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Gaou Guinou
Gaou Guinou was an African prince and sometime the King of the Allada and the Fon people. He was reportedly captured and enslaved by his brother, Hussar, and his wife, Queen Aitta in 1724.
According to Haitian oral traditions, Gaou Guinou's father, Soso, died in 1724 and left two sons to fight for the succession: Hussar and Gaou Guinou. Hussar fled to Abomey while Gaou Guinou, the younger brother, took power of Great Ardra. Hussar then allied himself with Agaja, the ruler of Dahomey, and returned to battle his brother for the throne thereafter. He was ultimately victorious, and sold Gaou Guinou into slavery after his capture.
The former king is said to have eventually arrived in today's Haiti, where he soon started a family. This family is believed to be the family of Haiti's founding father, Toussaint L'Ouverture. Whilst still constrained to the life of a slave, Guinou nevertheless enjoyed certain privileges within the confines of his owners estate. This included being allocated a portion of land and the labour of five enslaved africans to work it.
References
Category:African royalty
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Patriarshy Bridge
Patriarshy Bridge (/Patriarchal Bridge) is a steel pedestrian box girder bridge that spans Moskva River and Vodootvodny Canal, connecting Cathedral of Christ the Saviour with Bersenevka in downtown Moscow, Russia (0.6 kilometers west from the Kremlin). It was built in 2004, designed by Mikhail Posokhin (junior). The second part of the bridge spanning Vodootvodny Canal was opened in September, 2007.
Specifications
Length (first part) 203 meters, width 10 meters. The very shallow arch is a simple steel box; lace-like "trusses" are for decoration only.
Future development
Southern end of the bridge right now terminates at the second floor of the future trade complex on Yakimanskaya naberezhnaya which is yet to be built. Also, a new parking in the lower part of the bridge is planned to open. By 2015 a new metro station "Kadashevskaya" will have been built here.
See also
List of bridges in Moscow
References
External links
Gallery: archive, night photography
Category:Bridges in Moscow
Category:Box girder bridges
Category:Bridges completed in 2004
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Sherman Township, Ellsworth County, Kansas
Sherman Township is a township in Ellsworth County, Kansas, USA. As of the 2000 census, its population was 65.
Geography
Sherman Township covers an area of and contains no incorporated settlements.
References
USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)
External links
US-Counties.com
City-Data.com
Category:Townships in Ellsworth County, Kansas
Category:Townships in Kansas
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Per Nilsson (gymnast)
Per Elis Albert Nilsson (January 4, 1890 – June 18, 1964) was a Swedish gymnast who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics.
He was part of the Swedish team, which won the gold medal in the gymnastics men's team, Swedish system event.
External links
profile
Category:1890 births
Category:1964 deaths
Category:Swedish male artistic gymnasts
Category:Gymnasts at the 1912 Summer Olympics
Category:Olympic gymnasts of Sweden
Category:Olympic gold medalists for Sweden
Category:Olympic medalists in gymnastics
Category:Medalists at the 1912 Summer Olympics
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Monument aux braves de N.D.G.
The Monument aux braves de Notre-Dame-de-Grâce is a monument in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
Overview
The work of sculptor David Estrom (1919), the Monument aux braves de Notre-Dame-de-Grâce stands in the middle of the Notre-Dame-de-Grace Park commemorates the combatants who died during the First and Second World Wars and the Korean War. On a gray granite circular base sits a column decorated with a bronze plate which represents a battalion moving, bayonet in first.
Notes
Le Monument aux braves de Notre-Dame-de-Grâce
Monument aux braves de N.D.G.
Category:1919 sculptures
Category:History of Montreal
Category:Monuments and memorials in Montreal
Category:1919 in Canada
Category:Canadian military memorials and cemeteries
+
Category:Military history of Canada
Category:World War I memorials in Canada
Category:World War II memorials in Canada
Category:Bronze sculptures in Canada
Category:Côte-des-Neiges–Notre-Dame-de-Grâce
Category:1919 establishments in Quebec
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Shōnen Sunday (disambiguation)
can refer to the following magazines published in Japan by Shogakukan:
Bessatsu Shōnen Sunday, a former monthly magazine
Monthly Shōnen Sunday, a manga magazine published since June 2009
Shōnen Sunday Super, a manga magazine published bimonthly since 1978
Weekly Shōnen Sunday, a manga magazine published since 1959
Shonen Sunday, a publishing label of Viz Media for series originally published in Weekly Shōnen Sunday
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Vietnamese Constitutional Monarchist League
Vietnamese Constitutional Monarchist League (VCML), (Vietnamese: Liên Minh Quân Chủ Lập Hiến Đa Nguyên Việt Nam) is an anti-communist organization that seeks to restore the Nguyễn Dynasty to the throne under a constitutional monarchy, as in Cambodia and Thailand. The VCML's position is that Emperor Bảo Đại was the last legitimate ruler of Vietnam. Bảo Đại and his children do not support the VCML or their political aspirations.
__TOC__
History
The VCML was established in 1993 by its first President Nguyễn Phúc Bửu Chánh a member of the Vietnamese royal family who fled from Vietnam for political reasons after 1975.
Bảo Đại lived in Europe until his death on 30 July 1997. His son, Crown Prince Bảo Long, intentionally remained out of politics and lived quietly in Paris, France until his death on 28 July 2007. His brother, Prince Bảo Thang, did not support the VCML until his death on 15 March 2017. The position of Head of the Imperial House is now held by Prince Bảo Ân.
Politics
The VCML believes that "only the limited monarchy of the Imperial Nguyen Dynasty can succeed in preserving the cultural independence of Vietnam" and that "only a government that upholds Vietnamese nationalism and personal freedom can fully succeed in restoring the nation".
The VCML has repeatedly denounced the communist government of Vietnam over alleged corruption and human rights abuses.
External links
The Vietnamese Constitutional Monarchist League
References
Category:Monarchism in Vietnam
Category:Anti-communism in Vietnam
Category:Anti-communist organizations
Category:Monarchist parties
Category:Overseas Vietnamese organizations
Category:Organizations established in 1993
Category:1993 establishments in the United States
Category:Vietnamese democracy movements
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Nephopterix hastiferella
Nephopterix hastiferella is a species of snout moth in the genus Nephopterix. It was described by Émile Louis Ragonot in 1887. It is found in Central Asia (it was described from Marghilan).
References
Category:Moths described in 1887
Category:Phycitini
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Semayne's case
Semayne's Case (January 1st, 1604) 5 Coke Rep. 91, is an English common law case reported by Sir Edward Coke, who was then the Attorney General of England. In the United States, it is recognized as establishing the "knock-and-announce" rule.
Facts
Richard Gresham and George Berisford were joint tenants of a house in Blackfriars, London. Berisford died while in debt to Peter Semayne. Semayne then secured a civil writ of attachment on Berisford's goods, which were located inside the house. After the Sheriff of London was denied entry by Gresham, the Sheriff offered to break and enter into the house. Instead, Semayne sued, bringing an action on the case against Gresham for his losses.
Initially, the court could not reach a decision, with Lord Chief Justice John Popham and Lord Justice Francis Gawdy believing the Sheriff could break and enter, while Lord Justices Edward Fenner and Christopher Yelverton insisting he could not. After the English coronation of King James VI and I and the appointment of Lord Justice David Williams to the bench, the case was reargued.
Judgment
In 1604, the Court of King's Bench gave judgment against Semayne. The court resolved:
It is not a felony for a man to defend his house to the death.
Sheriffs may break and enter to recover seisin over real estate.
Sheriffs may break and enter on the King's business after a request for entry is refused.
Sheriffs may enter when the door is open.
The householder's privilege does not extend to strangers or their goods.
Sheriffs should request entry in civil cases.
As authority, Coke reported citation to a statute enacted by King Edward III of England in 1275, which he said merely affirmed the pre-existing common law.
The holding of the case can best be summed by Coke's words:
The case is also famous for Coke's quote:
Influence
In 1605, Coke published the case in the fifth volume of his Reports. After his Petition of Right, Coke, in his Institutes of the Lawes of England, adopted the view alone that warrants issued on bare suspicion violate the Magna Carta. After the Interregnum, Sir Matthew Hale wrote in his Historia Placitorum Coronæ that an arrest without a warrant could be made by forced entry.
After the Glorious Revolution, William Hawkins and Sir Michael Foster thought no forced entry was permissible if a warrant issued on bare suspicion. In his Commentaries on the Laws of England, Sir William Blackstone emphasized the castle doctrine but took the view that forced entry was permitted if the suspected felony had actually occurred.
The rule was relied upon in the landmark case of Entick v Carrington [K.B. 1765], when Lord Camden held that no general warrant could issue on suspicion of seditious libel. Lord Mansfield, however, was skeptical of limits to forced entry by holding in 1772 that officials were allowed to obtain entry by fraud and in 1774 that the limit applied only to a dwelling's outer door.
The sentiment of "an Englishman's home is his castle" became very popular, with William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham famously speaking against the Cider Bill of 1763 by telling Parliament:
Blackstone’s language on the castle doctrine was also very popular in the United States, where it was widely followed by state courts. In Miller v. United States (1958), the US Supreme Court recognized that police must give notice before making a forced entry and in Ker v. California (1963), a divided Court discovered that the limitation was extended to the states by the US Constitution.
However, in Wilson v. Arkansas (1995) the US Supreme Court created an exception to prevent the destruction of evidence and in Hudson v. Michigan (2006), it held in a 5-4 vote that the exclusionary rule does not require the suppression of evidence seized by police during an illegal force entry.
Recently, police in the United States often give no notice before forced home entry during the widespread use of no-knock warrants.
See also
Article 8 ECHR
Entick v Carrington
Notes
Category:English tort case law
Category:1604 in English law
Category:1604 in England
Category:Court of King's Bench (England) cases
Category:Edward Coke cases
Category:United Kingdom constitutional case law
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Danton (1970 film)
Danton is a 1970 BBC-TV television movie starring Anthony Hopkins. The film is a dramatization of events during the French Revolution.
Cast
Anthony Hopkins stars as the charismatic revolutionary leader Georges Danton in conflict with Maximilien Robespierre, played by Alan Dobie. Also featured are Geoffrey Bayldon as Couthon , David Andrews as Saint-Just, and Mark Jones as Desmoulins.
Reception and reviews
With Hopkins' other television work of 1970, the film officially shares credit for his nomination as Best Actor at that year's British Academy of Film and Television Arts awards.
References
External links
Category:British films
Category:British television films
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Japan national ice hockey team
The Japanese national ice hockey team may refer to:
Japan men's national ice hockey team
Japan men's national junior ice hockey team
Japan men's national under-18 ice hockey team
Japan women's national ice hockey team
Japan women's national under-18 ice hockey team
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Anastasiya Svechnikova
Anastasiya Svechnikova (born 20 September 1992) is an Uzbekistani javelin thrower. Her personal best throw is 61.17 metres, achieved in April 2012 in Tashkent.
Biography
She competed at the 2008 Olympic Games without reaching the final. At 15 years and 334 days she was the youngest track and field athlete competing at the 2008 Olympics.
Born in Tashkent, she finished twelfth at the 2007 World Youth Championships, ninth at the 2008 World Junior Championships and won the gold medal at the 2009 World Youth Championships. She won the gold medal at the 2010 Asian Junior Athletics Championships, beating Sui Liping to the title.
References
External links
Category:1992 births
Category:Living people
Category:Uzbekistani female javelin throwers
Category:Olympic athletes of Uzbekistan
Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2010 Asian Games
Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2014 Asian Games
Category:Asian Games competitors for Uzbekistan
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Hydrogenobyrinic acid a,c-diamide synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)
In enzymology, a hydrogenobyrinic acid a,c-diamide synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing) () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
2 ATP + hydrogenobyrinic acid + 2 L-glutamine + 2 H2O 2 ADP + 2 phosphate + hydrogenobyrinic acid a,c-diamide + 2 L-glutamate
The 4 substrates of this enzyme are ATP, hydrogenobyrinic acid, L-glutamine, and H2O, whereas its 4 products are ADP, phosphate, hydrogenobyrinic acid a,c-diamide, and L-glutamate.
This enzyme belongs to the family of ligases, specifically those forming carbon-nitrogen bonds carbon-nitrogen ligases with glutamine as amido-N-donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is hydrogenobyrinic-acid:L-glutamine amido-ligase (AMP-forming). This enzyme is also called CobB. This enzyme participates in porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism.
References
Category:EC 6.3.5
Category:Enzymes of unknown structure
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Mamadou N'Diaye (basketball, born 1993)
Mamadou Ndiaye (; born September 14, 1993) is a Senegalese professional basketball player for Correcaminos UAT Victoria of the Liga Nacional de Baloncesto Profesional (LNBP). He played college basketball for UC Irvine, where he was the tallest basketball player at the NCAA Division I level, standing at .
N'Diaye, a center, was named Big West Conference Defensive Player of the Year after the 2013–14 NCAA Division I men's basketball season and earned all-conference honorable mention accolades as well. He is considered a talented shot-blocker.
Early life
N'Diaye was born in Dakar, Senegal to Seynabou and Mbad N'Diaye. He has an older brother, named Adam. He grew up playing soccer and did not seriously begin playing basketball at a young age. In 2010, Amadou Koundoul, who was the assistant coach for the UC Irvine Anteaters men's basketball team at the time, saw N'Diaye participate in a pick-up game in a gymnasium at Dakar. He asked him to travel to the United States, and N'Diaye accepted the offer. He arrived in the US without knowing how to speak English. In the new country, he initially had trouble with speaking English and often needed things to be translated to French.
After experiencing headaches upon his arrival to America, N'Diaye saw a doctor and it was discovered that he was suffering from a golf ball-sized tumor in his pituitary gland, which had caused gigantism and was threatening his vision. Afterwards, he recalled the moment, "For me, it wasn’t a big deal because I didn’t know what a tumor was. Once I found out, it was tough to hear I had one." The condition was treated in the Hoag Memorial Hospital following several charitable donations from around the area. A married couple who lived in Huntington Beach, California, a city close to N'Diaye's future school, offered to become his guardians to ease his commute for medical treatments.
High school career
Prior to participating in sports, N'Diaye attended Stoneridge Prep in Simi Valley, California, who steered him through his early years in the United States. The school had a history of producing high-caliber international basketball players, including Enes Kanter and Nikola Vučević. However, N'Diaye was not allowed to play the sport during his first year in the high school because of California Interscholastic Federation rules. As a sophomore, he was officially granted the permission to transfer to another high school.
N'Diaye attended Brethren Christian School in Huntington Beach, California. He played under head coach Jon Bahnsen. According to Bahnsen upon arriving at the school, N'Diaye "could barely get up and down the court more than a few times" due to his poor fitness after rehabilitation. In his high school years, N'Diaye, who stood at the time, was considered one of the tallest to play at that level. He was also approached by the Guinness World Records to determine the authenticity of the claims. Bahnsen said, "Our school wouldn't cooperate with them, but Guinness probably wanted to see if he was the world's tallest high school basketball player."
As a junior at Brethren Christian, N'Diaye finished the season averaging 24 points and 14 rebounds. CBS News wrote that he was "impossible to defend" because of his height. At the conclusion of his final, senior season with Brethren Christian, N'Diaye averaged about 27 points, 14 rebounds, and 4.5 blocks. He partook his highest-scoring game in January 2013 against Oxford Academy, with 45 points and 15 rebounds coming off an illness that kept him out of the initial games. After the year, N'Diaye earned All-State honors and was named CIF-5AA Player of the Year. He also earned the 2013 John R. Wooden High School Player of the Year award for CIF Division V. In the same season, N'Diaye garnered National Christian Schools Athletic Association Player of the Year and Far West Super-Region team accolades. Also, he was named Academy League Most Valuable Player.
According to the ESPN Recruiting Nation, N'Diaye was the 6th most promising high school player in his state. ESPN analysts commented on N'Diaye's basketball talent by saying, "Ndiaye is a legit 7-foot-5 prospect with extraordinary length and huge hands." He officially committed to play with the UC Irvine Anteaters men's basketball team, following matriculation at the University of California, Irvine, on November 14, 2012. He also considered Oregon, Georgetown, and Pepperdine. N'Diaye said that he selected UC Irvine because he "felt very comfortable at the university and with the coaching staff."
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College career
Freshman year
Upon joining the UC Irvine basketball program, N'Diaye was instantly recognized as the tallest player in the NCAA Division I. Russell Turner, the head basketball coach, said, "I'm excited to add a player of Mamadou's quality and character to our program."
On November 2, 2013, N'Diaye represented UC Irvine for the first time in an exhibition game vs. Chapman. He finished with 9 points, a team-high 7 rebounds and 5 blocks. Turner said after the game, "I was pleased with Mamadou's play. He is a dominating factor at times and he will be a factor that other teams will have to deal with." N'Diaye made his collegiate debut on November 8, 2013 against Fresno State with 5 points, 4 rebounds, and 1 block as the starting center. He also shot 1-of-1 from the field and 3-of-10 from the free throw line. However, the team lost the game at the buzzer.
When the Anteaters defeated the Washington Huskies men's basketball team on November 14, 2013, N'Diaye recorded a season-high 18 points. He also added 8 rebounds and 9 blocks. The game was also his first experience in the 2K Sports Classic. His blocked shots total broke the school's single-game record under the category. He recorded his first career double-double with Irvine on December 28, 2013 against Arizona State, with 12 points, 4 blocks, and a career-high 12 rebounds. In January, in a game at rival Long Beach State, coach Dan Monson told reporters that he believed his team was still afraid to attack the paint even when N'Diaye was sitting on the bench. In early February, N'Diaye broke the school's single-game block record for the second time in the season, totaling with 11 blocked shots and 10 rebounds against Long Beach State. N'Diaye also broke the conference's all-time record. It was his first career game in which he recorded a double-double without scoring over ten points.
N'Diaye finished the 2013–14 season with averages of 7.8 points, 6.2 rebounds, 0.2 assists, 3.1 blocks, and 1.7 turnovers per game. Following the year, he was labeled a future top prospect by Kevin Pelton of ESPN.com, strongly due to his performance against Washington, in which he broke the school record for blocks for a single game. UC Irvine lost 58-64 in the first round of the 2014 National Invitation Tournament against SMU. They fell to Cal Poly in the 2014 Big West Conference Men's Basketball Tournament shortly before.
Sophomore year
N'Diaye debuted as a sophomore on November 14, 2014, recording 9 points, 2 rebounds, and 1 block against Chapman University. He scored a career-high 21 points on November 29, vs Loyola Marymount. This was the first time he notched over 20 points in his college career as well. This would be his season-high scoring total. N'Diaye was sidelined for two months in his second year due to a foot injury. After his team qualified for the 2015 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament, he drew attention on Twitter. Louisville Cardinals men's basketball head coach Rick Pitino, who coached against UC Irvine's Russell Turner in the first round, said, "I thought he was eight feet tall." The Anteaters' season ended when they lost 55-57 to Louisville, in spite of the 12 points, 5 rebounds, and 1 block N'Diaye recorded. He finished the season averaging 10.5 points, 5.1 rebounds, and 1.7 blocks.
Junior year
In mid-April 2015, N'Diaye made it official that he would forgo the 2015 NBA draft and return to UC Irvine for his junior year. The school later released a statement, in which his coach said, "This is great news for Mamadou and for our program. He is staying here because he is happy, he's committed to his education and he is thriving. I feel really good about those things." Following his second season with the Anteaters, websites such as CBSSports.com considered him a player that would need to play in the NBA Development League before joining a National Basketball Association roster.
By his junior year, N'Diaye was no longer the tallest NCAA player. He faced fellow Senegalese player Tacko Fall in the tallest tip-off and match-up in US college basketball history in a game against the UCF Knights.
During his junior season, N'Diaye led the Anteaters to a program-best 28 wins. He played in 37 of 38 games on the season, starting 36, and averaged 12.1 points, 7.2 rebounds and 2.4 blocks per game. He broke the UCI school record for blocks with 218 which was previously broken by former teammate Will Davis II the previous season with 208.
On April 7, 2016, N'Diaye declared for the 2016 NBA draft, but did not hire an agent. While he departed UC Irvine, he vowed to continue his studies in order to achieve his dream of getting a college degree. He was later named to the Senegal national basketball team's preliminary squad for the FIBA Olympic Qualifying Tournament in Manila.
Professional career
After going undrafted in the 2016 NBA draft, N'Diaye joined the Golden State Warriors for the 2016 NBA Summer League. On October 22, 2016, he signed with the Detroit Pistons, but was waived later that afternoon. On October 30, he was acquired by the Grand Rapids Drive of the NBA Development League as an affiliate player of the Pistons. He was later waived by Grand Rapids on November 10, prior to the start of the regular season.
On September 19, 2018 Ndiaye signed with Fuerza Regia de Monterrey in Mexico's LNBP where he had 2 appearances before being cut. Afterwards, he joined Correcaminos UAT Victoria
Player profile
Standing seven feet, six inches tall and weighing 300 pounds, N'Diaye's wingspan (fingertip-to-fingertip reach) was measured as at the 2012 edition of the Amar'e Stoudemire Skills Academy. When he entered college, his wingspan had increased to over . He is solely used as a center due to his height, length, and size. N'Diaye's skill set was often considered "raw" in high school, and received comments from Brethren Christian head coach, Jon Bahnsen, who said, "Right now his game is basically catch, turn, drop-step, dunk." He is also capable of touching the standard basketball rim without jumping.
During the 2016 tournament season, a writer for SB Nation wrote that "When Columbia guards find themselves one-on-one with just his frame between them and the rim, they reverse direction and scurry away, like terrified Tokyoites who just heard Godzilla stomping around. One fan screams 'You're not that tall!' at him, which is a lie. Another yells 'You're only the 36th-tallest in the world!,' which upon further research, turns out to be true."
In the past, N'Diaye has been compared with players such as Yao Ming and Rudy Gobert, who respectively stand 7'6" and 7'1" (2.29 m and 2.16 m) and feature a similar wingspan.
The Basketball Tournament (TBT)
In the summer of 2017, N'Diaye competed in The Basketball Tournament on ESPN for Paul Champions. Competing for the $2 million grand prize, N'Diaye helped lead his team to two victories in the TBT Jamboree which secured Paul Champions' spot as one of the 64 teams in the tournament. During the Jamboree, N'Diaye averaged 8.0 points, 7.0 rebounds and 2.0 blocks per game. In their first-round match up, he helped the Champions to a 78-74 victory over the Talladega Knights; a team led by former NBA players Josh Boone and Gary Forbes. N'Diaye and the Champions would eventually fall in the second-round to the number one seeded Untouchables.
Career statistics
College
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2013–14
| style="text-align:left;"| UC Irvine
| 34 || 34 || 21.0 || .707 || .000 || .426 || 6.2 || .2 || .2 || 3.1 || 8.0
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2014–15
| style="text-align:left;"| UC Irvine
| 15 || 11 || 19.9 || .634 || .000 || .526 || 5.1 || .1 || .2 || 1.7 || 10.5
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2015–16
| style="text-align:left;"| UC Irvine
| 37 || 36 || 23.2 || .632 || .000 || .673 || 7.2 || .7 || .2 || 2.4 || 12.1
Notes
References
External links
Profile at UC Irvine Anteaters
Category:1993 births
Category:Living people
Category:Centers (basketball)
Category:Expatriate basketball people in Mexico
Category:Fuerza Regia players
Category:Parade High School All-Americans (boys' basketball)
Category:People with gigantism
Category:Senegalese expatriate basketball people in the United States
Category:Senegalese men's basketball players
Category:Sportspeople from Dakar
Category:UC Irvine Anteaters men's basketball players
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Eight Hundred Times Lonely
Eight Hundred Times Lonely or 800 Times Lonely - One Day with German Filmmaker Edgar () is a 2019 German documentary film directed by Anna Hepp about the German film director Edgar Reitz, who is known for his series of films called Heimat and was also a representative of the New German Cinema movement. Anna Hepp's film celebrated its world premiere at the 2019 Venice Film Festival and was nominated for the Venezia Classici Award in the category Documentary on Cinema.
Synopsis
The up-and-coming director Anna Hepp meets the old and renowned German director Edgar Reitz in Eight Hundred Times Lonely. Discussions between the two filmmakers take place at a historic cinema called Lichtburg, located in the Ruhr-city Essen, and at the nearby Lake Baldeney (Baldeneysee). Or Edgar Reitz talks about his life, his view of art and his sometimes philosophical viewpoint.
Edgar Reitz reflects soberly, precisely and also critically on his life, in which not himself but always his art is at the centre of attention, his path in life, the difficulty of breaking away from his conservative and catholic parents' house and embarking on an artistic career, the creation of the Oberhausen Manifesto, the risk of using the memories of his family and himself as material for films, the criticism of German television and the problems with television editors, who, despite his many years of professional experience, impose 11 script versions on him for his six-part film Heimat 3: A Chronicle of Endings and Beginnings (Heimat 3). With the remark: "This program is too good for the people." (translated from German)
Edgar Reitz also reports on his professional and private failure after the film The Tailor from Ulm (Der Schneider von Ulm), which did not run successfully in German theaters in 1978 after a negative review in the news magazine Der Spiegel. After this failure and the separation from his wife at the same time, the demoralized Reitz thought about making a new start in his career at the age of 46. In this difficult phase he remembered his home, the Hunsrück. And as a result, the first part of the international well known and multiple award-winning film series Heimat was created in 1984.
In addition to Edgar Reitz, filmmaker Anna Hepp herself stands in front of the camera and in the centre of the film, as a connoisseur and admirer of Reitz and his life's work. At the beginning of the film she says, that she cannot separate the director and his films. Every feature film character that Reitz developed would be projected onto him by Hepp. In the course of the film plot the title of the film is also explained. The two filmmakers Reitz and Hepp look from the stage into the empty cinema hall of the Lichtburg in Essen and ponder together on the cinema culture and the situation of the audience during a film screening. Reitz feels that in a cinema—by this he means the Essen Lichtburg cinema—eight hundred lonely people would become a community through the discussed screening. So, "Eight hundred times lonely".
Style
In between the black and white- and colour-filmed conversations between Anna Hepp and Edgar Reitz at various locations, their stories and moments without dialogue, excerpts from Reitz's film works Lust for Love (Mahlzeiten), Heimat and Susanne tanzt (short film) are interspersed every now and then. In addition, detail, slow- and fast motion shots and pictures accompanied by instrumental music are added. Some members of the film team also occasionally appear in staged and documentary sequences in front of the camera or take part in the conversation between Anna Hepp and Edgar Reitz.
Filmmaker Hepp explains the style of her film in an interview with the cultural newspaper Müchner Feuilleton: "Making precisely this filmmaking visible was [...] important from the very beginning for my portrait of Edgar Reitz, who stands for filmmaking. That's where his passion lies, all his work is concentrated on making, less on his person. That's what I wanted to show, of course, as a proxy. That brings us together: the love and passion for filming. That's an important aspect for me when you make a film about a filmmaker as a filmmaker. In addition, I wanted to 'play', experiment, try something out, in order to create contrasts and variety, the unexpected, over a length of 84 minutes." (translated from German)
Production
The film portrait of Edgar Reitz was produced by Anna Hepp's production company Portrait Me with financial support from the German film fundings Film- und Medienstiftung NRW, Filmförderungsanstalt (FFA) and the Kuratorium junger deutscher Film. The shooting took place from 29 September to 01 October 2017 in the cinema Lichtburg, located in Essen and near Lake Baldeney.<ref>[https://www.filmportal.de/en/movie/800-mal-einsam-ein-tag-mit-dem-filmemacher-edgar-reitz_83e6c7cce6364809921897d482f5cf84 Entry of 'Eight Hundred Times Lonely at filmportal.de]</ref>
Release
The world premiere of Eight Hundred Times Lonely was screened at the 2019 Venice Film Festival on 6 September 2019. The German premiere followed on 23 October 2019 at the German film festival Hofer Filmtage. The film will have a theatrical limited release in Germany on 5 March 2020.
Reception
Accolades
2019: Nomination for the Venezia Classici Award in the category Best Documentary on Cinema at the 76th Venice International Film Festival for Eight Hundred Times Lonely''
References
External links
Category:2019 films
Category:2010s documentary films
Category:German films
Category:German documentary films
Category:German-language films
Category:Experimental film
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2006 Fiesta Bowl
The 2006 Tostitos Fiesta Bowl, played on January 2, 2006, was the 35th edition of the Fiesta Bowl, sponsored by Frito-Lay through its Tostitos tortilla chip brand. The game featured the Notre Dame Fighting Irish and the Ohio State Buckeyes, and resulted in a 34–20 Ohio State win.
Ohio State quarterback Troy Smith became the frontrunner of the 2006 Heisman race, after he completed 19 of his 28 passes for 342 yards, including 2 touchdowns and no interceptions. Notre Dame's Brady Quinn completed 29 out of his 45 passes for 286 yards.
Notre Dame got the 1st score of the game, with a 20 yard touchdown run by Darius Walker. Then Ohio State responded on a 6 play 86 yard drive capped off with a 56 yard touchdown pass to Ted Ginn, Jr. In the second quarter, off a wide-receiver reverse, Ginn rushed 68 yards to the left side for a touchdown. Then with just over 2 minutes to go in the half, Troy Smith found Santonio Holmes for an 85 yard touchdown pass, and Ohio State led 21–7 at half-time.
In the second half, Notre Dame scored on Darius Walker's second rushing touchdown of the game, to make the score 21-13 in favor of Ohio State. Notre Dame's defense forced two Ohio State field goals to make the score 27–13. With five minutes left to go in the game, Darius Walker got his third rushing touchdown of the game, bringing the Irish within 27–20. On third and five, with Ohio State using up the clock, the Buckeyes scored on a 60-yard touchdown run by Antonio Pittman to clinch the victory.
Selection of teams
The Fiesta Bowl this season was supposed to choose either the Big 12 Conference champion or the Pacific-10 Conference champion as part of the BCS tie-ins for this season. The Rose Bowl served as the BCS National Championship Game this season, and the Pac-10 conference tie-in moved to the Fiesta Bowl as a result. Unlike the 2001 season, the Fiesta Bowl would not be allowed to match the Big 12 and Pac-10 champions, it could choose only one of them.
However, neither the Big 12 or Pac-10 champions would be available to the Fiesta Bowl in the end, as those teams, the Texas Longhorns and the USC Trojans, would finish in the top 2 of the BCS standings and meet in the Rose Bowl.
None of the other conference champions that earned an automatic bid were available either, as those teams would go to the Orange and Sugar Bowls. The Fiesta Bowl was left to take the 2 teams that earned BCS at-large bids, Ohio State of the Big Ten Conference and independent Notre Dame.
External links
http://sports.espn.go.com/ncf/recap?gameId=260020194
Fiesta Bowl
Category:Fiesta Bowl
Category:Notre Dame Fighting Irish football bowl games
Category:Ohio State Buckeyes football bowl games
Fiesta
Category:January 2006 sports events in the United States
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Freedom Suite (Sonny Rollins album)
Freedom Suite is an album by jazz saxophonist Sonny Rollins, his last recorded for the Riverside label, featuring performances by Rollins with Oscar Pettiford and Max Roach.
Reception
The Allmusic review by Scott Yanow states: "Rollins is very creative, stretching out on his lengthy 'Freedom Suite,' clearly enjoying investigating the obscure Noël Coward melody 'Someday I'll Find You,' turning the show tune 'Till There Was You' into jazz, and finding beauty in 'Shadow Waltz' and 'Will You Still Be Mine?' A near masterpiece."
Track listing
"The Freedom Suite" (Sonny Rollins) - 19:17
"Someday I'll Find You" (Noël Coward) - 4:35
"Will You Still Be Mine?" (Tom Adair, Matt Dennis) - 2:54
"Till There Was You" (Meredith Willson) - 4:54
"Till There Was You" [alternate take] (Willson) - 4:55 Bonus track on CD rerelease
"Shadow Waltz" (Al Dubin, Harry Warren) - 4:08
Recorded at WOR Recording Studio, NYC, on February 11 (tracks 2-6), and March 7 (track 1), 1958
Personnel
Sonny Rollins – tenor saxophone
Oscar Pettiford - bass
Max Roach - drums
References
Category:1958 albums
Category:Riverside Records albums
Category:Jazzland Records (1960) albums
Category:Sonny Rollins albums
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Turton doubling
Turton doubling is a manoeuvre in chess in which a piece moves along a line (rank, file or diagonal), then a similarly-moving piece moves onto the same line in front of it, then this second piece moves again along this line, in the opposite direction to that of the first. Use of the term is effectively limited to the field of chess problems, although it happens in real games a well (especially when White moves the bishop on d3 back to let the queen in front to threaten Qh7#, and analogous for Black).
The idea can be understood in reference to the problem to the right, the first to demonstrate the manoeuvre, composed by its eponym, Henry Turton. A mate in three, the solution is 1.Bh8 (threatening 2.Qa3#) 1...b4 2.Qg7 Ra8 (defending against 3.Qa7#) 3.Qxb2#. The bishop moves along the diagonal a1-h8, then the queen moves onto that same diagonal, then the queen moves again in the opposite direction to the bishop.
Specific types of Turton doubling are the Loyd-Turton, in which the first piece moved is of greater value than the second; and the Brunner-Turton, in which the two pieces are of equal value. Cases such as Turton's original, in which the piece moved first is of lesser value than the second, have no special name.
Turton doubling can be contrasted with another form of doubling, Zepler doubling.
References
Category:Chess problems
Category:1856 in chess
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Union Libérale Israélite de France
The Union Libérale Israélite de France (ULIF), commonly referred to as the rue Copernic synagogue, is a Liberal Jewish synagogue, located in Paris, France. Inaugurated on the first of December 1907, it is the oldest Reform synagogue in France.
History
The synagogue was damaged in a fascist riot in 1941, but was repaired after the war.
1980 attack
On October 3, 1980, on the eve of Simchat Torah, a bombing was directed against the synagogue of the ULIF. A bomb hidden in a motorcycle went off outside the synagogue, killing four pedestrians.
The bombing was the start of a string of other attacks by terrorists against Jews in Europe. In August 1981, a synagogue in Vienna, Austria, was attacked by Palestinian gunmen, killing two people, and in October 1981, three people were killed when a bomb went off in the center of Antwerp, Belgium.
Leadership
Rabbi Louis-Germain Levy (1870-1946) trained at the Seminaire Israelite de France served as its first rabbi.
Rabbi Levy was succeeded by Rabbi Andre Chalom Zaoui (1916-2009) in 1946.
In 1970, Rabbi Daniel Farhi (1941- )was appointed the new senior rabbi and left ULIF in 1977 to create the second Reform synagogue of Paris, Mouvement Juif Liberal de France. Rabbi Michael Williams assumed the spiritual leadership of the community in the summer of 1977. He retired in 2014.
An Argentinian-Israeli rabbi, Yossef Kleiner, ordained by the Seminario rabinico was named as Williams successor and served the congregation until 2014.
Since 2014, Philippe Haddad (ordained by the Seminaire Israelite de France)and Jonas Jacquelin (ordained by Abraham Geiger Kolleg) are its new rabbinic leaders
See also
Liberal Jewish Movement of France
References
External links
Union Libérale Israélite de France (Official Site)
Category:1907 establishments in France
Category:Jewish organizations
Category:Reform synagogues in France
Category:Synagogues in Paris
Category:Synagogues completed in 1907
Category:Buildings and structures in the 16th arrondissement of Paris
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2017 BreakTudo Awards
The BreakTudo Awards 2017 were held on October 18, 2017 in Brazil. Voting began on September 1 and will run until October 15, 2017. 22 categories are among the branches of the internet, music and television. In 2017 it became the first Brazilian award to nominate a K-pop group on its nominee list.
Winners and nominees
The singer Anitta is the most nominated artist of the Brazilian award in 2017. The biggest winner of the award was the South Korean group of k-pop BTS, which won in the categories Best Fan Base and Best International Group. Anitta won the Best Female Brazilian Artist category, Pabllo Vittar won in the National Artist category, the two Brazilian artists won together in the Best Clip category.
Male Artist Brazilian
Gusttavo Lima
* Luan Santana
Lucas Lucco
Nego do Borel
Wesley Safadão
Female Artist Brazilian
Anitta
Ivete Sangalo
Joelma
Ludmilla
Naiara Azevedo
Male Artist International
Bruno Mars
Charlie Puth
Ed Sheeran
Justin Bieber
* Shawn Mendes
Female Artist International
* Demi Lovato
Katy Perry
Miley Cyrus
Selena Gomez
Taylor Swift
Best International Group
* BTS
CNCO
Coldplay
Fifth Harmony
Little Mix
Best DJ
* Alok
Calvin Harris
David Guetta
Flume
Lost Frequencies
Martin Garrix
New Artist International
Dua Lipa
Hailee Steinfeld
Julia Michaels
* Louis Tomlinson
Noah Cyrus
Sabrina Carpenter
New Artist National
Ana Vilela
Gustavo Mioto
IZA
MC Kevinho
* Pabllo Vittar
Lary
Best Fans
Anitters (Anitta)
* Armys (BTS)
Beliebers (Justin Bieber)
Bolhas (Claudia Leitte)
Harmonizers (Fifth Harmony)
Luanaticos (Luan Santana)
Selenators (Selena Gomez)
Tirulipos (Sophia Abrahão)
Best Video
Bon Appétit – Katy Perry
Look What You Made Me Do – Taylor Swift
Malibu – Miley Cyrus
New Rules – Dua Lipa
Power – Little Mix
* Sua Cara – Major Lazer, Anitta e Pabllo Vittar
Best Male Instagrammer
Alex Mapeli
João Guilherme
Luis Mariz
Thomaz Costa
* Zé Felipe
Best Female Instagrammer
Giovanna Chaves
Jade Picon
* Maria Claudia
Munik Nunes
Nah Cardoso
Best Site
Cine Pop
It Pop
Papelpop
* POPline
Purebreak
TV Foco
Best YouTube Channel
Diogo Paródias
Depois das Onze
Parafernalha
Porta dos Fundos
TecnoTudoBr
*Você Sabia?
Best Snapchat
Hugo Gloss
Julia Faria
Leo Picon
Maju Trindade
*Thaynara OG
Best YouTuber Musical
Conor Maynard
Gabi Luthai
Macy Kate
*Mariana Nolasco
Sam Tsui
Sofia Oliveira
Best Male Youtuber
Felipe Castanhari
Felipe Neto
Júlio Cocielo
Luba TV
*Whindersson Nunes
Best Female Youtuber
Bianca Andrade (Boca Rosa)
Camila Loures
Dani Russo
Kéfera Buchmann
Nah Cardoso
Favorite Actor Brazilian
*Chay Suede
Fiuk
Matheus Abreu
Renato Góes
Rodrigo Lombardi
Favorite Actress Brazilian
Agatha Moreira
*Juliana Paes
Maisa Silva
Paola Oliveira
Valentina Hezage
Best Reality Star
* Emilly Araújo
Ilmar Fonseca
Luiz Felipe Bari
Marcos Harter
Vivian Amorim
Best Serie
13 Reasons Why
*Game of Thrones
Pretty Little Liars
Shadowhunters
The Vampire Diaries
External links
References
Category:Awards established in 2010
Category:Magazine awards
Category:Brazilian awards
Category:2017 music awards
Category:2017 awards
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Bodyguard Kiba: Apocalypse of Carnage 2
, also known as Bodyguard Kiba 3: Second Apocalypse of Carnage, Bodyguard Kiba: Combat Apocalypse 2, or simply Bodyguard Kiba 3, is a 1995 Japanese direct-to-video martial arts/action film directed by Takashi Miike. It is the final part of Miike's Bodyguard Kiba trilogy, following the 1993 film Bodyguard Kiba and the 1994 film Bodyguard Kiba: Apocalypse of Carnage.
Plot
Kiba is hired by the film production company Happy World to protect the actress Leesyang, who has received a death threat from Chang, her former patron whose family fell apart due to their love affair and who is now dying of cancer with only months to live. Still recovering from being shot in the leg, Kiba hands the assignment over to Ryo, who flies to Taiwan where the film is being shot. Wang Dachen gives Chang money to hire a roaming biker gang led by Huong to kidnap Leesyang so that Chang can kill her, but their first attempt is stopped by Ryo and his assistant Maki. Following this attack, the director Huang decides to let Leesyang rest while he shoots scenes with her stand-in Ranhuang. When Ranhuang ends up being kidnapped, Ryo sneaks into their hideout at night and rescues her following a fight with several of Huong's men. He returns to find that Leesyang has been kidnapped by Huong and Chang while he was gone and that she is going to be killed at Qingshui Cliff. Ryo rushes there and defeats Huong, then sees Chang pointing his rifle at Leesyang. She explains to Chang that she left him in order to devote herself to becoming a star, then offers to die together with him, walking to the edge of the cliff. Chang tells her to stop and throws himself off the cliff instead.
Cast
Takeshi Yamato - Kiba
Takanori Kikuchi - Ryo
Cindy Meng - Leesyang
Sayoko Yoda - Ranhuang
Hsiao Hu-Tou - Chang
Hisao Maki - Tetsugen
Masaaki Asato - Huang
Chang I-Teng - Son
Lu Shun-Keng - Chen
Wayne Chen - Huong
Michihiko Yanagimoto - Izumida
Megumi Sakita - Maki
Hung Liu - Wang
Masato Iida
Kuan Kuan
Hsu Yung-Tan
Chen Wen-Hui
Chien Te-Shing
Tan Yi-Hwa
Voices
Len Ohsugi
Bai Jei
Wang Tienkie
Wang Kintei
Lan Hao Wei
Tsuan Son Sin
Jhon Chen
Chenghung Chen
Homi Yarita
Bou Kou Chan
Steven Weng
Si Reo
Lin I
Hiroyuki Tanabe
Production and release
Following the production of Shinjuku Outlaw, the films Bodyguard Kiba: Apocalypse of Carnage and Bodyguard Kiba: Apocalypse of Carnage 2 were shot back-to-back, largely in Taiwan. For this reason the third film in the trilogy has a copyright date of 1994 in its credits, yet it was first released direct-to-video on February 3, 1995.
The third film in the trilogy has been shown or released under various alternative English titles, including Bodyguard Kiba 3: Second Apocalypse of Carnage, Bodyguard Kiba: Combat Apocalypse 2, and Bodyguard Kiba: Apocalypse Gang 2.
The production designer was Wayne Chen, who also played the role of the biker gang leader Huong. The stunt coordinators were Liou Han-Shing and Masaaki Asato, who also played the role of the film director Huang. Hisao Maki, the screenwriter of the film, also played the role of Tetsugen and was one of the executive producers of the film.
Reception
In his book Agitator: The Cinema of Takashi Miike, author Tom Mes writes that the sequels' "lack of quality is a good example of how uneven the director’s output was in the first years of his career. Shot largely in Taiwan from screenplays by Hisao Maki, these sequels represent probably the lowest point in Miike’s career from an artistic point of view. They are listlessly shot, sloppily edited (by Yasushi Shimamura, who would go on to become Miike’s regular editor, greatly improving his skills along the way) and feature universally poor performances by actors whose voices are shoddily dubbed in a poorly delivered mishmash of languages." Mes goes on to criticize the "uninspired martial arts scenes" and particularly the sequences of screenwriter Hisao Maki "working out alone in his karate dojo, bare-chested and his skin gleaming with oil", finding that, "with absolutely no relation to the story, this sequence is no longer just a case of vain self-indulgence, it’s simply masturbatory." With regard to Bodyguard Kiba 3 in particular, Mes criticizes the fact that "Ryō actually takes over as protagonist in Bodyguard Kiba 3, with Naoto Kiba making little more than a cameo appearance."
In a negative review of the film for Asian Movie Pulse, reviewer Alexander Knoth wrote that the film "is probably the worst cooperation between Miike and Maki. It is a 74-minute disaster and a bad example of how not to work with foreign actors. The final part makes you appreciate the first two films and proves that no matter how low you think the bar was set, there is always a chance that someone or something can underbid that level. Dear die-hard Takashi Miike fan, please skip this one."
References
External links
Category:1995 films
Category:1995 martial arts films
Category:1990s action films
Category:Films about bodyguards
Category:Films directed by Takashi Miike
Category:Films set in Taiwan
Category:Films set in Tokyo
Category:Films shot in Taiwan
Category:Japanese action films
Category:Japanese martial arts films
Category:Japanese films
Category:Japanese direct-to-video films
Category:Japanese sequel films
Category:Karate films
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Pune International Literary Festival
The Pune International Literary Festival (PILF) is an annual literary festival held in Pune, Maharashtra. It was founded in 2013, and is one of the top eight literary festivals in India. In 2017, attendance at the festival reached 15,000 people. From 2016, an international organisation Salzburg Global has been partnering with PILF.
PILF is a three-day festival celebrating writers from different parts of Maharashtra and the rest of India. There are panel discussions and book launches and readers and attendees can meet authors. In 2018, there were 170 speakers in five different halls on the campus.
This festival usually takes place at YASHADA (Yashwantrao Chavan Academy of Development Administration), a training institute of the Maharashtra government.
In 2018, writer and columnist Shobha De opened the festival. The theme in 2018 was "Family: The Core of Society". In 2017, the festival was opened by Ustad Amjad Ali Khan. In 2019, the seventh edition of the PILF, focussed on climate change.. The social theme was "Save our Earth." Javed Akhtar opened the festival on 20 September 2019.
References
External links
YASHADA
Category:Literary festivals in India
Category:Culture of Pune
Category:Festivals established in 2013
Category:2013 establishments in India
Category:Annual events in India
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1932 Fresno State Bulldogs football team
The 1932 Fresno State Bulldogs football team represented Fresno State Normal School during the 1932 college football season.
Fresno State competed in the Far Western Conference (FWC). The 1932 team was led by fourth-year head coach Stanley Borleske and played home games at Fresno State College Stadium on the campus of Fresno City College in Fresno, California. They finished the season with a record of three wins, five losses and two ties (3–5–2, 0–3–1 FWC). The Bulldogs were outscored by their opponents 56–91 for the season, and were shut out in six of their ten games.
Schedule
Notes
References
Fresno State
Category:Fresno State Bulldogs football seasons
Fresno State Bulldogs f
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Memba people
The Memba are a tribal population of 4000 is centered on Tuting and Geling, near the Siang river in the West Siang and Upper Siang district of Arunachal Pradesh in India not very far from the Tibetan border. They are a subgroup of the Tibetan people, and speak the Tshangla language and Khams Tibetan Language.
The Memba have a population of around 4000 to 5000 in the nearby Yargab-Chu valley in Mechuka (West Siang), and as well as Medog county in Tibet. The religious life of the Memba revolves around the Mechuka Gompa, similar to the Monpa of West Kameng and Tawang. Local genealogies suggested that they came from Eastern Bhutan and Tibet and settled in the region several centuries back.
The Memba are agriculturalists and grow cash crops in the terraced fields, and crops like rice, maize, millet, potato, cereals and paddy. Boiled rice & millet flour is their staple diet.
In every village, watermills are installed by making a fall of 15 to 20 feet, and the water is made to rush through the grooved wooden channels which below rotate the blade of the shaft which is attached to the grinder of the mill. Their homes, like most of the other Tibetan Buddhist tribes, are made of stone and wood. The house is raised above the ground and the floor and walls are made of wooden planks. Corrugated aluminum has replaced wood as aroofing material in recent years.
The Membas follow Nyingmapa Tibetan Buddhism and have their own script, Hikor, which is derived from the Tibetan script. In every village, there is a small Gompa presided by a Buddhist Lama. As devout Buddhists, they follow all the intricate details of rituals of Buddhist puja, hoisting at least a Buddhist prayer flag or a string of small Buddhist prayer flags in front of every household. Festivals that are celebrated by the Memba include Losar and Choskar.
References
External links
Asia Harvest ethnic profile
Blackburn migration
Category:Tribes of Arunachal Pradesh
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Samuel Rich House
Samuel Rich House is a historic home located at Penfield in Monroe County, New York. It was originally built in 1816 as a -story, gable-roofed frame dwelling in the rural vernacular building tradition. It was substantially enlarged in 1832 with the addition of an elegant 2-story, five-bay, Federal style, hipped roof, main block. Also on the property are three contributing structures: a chicken coop, brick smokehouse, and the stone foundation of a frame barn.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.
References
Category:Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
Category:Federal architecture in New York (state)
Category:Houses completed in 1816
Category:Houses in Monroe County, New York
Category:1816 establishments in New York (state)
Category:National Register of Historic Places in Monroe County, New York
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Barbara von Krüdener
Beate Barbara Juliane Freifrau von Krüdener (née Freiin von Vietinghoff genannt Scheel; ), often called by her formal French name, Madame de Krüdener, was a Baltic German religious mystic, author, and Pietist Lutheran theologian who exerted influence on wider European Protestantism, including the Swiss Reformed Church and the Moravian Church, and whose ideas influenced Tsar Alexander I of Russia.
Family background
Baroness von Krüdener was born in Riga, Governorate of Livonia. Her father, Baron Otto Hermann von Vietinghoff genannt Scheel, who had fought as a colonel in Catherine II's wars, was one of the two councillors for Livonia and a man of immense wealth. He was a man of rationalistic views and a leading freemason. Her mother, the Countess Anna Ulrika von Münnich, was a granddaughter of Burkhard Christoph von Münnich, a celebrated Russian field marshal, and a strict Lutheran.
Barbe-Julie de Vietinghoff, better known as Madame von Krüdener (Mme. de Krüdener) later in life, but, as a child, referred to as Juliana, was one of five children born into the wealthy Vietinghoff family.
Father
Her father, Otto Hermann von Vietinghoff-Scheel, had started accruing his wealth from a young age, for as a young man, he proved to possess a knack for business. With his high ambitions, he entered into commercial enterprises that became highly successful. Some of his treasures included grand properties in Kosse (present-day Viitina, Estonia) and Marienburg, as well as his grandiose townhouse in Riga, where Barbe-Julie was born. Although he was never assigned an official title, he enjoyed the official rank as a privy counselor and as a senator and "would exclaim with pride 'I am Vietinghoff', and behave with all the arrogance of a great noble".
Mother
Barbe-Julie's mother, Anna Ulrika von Münnich von Vietinghoff-Scheel, was herself born into nobility. Her grandfather, the famed Field Marshal Burkhard Christoph von Münnich, despite having been exiled for many years in Siberia, had led many successful campaigns against the Tartars and the Turks. Catherine II also made him one of her favorites, although, sometimes the status was fickle. Mme. de Vietinghoff mirrored her grandfather's success in her own household, as a mother of five (she bore two sons and three daughters), she was extremely dedicated, despite the death in infancy of her first son, and her physically handicapped eldest daughter (who was both mute and deaf, and whom the family eventually placed in an asylum in 1777).
Education
Her education, according to her own account, consisted of lessons in French spelling, deportment and sewing. At an early age, Barbe-Julie began learning French and German. The former allowed her access to the writings of the great philosophers, such as Voltaire and the Encyclopedists. It also gave her access to French culture, which her parents, along with other nobles, attempted to emulate and imitate. The importance of French ideals and culture seem to have replaced a need for religious studies, and because both of her parents were of German background. In spite of the quotation given ("it still remains unclear as to whether or not the Vietinghoff family were of Orthodox or Lutheran faith") the Vietinghoff family certainly was of Lutheran faith.
Marriage
Although Barbe-Julie "was still an overgrown, undeveloped, silent girl, with a rather large nose and an uncertain complexion, [she possessed] ample promises of future beauty in her big blue eyes and curling chestnut hair, and in her singularly well-shaped hands and arms". Her potential beauty, combined with her being the heir to her parents’ wealth, resulted in an onslaught of marriage proposals. Her parents arranged for her to be married to the local neighborhood baron despite Barbe-Julie's incessant protesting.
Seeing no way out of her situation, the young baroness first starting conversing with God. She begged him to save her from this horrid situation. He answered her with a case of the measles that left her less attractive (at least temporarily), which became, at least a part of, the baron's incentive to politely decline the marriage proposal. As a result, Barbe-Julie began to believe that she personally had a divine connection with God.
However, when Baron Burkhardt-Alexis-Constantine Krüdener, a widower sixteen years her senior, sought her hand, she had no such qualms. He was a well-educated (he attending the University of Leipzig), and a well-traveled man, who, like her father, was in favour with Catherine II. However, the baron, a diplomatist of distinction, was cold and reserved, while Barbe-Julie was frivolous, pleasure-loving, and possessed of an insatiable thirst for attention and flattery; and the strained relations due to this incompatibility of temper were made worse by her limitless extravagance, which constantly involved the young baroness and her husband in financial difficulties. At first all went well. This was due to the fact that despite having an older husband for whom she did not possess any passionate feelings, his title and position in society were such that he could provide her whatever she might desire. At the same time she endowed him with an even higher social status because of the social standing of her own family. However, this socially advantageous exchange left, for the baroness, much to be desired. Despite being materially pleased she was romantically unsatisfied. Her "earliest griefs arose from the fact, that, in her youthful inexperience, having chosen with her head, she expected at the same time to satisfy the longings of a singularly romantic heart". First she would pretend that her husband was something that he was not: a lover. This is especially evident in her description of him in her book. "The glowing description of the Count in Valérie represents Baron Krüdener more as his wife’s ardent imagination loved to picture him, than as he really was. The truth is, he did not lend himself readily to the role of a hero of romance". These notions, as well as the separation between her real husband and her fictional husband helped lead to marital instability and to the eventual love affairs she had with others.
On January 31, 1784 a son was born to them, named Paul after the grand-duke Paul (afterwards emperor), who acted as god-father. The same year Baron Krüdener became ambassador at Venice, later (1786) at Munich where he remained until transferred to Copenhagen in 1787.
In 1787 the birth of a daughter (Juliette) aggravated the nervous disorders from which the baroness had for some time been suffering, and it was decided that she must go to the south for her health; she accordingly left, with her infant daughter and her stepdaughter Sophie. In 1789 she was at Paris when the Estates General met; a year later, at Montpellier, she met a young cavalry captain, Charles Louis de Frégeville, and a passionate attachment sprang up between them. They returned together to Copenhagen, where the baroness told her husband that her heart could no longer be his. The baron was coldly kind; he refused to hear of a divorce and attempted to arrange a modus vivendi, which was facilitated by the departure of de Frégeville for the war. All was useless; Juliana refused to remain at Copenhagen, and, setting out on her travels, visited Riga, St. Petersburg — where her father had become a senator of Berlin — Leipzig and Switzerland. In 1794 her husband became ambassador at Madrid. In 1800 her husband became ambassador at Berlin, and she joined him there. But the stiff court society of Prussia was irksome to her; money difficulties continued; and by way of climax, the murder of the Tsar Paul, in whose favour Baron Krüdener had stood high, made the position of the ambassador extremely precarious. The baroness seized the occasion to leave for the baths of Teplitz, whence she wrote to her husband that the doctors had ordered her to winter in the south. He died on June 14, 1802, without ever having seen her again.
Religious development
Towards the end of the Napoleonic wars religious thought was in tune with the general disillusionment with the ideals of the French Revolution, and thus a search for an alternative. She had an influence on the Swiss Réveil, and for a time her ideas had a profound effect on Alexander I of Russia. Through her contact with the Russian Emperor she and Henri-Louis Empaytaz, a member of the Réveil, were in part responsible for the religious aspects of the Holy Alliance.
Meanwhile, the baroness had been revelling in the intellectual society of Coppet and of Paris. She was now thirty-six; her charms were fading, but her passion for admiration survived. She had tried the effect of the shawl dance, in imitation of Emma, Lady Hamilton; she now sought fame in literature, and in 1803, after consulting Chateaubriand and other writers of distinction, published her Valérie, a sentimental romance, of which under a thin veil of anonymity she herself was the heroine. In January 1804 she returned to Riga, Livonia.
At Riga occurred her conversion. A gentleman of her acquaintance when about to salute her fell dying at her feet. The shock overset her not too well balanced mind; she sought for consolation, and found it in the ministrations of her shoemaker, an ardent disciple of the Moravian Brethren. Though she had "found peace", however, the disorder of her nerves continued and she was ordered by her doctor to the baths of Wiesbaden.
At Königsberg she had an interview with Queen Louise, and, more important still, with one Adam Müller, a rough peasant, to whom God had supposedly revealed a prophetic mission to King Frederick William III. Chiliasm was in the air. Napoleon was evidently Antichrist; and the latter days were about to be accomplished. Under the influence of the pietistic movement the belief was widely spread, in royal courts, in country parsonages, in peasant novels: a man would be raised up from the north from the rising of the sun (Isa. xli. 25); Antichrist would be overthrown, and Christ would come to reign a thousand years upon the earth. The interview determined the direction of the baroness's religious development.
A short visit to the Moravians at Herrnhut followed; then she went, via Dresden, to Karlsruhe, to sit at the feet of Heinrich Jung-Stilling who had great influence at the court of Baden and Stockholm and St. Petersburg. By him she was instructed in the chiliastic faith and in the mysteries of the supernatural world. Then, hearing that a certain pastor in the Vosges, Jean Frédéric Fontaines, was prophesying and working miracles, she determined to go to him. On June 5, 1801, accordingly, she arrived at the Protestant parsonage of Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines, accompanied by her daughter Juliette, her stepdaughter Sophie and a Russian valet.
This remained for two years her headquarters. Fontaines, half-charlatan, half-dupe, had introduced into his household a prophetess named Marie Gottliebin Kummer whose visions, carefully calculated for her own purposes, became the oracle of the divine mysteries for the baroness. Under this influence she believed more firmly than ever in the approaching millennium and her own mission to proclaim it. Her rank, her reckless charities, and her exuberant eloquence produced a great effect on the simple country folk; and when, in 1809, it was decided to found a colony of the elect in order to wait for the coming of the Lord, many wretched peasants sold or distributed all they possessed and followed the baroness and Fontaines into Württemberg, where the settlement was established at Catharinenplaisir and the château of Bonnigheim, only to be dispersed (May 1) by an unsympathetic government.
Further wanderings followed: to Lichtenthal near Baden; to Karlsruhe and the congenial society of pietistic princesses; to Riga, where she was present at the deathbed of her mother (January 24, 1811); then back to Karlsruhe. The influence of Fontaines, to whom she had been "spiritually married" (Madame Fontaines being content with the part of Martha in the household, so long as the baroness's funds lasted), had now waned, and she had fallen under that of Johann Kaspar Wegelin (1766–1833), a pious linen-draper of Strasbourg, who taught her the sweetness of complete annihilation of the will and mystic death. Her preaching and her indiscriminate charities now began to attract curious crowds from afar; and her appearance everywhere was accompanied by an epidemic of visions and prophesyings, which culminated in the appearance in 1811 of the comet, a sure sign of the approaching end.
In 1812 she was at Strassburg, whence she paid more than one visit to J. F. Oberlin, the famous pastor of Waldersbach in Steintal (Ban de la Roche), and where she had the glory of converting her host, Adrien de Lazay-Marnesia, the prefect. In 1813 she was at Geneva, where she established the faith of a band of young pietists in revolt against the Calvinist Church authorities notably Henri-Louis Empaytaz, afterwards the companion of her crowning evangelistic triumph. In September 1814 she was again at Waldbach, where Empaytaz had preceded her; and at Strassburg, where the party was joined by Franz Karl von Berckheim, who afterwards married Juliette. At the end of the year she returned with her daughters and Empeytaz to Baden, a fateful migration.
The empress Elizabeth of Russia was now at Karlsruhe; and she and the pietist ladies of her entourage hoped that the emperor Alexander might find at the hands of Madame de Krüdener the peace which an interview with Jung-Stilling had failed to bring him. The baroness herself wrote urgent letters to Roxandre de Stourdza, sister of Alexandre Stourdza the tsar's Romanian secretary, begging her to procure an interview. There seemed to be no result; but the correspondence paved the way for the opportunity which a strange chance was to give her of realizing her ambition.
Association with Tsar Alexander
In the spring of 1815 the baroness was settled at Schlüchtern, a Baden enclave in Württemberg, busy persuading the peasants to sell all and fly from the wrath to come. Near this, at Heilbronn, the emperor Alexander established his headquarters on June 4. That very night the baroness sought and obtained an interview. To the tsar, who had been brooding alone over an open Bible, her sudden arrival seemed an answer to his prayers; for three hours the prophetess preached her strange gospel, while the most powerful man in Europe sat, his face buried in his hands, sobbing like a child; until at last he declared that he had "found peace".
At the tsar's request she followed him to Heidelberg and later to Paris, where she was lodged at the Hotel Montchenu, next door to the imperial headquarters in the Élysée Palace. A private door connected the establishments, and every evening the emperor went to take part in the prayer-meetings conducted by the baroness and Empeytaz. Chiliasm seemed to have found an entrance into the high councils of Europe, and the baroness von Krüdener had become a political force to be reckoned with. Admission to her religious gatherings was sought by a crowd of people celebrated in the intellectual and social world; Chateaubriand came, and Benjamin Constant, Madame Recamier, the duchesse de Bourbon, and Madame de Duras. The fame of the wonderful conversion, moreover, attracted other members of the chilastic fraternity, among them Fontaines, who brought with him the prophetess Marie Kummer.
In this religious forcing-house the idea of the Holy Alliance germinated and grew to rapid maturity. On September 26 the portentous proclamation, which was to herald the opening of a new age of peace and goodwill on earth, was signed by the sovereigns of Russia, Austria and Prussia. Its authorship has ever been a matter of dispute. Madame de Krüdener herself claimed that she had suggested the idea, and that Alexander had submitted the draft for her approval. This is probably correct, though the tsar later, when he had recovered his mental equilibrium, reproved her for her indiscretion in talking of the matter. His eyes, indeed, had begun to be opened before he left Paris, and Marie Kummer was the unintentional cause. At the very first séance the prophetess, whose revelations had been praised by the baroness in extravagant terms, had the evil inspiration to announce in her trance to the emperor that it was God's will that he should endow the religious colony to which she belonged! Alexander merely remarked that he had received too many such revelations before to be impressed. The baroness's influence was shaken but not destroyed, and before he left Paris Alexander gave her a passport to Russia. She was not to see him again.
She left Paris on October 22, 1815, intending to travel to St. Petersburg by way of Switzerland. The tsar, however, offended by her indiscretions and sensible of the ridicule which his relations with her had brought upon him, showed little disposition to hurry her arrival. She remained in Switzerland, where she presently fell under the influence of an unscrupulous adventurer named J. G. Kellner. For months Empeytaz, an honest enthusiast, struggled to save her from this man's clutches but in vain. Kellner too well knew how to flatter the baroness's inordinate vanity: the author of the Holy Alliance could be none other than the "woman clothed with the sun" from the Book of Revelation.
She wandered with Kellner from place to place, proclaiming her mission, working miracles, persuading her converts to sell all and follow her. Crowds of beggars and rapscallions of every description gathered wherever she went, supported by the charities squandered from the common fund. She became a nuisance to the authorities and a menace to the peace; Württemberg had expelled her, and the example was followed by every Swiss canton she entered in turn. At last, in May 1818, she set out for her estate in Kosse, Livonia (now Viitina, Estonia), accompanied by Kellner and a remnant of the elect.
The emperor Alexander having opened the Crimea to German and Swiss chiliasts in search of a land of promise, the baroness's son-in-law Berckheim and his wife now went there to help establish the new colonies. In November 1820 the baroness at last went herself to St. Petersburg, where Berckheim was lying ill. She was there when the news arrived of Ypsilanti's invasion of the Danubian principalities, which opened the Greek War of Independence. She at once proclaimed the divine mission of the Tsar to take up arms on behalf of Christendom. Alexander, however, had long since exchanged her influence for that of Metternich, and he was far from anxious to be forced into even a holy war. To the baroness's overtures he replied in a long and polite letter, the gist of which was that she must leave St. Petersburg at once. In 1823 the death of Kellner, whom to the last she regarded as a saint, was a severe blow to her. Her health was failing, but she allowed herself to be persuaded by Princess Galitzine to accompany her to the Crimea, where she had established a Swiss colony. Here, at Karasubazar, she died on December 25, 1824.
Character assessment
Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve wrote of Madame de Krüdener:
A kindlier epitaph written in her own words, uttered after the revelation of the misery of the Crimean colonists had at last opened her eyes:
Clarence Ford wrote in a Victorian biography:
Works
Valérie, ou, Lettres de Gustave de Linar à Ernst de G…, Paris, Henrichs, 1804. available onGallica archive.
Écrits intimes et prophétiques de Madame de Krüdener, Paris, Éditions du Centre national de la recherche scientifique, 1975. Worldcat.
Le Camp de Vertus, ou la Grande revue de l'armée russe, Lyon, Guyot frères, 1815. Available on Gallica archive.
Books about her
Madame de Krüdener et son temps, 1764-1824.Paris, Plon, 1961. Worldcat].
Notes
References
This work in turn cites:
Attribution
Further reading
(Much information about Madame de Krüdener, but coloured by the author's views)
was for a long time during the 19th century the standard life and contains much material, but is far from authoritative.
This was the most authoritative study published by 1911 and it contains numerous references.
External links
Category:1764 births
Category:1824 deaths
Category:People from Riga
Category:People from the Governorate of Livonia
Category:Baltic-German people
Category:Imperial Russian politicians
Category:Russian writers
Category:Russian nobility
Category:German baronesses
Category:18th-century Latvian people
Category:19th-century Latvian people
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Bingo card
Bingo cards are playing cards designed to facilitate the game of Bingo in its various forms around the world.
History
In the early 1500s the people of Italy began to play a game called "Lo Gioco del Lotto d'Italia," which literally means "The game of lotto of Italy." The game operated very much like a modern lottery as players placed bets on the chances of certain numbers being drawn. By the 1700s, a version of Lo Gioco del Lotto d'Italia was played in France, where paper cards were first used to keep track of numbers drawn by a caller.
Before the advent of printing machines, numbers on bingo cards were either painted by hand or stamped using rubber stamps onto thick cardboard. Cards were reusable, meaning players used tokens to mark called numbers. The number of unique cards was limited as randomization had to occur by hand. Before the advent of online Bingo, cards were printed on card stock and, increasingly, disposable paper. While cardboard and paper cards are still in use, Bingo halls are turning more to "flimsies" (also called "throwaways") — a card inexpensively printed on very thin paper to overcome increasing cost — and electronic Bingo cards to overcome the difficulty with randomization.
Types of Cards
There are two types of Bingo cards. One is a 5x5 grid meant for 75-ball Bingo, which is largely played in the U.S. The other uses a 9x3 grid for U.K. style "Housie" or 90-ball Bingo.
75-ball Bingo Cards
Players use cards that feature five columns of five squares each, with every square containing a number (except the middle square, which is designated a "FREE" space). The columns are labeled "B" (numbers 1–15), "I" (numbers 16–30), "N" (numbers 31–45), "G" (numbers 46–60), and "O" (numbers 61–75).
Randomization
A popular Bingo myth claims that U.S. Bingo innovator Edwin S. Lowe contracted Columbia University professor Carl Leffler to create 6,000 random and unique Bingo cards. The effort is purported to have driven Leffler insane. Manual random permutation is an onerous and time-consuming task that limited the number of Bingo cards available for play for centuries.
The calculation of random permutations is a matter of statistics principally relying on the use of factorial calculations. In its simplest sense, the number of unique "B" columns assumes that all 15 numbers are available for the first row. That only 14 of the numbers are available for the second row (one having been consumed for the first row). And that only 13, 12, and 11 numbers are available for each of the third, fourth, and fifth rows. Thus, the number of unique "B" (and "I", "G", and "O", respectively) columns is (15*14*13*12*11) = 360,360. The combinations of the "N" column differ due to the use of the free space. Therefore, it has only (15*14*13*12) = 32,760 unique combinations. The product of the five rows (360,3604 * 32,760) describes the total number of unique playing cards. That number is 552,446,474,061,128,648,601,600,000 simplified as 5.52x1026 or 552 septillion.
Printing a complete set of Bingo cards is impossible for all practical purposes. If one trillion cards could be printed each second, a printer would require more than seventeen thousand years to print just one set. However, while the number combination of each card is unique, the number of winning cards is not. If a winning game using e.g. row #3 requires the number set B10, I16, G59, and O69, there are 333,105,095,983,435,776 (333 quadrillion) winning cards. Therefore, calculation of the number of Bingo cards is more practical from the point of view of calculating the number of unique winning cards.
For example, in a simple one-pattern game of Bingo a winning card may be the first person to complete row #3. Because the "N" column contains a free space, the maximum number of cards that guarantee a unique winner is (15*15*15*15) = 50,625. Because the players need to only focus on row #3, the remaining numbers in rows #1, #2, #4, and #5 are statistically insignificant for purposes of game play and can be selected in any manner as long as no number is duplicated on any card.
Perhaps the most common pattern set, known as "Straight-line Bingo" is completing any of the five rows, columns, or either of the main diagonals. In this case the possibility of multiple winning cards is unavoidable because any one of twelve patterns on every card can win the game. But not all 552 septillion cards need to be in play. Any given set of numbers in a column (e.g., 15, 3, 14, 5, 12 in the "B" column) can be represented in any of 5! (for the "B", "I", "G", and "O" columns. 4! for the "N" column) or 120 different ways. These combinations are all statistically redundant. Therefore, the total number of cards can be reduced by a factor of (5!4 * 4!) = 4,976,640,000 for a total unique winning card set of 111,007,923,832,370,565 or 111 quadrillion. (Still impossibly enormous, but our eager printer described above would only need 1.29 days to complete the task.)
The challenge of a multiple-pattern game is selecting a winner wherein a tie is possible. The solution is to name the player who shouts "Bingo!" first, is the winner. However, it is more practical and manageable to use card sets that avoid multiple-pattern games. The single-pattern #3 row has already been mentioned, but its limited card set causes problems for the emerging online Bingo culture. Larger patterns, e.g. a diamond pattern consisting of cell positions B3, I2 and I4, N1 and N5, G2 and G4, and O3, are often used by online Bingo games to permit large number of players while ensuring only one player can win. (A unique winner is further desirable for online play where network delays and other communication interference can unfairly affect multiple winning cards. The winner would be determined by the first person to click the "Bingo!" button (emulating the shout of "Bingo!" during a live game).) In this case the number of unique winning cards is calculated as (152*(15*14)3/23) = 260,465,625 (260 million). The division by two for each of the "I", "N", and "G" columns is necessary to once again remove redundant number combinations, such as [31,#,#,#,45] and [45,#,#,#,31] in the N column.
90-ball bingo cards
In UK bingo, or Housie, cards are usually called "tickets." The cards contain three rows and nine columns. Each row contains five numbers and four blank spaces randomly distributed along the row. Numbers are apportioned by column (1–9, 10–19, 20–29, 30–39, 40–49, 50–59, 60–69, 70–79 and 80–90).
Other Types of Cards
Break Open
See also
Bingo Card Game
Keno
Housie Housie
References
Young, William H. and Nancy K. The Great Depression in America: A Cultural Encyclopedia, Volume 1. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007. .
Footnotes
Category:Bingo
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Hell.com
Hell.com is an internet domain which has achieved a degree of notoriety due to its name, and an intentionally mysterious website that existed there from August 1995 to 2009 created by the first registrant of the domain, artist Kenneth Aronson.
The domain was sold by Aronson in 2009 to domain investor Rick Latona who put it up for auction several times in 2010, with reserves of up to US$1.5 million. The domain receives thousands of curious visitors daily.
Hell.com under Aronson ownership
Several versions of the Hell.com website were created during Aronson's ownership of the domain. All the designs in the areas generally available to the public were simple and sparse, but employed mysterious text, purposefully difficult navigation and javascript tricks to create an intriguing experience that suggested something deeper, and which appealed to curious visitors, hackers, and others.
The site was described as "a very private and somewhat mysterious place for Net-artists to hang out and create Web-art [or Net-art, as it was called in the late 1990s], without being directly visible to the grand public."
A more jaundiced view was that Aronson had simply chanced upon an available domain, and decided to use it for Web art that provoked curiosity, entertained, and "messed with the visitors' heads."
There was certainly much speculation over the site's purpose, which was further fuelled by Aronson's public statements. In an interview with the New York Times in 1998 he suggested Hell.com was "a vast creative project that exists in a secret online location, a private digital environment assembled over the past year by 50 new media artists who continue to collaborate on its chaotic shape and ever-changing content. "The concept was to create the Web as I'd like it to be, something that's fascinating, exciting, dangerous, interesting...a parallel Web"
A sub-domain of Hell.com, bat.hell.com stated:
It was surmised that Hell.com's members, at least partially, were creative designers specialising in creating sites like Hell.com which were abstract, dark, intractable, and mysterious. At least four projects ran on Hell.com: (e.g. "surface" and "HL2"), where members anonymously collaborated in their creation. The end-results were non-informative webpages like Hell.com's for people's viewing pleasure (HL2 apparently took 90 minutes to explore). However these creative projects seemed to be only one facet of the larger Hell.com group.
Aronson also sold @hell.com email addresses through the site.
Layouts
In 1994-1995 - Hell.com only displayed a warning that you were not invited and to go away.
In 1996 - Hell.com displayed a blank black page with a single small red link in the center called 'that'.
In the original design, the index page featured a random aphorism in place of the logo. The aphorism took a visitor to a page that consisted of three links:
"no access"Featured a black background with the Hell.com logo (a white circle with an arrow pointing down in its centre) which linked to:
Disclaimer pageThe writing stated that "this is a parallel web. there is no public access. the waiting list is approximately 18-22 months." There were two further links; "apply"- which allowed the visitor to enter an email address to receive an email asking for a payment, and "don't"- which closed the window
"redemption"Contained a red link called "soul redemption program". The link sent the visitor to:
Questions pageA Flash page in which hundreds of questions flew towards the user through black space. Clicking one of them provided an "answer." A link to the left reading "Yes" passed onto the Payment page
Payment pageThis was a set of a few pages whereby, after several warnings that the payment is real, the user could fill out a form to donate for a range of amount options from $10 to $10000, and which later changed to $20, $200 or $2000.
"search"Added on February 8, 2006, this link lead to the Search Page (see below)
Search pageContained a seemingly normal Google search box; however, certain "keywords" typed in the box took the user to other pages. Known "keywords" were:
redemptionLinked to the Questions Page
hellLinked to the Links Page
answerThis link first led to a picture of a bald, naked woman falling through darkness. Soon after that, the link sent the user to a "sister site" called cygne-noir.com. It was mostly in the same format of Hell.com and acted as a portfolio for Kenneth Aronson. The portfolio described Aronson as "A conceptual artist who uses photography as part of his process. His digital work has been featured at The Brooklyn Academy of Music, The Absolut LA international, Robert Berman Gallery, Montreal International Film Festival, as well as exhibitions in the UK, France, Italy, Spain, Korea, and Mexico." According to Aronson's personal site, he is the "CEO/ Founder of this parallel network/ [Hell.com] which is considered the enigma of the web", further backing up the notion that Hell.com is net.art.
In 2010 - Hell.com featured the original logo, which lead to similar page with the seemingly holographic logo coded in Flash, and random red dots that played tones when overshaded with the mouse. At the bottom of this page was a login feature to the site that included a redirect to the hell.com search page if the user either incorrectly inputted a login id, or simply waited too long
In 2011 - the domain is disabled with a blank (white screen) with no detectable links.
Later in 2011, this web ID redirects one to The Gospel Media Network, a Christian religious site.
Subdomain Bat. Hell.com
BAT was described as the "creative thinktank" of Hell.com. It claimed to excel in "simple effective solutions", "alternative perspectives" and "extreme ideas". As well, under the title "INVISIBLE", BAT stated that it worked "confidentially as a mercenary resource", apparently for "leading advertising, communications, and technology companies."
Final.org
On Aronson's Portfolio's "cultural" page, a link to the site has been made under the link to Hell.com, being labeled as "overview."
In May 2006, the layout of Hell.com's index page had similarities to Final.org's. They both take on the same structure of word layouts and both share a white background. Moreover, the logo-file of Hell.com is hosted at final.org, which can be seen if one uses the 'view source' option of one's browser.
Further known information
Kenneth Aronson has a MySpace profile
Art Events
Hell.com hosted four art events under Aronson:
"s u r f a c e" Opened on January 1, 1999 and closed on January 26, 1999, it was Hell.com's first event and was described as "a self contained immersive experience of selected content from the project's parallel web", a presentation of "the collaborative work by 17 members of the HELL project." During the first 48 hours of its release, 0100101110101101.org downloaded the site's files and created a copy as anticopyright.
"" Opened in September 1999, this event is a network installation by Auriea Harvey (Entropy8) and Michael Samyn (Zuper!) The site had a pay-per-view entry, costing eight euros for five days on access and €100 for a lifetime access.
"chaos" Released in November 2000
"Gateway" Opened in 2002, the gateway was an experimental chat project that stopped working in November 2006. The experimental chat was developed by various net artists and programmers; among them the artists behind "8081.com" and "medialounge.org". The chat itself involved a type of console by which the user apparently linked to the Hell.com parallel web. They were able to access a number of flash animations by typing certain words on a grey bar located on the upper left corner of the screen. The animations differed depending on which keyword typed in (for example "seba", "luca" and "anto" which are the names of the artists of "8081.com").
"Globalhalo" hosted part of this project and used similar flash animations as background. It also revealed the story about the small community of regular guest that was once formed in final.org.
Site alterations
The site's standard set of pages occasionally become inaccessible to be replaced with a different (usually one-paged) frontend. For instance:
Around April 2006, the site underwent a massive change. The front page presented a selection of links which directed to various similar-looking pages filled with adverts and news. It was possible to navigate to the chat zone (see above) directly from the site.
As of June 2006, the + sign at the bottom of the index page directed to http://final.org, from which can be accessed the chat zone.
As of August 2006 accessing the front page produced a non-linked random aphorism.
As of October 2008, accessing hell.com led to a page with flying questions and answers. http://hell.com/X/faqF.html
As of January 2010, Hell.com was a blank white page, and read in the middle of the page "No Access" When moving the cursor just above "No Access," the screen turned black except for a white arrow pointing down. If the arrow was clicked, it directed to another screen, also showing a white arrow, with frightening music. Under the white arrow was '|| ||||| ||| |||| |." If this was clicked, it directed to Google.
As of August 2010, Hell.com seemed to only feature a single, home page containing a very large photograph of Sarah Palin with yellow eyes. In tiny text in the bottom-left corner of the page was the statement: "Everything that you really want exists here. Hell.com is the destination of desire, the home of temptation. Without desire there is no hope and without temptation there is no passion."
As of 28 October 2010, the main page contained a black circular puzzle image on a red background with animated red mist. If the user navigated to Hell.com/members it directed to the login screen. If the user cancelled or failed the login, a black page with a search field in the center was displayed. If the user keyed anything in (or nothing), they were redirected to a custom Google search page with an image link at the top to lyqyd.com, which displayed the letters LYQYD on a black background with a similar green mist as on the Hell.com page.
As of December 20, 2010, Hell.com's website shows "domain disabled" in the title and a "blank page".
As of September 21, 2011, Hell.com's website redirects to http://thegospelmedianetwork.com/
As of January 9, 2012, Hell.com's website shows "domain disabled" in the title and a "blank page" again i.e., as prior to the redirection mentioned in the previous point. The NS servers for hell.com and heaven.com are identical. Since heaven.com redirects to http://thegospelmedianetwork.com/, it is likely The Gospel Media Network still owns the domain.
0100101110101101.org's version
Sometime in 1997, the website 0100101110101101.org acquired the webpage code of Hell.com during the first 48 hours of one of its events and created a similar one as "a digital monument to the principles upon which the Internet runs," and an anticopyright. "'The belief that information must be free,'" explained at the time (by) Renato, (a) 0100101110101101.ORG spokesman, 'is a tribute to the way in which a very good computer or a valid program works: binary numbers move in accordance with the most logic, direct and necessary way to do their complex function. What is a computer if not something that benefits by the free flow of information? Copyright is boring.'
About two hours later, after the acquired code was made into a separate site, an e-mail from Hell.com was sent to 0100101110101101.org in response as well as accusing them of stealing work of Hell.com's members:
In reaction to the questions "So what was the idea behind taking this site?" and "To access a formerly closed system, that was open only to a self-proclaimed elite, and make it
accessible to everybody?" 0100101110101101.org answered that "the feeling that Hell.com was
exactly the opposite of what we think that the web could and should be, but
this is not really our own idea."
In an interview, Aronson stated that "'Anyone can spin this any way they want, but in the final analysis, it is just simple theft. It's a publicity stunt to create awareness for a bunch of people who have no apparent talents.'"
Despite the fact that "HELL.COM has … threatened legal proceedings for copyright
violations", the event is still readily available and 0100101110101101.org has not removed the pages from their site.
Sale of Hell.com's domain name
On April 2000 Aronson attempted to sell Hell.com in an auction with an eight million dollar reserve bid, but decided against it.
In an interview with Domenico Quarenta of the magazine Cluster, Aronson stated that having the most visible address is "negative for us, but has a large value… which could be exchanged for resources to help further the goals of the project." Then, to explain the first sale, he announced that he "held off announcing the sale … During this time the dot com crash happened and what was worth 8(eight) million became saleable at only a couple of million… so i decided to wait until the market recovered."
Then, on October 27, 2006, it was reported in the Wall Street Journal that the Hell.com domain name would be sold that day in a live auction by the domain company Moniker. A one million dollar reserve bid was placed and Kenneth Aronson announced that the proceeds would be used to benefit the hell.com community. However, CNNMoney announced that Hell.com was not bought by any of the bidders even though Aronson said that, "'Branding experts said the name is recognized more than Coca-Cola.'"
Hell.com was sold in November 2009 to domain investor Rick Latona.
As of August 2015, Hell.com has been replaced with a "placeholder" website and a drop down bar saying the site is available for rent or purchase.
As of September 2016, 3n1gma.com has popped up with similar content from original hell.com. It is unknown if website is directly or indirectly related to hell.com.
References
External links
Official:
HELL.COM (may not work in Mozilla/non-Java browsers)
FINAL.ORG
kenneth aronson |public art Kenneth Aronson's website
C Y G N E N O I R Kenneth Aronson's portfolio
3n1gma.com
Events:
skinnonskinonskin Hell.com event during 1999 created by "entropy8" and "Zuper!"
Category:Defunct websites
Category:Internet properties established in 1995
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GAMA Enerji
GAMA Enerji A.Ş. is a Turkish company founded in 2002 that engages in building, financing and investing in energy and water utility infrastructure. While project development, construction and operation of power plants are its main focuses, power generation and trading are also a part of its activities.
The total power generation capacity of the GAMA Enerji is 1,715.80 MW including two CCGT power plants in Galway, Ireland and Kirikkale, Turkey. GAMA Enerji also owns Disi Mudawara, the Amman water conveyance project by the Ministry of Water of Jordan. Despite the headquarters is located in Ankara, the company is active in energy trading business with its affiliate GATES Enerji established in Istanbul.
General Electric Energy Financial Services (GE EFS) acquired 50% of the shares of GAMA Enerji in 2007 and held its position as a shareholder until 2015. In 2015 International Finance Corporation (IFC), a member of the World Bank Group, and a fund managed by IFC acquired 27% of shares of the company. In late 2015, Malaysia's state electricity utility, Tenaga Nasional (TNB) has bought a 30 percent stake in GAMA Enerji.
References
Category:Electric power companies of Turkey
Category:Companies established in 2002
Category:2002 establishments in Turkey
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TWA-1
TWA-1 is a 1300 km submarine telecommunications cable linking the United Arab Emirates, Oman, and Pakistan. The cable was launched by an Oman telecom giant Omantel and Pakistan's
Transworld Associates along with Tyco International, United States. It is a DWDM system which is upgradeable to a capacity of 1.28 Tbit/s. It has landing points in:
Al Seeb, Oman
Fujairah, United Arab Emirates
Karachi, Pakistan
Resources
Tyco Telecommunications completes TWA-1 undersea cable system
Large Outage in Pakistan
Category:Submarine communications cables in the Arabian Sea
Category:Oman–United Arab Emirates relations
Category:Pakistan–United Arab Emirates relations
Category:Oman–Pakistan relations
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Andrew Mavis
Andrew Spencer Mavis (born September 9, 1976 in Vancouver, British Columbia) is a Canadian basketball player.
Mavis played high school basketball at Richmond Secondary School, where he led the team to a second place finish at the British Columbia AAA Tournament in his senior year.
He played college basketball for the Northern Arizona Lumberjacks, a member of the NCAA Division I's Big Sky Conference.
Mavis played for Canada at the 2000 Summer Olympics on a team that also featured future NBA Most Valuable Player Steve Nash.
External links
Category:1976 births
Category:Living people
Category:Basketball people from British Columbia
Category:Basketball players at the 1999 Pan American Games
Category:Basketball players at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Category:Canadian men's basketball players
Category:Canadian expatriate sportspeople in England
Category:Canadian expatriate basketball people in the United States
Category:Cheshire Jets players
Category:Newcastle Eagles players
Category:Northern Arizona Lumberjacks men's basketball players
Category:Olympic basketball players of Canada
Category:Pan American Games competitors for Canada
Category:Sportspeople from Vancouver
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Buckshaw Hall
Buckshaw Hall is a grade II* listed 17th-century country house in Buckshaw Village, Euxton, some 3 miles (5 km) north-west of Chorley, England.
It is built to an H-plan with two-storey timber framing on a sandstone base, with both brick and wattle and daub infilling and a slate roof.
History
The Buckshaw Estate was originally owned by the Anderton family of Euxton Hall, who in 1652 sold it to Major Edward Robinson Melmoth, who built the present hall in 1654. In the 19th century the estate was sold to John Walmsley and then passed to the Towneley Parkers of Cuerden Hall and the Crosse family of Shaw Hill. Extensive restoration of the southern wing was carried out by Colonel Thomas Richard Crosse in 1885, after which it was sold to Richard Stock, who in 1936 sold the estate and surrounding farmland to the Ministry of Supply to establish a new munitions factory. The munitions complex was known as ROF Chorley and the hall was used for office accommodation. In 2005 the factory was closed and the site transferred back to private ownership. Much of the land is being developed for housing as Buckshaw Village.
The hall is now privately owned by John Greenhalgh. It was vandalised in 2012.
References
Category:Houses completed in 1654
Category:Country houses in Lancashire
Category:Grade II* listed buildings in Lancashire
Category:Grade II* listed houses
Category:Buildings and structures in the Borough of Chorley
Category:1654 establishments in England
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Monroe Historic District
Monroe Historic District may refer to:
Monroe Center Historic District, Monroe, Connecticut
Monroe Commercial Historic District, Monroe, Georgia
Monroe and Walton Mills Historic District, Monroe, Georgia
Monroe Residential Historic District (Monroe, Louisiana), listed on the NRHP in Ouachita Parish
Village of Monroe Historic District, Monroe, New York, also known as the Smith's Mill Historic District
Monroe Downtown Historic District, Monroe, Union County, North Carolina
Monroe Residential Historic District (Monroe, North Carolina), Monroe, Union County, North Carolina
Monroe Courts Historic District, Arlington County, Virginia
See also
Monroe Center (disambiguation)
Monroe Residential Historic District (disambiguation)
Jackson–Monroe Terraces Historic District, Gary, Indiana
Monroe Terrace Historic District, Gary, Indiana
South Monroe Street Historic District, Coldwater, Michigan
Monroe Avenue Commercial Buildings, Detroit, Michigan
Monroe Street East Historic District, Wheeling, Ohio County, West Virginia
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NGC 604
NGC 604 is an H II region inside the Triangulum Galaxy. It was discovered by William Herschel on September 11, 1784. It is among the largest H II regions in the Local Group of galaxies; at the galaxy's estimated distance of 2.7 million light-years, its longest diameter is roughly 1,520 light years (~460 parsecs) (14.38031 exameters), over 40 times the size of the visible portion of the Orion Nebula. It is over 6,300 times more luminous than the Orion Nebula, and if it were at the same distance it would outshine Venus. Its gas is ionized by a cluster of massive stars at its center with 200 stars of spectral type O and WR, a mass of 105 solar masses, and an age of 3.5 million years; however, unlike the Large Magellanic Cloud's Tarantula Nebula central cluster (R136), NGC 604's one is much less compact and more similar to a large stellar association.
See also
Tarantula Nebula
List of largest nebulae
References
Some data in the table was updated from Sue French's column "Deep-sky Wonders", in the January 2006 issue of Sky & Telescope, p. 83.
External links
Nebula NGC 604 @ SEDS Messier pages
Category:H II regions
Category:Triangulum (constellation)
0604
Category:Triangulum Galaxy
17840911
Category:Star-forming regions
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Kyle Nissen
Kyle Nissen (born August 23, 1979) is a Canadian freestyle skier.
Born in Calgary, Alberta, Nissen competes in aerials, and made his World Cup debut in December 1999. He made his first World Cup podium later that season, winning an event in Heavenly, California.
Nissen has won one other World Cup event, at Mont Gabriel in 2006, and has placed on the podium at 10 other events. His most successful season came in 2006, when he placed 2nd overall in the World Cup standings, behind Dmitri Dashinski. Nissen's best showing at the World Championships came in 2005, when he finished 5th, also behind Dashinski.
Nissen also competed in the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, qualifying for the aerials final 7th place. In the final, he was 9th after the first jump, but moved up to 5th after scoring the most points in the competition on the second jump.
At the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, Nissen finished 9th in the qualification with 233.71 points after two jumps and qualified for the finals In jump 1 of the finals, he scored 126.92 points and led the second place competitor Aleksei Grishin of Belarus by 6.34 points. However, in jump 2, Nissen performed poorly and scored only 112.39 points, second-last from the 12 competitors in the finals. Nissen finished with an overall result of fifth place.
World Cup Podiums
References
External links
FIS profile
Official site
Category:1979 births
Category:Living people
Category:Olympic freestyle skiers of Canada
Category:Freestyle skiers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Category:Freestyle skiers at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Category:Sportspeople from Calgary
Category:Canadian male freestyle skiers
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Mu1/6 holin family
The Streptomyces aureofaciens Phage Mu1/6 Holin (Mu1/6 Holin) Family (TC# 1.E.28) is a family of putative pore-forming holins between 80 and 90 amino acyl residues in length with 2 transmembrane segments (TMSs). A representative list of proteins belonging to this family can be found in the Transporter Classification Database.
See also
Streptomyces aureofaciens
Holin
Lysin
References
Further reading
Category:Protein families
Category:Membrane proteins
Category:Transmembrane proteins
Category:Transmembrane transporters
Category:Transport proteins
Category:Integral membrane proteins
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Mizuiro Jidai
is manga series which was serialized in 1991 by Shogakukan. in the shōjo manga magazine Ciao. A 47-episode anime television series based on the manga was produced by NAS and TV Tokyo and animated by Studio Comet; it aired on TV Tokyo from 1996 to 1997. During the run of the anime a continuation of the story called "Shin Mizuiro Jidai" was run in Ciao Magazine. The series was made into a musical in 2001 and a cast recording was released.
Plot
The story of the anime follows Yuko Kawai, a junior highschool student, as she faces the challenges of growing up and overcoming her shyness as she comes of age. She begins seeing her best friend Hiroshi Naganuma, the boy next door, in a different light.
Characters
The main character in the story.
A childhood friend of Yuko Kawai, And has a crush on her.
When he confessed to her, at first he didn't get a straight answer.
A friend of Yuko Kawai and a classmate.
She has a pretty strong will and had a crush on Hiroshi Naganuma.
Episode list
Ep. 1: New school term!
Ep. 2: Friendship.
Ep. 3: Camping school.
Ep. 4: Softball tournament.
Ep. 5: Chance encounter.
Ep. 6: Big sister.
Ep. 7: Christmas party.
Ep. 8: Valentine´s day.
Love is in the air! Classmates are giving chocolates to each other left and right. Yuko wants to give some to Hiroshi-kun. Will she be able to give them to him? And what's this? Oh no! THE CHOCOLATE HAVE GONE MISSING?! How can Yuko give some to Hiroshi-kun now? She even skipped her council meeting, just so she can hand-make the Chocolates. Even though Hiroshi-kun is receiving quite a few Chocolates, why doesn't he seem happy?
Ep. 9: Final exams.
Yuko's grades have dropped considerably. If she doesn't do something about it soon, she will fail. Yuko would have loved for Hiroshi-kun to help her, but since he, too, is studying for his own exams, he drew up a study guide schedule that he thought would help her to some extent. Of course, he also thought that she would come to him anyway. Yuko felt like she was being a burden for Hiroshi-kun, so, she decided to study hard all by herself. When she couldn't understand, she tried going to her sister for help. Her sister, on the other hand, got Yuko to play video games one day. A couple days left until the exam, and Hiroshi-kun discovered that Yuko hasn't even really studied at all! Shocked, he thought she should have been fine if she was following the schedule. Yuko, upset that Hiroshi-kun couldn't understand, runs to the roof. A classmate of Hiroshi-kun told him what was wrong, and Takako tells him, "She told me that 'smarter girls would probably be better suited for you.'" Wanting to makes things right with Yuko, Hiroshi-kun runs in panic to find her. Once he does, he first apologies to her for not considering her feelings. Then, he also declares, "I don't care weather your grades are good or not, I love you!"
After that, Hiroshi-kun and Yuko were able to study peacefully and they both pass their exams.
Ep. 10: New classes
Yuko is relieved when she notices that Hiroshi-kun and herself were in the same class together again. The problem is: none of her other friends are also not in the same class. So for the first couple of days of the new classes, Yuko finds herself very lonely. One day, she bumps into Takako-chan in the hall and they have a chat. Yuko asks her if they would like to have lunch the next day, Takako-chan refuses. Then, she also bumps into her other friends who really misses her. They decided to have a lunch reunion. Hiroshi-kun stumbles upon them and tells them that Takako-chan also was eating by herself. Wondering what was up, Yuko heads over to Takako-chan's classroom. There, by the door, she watches as Takako-chan keeps asking her classmates if they would like to have lunch with her. After being turned down more than once, finally, a girl (who was already done with her lunch) agreed to keep eating lunch with Takako-chan the next day and so on. Getting the idea, in her own classroom, of course, Yuko sums up all her courage and goes and asks a group of girls if she can eat with them and they agree, much to her delight.
Ep. 11: Takako´s sweetheart.
Ep. 12: Pulling rank.
References
External links
Category:1991 manga
Category:1996 anime television series
Category:1997 Japanese television series endings
Category:2001 musicals
Category:Drama anime and manga
Category:Musicals based on anime and manga
Category:Romance anime and manga
Category:Shogakukan manga
Category:Shōjo manga
Category:TV Tokyo shows
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2010 MAAC Men's Basketball Tournament
The 2010 Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference Men's Basketball Tournament will take place from March 5–8, 2010 at the Times Union Center in Albany, New York. The winner will be crowned with the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference championship and its automatic bid into the 2010 NCAA Tournament.
Bracket
* denotes overtime game
References
Category:2009–10 Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference men's basketball season
Category:MAAC Men's Basketball Tournament
Category:Sports in Albany, New York
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Benedict's reagent
Benedict's reagent (often called Benedict's qualitative solution or Benedict's solution) is a chemical reagent and complex mixture of sodium carbonate, sodium citrate and copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate., often used in place of Fehling's solution to detect the presence of reducing sugars. The presence of other reducing substances also gives a positive reaction. Such tests that use this reagent are called the Benedict's tests. A positive test with Benedict's reagent is shown by a color change from clear blue to a brick-red precipitate.
Generally, Benedict's test detects the presence of aldehydes and alpha-hydroxy-ketones, also by hemiacetal, including those that occur in certain ketoses. Thus, although the ketose fructose is not strictly a reducing sugar, it is an alpha-hydroxy-ketone, and gives a positive test because it is converted to the aldoses glucose and mannose by the base in the reagent.
The principle of Benedict's test is that when reducing sugars are heated in the presence of an alkali they are converted to powerful reducing species known as enediols. Enediols reduce the cupric compounds (Cu2+) present in the Benedict's reagent to cuprous compounds (Cu+) which are precipitated as insoluble red copper(I) oxide(Cu2O).
The color of the obtained precipitate gives an idea about the quantity of sugar present in the solution, hence the test is semi-quantitative. A greenish precipitate indicates about 0.5 g% concentration; yellow precipitate indicates 1 g% concentration; orange indicates 1.5 g% and red indicates 2 g% or higher concentration.
Benedict's test for organic analysis
To test for the presence of monosaccharides and reducing disaccharide sugars in food, the food sample is dissolved in water, and a small amount of Benedict's reagent is added. During a water bath, which is usually 4–10 minutes, the solution should progress in the colors of blue (with no reducing sugar present), orange, yellow, green, red, and then brick red precipitate or brown (with high reducing sugar present). A color change would signify the presence of a reducing sugar.
The common disaccharides lactose and maltose are directly detected by Benedict's reagent because each contains a glucose with a free reducing aldehyde moiety (functional group), after isomerization.
Sucrose (table sugar) contains two sugars (fructose and glucose) joined by their glycosidic bond in such a way as to prevent the glucose isomerizing to aldehyde, or the fructose to alpha-hydroxy-ketone form. Sucrose is thus a non-reducing sugar which does not react with Benedict's reagent. Sucrose indirectly produces a positive result with Benedict's reagent if heated with dilute hydrochloric acid prior to the test, although after this treatment it is no longer sucrose. The acidic conditions and heat break the glycosidic bond in sucrose through hydrolysis. The products of sucrose decomposition are glucose and fructose, both of which can be detected by Benedict's reagent, as described above.
Starches do not react or react very poorly with Benedict's reagent, due to the relatively small number of reducing sugar moieties, which occur only at the ends of carbohydrate chains. Inositol (myoinositol) is another carbohydrate which produces a negative test.
Benedict's reagent can be used to test for the presence of glucose in urine. Glucose in urine is called glucosuria and can be indicative of diabetes mellitus, but the test is not recommended or used for the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. A false positive reaction can be due to the presence of other reducing substances in urine such as ascorbic acid (during intake of vitamin supplements), drugs (levodopa, contrast used in radiological procedures) and homogentisic acid (alkaptonuria).
Benedict's solution
Benedict's solution is a deep-blue solution used to test for the presence of the aldehyde functional group, - CHO. It is an aqueous alkaline mixture of CuSO4 and sodium citrate. Here sodium citrate is the complexing agent that keeps Cu2+ in solution, which would otherwise precipitate as cupric carbonate. The substance to be tested is heated up to 95 °C (for example, in a water bath) with Benedict's solution; formation of a brick-red precipitate indicates presence of the aldehyde group in relatively high concentrations. Since simple sugars (e.g., glucose) give a positive test, the solution is used to test for the presence of glucose in urine, a sign of diabetes. One litre of Benedict's solution contains 173 grams sodium citrate, 100 grams sodium carbonate, and 17.3 grams cupric sulfate pentahydrate.
It reacts chemically similarly to Fehling's solution; the cupric ion (complexed with citrate ions) is reduced to cuprous ion by the aldehyde group (which is oxidised), and precipitates as cuprous oxide, Cu2O.
Benedict's reagent: It can be used to test for the presence of glucose in urine. Glucose in urine is called glucosuria and can be indicative of diabetes mellitus, but the test is not recommended or used for the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. A false positive reaction can be due to the presence of other reducing substances in urine such as ascorbic acid (during intake of vitamin supplements), drugs (levodopa, contrast used in radiological procedures) and homogentisic acid (alkaptonuria).
Preparation of Benedict's reagent: Dissolve 173 g of sodium citrate and 100 g of anhydrous sodium carbonate in 800 ml of slightly warm distilled water. Filter it, if necessary. Dissolve 17.3 g of copper sulfate (cupric sulfate) in 100 ml of distilled water separately. Mix this copper sulfate solution slowly with 800 ml of sodium carbonate-citrate solution with constant stirring. Now make the final volume 1000 ml with distilled water.(Ref: Chapter 48 in Essentials of Practical Biochemistry, Prem Prakash & Neelu Gupta, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers, Ltd)
Quantitative reagent
Benedict's quantitative reagent contains potassium thiocyanate and is used to determine how much reducing sugar is present. This solution forms a copper thiocyanate precipitate which is white and can be used in a titration. The titration should be repeated with 1% glucose solution instead of the sample for calibration.
Benedict refers to American chemist Stanley Rossiter Benedict.
See also
Other oxidizing reagents
Dextrose equivalent
Tollens' reagent
Fehling's solution
Other reducing reagents (opposite)
Jones reductor
Walden reductor
References
Category:Copper compounds
Category:Chemical tests
Category:Coordination compounds
Category:Oxidizing agents
Category:Analytical reagents
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EU3 (disambiguation)
EU3 may refer to:
EU three, either France, Germany and Italy (largest countries at the founding of the European Union), or France, Germany and the UK (current largest economies in Europe)
Euro 3, an emission standard for vehicles
Europa Universalis III, a computer game by Paradox Interactive
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Madumana
Madumana is a village in Sri Lanka. It is located within Central Province.
See also
List of towns in Central Province, Sri Lanka
External links
Department of Census and Statistics -Sri Lanka
Category:Populated places in Central Province, Sri Lanka
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Glucuronosyl-disulfoglucosamine glucuronidase
In enzymology, a glucuronosyl-disulfoglucosamine glucuronidase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the following chemical reaction:
3-D-glucuronosyl-N2,6-disulfo-beta-D-glucosamine + H2O D-glucuronate + N2,6-disulfo-D-glucosamine
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 3-D-glucuronosyl-N2,6-disulfo-beta-D-glucosamine and H2O, whereas its two products are D-glucuronate and N2,6-disulfo-D-glucosamine.
This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, to be specific those glycosidases that hydrolyse O- and S-glycosyl compounds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 3-D-glucuronsyl-N2,6-disulfo-beta-D-glucosamine glucuronohydrolase. Other names in common use include glycuronidase, and 3-D-glucuronsyl-2-N,6-disulfo-beta-D-glucosamine glucuronohydrolase.
References
Category:EC 3.2.1
Category:Enzymes of unknown structure
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Tritomini
Tritomini is a tribe of pleasing fungus beetles in the family Erotylidae. There are about 7 genera and at least 30 described species in Tritomini.
Genera
These seven genera belong to the tribe Tritomini:
Haematochiton Gorham, 1888
Hirsutotriplax Skelley, 1993
Ischyrus Lacordaire, 1842
Mycotretus Lacordaire, 1842
Pseudischyrus Casey, 1916
Triplax Herbst, 1793
Tritoma Fabricius, 1775
References
Further reading
External links
Category:Erotylidae
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Basque dialects
Basque dialects are linguistic varieties of the Basque language which differ in pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar from each other and from Standard Basque. Between six and nine Basque dialects have been historically distinguished:
Biscayan
Gipuzkoan
Upper Navarrese (Northern and Southern)
Lower Navarrese (Eastern and Western)
Lapurdian
Souletin (Souletin and Roncalese)
In modern times, however, both Lower Navarrese and Lapurdian are considered part of a Navarrese–Lapurdian dialect, so there would be five dialects, divided into 11 subdialects and 24 minor varieties.
The boundaries of all these dialects do not coincide directly with current political or administrative boundaries. It was believed that the dialect boundaries between Bizkaian, Gipuzkoan and Upper Navarrese showed some relation to some pre-Roman tribal boundaries between the Caristii, Varduli and Vascones. However, main Basque dialectologists now deny any direct relation between those tribes and Basque dialects. It seems that these dialects were created in the Middle Ages from a previously quite unified Basque language, and the dialects diverged from each other since then as a result of the administrative and political division that happened in the Basque Country.
History of Basque dialectology
One of the first scientific studies of Basque dialects, regarding the auxiliary verb forms, was made by Louis-Lucien Bonaparte, a nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte. His original dialect map, Carte des Sept Provinces Basques, was published in 1863 along with his Le Verbe Basque en Tableaux was regarded as the authoritative guide in Basque dialectology for a century. He collected his data in fieldwork between 1856 and 1869 in five visits to the Basque Country. By then, the Basque language was in retreat throughout the territory in which it had been commonly spoken. In Álava, Basque had all but vanished from the Plains and the Highlands, remaining only in the stronghold of Aramaio and bordering fringes of Biscay and Gipuzkoa, while in Navarre the scholar collected the last live evidence in areas extending as far south as Tafalla.
In 1998, Koldo Zuazo, Professor of Basque Philology at the University of the Basque Country, redefined the dialect classifications slightly. For example, he changed the name of Biscayan to Western, Gipuzkoan to Central, Upper Navarrese to Navarrese. He also grouped Lapurdian with Lower Navarrese, distinguished Eastern Navarrese as an independent dialect, and recognised several mixed areas:
Western (Biscayan)
Central (Gipuzkoan)
(Upper) Navarrese
Eastern Navarrese (including Salazarese and the extinct Roncalese)
Navarrese–Lapurdian
Souletin
Much has been studied too on the Basque dialect spoken formerly in Álava. In 1997, Zuazo released research carried out on the issue based on dispersed recorded evidence (such as Landuchio's glossary) and papers drawn up especially by Koldo Mitxelena. The pundit outlines three main linguistic areas running north to south, where features related to Western and Navarrese dialects mix up to different degrees according to their geographical position.
He focuses mainly on relevant lexico-morphological differences, such as instrumental declension marks -gaz/rekin, ablative -rean/tik, barria/berria (= 'new'), elexea/elizea (= 'church'), padura/madura (= 'swamp'), to mention but a few.
Key distinguishing features in Basque dialect phonology include:
loss of and aspirated stops in Southern Basque dialects
divergence of historic into
Souletin development of the vowel
Morphological variation
Modern Basque dialects show a high degree of dialectal divergence. However, cross-dialectal communication without prior knowledge of either Standard Basque or the other dialect is normally possible to a reasonable extent, with the notable of exception of Zuberoan (also called Souletin), which is regarded as the most divergent Basque dialect.
The names for the language in the dialects of Basque (Euskara in Standard Basque) for example exemplify to some degree the dialectal fragmentation of the Basque speaking area. The most divergent forms are generally found in the Eastern dialects.
The following map shows the approximate areas where each word is used. The smaller-type instances are cases of the name being recorded for a particular area, the larger-type instances show super-regional forms common throughout the dialect area in question:
Comparison of sample verb forms
Comparing the forms of the Basque verb used in the different Basque dialects also gives a good overview over some of the differences and common features.
Key to verb forms:
Phonological variation
Basque dialects all diverge from this standard inventory to a larger or lesser extent. The grapheme j (historically /j/) displays by far the most noticeable divergence, followed by the fricatives and affricates. Hualde (1991) describes the following:
Baztan, an Eastern Navarrese dialect: lack of /x/
Arbizu, a dialect in a mixed Gipuzkoan/Western Navarrese dialect area: geminate vowels /i/~/ii/, /e/~/ee/, /a/~/aa/, /o/~/oo/, /u/~/uu/
Gernika, a Biscayan dialect: merger of /s̻/ with /s̺/ and /ts̻/ with /ts̺/. Additional phonemes: /ʒ/. Lack of /c/ and /ɟ/.
Ondarroa, a Biscayan dialect: merger of /s̻/ with /s̺/ and /ts̻/ with /ts̺/. Additional phonemes: /dz/. Lack of /c/ and /ɟ/.
Standardized dialects
There have been various attempts throughout history to promote standardised forms of Basque dialects to the level of a common standard Basque.
A standardised form of Lower Navarrese was the dialect used by influential 16th-century author Joanes Leizarraga.
Azkue's Gipuzkera Osotua ("Complemented Gipuzkoan"), dating to 1935, attempted, though largely unsuccessfully, to create a standardized Basque based on Gipuzkoan, complemented with elements from other dialects.
In the 1940s, a group called Jakintza Baitha ("Wisdom House") gathered around the academician Federico Krutwig, who preferred to base the standard on the Lapurdian of Joanes Leizarraga's Protestant Bible and the first printed books in Basque. However, they did not receive support from other Basque language scholars and activists.
In 1944, Pierre Lafitte published his Navarro-Labourdin Littéraire, based on Classical Lapurdian, which has become the de facto standard form of Lapurdian. It is taught in some schools of Lapurdi and used on radio, in church, and by the newspaper Herria.
Since 1968, Euskaltzaindia has promulgated a Unified (or Standard) Basque (Euskara batua) based on the central dialects that has successfully spread as the formal dialect of the language. Batua is found in official texts, schools, TV, newspapers and in common parlance by new speakers, especially in the cities, whereas in the countryside, with more elderly speakers, people remain more attached to the natural dialects, especially in informal situations.
More recently, the distinct dialects of Bizkaian and Zuberoan have also been standardised.
Bibliography
Allières, Jacques (1979): Manuel pratique de basque, "Connaissance des langues" v. 13, A. & J. Picard (Paris), .
Campion, Arturo (1884): Gramática de los cuatro dialectos literarios de la lengua euskara, Tolosa.
Lafitte, Pierre (1962): Grammaire basque - navarro-labourdin littéraire. Elkarlanean, Donostia/Bayonne, .
References
Category:Dialects by language
*
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August 2035 lunar eclipse
A partial lunar eclipse will take place on August 19, 2035.
Visibility
Related lunar eclipses
Lunar year series
See also
List of lunar eclipses and List of 21st-century lunar eclipses
Notes
External links
2035-08
Category:2035 in science
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Rancho San Jacinto Viejo
Rancho San Jacinto Viejo was a Mexican land grant in present-day Riverside County, California given in 1842 by Governor Pro-tem Manuel Jimeno to José Antonio Estudillo. At the time of the US Patent, Rancho San Jacinto Viejo was a part of San Diego County. The County of Riverside was created by the California Legislature in 1893 by taking land from both San Bernardino and San Diego Counties. The grant encompassed present-day Hemet and San Jacinto.
History
José María Estudillo was the captain of the Presidio of San Diego. His eldest son, José Joaquín Estudillo (1800 – 1852) was the grantee of Rancho San Leandro. José Antonio Estudillo (1805 – 1852) was his second son. In 1824, José Antonio Estudillo, a lieutenant in the Mexican army, married María Victoria Dominguez. María Victoria's father, Juan José Dominguez, was the grantee of Rancho San Pedro. José Antonio Estudillo was appointed administrator and major domo at Mission San Luis Rey in 1840. Three grants, comprising over of the former Mission San Luis Rey lands in the San Jacinto area were made to the Estudillo family: the four square league Rancho San Jacinto Viejo to José Antonio Estudillo in 1842; Rancho San Jacinto Nuevo y Potrero to his son-in-law, Miguel Pedrorena, in 1846; and Rancho San Jacinto Sobrante to his daughter, María del Rosario Estudillo, in 1846.
With the cession of California to the United States following the Mexican-American War, the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo provided that the land grants would be honored. As required by the Land Act of 1851, a claim for Rancho San Jacinto Viejo was filed with the Public Land Commission in 1852, and the grant was patented to the heirs of José Antonio Estudillo in 1880.
See also
Rancho San Jacinto Nuevo y Potrero
Rancho San Jacinto Sobrante
Rancho San Jacinto y San Gorgonio
Ranchos of California
List of Ranchos of California
References
San Jacinto Viejo
San Jacinto Viejo
Category:1842 in Alta California
Category:San Jacinto Mountains
Category:Hemet, California
Category:1842 establishments in California
Category:San Jacinto, California
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Jim van Fessem
Jim van Fessem (born 7 August 1975 in Tilburg) is a retired Dutch football goalkeeper.
Club career
Van Fessem played for Willem II, Vitesse Arnhem, ADO Den Haag, De Graafschap and NAC in the Dutch Eredivisie.
International career
He represented the Netherlands at the 1995 FIFA World Youth Championship and earned 17 caps for the Netherlands national under-21 football team.
Statistics
Last update: December 5, 2011
References
Category:1975 births
Category:Living people
Category:Sportspeople from Tilburg
Category:Association football goalkeepers
Category:Dutch footballers
Category:Netherlands under-21 international footballers
Category:Willem II (football club) players
Category:SBV Vitesse players
Category:ADO Den Haag players
Category:De Graafschap players
Category:NAC Breda players
Category:Eredivisie players
Category:Eerste Divisie players
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Halańskie Ogrodniki
Halańskie Ogrodniki is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sokółka, within Sokółka County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland, close to the border with Belarus.
References
Category:Villages in Sokółka County
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Hey Mister Mister
"Hey Mister Mister" is a non-album single by American hip hop artist Kool G Rap, released in 1996. It later featured on the compilation album The Pre-Kill, Vol. 2 (2012).
Background
Produced by T-Ray, "Hey Mister Mister" was originally set to be released on Kool G Rap's 1995 album 4,5,6. However, the song's subject matter was deemed too offensive by the album's labels, Cold Chillin', Epic Records and Sony Music Entertainment, and they refused to release it. It was released independently in 1996. In "Hey Mister Mister", Kool G Rap details several graphic beatings against females, starting on verse one as he discovers that his girlfriend has been unfaithful to him, and pistol-whips her unconscious in the street while threatening onlookers. On verse two, he portrays himself as a pimp being short-changed by a prostitute who he tracks down and punishes with a severe beating and oral rape.
Complex ranked "Hey Mister Mister" at #1 on their list of the 25 most violent rap songs of all time.
Track listing
A-side
"Hey Mister Mister" (3:57)
B-side
"Hey Mister Mister" (Instrumental) (3:57)
References
External links
"Hey Mister Mister" at Discogs
Category:1996 singles
Category:Kool G Rap songs
Category:Songs written by Kool G Rap
Category:Hardcore hip hop songs
Category:Horrorcore songs
Category:Songs about domestic violence
Category:Songs about prostitutes
Category:1996 songs
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Nikita Kanani
Nikita Kanani MBE (born 18 August 1980) is a general practitioner and the former chief clinical officer of the Bexley Clinical Commissioning Group. In 2018 she became the first woman to be director of primary care of the British National Health Service (NHS).
Education
In 2000, Kanani spent a year on an intercalated neuroscience degree. She graduated from King's College London with a degree in medicine in 2004. She received an MSc in healthcare commissioning from the University of Birmingham and a postgraduate certificate in managing in health and social care.
Career
Kanani "wants to help provide the time and support for GPs and others working in primary care to develop and improve the services that practices provide". In 2017 she was recognised in the Queen's Birthday Honours. With her sister Sheila Kanani she set up STEMMsisters, which empowers people from disadvantaged backgrounds to study science, technology, engineering, mathematics, and medicine subjects and access mentoring and coaching opportunities. She is co-chair of The Network, an online community connecting medical students, doctors and other healthcare professionals. She is a member of the King's Fund General Advisory Group.
She is a general practitioner physician at Bellegrove Surgery in Welling. She is a Clinical Commissioning Champion for the Royal College of General Practitioners. In 2012 and 2013 she was selected by Pulse magazine as a "top up and coming GP". She was named by the Health Service Journal as a "rising star" - an award which celebrates the healthcare leaders of tomorrow and influencers of today.
Kanani is a strong believer in embracing social media within medicine. She is the lead of Quality Improvement at the Faculty of Medical Leadership and Management. She was appointed the NHS Director of Primary Care in August 2018.
References
Category:1980 births
Category:Living people
Category:Alumni of King's College London
Category:Alumni of the University of Birmingham
Category:Women medical researchers
Category:Women physicians
Category:Members of the Order of the British Empire
Category:Place of birth missing (living people)
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Griswold Creek
Griswold Creek is a stream in San Benito County, California. Its head is at the confluence of Pimental Creek and Vallecitos Creek. From there it flows north-northeastward through the canyon between the Griswold Hills in the east, and Buck Peak in the Diablo Range on the west, to its mouth, located at an elevation of at its confluence with Panoche Creek southeast of Panoche in the Panoche Valley.
References
Category:Rivers of San Benito County, California
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Geordie Shore (series 14)
The fourteenth series of Geordie Shore, a British television programme based in Newcastle upon Tyne, was confirmed on 31 October 2016 when cast member Scotty T announced that he would be taking a break from the series to focus on other commitments. The series was filmed in November 2016, and began airing on 28 March 2017. Ahead of the series, it was also confirmed that original cast member Holly Hagan had quit the show, following her exit in the previous series. On 28 February 2017, it was announced that eight new cast members had joined for this series. Zahida Allen, Chelsea Barber, Sam Bentham, Sarah Goodhart, Abbie Holborn, Elettra Lamborghini, Billy Phillips and Eve Shannon all appeared throughout the series hoping to become permanent members of the cast, and in the series finale, Holborn was chosen. Goodhart and Allen both previously appeared on Ex on the Beach, with the former appearing on the third series of the show as the ex-girlfriend of current Geordie Shore cast member Marty McKenna (before he joined the cast). Lamborghini has also appeared on Super Shore and participated in the fifth season of Gran Hermano VIP, the Spanish version of Celebrity Big Brother. It was also confirmed that Scotty T would return later in the series.
Cast
Zahida Allen
Chelsea Barber
Gaz Beadle
Sam Bentham
Aaron Chalmers
Chloe Ferry
Sarah Goodhart
Nathan Henry
Abbie Holborn
Sophie Kasaei
Elettra Lamborghini
Marty McKenna
Billy Phillips
Eve Shannon
Marnie Simpson
Scotty T
Duration of cast
= Cast member is featured in this episode.
= Cast member arrives in the house.
= Cast member voluntarily leaves the house.
= Cast member is removed from the house.
= Cast member returns to the house.
= Cast member leaves the series.
= Cast member returns to the series.
= Cast member does not feature in this episode.
= Cast member is not officially a cast member in this episode.
Episodes
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%"
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! style="background:#81F781;"| No. inseries
! style="background:#81F781;"| No. inseason
! style="background:#81F781;"| Title
! style="background:#81F781;"| Original air date
! style="background:#81F781;"| Duration
! style="background:#81F781;"| UK viewers
|}
Ratings
References
Category:2017 British television seasons
Series 13
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Phil Bates (gridiron football)
Phil Bates (born September 20, 1989) is an American football wide receiver for the Saskatchewan Roughriders of the Canadian Football League (CFL). He was most recently a member of the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League. He played college football at Ohio. He was signed by the Seattle Seahawks as an undrafted free agent in 2012. With the Seahawks, he won Super Bowl XLVIII against the Denver Broncos.
College career
Bates played college football at Iowa State University as a quarterback and wide receiver from 2007 to 2008. He then transferred to Ohio University, where he played from 2009 to 2011. He finished his career with 457 passing yards, five passing touchdowns, 738 rushing yards, three rushing touchdowns, 270 receiving yards, and one receiving touchdown.
Professional career
Seattle Seahawks
Bates was signed by the Seattle Seahawks after going undrafted in the 2012 NFL Draft.
On September 1, 2014, Bates was waived. He was signed to the Seahawks practice squad on September 9, 2014.
Cleveland Browns
On October 30, 2014, the Cleveland Browns signed Bates to their practice squad.
On December 27, 2014, Bates was called up from the Browns practice squad to their active roster for their season finale against the Baltimore Ravens after Josh Gordon was suspended by the team after failing to attend a team walk-through. He was released by the Browns on May 11, 2015.
Dallas Cowboys
Bates was signed by the Dallas Cowboys on August 20, 2015. He was released by the Cowboys on September 1, 2015.
Toronto Argonauts
Bates joined the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League in the second half of the 2015 CFL season. Besides seeing playing time late in the season, he also played in the East Division semi-final loss to the Hamilton Tiger-Cats on November 15, 2015. Bates played in only five of the Argos first 14 games, catching three passes for 20 yards with one touchdown. Following a Week 15 loss the Argos, the front office decided to release four of their wide receivers on the same day including Phil Bates. Reports suggest the four wide receivers were not committed to the Argos and had been a source of division in the locker room for some time.
References
External links
Toronto Argonauts bio
Seattle Seahawks bio
Ohio Bobcats bio
Iowa State Cyclones bio
Category:1989 births
Category:Living people
Category:Sportspeople from Omaha, Nebraska
Category:Players of American football from Nebraska
Category:African-American players of American football
Category:African-American players of Canadian football
Category:American football wide receivers
Category:American football quarterbacks
Category:Canadian football wide receivers
Category:Iowa State Cyclones football players
Category:Ohio Bobcats football players
Category:Seattle Seahawks players
Category:Cleveland Browns players
Category:Super Bowl champions
Category:Toronto Argonauts players
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Agency Workers Regulations 2010
The Agency Workers Regulations 2010 (SI 2010/93) are a statutory instrument forming part of UK labour law. They aim to combat discrimination of people who work for employment agencies, by stating that agency workers should be no less favourably treated in pay and working time than their full-time counterparts, who do the same work. It gives effect in UK law to the Temporary and Agency Workers Directive.
Background
The AWD 2010 was the culmination of a succession of attempts to get rights for agency workers. A previous proposal, the Temporary and Agency Workers (Equal Treatment) Bill 2008 was a bill, introduced in the British parliament, designed to secure equal pay and terms for working time between vulnerable agency workers and their permanent staff counterparts. It has now been superseded (though is in all material respects identical) by the Temporary and Agency Workers Directive (2008/104/EC), which the UK will implement at the latest by December 2011.
It was introduced by a private member, Labour backbencher Andrew Miller MP and would have formed an important part of the United Kingdom agency worker law, and an addition to the growing categories of employment discrimination law in the UK. The Bill's substance is modelled on a proposed European Directive, which has been blocked by the UK government since 2002. However the government has recently indicated that it will introduce a modified version of the Bill, through a statutory instrument under the European Communities Act 1972 to implement the TAW Directive, with a 12-week (3-month) waiting period before agency workers will get equal pay and working time conditions.
The bill has been supported by a majority of the Labour Party, and trade unions, and vigorously opposed by the Conservative Party and the CBI. The calls for legislation have been bolstered by the particularly vulnerable position of people who work for agencies. They lack almost all of the rights guaranteed for normal workers from the Employment Rights Act 1996. However the legislation does not seek to make any but minor alterations for the position of agency workers on this front.
The Bill is modelled, more or less directly, on the proposals put forward by the European Commission for a draft Temporary Agency Worker Directive (COD 2002/0149). This proposal was itself shelved, because of the UK government's consistent opposition to agency regulation, in the interests of labour market flexibility. According to newspaper reports, the UK got the backing of Germany to torpedo the draft Directive in return for the UK to help sink the Takeover Directive (Germany has comprehensive agency work regulation under its Arbeitnehmerüberlassungsgesetz and its Civil Code, esp §622, and the UK has strong Takeover Regulation, especially Rule 21 of the City Code). The significant difference between the proposed Directive and the Bill is that the former UK government managed to insert a 6-week qualification period in the Directive before the equal treatment rights click in (Art. 5(4)). The Bill has no proposed qualification period, though voices in the City have been calling for this to be one year. The latest reports suggest a 12-week qualifying period has been agreed between the private MP backers and the government, meaning a significant step back from the protection the Directive would offer. The Directive included equal treatment only pay, hours, parental rights and anti-discrimination (Art. 3(1)(d)). A significant omission therefore was any regulation on reasonable notice before dismissal (in the UK, ERA s.86; Germany has this for all workers already, regardless of their agency status, §622 BGB).
Before the 2005 United Kingdom general election, the trade unions and the government made the so-called Warwick Agreement (after its signing place, the University of Warwick). This included a promise on the government's part to reverse its opposition to the European Directive. But by 2007, the government was yet to deliver, and Paul Farrelly MP introduced the Temporary and Agency Workers (Prevention of Less Favourable Treatment) Bill. It mirrored the Directive in all respects, save that there would be no 6-week qualifying period. In that period's climate, the Bill did not gain enough attention and was talked out of time. In the Court of Appeal case James v. Greenwich LBC which further entrenched the subordinate position of agency workers, Mummery LJ pronounced it "doomed to failure for lack of support from the Government". But no sooner as that had been said, almost exactly the same Bill was reintroduced by Andrew Miller MP, with a small title change to emphasise "Equal Treatment" rather than "Prevention of Less Favourable Treatment". Identical in every way, save a tighter definition of employment agency and more provision for regulatory enforcement, it won the support of almost the whole Labour bench in the House of Commons. It was being heard in Committee each Wednesday morning as from 7 May. As of 21 May, the government has signalled that it will allow something similar to the Bill, but not the Bill itself, to be passed. It will incorporate a 12-week waiting period before the right to equal pay and time off begins, or 6 weeks less protection than the original 2002 Directive.
Scope
The Agency Workers Regulations basic concept is to give effect to the Temporary and Agency Workers Directive in UK law. They require employers to treat agency workers and permanent staff equally in their contract terms on,
Hours and holiday time
Pay, including sick pay
Time off for parenting (for women only)
Discrimination law (though this is unnecessary because agency workers are already explicitly covered by the Equality Act 2010.)
See also
UK labour law
UK agency worker law
Employment Agencies Act 1973
Gangmasters (Licensing) Act 2004
Employment Agency Standards Inspectorate
Notes
References
N Countouris, 'The Temporary Agency Work Directive: Another Broken Promise?' [2009] 38(3) ILJ 329
E McGaughey, 'Should Agency Workers be Treated Differently?' (2010) SSRN
External links
Proposed directive on Agency workers COD 2002/0149
Temporary and Agency Workers (Equal Treatment) Bill 2007, a proposal which has currently (13 March 2008) passed its second reading. Here is the Bill in a pdf file
Directive 97/81/EC on Part-time workers
Implemented under Part-time Workers (Prevention of Less Favourable Treatment) Regulations 2000, SI 2000/1551
Directive 99/70/EC on Fixed term workers
Implemented under Fixed Term Employees (Prevention of Less Favourable Treatment) Regulations 2002, SI 2002/2034
Powerpoint presentation on the state of the EU market from the European Confederation of Private Recruitment Agencies.
Directive 91/383/EEC of 25 June 1991 supplementing the measures to encourage improvements in the safety and health at work of workers with a fixed- duration employment relationship or a temporary employment relationship.
Category:Anti-discrimination law in the United Kingdom
Category:United Kingdom labour law
Category:Employment compensation
Category:Statutory Instruments of the United Kingdom
Category:2010 in British law
Category:Employment agencies of the United Kingdom
Category:Public employment service
Category:2010 in labour relations
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Foot model
A foot model is a person who models footwear which can include accessories such as shoes, socks, jewellery and other related items. Foot modeling is mostly used in the advertisement of shoes, foot jewellery, socks, toenail polish, fungus treatments, foot supports, etc.
Famous foot models include Zara Miller, Ashleigh Morris, Claire Kesby-Smith, Beverley Brown, Hannah Howells, Scott Adams and Elisha Cuthbert. Zara Miller and Beverley Brown are well known foot models in the U.K. Scott Adams was the most sought after foot model in the U.S from the mid-1970s until he retired in 1995. He was the top model for Dr. Scholl's during that period.
Category:Modeling
Category:Foot
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Margaret Hughes (disambiguation)
Margaret Hughes (c. 1630–1719) was an English actress; mistress of Prince Rupert of the Rhine.
Margaret Hughes may also refer to:
Margaret Hughes (sportswriter) (1919–2005), English sportswriter
Margaret Hughes (Los Angeles) (1826–1915), first woman member of the Los Angeles City Board of Education
Margaret Hughes (bowls), lawn bowler from Zambia
Margaret Hughes, a character in The Wiser Sex
Margaret Hughes, Miss Australia 1949
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Cauchas brunnella
Cauchas brunnella is a moth of the Adelidae family. It is found in Uzbekistan.
References
Category:Moths described in 1980
Category:Adelidae
Category:Insects of Central Asia
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Kalawao, Hawaii
Kalawao is a location on the eastern side of the Kalaupapa Peninsula of the island of Molokai, in Hawaii, which was the site of Hawaii's leper colony between 1866 and the early 20th century. Thousands of people in total came to the island to live in quarantine. It was one of two such settlements on Molokai, the other being Kalaupapa. Administratively Kalawao is part of Kalawao County. The placename means "mountain-side wild woods" in Hawaiian.
After the colony was established in 1866 by the legislature, with the intention of preventing the transmission of leprosy to others, a hospital, two churches and a number of homes were built here. Father Damien, a Belgian Catholic missionary, came to the island in 1873 to serve the lepers. In 1886 Brother Joseph Dutton went to the colony to aid the dying Father Damien. After Father Damien's death Dutton founded the Baldwin Home for Men and Boys in Kalawao. In the early 1900s the Hawaii Board of Health began relocating patients to Kalaupapa, the settlement on the western side of the peninsula. Its climate was warmer and drier, and access by sea was easier. A hospital complex was built at Kalawao to conduct research into Hansen's disease, and from 1909 to 1913 the US Leprosy Investigation Station was operated there. When that facility was closed, the settlement was abandoned in favor of Kalaupapa on the western side of the peninsula, about 3 miles away.
The only buildings now remaining at Kalawao are the two churches, Siloama Congregationalist Church, established in 1866, and St. Philomena Catholic Church, associated with Father Damien. In 1889, after 16 years service in the colony, Father Damien died of leprosy and was buried in the churchyard. In January 1936, at the request of the Belgian government, Damien's body was repatriated to Belgium. After his beatification in June 1995, the remains of his right hand were returned to Hawaii, and re-interred in his original grave at Kalawao.
Near the two churches is Judd Park, a picnic site used by visitors, with dramatic views of the north shore of Molokai.
References
Category:Unincorporated communities in Kalawao County, Hawaii
Category:Unincorporated communities in Hawaii
Category:Leper colonies
Category:Former populated places in Hawaii
Category:Populated places on Molokai
Category:Populated places established in 1866
Category:1866 establishments in Hawaii
Category:1913 disestablishments in Hawaii
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Atherton Bag Lane railway station
Atherton Bag Lane railway station served an area of Atherton, Greater Manchester in what was then Lancashire, England. It was located on the Bolton and Leigh Railway line which ran from Bolton Great Moor Street to Leigh Station and the Leeds and Liverpool Canal and later to Kenyon Junction.
History
The Bolton and Leigh Railway (B&LR) opened Bag Lane station as one of the original stations on the line on 11 June 1831. The B&LR became part of the Grand Junction Railway in 1845 which became part of the London and North Western Railway (L&NWR) in 1846.
The original "spartan" single platform station was constructed on the East side of the single track line in the centre of Bag Lane village, opposite the Railway Inn.
The station was renamed Atherton in 1847.
The station was rebuilt in 1880 when the line was doubled. The new station having two platforms with canopies. The platforms were accessed by an underground passage from a new road, Railway Street. There was an adjacent goods station capable of handling "Live Stock, Horse Boxes and Prize Cattle Vans". The goods yard was equipped with a 10 ton crane.
The L&NWR became part of the London Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) during the Grouping in 1923.
The station was renamed Atherton Bag Lane on 2 June 1924 to distinguish it from the Atherton Central on the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway.
It passed on to the London Midland Region of British Railways on nationalisation in 1948 and was closed by the British Transport Commission six years later.
The line closed to all traffic in the late 1960s and in 1970 the road was re-laid over its original path.
References
Sources
Further reading
External links
The station on a 1948 OS map via npe maps
The station via Disused Stations UK
The station and line via railwaycodes
Category:Disused railway stations in the Metropolitan Borough of Wigan
Category:Former London and North Western Railway stations
Category:Railway stations opened in 1831
Category:Railway stations closed in 1954
Category:Atherton, Greater Manchester
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Love Bebop
Love Bebop (stylized as LOVE BEBOP) is the twelfth studio album by Japanese singer Misia. It was released on January 6, 2016, through Ariola Japan. The title, which is synonymous with love freestyle, was inspired by the evolving LGBT movement in Japan, leading Misia to draw a parallel between the growing societal recognition for all forms of love and the various messages of love depicted on the album. On the album's eponymous title track, Misia quotes former American president Barack Obama, who declared "love is love" in a speech given in the aftermath of the Supreme Court of the United States's landmark decision to legalize same-sex marriage nationwide. The album yielded five singles, "Shiroi Kisetsu" / "Sakura Hitohira", "Orphans no Namida" and the digital exclusive double A-side single "Nagareboshi" / "Anata ni Smile :)".
Background and release
Misia began working on her next material immediately following the release of her eleventh studio album New Morning, and the conclusion of the Hoshizora no Live VII: 15th Celebration concert tour, in March 2014. She scheduled studio sessions with Shirō Sagisu, whom she had not collaborated with since Soul Quest (2011). The writing and recording process wrapped in October 2015, with Misia holding her final sessions with Sakoshin, another producer she had missed. The pair last worked together on "Catch the Rainbow" (2008). For Love Bebop, she collaborated once again with DJ Gomi, Takayuki Hattori, Hiroshi Matsui and Tohru Shigemi, and brought along new collaborators, including the songwriters her0ism, Ki-Yo, Andreas Öberg, Rica and Shirose, from the band White Jam. The album was primarily recorded in Japan but also internationally, including in London, Dallas and Atlanta.
Love Bebop was released almost two years after her last studio album, New Morning (2014). The first pressing of the record came housed in a digipak and included various album-related stickers and a bonus remix. The album was reissued in limited numbers of 1,000 copies on the eve of Misia's thirty-eighth birthday, July 6, 2016, in 12-inch vinyl format. The analog edition includes three additional remixes, of which two were previously unreleased.
Critical reception
CDJournal praised Misia's voice on the record as "expressive", and stated that her "knock-down" vocal performance "left no stone unturned". Writing for Bounce, Koji Dejima gave Love Bebop a warm review, describing himself as "pleasantly surprised" by the "rhythmic" uptempo tracks on the album, especially in the wake of Misia's performance of "Orphans no Namida" at the 66th NHK Kōhaku Uta Gassen, which Dejima describes as "in line with the image of the powerful diva". He noted the presence of early collaborators of Misia and praised their "lively and emotive" contributions. Dejima remarked that the "exciting charm" of Misia makes Love Bebop an "album to lose yourself in".
Commercial performance
Love Bebop entered the daily Oricon Albums Chart at number 4, where it also peaked. It debuted at number 5 on the weekly Oricon Albums Chart, with sales of 14,000 copies, making it Misia's first studio album since "Just Ballade" (2009) to debut in the top five. The album debuted on the Billboard Japan Hot Albums chart at number 7 and at number 8 on the Top Albums Sales chart. Love Bebop charted for twelve non-consecutive weeks on the Oricon Albums Chart, selling a reported total of 27,000 copies during its run.
Track listing
Credits and personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Love Bebop.
Locations
Recorded at Orange Peel Recordings, Atlanta; Luminous Sound Studio, Dallas; Abbey Road Studios, London; Eastcote Studios, London; MSR Studios, New York; Germano Studios, New York; Gomi's Lair Recording Studio, New York; Bass Hit Studio, New York; Beethoven Studio, Paris; Rhythmedia Studio, Tokyo; Sony Music Studios Tokyo, Tokyo; Sound Inn, Tokyo
Mixed at Rhythmedia Studio, Tokyo; Mirrorball Entertainment Studios, Los Angeles; Bass Hit Studio, New York;
Mastered at Powers Mastering Studio, New York
Personnel
Lead vocals – Misia
Backing vocals – Misia, Lorrain Briscoe, Evette Briscoe, Paul Lee, Lyn, Hanah Spring, Sakoshin, Yuho Yoshioka
Production – DJ Gomi, Takayuki Hattori, her0ism, Hiroshi Matsui, Shirō Sagisu, Sakoshin, Tohru Shigemi
Programming – DJ Gomi, her0ism, Hiroshi Matsui, Alex Niceforo, Shirō Sagisu, Sakoshin
Additional instrumentation – DJ Gomi, her0ism, Hiroshi Matsui, Alex Niceforo, Sakoshin
Piano – Sae Konno, Yasuharu Nakanishi
Acoustic piano – Yasuharu Nakanishi
Electronic keyboard – Chris Rob, Tohru Shigemi
Rhodes – Yasuharu Nakanishi, Mark Walker
Hammond organ – Mark Walker
Guitar – Errol Cooney, Koichi Korenaga, Taichi Nakamura, Andrew Smith, Shuhei Yamaguchi, Satoshi Yoshida
Acoustic guitar – Takayuki Hijikata, Taichi Nakamura
Electric guitar – Andrew Smith
Drums – Gary Husband, Lil John Roberts
Percussions – Karlos Edwards
Suspended cymbal – Marie Oishi
Celesta – Sae Konno
Harp – Skaila Kanga
English horn – Akiko Mori
Flugelhorn – Steve Sidwell
Horns arrangement – Shirō Sagisu, Steve Sidwell
Trumpet – David Guy, Steve Sidwell
Saxophone – Ian Hendrickson
Tenor sax – Dave Bishop, Jamie Talbot
Baritone sax – Dave Bishop
Alto sax – Jamie Talbot
Flute – Jamie Talbot
Cello – Shinichi Eguchi, Masami Horisawa, Tomoki Iwanaga, Martin Loveday, Jun Nakamura, Takayoshi Okuizumi, Takahiro Yuki
Bass – Nathan Watts
Contrabass – Koji Akaike, Shigeki Ippon, Atsushi Kuramochi, Chris Laurence, Yoshinobu Takeshita
Strings – Koichiro Muroya Strings
Orchestra – London Studio Orchestra
Conducting – Takayuki Hattori, Nick Ingman
Orchestra arrangement – Shirō Sagisu
Violin – Akane Irie, Naoko Ishibashi, Kyoko Ishigame, Aya Ito, Shizuka Kawaguchi, Perry Montague-Mason, Koichiro Muroya, Aya Notomi, Machi Okabe, Shoko Oki, Natsumi Okimasu, Emlyn Singleton, Toshihiro Takai, Shiori Takeda, Rina Tanaka, Tomomi Tokunaga, Risa Yamamoto, Yuya Yanagihara, Hanako Uesato, Emiko Ujikawa
Viola – Mikiyo Kikuchi, Peter Lale, Yuya Minorikawa, Saori Oka, Gentaro Sakaguchi, Tomoko Shimaoka, Masaki Shono
Choir – United Voices
Choir arrangement – Myron Butler
Engineering – Jonathan Allen, Raheem Amlani, Philip Bagenal, DJ Gomi, Roy Hendrickson, Masahiro Kawaguchi, Shirō Sagisu, Sakoshin, Kenta Yonesaka
Mixing – Dave Darlington, Masahiro Kawaguchi, Tony Maserati
Mastering – Herb Powers Jr.
Design – Hiroki Kato
Musician coordinator – Noriko Sekiya
Art direction – Mitsuo Shindō
Photography – Kazunali Tajima
Executive producer – Hiroto Tanigawa
Charts
Sales
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! scope="row"| Japan (RIAJ)
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Release history
References
External links
Category:2016 albums
Category:Misia albums
Category:Ariola Japan albums
Category:Albums produced by DJ Gomi
Category:Albums produced by her0ism
Category:Albums produced by Shirō Sagisu
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University18
U18 is a large scale e-education venture based out of India. University18 works with Indian Universities in a public–private partnership, developing and delivering Accredited Degree and Diploma Programs to the Indian Learner around the Nation. U18 has a global footprint, with students spread across the world, and exam centers in Africa, Singapore, Malaysia, Dubai and the United Kingdom.
Programs
University18's Programs are all structured around a web based e-education platform, one that has both asynchronous and synchronous components - the Learning Management System, and a Virtual Classroom System. Regular online sessions, with Professors from various Institutions around the Nation, act to bridge the gap between full time classroom learning and Distance Learning.
Professors
The fact that U18 uses professors drawn from different Institutions give their programs some flexibility and flavor. The U18 premise is that classroom interaction, as well as the mentoring a classroom lecture (online) can provide, aid both the effort an adult learner makes and the challenges he/she faces by re-entering the formal education system after a break.
Re.Vica Project
The Re.Vica Project of the European Commission, describes U18 thus -
“University18, a nonprofit private-sector initiative (currently in partnership with the Karnataka State Open University), represents a significant development in the region which may well have great impact in the near future“.
Awards
U18 is a nominee for the eIndia 2010 Awards, to be given out in August, at the eIndia 2010 convention at Hyderabad.
Tie-ups
University18 currently has tie ups with Assam Don Bosco University and the University of Mysore
See also
University18 Business School
References
Press reports
January, 2012 Tech that will shape 2012 : Chip India features University18 as a game changer
April 26, 2010 University18 Launches Online Executive MBA, BBA. Collaborates with Uttarakhand Open University
June 22, 2009 Financial Express - Karnataka State Open University launches virtual classroom programs
June 22, 2009 Times Of India - KSOU signs up with University18 for Online MBA Programme
Online MBA Programmes From Karnataka State Open University!
Thinking Beyond Classrooms - India Today , July 17 , 2009
External links
University18 Official Website
UBS Student Profiles
University18 on Facebook
Category:Distance education in India
Category:Educational technology non-profits
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Tony Young (politician)
Tony Young (born 1966) is an American former elected official. He was the president of the city council of San Diego, California and served as a member of the council from 2005 to 2013, representing District 4. He is a Democrat, although the position is officially nonpartisan per California state law.
San Diego's fourth council district includes the following communities: Alta Vista, Broadway Heights, Chollas View, Emerald Hills, Jamacha, Lincoln Park, Lomita Village, Mt. Hope, Mt. View, North Bay Terrace, North Encanto, Oak Park, O'Farrell, Paradise Hills, Ridgeview, South Encanto, Skyline Hills, South Bay Terrace, Valencia Park, and Webster.
Personal
Young is a graduate of Howard University and a former schoolteacher. He lives in Valencia Park with his wife Jacqueline and three daughters.
San Diego City Council
He was elected to represent San Diego's fourth council district on January 4, 2005, in a special election held after the unexpected death of the incumbent council member, Charles L. Lewis III, in August 2004. Young had been Lewis's chief of staff. Young was easily reelected in the 2006 election and the 2010 election.
In December 2010 Young was unanimously elected by the other council members to serve as San Diego City Council President. He immediately promised changes in how the City Council operates, including more openness to the public and a primary focus on the city's budget problems, saying "Don't be surprised if you see that (the budget deficit) on the agenda every week until that's corrected." He also chaired City Council's Rules Committee, Open Government and Intergovernmental Relations Committee.
In November 2012 he announced his intention to resign from the City Council to become CEO of the San Diego-Imperial Counties chapter of the American Red Cross. His resignation took effect January 1, 2013 and triggered a special election in March for the balance of his term, which ends in 2014.
He headed the local Red Cross chapter from January 2013 until March 2014. In March 2014 the national American Red Cross organization informed the local board that Young was no longer head of the chapter. No official reason was given; Young said there had been a "difference of opinion."
References
External links
San Diego Council District 4, Tony Young
Category:Living people
Category:San Diego City Council members
Category:African-American people in California politics
Category:Howard University alumni
Category:1966 births
Category:California Democrats
Category:American schoolteachers
Category:Educators from California
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Asa Andrew
Asa Andrew (born May 17, 1971) often styled as Dr. Asa, America’s Health Coach, is an American author, radio host, television personality, motivational speaker, and physician. He is best known for his international best-selling book Empowering Your Health, and daily syndicated health talk radio show Dr. Asa On Call. He also makes regular TV appearances in health related segments and interviews. His radio shows, TV shows, live events, and writings usually focus on healthier living by building the mind, body, and spirit through Lifestyle Medicine.
Early life and education
Asa Andrew was born and raised in Tennessee. He moved to Florida to study and received his Bachelor of Science at the Florida State University. Currently, Andrew resides primarily in Daytona Beach, Florida.
Professional career
In addition to his media appearances, daily syndicated television and radio shows, and live events that focus on healthier living, Andrew also assists many celebrities in daily living, weight loss and building better lifestyles including Mike weaver of Big Daddy Weave.. He is a professional member of the American College of Lifestyle Medicine and has been an honorary chair of the American Diabetes Association in 2010.
Radio and Television
Andrew started his radio career with his Radio show 'Dr. Asa On Call' which now airs 3 hours daily syndicated on networks including Cumulus Media, iHeart Radio, Salem Communications and independent stations in North America. Andrew makes recurring appearances as health and medical expert on television news outlets such as FOX, NBC, ABC, and CBS, including shows such as 700 club and Good Morning America.
Bibliography
Empowering Your Health: Do You Want to Get Well?, Foreword by Dave Ramsey (Thomas Nelson Incorporated, 2007, )
References
Category:1971 births
Category:Living people
Category:American health and wellness writers
Category:American television personalities
Category:American motivational speakers
Category:Physicians from Georgia (U.S. state)
Category:People from Hendersonville, Tennessee
Category:Florida State University alumni
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Honor of the Knights
Honor of the Knights (; also known as Honor of the Knights/Quixotic) is a 2006 slow film by Catalan auteur Albert Serra. The film re-envisions the adventures of Don Quixote and Sancho Panza, but eschews Cervantes' narrative in favour of a contemplative, wandering story. Serra explained that he chose the subject-matter of the film so he could "focus on atmosphere... on things I love better than just showing the plot... With these characters... I don’t care about being more or less faithful to the original source or character that comes from literature or history".
The film was screened at the Directors' Fortnight section of the 2006 Cannes Film Festival.
Reception
Matt Zoller Seitz, writing for The New York Times, called the film "a virtual definition of the phrase 'acquired taste'", but added that "if you invest yourself in Mr. Serra’s vision, the film’s emotional payoffs are devastating". Honor of the Knights appeared in a tie for seventh place on Cahiers du Cinemas top ten list of 2007.
References
General references
Category:2006 films
Category:Catalan-language films
Category:Spanish films
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SS501 discography
This is the discography of South Korean boy band SS501 () (pronunciation: "Double-S Five-Oh-One" in English, "Deo-Beur-E-Seu Oh-Gong-Il" in Korean), that was formed under the management of DSP Media, formerly known as Daesung Entertainment and DSP Entertainment. The group debuted on 8 June 2005 with five members: Kim Hyun-joong, Heo Young-saeng, Kim Kyu-jong, Park Jung-min and Kim Hyung-jun.
Although all the members moved to different agencies, after their contracts with DSP Media had expired in June 2010, the group has, according to its leader Kim Hyun-joong, not disbanded. The members are, however, currently pursuing solo careers.
Albums
Studio albums
Compilation albums
Extended plays
Soundtrack appearances
Videography
DVDs
Music videos
See also
References
External links
Category:Discographies of South Korean artists
Category:Pop music discographies
Discography
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Morto
Morto may refer to:
Places
Mar Morto (sea), Portuguese name for Dead Sea in the Middle East
Boi Morto, a bairro in the District of Sede in the municipality of Santa Maria, in the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul
Lago Morto, a lake in the Province of Treviso, Veneto, Italy
Morto Bay, or Bay of Morto, an inlet on the tip of Cape Helles on the Gallipoli Peninsula in Turkey
Morto River, a river of Santa Catarina state in southeastern Brazil
Pic Morto, a mountain of Catalonia, Spain
People
Mezzo Morto Hüseyin Pasha, or Hussein Mezzomorto (died 1701), an Ottoman privateer, bey (governor), and finally Grand Admiral (Kapudan Pasha) of the Ottoman Navy
Morto da Feltre, Italian painter of the Venetian school who worked at the close of the 15th century and beginning of the 16th
Mortó Dessai (1922-????), Indian medical analyst of Goan origin
Others
Juwana Morto, a former coastal artillery battery on the island of Aruba
Mar Morto, the Portuguese name for Sea of Death, a Brazilian Modernist novel written by Jorge Amado
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Blue Dragon: Awakened Shadow
is a role-playing video game developed by Mistwalker and tri-Crescendo and published by Namco Bandai in Japan and Europe and D3 Publisher in North America, for the Nintendo DS video game console and is part of the Blue Dragon series, its third installment and is a direct sequel to both Blue Dragon and Blue Dragon Plus. Hironobu Sakaguchi (series creator), Akira Toriyama (character designer) and Hideo Baba (brand manager of Tales series) are involved in the development of the game. It was released in Japan on October 8, 2009, in North America on May 18, 2010, and in Europe on September 24, 2010.
Gameplay
In contrast to its predecessors, which were a traditional turn-based RPG and a strategy RPG, respectively, Blue Dragon: Awakened Shadow is an action RPG with real time combat. The player is able to explore 3D fields, attack enemies directly as well as call upon shadows.
The game allows the player to customize their character's appearance, such as their gender, hairstyles, eyebrows, eyes, voices, among other traits. Players are able to use their customized characters in multiplayer with two other friends, locally or online.
Characters
For the first time in the series, the player does not play as Shu and his companions. Instead the player will play as an unnamed customizable protagonist. Shu and his friends are not playable characters, but AI controlled party members.
Reception
Japanese gaming magazine, Famitsu, awarded the game 31 of 40 (8/8/7/8). 1UP summarized Famitsu's stance on the game as "a solid standard action RPG but not an exceptional game". Famitsu praised the amount of extra content put into the game such as character customization, item synthesis and boss battles. However, Famitsu noted that with the battles on the lower screen of the DS and the status on the upper screen it may cause some problems for the player. Famitsu also noted that there was a large amount of cutscenes in the game which may make the player "feel like a passive viewer at times."
References
External links
Official Japanese Blue Dragon: Ikai no Kyojū website
Category:2009 video games
Category:Blue Dragon
Category:Bandai Namco games
Category:D3 Publisher games
Category:Nintendo DS games
Category:Nintendo DS-only games
Category:Role-playing video games
Category:Tri-Crescendo games
Category:Video game sequels
Category:Video games scored by Nobuo Uematsu
Category:Video games developed in Japan
Category:Video games featuring protagonists of selectable gender
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Mathias McGirk
Mathias McGirk (1790–1842) of Montgomery County, Missouri, was a Justice of the Missouri Supreme Court from 1821 to 1841.
Born in Tennessee, McGirk studied law there before moving to St. Louis around 1814. he served in the Territorial Missouri General Assembly, where in 1816 he was the author of the bill to introduce the common law to Missouri. The bill "passed as he framed it, and many other important statutes were introduced and passed of which he was the author".
He was thereafter appointed as one of the first three judges of the state supreme court in 1821. His colleagues were John D. Cook and John Rice Jones, and their commissions issued in 1820.
McGirk relocated to Montgomery County around 1827 or 1828. He "practiced in all the courts of that circuit, and his name appears among those who attended court in old Franklin". Shortly after moving to Montgomery County he married Elizabeth Talbott, from an old and influential family there.
He authored Rachel v. Walker, 4 Mo. 350 (1836), which freed an enslaved woman who had been taken to free territory by an Army officer. Walker was an important predecessor to the Dred Scott case. Mathias' brother, Isaac McGirk, represented Marguerite Scypion in her claim for freedom in the Missouri courts in 1805. An 1892 biography provided this sketch:
McGirk was fond of agriculture, and built what was described as "a beautiful residence" on or near Lautre Island, one of the islands of the Missouri River, near the present town of Hermann, Missouri.
Another biography described McGirk as follows:
McGirk never had any children. His widow survived him by many years.
References
Category:1790 births
Category:1842 deaths
Category:Supreme Court of Missouri judges
Category:People from Montgomery County, Missouri
Category:People from Tennessee
Category:Members of the Missouri General Assembly
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Banknotes of Denmark, 1972 series
The banknotes of Denmark, 1972 series are part of the physical form of Denmark's currency, the Krone (kr). They have been issued solely by Danmarks Nationalbank since 1 August 1818. They are still valid but are no longer printed. The theme of the notes is paintings by Jens Juel (1745–1802) of various more or less famous people on the front sides and common animals in Denmark on the back sides.
Banknotes, 1972 series
10 kroner
Issued on 8 April 1975 – out of print as of March 11, 1980 and replaced by a coin.
Features Cathrine Sophie Kirchhoff, née Christensen, married to Councillor of State J. H. Kirchhoff and a female common eider painted by Johannes Larsen (1867–1961).
20 kroner
Issued on 11 March 1980 – out of print as of April 10, 1990 and replaced by a coin.
It features Pauline Tutein, née Tath, and two house sparrows drawn by Gunnar Larsen (1919–1981).
It was part of an April Fools' Day hoax in Denmark in which all notes on which the two sparrows only showed 3 legs were said to be counterfeited. On all notes the sparrows only show 3 legs.
50 kroner
Issued on 21 January 1975 – out of print as of May 7, 1999.
Features Engelke Charlotte Ryberg, née Falbe, and a Crucian carp drawn by Ib Andersen (1907–69).
100 kroner
Issued on 22 October 1974 – out of print as of November 22, 1999.
It came in an updated version in 1995 with additional security features.
It features a self-portrait by Jens Juel and a red underwing drawn by Ib Andersen.
500 kroner
Issued on 18 April 1972 – out of print as of September 12, 1997.
Features Franziska Genoveva von Qualen, née d'Abbestée, and a sand lizard drawn by Ib Andersen.
1000 kroner
Issued on 11 March 1975 – out of print as of September 18, 1998.
Features Thomasine Heiberg, née Buntzen, mother-in-law to Johanne Luise Heiberg on the 200 kroner note, 1997 series, and a red squirrel drawn by Ib Andersen.
References
Category:Banknotes of Denmark
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Mendy Morein
Mendy Morein (22 May 1926 – 1 April 2003) was a Canadian basketball player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1948 Summer Olympics.
References
Category:1926 births
Category:2003 deaths
Category:Canadian men's basketball players
Category:Olympic basketball players of Canada
Category:Basketball players at the 1948 Summer Olympics
Category:Basketball people from Quebec
Category:Sportspeople from Montreal
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Allerton Castle
Allerton Castle, also known as Allerton Park, is a Grade I listed nineteenth-century Gothic or Victorian Gothic house at Allerton Mauleverer in North Yorkshire, England. It was rebuilt by architect George Martin, of Baker Street, London in 1843-53.
It is ten miles (16 km) east of Harrogate and just east of the A1, at its junction with the A59 York-Knaresborough road and a late 20th-century block used for education and corporate functions.
Outside is St Martin's Church.
History
Pre-1786
The Allerton estate belonged to the Mauleverer family from the time of the Norman Conquest. The nearby church of St Martin contains several tomb-monuments to them. When Richard Mauleverer died heirless in 1692, Allerton passed to his wife, who left the estate to Richard Arundell, her son by her second marriage.
Arundell rebuilt the house in the 1740s, and in 1745 remodelled the church in Norman revival style. The mid-18th century interior of the church remains unaltered to this day.
"The Grand Old Duke of York"
Following Richard Arundell's death in 1758, Allerton passed to Viscount Galway, whose son sold it in 1786 to Prince Frederick, Duke of York, second son of George III and brother of George IV.
Prince Frederick rebuilt the house to designs by Henry Holland, but sold the estate shortly afterwards in 1789.
He also constructed the Temple of Victory which is today visible from the A1 on a high hill. According to local legend, the ant-like activity of workers constantly ascending and descending to build this gigantic mound inspired the famous nursery rhyme concerning The Grand Old Duke of York and his 10,000 men.
1805–1983
The estate changed hands again in 1805 when purchased by the 17th Baron Stourton, the premier baron in England. The Hon Edward Stourton's family owned the house from 1805 to 1983 (the Lords Mowbray). The contents were sold in 1965.
It then became 'Stourton House', and the Catholic peer added a chapel in Gothic style. However, in 1843 his son demolished the Georgian house and engaged George Martin, to build the present house in a Tudor-Gothic style. In 1856 work came to a halt as there was not enough money to complete all the interiors.
The house was used by the Royal Canadian Air Force during the Second World War (for the headquarters of RAF Bomber Command's No. 6 Group RCAF) and in 1965.
The family ceased to live there after the death of the 22nd Baron Stourton.
1983–present
In 1983 the house was sold to Dr Gerald Rolph, an American businessman. The purchase included the house and gardens, but not the surrounding park which was retained by Lord Mowbray. Dr Rolph set about renovating the building to the highest standards, filling the house with furniture and pictures of appropriate scale and splendour.
The estate is now run by the Gerald Arthur Rolph Foundation for Historic Preservation and Education, and rooms are available to hire for corporate events and weddings.
A severe fire in January 2005 caused substantial damage to the north aspect of the castle, including the main dining room, library, rear entrance hall, two bedrooms and adjoining dressing rooms and bathrooms and the Servants' Wing. Restoration work commenced in the spring of 2006 and is now more or less complete. The restoration work by specialist contractors consisted of substantial repairs to the ornate stonework and windows, the installation of new floors at first, second and attic levels, significant steelwork, and a new roof structure to match the existing roof. Electrical, plumbing and heating installations as well as plasterwork were also renewed.
Arrangement
A short drive leads past a late 18th-century stable-block before the visitor is confronted with the Tudor-Gothic Victorian building. The main block is built of dark-coloured stone, with a high tower rising above the entrance porch. The lower brick range to the right houses the Chapel of 1805, and behind are the lower buildings of the service courtyard, dating from the 18th century.
The interior of Allerton was designed on a vast scale, with late-Gothic decoration in the style of Pugin's work on the Palace of Westminster. The early-Victorian craftsmanship and the recent restoration work are of the highest quality.
The galleried great hall is one of the highest baronial halls in England, almost high, lit from a huge lantern which rises from the centre of the main block. It is adorned by intricately carved oak panelling lit by stained glass windows, and has galleried landings whose walls are hung with full-length portraits including works by Michael Dahl and William Dobson.
The hall is central and gives access to the elegant drawing room, the blue-and-white ballroom, and the library with bookcases based on the original designs and restored in the on-site workshop. Most of the original bookcases, together with the books, were destroyed in the fire. The wallpaper was based on one of Pugin's designs for the Houses of Parliament and the ceiling has recently been repainted in the original colours.
The principal staircase opens off the great hall, under another vaulted ceiling hung with portraits of the Mowbray and Stourton families.
The library and dining room occupy the north side of the Hall. The dining room is panelled and has stained glass windows with the arms of the Mowbray and Stourton families. On the huge table, original to the house, are candelabra dating from 1848.
The drawing room has a magnificent plaster ceiling. On the walls are portraits by Michael Dahl and Charles Jervas, and vast rococo mirrors, made for Melton Constable Hall in Norfolk. The ballroom, in the west of the house, was left with bare masonry by Lord Mowbray and Stourton, but Dr Rolph has decorated it with a plaster vaulted ceiling.
On the entrance-side of the house are the Billiard Room, the Music Room, housing a collection of late-19th and early-20th century automatic musical instruments, and the Morning Room.
On a knoll to the west of the house is the "Temple of Victory", a fine octagonal building of Palladian design.
In popular culture
The exteriors and interiors were extensively featured in the 1987 telemovie The Sign of Four, a movie-length episode of the Sherlock Holmes series starring Jeremy Brett and Edward Hardwicke. It was the site for several exterior shots of the film The Secret Garden (1993), the house has also been shot in the 2008 film 1920, directed by Indian director Vikram Bhatt, the ITV television series Lost in Austen (2008) as Rosings Park, the Channel 4 TV series Utopia and series 2 of the ITV drama Victoria
References
External links
Allerton Castle web site
Category:Grade I listed buildings in North Yorkshire
Category:Royal residences in England
Category:Gothic Revival architecture in North Yorkshire
Category:Houses completed in 1853
Category:Grade I listed houses
Category:Grade I listed castles
Category:Country houses in North Yorkshire
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Synoria
Synoria is a genus of snout moths. It was first described by Ragonot in 1888.
Species
Synoria antiquella (Herrich-Schäffer, 1855)
Synoria euglyphella Ragonot, 1888
References
Category:Phycitini
Category:Pyralidae genera
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Akihito Tokunaga
(born 22 September 1971) is a Japanese musical composer and arranger under Giza Studio label since 2000.
Biography
Since college he worked as orchestrator, then start working as a bassist. For artists as Zard, Mai Kuraki, B'z and many others from Being Inc. Tokunaga provided for them music and arrangements, participate in the live support for more than 15 years. Tokunaga is working as a bassist with high technology. He also participated in many chorus parts which he makes on his own. He is member of rock band doa as vocalist and bassist. Beside of this he's doing programming, is in charge of piano, organ, guitar, mandolin and percussion. He is famous for the composer of Dragon Ball GT replacing Shunsuke Kikuchi.
List of provided works as composer and arranger
compositions and arrangements
Band-Maid
Don't Let Me Down
Order
Mai Kuraki
Feel Fine!
Winter Bells
Stand Up
Make my day
Fairy tale -my last teenage wish-
Diamond Wave
Yume ga Saku Haru
Zard
Eien
Photograph
Sawayakana Kimi no Kimochi
Seven Rainbow
Vintage
Ai wo Shinjiteitai
U-ka Saegusa in dB
Whenever I think of you
Kimi no Hitomi no Naka de Mystery
June Bride ~Anata shika mienai~
Yumi Shizukusa
Take me Take me
Sometimes
Control your touch
I still believe ~Tameiki~
Akane Sugazaki
Kimi no Namae Yobu dake de
Ai Takaoka
Jinsei wa Paradise!
The★tambourines
Stay young
After wish
Azumi Uehara
Lazy
WAG
Just wanna be
Time waits for no one
Fukisusabu Kaze no Naka de
Don't look back again
Play One More For
Aya Kamiki
Secret Night
Caos Caos Caos
Far away~Aozora Miagete~
Aiko Kitahara
Da da da, grand blue
Natsuiro
Answer, We'll be One Heart, One Love
Exotic Love
UMI☆KUUN
I'm just feeling alive
List of provided works as a composer
Zard
Pray
Good-night sweet heart
Aiuchi Rina
Dream×Dream
Especial thanks,
I'll be delighted
Broken Heart
Wish
Be distant
Azumi Uehara
Himitsu
Aya Kamiki
Communication Break
Mai Kuraki
Be With U
Born to be Free
TRY AGAIN
Barairo no Jinsei
grram
Kanashii Hodo Kyou no Yuuhi Kirei ne
Orange no Sora
U-ka Saegusa in dB
Passionate Wave
Yumi Shizukusa
Keep it Love
Shiori Takei
Like a little Love
Slow step
New day
Ano Umi ga Mietara
The★tambourines
wonder boy
Manish
Iranai
Natsuiro
Bitter & Sweet Rhapsody
Aiko Kitahara
Tango
List of provided work as an arranger
Miho Komatsu
Mysterious Love
Watashi Sagashi
Toori Ame
Kawaita Sakebi
B'z
Ultra Soul
Calling
Liar! Liar!
Green
It's Showtime!
Ocean
The Circle
Survive
Zard
Tooi Hoshi wo Kazoete
Makenaide (in d-project)
Hitomi Tojite
Tenshi no you na Egao de
Koshi Inaba
Hane
Stay free
Kodoku no Susume
Toumei Ningen
Saitahe Hotel
Field of View
Dear old days
Dreams
Someday
Aoi Kasa de
Rainy day
When I call your name
Tube
Natsu no Mahou
Aoi Melody
I'm in love you, good day sunshine
Keiko Utoku
Realize
Trust me
Change your life
Are you kidding
Mai Kuraki
Brand New Day, Like a star in the night
Deen
Tegotae no nai Ai
U-ka Saegusa in dB
Tears Go By
Graduation
Secret & Lies
CHU☆TRUE LOVE
Les Mauvais Garçonnes
Otoko to Onna
Yume Miru Chanson Ningyo
Misia
Koi Uta, Don't stop music
Ai Takaoka
Kimi no Soba de, Natsu no Aru hi ni, You're Still The One
Yumi Shizukusa
Wonderful World
Breakerz
Bokura, Ao no Mirai
Azumi Uehara
Mushoku
Marie Ueda
Yume no Parade
Wakannani no wa Iya da
Synchro
RRRRR
Clear
FAR
Natsuiro
Summer Spur
For Dear
Girls song!!!
Caos Caos Caos
Good-bye Memories
Sayuri Iwata
Sora Tobu Ano Shiroi Kumo no you ni
Interview
Entertainmentstation 23.5.2016
Ikebe Times 22.17.2017
References
External links
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Category:1971 births
Category:Being Inc. artists
Category:Japanese composers
Category:Japanese male composers
Category:Japanese music arrangers
Category:Living people
Category:Songs with music by Akihito Tokunaga
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Insurgency in Aceh
The insurgency in Aceh, officially designated the Aceh disturbance () by the Indonesian government, was a conflict fought by the Free Aceh Movement (GAM) between 1976 and 2005, with the goal of making the province of Aceh independent from Indonesia. The aftermath of a strong military offensive in 2003 and the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake brought a peace agreement and an end to the insurgency.
Background
There is something of a cultural and religious difference between Aceh and much of the rest of Indonesia. A more conservative form of Islam than is mainstream in most of Indonesia is widely practised in Aceh. The broadly secular policies of Suharto's New Order regime (1965–1998) were especially unpopular in Aceh where many resented the central government's policy of promoting a unified 'Indonesian culture'. Further, not surprisingly given the location of the province at the northern end of Indonesia, there is a widespread feeling in the province that leaders in distant Jakarta do not understand Aceh's problems and have little sympathy for local needs and customs in Aceh.
Timeline
First phase
The centralist tendencies of the government of Suharto, along with other grievances, led Hasan di Tiro to form the Free Aceh Movement (GAM) on 4 December 1976 and declare Acehnese independence. The main perceived threats were to Acehnese religion and culture from the "neo-colonial" government and the rising numbers of Javanese migrants into Aceh. The perceived unfair distribution of income from Aceh's substantial natural resources was another point of contention. GAM's first operation in 1977 was carried out against Mobil Oil Indonesia which was the shareholder of PT Arun, the company which operated the Arun gas field.
At this stage, the numbers mobilised by GAM were extremely limited. While there had been considerable Acehnese disaffection and possibly sympathy for GAM's cause, this did not translate into mass active participation. By di Tiro's own account, only 70 men joined him and they came mostly from the district of Pidie and especially from di Tiro's own village—with some of them joining due to personal loyalties to the di Tiro family while others due to disillusionment with the central government. Many of GAM's leaders were young and highly educated professionals who were members of the upper and middle classes of Acehnese society. GAM's first cabinet, set up by di Tiro during his time in Aceh between 1976 and 1979, composed of the following Darul Islam rebellion.:
Teungku Hasan di Tiro: Wali Negara, defence minister, and supreme commander
Dr. Muchtar Hasbi: vice-president; minister of internal affairs
Tengku Muhamad Usman Lampoih Awe: minister of finance
Tengku Haji Iljas Leube: minister of justice
Dr. Husaini M. Hasan: minister of education and information
Dr. Zaini Abdullah: minister of health
Dr. Zubir Mahmud: minister of social affairs
Dr. Asnawi Ali: minister of public works and industry
Amir Ishak: minister of communications
Amir Rashid Mahmud: minister of trade
Malik Mahmud: minister of state
The mid-level and rank-and-file had fought in the 1953–59 Darul Islam rebellion. Many of them were older men who remained loyal to former Aceh military governor and leader of the Darul Islam rebellion in Aceh Daud Beureueh. The most prominent person of this group was Teungku Ilyas Leube, a well-known cleric who had been a leader of the Darul Islam rebellion. Some of the Darul Islam men were possibility linked to di Tiro through family or regional ties but they owed their loyalty primarily to Beureueh. These men provided the military know-how, local knowledge and logistical skills which the young educated leaders lacked.
By the end of 1979, Indonesian suppression actions had all but crushed GAM—its leaders were either in exile, imprisoned, or killed; its followers were dispersed and pushed underground. Leaders such as di Tiro, Zaini Abdullah (GAM minister of health), Malik Mahmud (GAM minister of state), and Dr. Husaini M. Hasan (GAM minister of education) had fled overseas and the original GAM cabinet ceased to function.
Second phase
In 1985, di Tiro secured Libyan support for GAM—taking advantage of Muammar Gaddafi's policy of supporting nationalist rebellions through his Mathaba Against Imperialism, Racism, Zionism and Fascism. It was not clear if Libya had subsequently funded GAM but what it definitely provided was a sanctuary in which GAM recruits could receive much-needed military training. Accounts differ on the number of fighters trained by Libya during the period of 1986 to 1989 or 1990. GAM recruiters claimed that there were around 1,000 to 2,000 while press reports drawing from Indonesian military's report claimed that they numbered 600 to 800. Among the GAM leaders who joined during this phase were Sofyan Dawood (who would become GAM commander Pasè, North Aceh) and Ishak Daud (who became the spokesman for GAM Peureulak, East Aceh).
Incidents in the second phase began in 1989 after the return of the trainees from Libya. Operations by GAM included weapons raiding, attacks against police and military posts, arsons and targeted assassinations of police and military personnel, government informants and other individuals.
Although it failed to gain widespread support, the group's actions led the Indonesian government to institute repressive measures. The period between 1989 and 1998 became known as the "Military Operation Area" or Daerah Operasi Militer (DOM) era as the Indonesian military stepped up its counter-insurgency measures. This measure, although tactically successful in destroying GAM as a guerilla force, alienated the local Acehnese which helped GAM re-establish itself when Indonesian military was almost totally withdrawn from Aceh by order of president Habibie in late-1998. Important GAM commanders were either killed (Pase district commander Yusuf Ali and senior GAM commander Keuchik Umar), captured (Ligadinsyah Ibrahim) or fled (Robert, Arjuna and Daud Kandang).
Third phase
In 1999, chaos in Java and an ineffective central government due to the fall of Suharto gave an advantage to Free Aceh Movement and resulted in the second phase of the rebellion, this time with large support from the Acehnese people. In 1999 a troop withdrawal was announced, but the deteriorating security situation led to re-introduction of more soldiers and troop numbers were believed to have risen during President Megawati Sukarnoputri's term in office (2001–2004) to around 15,000 by mid-2002. GAM was able to control 70 percent of the countryside in all of Aceh.
The year 1999 also saw the start of the first ever dialogue process between the Indonesian Government and GAM. This process was initiated by the Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue (HD) a private diplomacy organization that facilitated peace talks between the two sides until 2003.
During this phase, there were two periods of brief cessation of hostilities brokered by HD: the "Humanitarian Pause" in 2000 and the "Cessation of Hostilities Agreement" (COHA). The COHA was signed in December 2002. The implementation of both the Humanitarian Pause and the COHA resulted in a reduction of armed clashes and violence in Aceh. The COHA ended in May 2003 when the Indonesian government declared a “military emergency” in Aceh and announced that it wanted to destroy GAM once and for all.
In a break from its emphasis on military means of attaining independence, GAM shifted its position to one supporting the holding of a referendum. During 8 November 1999 pro-referendum demonstrations in Banda Aceh, GAM gave support by providing transport to protesters from rural areas to the provincial capital. On 21 July 2002, GAM also issued the Stavanger Declaration following a meeting of the Worldwide Achehnese Representatives Meeting in Stavanger, Norway. In the declaration, it declared that the "State of Acheh practices the system of democracy." Aspinall saw that these democratic and human rights impulses within GAM as an effect of the efforts of urban-based Acehnese group which were promoting such values in the freer and more open environment following the fall of Suharto from power.
Security crackdowns in 2001 and 2002 resulted in several thousand civilian deaths. Throughout the conflict an estimated 15,000 people have been killed. The government launched an offensive and a state of emergency was proclaimed in the Province. During this period, the GAM was severely disabled with its commander Abdullah Syafei killed in a government ambush in January 2002, while various regional commanders such as Tengku Jamaica and Ishak Daud were also killed. By GAM's own admission, it lost 50% of its strength during the government offensive of 2003–2005. The insurgency was still going on when the Tsunami Disaster of 2004 struck the province. In November 2003 the martial law was extended for a further six months. According to a Human Rights Watch report, the Indonesian military committed widespread human rights abuses during the invasion and occupation, with more than 100,000 people being displaced in the first seven months of martial law and extrajudicial killings being common.
The peace agreement and first local elections
After the devastating tsunami in December 2004, GAM declared a unilateral cease-fire, with members of the international community reiterating the need to resolve the conflict. Of the numerous accounts of the negotiation process, one from the Indonesian side is in the book by the Indonesian key negotiator, Hamid Awaludin. A differing account was written by GAM adviser, Damien Kingsbury: Peace in Aceh: A Personal Account of the Aceh Peace Process Despite GAM's unilateral ceasefire, the TNI continued its assault on GAM personnel and positions. Because of the separatist movement in the area, the Indonesian government had access restrictions in place on the press and aid workers. After the tsunami, however, the Indonesian government opened the region up to international relief efforts.
The tsunami drew international attention to the conflict. Earlier peace efforts had failed, but for a number of reasons, including the tsunami, the inability of either side to militarily win the conflict and, notably, a desire by President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono to secure peace in Indonesia, a peace agreement was reached in 2005 after 29 years of war. Post-Suharto Indonesia and the liberal-democratic reform period, as well as changes in the Indonesian military, helped create an environment more favourable to peace talks. The roles of newly elected President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono and Vice-President Jusuf Kalla were highly significant. At the same time, the GAM leadership was reconsidering options available to it, and the Indonesian military had put the rebel movement under significant pressure that encouraged GAM to accept an outcome short of full independence. The peace talks were facilitated by the Crisis Management Initiative and led by former Finnish President Martti Ahtisaari. The resulting peace agreement was signed on 15 August 2005. Under the agreement, Aceh would receive special autonomy under the Republic of Indonesia, and non-organic (i.e. non-Aceh native) government troops would be withdrawn from the province (leaving only 25,000 soldiers) in exchange for GAM's disarmament. As part of the agreement, the European Union dispatched 300 monitors. Their mission expired on 15 December 2006, following local elections.
Aceh has been granted broader autonomy through Aceh Government Legislation covering special rights agreed upon in 2002 as well as the right of the Acehnese to establish local political parties to represent their interests. However, Human rights advocates highlighted that previous human rights violations in the province would need to be addressed.
During elections for the provincial governor held in December 2006, the former GAM and national parties participated. The election was won by Irwandi Yusuf, whose base of support consists largely of ex-GAM members.
Possible causes of conflict
Historical
The area first fell to Dutch authority as a result of the Dutch expedition on the west coast of Sumatra of 1831.
Australian National University (ANU) academic Edward Aspinall argued that the historical experience of Aceh during the Indonesian National Revolution led to a “path-dependent” development for Acehnese separatism – i.e. past events lead to a narrowing of the possibilities for subsequent development. He argued:
Acehnese rebelliousness under Indonesian rule was path dependent; it can be traced to particular historical events and conflicts of interest, notably the autonomy that the modernist ulama [Muslim religious scholars] enjoyed during the revolution and the dramatic loss of it immediately after.
Aspinall argued further that there were two milestones for the “path-dependent” development of Aceh separatism:
1945 – 49: Aceh played an important role in the revolution and war of independence against the Dutch and consequently was allegedly able to extract a promise from then-President Sukarno during his 1947 visit to Aceh that it would be allowed to implement Islamic law (or syariah) following independence.
1953 – 62: Aceh military governor Daud Beureueh declared that the province would secede from Republik Indonesia (RI) to join the Negara Islam Indonesia (NII) in reaction to the refusal of the central government to allow the implementation of syariah and the downgrading of Aceh from the status of a province. This rebellion which Aceh was a part of came to be known as the Darul Islam Rebellion. Aspinall argued that the failure of this rebellion marked the end of Acehnese identification with a pan-Indonesian/Islamic cause and laid the groundwork for particularism.
The above argument by Aspinall contradicted the views of earlier scholars. Earlier in 1998, Geoffrey Robinson argued that the 1962 defeat and surrender of the Daud Beureueh-led rebellion was followed by roughly 15 years in which Aceh presented no particular security or political problem to the central government. Tim Kell also pointed out that the former leaders of the 1953–62 rebellion had keenly joined the Indonesian armed forces in the crackdown against the Partai Komunis Indonesia (PKI) in 1965 and 1966.
Religion
Aceh like most of Indonesia, had Muslims as the majority religious group. However, it is generally acknowledged that it was the region where Islam first entered into the Malay archipelago. The first known Islamic kingdom was Pasai (near present-day Lhokseumawe in northern Aceh) which dates back to the mid-13th century. The earliest found archaeological evidence to support this view was the tomb stone of Sultan Malik ul Salih who died in 1297. In the centuries that followed, Pasai became known as a centre for Islamic learning and a model for Islamic governance in which other Islamic kingdoms look to for guidance. Part of the distinct Acehnese identity would stem from its status as the earliest Islamic region and the exemplar for the rest of the Malay archipelago.
This separateness from the rest of Indonesia where Islam is concerned could be observed from the formation of the Persatuan Ulama Seluruh Aceh (PUSA) in 1939 by modernist Islamic scholars (or ulama). The organisation was exclusively Acehnese. It was noted that in Aceh itself, most pan-Indonesian mass organisations had been weak—even the Muhammadiyah, the main organisation for modernist-oriented Muslims in Indonesia failed to make inroads in Aceh beyond urban areas and was largely non-Acehnese in its membership. However, it was also noted that though PUSA was parochial in its orientation, it nonetheless still identified with a pan-Islamic cause where the goal was for all Muslims to be united under the syariah.
Another factor of the religious cause for Aceh's separatism was the treatment of Muslim groups and political parties in Aceh by President Suharto's Orde Baru regime. First, there was the forced fusion of all political parties representing Muslim interests into the Partai Persatuan Pembangunan (PPP) or United Development Party in 1973. Members and followers of Islamic political parties in Aceh suffered from varying degrees of harassment. Despite Aceh's special territory status, it was not allowed to implement syariah nor to integrate Islamic religious schools (madrasah) with mainstream national schools for a unified education system—both proposals were ignored by the central government.
Despite Indonesia being a Muslim majority state, building on Aceh's existing self-conception of its role in Islam and the Orde Barus hostile attitude towards Islamic forms of societal influence, GAM was able to frame the struggle against the Indonesian government as a "prang sabi" (holy war) in much the same way the term was used in the Infidel War (or Aceh War) against the Dutch from 1873 to 1913. An indication of this was the use of the words of Hikayat Prang Sabi (Tales of Holy War), a collection of tales used to inspire resistance against the Dutch, by some elements of GAM as propaganda against the Indonesian government. Before the second wave of insurrections by GAM in the late-1980s, it was observed that some individuals had forced Acehnese school children to sing the Hikayat Prang Sabi instead of Indonesia's national anthem, Indonesia Raya. GAM political publicity material also painted the official state ideology of Pancasila as a "polytheistic teaching".
Notwithstanding the above, it was observed that in the aftermath of the fall of Suharto in 1998, religion as a factor for Aceh separatism began to subside even if there had been a proliferation of Muslim student unions and other groups in Aceh. It was noted that these newly-emerged groups rarely called for the implementation of syariah in Aceh. Instead, they emphasised the need for a referendum on Aceh's independence and highlighted the human rights abuses and misconduct of the Indonesian Armed Forces (TNI). Similarly, GAM's position on syariah also shifted. When the central government passed the Law No. 44/1999 on Aceh Autonomy which included provisions for the implementation of syariah, GAM condemned the move as irrelevant and a possible attempt to deceive Acehnese and or portray them to the outside world as religious fanatics. Despite the official stance on syariah, GAM's position was not a clear cut one. It was noted by the International Crisis Group (ICG) that between 1999 and 2001, there were periodic instances of some GAM local military commanders enforcing syariah in communities where they had influence in. Aspinall also observed that overall, the evolution of GAM's position vis-a-via syariah and Islam was dependent on the international environment and which countries it targeted for support in its cause for independence – i.e. if western countries were deemed important, Islam was de-emphasised and if Muslim countries were deemed important, Islam would be emphasised.
Economic grievances
The main issue pertaining to economic grievances were related to the revenues derived from the oil and gas industries in Aceh. Robinson argued that the Orde Baru'''s management and exploitation of Aceh's resources and the way it distributed the benefits was the root cause of the insurgency. From the 1970s to the mid-1980s, Aceh had undergone a "LNG boom" following the discovery natural gas on the northeast coast of Aceh. Over the same period, Aceh became a major source of revenue for the central government and in the 1980s, it contributed significantly to Indonesia's exports when it became the third largest source of exports after the provinces of East Kalimantan and Riau. Despite this, practically all oil and gas revenues from production and exports activities in Aceh was appropriated by the central government either directly or through production sharing agreements with state oil company Pertamina. Furthermore, the central government did not re-invest a fair amount of the revenues back into the province. This led some of Aceh's then-emerging technocratic class to lament that the province had been denied its fair share of the economic pie and that it had been marginalised as an ignored peripheral region.
Robinson noted that though some of Aceh's small but burgeoning business class had benefited from the influx of foreign capital during the LNG boom, there were many who felt aggrieved at losing out to others with good political connections to the central government—most notably, the leader of GAM himself, Hasan di Tiro was one such aggrieved party when he made a bid for an oil pipeline contract for Mobile Oil Indonesia in 1974 but lost out to a US company. He further noted that the timing of GAM's declaration of independence in December 1976 and its first military action in 1977 happened at roughly the same time that Aceh's first natural gas extraction and processing facility had opened. Indeed, in GAM's declaration of independence, the following claim was made:
Acheh, Sumatra has been producing a revenue of over 15 billion US dollars yearly for the Javanese neocolonialists, which they used totally for the benefit of Java and the Javanese.
Despite the above, Robinson noted that while this factor partly explained the emergence of the insurgency in the mid-1970s, they do not appear to explain the re-emergence of GAM in 1989 and the never-before seen levels of violence thereafter. Aspinall supports this viewpoint and argued that though resource and economic grievances should not be discounted, they were not decisive as the provinces of Riau and East Kalimantan both faced similar or even harsher exploitation by the central government but no separatist rebellions took place in those two provinces due to the difference in political conditions. He furthered that the resource-based grievance was a means for GAM to convince Acehnese that they should abandon hopes of special treatment and autonomy within Indonesia and instead work for the restoration of Aceh's glory by seeking independence.
Role of GAM in galvanising grievances
GAM's founder Hasan di Tiro and his fellow leaders in exile in Sweden were instrumental in providing a coherent message on both the necessity and right of self-determination for Aceh. Accordingly, arguments on the need for independence was targeted at the domestic Acehnese audience while the right to independence was targeted at the international audience to win diplomatic support.
In such propaganda, the defunct Aceh Sultanate was cast as a bona fide sovereign actor on the international stage with emphasis on the sultanate's past relations with European states – diplomatic missions, treaties as well as statements of recognition of Aceh's sovereignty. In accordance to this logic, an independent Aceh (as represented by GAM) would be the successor state to the Aceh Sultanate before defeat by the Dutch following the Aceh War (1873–1913). The Aceh War was thus seen as an unlawful act of aggression by the Dutch and the subsequent incorporation of Aceh into Indonesia in 1949 was cast as an extension of the unlawful occupation by the Dutch. This argument targeted at both the Acehnese themselves as well as the international community—i.e. through its appeal to international law.
In the same vein, the state of Indonesia was cast by GAM propaganda as a cover for Javanese domination. In di Tiro's own description:
"Indonesia" was a fraud. A cloak to cover up Javanese colonialism. Since the world begun [sic], there never was a people, much less a nation, in our part of the world by that name.
The efforts at spreading GAM propaganda relied much on word of mouth. Elizabeth Drexler had observed that ordinary Acehnese and GAM supporters often repeat the same claims made in GAM's propaganda which they had come into contact with through this mode of dissemination. The late M. Isa Sulaiman wrote that when di Tiro first started his secessionist activities between 1974 and 1976, he had relied on a network of relatives and a number of like-minded young intellectuals to spread his message—which gained traction especially in Medan, North Sumatra. Aspinall also wrote of GAM sympathizers' recollection of the early days of the insurrection in which they would pass pamphlets to friends or slide them anonymously under the doors of their colleagues' offices.
The results of the propaganda efforts were however quite mixed. Eric Morris when interviewing GAM supporters for his 1983 thesis noted that, rather than independence, they were more interested in either an Indonesian Islamic state or for Aceh to be treated more fairly by the central government. Aspinall also noted that for some, GAM did not clearly differentiate itself from Darul Islam or the United Development Party which was campaigning on an Islamic platform for the Indonesian legislative election in 1977. For individuals who had become core supporters however, the message of independence found in GAM's propaganda was seen as revelatory and many saw felt a moment of awakening.
Possible factors for prolonged conflict
Resilience of GAM's network
Many of the participants of GAM were either participants of the Darul Islam rebellion or were the sons of those who had. Aspinall noted that the kinship ties, between father and son as well as amongst brothers, had been crucial to GAM's solidarity as an organisation. Many felt that they were continuing the aspirations of either their fathers, uncles, brothers or male cousins who were usually the ones who inducted them into the organisation—or whose exploits or deaths at the hands of the state security apparatus had inspired them to join. GAM's constituents were also often residents in close-knit rural communities where everybody knew their neighbours well. These features enabled both continuity as well as a high-degree of resistance to infiltration by the state intelligence apparatus.
Aspinall also credited GAM's resilience on the cell-like structure at the lower levels. At the levels below the regional military commander (panglima wilayah) were units commanded by junior commanders (panglima muda) and even lower level commanders (panglima sagoe and ulee sagoe) who did not know the identities of their counterparts in neighbouring regions and only knew those directly above them. These allowed GAM to survive as an organisation despite the suppression efforts of the Indonesian state.
Human rights abuses by Indonesian military
Robinson argued that the institutionalised use of terror by the Indonesian military in counter-insurgency action against GAM under the late-Orde Baru period from the middle of 1990 (i.e. in the second phase of the insurrection) had led to a wider section of Acehnese being affected and pushed them to be more sympathetic and supportive of GAM. He assessed that such methods had the effect of escalating the level of violence, was disruptive of Acehnese society and inflicted wounds on them which proved difficult to heal. As Amnesty International noted:
The political authority of the armed forces, considerable even under normal conditions, now became unchallengeable. In the name of national security, military and police authorities deployed in Aceh were thereafter free to use virtually any means deemed necessary to destroy the GPK (Gerakan Pengacauan Keamanan or Security Disturbance Movement, which was the Indonesian government's nomenclature for GAM).
Amnesty International documented the use of arbitrary arrests, extra-legal detention, summary executions, rape and scorch-earth as features of the Indonesian military's push against GAM since 1990. Among the more chilling acts observed by Amnesty International was the public disposal of the bodies of victims of summary executions or Petrus Killings (Penembakan Misterius) to serve as warnings to Acehnese to refrain from joining or supporting GAM. The following was Amnesty International's description of such acts:
The "mysterious killings" (Petrus) in Aceh had the following general features. The corpses of victims were usually left in public places – beside a main road, in fields and plantations, next to a stream or a river – apparently as a warning to others not to join or support the rebels. Most had clearly been prisoners when they were killed, their thumbs, and sometimes their feet, had been tied together with a particular type of knot. Most had been shot at close range, though the bullets were seldom found in their bodies. Most also showed signs of having been beaten with a blunt instrument or tortured, and their faces were therefore often unrecognisable. For the most part, the bodies were not recovered by relatives or friends, both out of fear of retribution by the military and because the victims were usually dumped at some distance from their home villages.
Another questionable tactic of the TNI was the so-called civil-military operations" in which civilians were compelled to participate in intelligence and security operations. A notorious example of this was the Operasi Pagar Betis (or "Fence of Legs") as described by Amnesty International below:
....the strategy of civil-military co-operation was the "fence of legs" operation – used previously in East Timor – in which ordinary villagers were compelled to sweep through an area ahead of armed troops, in order both to flush out rebels and to inhibit them from returning fire. Essential to the success of these operations were local "vigilante" groups and night patrols made up of civilians but established under military order and supervision. Between 20 and 30 young men were mobilised from each village in suspected rebel areas. In the words of a local military commander: "The youths are the front line. They know best who the GPK are. We then settle the matter." Refusal to participate in these groups – or failure to demonstrate sufficient commitment to crushing the enemy by identifying, capturing or killing alleged rebels – sometimes resulted in punishment by government forces, including public torture, arrest and execution.
Indonesian military's interests in Aceh
Damien Kingsbury, who served as adviser to the GAM leadership in Stockholm and Helsinki during the Helsinki peace talks in 2005, contended that the Indonesian military had vested interests to keep the conflict at a level which would justify their presence in the restive province. The ICG also asserted in a 2003 report that, "Aceh is simply too lucrative a place for military officers who rely so heavily on non-budgetary sources of income."
Kingsbury and Lesley McCulloch outlined the following business activities allegedly conducted by the Indonesian military in Aceh:
Drugs: Security forces encouraged local farmers to grow marijuana and paid them prices far below the black market value. One instance highlighted was a police helicopter pilot admitting after his arrest that he was flying a 40 kg consignment of the drug for his superior the police chief of Aceh Besar (note that at this point the Indonesian Police or Polri was under the command of the military). Another case was in September 2002 in which an army truck was intercepted by the police in Binjai, North Sumatra with a cargo of 1,350 kg of marijuana.
Illegal arms sale: Interviews in 2001 and 2002 with GAM leaders in Aceh revealed that some of their weapons were in fact purchased from the military. The first method of such sales was for the Indonesian military personnel to report those weapons sold as having been seized during combat. Secondly, key Indonesian military personnel with access had even directly provided GAM with a reliable supply of weapons as well as ammunition.
Illegal/unlicensed logging: Military and police were paid by logging companies to ignore logging activities which took place outside of licensed areas. The Leuser Development Project funded by the European Union from the mid-1990s to combat illegal logging had in fact discovered that the Indonesian military and police who were supposed to assist in preventing illegal logging were in fact facilitating and, in some cases, even initiating such illegal activities.
Protection: The military ran "protection rackets" to extract payments from companies such as Mobil and PT Arun in the oil and gas industries as well as companies operating plantations in Aceh. In return for the payments, the military would deploy its personnel at the properties and areas of operations of these companies.
Fishery: Local fisherman were forced to sell to the military their catches at prices far below market rates. The military would in turn sell the fishes to local businesses at a much higher prices. Personnel of the Indonesian Navy might also waylay fishing vessels to extort payments from fishermen.
Coffee: Similar to fishermen, coffee planters were compelled to sell coffee beans to the military at low prices.
Possible factors for peaceful resolution
Weakening of GAM's military position
The declaration of martial law by the Indonesian government in May 2003 had resulted in a concerted push by the Indonesian military against GAM. The ICG reported that by mid-2004, GAM's supply lines and communications had been seriously disrupted. It was also more difficult for them to move about, and their presence in urban areas was largely rooted out. As a result, GAM's command in Pidie had instructed all field commanders by telephone to pull back from the sagoe (sub-district) to the daerah (district) base and that henceforth military actions could only be undertaken on the order of the daerah commander and with the permission of the wilayah (regional) commander. Previously, when GAM was in a stronger position, its sagoe level units could exercise a great level of command autonomy to initiate military actions on their own.
According to then Indonesian Armed Forces Commander General Endriartono Sutarto, the security forces succeeded in cutting the size of GAM's forces by 9,593—which presumably included surrenders, captures, and deaths. While doubting that the figure was accurate, most observers would agree that the renewed military push against GAM following the martial law declaration had dealt substantial damage to GAM.
However, Aspinall noted that most GAM leaders whom he had interviewed, particularly the field officers, were adamant that their acceptance of the Helsinki MoU was not due to their military weakness. Former-GAM leader Irwandi Yusuf, who would go on to be the governor of Aceh through its inaugural direct gubernatorial elections on 11 December 2006, ventured that far from collapsing, the situation of GAM was actually improving as the sick and infirm were captured by the Indonesian military which left those still in the field to be unencumbered by them. However, despite the commitment of GAM forces to fight on, GAM's leaders might have, at that point, given up hope that a military victory over the government forces would be possible. In the words of former GAM prime minister Malik Mahmud to Aspinall in October 2005: "The existing strategies applied by both parties had caused a costly stalemate". When asked by Jakarta Post to comment on whether accepting the Helsinki MoU was a face-saving measure by GAM in the face of military setbacks, Malik said:
Well, we have to be realistic. We have to take into account the reality on the ground. If that [peace agreement] is a solution that's good for both parties, of course with dignity on both sides, why not! This is for the sake of peace, for the sake of future progress. So, there is nothing wrong with that and I think any other country in the world would do the same thing. And also when we come to that kind of situation we have to be very, very decisive and brave to face reality. And that is what we did.
International pressure
The international opinion following the tsunami also had a bearing on the importance placed on the Helsinki peace talks undertaken by both the Indonesian government and GAM. Both sides had sent senior ranking officials as negotiators while during the Cessation of Hostilities Agreement (CoHA) talks which was signed in December 2002, representation was at a relatively junior level.
GAM leaders had also assessed during the Helsinki peace talks that there was no support from the international community for Aceh's independence aspiration. With regard to this, Malik said:
We saw also that the world kept silent about our move for independence, so we thought during the process [of negotiations] that that [autonomy and self-government] was the best solution that was in front of us.
In explaining to the GAM commanders the acceptance of self-government instead of continuing to struggle for independence, GAM leaders stressed that if they continued to insist on fighting for independence even after the 2004 tsunami, they would risk being isolated by the international community.
Change in Indonesian leadership
In October 2004, President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (SBY) and Vice-President Jusuf Kalla were sworn in following the first ever direct presidential elections in 2004. Aspinall argued that before this, there was a balance between those in the Indonesian government who believed that a military victory was impossible and that negotiations were needed and hardliners who held on to the view that GAM could be entirely eliminated—the election of SBY and Kalla had tipped the balance in favour of the former position.
He pointed out that while SBY was still a minister in the Cabinet of President Megawati Sukarnoputri, he had supported an "integrated approach" in which military measures were accompanied by efforts to negotiate with GAM. Kalla, then a ministerial colleague of SBY's, also supported the restarting of talks with GAM in early-2004 (a time when the martial law in Aceh was still in effect and the military operation was in full swing). During this time, Kalla, through his trusted intermediaries, made approaches to GAM's commanders in the field as well as its leadership in Sweden. The positions of both the president and vice-president of Indonesia in favour of negotiations as a solution to the Aceh insurgency thus provided a platform for the eventual success of the Helsinki peace talks.
Kingsbury, an official advisor to GAM, also credited the election of SBY and Kalla in 2004 as providing the impetus for the peace efforts which led to the eventual agreement. In particular, he pointed out that the appointment of Kalla to oversee the Indonesian delegation for the peace talks was crucial because Kalla's status as the general chairman of Golkar, at that time the largest party in the Indonesian legislature, allowed SBY's government to deal effectively with any opposition coming from the parliament.
Time To Face The Past report
In April 2013, Amnesty International released the Time To Face The Past report in which the organisation states that "most victims and their relatives have long been denied truth, justice and reparation in violation of Indonesia’s obligation under international law. They are still waiting for local and national Indonesian authorities to acknowledge and remedy what happened to them and their loved ones during the conflict." For the formulation of the report, Amnesty International employed the findings that it collected during a visit to Aceh in May 2012. During this visit, organisational representatives spoke with non-governmental organisations (NGOs), community organisations, lawyers, parliamentarians, local government officials, journalists, and victims and their representatives about the situation in Aceh at the time of the interviews. While victims expressed their appreciation of the peace process and the increased security in the Aceh province, they conveyed their frustration at the lack of action from the Indonesian government in regard to the 2005 memorandum of understanding (MOU), in which a plan for the setting up of a Human Rights Court for Aceh and an Aceh Truth and Reconciliation Commission is documented.
Moreover, the Time To Face The Past report contains a warning in light of the potential for renewed violence that exists in Aceh if the Indonesian government remains stagnant in relation to its commitments from the 2005 MOU. Amnesty International's deputy Asia Pacific director Isabelle Arradon explained during the launch of the report: "The situation is breeding resentment that could sow the seeds of a future return to violence". As of 19 April 2013, the Indonesian government had not issued a response to the report and a presidential spokesman informed the BBC news service that he was unable to comment as he had not read the report.
See also
2004 Indian Ocean earthquake
Bambang Darmono
The Black Road
References
General
External links
INDONESIA: THE WAR IN ACEH (HRW report, 2001)
Aceh Peace From Reuters Alertnet
Full text of the Agreement between the Government of Indonesia and the Free Aceh Movement, 18 August 2005, UN Peacemaker
Full text of the Cessation of Hostilities Agreement Between the Government of Indonesia and the Free Aceh Movement, 9 December 2002, UN Peacemaker
Full text of the Joint Understanding on Humanitarian Pause for Aceh, HD Centre
Aceh, Insurgency
Aceh, Insurgency
Category:History of Aceh
Category:Military history of Indonesia
Aceh, Insurgency
Category:Separatism in Indonesia
Category:Wars involving Indonesia
Category:New Order (Indonesia)
Category:Post-Suharto era
Category:Proxy wars
Category:Free Aceh Movement
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Verkhny Uslon
Verkhny Uslon (, ) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Verkhneuslonsky District of the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia. Population:
References
Notes
Sources
Category:Rural localities in Tatarstan
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NSR G class
The North Staffordshire Railway (NSR) G Class was a class of 4-4-0 steam locomotive designed by John H. Adams, third son of William Adams. The G class was the first 4-4-0 class of locomotive designed for the NSR, and they superseded older 2-4-0s on the heaviest passenger traffic expresses on the NSR between Crewe and Llandudno non-stop. The NSR introduced bogie stock to this route in 1906, resulting in much heavier trains.
In LMS days the class received the usual substitution of Ramsbottom safety valves for Ross-pop, and also the addition of an extra small spectacle plate on each side of the cab front.
The Livery of the G Class was the NSR's Madder lake with straw lining, and NORTH STAFFORD lettering on the tender along with the company crest. The number appeared on the cabside. In LMS days they received the standard Crimson lake passenger livery with large numerals on the tender and the company crest on the cabside. They were renumbered twice in LMS ownership; once, upon grouping, and again in 1928 to make way for the LMS 2P 4-4-0s being built at the time. As a result, they were renumbered in the series following on from the LNWR George V Class.
List of Locomotives
References
Category:North Staffordshire Railway
Category:4-4-0 locomotives
Category:Railway locomotives introduced in 1910
Category:Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain
Category:Scrapped locomotives
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Geoforecasting
Geoforecasting is the science of predicting the movement of tectonic plates and the future climate, shape, and other geological elements of the planet.
Geoforecasting is particularly important in the siting of depositories for radioactive materials. It also is useful in other areas with long term management issues such as water management.
Notes
External links
http://www.cbc.ca/quirks/archives/06-07/jan20.html CBC podcast on geoforecasting
http://www.scotese.com/ Paleomap project
http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap070922.html Pangea Ultima: Earth in 250 Million Years?
Category:Plate tectonics
Category:Geological techniques
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Jannick de Jong
Jannick de Jong (born 7 June 1987) is Dutch motorcycle racer and competes in longtrack and Grasstrack. Jannick has been Long Track World Champion once in 2015 and European Grasstrack Champion three time in 2013, 2014 and 2015.
World Longtrack Championship
Grand-Prix
2005 - 4 apps (12th) 31pts
2006 - 2 apps (17th) 10pts
2007 - 3 apps (11th) 28pts
2008 - 4 apps (9th) 33pts
2009 - 4 apps (10th) 42pts
2010 - 6 apps (9th) 70pts
2011 - 0 apps
2012 - 6 apps (9th) 74pts
2013 - 6 apps (Second) 97pts
2014 - 4 apps (Second) 72pts
2015 - 4 apps (First) 75pts
2016 - 5 apps (Second) 101pts
Best Grand-Prix Results
Eenrum Second 2016, Third 2013
Forssa First 2016, Third 2013
Herxheim First 2014, 2017
Marmande First 2014, Second 2010, 2013
Morizes First 2015
Mühldorf Third 2016
Vechta Second 2016
Team Championship
2007 Morizes (5th) 32pts (Rode with Dirk Fabriek, Theo Pijper, Erik Eijbergen)
2008 Wertle (Second) 45pts (Rode with Dirk Fabriek, Erik Eijbergen, Mark Stiekema)
2009 Eenrum (Second) 46pts (Rode with Dirk Fabriek, Theo Pijper, Mark Stiekema)
2010 Did not compete
2011 Scheeßel (Second) 38pts (Rode with Sjoerd Rozenberg, Mark Stiekema, Jeffrey Woortman)
2012 Did not compete
2013 Folkestone (First) 65pts (Rode with Dirk Fabriek, Theo Pijper, Mark Stiekema))
2014 Forssa (Second) 41pts (Rode with Dirk Fabriek, Theo Pijper, Henry van der Steen)
2015 Mühldorf (Fifth) 31pts (Rode with Henry van der Steen & Sjoerd Rozenberg)
2016 Marianske Lazne (First) 46pts (Rode with Theo Pijper, Dirk Fabriek, Romano Hummel)
Grasstrack European Championship
Finalist
2004 Eenrum (10th) 11pts
2005 Schwarme (17th) 4pts
2006 La Reole (9th) 10pts
2007 Folkestone (7th) 11pts
2008 Siddeburen (11th) 8pts
2009 Berghaupten (7th) 14pts
2010 La Reole (5th) 12pts
2011 Skegness (Second) 10pts
2012 Eenrum (Third) 16pts
2013 Bielefeld (Champion) 19pts
2014 St. Macaire (Champion) 20pts 2015 Staphorst (Champion) 19pts 2016 Folkestone (6th) 17pts
Semi-finalist
2003 Schwarme (14th) 5pts
Dutch Grasstrack Championship
2003 (Third) 2004 (Champion) 2005 (8th)
2006 (Champion) 2007 (Champion) 2008 (Third) 2009 (6th) 2010 (Third) 2011 (Champion) 2012 (Second) 2013 (Champion) 2014 (Champion) 2015 (Champion) 2016 (Champion)'''
References
External links
Jannick de Jong - Grasstrack GB
Nouvelles
Netherlands national long track team
Jannick rides to the front
Long Track Racing: de Jong wins first Grand Prix round in Herxheim | | Worldspeedway
Category:Dutch speedway riders
Category:Dutch motorcycle racers
Category:1987 births
Category:Living people
Category:Individual Speedway Long Track World Championship riders
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1969 Chatham Cup
The 1969 Chatham Cup was the 42nd annual nationwide knockout football competition in New Zealand.
Early stages of the competition were run on a regional basis. In all, 89 teams took part in the competition. Note: Different sources give different numberings for the rounds of the competition: some start round one with the beginning of the regional qualifications; others start numbering from the first national knock-out stage. The former numbering scheme is used in this article.
The announcement of the start of the New Zealand National Soccer League in 1970 led to changes in the organisation of the Chatham Cup, and this was the last year prior to the creation of a more open draw.
The 1969 final
The last Chatham Cup to be decided on the old regional champions basis was 1969, and it again saw Eastern Suburbs reach the final, this time to face final debutants New Brighton. Despite the efforts of the southern defence, marshalled ably by keeper Derek Phillips, Suburbs had the better of the contest and scored two goals, one each from 1968 scorer John Wrathall and Billy de Graaf.
Results
Third Round
*Won on corners by KETCOB and Moturoa
Fourth Round
*Won on corners by Roslyn-Wakari
Fifth Round
Quarter-finals
Semi-finals
Final
References
Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation New Zealand 1969 page
UltimateNZSoccer website 1969 Chatham Cup page
Category:Chatham Cup
Chatham Cup
Chatham Cup
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Assembly of Representatives (Mandatory Palestine)
The Assembly of Representatives (, Asefat HaNivharim) was the elected parliamentary assembly of the Jewish community in Mandatory Palestine. It was established on 19 April 1920, and functioned until 13 February 1949, the day before the first Knesset, elected on 25 January, was sworn in. The Assembly met once a year to elect the executive body, the Jewish National Council, which was responsible for education, local government, welfare, security and defense. It also voted on the budgets proposed by the Jewish National Council and the Rabbinical Council.
History
Under the British Mandate, the Yishuv (Jewish community), established a network of political and administrative institutions, among them the Assembly of Representatives.
To ensure that small groups were properly represented, a system of proportional representation was introduced. The first elections were held on 19 April 1920, and the largest faction, Ahdut HaAvoda, won only 70 of the Assembly's 314 seats. The ultra-orthodox community and the ultra-orthodox Agudat Yisrael party boycotted the Assembly elections due to their objections to secular Zionism.
The second elections were held in 1925, and following the passing of the Organization of Religious Communities Order in 1926, the Assembly was recognised by the British authorities in 1928.
Further elections were held in 1931 and 1944. In the latter elections, some groups, especially the Sephardic Jews, boycotted the elections and were not represented. From 1944 onwards the Assembly was also boycotted by Hatzohar due to disagreements with the elected leaders over policy.
Elections
19 April 1920
6 December 1925
5 January 1931
2 August 1944
References
Category:History of Mandatory Palestine
Category:Politics of Mandatory Palestine
Category:Jewish organizations in Mandatory Palestine
Category:1920 establishments in Mandatory Palestine
Category:1949 disestablishments in Israel
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Sweden men's national junior ice hockey team
The Swedish men's national under 20 ice hockey team, or Juniorkronorna (Junior Crowns in Swedish) as it is commonly called in Sweden, is the national under-20 ice hockey team in Sweden. The team represents Sweden at the International Ice Hockey Federation's World Junior Hockey Championship, held annually every December and January, and is affectionately known as The Junior Crowns, referencing the men's national team Three Crowns.
Sweden's roster for the 1981 World Junior Championships when they won gold included players such as Jan Erixon, Patrik and Peter Sundström, Håkan Nordin and Lars Eriksson.
Preliminary 2020 WJC Roster
Preliminary roster for the 2020 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships.
2012 WJC Gold Medal Winning Team Roster
Roster for the 2012 World Junior Championships. Pontus Åberg was originally named to the roster but was unable to play because of an injury and was replaced by Jeremy Boyce-Rotevall.
World Junior Championship record
† Includes one win in extra time (in the preliminary round)
^ Includes one loss in extra time (in the preliminary round)
* Includes one win in extra time (in the playoff round)
+ Includes one loss in extra time (in the playoff round)
References
External links
Swedish men's national junior hockey team all-time statistical leaders - QuantHockey
Junior
Category:Junior national ice hockey teams
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Pennard
Pennard (previously Llanarthbodu) is a village and community on the south of the Gower Peninsula, about 7 miles south-west of Swansea city centre. It falls within the Pennard electoral ward of Swansea. The Pennard community includes the larger settlements of Southgate and Kittle. the population as of 2011 was 2,688.
Description and amenities
The village has a church, health centre, library and a primary school. There is also an 18-hole golf course, as well as the remains of a 12th-century castle.
Pennard Castle
To the west of Pennard village, overlooking the valley of Pennard Pill, is the 12th-century ruins of Pennard Castle. The castle was abandoned in the 14th-century due to encroachment from the sand dunes. It was described as "desolate and ruinous" by 1650 and today only the gatehouse and some of the curtain wall remain.
Pennard Golf Club
Pennard Golf Club is an 18-hole golf course known as the "links in the sky" due to its lofty views over the coast and Pennard Sand Dunes. Described variously as "intimidating" and only second in beauty to the Langland Bay Golf Club, the club invited golf architect Tom Doak to rebuild and redesign its bunkers in 2015.
St Mary's Church
The parish church of St Mary's, post dates an earlier medieval church of the same name which was located near Pennard Castle. The older church was abandoned in the 1500s and only the foundations remain. The newer church was restored in 1847 and a porch added. Inside the church there is a Jacobean pulpit and font cover, as well as some 18th-century wall tablets. The church became Grade II listed in 1964.
The poets Vernon Watkins (1906–1967), Harri Webb (1920–1994) and Nigel Jenkins (1949–2014) are buried in the churchyard. Watkins also has a memorial plaque inside the church.
A fine example of a restored medieval Gower Church, St Mary's is open all year during daylight hours. At night an illuminated cross shines out across the community. Services are held every Sunday.
Local politics
Pennard lies in the Gower parliamentary constituency and Wales Assembly constituency. The Pennard ward elects a councillor to the City and County of Swansea Council.
The Pennard community (civil parish) includes the nearby villages of Southgate, Kittle, Sandylane, Cannisland and Langrove. It elects a Community council of fourteen members. The council is divided into two ward areas, Southgate and Kittle, who return eleven and three councillors respectively. It made the Swansea news in 2013 when the chairman resigned after other councillors expressed concerns about the running of the council.
The community of Pennard is twinned with Passage West in the Republic of Ireland.
Further reading
Pennard and West Gower, Rev. Latimer Davies M.A., W. Spurrell & Son, 1928
A History of Pennard Parish up to the Second Millennium, W. J. Harding, 2000, Southgate, ()
References
Category:Villages in Swansea
Category:Populated places on the Gower Peninsula
Category:Populated coastal places in Wales
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Cremation
Cremation is a method of final disposition of a dead body through burning (combustion).
Cremation may serve as a funeral or post-funeral rite and as an alternative to the burial or interment of an intact dead body. In some countries, including India and Nepal, cremation on an open-air pyre is an ancient tradition. Starting in the 19th century, cremation was introduced or reintroduced into other parts of the world. In modern times, cremation is commonly carried out with a closed furnace (cremator), at a crematorium.
Cremation leaves behind an average of 2.4 kg of remains, known as "ashes" or "cremains". This is not actual ash but unburnt fragments of bone mineral, which are commonly ground down into powder. They do not constitute a health risk and may be buried, interred in a memorial site, retained by relatives or scattered in various ways.
Ancient history
Cremation dates from at least 17,000 years ago in the archaeological record, with the Mungo Lady, the remains of a partly cremated body found at Lake Mungo, Australia.
Alternative death rituals emphasizing one method of disposal of a body—inhumation (burial), cremation, or exposure—have gone through periods of preference throughout history.
In the Middle East and Europe, both burial and cremation are evident in the archaeological record in the Neolithic era. Cultural groups had their own preferences and prohibitions. The ancient Egyptians developed an intricate transmigration-of-soul theology, which prohibited cremation. This was also widely adopted by Semitic peoples. The Babylonians, according to Herodotus, embalmed their dead. Early Persians practiced cremation, but this became prohibited during the Zoroastrian Period. Phoenicians practiced both cremation and burial. From the Cycladic civilisation in 3000 BCE until the Sub-Mycenaean era in 1200–1100 BCE, Greeks practiced inhumation. Cremation appeared around the 12th century BCE, constituting a new practice of burial, probably influenced by Anatolia. Until the Christian era, when inhumation again became the only burial practice, both combustion and inhumation had been practiced, depending on the era and location. Romans practiced both, with cremation the rule until the later imperial period.
In Europe, there are traces of cremation dating to the Early Bronze Age (c. 2000 BCE) in the Pannonian Plain and along the middle Danube. The custom became dominant throughout Bronze Age Europe with the Urnfield culture (from c. 1300 BCE). In the Iron Age, inhumation again becomes more common, but cremation persisted in the Villanovan culture and elsewhere. Homer's account of Patroclus' burial describes cremation with subsequent burial in a tumulus, similar to Urnfield burials, and qualifying as the earliest description of cremation rites. This may be an anachronism, as during Mycenaean times burial was generally preferred, and Homer may have been reflecting the more common use of cremation at the time the Iliad was written, centuries later.
Criticism of burial rites is a common form of aspersion by competing religions and cultures, including the association of cremation with fire sacrifice or human sacrifice.
Hinduism and Jainism are notable for not only allowing but prescribing cremation. Cremation in India is first attested in the Cemetery H culture (from c. 1900 BCE), considered the formative stage of Vedic civilization. The Rigveda contains a reference to the emerging practice, in RV 10.15.14, where the forefathers "both cremated (agnidagdhá-) and uncremated (ánagnidagdha-)" are invoked.
Cremation remained common but not universal, in both ancient Greece and ancient Rome. According to Cicero, in Rome, inhumation was considered the more archaic rite.
The rise of Christianity saw an end to cremation in Europe, though it may have already been in decline. This stance was influenced by its roots in Judaism, the belief in the resurrection of the body, and the example of Christ's burial. Anthropologists have been able to track the advance of Christianity throughout Europe with the appearance of cemeteries.
In early Roman Britain, cremation was usual but diminished by the 4th century. It then reappeared in the 5th and 6th centuries during the migration era, when sacrificed animals were sometimes included with the human bodies on the pyre, and the deceased were dressed in costume and with ornaments for the burning. That custom was also very widespread among the Germanic peoples of the northern continental lands from which the Anglo-Saxon migrants are supposed to have been derived, during the same period. These ashes were usually thereafter deposited in a vessel of clay or bronze in an "urn cemetery". The custom again died out with the Christian conversion of the Anglo-Saxons or Early English during the 7th century, when Christian burial became general.
Modern history in the Western World
Middle Ages
In parts of Europe, cremation was forbidden by law, and even punishable by death if combined with Heathen rites. Cremation was sometimes used by Catholic authorities as part of punishment for accused heretics, which included burning at the stake. For example, the body of John Wycliff was exhumed years after his death and burned to ashes, with the ashes thrown in a river, explicitly as a posthumous punishment for his denial of the Roman Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation.
The first to advocate for the use of cremation was the physician Sir Thomas Browne in 1658. Honoretta Brooks Pratt became the first recorded cremated European individual in modern times when she died on 26 September 1769 and was illegally cremated at the burial ground on Hanover Square in London.
Reintroduction
In Europe, a movement to reintroduce cremation as a viable method for body disposal began in the 1870s. This was made possible by the invention of new furnace technology and contact with eastern cultures that practiced it. At the time, many proponents believed in the miasma theory, and that cremation would reduce the "bad air" that caused diseases. These movements were associated with secularism and gained a following in cultural and intellectual circles. In Italy, the movement was associated with anti-clericalism and Freemasonry, whereas these were not major themes of the movement in Britain.
In 1869, the idea was presented to the Medical International Congress of Florence by Professors Coletti and Castiglioni "in the name of public health and civilization". In 1873, Professor Paolo Gorini of Lodi and Professor Ludovico Brunetti of Padua published reports of practical work they had conducted. A model of Brunetti's cremating apparatus, together with the resulting ashes, was exhibited at the Vienna Exposition in 1873 and attracted great attention Meanwhile, Sir Charles William Siemens had developed his regenerative furnace in the 1850s. His furnace operated at a high temperature by using regenerative preheating of fuel and air for combustion. In regenerative preheating, the exhaust gases from the furnace are pumped into a chamber containing bricks, where heat is transferred from the gases to the bricks. The flow of the furnace is then reversed so that fuel and air pass through the chamber and are heated by the bricks. Through this method, an open-hearth furnace can reach temperatures high enough to melt steel, and this process made cremation an efficient and practical proposal. Charles's nephew, Carl Friedrich von Siemens perfected the use of this furnace for the incineration of organic material at his factory in Dresden. The radical politician, Sir Charles Wentworth Dilke, took the corpse of his dead wife there to be cremated in 1874. The efficient and cheap process brought about the quick and complete incineration of the body and was a fundamental technical breakthrough that finally made industrial cremation a practical possibility.
The first crematorium in the Western World opened in Milan, Italy in 1876. Milan's "Crematorium Temple" was built in the Monumental Cemetery. The building still stands but ceased to be operational in 1992.
Sir Henry Thompson, 1st Baronet, a surgeon and Physician to the Queen Victoria, had seen Gorini's cremator at the Vienna Exhibition and had returned home to become the first and chief promoter of cremation in England. His main reason for supporting cremation was that "it was becoming a necessary sanitary precaution against the propagation of disease among a population daily growing larger in relation to the area it occupied". In addition, he believed, cremation would prevent premature burial, reduce the expense of funerals, spare mourners the necessity of standing exposed to the weather during interment, and urns would be safe from vandalism. He joined with other proponents to form the Cremation Society of Great Britain in 1874." They founded the United Kingdom's first crematorium in Woking, with Gorini travelling to England to assist the installation of a cremator. They first tested it on 17 March 1879 with the body of a horse. However, after protests and an intervention by the Home Secretary, Sir Richard Cross, their plans were put on hold. In 1884, the Welsh Neo-Druidic priest William Price was arrested and put on trial for attempting to cremate his son's body. Price successfully argued in court that while the law did not state that cremation was legal, it also did not state that it was illegal. The case set a precedent that allowed the Cremation Society to proceed.
In 1885, the first official cremation in the United Kingdom took place in Woking. The deceased was Jeanette Pickersgill, a well-known figure in literary and scientific circles. By the end of the year, the Cremation Society of Great Britain had overseen two more cremations, a total of 3 out of 597,357 deaths in the UK that year. In 1888, 28 cremations took place at the venue. In 1891, Woking Crematorium added a chapel, pioneering the concept of a crematorium being a venue for funerals as well as cremation.
Other early crematoria in Europe were built in 1878 in the town of Gotha in Germany and later in Heidelberg in 1891. The first modern crematory in the U.S. was built in 1876 by Francis Julius LeMoyne after hearing about its use in Europe. Like many early proponents, he was motivated by a belief it would be beneficial for public health. Before LeMoyne's crematory closed in 1901, it had performed 42 cremations. Other countries that opened their first crematorium included Sweden (1887 in Stockholm), Switzerland (1889 in Zurich) and France (1889 in Père Lachaise, Paris).
Early spread
Some of the various Protestant churches came to accept cremation, with the rationale being, "God can resurrect a bowl of ashes just as conveniently as he can resurrect a bowl of dust." In Anglican and Nordic Protestant countries, cremation gained acceptance (though did not yet become the norm) first by the higher classes and cultural circles, and then by the rest of the population. In 1905, Westminster Abbey interred ashes for the first time; by 1911 the Abbey was expressing a preference for interring ashes. The 1908 Catholic Encyclopedia was critical of the development, referring to them as a "sinister movement" and associating them with Freemasonry, although it said that "there is nothing directly opposed to any dogma of the Church in the practice of cremation."
In the U.S. only about one crematory per year was built in the late 19th century. As embalming became more widely accepted and used, crematories lost their sanitary edge. Not to be left behind, crematories had an idea of making cremation beautiful. They started building crematories with stained-glass windows and marble floors with frescoed walls.
Australia also started to establish modern cremation movements and societies. Australians had their first purpose-built modern crematorium and chapel in the West Terrace Cemetery in the South Australian capital of Adelaide in 1901. This small building, resembling the buildings at Woking, remained largely unchanged from its 19th-century style and was in full operation until the late 1950s. The oldest operating crematorium in Australia is at Rookwood Cemetery, in Sydney. It opened in 1925.
In the Netherlands, the foundation of the Association for Optional Cremation in 1874 ushered in a long debate about the merits and demerits of cremation. Laws against cremation were challenged and invalidated in 1915 (two years after the construction of the first crematorium in the Netherlands), though cremation did not become legally recognised until 1955.
World War II
During World War II (1939–45) Nazi Germany used specially built furnaces in at least six extermination camps throughout occupied Poland including at Auschwitz-Birkenau, Chełmno, Belzec, Majdanek, Sobibor and Treblinka, where the bodies of those murdered by gassing were disposed of using incineration. The efficiency of industrialised killing of Operation Reinhard during the most deadly phase of the Holocaust produced too many corpses, therefore the crematoria manufactured to SS specifications were put into use in all of them to handle the disposals around the clock, day and night. The Vrba–Wetzler report offers the following description. {{quote|At present there are four crematoria in operation at BIRKENAU, two large ones, I and II, and two smaller ones, III and IV. Those of type I and II consist of 3 parts, i.e.,: (A) the furnace room; (B) the large halls; and (C) the gas chamber. A huge chimney rises from the furnace room around which are grouped nine furnaces, each having four openings. Each opening can take three normal corpses at once and after an hour and a half the bodies are completely burned. This corresponds to a daily capacity of about 2,000 bodies... Crematoria III and IV work on nearly the same principle, but their capacity is only half as large. Thus the total capacity of the four cremating and gassing plants at BIRKENAU amounts to about 6,000 daily.<ref name="Świebocki">Holocaust Research Project, "The Vrba-Wetzler Report", part 2. Alternate source: Świebocki (1997), pp. 218, 220, 224; in his reproduction of the Vrba–Wetzler report, Świebocki presents the material without paragraph breaks.</ref>}}
The Holocaust furnaces were supplied by a number of manufacturers, with the best known and most common being Topf and Sons as well as Kori Company of Berlin, whose ovens were elongated to accommodate two bodies, slid inside from the back side. The ashes were taken out from the front side. The furnaces were also unique, in that they were of a "stand alone" type, meaning that there was no visible duct work for the exhaust gases. These furnaces, based around a design commonly used for hospital incinerators, instead vented the gasses down through a series of ducts embedded in the floor, with the help of a draft fan located at the far end of the structure. Once outside, the gasses then rose through a free standing chimney, most notable for the fact that it was not directly attached to the structure of the building itself, nor had a visible duct leading into it.
Modern era
In the 20th century, cremation gained varying degrees of acceptance in most Christian denominations. William Temple, the most senior bishop in the Church of England, was cremated after his death in office in 1944. The Roman Catholic Church accepted the practice more slowly. In 1963, at the Second Vatican Council Pope Paul VI lifted the ban on cremation, and in 1966 allowed Catholic priests to officiate at cremation ceremonies. This is done on the condition that the ashes must be buried or interned, not scattered. Many countries where burial is traditional saw cremation rise to become a significant, if not the most common way of disposing of a dead body. In the 1960s and 1970s, there was an unprecedented phase of crematorium construction in the United Kingdom and the Netherlands.
Starting in the 1960s, cremation has become more common than burial in several countries where the latter is traditional. This has included the United Kingdom (1968), Canada (early 2000s) and Finland (2017). In 2016, it did so in the United States. Factors cited include cheaper costs (especially a factor after the 2008 recession), growth in secular attitudes and declining opposition in some Christian denominations.
Modern cremation process
The cremation occurs in a cremator, which is located at a crematorium or crematory. In many countries, the crematorium is a venue for funerals as well as cremation.
A cremator is an industrial furnace that is able to generate temperatures of to ensure the disintegration of the corpse. Modern cremator fuels include oil, natural gas, propane, and, in Hong Kong, coal gas. Coal and coke were used until the early 1960s. Modern cremators automatically monitor their interior to tell when the cremation process is complete and have a spyhole so that an operator can see inside. The time required for cremation varies from body to body, with the average being 90 minutes for an adult body.
A cremator is not designed to cremate more than one human body at a time. Crematoria may occasionally make exceptions for cases such as still-born twins, or a baby and mother who died during childbirth. The chamber where the body is placed is called a cremation chamber or retort and is lined with heat-resistant refractory bricks. Refractory bricks are designed in several layers. The outermost layer is usually simply an insulation material, e.g., mineral wool. Inside is typically a layer of insulation brick, mostly calcium silicate in nature. Heavy duty cremators are usually designed with two layers of fire bricks inside the insulation layer. The layer of fire bricks in contact with the combustion process protects the outer layer and must be replaced from time to time.
The body is required to be inside a coffin or a combustible container. This allows the body to be quickly and safely slid into the cremator. It also reduces health risks to the operators. The coffin or container is inserted (charged) into the cremator as quickly as possible to avoid heat loss. Some crematoria allow relatives to view the charging. This is sometimes done for religious reasons, such as in traditional Hindu and Jain funerals, and is also customary in Japan.
Body container
In the United States federal law does not dictate any container requirements for cremation. Certain states, however, may require an opaque or non-transparent container of all cremations. This can be a simple corrugated-cardboard box or a wooden casket (coffin). Most casket manufacturers provide lines of caskets that are specially built for cremation. Another option is a cardboard box that fits inside a wooden shell, which is designed to look like a traditional casket. After the funeral service, the box is removed from the shell before cremation, permitting the shell to be re-used. Funeral homes may also offer rental caskets, which are traditional caskets used only during the services, after which the bodies are transferred to other containers for cremation. Rental caskets are sometimes designed with removable beds and liners, which are replaced after each use.
In the United Kingdom, the body is not removed from the coffin and is not placed into a container as described above. The body is cremated with the coffin which is why all British coffins that are to be used for cremation must be combustible. The Code of Cremation Practice forbids the opening of the coffin once it has arrived at the crematorium, and rules stipulate that it must be cremated within 72 hours of the funeral service. Therefore, in the United Kingdom, bodies are cremated in the same coffin that they are placed in at the undertaker's, although the regulations allow the use of an approved "cover" during the funeral service. It is recommended that jewellery be removed before the coffin is sealed, for this reason. When cremation is finished, the remains are passed through a magnetic field to remove any metal, which will be interred elsewhere in the crematorium grounds or, increasingly, recycled. The ashes are entered into a cremulator to further grind the remains down into a finer texture before being given to relatives or loved ones or scattered in the crematorium grounds where facilities exist.
In Germany, the process is mostly similar to that of the United Kingdom. The body is cremated in the coffin. A piece of fire clay with a number on it is used for identifying the remains of the dead body after burning. The remains are then placed in a container called an ash capsule, which generally is put into a cinerary urn.
In Australia, the deceased is cremated in a coffin supplied by the undertaker. Reusable or cardboard coffins are becoming popular, with several manufacturers now supplying them. For low cost, a plain, particle-board coffin (known in the trade as a "chippie") can be used. Handles (if fitted) are plastic and approved for use in a cremator. Coffins vary from natural cardboard and unfinished particle board (covered with a velvet pall if there is a service) to solid timber; most are veneered particle board.
Cremations can be "delivery only", with no preceding chapel service at the crematorium (although a church service may have been held) or preceded by a service in one of the crematorium chapels. Delivery-only allows crematoria to schedule cremations to make best use of the cremators, perhaps by holding the body overnight in a refrigerator, allowing a lower fee to be charged. Delivery-only is sometimes called west chapel service in industry jargon.
Burning and ashes collection
The box containing the body is placed in the retort and incinerated at a temperature of 760 to 1150 °C (1400 to 2100 °F). During the cremation process, the greater portion of the body (especially the organs and other soft tissues) is vaporized and oxidized by the intense heat; gases released are discharged through the exhaust system. The process usually takes 90 minutes to two hours, with larger bodies taking a longer time.
Jewelry, such as necklaces, wrist-watches and rings, are ordinarily removed before cremation, and returned to the family. Several implanted devices are required to be removed. Pacemakers and other medical devices can cause surprisingly large, dangerous explosions.
Contrary to popular belief, the cremated remains are not ashes in the usual sense. After the incineration is completed, the dry bone fragments are swept out of the retort and pulverised by a machine called a Cremulator—essentially a high-capacity, high-speed blender—to process them into "ashes" or "cremated remains","Cremulator" is a trademark of DWF Europe. although pulverisation may also be performed by hand. This leaves the bone with a fine sand like texture and color, able to be scattered without need for mixing with any foreign matter, though the size of the grain varies depending on the Cremulator used. The mean weight of an adult's remains is 2.4 kg; the mean weight for adult males is about 1 kg higher than that for adult females. There are various types of Cremulators, including rotating devices, grinders, and older models using heavy metal balls.
The grinding process typically takes about 20 seconds.
In East Asian countries such as China, Japan or Taiwan, the bones are not pulverised, unless requested beforehand. When not pulverised, the bones are collected by the family and stored as one might do with ashes.
The appearance of cremated remains after grinding is one of the reasons they are called ashes, although a non-technical term sometimes used is "cremains", a portmanteau of "cremated" and "remains". (The Cremation Association of North America prefers that the word "cremains" not be used for referring to "human cremated remains". The reason given is that "cremains" is thought to have less connection with the deceased, whereas a loved one's "cremated remains" has a more identifiable human connection.)
After final grinding, the ashes are placed in a container, which can be anything from a simple cardboard box to a decorative urn. The default container used by most crematoria, when nothing more expensive has been selected, is usually a hinged, snap-locking plastic box.
An unavoidable consequence of cremation is that a tiny residue of bodily remains is left in the chamber after cremation and mixes with subsequent cremations.
Ash weight and composition
Cremated remains are mostly dry calcium phosphates with some minor minerals, such as salts of sodium and potassium. Sulfur and most carbon are driven off as oxidized gases during the process, although a relatively small amount of carbon may remain as carbonate.
The ash remaining represents very roughly 3.5% of the body's original mass (2.5% in children). Because the weight of dry bone fragments is so closely connected to skeletal mass, their weight varies greatly from person to person. Because many changes in body composition (such as fat and muscle loss or gain) do not affect the weight of cremated remains, the weight of the remains can be more closely predicted from the person's height and sex (which predicts skeletal weight), than it can be predicted from the person's simple weight.
Ashes of adults can be said to weigh from , with women's ashes generally weighing below and men's ashes generally weighing above .
Not all that remains is bone. There may be melted metal lumps from missed jewellery; casket furniture; dental fillings; and surgical implants, such as hip replacements. Breast implants do not have to be removed before cremation. Some medical devices such as pacemakers may need to be removed before cremation to avoid the risk of explosion. Large items such as titanium hip replacements (which tarnish but do not melt) or casket hinges are usually removed before processing, as they may damage the processor. (If they are missed at first, they must ultimately be removed before processing is complete, as items such as titanium joint replacements are far too durable to be ground.) Implants may be returned to the family, but are more commonly sold as ferrous/non-ferrous scrap metal. After the remains are processed, smaller bits of metal such as tooth fillings, and rings (commonly known as gleanings) are sieved out and may be later interred in common, consecrated ground in a remote area of the cemetery. They may also be sold as precious metal scrap.
Methods of retaining or disposing of the cremated remains
Cremated remains are returned to the next of kin in different manners according to custom and country. In the United States, the cremated remains are almost always contained in a thick watertight polyethylene plastic bag contained within a hard snap-top rectangular plastic container, which is labeled with a printed paper label. The basic sealed plastic container bag may be contained within a further cardboard box or velvet sack, or they may be contained within an urn if the family had already purchased one. An official certificate of cremation prepared under the authority of the crematorium accompanies the remains, and if required by law, the permit for disposition of human remains, which must remain with the cremated remains.
Cremated remains can be kept in an urn, stored in a special memorial building (columbarium), buried in the ground at many locations or sprinkled on a special field, mountain, or in the sea. In addition, there are several services in which the cremated remains will be scattered in a variety of ways and locations. Some examples are via a helium balloon, through fireworks, shot from shotgun shells, by boat or scattered from an aeroplane. One service sends a lipstick-tube sized sample of the cremated remains into low earth orbit, where they remain for years (but not permanently) before reentering the atmosphere. Some companies offer a service to turn part of the cremated remains into synthetic diamonds which can then be made into jewelry.
Cremated remains may also be incorporated, with urn and cement, into part of an artificial reef, or they can also be mixed into paint and made into a portrait of the deceased. Some individuals use a very small amount of the remains in tattoo ink, for remembrance portraits. Cremated remains can be scattered in national parks in the United States with a special permit. They can also be scattered on private property with the permission of the owner. A portion of the cremated remains may be retained in a specially designed locket known as cremation jewelry, or even blown into special glass keepsakes and glass orbs. The cremated remains may also be entombed. Most cemeteries will grant permission for burial of cremated remains in occupied cemetery plots that have already been purchased or are in use by the families disposing of the cremated remains without any additional charge or oversight.
Concerns have been raised at the amount of ashes scattered at the peak of Snowdon, as they change the nature of the soil, and may affect the ecology.
The final disposition depends on the personal preferences of the deceased as well as their cultural and religious beliefs. Some religions will permit the cremated remains to be sprinkled or retained at home. Some religions, such as Roman Catholicism, prefer to either bury or entomb the remains. Hinduism obliges the closest male relative (son, grandson, etc.) of the deceased to immerse the cremated remains in the holy river Ganges, preferably at the holy city of Triveni Sangam, Allahabad, or Varanasi or Haridwar, India. The Sikhs immerse the remains in Sutlej, usually at Sri Harkiratpur. In southern India, the ashes are immersed in the river Kaveri at Paschima vahini in Srirangapattana at a stretch where the river flows from east to west, depicting the life of a human being from sunrise to sunset. In Japan and Taiwan, the remaining bone fragments are given to the family and are used in a burial ritual before final interment.
Reasons for choosing cremation
Aside from religious reasons (discussed below), some people find they prefer cremation over traditional burial for personal reasons. The thought of a long and slow decomposition process is unappealing to some; many people find that they prefer cremation because it disposes of the body instantly.
Other people view cremation as a way of simplifying their funeral process. These people view a traditional ground burial as an unneeded complication of their funeral process, and thus choose cremation to make their services as simple as possible. Cremation is a more simple disposition method to plan than a burial funeral. This is because with a burial funeral one would have to plan for more transportation services for the body as well as embalming and other body preservation methods. With a burial funeral one will also have to purchase a casket, headstone, grave plot, opening and closing of the grave fee, and mortician fees. Cremation funerals only require planning the transportation of the body to a crematorium, cremation of the body, and a cremation urn.
The cost factor tends to make cremation attractive. Generally speaking, cremation is cheaper than a traditional burial service, especially if direct cremation is chosen, in which the body is cremated as soon as legally possible without any sort of services. However, for some even cremation is still relatively expensive, especially as a lot of fuel is required to perform it. Methods to reduce fuel consumption/fuel cost include the use of different fuels (i.e. natural gas or propane, compared to wood) and by using an incinerator (retort) (closed cabin) rather than an open fire.
For surviving kin, cremation is preferred because of simple portability. Survivors relocating to another city or country have the option of transporting the remains of their loved ones with the ultimate goal of being interred or scattered together.
Cremated remains can be scattered or buried. Cremation plots or columbarium niches are usually cheaper than a traditional burial plot or mausoleum crypt, and require less space. Some religions, such as Roman Catholicism, require the burial or entombment of cremated remains, but burial of cremated remains may often be accomplished in the burial plot of another person, such as a family member, without any additional cost. This option is charged for in England in an Anglican church where the fee is set by the Table of Parochial Fees (£36 to incumbent and £78 to church council) a total of £114 in 2010 with a marker charged as extra. It is also very common to scatter the remains in a place the deceased liked—such as the sea, a river, a beach, a park, or mountains, following their last will. This is generally forbidden in public places but easy to do. Some persons choose to have a small part of their ashes (usually less than 1 part in 1000, because of cost constraints) scattered in space (known as space burial and offered by companies such as Elysium Space, Celestis and Ascending Memories). Cremated remains can now also be converted to diamonds.
Environmental impact
Despite being an obvious source of carbon emissions, cremation also has environmental advantages over burial, depending on local practice. Studies by Elisabeth Keijzer for the Netherlands Organisation for Applied Research found that cremation has less of an environmental impact than a traditional burial (natural burial was not addressed), while the newer method of alkaline hydrolysis (sometimes called green cremation or resomation) had less impact than both. The study was based off Dutch practices; American crematoria are more likely to emit mercury, but are less likely to burn hardwood coffins. Keijzer's studies also found that a cremation or burial accounts for only about a quarter of a funeral's environmental impact; the carbon emissions of people travelling to the funeral are far greater.
Each cremation requires about of fuel and releases about of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Thus, the roughly 1 million bodies that are cremated annually in the United States produce about of carbon dioxide, which is more CO2 pollution than 22,000 average American homes generate in a year. The environmental impact may be reduced by using cremators for longer periods, and not cremating on the same day as the coffin is received, which reduces the use of fossil fuel and hence carbon emissions. Cremation is therefore becoming more friendly toward the environment though natural burials are also possible. Some funeral and crematorium owners offer a carbon neutral funeral service incorporating efficient-burning coffins made from lightweight recycled composite board.
Burial is a known source of certain environmental contaminants, with formaldehyde and the coffin itself being major contaminants. Cremation can also release contaminants, such as mercury from dental fillings. In some countries such as the United Kingdom, the law now requires that cremators be fitted with abatement equipment (filters) that remove serious pollutants such as mercury.
Another environmental concern is that traditional burial takes up a great deal of space. In a traditional burial, the body is buried in a casket made from a variety of materials. In the United States, the casket is often placed inside a concrete vault or liner before burial in the ground. While individually this may not take much room, combined with other burials, it can over time cause serious space concerns. Many cemeteries, particularly in Japan and Europe as well as those in larger cities, have run out of permanent space. In Tokyo, for example, traditional burial plots are extremely scarce and expensive, and in London, a space crisis led Harriet Harman to propose reopening old graves for "double-decker" burials. Some cities in Germany do not have plots for sale, only for lease. When the lease expires, the remains are disinterred and a specialist bundles the bones, inscribes the forehead of the skull with the information that was on the headstone, and places the remains in a special crypt.
Religious views
Christianity
In Christian countries and cultures, cremation has historically been discouraged, but now in many denominations it is accepted.
Catholicism
Christians preferred to bury the dead rather than to cremate the remains, as was common in Roman culture. The Roman catacombs and veneration of relics of saints witness to this preference. For them, the body was not a mere receptacle for a spirit that was the real person, but an integral part of the human person. They looked on the body as sanctified by the sacraments and itself the temple of the Holy Spirit, and thus requiring to be disposed of in a way that honours and reveres it, and they saw many early practices involved with disposal of dead bodies as pagan in origin or an insult to the body.
The idea that cremation might interfere with God's ability to resurrect the body was refuted as early as the 2nd-century Octavius of Minucius Felix, in which he said: "Every body, whether it is dried up into dust, or is dissolved into moisture, or is compressed into ashes, or is attenuated into smoke, is withdrawn from us, but it is reserved for God in the custody of the elements. Nor, as you believe, do we fear any loss from sepulture, but we adopt the ancient and better custom of burying in the earth." And while there was a clear preference for burial, there was no general Church law forbidding cremation until 1866. Even in Medieval Europe, cremation was practiced in situations where there were multitudes of corpses simultaneously present, such as after a battle, after a pestilence or famine, and where there was an imminent fear of diseases spreading from the corpses, since individual burials with digging graves would take too long and body decomposition would begin before all the corpses had been interred.
Beginning in the Middle Ages, and even more so in the 18th century and later, rationalists and classicists began to advocate cremation again as a statement denying the resurrection and/or the afterlife, although the pro-cremation movement more often than not took care to address and refute theological concerns about cremation in their works. Sentiment within the Catholic Church against cremation became hardened in the face of the association of cremation with "professed enemies of God." When some Masonic groups advocated cremation as a means of rejecting Christian belief in the resurrection, the Holy See forbade Catholics to practise cremation in 1886. The 1917 Code of Canon Law incorporated this ban, but in 1963, recognizing that, in general, cremation was being sought for practical purposes and not as a denial of bodily resurrection, the choice of cremation was permitted in many circumstances. The current 1983 Code of Canon Law, states: "The Church earnestly recommends the pious custom of burial be retained; but it does not forbid cremation, unless this is chosen for reasons which are contrary to Christian teaching."
There are no universal rules governing Catholic funeral rites in connection with cremation, but episcopal conferences have laid down rules for various countries. Of these, perhaps the most elaborate are those established, with the necessary confirmation of the Holy See, by the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops and published as Appendix II of the United States edition of the Order of Christian Funerals.
Although the Holy See has in some cases authorized bishops to grant permission for funeral rites to be carried out in the presence of cremated remains, it is preferred that the rites be carried out before cremation, in the presence of the still intact body. Practices that show insufficient respect for the ashes of the dead such as turning them into jewelry or scattering them are forbidden for Catholics.
Anglicanism and Lutheranism
In 1917, Volume 6 of the American Lutheran Survey stated that "The Lutheran clergy as a rule refuse" and that "Episcopal pastors often take a stand against it." Indeed, in the 1870s, the Anglican Bishop of London stated that the practice of cremation would "undermine the faith of mankind in the doctrine of the resurrection of the body, and so bring about a most disastrous social revolution." In The Lutheran Pastor, George Henry Gerberding stated:
However, Protestant churches welcomed the use of cremation at a much earlier date than the Catholic Church; pro-cremation sentiment was not unanimous among Protestants, however. The first crematoria in the Protestant countries were built in the 1870s, and in 1908, the Dean and Chapter of Westminster Abbey—one of the most famous Anglican churches—required that remains be cremated for burial in the abbey's precincts. Today, "scattering", or "strewing," is an acceptable practice in many Protestant denominations, and some churches have their own "garden of remembrance" on their grounds in which remains can be scattered. Other groups also support cremation. Some denominations, like Lutheran churches in Scandinavia, favour the urns being buried in family graves. A family grave can contain urns of many generations and also the urns of spouses and loved ones.
Methodism
An early Methodist tract titled Immortality and Resurrection noted that "burial is the result of a belief in the resurrection of the body, while cremation anticipates its annihilation." The Methodist Review noted that "Three thoughts alone would lead us to suppose that the early Christians would have special care for their dead, namely, the essential Jewish origin of the Church; the mode of burial of their founder; and the doctrine of the resurrection of the body, so powerfully urged by the apostles, and so mighty in its influence on the primitive Christians. From these considerations, the Roman custom of cremation would be most repulsive to the Christian mind."
Eastern Orthodox and others who forbid cremation
On the other hand, some branches of Christianity oppose cremation, including some minority Protestant groups and Orthodox. Most notably, the Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox Churches forbid cremation, as a custom, but not dogmatically. Exceptions are made for circumstances where it may not be avoided (when civil authority demands it, or epidemics) or if it may be sought for good cause, but when a cremation is willfully chosen for no good cause by the one who is deceased, he or she is not permitted a funeral in the church and may also be permanently excluded from liturgical prayers for the departed. In Orthodoxy, cremation is perceived by some a rejection of the dogma of the general resurrection.
The Church of God (Restoration) also forbids the practice of cremation, believing it to be a pagan practice.
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) has, in past decades, discouraged cremation without expressly forbidding it. In the 1950s, for example, Apostle Bruce R. McConkie wrote that "only under the most extraordinary and unusual circumstances" would cremation be consistent with LDS teachings.
However, more recent LDS publications have provided instructions for how to dress the deceased when they have received their temple endowments (and thus wear temple garments) prior to cremation for those wishing to do so, or in countries where the law requires cremation. Except where required by law, the family of the deceased may decide whether the body should be cremated, though the Church "does not normally encourage cremation."
Indian religions
Indian religions such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism practice cremation. The founder of Buddhism, Shakyamuni Buddha, was cremated. For Buddhist spiritual masters who are cremated, one of the results of cremation is the formation of Buddhist relics.
A dead adult Hindu is mourned with a cremation, while a dead child is typically buried.J Fowler (1996), Hinduism: Beliefs and Practices, Sussex Academic Press, , pages 59–60 The rite of passage is performed in harmony with the Hindu religious view that the microcosm of all living beings is a reflection of a macrocosm of the universe. The soul (Atman, Brahman) is the essence and immortal that is released at the Antyeshti'' ritual, but both the body and the universe are vehicles and transitory in various schools of Hinduism. They consist of five elements – air, water, fire, earth and space. The last rite of passage returns the body to the five elements and origins. The roots of this belief are found in the Vedas, for example in the hymns of Rigveda in section 10.16, as follows:
The final rite in the case of untimely death of a child is usually not cremation but a burial. This is rooted in Rig Veda's section 10.18, where the hymns mourn the death of the child, praying to deity Mrityu to "neither harm our girls nor our boys", and pleads the earth to cover, protect the deceased child as a soft wool.
Ashes of the cremated bodies are usually spread in a river, which are considered holy in the Hindu practice. Ganga is considered to be the holiest river and Varanasi, which is on the banks of river Ganga the holiest place to be cremated at.
Bali, Indonesia
Balinese Hindu dead are generally buried inside the container for a period of time, which may exceed one month or more, so that the cremation ceremony (Ngaben) can occur on an auspicious day in the Balinese-Javanese Calendar system ("Saka"). Additionally, if the departed was a court servant, member of the court or minor noble, the cremation can be postponed up to several years to coincide with the cremation of their Prince. Balinese funerals are very expensive and the body may be interred until the family can afford it or until there is a group funeral planned by the village or family when costs will be less. The purpose of burying the corpse is for the decay process to consume the fluids of the corpse, which allows for an easier, more rapid and more complete cremation.
Islam
Islam strictly forbids cremation. Islam has specific rites for the treatment of the body after death.
Judaism
Judaism traditionally disapproved of cremation in the past (it was the traditional means of disposing the dead in the neighboring Bronze Age cultures). It has also disapproved of preservation of the dead by means of embalming and mummifying, a practice of the ancient Egyptians.
Through history and up to the philosophical movements of the current era Modern Orthodox, Orthodox, Haredi, and Hasidic movements in Judaism have maintained a strict biblical line against cremation, and disapprove of it as Halakha (Jewish law) forbids it. This halakhic concern is grounded in the upholding of bodily resurrection as a core belief of traditional Judaism, as opposed to other ancient trends such as the Sadduccees, who denied it as well as the clear wording of the Torah in Devarim (Deuteronomy) 21:23 "Bury, you will bury him the same day; for the (unburied body) is a curse to God" with both a positive command derived from this verse to command one to bury a dead body and a negative command forbidding neglecting to bury a dead body. Some from the generally liberal Conservative Jewish also oppose cremation, some very strongly.
During the 19th and early 20th centuries, as the Jewish cemeteries in many European towns had become crowded and were running out of space, in a few cases cremation for the first time became an approved means of corpse disposal among the emerging liberal and Reform Jewish movements in line with their across the board rejection of traditional Torah ritual laws having mandatory standing. Current liberal movements like Reform Judaism still support cremation, although burial remains the preferred option.
In Israel, where religious ritual events including free burial and funeral services for all who die in Israel and all citizens including the majority Jewish population including for the secular or non-observant are almost universally facilitated through the Rabinate of Israel which is an Orthodox organization following traditional Jewish law, there were no formal crematories until 2004 when B&L Cremation Systems Inc. became the first crematory manufacturer to sell a retort to Israel. In August 2007, an orthodox youth group in Israel was accused of burning down the country's sole crematorium. The crematorium was rebuilt within weeks by its owner Aley Shalechet and the retort replaced. Since that incident, cremation has taken place in Israel without interruption.
Other
Baha'i
The Baha'i Faith forbids cremation, "He feels that, in view of what ‘Abdu’l-Bahá has said against cremation, the believers should be strongly urged, as an act of faith, to make provisions against their remains being cremated. Bahá’u’lláh has laid down as a law, in the Aqdas, the manner of Bahá’í burial, and it is so beautiful, befitting and dignified, that no believer should deprive himself of it."
Zoroastrianism
Traditionally, Zoroastrianism disavows cremation or burial to preclude pollution of fire or earth. The traditional method of corpse disposal is through ritual exposure in a "Tower of Silence", but both burial and cremation are increasingly popular alternatives. Some contemporary adhererents of the faith have opted for cremation. Parsi-Zoroastrian singer Freddie Mercury of the group Queen was cremated after his death.
China
Neo-Confucianism under Zhu Xi strongly discourages cremation of one's parents' corpses as unfilial. Han Chinese traditionally practiced burial and viewed cremation as taboo and as a barbarian practice.
Traditionally, only Buddhist monks in China exclusively practiced cremation because ordinary Han Chinese detested cremation, refusing to do it. But now, the atheist Communist party enforces a strict cremation policy on Han Chinese. However, exceptions are made for Hui who do not cremate their dead due to Islamic beliefs.
The minority Jurchen and their Manchu descendants originally practiced cremation as part of their culture. They adopted the practice of burial from the Han, but many Manchus continued to cremate their dead.
Pet cremation
Pet cremation is practiced internationally. In Japan, more than 465 companion animal temples are in operation. These venues hold funerals and rituals for dead pets. In Australia, pet owners can purchase services to have their companion animal cremated and placed in a pet cemetery or taken home.
The cost of pet cremation depends on location, where the cremation is done, and time of cremation. The American Humane Society's cost for cremation of 22.5 kg (50 lb). or less pet is $110 while 23 kg (51 lb). or more is $145. The cremated remains are available for the owner to pick up in seven to ten business days. Urns for the companion animal range from $50 to $150.
Controversial cases in recent history
Tri-State Crematory incident
In early 2002, 334 corpses that were supposed to have been cremated in the previous few years at the Tri-State Crematory were found intact and decaying on the crematorium's grounds in the U.S. state of Georgia, having been dumped there by the crematorium's proprietor. Many of the corpses were decayed beyond identification. Some families received "ashes" that were made of wood and concrete dust.
Operator Ray Brent Marsh had 787 criminal charges filed against him. On 19 November 2004, Marsh pleaded guilty to all charges. Marsh was sentenced to two 12-year prison sentences, one each from Georgia and Tennessee, to be served concurrently; he was also sentenced to probation for 75 years following his incarceration.
Civil suits were filed against the Marsh family as well as a number of funeral homes who shipped bodies to Tri-State; these suits were ultimately settled. The property of the Marsh family has been sold, but collection of the full $80-million judgment remains doubtful. Families have expressed the desire to return the former Tri-State crematory to a natural, parklike setting.
Indian Ocean tsunamis
The magnitude 9.0–9.3 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake triggered a series of lethal tsunamis on 26 December 2004 that killed almost 300,000 people, making them the deadliest tsunamis in recorded history. The tsunamis killed people over an area ranging from the immediate vicinity of the quake in Southeast Asia (Indonesia, Thailand, and the northwestern coast of Malaysia), to thousands of kilometers away in the Indian subcontinent (Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, the Maldives), the Horn of Africa (Somalia), and the African Great Lakes (Kenya and Tanzania).
Authorities had difficulties dealing with the large numbers of bodies, and as a result, thousands of bodies were cremated together out of fear that decaying bodies would cause disease. Many of these bodies were not identified or viewed by relatives prior to cremation. A particular point of objection was that the bodies of Westerners were kept separate from those of Asian descent, who were mostly locals. This meant that the bodies of tourists from other Asian nations, such as Japan and South Korea, were mass cremated, rather than being returned to their country of origin for funeral rites.
Rates
The cremation rate varies considerably across countries with Japan reporting a 99% cremation rate while Poland reported a rate of 6.7% in 2008. The cremation rate in the United Kingdom has been increasing steadily with the national average rate rising from 34.70% in 1960 to 75.44% in 2015. According to the National Funeral Directors Association the cremation rate in the United States in 2016 was 50.2 percent and this was expected to increase to 63.8 percent by 2025 and 78.8 percent in 2035.
See also
Antyesti
Burial at sea
Burial in space
Death
Promession
Resomation
Sati
Self-immolation
Tissue digestion
References
External links
The International Cremation Federation (ICF)
Category:Death customs
Category:Fire
Category:Incineration
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Neoleucinodes dissolvens
Neoleucinodes dissolvens is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. in 1914. It is found in French Guiana, Ecuador, Suriname and Brazil (São Paulo de Olivença, Amazonas).
References
Category:Moths described in 1914
Category:Spilomelinae
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Samuel A. Foot
Samuel Augustus Foot (November 8, 1780 – September 15, 1846; his surname is also spelled Foote) was the 28th Governor of Connecticut as well as a United States Representative and Senator.
Biography
Born November 8, 1780 in Cheshire, Connecticut, to John & Abigail (Hall) Foot. Having entered Yale College at the age of thirteen, was the youngest student in the graduating class of 1797. He attended the Litchfield Law School when he was seventeen, but discontinued law studies due to ill health. He then moved to New Haven, Connecticut; became a West India Trader and made many voyages for his health. He married Eudocia Hull in 1803 and they had seven children (the second of whom was Andrew Hull Foote).
Career
When the War of 1812 Embargo Act ruined his business, Foot returned to his father's farm in Cheshire in 1813, engaged in agricultural pursuits and politics.
Foot was a member of the Connecticut House of Representatives in 1817 and 1818, and was elected to the Sixteenth Congress, serving from March 4, 1819 to March 3, 1821. He was again a member of the State house of representatives from 1821 to 1823 and 1825 to 1826, serving as speaker in 1825 to 1826; he was elected to the Eighteenth Congress, serving from March 4, 1823 to March 3, 1825. He was elected by the General Assembly to the U.S. Senate as an Adams' man (later Anti-Jacksonian) within the splintering Democratic Republican Party. He served in the Senate from March 4, 1827 to March 3, 1833. In the Senate he is most noted for the "Foot Resolution" of December 29, 1829 to limit the sale of public lands. It was during debate on this resolution that Daniel Webster gave his "Liberty and Union, one and inseparable, now and forever" speech.
Foot was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1832; while in the United States Congress, he was chairman of the Committee on Pensions (Twenty-first and Twenty-second Congresses). He was elected to the Twenty-third Congress, and served from March 4, 1833, to May 9, 1834, when he resigned to become Governor of Connecticut, a position he held in 1834 and 1835. He was an unsuccessful Whig candidate for governor in 1836. Foot later served as a presidential elector on the Clay-Frelinghuysen ticket in 1844.
Death
Foot died in Cheshire on September 15, 1846. He is interred at Hillside Cemetery Cheshire, Connecticut.
References
External links
Litchfield Historical Society
National Governors Association
The Political Graveyard
Govtrack US Congress
Category:1780 births
Category:1846 deaths
Category:Members of the Connecticut House of Representatives
Category:Members of the United States House of Representatives from Connecticut
Category:United States senators from Connecticut
Category:Yale College alumni
Category:Governors of Connecticut
Category:Connecticut Whigs
Category:Connecticut National Republicans
Category:National Republican Party United States senators
Category:Whig Party state governors of the United States
Category:Connecticut Federalists
Category:Federalist Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Category:Connecticut Democratic-Republicans
Category:Democratic-Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Category:National Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Category:19th-century American politicians
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Étang de Thau
Étang de Thau (; ) or Bassin de Thau is the largest of a string of lagoons (étangs) that stretch along the French coast from the Rhône River to the foothills of the Pyrenees and the border to Spain in the Languedoc-Roussillon. Although it has a high salinity, it is considered the second largest lake in France.
Description
It is about 21 km long and 8 km wide, with an area of . The mean depth of the lagoon is 4.5 m, but in the central navigation channel it can be 10 m deep. Near Bouzigues there is a 100-metre diameter depression of 30 metres. This 'Fosse de la Vise' is the source of a hot spring that feeds the spa in Balaruc.
Its size and depth, which distinguish it from other lagoons of the region, is explained by the geomorphology of the region: it is the syncline formed from folding which produced the corresponding anticline of the Gardiole in the north east.
Until relatively recently the lagoons from Marseillan to the Rhône were a continuous stretch of inland waterway. Early settlers described this as "une petite mer intérieure et tranquille" ("a small sea, inner and quiet"). It provided access to, in particular, Marseillan—a fishing village that became a trade centre.
Linked, now, by the Canal du Rhône à Sète to the river Rhône and by the Canal du Midi to Bordeaux via Toulouse, the lagoon also has access to the Mediterranean at Sète. There is also a small canal (le canal des Allemands or the pisse-saume) that links the western end to the sea at Marseillan Plage. This canal is only suitable for small craft since both road and railway bridges restrict height.
To the east, between Balaruc and Sète, the borders of the lagoon are largely industrial. The south bank is formed by the coastal strip from Sète to Cap d'Agde. The northern side has villages dedicated to fishing and the production of shellfish. There are harbours in the towns of Marseillan, Mèze and Bouzigues, with smaller ports dedicated to shellfish on the northern shore.
There is significant variation in the rainfall in the catchment basin for the lagoon, both seasonally and between years. The annual precipitation can range from 200 to 1,000 mm per year. As a result, the water temperature and salinity have extensive ranges. Water temperature ranges from 3 °C to 29 °C, with salinities of 27 psu to 40 psu. The salinity changes during the year with lows from February to June and peaks in July to January.
Administration
Located between the towns of Sète and Marseillan in the Hérault département, the Étang de Thau is shared administratively by the communes of (running clockwise): Balaruc-le-Vieux, Balaruc-les-Bains, Frontignan, Sète, Marseillan, Mèze, Loupian and Bouzigues.
Economy and natural resources
As the lagoon is open to the sea, it has fish such as the gilt-head bream (dorade), Argyrosomus regius (a croaker) and sea bass. The lagoon produces approximately 200 kg/ha/year of fish. However, the shellfish industry is more economically important. Eighteen varieties of shellfish are taken from the lagoon - the most important being oysters. 750 producers farm 2,750 oyster tables and take some 13,000 tonnes annually. This provides for about 8.5% of France's consumption. Oysters from the Étang de Thau are marketed under the name huîtres de Bouzigues (Bouzigues Oysters) after the village of Bouzigues where oyster production started. They are a flat variety. Fixed with cement to ropes, the young oysters are immersed in the water until they reach a size suitable for consumption. Thau water is graded A and so shellfish can be caught and consumed within minutes. In addition to oysters, some 3,000 tonnes of mussels are produced every year.
Apart from fishing and shellfish, the Étang de Thau provides income through tourism, particularly via sailing schools.
Wildlife
The Bassin de Thau provides a habitat for a variety of wild animals, notably birds such as herons and pink flamingos and a rich marine fauna, including bivalves (oysters and mussels), jellyfish, fish, and algae. Periodically in the spring and summer, the Thau Lagoon has algae blooms of Alexandrium catenella which sometimes reach such high levels that it results in contamination of the lagoon's bivalves with algae toxins.
Gallery
Notes
External links
Website of panoramic photos of the Thau lagoon and its region
Photos of the Etang de Thau
Thau fisheries
Info on Thau and oysters
Thau
Thau, Etang de Thau
Category:Lagoons of Europe
Category:Bodies of water of France
Category:Gulf of Lion
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Bose Venkat
Bose Venkat is an Indian film actor who appears in Tamil films and television serials.
Personal life
Venkat is married to actress Sonia in 2003. The couple have a son Tejaswin and a daughter Bavadarani.
Career
Venkat came to Chennai at the age of 17, hoping to make it big in films. After facing an unsuccessful start to his career, he worked briefly as an auto rickshaw driver while attending auditions. He subsequently got selected for a role in the serial Metti Oli. Recognising his work in the serial, director Bharathiraja offered him a role in Eera Nilam (2003).. Bose Venkat has made a welcome debut as director and Kanni Maadam is a simple and powerful tale that touches our hearts - Review by ChennaiVision.com
Filmography
Actor
Director
Dubbing artist
Television
References
External links
Category:1975 births
Category:Living people
Category:Tamil male actors
Category:Tamil male television actors
Category:Tamil Nadu television personalities
Category:Male actors from Chennai
Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema
Category:21st-century Tamil male actors
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Thibodeau
Thibodeau is a French surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Joel Thibodeau, member of American folk band Death Vessel
Michael Thibodeau, American politician and businessperson
Michèle Thibodeau-DeGuire, Canadian engineer and administrator
Sean Thibodeau, actor
Tom Thibodeau, American basketball coach and current head coach of the Minnesota Timberwolves
Vanessa Thibodeau, Canadian politician
Édouard Thibaudeau, Canadian lawyer and political figure
Rachel Thibodeau, American country music lyricist
David Thibodeau, co-founder of SKA Brewing and Peach Street Distillers
Fictional characters:
Carter Thibodeau, from Under the Dome by Stephen King
Denise Thibodeau and Henry Thibodeau, from Olive Kitteridge by Elizabeth Strout
Toponyms
Thibodeau Bay, a bay of Gouin Reservoir, in La Tuque, in Mauricie, in Quebec, in Canada.
Thibodeau, a (former?) village in Pisiguit, Nova Scotia, Canada.
Thibodaux, a city in Louisiana, formerly named Thibodeaux, in United States.
See also
Thibodeaux (disambiguation)
Thibodaux
Category:French-language surnames
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San Giovanni a Mare, Gaeta
San Giovanni a Mare, which translates to St John at sea, is a 10th-century church located in Gaeta, region of Lazio, Italy. The church for many years was sponsored by the guild of carpenters, hence was also known as San Giuseppe.
History
The church originally stood outside the city walls, and had a central dome decorated with external arabesque reliefs. the facade was added in the 18th century. The 1928 restoration brought to light 14th-century frescoes depicting the Visitation and St Agatha, Virgin and Child Enthroned with St. Lawrence attributed to Pietro Cavallini, now detached and exhibited in the Gaeta Diocesan Museum. Several altars, mostly in stucco, were erected during the Baroque era, each dedicated to their own saint, and placed along the walls. Until the 1960s, the church had a small Neapolitan organ in place. During the restoration of 1928, the main altar was moved to the church of Santa Maria della Catena and replaced by the top slab of a Roman sarcophagus with hippogriffs from the 400 AD.
The church suffered gravely during the second world war, but continued as a church and venue for concerts till 1975-1980, when it was closed for renovations. In 2015, it continues to require reconstruction, and is generally closed and deconsecrated.
References
Category:Churches in the province of Latina
Category:Romanesque architecture in Lazio
Category:10th-century churches
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2005 FIBA Oceania Championship for Women
The FIBA Oceania Championship for Women 2005 was the qualifying tournament of FIBA Oceania for the 2006 FIBA World Championship for Women. The tournament, a best-of-three series between and , was held in Palmerston, Napier
and Auckland. Australia won all three games. Both teams qualified for the 2006 FIBA World Championship for Women.
Results
References
Category:FIBA Oceania Championship for Women
Championship
Category:2005 in New Zealand basketball
Category:2005–06 in Australian basketball
Category:International basketball competitions hosted by New Zealand
Category:Australia women's national basketball team games
Category:New Zealand women's national basketball team games
basketball
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EuroBasket Women 1976
The 1976 European Women's Basketball Championship, commonly called EuroBasket Women 1976, was the 15th regional championship held by FIBA Europe. The competition was held in France and took place from 20 May to 29 May 1976. won the gold medal and the silver medal while won the bronze.
Squads
Qualification
Group A
Group B
Group C
First stage
Group A
Group B
Group C
Second stage
Championship Group
8th to 13th Places Group
Final standings
External links
FIBA Europe profile
Todor66 profile
1976
Category:1976 in French women's sport
Category:International women's basketball competitions hosted by France
Category:May 1976 sports events in Europe
Euro
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Anashkin
Anashkin (), female form Anashkina () is a Russian surname.
Notable people with this surname include:
Sergei Anashkin (born 1961), Kazakhstani football player
Yuliya Anashkina (born 1980), Russian luger
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Pune–Amravati AC Superfast Express
The 22117 / 18 AC Superfast Express is a Superfast express train of the AC Express series belonging to Indian Railways - Central Railway zone that runs between and in India.
It operates as train number 22117 from to and as train number 22118 in the reverse direction serving the states of Maharashtra.
Coaches
The 22117 / 18 AC Superfast Express has 9 AC 3 tier, 4 AC 2 Tier & 2 End on Generator Coaches. It doesn't carries a Pantry car coach .
As is customary with most train services in India, Coach Composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand.
EOG consists of Luggage and Generator Coach
B consists of AC 3 Tier Coach
PC consists of Pantry Car Coach
A consists of AC 2 Tier Coach
H consists of First Class AC Coach
Service
The 22117 AC Superfast Express covers the distance of in 12 hours (60.00 km/hr) & in 13 hours 5 mins as 22118 AC Superfast Express (55.00 km/hr).
As the average speed of the train is above , as per Indian Railway rules, its fare includes a Superfast surcharge.
Routeing
The 22117 / 18 AC Superfast Express runs from via , , , , , to .
Traction
As the route is fully electrified , a based WAP 7 locomotive powers the train to its destination.
Rake Sharing
22123/24 - Pune - Ajni AC Superfast Express
Operation
22117 AC Superfast Express leaves every Wednesday & arriving the next day.
22118 AC Superfast Express leaves every Thursday & arriving the next day.
References
External links
22117 AC Superfast Express at India Rail Info
22118 AC Superfast Express at India Rail Info
Category:AC Express (Indian Railways) trains
Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra
Category:Transport in Amravati
Category:Transport in Pune
Category:Railway services introduced in 2017
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Chuck Miller
Chuck Miller may refer to:
Chuck Miller (musician) (1924–2000), American singer and pianist
Charles A. Miller (political scientist) (1937–2019), American author and academic
Chuck Miller (baseball) (1889–1961), Major League Baseball outfielder
Chuck Miller (customizer), builder of The Red Baron
See also
Charles Miller (disambiguation)
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Bakhodir Khan Turkistan
Bahodir Xon Turkiston, Bokhodir Choriyev, Bahodir Choryiev, Бахадир Чариев, Баҳодир Чориев, was born on October 31, 1969 into a worker's family in Shahrisabz district of the Republic of Uzbekistan. After finishing school No 9 in 1986 entered the evening department of Tomsk Polytechnic Institute in Russian Federation and at the same year continued education at the Tomsk Junior Professional College No 17. Graduated from the college in 1987, started his first work experience at "Kontur" plant in Tomsk as a radio-installation specialist and was called for military service at the same year.
Start of career
He had to transfer his education to the faculty of ASY at Tashkent State Technical University.
In 1994, graduated from the University and started working as a junior research worker at the Scientific-research Institute at the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Uzbekistan.
In 1995 – a founder of Uzbekistan-China Joint venture "Suvjihozgaz".
In 1996 – founded "Yangi ta'minot" private company. In 1999, bought 60,05% shareholding in "Kesh" Open joint-stock company from Tashkent stock exchanges and due to the majority ownership, was appointed temporary executive chairperson of OJSC "Kesh" on February 25, 2000.
Bokhodir Choriyev becoming a manager without any bribing, in addition, his control of 60,05% of the company and their release of a large company to a stranger was a disappointment to all senior and junior authorities. In general, running business activities among the authorities, totally corrupted since the Soviet era, running their work in a planned economy management, too far from market economy.
To raise OJSC "Kesh" to high-level management levels, Bokhodir Choriyev developed his own economic plan to restore the commercial profitability of OJSC "Kesh" that was near bankruptcy those days. This plan envisaged steps for dissociation from state authorities as much as possible, elimination of state order based cotton mono-culture, cropping grain crops not on the basis of state plans, but for the requirements of the legal entity and other similar new economic decisions based on market economy and used in world economy.
During his work in 2000, Bokhodir Choriyev severely fought with local authorities to eliminate the state order cotton and grain crop mono-culture plans and as a result, in November 2000, OJSC "Kesh" was the first in Uzbekistan that the oblast and district governors had to issue a decision to free the company from the state orders for cotton and grain crops. OJSC "Kesh" carried on in disposing of its property without obeying the state authorities, in the interests of the company and its shareholders working in accordance with existing legislation. Shahrisabz district governor Shuhrat Allanazarov did not like Bokhodir Choriyev's fight for public interests and running the company activities based on free market economy.
He reproached Bokhodir Choriyev several times not to try to discover America again in Uzbekistan. In May 2000, OJSC "Kesh" General Meeting of Shareholders elected Bokhodir Choriyev chairperson of the board and this decision of the meeting of shareholders was quickly annulled by the oblast department of the State Committee on Property. However, the existing corrupted authorities of Uzbekistan could not bear the fact when the General Meeting of Shareholders of OJSC "Kesh" was held again in September 2000 and reinstated Bokhodir Choriyev in chairman's position again, thus the shareholders of OJSC "Kesh" were above the government authorities, and their incapability of doing anything against this.
One of the representatives of the government, Deputy Shahrisabz district governor, district Water Facilities Manager S. Pirimov's repeated words at the General Meetings of Shareholders of OJSC "Kesh": "The land belongs to the state; you and the people own the material assets of this company only.
The shareholders should only receive their dividends on their shares and should not interfere with management affairs", and his constant speeches from different platforms divided the shareholders into two groups. In September 2000, in collision together, after the latest General Meeting of Shareholders of OJSC "Kesh", the authorities initiated a criminal investigation against Bokhodir Choriyev and arrested him on January 2, 2001.
On January 4, 2001, without any sanctions from the oblast prosecutor, the local authorities hurriedly appointed an executive chairman to OJSC "Kesh" instead of Bokhodir Choriev against all existing laws of the country. In a very short time, the new chairperson signed a contract with the government and imposed obligations of cropping cotton and grain crops to government orders on the company, and thus brought the company back into the fence of the government. The initiator and organiser of all this work was Botir Amirqulov, Qashqadaryo oblast department manager of "O'zgo'shtsanoat" State Company.
Court process
First court
The first court hearings on Bokhodir Choriyev's case was held in Chahrisabz district in March 2001. The district judge returned his case back to additional investigations, the second court hearings were held in June 2001 in Kitob district. After reviewing the case, instead of releasing Bokhodir Choriyev, the Kitob district judge issued a resolution to free him from the jail on a bail and sent the case for additional investigations.
Ongoing process
The next session was held by the Qamashi district criminal court unfairly and on a biased basis through strong pursuit and pressure on Bokhodir Choriyev and employees of OJSC "Kesh. Against the procedural rules and legislation on hearing the cases in participation of two court councillors, the judge always considered the case with attendance of three councillors beside him.
In 2002, the Qamashi district criminal court issued a resolution that Bokhodir Choriyev was sentenced for 6 years' imprisonment and released him by applying an amnesty act with a ban for taking any management positions for three years thereafter.
In 2002-2003, Bokhodir Choriyev and his associates in OJSC "Kesh" participated at several court proceedings in order to reinstate their rights and management positions at OJSC "Kesh". The OJSC "Kesh" "case" got so much expanded that it moved to Tashkent, capital city. The group, who illegally achieved the ownership of OJSC "Kesh" managed to get the consent of M. Asqarov, Head of the Uzbekistan Committee for State Property in their favour for a large amount of bribe. M. Asqarov started imposing direct pressure on the supporters of Bokhodir Choriyev.
In violation of the Law "On shareholding companies and protection of shareholders' rights" and abusing his authority, M. Asqarov initiated a process of reduction of Bokhodir Choriyev's shareholding from 60,05% to15% by arranging additional share emission of the Company. Dozens of court cases were initiated to consider the plaintiff claims. Bokhodir Choriyev and his supporters went out for demonstrations demanding M. Asqarov's retirement from his position of the Head of The Committee for State Property.
Human Rights organisation
While the court proceedings were almost finalised in favour of the shareholders of the public shareholding company, the National Security Services (NSS) of the country stepped into the affairs. As a result, Bokhodir Choriyev had to suffer severe injustice. For the purposes of getting out of the oblast and winning the battle, he had initially joined a Human Rights organisation.
He studied the activities of Human Rights organisation and opposition activities; and in the course of 2003 organised several pickets, protest demonstrations in protection of his own human rights. In order to earn his bread, he had to use his private car as a taxi, and though it was illegal, together with his wife Feruza Khanum sold newspapers and journals in the streets and thus kept both ends meet.
Once he understood the real purpose and sense of Islam Karimov's regime, he realised that it was impossible to fight for human rights under existing laws and conditions of Uzbekistan.
Political activities
He started looking for ways and means of his main political activities and methods of fighting to abolish this unjust and inhuman regime. Bokhodir Choriyev continued his fight until March 2004 within the existing legislation in the country, and could not manage to return OJSC "Kesh", he made a special Announcement and joined the opposition. On April 10, 2004, he founded "Birdamlik" Movement, which lately became "Birdamlik" National Democratic Movement both with the target of peaceful fight with the regime.
He tried to organise big meetings, protest demonstrations, which resulted in him being attacked on May 21, 2004, severely beaten, putting a sack on his head, his feet and hands tied and kidnapped by NSS. He was left severely beaten and only in his underwear in an abandoned industrial building near the Chirchiq River in Tashkent oblast. The only source of income to his family – his car was burned on the same day.
The meeting, organised by him on June 1, 2004 on the International Children's Day was a big resonance. Having to face serious pressure and pursuit because of his political activity and unable to afford his family, in June 2004, he had to leave Uzbekistan together with his family.
With the help of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees in Moscow, on February 10, 2005, the US government gave him and his family were given political shelter. Staying in the US, he managed to organise and hold big protest demonstrations in Uzbekistan. One of such protest demonstrations was held on May 3, 2005.
He got several books on peaceful fight translated from English into Uzbek. Partly, he met with scientist Jean Sharp and got his books "From Dictatorship to Democracy" and "There are real alternatives around" translated, met with scientist Robert Helvi and got his book "On strategic non-violence fight" translated, got the book "50 important issues in non-violence fight" about activities of Yugoslavia activist group "Otpor" and many other books, scientific works and articles translated into Uzbek and constantly delivered to his activists in Uzbekistan. This work also included translation into Uzbek of the movie "Bringing down a dictator" by director Martin Shin and Bokhodir Choriyev managed to dub the movie into Uzbek.
In October 2009, Bokhodir Choriyev announced that he was going back to Uzbekistan to continue his political activities in the country. Right after his return, he was arrested at the Tashkent International Airport and the authorities initiated a criminal case against him. He was released conditionally.
Birdamlik Movement
Despite all the pursuit and pressure, together with Dilorom Is'hoqova, the Uzbekistan Department Head of the "Birdamlik" People's Democratic Movement, he travelled to most oblasts of Uzbekistan and tried to organise a congress of the "Birdamlik" Movement. The government authorities placed heavy barriers to the representatives from other oblasts of Uzbekistan to arrive to the Congress, held in November 2009.
As a result, the Congress was attended by the representatives of Qashqadarya oblast only, and therefore, the Congress was considered to have been held not in the form of a Congress and was held as an oblast Conference of the Movement. In December 2009, Bokhodir Choriyev returned to the US and continued his political activities.
During 2010-2014 Bokhodir Choriyev managed to hold dozens of small and large demonstrations in Uzbekistan and abroad. In order to shut Bokhodir Choriyev down, in 2013 Islam Karimov's regime arranged an abominable provocation against his father Hasan Choriev.
This resulted in imprisonment of Hasan Choriev, after his release, he lived in freedom only for 2 months and died of the disease he got infected with in the prison. After Hasan Choriev's death, Islam Karimov's regime started an unconceivable pursuit and caused unthinkable problems to Bokhodir Choriyev and his family.
First of all, the authorities made it impossible to allot a piece of land at the cemetery to dig a grave to bury Hasan Choriev, NSS threatened those who came to the funeral and most of these people were made to leave the ceremony. Under instructions by and strict control of NSS, all coffins in the Shahrisabz and neighbouring districts were collected for the "reason" of "disinfection" (this was the first time in Uzbekistan to collect all coffins, refusing to allot a piece of land for a grave for a dead person and banning to perform funeral namaz service). All imams and mullas in the district, who could perform the funeral namaz service were taken under strict control and stopped to go to the funeral of Hasan Choriev.
The late Hasan Choriev's close friend, imam Omonkhon was forcefully kept in Shahrisabz district NSS offices until the funeral was over. When it became clear that digging a grave was impossible, sitting in the US, Bokhodir Choriyev had to phone call his brothers to dig a grave in their father's garden. Only after this, the authorities gave a permission to allot a piece of land for digging a grave. The funeral namaz service was performed by close relatives of Bokhodir Choriyev who had special Muslim knowledge.
The "Birdamlik" People's Democratic Movement made two political full size animation films. The Movement founded the newspaper "Turkiston tongi" (Turkiston morning), which is published in Kazakh and Uzbek languages. The Movement established "Turon" online radio and TV. In 2006 they founded the site www.birdamlik.info and in 2013 – www.mulkdor.com. From its initial foundation days, the Movement has been running its activities owing to the voluntary assistance from the Head of the Movement Bokhodir Choriyev and its activists.
The "Birdamlik" People's Democratic Movement is still continuing its activities without any assistance from any governments or organisation. Bokhodir Choriyev is using most of his personal income, almost 60% to carry out his political activities.
On April 26–27, 2014, the "Birdamlik" PDM managed to hold their first Congress in Saint Luis, USA. The Congress introduced and approved the Movement's Charter, Program, Manual One, Manual Two and other documents. During presidential elections in March 2015, Alternative Online presidential elections were held at personal initiative of Bokhodir Choriyev. Nine candidates participated at the Alternative Online Elections. Bokhodir Choriyev won the Alternative Online elections.
The dictator of Uzbekistan Islam Karimov, who has been contaminating the life of Uzbek people, who had been drowning the country into an abyss in all aspects, who had been usurping the power personally deprived Bokhodir Choriyev of his citizenship of Uzbekistan.
References
http://www.profi-forex.org/wiki/bahodir-choriev.html
http://www.ipsnews.net/2008/04/qa-challenge-to-uzbek-govt-gathers-force/
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4512003.stm
http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_5-5-2005_pg4_24
http://www.amerikaovozi.com/content/a-36-2009-10-17-voa293365169/804422.html
http://izrus.co.il/dvuhstoronka/article/2010-04-12/9381.html#ixzz22ti9VSIF
https://web.archive.org/web/20160513162426/http://happyplanet.today/
Category:1969 births
Category:Living people
Category:Uzbekistani activists
Category:Uzbekistani diaspora
Category:Uzbekistani politicians
Category:Uzbekistani society
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Hospital-acquired pneumonia
Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) or nosocomial pneumonia refers to any pneumonia contracted by a patient in a hospital at least 48–72 hours after being admitted. It is thus distinguished from community-acquired pneumonia. It is usually caused by a bacterial infection, rather than a virus.
HAP is the second most common nosocomial infection (after urinary tract infections) and accounts for 15–20% of the total. It is the most common cause of death among nosocomial infections and is the primary cause of death in intensive care units.
HAP typically lengthens a hospital stay by 1–2 weeks.
Signs and symptoms
New or progressive infiltrate on the chest X-ray with one of the following:
Fever > 37.8 °C (100 °F)
Purulent sputum
Leukocytosis > 10,000 cells/μl
In an elderly person, the first sign of hospital-acquired pneumonia may be mental changes or confusion.
Other symptoms may include:
A cough with greenish or pus-like phlegm (sputum)
Fever and chills
General discomfort, uneasiness, or ill feeling (malaise)
Loss of appetite
Nausea and vomiting
Sharp chest pain that gets worse with deep breathing or coughing
Shortness of breath
Decreased blood pressure and fast heart rate
Types
Bacterial pneumonia: The majority of cases related to various rod shaped gram-negative organisms (52%) and Staphylococcus aureus (19%), usually of the MRSA type. Others are Haemophilus spp. (5%). In the ICU results were S. aureus (17.4%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (17.4%), Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter spp. (18.1%), and Haemophilus influenzae (4.9%).
Viral pneumonia: influenza and respiratory syncytial virus and, in the immunocompromised host, cytomegalovirus – cause 10–20% of infections.
Ventilator-associated pneumonia
Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a sub-type of hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) which occurs in people who are receiving mechanical ventilation. VAP is not characterized by the causative agents; rather, as its name implies, definition of VAP is restricted to patients undergoing mechanical ventilation while in a hospital. A positive culture after intubation is indicative of ventilator-associated pneumonia and is diagnosed as such. In order to appropriately categorize the causative agent or mechanism it is usually recommended to obtain a culture prior to initiating mechanical ventilation as a reference.
Healthcare-associated pneumonia (HCAP)
HCAP is a condition in patients who can come from the community, but have frequent contact with the healthcare environment. Historically, the etiology and prognosis of nursing home pneumonia appeared to differ from other types of community acquired pneumonia, with studies reporting a worse prognosis and higher incidence of multi drug resistant organisms as etiology agents. The definition criteria which has been used is the same as the one which has been previously used to identify bloodstream healthcare associated infections.
HCAP is no longer recognized as a clinically independent entity. This is due to increasing evidence from a growing number of studies that many patients defined as having HCAP are not at high risk for MDR pathogens. As a result, 2016 IDSA guidelines removed consideration of HCAP as a separate clinical entity.
Definition
Healthcare-associated pneumonia can be defined as pneumonia in a patient with at least one of the following risk factors:
hospitalization in an acute care hospital for two or more days in the last 90 days;
residence in a nursing home or long-term care facility in the last 30 days
receiving outpatient intravenous therapy (like antibiotics or chemotherapy) within the past 30 days
receiving home wound care within the past 30 days
attending a hospital clinic or dialysis center in the last 30 days
having a family member with known multi-drug resistant pathogens
Causes
In some studies, the bacteria found in patients with HCAP were more similar to HAP than to CAP; compared to CAP, they could have higher rates of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and less Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae. In European and Asian studies, the etiology of HCAP was similar to that of CAP, and rates of multi drug resistant pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were not as high as seen in North American studies. It is well known that nursing home residents have high rates of colonization with MRSA. However, not all studies have found high rates of S. aureus and gram-negative bacteria. One factor responsible for these differences is the reliance on sputum samples and the strictness of the criteria to discriminate
between colonising or disease-causing bacteria. Moreover, sputum samples might be less frequently obtained in the elderly.Aspiration (both of microscopic drops and macroscopic amounts of nose and throat secretions) is thought to be the most important cause of HCAP. Dental plaque might also be a reservoir for bacteria in HCAP.
Bacteria have been the most commonly isolated pathogens, although viral and fungal pathogens are potentially found in immunocompromised hosts (patients on chronic immunosuppressed medications, solid organ and bone marrow transplant recipients). In general, the distribution of microbial pathogens varies among institutions, partly because of differences in patient population and local patterns of anti microbial resistance in hospitals and critical care units' Common bacterial pathogens include aerobic GNB, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumanii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli as well as gram-positive organisms such as Staphylococcus aureus. In patients with an early onset pneumonia (within 5 days of hospitalization), they are usually due to anti microbial-sensitive bacteria such as Enterobacter spp, E. coli, Klebsiella spp, Proteus spp, Serratia mare scans, community pathogens such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and methicillin-sensitive S. aureus should also be considered.
Pneumonia that starts in the hospital tends to be more serious than other lung infections because: people in the hospital are often very sick and cannot fight off germs. The types of germs present in a hospital are often more dangerous and more resistant to treatment than those outside in the community. Pneumonia occurs more often in people who are using a respirator. This machine helps them breathe. Hospital-acquired pneumonia can also be spread by health care workers, who can pass germs from their hands or clothes from one person to another. This is why hand-washing, wearing grows, and using other safety measures is so important in the hospital.
Treatment
Patients with HCAP are more likely than those with community-acquired pneumonia to receive inappropriate antibiotics that do not target the bacteria causing their disease.
In 2002, an expert panel made recommendations about the evaluation and treatment of probable nursing home-acquired pneumonia. They defined probably pneumonia, emphasized expedite antibiotic treatment (which is known to improve survival) and drafted criteria for the hospitalization of willing patients.
For initial treatment in the nursing home, a fluoroquinolone antibiotic suitable for respiratory infections (moxifloxacin, for example), or amoxicillin with clavulanic acid plus a macrolide has been suggested. In a hospital setting, injected (parenteral) fluoroquinolones or a second- or third-generation cephalosporin plus a macrolide could be used. Other factors that need to be taken into account are recent antibiotic therapy (because of possible resistance caused by recent exposure), known carrier state or risk factors for resistant organisms (for example, known carrier of MRSA or presence of bronchiectasis predisposing to Pseudomonas aeruginosa), or suspicion of possible Legionella pneumophila infection (legionnaires disease).
In 2005, the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America have published guidelines suggesting antibiotics specifically for HCAP. The guidelines recommend combination therapy with an agent from each of the following groups to cover for both Pseudomonas aeruginosa and MRSA. This is based on studies using sputum samples and intensive care patients, in whom these bacteria were commonly found.
cefepime, ceftazidime, imipenem, meropenem or piperacillin–tazobactam; plus
ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, amikacin, gentamicin, or tobramycin; plus
linezolid or vancomycin
In one observational study, empirical antibiotic treatment that was not according to international treatment guidelines was an independent predictor of worse outcome among HCAP patients.
Guidelines from Canada suggest that HCAP can be treated like community-acquired pneumonia with antibiotics targeting Streptococcus pneumoniae, based on studies using blood cultures in different settings which have not found high rates of MRSA or Pseudomonas.
Besides prompt antibiotic treatment, supportive measure for organ failure (such as cardiac decompensation) are also important. Another consideration goes to hospital referral; although more severe pneumonia requires admission to an acute care facility, this also predisposes to hazards of hospitalization such as delirium, urinary incontinence, depression, falls, restraint use, functional decline, adverse drug effects and hospital infections. Therefore, mild pneumonia might be better dealt with inside the long term care facility. In patients with a limited life expectancy (for example, those with advanced dementia), end-of-life pneumonia also requires recognition and appropriate, palliative care.
Prognosis
Healthcare-associated pneumonia seems to have fatality rates similar to hospital-acquired pneumonia, worse than community-acquired pneumonia but less severe than pneumonia in ventilated patients. Besides clinical markers like tachypnea (fast breathing) or a high white cell count (leukocytosis), the prognosis seems to be influenced by the underlying associated diseases (comorbidities) and functional capacities (for example, the ADL score). Many patients have a decreased health condition after the episode.
Epidemiology
Several studies found that healthcare-associated pneumonia is the second most common type of pneumonia, occurring less commonly than community-acquired pneumonia but more frequently than hospital-acquired pneumonia and ventilator-associated pneumonia. In a recent observational study, the rates for CAP, HCAP and HAP were 60%, 25% and 15% respectively. Patients with HCAP are older and more commonly have simultaneous health problems (such as previous stroke, heart failure and diabetes).
The number of residents in long term care facilities is expected to rise dramatically over the next 30 years. These older adults are known to develop pneumonia 10 times more than their community-dwelling peers, and hospital admittance rates are 30 times higher.
Nursing home-acquired pneumonia
Nursing home-acquired pneumonia is an important subgroup of HCAP. Residents of long term care facilities may become infected through their contacts with the healthcare system; as such, the microbes responsible for their pneumonias may be different from those traditionally seen in community-dwelling patients, requiring therapy with different antibiotics. Other groups include patients who are admitted as a day case for regular hemodialysis or intravenous infusion (for example, chemotherapy). Especially in the very old and in demented patients, HCAP is likely to present with atypical symptoms.
Risk factors
Among the factors contributing to contracting HAP are mechanical ventilation (ventilator-associated pneumonia), old age, decreased filtration of inspired air, intrinsic respiratory, neurologic, or other disease states that result in respiratory tract obstruction, trauma, (abdominal) surgery, medications, diminished lung volumes, or decreased clearance of secretions may diminish the defenses of the lung. Also, poor hand-washing and inadequate disinfection of respiratory devices cause cross-infection and are important factors.
Pathogenesis
Most nosocomial respiratory infections are caused by so-called skorvatch microaspiration of upper airway secretions, through inapparent aspiration, into the lower respiratory tract. Also, "macroaspirations" of esophageal or gastric material is known to result in HAP. Since it results from aspiration either type is called aspiration pneumonia.
Although gram-negative bacilli are a common cause they are rarely found in the respiratory tract of people without pneumonia, which has led to speculation of the mouth and throat as origin of the infection.
Diagnosis
In hospitalised patients who develop respiratory symptoms and fever, one should consider the diagnosis. The likelihood increases when upon investigation symptoms are found of respiratory insufficiency, purulent secretions, newly developed infiltrate on the chest X-Ray, and increasing leucocyte count. If pneumonia is suspected material from sputum or tracheal aspirates are sent to the microbiology department for cultures. In case of pleural effusion, thoracentesis is performed for examination of pleural fluid. In suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia it has been suggested that bronchoscopy(BAL) is necessary because of the known risks surrounding clinical diagnoses.
Differential diagnosis
Atelectasis
Congestive heart failure
Pulmonary embolism
Treatment
Usually initial therapy is empirical. If sufficient reason to suspect influenza, one might consider oseltamivir. In case of legionellosis, erythromycin or fluoroquinolone.
A third generation cephalosporin (ceftazidime) + carbapenems (imipenem) + beta lactam & beta lactamase inhibitors (piperacillin/tazobactam)
References
Further reading
Morrow L. Critical Decisions for the Treatment of Health-care-Associated Pneumonia in the ICU.
External links
Hospital-Acquired, Health Care Associated, and Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia from the Cleveland Clinic
Cecil Textbook of Medicine
Category:Infectious diseases
Category:Pneumonia
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Vince Colletta
Vincente Colletta (October 15, 1923 – June 3, 1991) was an American comic book artist and art director best known as one of Jack Kirby's frequent inkers during the 1950s-1960s period called the Silver Age of comic books. This included some significant early issues of Marvel Comics' Fantastic Four, and a long, celebrated run on the character Thor in Journey into Mystery and The Mighty Thor.
Early life
Colletta was born in Casteldaccia, Sicily, the son of Rosa and Frank Colletta, the latter "a pretty high-level Mafioso", according to family lore that said Frank Colletta emigrated from Sicily to escape local law enforcement. Colletta served with the US armed forces in World War II, where he provided art on the sides of bombers. He settled in Brooklyn, New York City, where his wife and child joined him 10 years later. The family then moved to New Jersey and opened an Italian market, severing any ties to the Mafia. Educated at the New Jersey Academy of Fine Arts,
Career
Colletta entered comics in 1952, freelancing first as a penciler, inking his own work, for the publisher Better Publications, on the titles Intimate Love and Out of the Shadows, and for publisher Youthful Magazines' imprint Pix-Parade, on the title Daring Love.
The following year he began his decades-long collaboration with Marvel, at the company's 1950s iteration, Atlas Comics. Primarily a romance comics artist, he drew dozens of stories and covers for the Atlas titles Love Romances, Lovers, My Own Romance, Stories of Romance, and The Romances of Nurse Helen Grant, with his earliest confirmed Atlas romance art the six-page story "My Love for You" in Love Romances #37 (March 1954). Colletta's work also appeared in such genres as jungle adventure (Jungle Action, Jann of the Jungle, Lorna, the Jungle Girl) and horror/fantasy (Uncanny Tales, Journey into Mystery).
During an Atlas retrenchment in the late 1950s, Colletta freelanced as a penciler on the DC Comics romance titles Falling in Love, Girls' Love Stories, and Heart Throbs, and Charlton Comics' Love Diary and Teen Confessions. His last confirmed pencil work for decades was "I Can't Marry Now" in Love Diary #6 (Sept. 1959).
Colletta's first confirmed work as an inker of another artist's pencils is unknown, largely due to credits not being given routinely in 1950s comics. Two possibilities suggested by historians and researchers are the cover of Atlas' Annie Oakley Western Tales #10 (April 1956), co-inking with Sol Brodsky over Brodsky's pencils, and the three-page story "I Met My Love Again", penciled by Matt Baker, in My Own Romance #65 (Sept. 1958). Additionally assigned to ink stories in Atlas' emerging science-fiction/fantasy and giant-monster comics, Colletta entered what fans and historians call "pre-superhero Marvel" with three Baker-penciled stories: "The Green Fog" in Journey into Mystery #50 (Jan. 1959), "I Fell to the Center of the Earth" in Tales to Astonish #2 (March 1959), and "The Brain Picker" in World of Fantasy #17 (April 1959).
Historians pinpoint Colletta's first inking of Jack Kirby's pencils as either the cover of Kid Colt: Outlaw #100 (Sept. 1961) or (with Colletta's credit confirmed), the cover of Love Romances #98 (March 1962).
Members of artist Wally Wood's studio were among those who assisted or ghosted on Colletta's mid-1960s Charlton stories. Artists who assisted or ghosted through Colletta's own studio included Maurice Whitman in 1964, Hy Eisman from 1960 to 1964, and at various times Matt Baker, Dick Giordano, and Joe Sinnott, as well as Kyle Baker.
Marvel Comics
As an inker for Marvel in the 1960s, Colletta worked on nearly every title, including some of the earliest issues of Daredevil. He inked Kirby's Fantastic Four #40-43, as well as Fantastic Four Annual #3, featuring the wedding of Reed Richards and Susan Storm and guest-starring virtually all the major Marvel Comics characters of the time.
Colletta began his six-year run on Kirby's "The Mighty Thor" feature with the "Tales of Asgard" backup in Journey into Mystery #106 (July 1964). Colletta graduated to the lead feature with #116 (May 1965). He continued through the book's retitling to The Mighty Thor with #126 (March 1966), and — except for one issue (#143) — inked it through #167 (Aug. 1969), picking up again from #176 (May 1970) to Kirby's final issue, #179 (Aug. 1970), inking John Buscema in #178. Colletta also inked Journey into Mystery Annual #1 (1965), which introduced Hercules to the Marvel universe, and The Mighty Thor King-Size Annual #2.
Historians and critics consider Colletta's Thor work to be his creative highlight. Historian Nick Simon said, "For me, the Kirby/Colletta version of Thor is the definitive one." Author and Silver Age of Comic Books historian Pierre Comtois wrote that,
Colletta would also pencil stories in many 1960s issues of Charlton Comics' Teen-Age Love and First Kiss (at least some of which has been credited in reprints as by "Vince Colletta Studio"). He occasionally inked romance stories penciled by Joe Sinnott, and other pencilers on such titles as Charlton's Gunmaster, and Dell Comics' Guerrilla War, Jungle War Stories, and Western series Idaho.
DC Comics
In 1970, Colletta — who had been freelancing for DC Comics since 1968 on the romance titles Falling In Love, Girls' Love Stories, Secret Hearts and Young Romance — stepped up his inking for the company following Jack Kirby's move there from Marvel Comics. Colletta inked Kirby's two black-and-white magazine one-shots, In the Days Of The Mob and Spirit World (both Oct. 1971), and the initial issues of Kirby’s Superman's Pal, Jimmy Olsen and "Fourth World" titles: The Forever People, Mister Miracle and The New Gods. While Colletta's rates were good and he brought "an innocent Marvel Age look to Jack's new heroes", he was prone to "erasing background characters" and transforming "[b]ustling crowd scenes [into] easier silhouettes". Kirby confidante Mark Evanier and inker Wally Wood eventually convinced a reluctant Kirby to ask DC Publisher Carmine Infantino to remove Colletta from inking Kirby's titles. He was replaced by inker Mike Royer, causing some fans to write to DC in complaint, denouncing Kirby for "abandoning the Marvel-style look". Colletta's frequent assistant Art Cappello did much of the background inking on these comics.
Colletta went on to ink a large array at DC, including a variety of Batman, Superman and Green Lantern titles; the TV tie-in series Isis and Super Friends; and nearly every issue of Wonder Woman from #206 (July 1973) to #270 (Aug. 1980), over pencilers including Don Heck, Dick Dillin, Curt Swan, José Delbo and Michael Netzer (Nasser).
He was named DC's art director in May 1976, resigning the post in May 1979. His time there included discovering future industry star Frank Miller. As one-time Marvel editor-in-chief Jim Shooter described, Miller had broken in with "a small job from Western Publishing, I think. Thus emboldened, he went to DC, and after getting savaged by Joe Orlando, got in to see art director Vinnie Colletta, who recognized talent and arranged for him to get a one-page war-comic job".
Before and after his tenure, Colletta continued to do a small amount of inking for Marvel, as well as for Skywald Publications' black-and-white horror magazine Psycho. Well into the 1980s, Colletta continued to ink a wide assortment of comics for both DC and Marvel. His last known credit is a Marvel humor one-shot, Fred Hembeck Destroys the Marvel Universe (July 1989).
In late 1987 after editor-in-chief Jim Shooter was fired from Marvel, Colletta sent Marvel a scathing, profanity-laced letter highly critical of the company's action, which became widely circulated.
Analysis
Colletta was regarded as one of the American comics industry's fastest inkers and a reliable professional to call upon when a comic was in danger of missing a printing deadline. He nonetheless has been criticized by a range of fellow professionals and comic historians for erasing various details in a penciler's work, both in order to lessen the inking burden and to help meet time constraints during an industry era when printers charged then-prohibitive thousands of dollars for missed deadlines, which resulted in idle presses. As comics artist Joe Sinnott told author Marc Flores, who writes under the pen name Ronin Ro, "When I penciled the romance stories, I used to tell myself, Vince wrecked what I did. ... He would eliminate people from the strip and use silhouettes, everything to cut corners and make the work easier for himself." Writer Len Wein told an interviewer what he enjoyed most about working on Luke Cage was, "Getting to work with the wonderful George Tuska, before Vinnie Colletta got his hands on the pencils and ruined them".
Colletta was reassigned from inking The Tomb of Dracula when publisher Stan Lee determined Colletta had taken unacceptable shortcuts on issue #9. Gene Colan, penciler on the series (and on several earlier projects inked by Colletta), remarked many years later that "when he wanted to he could do very good work, but he didn't take his time with my stuff."
Jack Kirby partisans are particularly vocal. Mark Evanier said, "In 1970 when Steve Sherman and I met Steve Ditko, he asked us about the new Kirby books that were then about to debut at DC. When we told him Colletta was handling the inking, he winced and said that he would probably not look at the comics. Back when he was working for Marvel, Ditko said he'd pick up the latest issues in the office and always check the credits before taking the comics home. If he found Colletta's name — especially as Kirby's embellisher — he would make a point of putting the comic back, or even in a wastebasket. And he'd make sure Stan [Lee] saw what he was doing and knew the reason why."
Conversely, Colletta's admirers point to the speed with which Colletta was often required to work, and the results he could produce when given time. Critic Tony Seybert wrote that "for tales set in the distant past of myth and legend, Colletta's soft delicate inks evoke the vapors of ancient times [and are] just as effective on Asgardian crags as on the sylvan glades of Olympus. The Kirby/Colletta Thor is a mighty blond deity with a hint of Norse faerie-dust. Hercules is a roughly hewn sculpture, almost incomplete, like one of the unfinished prisoners of Michelangelo."
Colletta himself has described his methods as a necessity of the industry. When asked to describe his philosophy of inking, he said, "Well, first of all, some inkers like to pick and choose... and they'll take their time, no matter what the deadline is, even if the editor is in a jam, or a colorist is waiting for pages to come in so they can earn a living, too. I can't be that way."
Personal life
By the early 1950s, Colletta was married to his wife, Viola. The couple had a son, Franklin. Circa 1962, the family began living at 3 Old Woods Road, in Saddle River, New Jersey.
Some time after having recovered from a heart attack, Colletta was diagnosed with cancer; three weeks later, on June 3, 1991, aged 67, he died at Pascack Valley Hospital in Westwood, New Jersey. At least one obituary, in The Comics Journal, erroneously stated he died at age 65 and in "late June", and claimed the cause was heart disease.
Awards
Colletta was posthumously awarded the Inkwell Awards Special Recognition Award in 2016. His son, Frankie, extended his thanks on the awards' official site.
References
External links
Vince Colletta at the Lambiek Comiclopedia. Archived October 18, 2011.
Vince Colletta at the Unofficial Handbook of Marvel Comics Creators
Evanier, Mark. "POV Online" (column), March 19, 2003
Larsen, Erik. "One Fan's Opinion" (column), Comic Book Resources, May 9, 2008
Archive of McQuarrie, Jim, , "Oddball Comics" (column) #1156, May 14, 2007
Category:1923 births
Category:1991 deaths
Category:American comics artists
Category:American people of Sicilian descent
Category:People from the Province of Palermo
Category:People from Saddle River, New Jersey
Category:Silver Age comics creators
Category:DC Comics people
Category:Marvel Comics people
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Mária Berzsenyi
Mária Berzsenyi (born October 31, 1946 in Sármellék, Zala) is a former Hungarian handball goalkeeper, Olympic Games and World Championship bronze medalist.
She has won the bronze medal with the Hungarian national team on the 1975 World Championship, a success she repeated in the following year on the Olympic Games. Four years later she was a member of the Hungarian team which finished fourth in the 1980 Olympic Games. She played in three matches.
References
Category:1946 births
Category:Living people
Category:Hungarian female handball players
Category:Handball players at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Category:Handball players at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Category:Olympic handball players of Hungary
Category:Olympic bronze medalists for Hungary
Category:Olympic medalists in handball
Category:Medalists at the 1976 Summer Olympics
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Stealing Second
Stealing Second is the second solo album by American newgrass mandolinist Chris Thile, released in 1997 on Sugar Hill. All of the songs on Stealing Second were written by Thile.
Track listing
"Ah Spring" - 1:44
"Stealing Second" - 3:14
"Kneel Before Him" - 4:41
"Bittersweet Reel" - 5:04
"Alderaanian Melody" - 2:50
"Hyperdrive" - 3:38
"Leaves Fall" - 4:20
"A Night In Mos Eisley" - 2:50
"Hop The Fence" - 2:57
"The Game Is Afoot" - 6:38
"Clear The Tracks" - 3:02
"Golden Pond" - 3:11
"Road To Wrigley" - 3:22
"Ryno's Lament" - 2:25
Personnel
Musical
Chris Thile - Bouzouki, Mandolin
Russ Barenberg - Guitar
Alison Brown - Banjo
Sam Bush - Fiddle, Guitar, Producer
Jerry Douglas - Dobro
Stuart Duncan - Fiddle
David Grier - Guitar
Scott Thile - Bass
Scott Vestal - Banjo
Technical
Bradley Hartman - Engineer
Randy LeRoy - Mastering
Sue Meyer - Design
Category:1997 albums
Category:Chris Thile albums
Category:Sugar Hill Records (bluegrass) albums
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Robert Roche (activist)
Robert Roche, also known as Bob Roche and Rob Roche, is a Native American civil rights activist. He is perhaps best known for being one of several prominent American Indians to spearhead the movement against the use of Native American imagery as sports mascots.
Early life
Robert Roche was born Robert Joseph Roche on 3 May 1947 at Saint Ann's Hospital located in Cleveland, Ohio. Robert is a member of the Chiricahua Apache, a tribe of the Apache living in the Southwestern part of the United States. He would end up meeting Russell Means, a well-known actor, civil rights activist and founder of the Cleveland branch of the American Indian Movement. He would profoundly influence a young Roche, and the two would go on to collaborate on many projects.
Career
From 1974 to 1984, Roche worked in the City of Cleveland Juvenile Court Division as an Acting Probation Officer. During this time, he worked with indigenous youth who had come in contact with and were already in the juvenile justice system. In 1995, Robert Roche founded the American Indian Education Center, a non-profit organization that offered a variety of re-entry services for the American Indian population in the greater Greater Cleveland area, including HIV testing, tutoring, smoking cessation classes, cultural programming and resume writing instruction. in Cleveland, Ohio. Roche opened the American Indian Education Center to provide a more comprehensive variety of services after the two decades of controversy its "predecessor," the Cleveland American Indian Center, founded by Russell Means, had been embroiled in. in Cleveland, Ohio.
Robert currently serves as the executive director of the American Indian Education Center in Cleveland, Ohio. Some of the work he carried out was documented in a book written by attorney Joseph Patrick Meissner as part of a compendium of accounts focusing on people who work to improve their community. Robert Roche has also taught a course in Oberlin College's Experimental College Department about the history of the Native American civil rights organization, the American Indian Movement.
Activism
Roche is an active member of the Cleveland branch of the "Confederation of Autonomous American Indian Movement" (AAIM), a separate division of the American Indian Movement.
Robert Roche has been a highly visible figure on the Cleveland scene for many decades. Roche would also use his role as a leader in the community to act as a character witness. Roche would also provided testimony in the clemency hearing Billy Slagle, who was convicted of Aggravated Murder with death penalty specifications, Aggravated Burglary, Aggravated Robbery in the 1987 murder of Mari Anne Pope, a babysitter who was stabbed 17 times by Slagle with a pair of scissors, while the children she was babysitting watched. In the appeal, Roche explained that he had contact with the family when Slagle was young when the family came to the American Indian Education Center (Slagle's mother was Native American). Roche recalled alcohol abuse and violence were prominent fixtures in Slagle's home, and believed Slagle would have been incapable of murder if it were not for influence of the alcohol and drugs that he was using, which is why he provided testimony in favor of commuting the death sentence. He currently resides in the city of Parma, a suburb located in the city of Cleveland.
He also raised awareness for formerly missing female Amanda Berry after her abduction by writing letters to the city police department and holding candlelight vigils in her memory.
He has also helmed an ongoing battle against the use of Chief Wahoo as the Cleveland Indians baseball team mascot. He has publicly participated in protests against the use of the Chief Wahoo mascot since 1973. He also founded the group "People, Not Mascots", a cohort which is dedicated to raise awareness against the use of a race of people as mascots and end the current use of offensive Native American imagery. As he explained, "We are not mascots. I'm nobody's mascot. My children are not mascots. "It mocks us as a race of people. It mocks our religion."
A protest being held by Roche on 4 April 2014 against the Cleveland's home opening against the Minnesota Twins at Progressive Field went viral and gained international attention after a man adorned in Redface regalia, approached Roche. The Cleveland Indian's fan, Pedro Rodriguez, was introduced to Roche by a sports blogger who was working in tandem with filmmaker Brian Spaeth to create a documentary on the use of the Chief Wahoo mascot.
On 25 June 2014, major news media outlets began reporting that Robert Roche would file a lawsuit against the Cleveland Indians organization in July. Roche would be suing the team in excess of $9 billion. According to Roche, compensation would be sought based on the length of time and exploitation which has occurred from the use of the mascot. "We're going to be asking for $9 billion and we're basing it on a hundred years of disparity, racism, exploitation and profiteering," Roche said. "It's been offensive since day one. We are not mascots. My children are not mascots. We are people."
Criticism
Robert Roche has been the subject of criticism from some members within the Cleveland Native American community. Philip Joseph Yenyo, an Aztec Indian, protester, and member of the American Indian Movement of Ohio, claimed that Roche had constructed a false identity, claiming to have a birth certificate which reveals that Robert Roche was really Jose Roche. However, when asked to validate the nature of the injurious claims, Yenyo was unable to substantiate his accusations with material evidence. Roche has also been accused by members of the Native American community of using the Center as a platform for himself while failing to provide a consistent regimen of services. Roche was also asked by one of the founders of the original American Indian Movement to stop identifying himself as a member of the organization. According to Vernon Bellecourt, Robert Roche had never been an AIM representative in Ohio. "We have known for some time that he was invoking the name of AIM," Bellcourt said. "We feel if people are doing good work in our name, it's OK. But that is not the case with Roche. We received complaints about him from leaders of the Indian community, and that was enough to cause us to issue the letter." Despite identifying himself as a representative of the Autonomous America Indian Movement, Roche would also state that he was representative or executive director of Cleveland AIM, even doing so in a resume where he describes himself as an "appointed American Indian Movement executive director - Cleveland Ohio, 1994-present."
There have also questions raised about the use of grant funds allocated to the American Indian Education Center Roche operates. The Ohio Attorney General's Office launched an investigation into the use of the Center's finances following a 2013 anonymous complaint that alleged the American Indian Education Center mishandled the grant money it had been appropriated, and the fact Roche paid $153,00.00 in salary and benefits to himself that year, according to the tax filing. Closer examination to the available financial records, however, showed that Roche paid himself in relative proportion of grant funding allocated to the organization. In 2012, the American Indian Education Center received $650,000.00 in grant funding, an elevated increase in comparison from previous years. This was due largely to a Department of Education grant aimed at improving education for impoverished and underprivileged kids. In 2011, when the center was allocated $235,000.00 in grant funding, Roche paid himself only $37,000.00. Prior to that year, in 2010, when the Center was allocated $42,000.00 in grants, Roche, who served as the executive director, and the sole full-time employee on staff (who also worked seven days a week), paid himself only $12,000.00. During that same year, he also wrote a $16,000.00 loan for the center. On the tax filing, under "purpose," it read: "Keep Center Open."
New details into the mismanagement of money allocated to the American Indian Education Center have slowly emerged. It was revealed that the inspector general for the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services also launched an independent investigation into the American Indian Education Center. According to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) starting in 2011. The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, which is a branch of the U.S. Department of Health, had provided thousands of dollars to the American Indian Education Center from 2011 onwards. However, due to the placement of a "high risk restriction" on the Center, access to the SAMHSA grant money was on a limited basis. The investigation also cites the lack of proper financial management to administer the federal grant. The probe has also identified certain irregularities into the expenditure of funds provided by the SAMHSA. These irregularities included the $136,000.00 salary Roche paid himself in 2012, which did not appear to be concordant with wages supplied in grant documentation provided by the American Indian Education Center, the flat fees paid to the center's grant writer, McGuire & Associates, are inconsistent with standard practice, and the Center's bylaws giving Roche governing authority and control over his board of directors, are not in keeping with federal guidelines, which state that the board should operate independently of its director. There are also matters of personnel costs, related taxes and fringe benefit payments that The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration is looking into.
One grant received by the American Indian Education Center received in 2012 carried over into 2013. However, the rant was terminated by the grantor, the Ohio Department of Education, which decided that the program being funded by the grant was ineffective. Roche also made an attempt to open a second education center for American Indian people in the city of Columbus, Ohio in spite of financial difficulties faced during 2012. Although he cited poor health and financial difficulties, Roche registered a 1989 Jaguar in the "unfinished" Columbus Center's name in December 2012. According to Roche, he donated the car to the center, where he plans to raffle the vehicle in the name of American Indian services.
Embezzlement
Prior to his August 2018 indictment, Roche had been under investigation from the Department of Health and Human Services for several years. Investigators found Roche to have conspired with consultant Craig McGuire, whose company wrote grant applications, to steal the Circle of Care grant money. In April 2017, McGuire had pled guilty to conspiracy and theft of government funds.
Investigators said Roche worked with consultant Craig McGuire to steal Circle of Care grant money. According to Roche's indictment, the two secured grants meant to support the mental health and wellness programs for American Indian and Alaskan families and children. McGuire, whose company wrote grant applications, pleaded guilty in April 2017 to conspiracy and theft of government funds.
Roche and consultant Craig McGuire conspired to divert money from the American Indian Education Center. Investigators say McGuire submitted false applications to the federal Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). According to prosecutors, McGuire falsely claimed that the center offered an afterschool program for 500 children and had a "wellness department."
On 16 May 2018, Cleveland.com reported that Roche pled guilty to two counts of theft of government funds for stealing $77,000 in federal grant money meant from the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration grant money to improve the well-being of American Indians and Alaskan Natives living in Northeast Ohio.Roche was sentenced with four months in prison followed by four months of home confinement. Roche was also ordered by the judge to pay $77,000 in restitution, the amount he was accused of stealing.
Roche claimed he was in the early stages of dementia.
See also
American Indian Movement
Chief Wahoo
Native American mascot controversy
Sundance
References
External links
American Indian Education Center
Cleveland American Indian Movement
Category:Living people
Category:1947 births
Category:People from Cleveland
Category:Apache people
Category:Chiricahua
Category:20th-century Native Americans
Category:American Indian Movement
Category:American civil rights activists
Category:Native American people from Ohio
Category:Native American leaders
Category:Native American activists
Category:Activists from Ohio
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