral flags. Variants include Rabbit Chase. Kill Games "Kill" games have no 'rounds' or 'games'; the objective is simply to kill as many opponents as possible while keeping one's own deaths to a minimum. The original Alpha and Chaos zones followed this basic premise. However, some zones offer their own variants of this style of gameplay: King of the Hill – Each player starts off with a crown, which may be lost if the set amount of time runs out. A player's timer, which is displayed at the top right of the screen, is reset every time they kill another player. However, if a player has already lost their crown, they may only regain it by either killing a flagger with a crown (sometimes marked by a red dot on the radar), or by destroying any two players. Generally though, flaggers with low bounty do not give others their crown. The game is then won when there is only one crowned player left standing. Speed – Each round of a Speed game has a time limit. The winner of a round is the player with the most kills for the round. In Speed Zone, ships began with a higher "bounty" (and more weapons and other power ups) than in other zones. Speed Zone proved to be less popular than the Jackpot/Running, Chaos, or "flag" zone games and support was discontinued shortly after SubSpace went to retail. Ball Games Ball games involve taking control of a ball and scoring it in the opposing team's goal. Players cannot fire weapons or warp while carrying the ball, and can only carry the ball for a few seconds. Before the ball timer runs out, they must pass the ball to a teammate (using Ins, Tab, or Ctrl keys), or the ball will shoot out from their ship in a random direction. If a player dies while carrying the ball, the ball is dropped immediately and may be picked up by anyone. A team wins a game when they achieve a certain number of goals, or the game may be timed, with the highest-scoring team winning when time expires. Hockey simulates futuristic ice hockey in a space setting. the "ball" is the equivalent of the hockey puck. Each ship's settings have been modified to fit that ship into a unique role on the team; for instance, Lancasters and Sharks are "goalie" ships. the Warbird, Javelin and Weasel are Forwards, Spiders and Terriers make up the midfield, and the Levithan is a defensive beast. The rules of the game are based on real hockey rules with some variations due to the 2d nature of the game. Powerball (Soccer) – is similar to hockey, in that it also features two teams (Warbirds and Javelins) and goals at opposite ends of a symmetrical map. Powerball primarily uses SVS settings, except that the Warbird and Javelin have identical ship settings, creating two evenly matched teams. Each ship starts with 100 bounty and comes "greened" with a number of basic upgrades and randomly selected special abilities (e.g. burst, repel, etc.). It is not possible to choose any other type of ship. Although scoring goals is the primary objective of Powerball, shooting and killing other players is very much an important part of the game. Customization A zone is a server to which players can connect using a client. Perhaps the most attractive feature of SubSpace is the extremely high degree of customization that zone sysops can implement. Almost every element of the game can be replaced, from the ship graphics to colors and sounds. Apart from a few basic settings, many game settings, such as ship speeds, energy levels, and such, can be changed. This allows a vast variety of zones to exist. Game software SubSpace utilizes a client–server architecture. Initially, both the client and server were provided by VIE. The client executable was titled SubSpace while the server was called SubGame. A new client, titled Continuum, was created by reverse engineering without access to the original source code by the players PriitK (one of the creators of Kazaa) and Mr Ekted. The original server software, heavily modified, is still the most common, although an open source alternative, A Small Subspace Server, is now available. Continuum client Continuum, first released in 2001, was developed as a clone of the SubSpace client, but now contains new original features exclusive to the client over the original. Continuum is the official client of the SubSpace Central Billing Server. It was developed primarily because of the original SubSpace client's failure to prevent hacking. As such, it has been adopted by several zones as a requirement in order to play. A Small SubSpace Server ASSS (A Small SubSpace Server) is an open source server designed for use on Linux and other Unix-like operating systems, but can be configured for use on Microsoft Windows. Both are downloadable from Bitbucket. ASSS is under active development. Re-release Continuum was released in the fan-reconstructed variant in digital distribution on Steam on July 3, 2015. Reception In 1997 Next Generation named SubSpace as number four on their "Top 10 Online Game Picks", reasoning that "Its minimal bandwidth requirements mean pretty damn good gameplay, and the software pings the various arenas to see where you'll receive the lowest latency. Nicely done: simple, addictive, and really multiplayer." See also Infantry Cosmic Rift Altitude (video game) List of MMOGs References External links Subspace-Continuum.com SubSpac3.net Category:1997 video games Category:Free online games Category:Massively multiplayer online games Category:Multidirectional shooters Category:Space combat simulators Category:Video games developed in the United States Category:Virgin Interactive games Category:Windows games Category:Windows-only games Category:Windows-only freeware games Category:Commercial video games with freely available source code	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
1986 Tasmanian state election The Tasmanian state election, 1986 was held on 8 February 1986 in the Australian state of Tasmania to elect 35 members of the Tasmanian House of Assembly. The election used the Hare-Clark proportional representation system — seven members were elected from each of five electorates. The quota required for election was 12.5% in each division. The incumbent Liberal government headed by Robin Gray hoped to secure a second term in office. The Labor Party was headed by Ken Wriedt. The Green independents were headed by Bob Brown. The Australian Democrats contested the electorates of Braddon and Bass. Green candidates contested the electorates of Denison and Franklin. Prior to the election the Liberals held 18 of the 35 seats in parliament. The Labor Party held 14, and there were three independents—former Labor Premier Doug Lowe, Green independent Bob Brown, and ex-Liberal MHA Gabriel Haros. Results The representation of the Liberal and Labor parties remained unchanged after the election, at 19 and 14 respectively, leaving Robin Gray's Liberal government in power. It was the first time in 58 years that a non-Labor government had won a second term in Tasmania. The Greens increased their representation from one to two, with Gerry Bates replacing independent Doug Lowe as the seventh member for the Division of Franklin (Lowe did not contest the election). \|} Distribution of Seats Aftermath Shortly after the election, Ken Wreidt was replaced as Labor leader by Neil Batt. See also Members of the Tasmanian House of Assembly, 1986–1989 Candidates of the Tasmanian state election, 1986 Results of the Tasmanian state election, 1986 References Category:Elections in Tasmania Category:1986 elections in Australia Category:1980s in Tasmania Category:February 1986 events in Oceania	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Macintosh Quadra The Macintosh Quadra is a family of personal computers designed, manufactured and sold by Apple Computer, Inc. from October 1991 to October 1995. The Quadra, named for the Motorola 68040 central processing unit, replaced the Macintosh II family as the high-end Macintosh model. The first models were the Quadra 700 and Quadra 900, both introduced in October 1991. The Quadra 800, 840AV and 605 were added through 1993. The Macintosh Centris line was merged with the Quadra in October 1993, adding the 610, 650 and 660AV to the range. After the introduction of the Power Macintosh line in early 1994, Apple continued to produce and sell new Quadra models; the 950 continued to be sold until October, 1995. The product manager for the Quadra family was Frank Casanova who was also the Product Manager for the Macintosh IIfx. Models The first computers bearing the Macintosh Quadra name were the Quadra 700 and Quadra 900, both introduced in 1991 with a central processing unit (CPU) speed of 25 MHz. The 700 was a compact model using the same case dimensions as the Macintosh IIci, with a Processor Direct Slot (PDS) expansion slot, while the latter was a newly designed tower case with five NuBus expansion slots and one PDS slot. The 900 was replaced in 1992 with the Quadra 950, with a CPU speed of 33 MHz. The line was joined by a number of "800-series" machines in a new minitower case design, starting with the Quadra 800, and the "600-series" pizza box desktop cases with the Quadra 610. In 1993, the Quadra 840AV and 660AV were introduced at 40 MHz and 25 MHz respectively. They included an AT&T Digital signal processor and S-Video and composite video input/output ports, as well as CD-quality microphone and audio output ports. The AV models also introduced PlainTalk, consisting of the text-to-speech software MacinTalk Pro and speech control (although not dictation). However all of these features were poorly supported in software, and DSP was not installed in later AV Macs, which were based on the more-powerful PowerPC 601 CPU, which was powerful enough to handle the coprocessor's duties on its own. Branding Apple hired marketing firm Lexicon Branding to come up with the name. Lexicon chose the name Quadra hoping to appeal to engineers by evoking technical terms like quadrant and quadriceps. The Quadra name was also used for the successors to the Centris models that briefly existed during 1993: The 610, the 650 and the 660AV. Centris was a "mid-range" line of systems between the Quadra on the high end and the LC on the low end, but it was later decided that there were too many product lines and the name was dropped. Some machines of this era including the Quadra 605 were also sold as Performas. The last use of the name was for the Quadra 630, which was a variation of the LC 630 using a "full" Motorola 68040 instead of the LC's 68LC040, and introduced together with it in 1994. The 630 was the first Mac to use an IDE based drive bus for the internal hard disk drive, whereas all earlier models had used SCSI. The first three Apple Workgroup Server models, the WGS 60, the WGS 80 and the WGS 95 (mostly called "AWS 95" for "Apple Workgroup Server") were based on the Centris 610, the Quadra 800 and the Quadra 950, respectively. Processor The transition to the Motorola 68040 was not as smooth as the previous transitions to the Motorola 68020 or Motorola 68030. Due to the Motorola 68040's split instruction and data caches, the Quadra had compatibility problems with self-modifying code (including relocating code, which was common under the Macintosh memory model). Apple partially fixed this by having the basic Mac OS memory copy call flush the caches. This solved the vast majority of stability problems, but negated much of the Motorola 68040's performance improvements. Apple also introduced a variant of the memory copy call that did not flush the cache. The new trap was defined in such a way that calling it on an older version of Mac OS would simply call the previous memory copy routine. The net effect of this was that many complex applications were initially slow or prone to crashing on the 68040, although developers quickly adapted to the new architecture by relying on Apple's memory copy routines rather than their own (or flushing the cache), and using the memory copy that did not flush the cache when appropriate (most of the time). See also List of Macintosh models grouped by CPU type List of Macintosh models by case type Timeline of Macintosh models References External links EveryMac.com - Macintosh Quadra series Lowendmac.com - Centris/Quadra Index Category:Computer-related introductions in 1991	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Doreen Allen Doreen Allen (1879 – 18 June 1963) was a militant English suffragette and member of the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) who on being imprisoned was force-fed for which she received the WSPU's Hunger Strike Medal. She was born in Dartford in Kent as Edith Doreen Allchin, one of ten children of Mary Ann née Amos (1838-1924) and John James Allchin (1836-1903), a builder. In 1905 she married Melville Hodsoll Allen (1879-1932) who worked at the Stock Exchange in London and who served in World War I as a captain in the Queen's Own Royal West Kent Regiment. Following her arrest in March 1912 for taking part in a window smashing campaign she appeared at Bow Street Magistrates' Court on 12 March 1912 before being sent for trial at the London Sessions on 19 March 1912 when she was sentenced to four months imprisonment in Holloway Prison; in prison she went on hunger strike and was force-fed. A fellow-prisoner in Holloway was Mary Ann Aldham and the signatures of the two appear on The Suffragette Handkerchief embroidered by Janie Terrero. To keep up morale in prison the women were forced to make their own entertainment. Some such as Emmeline Pethick-Lawrence told stories while Doreen Allen sat at her feet with an arm on her knee; later Emmeline Pankhurst reminisced about the early days of the WSPU. On 10 June 1912 the three imprisoned grandmothers - Gertrude Wilkinson (aka Jessie Howard), Janet Boyd and Mary Ann Aldham sang together. On another occasion some of the women performed a scene from The Merchant of Venice with Evaline Hilda Burkitt as Shylock and the role of Narissa played by Allen. On her release Allen resumed her political activities on behalf of women's suffrage. When WSPU leader Emmeline Pankhurst returned to Great Britain from America in late 1913 she was met at Plymouth by a group suffragettes which included Doreen Allen. As Pankhurst disembarked from the Majestic she was arrested under the Cat and Mouse Act and taken to Exeter Prison. in her later years Doreen Allen lived in Brighton in Sussex. She died in June 1963. Her nephew was Sir Geoffrey Cuthbert Allchin KCBE, CMG, MC (1895-1968), British Ambassador in Morocco. References Category:1879 births Category:1963 deaths Category:People from Dartford Category:Suffragettes Category:English suffragettes Category:English feminists Category:British women's rights activists Category:Women's Social and Political Union Category:Prisoners and detainees of England and Wales	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Arthur Lister Arthur Hugh Lister (1830–1908) was a wine merchant and botanist, known for his research on slime molds. Life Lister was born in Upton House, Upton, Essex and was the youngest son of Joseph Jackson Lister, and a brother of the celebrated Joseph Lister. He was educated at Hitchin and left school at sixteen to go into business. He became a partner in a company of wine merchants and retired from business in 1888. He was elected a fellow of the Linnean Society in 1873 and was the Society's vice-president in 1895–1896. He was president of the Mycological Society in 1906–1907. He married in 1855 and was the father of four daughters and three sons, one of whom was the zoologist Joseph Jackson Lister. Much of Arthur Lister's scientific work was done in collaboration with his daughter Gulielma. References External links Category:1830 births Category:1908 deaths Category:English botanists Category:Fellows of the Linnean Society of London Category:Fellows of the Royal Society Category:19th-century English people Category:19th-century botanists	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
1990 OFC U-20 Championship The OFC U-20 Championship 1990 was held in Fiji. It also served as qualification for the intercontinental play-off for the 1991 FIFA World Youth Championship. Teams The following teams entered the tournament: (host) Matches Qualification to World Youth Championship Australia qualified for the 1991 FIFA World Youth Championship by beating Israel in an intercontinental play-off. Matches were played on 6 and 9 March 1991 in Sydney, Australia. Despite both matches being played in the same city, Australia still won on away goals. \|} External links Results by RSSSF Category:OFC U-20 Championship Under 20 1990 Category:1990 in Fijian sport Category:1990 in youth association football	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Karrinyup Road Karrinyup Road is a major east-west road in the inner northern suburbs of Perth, Western Australia, connecting the City of Stirling council offices, Osborne Park Hospital and Karrinyup Shopping Centre with residential estates in Innaloo, Stirling and Balcatta. The road, especially the portion between the Freeway and Main Street, was one of the first roads in the area, known as Balcatta Beach Road and later as North Beach Road. Until the 1990s, most of this stretch of the road was still fledged by functioning market gardens. For part of 1984, Karrinyup Road was the end point of the Mitchell Freeway. Prior to the freeway's construction, this intersection was the crossing point of Odin Road between Innaloo and the Balcatta industrial area. Main Roads Western Australia controls and maintains Karrinyup Road. It is part of Main Roads' internal designation H28 Karrinyup–Morley Highway, along with Morley Drive. Major intersections West Coast Drive (Tourist Drive 204), Trigg Marmion Avenue (State Route 71) north / West Coast Highway (State Route 71 / Tourist Drive 204) south, Trigg and Karrinyup Francis Avenue, Karrinyup (at Karrinyup Shopping Centre) Huntriss Road, Karrinyup, Gwelup and Innaloo North Beach Road, Gwelup and Innaloo Mitchell Freeway (State Route 2), Gwelup, Innaloo and Stirling Cedric Street (State Route 64), Stirling Morley Drive (State Route 76) east / Main Street north and south, See also References Category:Roads in Perth, Western Australia Category:City of Stirling	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Miguel Villalba Hervás Miguel Villalba Hervás (1837–1899) was a Spanish was a politician, lawyer, journalist, historian and Mason. He was born in La Orotava, Tenerife, in the Canary Islands on December 12, 1837 and died in Madrid in 1899. He was one of the leading figures of republicanism in Tenerife. Career Miguel Villalba Hervás served as librarian of the Society of La Esperanza in La Orotava in his youth, and led several newspapers in Santa Cruz de Tenerife. He moved to Madrid, where he replaced Nicolás Salmerón at the head of the La Justicia newspaper. He joined the Revolutionary Council in September 1868, for which he was deported to Gran Canaria. In 1871 he was elected member of the Provincial Council, and during the First Spanish Republic he served as civil governor in the Canary Islands in 1872. Despite embracing republicanism, and not without some misgivings, he joined the Restoration, but over time was critical of the corruption and other aspects of the system. He was elected deputy of Tenerife in 1881 and 1886, under the Sagasta administrations. From 1891 he left the more active politics and focused on the practice of law and journalism. He began writing at this time a book on the history of Spain from the reign of Elizabeth II and the war in Cuba and the Philippines. He was instrumental in the development of Freemasonry in the Canary Islands in the final third of the nineteenth century, becoming grade 33 of the Scottish Ancient and Accepted Rite and Venerable Master of the Teide Lodge, Tenerife's most important at the time. Works Recuerdos de cinco lustros (Memories of five decades) Una década sangrienta (A bloody decade) Ruiz de Padrón y su tiempo (Ruiz de Padrón and his time) De Alcolea a Sagunto (From Alcolea to Saguntum) - incomplete References Category:Spanish journalists Category:1899 deaths Category:1837 births Category:People from Tenerife Category:19th-century journalists Category:Male journalists Category:19th-century male writers	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Ali Aliyev (wrestler) Ali Zurkanaevich Aliev (; born 29 November 1937 – 7 January 1995) was a Soviet freestyle wrestler of Avar-Dagestani descent. He won five world titles and was the first wrestler from Dagestan to win a world title in freestyle wrestling. He competed at the 1960, 1964 and 1968 Olympic Games, finishing fourth and sixth. After his death, the Russian Wrestling Federation has hosted the annual Ali Aliev Memorial International Wrestling Meeting at the Ali Aliev Wrestling Training Center in Kaspiysk, Dagestan, Russia. References Category:1937 births Category:1995 deaths Category:People from Gunibsky District Category:Avar people Category:Soviet male sport wrestlers Category:Olympic wrestlers of the Soviet Union Category:World Wrestling Championships medalists Category:World Wrestling Champions Category:Wrestlers at the 1960 Summer Olympics Category:Wrestlers at the 1964 Summer Olympics Category:Wrestlers at the 1968 Summer Olympics	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Yank Lawson John Rhea "Yank" Lawson (May 3, 1911, Trenton, Missouri – February 18, 1995, Indianapolis, Indiana) was a jazz trumpeter known for Dixieland and swing music. Born John Lausen in 1911, from 1933 to 1935 he worked in Ben Pollack's orchestra and after that became a founding member of the Bob Crosby Orchestra. He later worked with Benny Goodman and Tommy Dorsey, but also worked with Crosby again in 1941–42. Later in the 1940s he became a studio musician leading his own Dixieland sessions. In the 1950s he and Bob Haggart created the Lawson-Haggart band and they worked together in 1968 to form the World's Greatest Jazz Band, a Dixieland group which performed for the next ten years. References Category:1911 births Category:1995 deaths Category:American jazz trumpeters Category:American male trumpeters Category:Dixieland trumpeters Category:People from Trenton, Missouri Category:Jazz musicians from Missouri Category:Swing trumpeters Category:20th-century American musicians Category:20th-century trumpeters Category:20th-century American male musicians Category:Male jazz musicians Category:The Tonight Show Band members Category:World's Greatest Jazz Band members	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Rheochord A Rheochord is a wire that can measure or vary the resistance of an electric circuit, or measure the variability of the current. Category:Measuring instruments Category:Resistive components	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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