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Belleayre Ski Center Belleayre Mountain Ski Center, in Catskill Park, New York, United States, is a ski resort owned and operated by the Olympic Regional Development Authority or ORDA. Skier and snowboarder visits have grown from 70,000 in 1995 to more than 175,000 in 2007. History During the 1800s, Catskill and Adirondack deforestation had created massive siltation of New York City harbor and imperiled shipping up the Hudson River. In 1855 New York became one of the first states to create constitutionally-designated "Forever Wild" preserves to prevent environmental and economic harms, to create a desperately needed water supply for New York City. In 1947, the people of New York passed a constitutional amendment by referendum to allow an intensive use ski center within this protected forever wild region. Belleayre Mountain, located off State Route 28, 2-1/2 hours from New York City, was declared "Forever Wild" by the New York State Forest Preserve in 1885. Early on, skiers would side-step or hike their way more than 3,000 feet to the top of the wooded trails. Skiing enthusiasts in the 1940s pressured politicians to develop Belleayre for families and extreme skiers alike. In 1947, bills were introduced allowing the State of New York to create Belleayre Mountain. Construction began in 1949, and Belleayre began its premier winter season with five trails, an electrically powered rope tow, New York’s first chairlift (A Roebling Single, later converted to a double), a summit lodge, a temporary base lodge with a cafeteria and dirt floors, and parking for 300. Belleayre was immediately popular among local residents and became center for winter sports in the region and an economic catalyst for surrounding communities. As business increased, Belleayre expanded its skiing terrain, adding 12 new trails, 3 lifts, and a new base lodge in the 1950s. Major expansions and technology and equipment upgrades continued in the following decades. The 1970s included the addition of snow making technology. In 1977, the Roebling Double Chairlift was replaced by a Double Chairlift from Hall. The Hall Double was called the Summit Double Chairlift. In 1982, the two Double-Double chairlifts by Doppelmayr were installed to service the lower green terrain. In 1986, a Riblet Triple Chairlift was installed to service the top of the mountain from the Overlook and Longhouse Lodges. In 1999, the Superchief and Tomahawk Fixed Grip Quad Chairlifts made by Garaventa were installed. The Superchief Quad was installed to replace the Hall Summit Double Chairlift. The Hall Summit Double was relocated to Plattekill Mountain as the North Face Double Chairlift. The Tomahawk Quad was installed on the west side of Belleayre to serve the Belleayre summit. It served new terrain and terrain formerly accessible by a Roebling T-Bar. In 2001, the Tomahawk parking lot along with the Dot Nebel trail opened on the west side of Belleayre. In 2006, the Superchief Fixed Grip Quad was upgraded to a Detachable High-Speed Quad by Doppelmayr/CTEC. As of 2012, Belleayre has 55 trails, parks and glades and 8 lifts, including a High Speed Quad. It also has the Catskills' only Cat-access skiing. In November 2012, the resort was transferred from the NYS DEC to the Olympic Regional Development Authority (ORDA). ORDA also operates Gore and Whiteface Mountain ski resorts. During the 2017-2018 ski season, an eight-pack gondola, named Catskill Thunder, began operation. It Is at present the first and only gondola in the Catskill mountains or Lower New York. During the 2018-2019 season, a new fixed-speed quad lift named Lightning began operation Trails and glades Cross country trails Belleayre Mountain cross country trails are separated from the downhill slopes. Cross-country trails have no trail use fee. Lessons for cross-country are available on weeken*There is one other magic carpet ds and holiday periods. There are 5 cross-country trails at Belleayre Mountain totaling 9.2 kilometers. Trail markings range from easy to difficult to accommodate all ability levels of cross-country skiers. Lifts References External links Official Website Category:Ski areas and resorts in New York (state) Category:Catskill Park Category:Tourist attractions in Ulster County, New York Category:Shandaken, New York Category:Buildings and structures in Ulster County, New York	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Carnikava Station Carnikava Station is a railway station on the Zemitāni–Skulte Railway. References Category:Railway stations in Latvia	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Listed buildings in Manchester-M4 Manchester is a city in Northwest England. The M4 postcode area is to the northeast of the city centre, and includes part of the Northern Quarter, part of New Islington, and the area of Ancoats. This postcode area contains 66 listed buildings that are recorded in the National Heritage List for England. Of these, eight are listed at Grade II*, the middle of the three grades, and the others are at Grade II, the lowest grade. The prosperity of Manchester was due mainly to the growth of the textile industry in the Industrial Revolution, and the area covered in this list is mainly industrial. Most of the listed buildings are survivors from this industry, particularly former cotton mills in Ancoats that have been altered and used for other purposes. Other remnants of this industry, and listed, are houses containing former workshops, and warehouses. Industry was stimulated by the development of the canal system in the 18th century, and two canals pass through the area, the Rochdale Canal and the Ashton Canal. The listed buildings associated with these are locks, bridges, a retaining wall, and a lock keeper's cottage. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries the Cooperative Wholesale Society built large offices and warehouses in the area, and these are listed. The other listed buildings in the area include houses, shops, public houses, a hotel, churches, market halls, a schoolroom, a women's refuge, a former ragged school. a former fire and police station, a corn exchange, and a bank, many of which are have been converted for other uses or are unused. __NOTOC__ Key Buildings References Citations Sources Category:Lists of listed buildings in Greater Manchester Category:Buildings and structures in Manchester	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Victoria Road, Dagenham Victoria Road, currently known as the Chigwell Construction Stadium for sponsorship purposes, is the home ground of Dagenham & Redbridge F.C. of Dagenham, Greater London, England. It has a capacity of 6,078. History The site on Victoria Road has been a football ground since 1917, when it was used by the Sterling Works side, whose factory was situated alongside it. It was not fully enclosed until the summer of 1955, when Briggs Sports moved out to Rush Green Road, and Dagenham F.C. moved from the Arena. During that summer they levelled and re-seeded the pitch, removed the stones from the playing surface and extended the banking and the terracing. The only cover was a tiny wooden stand, which was steep and narrow and had a few rows of seating on the far side of the ground. The main stand was built in the autumn of 1955 and was opened on 7 January 1956 by J.W. Bowers, chairman of the Essex County Football Association. During the summer of 1956 the turnstile block at the Victoria Road side of the ground and the men's toilets situated at the Victoria Road were added. In the summer of 1958 the cover over the far side was erected at a cost of £1,400. The first floodlit match at Victoria Road was Dagenham v Woodford in the FA Youth Cup on 26 September 1957 and the first senior match was a friendly against Rainham Town F.C. on 19 March 1958. The attendance record was set in 1967 with the visit of Reading F.C. in the FA Cup when 7,200 crammed into the ground. Although the ground was regularly maintained, it changed little until the arrival of Redbridge Forest in 1990 to ground share. They paid for a new stand to be erected in the corner of the ground to increase the seating capacity and replaced the grass banking with concrete terracing. These improvements brought the ground up to the standard required by the Football Conference. Redbridge Forest and Dagenham merged in July 1992 and the ground improvements have continued right up to the present day. In 1995 they replaced the crumbling pitch perimeter wall with a new brick-built one and two years later rebuilt the toilet block at the Victoria Road end of the ground. The club brought in Bill O'Neil from Atcost to design and build a new purpose-built stand. The new 800-seater, which brings the seating capacity to over a thousand, was used for the first time for the Essex Senior Cup final against Canvey Island on 4 August 2001, twelve weeks after the old stand was last used. During summer 2001 new turnstile blocks were constructed and the eight floodlights were replaced with four corner ones. In October 2001, Bass brewers agreed a £150,000 sponsorship of the new stand, now named the Carling Stand. This provided the funds for the improvements to continue and a number of crush barriers were installed in 2002, which helped ease the flow of spectators around the ground along with a new walkway behind the covered terrace. Whilst the Dagenham & Redbridge record attendance is 5,949, set against Ipswich Town in January 2002, these improvements have enabled the ground to meet Football League status and the capacity is now 6,078. In July 2007 a new sponsorship deal was set up with the Barking and Dagenham London Borough Council with the stadium renamed the London Borough of Barking & Dagenham Stadium. The Traditional Builders & Contractors Ltd Stand at the west end of the ground (Pondfield Road end) was built during the close season of 2009; it has a capacity of 1,240 and is all seated. Access to the away stand is via gates at the far end of the ground from the entrance via Victoria Road. The stand has disabled facilities, and also incorporates a bar, snack bar, and new club office and changing facilities. The players now emerge onto the pitch from a tunnel in the stand (left) rather than the old tunnel in the middle of the Carling Stand. The floodlights were replaced in the summer of 2012 bringing the Chigwell Construction Stadium fully up to the new Football League regulations with regards to floodlighting. Ground use The ground has been used to host some important matches including a Women's Full international match between England and Sweden, an FA Women's Cup semi-final, UEFA Youth International matches involving England, San Marino and Cyprus, various County and League Cup finals and an FAXI against an Isthmian League representative side. Premier League West Ham United also use the ground to host their under-23 fixtures. Images External links Victoria Road at StadiumDB References Category:Football venues in London Category:Buildings and structures in the London Borough of Barking and Dagenham Category:Dagenham & Redbridge F.C. Category:Tourist attractions in the London Borough of Barking and Dagenham Category:Sports venues completed in 1917 Category:Dagenham Category:English Football League venues	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Combe Incorporated Combe Incorporated, based in White Plains, New York, is an American privately owned personal-care company founded in 1949 by Ivan Combe. Combe products are sold in 64 countries on six continents. Ivan Combe primarily promotes the brand names instead of the company name. Combe owns the brands Just for Men, Sea-Bond, Vagisil, and Grecian Formula. Combe was the originator of the Clearasil brand but sold the rights to it in 1961 to Richardson-Vicks. In October 2002, Combe acquired J.B. Williams, thereby adding such longtime names as Brylcreem, Aqua Velva and Cepacol to its brand stable. In January 2011, Combe sold its cough remedy and skin care business to Reckitt Benckiser, and its foot care business (including Odor-Eaters) to Blistex. Key dates 1949: Ivan Combe founds a company. 1951: Combe introduces Clearasil. 1952: The company's offices move from Manhattan to White Plains, New York. 1960: Clearasil is sold to Vick Chemical. 1974: Combe's first manufacturing plant opens in Illinois. 1974: Combe launches Vagisil. 1987: Just For Men is introduced. 2000: Ivan Combe dies. 2002: J.B. Williams is acquired. 2011: Sale of cold remedy/skin care business to Reckitt Benckiser, and sale of foot care business to Blistex. References External links Company web site Category:Companies based in White Plains, New York Category:Privately held companies based in New York (state)	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Huizenga Huizenga is a surname of Dutch origin. Notable people with the surname include: Jenning Huizenga (born 1984), Dutch professional racing-cyclist John R. Huizenga (1921 – 2014), American nuclear physical chemist Kevin Huizenga (born 1977), American cartoonist Robert Huizenga, American physician Wayne Huizenga (1937-2018), American businessman William Patrick "Bill" Huizenga (born 1969), American politician Randall Alan "Randy" Huizenga (born 1952), American businessman and tax advisor See also Huizinga (name) H. Wayne Huizenga School of Business and Entrepreneurship References Category:Dutch-language surnames	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Climate movement The climate movement is the collective of nongovernmental organizations engaged in activism related to the issues of climate change. It is a subset of the broader environmental movement, but some regard it as a new social movement itself given its scope, strength and activities. History The climate movement has rapidly evolved in the first decades of the 21st century, starting as one of the many causes of the environmental movement. Activism related to climate change began in the 1990s, when major environmental organizations became involved in the discussions about climate, mainly in the UNFCCC framework. In the 2000s several climate-specific organizations were founded, such as 350.org, Energy Action Coalition, and the Global Call for Climate Action. Mobilization for Copenhagen 2009 The 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen was the first UNFCCC summit in which the climate movement started showing its mobilization power at a large scale. Between 40,000 and 100,000 people attended a march in Copenhagen on December 12 calling for a global agreement on climate. And activism went beyond Copenhagen, with more than 5,400 rallies and demonstrations took place around the world simultaneously. Activities 2014 People’s Climate March The climate movement convened its largest single event on 21 September 2014, when it mobilized 400,000 activists in New York during the People’s Climate March (plus several thousands more in other cities), organized by the People's Climate Movement, to demand a climate action from the global leaders gathered for the 2014 UN Climate Summit. Fossil Fuel Divestment The Fossil Fuel Divestment movement calls for colleges and universities, as well as cities, states, religious institutions, and pension funds to withdraw their investments from fossil fuel companies. 350.org launched their Go Fossil Free campaign in 2012 with Bill McKibben's "Do The Math" speaking tour around the country. 350.org explains that the reasoning behind this campaign is simple: "If it is wrong to wreck the climate, then it is wrong to profit from that wreckage." The Fossil Fuel Divestment movement escalated tactics in the spring of 2015, with 19 students arrested at Yale University, a week-long blockade of Harvard University's administrative buildings, a 70-student sit-in at Tulane University, and other arrestable actions. Climate Mobilization Since 2014, growing portions of the climate movement, especially in the United States have been organizing for an international economic response to climate change on the scale of the mobilization of the American home front during World War II, with the goal of rapidly slashing carbon emissions and transitioning to 100% clean energy faster than the free market is likely to allow. Throughout 2015 and 2016, The Climate Mobilization led grassroots campaigns in the U.S. for this scale of ambition, and in July 2016, activists succeeded in getting text adopted into the Democratic Party's national platform calling for WWII-scale climate mobilization. In August 2015, environmentalist Bill McKibben published an article in the New Republic rallying Americans to "declare war on climate change." School strikes for climate Since August 2018, inspired by Greta Thunberg, children and students in at least 270 cities took part in school strikes for climate. Youth Climate Strikes Organized by Isra Hirsi, Haven Coleman, and Alexandria Villaseñor, the Youth Climate Strikes US, encourages youth in the United States to protest on behalf of the environment. Paralleling the work done by Greta Thunberg, this organization encourages students to join the school strikes for climate, both in the US and globally. Isra Hirsi is the daughter of Ilhan Omar, a US representative from Minnesota, and an advocate for the strikes. Isra pushes the climate strikes to become more diverse, stating "Those that are disproportionally affected by climate change should be at the forefront of the issue, advocating for ourselves and our communities" and "A diverse group of organizers doesn't mean a diverse group of participants." The Youth Climate Strike on March 15, 2019 included students from 47 countries and over almost all 50 States participating in the movement. Global Climate Strike Between 20 and 27 September 2019 was the Global Climate Strike. This appeal mobilized a record 7.6 million people take to the streets and strike for climate action. The biggest climate mobilisation in history. The strike was followed in more than 185 countries. In some of these countries the call exceeded the student character and was called at the labor level by some unions as happened in Italy. Roles of other movements The climate movement is closely connected to other parts of the environmental movement, in particular groups aiming for a sustainable society and sustainable energy. Also the faith community has been active in the climate movement, both at an interfaith level (such as in Our Voices) and at the specific level of each denomination (such as the Global Catholic Climate Movement). With this movement, new youth international organizations have emerged to join the climate change movement such as Fridays for Future or Extinction Rebellion. What can work in climate campaigns These are several approaches that have been used in the past by climate advocates and advocacy campaigns: the provision of information, framing of information about aspects of global climate change, and challenging the terms of political debates. All three of these methods have been implemented in climate campaigns aimed at the general public. The information about the impacts of global climate change plays a role in forming climatic beliefs, attitude and behavior, while the effects of other approaches (e.g. provision of information about solutions to GCC, consensus framing, use of mechanistic information) is yet mostly unknown. The third approach is to create space for discussions that move beyond questions of economic interests that often dominate political debates to emphasize ecological values and grass-roots democracy. This has been argued to be crucial to bringing about more significant structural change. See also Business action on climate change Environmental movement Ecological movement Environmental racism List of environmental protests References Category:Green politics Movement	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
List of universities and colleges in Gansu The following is List of Universities and Colleges in Gansu. Notation National (Direct) Lanzhou University (), founded 1909 Ω National (Other) Northwest University for Nationalities () Provincial Northwest Normal University (), founded 1902 Lanzhou University of Technology (), founded 1919 Lanzhou Jiaotong University (), founded 1958 Gansu Agricultural University (), founded 1958 Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine () Lanzhou University of Finance and Economics () Gansu Political Science and Law Institute () Tianshui Normal Institute (Tianshui) () Hexi Institute (Zhangye) () Longdong College (Qingyang) () Gansu Institute of Administration () Lanzhou Institute of Technology () References List of Chinese Higher Education Institutions — Ministry of Education List of Chinese universities, including official links Gansu Institutions Admitting International Students Gansu	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Eremophila campanulata Eremophila campanulata, commonly known as bell-flowered poverty bush, is a flowering plant in the figwort family, Scrophulariaceae and is endemic to a small area in central Western Australia. It is a small, low, densely branched shrub with small leaves and purple or lilac flowers. Its most distinctive feature is the dark purple sepals at the base of the flowers. Description Eremophila campanulata is a small shrub with a tangled branches growing to a height of about tall. The leaves are crowded near the ends of the branches and are mostly long and wide, linear to club-shaped with the edges turned under. The flowers are borne singly in leaf axils on a stalk long. There are 5 dark purple, egg-shaped, pointed sepals which are long. The petals are long and joined at their lower end to form a bell-shaped tube. The tube is pale lilac-coloured to purple with three broad and two slightly narrower petal lobes on the end. The 4 stamens (sometimes 5 or 6 stamens) extend beyond the petal tube. Flowering mostly occurs from July to September and is followed by fruit which are dry, woody, oval to cone-shaped and long. Taxonomy and naming The species was first formally described by Robert Chinnock in 2007 and the description was published in Eremophila and Allied Genera: A Monograph of the Plant Family Myoporaceae. The type specimen was collected by Chinnock about east south east of Windidda. The specific epithet campanulata is a Latin word meaning bell-shaped, referring to the shape of the corolla. Distribution and habitat Eremophila campanulata occurs between Prenti Downs and Wongawol in the Gascoyne biogeographic region where it grows in stony clay on low hills. Conservation Eremophila campanulata is classified as "Priority Three" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife meaning that it is poorly known and known from only a few locations but is not under imminent threat. References campanulata Category:Eudicots of Western Australia Category:Plants described in 2007 Category:Endemic flora of Western Australia	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Myssjö-Ovikens IF Myssjö-Ovikens IF is a Swedish football club located in Oviken. Background The football club was formed following the merger of the Myssjö IF and Ovikens IF clubs in 1970. Both clubs appeared regularly in Division 4 Jämtland in the 1960s and Myssjö IF played one season in Division 3 in 1968. Myssjö-Ovikens IF currently plays in Division 4 Jämtland/Härjedalen which is the sixth tier of Swedish football. They play their home matches at the Åsvallen in Oviken. The club is affiliated to Jämtland-Härjedalens Fotbollförbund. Season to season In their most successful period Myssjö IF competed in the following divisions: In their most successful period Ovikens IF competed in the following divisions: The new club Myssjö-Ovikens IF were relegated in 1972 to Division 5: In recent seasons Myssjö-Ovikens IF have competed in the following divisions: Footnotes External links Myssjö-Ovikens IF – Official Website Category:Sport in Jämtland County Category:Football clubs in Sweden Category:1970 establishments in Sweden	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Qadamgah (ancient site) Qadamgah or Chasht-Khor is a (post)-Achaemenid rock-cut monument at the southeastern part of the Kuh-e Rahmat mountain in Fars Province of Iran, about 40 km south of Persepolis. It consists of three platforms with rear walls and staircases, and features cavities on the back wall and a now-dry spring and pond at the bottom. Its function has been a matter of debate, with latest research pointing to a religious function related to the holy element Water. Name Qadamgah, also transliterated as Kadam Gah ( Qadamgāh, ), is the modern Persian word for "footprint". Another local name is Qadamgāh-e Ali (, literally "the footprint of Ali"). The structure is also called Īvān-e Qadmgāh (, literally "the iwan of Qadamgah"). Another name is Chāsht-Khār ( or ), or Chāsht-Khor ( or ), which is also the name of the village nearby. Studies, description, and function The monument was first discovered by Capt. H. L. Wells (from the Royal Engineers) in 1881 who published a drawing of the plan and section of it, but did not describe it. The structure and its purpose was later discussed by Forsat-od-Dowleh (1854–1920), Louis Vanden Berghe (1954), Giorgio Gullini (1964), Mohammad Taqi Mostafavi (1964), Calmeyer (1975), Rémy Boucharlat (1979), Kleiss (1993), and Jean-Claude Bessac (2007). The structure has been built by cutting two deep terraces vertically from the top of the rocky limestone slope, forming three superimposed platforms with vertical rear walls. The monument lacks any built structures. Underneath the lower terrace there has been a now-dry spring feeding a pool which overlooked the monument. The terraces are wide. The lower terrace is above the ground. The upper terrace, which is higher, is linked to the lower one by two rock-cut staircases on the sides. Three rows of five shallow cavities have been cut in rectangular form into the back wall above the upper terrace. Several shallow, hemispherical holes are also cut along the edge of the upper terrace. The structure dates back to the Achaemenid or post-Achaemenid period. Several hypotheses have been proposed for its function, including an unfinished Royal tomb (it is compared to the two tombs near Persepolis; the construction would have been abandoned like the so-called "unfinished tomb of Darius III" at Persepolis South), a funerary function (with the cavities functioning as a place for bones (astōdān)), or a cultural function. Later observations suggest the work was finished, and the cavities were likely covered with hypothetical stone slabs (which may have contained inscriptions or reliefs for aesthetic purposes). Latest research by Jean-Claude Bessac favors a "cultic function related to water" (Aban) and the presence of the spring and the pool, and dismisses the funerary function. This would make Qadamgah a unique Achaemenid cultic place known to the date. There are also cuneiform clay-tablets in the Persepolis Administrative Archives with possible references to this site. The monument is fragile and is slowly decaying. The only published drawing of the plan and section of the monument is that of H. L. Wells. Rémy Boucharlat in Encyclopædia Iranica advises "a complete and careful survey ... and some excavation at its foot". See also Temple of Anahita Anahita Mithra Naqsh-e Rostam Pasargadae References Category:1881 archaeological discoveries Category:Achaemenid architecture Category:Archaeological sites in Iran Category:Archaeology of the Achaemenid Empire Category:Buildings and structures in Fars Province Category:Tourist attractions in Fars Province Category:Burial monuments and structures Category:Religious places Category:Religious buildings and structures in Iran Category:Water and religion Category:Anahita Category:Zoroastrianism	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Hepatozoon {{Automatic taxobox \| image = Hepatozoon canis.png \| image_caption = A gamont of Hepatozoon canis in a blood smear from a naturally infected dog \| display_parents = 10 \| parent_authority = Wenyon, 1926 \| taxon = Hepatozoon \| authority = Miller, 1908 \| subdivision_ranks = Selected species \| subdivision = Hepatozoon americanum Hepatozoon atticorae Hepatozoon ayorgbor Hepatozoon canis Hepatozoon cevapii Hepatozoon cuestensis Hepatozoon catesbianae Hepatozoon clamatae Hepatozoon fasciatae Hepatozoon lygosomarum Hepatozoon massardii Hepatozoon muris Hepatozoon pictiventris Hepatozoon punctatus Hepatozoon sauritus Hepatozoon seminatrici Hepatozoon sipedonHepatozoon sirtalisHepatozoon thomsoni (Minchin, [1908]) }}Hepatozoon is a genus of Apicomplexa alveolates which incorporates over 300 species obligate intraerythrocytic parasites. Species have been described from all groups of tetrapod vertebrates, as well as a wide range of haematophagous arthropods, which serve as both the vectors and definitive hosts of the parasite. By far the most biodiverse and prevalent of all haemogregarines, the genus is distinguished by its unique reciprocal trophic lifecycle which lacks the salivary transmission between hosts commonly associated with other apicomplexans. While particularly prevalent in amphibians and reptiles, the genus is more well known in veterinary circles for causing a tick-borne disease called hepatozoonosis in some mammals. Lifecycle Members of the genus Hepatozoon possess particularly complex lifecycles which vary considerably among species. Sexual reproduction and sporogenic development occur within the haemocoel of the invertebrate host, which is subsequently consumed by the vertebrate host. The sporozoites then migrate to the liver of the vertebrate, where they undergo multiple fission (asexual reproduction) to produce merozoites. The meronts are released into the bloodstream where they form gametocytes, the final stage of development within the vertebrate host. The gamonts are large, conspicuous organisms which occupy a significant portion of the erythrocyte, and are easily visible on simple blood films. When the invertebrate vector feeds on the blood of the infected vertebrate, the gamonts are taken up into the gut once more, where they undergo gametogenesis and the cycle begins once more. This simplified lifecycle is, of course, insufficient for species which infect vertebrate and invertebrate hosts which do not directly feed on one another, necessitating an even more complex cycle. For instance, Hepatozoon sipedon infects mosquitoes and snakes, but since snakes do not typically feed on mosquitoes, a third, intermediate host is required, in this case a frog. The frog ingests the infected mosquito, and the snake acquires the infection by feeding on the now-infected frog. Another mosquito can then feed on the snake, thus continuing the lifecycle. Hepatozoonosis, therefore, results when an animal eats an infected tick - the disease is not spread by tick bites. Species include Hepatozoon muris and Hepatozoon canis, which typically infects mice and dogs, respectively, and Hepatozoon atticorae'', which is found in birds. References Category:Apicomplexa genera	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Sergey Antonov Sergey Antonov is a Russian-born cellist, living in the United States. In 2007 he was the gold prize winner at the International Tchaikovsky Competition. Biography Born in Moscow in 1983 to two cellists, one a teacher at the Central Music School at the Moscow Conservatory, the other a Bolshoi Symphony Orchestra cellist, Antonov began studying the cello at age five. After graduating from the Moscow Conservatory, he studied at an advanced level with, among others, the legendary Mstislav Rostropovich. He is currently an Artist Diploma student at Boston's Longy School of Music. In 2008, he inaugurated, together with pianist Constantine Finehouse, the Trieste Chamber Music Association's Salotto Cameristico to great acclaim. Hailed as “…a brilliant cellist…” (M. Rostropovich) and “… a complete artist, both from the point of view of his unimpeachable technique and musically, with a cantabile quality and an energy that merge in a harmonious whole...” (Alberto Coda, Vita Nuova, Catholic Weekly of Trieste, Italy. May 2, 2008). Cellist Sergey Antonov “… literally spellbound the rapt audience ... with an expressive mastery of extraordinary maturity, realized through a technical skill exhibited without glitz but with the naturalness that characterizes a genial interpreter…” (Patrizia Ferialdi, Il Piccolo, Trieste, Italy. May 30, 2008). In the summer of 2007, Sergey became one of the youngest cellists to win a Gold medal at the International Tchaikovsky Competition. He has circled the globe, performing concerts in Japan, Korea, Bulgaria, Poland, Russia, Germany, Spain, France, Italy, Sweden, Finland, United Arab Emirates and the US. He performs extensively with the most prominent orchestras, in the most prestigious halls of Russia, his home country, under the management of the Moscow Philharmony with whom he holds a five-year soloist contract. In the summer of 2008, Sergey had made his American debut at the Newport Music Festival followed by solo recitals at Estivales de musique en medoc 2008 in Bordeaux, France, concerts in Savonlinna, Finland as well as in St. Petersburg, Russia. In July, he performed a live concert on the Boston’s radio show “Classics in the Morning” with Cathy Fuller on WGBH 89.7 FM. Highlights of his 2008 season included a 10-concert tour of Japan and Korea in January/February, culminating with performances of the Brahms Double Concerto in Moscow's Great Hall of the Moscow Conservatory. Other performances included appearances with the Petrozavodsk Symphony, chamber music collaborations with the Lyrica Chamber Music Series as their "Young Artist of the Year", and the Chamber Music Foundation of New England. He gave solo concerts in Trieste, Italy and chamber music concerts in Dubai, that were followed by concerts at the Great Hall of the Moscow Conservatory in performance of the Schumann cello concerto with Moscow Conservatory Symphony Orchestra . After his performance of the Elgar Cello Concerto with the Moscow Philharmonic in its "Stars of The 21st Century” series, a critic wrote “…[Antonov] is …unique…from a different world...a musician who has his own inner space…a performer, who turns each phrase, every deeply felt sound into an event of his own inner monologue…with such consciously developed nuances, sensitivity, such concentration in combination with the feeling of drama…” (Marina Borisova, Daily Telegraph, No.91, Moscow, Russian Federation. May 20, 2008). This season brought Sergey to Switzerland, Russia, Hungary and back to the U.S. to perform Tchaikovsky’s Rococo Variations with the Burlington Chamber Orchestra in the Lane series in Vermont and Longy Chamber Orchestra in Cambridge, Mass. In January 2009, Sergey has opened a new music series in Boston called “Great Russian Years” dedicated to the Great Russian composers. In Spring 2009 he is scheduled to perform extensively in Russia (January, February, March, April), Spain (March), Italy, Sweden (April), and Serbia (May) with summer engagements in the United States at Newport and New Hampshire music festivals in July. Sergey Antonov was born in 1983 into a family of cellists. His parents guided his first years, especially his mother, Maria Zhuravleva, a leading cello pedagogue at the prestigious Central Music School at the Moscow Conservatory. His late father, Boris, was a gifted cellist and a member of the Bolshoi Symphony Orchestra. He graduated from the Moscow Conservatory where he studied with Natalia Schakhovskaya and chamber music with Alexander Bonduryansky. Presently Sergey is an Artist Diploma candidate working with the Grammy nominated cellist Terry King at the Longy School of Music. Sergey won top prizes in the Dotzauer and David Popper Competitions, was named “Favorite Artist in the Cello Division” at the Tchaikovsky Competition by Toyota Corp., as well as a recipient of the “2008 Golden Talent Award “ by the Russian Performing Art Foundation. He has triumphed in many other competitions including first prizes at the Swedish Duo Competition, the International Chamber Music Competition of the Chamber Music Foundation of New England and the National ASTA Competition in Detroit (2007). A great influence on the cellist was his work with the late Mstislav Rostropovich. Sergey was a frequent participant in his master classes at the Moscow Conservatory, which led to the maestro's invitation to join him on tours of Europe and Russia. He has collaborated with such artists as Yuri Bashmet, Yuri Simonov, Justus Franz, Dora Schwartzberg, Vadim Rudenko, Bernadene Blaha, John Lenehan. Spring 2009 will bring new collaborations with Maxim Vengerov, David Geringas, Eugene Bushkov and Mikhail Pletnev. “There are few musicians this talented, with this esoteric ability, being able to touch the listener so deeply and put them in another dimension. Sergey Antonov is playing with intuition, he breathes and lives in music; the instrument is a natural extension of him.” (Sven Bertilsson, Katrineholm Kuriren, Sweden. July 2008) “…this musician has a serious artistic future.” (Marina Borisova, Daily Telegraph, No.91, Moscow, Russian Federation. May 20, 2008). References www.sergeyantonov.com www.sergeyantonov.com: Press kit www.sergeyantonov.com: Press kit, full biography cdbaby.com: Sergey Antonov www.digstation.com: Album details Category:Russian cellists Category:Living people Category:1983 births Category:Musicians from Moscow Category:Moscow Conservatory alumni Category:Longy School of Music of Bard College alumni	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Frederick L. Thompson Frederick Louis Thompson (July 28, 1871 – May 9, 1944) was an American politician who served as treasurer of Fremont County as a Democrat. Life Frederick Louis Thompson was born in Round Grove, Missouri on July 28, 1871 to John J. Thompson and Isabella Rowland. When he was seven his mother died and his father died two years later causing him to be raised by his uncle W. L. Thompson. On February 13, 1899 he won the Democratic nomination for Macon County school superintendent with 130 1/2 votes out of the 150 votes. He won in the general election and served from 1899 to 1905 as Macon County school superintendent. On May 2, 1907 he left Missouri and moved to Wyoming. From 1911 to 1915 he served as treasuer of Fremont County and in 1914 he was the Democratic nominee for Wyoming Treasurer, but was defeated by Herman B. Gates. On January 16, 1926 he was appointed as chief of police in Cheyenne, Wyoming by Mayor C. W. Riner and served until January 7, 1930. He was elected to the state house and in 1941 he ran for mayor of Cheyenne, but came last in the primary. On May 9, 1944 Thompson suffered a heart attack and died in Cheyenne, Wyoming at age 72. Electoral history References External links Category:1871 births Category:1944 deaths Category:19th-century American politicians Category:20th-century American politicians Category:Members of the Wyoming House of Representatives Category:Missouri Democrats Category:Wyoming Democrats	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
John Whibley John Whibley (7 July 1891 – 1972) was an English professional footballer who played in both the Southern League and Football League for Crystal Palace, as an outside left. He also played non-league football for Sittingbourne. Playing career Whibley was born in Sittingbourne, Kent and began his youth career with local club Sittingbourne F.C. He signed for Crystal Palace, then playing in the Southern League, in 1911, and over the following seasons, up until the outbreak of World War One, was a reserve player making only 20 appearances, scoring three times. Whibley's career was then interrupted by military service, but he returned to play for Crystal Palace in the 1919–1920 season (35 appearances, nine goals). He made a total of 55 appearances in the Southern League scoring 12 goals. In 1920, Crystal Palace became a founder member of the Third Division and Whibley made the transition to professional football. He became a regular in the side that won the inaugural Third Division title in 1920–21, making 32 appearances and scoring five times. Over the next two seasons Whibley made a further 59 appearances scoring 10 goals but towards the end of the 1922–23 season was no longer first choice outside-left and in May 1923, returned to Sittingbourne. He had made a total of 146 League appearances for Crystal Palace, scoring 27 goals. References External links John Whibley at holmesdale.net Category:People from Sittingbourne Category:English footballers Category:Association football forwards Category:English Football League players Category:Southern Football League players Category:Sittingbourne F.C. players Category:Crystal Palace F.C. players Category:1891 births Category:1972 deaths	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Đorđe Bajić (novelist) Đorđe Bajić (; born July 21, 1975) is Serbian writer, literary and film critic. Biography Bajić (1975) was born in Belgrade. He graduated from the Faculty of Philology, Belgrade and obtained Master's degree in Art and Media theory (thesis: Noir vs. neo- noir). He publishes film and literature reviews in Serbian press. As a novelist His first novel, a horror adventure Island of the Damned (Ostrvo prokletih), was published in 2010. It became an instant success and got critical acclaim. A couple of years later, he wrote and published two crime-mystery novels featuring the pivotal character of police inspector Nikola Liman – The Yellow Raincoat (Žuta kabanica, 2013) and Another Scumbag Bites the Dust (Jedno đubre manje, 2015). The third of his mysteries, novel Red Snow (Crveni sneg, 2015–2016), was presented to the public in 16 installments via Before After, a Serbian pop-culture and lifestyle portal. References Category:1975 births Category:Living people Category:Serbian writers Category:20th-century Serbian writers Category:21st-century Serbian writers	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Florida Opportunity Scholars Program Machen Florida Opportunity Scholar Program is a need-based scholarship at the University of Florida. The objective of the scholarship is to retain these particular students and have them graduate at rates equal to or greater than the standard undergraduate population on campus. History This program is designed to provide financial support for first-generation, financially disadvantaged students working toward a bachelor's degree. The first need-based scholarship was dispersed in the summer of 2006, and during the 2006-2008 academic years $3.6 million has been given to students at the University of Florida. In 2008, Coach Urban Meyer and Coach Billy Donovan agreed to lead the charge to raise $50 million to help support and fund this scholarship on campus. Objective This scholarship was designed for First-generation students that have unique needs and financial challenges. The Florida Opportunity Scholars Program was created by President Bernie Machen to increase the opportunities for academically prepared first-generation students to attend the university with having to struggle with financial burdens. For examples:books and fees, meal and housing, transportation, miscellaneous expenses are all covered by this scholarship. See also University of Florida Bernie Machen External links Official Website of the Scholarship Orlando Sentinel article about Machen giving Program $285 thousand AT&T donates large sum to scholarship Gatorzone info about Program References Category:University of Florida Category:Student financial aid in the United States Category:Education in Florida Category:2006 establishments in Florida Category:Scholarships in the United States	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Acrylic paint Acrylic paint is a fast-drying paint made of pigment suspended in acrylic polymer emulsion. Acrylic paints are water-soluble, but become water-resistant when dry. Depending on how much the paint is diluted with water, or modified with acrylic gels, mediums, or pastes, the finished acrylic painting can resemble a watercolor, a gouache or an oil painting, or have its own unique characteristics not attainable with other media. History Otto Röhm invented acrylic resin, which was quickly transformed into acrylic paint. As early as 1934, the first usable acrylic resin dispersion was developed by German chemical company BASF, which was patented by Rohm and Haas. The synthetic paint was first used in the 1940s, combining some of the properties of oil and watercolor. Between 1946 and 1949, Leonard Bocour and Sam Golden invented a solution acrylic paint under the brand Magna paint. These were mineral spirit-based paints. Acrylics were made commercially available in the 1950s. Following that development, Golden came up with a waterborne acrylic paint called "Aquatec". In 1953, Jose L. Gutierrez produced Politec Acrylic Artists' Colors in Mexico, and Henry Levinson of Cincinnati-based Permanent Pigments Co. produced Liquitex colors. These two product lines were the very first acrylic emulsion artists' paints. Water-based acrylic paints were subsequently sold as latex house paints, as latex is the technical term for a suspension of polymer microparticles in water. Interior latex house paints tend to be a combination of binder (sometimes acrylic, vinyl, pva, and others), filler, pigment, and water. Exterior latex house paints may also be a co-polymer blend, but the best exterior water-based paints are 100% acrylic, due to elasticity and other factors. Vinyl, however, costs half of what 100% acrylic resins cost, and polyvinyl acetate (PVA) is even cheaper, so paint companies make many different combinations of them to match the market. Soon after the water-based acrylic binders were introduced as house paints, artists and companies alike began to explore the potential of the new binders. Water-soluble artists' acrylic paints were sold commercially by Liquitex beginning in the 1950s, with modern high-viscosity paints becoming available in the early '60s. In 1963, Rowney (part of Daler-Rowney since 1983) was the first manufacturer to introduce artist's acrylic paints in Europe, under the brand name "Cryla". Painting with acrylics Before the 19th century, artists mixed their own paints, which allowed them to achieve the desired color and thickness, and to control the use of fillers, if any. While suitable media and raw pigments are available for the individual production of acrylic paint, hand mixing may not be practical because of the fast drying time and other technical issues, such as the necessity to combine several polymers, as well as surfactants, plasticizers, dispersants, defoamers and stabilisers in the correct amounts and order. Acrylic painters can modify the appearance, hardness, flexibility, texture, and other characteristics of the paint surface by using acrylic mediums or simply by adding water. Watercolor and oil painters also use various mediums, but the range of acrylic mediums is much greater. Acrylics have the ability to bond to many different surfaces, and mediums can be used to modify their binding characteristics. Acrylics can be used on paper, canvas and a range of other materials, however their use on engineered woods such as medium-density fiberboard can be problematic because of the porous nature of those surfaces. In these cases it is recommended that the surface first be sealed with an appropriate sealer. Acrylics can be applied in thin layers or washes to create effects that resemble watercolors and other water-based mediums. They can also be used to build thick layers of paint—gel and molding paste are sometimes used to create paintings with relief features. Acrylic paints are also used in hobbies such as train, car, house, and human models. People who make such models use acrylic paint to build facial features on dolls, or raised details on other types of models. Wet acrylic paint is easily removed from paint brushes and skin with water, whereas oil paints require the use of a hydrocarbon. Acrylic paints are the most common paints used in grattage, a surrealist technique that became popular with the advent of acrylic paint. Acrylics are used for this purpose because they easily scrape or peel from a surface. Painting techniques Acrylic artists' paints may be thinned with water or acrylic medium and used as washes in the manner of watercolor paints, but unlike watercolor the washes are not rehydratable once dry. For this reason, acrylics do not lend themselves to the color lifting techniques of gum arabic-based watercolor paints. Instead, the paint is applied in layers, sometimes diluting with water or acrylic medium to allow layers underneath to partially show through. Using an acrylic medium gives the paint more of a rich and glossy appearance, whereas using water makes the paint look more like watercolor and have a matte finish. Acrylic paints with gloss or matte finishes are common, although a satin (semi-matte) sheen is most common. Some brands exhibit a range of finishes (e.g. heavy-body paints from Golden, Liquitex, Winsor & Newton and Daler-Rowney); Politec acrylics are fully matte. As with oils, pigment amounts and particle size or shape can affect the paint sheen. Matting agents can also be added during manufacture to dull the finish. If desired, the artist can mix different media with their paints and use topcoats or varnishes to alter or unify sheen. When dry, acrylic paint is generally non-removable from a solid surface if it adheres to the surface. Water or mild solvents do not re-solubilize it, although isopropyl alcohol can lift some fresh paint films off. Toluene and acetone can remove paint films, but they do not lift paint stains very well and are not selective. The use of a solvent to remove paint may result in removal of all of the paint layers (acrylic gesso, et cetera). Oils and warm, soapy water can remove acrylic paint from skin. Acrylic paint can be removed from non-porus plastic surfaces, such as miniatures or models using certain cleaning products such as Dettol (containing chloroxylenol 4.8% v/w) An acrylic sizing should be used to prime canvas in preparation for painting with acrylic paints, to prevent Support Induced Discoloration (SID). Acrylic paint contains surfactants that can pull up discoloration from a raw canvas, especially in transparent glazed or translucent gelled areas. Gesso alone will not stop SID; a sizing must be applied before using a gesso. The viscosity of acrylic can be successfully reduced by using suitable extenders that maintain the integrity of the paint film. There are retarders to slow drying and extend workability time, and flow releases to increase color-blending ability. Properties Grades Commercial acrylic paints come in two grades: Artist acrylics (professional acrylics) are created and designed to resist chemical reactions from exposure to water, ultraviolet light, and oxygen. Professional-grade acrylics have the most pigment, which allows for more medium manipulation and limits the color shift when mixed with other colors or after drying. Student acrylics have working characteristics similar to artist acrylics, but with lower pigment concentrations, less-expensive formulas, and fewer available colors. More expensive pigments are generally replicated by hues. Colors are designed to be mixed even though color strength is lower. Hues may not have exactly the same mixing characteristics as full-strength colors. Varieties Heavy body acrylics are typically found in the Artist and Student Grade paints. "Heavy Body" refers to the viscosity or thickness of the paint. They are the best choice for impasto or heavier paint applications and will hold a brush or knife stroke and even a medium stiff peak. Gel Mediums ("pigment-less paints") are also available in various viscosities and used to thicken or thin paints, as well as extend paints and add transparency. Examples of Heavy Body Acrylics are Matisse Structure Acrylic Colors, Lukas Pastos Acrylics, Liquitex Heavy Body Acrylics and Golden Heavy Body Acrylics. Medium viscosity acrylics – Fluid acrylics, Soft body acrylics, or High Flow acrylics – have a lower viscosity but generally the same pigmentation as the Heavy Body acrylics. Available in either Artist quality or Craft quality, the cost and quality vary accordingly. These paints are good for watercolor techniques, airbrush application, or when smooth coverage is desired. Fluid acrylics can be mixed with any medium to thicken them for impasto work, or to thin them for glazing applications. Examples of fluid acrylics include Lukascryl Liquid, Lukascryl Studio, Liquitex Soft Body and Golden Fluid acrylics. Open acrylics were created to address the one major difference between oil and acrylic paints: the shortened time it takes acrylic paints to dry. Designed by Golden Artist Colors, Inc. with a hydrophilic acrylic resin, these paints can take anywhere from a few hours to a few days, or even weeks, to dry completely, depending on paint thickness, support characteristics, temperature, and humidity. Iridescent, pearl and interference acrylic colors combine conventional pigments with powdered mica (aluminium silicate) or powdered bronze to achieve complex visual effects. Colors have shimmering or reflective characteristics, depending on the coarseness or fineness of the powder. Iridescent colors are used in fine arts and crafts. Acrylic gouache is like traditional gouache because it dries to a matte, opaque finish. However, unlike traditional gouache, the acrylic binder makes it water-resistant once it dries. Like craft paint, it will adhere to a variety of surfaces, not only canvas and paper. This paint is typically used by water-colorists, cartoonists, or illustrators, and for decorative or folk art applications. Examples of acrylic gouache are Lascaux Gouache and Turner Acryl Gouache. Craft acrylics can be used on surfaces besides canvas, such as wood, metal, fabrics, and ceramics. They are used in decorative painting techniques and faux finishes to decorate objects of ordinary life. Although colors can be mixed, pigments are often not specified. Each color line is formulated instead to achieve a wide range of premixed colors. Craft paints usually employ vinyl or PVA resins to increase adhesion and lower cost. Interactive acrylics are all-purpose acrylic artists' colors which have the characteristic fast-drying nature of artists' acrylics, but are formulated to allow artists to delay drying when they need more working time, or re-wet their work when they want to do more wet blending. Exterior acrylics are paints that can withstand outdoor conditions. Like craft acrylics, they adhere to many surfaces. They are more resistant to both water and ultraviolet light. This makes them the acrylic of choice for architectural murals, outdoor signs, and many faux-finishing techniques. Differences between acrylic and oil paint The vehicle and binder of oil paints is linseed oil (or another drying oil), whereas acrylic paint has water as the vehicle for an emulsion (suspension) of acrylic polymer, which serves as the binder. Thus, oil paint is said to be "oil-based", whereas acrylic paint is "water-based" (or sometimes "water-borne"). The main practical difference between most acrylics and oil paints is the inherent drying time. Oils allow for more time to blend colors and apply even glazes over underpaintings. This slow-drying aspect of oil can be seen as an advantage for certain techniques, but it impedes an artist trying to work quickly. The fast evaporation of water from regular acrylic paint films can be slowed with the use of acrylic retarders. Retarders are generally glycol or glycerin-based additives. The addition of a retarder slows the evaporation rate of the water. Oil paints may require the use of solvents such as mineral spirits or turpentine to thin the paint and clean up. These solvents generally have some level of toxicity and are often found objectionable. Relatively recently, water-miscible oil paints have been developed for artists' use. Oil paint films can become increasingly yellow and brittle with time; they lose much of their flexibility in a few decades. Additionally, the rules of "fat over lean" must be employed to ensure the paint films are durable. Oil paint has a higher pigment load than acrylic paint. As linseed oil contains a smaller molecule than acrylic paint, oil paint is able to absorb substantially more pigment. Oil provides a refractive index that is less clear than acrylic dispersions, which imparts a unique "look and feel" to the resultant paint film. Not all the pigments of oil paints are available in acrylics and vice versa, as each medium has different chemical sensitivities. Some historical pigments are alkali sensitive, and therefore cannot be made in an acrylic emulsion; others are just too difficult to formulate. Approximate "hue" color formulations, that do not contain the historical pigments, are typically offered as substitutes. Due to acrylic paint's more flexible nature and more consistent drying time between layers, an artist does not have to follow the same rules of oil painting, where more medium must be applied to each layer to avoid cracking. It usually takes 15–20 minutes for one to two layers of acrylic paint to dry. Although canvas needs to be properly primed before painting with oil to prevent it from eventually rotting the canvas, acrylic can be safely applied straight to the canvas. The rapid drying of acrylic paint tends to discourage blending of color and use of wet-in-wet technique as in oil painting. Even though acrylic retarders can slow drying time to several hours, it remains a relatively fast-drying medium and adding too much acrylic retarder can prevent the paint from ever drying properly. Meanwhile, acrylic paint is very elastic, which prevents cracking from occurring. Acrylic paint's binder is acrylic polymer emulsion – as this binder dries, the paint remains flexible. Another difference between oil and acrylic paints is the versatility offered by acrylic paints. Acrylics are very useful in mixed media, allowing the use of pastel (oil and chalk), charcoal and pen (among others) on top of the dried acrylic painted surface. Mixing other bodies into the acrylic is possible—sand, rice, and even pasta may be incorporated in the artwork. Mixing artist or student grade acrylic paint with household acrylic emulsions is possible, allowing the use of premixed tints straight from the tube or tin, and thereby presenting the painter with a vast color range at their disposal. This versatility is also illustrated by the variety of additional artistic uses for acrylics. Specialized acrylics have been manufactured and used for linoblock printing (acrylic block printing ink has been produced by Derivan since the early 1980s), face painting, airbrushing, watercolor-like techniques, and fabric screen printing. Another difference between oil and acrylic paint is the cleanup. Acrylic paint can be cleaned out of a brush with any soap, while oil paint needs a specific type to be sure to get all the oil out of the brushes. Also, it is easier to let a palette with oil paint dry and then scrape the paint off, whereas one can easily clean wet acrylic paint with water. See also Notes and references External links National Acrylic Painter's Association Handling and Care Tips for paintings Category:American inventions Category:Art materials Category:Painting materials Category:Paints Category:Watermedia	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Brantevik Eel The Brantevik Eel () (Before 1859 - Before 7 August 2014), also known as Åle was a European eel (Anguilla anguilla) that is believed to have lived for more than 150 years. The eel was released into a well in the town of Brantevik, Sweden in 1859 by an eight-year-old boy, Samuel Nilsson. On 7 August 2014, the eel was reported to have died and was sent to an expert to determine the eel's actual age. The eel's head, presumed lost, was recovered later in a fridge. SVT's nature show Mitt i naturen extracted the eel from the well at one point, but put it back. References Category:Eels Category:Fauna of Sweden Category:Individual fish	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Mount Victoria babax The Mount Victoria babax (Pterorhinus woodi) is a species of passerine bird in the family Leiothrichidae. It was formerly treated as conspecific with the Chinese babax (Pterorhinus lanceolatus) It is found above in the Lushai Hills in the northeast Indian state of Mizoram and across the border into the Chin Hills in western Myanmar. Taxonomy The Mount Victoria babax was described by the English ornithologist Frank Finn in 1902 from a specimen collected in Kanpetlet near Mount Victoria (Nat Ma Taung) in western Myanmar. He coined the binomial name Babax woodi. The specific epithet woodi honours the co-author of the article, Lieutenant Henry Wood (1872-1940), who was a British Army surveyor in India. The Mount Victoria babax was considered as a subspecies of the Chinese babax until 2005 when the American ornithologists Pamela Rasmussen and John Anderton argued that the Mount Victoria babax should be treated as a separate species based on the differences in the plumage and song. The authors of a comprehensive molecular phylogenetic study published in 2018 estimated that the two taxons split around 1.8 million years ago. The same study found that the babaxes nested in one of three clades formed by the species in the genus Garrulax and suggested that the group should be placed together in the resurrected genus Pterorhinus. This proposal was adopted by the International Ornithologists' Union. References Collar, N. J. & Robson C. 2007. Family Timaliidae (Babblers) pp. 70 – 291 in; del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A. & Christie, D.A. eds. Handbook of the Birds of the World, Vol. 12. Picathartes to Tits and Chickadees. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. Category:Pterorhinus Category:Birds described in 1902	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Sexred Sexred, or Sexræd (d. 626?), was a king of the East Saxons. Sexred was the son of Sæberht (d. 616?) the first Christian king of the East Saxons, whom he succeeded, reigning jointly with his two brothers, Saeward and another, said on no good authority to have been named Sigebert (Bromton, ap. Decem SS. col. 743) but perhaps the unplaced Seaxbald, father of Swithhelm. Sexred refused to accept Christianity, openly practised paganism and gave permission to his subjects to worship their idols. When he and his brothers saw Mellitus (d. 624), bishop of London, giving the eucharist to the people in church, it was commonly believed in the Venerable Bede's time that they said to him, "Why do you not offer us the white bread that you used to give to our father Saba, for so they called him, and which you still give to the people?" Mellitus answered that if they would be washed in the font they should have it, but that otherwise it would do them no good. But they said that they would not enter the font, for they did not need washing but refreshment. The matter was often explained to them by the bishop, who persisted in refusing their request. At last they grew angry and banished him from their kingdom. Not long afterwards they went out to fight with the West Saxons, and were slain, their army being almost wholly destroyed (Bede, Hist. Eccl. ii. c. 5). This battle was fought against Cynegils and Cwichelm of Wessex, the West Saxon kings who invaded their territory with a larger force than the East Saxons could muster in or about 626. They were succeeded by Sigeberht the Little. In popular culture The first series of BBC Four drama Detectorists follows a group of characters searching for Sexred's lost burial place, in the hope of uncovering a Saxon hoard. References Attribution Category:Year of birth unknown Category:626 deaths Category:East Saxon monarchs Category:Anglo-Saxon warriors Category:Anglo-Saxons killed in battle Category:7th-century English monarchs Category:Anglo-Saxon pagans Category:Monarchs killed in action	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Mongoloid Mongoloid () is a grouping of various people indigenous to East Asia, Central Asia, Southeast Asia, North Asia, Polynesia, and the Americas. It is one of the traditional three races first introduced in the 1780s by members of the Göttingen School of History, the other two groups being Caucasoid and Negroid. Individuals within these populations often share certain associated phenotypic traits, such as epicanthic folds, sino- or sundadonty, shovel-shaped incisors and neoteny. The concept of Mongoloid races is historical referring to a grouping of human beings historically regarded as a biological taxon. Epicanthic folds and oblique palpebral fissures are common among Mongoloid individuals. Most exhibit the Mongolian spot from birth to about age four years. Mongoloids in general have straight, black hair and dark brown almond-shaped eyes, and have relatively flatter faces in comparison to those of Caucasoid and Negroid skulls. Due to covering a large and diverse population, from Native Americans to Vietnamese, the Mongoloid classification is difficult, but Mongoloids are generally considered to share some similar skeletal and dental features. The term Mongoloid has had a second usage referencing Down syndrome, now generally regarded as highly offensive. When used in reference to people with Down syndrome, the term "mongol" and related words affect the "...dignity of people of the mongoloid race..." Those affected were often referred to as "Mongoloids" or in terms of "Mongolian idiocy" or "Mongolian imbecility". Populations According to historical race concepts, Mongoloid peoples are the most spread out among all human populations since they have stretched almost completely around the earth's surface. From an Asian point of reference, populations range from as far east as Greenland, to as far west as Kalmykia, Crimea, giving Mongoloid peoples or their descendants a historical presence across four continents. According to the Meyers Konversations-Lexikon (1885–90), peoples included in the Mongoloid race are North Mongol, Chinese & Indochinese, Japanese & Korean, Tibetan & Burmese, Malay, Polynesian, Maori, Micronesian, Eskimo, and Native American. In 1856, the "Mongolian" race, using a narrow definition which did not include either the "Malay" or the "American" races, was the second most populous race in the world behind the Caucasian race. In 1881, the Mongoloid race, using a broad definition which included both Malays and indigenous Americans, was the most populous race on Earth, and it was still the most populous race on Earth in the year 1892, using a narrow definition which did not include either the "Malayan" or the "American" races. The first use of the term Mongolian race was by Christoph Meiners in 1785, who divided humanity into two races he labeled "Tartar-Caucasians" and "Mongolians". Johann Friedrich Blumenbach said that he borrowed the term Mongolian from Christoph Meiners to describe the race he designated "second, [which] includes that part of Asia beyond the Ganges and below the river Amoor, which looks toward the south, together with the islands and the greater part of these countries which is now called Australian". In 1861, Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire added the Australian as a secondary race (subrace) of the principal race of Mongolian. Arthur de Gobineau defined the extent of the Mongolian race, "by the yellow the Altaic, Mongol, Finnish and Tartar branches". Later, Thomas Huxley used the term Mongoloid and included American Indians as well as Arctic Native Americans. Other terms were proposed, such as Mesochroi (middle color), but Mongoloid was widely adopted. In 1909, a map published based on racial classifications conceived by Herbert Hope Risley classified inhabitants of Bengal and parts of Odisha as Mongolo-Dravidians, people of mixed Mongoloid and Dravidian origin. Similarly in 1904, Ponnambalam Arunachalam claimed the Sinhalese people of Sri Lanka were a people of mixed Mongolian and Malay racial origins as well as Indo-Aryan, Dravidian and Vedda origins. Howard S. Stoudt in The Physical Anthropology of Ceylon (1961) and Carleton S. Coon in The Living Races of Man (1966) classified the Sinhalese as partly Mongoloid. In 1927, Egon Freiherr von Eickstedt classified people from Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, East India, parts of Northeast India, western Myanmar and Sri Lanka as East Brachid, referring to people of mixed Indid and South Mongolid origins. East Brachid is another term for Risley's Mongolo-Dravidian. Eickstedt also classified the people of central Myanmar, Yunnan, southern Tibet, Thailand and parts of India as Palaungid deriving from the name of the Palaung people of Myanmar. The Burmese, Karen, Kachin, Shan, Sri Lankans, Tai, South Chinese, Munda and Juang, among others were classified as having "mixed" with the Palaungid phenotype according to Eickstedt. In 1940, anthropologist Franz Boas included the American race as part of the Mongoloid race of which he mentioned the Aztecs of Mexico and the Maya of Yucatán. Boas also said that, out of the races of the Old World, the American native had features most similar to the east Asiatic. In 1981, Elizabeth Smithgall Watts who taught anthropology at Tulane University said that the question of American Indians being a separate race from "Asiatic Mongoloids" is a question of how much genetic difference a population needs from another population to be considered a "major race". She said that even the people who consider American Indians to be a separate race acknowledge that they are genetically closest to "Asians". In 1983, Douglas J. Futuyma, professor of evolutionary processes at the University of Michigan, said that the inclusion of Native Americans and Pacific Islanders under the Mongoloid race was not recognized by many anthropologists who consider them distinct races. In 1984, Roger J. Lederer, Professor of Biological Sciences at California State University at Chico, separately listed the Mongoloid race from Pacific islanders and American Indians when he enumerated the "geographical variants of the same species known as races...we recognize several races, Inuit, American Indians, Mongoloid... Polynesian". In 1995, Dr. Marta Mirazón Lahr of the Department of Biological Anthropology at Cambridge University used the term Mongoloid to refer to Asian populations, Indigenous Australians, Pacific Islanders, Negritos, and Amerindians, classifying Northeast Asians as typical Mongoloids and all other Mongoloid groups as atypical Mongoloids. Subraces In 1900, Joseph Deniker said the "Mongol race admits two varieties or subraces: Tunguse or Northern Mongolian... and Southern Mongolian". Alfred L. Kroeber (1948), Emeritus Professor of Anthropology at the University of California, Berkeley, referring to the racial classification of mankind on the basis of physical features, said that there are basically "three grand divisions." Kroeber indicated that, within the three-part classification, the Mongoloid, the Negroid, and the Caucasian are the three "primary racial stocks of mankind." Kroeber said that the following are the divisions of the Mongoloid stock: the "Mongolian proper of East Asia," the "Malaysian of the East Indies," and the "American Indian." Kroeber alternatively referred to the divisions of the Mongoloid stock as the following: "Asiatic Mongoloids," "Oceanic Mongoloids," and "American Mongoloids." Kroeber said that the differences among the three divisions of the Mongoloid stock are not very large. Kroeber said that the Malaysian and the American Indian are generalized type peoples while the Mongolian proper is the most extreme or pronounced form. Kroeber said that the original Mongoloid stock must be regarded as being more like the current Malaysians, the current American Indians, or an intermediate type between these two. Kroeber said that it is from these generalized type peoples, who kept more nearly the ancient type, that peoples such as the Chinese gradually diverged, who added the oblique eye, and a "certain generic refinement of physique." Kroeber said that, according to most anthropometrists, the Eskimo is the most particularized sub-variety out of the American Mongoloids. Kroeber said that in the East Indies, and in particular the Philippines, there can at times be distinguished a less specifically Mongoloid strain, which has been called the "Proto-Malaysian," and a more specifically Mongoloid strain, which has been called the "Deutero-Malaysian." Kroeber said that Polynesians appear to have primary Mongoloid connections by way of the Malaysians. Kroeber said that the Mongoloid element of Polynesians is not a specialized Mongoloid. Kroeber said that the Mongoloid element in Polynesians appears to be larger than the definite Caucasian strain in Polynesians. Speaking of Polynesians, Kroeber said that there are locally possible minor Negroid absorptions, as the ancestral Polynesians had to pass by or through archipelagoes which are presently Papuo-Melanesian Negroid to get to the central Pacific. Archaeologist Peter Bellwood claims that the vast majority of people in Southeast Asia, the region he calls the "clinal Mongoloid-Australoid zone", are Southern Mongoloids but have a high degree of Australoid admixture. However more recent studies find no evidence of a "high degree of Australoid admixture". Southeast Asians are both morphologically and genetically very close to other Mongoloids in East Asia and only some show minor genetic admixture, mostly on their maternal side. Akazawa Takeru, professor of anthropology at the International Research Center for Japanese Studies, Kyoto, said that there are Neo-Mongoloids and Paleo-Mongoloids. Akazawa said Neo-Mongoloids have "extreme Mongoloid, cold-adapted features" and they include the Buryats, Eskimo and Chukchi. In contrast, Akazawa said Paleo-Mongoloids are less cold-adapted. He said Burmese, Filipinos, Polynesians, Jōmon and the indigenous peoples of the Americas were Paleo-Mongoloid. Human skeletal remains in Southeast Asia show the gradual replacement of the indigenous Australo-Melanesians by Southern Mongoloids from Southern China. No skeletal remains in Southeast Asia dated to the Pleistocene epoch have been unearthed that would classified as being indisputably Mongoloid, although skeletal remains dated to this epoch have been found with Mongoloid traits. Skeletal remains in Southeast Asia dated to the Pleistocene epoch with Mongoloid traits indicate that Mongoloid admixture from areas north of Southeast Asia was already taking place at this time. This trend toward an increasingly Mongoloid skeletal character in Southeast Asia continued during the later Holocene epoch as an increasing number of the skeletal remains dated to the last 7,000 years are classified as having "Southern Mongoloid skeletal material" relative to the earlier epochs. The dental evidence that pre-historic Southeast Asian skeletal remains are of the sundadont dental type, and the dental evidence that Southeast Asians, including Negritos, are of the sundadont dental type supports the idea that it was sundadont Southern Mongoloids from Southern China whose gene flow was making Southeast Asia more Mongoloid instead of the sinodont Northeast Asian Mongoloids from farther north. Most of the Southern Mongoloids' gradual replacement of the indigenous Australo-Melanesians in Southeast Asia, a process done by "replacing Australo-Melanesian hunter-gatherers or assimilating populations of 'Proto-Malays'", was done "within the historical period". After the "gradual and complex replacement" of the indigenous Australo-Melanesians by Southern Mongoloids in Southeast Asia, the only remaining indigenous Australo-Melanesian population in Southeast Asia at the present time are the Negritos of Thailand, Malaysia, the Philippines and the Andaman Islands. The concept which is "[t]he important concept" here is that the gradual replacement of Australo-Melanesians by Southern Mongoloids in Southeast Asia was a gradual change in the cline between these two populations. Native Americans In 1876, Oscar Peschel said that Native Americans were Mongoloids, and said that the Mongoloid features of Native Americans was evidence that Native Americans populated the Americas from Asia by way of the Bering Strait. Peschel said that some Native American tribes differ from Mongols in having a high nose bridge rather than a snub nose, but Peschel said that this different type of nose is not something shared by all Native Americans, so it cannot be considered a racial characteristic. Peschel said that Malays and Polynesians were Mongoloids due to their physical traits. Peschel said that the race of the Ainu people was not clear. In 1926, Aleš Hrdlička went on a journey that focused on "anthropological and archaeological matters" wherein Hrdlička traveled to the Bering Sea and places in Alaska. Hrdlička saw the conditions related to "the possibilities of the Mongoloid migrations through the Bering Sea", and Hrdlička concluded that these Mongoloid migrations were "so easy as to have been inevitable". Hrdlička concluded that Eskimos and American Indians come from a "common Mongoloid stem" which populated the Americas from the Alaska Peninsula. In 1998, Jack D. Forbes, professor of Native American Studies and Anthropology at the University of California, Davis, said that the racial type of the indigenous people of the Americas does not fall into the Mongoloid racial category. Forbes said that due to the various physical traits indigenous Americans exhibit, some with "head shapes which seem hardly distinct from many Europeans", indigenous Americans must have either been formed from a mixture of Mongoloid and Caucasoid races or they descend from the ancestral, common type of both Mongoloid and Caucasoid races. According to the National geographic, Native Americans also have partial West Eurasian origins. Nearly one-third of Native American genes come from an early West Eurasian people linked to the ancestors of Middle Easterners and Europeans, with the remaining two thirds deriving from early East Asian populations, rather than entirely from East Asians as previously thought, according to a newly sequenced genome. Based on the arm bone of a 24,000-year-old Siberian youth, the research could uncover new origins for America's indigenous peoples, as well as stir up fresh debate on Native American identities, experts say. Although these claims are controversial. Christos Stavrianos et al. (2012), of the Department of Endodology (Forensic Odontology) at Aristotle University, said that East Asians and Native Americans have been separated for at least 11,000 years on two distinct continents, yet due to East Asians and Native Americans sharing many physical traits in common due to common ancestry, some anthropologists classify them together as Mongoloids while other anthropologists, due to their differing traits, classify them as two separate races: the East Asian, and the Native American. Stavrianos said that the truth is that Mongoloids include various Asian groups, Eskimos, and Native Americans. Stavrianos said that Mongoloids are referred to as the "East Asian ethnic group" these days. Using the term "East Asian" to mean Mongoloids, Stavrianos said that the "East Asian" is a major racial group. Iran Boris A. Malyarchuk et al. (2002) extracted the total DNA from a sample of 25 Persians from Khorasan Province, a population which Malyarchuk referred to as "Eastern Iranians." Out of the population of Eastern Iranians studied, Malyarchuk said that 20% had Mongoloid mtDNA groups. Out of the population of Eastern Iranians studied, Malyarchuk indicated that the distribution of Mongoloid mtDNA groups was: 4.0% M*, 4.0% D, 4.0% A, and 8.0% B. Unlike Eastern Iranians, Malyarchuk said that the "Western Iranians" completely lack a Mongoloid component in their DNA. Malyarchuk said that the difference between Western and Eastern Iranians does not conflict with the historical data, because it is known that only the central and eastern parts of Iran were part of the ethnic lands of Persians. Malyarchuk said that populations of an origin other than Persian lived in the western and southeastern parts of Iran since ancient times, such as Azerbaijanis, Kurds, Lurs, Balochi, etc. The Hazaras are an Iranian speaking ethnic group that live in Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan. Genetically, the Hazara are a mixture of west Eurasian and eastern Eurasian components. While it has been found that "at least third to half of their chromosomes are of East Asian origin, PCA places them between East Asia and Caucasus/Middle East/Europe clusters". Genetic research suggests that the Hazaras of Afghanistan cluster closely with the Uzbek population of the country, while both groups are at a notable distance from Afghanistan's Tajik and Pashtun populations. There is evidence of both a patrimonial and maternal relation to Turkic Peoples and Mongols. East Asian male and female ancestry is supported by studies in genetic genealogy as well. East Asian maternal haplogroups (mtDNA) make up about 35%, which are virtually absent from bordering populations, suggesting that the male descendants of Turkic and Mongolian peoples, were accompanied by women of East Asian ancestry. Women of Non-East Asian mtDNA in Hazaras are at about 65%, most which are West Eurasians and some South Asian. The most frequent paternal haplogroups found amongst the Pakistani Hazara were haplogroup C-M217 at 40%(10/25) and Haplogroup R1b at 32% (8/25). Hideo Matsumoto (2009) said that Iranians are "basically Caucasoid with a northern Mongoloid admixture." Matsumoto said that immunoglobulin G marker genes ab3st, characterizing the northern Mongoloid, and afb1b3, characterizing the southern Mongoloid, are specific to the Mongoloid. Matsumoto indicated that, in the Mazanderanian ethnic group in Iran, the gene frequency of ab3st is 8.5% and the gene frequency of afb1b3 is 2.6%. Matsumoto indicated that, in the Giranian ethnic group in Iran, the gene frequency of ab3st is 8.8% and the gene frequency of afb1b3 is 1.8%. Mestizos Sherburne F. Cook (1946) said that Latin America has proceeded, nearly to completion, the combination of two distinct races to create a new type, the so-called mestizo. Cook said that the process started with a violent clash between a native, Mongoloid stock, and an invading Caucasian group. Katz and Suchey (1986) did a study that used males who were autopsied at the Department of Chief Medical Examiner-Coroner, County of Los Angeles. The study said that, based on physical appearance, it separated the Mexicans who had a Mongoloid appearance from those who had a Caucasoid physical appearance, with the Mongoloid groups comprising the "Mexican category." The study said that it paid attention to facial shape, hair form and color, skin color, and shovel-shaped incisors. The study said that its "Mexican category" was a category of individuals showing a heavy Mongoloid racial component in combination with Mexican ancestry. García‐Ramos et al. (2003) and Soto-Vega et al. (2004) both said that mestizos are "a complex mixture of European (Caucasian) and American native inhabitants (Mongoloid)." Ramírez-Cervantes et al. (2015) said that Mexican mestizos are "a complex mixture of European (Caucasian) and Native American (Mongoloid) genetics."<ref>Ramírez-Cervantes, K.L. et al. (2015). Characteristics and factors related to quality of life in Mexican Mestizo patients with celiac disease. BMC Gastroenterology, 15(4). Page 2. Link to the PDF document.</i></ref> South Asians Hideo Matsumoto (2009) said that populations in the India and nearby regions are basically Caucasoid, with many of them having Mongoloid admixture, such as Hindus in India, Tamils in South India, Sinhalese in Sri Lanka, Brahmins in Assam, Nepalese in Nepal, and Kalitas in Assam. Matsumoto said that only some populations in the India and nearby regions are basically Mongoloid with Caucasoid admixture, such as Muslims in Bangladesh, and Ahom in Assam. Matsumoto said that immunoglobulin G marker genes ab3st, characterizing the northern Mongoloid, and afb1b3, characterizing the southern Mongoloid, are specific to the Mongoloid. For the following populations, Matsumoto indicated the following respective gene frequencies of ab3st and afb1b3: Hindus in India, 4.2% and 7.4%; Tamils in South India, 4.8% and 8.3%; Sinhalese in Sri Lanka, 2.6% and 12.5%; Brahmins in Assam, 8.6% and 12.7%; Nepalese in Nepal, 9.0% and 19.9%; Kalitas in Assam, 6.6% and 36.6%; Muslims in Bangladesh, 4.4% and 35.6%; and Ahom in Assam, 10.0% and 60.4%. Indian Austro-Asiatic speakers have East Asian paternal Haplogroup O-K18 related with Austro-Asiatic speakers of East Asia and Southeast Asia. British ethnographer, Herbert Hope Risley classified the people of the Ganges Delta up to Bihar as "Mongolo-Dravidian" or the "Bengali type". This racial type included the Bengalis, Odias, Assamese and populations to the north in the Himalayas and was formed, according to Risley, through the intermixing of Mongolian and Dravidian populations. In his comparison between the upcountry Sinhalese and the Indian Tamil plantation workers of Sri Lanka, Howard S. Stoudt noted that the Sinhalese differed to the Indian Tamils because they were large chested with more Mongoloid faces. American physical anthropologist, Carleton S. Coon claimed the partial Mongolian ancestry of the Sinhalese people had most likely originated in Assam. History of the concept The earliest systematic use of the term was by Blumenbach in De generis humani varietate nativa (On the Natural Variety of Mankind, University of Göttingen, first published in 1775, re-issued with alteration of the title-page in 1776). Blumenbach included East and Southeast Asians, but not Native Americans or Malays, who were each assigned separate categories. In 1865, biologist Thomas Huxley presented the views of polygenesists (Huxley was not one of them) as "some imagine their assumed species of mankind were created where we find them... the Mongolians from the Orangs". In 1964, archaeologist Kwang-chih Chang said that it seemed like the Mongoloid race originated in South China, and he said that it seemed like the Mongoloid race was differentiating itself from other races in the Late Pleistocene. Chang based these thoughts on a skull found in Sichuan and a skull found in Guangxi. In 1972, physical anthropologist Carleton S. Coon said, "From a hyborean [sic] group there evolved, in northern Asia, the ancestral strain of the entire specialized Mongoloid family". In 1962, Coon believed that the Mongoloid "subspecies" existed "during most of the Pleistocene, from 500,000 to 10,000 years ago". According to Coon, the Mongoloid race had not completed its "invasions and expansions" into Southeast Asia, the Americas, and the Pacific Islands until "[t]oward the end of the Pleistocene". By this time, Coon hypothesized, the Mongoloid race had become "sapien". Mahinder Kumar Bhasin of the Department of Anthropology at the University of Delhi suggested in a review of an article referencing Mourant 1983 that "The Caucasoids and the Mongoloid almost certainly became differentiated from one another somewhere in Asia" and that "Another differentiation, which probably took place in Asia, is that of the Australoids, perhaps from a common type before the separation of the Mongoloids". Paleo-anthropologist Milford Wolpoff and Rachel Caspari characterize "his [Carleton Coon's] contention [as being] that the Mongoloid race crossed the 'sapiens threshold' first and thereby evolved the furthest". Douglas J. Futuyma, professor of evolutionary processes at the University of Michigan, said the Mongoloid race "diverged 41,000 years ago" from a Mongoloid and Caucasoid group which diverged from Negroids "110,000 years ago". In 1996, professor of anthropology, Akazawa Takeru of the International Research Center for Japanese Studies, Kyoto, said Mongoloids originated in Xinjiang during the "Ice Age". In 1999, Peter Brown of the Department of Anthropology and Paleoanthropology at the University of New England evaluated three sites with early East Asian modern human skeletal remains (Liujiang, Liuzhou, Guangxi, China; Shandingdong Man of (but not Peking Man) Zhoukoudian's Upper Cave; and Minatogawa in Okinawa) dated to between 10,175 and 33,200 years ago, and finds lack of support for the conventional designation of skeletons from this period as "Proto-Mongoloid". He stated that "The colonisation of the Americas by 11 kyr indicates an earlier date for the appearance of distinctively East Asian features, however, the earliest unequivocal evidence for anatomically East Asian people on the Asian mainland remains at 7000 years BP." He saw this as "possibility that migration across the Bering Strait went in two directions and the first morphological Mongoloids evolved in the Americas." A 2011 book about forensic anthropology stated, based on physical appearance, not accounting for admixture, there are considered to exist four basic ancestry groups into which someone can be placed: "the sub-Saharan African group ('Negroid'), the European group ('Caucasoid'), the Central Asian group ('Mongoloid'), and the Australasian group ('Australoid')." Legal history In 1858, the California State Legislature enacted the first bill of several that prohibited the attendance of "Negroes, Mongolians and Indians" from public schools. In 1885, the California State Legislature amended its code to make separate schools for "children of Mongoloid or Chinese descent." In 1911, the Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization was using the term "Mongolic grand division," not only to include Mongols, but "in the widest sense of all," to include Malays, Chinese, Japanese, and Koreans. In 1911, the Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization was placing all "East Indians," a term which included the peoples of "India, Farther India, and Malaysia," in the "Mongolic" grand division. In 1985, Michael P. Malone of the FBI Laboratory said that the FBI Laboratory is in a good position for the examination of Mongoloid hairs, because it does most of the examinations for Alaska, which has a large Mongoloid population, and it conducts examinations for the majority of Indian reservations in the United States. In 1987, a report to the National Institute of Justice indicated that the following skeletal collections were of the "Mongoloid" "Ethnic Group": Arctic Eskimo, Prehistoric North American Indian, Japanese, and Chinese. In 2005, an article in a journal by the FBI Laboratory defined the term "Mongoloid," as the term is used in forensic hair examinations. It defined the term as, "an anthropological term designating one of the major groups of human beings originating from Asia, excluding the Indian subcontinent and including Native American Indians." The United States Department of Justice has approved that, for forensic hair examination and/or laboratory reports, the hair examiner may state or imply that a human hair shows "Caucasian (European Ancestry), Negroid (African Ancestry) and/or Mongoloid (Asian or Native American Ancestry)" traits, which may or may not correspond to how an individual racially identifies. Features William C. Boyd (1950) indicated that Mongoloids have the following skull characteristics: a short skull length, a broad skull breadth, a middle skull height, an arched sagittal contour, a very wide facial breadth, a high facial height, a rounded orbital opening, a narrow nasal opening, a sharp lower nasal margin, a straight facial profile, a moderately wide palate shape, and a general impression of the skull which is large, smooth, and rounded. Šefčáková and Thurzo (1994) said that the following are Mongoloid features: a rather wide and flat nose of little prominence, a generally flat face, shovel-shaped incisors, crown enamel extension, and macrodontia. The study said that the face flatness index is an important indicator of Mongoloid features. Jodi Blumenfield (2000) indicated that Mongoloids have the following craniofacial traits: a broad cranial form, a high, globular sagittal outline, a medium nose form, a small nasal bone size, a concave nasal profile, a medium nasal spine, a medium nasal sill, a shoveled incisor form, a moderate facial prognathism, a moderate alveolar prognathism, a projecting malar form, a parabolic/elliptic palatal form, a round orbital form, a robust mandible, a moderate chin projection, and a median chin form. Kim Ing-gon et al. (2001) said that, anatomically, Orientals are distinct from Caucasians. Kim said that the characteristics that distinguish Orientals are: a relatively prominent zygoma, a relatively prominent angle of the mandible, a relatively flat nose, a Mongoloid slant of the palpebral fissure, and a thick dermis. Robert B. Pickering et al. (2009) indicated that Mongoloids have the following racial characteristics of the skull: a long skull length, a broad skull breadth, a middle skull height, an arched sagittal contour, a very wide facial breadth, a high facial height, a rounded orbital opening, a narrow nasal opening, nasal bones that are wide and flat, a sharp lower nasal margin, a straight facial profile, a moderately wide palate that is a broad U-shape, 90%+ frequency of shovel-shaped incisors, and a large, smooth general form of the skull. Nitul Jain (2013) indicated that Asians and Native Americans have the following anthropological variations of the skeleton that are associated with racial characteristics of the skull: a broad skull width, an intermediate skull height, an intermediate profile of the skull in terms of prognathism, orbits that have circular openings, a rounded nasal opening, and an intermediate palate in terms of width. In "Whites" and in "Mongoloid populations", the shafts of the femurs curve toward the front of the person relative to how the femurs are in "Blacks". "Mongoloids" have femurs with more curvature and more twisting at the neck than the femurs of both "whites" and "blacks". Whites have femurs that are "intermediate in both curvature and twisting" between Mongoloids and blacks. Blacks have femurs with less curvature and less twisting at the head or neck than the femurs of both whites and Mongoloids. In 1962, Carleton S. Coon said that one of the reasons that Mongoloids have flatter faces than Caucasoids is due to the masseter and temporalis jaw muscles in the faces of Mongoloids being positioned more toward the front of the faces of Mongoloids relative to where these jaw muscles are positioned in the faces of Caucasoids. A 1992 study compared the features of North African skull samples dated to the Late Pleistocene against purported "mongoloid" and "australoid" features. The study found that the skull samples had at "moderate to high frequencies" the "Chinese features" of shovel-shaped incisors and a horizontally flat face, and the study found that the skull samples had at "moderate to high frequencies" the "southeast Asian traits" of a high degree of prognathism, strong brow ridges, projecting cheekbones and "malar tuberosities". According to George W. Gill physical traits of Mongoloid crania are generally distinct from those of the Caucasoid and Negroid races. He asserts that forensic anthropologists can identify a Mongoloid skull with an accuracy of up to 95%. However, Alan H. Goodman cautions that this precision estimate is often based on methodologies using subsets of samples. He also argues that scientists have a professional and ethical duty to avoid such biological analyses since they could potentially have sociopolitical effects. Variation in craniofacial form between humans has been found to be largely due to differing patterns of biological inheritance. Modern cross-analysis of osteological variables and genome-wide SNPs has identified specific genes, which control this craniofacial development. Of these genes, DCHS2, RUNX2, GLI3, PAX1 and PAX3 were found to determine nasal morphology, whereas EDAR impacts chin protrusion. The East Polynesian, the Paleoindian/North American Archaic, and the Mongoloid/Late Amerindian are characterized by a "Square, heavy jaw". The East Polynesian and the Mongoloid/Late Amerindian are characterized by a "Median chin". The European is characterized by a "sharp, thin jaw" that has a "strong, prominent chin". Mongoloid peoples, meaning modern East Asians and Amerindians of the later time periods, are characterized by "robust" cheekbones that project forward and to either side of the face. The nasal sill bones of American Indians are of medium development and "sometimes even sharp", and, in this respect, they are like the nasal sill bones of "Whites" whose nasal sill bones are almost without exception sharp. The nasal bones of East Asians are "small" and "often flat". American Indians and East Asians almost never have a nasion depression which is the depression between the brow ridge and the bridge of the nose. The nasal sill bones of East Polynesians are "rounded", smooth and "dull" and, in this respect, they are like the nasal sill bones of sub-Saharan Africans and Australians/Melanesians. The nasal bones of East Polynesians are "large and prominent" and there is often a nasion depression in East Polynesians which is a trait that is also present in "Whites". East Polynesians have a lower nasal root than "Europeans". The nasal bridge of East Polynesians is not as straight in profile as the "European" nasal bridge, and the nasal bridge of East Polynesians does not have the "steeple shape" of the "Caucasoid" nasal bridge. Samoans are of the Mongoloid race but their features represent a "slightly different evolution since the time of their separation and isolation from their parental stock" or a retention of features that have been lost in other Mongoloid types. The "straight" or "low waves" hair of the Samoan is one such retention compared to the stiff, coarse hair that typifies the Mongoloid. Most of the characteristics of the Samoan have Mongoloid affinities such as: skin color, hair color, eye color, conjuctiva, amount of beard, hair on chest, nasal bridge, nostrils, lips, face width, biogonial width, cephalo-facial index, nasal height, ear height and chin. Polynesians lack characteristic Mongoloid shovel-shaped incisors, because this characteristic Mongoloid trait disappeared in the Polynesian population as the teeth of Polynesians reduced in size over the course of their evolutionary history. Mongoloid features are a mesocranic skull, fairly large and protruding cheekbones, nasal bones that are flat and broad, a nasal bridge that is slightly concave without depression in the nasion, "the lower borders of the piriform aperture are not sharp but guttered", shallow prenasal fossae, small anterior nasal spine, trace amounts of canine fossae and moderate alveolar prognathism. The Paleoindian has proto-Mongoloid morphology such as pronounced development of supraorbital ridges low frontals, marked post-orbital constriction, prominent and protruding occipitals, small mastoids, long crania and a relatively narrow bizygomatic breadth. The Mongoloid racial type is distinguished by forward-projecting malar (cheek) bones, comparatively flat faces, large circular orbits, "moderate nasal aperture with a slightly pointed lower margin", larger, more gracile braincase, broader skull, broader face and flatter roof of the nose. The traits of the Mongoloid skull are: long and broad skulls of intermediate height, arched sagittal contour, very wide facial contour, high face height, rounded orbital opening, narrow nasal opening, wide, flat nasal bones, sharp lower nasal margin, straight facial profile, moderate and white palate shape, 90%+ shovel-shaped incisors and large, smooth general form. Miquel Hernández of the Department of Animal Biology at the University of Barcelona said East Asians (Kyushu, Atayal, Philippines, Chinese, Hokkaido and Anyang) and Amerinds (Yaujos, Santa Cruz and Arikara) have the typical Mongoloid cranial pattern, but other Mongoloids such as Pacific groups (Easter Island, Mokapu, Guam and Moriori people), Arctic groups (Eskimos and Buriats), Fuegians (Selk’nam, Ya´mana, Kawe´skar) and the Ainu differ from this by having "larger cranial dimensions over many variables". The EDAR gene causes the Sinodont tooth pattern, and also affects hair texture, jaw morphology, and perhaps the nutritional profile of breast milk. Dennis C. Dirkmaat, professor of paleoanthropology and archaeology at Mercyhurst University, said that Southeast Asian skulls can be distinguished from Asian and Native American skulls in that they are "smaller and less robust" with noses exhibiting a medium width without nasal overgrowth, and can "exhibit gracile features common to female skulls". Dr. Ann H. Ross, Co-Director of the Forensic Sciences Institute at North Carolina State University, in a presentation on the concept of "race" (written in scare quotes) from the perspective of forensic anthropology, said individuals of "Asian ancestry" have an "intermediate profile", meaning the part of the maxilla is "moderate" compared to individuals of "African ancestry" who have a "projecting maxilla", and compared to individuals who are "White/Hispanic" who generally have a "straight profile" or "lack of prognathism". She qualified her statement about Hispanics by adding that their lack of prognathism would not hold true for Hispanic populations with "African admixture". Qing He et al. of the Obesity Research Center at Columbia University did a study on "fat distribution" of 358 prepubertal children and the study said that Asians have less gynoid fat than African Americans and more relative trunk fat than Caucasians, but less relative extremity fat than Caucasians. Cheekbones Pranitan Rattanasalee et al. (2014) said that the cheekbones of Mongoloid skulls are notably higher than the cheekbones of Caucasoid and Negroid skulls. Mandible William S. Laughlin (1963) said, "The enormously broad ascending ramus is characteristic of many Mongoloid groups. The breadth of this feature in Eskimos and Aleuts exceeds the breadth in Neanderthal man." A study took panoramic radiographs of two sites at the angle of the mandible of 79 dental students, consisting of 20 male Caucasoids, 20 female Caucasoids, 17 male Mongoloids and 22 female Mongoloids. The abstract for the study said that the Mongoloids in the study had about "20% higher bone density at the angle of the mandible" than the Caucasoids in the study with a p-value of 0.0094 for the males and a p-value of 0.0004 for females. Eyes In 1919, John Cameron wrote that vertical distances of the openings of the eye sockets of Mongoloids are the longest, the vertical distances of the openings of the eye sockets of Europeans are intermediate, and the vertical distances of the openings of the eye sockets of aboriginal Australians and Melanesians are the shortest. Jeong Sang-ki et al. of Chonnam University, using both Asian and Caucasian cadavers as well as four healthy young Korean men, said that "Asian eyelids" whether "Asian single eyelids" or "Asian double eyelids" had more fat in them than in Caucasians. Jeong et al. said that the cause of the "Asian single eyelid" was that "the orbital septum fuses to the levator aponeurosis at variable distances below the superior tarsal border; (2) preaponeurotic fat pad protusion and a thick subcutaneous fat layer prevent levator fibers from extending toward the skin near the superior tarsal border; and (3) the primary insertion of the levator aponeurosis into the orbicularis muscle and into the upper eyelid skin occurs closer to the eyelid margin in Asians." The Mongoloid eyelid is characterized by puffiness of the upper eyelid, "superficial expansion of the levator aponeurosis" that are "turned up around this transverse ligament to become the orbital septum", "low position of the preaponeurotic fat" and narrowness of the palpebral fissure. Skin Mongoloid skin has thick skin cuticle and an abundance of carotene (yellow pigment). Willett Enos Rotzell, professor of Botany and Zoology at the Hahnemann Medical College, said the Asian race has skin color ranging from a yellowish tint to an olive shade, with black and coarse hair with a circular cross section, an absent or scanty beard, a brachycephalic skull, prominent cheek bones and a broad face. Rotzell said that the Asian race has its original home in Asia. William F. Loomis (1967) said that Mongoloids have yellowish skin, because the stratum corneum of Mongoloids is packed with disks of keratin, allowing Mongoloids to live within 20 degrees of the equator, even though the skin of Mongoloids only has small amounts of melanin. Loomis said that, even on the equator, peoples of Mongoloid derivation acquire pigmentation, e.g. the Mongoloids who entered the Americas by way of the Bering Straits at latitude 66°N as recently as 20,000 to 10,000 years ago, who were previously of medium-light skin. Loomis said that, in the Mongoloids of Asia and the Americas, constitutive keratinization is a defense against the production of too much vitamin D. The average size of random melanosomes of "Asian skin" for Chinese individuals of Fitzpatrick phototype IV through V was measured to be 1.36 ± 0.15 μ m 2 × 10−2 which was between the higher value of 1.44 ± 0.67 μm2 × 10−2 measured for "African/American skin" of Fitzpatrick phototype VI and the lower value of 0.94 ± 0.48 μm2 × 10−2 measured for "Caucasian skin" of Fitzpatrick phototype II. The ratio of clustered to distributed melanosomes was 37.4% clustered vs. 62.6% distributed in Asian skin, 84.5%. clustered vs. 15.5% distributed in Caucasian skin and 11.1% clustered vs. 88.9% distributed in African/American skin. Both darker-skinned and lighter-skinned Asians have a thicker dermis than Caucasians of comparable skin pigment which may be the reason for a "substantially lower incidence of fine wrinkles" in Asians when compared to Caucasians, and this lower incidence of fine wrinkles may be the reason for the "myth" that Asian faces age slower than Caucasian faces. Asian people and black people have a thicker dermis than white people. The skin of Asian people and black people also has more sun protection than the skin of white people due to Asian people and black people having larger and more numerous melanosomes in their skin than white people. The thicker dermis and the more numerous melanosomes of larger size might be the reasons that Asian people and black people have a lower incidence of facial wrinkles than white people. Peter Bellwood (2007) said that the skin of Mongoloids has "a thick stratum corneum packed with keratin but little pigmentation." The skin of Asians turns darker and yellower with age relative to the skin of Caucasians. Teeth In 1953, Dentist Stephen Kolas wrote that Palatine tori and mandibular tori are more commonly present in Mongoloids than in Caucasians and Negroids. Kim S. Kimminau (1993) said that, as compared to Native Americans, there is a general trend of relatively large anterior teeth as compared to posterior teeth among Asian Mongoloids. Kimminau said that it is not typical for Mongoloids to have elaborated occlusional surfaces. Mongoloids generally have large incisors, large canines, large molars and small premolars. In 1996, Rebecca Haydenblit of the Hominid Evolutionary Biology Research Group at Cambridge University did a study on the dentition of four pre-Columbian Mesoamerican populations and compared their data to other Mongoloid populations. She said that Tlatilco, Cuicuilco, Monte Albán and Cholula populations followed an overall Sundadont dental pattern characteristic of Southeast Asia rather than a Sinodont dental pattern characteristic of Northeast Asia. George Richard Scott, physical anthropologist at the University of Nevada, said that some East Asians (in particular, Koreans, some Han Chinese and some Japanese), as well as Native Americans, have a distinctive dental pattern known as Sinodonty, where, among other features, the upper first two incisors are not aligned with the other teeth, but are rotated a few degrees inward and are shovel-shaped. A "mandibular torus" is a trait that commonly occurs in "Mongoloid populations". Mongoloid teeth are larger than Caucasoid and Negroid teeth. Mongoloids have mandibles that are "robust", and Mongoloids have mandibles that are "similar" to the mandibles of Negroids in respect to the chins of Mongoloids and Negroids not being as prominent as the chins of Caucasoids and in respect to the chins of Mongoloids and Negroids being "median" while the Caucasoid chin is "bilateral". Hair Commenting on the lack of body hair (glabrousness) of Negroids and Mongoloids, Carleton S. Coon wrote in 1939 that "[b]oth negroid and mongoloid skin conditions are inimical to excessive hair development except upon the scalp." Edward J. Imwinkelried (1982), Professor of Law at Washington University, said that Mongoloid hair has a dense pigment, which is distributed rather evenly. Imwinkelried said that the shaft of Mongoloid hair has a circular or triangular shape when viewing its cross section. Imwinkelried said that there is a tendency of Mongoloid hair to be coarse and straight. Mongoloid males have "little or no facial or body hair". Mongoloid hair is coarse, straight, blue-black and weighs the most out of the races. The size of the average Mongoloid hair is based on samples from Chinese, North and South American Indians, Eskimos and Thais. Mongoloid hair whether it be Sioux, Ifugao or Japanese has the thickest diameter out of all human hair. Douglas W. Deedrick, Unit Chief of the Trace Evidence Unit for the Federal Bureau of Investigation, said that hairs of "Mongoloid or Asian origin" are characterized as being straight and coarse with a circular cross section and a wider diameter than those of other "racial groups". He said that the cuticle is thicker than those of Negroid or Caucasian hairs while the medulla is "continuous and wide". He said that the pigment granules are smaller than the larger pigment granules of Negroid hair, and the pigment granules in the cortex are "generally larger" than those of Caucasian hair. Unlike the "evenly distributed" pigment granules of Caucasian hair, Asian hair frequently has clusters of pigment granules that form "patchy areas". The theoretical index of hair bending stiffness is calculated using the thickest and thinnest axial diameters of human hair, and this index differs by race. The hair stiffness indexes of Mongoloids, Africans and Europeans are: 4.23, 2.75 and 1.59, respectively. This means that Mongoloids with the highest hair stiffness index value of 4.23 have the most rigid hair and Europeans with the lowest hair stiffness index value of 1.59 have the least rigid hair. The eccentricity of hair cross-sectional shape index is also calculated using the thickest and thinnest axial diameters of human hair, and this index also differs by race. The hair eccentricity indexes of Africans, Europeans and Mongoloids are: 1.74, 1.49 and 1.30, respectively. This means that Africans with the highest hair eccentricity index value of 1.74 have the curliest hair and Mongoloids with the lowest hair eccentricity index value of 1.30 have the least curly hair. Proto-Mongoloids Arteaga et al. (1951) said that the immunological traits of the Mexican Indians are not in disagreement with the historical and anthropological basis for their Mongoloid origin. Arteaga said that the Otomi and the Tarascans are considered to be typical Mongoloids. Arteaga said that the Mexican Indians and the Chinese are both typical Mongoloids, but the Mexican Indians and the Chinese differ somewhat, with the Mexican Indians having a preponderance of O and M blood phenotypes, while the Chinese have high frequencies of A and B blood phenotypes, and low frequencies of M and E blood phenotypes. Arteaga accounted for this blood phenotype frequency difference by accepting the fact that the American Indian may represent the Proto-Mongoloid, while the Chinese are a rather mixed group. Harold E. Driver (1969), a leading figure in postwar American anthropology, said that American Indians physically resemble Asians more than any other major Old World physical type. Driver said that the resemblance, however, is closer to the marginal Mongoloids of Indonesia, West Central Asia, and Tibet than to the central Mongoloids of Mongolia, China, or Japan. Driver said that the marginal Mongoloids represent an earlier and less specialized racial type in comparison to the central Mongoloids. Driver said that American Indians came from the ancestors of the marginal Mongoloids, who were present in most of Asia, north and east of India. Driver said that, in comparison to the central Mongoloids, the marginal Mongoloids share more physical traits in common with Europeans. Driver said that the greater physical resemblance of marginal Mongoloids to Europeans is a fact that is explained by the hypothesis that the separation of Mongoloids and Europeans had not progressed very far when Mongoloids in Northeast Asia started to migrate into Alaska by way of the land bridge across the Bering Strait. Tsunehiko Hanihara of the Department of Anatomy at Jichi Medical School suggests that the inhabitants of Aogashima and Okinawa, Minatogawa Man, the Jōmon and the modern Ainu are most likely directly descended from Proto-Mongoloids of Late Pleistocene Sundaland. Mark J. Hudson, Professor of Anthropology at Nishikyushu University, said Japan was settled by a Proto-Mongoloid population in the Pleistocene who became the Jōmon and their features can be seen in the Ainu, Okinawan and as well in Yamato people. Hudson said that, later, during the Yayoi period, the Neo-Mongoloid type entered Japan. Hudson said that genetically Japanese people are primarily Neo-Mongoloid with Proto-Mongoloid admixture. Theodore G. Schurr of the Department of Anthropology at the University of Pennsylvania said that Mongoloid traits emerged from Transbaikalia, central and eastern regions of Mongolia, and several regions of Northern China. Schurr said that studies of cranio-facial variation in Mongolia suggest that the region of modern-day Mongolians is the origin of the Mongoloid racial type". In 1959, Dr. Wu Rukang of the Institute of Vertebrate Palaeontology and Palaeoanthropology, Academia Sinica, China, said the remains of Liukiang human fossils were an early type of evolving Mongoloid that indicated South China was the birthplace where the Mongoloid race originated. Dr. Marta Mirazón Lahr of the Department of Biological Anthropology at Cambridge University said there are two hypotheses on the origin of Mongoloids. Lahr said that one hypothesis is that Mongoloids originated in north Asia due to the regional continuity in this region and this population conforming best to the standard Mongoloid features. Lahr said that the other hypothesis is that Mongoloids originate from Southeast Asian populations that expanded from Africa to Southeast Asia during the first half of the Upper Pleistocene and then traveled to Australia-Melanesia and East Asia. Lahr said that the morphology of the Paleoindian is consistent with the proto-Mongoloid definition. Hisao Baba and Shuichiro Narasaki of the Department of Anthropology at the National Science Museum, in Tokyo, Japan, said that it is broadly accepted that Zhoukoudian Upper Cave Man and maybe Liujian Man were "so-called proto-Mongoloids" who did not have a completely developed Mongoloid complex. Neoteny In 1951, Ashley Montagu claimed "the skeleton of the classic Mongoloid type is very delicately made, even down to the character of the sutures of the skull which, like those of the infant skull, are relatively smooth and untortuous. In fact the Mongoloid presents so many physical traits which are associated with the late fetus or young infant that he has been called a fetalized, infantilized or pedomorphic type. Those who have carefully observed young babies may recall that the root of the nose is frequently flat or low as in Mongoloids, and that an internal epicanthic fold in such instances is usually present. The smaller number of individual head hairs and the marked hairlessness of the remainder of the body are infantile traits, as are likewise the small mastoid processes, the shallow fossa into which the jawbone fits (the mandibular fossa), the rather stocky build, the large brain-pan and brain, lack of brow ridges, and quite a number of other characters." Stephen Oppenheimer of the Institute of Cognitive & Evolutionary Anthropology at Oxford University said, "An interesting hypothesis put forward by paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould many years ago was that the package of the Mongoloid anatomical changes could be explained by the phenomenon of neoteny, whereby an infantile or childlike body form is preserved in adult life. Neoteny in hominids is still one of the simplest explanations of how we developed a disproportionately large brain so rapidly over the past few million years. The relatively large brain and the forward rotation of the skull on the spinal column, and body hair loss, both characteristic of humans, are found in foetal chimps. Gould suggested a mild intensification of neoteny in Mongoloids, in whom it has been given the name pedomorphy. Such a mechanism is likely to involve only a few controller genes and could therefore happen over a relatively short evolutionary period. It would also explain how the counterintuitive retrousse [turned up at the end] nose and relative loss of facial hair got into the package". "[D]ecrease unnecessary muscle bulk, less tooth mass, thinner bones and smaller physical size; ...this follows the selective adaptive model of Mongoloid evolution". Paul Storm of the Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Netherlands, said that in Australasia there are two types of cranial morphologies—the "Sunda" (Mongoloid) and "Sahul" (Australoid) types. Storm said that the "Sunda" (Mongoloid) type includes Chinese and Javanese people, and he said that the "Sahul" (Australoid) type includes Papuans and Australian aborigines. Storm said that the "Sunda" (Mongoloid) type has a flat face with high cheek bones, and Storm said that this "flat face" of the Chinese and Javanese is known as the "mongoloid face". Storm further said that the "Sunda" (Mongoloid) type has a more rounded skull, "feminine (juvenile) characters", a "retention of juvenile characters" and a limited outgrowth of superstructures such as the supraorbital region. Storm said that "Sunda" (Mongoloid) skulls resemble female skulls more than "Sahul" (Australoid) skulls resemble female skulls. Storm said that the skulls of "Asian" males ("Chinese and Javanese") have "more feminine characteristics", and he said that they have "many feminine characters in contrast with Australians". Paul Storm said that Asia contained humans with "generalized" cranial morphology, but between 20,000 BP and 12,000 BP this generalized type disappeared as a new type emerged. This new type had a flatter face with more pronounced cheekbones, a more rounded head, reduced sexual dimorphism (male skulls started to resemble female skulls), a reduction of superstructures such as the supraorbital region and an increased "retention of juvenile characters". Storm said that this new type of skull that emerged is called the "Proto-Sunda" (Proto-Mongoloid) type, and it is distinguished from the "Sunda" (Mongoloid) type by being more "robust". Storm said that the "Mongoloid" or "Asian" type of skull developed relatively fast during a population bottleneck in Asia that happened during the Late Pleistocene or Early Holocene through a microevolutionary trend that involved a "continuation of neoteny and gracilisation trends". Due to different courses of evolution, Storm said that these two types of skulls, the "Sunda" (Mongoloid) type and the "Sahul" (Australoid) type, are now clearly recognizable at the present time. Andrew Arthur Abbie who was an anatomist and anthropologist at the University of Adelaide talked about leg-to-torso length being related to neoteny. Abbie said that women normally have shorter legs than men, and he said that shorter legs are the normal condition in some ethnic groups such as Mongoloids. Abbie said that Mongoloids of whom he listed the people of "China, Japan and the Americas" have proportionately larger heads and shorter legs than Europeans, and he said that this is a case of "paedomorphism". Abbie said that aboriginal Australians and some African ethnic groups such as the "Negro", the "Hottentot" and the "Nubian" peoples have proportionately longer legs than Europeans, and he said that this is a case of "gerontomorphism". Abbie said that ethnic groups with proportionately shorter legs than Europeans are relatively "paedomorphic" in terms of leg-to-torso ratios when compared to Europeans, and he said that ethnic groups with proportionately longer legs than Europeans are relatively "gerontomorphic" in terms of leg-to-torso ratios when compared to Europeans. Cold adaptation Akazawa Takeru, an anthropology professor at the International Research Center for Japanese Studies in Kyoto, wrote that Mongoloid features are an adaptation to the cold of the Mammoth steppe. He mentions the Lewis waves of warm blood cyclical vasodilation and vasoconstriction of the peripheral capillaries in Mongoloids as an adaption to the cold. He lists the short limbs, short noses, flat faces, epicanthic fold and lower surface-to-mass ratio as further Mongoloid adaptations to cold. Mongoloids evolved hairlessness to keep clean while wearing heavy garments for months without bathing during the Ice Age. Nicholas Wade said that biologists have speculated that the Mongoloid skull type was the result of natural selection in response to a cold climate, and Wade said that the Mongoloid skull type first started to indisputably appear in the archaeological record 10,000 years ago. Wade said that biologists have speculated that the fat in the eyelids of Mongoloids and the stocky builds of Mongoloids were selected for as adaptations to the cold. Takasaki Yuji of Akita University said that, "Mongoloid ancestors had evolved over time in cold environments" and the short limbs of the Mongoloid was due to Allen's ecological rule. Writing in 1980, anthropology professor Joseph K. So at Trent University in Ontario cited a 1965 study by J. T. Steegman showing that the so-called cold-adapted Mongoloid face provided no greater protection against frostbite than the facial structure of European subjects. In explaining Mongoloid cold-adaptiveness, So cites the work of W. L. Hylander (1977) where Hylander said that in the Eskimo (Inuit), for example, the reduction of the brow ridge and flatness of the face are instead due to internal structural configurations that are cold-adapted in the sense that they produce a large vertical bite force necessary to chew frozen seal meat. Miquel Hernández of the Department of Animal Biology at the University of Barcelona said that the high and narrow nose of Eskimos (Inuit) and the Neanderthals is an adaptation to a cold and dry environment, since it contributes to warming and moisturizing the air and the "recovery of heat and moisture from expired air". A. T. Steegman of the Department of Anthropology at State University of New York investigated the assumption that Allen's rule caused the structural configuration of the Arctic Mongoloid face. Steegman did an experiment that involved the survival of rats in the cold. Steegman said that the rats with narrow nasal passages, broader faces, shorter tails and shorter legs survived the best in the cold. Steegman paralleled his findings with the Arctic Mongoloids, particularly the Eskimo and Aleut, by claiming these Arctic Mongoloids have similar features in accordance with Allen's rule: a narrow nasal passage, relatively large heads, long to round heads, large jaws, relatively large bodies, and short limbs. Kenneth L. Beals of the Department of Anthropology at Oregon State University said that the indigenous people of the Americas have cephalic indexes that are an exception to Allen's rule, since the indigenous people of the hot climates of North and South America have cold-adapted, high cephalic indexes. Beals said that these peoples have not yet evolved the appropriate cephalic index for their climate, being, comparatively, only recently descended from the cold-adapted Arctic Mongoloid. In 1950, Carleton S. Coon et al. said that Mongoloids have faces that are adapted to the extreme cold of subarctic and arctic conditions. Coon et al. said that Mongoloids have eye sockets that have been extended vertically to make room for the adipose tissue that Mongoloids have around their eyeballs. Coon et al. said that Mongoloids have "reduced" brow ridges to decrease the size of the air spaces inside of their brow ridges known as the frontal sinuses which are "vulnerable" to the cold. Coon et al. said that Mongoloid facial features reduce the surface area of the nose by having nasal bones that are flat against the face and having enlarged cheekbones that project forward which effectively reduce the external projection of the nose. Carleton S. Coon also has a hypothesis for why noses on Mongoloids are very distinct. Typically, the nose is not very prominent on the face of a Mongoloid. Their frontal sinus is also reduced in order to allow more room for padding to protect from their cold environment. Regardless of the environment that the Mongoloid is in, their nose helps reduce the stress of the environment on their body by moistening the air inspired to cool the body off instead of doing a straight up heat exchange. The Asian mt-DNA Haplogroup D has been shown in a small Japanese study to provide greater heat production upon exposure to cold than other haplogroups prevalent in the area. Mongolian spot A Mongolian spot, also known as Mongolian blue spot, congenital dermal melanocytosis, and dermal melanocytosis is a benign, flat, congenital birthmark with wavy borders and irregular shape. In 1883 it was described and named after Mongolians by Erwin Bälz, a German anthropologist based in Japan. It normally disappears three to five years after birth and almost always by puberty. The most common color is blue, although they can be blue-gray, blue-black or deep brown. The spot is prevalent among East, South, Southeast, North and Central Asian peoples, Indigenous Oceanians (chiefly Micronesians and Polynesians), Sub-Saharan Africans, Amerindians, non-European Latin Americans, Caribbeans of mixed-race descent, and Turkish people. They occur in about 90 to 95% of Asian and 80 to 85% Native American infants. Approximately 90% of Polynesians and Micronesians are born with Mongolian spots, as are about 46% of children in Latin America, where they are associated with non-European descent. These spots also appear on 5–10% of babies of full Caucasian descent; Coria del Río in Spain has a high incidence due to the presence of descendants of Hasekura Tsunenaga, the first Japanese official envoy to Spain in the early 17th century. Black babies have Mongolian spots at a frequency of 96%. Genetic research Genetic research into the separation time between the major racial groups was presented as early as 1985 by Masatoshi Nei. Nei (1985) found a separation time between Negroid and Eurasian (Caucasoid and Mongoloid taken together) of roughly 110,000 years, and a separation time between the Caucasoid and Mongoloid groups of roughly 40,000 years. In 2006, Yali Xue et al. of the genome research Sanger Institute conducted a study of linkage disequilibrium that said that northern populations in East Asia started to expand in number between 34 and 22 thousand years ago, before the last glacial maximum at 21–18 KYA, while southern populations started to expand between 18 and 12 KYA, but then grew faster, and suggests that the northern populations expanded earlier because they could exploit the abundant megafauna of the "Mammoth Steppe", while the southern populations could increase in number only when a warmer and more stable climate led to more plentiful plant resources such as tubers. Gravel et al. (2010) gave a lower estimate for Caucasoid-Mongoloid divergece, between 28,000 and 21,000 years ago. A 2016 study presented an analysis of the population genetics of the Ainu people of northern Japan as key to the reconstruction of the early peopling of East Asia. The Ainu were found to represent a more basal branch than the modern farming populations of East Asia, suggesting an ancient (pre-Neolithic) connection with northeast Siberians. Numerous studies performed during 2009–2016 have suggested that Eurasian populations can be derived from an early division of the non-African lineage into an eastern and a western clade before around 40,000 years ago. The position of the Australasian clade relative to this has long been uncertain, with some authors arguing from an early division of Australasians from all other Eurasians. Reviewing the evidence, Lipson and Reich (2017) present as best-fitting model an early trifurcation of the eastern Eurasian clade into the East Asian, Onge and Australasian lineages. East Asian genetics shows a number of concentrated alleles suggestive of selection pressures since their separation from Caucasoids. This concerns the genes EDAR, ADH1B, ABCC1, and ALDH2 in particular. The East Asian types of ADH1B are associated with rice domestication and would thus have arisen after the c. 11,000 years ago. A 2013 study associated several phenotypical traits associated with Mongoloids with a single mutation of the EDAR gene, dated to c. 35,000 years ago. A 2013 study found Neanderthal introgression of 18 genes—several of which are related to UV-light adaptation—within the chromosome 3p21.31 region (HYAL region) of East Asians. The introgressive haplotypes were positively selected in only East Asian populations, rising steadily from 45,000 years ago until a sudden increase of growth rate around 5,000 to 3,500 years ago. They occur at very high frequencies among East Asian populations in contrast to other Eurasian populations (e.g. European and South Asian populations). The findings also suggests that this Neanderthal introgression occurred within the ancestral population shared by East Asians and Native Americans. "Tianyuan Man", an individual who lived in China c. 40,000 years ago, showed substantial Neanderthal admixture. A 2017 study of the ancient DNA of Tianyuan Man found that the individual is closely related to modern East Asian popularions, but not a direct ancestor. Subgroupings In a 1994 study led by Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza, 42 Asian populations were divided into three groupings, 1. Asian Caucasoids, 2. Northeast and East Asian, 3. Southeast Asian, with substantial Caucasoid-Mongoloid hybridization along an approximate boundary running from the Urals to the eastern part of India. Other studies also show that S. Chinese, Vietnamese and Tai peoples were found intermediate between the N. Chinese or other Northeast Asians and Southeast Asian. Atsushi Tajima et al., of The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, said that there is evidence for four separate populations, carrying distinct sets of non-recombining Y chromosome lineages, within the traditional Mongoloid category: North Asians, Han Chinese, Japanese/Koreans, and Southeast Asians. Satoshi Horai of the Japanese National Institute of Genetics, said that phylogenetic analysis indicated that there are two distinct groups of Mongoloids – one which early on diverged from Negroids and another that diverged from Caucasoids later. Horai said that Mongoloid distribution corresponds to North and South America, Oceania, Southeast Asia, east Asia, and Siberia. A study conducted by the HUGO Pan-Asian SNP Consortium in 2009 used principal components analysis, which makes no prior population assumptions, on genetic data sampled from a large number of points across Asia. They said that East Asian and South-East Asian populations clustered together, and suggested a common origin for these populations. At the same time they observed a broad discontinuity between this cluster and South Asia, commenting most of the Indian populations showed evidence of shared ancestry with European populations. The study said that genetic ancestry is strongly correlated with linguistic affiliations as well as geography. Scott W. Ballinger et al. of the Department of Biochemistry at Emory University said "Asian mtDNA lineages" originated in Southern China with the "Southern Mongoloid". Hiroki Oota et al. of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Germany, said that "Asian populations" have high mtDNA variation with Vietnamese having the highest mtDNA diversity, but, overall, the genetic distance between "Asian populations" is small. Melissa L. Cann et al. of the Department of Biochemistry at the University of California, Berkeley, said that early Asians did not mix with "Asian Homo and that the features of "ancient Asian forms" indicate that "Asian erectus" was not ancestral to "Homo sapiens". Since modern-day "Asians" do not show the amount of mtDNA divergence expected had they mixed with Homo erectus, Cann believes the expanding Homo sapiens from Africa replaced the Asian Homo erectus. Douglas C. Wallace of the Department of Biochemistry at Emory University said that the mtDNA of the indigenous peoples of the Americas is "clearly Asian in character", but the few founding females carried "rare Asian mtDNAs", causing a different frequency of mtDNA and a "dramatic founder effect". The Austro-Asiatic groups of India are proto Asiatic groups, like the Munda people. Shama Barnabas, B. Joshi and C.G. Suresh of the Division of Biochemical Sciences, National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India, said that evidence for the original people of India who they refer to as the "proto-Asiatic element" spreading into Southeast Asia to become Southeast Asians is shown by the mtDNA affinities between Indians and East Asians and Southeast Asians in DdeI 10394 site along with the associated Asian-specific AluI 10397 site. Skull images Criticism Leonard Lieberman (1997), professor of anthropology at Central Michigan University, said that Mongoloid is a cultural fiction. Lieberman said that, in 1972, Richard Lewontin examined seventeen hemoglobin traits in what is conventionally labeled as "Mongoloids" as one of the seven alleged "races" (written in scare quotes). Lieberman said that Lewontin (1972) found that "the mean proportion of the total species diversity that is contained within populations is 85.4 percent... the difference between populations within a race is 8.3 percent, so that only 6.3 percent is accounted for by racial classification." Lieberman said that, "In general terms, there is more variation within each of the 'races,' as traditionally defined, than between them." Lieberman said that the vivid picture of the whole world being comprised of three distinctive races, the Caucasoid, Mongoloid, and Negroid races, has been created by the history of the growth of the United States. Lieberman said that immigration to the United States was from three places, Southeast China, Northwest Europe, and West Africa, which was the basis for the stereotype of the "big three races" (written in scare quotes). This made the point of view of three races appear to be "true, natural, and inescapable." Lieberman said that the diversity of the whole world could not be accurately be represented by three races. Lieberman said that not all Asians can be designated as "Mongoloid." Lieberman said that Asia's inhabitants are greatly diverse including people in the Philippines, Vietnam, India, and various parts of China. Lieberman said that the term "Mongoloid" is derived from the Mongols, a people who ironically are different from other Asians, making the term "Mongoloid" very misleading as a term applied in general to Asians. Lieberman said that, due to the reason of inclusion regarding Asians not all being Mongoloid, and due to the reason of the term being very misleading regarding Mongols ironically being different from other Asians, and due to other variations and inconsistencies, the term "Mongoloid" lacks utility, because the term "Mongoloid is not precise. Amber N. Heard (2008), from the Department of Anthropology at the University of Texas at Austin, has argued "Mongoloid" should be discontinued from forensic literature because Southeast Asians and Northeast Asians differ significantly in their frequency of combined non-metric cranial traits; Southeast Asians and Northeast Asians therefore should not be considered "Mongoloid", but separate ancestry categories. The terminology of "Caucasoid", "Mongoloid", "Negroid" have also been criticized more generally as harking back to anthropological classifications unduly based on typology alone. As a term for Down syndrome "Mongoloid" has had a second usage, now generally avoided as highly offensive: until the late 20th century, people with Down syndrome were often referred to as "Mongoloids", or in terms of "Mongolian idiocy" or "Mongolian imbecility". The term was motivated by the observation that people with Down syndrome often have epicanthic folds. Coined in 1908, the term remained in medical usage until the 1950s. In 1961, its use was deprecated by a group of genetic experts in an article in The Lancet due to its "misleading connotations". The term continued to be used as a pejorative in the second half of the 20th century, with shortened versions such as Mong in slang usage. By the end of the 20th century, the pejorative connotations of the obsolete term for Down syndrome had in turn rubbed off on the term for the racial category. Thus, Chong Yah Lim in 2004 expressed his dislike for the term "Mongoloid" for the broad racial category due to its connotations of "demented physical and mental developments", suggesting the term "East Asian race" as a more "appropriately neutral, modern term". In 2016, a side event dedicated to World Down Syndrome Day and CSW 60 was hosted by the Permanent Mission of Mongolia to the United Nations and the Down Syndrome Association of Mongolia. One of the aims of this side event was to showcase how the term "mongol" and related words, when used in reference to people with Down syndrome, "...affect [the] dignity of people of the mongoloid race..." In 2016, Sükheegiin Sükhbold, the Mongolian permanent representative to the United Nations, held the World Down Syndrome Day event to call for the complete elimination of the improper usage of the term "Mongoloid" in reference to people with Down syndrome. See also Afro-Asian (mixed ancestry) Craniofacial anthropometry Eurasian (mixed ancestry) References External links Category:Peopling of East Asia Category:Biological anthropology Category:Historical definitions of race Category:Pejorative terms for people	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Southbound (The Doobie Brothers album) Southbound is the fourteenth studio album by American rock band The Doobie Brothers featuring collaborations with various artists in remakes of various hits by the band. It’s also the most recent studio album by them. Track listing Personnel Credits taken from album’s liner notes. The Doobie Brothers Tom Johnston - lead vocals , electric guitar , backing vocals , guitar solo and acoustic guitar Patrick Simmons - lead vocals , lead guitar , acoustic guitar , backing vocals John McFee - electric guitar , banjo , autoharp , fiddle , guitar solo , steel guitar solo , slide resonator guitar , backing vocals Additional musicians Zac Brown - lead vocals Tom Bukovac - electric guitar Clay Cook - backing vocals J. T. Corenflos - electric guitar John Cowan - backing vocals Jimmy De Martini - fiddle & backing vocals Dan Dugmore - steel guitar , dobro Sara Evans - lead vocals Tyler Farr - lead vocals Shannon Forrest - drums Vince Gill - guitar solo Eric Gunderson - lead vocals Vicki Hampton - backing vocals Hunter Hayes - guitar Aubrey Haynie - fiddle John Driskell Hopkins - backing vocals Larry Hall - violin, viola, cello, & orchestration ; trombone & trumpet Dann Huff - guitar solo Casey James - lead vocals & guitar solo Charlie Judge - keyboards Toby Keith - lead vocals Huey Lewis - harmonica Stephen Barker Liles - lead vocals Tony Lucido - bass Michael McDonald - lead vocals , backing vocals Chris McHugh - drums Jerry McPherson - electric guitar Wendy Moten - backing vocals Jerrod Niemann - lead vocals Brad Paisley - lead vocals & lead guitar Michael Rojas - keyboards Blake Shelton - lead vocals Tommy Sims - bass Jimmie Lee Sloas - bass Amanda Sudano-Ramirez - lead vocals Bryan Sutton - acoustic guitar , mandolin Ilya Toshinsky - acoustic guitar , banjo , bouzouki , mandolin Charlie Worsham - lead vocals & banjo Chris Young - lead vocals Chart performance References Category:2014 albums Category:The Doobie Brothers albums Category:Arista Records albums Category:Vocal duet albums Category:Albums produced by David Huff (drummer)	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Sandy Township, Clearfield County, Pennsylvania Sandy Township is a township in Clearfield County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 10,625 at the 2010 census. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 52.8 square miles (136.7 km²), of which, 51.8 square miles (134.1 km²) of it is land and 1.0 square miles (2.6 km²) of it (1.88%) is water. Communities Adrian Furnace Clear Run Gelnett Iselin Heights Oklahoma Narrows Creek Sabula Sandy Treasure Lake West Liberty The township surrounds DuBois, which is the postal address of township residents. Combined, they have a population of nearly 20,000. Several attempts have been made by city and township officials to incorporate the two entities as one, but these attempts have traditionally been met with resistance from residents. Demographics As of the census of 2000, there were 11,556 people, 4,387 households, and 3,299 families residing in the township. The population density was 223.2 people per square mile (86.2/km²). There were 5,028 housing units at an average density of 97.1/sq mi (37.5/km²). The racial makeup of the township was 98.58% White, 0.20% African American, 0.06% Native American, 0.61% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.07% from other races, and 0.46% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.45% of the population. There were 4,387 households, out of which 31.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 65.3% were married couples living together, 6.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.8% were non-families. 21.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.50 and the average family size was 2.91. In the township the population was spread out, with 22.8% under the age of 18, 5.5% from 18 to 24, 27.2% from 25 to 44, 25.1% from 45 to 64, and 19.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females there were 93.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.9 males. The median income for a household in the township was $42,450, and the median income for a family was $49,013. Males had a median income of $38,185 versus $24,042 for females. The per capita income for the township was $20,420. About 5.0% of families and 7.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.3% of those under age 18 and 6.4% of those age 65 or over. School districts DuBois Area School District References Category:Populated places established in 1812 Category:Townships in Clearfield County, Pennsylvania	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Nice Women Nice Women is a 1931 American pre-Code romance film written and directed by Edwin H. Knopf. The film stars Sidney Fox, Frances Dee, Alan Mowbray, Lucile Gleason, Russell Gleason and James Durkin. It was released by Universal Pictures on November 28, 1931. The film is based on the Broadway play Nice Women by William A. Grew, which premiered at the Longacre Theatre on June 10, 1929 and closed in August 1929 after 64 performances. Plot A young woman, Jerry Girard (Frances Dee) is pushed by her mother (Lucille Gleason) and family into accepting the marriage proposal of a millionaire, Mark Chandler (Alan Mowbray), who is the employer of her father (James Durkin). To do so, she has to drop the boy she really loves and promised to marry, Billy Wells (Russell Gleason), but her family is seeking to recover from their financial woes and find security. When the millionaire finds out the real situation, he releases her from her vow and gives the young couple a $5000 wedding gift. He then leaves for Europe with an old flame, Dorothy Drew (Carmel Myers). Cast Sidney Fox as Beth Girard Frances Dee as Jerry Girard Alan Mowbray as Mark Chandler Lucile Gleason as Mrs. Girard Russell Gleason as Bill Wells James Durkin as Mr. Girard Kenneth Seiling as Jackie Girard Carmel Myers as Dorothy Drew Leonard Carey as Connors Jo Wallace as Miss Irvine Patsy O'Byrne as Mary Florence Enright as Maid Reception The review in The New York Times called the film a "puerile story of a frustrated romance" and a "sorry affair" caused by "too many studio cooks", and points out "the plain fact of its mediocrity..." The reviewer also reports that the audience seemed indifferent to the film. References External links Category:1931 films Category:American films Category:English-language films Category:American romance films Category:1930s romance films Category:Universal Pictures films Category:Films directed by Edwin H. Knopf Category:American black-and-white films	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
To the Stars: The Autobiography of George Takei To the Stars: The Autobiography of George Takei, Star Trek's Mr. Sulu is an autobiography by actor George Takei, first published by Pocket Books in 1994. Takei describes his early childhood and the time his family spent in Japanese American internment, and experiences which shaped his motivation towards political activism. He initially entered University of California, Berkeley with the plan to attend architecture school, but later told his parents he wanted to be an actor and graduated with a degree in drama. He discusses his early acting roles and his experiences on Star Trek, including conflicts with William Shatner. Takei was pleased when his character Sulu had a prominent role as Captain of the starship Excelsior in the movie Star Trek VI. The book received positive reviews in Booklist, Publishers Weekly, and the Austin American-Statesman, and a journalist for the Los Angeles Times recommended the work as part of a holiday gift list. To the Stars was selected to be displayed for a month in the William J. Clinton Presidential Library. Contents The book begins in the spring of 1942 as Takei and his family are on a train traveling towards the Rohwer War Relocation Center in Arkansas. Takei recounts the four years his family spent in Japanese American internment, his experiences there, and the aftermath of those experiences. The book also provides background and research into the 120,000 Japanese Americans who were interned in similar camps. Takei's parents were identified as "disloyals", and sent to the maximum security Tule Lake War Relocation Center in northern California. Takei's family left Tule Lake in 1946 and he describes their tough time readjusting to life after being in the internment camps. He excelled in his early studies and skipped the third grade. He recounts an incident from fourth grade where the teacher referred to him as "that little Jap boy", and the emotions he still carries looking back on that event. Takei describes the labor of picking strawberries as a teenager, and how this gave him new understanding of the word "backbreaking". While working, Takei discovered a plan by other Japanese American strawberry farmers to cheat Mexican laborers that had been working with them, and he went and confronted the Japanese American workers to demand that the Mexicans be paid the same. This event gave him an understanding of the importance of activism and the difference that an individual can make. He later became motivated to get more involved in activism and representing others, running for elected office in junior high and high school, volunteering for civic, state and federal political campaigns, and ultimately running himself unsuccessfully for a Los Angeles City Council seat vacated by Tom Bradley in 1973. Takei entered architecture school at University of California, Berkeley, but told his parents during his freshman year that he wanted to become an actor. His parents told him they would support him if he first got a college degree, and he went on to obtain a degree in theater arts from UC Berkeley. Takei played a Japanese soldier wrongly accused of the murder of his fiancee at a production of Made in Japan at Playhouse 90. He received some acting advice from Harry Guardino during a live TV performance of the play. He went on to receive roles on Perry Mason and Return from the River Kwai, and in a civil rights play called Fly Blackbird!. He recounts a chance encounter with William Shatner shortly after filming the pilot to Star Trek, where at first Shatner did not recognize him. He also recounts other tensions between himself and Shatner. Takei played character Nim in John Wayne's The Green Berets, and when he returned to Star Trek found that some of his lines had been given to a new character, Pavel Chekov, played by Walter Koenig. He recounts his jealousy at hearing this news. Takei describes the filming of Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan and his attempts to inject more substance into his character of Sulu. When he heard that there was a plan to replace the original Star Trek cast with new crew members for Star Trek V, Takei rallied fans at twelve consecutive Star Trek conventions, and Paramount Studios dropped plans to change the crew. In Star Trek VI, Takei's character Sulu is Captain of the starship Excelsior, and plays an integral role in rescuing the starship Enterprise. Reception Ray Olson gave the book a favorable review in Booklist, commenting that Takei describes incidents in the book in "an anecdotal style that sounds as if he's honed it at many a Trekkers' convention". Olson concluded his review with: "So boldly go and read his book." A review in Publishers Weekly notes: "this lively memoir reveals the author's upbeat but pragmatic nature". The work received a positive review in Transpacific, where it was described as "compelling". The reviewer commented: "In fact, this unlikely celebrity book may well turn out to be the richest, most satisfying yet written on the Asian American experience." The Austin American-Statesman described the book as an "eloquent recollection" of Takei's life in internment camps and later experiences as an actor. Susan King of the Los Angeles Times recommended the book as part of a holiday gift list. In November 2003, the book was selected to be among books displayed in the William J. Clinton Presidential Library for the month. Takei wrote an inscription in the book addressed to Clinton: "Dear President Clinton, with whom I share an Arkansas boyhood. Live long and prosper." References External links Category:1994 non-fiction books Category:American autobiographies Category:Books about Star Trek Category:Show business memoirs	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
1996 IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Junior women's race The Junior women's race at the 1996 IAAF World Cross Country Championships was held in Stellenbosch, South Africa, at the Danie Craven Stadium on March 23, 1996. A preview on the event was given in the Herald, and a report in The New York Times. Complete results, medallists, and the results of British athletes were published. Race results Junior women's race (4.22 km) Individual †: Krista Ranta-Pere of came in 90th in 16:00 min, Savita Birajdar of 98th in 16:12 min, and Lakshmaiah Manjula of 99th in 16:16 min, but all three were disqualified. Teams Note: Athletes in parentheses did not score for the team result Participation An unofficial count yields the participation of 115 athletes from 30 countries in the Junior women's race. This is in agreement with the official numbers as published. (4) (4) (4) (6) (3) (4) (1) (1) (6) (5) (6) (2) (4) (6) (6) (5) (1) (1) (2) (2) (1) (6) (4) (6) (6) (2) (5) (6) (1) (5) See also 1996 IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Senior men's race 1996 IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Junior men's race 1996 IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Senior women's race References Category:Junior women's race at the World Athletics Cross Country Championships IAAF World Cross Country Championships Category:1996 in women's athletics Category:1996 in youth sport	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Nikonov (disambiguation) Nikonov is a Russian surname. Nikonov may also refer to: Nikonov machine gun 2386 Nikonov Nikonov, Astrakhan Oblast	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
HMAS Pioneer HMAS Pioneer (formerly HMS Pioneer) was a light cruiser built for the Royal Navy at the end of the 19th century. She was transferred to the fledgling Royal Australian Navy (RAN) in 1912. During World War I, the cruiser captured two German merchant ships, and was involved in the East African Campaign, including the blockade of the cruiser and a bombardment of Dar-es-Salaam. She returned to Australia in late 1916 and was decommissioned. Pioneer was used as an accommodation ship for the following six years, then was stripped down and sold off by 1926. The cruiser was scuttled outside Sydney Heads in 1931. Design and construction Pioneer was a third-class protected cruiser of the nine-ship Pelorus or P class. These ships had a displacement of 2,200 tons, were long overall and long between perpendiculars, had a beam of , and a draught of . Propulsion was supplied by inverted three-cylinder triple expansion steam engines, providing to two propeller shafts. Although designed to reach speeds of , Pioneer was only capable of . The cruiser was armed with eight single QF guns, eight single QF 3-pounder guns, two field guns, three Maxim machine guns, and two torpedo tubes sited above the waterline. The ship's company initially stood at 225, but this was later reduced to 188; 12 officers, and 176 sailors. Pioneer was laid down for the Royal Navy at HM Dockyard, Chatham, Kent on 16 December 1897. She was launched 28 June 1899 by Miss Andoe, daughter of the dockyard's admiral superintendent. The cruiser was completed on 23 January 1900, and was placed in reserve until her commissioning on 10 July 1900. Operational history Pioneer spent the majority of 1900 in British waters, before sailing for the Mediterranean Fleet under the command of Commander Hugh Evan-Thomas on 15 November. Commander George Hope was appointed in command on 5 July 1902, taking up the command later that month after a visit by the ship to Brindisi. The ship remained in the Mediterranean until returning to Chatham on 20 November 1904. Pioneer was decommissioned until 5 September 1905, when she was reactivated for service as a drill ship with the Australian Squadron of the Royal Navy. On 29 November 1912, Pioneer was decommissioned and gifted to the Australian government, who commissioned the ship as part of the Royal Australian Navy on 1 March 1913. Initially used as a tender for the naval base at Garden Island, New South Wales, Pioneer was refitted during the second half of 1913, and on 1 January 1914, was reassigned for reservist training. At the start of World War I, Pioneer sailed from Victoria to Western Australia, where she served as a patrol vessel. On 16 August, she captured the German merchant ship Neumunster, which was taken by the Australian government as a prize of war and renamed Cooee. Ten days later, the cruiser captured a second German ship, the Norddeutscher Lloyd liner Thuringen, which was presented to the government of India for use as a troop transport. On 1 November, Pioneer joined the escort of the convoy transporting the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps to Egypt as a replacement for the Japanese cruiser Nisshin, and with orders to check on the Cocos Islands during the voyage. However, as the Australian warship took up position, she suffered a major engine malfunction, and joined the convoy instead. In late December, the cruiser was assigned to the blockade of German East Africa, and sailed for Zanzibar on 9 January 1915. On arrival, Pioneer was ordered to help contain the German cruiser in the Rufiji River and prevent German supply ships from arriving. Königsberg was scuttled on 12 July following shelling by two monitors, although Pioneer remained in the region until 31 August, when she sailed to Simon's Town in South Africa for a six-week refit. Pioneer returned to uneventful patrols of German East Africa on 22 October, and continued until early February 1916, when the Admiralty instructed the ship to return to Australia. However, before she could leave, demands by General Jan Smuts for more Admiralty involvement in the East African Campaign saw Pioneer return to patrols on 24 February. On 30 July, the cruiser fired 100 4-inch shells during the bombardment of Dar-es-Salaam. Decommissioning and fate Pioneer was ordered to return to Australia on 8 August 1916, and was paid off on 7 November 1916. Despite being "obsolete and decrepit" she saw more actual combat than any other Australian ship of World War I. Pioneer returned to Garden Island and was used as an accommodation vessel until 1922. She was handed to Cockatoo Island Dockyard for stripping in May 1923, was passed to the control of the Commonwealth Shipping Board in 1924, who then sold the hulk to H. P. Stacey of Sydney, in 1926. The ship was scuttled off Sydney Heads on 18 February 1931. The location of the wreck was lost until March 2014, when it was rediscovered by wreck-hunters analysing data taken from the research vessel Southern Surveyor. Pioneers wreck sits below sea level, at , approximately east of Vaucluse. The wreck lies with the bow towards the south-east, and is intact in places, with structures rising up to from the sea floor. Following a reorganisation of the RAN battle honours system, completed in March 2010, Pioneer was retroactively awarded the honour "German East Africa 1915–16" in recognition of her wartime service. Citations References Further reading External links Category:Pelorus-class cruisers of the Royal Navy Category:Ships built in Chatham Category:1899 ships Category:Pelorus-class cruisers of the Royal Australian Navy Category:World War I cruisers of Australia Category:Scuttled vessels of New South Wales Category:Shipwrecks in the Tasman Sea Category:Maritime incidents in 1931	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Formal Semantics in Moscow Formal Semantics in Moscow (FSiM) is an annual academic conference devoted to the formal semantics and pragmatics of natural language. See also Lomonosov Moscow State University Notes and references Bibliography Partee, Barbara H. (2005). "Report from the First FSIM Workshop: Formal Semantics in Moscow, April 2005". External links Message 2: Formal Semantics in Moscow 4 — Igor Yanovich's 2008 call for papers for FSiM 4, as published by LINGUIST List Category:Pragmatics Category:Semantics	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Hawsh al-Sayyid Ali Hawsh al-Sayyid Ali (, also known as Hosh al-Sayyed Ali) is a village in central Syria, administratively part of the Homs Governorate, located southwest of Homs and immediately east of the border with Lebanon. Nearby localities include al-Masriyah to the northwest, al-Qusayr to the northeast, Rablah to the east, al-Nizariyah to the south. According to the Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Hawsh al-Sayyid Ali had a population of 541 in the 2004 census. Its inhabitants are predominantly Shia Muslims. References Category:Populated places in al-Qusayr District Category:Shia Muslim communities in Syria	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Nataxa flavescens Nataxa flavescens, the yellow-headed anthelid, is a species of moth of the family Anthelidae first described by Francis Walker in 1855. It is found in Australasia. The wingspan of the grey-winged female is approximately 40 mm. That of the male is approximately 30 mm. References External links Nataxa flavescens Category:Moths described in 1855 Category:Anthelidae Category:Moths of Asia Category:Moths of Australia	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Wat Pha Sorn Kaew Wat Pha Sorn Kaew (; meaning: temple on a glass cliff), also known as Wat Phra Thart Pha Kaew, is a Buddhist monastery and temple (Wat วัด in Thai) in Khao Kor, Phetchabun, in north-central Thailand, about 5 hours drive north of Bangkok. The Wat is set on an 830m peak, a few hundred meters from the town of Kheam Son on the main highway 12, between Phitsanulok and Lom Sak. The main pagoda and surrounding buildings are adorned with over 5 million colorful mosaic tiles and pottery items and is set in a mountain location. 5 sitting Buddha statues were already finished. There is a stained glass gazebo and a smaller pagoda in the gardens. The main Wat exterior, gardens and adjoining buildings are complete and open to visitors, although not all of the interior of the main temple is complete yet. Currently, there is no well-developed tourist infrastructure surrounding the site. It is only accessible by private car or tour, as there is no public transport from the nearest towns of Lom Sak, Phetchabun or Phitsanulok. There's a local bus from Phitsanulok which can stop about 2km from the temple (on highway 12). For more information ask at Karma home hostel in Phitsanulok. References External links Category:Buddhist temples in Thailand Category:Thai Theravada Buddhist temples and monasteries	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 1985 This is a list of singles that have peaked in the Top 10 of the Billboard Hot 100 during 1985. Top-ten singles 1984 peaks 1986 peaks See also 1985 in music List of Hot 100 number-one singles of 1985 (U.S.) Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1985 References General sources Joel Whitburn Presents the Billboard Hot 100 Charts: The Eighties () Additional information obtained can be verified within Billboard's online archive services and print editions of the magazine. 1985 United States Hot 100 Top 10	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Larry the Lobster Larry The Lobster was the subject of an April 10, 1982 comedy sketch by Eddie Murphy on Saturday Night Live. Background In an early example of interactive television, Murphy held Larry, a live lobster, aloft and declared that the show's audience would determine whether he lived or died. Murphy then read two "900" phone numbers, one for those who wanted to spare Larry, and another for those who wanted to see him cooked. Calls cost $0.50 each. Murphy tended to read the number to save Larry very quickly, as opposed to his giving the number to cook Larry very slowly and clearly. Updates on the voting were given by other cast members over the course of the episode, and in the span of 30 minutes, viewers made nearly 500,000 calls, sending phone traffic soaring. The heavy phone use stood as a record or near-record for many years. The spike in traffic perplexed AT&T employees, who eventually figured out that the program was responsible. Though the phone network survived the spike, it was sufficiently threatening to operations that AT&T established communication with the television networks so that they could be warned of potentially disruptive future events; this system remains in use to this day. Larry was initially spared by about 12,000 votes. 239,096 callers voted to save him and 227,452 voted for him to be boiled. On the next week's episode during NewsBreak, however, Eddie Murphy raised the subject of Larry the Lobster again, saying that he had received letters protesting the crustacean's treatment the previous week, including one that contained the racist barb "that man is sick, and I thought those people didn't like seafood." Murphy then displayed a boiled lobster on a plate, announced that Larry's stay of execution had been revoked, and ate it while giving some to NewsBreak anchors Brian Doyle-Murray and Christine Ebersole. This event is cited to this day in discussions of classic comedy routines, cruelty to animals and in rosters of famous animals. References Category:Individual lobsters Category:Interactive television Category:Saturday Night Live sketches Category:Saturday Night Live in the 1980s	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Ellsworth Ellsworth may refer to: People Ellsworth (surname) Ellsworth Vines, American tennis player Ellsworth “Bumpy” Johnson, American criminal Ellsworth Bunker, American diplomat Ellsworth P. Bertholf, US Coast Guard commodore Ellsworth B. Buck, American politician Ellsworth Kelly, American artist Ellsworth Burnett, American politician Ellsworth Foote, American politician Places In the United States Ellsworth, Connecticut, an unincorporated community in the town of Sharon Ellsworth, Illinois Ellsworth, Indiana, in Dubois County Ellsworth, Indiana, now known as North Terre Haute, Indiana Ellsworth, Iowa Ellsworth, Kansas Ellsworth, Maine Ellsworth, Michigan Ellsworth, Minnesota Ellsworth, Missouri Ellsworth, Nebraska Ellsworth, New Hampshire Ellsworth, Ohio Ellsworth, Pennsylvania Ellsworth (town), Wisconsin Ellsworth, Wisconsin, village in the town of Ellsworth Ellsworth Air Force Base, South Dakota Ellsworth County, Kansas Ellsworth Township, Michigan Ellsworth Township, Meeker County, Minnesota In Antarctica Named after Lincoln Ellsworth: Ellsworth Land, a portion of the Antarctic continent bounded on the west by Marie Byrd Land and on the north by Bellingshausen Sea Ellsworth Mountains, the highest range of Antarctica Ellsworth Station Mount Ellsworth (Antarctica), highest peak of Queen Maud Mountains Lake Ellsworth (Antarctica), a subglacial lake Companies Ellsworth Handcrafted Bicycles Inc., a high end US bicycle manufacturer. Other Ellsworth Community College, a US college in Iowa Falls, Iowa Ellsworth (character), a cartoon character of the Walt Disney Company Ellsworth Toohey, a character in Ayn Rand's novel The Fountainhead See also Justice Ellsworth (disambiguation) Lake Ellsworth (disambiguation)	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Big Bear (disambiguation) Big Bear was a Cree chief who is most notable for the North-West Rebellion. Big Bear may also refer to: __NOTOC__ Characters Big Bear (comics), a fictional superhero from the Forever People comics Big Bear (G.I. Joe), a fictional soldier from the G.I. Joe character line Raiden (Fatal Fury) or Big Bear, fictional wrestler from the Fatal Fury series Companies and brands Big Bear Stores, a defunct supermarket chain in the midwestern United States Big Bear Limited, an English food company Big Bear Records, a jazz record label Marui Big Bear Datsun, a remote control car made by Mauri Big Bear (malt liquor), a brand of malt liquor distributed by Pabst Brewing Company People Mecosta, a 19th-century Potawatomi chief also known as Big Bear Big Bear (American football) (1889–1959), a Native American professional football player Owen Benjamin (born 1980), comedian, pianist and actor Places Big Bear Lake, a reservoir in California, United States Big Bear Lake, California, a city near the reservoir Big Bear City, California, a town near the reservoir Big Bear Discovery Center, a facility near the reservoir Other Ursa Major, a constellation See also Great Bear (disambiguation)	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Dmitry Rigin Dmitry Vasilyevich Rigin (; born 10 April 1985) is a Russian foil fencer, team bronze medal in the 2011 and 2014 European Fencing Championships. Career After trying chess and several sports, Rigin started fencing in 1993, at the age of eight, at the Spartak Sports Club under coaches Sergey Andrievsky and his wife Laura. After beginning training in 2007 with the Russian national team, he earned a bronze medal in the 2008 European U23 Championships in Monza. Amongst senior he made his breakthrough in the 2010–11 season: he reached the quarter-finals in the Paris and St Petersburg World Cups and he won the Löwe von Bonn, defeating four-time World champion Peter Joppich in the semifinals and Olympic silver medallist Choi Byung-chul in the final. He was called into the national team for the European Championships in Sheffield. Russia saw off Israel, but were stopped by France in the semifinal. They overcame Germany in the match for the bronze medal, bringing Rigin his first European distinction. At Catania 2011, his first World Championships, he was defeated in the second round by USA's Gerek Meinhardt. These results pushed him to a world No.17 ranking at the end of the season and he was named “breakthrough of the year” by the Russian Fencing Federation. Rigin failed however to qualify to the 2012 Summer Olympics and the 2011–12 and 2012–13 seasons proved disappointing. He returned to form in the 2013–14 season, reaching the quarter-finals in the La Coruña and St Petersburg World Cups. He won his second World Cup event in Havana. Drafted back into the Russian national team for the 2014 European Championships, he helped them cruise past the Czech Republic. Russia were largely defeated by France in the semifinals, but overcame Poland to earn Rigin his second European bronze. He finished the season No.9 in world rakings, a career best so far. Rigin began the 2014–15 season by a silver medal at the Prince Takamodo World Cup in Tokyo, after a defeat in the final to USA's Race Imboden. In March 2015 he won the Havana Grand Prix after prevailing over USA's Alexander Massialas. References External links (archive) (archive) Category:1995 births Category:Living people Category:Russian foil fencers Category:Russian male fencers Category:Universiade medalists in fencing Category:Universiade gold medalists for Russia Category:People from Krasnoyarsk	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Pamboeotia Pamboeotia (Gr. ) was a major festive panegyris of all the Boeotians, celebrated probably annually. The grammarians compare the Pamboeotia with the Panathenaea of the Atticans, and the Panionia of the Ionians. Though probably quite older than this, even primitive, the festival is celebrated with the name "Pamboeotia" only starting in the 3rd century BC. The festival was celebrated in the tenth month of the Boeotian calendar, Pamboiotos, at a temple of Athena Itonia in the neighborhood of Coronea. The principal object of the meeting was the common worship of Athena Itonia. Activities included dancing and music and athletic events of a somewhat militaristic character, such as spear-throwing, trumpeting, heralding, mock battles, and horse racing. The priestess of the shrine was appointed by the Boeotian League. A depiction of a Pamboeotia festival can be seen on a lekane in the British Museum, on which men approach an altar of Athena that is covered in flame. Some of the men are leading an ox to sacrifice to the goddess. Before these men is a woman bearing on her head a platter of offerings. From Polybius it appears that during this national festival no war was allowed to be carried on, and that in case of a war a truce was always concluded. This panegyris is also mentioned by Plutarch. It is a disputed point whether the Pamboeotia had anything to do with the political constitution of Boeotia, or with the relation of its several towns to Thebes; but if so, it can have been only previous to the time when Thebes had obtained the undisputed supremacy in Boeotia. Some writers think it likely that this was the occasion on which Boeotian representatives to the Delphic Amphictyonic League were elected. References Category:Festivals of Athena Category:Festivals in ancient Boeotia	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Kanakiya Kanakiya is a village / panchayat located in the Gir Gadhada Taluka of Gir Somnath district in Gujarat State, India. Earlier, until August 2013, Kanakiya was part of Una Taluka and Junagadh district. The latitude 20.832226 and longitude 70.896326 are the geo-coordinate of the Village Kanakiya. Gandhinagar is the state capital of Kanakiya village which is located around 400 kilometres away from Kanakiya. According to Census 2011, with the 374 families, the population of this village is 2096. Out of this, 1015 are males and 1081 are females. Most residents are dependent on agriculture. Demographics According to the 2011 census of India, Kanakiya has 374 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 75.76% List of villages in Gir Gadhada Taluka Below is the Revenue records list of forty-three villages of Gir Gadhada Taluka including Gir Gadhada village. Ambavad Ankolali Babariya Bediya Bhakha Bhiyal Bodidar Dhokadva Dhrabavad Dron Fareda Fatsar Fulka Gir Gadhada Harmadiya Itvaya Jamvala Jaragli Jhanjhariya Jhudvadli Juna Ugla Kanakiya Kaneri Kansariya Khilavad Kodiya Mahobatpara Motisar Nagadiya Nava Ugla Nitli Panderi Rasulpara Sanosri Sanvav Sonariya Sonpura Thordi Umedpara Undari Vadli Vadviyala Velakot References Category:Villages in Gir Gadhada Taluka Category:Villages in Gir Somnath district	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Miroslav Vujadinović Miroslav Vujadinović (Serbian Cyrillic: Мирослав Вујадиновић; born 22 April 1983) is a Montenegrin professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Albanian club Korabi Peshkopi in the Albanian Superliga. Club career Vllaznia Shkodër In May 2012, Vujadinović signed contract extension with Vllaznia Shkodër. Laçi On 3 June 2015, Vujadinović agreed a contract extension with Laçi, singing until June 2016. On 19 July 2016, Vujadinović announced his departure from the club along with several players, ending his Laçi career with 65 appearances in all competitions, winning two trophies. Korabi Peshkopi On 27 July 2016, Vujadinović completed a transfer to newly promoted side Korabi Peshkopi, signing a contract for the upcoming season. International career Vujadinović has been a former Serbia & Montenegro U21 player, making three competitive appearances between 2005 and 2006. Honours Laçi Albanian Cup: 2014–15 Albanian Supercup: 2015 References External links Category:1983 births Category:Living people Category:Montenegrin footballers Category:Serbia and Montenegro under-21 international footballers Category:Association football goalkeepers Category:Albanian Superliga players Category:FK Budućnost Podgorica players Category:KF Vllaznia Shkodër players Category:KF Laçi players Category:KF Korabi Peshkopi players Category:Montenegrin expatriate footballers Category:Montenegrin expatriate sportspeople in Albania Category:Expatriate footballers in Albania	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Liteni Liteni is a town in Suceava County, north-eastern Romania. It is situated in the historical region of Moldavia. Liteni is the ninth-largest urban settlement in the county, with a population of 9,398 inhabitants, according to the 2011 census. It was declared a town in 2004, along with seven other localities in Suceava County. The town administers five villages: Corni, Roșcani, Rotunda, Siliștea, and Vercicani. Liteni is located in the south-eastern part of Suceava County, near the confluence of Suceava River and Siret River. The town of Dolhasca is nearby. Despite being a town, Liteni has a rural aspect in many areas of its and the main occupation of the inhabitants is agriculture. Notes External links Liteni Town Hall official site Liteni Town Hall web page Suceava County site – Liteni web page Category:Towns in Romania Category:Populated places in Suceava County Category:Localities in Western Moldavia	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Kyōen Kobanzame is a 1958 black-and-white Japanese film directed by Nobuo Nakagawa. There are two parts of the film: the first part and the second part . Both parts have the same staff and the same actors. Cast Kanjūrō Arashi (嵐寛寿郎) Misako Uji (宇治みさ子) Ryūzaburō Nakamura (中村竜三郎) - dual role Ureo Egawa (江川宇礼雄) Tomohiko Ōtani (大谷友彦) Saburō Sawai (沢井三郎) Tetsurō Tamba (丹波哲郎) Masao Takamatsu (高松政雄) Kōtarō Bandō (坂東好太郎) Fumiko Miyata (宮田文子) Namiji Matsuura (松浦浪路) References External links http://search.varietyjapan.com/moviedb/cinema_25941.html Category:Japanese films Category:Japanese black-and-white films Category:1958 films Category:Films directed by Nobuo Nakagawa Category:Shintoho films	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Ned O'Sullivan Ned O'Sullivan (born 25 November 1950) is an Irish Fianna Fáil politician who has served as a Senator for the Labour Panel since July 2007. He was a member of Listowel Town Council from 1985 to 2007 and Kerry County Council from 1991 to 2007. He was educated at University College Dublin and St Patrick's College of Education, Drumcondra, he worked as a teacher at primary and secondary level in Dublin, Offaly and Kerry before taking over his family's menswear business in Listowel. He was a cousin of Kit Ahern, who served as a Teachta Dála (TD) and Senator. In December 2008, he sent silk ties (worth €25 each) to approximately 400 County councillors. He is the Fianna Fáil Seanad spokesperson on Transport, Tourism and Sport. In June 2011, it was revealed that 3,600 premium line votes from a phone in Leinster House at a cost of €2,600 to the Irish taxpayer helped Michael Healy-Rae win Celebrities Go Wild in 2007. O'Sullivan admitted making "around a dozen" calls and texts to support Healy-Rae after being asked to do so by Healy-Rae's campaign manager. He is the Fianna Fáil Seanad spokesperson on Foreign Affairs, Irish Overseas and the Diaspora. References External links Ned O'Sullivan's page on the Fianna Fáil website Category:1950 births Category:Living people Category:Alumni of University College Dublin Category:Alumni of St Patrick's College, Dublin Category:Fianna Fáil senators Category:Irish schoolteachers Category:Local councillors in County Kerry Category:Members of the 23rd Seanad Category:Members of the 24th Seanad Category:Members of the 25th Seanad	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
1980 Pacific Tigers football team The 1980 Pacific Tigers football team represented the University of the Pacific (UOP) in the 1980 NCAA Division I-A football season as a member of the Pacific Coast Athletic Association. The team was led by head coach Bob Toledo, in his second year, and played their home games at Pacific Memorial Stadium in Stockton, California. They finished the season with a record of four wins and eight losses (4–8, 1–4 PCAA). The Tigers were outscored by their opponents 211–330 over the season. Schedule Team players in the NFL The following UOP players were selected in the 1981 NFL Draft. Notes References Pacific Category:Pacific Tigers football seasons Pacific Tigers football	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Reginald Foster Reginald Foster may refer to: Tip Foster, real name Reginald Foster, (1878–1914), England cricket and football captain Reginald Foster (Latinist), Latin expert and Roman Catholic priest	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Ouzera Ouzera is a town and commune in Médéa Province, Algeria. References Category:Populated places in Médéa Province Category:Communes of Algeria	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Passive (song) "Passive" is a song by American rock band A Perfect Circle. The song, originating from the Tapeworm side-project under the title "Vacant", was eventually recorded in the studio as "Passive" by A Perfect Circle around the time of the side-project's demise. It was the second single from their album Emotive, and peaked at number 14 on the Billboard Mainstream Rock Songs chart in 2005. Background The song's origins trace back to a song a band called Tapeworm, a side-project started by Nine Inch Nails frontman Trent Reznor and a number of other musicians, including A Perfect Circle members Maynard James Keenan and Danny Lohner. The original version of the song was written and recorded in 1999 under the title "Vacant". This version of the song had the music written by Lohner, rearranged by Charlie Clouser, lyrics and melody written by Keenan, and chorus and backing vocals written by Reznor. However, the project was hit with many delays for a number of reasons, including creative disagreements, schedule conflicts with members' other respective bands, and legal issues stemming from all the various record labels the members were separately tied to via their other bands. With the project not progressing, Keenan decided to start playing the song at live shows for A Perfect Circle in 2000. While Reznor expressed irritation of the material being debuted in this manner, where it eventually became a live staple at their shows, the band at the time only had one albums worth of material to play, Mer de Noms. With the Tapeworm project becoming defunct in 2004, without releasing any studio recordings, the song was reworked into "Passive" with A Perfect Circle guitarist Billy Howerdel and released on their third studio album, Emotive, in November 2004. The writing of this version of the song was credited to Lohner, Keenan, Reznor, and Howerdel. The song was later released as the second single from Emotive in early 2005. The song was also featured in the 2005 film Constantine, and the song's music video also feature footage from the film. Both the film's special effects, and the music video, were directed by Brothers Strause. Chart performance Track listing References Category:2004 singles Category:A Perfect Circle songs Category:Songs written by Maynard James Keenan Category:Songs written by Billy Howerdel Category:Songs written by Trent Reznor Category:Songs written by Danny Lohner Category:2004 songs	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Diane Charlie-Puna Diane Charlie-Puna is a politician from the Cook Islands who was named secretary of the Ministry of Infrastructure in 2018. She previously served as the ministry's director of corporate services. Prior to this, Charlie-Puna spent 15 years working in public sector management and leadership. Charlie-Puna has of a Masters of Philosophy degree with First Class Honours, and received her MBA in 2011. She also serves on the board of the Pacific Water and Wastewater Association. References Category:Year of birth missing (living people) Category:Living people Category:Women government ministers of the Cook Islands Category:Government ministers of the Cook Islands Category:21st-century New Zealand women politicians	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
List of compositions for cello and organ This is a compilation of pieces for cello and pipe organ. See also the entries on cello and the List of compositions for cello and orchestra, List of compositions for cello and piano and List of solo cello pieces. Ordering is by surname of composer. A Thomas Åberg Fantaisie in A minor Svensk bröllopsmusik (Swedish Wedding Music) B Johann Sebastian Bach Adagio in C minor, from Toccata, Adagio and Fugue, BWV 564 (trans. Nikolaus Maler) Adagio, from Violin Concerto no. 2, BWV 1042 (arr. J. Harnoy) Air, from Suite in D major (trans. Ernst-Thilo Kalke) Arioso, from Cantata no. 156 (arr. M.J.Isaac) Six Schübler Chorales, BWV 645-650 (trans. Raphael Wallfisch and Colm Carey) Siegfried Barchet Schmerzliches Adagio für Violoncello und Orgel Alfred Baum Introduktion und Variationen (Carus-Verlag) Invocation (Carus-Verlag) Ludwig van Beethoven Marcia funèbre, from Symphony No 3 (trans. Ernst-Thilo Kalke) Herman Berlinski Days of Awe Hassidic Suite Kol nidre Sinfonia No 10 in A minor for cello and organ Neithard Bethke Ludi organi, op. 58 no. 10, Weihnachtspastorale über "Quem pastores laudaverunt" Rudolf Bibl Zwei Adagio, op. 30 Lucien Blin Recueillement Dirk Blockeel "Ach Gott vom Himmel sieh darein", Chorale en diminutio for cello and organ "In paradisum" for cello and organ "O gloriosa virginum" for cello and organ Sonata for cello and organ Leon Boëllmann Variations symphoniques for cello and organ Walther Böhme Two Pieces for cello and organ, op. 15 Émile Bourdon Andantino religioso op. 15 Max Bruch Kol Nidrei, op. 47 Ole Borneman Bull Säterjäntans söndag (Säter girl's Sunday) C Pablo Casals Cant dels Ocells (Song of the Birds) Frédéric Chopin Trauermarsch, from the Piano Sonata, op. 35 (trans. Ernst-Thilo Kalke) Arcangelo Corelli Adagio, from Sonata, op. 5 no. 5 (trans. J Schuster) Sonata, op. 5 no. 8 (trans. A. Salmon and J. Lindner) D Willem de Fesch 6 Sonatas for cello and basso continuo, op. 8 Marcel Dupré Sonata for cello and organ, op. 60 E Edward Elgar Une Idylle for cello and organ, op. 4 no. 1 F Gabriel Fauré Andante Après un Rêve (trans. Pablo Casals) Carl August Fischer Consolation César Franck Andantino G Herbert Gadsch Concertino "In dich hab' ich gehoffet, Herr" for cello and organ Zsolt Gárdonyi Variations on a Hungarian Chorale Lothar Graap "Befiehl du deine Wege", Variations for cello and organ "Hinunter ist der Sonne Schein", Chorale suite for cello and organ Percy Grainger The Nightingale Sofia Gubaidulina In Croce René Guillou Adagio "Hommage à J.S. Bach" Max Gulbins Vier kleine Stücke, op. 14 for cello and organ H Calvin Hampton Prelude for Easter Day Processions through a Black Hole George Frideric Handel Adagio, from Suite no. 2 in F major (trans. Ernst-Thilo Kalke) Joseph Haydn St Antoni Chorale (trans. Ernst-Thilo Kalke) Russell Hepplewhite Smoke Signals Invisible Landscapes Karl Höller Improvisation über "Schönster Herr Jesu", op. 55 Partita über den Choral "O wie selig seid ihr doch, ihr Frommen" op. 1 I J Joseph Jongen Humoresque, op. 92 K Ernst-Thilo Kalke Consolation Es kommt die Nacht Ich hatt' einen Kameraden Letzter Abschied Artur Kapp Andante religioso Georg Kestler Nenia for cello and organ (or harmonium) Fürchtegott Theodor Kirchner 2 Tonstücke für Violoncello und Orgel, op. 92 Erland von Koch Folklig marsch (Popular march) no. 2 Bernhard Kroll Partita über "Lucis creator", op. 148 L Torsten Laux Schalom for cello and organ Oskar Lindberg Gammal fäbodpsalm fran Dalarna (Old pasture hymn from Dalarna) Wolfgang Lindner Largo e spiccato for cello and organ M Frederik Magle Sonata for cello and organ "From the earth" Peter Matthews Tim McKenry Relentless for Organ and 'Cello Four Seasons for cello and organ Gustav Adolf Merkel Andacht Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Ave verum corpus (trans. Ernst-Thilo Kalke) N O P Tadeusz Paciorkiewicz Andante calmato Craig Phillips A Song Without Words Daniel Pinkham Oration R Joseph Joachim Raff Cavatina Günther Raphael Partita über den Choral "Ach Gott, vom Himmel sieh darein", op. 22 no. 1 Sonata for cello and organ, op. 36 Max Reger Aria, from Suite for violin and piano in A major, Op. 103a Joseph Rheinberger Abendlied, No. 3 from Geistliche Gesänge, Op. 69 (originally for choir SSATTB) 3 Pièces, from 6 Pièces for violin and organ, op. 150 Dominique Rivolta Mélodie transmutée Daniel Roth Artizarra, Fantaisie sur un chant populaire basque Rainer Maria Rückschloss ...in langer Nacht S Camille Saint-Saëns Prière, op. 158 Timothy Salter Vitis flexuosa Hans Ludwig Schilling Fantasia riservata Hermann Schröder Salve Regina: cantilena choralis for cello and organ Franz Schubert Ave Maria (trans. Ernst-Thilo Kalke) Joschi Schumann Sudden lightning The hell, what a funky prayer Mikhail Shukh Ave Maria, for cello and organ Robert Sirota Easter Canticles Heimer Sjöblom Liten svit i spelmanston (Little suite of folk melodies), op. 36 Wolfgang Stockmeier Variations on a Theme of Franz Liszt "The Way of the Cross" Alan Stout Serenity, op. 11 Joseph Suder Ariette for cello and organ T Eino Tamberg A play with a big drum, op. 136 Ernst Otto Toller Drei Stücke for cello and organ (or harmonium), op. 130 Trad. Deep river (trans. Ernst-Thilo Kalke) Sometimes I feel like a motherless child (trans. Ernst-Thilo Kalke) V Tomaso Antonio Vitali Chaconne in G minor W Oskar Wermann Sonata for cello and organ, op. 58 Johannes Weyrauch Sonate über den Choral "Herzliebster Jesu, was hast du verbrochen" Kurt Wiklander Fantasia for cello and organ, op. 5 Z See also Cello sonata String instrument repertoire List of solo cello pieces List of compositions for cello and orchestra List of compositions for cello and piano Double concerto for violin and cello Triple concertos for violin, cello, and piano and Orchestra References External links Repertoire for Solo Cello Some Composers of Cello Works Dates need to be double-checked against other sources as they do not always agree. Cello and organ Cello	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Cimetière de Louveciennes The Cimetière de Louveciennes (Louveciennes Cemetery) is made up of a standard laid out cemetery and a landscaped cemetery located on the Allée des Arches in the village of Louveciennes in the Yvelines département of France. The village is at the western suburbs of Paris and is between Versailles and Saint-Germain-en-Laye, and adjacent to Marly-le-Roi. Both of the Louveciennes cemeteries are bordered by a 650-metre portion of the Louveciennes Aqueduct originally built in 1684 by Jules Hardouin Mansart to supply the Palace of Versailles with water. Notable interments Alain Bernardin (1916-1994), owner of the Crazy Horse night club Julien Maurice Cain (1887-1974), director of the National Library of France 1930-1964 Emmanuel Frémiet (1824-1910), sculptor Joseph Joffre (1852-1931), Commander-in-Chief of the French Army 1914-1916 during World War I (burial plot on his estate) Charles Munch (1891-1968), conductor Louise Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun (1755-1842), portrait painter References Map of cemetery at Mairie-Louveciennes (French language) Le cimetière de Louveciennes with notable burials and photos (French language) Category:Cemeteries in Île-de-France Category:Buildings and structures in Yvelines Category:Tourist attractions in Yvelines	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Poder Paralelo Poder Paralelo () is a Brazilian telenovela produced by Rede Record that premiered on April 14, 2009 and ended on March 10, 2010. Written by Lauro César Muniz and directed by Ignácio Coqueiro, it will portray a corruption scheme involving an Italian-Brazilian family. Prior to Record's official announcement, the media was referring to the telenovela by its working title Vendetta. It ran for one season. Plot The telenovela focuses on Tony Castellamare, a Brazilian citizen of Italian origin living in Palermo. He maintains the image of a merchant exporter, but is actually the leader of the Sicilian drug mafia. After an attack aimed at him kills his wife Marina and their twin daughters, Tony returns to São Paulo seeking revenge, at the same time he is investigated by the uncorruptible federal police officer Teolônio "Téo" Meira. Inspiration Poder Paralelo is based on Honra ou Vendetta, the only novel by sports journalist and cuisine author Sílvio Lancelotti, originally published in 2001. The plot, however, had to be readapted, since the book contained only five major female characters. According to Muniz, Téo is based on the federal police officer Protógenes Queiroz, responsible for the investigation and arrest of banker Daniel Dantas, accused of money laundering and convicted for attempting to bribe a federal police officer. Editing controversy The head of Rede Record vetoed Muniz from writing scenes featuring thighs, breasts, buttocks and coarse language. This caused a controversy in Brazil, as well as accusations of hipocrisy from the head of the network, once violent scenes, featuring as even as torture, remained untouched. Main cast Gabriel Braga Nunes - Tony Castellamare Tuca Andrada - Telônio "Téo" Meira Paloma Duarte - Fernanda Lira Marcelo Serrado - Bruno Vilar Petrônio Gontijo - Rudi Castellamare Miriam Freeland - Lígia Brandini Adriana Garambone - Maura Vilar Gracindo Júnior - Don Caló Castellamare Lu Grimaldi - Mamma Freda Castellamare Karen Junqueira - Giana "Gigi" Castellamare Paulo Gorgulho - José Santana Maria Ribeiro - Marília Cecil Thiré - Armando Márcio Kieling - Alberto Fernanda Nobre - Luísa Guilherme Boury - Pedro Patrícia França - Nina Santana Bete Coelho - Vânia André Bankoff - André Campos Miguel Thiré - Douglas (Dog) Luma Costa - Bebel Castrinho - Leonel Pavão Nicola Siri - Paulo Garzia Antônio Abujamra - Marco Iago Soundtrack Soundtrack is the song "Bellissimo Cosí" by Laura Pausini. References External links Poder Paralelo official website Poder Paralelo at Rede Record Press Room website Category:2009 telenovelas Category:2009 Brazilian television series debuts Category:2010 Brazilian television series endings Category:Brazilian telenovelas Category:RecordTV telenovelas Category:Television series about organized crime Category:Portuguese-language telenovelas	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Mount Thomas Mount Thomas is the fictional town featured in the long-running Australian police procedural drama Blue Heelers., which ran from 1994 until it was cancelled in 2006. The program was filmed in Victorian suburbs Wyndham, Williamstown and Castlemaine, which were all used for the show's exterior scenes to depict Mount Thomas, interior scenes were filmed in-house at the Seven Network studios. Town synopsis Mount Thomas is located in the state of Victoria in a very rough northern triangle with the real towns of Echuca, Swan Hill and Benalla nearby. In episode 321, Mount Thomas is shown to be located in the fictional Victorian Parliament electoral district of Hetherington along with St Davids and the surrounding district. In episode 56, the population is given on a "Welcome to Mt. Thomas" sign as 7805, although this undoubtedly grew as the series continued - large enough for a police force of six officers, a court house, a railway station and yards, hospital, primary and secondary schools, the obligatory football and cricket clubs and a swimming pool - but still small enough that most members of the community are known to everyone else. It is also large enough to have its own town council, a newspaper (The Gazette) and at least nine pubs, one of which is "The Imperial" (the copper's pub) plus "The Railway", "The Federal", "The Steam Packet", "Customs House" and "The Commercial", which is The Imperial's main rival. There is also another pub down the street from the court house (which from a distance appears to be called "The Main Street Hotel") as well as another down the street from Coles and a further hotel seen in season 9. Over the years The Imperial has played home to several police characters, new to town with nowhere else to live but a rental room at the hotel. Mount Thomas also has at least one motel, a motor inn and a caravan park. There is also a local radio station, 3SD, mentioned in episode 4 which plays predominately country music. Dozens of real-life, national business chains have branches or stores in Mount Thomas, and can be seen across a wide number of episodes. Throughout the series it is remarked by various characters that the town has been in trouble commercially, or will be in trouble in the future due to lack of employment. However, the sheer number of these actual businesses seen tends to imply that the town is thriving and in an excellent economic position. There are Coles, Safeway and IGA supermarkets; a Fosseys store and a Target Country. Mount Thomas has branches for the Commonwelath, ANZ and Bendigo Banks, a BP, Mobil and at least two Caltex and two Shell service stations. There are both Mazda and Holden auto dealerships, an ABC Shop, a Hog's Breath Cafe, Hungry Jack's, CSR Gyprock, and Bridgestone Tyre Centre. An obvious oversight with the multiple filming locations also makes it apparent that Mount Thomas has no less than three Beaurepaires outlets. Several real-life real estate firms are seen, including LJ Hooker, The Professionals and Elders. Amcal chemists and Tonks Brothers Hardware are in several areas. There is a Retravision store, a Cheesecake Shop, and Mount Thomas even appears to have its own homemaker centre, housing Mitre 10, Capt'n Snooze, Forty Winks, Supercheap Auto and Barbeques Galore, to name a few. Mount Thomas is close to a national park and is largely surrounded by open farmland. There is a river nearby, and also a lake, Lake Widgeree. Etymology In the third season it is revealed that the town was settled by a person called Colonel Thomas. The town is presumably named in his honour. Mount Thomas is sometimes jokingly referred to as the 'Crime Capital of Australia' due to the constant stream of murders, thefts, kidnappings, explosions, shootings and assaults which happened on Blue Heelers on a weekly basis. Described by character, Roz Patterson (Ann Burbrook), as 'the place where elephants go to die'. Nearby locations St Davids Mount Thomas and the nearby small settlement of Widgeree are overseen by the St Davids police district, based in the larger town of St Davids (also fictional), which has a population of just over 68 000. Successive inspectors, Ted Faulkner and Russell Falcon-Price, are based there, as is Inspector Monica Draper of Ethical Standards Division (E.S.D.). The C.I.B. in St Davids is supervised by a Detective Sergeant who is also responsible for the detectives based at Mount Thomas, though this is very rarely mentioned or explored after being a major plotline in the first season. St Davids Police Station also hosts a district Forensic Services department, but other more specialised units, such as the Homicide Squad, Special Operations Group and Accident Investigation Squad respond from Melbourne. St Davids is also the home of a local radio station, known as 3SD, and a Prime7 television station, as well as a number of amenities not offered in Mount Thomas including a multiplex cinema. According to a sign seen during Season 1, St Davids is located 37 km from Mount Thomas. Widgeree Located a short distance from Mount Thomas, Widgeree is a stereotypical small country town where there is very little in the way of business besides the obligatory pub and life revolves around the local footy club. With a small population, everyone knows everyone and policing in Widgeree is a bit different than in the larger towns and cities. Served by a small, one-man police station, the incumbent police officer is technically under the supervision of the Sergeant at Mount Thomas although the local copper is generally left to their own devices. After the local officer is suspended during season 1, Widgeree station is closed down and Mount Thomas assumes the additional role of policing Widgeree until the station is reopened in season 8. The station is closed for a period of time after Snr Const Goss is fired for a serious assault on a local. Evanleigh Rarely mentioned in the show, Evanleigh is home to the regional superintendent, Clive Adamson, who has ultimate responsibility for St Davids, Mount Thomas and Widgeree. Very little is known about Evanleigh, however since it is home to the superintendent it is presumably a substantially sized city, perhaps similar in size to Ballarat, Victoria. Real locations used The majority of exterior scenes were filmed in Wyndham, Williamstown and from time-to-time at Castlemaine, all in the state of Victoria. Castlemaine, in the Victorian Goldfields region 90 minutes north of Melbourne, played Mount Thomas in the major aerial shots of the town. To contain production costs location scenes needed to be shot close to the South Melbourne studios of Channel Seven, so coastal Williamstown (20 mins south west of the city) - noted for its Victorian and Federation architecture - was chosen. The railway yards of adjacent Newport were the location for the Mount Thomas rail yards, and the scene of numerous crimes. The nearby basalt plains around Werribee were suitable to represent farming and bush country. The shots looking north were filmed from the Burke & Wills monument towards the former Castlemaine Gaol (now closed). The southern shots were filmed at the Castlemaine Gaol looking over the Castlemaine Railway Station (Melbourne-Bendigo line) towards the Post Office clock tower. Coincidentally the exterior of "The Imperial Hotel" is a former local pub called "The Imperial Hotel" (which was marked up with beer signage for cut away scenes). Today it is a decaying second hand clothes and antiques store - and the interior has no resemblance to Chris Riley's pub. Even more strangely, "The Imperial" is right next door to the real Castlemaine Police Station (although this has never been featured in the show), and also across the road from the Castlemaine Courthouse. In at least two (earlier) episodes, real police cars belonging to Castlemaine Police Station (different makes to the production vehicles used as "Mount Thomas" units) are inadvertently seen parked in the street during exterior shots of The Imperial. The first Mount Thomas Police Station was actually the former Williamstown Police Station where the majority of the Mount Thomas street scenes were filmed. Early in the series the building was sold and converted to a residence and was specially decorated for filming. Shots and scenes for Widgeree was filmed on location at Clarkefield, Victoria. Including Clarkefield Coach & Horses which was used as the Widgeree pub, on the same street just three houses down is where Widgeree Police Station was filmed, which is actually a private residence and was only dressed up as a police station for the show. References Category:Blue Heelers Category:Fictional populated places in Australia	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Elizabeth Lucar Elizabeth Lucar (Elizabeth Withypoll) (1510 – 29 October 1537) was an English calligrapher. A multi-talented person, she was fluent in Latin, Spanish, and Italian, and an accomplished musician, needleworker and algorist. A member of a very prominent and wealthy mercantile family holding royal favour and civic office, her marriage united common interests within the Company of Merchant Taylors. Epitaph Elizabeth Lucar was born and died in London and is largely known from an inscription on her tomb in St Laurence Pountney church, London, written or commissioned by her husband Emanuel Lucar (1494–1574), a man held in high esteem among the Merchant Taylors. This was recorded by John Stow. "Every Christian heart seeketh to extoll The glory of the Lord, our onely Redeemer: Wherefore Dame Fame must needs inroll Paul Withypoll his childe, by love and Nature, Elizabeth, the wife of Emmanuel Lucar, In whom was declared the goodnesse of the Lord, With many high vertues, which truely I will record. She wrought all Needle workes that women exercise, With Pen, Frame, or Stoole, all Pictures artificiall, Curious Knots or Trailes, what fancy would devise, Beasts, Brids, or Flowers, even as things naturall: Three manner hands could she write, them faire all. To speake of Algorisme, or accounts, in every fashion, Of women, few like (I thinke) in all this Nation. Dame Cunning her gave a gift right excellent, The goodly practice of her Science Musicall, In divers tongues to sing, and play with Instrument, Both Viall and Lute, and also Virginall; Not onely upon one, but excellent in all. For all other vertues belonging to Nature, God her appointed a very perfect creature. Latine and Spanish, and also Italian, She spake, writ, and read, with perfect utterance; And for the English, she the Garland wan, In Dame Prudence Schoole, by Graces purveyance, Which cloathed her with Vertues, from naked Ignorance: Reading the Scriptures, to judge light from darke, Directing her faith to Christ, the onely Marke." "The said Elizabeth deceased the 29 day of October An. Dom. 1537. Of yeares not fully 27: This Stone, and all hereon contained, made at the cost of the said Emanuel Merchant-Taylor." After the destruction of St. Laurence Pountney church in the Great Fire of London of 1666, the brass plate inscription was moved to St. Michael, Crooked Lane. "Curious Calligraphy" In a work published in 1904, D.N. Carvalho referred to an essay on the subject of calligraphy written by Elizabeth Lucar in 1525, at the age of 15, entitled Curious Calligraphy. This, he claimed, was the first English essay on that subject, and this claim has been repeated elsewhere. However the bibliographic or manuscript original of this supposed work Curious Calligraphy is not cited or apparent, and the term 'calligraphy' itself appears anachronistic for English usage of that date. Ballard, in his 1752 Memoir of Elizabeth Lucar, does not mention an essay but described her as 'a curious calligrapher'. It is possible that Carvalho, reading the line of her epitaph 'She wrought all Needle workes that women exercise', interpreted it to mean 'she wrote (of) all needle workes'. The duality of meaning of 'wrought' and 'wrote' has been recognized elsewhere, but in either sense, that line may only mean that she herself delineated the patterns which she afterwards rendered in needlework. The line 'Three manner hands could she write, them faire all' does however indicate that she could write beautifully in three different scripts. Reformist connections Elizabeth Lucar's date of death is noted (as an interpolation) in the Calendar of the 15th-century Book of Hours known as The Beaufort/Beauchamp Hours. A closely similar text is annotated into the Calendar of a 1535 printed copy of William Marshall's Prymer (which incorporated English texts of the Psalms translated from Martin Bucer's Latin, disguised by being printed parallel with the Vulgate Latin). The textual identity of the inscriptions in these two calendars indicates that they belonged to someone deeply interested in Reformation psalm-readings to whom Elizabeth was well-known. Elizabeth's father Paul Withypoll's patronage of religious art is illustrated by the Withypool Triptych, a devotional painting of the Virgin and child with Saints Catherine and Ursula, including a portrait of Paul Withypoll. An attendant female figure is shown playing the lute. This masterpiece was commissioned by Paul from the Italian artist Antonio Solario and completed in 1514. Family Elizabeth was the daughter of Paul Withypoll (c.1485–1547), Master Merchant Taylor, Alderman and M.P. for London and his wife Anne, daughter of Robert Curzon of Brightwell, Suffolk. Paul was the third son of John Withypoll of Bristol and his wife Alyson, daughter and heiress of John à Gaunt of Cardiff; that John Withypoll of Bristol was the son of Robert Withypoll of Wythipool in Shropshire, origin of the surname. Elizabeth was the sister (possibly the only sibling?) of Edmund Withypoll, M.P., who, after their father had purchased the site of the Holy Trinity Priory of Augustinian canons in Ipswich, built Christchurch Mansion as a private house there in 1548–50. Edmund Withypoll of Ipswich and his wife Elizabeth Hynde had 18 children (several of whom did not survive infancy) to whom Elizabeth was aunt. In 1532 Elizabeth received a bequest of £50 from her extremely wealthy uncle Robert Thurne or Thorne, merchant of London and Bristol (who had married her aunt Ellen Withypoll). The Thorne and Withypoll families (between whom there were older ties of kinship) were engaged in an international trading syndicate and were conspicuous collectors of precious objects. Elizabeth married Emanuel Lucar (born Bridgwater, Somerset, 1494, died London 1574), the great-grandson of Richard Lucar, Steward to the Duke of Exeter in the time of Henry VI of England (brother of William Lucar, Forester of the Forest of Exmoor to Henry VI), from John Lucar of Bridgwater, son of John Lucar of Wythecomb. Elizabeth's children – Emanuel, Henry, Mary, Jane, and another daughter – and those of her husband's second wife Joan Turnbull or Trumball are shown in the 1568 Herald's Visitation of London. A painted portrait of Elizabeth Lucar is referred to in the will of Emanuel Lucar. Heraldry The following arms are recited for Elizabeth in the 1568 Visitation: Quarterly. 1 & 4, Per pale or and gules, three lions passant in pale within a bordure counterchanged. 2. Azure, three bars or, over all or a bend engrailed gules three pheons argent. 3. Azure, a cross moline between four crosses patté or. References External links Project Continua: Biography of Elizabeth Lucar Project Continua is a web-based multimedia resource dedicated to the creation and preservation of women’s intellectual history from the earliest surviving evidence into the 21st Century. Category:1510 births Category:1537 deaths Category:Women of the Tudor period Category:English calligraphers Category:16th-century women artists Category:16th-century English writers Category:16th-century English women writers Category:Artists from London Category:Women calligraphers	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Caprivi treason trial The Caprivi treason trial is a trial in which the Government of Namibia indicted 132 people for allegedly participating in the Caprivi conflict on the side of the Caprivi Liberation Army during a period between 1992 and 2002. They were charged with high treason, murder, sedition, and many other offences, altogether 278 counts of criminal conduct. The trial is the longest and largest in the history of Namibia. While it started in 2003, the court case lasted more than 16 years, with High Court judgement being delivered in December 2015, and a Supreme Court challenge being launched in 2016 and still verdict pending. According to The Namibian newspaper, the High Court judgement sentenced "30 men convicted of high treason, nine counts of murder and 90 charges of attempted murder". Among those initially tried, the High Court ruling acquitted 79 of the accused. Meanwhile, 22 others died in custody during the 16-year period between arrests and High Court judgement. Some of the alleged leaders of the sedition attempt were in exile at the time the Caprivi conflict peaked and have not been brought to court. Background The Caprivi Strip is a remnant of the Berlin Conference of 1884, at which the European powers divided sub-Saharan Africa amongst themselves, indifferent to its ethnology and often with inadequate knowledge of its geography. After the conference, European governments learned more about the geography of the interior and negotiated changes to boundaries agreed upon in Berlin. In 1890, German diplomat Leo von Caprivi sought to gain access to the Zambezi River for the German colony of South West Africa, to give Germany an interior route to Africa's East Coast, where the German colony Tanganyika was located. In the Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty, Germany gave up its interest in Zanzibar in return for the island of Heligoland in the North Sea and the Caprivi Strip. The Zambezi proved to be unnavigable, but the Strip remained, even as South West Africa became Namibia. On 2 August 1999, members of the Caprivi Liberation Army (CLA) launched an armed attack on government forces and buildings in the regional capital of Katima Mulilo in the Zambezi Region of north eastern Namibia. The same evening, president Sam Nujoma declared a state of emergency in the Caprivi province. Members of the Namibia Defence Force (NDF, Namibia's national army) and the Special Field Force (SFF, the paramilitary police unit) were deployed and repelled the attack. 11 people were killed during the attacks, among them 6 members of the security forces. 300 suspected rebel fighters and civilian sympathisers were detained, 132 of which were later charged. Charges and indicted people Many of the arrested people are from the Mafwe tribe, including the majority of its traditional leadership. The Namibian government has in the meantime recognised other traditional leaders who are perceived to be mere puppets of the ruling SWAPO party. Among the suspected leading figures detained and charged are: John Samboma, allegedly the commander of the Caprivi Liberation Army, Geoffrey Mwilima, former member of Namibia's National Assembly, Aggrey Makendano Thaddeus Ndala Osbert Likanyi Charles Mushakwa Martin Tubaundule Andreas Mulupa Richard Misuha John Samati Oscar Muyuka Puteho A number of Caprivi traditional leaders and politicians have been implicated but were in exile at the time of the attacks: Mishake Muyongo, former leader of the Democratic Turnhalle Alliance (DTA) and member of the National Assembly from 1990 to 1999, was granted asylum in Denmark John Mabuku, former Democratic Turnhalle Alliance National Council member and governor of Caprivi Region (today Zambezi Region), died in exile in Botswana in 2008 Boniface Mamili, former Mafwe chief, was granted asylum in Denmark Botswana, Denmark and Canada have been granting asylum to people fleeing Namibia in the aftermath of the attack on Katima Mulilo. Only in 2010 Canada has changed its standpoint and is now considering the CLA to be a terrorist organisation that has "attempted to usurp an elected government". Judges of the trial Elton Hoff, judge at the High Court at Grootfontein, heard the first leg of the trial and again took over after the death of Judge Manyarara in 2010. Johan Strydom, Chief Justice in the Supreme Court at Windhoek, ordered (Government of Namibia and Others vs. Mwilima and Others) government to provide the treason suspects with legal representation in 2002 John Manyarara, acting judge at the High Court in Windhoek, heard the second leg of the trial Judges of Appeal Maritz, Strydom, and Mtambanengwe in the Supreme Court decided (State vs. Malumo and 24 Others) that confessions from 25 accused are inadmissible before the High Court in Windhoek due to the occurrence of "coercive actions" at the hands of Police or military to obtain the testimonies. Acting judge of the Windhoek High Court Philanda Christiaan ruled in 2017 that the continued prosecution of one of the accused, Rosco Matengu Makapa, was malicious on the part of the prosecutor-general, and that Makapa is to be compensated for his losses. The judgment is likely to be appealed in the Supreme Court. Marlene Tommasi, judge at the High Court in Oshakati, heard the third leg of the trial Structure of the trial The Caprivi treason trial consists of 275 charges of murder, sedition, and treason, applied to 132 people. After preliminary hearings, bail applications, legal representation applications and other technical wrestles, the first stage of the trial started on 27 October 2003 in the High Court at Grootfontein. Thirteen of the alleged separatists were regarded as the main accused and charged with high treason. They were tried in a separate leg of the proceedings sometimes called the Second Caprivi treason trial. Sentencing and much of the court hearings took place in their absence because throughout the trial they had shouted political slogans and sung Caprivi liberation songs, leading repeatedly to their removal from the court room. In 2007 this second trial ended with ten of the accused convicted and sentenced to 30 or 32 years of jail each, depending on the length of their stay in custody, and the remaining two acquitted and set free on a technicality. The thirteenth accused had died in custody before the sentencing began. The conviction of eight of the thirteen main accused was overthrown in the Supreme Court in 2013. They have to be retried in the High Court but are in custody. A number of secondary and tertiary trials have been split from the main proceedings, among them a number of counterclaims by the alleged secessionists of unlawful arrest, torture and manhandling, but also the claim that Namibian courts do not have jurisdiction over the Caprivi because the Caprivi Strip is not part of the Republic of Namibia. This claim was taken to the Supreme Court and dismissed in July 2004. It interrupted the first leg of the trial by 5 months. In June 2013 this Supreme Court ruling was vacated because Mtabanengwe, one of the Supreme Court judges in 2004, had also served as chairman of the Advisory Board that reviewed how people were arrested while the Caprivi Region was under a state of emergency on 2 August 1999. Another claim brought forward by the 13 main accused was one of unlawful arrest—the 13 main accused were found to be unlawfully abducted abroad—was at first successful when judge Hoff ruled in February 2004 that they were indeed "irregularly before the court". The 13 were, however, rearrested for treason 2 days after the court ruling, and sentenced the same year. One accused, Albius Moto Liseli, handed himself over to the authorities in 2009. He was charged with high treason in 2010 and tried separately. The six years of proceedings against Liseli are called the Third Caprivi treason trial. Liseli was convicted and sentenced to 10 years in jail in 2017. All other people charged in this trial are essentially co-accused of these thirteen, charged with lesser offences. They all pleaded "not guilty" to all charges laid out to them. In February 2013, 43 accused were acquitted on all charges and set free when Judge Hoff found that the prosecution's evidence did not support any of the charges they were accused of. The majority of these 43 had been in custody since 1999. The trial of the remaining people has not been concluded yet. In 2009 alone, 127 civil suits emerging from the alleged mistreatment of the treason detainees were heard. While some of these counterclaims have been dismissed, a large number has been settled out of court. In 2015 Rodwell Kasika Mukendwa, one of the main accused, sued the government and several officials, saying that he had been wrongfully arrested in 1999 and wrongfully detained until 2012, when he was acquitted. In 2015, High Court Judge Elton Hoff presented his ruling and found 30 of the accused guilty of high treason, murder and attempted murder. Delay of the trial The Caprivi Treason Trial has been delayed by a number of factors, most prominently by its sheer size and the accompanying paper trail. Already in 2007, the trial transcripts amounted to more than 18,000 type-written pages, and 230 full days had been spent in court. This makes it by far the longest and largest trial in the history of Namibia, frequently swallowing around half of all legal assistance funds budgeted by the Namibian Ministry of Justice. Further delays of the court proceedings were caused by: Withdrawal of defence counsels in 2004 after some of the accused questioned the jurisdiction of Namibian courts over Caprivi territory Car accident of the prosecution team on their way to the court hearings in 2005 which left one prosecutor dead and two prosecutors-general in critical condition. This and other car accidents led to a transfer of court hearings to Windhoek Central Prison, where part of the complex was restructured into a special court. Quarrels over salary issues between local and foreign lawyers The September 2012 suicide of Abraham Maasdorp, commanding officer of the High Treason Investigation Unit of NamPol, is also suspected to delay the trial. Supreme Court judge Johan Strydom already stated in 2002 that the case "has all the makings of a logistical and organisational nightmare for both the prosecution and the defence and will no doubt run for a couple of years rather than months". On 7 February 2012 the State concluded the case for the prosecution. The court record for this trial by then consisted of circa 35,000 pages. Criticism Both the massive delays of the trial and the treatment of the accused have been criticised by a host of local, regional, and international organisations. Already in 2003, Amnesty International called on the Namibian Government to immediately resume the trial. , 112 of the accused are still in prison, awaiting Judge Hoff's decision whether or not the State's case is strong enough to keep the accused in jail. Only four of the arrested have ever obtained bail. 19 of the prisoners awaiting trial have died in custody, some of them under questionable circumstances. Frequent reports of maltreatment, torture, medical neglect and unsanitary conditions in the holding cells have been made. Various individuals and groups have called for the pardoning of the convicted, as well as for the release of the accused. Another point of criticism has been the level of, even alleged, involvement in the sedition attempts of many of the detainees. Except John Samboma, the commander of the Caprivi Liberation Army, most of the alleged masterminds of the secession of the Caprivi are not among the group of people that have been arrested. A sizeable fraction of the people imprisoned are not even thought to have participated in any violent action but might have been "arrested solely based on their actual or perceived non-violent support for the political opposition in the region, their ethnic identity or their membership of certain organisations". Amnesty International assumes they are actually prisoners of conscience and in 2009 requested them to be tried or released immediately. References Category:1992 in Namibia Category:1992 crimes in Namibia Category:1990s crimes in Namibia Category:2000s crimes in Namibia Category:Political history of Namibia Category:Namibian law Category:Separatism in Namibia Category:Trials in Namibia Category:Treason in Namibia Category:Treason trials Category:Amnesty International prisoners of conscience held by Namibia	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Fachtna Murphy Fachtna Murphy (born 6 December 1952) is a former Irish Garda who served as Garda Commissioner from 2007 to 2010. Prior to his appointment he was the Deputy Commissioner with responsibility for operational policing strategies in the Garda Síochána. He grew up in Timoleague, County Cork. He joined the Garda Síochána in 1967 and holds a Bachelor of Arts (Hons) Degree in Police Management and a Diploma in Management and Industrial Relations, and has also studied policing methods overseas at both the FBI Academy, Quantico, Virginia, and at the Police College, Bramshill. References Category:Garda Commissioners Category:Living people Category:People from County Cork Category:1952 births	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
All Hallows Church (South River, Maryland) All Hallows Church, also known as The Brick Church, is a historic church located at 3604 Solomon's Island Road, in Edgewater, Anne Arundel County, Maryland, United States. Parish records date back to 1682, indicating that it existed prior to the Act of Establishment (1692) passed by the General Assembly of Maryland laying off the Province into 30 Anglican parishes. The church building is a low, rectangular Flemish bond brick structure with a hip roof. The building was constructed about 1710 as the parish church of All Hallows' or South River Parish, now called All Hallows Parish, South River. The interior was gutted by fire in 1727. It was modernized in 1825 and again in 1885. After a fire in 1940, reconstruction restored the building to its 1710 appearance. The ancient cemetery, shaded by a grove of oak trees, surrounds the church. It contains the graves of many local families. One is Provincial Justice, Deputy-Governor and Lord High Sheriff of Anne Arundel Colonel William Burgess (1622–1686), who donated 100 acres of his lands for the establishment of Londontowne. Among the descendants of pioneer planter/politician Colonel Nicholas Gassaway is his son, the Lord High Sheriff Captain Thomas Gassaway (1683–1739), amidst whose plantations the church itself was built. The bell in the rustic tower bears the date 1727. All Hallows' Church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1969. In addition to the Brick Church, the parish maintains a chapel-of-ease at 864 West Central Avenue, in Davidsonville. The Chapel was constructed from 1860 to 1865 because the parish's Brick Church was too far away at distant. The parish's rectory is diagonally across the street from the Chapel. All Hallows Parish, South River, is still an active parish in the Episcopal Diocese of Maryland. The Rev. Jeffrey C. Hual is the current rector. Gallery References External links , including photo from 1966, at Maryland Historical Trust Category:Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Maryland Category:Episcopal church buildings in Maryland Category:Churches in Anne Arundel County, Maryland Category:Churches completed in 1710 Category:18th-century Episcopal church buildings Category:Historic American Buildings Survey in Maryland Category:National Register of Historic Places in Anne Arundel County, Maryland Category:1710 establishments in Maryland	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Automobile Manufacturers Association The Automobile Manufacturers Association was a trade group of automobile manufacturers which operated under various names in the United States from 1911 to 1999. A different group called the Automobile Manufacturers' Association was active in the very early 1900s, but then dissolved. Another early group was the Association of Licensed Automobile Manufacturers, formed in 1903 and which was involved in licensing and collecting royalties from the George Baldwin Selden engine patent. Henry Ford effectively defeated the patent in court in 1911 and the Association of Licensed Automobile Manufacturers dissolved. However, the same manufacturers regrouped later in 1911 and formed the Automobile Board of Trade. In 1913, this became the National Automobile Chamber of Commerce. In 1934, this group renamed itself to the Automobile Manufacturers Association. This was the name the group had the longest and became the best known by. It focused upon establishing a code for fair competition. In 1939, it moved its headquarters from New York City, where it had been close to bankers, to Detroit, where the manufacturers were all based. The organization had a budget of $1 million at the time. During the early stages of World War II, the association played a role in adapting American automotive manufacturing capabilities towards arms production efforts, especially regarding large aircraft engines. Within hours of the December 7, 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor, the association invited all companies in the larger automotive industry, regardless of whether they were association members, to join a new cooperative undertaking, the Automotive Council for War Production. Some 654 manufacturing companies joined, and produced nearly $29 billion in output, including tremendous numbers of motorized vehicles, tanks, engines, and other products for the Allied military forces. Between a fifth and a quarter of all U.S. wartime production was accounted for by the automotive industry. In 1950, the association published the book, Freedom's Arsenal: The Story of the Automotive Council for War Production, to document this achievement. Following the 1955 Le Mans disaster and the 1957 NASCAR Mercury Meteor crashes into the grandstands, the Automobile Manufacturers Association placed a ban on factory-supported racing. As a result, the automotive industry essentially disappeared from the National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing (NASCAR). The ban began to end in 1962 when Henry Ford II announced that the Ford Motor Company would again begin participating openly in NASCAR. In August 1972, the group changed its name to the Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association, to reflect the growing importance of truck makers. A major issue then developed over whether foreign-owned automakers with operations and in some cases manufacturing within the U.S. could join the group. In 1986 the association ruled that foreign transplants had to manufacture half their American sales within the country in order to join; a grandfather clause allowed Honda and Volvo to stay in. In May 1988, Toyota's attempt to join was rejected on this line. By 1992, Toyota and Nissan were able to meet the membership mark and qualify to join. In late 1992, the group expelled Honda, Volvo, and heavy truck makers and changed its name to the American Automobile Manufacturers Association. The association now was back to its traditional stance of representing the "Big Three" manufacturers. They also moved their headquarters from Detroit to Washington, D.C., in order to have a stronger governmental presence. However, their situation became problematic with the DaimlerChrysler merger of 1998, which meant there were only two American-only manufacturers, too few for an organization. The American Automobile Manufacturers Association was thus phased out in January 1999, and a new and different successor group, the Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers, was formed that included a large number of foreign-owned manufacturers. See also American Automotive Policy Council Association of Global Automakers References Category:Automobile associations in the United States Category:Organizations established in 1911	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Ed McMahon Edward Leo Peter McMahon Jr. (March 6, 1923 – June 23, 2009) was an American announcer, game show host, comedian, actor and singer. McMahon and Johnny Carson began their association in their first TV series, the ABC game show Who Do You Trust?, running from 1957 to 1962. McMahon then made his famous thirty-year mark as Carson's sidekick, announcer and second banana on NBC's The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson from 1962 to 1992. He also hosted the original Star Search from 1983 to 1995, co-hosted TV's Bloopers & Practical Jokes with Dick Clark from 1982 to 1998 and also presented sweepstakes for the direct marketing company American Family Publishers (not, as is commonly believed, its main rival Publishers Clearing House). McMahon annually co-hosted the Jerry Lewis MDA Telethon from 1973 to 2008. In the 1970s and 80s, he anchored the team of NBC personalities conducting the network's coverage of the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade. McMahon appeared in several films, including The Incident, Fun With Dick and Jane, Full Moon High and Butterfly, as well as briefly in the film version of Bewitched. He also performed in numerous television commercials. According to Entertainment Weekly, McMahon is considered one of the greatest "sidekicks". Early years McMahon was born in Detroit, Michigan, to Edward Leo Peter McMahon Sr., a fund-raiser and entertainer, and Eleanor (Russell) McMahon. He was raised in Lowell, Massachusetts, often visiting his paternal Aunt Mary Brennan at her home on Chelmsford Street. After three years as a carnival barker in Mexico, Maine, McMahon served as a fifteen-year-old bingo caller in Maine. He put himself through college as a pitchman for vegetable slicers on the Atlantic City boardwalk. His first broadcasting job was at WLLH-AM in Lowell, television career launched in Philadelphia at WCAU-TV. Military service McMahon hoped to become a United States Marine Corps fighter pilot. Prior to the US entry into World War II, both the Army and Navy required pilot candidates to attend at least two years of college. McMahon studied at Boston College from 1940 to 1941. On The Howard Stern Show in 2001, he stated that after Pearl Harbor was attacked, the college requirement remained in effect and he still had to finish his two years of college before applying for Marine Corps flight training. After completing the college requirement, McMahon began his primary flight training in Dallas. This was followed by fighter training in Pensacola, where he also earned his carrier landing qualifications. He was a Marine Corps flight instructor in F4U Corsairs for two years, finally being ordered to the Pacific fleet in 1945. However, his orders were canceled after the atomic bomb attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, forcing Japan's unconditional surrender. As an officer in the reserves, McMahon was recalled to active duty during the Korean War. He flew an OE-1 (the original Marine designation for the unarmed single-engine Cessna O-1 Bird Dog) spotter plane, serving as an artillery spotter for Marine batteries and a forward controller for Navy and Marine fighter bombers. He flew a total of 85 combat missions, earning six Air Medals. After the war, he stayed with the Marines as a reserve officer, retiring in 1966 as a colonel. In 1982, McMahon received a state commission as a brigadier general in the California Air National Guard, an honorary award to recognize his support for the National Guard and Reserves. The Catholic University of America After World War II, McMahon studied at The Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C., under the GI Bill and graduated in 1949. He majored in speech and drama while studying under Rev. Fr. Gilbert Hartke and was a member of Phi Kappa Theta fraternity. After graduation, McMahon led the effort to raise funds for a theater to be named for Hartke and attended its dedication in 1970 with Helen Hayes and Sidney Poitier. While working as Carson's sidekick during The Tonight Show, McMahon served as the president of the national alumni association from 1967 to 1971 and would often return to campus, especially for homecoming. During the university's centennial celebration in 1987, McMahon and Bob Newhart performed. He received an honorary Doctor of Communication Arts in 1988. "I owe so much to CU," McMahon once said. "That's where my career got its start." Today, the Ed McMahon Endowed Scholarship helps outstanding students and provides scholarship assistance to juniors and seniors who are pursuing a bachelor's degree in either the Department of Drama or the Department of Media Studies within the School of Arts and Sciences. Entertainment career Who Do You Trust? McMahon and Carson first worked together as announcer and host on the ABC daytime game show Who Do You Trust? running from 1957 to 1962. The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson The pair joined The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson on October 1, 1962, on NBC. He describes what happened when the pair first met, the whole meeting being "about as exciting as watching a traffic light change". For almost 30 years, McMahon introduced the show with a drawn-out "Heeere's Johnny!" His booming voice and constant laughter alongside the "King of Late Night" earned McMahon the nickname the "Human Laugh Track" and "Toymaker to the King". As part of the introductory patter to The Tonight Show, McMahon would state his name out loud, pronouncing it as , but neither long-time cohort Carson nor anyone else who interviewed him ever seemed to pick up on that subtlety, usually pronouncing his name . Aside from his co-hosting duties, it also fell upon McMahon during the early years of Carson's tenure (when the show ran 105 minutes) to host the first fifteen minutes of Tonight, which did not air nationally. McMahon also served as guest host on at least one occasion, substituting for Carson during a week of programs that aired between July 29 and August 2, 1963, and again for two nights in October 1963. McMahon served as a counter to the notoriously shy Carson. Nonetheless, McMahon once told an interviewer that after his many decades as an emcee, he would still get "butterflies" in his stomach every time he would walk onto a stage and would use that nervousness as a source of energy. His famous opening line, "Heeere's Johnny!", was used in the 1980 horror film The Shining by the character Jack Torrance (played by Jack Nicholson) as he goes after his wife and child with an axe. He did in-program commercials for many sponsors of The Tonight Show, most notably Budweiser beer and Alpo dog food, and also did commercials for them that ran on other programs. Star Search McMahon was also host of the successful weekly syndicated series Star Search, which began in 1983 and helped launch the careers of numerous actors, singers, choreographers and comedians. He stayed with the show until it ended in 1995 and in 2003, he made a cameo appearance on the CBS revival of the series, hosted by his successor Arsenio Hall. Other roles His long association with brewer Anheuser-Busch earned him the nickname "Mr. Budweiser" and he used that relationship to bring them aboard as one of the largest corporate donors to the Muscular Dystrophy Association. Since 1973, McMahon served as co-host of the long-running live annual Labor Day weekend event of the Jerry Lewis MDA Telethon. His 41st and final appearance on that show was in 2008, making him second only to Jerry Lewis himself in number. McMahon and Dick Clark hosted the television series (and later special broadcasts of) TV's Bloopers and Practical Jokes on NBC from 1982 to 1993. In 1967, McMahon had a role in the film The Incident and appeared as Santa Claus on The Mitzi Gaynor Christmas Show. From 1965 to 1969, McMahon served as "communicator" (host) of the Saturday afternoon segment of Monitor, the weekend news, features and entertainment magazine on the NBC Radio Network. The 1955 movie Dementia, which has music without dialogue, was released as Daughter of Horror in 1970. The newer version, which had a voice over by McMahon, still has music without dialogue, but with an added narration read by him. McMahon had a supporting role in the original Fun with Dick and Jane in 1977. He then played himself in "Remote Control Man", a season one episode of Steven Spielberg's Amazing Stories. In 2004, McMahon became the announcer and co-host of Alf's Hit Talk Show on TV Land. He has authored two memoirs, Here's Johnny!: My Memories of Johnny Carson, The Tonight Show, and 46 Years of Friendship as well as For Laughing Out Loud. Over the years, he emceed the game shows Missing Links, Snap Judgment, Concentration, and Whodunnit!. McMahon also hosted Lifestyles Live, a weekend talk program aired on the USA Radio Network. Additionally, he also appeared in the feature documentary film, Pitch People, the first motion picture to take an in-depth look at the history and evolution of pitching products to the public. In the early 2000s, McMahon made a series of Neighborhood Watch public service announcements parodying the surprise appearances to contest winners that he was supposedly known for. (In fact, it is not clear whether the company McMahon fronted, American Family Publishers, regularly performed such unannounced visits, as opposed to Publishers Clearing House and its oft-promoted "prize patrol".) Towards the end of the decade, McMahon took on other endorsement roles, playing a rapper for a FreeCreditReport.com commercial and in a Cash4Gold commercial alongside MC Hammer. McMahon was also the spokesman for Pride Mobility, a leading power wheelchair and scooter manufacturer. His final film appearance was in the independent John Hughes themed rom-com Jelly as Mr. Closure alongside actress Natasha Lyonne. Mostly in the 1980s through the 1990s, McMahon was the spokesperson for Colonial Penn Life Insurance Company. Personal life Marriage and children McMahon married Alyce Ferrell on July 5, 1945, while he was serving as a flight instructor in the Marines. The couple had four children: Claudia (b. 1946), Michael Edward (1951–1995), Linda and Jeffrey. They separated in 1972 and divorced in 1974. McMahon married Victoria Valentine on March 6, 1976. They adopted a daughter in 1985, Katherine Mary. The couple divorced in 1989. McMahon paid $50,000 per month in spousal and child support. On February 22, 1992, three months before his Tonight Show run came to a close, in a ceremony held near Las Vegas, McMahon married 37-year-old Pamela "Pam" Hurn, who had a son named Alex. McMahon's daughter Katherine served as best person at the wedding. McMahon was a longtime summer resident of Avalon, New Jersey. Financial problems In June 2008, it was announced that McMahon was $644,000 behind on payments on $4.8 million in mortgage loans and was fighting to avoid foreclosure on his multimillion-dollar Beverly Hills home. McMahon was also sued by Citibank for $180,000. McMahon appeared on Larry King Live on June 5, 2008, with his wife to talk about this situation. In the interview, McMahon's wife Pam said that people assumed that the McMahons had very much money because of his celebrity status. Pamela McMahon also commented that they do not have "millions" of dollars. On July 30, 2008, McMahon's financial status suffered another blow. McMahon failed to pay divorce attorney Norman Solovay $275,168, according to a lawsuit filed in the Manhattan federal court. McMahon and his wife, Pamela, had hired Solovay to represent Linda Schmerge, his daughter from another relationship, in a "matrimonial matter", said Solovay's lawyer, Michael Shanker. On August 14, 2008, real estate mogul Donald Trump announced that he would purchase McMahon's home from Countrywide Financial and lease it to McMahon, so the home would not be foreclosed. McMahon agreed instead to a deal with a private buyer for his hilltop home, said Howard Bragman, McMahon's former spokesman. Bragman declined to name the buyer or the selling price, but he said it was not Trump. In early September, after the second buyer's offer fell through, Trump renewed his offer to purchase the home. Health problems On April 20, 2002, McMahon sued his insurance company for more than $20 million, alleging that he was sickened by toxic mold that spread through his Beverly Hills house after contractors failed to properly clean up water damage from a broken pipe. McMahon and his wife, Pamela, became ill from the mold, as did members of their household staff, according to the Los Angeles County Superior Court suit. The McMahons blamed the mold for the death of the family dog, Muffin. Their suit, one of many in recent years over toxic mold, was filed against American Equity Insurance Co., a pair of insurance adjusters, and several environmental cleanup contractors. It sought monetary damages for alleged breach of contract, negligence, and intentional infliction of emotional distress. On March 21, 2003, the long legal battle ended with McMahon being awarded $7.2 million from several companies who were negligent for allowing toxic mold into his home, sickening him and his wife and killing their dog. McMahon was injured in 2007 in a fall and, in March 2008, it was announced he was recovering from a broken neck and two subsequent surgeries. He later sued Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and two doctors claiming fraud, battery, elder abuse, and emotional distress, and accused them of discharging him with a broken neck after his fall and botching two later neck surgeries. On February 27, 2009, it was reported that McMahon had been in an undisclosed Los Angeles hospital (later confirmed as Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center) for almost a month. He was listed in serious condition and was in the intensive care unit. His publicist told reporters that he was admitted for pneumonia at the time, but could not confirm nor deny reports that McMahon had been diagnosed with bone cancer. Death McMahon died on June 23, 2009, shortly after midnight at the Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center in Los Angeles, California. He was 86 years old. His nurse, Julie Koehne, RN, stated he went peacefully. No formal cause of death was given, but McMahon's publicist attributed his death to the many health problems he had suffered over his final months. McMahon had said that he still suffered from the injury to his neck in March 2007. Tributes and legacy The night of McMahon's death, Conan O'Brien paid him tribute on The Tonight Show: The Broadcast Pioneers of Philadelphia posthumously inducted McMahon into their Hall of Fame in 2010. Books Ed McMahon's Barside Companion (World Publishing Company, 1969), Library of Congress #70-94527 Here's Ed: The Autobiography of Ed McMahon With Carroll Carroll (Putnam; 1976) Ed McMahon's Superselling by Ed McMahon with Warren Jamison (Prentice Hall Press, Copyright 1989 by Ed McMahon), For Laughing Out Loud: My Life and Good Times (Warner Books, 1998), co-written with David Fisher Here's Johnny! My Memories of Johnny Carson, The Tonight Show, and 46 Years of Friendship (Berkley Publishing Group – Penguin Group, 2005) Backstage at the Tonight Show by Don Sweeney, Ed McMahon (Foreword) (Taylor Trade Publishing), 2006 When Television Was Young: The Inside Story with Memories by Legends of the Small Screen With David Fisher (Thomas Nelson 2007) See also References External links Hiyoooo.com Category:1923 births Category:2009 deaths Category:American male comedians Category:American game show hosts Category:American radio personalities Category:Disease-related deaths in California Category:Game show announcers Category:American people of Irish descent Category:People from Avalon, New Jersey Category:Male actors from Detroit Category:Actors from Lowell, Massachusetts Category:People from Upper Darby Township, Pennsylvania Category:Catholic University of America alumni Category:Radio and television announcers Category:Television anchors from Philadelphia Category:United States Marine Corps officers Category:United States Naval Aviators Category:United States Marine Corps reservists Category:American Marine Corps personnel of World War II Category:American Marine Corps personnel of the Korean War Category:American Korean War pilots Category:Recipients of the Air Medal Category:Boston College alumni Category:Quinnipiac University people Category:People from Mexico, Maine Category:20th-century American comedians	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Juhi Chawla filmography Juhi Chawla is an Indian film actress who appears in Bollywood films, in addition to Bengali, Punjabi, Malayalam, Tamil, Kannada and Telugu films. She made her acting debut Sultanat in 1986. Her first commercial success was the black buster Premaloka (1987). She won the Filmfare Award for Lux New Face of the Year and received a nomination for Filmfare Best Actress Award. Hum Hain Rahi Pyar Ke (1993), for which she won the Filmfare Award for Best Actress, co-starred Aamir Khan. Subsequently, she played leading roles in films, including the Lootere (1993), Aaina (1993), Darr (1993), Ram Jaane (1995), Deewana Mastana (1997), Yes Boss (1997), and Ishq (1997) Arjun Pandit (1999). Chawla garnered critical acclaim for her work in Jhankaar Beats (2003), 3 Deewarein (2003), My Brother Nikhil (2005). Film As actress As producer Television Notes References See also List of awards and nominations received by Juhi Chawla External links Category:Indian filmographies Category:Actress filmographies	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Erle Stanley Gardner bibliography This is a bibliography of works by and about the American writer Erle Stanley Gardner. Mystery series Perry Mason Novels Short stories Cool and Lam Doug Selby Terry Clane Gramps Wiggins Other fiction Novels Short stories and novelettes Collections Non-fiction Travel Crime An article titled "My Casebook of True Crime—Introduction" (September 4, 1955) began a series of 28 non-fiction articles Gardner wrote for The American Weekly. Books about Erle Stanley Gardner 1947: Johnston, Alva. The Case of Erle Stanley Gardner. New York, William Morrow and Company, 1947. 1978: Hughes, Dorothy B. Erle Stanley Gardner: The Case of the Real Perry Mason. New York: William Morrow and Company, 1978. 1980: Fugate, Francis L., and Roberta B. Fugate. Secrets of the World's Best-Selling Writer: The Storytelling Techniques of Erle Stanley Gardner. New York: William Morrow and Company, 1980. Notes References Category:Bibliographies by writer Category:Bibliographies of American writers Category:Mystery fiction bibliographies Category:Erle Stanley Gardner	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Sybra pulvereoides Sybra pulvereoides is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Breuning in 1939. References pulvereoides Category:Beetles described in 1939	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Gerard Conley Sr. Gerard P. Conley Sr. (January 3, 1930 – January 4, 2018) was an American politician from Maine. Conley, a Democrat, served in the Maine House of Representatives from 1964 to 1968 and in Maine Senate from 1968 to 1984. He spent his final term in the Senate as President of the Maine Senate (1983–1984). His son, Jerry Conley, served in the House from 1986 to 1990 and Senate from 1990 to 1994. Gerard Conley Sr. served on the Portland, Maine City Council for 9.5 years, including a term as mayor (1971–72). Personal Conley was born and raised in Portland, Maine. He graduated from Cheverus High School as well as Portland Junior College (now Southern Maine Community College). Conley served in the United States Army. Conley worked, as a clerk, at the Portland Terminal Company, at the Rigby Yard. He died at Mercy Hospital in Portland, Maine. References Category:1930 births Category:2018 deaths Category:Presidents of the Maine Senate Category:Members of the Maine House of Representatives Category:Mayors of Portland, Maine Category:Portland, Maine City Council members Category:Maine Democrats Category:Southern Maine Community College alumni Category:Military personnel from Maine	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Vuelta Mexico Telmex Vuelta Ciclista Mexico Telmex is an annual road cycling race in Mexico that takes place over the course of eight days, involving eight stages. The Mexico national tour has a rich history dating back to the 1940s, and this latest incarnation was revived in late 2008 and early 2009 as the condensed evolution of the Vueltas de las Americas, 21-day stage race, defunct from 2003. This national tour is currently ranked 2.2, according to UCI race classifications, and is a part of the UCI America Tour. Title sponsorship is provided via CONADE (Comisión Nacional de Cultura Física y Deporte), as well as the Telmex Foundation, a philanthropic entity created by Telmex C.E.O., Carlos Slim. Additional sponsorship has been provided previously by BMW, Mercury, Coca-Cola, NovoSportware, and . While 2008 primarily featured non-UCI regional Mexican teams, with nine such squads, 2009 saw that number shrink to eight, of which Arenas and Canel's had been UCI the year prior and may not have renewed due to the poor global economy. More importantly 2009 featured, for the first time, two UCI Professional Continental Teams with Serramenti PVC Diquigiovanni, and Amica Chips. Also present in each of the first two editions are various North American national squads: 2008 saw the participation of the Guatemalan and Cuban national teams, and in 2009 the Cuban National Team returned along with first time appearances by national squads, USA and Mexico. Jerseys Yellow = Overall Leader White = Best Mexican Red = Mountain Leader Green = Combativity Leader Blue = u23 Leader UCI Scheduling In what was for all intents and purposes the "de facto" inaugural event, the revamped 2009 Vuelta Mexico Telmex was given a new date on the UCI America Tour calendar. This made it possible for American teams to join the race; the race is scheduled one week after the conclusion of February's Amgen Tour of California, and ends well before March's Redlands Classic and April's Tour de Georgia. The Vuelta Mexico Telmex aims to become the most significant stage race in Latin America, as a standard for Latin American teams, North American teams, and UCI Pro Continental teams seeking results and Grand Tour invite. Vuelta Mexico Ruta Mexico Vuelta Mexico 2008 Event With prizes of 2,000,000 Peso, worth roughly 188,000 (USD), the inaugural edition, held September 13–20th, centered primarily in the region north of Mexico City, commencing in Aguascalientes and concluded in the outskirts of Distrito Federal. Stage four was neutralized due to bad weather reducing the length of the Vuelta to 1,059 kilometers down from the scheduled 1,139. The final General Classification was won by New Zealand racer, Glen Alan Chadwick riding for team sponsor Team Type 1, which supports persons inflicted with Type 1 Diabetes. Chadwick would return in 2009 to defend his title, albeit with rival sponsor Team Rock Racing. 2009 Event The 2009 Vuelta saw diverse North American presence, with first time participants including Rudy Pevenage directed, Rock Racing; Steve Bauer directed, Planet Energy; U.S. based OUCH Pro Cycling Team featuring Floyd Landis, all alongside the 2008 winning team Team Type 1. In addition, U-23 Developmental Team, featuring Taylor Phinney started the race. The team is directed by Axel Merckx and partially owned by seven time consecutive Tour de France winner Lance Armstrong, who was on hand to fire the start signal for the 2009 race. During his trip to Vuelta Mexico, Armstrong stated that "a country the size of Mexico, with such diverse landscape needs to have a tour." With the primary devotion of fighting childhood cancer on behalf of his Lance Armstrong Foundation, Armstrong participated in various events with sponsors and the public, including a health care forum with Mexican President Felipe Calderon. With prizes of 2.5 million Peso, worth roughly 163,000 (USD), the 2009 edition held March 1–8th centered primarily among regional states located in the south-central part of Mexico. The race began in Oaxaca and passed through Puebla, Tlaxcala, Morelos, Edomex, Guanajuato, and Hildago before culminating in the center of Mexico City. The final stage, won by Canada's Andrew Pinfold, ended with a finish similar to that of the Tour de France as the 100+ kilometer circuit race completes twelves laps of La Angel de la Independencia along a large portion of the 12 km Paseo de la Reforma (Reform Promenade). The extra wide boulevard, with its historically elegant design, sharply resembles Paris' Champs-Élysées. It stretches from Chapultepec Park, passing alongside Latin America's tallest building, the Torre Mayor, continuing through the Zona Rosa and then on to El Zócalo (Plaza de la Constitución). Among the largest central squares in the world, El Zócalo is bordered by the Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral, National Palace, and is adjacent to the ancient Templo Mayor site. Ironically, Paseo de la Reforma, was modeled during the French occupation of the 1860s upon orders from Emperor Maximilian I with the dual purpose of linking Chapultepec Castle to the National Palace, while also creating a French legacy in the city centre. Despite the presence of pre-race favorites Gilberto Simoni, Floyd Landis, Tyler Hamilton, Glen Chadwick, and Arquimedes Lam, the Final Overall General Classification was won by Venezuelan racer Jackson Rodriguez, of Venezuelan team sponsor Serramenti PVC Diquigiovanni. Best Young Rider Classification, awarded to the highest place rider under the age of 23, was won by American Peter Stetina of the U.S. National Team. Jersey Holders 2010 Event The Vuelta Mexico Telmex was won by Oscar Sevilla riding for the Rock Racing team in 2010. References External links 2008 Official Website Spanish 2009 Official Website Spanish Category:Cycle races in Mexico Category:Recurring sporting events established in 2008 Category:2008 establishments in Mexico Category:UCI America Tour races Category:Spring (season) events in Mexico	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
List of association football venues in the Republic of Ireland The following is a list of association football venues in the Republic of Ireland, ranked in descending order of capacity. Note that the Brandywell Stadium is not included; though Derry City F.C. play in the League of Ireland, they are located in Northern Ireland. See List of association football stadiums in Northern Ireland. Stadiums New stadiums See also List of stadiums in Ireland List of Gaelic Athletic Association stadiums List of association football stadiums by capacity List of European stadiums by capacity Ireland Football stadiums in the Republic of Ireland venues	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Young Men's Buddhist Association (Burma) The Young Men's Buddhist Association (YMBA) () was a Buddhist cultural organisation in Burma. History The YMBA was founded in Rangoon in 1906 as a federation of lay Buddhist groups dating back to 1898, with prominent founders including Ba Pe, U Kin, May Oung and Joseph Maung Gyi. It was modelled on the Young Men's Buddhist Association founded in Ceylon in 1898,<ref>Human Rights Watch (2009) [https://books.google.com/books?id=Np6j_KeQtjgC&pg=PA12&lpg=PA12&dq=young+men%27s+buddhist+association+burma&source=bl&ots=i8Hsd5I3yF&sig=HXagwvQ0S4MB2XpNqkc1ZcnfBok&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CC0Q6AEwBjgKahUKEwiJ--CZ0J3HAhWKHT4KHUaNAYs#v=onepage&q=young%20men's%20buddhist%20association%20burma&f=false The Resistance of the Monks: Buddhism and Activism in Burma] p12</ref> and was created to preserve the Buddhist-based culture in Burma against the backdrop of British colonialism including the incorporation of Burma into India. The YMBA started its first open campaign against British rule in 1916, and after many protests obtained a ruling that abbots could impose dress codes on all visitors to Buddhists monasteries. The organisation split in 1918 when older members insisted that it should remain apolitical, whilst younger members sought to enter the political sphere, sending a delegation to India to meet the Viceroy and Secretary of State to request the separation of Burma from India. Further lobbying delegations were sent to London in 1919 and 1920. Following its key involvement in the 1920 student strike, the most nationalist elements of the YMBA broke off and formed a political party known as the General Council of Burmese Associations, whilst a senior faction later formed the Independent Party. Activities The organisation founded multiple schools. It was one of the key organisations in the start of nationalist sentiment in Burma. References Further reading Michale W. Charney. A History of Modern Burma''. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009. p. 31. Georgetown Berkeley Center article on this organization Category:1906 establishments in Burma Category:Buddhist organisations based in Myanmar Category:Youth organisations based in Myanmar	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Smokeless Powder Company In 1888 the 'Smokeless Powder Company', owned by James Dalziel Dougall Junior, the son of the famous glaswegian gunsmith -J D Dougall, took a 99-year lease for 126 arces around 'The Outpost', from the Youngsbury Estate. The site's name was changed from 'The Outpost' to Barwick and Barwick was formed as a 'factory hamlet'. The 'factory hamlet' was designed and superintend by the company's engineer Ernest Spon A.I.C.E. Mr Ernest Spon was well known for his civil engineering books, such as 'Workshop Receipts' and 'The Present Practice of Sinking and Boring Wells...' The Smokeless Powder Company (S.P.C.) manufactured various high explosive powders for use in torpedoes, artillery shells, small arms ammunition (for the military and sporting) and mine blasting. The 'Smokeless Powder Company' was a world leader in its high explosive powders. S.P.C had over 100 employees at the factory. On 26 May 1893, there was an explosion & fire in one of the drying houses. As a result, company employees Mr A Aylott & Mr A Ginn both died in this incident[4] The accident was thoroughly investigated by H.M. Chief Inspector of Explosives - Colonel V.D.Majendie C.B; on 20 June 1893. In 1896 the Smokeless Powder Company, was purchased by the New Schultze Gunpowder Company Limited, located at Eyeworth, Fritham, Hampshire.[5] As a result of this sale, the company was renamed the Smokeless Powder & Ammunition Company Limited in 1896. The company had two of Great Britain's greatest ballistics' experts working for it - Mr F W Jones & Mr R W S Griffith. The Smokeless Powder & Ammunition Company continued to produce high explosive powders until it ceased trading in circa 1910. Category:Gunpowder	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
The Rage in Placid Lake The Rage in Placid Lake is a 2003 Australian film starring Ben Lee and Rose Byrne. It features Placid Lake (Lee), a seventeen-year-old boy who has led a suburban hippie life with his neurotic, free loving parents. The film documents his journey of self-discovery as he rejects his hippie roots and embraces the mundane by working for an insurance agency, much to his parents' horror. Plot Precocious, bohemian teenager Placid Lake finishes high school, but after having an existential crisis devises a plan to totally reinvent himself as a functioning member of society. With a few weeks spent reading a library of self-help manuals, Lake gets a haircut, buys a bespoke suit, and finds a white collar job at an insurance agency. Lake has a smart friend Gemma (Rose Byrne) who tries to talk him out of his newly-found economic rationalism. Lake is adamant about becoming an acceptable member of society and ignores the signs of disapproval from his parents and best friend. Yet, by continuing his venture to normality, Lake struggles with what to say, think, and wear due to his insecurity and neurosis. Lake realizes that living to society's standards does not satisfy him as much as he had hoped. Eventually, this causes him to revert to his original personality and become content with who he is. Cast and characters Ben Lee as Placid Lake Rose Byrne as Gemma Taylor Miranda Richardson as Sylvia Lake Garry McDonald as Doug Lake Box office The Rage in Placid Lake grossed $482,798 at the box office in Australia. Reception Based on 15 reviews collected by the film review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, 53% of critics gave The Rage in Placid Lake a positive review, with an average rating of 6.1/10. Awards See also Cinema of Australia References External links The Rage In Placid Lake at the National Film and Sound Archive Category:2003 films Category:Australian films Category:2000s comedy films Category:Australian comedy films Category:Hippie films Category:Films scored by Cezary Skubiszewski	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Horace Dean Horace Dean (10 November 1814 – 8 May 1887) was an American adventurer who practiced as a doctor in Australia and was a journalist and political candidate at elections in South Australia and New South Wales. Dean was born in Chicago. In 1846, he enlisted in the Mexican–American War as a surgeon and cavalry captain, apparently using forged medical diplomas from Dartmouth College, New Hampshire, and the Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Missouri. In 1847, he killed a fellow officer in a duel and fled to England, where he spent some months in a lunatic asylum. He married Jane Ann Mitchell, at Hastings and travelled to Adelaide as surgeon on the Augusta in 1849. He practiced as a doctor in Angaston in the Barossa Valley and was naturalised and admitted to a roll of medical practitioners in October 1850. He became an honorary special magistrate in 1852. His populist attacks on George Angas, led Angas to investigate Dean's qualifications and identity. As a result, Governor MacDonnell wrote in 1855 to Jefferson Davis, American Secretary of War to clarify the matter and Davis rejected Dean's claims. He was forced to resign from the magistracy and was struck off the medical rolls in 1857. He attempted to redeem his name by standing for the first election to the House of Assembly for Barossa in March 1857. He won, but he was disqualified by the Court of Disputed Returns. He won the resulting by-election in June but was disqualified again. Dean travelled to Melbourne and Sydney where he wrote for Henry Parkes' The Empire and in 1858 became as a storekeeper at Tinonee, near Taree on the Manning River. He again practised medicine, although unregistered, and started the Manning River News in 1865. In December 1869, he was elected for the Hastings but was disqualified because he worked for the Government as a postmaster. In July 1870, he won the resulting by-election but was again disqualified, this time due to his lack of citizenship. Dean then moved to Uralla and, in 1875, he purchased a store at Grafton. He became Mayor of Grafton, in 1878, but was sacked within six months for "gross mismanagement". He announced his intention of writing his autobiography, but a flood washed away his papers and destroyed his store. He died in Grafton, survived by four sons and four daughters. Notes Category:1814 births Category:1887 deaths Category:Members of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly Category:Members of the South Australian House of Assembly Category:Australian journalists Category:Australian people of American descent Category:19th-century journalists Category:Male journalists Category:19th-century male writers Category:19th-century Australian politicians	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
CgeTV CgeTV was a user-generated video channel and current internet video-sharing website created by ABS-CBN Interactive. On cable, CgeTV aired exclusively on SkyCable Digital channel 72. Programming CgeTV Programs In Da Loop (also broadcast on ABS-CBN)(Now moved to Jeepney TV) Cge Mishmash The Viewing Room Let's Sync It! Dancesingcredible Supercgezen Dance Entertainment Segments of CgeTV In Da Loop Cute Usapang Lalake How2D2 Reporting for Beauty Your the Star Sports (on http://cge.tv) Non CgeTV Programs It's Showtime (live on CgeTV website only with no commercial breaks) also broadcast on ABS-CBN CgeJock's Edu Ibazeta DJ ChaCha Balba (Recording Artist/Radio Personality - from Tambayan 101.9) Anna Tan (1st winner of Cge Star) Jobert Austria See also ABS-CBN Interactive External links Category:ABS-CBN Digital Media Category:Philippine entertainment websites Category:Video hosting Category:Television channels and stations established in 2010 Category:Television channels and stations disestablished in 2012	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Bobby Crockett Robert Paul Crockett (born April 3, 1943) is a former American football wide receiver in the American Football League with the Buffalo Bills in 1966, and also in 1968 and 1969. He played high school football at Dermott High School in his hometown Briggsville, Arkansas and his collegiate career was at the University of Arkansas from 1962 to 1965. He was selected in the 10th round (the 90th pick overall by the Bills in the 1966 AFL Draft and also by the NFL's New York Giants in the 19th round (the 282nd overall pick) in the 1966 NFL Draft, electing to sign with the Bills. See also List of American Football League players References Category:1943 births Category:American football wide receivers Category:Buffalo Bills players Category:Arkansas Razorbacks football players Category:Sportspeople from Arkansas Category:People from Yell County, Arkansas Category:People from Arkansas Category:American Football League players Category:Living people	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Vince Foster Vincent Walker Foster Jr. (January 15, 1945 – July 20, 1993) was an American attorney who served as Deputy White House Counsel during the first six months of the Clinton Administration. The Washington Post later wrote, he rose to "the pinnacle of the Arkansas legal establishment." At the White House he was unhappy with work in politics and spiraled into depression, and in July 1993, he was found dead of a gunshot in Fort Marcy Park. Five official governmental investigations ruled his death a suicide, but several conspiracy theories have since emerged. Early life Foster was born in Hope, Arkansas, to Alice Mae (1914–2012) and Vincent W. Foster Sr. His father became a successful real estate developer. Vincent had two sisters, Sheila and Sharon. Vincent was a childhood friend of Bill Clinton, who, then known as Billy Blythe, resided in an adjoining property to Foster's with his grandparents while his mother was often away studying nursing. As Clinton later recalled, "I lived with my grandparents in a modest little house across from Vince Foster's nice, big, white brick house." Another Clinton recollection was that Foster "was kind to me and never lorded it over me the way so many older boys did with younger ones." Another childhood friend was Mack McLarty, who would one day become White House Chief of Staff for Clinton. In 1950, Clinton's mother remarried and they moved to a different part of Hope. By several accounts, Foster and Clinton attended Miss Marie Purkins' School for Little Folks together, a private kindergarten, although Foster was a year ahead in school. Then, around late 1952, the Clintons moved away to Hot Springs. However, Clinton would often return to visit his grandparents in Hope during summers, weekends, and holidays and he maintained connections with the people there. Foster excelled as a student and athlete. At Hope High School, he became president of the student council, with McLarty serving as vice president. He graduated Hope High School in 1963. Foster attended Davidson College, graduating with a bachelor's degree in psychology in 1967. His father wanted him to join the family real estate business, but instead, he opted to attend law school. After starting at Vanderbilt University Law School, he joined the Arkansas National Guard during the height of the Vietnam War to avoid the military draft. To be closer to his guard responsibilities, he transferred to the University of Arkansas School of Law, where he was managing editor of the law review. He received his Juris Doctor in 1971, graduating first in his class. He scored the highest in his class on the Arkansas bar exam. Foster met Elizabeth Braden, known as Lisa, during his sophomore year at Davidson; she was the daughter of an insurance broker from Nashville and was attending Sweet Briar College. They married on April 20, 1968, at St. Henry Catholic Church in Nashville. They had three children: Vincent III, Laura, and John. Career In 1971, Foster joined Rose Law Firm in Little Rock, Arkansas, and in 1974 was made partner, one of only nine in the firm at the time. He was the head of the Arkansas Bar Association committee that oversaw legal aid, and as such worked with legal aid clinic worker Hillary Rodham in successfully overcoming an unreasonable measuring requirement for indigent clients. Foster then initiated the hiring of Rodham at Rose Law Firm, where she became its first ever female associate (and later first female partner); Foster and fellow partner Webster Hubbell were instrumental in overcoming the reluctance of other partners to hire a woman. Foster and Rodham worked together on a number of cases. And as Bill Clinton's political career gained force, Foster supported him. They were also personal friends and Foster was the one who taught their daughter Chelsea Clinton how to swim. Foster practiced mostly corporate law, eventually earning nearly $300,000 a year. Known for his extensive preparation of cases ahead of time, including the creation of decision trees, Foster developed a reputation as one of the best trial litigators in Arkansas. Hillary Clinton's memoir calls Foster "one of the best lawyers I've ever known," and compared him in style and substance to Gregory Peck's portrayal of Atticus Finch in the classic 1962 film To Kill a Mockingbird. In Bill Clinton's memoir, he characterizes Foster as "a tall, handsome, wise, good man." Writer Carl Bernstein has described Foster as "tall, with impeccable manners and a formal mien ... elegant in perfectly tailored suits, and soft-spoken to the point of taciturnity." Writer Dan Moldea characterized him as "a 'can-do' lawyer who worked best when under pressure." Phillip Carroll, the leading litigator at Rose Law Firm, once said of Foster, "He was my ideal of a young lawyer." The ABA Journal reported that Foster was "acknowledged by many as the soul of the firm". He appeared to experience only success at Rose Law; a partner later said, "I never saw a professional setback. Never. Not even a tiny one." The firm grew five times its size during his time there. The Arkansas Bar Association gave him a number of awards and in June 1993 would name him as its Outstanding Lawyer of the Year. He was also listed in the Best Lawyers in America book. His wife Lisa described him as driven to prevail, staying up around the clock to prepare for big cases, believing he would lose the case even though he rarely did; she later viewed this as an early sign of depressed behavior. By 1992, Vince Foster was, as The Washington Post later wrote, at "the pinnacle of the Arkansas legal establishment." He was also an established figure in Little Rock society, serving as the chair of the board of the Arkansas Repertory Theatre and belonging to the exclusive Country Club of Little Rock. White House Counsel After Clinton's 1992 election, Foster joined Clinton's presidential transition team. Once Clinton was inaugurated, Foster joined his White House staff as Deputy White House Counsel in early 1993. This was despite Foster's initial reluctance to leave his Little Rock life behind and come to Washington. There he worked under the White House Counsel, Bernard W. Nussbaum, although Nussbaum would consider the pair to be "co-senior partners". He was also joined with two other Rose Law Firm partners, William H. Kennedy, III, who served as his associate counsel, and Webster Hubbell, who became Associate Attorney General. The Foster residence was a small rented house in Georgetown in Washington, D.C. Foster had difficulty making the transition to life and politics in Washington. Unlike some other Clinton-associated figures, he had no experience with campaigns or electoral politics. His wife and youngest son were not with him, having stayed behind in Arkansas so the son could complete his senior year of high school at Catholic High in Little Rock. His initial role was in vetting potential administration appointees. As one subject of the vetting process later said, "I wondered why I was being interviewed by the guy who would be deputy counsel. Seemed his job was to find out how honest I was, and what level of ego I was bringing. It's a measure of how much the Clintons trusted him." But Foster found this involvement in vetting appointments to be causing him depression and anxiety. In particular, he blamed himself for the failed Zoë Baird nomination; he had thought that Baird had been justified in following her lawyer's advice regarding the payment of taxes on household employees, but he had failed to anticipate the political backlash that led to it becoming known as "Nannygate" and that blemished the early days of the administration. The equally unsuccessful Kimba Wood and Lani Guinier appointments were also under Foster's purview. He had to resign from the Country Club of Little Rock once its all-white membership became a political issue for others in the administration. As Deputy Counsel, Foster was also involved in a range of other matters, including preparation of executive orders, analyzing the legal effect of various policies, examining international treaties, discussing the ramifications of authorizations for use of military force, and authorizing expenditures within the White House. Foster worked on placing the Clintons' financial holdings into a blind trust. He handled the Clintons' Madison Guaranty and Industrial Development Corporation paperwork and also several Whitewater-related tax returns. He worked twelve-hour days, six or seven days a week, and although thin to begin with, began losing weight. On May 8, 1993, Foster gave the commencement address at the University of Arkansas Law School, his alma mater, and said: One faculty member listening to it recalled telling another that it was "the most depressing graduation speech I had ever heard, in both content and manner." A friend of Foster's has said, "Look, it's just crazy, right? You get one dent and it can never be fixed? In Washington, you get them all the time. You get twenty dents and you go to the body shop. Vince couldn't see that, apparently." Four days after the speech, the White House travel office controversy erupted. Foster was the target of several critical Wall Street Journal editorials in June and July 1993, with titles such as "Who is Vincent Foster?" He became quite upset over the travel office matter and the possibility of a congressional hearing at which he might have been called to testify. Disliking the public spotlight and suffering from continued weight loss and insomnia, he considered resigning his position but feared a personal humiliation upon returning to Arkansas. Death Struggling with depression, which after his death was assessed as clinical depression, Foster was prescribed the anti-depressant medication trazodone over the phone by his Arkansas doctor, starting with a low initial dosage. The next day, Foster was found dead in Fort Marcy Park, a federal park in Virginia. He was 48 years old. An autopsy determined that he was shot in the mouth and no other wounds were found on his body. A draft resignation letter was found torn into 27 pieces in his briefcase. The letter contained a list of grievances, including, "The WSJ editors lie without consequence" and saying, "I was not meant for the job or the spotlight of public life in Washington. Here ruining people is considered sport." His funeral mass was held at the St. Andrew's Cathedral in Little Rock. Bill Clinton gave a eulogy in which he recalled their boyhood times together and quoted a line from Leon Russell's "A Song for You": "I love you in a place that has no space and time." Foster was buried in Memory Gardens Cemetery in his hometown of Hope. Foster was survived by his wife and three children. Subsequent investigations Five official or governmental investigations into Foster's death all concluded that he died of suicide. The first investigation into Foster's death, was conducted by the United States Park Police in 1993. Because of Foster's position in the White House, the Federal Bureau of Investigation assisted in the investigation, as did several other state and federal agencies. The result of this investigation was released as a joint report from the Department of Justice, FBI, and the Park Police on August 10, 1993, and it stated: "The condition of the scene, the medical examiner's findings and the information gathered clearly indicate that Mr. Foster committed suicide." Investigations by a coroner and Independent Counsel Robert B. Fiske, in a 58-page report released on June 30, 1994, also concluded that Foster's death was a suicide. This report made use of FBI resources and incorporated the views of several experienced pathologists; it concluded: "The overwhelming weight of the evidence compels the conclusion ... that Vincent Foster committed suicide in Fort Marcy Park on July 20, 1993." Two additional investigations by the U.S. Congress found that Foster died of suicide: Representative William F. Clinger Jr. of Pennsylvania, the ranking Republican on the House Government Reform and Oversight Committee, published his findings on August 12, 1994. The Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, developed reports that reached the same conclusion issued on January 3, 1995. Theories of a cover-up persisted, however, some of which were promulgated by the Arkansas Project. After a three-year investigation, Whitewater independent counsel Ken Starr released a report on October 10, 1997, also concluding that the death was a suicide. In response, Sheila Foster Anthony, Vince Foster's sister, said she agreed with Starr's findings but criticized his investigation for having taken so long, thus contributing to the existence of "ridiculous conspiracy theories proffered by those with a profit or political motive". The inclusion of Foster's death in the Starr investigation, and the length of time it took, was in part due to the role of Starr associate counsel Brett Kavanaugh. Kavanaugh's role in this became controversial two decades later during his Supreme Court nomination process. Legacy Foster's death, occurring just six months into the new administration, is thought by some to have ended the optimism and remaining innocence of the White House staff. White House chief of staff and childhood friend Mack McLarty said that "It was a deep cut. It clearly had a tremendous impact." Nussbaum speculated that if Foster had lived, he would have helped resist the calls to appoint independent counsels and the many investigations lumped under the Whitewater umbrella that occupied the administration and Clinton for the rest of his presidency might not have happened. As it did happen, how Hillary Clinton's chief of staff, Maggie Williams, in particular handled Foster's files and documents immediately after his death became an issue of much investigation itself. Years later, Bill Clinton expressed his continued anger about the Foster rumors and theories, clenching a fist as he spoke: "I heard a lot of the right-wing talk show people ... and all the sleazy stuff they said. They didn't give a rip that he had killed himself or that his family was miserable or that they could break the hearts [of Foster's friends and family]. It was just another weapon to slug us with, to dehumanize us with." Foster's passing also had an effect on Rose Law Firm, as many within the firm had expected Foster to become its leader once he returned from service in Washington. As one partner later said, "In meetings of the partners, he didn't often take a vocal stand. ... But when he did, it almost always swayed the firm. When he left for Washington, people here spoke openly about the emotional vacuum." Colleagues speculated that Foster might have someday become president of the state bar association or a choice for a federal judgeship. Beginning in 1993, the Vince Foster, Jr. Outstanding Lawyer Award was given out annually by the Pulaski County Bar Association to recognize members who contributed to the bar and advanced the legal profession. An endowed chair at the University of Arkansas School of Law, the Vincent Foster University Professor of Legal Ethics and Professional Responsibility, was created in his name. In 2015 a holder of the chair, Howard W. Brill, was appointed Chief Justice of the Arkansas Supreme Court. References External links Report on the Death of Vincent W. Foster, Jr,/by the Office of Independent Counsel in Re Madison Guaranty Savings and Loan Association HATHI Trust Digital Library, Universities of Michigan and Purdue. The complete 137-page, 2-volume report with appendices, footnotes, and exhibits. Foster Report posted by The Washington Post. This file does not contain the report's footnotes, or the volume 2 appendix. Frontline: Once Upon a Time in Arkansas: Vince Foster's journal FBI Records: The Vault - Vincent Foster Category:Arkansas lawyers Category:Male suicides Category:Jurists who committed suicide Category:Suicides by firearm in Virginia Category:American Roman Catholics Category:United States presidential advisors Category:1945 births Category:1993 deaths Category:Davidson College alumni Category:People from Hope, Arkansas Category:People with mood disorders Category:Vanderbilt University alumni Category:University of Arkansas alumni Category:Hillary Clinton Category:Arkansas Democrats Category:Washington, D.C. Democrats Category:Whitewater controversy Category:Clinton administration controversies Category:20th-century American lawyers Category:20th-century Roman Catholics Category:Catholics from Arkansas Category:People from Georgetown (Washington, D.C.)	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Soegaon Soegaon or Soyagav is a town and a Taluka in Aurangabad district in the state of Maharashtra, India. Geography and Tourism It is situated in northern part of Aurangabad district. Nearest city from Soegaon is Jalgaon. The Banoti Waterfall can be found in its vicinity. The Gautala Wildlife Sanctuary is also found in Soegao. Religion References Category:Cities and towns in Aurangabad district, Maharashtra Category:Talukas in Maharashtra	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Spirit Lake (South Dakota) Spirit Lake is a natural lake in Kingsbury County, South Dakota, in the United States. The lake is seven miles north of De Smet and US Route 14 and six miles east of Bancroft. The smaller Mud Lake lies just to the southeast. The lake received its name either due to the area being an Indian burial ground, or a transfer from Spirit Lake, Iowa. See also List of lakes in South Dakota References Category:Lakes of South Dakota Category:Lakes of Kingsbury County, South Dakota	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Fauna of Bulgaria See List of birds of Bulgaria List of mammals of Bulgaria See also Outline of Bulgaria References *	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Will Ye No Come Back Again Will Ye No Come Back Again is the twelfth episode of the fifth and final series of the period drama Upstairs, Downstairs. It first aired on 23 November 1975 on ITV. Background Will Ye No Come Back Again was recorded in the studio on 1, 7 and 8 August 1975. The location footage was filmed in Applecross in Wester Ross, Scotland, and was filmed from 6 to 9 May. The idea behind part of the plot, regarding poaching, was taken from the 1953 film Laxdale Hall, which was written and produced by Alfred Shaughnessy, the script editor of Upstairs, Downstairs. The only main cast member needed for the location scenes was Gordon Jackson, who was provided with a double so he was only needed for one day of filming. Despite being the twelfth episode to air, Will Ye No Come Back Again was the last ever episode of Upstairs, Downstairs to be recorded in the studio. The title of the episode is taken from the Scottish Jacobite song Bonnie Charlie written by Lady Nairne. Cast David Langton – Richard Bellamy Simon Williams – James Bellamy Lesley-Anne Down – Georgina Worsley Gordon Jackson – Hudson Angela Baddeley – Mrs Bridges Jack Watson – McKay Christopher Beeny – Edward Jacqueline Tong – Daisy Jenny Tomasin – Ruby Georgine Anderson – Mrs. McKay Kenneth Ward – Double for Gordon Jackson Plot While Virginia and Rose are in Paris with Alice, Richard, James, Georgina, Hudson, Mrs. Bridges, Edward, Daisy and Ruby go to stay in a house owned by Lord Berkhamstead in Carnachy in the Scottish Highlands. Hudson, Mrs. Bridges, Daisy and Ruby arrives first, and find that there is no electricity, the grocery order has not arrived and there is no wood for the fire. On the first evening Roderick McKay, Lord Berkhamstead's head gillie, arrives and tells the servants the story of how the former laird died at the house after being injured at the Battle of Culloden. McKay says that the laird returns as a ghost on a handcart during the night, and that evening Ruby hears a cart. When she hears the same the second night, she screams. The following morning, James gets ready to go fly fishing until McKay tells him that there are no fish in the river. Richard goes to stay with a friend for a few days, and while he is away James tells Georgina of his love for her. However, Georgina says that she does not love him in that way. James then leaves privately very early the following morning for London. Meanwhile, while looking for the generator Hudson finds a room that has recently been used to prepare fish. During the night he then sees McKay and others poaching fish. McKay and Hudson then come to a "gentlemen's agreement" that McKay will ensure there are fish for James, and the electricity and hot water also soon start to work. McKay also reveals that the noises Ruby heard were made by him. When they get back to London, Richard and Georgina get a telegram from James saying he is in Liverpool and is going to see Elizabeth in New York. Footnotes References Richard Marson, "Inside UpDown – The Story of Upstairs, Downstairs", Kaleidoscope Publishing, 2005 Updown.org.uk – Upstairs, Downstairs Fansite Category:Upstairs, Downstairs (series 5) episodes Category:1975 British television episodes	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
UNDP Beijing Express Declaration The Beijing Express Declaration was created en route to the UN fourth Global Conference on Women, in Beijing in 1995, and is still highly relevant in 2014. In 1995, 200 women from the 29 former Soviet Union and satellite nations travelled 8000 kilometres aboard a half-kilometre-long train from Warsaw via Mongolia to Beijing for the UN 4th Global Conference On Women. The train was sponsored by the UNDP and was the brainchild of UNDP executive Leueen Miller who used the train as a means both to transport and to train delegates to the Global Conference on Women from regions which never before had representation. The train journey became known as ‘The Beijing Express’. On board the Beijing Express, a 12-member working group was created from the 200 delegates and chaired by the UK delegate Lesley Abdela. Trainers and experts from many nations, including the UK, USA, Canada, Israel, Japan and Turkey, presented workshops on human rights, negotiating skills, conflict mediation and conflict resolution, how to change world trade agreements and create economic policies to suit the world's women - even courses in English, computer skills and networking through e-mail. Lesley Abdela was recruited by UNDP's Leueen Miller and sponsored by the British Council and UK FCO to conduct democracy skills workshops aboard the Beijing Express Approaching Beijing, the delegates affirmed the following declaration developed by the working group. 1) The New '-ism' Neither Communism nor Capitalism has worked well for the majority of women in the world. We believe the new ‘ism’ will come from a new approach to world economics. Many economic policies have been disastrous for women. It is often women who bear the brunt of economic restructuring policies made by organisations who too often overlook the way their policies could impact on millions of women. Under both Communism and Capitalism the quality of people's lives is all too often sacrificed for the goal of wealth creation. Human development should not be sacrificed in the name of economic growth but rather economic growth should be used as a tool to help people achieve a healthy and creative life. 2) White Scarves, Not Blue Helmets (This heading is symbolic - in certain Islamic countries, when a woman throws down her white scarf no person must pass. This has been used on occasion to stop men fighting) The present system of peace-making and negotiations dominated by senior men at governmental levels has patently failed and is now discredited. We want women's full participation in conflict prevention, resolution and peace-keeping. Therefore, we want women's organisations and Non-Governmental Organisations from all sides in all future peace talks and working with governments on developing and expanding ‘Preventive Diplomacy’. 3) 'Hot Spot' Commission We want the United Nations’ mandate to be expanded to include preventive diplomacy. As part of this we want a ‘Hot Spot’ Commission set up to try to prevent conflict where trouble is brewing. This Commission, consisting of women and men, would be set up to intervene in conflict prevention, resolution and settlement. 4) Economic and Political Sanctions We want economic and political sanctions imposed on parties violating Human Rights - but humanitarian aid should be allowed. 5) Rape as a War Crime We want men who commit rape as a war crime to be brought to justice and prosecuted as war criminals. We believe this will only happen if women are included equally with men on committees responsible for bringing these men to trial. 6) Property Rights As Human Rights We want property rights recognised as Human Rights, and improved mechanisms for getting back property snatched away in conflicts. 7) Women's Equal Participation We want systems of national political and public life reformed to include women's equal participation with men in political, economic and international decision-making at all levels, from local to national to global. This means also providing training and encouragement for women to participate in politics and public life. 8) Favourable Government Policies Towards Women We want government policies favourable to women. Many policies developed by governments either ignore women's needs or actually harm women. We want governments in transition economies to show what impact their policies are having on women. This would be a way to get policy-makers to develop policies that are more women-friendly. 9) Gender Neutral Language We want governments and other entities to use gender-neutral language. 10) Government Financial Support We want governments to give financial support to women's groups. These voices must be heard. 11) Recognition of Unpaid Work We want women's unpaid work measured and recognised in economic arrangements such as pensions. Nearly 50% of the US$23 Trillion global output is provided by women's unpaid work. We need fairer sharing of the work and equality in the home. Sakiko Fukuda-Parr of the UNDP says, “When we get world leaders to recognise that 70% of the world’s GDP is unpaid work, they won’t say women working at home can’t qualify for pensions on an equal basis with men.” References http://www.undp.org/evaluation/documents/25.htm Category:United Nations documents Category:United Nations Development Programme Category:1995 documents Category:1995 in international relations	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Empty Estate Empty Estate is an EP by American indie rock act Wild Nothing, released on May 14, 2013 on Captured Tracks in the US and Bella Union in the UK. Produced by founding member and primary recording artist Jack Tatum, the EP was released nine months after the band's second studio album, Nocturne (2012). Regarding the release, Jack Tatum stated: "I feel like I’ve accomplished in seven songs, on this EP, what I really wanted to do with Nocturne, which is to find a way to compromise all of the things [I am] musically. I think I did that more with this EP than I have everything in the past." Background and recording In 2012, Wild Nothing released its second studio album, Nocturne, to widespread critical acclaim and a significantly increasing fanbase. Influenced by the band's busy tour schedule, songwriter and primary recording artist Jack Tatum began crafting a follow-up EP, stating: "I had a lot of frustration in touring Nocturne, kind of in my own head really, not to do with anyone else. [...] It’s such a stupid thing to complain about and I am aware of that, but when you do it constantly it sort of deadens you to your own music and you kinda hate your own songs after a while. I started to realize that I wasn’t happy with what I’d been doing." Tatum subsequently began writing and recording the EP during a three-month break from touring at the end of 2012. Tatum noted, "It’s pretty difficult for me to write on tour; I usually build up general ideas on tour – not necessarily even musical ideas, just whatever’s inspiring me at that moment. As much as I love touring, I’m always so happy to be home, and I seem to have these creative bursts when we first get off the road – I guess that’s how the new EP came about." Writing and composition Prior to recording the EP, Tatum was influenced by David Bowie, Brian Eno and David Byrne, stating: "This EP is rooted in [the] past year [where] I got on this kick of rediscovering massive influential artists and digging deep into their records. Almost like researching why this person is so respected, like David Bowie, Brian Eno, and David Byrne. So I listened to a lot of Talking Heads, Eno’s rock albums, as well as his early ambient albums, and of course, Bowie’s Berlin trilogy." Regarding the EP's track listing, Tatum noted, "Some of the songs are very poppy but I tried to make them stranger, awkward or weird at certain points." Release Regarding the decision to write and record an EP not long after Nocturne'''s release, Tatum noted: "You can do whatever you want with [an EP], like it’s a free pass. People don’t really expect as much from an EP, so you’re free to do what you want to do. And that is what was so empowering about this particular experience for me. I never needed to take a step back and obsess over what kind of music I was making. I didn’t think that some people might think it’s weird that I’m making this electronic pop song or I’m making this really ambient, droney song. I just did what I wanted to do and it felt good not to think about the outside perspective. I do that so much. I spend a lot of time worrying about what other people think. But this EP was the most fun I’ve had writing and recording in a long time. [...] A lot of times bands put out EPs with the leftover tracks that didn’t make it onto the album for some reason. But this was not like that for me." ArtworkEmpty Estates artwork features paintings by New York-based artist Eric Shaw. Regarding Shaw, Jack Tatum stated, "[He's] a friend of a friend. I sent the record to a friend of mine and he said, “This sounds a lot like what my friend’s art looks like.” So I browsed through tons of his paintings and really fell in love. It really fit what I was trying to do with this EP. I almost feel like while I was making it I kind of thought of it as pop art in a way." Critical reception Empty Estate received positive reviews upon its release. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album has received an average score of 72, based on 13 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews". AllMusic writer Fred Thomas said: "Empty Estate, while every bit as polished (if not more so) than the fancifully recorded Nocturne, sets itself apart by exploring different absent-minded stylistic detours on almost every track. [...] Ultimately any of these tracks could be the jumping-off point for an entire album's worth of material, and hearing them all together makes for a more interesting presentation." Consequence of Sound'''s Amanda Koellner issued the album with a positive review, praising the track, "A Dancing Shell": "Funky dance track (yes, you read that correctly) “A Dancing Shell”, with its symphony of synths and addictive groove, is so impressive that you begin to wonder why Tatum didn’t slap a few more tracks on the record and call it a full-length. A trippy black and white photo graced the cover of Gemini, a teal and peach design on Nocturne, and this EP is dressed exactly how it sounds: a little more vibrant and a little more stoned." Ian Cohen of Pitchfork, however, gave the album a mixed review, stating: "[Tatum's] second EP, Empty Estate, has the same relationship to its full-length predecessor as the Golden Haze EP did his debut: it’s noticeably bolder, sounds more expensive and crafted with live performance in mind. But it’s also the first time Tatum’s music hasn't improved on what came before." Paste's Mack Hayden noted, "It’s no Nocturne or Gemini, but Tatum still proves to be a visionary consistent in his trajectory of progressing confidence. It’s hard to call this a misstep at all, but its best quality is keeping hope alive for what will come next." Track listing Personnel Musicians Jack Tatum - vocals, guitar, bass guitar, piano, synthesizer, percussion, drum programming Tommy Gardner - drums (1 and 5) Al Carlson - baritone saxophone (6) Recording personnel Jack Tatum - producer Al Carlson - engineering, mixing Claudius Mittendorfer - mixing (4) Artwork Eric Shaw - paintings and illustrations Ryan McCardle - design and layout References Category:2013 EPs Category:Wild Nothing albums	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Electoral district of Queenstown The Electoral district of Queenstown was a single-member electoral district of the Tasmanian House of Assembly. It was based in the mining town of Queenstown in the West Coast region of Tasmania. Created out of part of the Lyell seat ahead of the 1903 state election, it had historically been part of Montagu (1894–1900) and Electoral district of Cumberland (1856–1894). The Queenstown seat was abolished when the Tasmanian parliament adopted the Hare-Clark electoral model in 1909. Its final member, Benjamin Watkins, who won a by-election on 19 November 1906 at the age of 22, successfully stood for the multi-member seat of Darwin (now known as Braddon) and retained political office for 25 years. Members for Queenstown Notes References Parliament of Tasmania (2006). The Parliament of Tasmania from 1956 Queenstown	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Diving at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Women's synchronized 3 metre springboard The women's synchronized 3 metre springboard was one of eight diving events included in the Diving at the 2004 Summer Olympics programme. The competition was held as an outright final: Final 14 August — Each pair of divers performed five dives freely chosen from the five diving groups, with two dives limited to a 2.0 degree of difficulty and the others without limitation. Divers could perform different dives during the same dive if both presented the same difficulty degree. The final ranking was determined by the score attained by the pair after all five dives had been performed. Results References Diving. Official Report of the XXVIII Olympiad - Results Women 2004 Category:2004 in women's diving Category:Women's events at the 2004 Summer Olympics	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Chartres, Falkland Islands Chartres is one of the main settlements on West Falkland, in the Falkland Islands. It is on the west coast of West Falkland, at the mouth of Chartres River, at the eastern shore of King George Bay. One of the two only proper roads on West Falkland runs between Chartres and Port Howard. It is one of the closest settlements to Mount Adam to the North, the highest point on West Falkland. References Category:Populated places on West Falkland	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Rot (album) Rot (German for Red) is the fifth studio album by German rapper Sabrina Setlur, released by 3p Records on August 24, 2007. It was entirely co-produced by Martin Haas and Moses Pelham, with additional contribution by Bayz Benzon. The album was critically acclaimed, but widely failed to receive any commercial success yet, becoming Setlur's lowest-charting studio album to date. Track listing Credits and personnel Amir Amjee Azar — vocals Bayz Benzon — keyboard Karl Hass — vocals Martin Haas — keyboard, vocals Sebastian Hämer — vocals Kaye-Ree — vocals Kaygin — vocals Julia Liebe — vocals Alli Neander — guitar Charles Simmons — vocals Miriam Skroban — vocals Dominik Stegmüller — vocals Bergitta Victor — vocals Production Concept: M. Pelham, S. Setlur Product coordination: M. Pelham Product communication: Liesa Bartolome, Alex Besparis, Melanie Buddenhagen, Gwen-Marie Eigenweill, Sascha Ewert, Christian Ficke, Hasan Günay, Felix Heiden, Luise Kemmner, Julia Martin, Markus Onyuru, M. Pelham, S. Setlur, Yvonne Setlur Business affairs & legal: Dr. Udo Kornmeier, Andreas Walter Mastering: Chris Athens (at Sterling Studios in New York City, New York, United States) Songbook: G. Eigenweill, S. Ewert, M. Pelham, Jens Wurche Logo & Artwork: H. Günay, M. Pelham Photography: Katja Kuhl Charts References Category:2007 albums Category:Sabrina Setlur albums	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Bolgar Buttress Bolgar Buttress (, ‘Rid Bolgar’ \'rid 'bol-gar\) is the ice-covered buttress rising to 1500 m on the southeast side of Detroit Plateau on Nordenskjöld Coast in Graham Land, Antarctica, situated between the upper courses of Pyke and Albone Glaciers. It has steep and partly ice free west, south and east slopes. The feature is named after the medieval city of Bolgar, capital of Volga Bulgaria in 8-15th century AD. Location Bolgar Buttress is located at , which is 4.1 km southwest of Zasele Peak, 12.15 km north by west of Dolen Peak, 5.15 km northeast of Kopriva Peak and 27.95 km south-southeast of Volov Peak on Davis Coast. Map Antarctic Digital Database (ADD). Scale 1:250000 topographic map of Antarctica. Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR). Since 1993, regularly upgraded and updated. References Bolgar Buttress. SCAR Composite Antarctic Gazetteer. Bulgarian Antarctic Gazetteer. Antarctic Place-names Commission. (details in Bulgarian, basic data in English) External links Bolgar Buttress. Copernix satellite image Category:Mountains of Graham Land Category:Bulgaria and the Antarctic Category:Nordenskjöld Coast	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Walter B. Jones Jr. Walter Beaman Jones Jr. (February 10, 1943 – February 10, 2019) was an American politician who served twelve terms in the United States House of Representatives as a member of the Republican Party for from 1995 until his death in 2019. The district encompasses the coastal regions of North Carolina, from the Outer Banks and areas near the Pamlico Sound in the north, southwards to the northern suburbs of Wilmington. Jones's father was Walter B. Jones Sr., a Democratic Party congressman from the neighboring 1st district. Prior to his election to the U.S. House of Representatives, he served ten years in the North Carolina House of Representatives as a member of the Democratic Party and worked as a business executive. He had been a Democrat like his father before changing parties in 1994, just before his first election to the U.S. House. Even after becoming a Republican, he frequently broke with the party over key issues. He supported the U.S. involvement in the Iraq War initially, but became one of its staunchest critics, arguing that the George W. Bush administration misinformed Congress with selective intelligence to win authorization for the war. He also was a critic of the Bush administration in their firing of federal prosecutors, and joined Democrats in supporting raises to the federal minimum wage. During the Obama administration, he voted against the Republican Path to Prosperity budget proposal of 2011, after which he was removed from key committee roles for defying party leadership. During the Trump presidency, he was a frequent voice on the floor of Congress calling for scrutiny of the Trump presidency, including demanding the release of his tax returns and calling for investigations into the Trump presidential campaign involvement in the Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections. Having libertarian-leaning tendencies, he was a member of the Liberty Caucus. The American Conservative Union consistently rated Jones low among his Republican colleagues for support of the conservative political platform, though he received higher ratings from the Conservative Review and Club for Growth. Early life, education, and business career Jones was the son of U.S. representative Walter B. Jones Sr. (1913–1992) and Doris (Long) Jones (1914–1984). Jones was a lifelong resident of Farmville, a small town near Greenville, North Carolina. He attended Hargrave Military Academy in Chatham, Virginia and graduated in 1966 with a Bachelor of Arts from Atlantic Christian College (now Barton College) in Wilson, North Carolina, before serving four years (1967–1971) in the North Carolina National Guard. He worked as an executive with his family's business supply company. North Carolina legislature Jones was first elected as a Democrat to the North Carolina House of Representatives in 1982 and served for five terms, until 1992. He represented Pitt County. He was known in the North Carolina House for his advocacy of campaign finance reform and lobbying reform. U.S. House of Representatives Elections 1992 After his father announced his retirement from Congress in 1992, Jones ran for his father's seat in North Carolina's 1st congressional district. He ranked first in the Democratic primary with 38% of the vote, but failed to reach the 50% threshold to win the nomination. In the run-off election, he was defeated by Eva Clayton, Chairwoman of the Warren County Board of Commissioners, by a margin of 55%–45%. Clayton received support from three of the defeated primary candidates and from the African American community. Jones Sr. died before his term expired, and Clayton was elected to serve out the last two months of his term. 1994 In 1994, he switched parties and ran in North Carolina's 3rd congressional district, which had absorbed a large chunk of his father's former territory. His race against incumbent Democrat Martin Lancaster was initially very close until Jones released a picture of Lancaster jogging with President Bill Clinton, whose socially liberal stances (especially on gays in the military) angered many voters in the district. Although Democrats have a large advantage in registered voters, the 3rd district has always had a very strong social conservative tint; Jesse Helms in particular had a large base of support there. As part of the 1994 Republican takeover of Congress, Jones defeated Lancaster 53%–47%. With his victory, Jones became the first Republican to represent a significant portion of Eastern North Carolina in the House since Reconstruction. 1996–2004 From 1994 on Jones won re-election with at least 61% in every general election. His most serious general election challenge came in 2000, when his opponent spent well in excess of $1.4 million in attempting to unseat him. Jones garnered 61% of the vote in that contest, largely helped by George W. Bush, winning the 3rd with his highest victory margin in the state. 2006 He was easily re-elected to a 7th term in 2006, receiving 69% of the vote despite a very bad national result for Republicans overall. 2008 Jones' change of heart on the Iraq War (see below) resulted in him facing serious primary opposition for the first time since his initial run for Congress. He was challenged by Onslow County Commissioner Joe McLaughlin. Jones defeated the poorly funded McLaughlin 59%–41%. In the general election, Jones defeated Craig Weber 66%–34%. 2010 In the general election, he defeated Johnny Rouse with 73% of the vote. 2012 He faced Frank Palombo, a former New Bern police chief in the Republican primary on May 8 and won. He won against Marine Corps Veteran Erik Anderson in the general election. 2014 He faced Taylor Griffin, a former aide to President George W. Bush, who was heavily supported by outside money, and won the Republican Party primary on May 6. 2016 He defeated Democrat Ernest Reeves by 67%–32%. 2018 Jones was re-elected to his final term in November 2018 unopposed. Tenure Jones had a lifetime rating of 84.69 from the American Conservative Union. However, his voting record had become somewhat more moderate in the years prior to his death, according to the group's ranking. In recent years, he had received some of the lowest ACU ratings of any Republican from the South. In 2006, he received a 79, in 2007 he received a 71, in 2008 he received a 58, in 2009 he received an 83, in 2010 he received a 65, and in 2011 he received a 60. The former five ratings were the lowest recorded in those years for a Republican from North Carolina. Jones was ranked as the 37th most bipartisan member of the U.S. House of Representatives during the 114th United States Congress (and the most bipartisan member of the U.S. House of Representatives from North Carolina) in the Bipartisan Index created by The Lugar Center and the McCourt School of Public Policy that ranks members of the United States Congress by their degree of bipartisanship (by measuring the frequency each member's bills attract co-sponsors from the opposite party and each member's co-sponsorship of bills by members of the opposite party). Jones said that his father was able to vote his conscience until he became a member of the House Democratic leadership, at which time he had to vote with the party line. For instance, his father voted for the 1975 federal bailout of a bankrupt New York City even though he personally opposed it. Jones said of that vote, "He had to vote it that way. I would rather do what I think is right than to sell my political soul." Jones drifted towards the libertarian spectrum when he changed his positions on foreign policy including the Iraq War. Jones opposed pork barrel spending projects and was a staunch advocate of federal prohibition of online poker. In 2006, he cosponsored H.R. 4777, the Internet Gambling Prohibition Act and voted for H.R. 4411, the Goodlatte-Leach Internet Gambling Prohibition Act. Jones sided with the Democrats on economic issues such as raising the minimum wage. He was an animal lover and said he would like a memorial created on the National Mall for war dogs. Jones endorsed Ron Paul in the 2008 race for president of the United States. In an annual survey conducted by Washingtonian magazine, congressional staffers voted Jones the kindest member of the House. In 2007, Jones cosponsored legislation with fellow North Carolina congressman Heath Shuler to require airlines to have sections of the aircraft where large movie screens were not visible. This was to avoid the situation where children could potentially watch films found objectionable by their parents. He also was the only Republican co-sponsor of legislation to challenge Tom DeLay's proposed changes to House ethics rules. On February 14, 2008, Jones was one of only three Republicans (along with Ron Paul and Wayne Gilchrest) to vote to hold George W. Bush confidantes Joshua Bolten and Harriet Miers in contempt of Congress for failing to testify and provide documents relevant to the firing of federal prosecutors. On September 15, 2009, Jones was one of only seven Republicans to vote for a resolution of disapproval of fellow Representative Joe Wilson for his actions during President Obama's address to a Joint Session of Congress on September 9, 2009. Jones presented the Walter B. Jones Campus Defender of Freedom Award to a North Carolina activist selected by a committee at Duke University, including the Duke College Republicans; in 2009, Jones presented the award to B.J. Lawson. At the 2009 ceremony, Jones said that "The Republican Party needs to have a face that can be seen and identified with by people of all races. The future of the Republican Party lies in being able to relate to the average working family." He also spoke in favor of making Duke's endowment more transparent, saying that he is in favor of more openness on the part of institutions: "To me, sunshine is the answer." In 2010, congressional aides on Capitol Hill ranked Jones as the second nicest in the U.S. House of Representatives and the second least partisan member of the House. On April 15, 2011, Jones was one of four Republican members of Congress to vote against The Path to Prosperity. In December 2012, Jones was one of four House Republicans removed from their committees by Speaker of the House John Boehner and Majority Leader Eric Cantor for defying party leadership. Jones was removed from the Financial Services Committee, a plum seat for fundraising, ostensibly as reprisal for not raising money for the Republican Party. However, it was speculated that Jones, who was popular in the caucus, was only removed as "cover" for the removal of Justin Amash of Michigan, Tim Huelskamp of Kansas and David Schweikert of Arizona from their own plum committee assignments, who were removed for being "assholes". Representative Lynn Westmoreland concluded, "some people ... just don't want to work within the system." Jones maintained his seat on the Armed Services Committee. He is the author of Corolla Wild Horses Protection Act (H.R. 126;113th Congress). In February 2017, Jones signed a letter to urge Congress to request President Donald Trump's tax returns so that they can be reviewed in a closed session of Congress and determined whether the returns can be released to the public. On March 28, 2017, Jones became the first Republican Congressman to call for Representative Devin Nunes to recuse himself as chairman of the House Intelligence Committee, and for the establishment of an independent commission to investigate Russian interference in the 2016 presidential election. He cited the alleged impropriety of Congressman Nunes' meeting at the White House the previous week as the reason for breaking with his party on the issue. Foreign wars Jones was initially a strong supporter of the conflict in Iraq, but then became one of the leading Republicans opposed to continued involvement in Iraq. Jones became well known for leading the effort, along with GOP Rep. Bob Ney, to have french fries renamed "freedom fries" on House cafeteria menus as a protest against French opposition to the 2003 invasion of Iraq. Jones later modified his stance on the war to a considerable extent. In 2005, he stated that he had come to believe that there had been little reason to go to war, despite his earlier support, which had been based upon selective intelligence supplied to Congress. He said of his previous position on the fries, "I wish it had never happened." In July 2006, the names were quietly changed back. On March 17, 2005, he sponsored a bill endorsing the conduct of his Camp Lejeune constituent, controversial Marine Corps Lieutenant Ilario Pantano, who faced charges (subsequently dropped) for having shot two Iraqis (allegedly unarmed civilians) on April 15, 2004. Jones called on President George W. Bush to apologize for misinforming Congress to win authorization for the war. Jones said, "If I had known then what I know today, I wouldn't have voted for that resolution." Jones contended that the United States went to war "with no justification." On the subject, he said, "I just feel that the reason of going in for weapons of mass destruction, the ability of the Iraqis to make a nuclear weapon, that's all been proven that it was never there." He added that his change of opinion came about from attending the funeral of a sergeant killed in Iraq, when his last letter to his family was being read out. On June 16, 2005, he joined with three other members of Congress (Neil Abercrombie, Dennis Kucinich and Ron Paul) in introducing a resolution calling for the start of a withdrawal of U.S. forces from Iraq to begin by October 2006. Jones covered the hallway outside his office with photographs of soldiers who had died in Iraq. He said, "If we were given misinformation intentionally by people in this administration, to commit the authority to send boys, and in some instances girls, to go into Iraq, that is wrong. Congress must be told the truth." In 2007, he and Rep. William Delahunt (D–MA) introduced the Constitutional War Powers Resolution, which seeks to "prohibit the president from ordering military action without congressional approval, except when the United States or U.S. troops were attacked or when U.S. citizens needed to be evacuated." On January 12, 2007, he introduced H. J. Res. 14: Concerning the use of military force by the United States against Iran in the 110th congress. According to Jones on his web site, the resolution requires that – absent a national emergency created by an attack, or a demonstrably imminent attack, by Iran upon the United States or its armed forces – the President must consult with Congress and receive specific authorization prior to initiating any use of military force against Iran. This resolution was removed from a military spending bill for the war in Iraq by House Speaker Nancy Pelosi (D–CA) on March 13, 2007. On March 23, 2007, Jones was one of two Republicans to vote for a bill that would have required President George W. Bush to bring combat troops home from Iraq by September 1, 2008. The other Republican was Wayne Gilchrest of Maryland's 1st congressional district. Jones' views on the war in Iraq did not ingratiate him to Bush or to the Republican leadership, which prevented him from succeeding the late Jo Ann Davis as ranking Republican on the Readiness Subcommittee of the Armed Forces Committee. He was passed over for Randy Forbes when the 110th Congress convened because the full committee's ranking member, Duncan Hunter of California, did not agree with Jones' change of heart on the war. He had been approached by some Democrats about bolting the GOP and either becoming an independent caucusing with the Democrats or switching back to the Democratic Party outright. Additionally, Jones' changed views on the war and other issues angered many Republicans in his district, which has the largest military presence of any in North Carolina. On March 7, 2012, Jones introduced House Concurrent Resolution 107, proposing that Congress should consider waging wars without an Act of Congress as grounds for impeachment of the President for High Crimes and Misdemeanors according to the Constitution of the United States of America. In April 2017, Jones criticized U.S. involvement in Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen, highlighting that Al-Qaeda in Yemen "has emerged as a de facto ally of the Saudi-led militaries with whom [Trump] administration aims to partner more closely." In the wake of the 2016 Orlando nightclub shooting, Jones put out a press release calling it "horrific and senseless." He expressed that he was mourning the loss of Shane Evan Tomlinson, a graduate from East Carolina University. Committee assignments (115th Congress) Committee on Armed Services Subcommittee on Tactical Air and Land Forces Subcommittee on Military Personnel Caucus memberships Jones served on the Liberty Caucus (sometimes called the Liberty Committee), a group of libertarian-minded Republican congressional representatives. Congressman Ron Paul originally hosted a luncheon for the Liberty Caucus every Thursday. The caucus is now hosted and chaired by Congressman Justin Amash. Other members included Jim Duncan of Tennessee, Roscoe Bartlett of Maryland, and Jeff Flake of Arizona. Jones was a member of the Congressional NextGen 9-1-1 Caucus and the Veterinary Medicine Caucus. Political positions Jones had a "B+" rating from NORML for his voting record on cannabis-related matters. He co-sponsored four cannabis bills, including supporting veterans' access to medical cannabis and hemp farming. Jones voted against the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 due to the anticipated $2 trillion that would be added to the national debt. "I'm all for tax reform, but it must grow the economy, not the debt," he stated. He also voted against it due to concerns that his constituents would pay more taxes. "That is the last thing struggling families need," he stated in wake of the vote. Jones agreed with Michael Mullen and James Mattis that the national debt is the "biggest threat" to national security. Personal life Jones was raised a Southern Baptist, but was a Roman Catholic convert when he died. He married Joe Anne Whitehurst in 1966, and the two had one child, a daughter, Ashley. Illness and death In July 2018, Jones began to miss votes due to illness; in December 2018, the House granted him a leave of absence for the remainder of the session by unanimous consent. As he was temporarily unable to travel, he was sworn in as a member of the 116th Congress from his home in Farmville. In January 2019, he broke his hip. On January 26, 2019, his wife said that he had been admitted to hospice care. Jones died on February 10, 2019, in Greenville, North Carolina, on his 76th birthday. After Jones' funeral, it was revealed that he had suffered from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in the months leading up to his death. See also List of United States Congress members who died in office References JONES, Walter Beaman, Jr. – Biographical Information External links Category:1943 births Category:2019 deaths Category:20th-century American politicians Category:20th-century Baptists Category:21st-century American politicians Category:21st-century Roman Catholics Category:American conservative people Category:American former Protestants Category:American libertarians Category:American Roman Catholics Category:Anti-corporate activists Category:Barton College alumni Category:Candidates in the 1992 United States elections Category:Catholics from North Carolina Category:Christian libertarians Category:Christians from North Carolina Category:Converts to Roman Catholicism from Baptist denominations Category:Deaths from motor neuron disease Category:Drug policy reform activists Category:Members of the North Carolina House of Representatives Category:Members of the United States Congress stripped of committee assignment Category:Members of the United States House of Representatives from North Carolina Category:Monetary reformers Category:Neurological disease deaths in the United States Category:Non-interventionism Category:North Carolina Democrats Category:North Carolina National Guard personnel Category:North Carolina Republicans Category:Paleoconservatism Category:People from Farmville, North Carolina Category:Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
List of historic properties in Willcox, Arizona This is a list, which includes a photographic gallery, of some of the remaining historic buildings, houses, structures and monuments in Willcox, Arizona, a town located in Cochise County. Some of the structures are located in the Railroad Avenue Historic District. Some of the structures are individually listed in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). There are others which are considered historical by the Sulphur Springs Valley Historical Society. Also included is the Chiricahua National Monument Historic Designed Landscape and images of the historic City Cemetery where Warren Earp. the younger brother of Wyatt Earp is buried. Brief history The Native-Americans inhabited the area where the town of Willcox and its surrounding areas are located before the arrival of the people of European ancestry from the East Coast of the United States. The principal Native-American tribe which inhabited southeastern Arizona were the Chiricahua Apaches. They called themselves the Chiricahua Apache (Apache: great mountain) after their former mountain home in southeast Arizona. Their own name true name is actually the Aiaha. Apache Wars Compared to the other tribes in Arizona, the Chiricahua tribe were the most warlike. Among their leaders were Cochise, Victorio, Loco, Chato, Naiche, and Geronimo. The Chiricahua were involved in the so-called “Indian Wars” now referred to as the Apache Wars of the 1860s and 1870s. Some historians believe a misunderstanding during the “Bascom Affair” launched clashes with the Chiricahua. Cochise was the Apache chief during the Apache Wars, he led an uprising against the U.S. government which began in 1861, and persisted until a peace treaty in 1872. In 1872, President Ulysses S. Grant sent General Oliver Howard, as a special commissioner, to Arizona. Howard together with Tom Jeffords, a trusted friend of Cochise, met with the Chiricahua Chief. Their meeting concluded in an agreement to cease hostilities with the understanding that Cochise would use his influence with the other Chiricahua Apaches to this end. By the autumn of this year more than 1,000 of the tribe were settled on the newly established Chiricahua Reservation, southeast Arizona. Cochise died in 1874. Cochise County was named after the Chiricahua Apache Chief and the land where he is buried is now the Chiricahua National Monument. In 1878, General Orlando Bolivar Willcox assumed command of the Department of Arizona during the last years of the Apache Wars. Willcox is established In 1880, the small town of "Maley" was founded as a whistlestop for the Southern Pacific Railroad. A whislestop is a train station where a train will stop only on request; that is, only if there are passengers or freight to be picked up or dropped off. The station was an important supply point for the Army during the Apache Wars from 1880 to 1886. It was also important to the cattle ranching and mining industries of southeastern Arizona as a major shipping point. General Willcox remained in his post until 1882. The citizens of the town of Maley renamed the town in his honor, however, his surname was misspelled and instead of being spelled with two "L"s it was spelled with one, hence "Wilcox". In 1889, the correction of the town's name was made and therefore "Wilcox" finally became "Willcox". In the early years, Willcox was a town with many saloons and hotels. There were shootings practically every week in Willcox and its surrounding area. Two of the more notable shootings involved Warren Earp in 1900 and Bill Downing in 1908. Warren Baxter Earp, the youngest of the Earp brothers, was ill-tempered. He wasn't in town during the OK Corral gunfight, but he did participate in Wyatt Earp's revenge where many cowboys were murdered. Earp lived in Willcox. He disliked a fellow ranch cowboy named Johnny Boyett. He habitually bullied Boyett for months past. Earp and Boyett ran into each other in the "Headquarters Saloon" and Earp challenged Boyett to fight to the death. Boyett got a gun from the Willcox Hotel, and charged after Earp. After missing a few times, Earp was mortally wounded. Bill Downing was a member of the Burt Alvord gang. The gang was caught and arrested in Pearce after robbing the Cochise Train Depot. They were held in the prison of Tombstone. Members of the gang that were not arrested went to Tombstone and rescued the gang members in jail, but left Downing in jail because they disliked him. After spending seven years in the Yuma prison, Downing went to Willcox and opened the Free and Easy Saloon. He hired prostitutes who picked pocketed the customers. The town Sheriff and his Deputy went to the bar to serve Downing a warrant for his arrest. Downing dashed out a back door, but found himself face to face with the Deputy who had a shotgun. Downing reached for his gun and the Deputy shot him dead. What Downing didn't know is that he didn't have his gun because one the prostitutes stole it before he went out. The town celebrated when they learned of his death. Both Earp and Downing were buried in the historic "Old City Cemetery" of Willcox. The Pioneers' Cemetery Association (PCA) defines an "historic cemetery" as one which has been in existence for more than fifty years. Sulphur Springs Valley Historical Society The mission of the Sulphur Springs Valley Historical Society is to preserved and displayed historical items related to the cultural history of Willcox and its surrounding area. The historic building known as "The Toggery", is an extension of the Chiricahua Regional Museum and contains the research library and museum archives. The citizens of Willcox have preserved many of the historic buildings. A property may be listed in the National Register of Historic Places or it may be eligible to be listed as such, however, that does not mean that the property is safe from being demolished by its owner. According to Jim McPherson, Arizona Preservation Foundation Board President: Chiricahua National Monument In 2008, the Chiricahua National Monument Historic Designed Landscape, covering roughly 80% of the national monument, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The national monument is part and belongs to the National Park System. It located in the Chiricahua Mountains of southeastern Arizona within Willcox. The monument was established on April 18, 1924, to protect its extensive hoodoos and balancing rocks. The Stafford Cabin in the Faraway Ranch is one of the first homestead dwellings in the Chiricahua Mountains vicinity. The cabin, built in 1880, is also among the oldest surviving log cabins in the region. Ja Hu Stafford was a pioneer settler who was born in Davidson County, North Carolina, to John Wesley and Clementine Reid Stafford. Stafford found the Chiricahua Mountain area to his liking and built a log cabin which was a small 14 square foot structure made with unpeeled logs, suggesting that it was built in a hurry. A second log room about the same size as the first was added sometime before 1885, followed by a small wooden-frame addition on the backside of the house around 1898. He dug an irrigation system which provided water for his fruit orchard. Ja Hu received his homestead certificate on April 6, 1886. He lived there with his wife Pauline and their six children for twenty years. In 1919 the cabin was remodeled and served as a guest cabin for the Faraway Ranch. The Stafford Cabin was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on March 31, 1975; reference #75000171. Historic Buildings The following is a brief description of some of the historic buildings in Railroad Avenue. The avenue became the Commercial center for the growth of Willcox and the Sulpher Springs Valley from the time of the construction of the Southern Pacific Railroad through the area in 1880. Listed in the National Register of Historic Places on May 27, 1987; #87000751. The Sulpher Springs Valley Historical Society and Arizona Historical Society have placed markers on various of these properties. The Southern Paciﬁc Railroad Depot - built in 1880. This is the only remaining original redwood frame Southern Pacific R.R. Station in Arizona. It is also the only known, original, on site, passenger depot still extant on the Southern – Trans – Continental Railroad route, between Los Angeles and Chicago. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The depot is now the Willcox City Hall. Palace Saloon and Pool Hall - built in 1905. This is the earliest panel brick style commercial building in Willcox. Was a meat market during prohibition. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Headquarters Saloon - It was at this location the Headquarters Saloon stood from the 1890s until it burned down in 1940. Warren Earp was shot and killed at the Saloon on July 6, 1900. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Willcox Commercial Hotel - built in 1916. The historical marker inscription reads as follows: Primarily used as headquarters for traveling salesmen using the Southern Pacific R .R. for transportation. Restored in 1987 by the Brown Family to be used as an ice cream parlor and office suites. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The Toggery - built in 1925. The historical marker inscription reads as follows: Built by Thomas A. Huffman. The Toggery was originally constructed as a single unit and later Mr. Huffman built the adjacent building. Huffman's Toggery was established in 1916 as part of the Commercial Development of Willcox. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The Willcox Women's Community Center - built in 1936 and located at 312 W. Stewart. The historical marker inscription reads as follows: Was constructed by P. Howard Pregenzer and crew; In Memory of P. Howard Pregenzer 1894-1980; Resident of Willcox, Arizona 1927-1980; Construction began in 1934 and completed in 1936; Construction sponsored by the City of Willcox, Arizona in year 1936; United States of America work project administration (WPA); Construction project O. P. No. 65-2-166. Listed in the National Register of Historic Places on May 27, 1987, reference: #87000740. John H. Norton and Company Store - built in 1880 and located at 180 N. Railroad Ave. The building was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on March 31, 1983, reference: #83002987. Willcox Theater - built in 1936 and located at 134 N. Railroad Avenue. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Willcox Bank and Trust - built in 1917 and located at 154 N. Railroad Ave. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Willcox Retail Store - built in 1916 and located on Maley Street. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Masonic Lodge #10 - built in 1916 and located at the corner of Marley and Haskell Streets. The lodge was originally chartered on November 11, 1891. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Schley Saloon built in 1893 and located at 150 N Railroad Ave. Originally the George Raum's Fashion Saloon and in 1897 the Schley Saloon. The saloon became a grocery store on eve of prohibition. The building now houses the Rex Allen Museum and Cowboy Hall of Fame. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Historic buildings pictured Historic houses Several of the houses listed here are "town homes" built before the turn of the century by wealthy cattle ranchers in the Sulphur Spring Valley, example: the Mee House, the Hooker Town House, the Johnson/Tillotson House and the Saxon House. The following are the historic houses in Willcox which are listed in the National Register of Historic Places: The Benjamin E. Briscoe House - built in 1898 and located at 358 N. Bowie St. Listed in the National Register of Historic Places on May 27, 1987, reference: #87000737. The John Gung'l House - built in 1920 and located at 210 S. Austin Blvd. The plans for the building of the house were that Mr. Gung'l had prepared in El Paso where he obtained the hard fired brick used in construction of the 1 1/2 story residence. Listed in the National Register of Historic Places on May 27, 1987, reference:#87000749 The Johnson-Tillotson House - built in 1900 and located at 124 N. Curtis St. The Tillotson House is the only Western Colonial Revival style residence in the Multiple Resource Area (MRA) and represents an early, ca. 1900, shift from the previously utilized Queen Anne style. Listed in the National Register of Historic Places on August 6, 1987, reference: #87000743. The Joe Mee House - built in 1920 and located at 265 W. Stewart St. The one story Mee Home (W025) is a rare and unusual Craftsman Bungalow in that it is constructed of adobe. Stuccoed adobe walls extend up to the eave line on all sides, and the gable end is finished with wood shingles. Listed in the National Register of Historic Places on August 6, 1987, reference: #87000739. The Morgan House - built in 1888 and located at 242 E. Maley St. Built by Columbia, California native Henry A. Morgan (1861-1942), one of the founders of Willcox and the 1st mayor of Willcox. Listed in the National Register of Historic Places on August 18, 1987, reference: #87000746. The Harry Saxon House - built in 1920 and located at 308 S. Haskell St. The one story Saxon Home has a low gable roof which extends across the main portion of the building and covers the L-shaped veranda. Windows and entry door reveal broad bungalow proportions. Listed in the National Register of Historic Places on May 27, 1987, reference: #87000750. The Schwertner House - built in 1880 and located at 124 E. Stewart St. This house was built by Delso Smith as an Army Officer reception center during the Indian wars. It was bought by Mr. Schwertner in 1893. Listed in the National Register of Historic Places on August 25, 1983, reference: #83002986. The Pablo Soto House built in 1880 and located at 108 E. Stewart St. Pablo Soto was one of Tucson, 1st school teachers In the early 1880s he moved to Willcox and found a job as a salesman for Norton & Stewart general merchandise store. Pablo and his brother brought the store and established the first banking operation in Willcox in conjunction with their store in about 1888. Deposits were accepted by anyone. Listed in the National Register of Historic Places on August 18, 1987, reference: #87000744. The J.C. Wilson House - built in 1900 and located at 258 E. Maley St. In 1908 the Willcox Board of Trade was organized. The members of the board elected Dr. J. C. Wilson as president. Listed in the National Register of Historic Places on August 18, 1987, reference: #87000747. The Crowley House - built in 1883 and located at 175 S. Railroad Ave. John F. Crowley was co-owner of the Elite Saloon and Billiard Exchange. He became a Deputy Sheriff and was the person who took into custody those responsible of the Bisbee Massacre. Listed in the National Register of Historic Places on August 6, 1987, reference: #87000748. The Hooker Town House - built in 1900 and located at 235 E. Stewart St. Colonel Henry Hooker was a dominant rancher in Southern AZ cattle industry, and possibly one of the initial land owners. Listed in the National Register of Historic Places on May 27, 1987, reference: #87000736. Historic houses pictured Old City Cemetery Further reading "Southwestern Town: The Story of Willcox, Arizona"; by: Vernon Schultz; Publisher: University of Arizona Press; "Willcox, Arizona: 1900 The year Warren Earp Was Killed"; by: Kathy Klump; Publisher: Cochise County Historical Society; See also Willcox, Arizona National Register of Historic Places listings in Cochise County, Arizona References Category:Willcox, Arizona Category:History of Cochise County, Arizona Historic properties Category:Buildings and structures in Cochise County, Arizona	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
United Nations Security Council Resolution 16 United Nations Security Council Resolution 16, adopted on January 10, 1947, recognized the establishment of the Free Territory of Trieste, recording its approval of the three documents submitted. The resolution was adopted by 10 votes, with one abstention from Australia. See also List of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 1 to 100 (1946–1953) References Text of the Resolution at undocs.org External links 0016 Category:1947 in Europe Category:Trieste Category:Italy–Yugoslavia relations Category:1947 in Italy Category:1947 in Yugoslavia 0016 Category:History of Friuli-Venezia Giulia Category:January 1947 events	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Svet u mojim očima "Svet u mojim očima" (, ) is a song by Serbian teen singer Emilija Đonin. It represented Serbia at the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2014 in Marsa, Malta., placing 10th with 61 points. Music video The music video for "Svet u mojim očima" premiered on Junior Eurovision's official YouTube channel on 1 October 2014. Most of the video shows Emilija singing the song while sitting at a piano. In this background, we can see drawings of oranges and drinks on most of the walls, as well as an LED screen showing an animated piano. Another scene in the video shows Emilija in the back of a car in the city (possibly Belgrade). Live Performance Emilija performed "Svet u mojim očima" at the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2014 on 15 November. She performed 14th on that evening, after Russia and before Malta. At the close of the voting, Serbia placed 10th in a field of 16 songs, with 61 points. Her for performance, Emilija wore a black and white outfit and sat at a piano for two thirds of the song. From the bridge onwards, she took the microphone of the stand and stood up. External links Official Music Video References Category:Serbian songs Category:Junior Eurovision songs Category:2014 singles Category:2014 songs	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
The Skin of the Wolf The Skin of the Wolf () is a 2017 Spanish drama film directed by Samu Fuentes. The film was released on 6 July 2018 on Netflix. Plot The film opens with an unspecified year but is probably around WWII, as the rifle he carries appears to be a German KAR98, which was introduced in 1935 as the standard German infantry rifle. It is possible he could have obtained it during the Spanish Civil War, ca. 1936 to 1939, but it would have been a German frontline weapon at that time. The local townspeople do not appear to have all the modern comforts of the era with exception of electricity. The main character Martinon is a huntsman who lives a life of solitude completely without modern day comforts high on a mountain top in an abandoned town, which appears to have been ravaged by war. Martinon's life is that of "hard-living". The terrain near Martinon's home is rocky with steep hills, which are surrounded by a dense forest filled with wildlife. Martinon's daily routine consists of maintaining the land in front of his house, tending to his goats and hunting for wolves so that he can trade their skins. All this is done through the harsh bitter cold mountain weather. Martinon's physical appearance, tall and muscular with shaggy hair and a bushy beard, intimidates those he encounters. Occasionally, Martinon makes the two day journey down the mountain to the local town to sell the wolf skins he harvested. During a visit to the local town, inside a bar Martinon is attempting to sell some newly caught wolf skins to the mayor, who haggles with him over the price and authenticity of the skins. Afterwards, Martinon discusses the exchange with the bar owner Severino. Severino suggests to Martinon that he should consider marriage and starting a family to pass on his property as his legacy. Martinon considers the suggestion but points out that the conditions of his life in the mountains are no place for children or a wife. On his way out of town Martinon has sex with a local woman, Pascuala, and considers her to be a suitable wife. Martinon makes a deal with Pascuala's father, Ubaldo. Pascuala leaves town with Martinon as his wife. Pascuala adapts to her new home life with ease, but begins showing signs of an unknown illness through consistent coughing. Pascuala also tells Martinon that she is pregnant. Martinon shows no verbal or facial expressions on how he feels about the pregnancy, but begins to create a baby crib. Pascuala's illness worsens, resulting with a difficult pregnancy. Bedridden Pasculua dies while giving birth to a stillborn baby boy, while Martinon is tending to the goats. Visibly saddened and frustrated because of the deaths of his wife and son, Martinon breaks the baby crib he created. While attempting to bury their bodies, Martinon burst into a fit of anger and begins knocking down the headstones on the older surrounding graves of the graveyard. Martinon brings the bodies of his wife and the baby boy to Ubaldo, and accuses him of knowing that Pasculua was sick and pregnant with someone else's child upon joining him. Ubaldo concedes to the accusations, stating that he was afraid that Pascuala's reputation would be ruined. He'd hoped that once Pascuala had her baby, people would believe that Martinon was the father, since they were living together. Martinon berates Ubaldo for not being a good father and demands his money back. Ulbaldo begs Martinon for time to collect the money. Martinon gives him until the next spring to pay. When Martinon goes back to Ubaldo to collect his money, rifle in hand, Ubaldo instead of money offers his youngest daughter, Adela, to Martinon. He says Adela will join him, provided that he marry her. Martinon accepts Adela and the next day they are married. After the wedding, Ubaldo apologizes to Adela for the impromptu marriage. He pleads with Adela not to run away, but instead to attempt to adapt to the situation, because should she run away, Martinon would look for her and also come after Ubaldo. He then gives Adela a red cloth, later revealed to contain herbs, telling her to use it should her situation become unbearable. Adela leaves with Martinon on the journey back to the top of the mountain. The walk is strenuous for Adela, causing Martinon to stop repeatedly to give her water. Adela does not adapt to her new life. Though Adela does not verbally express it, she appears lonely and bored. One day Martinon informs Adela that he will be gone for trading for four days. Martinon warns Adela to be careful of the wild life in the forest, should she venture outside the abandoned town. While alone for four days, Adela inspects the ruined buildings of the abandoned town and the nearby cemetery, where she notices two open graves. Upon Martinon's return, Adela asks for whom they were intended. Martinon replies that "they're not graves, just holes". This response upsets Adela and she begins to walk away when Martinon tells her that Pascuala's death was her father's fault because Ubaldo traded Pascuala knowing she was sick and pregnant. Martinon also tells Adela that Ubaldo did the same trade with her. Adela calls Martinon a liar and walks away. Later Martinon observes Adela staring tearfully out into the distance. While looking at herself in the mirror Adela realizes she is pregnant. Though Martinon shows no verbal or facial reaction, he prepares a baby crib and makes breakfast for Adela in the mornings. Martinon also begins to reduce any strenuous activities for Adela. One day while cleaning a wolf skin, Adela becomes frustrated, and resolves to poison Martinon's food with the herbs her father gave her. Martinon unknowingly eats the poisoned foods and soon becomes sick, vomiting daily. Adela appears pleased with herself and decides to run away while Martinon is out hunting. While running down the mountain Adela steps on one of the traps set by Martinon, preventing her from properly running and walking. When Martinon returns home to find Adela gone he immediately searches the ruined buildings of the town. The next morning he follows Adela's tracks and discovers her passed out under some fallen trees. Martinon takes Adela home to nurse her back to health. While wrapping the unconscious Adela's frost bitten feet Martinon observes Adela having a miscarriage. Adela becomes strong enough to walk around the house. Adela sorrowfully tells Martinon that she lost the baby. Martinon is quiet, as he is already aware. Martinon tells Adela that once she fully recovers, she can return to her family. When Adela asks why, Martinon only replies that the days are shorter so she'll have to leave early. Adela shows a mix of happiness and remorsefulness while standing outside alone, and she eventually leaves. Martinon is left alone in his home. He soon discovers Adela's hidden canister of poisonous herbs. Martinon stands outside silently crying to himself while staring out into the distance. The film ends with Martinon in bed looking up at the ceiling alone in his house while the darkness settles around him, with his rifle by his side. As the scene pulls away, the door to Martinon's house has been left wide open to a cold snowy evening Cast Mario Casas as Martinón Irene Escolar as Adela Ruth Díaz as Pascuala Kandido Uranga as Severino Josean Bengoetxea as Marcial Armando Aguirre as Ubaldo (voice) Ainhoa Sánchez as Nora Patricia Cid as Marina Francisco Domínguez as Don Bernardo Alfonso Giménez as Ayudante Alcalde Laura Cuellar as Fátima Gustavo Sánchez as Herrero Production The film is writer/director Samu Fuentes' debut feature. Reception On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 50% based on 6 reviews, with an average rating of 5/10. Release It was released on July 6, 2018 on Netflix streaming. References External links on Netflix Category:2017 films Category:2010s drama films Category:Spanish films Category:Spanish drama films Category:Spanish-language Netflix original films	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Musician (magazine) Musician (1976–1999) was a monthly magazine that covered news and information about American popular music. Initially called Music America, it was founded in 1976 by Sam Holdsworth and Gordon Baird. The two friends borrowed $20,000 from relatives and started the publication in a barn in Colorado. Subtitled "The Art, Business and Technology of Making Music", it became known for its extended and thorough articles about the stars of rock music. Musician was not intended to be a fan magazine—the founders envisioned it as a publication about the musician's craft, and as a result, it earned it the respect of people in the music business. As Holdsworth told an interviewer in 2003, the magazine "...created a level of trust that made the musicians feel they were talking with peers". In that same article, he noted that Musician was also known for finding out the little things that the average magazine did not—such as why a musician chose a particular brand of instrument, or what was the inspiration for a certain song. But Musician never gained a wide following, although it had a devoted base of fans. The magazine was respected by the critics for the quality of the writers—among the best known writers for Musician were rock critic Lester Bangs and soon-to-be film director Cameron Crowe. It was later renamed Musician, Player & Listener and was headquartered in Gloucester, Massachusetts. Due to the expense of running it, Holdsworth and Baird sold it in January 1981 to the company that owned Billboard magazine; but Holdsworth and another company executive bought it back in 1985 and they ran it until selling it again in 1987. References Library of Congress: Musician. Gloucester, MA: Amordian Press, 1982–1999. ISSN 0733-5253. Category:American monthly magazines Category:American music magazines Category:Defunct magazines of the United States Category:Magazines established in 1976 Category:Magazines disestablished in 1999 Category:Magazines published in Colorado Category:Magazines published in Massachusetts	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
The Freshest Boy "The Freshest Boy" is a short story by American writer F. Scott Fitzgerald. It was first published in the July 28, 1928 issue of The Saturday Evening Post, and was reprinted in Fitzgerald's 1935 collection, Taps at Reveille. Plot The story centers around a boy and his discouragement while attending a preparatory school. The boy, Basil Duke Lee, is characterized as naive and dreamy. He is thus treated as an outcast among his peers as well as by the school's administrators. Lee's naivete is contrasted with the experienced perspective of an upperclassman, Lewis Crum. Crum resents Lee's carefree nature and his lack of commitment to tradition. The two boys develop a competitive relationship, and it becomes clear that Lee is internally adjusted to the environment while outwardly aloof and unhappy. Unlike Lee, however, Crum comes from wealth, which gives him a palpable advantage at the school. Lee is castigated by the school's headmaster over his low grades. As the story progresses, it becomes evident that Lee's family is not wealthy; he is one of the "poorest boys in a rich school." This causes him obvious shame, and the story's focus shifts to his hopes for an off–campus excursion to New York City. Instead he ventures out to a suburb and interacts with a boy who seems to have some type of emotional disability. Escaping the stifling atmosphere of the school, Lee finally goes to New York City, and has lunch at the Manhattan Hotel; while there he reads a letter from his mother. The theme of homesickness is evident throughout the work. The letter informs Lee that he will be going abroad and will thus not be attending the school anymore. Initially, he is elated by the news. The last section of the story takes place within the theater as Lee's thoughts turn to his future. He feels that, like actors following the course of a play, he has a destiny. Although he seeks to escape the turgid atmosphere of the preparatory school, he also believes that he must actualize his fate including college. After the play the school official who accompanies him becomes intoxicated and falls asleep. When returning to the school, Lee is called a nickname but he is not ashamed, nor mortified by the prospect of being an outcast any longer. He realizes that he is accepted, to the point where it will serve his needs, and falls asleep satisfied. History The story was written when Fitzgerald was arguably at the height of his creative powers. It is part of The Basil and Josephine Stories, and was composed during the period when he also was writing his novel Tender is the Night. Some of Basil Duke Lee's details resemble Fitzgerald's own including growing up in the Midwest. The story, like many which Fitzgerald wrote at the time, was well received by readers. Collections "The Freshest Boy" was reprinted in Fitzgerald's 1935 collection Taps at Reveille. It was also collected in The Basil and Josephine Stories, as well as Malcolm Cowley's The Stories of F. Scott Fitzgerald and in Matthew J. Bruccoli's The Short Stories of F. Scott Fitzgerald. Reception In The New York Times' review of Taps at Reveille, critic Edith Walton wrote, "Poignant as well as amusing [is] the longer sequence of stories which deals with a pre-war boy in his middle teens. Though his method is different from Booth Tarkington's, Mr. Fitzgerald approaches at times the same startling veracity. Basil Duke Lee is a bright, sensitive, likeable boy, constantly betrayed by a fatal tendency to brag and boss. He knows his failing, especially after the minor hell of his first year at boarding school, but again and again he is impelled to ruin an initial good impression. Two of the Basil stories—'He Thinks He's Wonderful', and 'The Perfect Life'—are small masterpieces of humor and perception, and Mr. Fitzgerald is always miraculously adept at describing adolescent love affairs and adolescent swagger." References The stories of F. Scott Fitzgerald: a selection of 28 stories FS Fitzgerald, M Cowley - 1951 - Scribner External links "The Freshest Boy," A Short Story by F. Scott Fitzgerald F. Scott Fitzgerald Centenary: Matthew J. Bruccoli Collection at the University of South Carolina The New York Times on Taps at Reveille Category:Short stories by F. Scott Fitzgerald Category:Works originally published in The Saturday Evening Post Category:1928 short stories	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Henri Jacquet Henri Jacquet (born 1888, year of death unknown) was a Swiss fencer. He competed at the 1920, 1924 and 1928 Summer Olympics. References Category:1888 births Category:Year of death missing Category:Swiss male fencers Category:Olympic fencers of Switzerland Category:Fencers at the 1920 Summer Olympics Category:Fencers at the 1924 Summer Olympics Category:Fencers at the 1928 Summer Olympics	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Lonchocarpus miniflorus Lonchocarpus miniflorus is a species of legume in the family Fabaceae. It is found in Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, and Nicaragua. References Nelson, C. 1998. Lonchocarpus miniflorus. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 19 July 2007. miniflorus Category:Flora of Mexico Category:Flora of Central America Category:Endangered plants Category:Endangered biota of Mexico Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Tmesisternus lugubris Tmesisternus lugubris is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1939. It is known from Papua New Guinea. References Category:Tmesisternini Category:Beetles described in 1939	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Acer dettermani Acer dettermani is an extinct maple species in the family Sapindaceae described from a series of isolated fossil leaves. The species is known from the late Eocene to early Oligocene sediments exposed in the state of Alaska, USA. It is one of several extinct species placed in the living section Macrantha. History and classification Acer dettermani is represented by a series of fossil specimens that were recovered from late Eocene to early Oligocene outcrops of the lower Meshik Volcanics, formerly called the Meshik Formation. The rocks were first named in 1929 by R.S. Knappen for material exposed along the Meshik River near Meshik Lake. In 1996 the sequence was reexamined and subsequently renamed the Meshick Volcanics by Robert L. Detterman and a group of researchers, to better reflect the lithology of the rocks. The age of the formation is considered to range from approximately to approximately . The rock section from which the fossils of Acer dettermani and a number of other plant fossils were recovered is a tuff layer that is exposed on the south flank of Mount Aniakchak's crater. Wolfe and Tanai interpreted the floral assemblage of Aniakchak as being a cool mesothermal forest composed of broad-leaf plants. The species was described from a pair of type specimens, the holotype leaf, specimen USNM 396014, and one paratype leaf, specimen USNM 396015. Both of the type specimens are currently preserved in the paleobotanical collections housed at the National Museum of Natural History, part of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C.. The specimens were studied by paleobotanists Jack A. Wolfe of the United States Geological Survey, Denver office and Toshimasa Tanai of Hokkaido University. Wolfe and Tanai published their 1987 type description for A. dettermani in the Journal of the Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University. The etymology of the chosen specific name dettermani is in recognition of Robert L. Detterman for his many contributions to the understanding of the Alaska Peninsula's Tertiary stratigraphy. Description Leaves of Acer dettermani are simple in structure, with perfectly actinodromus vein structure, and are generally widely elliptic in shape. The leaves are shallowly three-lobed with the lateral lobes being about one half as long as the median lobe and all lobes being triangular in outline. The leaves have three primary veins, seven to eight secondary veins, and range between an estimated long by wide in overall dimensions. The overall morphology of A. dettermani suggests placement into the Acer section Macrantha. This is based on the shallow lobing with small uniformly sized teeth and the vein structure of the leaves. References dettermani Category:Plants described in 1987 Category:Fossil taxa described in 1987 Category:Eocene plants Category:Oligocene plants Category:Eocene species first appearances Category:Rupelian species extinctions Category:Extinct flora of North America	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Joseph Montferrand Joseph "Jos" Montferrand (; born Joseph Favre ; October 25, 1802 – October 4, 1864) was a French-Canadian logger, strongman, and folk hero of the working man, who was the inspiration for the legendary Ottawa Valley figure Big Joe Mufferaw. Joseph Montferrand, dit Favre, was born in the St. Lawrence district of Montreal in 1802. The family men were known for their strength and powerful build. Joe was tall with blue eyes and fair hair. Although he was mild in manner and appearance, he could more than hold his own in a street fight. He successfully challenged several famed boxers during his youth. He came to fame as a result of a challenge issued at a boxing match in the Champ de Mars, Montreal. Two English-speaking boxers had just fought for the championship. The organizers then asked if there was anyone in the crowd who wished to challenge the champion of Canada. The 16-year-old Montferrand stepped into the ring and with one punch, felled the (former) champion. News of this surprising event spread quickly. At the age of 21, he joined the Hudson's Bay Company as a voyageur. In 1827, he began work as a logger on the Rivière du Nord in Lower Canada and then moved to the upper Ottawa River. The loggers felled trees over the winter and then drove the logs down the river, eventually arriving at Quebec City. Montferrand spent the remainder of his working years in the lumber trade in the Outaouais. There was ongoing animosity between Anglophones and Francophones and frequent fights between English-, Irish-, and French-Canadian loggers. Montferrand's prowess with his fists and boots was legendary in avenging the wrongs he and his compatriots were subjected to. Montferrand defended French-Canadian workers against gangs of Irish immigrants known as "Shiners" in the Bytown area. After 1840, he mainly worked the log drives as foreman and retired in 1857. In his later years, he suffered from pain in his back and joints. He died in Montreal in 1864, aged 61. Legacy Montferrand's legendary nickname, Big Joe Mufferaw (also sometimes spelled Muffero, Muffera, Muffraw), is believed to be a result of English speakers mispronouncing "Montferrand" phonetically. Already a legitimate folk hero in his own time, his reputation grew into the mythical hero when exaggerated tales were told about him. Like Paul Bunyan, he became the subject of many similar tall tales. Mufferaw is sometimes enlisted as a defender of oppressed French Canadian loggers in the days when their bosses were English-Canadians and their rivals for work were Irish-Canadians. In one story, Big Joe was in a Montreal bar, where a British army major named Jones was freely insulting French Canadians. After Big Joe beat the major, he bellowed, "Any more insults for the Canadians?" Some Mufferaw tales take place in the northeast United States. French Canadian writer Benjamin Sulte told this man's story in a 1884 book. He also is the subject of a chapter in Joan Finnigan's 1981 book Giants of the Ottawa Valley and her 1983 book Look! The Land Is Growing Giants. Bernie Bedore of Arnprior also wrote several books recounting Joe's adventures. Stompin' Tom Connors made him the hero of a 1970 song. A statue of Joe Mufferaw was erected outside of the Mattawa Museum in Mattawa, Ontario, during the spring of 2005. It was carved by local carving artist Peter Cianafrani, and was his last statue before he died later in the spring. A plaque commemorating his name sits at the base of the statue. He was also the inspiration for the Big Joe mascot of the Ottawa Redblacks CFL team. Further reading Histoire de Jos. Montferrand, l’athlète canadien, Benjamin Sulte, Montreal: J.B. Camyre (1883) The shanty: a story from the Ottawa Valley of Canada, Bernie Bedore, Arnprior, Ontario: Mufferaw Enterprises (1975) Tall tales of Joe Mufferaw, Bernie Bedore, Toronto: Consolidated Amethyst Communications (1979) Jos Montferrand, Jean Côté, Quebecor, 1994. Jos Montferrand : le géant des rivières, Mathieu-Robert Sauvé, XYZ, 2007. Montferrand: v.1 Le prix de l'honneur; v.2. Un géant sur le pont, Paul Ohl, Libre Expression, 2009. Jos, P. J. Poirier, Marchand de feuilles, 2010. References External links Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online Ressources franco-ontariennes (French) Joseph Montferrand: histoire et légende (French) Category:1802 births Category:1864 deaths Category:History of Gatineau Category:Franco-Ontarian people Category:Sportspeople from Montreal Category:Canadian strength athletes Category:Canadian folklore Category:French Quebecers Category:Canadian fur traders Category:Canadian loggers Category:Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada)	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Rob Gell Rob Gell AM (born 25 August 1952) is a geomorphologist and weather presenter, with a degree in meteorology. Gell attended Camberwell Grammar School as a student in the 1960s. Gell has been a weather presenter for National Nine News and later Seven News. He was one of the few Australian weather presenters on free-to-air television with a degree in science, along with David Brown and Magdalena Roze. Career Gell, who attended Koonung Secondary College, is a trained coastal geomorphologist and geography teacher. He began his television career in 1979, moving from Melbourne University to work with Ten News. Moving to the Nine Network in 1988, Gell was innovative as a designer and producer of television weather presentations for 15 years until 2003, when he was replaced by Livinia Nixon. In 2004, Gell was approached by the Seven Network to become the weekend weather presenter on Seven News Melbourne. Gell is a fellow of the Royal Geographical Society. He is also a passionate environmental campaigner and supporter of the Melbourne Football Club. In 1996, Gell became the first Patron of the Geography Teachers' Association of Victoria, for which he takes an active role in lobbying and chairing conferences and forums. Gell is also the co-founder of the ICES Green College (International College of Environmental Sustainability) headquartered in Melbourne. The ICES delivers many sustainability qualifications, including the Certificate of Sustainable Business Practices. References External links ICES Green College homepage Short bio on Gell Another short bio on Gell Geography Teachers' Association of Victoria Category:Australian meteorologists Category:Seven News presenters Category:Nine News presenters Category:Australian television journalists Category:Meteorologists from Melbourne Category:People educated at Camberwell Grammar School Category:1952 births Category:Living people Category:Fellows of the Royal Geographical Society	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Golden Horn (horse) Golden Horn (foaled 27 March 2012) is a British-bred Thoroughbred racehorse who won The Derby and Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe in 2015. In a racing career which lasted 367 days from October 2014 until October 2015 he won seven of his nine races and was never beaten by a male horse. He was bred in England by his owner Anthony Oppenheimer and was trained throughout his racing career by John Gosden. After winning his only race as a two-year-old in 2014, Golden Horn showed improved form in the Spring of the following year to win the Feilden Stakes and then established himself as favourite for the 2015 Epsom Derby with a victory over a strong field in the Dante Stakes. After his owner paid a £75,000 supplementary entry fee, Golden Horn won the Derby on 6 June, beating his stablemate Jack Hobbs into second place. On his next appearance he defeated the top-rated three-year-old colt of 2014, The Grey Gatsby by three and a half lengths in the Eclipse Stakes. Golden Horn was subsequently withdrawn from an intended run in the King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes due to unsuitable going, before losing his unbeaten record when defeated by the filly Arabian Queen in York's Juddmonte International. He went on to win a controversial race for the Irish Champion Stakes in September before ending his European career with a victory in the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe. Golden Horn ended his racing career by finishing runner-up to Found in the Breeders' Cup Turf at Keeneland. Background Golden Horn is a brown horse with no white markings bred in England by his owner Anthony Oppenheimer's Hascombe and Valiant Stud. Oppenheimer is a member of the family that controlled the De Beers Mining Company. Golden Horn was sired by Cape Cross a leading miler who won the Lockinge Stakes in 1998 and the Queen Anne Stakes in the following year. As a breeding stallion Cape Cross, who stands at the Kildangan Stud in County Kildare has had considerable success, being the sire of Ouija Board, Sea the Stars and Able One. Golden Horn's dam, Fleche d'Or was an unraced daughter of Dubai Destination and came from a family which had produced several major winners for the Oppenheimers. Her half-sister Rebecca Sharp was a top-class racemare who won the Coronation Stakes and finished second in the Queen Elizabeth II Stakes, whilst her great-grandmother Lora produced the 1000 Guineas and Sussex Stakes winner On The House. Other descendants of Lora's dam Courtessa have included Habibti and the Australian champions Danewin and Octagonal. Nine months after foaling Golden Horn, Fleche d'Or was sent to the Tattersalls Breeding Stock sale in December 2012 and bought for 62,000 guineas by Harry McAlmont of the Norelands Stud. Golden Horn was offered for sale as a yearling in October 2013 at Tattersalls but was bought back by his breeder when the bidding stopped at 190,000 guineas. The colt was sent into training with John Gosden at his Clarehaven Stables in Newmarket, Suffolk. Gosden is a British native (the son of John "Towser" Gosden) who began his training career in California in 1980 and had his first major success with Bates Motel in 1984. He left the United States in 1989 and has trained in Britain ever since. His other major winners in Europe have included Kingman, Taghrooda, Ravens Pass, Nathaniel and Benny the Dip. Racing career 2014: two-year-old season Golden Horn made his first and only appearance as a two-year-old in an eight-runner maiden race over eight and a half furlongs at Nottingham Racecourse on 29 October 2014. Ridden by William Buick he started the 15/8 second favourite behind the William Haggas-trained Storm The Stars. He started slowly, but recovered to make progress in the second half of the race and was switched to the wide outside by Buick three furlongs from the finish. Despite showing inexperience (running "green") he took the lead inside the final furlong and won by a head from Storm The Stars, with the pair finishing seven lengths clear of the others. The runner-up went on to finish second in the Chester Vase and win both the Cocked Hat Stakes and the Great Voltigeur Stakes in 2015. 2015: three-year-old season Trial races On his three-year-old debut, Golden Horn was ridden by the veteran Frankie Dettori in the Listed Feilden Stakes over nine furlongs on the Rowley Mile course at Newmarket on 15 April and was made the 2/1 favourite ahead of the previously unbeaten Godolphin colt Festive Fare and the Queen's runner Peacock (trained by Richard Hannon, Jr.). He was restrained by Dettori in the early stages before making a forward move two furlongs out, taking the lead approaching the final furlong (despite hanging to the left) and winning by one and a half lengths from Peacock. On 14 May Golden Horn was moved up in class to contest the Group Two Dante Stakes at York Racecourse, a major trial for the 2015 Epsom Derby which attracted a strong field. Ridden by Buick colt started 4/1 third favourite behind Jack Hobbs (also trained by Gosden), and Elm Park with the other contenders including the Aidan O'Brien-trained pair John F Kennedy and Ol' Man River (winner of the Beresford Stakes). Golden Horn was restrained by Buick in the early stages as the outsider Lord Ben Stack led, before moving into contention three furlongs from the finish. He moved past Elm Park to take the lead inside the final furlong and drew away to win by two and three quarter lengths from Jack Hobbs, with Elm Park three and a quarter lengths back in third. Golden Horn had not been entered for the Epsom Derby and Oppenheimer was initially unwilling to pay the £75,000 supplementary entry fee as he believed that the colt's pedigree meant that he was unlikely to stay the Derby distance of one and a half miles. The Prix du Jockey Club was named as a probable target. After discussions with Gosden however, Oppenheimer agreed to supplement the horse and Golden Horn was elevated to the position of ante-post favourite for the Derby. Epsom Derby On 6 June, Golden Horn, started the 13/8 favourite for the 236th running of the Derby over one and a half miles at Epsom Downs Racecourse. As Buick was required to ride Jack Hobbs for the Godolphin Racing team, Golden Horn was ridden again by Frankie Dettori. Elm Park was again in opposition as well as Storm The Stars and the leading French colt Epicuris. The Aidan O'Brien stable was represented by Hans Holbein (Chester Vase), Kilimanjaro (Lingfield Derby Trial) and Giovanni Canaletto (full-brother of the 2013 winner Ruler of the World). Dettori restrained the horse towards the rear of the field as Elm Park and Hans Holbein duelled for the lead in the early stages. In the straight Golden Horn made rapid progress on the outside, overtook Jack Hobbs a furlong from the finish and won by three and a half lengths from his stable companion with Storm The Stars four and a half lengths back in third place. Dettori commented "What an unbelievable day. I was excited at the big job ahead of me, but it all went like clockwork from start to finish. When you're young, you don't really appreciate the full importance of this Derby, so it means a great deal to win it for a second time. I've had a colourful life, but I'm not finished". Before the race Dettori had requested some "lucky white tape" for his stirrup: the tape had previously been used to repair Willie Carson's saddle before his win on Nashwan and had been applied to Dettori's stirrup when he won on Authorized in 2007. Gosden, who was winning the race for the second time, after Benny the Dip's success in 1997, commented "The last thing I said to Frankie was ride a cool race and he rode a cool race—he waited and waited. He's a proper horse." On the following day Gosden indicated that the Eclipse Stakes would be the colt's most likely next target. British and Irish bookmakers reportedly sustained heavy losses on the race, largely due to Dettori's popularity with the general public. A spokesperson for Paddy Power said "Frankie is the only jockey the whole world and his dog knows and his win means the bookies have done their absolute conkers". Eclipse Stakes On 4 July, Golden Horn was matched against older horses for the first time when he was brought back in distance to contest the 120th running of the Eclipse Stakes over ten furlongs at Sandown Park Racecourse. He started the 4/9 favourite against four opponents headed by The Grey Gatsby, with the other runners being Cougar Mountain (third in the Queen Anne Stakes), Western Hymn (Prix Eugene Adam, Gordon Richards Stakes, Brigadier Gerard Stakes) and Tullius (Sandown Mile). With no recognised front-runner in the race, Frankie Dettori had admitted that: "There is a possibility we could make the running if no-one else wants to. Otherwise we will sit off it. Golden Horn is very versatile but what we don’t want is a messy race. He is a Derby winner not a sprinter". Gosden was not overly enthusiastic about the colt's chances saying "I have a lot of respect for The Grey Gatsby... these are top older horses we’re taking on... any horse can get beaten" and described the horse's position as odds-on favourite as "a bit unusual". As in the Derby, Dettori had a "lucky" piece of kit: the left boot he had worn at Epsom had been ripped at Royal Ascot, but the jockey insisted on having it repaired by his valet and wore it at Sandown. Dettori sent the colt into the lead from the start with The Grey Gatsby racing in second ahead of Western Hymn, Cougar Mountain and Tullius. As the horses entered the straight, The Grey Gatsby moved up alongside the favourite and the two horses raced together in what BBC Sport described as a "gripping duel" until Golden Horn accelerated clear approaching the final furlong to win by three and a half lengths. There was a further gap of four and a half lengths back to Western Hymn in third. He became the tenth winner of the Derby to win the Eclipse in the same season following Flying Fox (1899), Diamond Jubilee (1900), Lemberg (1910), Coronach (1926), Blue Peter (1939), Tulyar (1952), Mill Reef (1971), Nashwan (1989) and Sea The Stars (2009). The Racing Post's Sam Walker rated Golden Horn's victory as the best performance in the world in 2015 up to 6 July, placing him four pounds in front of Shared Belief and five ahead of American Pharoah. Commenting on the colt's success, Dettori said "I had an easy lead, but Jamie [Spencer, on The Grey Gatsby] was very clever. He attacked early, he eyeballed me, but the horse showed what a true champion he is. He has a lot of guts and was going away at the end." After the race Oppenheimer was reportedly keen to run the colt in the King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes but Gosden was cautious in outlining future plans saying "a day at a time, a week at the time, the horse’ll tell me. I watch, I listen, that’s my job. It’s up to the horse". He did however, suggest that the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe could be a long-term target but added that the colt would not run if the ground was "bottomless". King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes Three weeks after the Eclipse, Golden Horn was the only three-year-old scheduled to contest the 55th running of the King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes over one and a half miles at Ascot Racecourse. On the eve of the race, Gosden indicated that colt had made further progress, saying "Golden Horn's been fine since the Eclipse and even progressed physically - he's filled out. We always thought that he was a good, proper horse, but he just seems that much more streetwise - harder and tougher now." Heavy rain on the day before the race softened the ground and led to the withdrawal of the only French challenger Flintshire. After walking the course on the morning of the race, Gosden withdrew Golden Horn, saying "It is very frustrating... The ground in the straight would be no problem - it's just the old track. It rides deep, deep down there and holding. If it was all on the new track I wouldn't hesitate on running, but it is not. Once I got down to Swinley Bottom the stick went in 12 inches and made a pop sound as it came out... He can go on good to soft no problem. He can probably go on genuine soft, but I don't want to involve him in a sticky, holding ground". In Golden Horn's absence the race was won by Postponed. International Stakes The International Stakes at York (run over the same course and distance as the Dante Stakes) was expected to feature a clash between Golden Horn and the 2000 Guineas winner Gleneagles. The highly anticipated contest was described as "the race of the season" with the other contenders including The Grey Gatsby and the impressive Royal Ascot winner Time Test. In the build-up to the race Dettori said "It's a great line-up. It's an absolute cracker, possibly the race of the year. You've got all the best horses racing each other. York is very slick, very flat. You need a horse with pace and gears. If you've got any chinks in your armour, you'll be found out." The field was reduced to seven when Gleneagles was withdrawn owing to the rain-softened ground and Golden Horn started the 4/9 favourite ahead of Time Test and The Grey Gatsby with the other runners being Criterion from Australia (Australian Derby), Cougar Mountain from Ireland (Desmond Stakes), the British filly Arabian Queen and the seven-year-old gelding Dick Doughtywylie, who was acting as a pacemaker for the favourite. Golden Horn pulled hard against Dettori's attempts to restrain him in the early stages and raced in third behind Dick Doughtywylie and Arabian Queen. He made a forward move in the straight, moving up outside the leader Arabian Queen a furlong out and sustained his first defeat, finishing a neck behind the filly. After the race Dettori commented "The horse was more keen than usual today and the ground being the way it was, he couldn’t use his turn of foot. It’s a great shame, but this is racing". Irish Champion Stakes Golden Horn's comeback came in the Irish Champion Stakes at Leopardstown Racecourse on 12 September. In the build-up to the race he was reported to have been performing impressively in training although Gosden warned that the colt might not run if the ground were to be unsuitably soft. The ground at Leopardstown was described as "yielding", which was enough to see the withdrawal of Gleneagles, but Golden Horn took up his engagement and was made the 5/4 favourite. His six opponents were Free Eagle, Found, The Grey Gatsby, Cirrus des Aigles, Pleascach (Irish 1000 Guineas, Yorkshire Oaks) and Highland Reel (Secretariat Stakes). Dettori sent the colt into the lead soon after the start and set the pace from Highland Reel, Pleascach, Free Eagle and Found. Two furlongs from the finish Free Eagle made a forward move but as he challenged the favourite, Golden Horn veered to the right, hampering his challenger. Golden Horn kept on well in the closing stages to win by a length from Found, who stayed on to deprive Free Eagle of second. Following an inquiry by the racecourse stewards the result was allowed to stand. Dettori said "It was a stellar field and he was showing what a good horse he is. Pat [Smullen, on Free Eagle] came to me then I gave him a couple of cracks and I got the measure of him and I thought, right, come on, let’s go home. All of a sudden, he just took a right turn. He must have seen something". Gosden offered the view that the horse had swerved because of the shadow cast across the course by the grandstand. Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe On 4 October 2015 Golden Horn was one of seventeen horses to contest the 94th running of the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe over 2400 metres at Longchamp Racecourse. As he had not been among the original entries for the race, Oppenheimer had to pay a supplementary entry fee of €120,000. The draw for starting stalls saw Golden Horn allotted the fourteenth stall, on the wide outside of the field: Dettori commented "I’d have loved a single-figure number but we’ll have to deal with what we’ve got. We will make a plan." Gosden initially said "We are used to a wide draw in the Arc as Taghrooda had one last year and spent most of her time on that bicycle track they have around the outside of the course at Longchamp. We expected a high draw and we got one." He later explained that he was not suggesting any unfairness saying "I was merely having a joke... I'm sorry if other people don't have a sense of humour". Golden Horn started the 9/2 third favourite behind Treve who was attempting to win the race for the third time and New Bay, the winner of the Prix du Jockey Club. Found and Free Eagle were again in opposition and the other runners included Flintshire, Erupt (Grand Prix de Paris) and Dolniya (Sheema Classic). At the start, Dettori tracked to the left and sent Golden Horn to the far outside where he raced alone in the early stages before moving back to the inside and settling in second behind the pacemaker Shahah. Golden Horn took the lead entering the straight, opened up a clear advantage entering the last 200 metres and won by two lengths from Flintshire. New Bay and Treve were close behind in third and fourth places. Dettori, who was winning the race for a record-equalling fourth time, said "I really believed in the horse. I was going so fast in the last 300 metres I knew no other horse would pass me. I had the best horse and I wanted to show how good he is. His record is unbelievable and he is probably the best horse I have ridden". Gosden, who was winning the race for the first time said "It's great to win the Arc in France and the Derby in England - that's what it's about. When you're drawn wide, if you stay wide for a long time, you can run your own little race and not be bothered by anyone and then slot across. It was perfect as we sat behind the pacemaker and then kicked because as Frankie says, if you don't kick at a certain time here they come like arrows at your back". He also suggested that the horse might make a final appearance in the Breeders' Cup Turf, saying "The owner is keen on the Breeders' Cup. It's a month away. If he's in good order, there's no reason we couldn't go there". Breeders' Cup Turf Gosden reported the horse to be in excellent condition after his Arc win commenting "He's got such a constitution, you can hardly see a rib which is not usually the case at the end of a long campaign" and the colt was sent to the United States to contest the Breeders' Cup Turf at Keeneland Racecourse on 31 October. Before shipping to Kentucky he reported worked well in an exercise on the long gallop at Newmarket. In the build-up to the race, there was some concern about the state of the turf course which had been softened by heavy rain, with the track supervisor saying that the ground was likely to be "good to soft" by British standards. Golden Horn was attempting to become the first Arc winner to win the race, following the failures of Dancing Brave (fourth in 1986), Trempolino (second in 1987), Saumarez, (fifth in 1990), Subotica (fifth in 1992) and Dylan Thomas (fifth in 2007). In the Breeders' Cup Turf Golden Horn, the only one of the twelve horse field not running on Lasix, started odds-on favourite ahead of the other European challenger Found. The best of the ten American horses appeared to be The Pizza Man and Big Blue Kitten. The colt broke slowly but was settled behind the leaders as the outsider Shining Copper set the early pace. He moved into second place half a mile out and overtook the leader to gain the advantage approaching the final furlong. He was headed by Found in the closing stages, and although he rallied in the final strides he was beaten half a length by the filly. Gosden accepted the colt's defeat but felt he had been unable to produce his best on the soft ground, commenting "It was too loose for Golden Horn, but full marks to the filly for beating us fair and square... I said to everyone beforehand that after all the rain and three inches of it, it would be far from ideal... Frankie said he was spinning his wheels all the time" but added that "he appears to be bright after his race". Assessment and awards In the June edition of the World's Best Racehorse Rankings, Golden Horn was rated the joint-second best racehorse in the world, three pounds behind American Pharoah and level with Shared Belief and Able Friend. After the Eclipse win the British Horseracing Authority's handicapper gave Golden Horn a rating of 130, a mark for a three-year-old equalled only by Frankel since 1996. The July edition of the World's Best Racehorse Rankings saw Golden Horn overtake American Pharoah to become the world's highest rated racehorse, but dropped back into second behind the American Triple Crown winner in August. In the end of year rankings he was rated the second-best racehorse in the world, four pounds behind American Pharoah: he was rated the best horse in Europe, the best horse on turf and the best horse in the long distance division. On 10 November 2015, Golden Horn was named Cartier Champion Three-year-old Colt and Cartier Horse of the Year at the 25th edition of the Cartier Racing Awards. On 1 August 2018, during an interview on ITV Racing at Goodwood, Frankie Dettori declared Golden Horn as his favourite horse of all time. Racing statistics Stud career Shortly after his victory in the Arc, it was announced that Golden Horn would be retired to stud at the end of the year and would stand as a breeding stallion at Dalham Hall in 2016 in a partnership between Oppenheimer and Sheikh Mohammed's Darley Stud. Pedigree Golden Horn is inbred 4 × 4 to Northern Dancer, meaning that this stallion appears twice in the fourth generation of his pedigree. References External links Career 1-2-3 Colour Chart – Golden Horn Category:2012 racehorse births Category:Racehorses bred in the United Kingdom Category:Racehorses trained in the United Kingdom Category:Thoroughbred family 9-c Category:Epsom Derby winners Category:Arc winners Category:Cartier Award winners Category:European Thoroughbred Horse of the Year	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Wild by Law Wild by Law: The Rise of Environmentalism and the Creation of the Wilderness Act is a 1991 documentary film produced by Lawrence Hott and Diane Garey. It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature. The film is about the work of Aldo Leopold, Bob Marshall, founder of The Wilderness Society and Howard Zahniser. The film gives the philosophical and political underpinnings of the Wilderness Act of 1964. It was narrated by Linda Hunt. References External links Category:1991 films Category:1990s documentary films Category:American Experience Category:American films Category:American documentary films Category:English-language films Category:Documentary films about environmental issues	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Mosharraf Hossain (lawyer) Mosharraf Hossain (died 19 August 1999) was a Bangladesh Awami League politician who served as a Jatiya Sangsad member representing the Faridpur-4 constituency. Career Hossain was vetern of the Bengali Language movement. He fought in the Bangladesh Liberation war. He was elected to parliament from Faridpur-4 as a Bangladesh Awami League candidate in 1991 and won again in 1996. Death Hossain died on 19 August 1999. He was succeeded by his wife, Saleha Mosharraf, in his constituency. References Category:1999 deaths Category:People from Faridpur District Category:Bangladesh Awami League politicians Category:5th Jatiya Sangsad members Category:7th Jatiya Sangsad members Category:Place of birth missing Category:Date of birth missing	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
John P. Allen (musician) John P. Allen is a Canadian country, rock and bluegrass fiddler. Allen was a member of the rock band Great Speckled Bird in the 1970s, and played with bluegrass bands the Good Brothers, Big Redd Ford and the Dixie Flyers. He played country fiddle as a member of Tommy Hunter's band. Allen joined the country band Prairie Oyster in 1982, with whom he won six Juno awards. In 2005 Allen recorded an album, The Canadian ̶ F̶̶i̶̶d̶̶d̶̶l̶̶e̶ Violin, featuring a mix of original music and a few carefully chosen covers covering a wide range of musical styles. The album was produced Sonny Besen Thrasher, son of Allen's Prairie Oyster bandmate Joan Besen.. A second solo album, A Canadian Portrait, followed in 2008 sticking more closely to traditional country music. Allen experienced cardio-vascular health problems in the spring of 2019 resulting in a successful heart transplant, but has been unable to work since (as of December 2019). A star-studded benefit was held for him in Thorndale, Ontario on December 8, 2019.. As a member of Prairie Oyster, Allen was inducted into the Canadian Country Music Hall of Fame in 2008. He was inducted into the Forest City London Music Awards Hall of Fame in 2019. Discography See also Prairie Oyster The Canadian ̶ F̶̶i̶̶d̶̶d̶̶l̶̶e̶ Violin (2005) A Canadian Portrait (2008) - as "John P. Allen With The Bachelor Farmers" External links Bio at the Forest City London Music Awards Full discography at Discogs.com Prairie Oyster at Allmusic.com Prairie Oyster at The Encyclopedia of Music in Canada References Category:Canadian country fiddlers Category:Canadian rock musicians Category:Canadian bluegrass fiddlers Category:Male violinists Category:Living people Category:21st-century violinists Category:21st-century Canadian male musicians Category:Year of birth missing (living people)	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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