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Aragón (river) The Aragón (; ) is a river in northern Spain, one of the left-hand tributaries of the river Ebro. It rises at Astún (province of Huesca) in the central Pyrenees Mountains, passes southwest through Jaca and Sangüesa (Navarre), and joins the Ebro at Milagro (Navarre), near Tudela. The name Aragón is related to the birth area of the former kingdom, which corresponds to the modern autonomous community of Aragón in Spain. Watershed The river, used for irrigation and hydroelectric power, is about long; its chief tributary is the Arga River. Ecology Non-government sanctioned re-introduction of Eurasian beaver (Castor fiber) in Spain around 2003 has resulted in tell-tale beaver signs documented on a stretch on the lower course of the Aragon River and the area adjoining the Ebro River in Aragon, Spain. References See also List of rivers of Spain Category:Rivers of Spain Category:Ebro basin Category:Rivers of Aragon Category:Rivers of Navarre	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Balaram Gharti Magar Balaram Gharti Magar is a political leader of Nepal. He became minister 11 times in the past, during Panchayat System, and after the declaration of multi-party system. Roughly, he remained in different governments as a minister for about 30 years in the past. He is a Central Committee Member, Senior Member, of Rastriya Prajatantra Party (RPP). He is still actively taking part in his party activities. He has been visiting his birthplace, Rolpa, and Rolpali people time to time. Family He was born at Mijhing VDC, Ward No 5, Upallothar Mukhyadera, Rolpa District in Nepal on 18 Shravan 1994 BS. His parents were Nar Bahadur Gharti Magar and Tika Kumari Gharti Magar. He has two brothers and one younger sister, KrishnakalaHe lost his mother when he was 15 years old. When he was 16 years of age, due to his grandfather’s suggestion and request, he married Belmati (Ramjali) Gharti Magar of Mijhing VDC, Ward No 7, Maldhara. He has seven daughters and resides at Satdobato, Lalitpur Sub-Metropolitan city permanently. He did not get any formal opportunity to study as present day children do get due to his family background, he got education at home from his father and grandfather. Later he got opportunity to study informally in Kanpur, India. Early politics In 2017 BS, he went to Kanpur where he spent a year. He was influenced by political activities there. Although political activities in Nepal were banned, in India it was free to open different unions. Every day after hearing the speeches from the Union leaders there, he learnt the methods of conducting speeches and dealing with the political masses. He returned to Rolpa in 2018 BS and met resident of Gajul VDC, Khadananda Subedi. He was Nepali Congress party leader of Rolpa and was Member of Parliament (MP) during the Nepali Congress-led Government. Subedi advised him to take active participation in politics. Gharti Magar was influenced by Nepali Congress party during that time. Later politics During the election of Pradhanpancha, he was elected as a Pradhanpancha of his village in 2018 BS. He was 24 years old when he became Pradhanpancha for the first time. The next year, there was District Panchayat’s election, he got elected as a Upasabhapati of District Panchayat. National Panchayat Member (NPM) election was held in the same year and he was elected without any opposition. In Baishakh 2020 BS, meeting of National Panchayat was held formally. One of his well wishers, knowing he was so young, had suggested him not to be a minister because that post would have destroyed him. He was only 25 years of age at that time. The third election was held in Chaitra 2030 BS and he was reelected in NPM and in the meantime, he became Assistant Minister of Home Affairs for the first time. He was 37 years old at that time. Later he became Defence State Minister. After one year, he became Construction and Transport State Minister in 2035 BS under the premiership of Dr Tulshi Giri. In 2034 BS, when Kirti Nidhi Bista became Prime Minister (PM), he became Construction and Transport Minister. Later when Surya Bahadur Thapa became PM, he became Defence Minister. There was another election in 2038 BS, he was again reelected with huge majority of votes, with about 28,000. After becoming Defence Minister for one year, he became Local Development Minister. After one year, he became Industry Minister. Meantime, he became Health Minister too. In 2040 BS, he remained only NPM during the premiership of Lokendra Bahadur Chand. There was another election during 2043 BS, he was reelected in NPM. After the multiparty democracy in Nepal, in 2051BS, he was elected as Member of Parliament (MP) from RPP. When Surya Bahadur Thapa became PM, he was appointed as Construction and Transport Minister. Later when Sher Bahadur Deuba became PM, he became Housing and Physical Planning Minister. Later again when Sher Bahadur Deuba became PM, he became Science and Technology Minister for the last time. Works He has published five books: Mool, Rajyog Sadhana Sutra, Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow, Sandhi Patra Grantha, and Yogi Narharinath Sangraha. He has just published his autobiography "Aitihasik Ghatanakram Part 1" in which he has compiled his experience in Nepalese politics. Awards He is awarded with Gorkha Dakshin Bahu First and Second Class, Trishakti Patta Second Class, Shubharajyavishek Padak, Birendra Aishwarya Sewa Padak, Sewa Padak, and Coronation Medal. See also Magar people References External links Category:Living people Category:People from Rolpa District Category:Nepali Congress politicians Category:Government ministers of Nepal Category:Rastriya Prajatantra Party politicians Category:Members of the House of Representatives (Nepal) Category:Year of birth missing (living people)	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Donald Harris (composer) Donald Harris (April 7, 1931 in St. Paul, Minnesota – March 29, 2016 in Columbus, Ohio) was an American composer who taught music at The Ohio State University for 22 years. He was Dean of the College of the Arts from 1988 to 1997. Harris earned a bachelor's degree and a master's degree in Music from the University of Michigan. He completed further studies at the Tanglewood Music Center and the Centre Français d'Humanisme Musical in Aix-en-Provence. He studied with Ross Lee Finney, Max Deutsch, Nadia Boulanger, Boris Blacher, Lukas Foss, and André Jolivet. He founded the Contemporary Music Festival at Ohio State in 2000. Prior to joining the faculty at Ohio State, he served on the faculties and as an administrator of the New England Conservatory of Music and the Hartt School of Music. From 1954 to 1968, Harris lived in Paris, where he served as music consultant to the United States Information Agency and produced the city's first postwar Festival of Contemporary American Music. A documentary about Harris entitled Sonata 1957 was produced by Daniel Beliavsky through opus1films in 2011. It explores Harris’ development in mid 20th-century Paris, when pre-war musical thought bridged with post-war experimentation. Works Stage Works The Legend Of John Henry (1954) ballet for orchestra The Golden Deer (1955) ballet for orchestra Intervals (1959) dance work for chamber ensemble Orchestral Piano Sonata (1957) Fantasy For Violin & Piano (1957) Symphony In Two Movements (1958–1961) String Quartet (1965) Ludus (1966) for ten instruments Ludus II (1973) for five instruments On Variations (1976) for chamber orchestra Charmes (1971–1980; unfinished) for soprano and orchestra; after the poems of Paul Valéry For The Night To Wear (1978) for mezzo-soprano and chamber ensemble; after the Hortense Flexner poem Balladen (1979) for solo piano Of Hartford In A Purple Light (1979) for soprano with piano accompaniment; after the Wallace Stevens poem Prelude To A Concert In Connecticut (1981) for orchestra Les Mains (1983) for mezzo-soprano with piano accompaniment; after the Marguerite Yourcenar poem Meditations (1984) for solo organ Three Fanfares For Four Horns (1984) Canzona & Carol (1986) for double brass quintet and timpani Pierrot Lieder (1988) for soprano and chamber ensemble; after the Albert Giraud poem Mermaid Variations (1992) for chamber orchestra String Quartet #2 (2002) A Lyric Fanfare (2003) for orchestra Five Tempi (Ludus III) (2004) for chamber ensemble Symphony No. 2 (2006–11) for large orchestra; co-commissioned by the Koussevitzky Music Foundation and Columbus Symphony Orchestra Kaleidoscope (2007) for orchestra Awards and honors Harris was awarded a Fulbright Award in 1956, the Prince Rainier III of Monaco Composition Award in 1962 (deuxieme mention), a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1966, a National Endowment for the Arts Fellowship Grant in Composition in 1974, the A.C. Fuller Award of the Julius Hartt Musical Foundation in 1988, and the ASCAP/Deems Taylor Award in 1989 (for co-editing The Berg Schoenberg Correspondence ). He received commissions with the Serge Koussevitzky Music Foundation (Library of Congress), Elizabeth Sprague Coolidge Foundation (Library of Congress), St. Paul Chamber Orchestra, Radio France, Cleveland Orchestra, Goethe Institute (Boston), Boston Musica Viva, Connecticut Public Radio, Cleveland Chamber Symphony, Arnold Schoenberg Institute, and Festival of Contemporary American Music at Tanglewood. In 1991, he received an award in composition from the American Academy of Arts and Letters, which led to a retrospective recording of his work on the CRI label in 1994. In 2011, he was the featured composer of the Ohio State University Contemporary Music Festival, a festival which he founded. The King Arts Complex honored him with a Legends & Legacies award in October 2011. He received an honorary Doctor of Music degree from Ohio State in June 2012. Further reading Organization of American States, Composers of the Americas, Vol. 18, 1972 Contemporary American Composers Based or Affiliated with Colleges and Universities, 1975 Contemporary American Composers: A Biographical Dictionary, 1976 Baker's Biographical Dictionary of Musicians, New York, 1978 Introduction to Contemporary Music (Joseph Machlis), second edition, W. W. Norton, 1979 ASCAP Biographical Dictionary, Fourth Edition, 1980 American Music Recordings, A Dictionary of 20th Century U.S. Composers, 1982 American Composers, A Biographical Dictionary, by David Ewen, 1982 Harvard Biographical Dictionary of Music, Harvard University Press, 1996 References External links Donald Harris's page at Theodore Presser Company School of Music The Ohio State University Donald Harris / Composer, Teacher & Musicologist musicweb-international.com Interview with Donald Harris, November 20, 1988 Category:20th-century American composers Category:21st-century American composers Category:American male composers Category:Guggenheim Fellows Category:Ohio State University faculty Category:University of Michigan School of Music, Theatre & Dance alumni Category:Pupils of Nadia Boulanger Category:Fulbright Scholars Category:1931 births Category:2016 deaths Category:20th-century American male musicians Category:21st-century American male musicians	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Rumpi Hills The Rumpi hills are an undulating mountain range with its highest peak, Mount Rata about located between the villages of Dikome Balue and Mofako Balue, Ndian division in the Southwest region of Cameroon. The hills are situated at 4°50’N 9°07’E, cutting across four local councils, with the eastern slopes in Dikome Balue, southern slopes in Ekondo Titi, western slopes in Mundemba, and northern slopes in Toko local councils respectively. These hills are located about north of Mount Cameroon; about west of the Bakossi Mountains and some southeast of the Korup National Park. The Rumpi hills are covered by more than of a combination of mid-altitude, coastal evergreen and drier northern semi-evergreen forests as well as other vegetation types. About of this forest forms what is known as the Rumpi Hills Forest Reserve (RHFR). Located in the equatorial forest zone of Cameroon, this area is very rich in plant biodiversity ranging from fungi to angiosperms. Notwithstanding this plant biodiversity, variations do occur in the distribution of the forest ecosystems in this area. This variation in the distribution of forest ecosystems, is due to the changing agricultural landscape especially along the southern slopes of these hills. Apart from oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) owned by the agro-industrial company, Pamol Plantations PLC, and sprouting smallholder plantations, other dominant tree species do exist. These include species such as Other species include as well as non-timber forest species such as Additionally, many tropical montane mammal, bird, reptile and amphibian species such as are present. Classification of the Rumpi Hills Forests The forests of the Rumpi hills form part of the Cross-Sanaga-Bioko coastal forests which are a tropical humid broadleaf forest ecoregion of west–central Africa. The ecoregion includes the lowland and coastal forests of southeastern Nigeria, southwestern Cameroon and the lowlands of Bioko island, covering an estimated . The forests cut across Nigeria's Cross River to Cameroon's River Sanaga in the southeast and about from the edges of the Atlantic Ocean coast. carried-out a phytogeographic vegetation classification of this lowland forests ecoregion. These lowland forests are situated in the Lower Guinea zone of the Guineo-Congolian region of rich and endemic biodiversity composed of animal and plant species. These are mainly hygrophilous coastal evergreen rain forests which may contain other mixed moist semi-evergreen rain forests according to elevation gradient. In these forests, some trees may reach tall usually in different vegetation levels (multi-storey canopy levels). Most common plant families (with regards to species density and distribution) are Annonaceae, Leguminosae, Euphorbiaceae and Rubiaceae. Despite having mixed vegetation, these forests have Caesalpinioid plants as the dominant vegetation particularly along elevation gradients elevation). Most often, the vegetation structure becomes sparse above elevation containing mainly montane bamboo forests, shrubs and grasslands. Afromontane plant species such as Prunus Africana and Nuxia congesta are dominant. Mount Fako and the island of Bioko are located above and in a separate ecoregion consisting of the Mount Fako and Bioko Island montane forests. These montane forests extend inland to other highland forests of Cameroon and towards the Cross–Niger forests transition ecoregion to the west. Moving further inland to the north, east and south, these coastal forests mosaic to the Guinean forest–savannah, the Congolian forest–savannah and the Atlantic equatorial coastal forests (mainly along the River Sanaga). It rains heavily throughout the year giving a wet climate especially with many rivers including the Cross River, River Sanaga, River Mungo, River Ndian, River Wouri and River Niger that run across the landscape. Aside rivers, the region is also home to a number of small circular craters, produced by volcanic explosions which have subsequently formed crater lakes, including Lake Barombi Mbo, Dissoni/Soden, Barombi Kotto, Benakuma, Nyos and Monoun. The ancient nature and isolation has led to a high level of endemism in these lakes where over 75% of the fish species and approximately one-third of the aquatic insects are endemic. For instance, Lake Dissoni/Soden, a small volcanic lake covering an estimated , is located at the southeastern slopes of the Rumpi hills. The lake flows into a stream that eventually empties into the River Meme. There are only three fish species in the lake which are all endemic including Poeciliid (Procatopus lacustris) which may be related to Procatopus similis more abundant in surrounding rivers, streams and lakes. An undescribed catfish (Clarias spp) and barb (Barbus spp) as well as the atyid shrimp Caridina sodenensis are endemic species to this lake. Majority of the region is located on the African Precambrian shield which contains principally basement rocks. Over the years, the weathering of these basement rocks has created dense layers of leached and poor red earth soils. Meanwhile, along the Atlantic Equatorial coastal forests, the continuous deposition of sand, rocks and silt has created extensive muddy banks, mangrove swamps and sandy beaches. Mount Fako and Bioko are active volcanoes and therefore their surrounding soils are rich which are from volcanic ash and pyroclastic lava and ash. References Sources Category:Mountain ranges of Cameroon	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Avon River (Western Australia) The Avon River is a river in Western Australia. A tributary of the Swan River, the Avon flows from source to mouth, with a catchment area of . Avon catchment area Lake Yealering in the Shire of Wickepin is the point of origin for the upper Avon River, and the catchment size above the confluence with the Salt River at Yenyenning Lake is . The basin covers much of the West Australian wheatbelt and extends beyond that in some areas near almost-always-dry Lake Moore in the northeast, water is received regularly from only the extreme western edge of the basin. Indeed, until an abnormally wet year in 1963 it was not realised that the northeastern part of the basin beyond Wongan Hills ever drained water into the river. Under present climatic conditions, it is almost impossible to produce runoff from anywhere outside the extreme west of the basin because the amount of rain required to fall before runoff would begin is as high or higher than the mean annual rainfall. The river has three main sub-catchments: catchments for the Mortlock, Yilgarn, and Lockhart rivers. The river flows past County Peak, creating a picturesque view from the top. Course and features Thirty creeks and rivers flow into the Avon; some of the larger tributaries include the Dale River, Brockman River, Mortlock River and the Mackie River. Most of these watercourses are ephemeral and only flow after rain events in winter and spring. Some permanent pools exist along the course of the river including Burlong Pool, Robins Pool, Long Pool, Cobblers Pool and Jimperding Pool. The Avon River Valley is the third and final route for the Eastern Railway line through the Darling Scarp between Midland and Northam, having been constructed in the 1960s. It is the site of an annual whitewater boating event, the Avon Descent. Soils Due to the extraordinary age of the soils in the basin (which is on the extremely ancient Yilgarn Craton), the rooting density of native flora is very high and its average specific discharge probably the lowest of any basin of comparable size in the world. The extreme age of the soils also means that, at least after clearing for agriculture, almost all rivers in the basin have salinities above 0.3% (one tenth that of the oceans and eight times that necessary to qualify as "fresh" water) and some much more than that. Passing through some of the oldest settled European agricultural areas in Western Australia, the catchment area has extensive soil salinity issues, which have attracted governmental programmes to alleviate the loss of agricultural lands. Catchment groups that oversee projects in the tributary parts of the river have had considerable support and funding from commercial and non-governmental sources as well. See also List of rivers in Western Australia References Further reading Harris, T. F. W. (1996) The Avon : an introduction Perth, W.A.: Water and Rivers Commission External links http://www.wheatbeltnrm.org.au/ – formerly the Avon Catchment Council – known now as the Wheatbelt Natural Resource Management Inc. Category:Swan River (Western Australia)	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Opiate Sun Opiate Sun is the fifth EP and tenth overall release by Jesu. It was released in America through Mark Kozelek's Caldo Verde label on 27 October 2009. Kozelek had been impressed by Justin Broadrick's performance when he saw him live in San Francisco in 2007, and approached Broadrick about putting a release out on Caldo Verde. Daymare Recordings released the album in Japan on 6 November 2009. The Daymare version of the album contains an exclusive bonus track. Broadrick had originally mentioned the EP in 2008 but a title and official release date had yet to be announced. It was later announced that Opiate Sun, would be released in July 2009, although that date was later rescheduled. Initially, the EP was intended to be the first studio recording to include the lineup of Justin Broadrick, Dave Cochrane, and Phil Petrocelli. This lineup was to be featured on two of the four tracks, with the classic lineup of Broadrick, Ted Parsons, and Diarmuid Dalton performing the other two tracks. The released version of the album features Broadrick performing solo. Track listing All songs written and performed by Justin K. Broadrick. "Losing Streak" – 6:15 "Opiate Sun" – 7:09 "Deflated" – 6:59 "Morning Light" – 5:31 "Deflated" (Demo Version) – 7:02 † † indicates a track exclusive to the Japanese edition of the album. Personnel Justin Broadrick – guitar, vocals, programming, production Nyree Watts – photography Brian Azer – sleeve design Release history References Category:Jesu (band) albums Category:2009 EPs Category:Post-metal EPs Category:Caldo Verde Records albums	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Automat (painting) Automat is a 1927 painting by the American realist painter Edward Hopper. The painting was first displayed on Valentine's Day 1927 at the opening of Hopper's second solo show, at the Rehn Galleries in New York City. By April it had been sold for $1,200. The painting is today owned by the Des Moines Art Center in Iowa. The woman The painting portrays a lone woman staring into a cup of coffee in an automat at night. The reflection of identical rows of light fixtures stretches out through the night-blackened window. Hopper's wife, Jo, served as the model for the woman. However, Hopper altered her face to make her younger (Jo was 44 in 1927). He also altered her figure; Jo was a curvy, full-figured woman, while one critic has described the woman in the painting as boyish' (that is, flat-chested)". As is often the case in Hopper's paintings, both the woman's circumstances and her mood are ambiguous. She is well-dressed and is wearing makeup, which could indicate either that she is on her way to or from work at a job where personal appearance is important, or that she is on her way to or from a social occasion. She has removed only one glove, which may indicate either that she is distracted, that she is in a hurry and can stop only for a moment, or simply that she has just come in from outside, and has not yet warmed up. But the latter possibility seems unlikely, for there is a small empty plate on the table, in front of her cup and saucer, suggesting that she may have eaten a snack and been sitting at this spot for some time. The time of year—late autumn or winter—is evident from the fact that the woman is warmly dressed. But the time of day is unclear, since days are short at this time of year. It is possible, for example, that it is just after sunset, and early enough in the evening that the automat could be the spot at which she has arranged to rendezvous with a friend. Or it could be late at night, after the woman has completed a shift at work. Or again, it could be early in the morning, before sunrise, as a shift is about to start. Whatever the hour, the restaurant appears to be largely empty and there are no signs of activity (or of any life at all) on the street outside. This adds to the sense of loneliness, and has caused the painting to be popularly associated with the concept of urban alienation. One critic has observed that, in a pose typical of Hopper's melancholic subjects, "the woman's eyes are downcast and her thoughts turned inward." Another critic has described her as "gazing at her coffee cup as if it were the last thing in the world she could hold on to." In 1995, Time magazine used Automat as the cover image for a story about stress and depression in the 20th century. Art critic Ivo Kranzfelder compares the subject matter of this painting (a young woman nursing a drink alone in a restaurant) to Édouard Manet's The Plum and Edgar Degas's L'Absinthe. The viewer’s perspective The presence of a chairback in the lower right-hand corner of the canvas suggests that the viewer is sitting at a nearby table, from which vantage-point a stranger might be able to glance, uninvited, upon the woman. In an innovative twist, Hopper made the woman's legs the brightest spot in the painting, thereby "turning her into an object of desire" and "making the viewer a voyeur." By today's standards this description seems overstated, but in 1927 the public display of women's legs was still a relatively novel phenomenon. Hopper would make the crossed legs of a female subject the brightest spot on an otherwise dark canvas in a number of later paintings, including Compartment C, Car 293 (1938) and Hotel Lobby (1943). The female subject of his 1931 painting Barber Shop is also in a pose similar to the woman in Automat, and the viewer's image of her is similarly bisected by a table. But the placing of the subject in a bright, populated place, at midday, makes the woman less isolated and vulnerable, and hence the viewer's gaze seems less intrusive. The restaurant As critic Carol Troyen notes, "the title, rather than any detail within the picture, is what identifies the restaurant as an automat." Troyen continues on, however, to note a number of features which would have made the restaurant identifiable to a New Yorker of the 1920s: "They were clean, efficient, well-lit and—typically furnished with round Carrera marble tables and solid oak chairs like those shown here—genteel. By the time Hopper painted his picture, automats had begun to be promoted as safe and proper places for the working woman to dine alone." To a New Yorker of the 1920s, Hopper's interior would have been instantly recognizable as an Automat. A 1912 photograph of the Automat in Times Square reveals every detail of the chairs and the marble-topped tables to correspond with what Hopper has painted. However, this is not the Times Square Automat; the ceiling lights at that location were significantly more ornate than the ones in the painting. Automats, which were open at all hours of the day, were also “busy, noisy and anonymous. They served more than ten thousand customers a day." Moreover, the woman is sitting in the least congenial spot in the entire restaurant for introspection. She has, as Troyen notes, the table nearest the door, and behind her, on her other side, is the staircase to the restaurant's below-ground level. Even if the restaurant were relatively empty, there would have been constant foot-traffic past her table. Thus, "the figure’s quiet, contemplative air," which is "out of step with the city’s energy, its pace and its mechanized rhythm," is made even more noteworthy by the particularly busy spot in which she has chosen to sit. The window Hopper's paintings are frequently built around a vignette that unfolds as the viewer gazes into a window, or out through a window. Sometimes, as in Railroad Sunset (1929), Nighthawks (1942) and Office in a Small City (1953), it is still possible to see details of the scene beyond even after Hopper has guided the viewer's gaze through two panes of glass. When Hopper wishes to obscure the view, he tends to position the window at a sharp angle to the viewer's vantage-point, or to block the view with curtains or blinds. Another favourite technique—used, for example, in Conference at Night (1949),—is to use bright light, flooding in from the exterior at a sharp angle from the sun or from an unseen streetlight, to illuminate a few mundane details within inches of the far side of the window, thereby throwing the deeper reaches of the view into shadow. By way of comparison, in Automat the window dominates the painting, and yet "allows nothing of the street, or whatever else is outside, to be seen." The complete blackness outside is a departure both from Hopper's usual techniques, and from realism, since a New York street at night is full of light from cars and street lamps. This complete emptiness allows the reflections from the interior to stand out more dramatically, and intensifies the viewer's focus upon the woman. The window conveys an impressionistic view, rather than one that is realistic, in another way. As Mark Strand notes, "The window reflects only the twin receding rows of ceiling lights and nothing else of the automat interior." It is possible that Hopper omitted these reflections in order to avoid distractions that might turn the viewer's away from the woman. Strand, however, suggests an alternative reason why the woman's reflection is omitted: The focusing effect of the blank window behind the woman can be seen most clearly when it is contrasted with Sunlight in a Cafeteria (1958), one of Hopper's late paintings. In that painting, a female and a male subject sit in an otherwise empty cafeteria in spots reminiscent of the tables occupied, respectively, by the female subject and the viewer in Automat. Even the bowl of fruit on the windowsill in Automat has its parallel in a small potted plant on the windowsill in Sunlight in a Cafeteria. But in Sunlight in a Cafeteria, the well-illuminated street scene outside the large window seemingly distracts the man's attention from his counterpart, so that the two subjects "do not seem to be acting in the same scene, as it were." By contrast, in Automat the viewer is fully engaged by the presence of the woman. See also Chop Suey, 1929 Hotel Lobby, 1943 Nighthawks, Hopper's most famous painting. Office at Night, 1940 Office in a Small City, 1953 References Category:1927 paintings Category:Paintings by Edward Hopper Category:Paintings in Des Moines, Iowa Category:Food and drink paintings	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Hybrid (Spanish band) Hybrid is an extreme metal band formed in 2004 by musicians from other Madrid acts. Biography Hybrid was formed in March 2004 when Chus Maestro (One Last Word, Supra and formerly in Another Kind Of Death) recruited members from Human Mincer and Wormed to set up an extreme music project that would break down the walls of mainstream music. With Kike and Unai García, they began to write songs they later recorded in June 2005 as the band’s debut EP: Beyond Undeniable Entropy, a 6-song MCD of avant-garde, eclectic math metal, which was released the following year by Deadwrong Records. The band has been playing live with Tool and Deftones at the Festimad Sur'06, as well as with Napalm Death, Cephalic Carnage, Textures, Misery Index Moho, Machetazo and Looking For An Answer between others. In the beginning of 2007 Hybrid entered Sadman Studio to record their first full-length album: The 8th Plague, mastered by Alan Douches (Mastodon, The Dillinger Escape Plan) with artwork by Seldon Hunt (Isis, Neurosis). The 8th Plague was released by English label Eyesofsound in August 2008. Recently the band has been writing new material and is planning a new release scheduled for 2012. A live version of one of the songs to be released was added to YouTube on March 28, 2011. Musical style Hybrid’s music starts from a technical death metal and mathcore in which they merge a big bunch of influences and nuances from diverse styles such as mathcore, grindcore, black metal, doom, crust and also free jazz and Latin music. They normally use odd time signatures, dissonances, polyrhythms, staccato riffing, blast beats, cuts, changes and contrasts that increase the unpredictableness of their music. Their composing method is based on the improvisation and the creative freedom. The band is also known for using different vocal ranges. Lyrical content Hybrid lyrics cover philosophical, sociological and spiritual themes from an apocalyptic, misanthropic and nihilistic point of view. The lyrics are written using metaphors and including references to The Bible, mythology, religion, mysticism, occultism, and psychology. Members Chus Maestro - drums, vocals (2004-) Iván Durán - guitar (2008-) Antonio Sanchez - guitar (2008-) Past members Kike - bass (2004-2008) J. Oliver - guitar, vocals (2004-2008) Migueloud - guitar, vocals (2004-2008) Unai García - vocals (2004-2007) Albano Fortes - vocals (2007-2008) Iago Fuentes - bass (2008-2009) Rafa - vocals (2008-2010) Alfonso Vicente - bass (2009-2011) Óscar Martín - vocals (2010) Discography Studio albums The 8th Plague (album) (2008) Angst (2013) EPs Beyond Undeniable Entropy (2006) Compilations Antichristmass Fest 2005 - (Mondongo Caníbale, 2005) Xtreemities Vol. 6 - (Xtreem Music, 2006) Madtaste Vol. 3 - (Sur Music, 2006) 22 Dósis de Psicoactivación - (Rompiendo Records, 2007) Fear Candy Vol. 58 - (Terrorizer, 2008) Spain Kills. Vol 8 - (Xtreem Music, 2007) Various Sampler 2008 - (Eyesofsound, 2008) References External links Hybrid at Myspace Hybrid official forum Eyesofsound label website Category:Musical groups established in 2004 Category:Spanish death metal musical groups Category:Technical death metal musical groups Category:Spanish heavy metal musical groups	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Tim Hollings Tim Hollings (December 27, 1951 – September 17, 2006) was a Canadian cinematographer and news cameraman who is best known for his work on David Winning's first feature film Storm. He was also notable as one of the founding news cameramen for several decades at CFCN-TV Television, the CTV affiliate in Calgary. He was the president of Manda Film Productions, producing commercials throughout western Canada. His wife Jennie and two children live in Calgary, Alberta. Filmography as Cinematographer Storm (1987) ... aka Turbulences (Canada: French title) Storm: In The Making (1987) … self References External links Tim Hollings at Fancast Category:1951 births Category:Canadian cinematographers Category:2006 deaths	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
4 Force 4 Force is the fourth album from the Japanese pop rock group Every Little Thing, released on March 22, 2001. This is the first album from Every Little Thing without their former keyboardist, Mitsuru Igarashi, who left in April 2000 to produce songs of other artists, like Dream and the now disbanded day after tomorrow. In his wake, vocalist Kaori Mochida took over lyric writing, while guitarist Ichirō Itō and a host of additional musicians handled music composition and arrangement. Track listing Charts Album - Oricon Sales Chart (Japan) Total Sales: 847,000 References External links 4 Force information at Avex Network. 4 Force information at Oricon. Category:2001 albums Category:Every Little Thing (band) albums	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Alcohol powder Alcohol powder or powdered alcohol or dry alcohol is a product generally made using micro-encapsulation. When reconstituted with water, alcohol (specifically ethanol) in powder form becomes an alcoholic drink. In March 2015 four product labels for specific powdered alcohol products were approved by the United States Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau (TTB) which opened the doors for legal product sales. However, as of January 4, 2016, the product is not yet available for sale and legalization remains controversial due to public-health and other concerns. Researchers have expressed concern that, should the product go into production, increases in alcohol misuse, abuse, and associated physical harm to its consumers could occur above what has been historically associated with liquid alcohol alone. History Invention In Sato Foods Industries Co., Ltd. invented alcohol pulverization. Sato is a food additives and seasoning manufacturer in Aichi Pref., Japan. (:ja:佐藤食品工業 (愛知県)) A year later, in 1967, Sato began production and sales of various kinds of "high content alcohol powder Alcock" ("高含度アルコール粉末「アルコック」"). On 15 January 1974, a practical manufacturing process for alcohol powder was patented by Sato. Sato has patented the process in 17 countries around the world. In the 1970s Sato began promoting powdered alcohol in the United States. Test sales began in 1977 under the trade name "SureShot". The product "Palcohol" was announced for future release in the U.S. in 2015. Customer base Officially, Sato says that its products are for business use only, for example for the use of food-processing industries or food-and-drink businesses (e.g. restaurant, café, sweets shop, bakery shop, etc.). Mainly, its products are to be used as food additives. Other than purposes for test sale, research, etc., it has never been sold for eating or drinking, including personal use or home use. In June 1982, Sato started production and sales for the drinking powdered alcohol, as test case. Its name is "powdered cocktail Alcock-Light cocktail" ("粉末カクテル 'アルコック・ライトカクテル' "). At least, during some years, it seems that had continued to test sales. Public health concerns Powdered alcohol would generally share the health risks that are associated with traditional liquid alcohol consumption, although there may be some differences in its effects related to differences in consumption potency, differences in characteristics for storage, concealability, and portability, lack of familiarity, and potentially novel delivery methods. Excessive consumption of alcohol can result in acute overdose, intoxication-related accidental injury, compromised judgment, and longer-term negative health consequences including liver disease, cancer, and physiologic dependence. Consideration for retailers As with the public health concerns, the following concerns have been posed but data are not yet available to prove or disprove them. Because of the unique characteristics of powdered alcohol, introduction in the U.S. could raise significant concerns from alcohol retailers as it will raise the awareness of their customers health and well as a major priority. including such as restaurants, bars, and sporting venues, including: Availability of powdered alcohol could negatively affect retailers' economic interests as customers might now have the ability to purchase less relatively expensive and safer alcohol from those businesses by augmenting their purchased liquid alcohol drinks with cheaper powdered alcohol mixtures purchased elsewhere. Use of powdered alcohol by customers could increase responsibility of these businesses' by increasing the accuracy and abilities to monitor their customers' alcohol consumption - which they are legally required to do to try to prevent the consumption of alcohol by intoxicated or under-age customers. This could hold them at a greater responsibility out of concern of civil-liability lawsuits (because retailers are held liable for alcohol-attributable harms caused by customers who should not have been served alcohol). Production process Powdered alcohol is made by a process called micro-encapsulation. An auxiliary material for a capsule may be any readily water-soluble substance (e.g. carbohydrate such as dextrins (starch hydrolyzate), protein such as gelatin). For powdered alcohol, maltodextrin (a type of dextrin) was chosen. For the process to encapsulate, a method called spray drying was selected. In this process, a mixture of dextrin and alcohol is subjected to simultaneous spraying and heating. The spraying converts the liquid to small drops (up to several hundred μm (micrometers) in diameter), and the heat causes the hydrous dextrin to form a film. When the film dries, the drop becomes a microcapsule containing alcohol and dextrin. Before and after drying, comparing the amounts of water and alcohol, about 90% of water is removed and about 10% of ethyl alcohol is lost. One of the reasons which are considered, is the following. In mixtures such as this, the speed of molecule movement is dependent on molecule size and carbohydrate (in this case, maltodextrin) concentration. Water, the smallest molecule in the mixture, is able to move and evaporate fastest. In higher concentration, by decreasing water, water molecules can move much faster. After the film formed it is less permeable to larger molecules than water. By the time the film is completed, water has evaporated enough. This phenomenon is called "selective diffusion." In general, after sprayed, encapsulation for each drop is completed within about 0.1 second from the very beginning of the process. There is no time for the internal convection in each drop or capsule to occur. Ultimately, large amounts of microcapsules have been produced. These become the powdery matter called powdered alcohol or alcohol powder. According to Sato's web page, powdered alcohol contains 30.5% ethyl alcohol by volume in the state of powder. In addition to the mixture before drying, if necessary, other additives (e.g. extract, sweetener, spices, coloring matter, etc.) may be added. As a result, alcohol powder can be said to be an alcoholic beverage that is "dry". For example, a "dry martini" made from alcohol powder may be referred to as a "dry dry martini" or "dried dry martini". In the production of alcoholic powder production, other drying methods are not used. For drying foods, there are other methods. Typically, when considering the quality of a powdered product such as coffee, freeze drying seems to be better than spray drying, but this does not apply to alcohol powder production. In fact, "freeze-dried beer spice" was made by university students for their research. Carbon dioxide, water and alcohol have all been lost. Due to the volatility of alcohol, relatively higher than water, time-consuming methods, such as freeze drying, should not be used. By selective diffusion, loss of alcohol is relatively small. Non-commercial production In 2014, an article on the website PopSci.com published instructions on how to make pulverized alcohol easily, through a simple mixture of alcohol and dextrin. In this method, the powder is not encapsulated, and also not yet fully dried. Consequently, alcohol continues to evaporate from it very rapidly. Due to flaws in the powdered alcohol produced by this method, this form of powdered alcohol was said to be unsuitable for drinking, carrying, or preserving. Any production of powdered alcohol without a license is illegal in Japan, even if it is only for personal use, according to the Liquor Tax Act of Japan. Market Sale in Japan Currently, the alcoholic beverage industry in Japan is large and powerful. For example, in fiscal year 2013, Suntory, one of the country's largest beverage companies, recorded sales of 570.7 billion yen (about US$4.7 billion) in alcoholic beverages, excluding wine Currently, the sales revenue from powdered alcohol has been too small to affect the sales of liquid-alcohol companies. Additionally, powdered alcohol's market share is currently too small to be considered as a statistical item in Japanese tax reports. Powdered alcohol is found in some mass production foods, used in small amounts (as are other additives). Promotion in the United States In 1977, the Associated Press delivered the first news story in the United States about powdered alcohol, which was then an unprecedented product. Investors were quoted as saying that they "hope[d] to revolutionize the liquor business with a product that's easy to carry, cheap and potent". A test sale of powdered alcohol, called "SureShot", was done in the United States. Chemical properties According to food chemist Udo Pollmer of the European Institute of Food and Nutrition Sciences in Munich, alcohol can be absorbed in cyclodextrins, a synthetic carbohydrate derivative. In this way, encapsuled in small capsules, the fluid can be handled as a powder. The cyclodextrins can absorb an estimated 60 percent of their own weight in alcohol. A US patent was registered for the process as early as 1974. Routes of administration Reconstituted: Alcohol powder can be added to water to make an alcoholic beverage. Nebulizer: Alcohol powder produced through molecular encapsulation with cyclodextrin can be used with a nebulizer though this could be dangerous. Prevalence and legal status Australia Powdered alcohol is illegal in the state of Victoria, as of 1 July 2015. However, a national ban was rejected. This was further supported by the Australian Medical Association. Germany In 2005, a product called Subyou was reportedly distributed from Germany on the Internet. The product was available in four flavors and packed in 65-gram, or possibly 100-gram, sachets. When mixed with 0.25 liters of water, it created a drink with 4.8% alcohol. It was assumed that a German producer manufactured the alcopop powder based on imported raw alcohol powder from the U.S. Later, Subyou disappeared and its website: 'subyou.de', was taken down. Japan The Japanese Liquor Tax Act (:ja:酒税法) amendment of April 1981 classifies powdered alcohol as an alcoholic beverage. In the production of powdered alcohol some non-alcoholic ingredients are added which is similar to some liqueurs. Nonetheless, powdered alcohol became a separate category of alcoholic beverages. In May 1981, Sato received the first license to produce alcohol powder commercially. In Japan, powdered alcohol is officially called, . Powdered alcohol is defined by law as a "powdery substance that can be dissolved, and can make a beverage containing 1% or more alcohol by volume". Before the 1981 amendment, powdered alcohol was outside the scope of Liquor Tax, as it is not a liquid. Netherlands In 2007, four food technology students in the Netherlands invented a powdered alcohol product called "Booz2go". They claimed that when mixed with water, the powder would produce a bubbly, lime-colored and lime-flavored drink, with 3% alcohol. When put into commercial production, it was expected to sell for €1.50 (approx. US$1.60) for a 20 gram sachet. The product's creators and marketers – Harm van Elderen, Martyn van Nierop, and others at Helicon Vocational Institute in Boxtel – claimed to be aiming at the youth market. They compared the drink to alcopops like Bacardi Breezer and said they expected the relatively low alcohol content would be popular with the young segment. Because of complexities in Dutch laws, powdered alcohol like Booz2Go would not be subject to the Alcohol and Horeca Code, because it is not literally an alcoholic drink. This means that anybody of any age could buy it legally. However, when dissolved in water, it would be subject to the Code, according to Director Wim van Dalen of the Dutch National Foundation for Alcohol Prevention. Von Dalen commented that while he generally did not support new alcoholic drinks, he doubted the powder would become attractive. A spokesman of the Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport said they would not undertake any actions against the product, but added that the label would have to contain a warning about any health risks for the consumer, in accordance with other laws. In 2014, Booz2go is not yet commercially available. Russia Russia had plans to ban powdered alcohol in 2016. According to one Russian news site, in 2009, a Professor at Saint Petersburg Technological University named Yevgeny Moskalev invented and patented a method of creating alcohol powder. This method could make alcohol powder from any kind of alcoholic beverage. The method was tested on 96% spirit vodka. In this method, melted wax (stearic acid) is stirred, and the alcoholic drink is poured in. The solution dissipates and becomes drops containing alcohol and wax. The drops that solidify constitute alcohol powder. It was proposed that Moskalev's powdered alcohol could be wrapped in paper and carried around in a pocket or a bag. In addition, a pill form, containing alcohol, was also made with this method. Professor Moskalev responded: "powdered vodka tastes like a candle"; "I did not like vodka in pills"; and, in conclusion, "vodka is best consumed the old way". United States In 2008, Pulver Spirits began developing a line of alcohol powder products to be marketed in the United States. The marketing was reportedly intended to be in full compliance with alcohol regulations and targeted at adults of legal drinking age. In Spring 2014, the Arizona-based company Lipsmark LLC announced that it would start marketing powdered alcohol under the name "Palcohol", a portmanteau of powder + alcohol. This caused considerable controversy, after the product was approved by the TTB for sale. This approval was later attributed to a "labeling error", and the manufacturer surrendered the approvals. In March, 2015, the U.S. Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau (TTB) approved four powdered alcohol products with the brand name "Palcohol" for sale in the U.S. Under the Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution, state and territory governments also have substantial regulatory powers over "intoxicating liquors", especially regarding retail sales and sales to minors. Shortly after the TTB approval was announced, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) responded to inaccurate reports implying that it had approved powdered alcohol as being safe. The FDA clarified that its role was to evaluate the nonalcoholic ingredients and that based on its evaluation of specific powdered alcohol products it had no legal basis to block their entry into the U.S. market. In 2014, Ohio state legislators introduced legislation that would ban Palcohol and all other powdered alcohol. The following year, Iowa state legislators followed suit. Sales were legalized in Colorado in March 2015. On 25 March 2015, alcohol wholesalers and distributors in the state of Maryland announced an agreement to voluntarily ban the distribution and sale of powdered alcohol. Concerns included the potential for abuse by minors, the ease of using the powder to bring alcohol into public events or to spike drinks, and the potential to snort the powder. At the same time, a bill to ban Palcohol for one year was under consideration in the Maryland House of Delegates. In September 2015, the New Hampshire Liquor Commission banned the sale of Palcohol. By November 2015, most states had introduced legislation and laws to regulate or ban powdered alcohol. Twenty-seven have banned powdered alcohol, 2 more have placed temporary 1-year bans on the product and 3 have included powdered alcohol under their statutory definitions of alcohol meaning that it is covered by existing alcohol regulations. United Kingdom The legal status of powdered alcohol in United Kingdom is uncertain. In a January 2015 answer to a parliamentary question, Lord Bates wrote "The Government is aware of powdered alcohol from media reports and the banning of the product in five states of the United States of America. The Government is not aware of powdered alcohol being marketed or made available to buy in England and Wales." References and annotation Further reading "Legislative Activity – Dangerous Products", Alcohol Justice. Category:Alcohol Category:Alcoholic drinks	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Pierre Van Wyke Pierre Van Wyke is a South African former professional rugby league footballer who represented South Africa in the 1995 and 2000 World Cups. Playing career Van Wyke was attached to the Western Reds in Australia, although he never played a first grade match for the club. In 1995 he played for the South African Rhinos when they hosted a touring BARLA side. He was subsequently named in the squad for that year's World Cup and played in all three matches, starting at fullback. In 1996 he spent the season at the Dewsbury Rams, along with several other South African World Cup players. Despite the hype surrounding their arrival, the imports failed to make a lasting impression at the club and returned home the following year. He again played for South Africa in the 2000 World Cup, starting two matches at five eighth. References Category:Living people Category:South African rugby league players Category:South Africa national rugby league team players Category:Rugby league fullbacks Category:Rugby league five-eighths Category:Dewsbury Rams players Category:South African expatriate rugby league players Category:Expatriate rugby league players in England Category:South African expatriate sportspeople in England Category:Year of birth missing (living people)	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Narendra Narayan Park The Narendra Narayan Park is a botanical garden located in Cooch Behar town of West Bengal. It was established in 1892. It is named after erstwhile ruler of princely state of Cooch Behar, Shri Narendra Narayan. It was founded by Maharaja Nripendra Narayan, who named it after his father. It covers an area of 5.7 hectares including 1 hectare of water body. Its chief objectives are recreation and botanical studies. The park campus houses the Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya and the park is maintained by Forest department of West Bengal. In February 2013, a statue of Maharaja Nripendra Narayan, the founder of the park was unveiled on the occasion of his 150th birth anniversary celebrations. References Category:Botanical gardens in India Category:Tourism in West Bengal Category:1892 establishments in India Category:Protected areas of West Bengal Category:Cooch Behar district	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Pierre-Charles-Louis Baudin Pierre-Charles-Louis Baudin, born 18 December 1748 in Sedan, Ardennes and died 14 October 1799 in Paris, was a French revolutionary and politician. He is the father of the admiral and explorer Charles Baudin and brother-in-law of the chemist Jean Henri Hassenfratz. He was noted as a moderate; he opposed the execution of Louis XVI. Biography The Baudin family had originated in Lorraine, but had been fixed since the seventeenth century in Sedan. He was the son of Anne-Alexandre Baudin, lieutenant general of the Bailiwick of Sedan, and Charlotte-Louise Lafeuille, who descended from a family of magistrates. His father destined him to the legal career; he studied in Paris under the tutelage of a disciple of Rollin and Coffin. After law school, he was received into the Bar, but the exile of the Parliament of Paris in 1771 led him to abandon this career. He agreed to become the tutor of the son of General Counsel Gilbert Voisins. Married in 1783 to Marie-Jeanne Elisabeth Terreaux (whose sister Antoinette later married Jean Henri Hassenfratz), he returned to Sedan, where he became director of the Post Office, an appointment facilitated by Voisins. Elected mayor of Sedan in 1790, and subsequently as deputy of the Ardennes to the Legislative Assembly on 2 September 1791 by 168 votes out of 299 voters, he sat among moderates but spoke little. He was, according to historians, useful for his serious approach to social problems. He rarely went on missions, but worked hard on committees, accomplishing some of the real work of reform behind the scenes. On 5 September 1792, he was re-elected to the National Convention. At the trial of Louis XVI, he voted in favor of the appeal to the people and imprisonment of the king until a general peace was reached. Unlike some of the other men who supported this option, he was not a Signatory of the Protest of the Seventy-Three. Named in Floreal Year III, he was one of the eleven members of the committee that drafted the Constitution of the Year III. By offering the decree of two thirds, he promoted the re-election of two thirds of conventional in the new legislative body. He served as President of the Convention from 24 September 1795 until his replacement by Genissieu on 8 October 1795. During his term, the Convention faced a royalist insurrection and declared the abolition of the death penalty from the date of conclusion of peace. They also voted to accept the Constitution of 1795. His speech honoring the executed Girondins, "In honor of the Deputies who died as Victims of Tyranny," which he made on 3 October 1795 during his presidency, illustrated the lasting effect of the Girondin eloquence upon their audiences, and "analyses the characters of the chief orators with admirable felicity of expression." It was also the first public tribute to this important group of orators. On 26 October 1795, the last day of the Convention, he proposed a decree of geneneral amnesty "for deeds exclusively connected with the Revolution" which was accepted and proclaimed. Elected to the Council of Ancients as representative of the Ardennes with 182 votes out of 188 voters on 21 Vendémiaire Year IV (13 October 1795) and on 22 Germinal Year V (11 April 1797) he again sat among the moderates, fighting both the neo-Jacobins and the royalists of the Club de Clichy, and held positions as secretary, commissioner archives and president, 2 to 23 November 1795 and the 19 June to 19 July 1799 . On 14 December 1795, he was appointed permanent member of the National Institute of France, created a few weeks earlier, and sat in the Social Science and Law division, where with Pierre Daunou, Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès, Philippe-Antoine Merlin Douai, Emmanuel de Pastoret, Jean-François Champagne, Jean Philippe Coulon Garran, Julien Félix Jean Bigot de Préameneu, etc. In 1799, when France threatened to fall into a full neo-Jacobin mode, he opposed the Carousel Club and the indictment of directors returned the 30 Prairial ( 18 June 1799 ), Merlin de Douai, Treilhard and La Réveillère Lepeaux. He also served in various committees to examine social and legal issues; for example, he examined the fates of abandoned children in 1795. Baudin opposed the increasing centralization of power under the Directory, and supported Bonaparte on his return to Egypt, but he died of gout shortly after learning Napoleon's landing at Frejus. Citations Sources Joseph Thomas, Pierre-Charles-Louis Baudin]. Universal Dictionary of Biography, Cosimo, Inc., 2010v. 1, part 2, p. 290.. Henry Morse Stephens. The Principal Speeches of the Statesmen and Orators of the French Revolution, 1789–1795. Clarendon Press, 1892, Volume 2. Martin S. Staum, Minerva's Message: Stabilizing the French Revolution, McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP, 1996. Category:1799 deaths Category:1748 births Category:People from Sedan, Ardennes Category:Members of the Legislative Assembly (France) Category:Presidents of the National Convention Category:Members of the Council of Ancients Category:French lawyers	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Ed Pien Ed Pien (born 1958) is a Canadian contemporary artist. Life Pien was born in 1958 in Taipei, Taiwan, emigrating to Canada at the age of eleven with his family. He holds a Bachelor of Fine Arts from the University of Western Ontario (1982) and a Master of Fine Arts from York University (1984). Pien now lives and works in Toronto, where he is a professor in the John H. Daniels Faculty of Architecture, Landscape and Design at the University of Toronto. Career Pien is primarily known for his drawings, drawing-based installations and printmaking. He exhibited in the 18th Edition of the Sydney Biennale as well as the 5th edition of the Moscow Biennale. Collections Pien's work is held internationally in the collections of over twenty-five museums, including the National Gallery of Canada. References Category:1958 births Category:Artists from Toronto Category:Living people Category:University of Toronto faculty Category:University of Western Ontario alumni Category:York University alumni Category:Canadian contemporary artists	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Parowan, Utah Parowan ( ) is a city in and the county seat of Iron County, Utah, United States. The population was 2,790 at the 2010 census, and in 2018 the estimated population was 3,100. Parowan became the first incorporated city in Iron County in 1851. A fort that had been constructed on the east side of Center Creek the previous year was an initial hub in the development of ironworks in the region. Parowan served as the agricultural support base for the local iron industry, whose blast furnace was located in nearby Cedar City. Eventually, the ironworks were decommissioned. Despite occasional successes, the mission failed to produce a consistent and sustained supply of pig iron. By 1858, most of the area's mining operations had ceased due to disappointing yields. Today, the area's chief industries are recreation and tourism. Geography Parowan sits on the southeastern edge of Parowan Valley, at the mouth of Parowan Canyon. A distinct red-top mountain known as Valentine Peak () overlooks the valley and is used as a common landmark for the city. Interstate 15 runs along the northwest edge of the city, with access from Exits 75 and 78. I-15 leads north to Cove Fort and Interstate 70, and southwest to Cedar City. Utah State Route 143 leads south up Parowan Canyon to Cedar Breaks National Monument. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all of it land. History Fremont culture and Anasazi people were the first known inhabitants of Parowan. Petroglyphs, pithouses, arrowheads, pottery, and manos dating from A.D. 750 to 1250 found in the area are evidence that it was on a major thoroughfare of early indigenous peoples. At Parowan Gap, a mountain pass northwest of Parowan, ancient people inscribed petroglyphs on smooth-surfaced boulders that feature snakes, lizards, mouse-men, bear claws, and mountain sheep. Located near the Parowan Gap there are dinosaur tracks. East of the Gap and petroglyphs hikers can discover Hadrosaurs tracks that were originally formed in non-resistant mudstone. The tracks have three toes and can be found on the side of 12800 N. Later, the Old Spanish Trail passed through the area. Parowan was founded on January 13, 1851, twelve months after Parley P. Pratt and members of his exploring party discovered the Little Salt Lake Valley and nearby deposits of iron ore. On January 8, 1850, Pratt had raised a liberty pole at Heap's Spring and dedicated the site as "The City of Little Salt Lake". Based on Pratt's exploration report, Brigham Young called for the establishment of settlements in the area to produce much-needed iron implements for the pioneer state. Mormon apostle George A. Smith was appointed to head the establishment of this "Iron Mission" in 1850. The first company of 120 men, 31 women, and 18 children braved winter weather traveling south from Provo during December. They sometimes built roads and bridges as they traveled, and they finally reached Center Creek on January 13, 1851. After enduring two bitterly cold nights, they moved across the creek and circled their wagons by Heap's Spring and Pratt's liberty pole, seeking the protection of the hills. Within days, the settlement organization was completed: companies of men were dispatched to build a road up the canyon, a town site was surveyed and laid into lots, and a fort and a log council house were begun. The council house was used as church, schoolhouse, theater, and community recreation center for many years. In 1861 construction was begun on a large church building to stand in the center of the public square. The pioneers envisioned a building of three stories, built from the abundant yellow sandstone and massive timbers in nearby canyons. Known as the "Old Rock Church", the building was completed in 1867 and served as a place of worship, town council hall, school building, social hall, and tourist camp. In 1939 it was restored through the efforts of the Daughters of Utah Pioneers and a Parowan-sponsored WPA project. It is now a museum of Parowan's early history. Parowan has been called the "Mother Town of the Southwest" because of the many pioneers who left from there to start other communities in southern Utah, Nevada, Arizona, Colorado, and even Oregon and Wyoming. In its first year, colonists were asked to settle Johnson Fort, now Enoch, where a stockade was built, and were also sent to settle along Coal Creek, site of the settlement to manufacture iron which became Cedar City. Parowan's first settlers were instructed to plant crops so that following immigrants could open up the coal and iron ore deposits, but local industries were also developed. Self-sufficiency was envisioned, and local industries included a tannery, sawmill, cotton mill, and factories for making saddles and harnesses, furniture and cabinets, shoes, and guns; there also were carpentry and blacksmith shops. In the early 1900s sheep and dairy industries were well established. Local farms were noted for their quality Rambouillet sheep, and the Southern Utah Dairy Company, a cooperative venture begun in 1900, produced dairy products and was known for its "Pardale Cheese". The first attempts at iron manufacturing were unsuccessful, but mining in the twentieth century brought prosperity to Iron County. When the closure of the mines and the completion of Interstate 15 threatened economic depression in the early 1980s, Parowan citizens developed an economic plan to keep the community viable. Businesses now support Brian Head, a year-round resort south of town featuring downhill and cross-country skiing in the winter and numerous summer mountain activities. Significant growth has occurred in the 1990s in Parowan; it has been attributed to affordable utility fees and a positive economic climate. Parowan is the site of the annual Iron County Fair on Labor Day weekend; it also is a host community for the Utah Summer Games and sponsor of the annual "Christmas in the Country" celebration each November. In 1993 the city began development of Heritage Park. This site includes a park, a grotto and pond, and statues commemorating the founders of Parowan. Other local historic sites include the original town square with the Old Rock Church, the War Memorial and Rose Garden, the Third/Fourth Ward LDS chapel built in 1915, and the Jesse N. Smith Home Museum. Parowan City supports the Parowan Community Theatre, which produces theatrical productions throughout the year. Notable people Jesse N. Smith - Mormon pioneer and colonizer who helped settle Parowan. Smith served as mayor of Parowan from 1859 to 1860. Scott M. Matheson - Governor of Utah from 1977 to 1985. Alma Richards - Utah's first Olympic gold medalist. Richards grew up in Parowan and went on to win the high jump in the 1912 Olympic Games in Stockholm. His last request was to be buried in his hometown, where his remains reside in the Parowan cemetery. Parowan High School's track and football stadium is named Alma Richards Stadium. Climate The data below are from the Western Regional Climate Center for the period from 1893 to 2010. Demographics As of the census of 2000, there were 2,565 people, 893 households, and 682 families residing in the city. The population density was 439.2 people per square mile (169.6/km²). There were 1,230 housing units at an average density of 210.6 per square mile (81.3/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 96.41% White, 0.39% Native American, 0.12% Asian, 0.16% Pacific Islander, 1.79% from other races, and 1.13% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.16% of the population. There were 893 households out of which 37.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 65.6% were married couples living together, 6.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.6% were non-families. 21.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.84 and the average family size was 3.33. In the city, the population was spread out with 31.2% under the age of 18, 8.5% from 18 to 24, 21.9% from 25 to 44, 20.3% from 45 to 64, and 18.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.0 males. The median income for a household in the city was $32,426, and the median income for a family was $36,548. Males had a median income of $30,170 versus $17,036 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,859. About 7.8% of families and 11.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.4% of those under age 18 and 5.2% of those age 65 or over. References External links City of Parowan official website Parowan history Diary of Edson Whipple Category:1851 establishments in Utah Territory Category:Populated places established in 1851 Category:Cities in Iron County, Utah Category:Cities in Utah Category:County seats in Utah	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Krondor: The Betrayal Krondor: The Betrayal is a fantasy novel by American writer Raymond E. Feist. The first novel in The Riftwar Legacy, it was first published in November 1998. It is a novelization of the computer game Betrayal at Krondor. Plot introduction A moredhel known as Gorath has brought news of deadly forces stirring on the horizon. The Nighthawks have begun murdering again, and a group of six magicians known as The Six are at the root of it all. Tsurani gem smugglers led by The Crawler and traitors to the crown are all plotting the fall of the Kingdom of the Isles. Squires James and Locklear must fend off the reunited moredhel while Gorath and his newly gained friend Owyn seek to aid the magician Pug and the kingdom. Category:1998 novels Category:1998 fantasy novels Category:American fantasy novels Category:HarperCollins books Category:Novels based on Krondor Category:Novels by Raymond E. Feist	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Phrynobatrachus albomarginatus Phrynobatrachus albomarginatus is a species of frog in the Phrynobatrachidae family. It is endemic to Democratic Republic of the Congo. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, swamps, and intermittent freshwater marshes. Sources Pickersgill, M. 2004. Phrynobatrachus albomarginatus. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 23 July 2007. albomarginatus Category:Endemic fauna of the Democratic Republic of the Congo Category:Amphibians described in 1933 Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Grzegorz Fijałek Grzegorz Fijałek (born 11 May 1987 in Andrychów) is a Polish male beach volleyball player. He competed in the 2012 Summer Olympics with his partner Mariusz Prudel. The other teams in their pool, group D, were Aleksandrs Samoilovs and Ruslans Sorokins (Latvia), Jake Gibb and Sean Rosenthal (USA) and the South African team of Freedom Chiya and Grant Goldschmidt. They lost to the Latvian team, but beat the South African and American teams. Next they played the Swiss pair of Sascha Heyer and Seba Chevallier in the last 16, winning two sets to nil. In the quarterfinals they lost to the Brazilian team of Emanuel Rego and Alison Cerutti. Prudel and Fijałek were considered to be medal contenders in the 2012 Olympics. References Category:1987 births Category:Living people Category:Polish beach volleyball players Category:Men's beach volleyball players Category:Beach volleyball players at the 2012 Summer Olympics Category:Beach volleyball players at the 2016 Summer Olympics Category:Olympic beach volleyball players of Poland Category:People from Andrychów Category:Sportspeople from Lesser Poland Voivodeship	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Karena Richardson Karena Richardson (born 12 October 1959) is a British former figure skater who competed in ladies' singles. She is the 1976 Skate Canada International silver medalist and a four-time British national champion. She competed twice at the Winter Olympics, finishing 15th in 1976 and 12th in 1980. She was coached by Carlo Fassi in Denver, Colorado. Richardson married Czech figure skater Zdeněk Pazdírek. Competitive highlights References Category:British female single skaters Category:English female single skaters Category:1959 births Category:Olympic figure skaters of Great Britain Category:Figure skaters at the 1976 Winter Olympics Category:Figure skaters at the 1980 Winter Olympics Category:Living people Category:People from Kensington	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Luco de Bordón Luco de Bordón is a town in the municipality of Castellote in Spain's Teruel province. Location The town is located 811 meters above sea level in the Sierra de Bordón. Its administration is the province of Teruel, on the border with Valencia. The town of Villores is connected to Luco by CV-119 (Castellón province), and TE-8402 (Teruel province) that crosses the two villages. The core of Luco de Bordón is built on a hilltop and surrounded by half of a ravine near Bordón River, a tributary of the River Guadalope. History The name Luco derives from the Latin Lucus, meaning 'forest'. The town's history began at the end of the twelfth century (around 1196, when it was documented) when the first commander of Castellote, Gascon Castellot of Ramon Berenguer IV, yielded the town with all its territory. The territory was composed of different towns: Abenfigo, Bordón, Luco, Santolea, Seno, Las Cuevas de Cañart, Ladruñán, Dos Torres de Mercader and Las Parras y Torremocha, In 1272 Luco was a dependent group of Bordon, and could appear in the National Historical Archive. On 4 January 1282 the Templars granted a letter officially creating towns in different places, including (Castellote, Bordón, Las Cuevas de Cañart, Santolea and Seno. In 1367, Bordón and Luco among other towns became independent of Castellote and in 1535 Luco became independent of Bordón. In 1400, the pastor of Bordón, Don Juan Calvo, bequeathed the chapel built at his own expense to the parishioners of Luco. The chapel later became the parish church of Luco. During the 1970s, towns such as Cuevas Cañart, Ladruñán, Luco, Dos Torres de Mercader and Santolea were incorporated into Castellote, losing their status as independent municipalities. Places of interest The path leading to the shrine of Pilar runs along the road in front of the village and enters the valley along the hillside on the right bank. The source of the Bordón river is located one hour from the village. The Morron is a stony mass that offers a view of the landscape and sunsets. The houses of Huergo are near a waterfall. References Official website of Castellote town hall Official website of Luco de Bordon Bailia de Castellote Category:Towns in Spain	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Occupation of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge On January 2, 2016, an armed group of far right extremists seized and occupied the headquarters of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge in Harney County, Oregon, United States and continued to occupy it until law enforcement made a final arrest on February 11, 2016. Their leader was Ammon Bundy, who participated in the 2014 Bundy standoff at his father's Nevada ranch. Other members of the group were loosely affiliated with non-governmental militias and the sovereign citizen movement. The organizers were seeking an opportunity to advance their view that the federal government is constitutionally required to turn over most of the federal public land they manage to the individual states, in particular land managed by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), United States Forest Service (USFS), and other agencies. In 2015, the militants believed they could do this by protesting the treatment of two area ranchers convicted of federal land arson, who they believed were wrongly convicted. This is despite the fact that the men in question, father and son Dwight and Steven Dwight Hammond, did not want their help. The occupation began when Bundy led an armed party to the refuge headquarters following a peaceful public rally in the nearby city of Burns. By February 11, all of the militants had surrendered or withdrawn from the occupation, with several leaders having been arrested after leaving the site; one of them, Robert LaVoy Finicum, was shot and killed during an attempt to arrest him after he reached toward a handgun concealed in his pocket after he tried to evade a roadblock; Ryan Bundy was wounded. More than two dozen of the militants were charged with federal offenses including conspiracy to obstruct federal officers, firearms violations, theft, and depredation of federal property. By August 2017, a dozen had pleaded guilty, and six of those had been sentenced to 1–2 years' probation, some including house arrest. Seven others, including Ammon and Ryan Bundy, were tried and acquitted of all federal charges. Five more had been found guilty and were sentenced months later. Seven of the militants saw prison time for their roles in the occupation. Jake Ryan and Duane Ehmer each received 366 days in prison, with Ryan additionally getting three years of supervised probation. Darryl Thorn received 18 months of prison time on November 21, 2017. Jason Patrick received 21 months on February 15, 2018. Ryan Payne was sentenced to 37 months in federal prison along with three years of supervision on February 27, 2018. Jon Ritzheimer was sentenced to 366 days in federal prison and another 12 months in a residential re-entry program. Corey Lequieu was sentenced to 30 months in prison and three years of supervision. Two others, Joe O'Shaughnessy and Brian Cavalier, were detained for at least a year, but released on time served plus three years of supervision each, plus fines. Background Location Harney County is a rural county in eastern Oregon. The county seat is the city of Burns. Though it is one of the largest counties by area in the United States, its population is only about 7,700, and cattle outnumber people 14-to-1. About 73 percent of the county's area is federal land, variously managed by the United States Bureau of Land Management (BLM), the United States Forest Service (USFS), and the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). The Malheur National Wildlife Refuge, located in Harney County, was established in 1908 by President Theodore Roosevelt, a conservationist. Located in the Pacific Flyway, and currently encompassing , it is "one of the premiere sites for birds and birding in the U.S.," according to the Audubon Society of Portland. Tourism, especially birding, injects million into the local economy annually. Leadership The leader of the occupation was Ammon Bundy—a native of Bunkerville, Nevada, owner of a car fleet management company in Phoenix, Arizona, and a recent resident of Emmett, Idaho. Ammon Bundy was also the leader of a group which he formed shortly before the occupation, which he later named the Citizens for Constitutional Freedom. Ammon's father, Cliven D. Bundy, had previously organized and led a somewhat similar incident roughly two years earlier in March 2014. Both Bundys are members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and believed that their armed opposition to the federal government was ordained for them via divine messages ordering them to do so. Also in a leadership position amongst the militants was the group's occasional spokesman LaVoy Finicum, another Mormon, who owned a ranch at Cane Beds, in the Arizona Strip, near the community of Colorado City, Arizona. He had recently authored a self-published post-apocalyptic novel. Ammon's brother, Ryan Bundy, was also amongst the militants present, and was later arrested for his role in the occupation. On December 1, 2019, an investigation commissioned by the Washington House of Representatives reported Washington state legislator, white supremacist Matt Shea had planned and participated in domestic terrorism on at least three occasions. This included his participation, organizing, planning, and promotion of the 2014 Bundy standoff in Nevada, the 2015 armed conflict in Priest River, Idaho, and the 2016 armed seizure of the Malheur Refuge. Shea led a delegation of right-wing legislators from Oregon, Washington and Idaho that met with law enforcement on January 9, 2016, in Burns, Oregon where they were appraised of confidential intended law enforcement strategies for dealing with the refuge occupiers. The state House district's Republican Representative Cliff Bentz, attended the meeting, despite being warned by Harney County Judge Steven Grasty to decline the invitation. Bentz did, however, warn western Oregon state Representative Dallas Heard, from Roseburg, that it would be "inappropriate," for Heard to attend, though Heard ignored the advice. Shea then disclosed those details to the Bundys, according to the report. Hammond arson case In 2012, Dwight Lincoln Hammond, Jr., 73, and Steven Dwight Hammond, 46, were both convicted of two counts of arson on federal land, in relation to two fires they set in 2001 and 2006. In a mid-trial settlement agreement, the Hammonds agreed not to appeal the arson convictions in order to have other charges dismissed by the government. The Hammonds were also told the prosecutor would seek the mandatory minimum sentence of five years. Ultimately, Dwight Hammond was sentenced to three months' imprisonment and his son Steven was sentenced to a year and a day's imprisonment, which both men served. In 2015, the sentences were, however, vacated by the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, which then remanded re-sentencing. In October 2015, a judge re-sentenced the Hammonds to five years in prison (with credit for time served), ordering that they return to prison on January 4, 2016. Stephen was scheduled to be released on June 29, 2019 and Dwight on February 13, 2020. They were pardoned by President Trump on July 10, 2018. In late 2015, the Hammonds' case attracted the attention of Ammon Bundy and Ryan Payne. In November 2015, Bundy and his associates began publicizing the Hammonds' case via social media. Over the ensuing weeks, Bundy and Payne attempted to set up plans for what they described as a peaceful protest with Harney County Sheriff, David M. Ward, as well as request that the sheriff's office protect the Hammonds from being taken into custody by federal authorities. A sympathetic Ward declined Bundy and Payne's request. He later said that he began receiving death threats by email. Despite several early meetings with Bundy and Payne, the Hammonds eventually rejected their offers of assistance. Prelude to the occupation On November 5, 2015, Ammon Bundy called Harney County Sheriff David Ward and arranged a meeting later the same day. At the meeting, Ammon Bundy and Montana militiaman Ryan Payne insisted to Sheriff Ward that Ward must shield Dwight and Steven Hammond against re-imprisonment. Ward recalled that when he explained that he did not have authority to shield the Hammonds from a lawful sentence, Bundy's and Payne's demeanor became threatening. Payne told Ward that if he did not shield the Hammonds from imprisonment, "thousands" of armed militiamen would come to the county to "do Ward's job" for him—and Payne pointedly noted that he might not be able to control what else the militia might do. By late fall, local, state, and federal law enforcement agencies noticed that members of anti-government militias had started to relocate to Harney County, and the USFWS began circulating a photograph of Ammon Bundy with instructions for staff to "be on the lookout." By early December 2015, Bundy and Payne had moved to Burns. The same month, they organized a meeting at the Harney County Fairgrounds to rally support for their efforts. At the meeting, a "committee of safety" was organized by Bundy and Payne to orchestrate direct action against the Hammond sentences. According to that group's website, the Harney County Committee of Safety considers itself "a governmental body established by the people in the absence of the ability of the existing government to provide for the needs and protection of civilized society" (during the American Revolution, committees of safety were shadow governments organized to usurp authority from colonial administrators). From mid-November to late December 2015, local residents began to notice significant numbers of outsiders in the community, often dressed in military-style attire and openly carrying handguns and sometimes rifles. Some of these armed newcomers engaged in what local people considered threatening and harassing behavior, such as approaching shoppers in local stores and aggressively asking their opinions about the Hammond family. Many local people considered these actions to be deliberate intimidation, intended to sway the community into joining the outsider's unspecified plan to "protect" the Hammonds from re-arrest. Contrary to local custom, some residents began carrying guns in public locations. Many lived in fear that some kind of violent event was about to take place. On December 30, 2015, USFWS staff members at Malheur National Wildlife Refuge were dismissed early from work. With tensions rising in nearby Burns, supervisors left staff with the final instruction not to return to the refuge unless explicitly instructed. Meanwhile, some Burns residents reported harassment and intimidation by militia members. According to the spouses and children of several federal employees and local police, they had been followed home or to school by vehicles with out-of-state license plates. On January 1, 2016, a forum held at the Harney County Fairgrounds was attended by about 60 local residents and members of militias. A Burns-area resident who organized the event described it as an opportunity to defuse tensions that had been simmering between locals and out-of-town militia in the preceding days. The event alternated between expressions of sympathy for the Hammonds and suggestions that a peaceful rally could be beneficial. On January 2, a rally of about 300 people gathered in a Safeway supermarket parking lot in Burns, organized by the Pacific Patriots Network (PPN), a militia umbrella organization that includes the 3 Percenters of Idaho. Members of the Pacific Patriots Network had been active in Harney County since November, drawn there by the Hammond arson case. Following speeches, the crowd marched to the home of Dwight and Steven Hammond, stopping briefly en route to protest outside the sheriff's office and the county courthouse. The crowd then returned to the Safeway parking lot and broke up. According to KOIN, the CBS-affiliated television station in Portland, Oregon, there was "no visible police presence at any point." Armed occupation First week Before the protest crowd broke up, Ammon Bundy announced to the crowd his plan to occupy the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge, and he encouraged people to join him. His announcement surprised a PPN rally organizer, who later stated he felt betrayed. Ammon and Ryan Bundy—along with armed associates—separated from the crowd and proceeded to the refuge headquarters, located south of Burns. The militants settled into the refuge and set up defensive positions. Right before the occupation began, the militants notified the Harney County Sheriff's Office and also contacted a utility company with the intention of taking over the refuge's electric and other services, according to a motion to dismiss and memorandum filed by Ammon Bundy's lawyers on May 9. Law enforcement kept away from the refuge, but various security measures were taken in surrounding areas. By the evening of January 4, no overt police presence was visible in the area between the town and the refuge headquarters. Upon hearing of the occupation at the wildlife refuge, the two ranchers on whose behalf the militants were ostensibly acting disavowed the action. On January 2, the militia leaders claimed to have 150 armed members at the site, though one journalist reported that no more than a dozen armed militants were on the site, and another reported a claim that there were "between six and 12." On January 3, The Oregonian said there were roughly 20 to 25 people present and that the militants had deployed into defensive positions. On January 3, Ammon Bundy claimed that they were being supplied by area residents. Other protest groups took varying positions. On January 2, the 3 Percenters of Idaho militia disclaimed involvement, calling the occupation a small splinter action. Ryan Bundy stated that the militant group wanted the Hammonds to be released and for the federal government to relinquish control of the Malheur National Forest. On January 3, Ammon Bundy said the ultimate goal of the militants was to "get the economics here in the county revived" for logging and outdoor recreation. On January 4, the militants announced a formal name for their group, Citizens for Constitutional Freedom. On January 4, Steven E. Grasty, the judge-executive of Harney County, emailed Ammon Bundy requesting that he leave the refuge. Harney County Sheriff David Ward then requested that the Bundys and others to leave. In response, Ryan Bundy said he wasn't convinced Ward spoke for all of the people in the county. Meanwhile, on January 4, Dwight and Steven Hammond voluntarily reported to begin serving the remainder of their respective prison sentences. In a public meeting held on January 6 at the Harney County Fairgrounds, nearly every attending person, according to Oregon Public Broadcasting, raised their hands when Ward asked who thought the militants should leave. Ward then offered to escort the militants to the county line if they would depart voluntarily. A fistfight erupted at the refuge on the evening of January 6 when three members of a group calling themselves Veterans on Patrol attempted to enter the headquarters and convince women, children and Ryan Payne to leave. Instead, they were repelled by militants, leaving one member of the Veterans on Patrol with a black eye. Family members of some of the militants were present at the refuge during the occupation, including a minor son of Ammon Bundy, as well as the children of some of the visitors sympathetic to the militia. On January 7, Sheriff Ward and other local sheriffs met with Ammon Bundy and Ryan Payne from the site of the occupation. Sheriff Ward repeated his earlier offer to escort the militants out of the county. Bundy rejected the offer, saying the occupation would continue until management of federal land in the county had been turned over to local residents. Second week On January 8, members of other militias later met with the militants, asking them to establish a perimeter around the occupied area to avoid a "Waco-style situation." A number of other militia and anti-government groups, some armed, arrived and were greeted with mixed reception. The 3 Percenters of Idaho announced it was sending some of its members to "secure a perimeter" around the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge compound and prevent a repeat of the Waco siege. Ammon Bundy initially welcomed the arrival of the additional militants, but hours after their arrival at the refuge on the morning of January 9, the convoy of new militants from the Pacific Patriots Network, led by Brandon Curtiss, president of the 3 Percenters of Idaho, were asked to leave by Utah attorney Todd MacFarlane, who acted as a mediator. The new militants left the refuge that afternoon. By January 10, an influx of armed groups and individuals was rotating through Burns, with some declaring they were there to support the occupation, others to try to convince the militants to quit, and still others with undefined purposes. Some militants, meanwhile, left the occupation completely. On January 11, the militants removed a stretch of fence between the refuge and an adjacent ranch, apparently to give the adjacent ranch access to land that had been blocked for years. but the ranch owners did not want the fence taken down and subsequently repaired it. The militants began searching through government documents stored for proof of government wrongdoing toward local ranchers. On January 12, the militants told KOIN reporter Chris Holmstrom that the refuge facilities were messy and unorganized when they arrived, and Jason Patrick asserted that they encountered rat feces deep. KOIN recorded some of their cleaning efforts in a garage. Bruce Doucette, the owner of a computer repair shop in Denver, Colorado, and a self-proclaimed judge, announced on January 12 that he would convene a "citizens grand jury" to charge government officials with various crimes. Doucette's claims to be a judge are consistent with legal frauds often practiced by the sovereign citizen movement and other anti-government movements. On January 14, Ammon Bundy announced that the militants planned a longer stay and were reaching out to nearby county sheriffs for support. Michael Ray Emry, speaking for Bruce Doucette, threaten to hold "a trial with the redress of grievance" against county and other government officials. Harney County Judge Steven Grasty, Sheriff Ward, and other county officials were served false legal documents by the militants. On January 15, the Oregon State Police arrested a militant at the Safeway in Burns who had been driving a government vehicle stolen from the refuge headquarters. Also on January 15, the Oath Keepers anti-government militia group warned of a prospective "conflagration so great, it cannot be stopped, leading to a bloody, brutal civil war" if the situation descended into violence. Third and fourth weeks Militant numbers continued to grow to "several dozen" according to one report or about 40 in another. On January 16, LaVoy Finicum told The Washington Post that "[i]t needs to be very clear that these buildings will never, ever return to the federal government," reiterating the group's demands for the federal government to cede ownership of the wildlife refuge. The militants began to vandalize the property, which local community leaders characterized as an attempt to provoke violent confrontation. A video released by the militants showed them inspecting a locked storage room for archaeological artifacts held in agreement with the Burns Paiute Tribe, an Indian nation in Harney County, leading the tribe to ask the federal authorities to block the passage of occupiers to the site. On January 19, Ammon Bundy and several other militant occupiers appeared unannounced at a community meeting in Burns without addressing the crowd. Residents urged an end to the occupation as did rallies held by opponents in Eugene and Portland, Oregon, and in Idaho. On January 21, Bundy met with the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and discussed with them about relinquishing federal government control of the refuge as well as the releases of Dwight and Steven Hammond. He agreed to meet with the FBI again on the next day, but when the meeting occurred, Bundy left when the agent present declined to negotiate in front of the media. On January 23, the militants hosted a news conference at the refuge, promising news reporters that an Oregon cattle rancher and one from New Mexico would be present to sign papers renouncing their federal grazing permits. Only one rancher, Adrian C. Sewell of Grant County, New Mexico, a convicted felon, renounced his federal grazing permit at the conference. The Oregon rancher was absent. January 26 arrests and shooting [[File:FinicumShootingFBI.webm\|thumb\|300px\| FBI surveillance footage shows Robert LaVoy Finicum's truck being pursued by police vehicles on U.S. Route 395. In this one-minute excerpt, Finicum encounters a police roadblock and drives into a roadside snowbank. Non-lethal weaponry, rubber bullets and flash bang grenades, were employed at the second roadblock. Ryan Payne is hit in the hand by a 40 mm sponge bullet through the open front passenger window as he hesitated, contemplating surrender. A bullet penetrates the roof of the truck, with shrapnel wounding Ryan Bundy in the shoulder. Finicum then quickly exits his vehicle walks away from his truck, and an OSP officer pointing a Taser approaches from uphill to the left of Finicum, while OSP SWAT officers and FBI HRT agents with rifles position themselves to his left. Finicum repeated raises and lowers his hands moving his hands from over his head to toward the inside of his jacket, then turns around slightly to the right to face the driver's side of his vehicle from which he had walked. He is then shot three times in the back by two OSP officers. (One-minute excerpt from 26-minute FBI aerial footage.)<ref name=Series>Two state police SWAT officers speak for first time about their fatal shooting of LaVoy Finicum, Oregon Live, Maxine Bernstein, July 30, 2018. Retrieved August 11, 2018.</ref>]] During the first weeks, law enforcement allowed the militants to come and go from the refuge at will. On January 26, the main leaders attempted to drive two vehicles to adjacent Grant County, Oregon, where Ryan Payne was invited by a Canyon City, Oregon, logger to speak at a public meeting at the John Day Senior Center in John Day, Oregon. It was the first time in which the main leaders were traveling together away from the refuge headquarters. State and federal authorities used the opportunity to intercept them with a traffic stop on a stretch of U.S. Route 395, situated away from populated areas. The militants' convoy consisted of a white 2015 Dodge Ram driven by LaVoy Finicum, followed by a dark-colored Jeep. Vehicles driven by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and the Oregon State Police pulled in behind the Jeep. The driver of the Jeep pulled over and he and his passengers, Ammon Bundy and Brian Cavalier, surrendered peacefully and were taken into custody. Finicum kept driving, followed by the authorities, but eventually stopped with police cars behind his truck. The police launched a round of foam-nosed pepper spray at the vehicle. Ryan Payne exited Finicum's truck and surrendered peacefully, also surrendering a handgun holstered on his right hip. Shawna Cox, a passenger in Finicum's truck, recorded cell phone video of Finicum shouting to police that he intended to ignore their orders and drive away. Other cell phone video footage shot by Ryan Bundy, another passenger, also showed Finicum taunting officers and daring them to shoot and kill him. About seven minutes after stopping his truck, Finicum resumed driving north at high speed. Cox, Ryan Bundy, and 18-year-old Victoria Sharp, were still in the rear seat of the truck at the time.‘Patriot Princess’ Victoria Sharp still traumatized a year after Oregon standoff shooting, Kansas City Star, Rick Montgomery, January 26, 2017. Retrieved March 14, 2018. They were subsequently pursued by officers and eventually encountered a roadblock about later. An Oregon State Police SWAT member, identified in the trial of FBI agent Astarita as "Officer 1," fired three shots with an AR-15, into Finicum's truck as it approached the roadblock. Finicum steered off the pavement to the left shoulder to evade the roadblock, embedding his truck in a roadside snowbank. Two OSP officers and four FBI agents were posted at the roadblock, with one of the FBI agents nearly being run over by Finicum's truck. Finicum soon exited and began walking away from his truck, briefly raising and lowering his hands above his head. While Finicum was leaving his truck, a FBI Hostage Rescue Team member allegedly fired two shots one of which entered the truck and ricocheted, inflicting the minor shrapnel wound on Ryan Bundy. OSP officers and FBI agents armed with rifles positioned themselves to his left, while an OSP officer equipped with a non-lethal Taser X2 walked downhill from an embankment toward him. As the officer with the Taser attempted to move within to make the most effective use of the Taser, Finicum turned his body to the left, holding his jacket with his left hand and reaching for a pocket with his right hand. He was then shot twice in the back by an OSP SWA member from the roadblock identified as "Officer 1," and once by "Officer 2," from the pursuit vehicle. Immediate aftermath Immediately after the shooting and arrests, officials stated that Finicum was reaching for a handgun in his pocket when he was shot by a state trooper. The FBI found a loaded 9mm Ruger SR9, a gift from his stepson, in Finicum's left jacket pocket. Both of the Bundy brothers and three other militants were arrested. They faced "federal felony charges of conspiracy to impede federal officers from discharging their official duties through the use of force, intimidation or threats" (Title 18, United States Code, Section 372). The driver of the Jeep and Victoria Sharp, a passenger in Finicum's truck, were released without charges. Medical assistance was given to Finicum approximately 10 minutes after the shooting. Prior to the video of the action being released, some of the militants and supporters had claimed that Finicum was cooperating with the police when he was shot. This included a claim by Nevada Assemblywoman Michele Fiore (who was not present at the arrest) that "he was just murdered with his hands up." Cliven Bundy was quoted as saying that Finicum was "sacrificed for a good purpose." At a news conference, officials had initially declined to comment on the Finicum shooting because the encounter was still under investigation, but they later released surveillance video of the incident, which officials said shows Finicum reaching for a handgun after feigning surrender, but Finicum's family continued to dispute the nature of the shooting, claiming that he was shot in the back while his hands were in the air, and denied the FBI's assertion that Finicum was armed at the time of his death. Finicum's public autopsy was performed on January 28, but officials withheld the autopsy report from the press until March 8. The Finicum family commissioned a private autopsy, but declined to make the results public. Three others were arrested in separate actions: Peter Santilli and Joseph O'Shaughnessy were arrested locally, while Jon Ritzheimer was placed under arrest by the FBI in Peoria, Arizona, after he had voluntarily surrendered. Fifth and sixth weeks Following the January 26 arrests, the occupation continued. In the early morning hours of January 27, militant Jason Patrick said that women and children had left the occupation, adding that five to six people met and then decided to continue the occupation. Many people reportedly left in a hurry. Hours later, federal and state police forces moved into the region, formed a perimeter around the refuge, and blocked access to it by setting up roadblocks. Only ranchers who owned land near the area were allowed to pass. The remaining members debated on what to do next, with some angry about the recent events. Through his lawyer, Michael Arnold of Eugene, Oregon, Ammon Bundy on January 27 urged those remaining at the refuge to stand down and go home, statements that were echoed by his wife. Later, several vehicles were seen leaving the refuge before the police perimeter had been set up. Later that day, eight people left the refuge and were met by the FBI and the Oregon State Police at the perimeter. Three militants, including Patrick, surrendered and were arrested, while five other people were allowed to leave the refuge by authorities without incident. By the morning of January 28, four militants remained: David Fry, 27, of Blanchester, Ohio; husband and wife Sean, 48, and Sandra Lynn Anderson, 47, both of Riggins, Idaho; and Jeff Banta, 46, of Yerington, Nevada. Fry reported that there was a warrant for the arrest of Sean Anderson; the Associated Press reported that Anderson was facing misdemeanor charges in Wisconsin for resisting arrest and drug possession. Fry also added that the others were free to go, but the four were reluctant to leave unless they were all allowed to go freely and Sean Anderson was not arrested. The FBI reportedly offered a deal where Sean Anderson would be arrested and the others would go free; this was acceptable to Fry and Banta, but not Sandra Anderson, at which point all four made a pact to remain together. By January 29, the four said they had ended negotiations with the FBI and were planning to remain at the refuge until their supplies ran out. On January 30, the FBI said negotiations were continuing. The militants also claimed that the FBI was shutting down their ability to communicate with the outside world, including locking down their ability to make or receive cell phone calls. The FBI later confirmed this action. The militants were able to maintain contact with Oregon Public Broadcasting from January 31 to February 3, at which point their line of communication was cut. About a week later, David Fry was able to reestablish online communications. On February 3, the remaining four militants, along with twelve of the arrested militants, were indicted for conspiracy to impede U.S. officers, though Kirkland and Stetson were not. Signs were added at some roadblocks stating that unauthorized protesters or visitors would be subject to arrest if they passed said blocks. Surrender of the last four militants involved At about 4:30 p.m. on February 10, David Fry rode past the police barricades using an all-terrain vehicle before returning to the refuge at high speed. Federal authorities claimed that caused them to begin to surround the refuge at around 5:45 p.m. Michael Arnold, Ammon Bundy's lawyer, learned of the escalation from a live feed where the remaining holdouts were talking of murder and asking to speak to Nevada Assemblywoman Michele Fiore. Fiore was informed of the request as her flight touched down at the Portland International Airport in Portland, Oregon. Meanwhile, Arnold sent text messages to a FBI negotiator saying, "Fiore is landing now. Can you get her on the phone with the people at the refuge? ... We can slow this down by offering Michele Fiore to talk to them." Fiore stated on a YouTube livestream with the militants that she would try to mediate the situation. While she talked to the four militants, Arnold worked on getting the FBI on the phone. At 7:38 p.m., a FBI agent told Arnold that Fiore was doing a good job and they should go to Burns. Later that night, it was reported that the remaining militants would be turning themselves in to the FBI at 8:00 a.m. on the following morning. On the morning of February 11, Fiore and Arnold arrived in Burns. Fiore met with Reverend Franklin Graham at the Burns Municipal Airport, who had flown in there on his private airplane, and both were driven to the refuge in a FBI armored truck, with Arnold in a vehicle behind them. Fiore and Graham took turns addressing the militants over a loudspeaker on the truck, and Arnold provided the FBI Ammon Bundy's recorded message for Fry. By 11:00 a.m., Sean and Sandra Anderson, Jeff Banta, and Fry surrendered to the FBI without incident. The previous night, Cliven Bundy had been arrested by the FBI after deplaning at the Portland International Airport on charges related to events that were alleged to have occurred during the 2014 Bundy standoff. He had flown to Portland to support Fry, Banta, and the Andersons. In February 2016, the elder Bundy was transported back from Portland, Oregon, to Las Vegas, Nevada, to be tried in the United States District Court for the District of Nevada on charges related to the standoff at his Nevada ranch. In the first trial there, two defendants who were not charged in Oregon were convicted of some counts, with the jury deadlocked on other charges against them and four others. The two who received guilty verdicts will be sentenced on July 26 and 27. Retrials of the first six and the trials of the remaining eleven defendants were scheduled for June 26 by Judge Gloria Navarro. Aftermath Further arrests The final arrest of the 26 militants indicted for felony conspiracy was of Travis Cox, and took place on April 12 in Cedar City, Utah. At sentencing, on August 7, 2017, the 20-year-old Cox, the youngest of all those indicted, described his own behavior as "arrogant" and "ignorant." He had served 51 days in pre-trial custody before making bail. U.S. District Judge Anna J. Brown said about him, "I think it's important to note, if my memory is correct, you're the first person who's acknowledged this was a mistake." She sentenced him to two months of house arrest. By August 7, eleven occupiers had pleaded guilty to felony conspiracy to impede federal workers. In the months preceding the sentencing of Cox, Sean, Sandra and Dylan Anderson each received sentences of a year of probation for trespassing. A 27th militant, Scott Alan Willingham, was arrested on March 16. Willingham pleaded guilty to one count of theft of government property on May 12. Michael Ray Emry, who had described himself as being an "embedded reporter" for the 3 Percenters of Idaho, was arrested by the FBI on May 6 in John Day, Oregon, on federal weapons charges relating to his possession of a stolen fully automatic .50-caliber M2 Browning heavy machine gun. Willingham told The Oregonian that Emry spent time at the refuge for media purposes and to share his expertise with weapons, and supplied another militant at the refuge with a semi-automatic AK-47 rifle. Trials A total of 27 people involved in the occupation were charged under federal law; of those, 26 have been indicted for a single federal felony count of conspiracy to impede officers of the U.S. from discharging their official duties through the use of force, intimidation, or threats. A number of those under indictment on the conspiracy charge are also charged with a variety of other counts, some of which incur sentences up to life imprisonment, including possession of firearms and dangerous weapons in federal facilities, use and carry of firearms in relation to a crime of violence, depredation of government property (relating to damaging the site "by means of excavation and the use of heavy equipment"), and theft of government property. In addition, several of those under indictment in Oregon have also been indicted separately for their roles in the 2014 Bundy standoff in Nevada. In January 2016, a court denied bail to Ammon and Ryan Bundy saying that they were "a flight risk and a danger to the community." The court also denied bail to Ryan Payne, Dylan Anderson, and Jason Patrick. In 2017, prosecutors said they would be asking for a 41-month prison sentence for Payne. By August 2016, twelve militants pleaded guilty to charges against them, including four of nine militants who were part of Bundy's "inner circle". Of those four, two were reported to be negotiating a resolution to a federal indictment in regards to the Bundy standoff in Nevada. The trials for seven militants, including Ammon Bundy, were scheduled to start on September 7, 2016; while a further seven militants were set for trial beginning February 14, 2017. Charges against the remaining indicted militant, Peter Santilli, were dropped (but he still faces charges in Nevada related to the 2014 Bundy standoff). On August 3, 2016, about 1,500 potential jurors were summoned and asked to complete questionnaires that would be reviewed by the attorneys and parties involved in the September 7, 2016, trials. Judge Anna Brown previously said the case would require an unusually large jury pool. The defense would focus on the argument that the federal government doesn't actually have jurisdiction of federal land, as they lost the right to own the land inside of Oregon once it became a state. On October 27, 2016, Ammon Bundy and six other defendants were found not guilty of conspiracy to impede federal officers and possession of firearms in a federal facility by a jury. One defendant was found not guilty of theft of a government-owned truck, and the jury was hung on charges of theft of surveillance cameras by another defendant. The judge released five of the defendants, but returned Ammon and Ryan Bundy to federal custody because they also face trial related to the 2014 Bundy standoff in Nevada. At the end of the trial, Marcus Mumford, Ammon Bundy's lawyer, argued with the judge that Bundy should be released immediately on the grounds that the court did not have a detainer, and the United States Marshals Service had no document authorizing Bundy's detention. Both of the Bundy brothers had been ordered to be held without bail in January when they were charged. After the judge admonished him for yelling at the bench, six U.S. Marshals surrounded the defense table and then tackled Mumford and tased him when he resisted. A spokesman for the Marshals Service said Mumford was arrested because he "was resisting and preventing Marshals from taking Ammon Bundy out of the courtroom and back into custody." Other lawyers described the Marshals' actions as a sharp break from customary courtroom decorum. On March 13, 2017, federal prosecutors dropped the unusual charges brought against Mumford for his outburst at his client's verdict. In the trial of the second group of defendants held in February 2017, four remaining defendants were being prosecuted for conspiring to impede federal employees from working at the refuge through intimidation, threats, or fear. Greg Bretzing, the recently retired FBI special agent in charge testified that several agency informants had been sent into the refuge occupation to assess the situation. One, Mark McConnell, was Ammon Bundy's driver in the convoy to the city of John Day. Drones, fixed cameras, and aerial reconnaissance were used in the surveillance. Bretzing said no military had been involved. He said his top three goals were a peaceable end to the takeover, a return of the refuge to USFWS control, and holding accountable the occupiers who were involved. He said there were "maybe a couple of hundred" FBI agents in Harney County plus dozens of state and local law enforcement officers during the refuge takeover. Prosecutors indicated that nine informants had been engaged at the refuge occupation, for periods of two hours to 23 days, and that none were involved at the initial occupation. Some had carried weapons. A California blogger, Gary Hunt, said he received a thumb drive and documents that contained the names of the nine informants who had been at the Refuge, and six others in the case who had not been there, and he subsequently posted them online to aid the defense. Judge Brown ordered him to take down such information as to their identities that he had posted, holding him in contempt, and he did so just before her deadline when she said she would levy what she termed "more coercive" sanctions. A neighbor testified that he had heard "hundreds" of shots fired at the refuge's boat launch, and that an occupying tower sentry had aimed a rifle at him and another looked at him through a rifle scope. A video of an occupier meeting found on defendant Jason Patrick's seized camera that was played in the courtroom showed chaos reigned amongst the occupiers after Finicum's death. "We already have our martyr," one said, and another suggested targeting federal officials, saying "execute them, their families, and everyone." Defendant Blaine Cooper proposed leaving the refuge in a USFWS firetruck with others trailing behind it. "If they try to (expletive) with us, lay lead down." Both Cooper's father, Stanley Blaine Hicks, and stepmother, Lindalee Hicks, testified that he was not a truthful person. Refuge employees were set to testify that they had received death threats and feared for their lives, but the judge would not allow it, finding it was prejudicial. In closing arguments, attorneys for Duane Ehmer, Jason Patrick, Darryl Thorn, and Jake Ryan maintained that no conspiracy existed. "It was never there," Michele Kohler, representing Ehmer, told the jury. "The thought was never given to the employees. [The occupiers] went there on a holiday weekend." The second jury brought split verdicts. All four defendants in it were found guilty of at least one charge, and Darrl Thorn of two. Jason Patrick and Thorn, who were on security details, were found guilty of conspiring to prevent federal workers from doing their refuge jobs. Duane Ehmer and Jake Ryan were found not guilty on that count. Ehmer and Ryan were found guilty of willfully damaging the refuge when they used a refuge excavator to dig two deep trenches on January 27, 2016. Jurors also found Thorn guilty of possessing a firearm in a federal facility, while acquitting Patrick and Ryan of that same charge. While the jury was in deliberations on the felony cases, Judge Brown held a bench trial for the remaining misdemeanor charges on the last four defendants. The defense contended they didn't know nor were they given proper notice that they were trespassing. Ehmer's misdemeanor charges were for tampering with vehicles and equipment, removal of property, and trespassing. Noting that the defendant's guilty plea and low level of involvement in the occupation had mitigated the consequences of his actions, Judge Brown sentenced Geoffrey Stanek on June 26, 2017, to two years' probation and six months' house arrest. For similar reasons, on July 6, 2017, Brown sentenced 23-year-old Tulalip, Washington, tribal employee Eric Lee Flores, to twenty-four months' probation including five months' house arrest. As with Stanek and Flores, probation had been expected for "low-level defendants" Wesley Kjar and Jason Blomgren. As of August 11, 2017, it had been anticipated that Jason Patrick, Joseph O'Shaughnessy, Duane Ehmer, Darryl Thorn, Jake Ryan, Ryan Payne, Jon Ritzheimer and Blaine Cooper, would be sentenced later in 2017, for their convictions of felonies and misdemeanors involved in the Malheur occupation. Thirteen convicted occupiers have agreed to pay a total of $78,000 in restitution. Ritzheimer and Payne, after pleading guilty to a federal conspiracy charge, and Patrick, convicted at trial of conspiracy plus several misdemeanor offenses, each agreed to pay $10,000. O'Shaughnessy, Cooper, Brian Cavalier and Corey Lequieu, after their guilty pleas to conspiracy, agreed to pay $7,000 each. Thorn, tried and convicted of felonious conspiracy to impede federal workers from doing their jobs at the refuge, plus possession of a firearm in a federal facility and misdemeanors including trespass, agreed to pay $5,000. The most minor of the offenders, Blomgren, Flores, Stanek, Kjar, and Travis Cox all agreed to pay $3,000 each. As of the end of August, the final two defendants, Duane Ehmer and Jake Ryan, still awaited sentencing. They both had dug trenches at the refuge and received guilty verdicts for depredation of government property. On November 16, 2017, Duane Ehmer was sentenced to 12 months and 1 day, with three years of supervised release. On November 21, 2017, Darryl Thorn was sentenced to 18 months in prison. On November 22, 2017, Wesley Kjar was sentenced to two years of probation with 250 hours of community service. On November 30, 2017, Jon Ritzheimer was sentenced to a year and a day in federal prison and must spend another 12 months in a residential re-entry program. On February 27, 2018, Ryan Payne was sentenced to 37 months in federal prison along with three years of supervision. On March 15, 2018, Joseph O'Shaughnessy was sentenced to time served and two years of supervised release. On June 12, 2018, Blaine Cooper was sentenced to time served and three years of supervised release. He was also ordered to pay $7,000 in restitution. FBI investigation of scene and damage to refuge Following the surrender of the last militants, the FBI labeled the entire refuge a crime scene and canvassed the buildings in search of explosives and any previously existing hazardous materials. A collection of firearms and explosives were found inside the refuge. Safes were found to have been broken into, with money, cameras, and computers stolen by the militants. They were also found to have badly damaged tribal artifacts. The FBI's Art Crime Team conducted an archaeological field assessment to determine if the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act or the Archaeological Resources Protection Act of 1979 were violated; additional charges may result if so. During the occupation, the militants illegally dug a new road using a government-owned excavator, expanded a parking lot, dug trenches, destroyed part of a USFWS-owned fence, and removed security cameras. Some of the refuge's pipes broke, after which the militants, officials said, defecated "everywhere." Investigators found "significant amounts of human feces" at "two large trenches and an improvised road on or adjacent to grounds containing sensitive artifacts" of the Burns Paiute Tribe. A USFWS spokesperson said that the damage risked "the destruction and desecration of culturally significant Native American sites" and called it "disgusting, ghoulish behavior." The Burns Paiute Tribe condemned the damage; tribal council member Jarvis Kennedy described it as if "someone went to Arlington National Cemetery and went to the bathroom on the graves and rode a bulldozer over them." Two of the militants, Sean Larry Anderson and Jake Edward Ryan, were subsequently indicted for "depredation of government property," an offense that carries a potential ten-year jail sentence. A group of 600 volunteers signed up to restore the refuge, after the Oregon Natural Desert Association sought assistance. The FBI also found evidence that the militants used a boat launch area, about northeast of the refuge, for firearms training. At the boat launch area, investigators recovered about 1,685 spent shell casings. The refuge remained closed after the FBI left the site in late February, with the entrance road blocked off from public access by armed officers from the USFWS. The refuge's manager described it as "one big mess" at the end of February. Although he and fifteen other employees at the refuge were able to return to their jobs at the end of February, they found that while there had not been much structural damage to the buildings, there had been a great deal of disruption to files, heavy equipment, and fittings, in addition to the problems caused by a lengthy break in the maintenance of the refuge's infrastructure. Efforts to reduce the population of invasive carp in Malheur Lake are thought to have been set back by three years. While the buildings remain closed for repairs, which are expected to take until the summer, the refuge's lands were reopened to the public in mid-March. Prosecution of FBI agent An FBI agent, W. Joseph Astarita, was alleged to have fired two shots at Finicum's pickup, one penetrating the roof and exiting through a window. Shrapnel from the shot lodged in the shoulder of Ryan Bundy. It was believed that FBI agents may have recovered ejected empty cartridges at the scene. A five-count indictment for alleged lying about the circumstances at the scene of Finicum's death, and for alleged obstruction of justice, was obtained in Portland against Astarita by the Department of Justice. He was represented by a public defender and retained counsel. He stated that his personal costs of defense had drained his finances.A bullet hole, a mystery and an FBI agent's indictment — the messy aftermath of the Oregon refuge standoff, Los Angeles Times, Brian Denson and Matt Pearce, June 28, 2017. Retrieved June 29, 2017. He entered a not-guilty plea. On July 16, 2018, U.S. District Judge Robert E. Jones struck one count of making a false statement and one count of obstruction of justice.Judge throws out 2 of 5 charges against indicted FBI agent one week before trial, The Oregonian, Maxine Bernstein, July 16, 2018. Retrieved July 16, 2018.</ref> Astarita's trial began in late July 2018 and the prosecution presented its case. Investigators accounted for six of eight shots taken at Finicum or his truck. Three bullets hit the front of the truck as it sped north at the highway roadblock. Two more shots from that roadblock SWAT member (identified as "Officer 1") in the Astarita trial, struck Finicum in the back as he walked uphill away from his vehicle, toward a third officer who was holding a Taser. Those latter shots were discharged as LaVoy was reaching inside his jacket shouting, "Shoot me, shoot me." Detectives said they found Finicum's loaded automatic pistol with a round chambered, in his jacket. A total of six bullets had been fired by two Oregon State Police (OSP) SWAT officers, the first three at the oncoming vehicle. According to investigators, the fatal volley included one round that hit Finicum's back which was fired by "Officer 2," who had arrived in the chase vehicle. Non-lethal rounds had also been fired at the vehicle, and Ryan Payne was hit in the hand by a rubber bullet. The investigators and prosecutors believed someone else fired two additional shots. One of those two bullets hit the roof of Finicum's truck as he was exiting his vehicle with both hands raised, after he had swerved his truck into a deep snowbank alongside the southbound edge of the roadblock. A second shot missed. Both those interim shots, taken before the fatal volley, were attributed by prosecutors to Astarita, but he had denied firing at all.12 takeaways from Week 2 of FBI agent's trial in LaVoy Finicum shooting, The Oregonian, Maxine Bernstein, August 5, 2018. Retrieved August 7, 2018. Extensive forensic evidence and analysis was presented in expert testimony. Deschutes County, Oregon sheriff's Detective Ron Brown, who was the lead case agent in the Finicum shooting investigation, said he contacted Ryan Bundy, by email, phone and in person, attempting to convince him to have the "metal fragment or whatever it may be" removed from his shoulder, as a bullet fragment could possibly have been, "... traced back (to) help determine where it came from." However, Bundy either refused to have the fragment extracted, or alternatively, made "completely unreasonable demands," including desiring certain individuals to be criminally charged in the case. The name of one of the officers who fired on Finicum was inadvertently revealed during the trial and circulated via social media by occupier supporters. The public release of that officer's name was objected to by Finicum's widow. On August 10, 2018, a federal jury which had deliberated for six hours, returned not guilty verdicts on all charges against Astarita.<ref>Jury acquits FBI agent accused of lying in Finicum shooting case, The Oregonian, Maxine Bernstein, August 10, 2018. Retrieved August 10, 2018. Costs According to an initial analysis by The Oregonian, the occupation "cost taxpayers at least $3.3 million to cover the massive police response, a week of shuttered schools and a long list of supplies ranging from food to flashlight batteries." Most of the cost was for around-the-clock police work: the Oregon State Police spent million on wages, overtime, lodging, and fuel; while an additional was paid for help from other police and government agencies from outside Harney County. The municipalities of Burns and Hines, Oregon, along with Harney County, its schools, spent . The million figure also includes wages paid to employees who could not work because of the occupation, such as for about 120 BLM employees whose offices were closed. The figure of the costs does not include additional costs, such as lost time in the field, delayed or canceled BLM projects, or added demand for food and services at local nonprofits, such as the Harney County Senior Center. A subsequent estimate stated the cost as at least million, including million spent relocating employees who had been threatened by the militants, million on federal law enforcement, million to replace damaged or stolen property and over million spent by Oregon government agencies. Reopening of refuge headquarters In September 2016, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service said the headquarters area would remain closed while they installed security upgrades, which they anticipated could take until spring 2017. Roads and wetlands remained open to the public for birding. By May 8, 2017, the entire Visitor Center, including Center Patrol Road, had been reopened to visitors. Reactions Throughout the occupation, statements were issued by anti-government activists and sympathetic residents, who criticized the militants' tactics. "A version of this article appears in print on January 4, 2016, on page A1 of the New York edition with the headline: Armed Protesters Vow to Stay on Oregon Refuge Indefinitely." Other statements of condemnation were issued by legal scholars; and federal, state, local, and tribal governments. In the first days, the takeover sparked a debate in the United States on the meaning of the word "terrorist" and on how the news media and law enforcement treat situations involving people of different ethnicities or religions. Oregon government officeholders, such as Governor Kate Brown and Congressmen Peter DeFazio, Earl Blumenauer, and other top officials in Oregon who had hoped for a more rapid and rigorous federal response, urged criminal proceedings for the militants and expressed praise that the occupation ended without further bloodshed. Congressman Greg Walden, whose district office is in Bend and incorporates the refuge, said, "We can all be grateful that today has ended peacefully, and that this situation is finally over. Now, life in Harney County can begin to return to normal and the community can begin the long process of healing." Walden complained about allegedly poor federal forest and land management policies during the occupation, and said he would like to see changes to those policies: "We need to foster a more cooperative spirit between the federal agencies and the people who call areas like Harney County home." On June 27, 2018, Walden pleaded for a pardon for the Hammonds on the floor of the House of Representatives, and in a statement issued July 1, Walden quoted Judge Michael Robert Hogan's opinion that sentencing the Hammonds even to the minimum mandatory sentence would "shock the conscious" and revealed that President Donald Trump was considering a pardon for the arsonists. Harney County held a primary election in May 2016 at which voters turned out in large numbers. All of the winning candidates had opposed the occupation. Federal lawsuits On January 26, 2018, LaVoy Finicum's family filed a wrongful death lawsuit in United States district court in Pendleton, Oregon. Named as defendants were the United States, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Oregon State Police, the Bureau of Land Management, Oregon governor Kate Brown, Greg Bretzing, former FBI special agent in charge in Portland, indicted FBI agent W. Joseph Astarita, U.S. Senator Ron Wyden of Oregon, former U.S. Senator Harry Reid of Nevada, Harney County Sheriff Dave Ward, Harney County commissioner Steven Grasty, the Center for Biological Diversity and multiple unnamed officers. The lawsuit seeks more than $5 million in damages for Finicum's wife, Jeanette, and each of their 12 children and his estate. Kieran Suckling, executive director of the Center for Biological Diversity, called the suit a "bizarre, incoherent, yet nonetheless dangerous, attack on free speech." On January 31, 2018, passengers in Finicum's truck, Ryan Bundy, Shawna Cox and Victoria Sharp along with Ryan Payne filed their own civil rights lawsuit in United States district court in Portland, Oregon against Astarita, Bretzing, and other officials. The plaintiffs allege they were the victims of an "armed ambush, excessive-force seizure, conspiracy, battery and assault and seeks a common law jury to award damages of up to $1 million per count. On July 19, 2018, U.S. Magistrate Judge Patricia Sullivan granted a motion to dismiss Ryan Bundy and Shawna Cox as plaintiffs. On September 6, 2019, Chief United States District Judge Michael W. Mosman dismissed all counts in the lawsuit. See also References Bibliography Further reading Articles and opinion — Story concerning the 1979 unarmed occupation of the Harris Neck National Wildlife Refuge, formerly the Harris Neck Army Air Field, in Georgia. — This story was reported in collaboration between Willamette Week'' and Oregon Public Broadcasting. — Photos and video by Matt McClain. Media — "The latest news and updates about the armed occupation at the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge in Harney County, Oregon." "This Land Is Our Land" podcast episodes available at SoundCloud. External links Category:2016 in Oregon Category:2016 protests Category:21st-century rebellions Category:2016 controversies in the United States Category:January 2016 crimes in the United States Category:February 2016 crimes in the United States Category:Anti-Federalism Category:Armed standoffs in the United States Category:Articles containing video clips Category:Bundy standoff Category:Environmental protests in the United States Category:Harney County, Oregon Category:Land management in the United States Category:Law enforcement in Oregon Category:Malheur National Wildlife Refuge Category:Occupations (protest) Category:Political history of the United States Category:Protests in Oregon Category:Rebellions in the United States Category:Sovereign citizen movement Category:United States Fish and Wildlife Service Category:Right-wing militia organizations in the United States Category:Far-right politics in the United States	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Yokohama Municipal Subway Blue Line The Blue Line is a rapid transit line of the Yokohama Municipal Subway, running from Shonandai in Fujisawa to Azamino in Aoba-ku, Yokohama. The official name of the Blue Line is "Yokohama Municipal Subway Line 1" and "Yokohama Municipal Subway Line 3"; Line 1 runs from Kannai to Shonandai while Line 3 runs from Kannai to Azamino. However, all trains passing through Kannai directly operate between Line 1 and Line 3. Due to the opening of Line 4 (known as the Green Line), the line has been marketed as the "Blue Line" since 30 March 2008; its origin came from "Blue" being a symbol of Yokohama due to its color (it has been used in vehicles and signs from the time of opening, since it is recognized as the image color of the route). The line color is blue and the line symbol used in the station numbering is B. Overview The Blue Line consists of two routes (known as Line 1 and Line 3). Line 1 starts from Shonandai in Fujisawa, runs through Totsuka, Kamiooka, and Isezakichōjamachi, and terminates at Kannai in central Yokohama. Since Sakuragicho is located in the middle of the town and the Minatomirai district, the line virtually traverses the city center of Yokohama. Line 3 runs from Kannai to Azamino in Aoba-ku, traversing through Yokohama Station, Kanagawa-ku, Shin-Yokohama, and Kohoku New Town. Based on the locations of the line's termini (Shonandai in the southwest, Azamino in the northwest), the line forms a backwards "C" shape. It can also be said that the line provides a feeder route to other private railway lines that traverse Yokohama and its suburbs. The Blue Line is one of three heavy-rail subway lines in the Kanto region to use standard gauge track and a third rail electrification system (the others being the Ginza and Marunouchi lines of Tokyo Metro). As of 2018, this is the most recent subway line with third rail electrification to be constructed in Japan. Beginning in 1972, some private railroads in Tokyo began operating automatic ticket gates (those gates were introduced in 12 stations of the Musashino Line in 1973; six years later, the Hokusō Line began testing them). The introduction of a full-fledged automatic ticket gate in the metropolitan area happened in 1990 after the privatization of JNR. Installation of platform screen doors in all stations was completed in the 2000s. Route data Distance: 40.4 km/25.1 mi Line 1: Kannai Station-Shonandai station 19.7 km/12.2 mi Line 3: Kannai Station-Azamino station 20.7 km/12.9 mi Track gauge: 1,435 mm Number of stations (including terminal station): 32 (Line 1: 17; Line 3: 16), including Double track section: Whole line Electrified section: Whole line (DC 750 V third rail) At-grade/elevated sections: at Kaminagaya; from Azamino to Kita-Shin-Yokohama (expect Azamino and Nakagawa) Signalling: Cab signalling Operating speed: 80 km/h Train length: 6 cars Vehicle depots: Kaminagaya, Nippa Operations During the daytime, there is one rapid train between Shonandai and Azamino every 30 minutes. In addition, there are two local trains between Shonandai and Azamino, one local train between Odoriba and Azamino station, and one local train between Shonandai and Nippa in between each rapid train. All-night operation was carried out for the first time for New Year's Eve in December 2008. Train services operate every 5 minutes. Rapid service Rapid services do not stop at all stations between Totsuka and Nippa. They stop at Kaminagaya, Kamiooka, Kannai, Sakuragicho, Yokohama, and Shin-Yokohama, which are the line's main transfer points to other railway services. Between Shonandai and Azamino every 30 minutes. Although rapid operations had not been carried out for more than 40 years since the line's 1972 opening, it became clear that the bureau was considering the introduction of rapid services from 2014. Rapid services began operating on July 18, 2015. Local During the daytime, there are two trains that direct the Shonandai station-Azamino station between 30 minutes, Odoriba Station-Azamino station and the Shonandai station-Nippa station, each of which is operated by one. About the interval train to the Odoriba station is usually the meeting of the fast at the Kaminagaya station, usually at the Nippa station departure and take the rapid connection with the Nippa station of the first train terminal. There are a lot of Azamino trains which depart from the Nippa station and Kaminagaya station with the garage mainly in the early morning and midnight although the whole train becomes usual time zone excluding daytime, and many trains drive directly between the station-Shonandai station. Moreover, there is one connected to Shonandai at the Nagatani station on the end of the terminal by the train which goes to Nagatani on a weekday, six on a Saturday holiday, and the Azamino departure. Although Blue is mainly used in the direction curtain display of the vehicle and the guidance of the station campus, it is not necessarily united in case of green. One-man operation One-man operation has been carried out since December 15, 2007. As a result, a set of platform screen doors was installed at each station beginning in February 2007, and the operation started from April of that year. Prior to this, automatic operation by ATO began from January 20, 2007. Before starting the one-man operation, door opening and closing is performed by a button on the cab that is pushed by the operator rather than the conductor. The PSDs were originally scheduled to start operations in February 2007, but the adjustment was delayed; they began operating at Azamino on April 7 and started to be used at all stations on September 15, 2007. At the beginning of the PSD operation, the conductor was to signal the departure without blowing the whistle at the time of departure; the departure sign sound is maintained for the one-man operation and began to be used sequentially in each station from around November of the same year. Station list Local trains stop at all stations. Rapid trains stop at stations marked "●" and pass those marked "\|". Rolling stock 3000 series 37 x six-car EMUs (since 1992) , the line is operated using a fleet of 37 six-car 3000 series EMUs based at Kaminagaya Depot. The fleet is subdivided into eight first-batch 3000A series sets (numbered 24 to 31), seven-second-batch 3000N series sets (numbered 32 to 38), fourteen third-batch 3000R series sets (numbered 39 to 52), and eight fourth-batch 3000S series sets (numbered 53 to 60). A fifth-batch 3000 V series six-car set entered service on the line on April 9, 2017, with a total of seven sets scheduled to be introduced by 2022, replacing the earlier 3000A series trainsets. Former 1000 series 14 x 6-car EMUs (from December 1972 until November 2006) 2000 series 9 x 6-car EMUs (from 1984 until November 2006) History In 1965, construction on Line 1 and Line 3 of the subway began. The subway was inaugurated on September 16, 1972, when the 5.2 km long initial section of Line 1 opened between Kami-Ōoka and Isezakichōjamachi stations. On September 4, 1976, Line 1 was extended in both directions: 2.8 km and 2 stations to the southwest (from Kami-Ōoka to Kaminagaya), and 0.7 km and 1 station to the north (from Isezakichōjamachi to Kannai); the 2.8 km long initial section of Line 3 between Kannai and Yokohama also opened that same day and trains began operating directly between Line 1 and Line 3 at that time. On March 14, 1985, two extensions opened: a 7.0 km, 5 station extension of Line 3 from Yokohama to Shin-Yokohama, and a 2.0 km, 2 station extension of Line 1 from Kaminagaya to Maioka. Line 1 would be extended by one station to Totsuka (a distance of 1.7 km) on August 27, 1989; a temporary station was in operation at that location from May 24, 1987 until that date. The final 10.9 km section of Line 3 from Shin-Yokohama to Azamino opened on March 18, 1993. The final 7.4 km section of Line 1 from Totsuka to Shōnandai opened on August 28, 1999. All stations began to include alphanumeric codes "B##" just before the start of the 2002 FIFA World Cup, which occurred at the same time as the subway line's 30th anniversary. Every station was identified by a flag representing each of the countries that competed in the tournament. Beginning July 1, 2003, a women-only car is offered on weekday mornings between 5:20 and 9:00. On June 15, 2006, the bureau announced that the service connecting Line 1 and Line 3 would be officially named the "Blue Line" in preparation for the opening of a second subway line known as the Green Line. Platform screen doors began to be installed in all stations in January 2007; this required stopping positions to be changed at some stations, including Odoriba. Azamino became the first station to use those doors in April 2007, and the doors were full usable by September of that year. ATO operation began December 15, 2007. Late night service began to be offered for special events beginning December 31, 2008 (for the New Year's Eve 2009 celebrations) with 6 round trip services per night before being fully implemented in September 2009. Rapid services began on July 18, 2015; on March 4, 2017, the intervals between rapid trains was decreased from 30 to 20 minutes. References External links Category:Yokohama Municipal Subway Category:Lines of Yokohama City Transportation Bureau Category:1972 establishments in Japan	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Faa'a International Airport Fa'a'ā International Airport (), also known as Tahiti International Airport , is the international airport of French Polynesia, located in the commune of Fa'a'ā, on the island of Tahiti. It is situated southwest of Papeete, the capital city of the overseas collectivity. It opened in 1960. Regional air carrier Air Tahiti and international air carrier Air Tahiti Nui are both based at the airport. Overview Fa'a'ā International Airport serves both domestic and international flights. Air Tahiti has daily flights to most other islands in French Polynesia and one international service to the Cook Islands. There are intercontinental flights to Chile, Metropolitan France, Japan, New Zealand and the United States. The airport is on Tahiti, which is an island among the Windward Islands, the eastern part of the Society Islands. Because of limited level terrain, rather than leveling large stretches of sloping agricultural land, the airport is built primarily on reclaimed land on the coral reef just offshore. The airport is operated by Setil Aéroports and has a single runway, that can accommodate aircraft up to Boeing 747 and Airbus A380 size. History Prior to the construction of the airport, Papeete was served by Short Sandringham "Bermuda" flying boat seaplanes operated by Reseau Aerien Interinsulaire (RAI). There was a connecting service via Bora Bora Airport (BOB) to Los Angeles with an en route stop in Honolulu flown by Transports Aeriens Intercontinentaux (TAI), which was serving Bora Bora in 1960 with Douglas DC-7C propliners. Later the same year, following the opening of the new airport, TAI began serving Papeete directly with DC-7C flights once a week on a round trip routing of Nouméa (NOU) – Nadi (NAN) – Papeete (PPT) – Honolulu (HNL) – Los Angeles (LAX). U.S. based air carrier South Pacific Air Lines was also serving Papeete in 1960, with weekly nonstop flights to Honolulu operated with Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellation propliners. By 1962, South Pacific was operating weekly nonstop Super Constellation service to Pago Pago in America Samoa in addition to its flights to Honolulu. Transports Aériens Intercontinentaux then introduced Douglas DC-8 jet service and in 1962 was operating nonstop DC-8 flights to Los Angeles, Honolulu and Nadi. The latter flight continued on to Nouméa, with connecting DC-8 service being flown to Paris via Nouméa in association with Air France via a number of intermediate stops en route. TAI subsequently merged with Union Aeromaritime de Transport in 1963 to form Union de Transports Aeriens (UTA), which in turn continued to serve Papeete with DC-8 jet flights. In 1964, UTA was operating nonstop DC-8 service to Los Angeles, Honolulu and Nadi as well as direct one stop service to Nouméa, with the flights to Los Angeles offering connecting service to and from Air France nonstop flights between LAX and Paris Orly Airport (ORY). By the mid 1960s, Pan American World Airways (Pan Am) was operating nonstop Boeing 707 jetliner flights to Los Angeles and Auckland, with direct one stop service to San Francisco via Los Angeles, and also direct to Honolulu via a stop at Pago Pago in American Samoa. By 1976, Pan Am was operating direct 707 service once a week to Dallas/Fort Worth and on to New York JFK Airport via stops in Pago Pago and Honolulu, and by 1979 was operating all of its flights from the airport with Boeing 747 wide body aircraft. LAN-Chile, the predecessor of LATAM Chile, introduced Douglas DC-6B propliner service between the airport and Santiago, Chile via a stop at Easter Island during the late 1960s, and by 1970 was operating Boeing 707 jet service from Santiago via Easter Island to Papeete, with direct connecting 707 service via its Santiago hub from Buenos Aires and Rio de Janeiro in South America as well as from Madrid, Paris and Frankfurt in Europe. LATAM Chile currently flies the Papeete – Easter Island – Santiago route with Boeing 787 aircraft. In 1970, Union de Transports Aériens was operating all flights into the airport with long range Douglas DC-8-62 jetliners. UTA then introduced McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30 wide body jet service between Papeete and Los Angeles during the mid 1970s. By 1979, UTA was operating all of its Papeete flights with DC-10-30 jets, with nonstops to Los Angeles, Auckland and Nadi, and direct one stop service to Sydney and Nouméa as well as multistop service to Jakarta, Singapore, Bahrain and Paris Charles de Gaulle Airport (CDG). In 1983, UTA was operating Boeing 747 service into the airport in addition to its DC-10-30 flights. The airport was previously served by several other international airlines, including AOM French Airlines and Qantas, with flights not only to their respective home countries but also to Los Angeles. In 1965, Qantas was also operating a service it called the "Fiesta Route" with a Boeing 707 flying round trip once a week on a routing of Sydney – Nadi – Papeete – Acapulco – Mexico City – Nassau – Bermuda – London Heathrow Airport. By 1991, French air carrier Minerve (airline) was operating McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30 service once a week on a routing of Papeete - San Francisco - Paris Orly Airport. Air New Zealand has served Tahiti for many years and was operating Douglas DC-8 jet service in 1968 with a routing of Auckland – Papeete – Los Angeles. In 1983, Air New Zealand was operating direct one stop, no change of plane Boeing 747 service twice a week between London Gatwick Airport (LGW) and Papeete via Los Angeles. By 1987, the airline was operating weekly nonstop Boeing 747 service to Dallas/Fort Worth (DFW) with this flight originating in Auckland and continuing on to London Gatwick (LGW) from DFW. Air New Zealand currently operates nonstop Boeing 787-9 service several days a week between the airport and Auckland. According to the Official Airline Guide (OAG), by the 1980s and 1990s, major air carriers serving Papeete primarily operated wide body jetliners such as the Boeing 747-100, 747-200 (including B747-200 passenger/freighter combi aircraft), 747-300, 747-400, 767-300 or McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30 on their flights. South Pacific Island Airways served the airport during the early 1980s with nonstop Boeing 707 flights to Honolulu. Also during the early 1980s,, Air New Zealand, Polynesian Airlines and UTA were all operating Boeing 737-200 service to Papeete from several South Pacific island locations including Apia, Nadi, Niue and Rarotonga while local Tahiti-based air carrier Air Polynesia (also known as Air Polynesie and now Air Tahiti) was serving a number of islands in French Polynesia with Fairchild F-27, Fokker F27 and de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter turboprop aircraft . Hawaiian Airlines was operating nonstop Douglas DC-8 service from Papeete to Honolulu by the late 1980s. By 1987, Continental Airlines was operating nonstop McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30 service twice a week from the airport to Los Angeles with this flight continuing on direct to Houston Intercontinental Airport (IAH). In early 1989, five airlines were operating nonstop wide body jetliner flights from Papeete to Los Angeles (LAX) including Air France, Air New Zealand and Qantas with all three operating Boeing 747 service while at the same time Continental Airlines and UTA were both operating McDonnell Douglas DC-10 service on the route with a combined total of ten nonstops a week being operated by the five air carriers to LAX. From LAX, the Air France flights continued on to Paris Charles de Gaulle (CDG) while the Qantas flights continued on to San Francisco (SFO). In addition, UTA was operating three DC-10 flights a week nonstop to San Francisco (SFO) at this same time with two of these flights continuing on to Paris Charles de Gaulle (CDG) while the third flight continued on to LAX. Air Tahiti Nui, which is based at the airport, was operating nonstop service between Papeete and New York JFK Airport during the mid 2000s with Airbus A340-300 aircraft; however, the airline was no longer flying this route by 2009. Air Tahiti Nui currently operates nonstop flights to Auckland, Los Angeles and Tokyo as well as direct service to Paris via Los Angeles and has added new Boeing 787-9 "Dreamliner" aircraft to its fleet. On October 2017, the airport received its first charter flight from China, a Hainan Airlines Airbus A330. Airlines and destinations Traffic Ground transportation Many buses come into the airport from Papeete, the main bus being the airport shuttle which goes along the Tahiti west coast freeway, which passes in front of the main terminal. The parking lot has traffic guards in which 3,000 people pass through each month. Accidents and incidents On 13 July 1973, Pan Am Flight 816, a Boeing 707, crashed into the sea just after take-off, killing 78 of 79 occupants. On February 19, 1985, a UTA DC-10 operating from Los Angeles to Auckland via Pape'ete made an emergency landing at Rangiroa following a telephoned bomb threat. Passengers and luggage were removed and flown to Tahiti onboard French military aircraft. The aircraft was searched and no bomb was found. The aircraft was flown empty to Pape'ete a week later. On 12 September 1993, Air France Flight 072, a Boeing 747-428 from Los Angeles to Pape'ete, ran off the runway on landing and into the reef at their end of the tarmac . The nose of the 747 was submerged in the water. There were no fatalities. On 24 December 2000, Hawaiian Airlines flight 481, a DC-10-10, overshot the runway on landing and slid off the tarmac during a bad storm. There was one minor injury and no fatalities. References External links Aéroport de Tahiti – Faa'a (Union des Aéroports Français) Category:Airports in French Polynesia Category:Airports in Tahiti Category:Papeete Category:1960 establishments in French Polynesia Category:Airports established in 1960	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Contract packager A contract packager, or copacker, is a company that packages products for their clients. The packaging and labeling services can be used for many types of products including foods, pharmaceuticals, household products, and industrial products. Functions of contract packaging There can be a variety of reasons for using contract packaging. A contract packager may have specialized equipment and expertise needed for a particular packaging operation. A contract packager carries the capital costs of packaging machinery and the personnel costs of packaging line workers A manufacturer can focus on its core competencies and outsource packaging to a contract packager There may be a temporary need for additional capacity: surge projects Contract packagers often can be more flexible than a large corporation to schedule urgently needed production. A test market, promotion, or product modification may need a limited packaging run to produce products for evaluation Primary packages can be sent to a contract packager for assembling Multi-packs or a Point of sale display Some large retailers or Warehouse clubs demand special package sizes or printing. Bulk products can be sent to a contract packager for making Private label products and packages. Clinical trials of medical devices or Pharmaceutical drugs often need a limited packaging operation for preparation of trial material Industries served Contract packagers can serve an array of industries. Below are some of the most common industries served, and the products that may be packaged: Beauty and cosmetics — Soap, hair shampoos and conditioners, makeup, lotions, and oils Medical — Bandages and surgical adhesives, alcohol prep pads, medications, liquid concentrates, antibacterial sprays Private label industries Nutrition — Sports supplements, vitamins, protein powders Food — Cookies, produce, crackers, pastas, grains, muffins, chocolate, candies, trail mix Pharmaceutical — Generic drugs, orphan drugs, unit dose devices, over-the-counter (OTC) medications Dental — Toothpastes, toothache and cold sore relief gels, fluoride, dental devices Adhesives- Tubes and other containers for a variety of adhesives Beverages- Bottles, cans, and cartons of beverages Point of sale display - Items can be assembled for special end-of-aisle (endcap) or point of purchase displays Industrial products - requiring special package forms Relationships The details of the relationship between the manufacturer, brand owner, and contract packager can vary. Some contract packagers perform limited operations, with all materials provided by the primary manufacturer. Product engineers are sometimes present to observe and supervise packaging operations. Other contract packaging firms are active in the package design process, provide purchasing services for materials and components, and provide shipping and logistics operations. A Contract manufacturer can also be a contract packager. If not a separate contract packager can be employed by the contract manufacturer. Contract packaging equipment Contract packaging companies make use of a range of different machines, typically utilized on automated lines for faster production and turnaround times. Automated bottling lines may be used for containing liquids such as water, soft drinks, beer, and wine, and are capable of filling bottles at a rate of 30,000 bottles per hour. Auger filling machines can be used for packaging dry products including powders, seeds, vitamins, and other small items. Other complex machines exist in the contract packaging industry, such as the vertical form fill sealing machine. This machine produces plastics bags from a roll of film while simultaneously filling the bags with liquid or solid products. Contract packagers may utilize different pieces of equipment to achieve the desired product packaging, whether the items need to be shrink wrapped, or contained in blister packs, clamshells, sealed food trays, stand-up pouches, bottles or cartons. See also Outsourcing Contract manufacturing organization References Yam, K.L., "Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology", John Wiley & Sons, 2009, Soroka, W, Illustrated Glossary of Packaging Terminology Institute of Packaging Professionals, “Choosing and Using a Co-Packer”, University of Arkansas, 2009, Research Report 985, External links Contract Packaging Association European Co-Packers Association Category:Packaging Category:Outsourcing	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Caterham and Warlingham Urban District Caterham and Warlingham was an Urban District of Surrey in England until 1974. Geographic evolution It was pre-emptively formed shortly before the major national 1933 reforms of boundaries and entities accordingly to take account of population change, in 1929. It was a merger of the Caterham Urban District with the similar North Downs civil parish of Warlingham to the east and more rural and entirely hilltop civil parish of Woldingham from Godstone Rural District to the south-east. In 1933 the Urban District absorbed the narrow majority, the entirely hilltop segment, of Chaldon to the west from defunct Reigate Rural District, in so doing, the contributor parish shedding to the parish of Bletchingley and to Coulsdon to the south and north respectively. An urban and suburban area of equal contribution between the two merged areas finally became a later civil parish after the area's abolition, Whyteleafe which had already its own railway station and church; it was throughout the district's duration identifiable as a village. Abolition Caterham and Warlingham was abolished in 1974 due to the Local Government Act 1972 to form the north-west of the Tandridge (district) which is the easternmost part of the county and covers a much larger area, shown in red in the inset map and in grey and yellow in the main section of map. References Category:Districts of England abolished by the Local Government Act 1972 Category:History of Surrey Category:Urban districts of England Category:1929 establishments in England	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Chuck Robbins Charles H. Robbins (born 1965/1966) is an American businessman who is the chairman and chief executive officer (CEO) of Cisco Systems. Early life Robbins was born in Grayson, Georgia, and educated at Rocky Mount High School in Rocky Mount, North Carolina. He earned a Bachelor of Mathematics degree, in 1987, from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Career Robbins began his career as an application developer for North Carolina National Bank, (now part of Bank of America). After five years, he then joined Wellfleet Communications, which merged with SynOptics to become Bay Networks, followed by a brief tenure at Ascend Communications, before joining Cisco, in 1997. At Cisco, Robbins filled various posts, including senior vice president of the Americas and senior vice president of Worldwide Field Operations, a role in which he led Cisco’s Worldwide Sales and Partner Organizations, and built out Cisco’s partnership program. In May 2015, Cisco announced that the CEO and chairman John Chambers would step down as CEO in July 2015, while remaining as chairman. Robbins, then a senior vice president, was named as his successor. Mentored by Chambers; Robbins was unanimously voted in as the company’s new chief executive, becoming CEO of Cisco Systems in July 2015. As CEO, Robbins became noted for accelerating the pace of Cisco’s modern growth, while disrupting outdated working modes; promoting employee trust based in transparency of policy and process; and humanitarian policies and workplace diversity. In 2018, as the GDPR came into effect, Robbins called for more regulation and for the tech industry to help educate regulators. In February 2019, Robbins promoted the need for comprehensive global privacy legislation, asserting privacy as “a fundamental human right." Robbins advocated against a 15% increase on tariffs for Chinese goods. Robbins has advocated for corporate social responsibility. In March 2018, Cisco pledged to donate $50M to Destination: Home, an organization devoted to ending homelessness in Santa Clara County, where Cisco’s headquarters is located; Robbins serves as honorary counsel to the NPO. Boards and affiliations Robbins serves the World Economic Forum as the chair for the IT Governors Steering Committee and as a member of the International Business Council. He is also chairman of the US-Japan Council, and a member of the Ford Foundation board of trustees. He is a director for BlackRock, and for the Business Roundtable, where he chairs the Immigration Committee. In 2018, Robbins authored a statement on behalf of Business Roundtable that applauded bipartisan lawmakers working to reform immigration policies, while urging the White House “Administration to end immediately the policy of separating accompanied minors from their parents,” decrying the practice as “cruel and contrary to American values.” Robbins spoke at the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland in 2016, 2017, and 2018, and at the 2019 WEF annual general meeting. He has been a board member of the MS Society of Northern California; a member of the Advisory Board of Georgia Tech; and a member of the International Council for the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at Harvard University. He is also a member of the 2019 class of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Personal life Robbins is a fan of North Carolina Tar Heels men's basketball; participates in social media, and is noted for his humor. He is married, with four children. Chuck lives in Los Gatos, California. References External links "Behind the scenes at Cisco with CEO Chuck Robbins and his team" (video) Cisco; April 2, 2019. Accessed June 28, 2109. Category:Living people Category:University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill alumni Category:American chief executives of manufacturing companies Category:American technology chief executives Category:Cisco people Category:1960s births Category:People from Los Gatos, California Category:People from Gwinnett County, Georgia	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Frankee Connolly Francesca Rose Connolly is a singer from Helmshore. She was a member of the groups Mini Viva, who had a No. 7 hit with "Left My Heart in Tokyo", and M.O, with whom she had a No. 18 hit with "Who Do You Think Of?". Discography With Mini Viva Extended plays Singles With M.O Extended plays Singles Tours As supporting act 2009: The Saturdays – The Work Tour 2009: Cascada – Clubland Live Tour #3 2010: Diversity – UK tour Filmography Awards and nominations References Category:English female pop singers Category:Year of birth missing (living people) Category:Living people Category:People from the Borough of Rossendale	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
White-bellied antbird The white-bellied antbird (Myrmeciza longipes), is a passerine bird which breeds in the tropical New World from Panama to northern Brazil and in Trinidad. It is also called Swainson's antcatcher (usually in historical sources) after William John Swainson, who first described it scientifically. The genus is monotypic. Taxonomy The white-bellied antbird was described by the English naturalist William John Swainson in 1825 and given the binomial name Drymophila longipes. The genus Myrmeciza was erected by the English zoologist George Robert Gray in 1841 with the white-bellied antbird as the type species. The genus formerly included more than 20 species. A molecular phylogenetic study published in 2013 found that Myrmeciza, as then defined, was polyphyletic. In the resulting rearrangement to create monophyletic genera, the species formerly placed in Myrmeciza were moved to 12 other genera leaving the white-bellied antbird as only the only member of the genus. There are four subspecies: M. l. panamensis Ridgway, 1908 – east Panama and north Colombia M. l. longipes (Swainson, 1825) – northeast Colombia, north Venezuela and Trinidad M. l. boucardi von Berlepsch, 1888 – northcentral Colombia M. l. griseipectus von Berlepsch & Hartert, 1902 – southeast Colombia, south Venezuela, the Guianas and northeast Brazil Description This antbird, like others in its family, is a forest bird with a preference for undergrowth in dry or moist deciduous habitats. It is a resident breeder which lays two or three eggs in a nest in a tree, both sexes incubating. The white-bellied antbird is typically 15 cm long, and weighs 26 g. It has rufous brown upperparts and whitish underparts shading to cinnamon-buff on the flanks and lower belly. There is a long grey supercilium. The pink legs are long and strong, reflecting this bird's terrestrial lifestyle. The male has a black face, throat and upper breast. The female has a darker crown, grey cheek patches and small dark spots on the wings, and lacks the black markings of the male. The northern race griseopectus has black spots on the wings and grey central underparts in both sexes. The white-bellied antbird is an insectivore which feeds on ants and other arthropods at or near the ground; it sometimes follows columns of army ants. It may be located by its bright descending jeer-jeer-jeer-jeer-jeer-jeer-jeer-jeer-jeer-jeer-jeer-jeer song, which ends with a few chew notes. References External links white-bellied antbird Category:Birds of Panama Category:Birds of Colombia Category:Birds of Venezuela Category:Birds of Trinidad and Tobago Category:Birds of the Guianas white-bellied antbird	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Kościerzyna railway station Kościerzyna railway station is a railway station serving the town of Kościerzyna, in the Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland. The station is located on the Nowa Wieś Wielka–Gdynia Port railway, Chojnice–Kościerzyna railway. The train services are operated by Przewozy Regionalne and SKM Tricity. History The first line built from Pszczółki in the period of 1884 - 1885 reached Kościerzyna in 1885. Five years later, a line from Kościerzyna to Lipusz and Bytów opened. In 1901 another line reached the station (from Kartuzy and in 1928, a part of the Coal Line. The station also used to lie on the Kościerzyna–Gołubie Kaszubskie railway until its closure in 1930 and Pszczółki–Kościerzyna railway. The station used to be known as Berent (Westpreußen) under German occupation between 1885-1920 and 1939-1945. Heritage museum Kościerzyna is famous for its Skansen Parowozownia Kościerzyna railway museum, located near the station, exhibiting many examples of Polish locomotives. Train services The station is served by the following service(s): Regional services (R) Chojnice - Brusy - Lipusz - Koscierzyna Regional services (R) Koscierzyna - Zukowo - Gdynia External links Articles on Skansen Museum (PL) Photos of Skansen Museum Steam Museum (PL) References Kościerzyna article at Polish Stations Database, URL accessed at 6 March 2006 This article is based upon a translation of the Polish language version as of July 2016. Category:Railway stations in Pomeranian Voivodeship Category:Kościerzyna County	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Ramiro Vaca Ramiro Vaca Ponce (born 1 July 1999), is a Bolivian international footballer who plays as a midfielder for Bolivian Primera División side The Strongest. International career Vaca made his international debut in a 1–0 friendly win over Nicaragua, replacing Luis José Vargas after 88 minutes. Career statistics Club Notes International International goals Scores and results list Bolivia's goal tally first. References Category:1999 births Category:Living people Category:Bolivian footballers Category:Bolivia international footballers Category:Association football midfielders Category:2019 Copa América players	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
1994 Tour de France, Prologue to Stage 10 The 1994 Tour de France was the 81st edition of Tour de France, one of cycling's Grand Tours. The Tour began in Lille with a prologue individual time trial on 2 July and Stage 10 occurred on 12 July with a flat stage to Cahors. The race finished on the Champs-Élysées in Paris on 24 July. Prologue 2 July 1994 — Lille to Lille, (individual time trial) Stage 1 3 July 1994 — Lille to Armentières, {\| \|Stage 1 result \|\| \|General classification after stage 1 \|} Stage 24 July 1994 — Roubaix to Boulogne-sur-Mer, Stage 46 July 1994 — Dover (Great Britain) to Brighton (Great Britain), Stage 68 July 1994 — Cherbourg to Rennes, Stage 810 July 1994 — Poitiers to Trélissac, Stage 1012 July 1994 — Bergerac to Cahors, ''' References Category:1994 Tour de France Category:Tour de France stages	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Phyciodes pallida Phyciodes pallida, the pale crescent or pallid crescentspot, is a butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is found in the western North America. The wingspan is 33–44 mm. The butterfly flies in June in Canada. The larvae feed on Cirsium species. Subspecies Listed alphabetically: P. p. barnesi Skinner, 1897 P. p. pallida Similar species Phyciodes mylitta – Mylitta crescent References External links Pale Crescent, Butterflies and Moths of North America Species Phyciodes pallida - Pale Crescent, BugGuide Category:Melitaeini Category:Butterflies of North America Category:Butterflies of Canada Category:Butterflies described in 1864 Category:Taxa named by William Henry Edwards	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Elizabeth Halseth Elizabeth Halseth (born February 5, 1983) is an American politician. She was a Republican member of the Nevada Senate from November 2010 until February 2012. Halseth is the youngest woman in Nevada to ever have been elected to the Nevada Legislature. She's announced her intention to seek office in the Nevada Senate once again in 2018. Personal life Halseth was born in Oregon in 1983, where she was raised by her mother. She graduated from North Salem High School in Salem, Oregon in 2001. She moved to Nevada in 2006. She earned her psychology degree from Corban University in 2014. In May 2012 after her February resignation from the Senate, Halseth appeared in Maxim Magazine's "Hot 100" photo contest appearing in a bikini. Halseth did not win the "Hot 100" contest but was later profiled by Maxim in October 2012 with an additional photoshoot. Halseth married Tiger Helgelien in 2014. Career Halseth began her political career by running for the Nevada Assembly. However, at the last minute, she decided to shift her campaign goals on the Nevada Senate. Her successful campaign has been called "unlikely." During the primary campaign, Halseth, the more conservative candidate, defeated Dennis Nolan. Halseth released a message left by Nolan on the voicemail of Jaime Anderson Lawes, previous wife of Gordon Lawes, and sister of a sixteen-year-old girl he (Lawes) was accused of raping. Gordon Lawes had been sentenced to a ten-year prison sentence, and Nolan left the message to say it would be "very financially beneficial" if Jaime would "tell the truth" about the rape. The release of this message has been blamed for the failure of Nolan's campaign, and cited as a contributing factor to Halseth's success. She then went on to defeat Benny Yerushalmi, her millionaire opponent in the general election. While a Senator, Halseth was a member of the Senate Revenue Committee, Senate Commerce, Labor and Energy Committee, and the Senate Transportation Committee. Halseth announced her resignation from office on February 17, 2012, citing issues with balancing performance of her senatorial duties with being a single mother. She also wrote in her letter of resignation that she will likely seek employment outside of Nevada due to issues with finding employment: personal attacks by bloggers and partisans, the high unemployment rate in Nevada, and issues with Nevada's economic growth that she attributes to President Barack Obama. Her resignation followed criticism that she was missing meetings and not returning telephone calls. Her then-husband Daniel Halseth was later indicted on two felony counts: one of coercion and one of battery; he was also indicted on one misdemeanor count of open and gross lewdness. References External links Nevada legislative biography Category:Nevada state senators Category:1983 births Category:Living people Category:Politicians from Portland, Oregon Category:Nevada Republicans Category:Women state legislators in Nevada Category:North Salem High School (Salem, Oregon) alumni Category:Corban University	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Sami Beigi Saman Es'hagh Beigi known as Sami Beigi () or Sami Beigi () or nickname King (born on November 22, 1982) is an Iranian singer and songwriter currently living in Irvine, California. In an interview with "Zarebin" and "Voice of Farsi", he mentioned that he was raised in Sweden. Beigi attended musical school in which he learned to play many different instruments, began to write and to produce music. His main instrument is the guitar. He is a former member of the Persian Black Cats band and gained recognition with the song he wrote for Black Cats, entitled "Yeki Bood Yeki Nabood." Two years later, he left the band and started his solo career as a singer and songwriter. He made many successful singles, among which "In Eshghe", "Ey Joonam", and "HMG", are some of the most popular ones. His single "Kaghaz va Ghalam", debuted on February 28 of 2014 and received more than 700,000 replays on RadioJavan website in only four days. Beigi is featured in BBC Persian's Nowrouz 1393 special TV program. He performed three of his singles "Ey joonam", "HMG", and "Kaghaz & Ghalam", and in the interview he states that it took him about two to three years to finish writing "Kaghaz & Ghalam". In another interview with "Voice of Farsi", he states that although he has been writing songs and singing since the age of 15 years, he never thought he could launch a successful solo career. Albums 2018 : Padeshah References Category:Iranian pop singers Category:1982 births Category:Living people Category:Iranian emigrants to Sweden Category:Iranian singer-songwriters Category:People from Tehran	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Kiev pogrom Kiev pogrom may refer to: Kiev pogrom (1881) Kiev pogrom (1905) Kiev pogroms (1919)	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Roger Corbett Roger Campbell Corbett (born 30 January 1942) is an Australian businessman. From January 1999 to September 2006, Corbett served as CEO of Woolworths Limited, a large retailing conglomerate. Career Educated at Shore School, Corbett graduated from UNSW Sydney with a Bachelor of Commerce. In 2003, Corbett was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia (AM) for service to the retail industry, particularly as a contributor to the development of industry policy and standards, and to the community. In 2008, he was promoted to an officer of the Order of Australia (AO) for service to business, particularly through leadership and executive roles in the retail sector and a range of allied organisations, and to the community. He is also a member of the Liberal Party of Australia. There is a bitter relationship between the former Fairfax Media chairman and its largest shareholder Gina Rinehart. The relationship developed to the personal level once Fairfax Media's incumbent board of directors declined Gina Rinehart's request to offer her three seats on the board of directors. Personal life Corbett is married and has three children. References Category:1942 births Category:Living people Category:Australian businesspeople in retailing Category:Officers of the Order of Australia Category:University of New South Wales alumni Category:Directors of Walmart Category:People educated at Sydney Church of England Grammar School	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
People Got to Be Free "People Got to Be Free" is a song released in 1968 by The Rascals. Written by group members Felix Cavaliere and Eddie Brigati and featuring a lead vocal from Cavaliere, it is a musically upbeat but impassioned plea for tolerance and freedom: All the world over, so easy to see! People everywhere, just wanna be free. Listen, please listen! that's the way it should be Peace in the valley, people got to be free. In the song's coda, Felix says in a half-sung, half-spoken voice, that the "Train of Freedom", is "about to arrive any minute now", that "it has been long, long overdue", and that it's "coming right on through", before the song's fade with Felix saying "Chug" repeatedly. It became a big hit in the turbulent summer of 1968, spending five weeks atop the Billboard Pop Singles chart, the group's longest such stay. It was also the group's second-most successful single on the Billboard Black Singles chart, reaching number 14 and trailing only the previous year's "Groovin'". "People Got to Be Free" was RIAA-certified as a gold record on August 23, 1968, and eventually sold over 4 million copies. It later was included on the group's March 1969 album Freedom Suite. Billboard ranked the record as the number 5 song for 1968. The single's picture sleeve photo was previously featured in the inner album cover of the Rascals' Time Peace: The Rascals' Greatest Hits compilation. The B-side, "My World", was a track from the group's Once Upon a Dream album. While "People Got to Be Free" was perceived by some as related to the assassinations of Martin Luther King, Jr. and Robert F. Kennedy earlier that year, it was recorded before the latter's death. In fact it was partly a reaction to an ugly encounter wherein the long-haired group was threatened by a group of strangers after their tour vehicle broke down in Fort Pierce, Florida. The song is clearly a product of its times; however, two decades later writer Dave Marsh included it as number 237 in his book Heart of Rock and Soul: The 1001 Greatest Singles of All Time, saying in reference to, and paraphrase of, the song's lyric, "Ask me my opinion, my opinion will be: Dated, but NEVER out of date." After this song came out, the Rascals would only perform at concerts that featured an African American act; if those conditions were not met, the Rascals canceled several shows in protest. Chart history Weekly charts Year-end charts All-time charts Cover versions Dionne Warwick recorded the song as part of her LP Soulful in 1969, and it was released as a single in the UK in the same year. The 5th Dimension recorded "People Got to Be Free" in 1970 as part of a medley with another socially relevant song, Sam Cooke's "A Change Is Gonna Come." The pairing reached number 60 on the Billboard Pop Singles chart. Johnny Maestro & the Brooklyn Bridge performed this song live in concert, and it has turned up on YouTube as part of The Bridge's "lost tapes" series of songs. References Category:1968 singles Category:1968 songs Category:The Rascals songs Category:Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles Category:RPM Top Singles number-one singles Category:1970 singles Category:The 5th Dimension songs Category:Songs written by Felix Cavaliere Category:Songs written by Eddie Brigati Category:Song recordings produced by Arif Mardin Category:Atlantic Records singles Category:Songs about freedom Category:Protest songs	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Belomitra quadruplex Belomitra quadruplex is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Buccinidae, the true whelks. Description The shell size varies between 10 mm and 41 mm Distribution This species is distributed in European waters, the Atlantic Ocean off the Azores and off New England, USA References Bouchet P. & Warén A. (1985). Revision of the Northeast Atlantic bathyal and abyssal Neogastropoda excluding Turridae (Mollusca, Gastropoda). Bollettino Malacologico Suppl. 1: 121-296 External links MNHN, Paris: Belomitra quadruplex (holotype) Category:Buccinidae Category:Gastropods described in 1882	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Gene Fullmer Lawrence Gene Fullmer (July 21, 1931 – April 27, 2015) was an American professional boxer and World Middleweight champion. Professional career Fullmer began his professional career in 1951 and won his first 29 fights, 19 by knockout. His manager during many years of his career was his mentor, Marv Jenson, who encouraged many youth in West Jordan, Utah, to enter boxing as amateurs. Middleweight champion Fullmer won the world middleweight championship on January 2, 1957, when he upset the legendary Sugar Ray Robinson by soundly winning a unanimous 15-round decision. On May 1, 1957 they fought a rematch. The fight began as expected, with Fullmer using his strength and awkwardness to bull into Robinson and really force him onto his heels. In the fifth round Robinson, while backing up, lashed out with what has been called the perfect left hook. It caught Fullmer flush on the chin and knocked him out. In 1959, the National Boxing Association withdrew its recognition of Robinson as middleweight champion. Fullmer and fellow former middleweight champion Carmen Basilio fought for the vacant NBA title on August 28, 1959, and Fullmer won the crown when he TKOed Basilio in the 14th round. Meanwhile, Robinson was to lose his version of the middleweight championship to Paul Pender. Fullmer and Pender never met to settle their claims to the middleweight title, and Pender eventually retired. Meanwhile, Fullmer fought and turned back the challenges of many top contenders, such as Basilio, Ellsworth "Spider" Webb, Florentino Fernández, and welterweight champion Benny "Kid" Paret. He narrowly escaped being dethroned when he was held to 15-round draws by Robinson and future titleholder Joey Giardello. The draw against Robinson was widely criticised by almost every ringside observer, who had Robinson winning 11-4 or 10-5 in rounds. In their final meeting, a title bout in 1961, Fullmer beat Robinson by unanimous decision. Losing the title Fullmer finally lost the middleweight title to Dick Tiger on October 23, 1962 in a unanimous decision. They fought a rematch on February 23, 1963, which resulted in a draw. Fullmer's attempts to regain the middleweight crown finally ended when he was TKOed in seven rounds by Tiger on August 10, 1963. Fullmer's final record included 55 wins (24 by KO), 6 losses, and 3 draws. Professional boxing record \| style="text-align:center;" colspan="8"\|55 wins (24 knockouts), 6 defeats (2 knockouts), 3 draws \|- style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3e3;" \| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "\|Res. \| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "\|Record \| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "\|Opponent \| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "\|Type \| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "\|Rd., Time \| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "\|Date \| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "\|Location \| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "\|Notes \|- align=center \|Loss \|55-6-3 \|align=left\| Dick Tiger \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|style="background:#abcdef;"\|Draw \|55-5-3 \|align=left\| Dick Tiger \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Loss \|55-5-2 \|align=left\| Dick Tiger \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win \|55-4-2 \|align=left\| Benny Paret \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win \|54-4-2 \|align=left\| Florentino Fernández \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win \|53-4-2 \|align=left\| Sugar Ray Robinson \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|style="background:#abcdef;"\|Draw \|52-4-2 \|align=left\| Sugar Ray Robinson \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win \|52-4-1 \|align=left\| Carmen Basilio \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|style="background:#abcdef;"\|Draw \|51-4-1 \|align=left\| Joey Giardello \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win \|51-4 \|align=left\| Spider Webb \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win \|50-4 \|align=left\| Carmen Basilio \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win \|49-4 \|align=left\| Wilf Greaves \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win \|48-4 \|align=left\| Milo Savage \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win \|47-4 \|align=left\| Joe Miceli \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win \|46-4 \|align=left\| Spider Webb \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win \|45-4 \|align=left\| Jim Hegerle \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win \|44-4 \|align=left\| Milo Savage \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win \|43-4 \|align=left\| Neal Rivers \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win \|42-4 \|align=left\| Chico Vejar \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win \|41-4 \|align=left\| Ralph Jones \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Loss \|40-4 \|align=left\| Sugar Ray Robinson \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win \|40-3 \|align=left\| Ernie Durando \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win \|39-3 \|align=left\| Wilf Greaves \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win \|38-3 \|align=left\| Sugar Ray Robinson \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win \|37-3 \|align=left\| Moses Ward \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win \|36-3 \|align=left\| Charles Humez \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win \|35-3 \|align=left\| Ralph Jones \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win \|34-3 \|align=left\| Gil Turner \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win \|33-3 \|align=left\| Rocky Castellani \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Loss \|32-3 \|align=left\| Eduardo Lausse \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Loss \|32-2 \|align=left\| Bobby Boyd \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win \|32-1 \|align=left\| Al Andrews \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win \|31-1 \|align=left\| Del Flanagan \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win \|30-1 \|align=left\| Gil Turner \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Loss \|29-1 \|align=left\| Gil Turner \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win \|29-0 \|align=left\| Govan Small \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win \|28-0 \|align=left\| Paul Pender \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win \|27-0 \|align=left\| Marcel Assire \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win \|26-0 \|align=left\| Peter Mueller \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win \|25-0 \|align=left\| Jackie LaBua \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win \|24-0 \|align=left\| Dick Wolfe \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win \|23-0 \|align=left\| Reno Abellira \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win \|22-0 \|align=left\| Govan Small \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win \|21-0 \|align=left\| Rio Rico \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win \|20-0 \|align=left\| Andy Anderson \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win \|19-0 \|align=left\| Charley Cato \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win \|18-0 \|align=left\| Kid Leon \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win \|17-0 \|align=left\| Armando Cotero \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win \|16-0 \|align=left\| Mickey Rhodes \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win \|15-0 \|align=left\| Baby Ray \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win \|14-0 \|align=left\| Rudy Zadell \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win \|13-0 \|align=left\| Gary Hanley \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win \|12-0 \|align=left\| Garth Panter \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win \|11-0 \|align=left\| Sam Healy \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win \|10-0 \|align=left\| Charley Cato \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win \|9-0 \|align=left\| Buddy Sloan \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| Personal life Fullmer graduated from Jordan High School and worked at Kennecott Copper Mine for several years, he also served in the Korean War. He married Dolores Holt on October 13, 1955 in the Salt Lake Temple. They raised 2 daughters and 2 sons. Fullmer had two younger brothers who boxed: Don Fullmer (February 21, 1939 - January 28, 2012), who twice challenged for the World Middleweight Title, and Jay Fullmer (March 9, 1937 - April 22, 2015), who boxed as a lightweight. Fullmer was a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), and his living the tenets of his religion, especially the Word of Wisdom, was heavily covered in the press. It was also frequently mentioned that he was a father and that he paid tithing on his boxing winnings. Fullmer appeared in a cameo role in the 1968 film The Devil's Brigade as a Montana bartender. Fullmer is featured on the cover of the album Greatest Hits by Alice in Chains. On January 21, 1962, Fullmer appeared on What's My Line? but not as a mystery guest. His line was that he was a mink rancher. His fight with Dick Tiger appears prominently in the music video for the Iggy Pop song 'American Valhalla'. On April 27, 2015, five days after younger brother Jay's death, Gene died at the age of 83 in his home surrounded by friends and family. Filmography The Devil's Brigade (1968) - The Bartender See also List of middleweight boxing champions References External links History of Gene Fullmer and Marvin Jensen, West Jordan History Pages Biography and Fight-by-Fight Record, International Boxing Hall of Fame Fullmer Brothers Boxing website Photograph of Fullmer Category:1931 births Category:2015 deaths Category:Middleweight boxers Category:International Boxing Hall of Fame inductees Category:Boxers from Utah Category:People from West Jordan, Utah Category:Latter Day Saints from Utah Category:American male boxers	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Corporate entertainment Corporate entertainment describes private events held by corporations or businesses for their staff, clients or stakeholders. These events can be for large audiences such as conventions and conferences, or smaller events such as retreats, holiday parties or even private concerts. It is also commonly used to mean corporate hospitality, the process of entertaining guests at corporate events. The companies that provides corporate entertainment are called corporate event planners or corporate booking agencies. Types of corporate entertainment events There are various types of corporate events that make use of entertainment. An opening general session may include entertainment that adds excitement and presents the overall theme of the meeting. Mixers or pre-dinner parties many times use entertainment meant to provide a backdrop for conversation, perhaps an acoustic ensemble or pre-recorded music. Awards or gala events, usually the last event in a series of meetings, can make use of many options, from celebrity entertainers to exciting bands providing dance music or other options that will leave the attendees with a feeling of excitement and looking forward to the next meeting. There are many different types of corporate entertainment. Corporate team building Corporate entertainment can also include a day of team building activities. These activities include traditional camp activities like tug of war, scavenger hunts, and relay races. They could also include sports such as volleyball, soccer, or basketball. The goal of team building corporate entertainment is to have employees recognize how the challenges of the activities relate to the workplace. Team chemistry, identifying strengths and attributes, understanding how to work through solving problems as one, and reflecting makes for fruitful team building. Corporate awards events Awards or gala events are usually lavish events that celebrate accomplishment or milestones of a person or group of people in similar industries. Often these events serve as fundraisers for a specific cause. In addition to celebrating and recognizing achievements, it allows attendees to network with others with similar backgrounds or professions. Corporate holiday celebration events Holiday celebration events are ways for companies or departments to celebrate holidays and to show appreciation to employees. Entertainment at these events vary from raffles and door prizes, mystery dinners, music and an overall casual, social setting that can build social relationships. For Christmas celebrations, some companies have used the A Christmas Story theme. Corporate seminars and educational events Corporate seminars, workshops, symposiums, and conferences are more informative in nature and often focussed on educational purposes. A conference refers to a formal meeting where participants exchange their views on various topics. A seminar is a form of academic instruction, either at a university or offered by a commercial or professional organization. A workshop includes all the elements of the seminar, but with the largest portion emphasizing “hands-on-practice” or laboratory work. A symposium is a formal gathering in an academic setting where participants are experts in their fields. Entertainment for these events varies from kick-op brunches to start, special industry guest speakers, and mixers, dinners afterwards. There are also booths set up for trade shows to display a companies strengths and for better marketing. Corporate charity events Corporate charity events, whether concerts, golf tournaments, or anything else, play an important role in how businesses interact with the community. Corporate charity events unite people from all levels of the organization; such events are another form of team building which positively influence other aspects of work. References Category:Entertainment Corporate Entertainer for your events	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Layton's Mystery Journey Layton's Mystery Journey: Katrielle and the Millionaires' Conspiracy is a puzzle video game developed and published by Level-5. It is the seventh main entry in the Professor Layton series and follows a new protagonist, Katrielle Layton. It was released for Android, iOS, and the Nintendo 3DS, in 2017, and for the Nintendo Switch in Japan in 2018, and worldwide in 2019. A manga adaptation of the game drawn by Hori Oritoka began serialization on March 20, 2018, in Shōgakukan's Ciao magazine, and an anime adaptation, Layton Mystery Tanteisha: Katori no Nazotoki File, began airing on Fuji TV and other channels in April 2018. The game centers on Katrielle Layton, the daughter of famous archaeologist and puzzle-solver Professor Hershel Layton. With the help of her assistant Ernest Greeves, she solves cases in and around London, alongside a talking dog that, for reasons unknown, only the two of them can understand. Unlike prior Layton games, Mystery Journey has no definitive overarching narrative, with most of its main narrative's premises existing as a basis for a set-up, and being left hanging by the game's conclusion. Overview Layton's Mystery Journey follows Professor Hershel Layton's daughter, Katrielle "Kat" Layton, who solves puzzles in her father's place alongside her talking dog Sherl and her friends Emiliana Perfetti and Ernest Greeves. When her father vanishes, Katrielle goes off in search of him, coming across various puzzles and mysteries along the way. Like previous games in the series, the game features various puzzles for the player to solve using the touchscreen as they explore the environment and progress through the game's story. Unlike previous Layton games, the game is split up into twelve distinct cases, with one overall theme, rather than one continuous story separated by chapters. Plot Private detective Katrielle Layton, daughter of the famous Professor Hershel Layton, awakens from a nightmare about her missing father, on the day of her detective agency's opening. The same day Katrielle and her assistant Ernest Greeves meet a talking dog that, for reasons unknown, cannot be understood by anyone else but them. The dog explains that he has amnesia, and that he wishes for them to solve the mystery of who he really is, and Katrielle creates the name Sherl O.C Kholmes for him. After solving the case of the disappearance of one of Big Ben's hour hands at the request of Inspector Hastings of Scotland Yard, Katrielle, Ernest and Sherl investigate and solve several other cases, most of them related to the "Seven Dragons", seven of the most rich and influential figures of London, with assistance of Hastings and Emiliana Perfetti, one of the Yard's profilers. Other cases include Hastings' request to look for a present to his wife on a holiday and solve a murder that Katrielle was wrongly accused of committing. In one occasion, Ernest also tells Sherl the story of how he and Katrielle met, when he was falsely accused of theft and she helped clear his name as well. In the final case of the game, Layton and the Seven Dragons are invited by the mysterious Lord Adamas to the abandoned mansion of Maximilian Richmond, a millionaire who died 10 years before. In the occasion, Adamas forces the Seven Dragons to sign a contract where they relinquish all their fortunes to him should they fail to solve a series of puzzles, or he will reveal a grave secret about them. Attending the event at Layton's stead, Katrielle accepts Adamas' request to oversee the dispute. All of the Dragons fail to solve the puzzles and accept defeat, until Katrielle discovers that Lord Adamas is no other than Ernest, whose true identity is Miles Richmond, Maximilian's grandson, who grew up with the false assumption that the Dragons betrayed and ruined their family, swearing to enact revenge on them. After the misunderstanding is cleared, Ernest reconciles with the Dragons and accepts Katrielle's request to keep working as her assistant. In the post-credits, Katrielle renews her vow to unlock the mystery of Sherl's true identity and discover the whereabouts of her father. Although she is no closer with the latter, she proclaims that she has solved the puzzle that her father left behind when he disappeared: "If you're not really my child, then who exactly are you?". Development Layton's Mystery Journey was developed by Level-5 and directed by Akihiro Hino, with character designs by Takuzō Nagano and music by Tomohito Nishiura. The puzzles are designed by Kuniaki Iwanami, who replaced previous designer Akira Tago following his death in March 2016. The game's animated cutscenes were produced by A-1 Pictures. The game's more episodic and casual style came about due to the belief that the Layton series had strayed from its roots in recent entries, which featured "overblown" stories like saving the world, and the desire to bring the series back to its core principles. This resulted in the shift in protagonist from Hershel Layton to his daughter, Katrielle, as the development team felt that they "can't bring back a guy who's saved the world and have him go do things like find a missing cat". Additionally, Hino stated that because half of all the Professor Layton players are female, a female protagonist was chosen to appeal to them. The decision to release the game on both 3DS and mobile devices was in part due to a desire to appeal to a wider demographic that may not own game consoles, while at the same time not wanting to turn their backs on the "dedicated 3DS fans" of series. Rather than the mobile version being a port, or vice versa, the game was specifically developed for play on both the 3DS and mobile. The game was announced in July 2016 under the title Lady Layton: The Millionaire Ariadone's Conspiracy, but was renamed Layton's Mystery Journey in April 2017, as the developers wanted to give the game a grander image. It was released worldwide for iOS and Android devices on July 20, 2017, and for the Nintendo 3DS on the same date in Japan. The Nintendo 3DS version was released in North America and Europe on October 6, 2017. A Nintendo Switch version was released in Japan on August 9, 2018, and in North America and Europe on November 8, 2019. Reception The game received mixed reviews, according to review aggregator Metacritic. Shaun Musgrave of TouchArcade gave the game five out of five stars, praising the series's smooth transition to mobile platforms, the "outstanding" presentation, the story and the puzzles. Game Informers Kyle Hilliard considered Katrielle a more enjoyable a protagonist over her father. However, he had issue with the game's narrative structure, considering the standalone nature of the cases to cause the finale to "fall flat", as well as the puzzles, which he considered to overall be mediocre, and to have some "frankly stupid solutions". Daan Koopman of Nintendo World Report gave the 3DS version of the game a 7.5 out of 10. He praised the game's colorful presentation, as well as the gameplay being as "entertaining as ever", although he felt that the puzzles were too easy compared to the prior entries. He also noted that the ability for the player to return to prior cases offered much extra content to players and helped the world of the game feel alive. He, however, was underwhelmed by the game's story due to its overarching plot being "sorely lacking", and felt that the "conclusion came out of left field". Adventure Gamers's Jack Allin felt as though the case structure made for accessible mobile and casual gaming, and was positive towards the "pitch-perfect voice acting", as well as the visuals, and the high quantity of puzzles. However, he considered there to be "too many duds in the puzzle pile", and that the backgrounds, characters, and music got repetitive and tiresome. He also felt that the "simplified case focus makes the story entirely forgettable". He gave the game 3 out of 5 stars. On the other hand, despite the simplified narrative style, GameCentral for Metro still considered there to be little fundamental change compared to the prior titles in the series, which offered very few new ideas. They also felt as though, "despite being its natural home, the 3DS offers no real advantage", pointing out the lack of 3D effects, which were present in previous titles. They also noted the prices for both versions, specifically that an £18 price tag was something that "never worked" for mobile games, although they considered it to be "good value for money", especially given that free daily puzzles are being promised as downloadable content for up to a year after release. On the other hand, they considered the 3DS version being more than twice as expensive as the mobile version to be a negative, even with the costume sets, which were paid for DLC in the mobile version, being bundled into the retail release. Layton's Mystery Journey was the 29th best selling video game in the United Kingdom during the Nintendo 3DS version's European debut week, and the second best selling Nintendo 3DS game in the region after Mario & Luigi: Superstar Saga + Bowser's Minions. The game was nominated for "Game, Franchise Family" at the National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers Awards. Notes References External links Category:2017 video games Category:A-1 Pictures Category:Adventure games Category:Android (operating system) games Category:Detective video games Category:IOS games Category:Level-5 (company) games Category:Nintendo 3DS eShop games Category:Nintendo 3DS games Category:Nintendo Network games Category:Nintendo Switch eShop games Category:Nintendo Switch games Category:Professor Layton Category:Video game sequels Category:Video games developed in Japan Category:Video games featuring female protagonists	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Joe Allen Evyagotailak Joe Allen Evyagotailak was born 15 July 1953 in Kugluktuk, Nunavut, Canada. Evyagotailak was the Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) for the electoral district of Kugluktuk having won the seat in the 2004 Nunavut election. Evyagotailak is a notable Copper Inuit. On 20 August 2008, Evyagotailak stepped down as the MLA. He stated that he wanted to run for the presidency of the Kitikmeot Inuit Association (KIA). Prior to becoming an MLA, in the Legislative Assembly of Nunavut Evyagotailak was the mayor of Kugluktuk and worked with several local organizations, including the KIA of which he was both vice-president and president. External links Joe Allen Evyagotailak at the Legislative Assembly of Nunavut References Category:1953 births Category:Living people Category:Inuit from the Northwest Territories Category:Inuit politicians Category:Members of the Legislative Assembly of Nunavut Category:21st-century Canadian politicians Category:Mayors of Kugluktuk Category:People from Kugluktuk Category:Inuit from Nunavut	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Brändöskär Brändöskär and Uddskär are two islands in the northwest of the Swedish sector of the Bay of Bothnia, in the Luleå archipelago, joined by an isthmus. In the past there was a large summer fishing village around the bay between the two islands. Many of the buildings remain, and are now used for recreational purposes. Location Brändöskär is located in the outer part of the Luleå archipelago, about east of Lövskär on the mainland. Brändöskär is joined to the island of Uddskär by an isthmus. The cottages and boathouses of a fishing village were built around the bay between Brändöskär and Uddskär when the two islands were separate. The island was named after the fishing village of Brändön on the mainland. Brändöskär may be reached in summer by tour boats from Luleå. In the winter it is accessible on skis, ice skates or snowmobile. Village There is a beautiful fishing village on Brändöskär in a sheltered inlet with a public dock, with log fishing huts that have survived from the past. The old chapel, the Brändö-Uddskärs kapell, was built in 1774 by the fishermen of the outer Luleå archipelago. There is also a turf maze on the island. A cottage may be rented in the village. In August 2013 it was reported that new municipal rental cottages were to be built in the fall, ready for the next summer. There would be a service building with toilets and three new cottages. One old cottage would also be rehabilitated. The wall sections and other material were being barged to the harbor, and then lifted to the construction site by helicopter to avoid any damage to the land. Environment The islands are often windswept, but have a wild beauty. The severe climate of the outer archipelago gives Brändöskär an unusually barren environment. The terrain consists of rocky outcrops, weathered moraine, rocks and sand. Most outcrops show the effects of glaciation in polishing the rock and creating striations. Haparanda-monzoniten is a common type of rock on the two islands, with large black and white crystals. Vegetation on Brändöskär includes lichen, moss, heath and low, windblown trees. This is similar to that of mountain terrain. However, plants such as lily of the valley, and orchids may be found in sheltered locations. Rare plants include torplås and nordlåsbräken. The vegetation on Uddskär is richer and denser, with large forested areas of pine, spruce, birch and aspen, and with small and large mires. The Brändöskär municipal nature reserve was founded in 2005, covering between the chapel and the southern tip of the island. It also includes Haraskär, Hällgrund island and the Persögrund peninsula. The reserve is an important site for birds, and is off limits between 1 May and 31 July. At other times hiking, fishing and hunting are allowed, as are picking berries and mushrooms, camping and making fires on designated sites. History When the fishing village was built, Brändöskär and Uddskär were two separate islands. Probably the main part of the original village was on Uddskär. It is said that Queen Christina donated Brändöskär to Norrbrändö, but no records of this transaction have survived. Although now used only for recreation, many of the cottages are still owned by families from Brändön. In 1820 about thirty boats were based at Brändöskär / Uddskär, the largest fishing village in the Luleå Archipelago. The main catch was herring, which was caught in nets, salted and sold in wooden barrels in Luleå, Haparanda, Raahe and Oulu. Whitefish, grayling, salmon, pike, perch and ide were also caught, but mainly consumed locally. A harbor master enforced tight regulations over fishing and enforced the law. No fishing was allowed between 6 pm on Saturday and 6 pm on Sunday, when the fishermen observed a day of rest. The artist Erik Marklund (c. 1909 – 1980) lived and worked on Brändöskär. He mainly worked in oils or pencil drawing, portraying the life of the island and the archipelago. In 1957 he built a statue of Jesus on a small outcrop, Hällgrund, off shore from the island. It is still standing today, and is visible from a distance in clear weather. Marklund also made the altar in the chapel. The altarpiece depicts a rich haul of fish from the surrounding waters. Gallery References Notes Citations Sources Category:Swedish islands in the Baltic Category:Islands of Norrbotten County	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
1988 Virginia Tech Hokies football team The 1988 Virginia Tech Hokies football team represented the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University during the 1988 NCAA Division I-A football season. The team's head coach was Frank Beamer. Schedule References Virginia Tech Category:Virginia Tech Hokies football seasons Virginia Tech Hokies football	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Reichsgau Kärnten The Reichsgau Kärnten (English: Gau Carinthia) was an administrative division of Nazi Germany in Carinthia and East Tyrol (both in Austria) and Upper Carniola in Slovenia. It existed from 1938 to 1945. It was responsible for the administration of the de facto annexed Operational Zone of the Adriatic Littoral (Operationszone Adriatisches Küstenland, OZAK). History The Nazi Gau (plural Gaue) system was originally established in a party conference on 22 May 1926, in order to improve administration of the party structure. From 1933 onwards, after the Nazi seizure of power, the Gaue increasingly replaced the German states as administrative subdivisions in Germany. In 1938 Nazi Germany annexed Austria, with the latter being sub-divided into Reichsgaue. At the head of each Gau stood a Gauleiter, a position which became increasingly more powerful, especially after the outbreak of the Second World War. Local Gauleiter were in charge of propaganda and surveillance and, from September 1944 onwards, the Volkssturm and the defence of the Gau. The position of Gauleiter in Kärnten initially was held by Hubert Klausner from 1938 to 1939. Franz Kutschera was acting Gauleiter from 1939 to 1941, followed by Friedrich Rainer from 1941 to 1945. References External links Illustrated list of Gauleiter Karnten Category:Slovenia in World War II Category:History of Carinthia (region) Category:1938 establishments in Germany Category:1945 disestablishments in Germany	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Syed Nasir Ismail Tun Dato' Syed Nasir bin Ismail ( ; 7 March 1921– 1982) was a Speaker of the Dewan Rakyat, the lower house of the Parliament of Malaysia. During his lifetime, he was known as a nationalist who sought to fight for the primacy of the national language in Malaysia as a means to create a national identity through the closing down of public-funded Mandarin and Tamil vernacular schools. Tun Syed Nasir sees a common education system for all as a solution to this dilemma. A prominent politician from the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) – the leading party of the governing Barisan Nasional coalition – he served as the 5th Speaker of the Dewan Rakyat from 1978 till his death in 1982. He was born in Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia, and is of Hadhrami Arab descent. Awards and recognitions Honours of Malaysia : Companion of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (J.M.N.) (1961) : Commander of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (P.M.N.) (1971) : Grand Commander of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia (S.S.M.) (1982) Places named after him Several places were named after him, including: Kolej Tun Syed Nasir, a residential college at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor Kolej Tun Syed Nasir, a residential college at Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Batu Pahat, Johor Politeknik Tun Syed Nasir Syed Ismail in Muar, Johor Taman Tun Syed Nasir, a residential area in Muar, Johor Kampung Kenangan Tun Syed Nasir in Muar, Johor References Category:1921 births Category:1982 deaths Category:Speakers of the Dewan Rakyat Category:Malaysian people of Yemeni descent Category:People from Batu Pahat Category:Hadhrami people Category:People from Johor Category:Malaysian people of Malay descent Category:Malaysian Muslims Category:United Malays National Organisation politicians Category:Grand Commanders of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia Category:Commanders of the Order of the Defender of the Realm Category:Companions of the Order of the Defender of the Realm	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Richard A. Bettis Richard A. Bettis is the Ellison Distinguished Professor of Strategy and Entrepreneurship at the Kenan-Flagler Business School, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He is known for his work on corporate strategy, global business strategy and strategic management. He is a former president of the Strategic Management Society and was the Co-Editor of Strategic Management Journal from 2007-2015. In 1986, Bettis and his co-author C.K. Prahalad coined the term dominant logic to describe deep-set cultural norms and thought patterns that drive managerial action in firms. Selected publications Hu, Songcui, Zi‐Lin He, Daniela P. Blettner, and Richard A. Bettis. "Conflict inside and outside: Social comparisons and attention shifts in multidivisional firms." Strategic Management Journal (2016). Kim, Changhyun, and Richard A. Bettis. "Cash is surprisingly valuable as a strategic asset." Strategic Management Journal 35, no. 13 (2014): 2053-2063. Bettis, Richard A., and Michael A. Hitt. "The new competitive landscape." Strategic management journal 16, no. S1 (1995): 7-19. Bettis, Richard A., and Coimbatore K. Prahalad. "The dominant logic: Retrospective and extension." Strategic management journal 16, no. 1 (1995): 5-14. Prahalad, Coimbatore K., and Richard A. Bettis. "The dominant logic: A new linkage between diversity and performance." Strategic management journal 7, no. 6 (1986): 485-501. Bettis, Richard A., and Vijay Mahajan. "Risk/return performance of diversified firms." Management Science 31, no. 7 (1985): 785-799. Bettis, Richard A. "Performance differences in related and unrelated diversified firms." Strategic Management Journal 2, no. 4 (1981): 379-393 References Category:American business theorists Category:Living people Category:University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill faculty Category:Year of birth missing (living people)	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Churaki Churaki () is a rural locality (a selo) in Kosinsky District, Perm Krai, Russia. The population was 160 as of 2010. There are 6 streets. References Category:Rural localities in Perm Krai	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Sun Qiuting Sun Qiuting (, born 22 September 1985) is a Chinese synchronized swimmer. She has qualified for the 2008 Summer Olympics. References China at the 2008 Summer Olympics Category:1985 births Category:Living people Category:Chinese synchronized swimmers Category:Olympic bronze medalists for China Category:Olympic synchronized swimmers of China Category:Synchronized swimmers at the 2008 Summer Olympics Category:Olympic medalists in synchronized swimming Category:Asian Games medalists in artistic swimming Category:Artistic swimmers at the 2006 Asian Games Category:Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics Category:Synchronized swimmers from Shanghai Category:Asian Games gold medalists for China Category:Medalists at the 2006 Asian Games	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Araya, Venezuela Araya is a town located on Venezuela's Caribbean coast, on the easternmost extremity of the Araya Peninsula. Araya Fortress The Araya Fortress is a beige-brown stone masonry fortification. The fortification was built in order to defend Araya and the Araya Peninsula against Caribbean pirates. The Spanish Empire only focused on the pearls that could be found off the coast. Because this area had the largest salt plains in the country, the Dutch and the English started extracting the salt, an important product at that time. When the pearl harvesting came to an end, the Spanish used the fort to defend the salt plains against the English and the Dutch. The fort was abandoned after a hurricane destroyed the area and the salt reserves were lost. External links Subject of 1959 Documentary Araya, on the Internet Movie Database IMDB.com Images of Araya fortress References Category:Populated places in Sucre (state)	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Testamentary disposition A testamentary disposition is any gift of any property by a testator under the terms of a will. Types Types of testamentary dispositions include: Gift (law), assets that have been legally transferred from one person to another Legacy, testamentary gift of personal property, traditionally of money but may be real or personal property Life estate, a concept used in common and statutory law to designate the ownership of land for the duration of a person's life Demonstrative legacy, a gift of a specific sum of money with a direction that is to be paid out of a particular fund See also Testator References Category:Wills and trusts	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Saint-Pierreville Saint-Pierreville is a commune in the Ardèche department in southern France. Population See also Communes of the Ardèche department References INSEE Category:Communes of Ardèche Category:Ardèche communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Masashi Ozaki is a Japanese professional golfer. Ozaki is often known as Jumbo Ozaki (ジャンボ尾崎 Janbo Ozaki) on account of his height and length off the tee. He featured in the top ten of the Official World Golf Rankings for almost 200 weeks between 1989 and 1998. He is the most successful player of all time on the Japan Golf Tour, having led the money list a record 12 times and won 94 tournaments, more than 40 more than the second highest player. Ozaki was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in 2011. Biography Ozaki was born in Kaifu District, Tokushima. He was a professional baseball pitcher/outfielder from 1965 to 1967 with the Nishitetsu Lions, but he turned to professional golf at the age of 23 and won the Japan PGA Championship the following year. Ozaki led the Japan Golf Tour in earnings in 1973–74, 1977, 1988–90, 1992, and 1994–98. Ozaki finished 8th at The Masters in 1973 and finished 6th at the U.S. Open in 1989. He competed at the Masters 19 times. He played occasionally on the PGA Tour from 1972 to 2000, in 96 tournaments, though never more than nine in one year. In these starts, his best finish was a T-4 at the 1993 Memorial Tournament. Ozaki played on the International Team in the 1996 Presidents Cup. Ozaki built "AON Age" with his rivals Isao Aoki and Tsuneyuki "Tommy" Nakajima. Ozaki's brothers Tateo "Jet" and Naomichi "Joe" are also professional golfers and, like Masashi, have been extremely successful on the Japan Golf Tour with dozens of wins between them. Now in his sixties, he still plays regularly on the Japan Golf Tour. Professional wins (114) Japan Golf Tour wins (94) 1973 (5) Tohoku Classic, Kanto Pro Championship, ANA Sapporo Open, Tokai Classic, Taiheiyo Club Masters 1974 (6) Tohoku Classic, Japan PGA Championship, Suntory Open, ANA Sapporo Open, Japan Open Golf Championship, Nippon Series 1975 (1) Tohoku Classic 1976 (3) Kanto Open, Hiroshima Open, Sanpo Classic 1977 (4) Pepsi-Wilson Tournament, Kanto Open, Tokai Classic, Nippon Series 1978 (2) Pepsi-Wilson Tournament, Hiroshima Open 1980 (3) Dunlop International Open, Fujisankei Classic, Nippon Series 1982 (1) Kanto Open 1983 (1) Jun Classic 1984 (1) Hiroshima Open 1986 (4) Fujisankei Classic, Nikkei Cup, Maruman Open, Jun Classic 1987 (3) The Crowns, Fujisankei Classic, Jun Classic 1988 (6) Dunlop Open, Nikkei Cup, Maruman Open, Japan Open Golf Championship, Golf Digest Tournament, Bridgestone Open 1989 (7) Fujisankei Classic, Japan PGA Championship, Sendai Classic, Yonex Open Hiroshima, Japan PGA Match-Play Championship Unisys Cup, ANA Open, Japan Open Golf Championship 1990 (4) Fujisankei Classic, Yonex Open Hiroshima, Maruman Open, Daiwa KBC Augusta 1991 (2) Japan PGA Championship, Jun Classic 1992 (6) Dunlop Open, The Crowns, PGA Philanthropy Tournament, ANA Open, Japan Open Golf Championship, Visa Taiheiyo Club Masters 1993 (3) Fujisankei Classic, Japan PGA Championship, Golf Digest Tournament 1994 (7) Dunlop Open, Yonex Open Hiroshima, ANA Open, Japan Open Golf Championship, Daiwa International, Sumitomo Visa Taiheiyo Masters, Phoenix Tournament 1995 (5) The Crowns, Yonex Open Hiroshima, ANA Open, Dunlop Phoenix Tournament, Golf Nippon Series Hitachi Cup 1996 (8) The Crowns, Japan PGA Championship, Mitsubishi Galant Tournament, JCB Classic Sendai, Hisamitsu-KBC Augusta, Gene Sarazen Jun Classic, Dunlop Phoenix Tournament, Golf Nippon Series Hitachi Cup 1997 (5) Token Corporation Cup, The Crowns, Mitsubishi Galant Tournament, Hisamitsu-KBC Augusta, Bridgestone Open 1998 (3) Yonex Open Hiroshima, Hisamitsu-KBC Augusta, Philip Morris Championship 1999 (2) Token Corporation Cup, Yonex Open Hiroshima 2000 (1) Sun Chlorella Classic 2002 (1) ANA Open Japanese circuit wins (14) 1971 (5) Japan PGA Championship, Nippon Series, Golf Digest Tournament, Miki Gold Cup (tie with Billy Casper), Setouchi Series Hiroshima leg 1972 (9) Wizard Tournament, Sapporo Open, Kanto Open, All Nippon Doubles, Nippon Series, Grand Monarch, First Flight, Chiba Open, Asahi International Australian Tour win (1) 1972 New Zealand PGA Championship Other wins (5) 1976 Chiba Open 1984 Kanagawa Open 1985 Kanagawa Open 1990 Nissan Super Skins (Australia) 1992 Sanko Grand Summer Tournament Results in major championships CUT = missed the half-way cut "T" indicates a tie for a place Summary Most consecutive cuts made – 5 (twice) Longest streak of top-10s – 1 (three times) Team appearances This list may be incomplete. World Cup (representing Japan): 1974, 1988 Four Tours World Championship: (representing Japan) 1986 (winners), 1987, 1989 Presidents Cup (International team): 1996 See also List of golfers with most Japan Golf Tour wins Jumbo Ozaki no Hole In One - Famicom and Super Famicom video game References External links Category:Japanese male golfers Category:Japan Golf Tour golfers Category:World Golf Hall of Fame inductees Category:Japanese baseball players Category:Nishitetsu Lions players Category:Baseball people from Tokushima Prefecture Category:1947 births Category:Living people	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Hydnellum crustulinum Hydnellum crustulinum is a tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. Found in Punjab, India, it was described as new to science in 1971 by Dutch mycologist Rudolph Arnold Maas Geesteranus. References External links Category:Fungi described in 1971 Category:Fungi of Asia Category:Inedible fungi crustulinum	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Big Money Heavyweight Big Money Heavyweight is the fifth and final studio album by hip hop duo Big Tymers. It was released on December 9, 2003, through Cash Money Records and was mainly produced by Mannie Fresh, with other production handled by R. Kelly, Jazze Pha and Leslie Brathwaite. The album debuted at number 21 on the Billboard 200 with first-week sales of 116,000 copies in the US and was certified Gold by the RIAA. Track listing References Category:2003 albums Category:Big Tymers albums Category:Cash Money Records albums	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Firdaposten Firdaposten is a local newspaper published in Kinn Municipality in Vestland county, Norway. It also covers the municipality of Bremanger. The newspaper was established as a media outlet of the Norwegian Labour Party in 1948. The first editor of the paper was Guttorm Hansen. At the initial phase the paper was published twice a week. It is owned by A-Pressen, and had a circulation of 5481 in 2007. References External links Official site Category:Amedia Category:Kinn Category:Newspapers published in Norway Category:Sogn og Fjordane media Category:1948 establishments in Norway Category:Publications established in 1948 Category:Labour Party (Norway) newspapers	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Willem van 't Spijker Willem van 't Spijker (born 21 September 1926) is a Dutch minister and theologian. He is specialized in church history and church law. Life Willem van 't Spijker was born and grew up in Zwolle in a simple and family characterized by sincere piety. He married the daughter of Professor Hovius. In Apeldoorn he studied theology. At the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam he graduated in 1970 with a dissertation titled "The offices of Martin Bucer". After being a minister at Drogeham and Utrecht, he became a professor at the Theological University of Apeldoorn of the Christian Reformed Churches. In 1997 he took leave as a professor, he was succeeded by Herman Selderhuis. In his academic education and in his publications, he specialized in the Reformation period. Internationally, he is a specialist in this period of church history. He was promoted to knight in the order of the Dutch Lion; he received this distinctio, in particular because of his many publications in the field of ecclesiastical and scientific studies. From the University of Christian Higher Education in Potchefstroom, he received an honorary doctorate in theology. He received this degree, partly because of his extraordinary academic status in national and international context. Biography Calvin: A Brief Guide to His Life and Thought, Westminster John Knox Press, 2009 Calvin: Biografie und Theologie (KIRCHE IN IHRER GESCHICHTE), Vandehoeck & Rupprecht, 2001, The Ecclesiastical Offices in the Thought of Martin Bucer (Studies in Medieval and Reformation Traditions) (Mnemosyne, Bibliotheca Classica Batava), 1996, References Category:1926 births Category:Possibly living people Category:Dutch Calvinist and Reformed theologians Category:People from Zwolle Category:Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam alumni	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
2010 Internationaux de Strasbourg – Doubles Nathalie Dechy and Mara Santangelo were the defending champions, but Dechy retired in 2009 and Santangelo chose not to compete this year. Alizé Cornet and Vania King defeated Alla Kudryavtseva and Anastasia Rodionova in the final 3–6, 6–4, [10–7]. Seeds Draw Draw References Main Draw Internationaux de Strasbourg - Doubles Category:Internationaux de Strasbourg Category:2010 in French sport	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Tea for Three (film) Tea for Three is a lost 1927 American comedy silent film directed by Robert Z. Leonard and written by Garrett Graham, F. Hugh Herbert, Roi Cooper Megrue and Lucille Newmark. The film stars Lew Cody, Aileen Pringle, and Owen Moore. Supporting players were Phillips Smalley, Dorothy Sebastian and Edward Thomas. The film was released on October 29, 1927, by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Plot Cast Lew Cody as Carter Langford Aileen Pringle as Doris Langford Owen Moore as Philip Collamore Phillips Smalley as Harrington Dorothy Sebastian as Annette Edward Thomas as Austin, the butler References External links Category:1927 films Category:American films Category:English-language films Category:American comedy films Category:1920s comedy films Category:Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films Category:Films directed by Robert Z. Leonard Category:American black-and-white films Category:American silent feature films Category:American films based on plays Category:Lost American films	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Iranian Academy of the Arts The Iranian Academy of Arts (IAA) (Persian: فرهنگستان هنر ایران; formally Academy of Arts of the Islamic Republic of Iran) was established in March 2000. It is one of the four academies of the Islamic Republic of Iran; the other three are: the Iranian Academy of Medical Sciences, the Iranian Academy of Sciences and the Academy of Persian Language and Literature. The IIA is an authorised entity affiliated with presidential administration. Presidency Mir Hossein Mousavi served as president for 11 years until he was removed in 2009. Ali Mo'alem Damghani was selected as second president of Academy in December 2009 by the Supreme Council of Cultural Revolution. Organization The academy consists of the president of the country as the supreme chancellor of the academies, the board of trustees, the general assembly, the president of the academy, and the experts council. The academy has nine specialized departments as follows: Department of Dramatic Arts Department of Music Department of Architecture and Urban Planning Department of Handicrafts and Traditional Arts Department of Visual Arts Department of Cinema Department of Philosophy and Theosophy Department of Multimedia Arts Department of Semiology of Arts Objectives Among the major objectives of the Iranian Academy of Arts are: proposing policies for the preservation and promotion of Islamic, national and local arts; research and utilization of new art theories with reliance on the national and Islamic fundamentals; support and encouragement of basic research and following up the implementation of art projects and studies at national level; annual evaluation of art indices in the country; and studying the shortcomings of the educational system of the country in the field of art and offering proposals to the related institutions. Members The Academy has three types of members including permanent, associate and honorary members. All members are admitted on the proposal of the president of the Academy or that of at least five members of General Assembly and approval of the General Assembly and acknowledgment of the President of the Academy. All regular members must be at least associate professors, or be among Iranian prominent artists and hold Iranian nationality. Foreign outstanding artists and art researchers can be admitted as honorary members into Academy. According to article 16 of the Academy’s charter, the Iranian Academy of Arts will have thirty regular members, all experts and artists active in various fields, twenty of whom will be elected by the Art Council’s nomination and the Cultural Revolution Supreme Council’s approval, and the remaining ten will be elected by the latter twenty. Divisions The Central Building Saba Cultural and Art Institute (SCAI) Aseman Cultural-Artistic Complex (ACAC) Palestine Museum of Contemporary Arts (PMCA) Naghsh-e Jahan Art Research Center (NJARC) Art Research Center (ARC) Especialized Library External links English Website References Category:Iranian art Category:Arts councils Arts Academy Category:Arts organizations established in 2000 Category:Cultural organisations based in Iran	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Clara G. McMillan Clara Gooding McMillan (August 17, 1894 – November 8, 1976) was a U.S. Representative from South Carolina, and wife of Thomas S. McMillan. Biography Born in Brunson, South Carolina, Mcmillan attended the public schools, Confederate Home College, Charleston, South Carolina, and Flora MacDonald College, Red Springs, North Carolina. Mcmillan was elected as a Democrat to the Seventy-sixth Congress by special election, on November 7, 1939, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of her husband, Thomas S. McMillan, and served from November 7, 1939, to January 3, 1941. She was not a candidate for reelection in 1940 to the Seventy-seventh Congress. She served in National Youth Administration, then the Office of Government Reports, Office of War Information, 1941. She was appointed information liaison officer for the Department of State, Washington, D.C., on January 1, 1946, and served until July 31, 1957. McMillan resided in Barnwell, South Carolina, until her death on November 8, 1976. She was interred in Magnolia Cemetery, Charleston, South Carolina. See also Women in the United States House of Representatives Sources References Category:1894 births Category:1976 deaths Category:People from Hampton County, South Carolina Category:South Carolina Democrats Category:Members of the United States House of Representatives from South Carolina Category:Female members of the United States House of Representatives Category:Women in South Carolina politics Category:Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives Category:20th-century American politicians Category:20th-century American women politicians Category:People from Barnwell, South Carolina	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Hugo, Illinois Hugo is an unincorporated community in Douglas County, Illinois, United States. Hugo is south-southeast of Camargo. References Category:Unincorporated communities in Douglas County, Illinois Category:Unincorporated communities in Illinois	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Percolation trench A percolation trench, also called an infiltration trench, is a type of best management practice (BMP) that is used to manage stormwater runoff, prevent flooding and downstream erosion, and improve water quality in an adjacent river, stream, lake or bay. It is a shallow excavated trench filled with gravel or crushed stone that is designed to infiltrate stormwater though permeable soils into the groundwater aquifer. A percolation trench is similar to a dry well, which is typically an excavated hole filled with gravel. Another similar drainage structure is a French drain, which directs water away from a building foundation, but is usually not designed to protect water quality. Application and design Percolation trenches are often used to treat runoff from impervious surfaces, such as sidewalks and parking lots, on sites where there is limited space available for managing stormwater. They are effective at treating stormwater only if the soil has sufficient porosity. To function properly, a trench must be designed with a pretreatment structure such as a grass channel or swale, in order to capture sediment and avoid clogging the trench. It may not be appropriate for sites where there is a possibility of groundwater contamination, or where there is soil with a high clay content that could clog the trench. See also Best management practice for water pollution French drain Infiltration basin Sustainable urban drainage systems References External links U.S. EPA Fact Sheet: "Infiltration Trench" International Stormwater BMP Database – Performance Data on Urban Stormwater Best Management Practices Category:Environmental engineering Category:Hydrology Category:Stormwater management	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
All Your Favorite Bands All Your Favorite Bands is the fourth studio album by American folk-rock band Dawes, released on June 2, 2015. Critical reception All Your Favorite Bands currently holds a score of 71 out of 100 at Metacritic based on 12 critic reviews, indicating generally favorable reviews. Commercial performance The album debuted at No.1 on the Billboard Folk Albums chart, No. 4 on Top Rock Albums, selling 13,000 copies in its first week. Track listing All songs written by Taylor Goldsmith, except where noted. Personnel Taylor Goldsmith – lead vocals, guitar Griffin Goldsmith – drums, background vocals, percussion Wylie Gelber – bass Tay Strathairn – keyboards, background vocals Additional Musicians Richard Bennett – acoustic guitar (tracks 1,4,5) Paul Franklin – steel guitar (tracks 4,7) David Rawlings – guitar, background vocals (tracks 2,4) Gillian Welch – background vocals (track 5) Ann McCrary – background vocals (track 5) Frieda McCrary – background vocals (track 5) Regina McCrary – background vocals, tambourine (track 5) Chart performance Airplay References External links Dawes official website Category:2015 albums Category:Dawes (band) albums	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Group 1 Automotive Group 1 Automotive, Inc. () is an international Fortune 500 automotive retailer with automotive dealerships and collision centers in the United States, United Kingdom and Brazil. Group 1 sells new and used cars and light trucks, arranges financial services, provides maintenance and repair services, and sells vehicle parts. As of 2019, the company employs over 15,000 people globally. The company is led by former Ford Motor Company executives, CEO Earl J. Hesterberg and CFO John C. Rickel. The company executives are SVP Peter C. DeLongchamps, SVP Darryl M. Burman, SVP Frank Grese Jr., and President of US Operations Daryl A. Kenningham History Group 1 was founded as a public corporation in 1997 with B. B. Hollingsworth as Chairman and CEO. The founding dealership owners were Bob Howard of Oklahoma City, Sterling McCall and Kevin Whalen of Houston, and Charles Smith of Beaumont. Subsequent acquisitions in the USA include the Gene Messer Automotive Group, Maxwell Auto Group, Ira Motor Group, Bohn Auto Group, Pat Peck Auto Group and Miller Automotive Group. 2018 Acquisitions include two dealerships in El Paso and on 1 March 2018, In March 2018 Group 1 completed their acquisition of 5 Mercedes-Benz and 3 smart dealerships from Robinsons Motor Group. These are based in Bury St Edmunds, Cambridge, Kings Lynn, Norwich and Peterborough. Group 1 acquired UK dealers from 2010 to 2017, including: Barons Group, Chandlers Group, Essex Audi Group, Elms Group, Think Ford, Spire Automotive and the Beadles Group. Group 1 purchased Brazilian automotive firm UAB Motors Participacoes S.A in 2013, renaming the entity as Group 1 Automotive Brasil in 2015. Professional race car driver André Ribeiro and his family of dealerships were notable parts of this acquisition. As of 2013, Group 1 became the third largest automotive retailer in the United States and as of 2018 the company owns 163 dealerships in 15 states across the USA, 18 in Brazil and 60 in the UK. Group 1 also operates 31 collision centers in the USA, Brazil and the UK. In response to the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, Group 1 issued a $500 bonus to non-management dealership personnel. CEO Earl Hesterberg noted, "This was an unusual opportunity to support the people who do the hard work without doing undue financial damage to the company." Locations In the USA, Group 1 Automotive has dealerships in Alabama, California, Florida, Georgia, Kansas, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mississippi, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, Oklahoma, South Carolina and Texas. Their corporate headquarters is in the Memorial City district of Houston, Texas. Products and Services In response to used vehicle retailing trends, the Val-U-Line® brand was created in Q1 2018 to retail older vehicles with benefits like a 3-day/300 mile return policy and CarFax vehicle history reports. Initial investment impacted forecasts but future earnings were positive, contributing to a 13.9% increase in used vehicle sales for 2018. In June 2019 the company created AcceleRide®, a digital retailing platform allowing customers to purchase a new or used vehicle without the need to visit their dealerships. The platform also provides vehicle financing, trade-in appraisals and offsite delivery options. Philanthropy With individual dealerships engage in local philanthropic efforts often independent from the corporate office, Group 1 supports Houston-area causes focusing on community outreach and grade school education. Employees regularly make brown bag lunches to support Kids' Meals and donated cargo vans for their meals on wheels deliveries. The company partnered with SEARCH Homeless Services and Junior Achievement of South East Texas for events, classroom mentoring and the JA Company Program in Spring Branch ISD. Starting in November 2017, Group 1 partnered with the Houston Independent School District to reward their Teacher of the Month recipients with a new vehicle to drive for the month. The Group 1 Foundation The Group 1 Foundation was initially created to support employees impacted by Hurricane Katrina, closely followed by Hurricane Rita. This tax-exempt charity gives all proceeds to help fellow employees in times of hardship. Examples include supporting survivors of fatal car accidents and a fire at an employee's home. Subsequent natural disasters like the 2013 Moore Tornado, Super Storm Sandy, Hurricane Harvey and Hurricane Michael also marked the need for the Group 1 Foundation to assist their employees. References External links United States - Group 1 Automotive United Kingdom - Group 1 Automotive UK Brazil - Group 1 Automotive Brazil Category:Auto dealerships of the United States Category:Companies based in Houston Category:Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange Category:American companies established in 1997 Category:Retail companies established in 1997 Category:1997 establishments in Texas	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Dimitris Gogos Dimitris Gogos (; 28 February 190318 November 1985) was one of the most influential singers and composers of rebetiko music. Also called Bayianteras (), a nickname that was given to him in 1925 for covering and playing in bouzouki Emmerich Kálmán's operetta, Die Bajadere, Gogos wrote songs that met great success and popularity in occupied Greece. Category:1903 births Category:1985 deaths Category:Greek singers Category:20th-century Greek singers Category:Greek bouzouki players	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
J. G. Hughes House J. G. Hughes House, also known as Fieldstone, is a historic home located at Columbus, Polk County, North Carolina. It was built in 1896, and is a two-story, four bay, Queen Anne style frame dwelling. It has a cross gable roof, is sheathed in weatherboard, and rests on a stone foundation. It features a wrapround porch with sawn brackets and a cutaway bay window. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1989. References Category:Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in North Carolina Category:Queen Anne architecture in North Carolina Category:Houses completed in 1896 Category:Houses in Polk County, North Carolina Category:National Register of Historic Places in Polk County, North Carolina	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Roccaraso Roccaraso is a town and comune in central Italy, in the province of L'Aquila in the Abruzzo region. History The town of Roccaraso dates back to around 975 AD, and is located near the Rasinus stream, from which some believe it took its original name, Rasin Rocca. It developed as a farming village, inhabited by herdsmen and craftsmen, which guaranteed its people a peaceful and prosperous life. During the late 19th century, the opening of the rail link with Naples begins to bring the first tourists, attracted by the beauty of the natural environment, who were soon welcomed by various hotels that at that time were beginning to rise. A sharp setback came with the Second World War. Roccaraso was located right on the head of the Gustav line, the system of fortifications with which the Germans tried to stop the advance of the Allies after the landing at Salerno in September 1943. The town was completely destroyed by a bombing, which caused the loss of 'Interalia', a theater built in 1698, one of the oldest in Italy. The roccolani did not lose heart; after the end of the war the town returned to everyday life and soon became one of the most popular tourist destinations in Italy. Roccaraso's Frazione of Pietransieri is among the villages decorated for Valor for the War of Liberation that has been awarded the Gold Medal of Military Valour for the sacrifices of its people (which culminated in the massacre of Pietransieri) and its activities in the partisan struggle during the Second World War. Main sights Church of Santa Maria Assunta Medieval town of Pietransieri Church of San Rocco Ski resort Roccaraso The ski resort of Roccaraso is structured around the Mountains of Roccaraso, subgroup of Mont Greek (), the Piano Aremogna and Pizzalto, connected directly to the plants of Rivisondoli-Monte Pratello (), the heart of the largest ski area in central and southern Italy, the area of Alto Sangro, including around of downhill slopes and 36 lifts. The first ski race was held in 1910 and the first ski lift was the 'Slittovia' in Monte Zurrone, built in 1936. Numerous competitions, both national and international, are held every year. In March 2005, Roccaraso hosted the men's and women's finals of the European Cup, and the World Junior Championships in 2012. The participants, representing dozens of countries from all five continents, contended areas laurels of victory. But only eleven teams were able to savour the joy of the podium. In particular, Norway has dominated the race winning 4 gold, 3 silver, and 1 bronze. Italy settled for a silver medal obtained in the team event, the parallel team played on the Gran track Pizzalto, where blue colors were represented by Alex Zingerle, Giordano Ronci, and Pichler. During the 1950s and 1960s US Servicemen and their families enjoyed the recreation facilities especially riding "saucers"; like riding on a metal trash can lid. References External links Inside Abruzzo: Insider Tips Uncovered Roccaraso ASIpress - news from Roccaraso Category:Cities and towns in Abruzzo	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
West Hills College Coalinga West Hills College Coalinga is a public two-year community college located in Coalinga with a satellite facility in Firebaugh. Both locations serve students in the central San Joaquin Valley. Established in 1932, West Hills College Coaling is in the West Hills Community College District. It is accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges. Programs The school is one of only eleven California community colleges with dormitories in the U.S. It attracts students from around the world, and actively recruits students from other countries to enroll in its English as a Second Language program. West Hills College Coalinga athletics offers football, baseball, and basketball for men; and volleyball and softball for women. A coed top-ranked rodeo team competes against two and four year schools. Other sports programs are being added. References External links Official webpage. Category:California Community Colleges System Category:Universities and colleges in Fresno County, California Category:Coalinga, California Category:Two-year colleges in the United States Category:Educational institutions established in 1932 Category:1932 establishments in California Category:Schools accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Mecklenburg-Strelitz (district) Mecklenburg-Strelitz was a Kreis (district) in the southern part of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany. Neighboring districts were (from the north clockwise) Demmin, Ostvorpommern Uecker-Randow, the districts Uckermark, Oberhavel and Ostprignitz-Ruppin in Brandenburg, and the district Müritz. The district-free city Neubrandenburg was nearly completely surrounded by the district. History The name of this district traces back to the duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. This duchy was established in 1701 after the former duchy of Mecklenburg-Güstrow ceased to exist. The area of the district is roughly identical with the old duchy's main territory, the Stargarder Land. The old duchy included an exclave around Ratzeburg, which is today situated in Schleswig-Holstein. Southern parts of the older Mecklenburg-Strelitz, including the town of Fürstenberg, today belong to Brandenburg's Oberhavel district. The capital of the duchy was the town of Strelitz, which was completely destroyed in a fire in 1712. After this disaster the duke ordered a new town built at the shore of a small lake called the Zierker See. This town became Neustrelitz (= "New Strelitz"). Mecklenburg-Strelitz District was established by merging the three previous districts of Neubrandenburg, Neustrelitz and Strasburg in 1994. On 4 September 2011, it was merged into Mecklenburgische Seenplatte. Coat of arms Towns and municipalities The subdivisions of the district were (situation August 2011): References External links Official website (German) Category:Former districts of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Star college Star College of Harbin Normal University () is a university located in Harbin, Heilongjiang, P.R. China. Star College is situated in Jiangbei, north of the city centre. It developed from a small language college but now has expanded to close to 10,000 students. It offers a range of majors including Business, English, Chinese, Art and Modern Technology. One selling point of the college is the large number of foreign teachers who are typically a cosmopolitan bunch from many different countries. Star College has a special affiliation with the London Southbank University. See also List of universities in China References External links Chinese homepage Category:Universities and colleges in Heilongjiang Category:Universities and colleges in Harbin zh:哈尔滨师范大学	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
1963 North Carolina Tar Heels football team The 1963 North Carolina Tar Heels football team represented the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill during the 1963 NCAA University Division football season. The Tar Heels were led by fifth-year head coach Jim Hickey and played their home games at Kenan Memorial Stadium. They competed as members of the Atlantic Coast Conference, finishing as co-champions with a league record of 6–1. Bob Lacey led the ACC in receiving with 48 catches for 533 yards. He was selected as a first-team All-American by the Associated Press, Football Writers Association of America and NEA. Schedule References North Carolina Category:North Carolina Tar Heels football seasons Category:Atlantic Coast Conference football champion seasons Category:Gator Bowl champion seasons Tar Heels	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Aguada de Baixo Aguada de Baixo was a freguesia ("civil parish") in Águeda Municipality, Aveiro District, Portugal. It had an area of 4.7 km2 and in 2011 had a population of 1373. In 2013 it was merged with Barrô as part of an administrative reorganization of the territory and formed the União das Freguesias de Barrô e Aguada de Baixo. Geography It was the southernmost freguesia of the municipality, and it bordered the Águeda freguesias of Barrô and Aguada de Cima and the municipalities of Anadia e Oliveira do Bairro. Places Aguadela Alto da Póvoa Bicarenho Landiosa Passadouro Povoa da Raposa Povoa do Nascido Vale do Grou Vale do Mouro Vidoeiro Demography Politics Elections As of 31 December 2011, it had 1532 registered voters. In the 2009 local elections for the Assembly of the Freguesia, there were 1598 registered voters, with 920 (57,57%) voting and 678 (42,43%) abstaining. The Lista Independente de Aguada de Baixo (LIAB) got 527 (57,28%) of the votes, electing five members of the Assembly and the Socialist Party (PS) got 364 votes (39,57%), electing four members of the Assembly. Religion The Portuguese Roman Catholic Church's Diocese of Aveiro includes the Parish of Aguada de Baixo as part of the archpriestship of Águeda. Notes Article based on the Portuguese Wikipedia article Aguada de Baixo. References Category:Parishes of Águeda Category:Former parishes of Portugal Category:2013 disestablishments in Portugal Category:Populated places disestablished in 2013	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Birmingham Bulls Birmingham Bulls may refer to: Birmingham Bulls (WHA), a defunct ice hockey team from the World Hockey Association and Central Hockey League Birmingham Bulls (SPHL), an American ice hockey team in the Southern Professional Hockey League Birmingham Bulls (ECHL), a defunct American ice hockey team from the East Coast Hockey League Birmingham Bulls (American football), a British American football team Birmingham Bulldogs or Birmingham Bulls, a British rugby league team	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Athletics at the 1970 British Commonwealth Games – Men's 3000 metres steeplechase The men's 3000 metres steeplechase event at the 1970 British Commonwealth Games was held on 22 and 25 July at the Meadowbank Stadium in Edinburgh, Scotland. It was the first time that the metric distance was contested at the Games replacing the mile. Medalists Results Heats Qualification: First 5 in each heat (Q) qualify directly for the final. Final References Heats results (p9) Australian results Category:Athletics at the 1970 British Commonwealth Games 1970	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Tahar Zaouche Tahar Zaouche (6 September 190419 December 1975) was a Tunisian doctor and politician. Biography Tahar Zaouche studied at Lycée Carnot. Like other members of the first-generation of Tunisian doctors, he enrolled in a French university to pursue medical studies. As a specialist in otorhinolaryngology, he presented his thesis, Contribution to the study about Plasmacytoma of the upper airways, in 1932 at the Faculty of Medicine of Paris.. He was a member of the Association of North African Muslim Students in the 1930s. In 1932, he came back to Tunisia and got engaged in a political movement. In just three years, he became the secretary general of the third political office of the Neo-Destour. He was accompanied by his brother Noureddine, who was treasurer of the office. As a doctor, he succeeded Mahmoud El Materi as head of council of the medical college. He became the second Tunisian president to serve in this mission between 1963 and 1971. He was assisted during this mandate by Tawhida Ben Sheikh, the first female doctor in Tunisia and the Arab world, as vice-president. In the 1950s, Tahar Zaouche served as Minister of Health in Tahar Ben Ammar's office and as Minister of Public Works. Along with Tahar Ben Ammar, Mongi Slim (his brother-in-law) and Hedi Nouira, he played an important role in the Tunisian–French negotiations in September 1954. This delegation led to the signing of the agreements on internal autonomy in 1955. Family Zaouche is the grandson of Tahar Zaouche, nephew of Abdeljelil Zaouche, cousin of and father of diplomat Hamid Zaouche. References Category:1904 births Category:1975 deaths	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Bellavista (band) Bellavista is an indie rock/shoegaze band from San Francisco, California. The current lineup includes guitarist/vocalist Rex John Shelverton, bassist Jeremy Bringetto, and drummer Cary LaScala. Shelverton is also known for being a co-founder of the band/duo Tamaryn. History Shelverton, Bringetto and Bajda were childhood friends who grew up around Half Moon Bay in Northern California. All three, along with Jonah Buffa, were originally members of the influential 1990s hardcore punk band Portraits of Past, who helped pioneer the sound that would later become known as screamo. Portraits of Past reformed in 2008, but quickly broke up again in 2009. Shelverton, Bringetto and Buffa were next in the post-punk band The Audience, who released the 1997 Das Audience album on Hymnal Sound and the "Young Soul" 7" single on Gold Standard Laboratories. Their next band, Vue, formed in 1999 in San Francisco and included Shelverton, Bringetto, Buffa and final drummer Cary LaScala. Vue released three albums: Vue (2000, Sub Pop), Find Your Home (2001, Sub Pop) and Down for Whatever (2003, RCA). They also released the Babies Are for Petting EP on RCA in 2003. Between 2001 and 2004, Vue performed with The Rolling Stones, Black Rebel Motorcycle Club, Franz Ferdinand, The Faint and Trail Of Dead. Vue disbanded at the end of 2004. Shelverton, Bringetto and LaScala then formed Bellavista, and released their eponymous debut LP on April 24, 2007 on Take Root Records. From 2008 to 2017, LaScala was replaced by Bajda. In 2017, Bajda left to focus on his art and LaScala rejoined the band. Bellavista's single, "Always Oneness" backed by "Under the Walls", was released on November 6, 2012 as a vinyl 7" with download card, at first available only at Tamaryn's tour merchandise table. Bellavista's second album Sun and Skyway was digitally released June 13th, 2017 on Apple Music, Spotify, and Bandcamp. Bellavista's single Feline / Nocturnal was digitally released January 23rd, 2018 on Apple Music, Spotify, and Bandcamp. Band members Rex Shelverton – guitar, vocals Jeremy Bringetto – bass Cary LaScala – drums Discography Studio Albums Bellavista (2007, Take Root Records; 2008, KNTRST) Singles "Always Oneness" / "Under the Walls" 7"/digital (2012, self-released) References External links Bellavista on Facebook Official Site Bellavista on YouTube Bellavista on Soundcloud Cary LaScala's Drumming Resume Category:Rock music groups from California Category:Musical groups from San Francisco	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Armando Salati Armando Salati (1884–1963) was an Italian Vice Consul to the United States, and Philadelphia Honorary Consul from 1913-1940. Family Armando Salati, born June 20, 1884, was the eldest son of Ottavio and Adelaide Salati of the Comune di Gioi, Campania, Italy. Armando married Julia LaFazia in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on February 2, 1914; and they had eight children, one of which died as an infant. Career After graduating from law school in Italy, Armando Salati became a Lieutenant in the Italian Army. In 1912, he was offered an opportunity from the King of Italy to join the Italian Consulate in the United States. As Italian Vice Consul, he became Philadelphia Honorary Consul, serving from 1913 to 1940. Armando Salati became acting Consul in 1938, following the recall to Italy of Philadelphia Consul Edoardo Pervan, who had been accused by the House Un-American Activities Committee of being a Fascist propagandist. Salati held this post until Ludovico Censi was named Philadelphia Consul in 1939. The consulate was located at 2128 Locust Street in Philadelphia. In 1942 with the entry of the United States into World War II, the U.S. Government froze Italian assets, forbade Italians from leaving the country, and closed the consulates. The Philadelphia Consulate did not reopen until 1947, representing the Italian Republic which had replaced the Kingdom of Italy in 1946. In retirement, Salati returned to his home in Gioi, Campania, Italy in 1951. He died at his ancestral home on January 4, 1963. Inventor Armando Salati was granted United States patent #1,246,791 on November 13, 1917, as a subject of the King of Italy. Recognition Armando Salati was awarded Cavaliere of the Italian Crown by Victor Emmanuel III of Italy in 1921. See also Gioi Order of the Crown of Italy List of Italian orders of knighthood Victor Emmanuel III of Italy Kingdom of Italy Italian Republic References External links Consolato Generale D'Italia in Philadelphia Embassy of Italy to the United States Findagrave Memorial for Armando Salati Comune di Gioi Societa Organizzata da Gioiesi in Nord-America Category:1884 births Category:1963 deaths Category:Italian diplomats Category:Recipients of the Order of the Crown (Italy)	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Operation Barbarossa Operation Barbarossa () was the code name for the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union, which started on Sunday, 22 June 1941, during World War II. The operation put into action Nazi Germany's ideological goal of conquering the western Soviet Union so as to repopulate it with Germans. The German Generalplan Ost aimed to use some of the conquered as slave labour for the Axis war effort, to acquire the oil reserves of the Caucasus and the agricultural resources of Soviet territories, and eventually to annihilate the Slavic peoples and create for Germany. In the two years leading up to the invasion, Germany and the Soviet Union signed political and economic pacts for strategic purposes. Nevertheless, the German High Command began planning an invasion of the Soviet Union in July 1940 (under the codename Operation Otto), which Adolf Hitler authorized on 18 December 1940. Over the course of the operation, about three million personnel of the Axis powers—the largest invasion force in the history of warfare—invaded the western Soviet Union along a front, with 600,000 motor vehicles and over 600,000 horses for non-combat operations. The offensive marked an escalation of World War II, both geographically and in the formation of the Allied coalition including the Soviet Union. The operation opened up the Eastern Front, in which more forces were committed than in any other theater of war in history. The area saw some of the war's largest battles, most horrific atrocities, and highest casualties (for Soviet and Axis forces alike), all of which influenced the course of World War II and the subsequent history of the 20th century. The German armies eventually captured some 5,000,000 Soviet Red Army troops, a majority of whom never returned alive. The Nazis deliberately starved to death, or otherwise killed, 3.3 million Soviet prisoners of war, and a vast number of civilians, as the "Hunger Plan" worked to exterminate the Slavic population. Mass shootings and gassing operations, carried out by the Nazis or willing collaborators, murdered over a million Soviet Jews as part of the Holocaust. The failure of Operation Barbarossa reversed the fortunes of the Third Reich. Operationally, German forces achieved significant victories and occupied some of the most important economic areas of the Soviet Union (mainly in Ukraine) and inflicted, as well as sustained, heavy casualties. Despite these early successes, the German offensive stalled in the Battle of Moscow at the end of 1941, and the subsequent Soviet winter counteroffensive pushed German troops back. The Germans had confidently expected a quick collapse of Soviet resistance as in Poland, but the Red Army absorbed the German Wehrmacht's strongest blows and bogged it down in a war of attrition for which the Germans were unprepared. The Wehrmacht's diminished forces could no longer attack along the entire Eastern Front, and the subsequent operations—such as Case Blue in 1942 and Operation Citadel in 1943—eventually failed, which resulted in the Wehrmacht's retreat and collapse. Background Racial policies of Nazi Germany As early as 1925, Adolf Hitler vaguely declared in his political manifesto and autobiography Mein Kampf that he would invade the Soviet Union, asserting that the German people needed to secure Lebensraum ("living space") to ensure the survival of Germany for generations to come. On 10 February 1939, Hitler told his army commanders that the next war would be "purely a war of Weltanschauungen ... totally a people's war, a racial war". On 23 November, once World War II had already started, Hitler declared that "racial war has broken out and this war shall determine who shall govern Europe, and with it, the world". The racial policy of Nazi Germany portrayed the Soviet Union (and all of Eastern Europe) as populated by non-Aryan Untermenschen ("sub-humans"), ruled by Jewish Bolshevik conspirators. Hitler claimed in Mein Kampf that Germany's destiny was to "turn to the East" as it did "six hundred years ago" (see Ostsiedlung). Accordingly, it was stated Nazi policy to kill, deport, or enslave the majority of Russian and other Slavic populations and repopulate the land with Germanic peoples, under the Generalplan Ost. The Nazis' belief in their ethnic superiority pervades official records and pseudoscientific articles in German periodicals, on topics such as "how to deal with alien populations". While older histories tended to emphasize the notion of a "Clean Wehrmacht" upholding its honor in the face of Hitler's fanaticism, the historian Jürgen Förster notes that "In fact, the military commanders were caught up in the ideological character of the conflict, and involved in its implementation as willing participants." Before and during the invasion of the Soviet Union, German troops were heavily indoctrinated with anti-Bolshevik, anti-Semitic, and anti-Slavic ideology via movies, radio, lectures, books, and leaflets. Likening the Soviets to the forces of Genghis Khan, Hitler told Croatian military leader Slavko Kvaternik that the "Mongolian race" threatened Europe. Following the invasion, Wehrmacht officers told their soldiers to target people who were described as "Jewish Bolshevik subhumans", the "Mongol hordes", the "Asiatic flood", and the "Red beast". Nazi propaganda portrayed the war against the Soviet Union as both an ideological war between German National Socialism and Jewish Bolshevism, and a racial war between the disciplined Germans and the Jewish, Gypsy, and Slavic Untermenschen. An 'order from the Führer' stated that the Einsatzgruppen were to execute all Soviet functionaries who were "less valuable Asiatics, Gypsies and Jews". Six months into the invasion of the Soviet Union, the Einsatzgruppen had already murdered in excess of 500,000 Soviet Jews, a figure greater than the number of Red Army soldiers killed in combat during that time. German army commanders cast the Jews as the major cause behind the "partisan struggle". The main guideline for German troops was "Where there's a partisan, there's a Jew, and where there's a Jew, there's a partisan", or "The partisan is where the Jew is". Many German troops viewed the war in Nazi terms and regarded their Soviet enemies as sub-human. After the war began, the Nazis issued a ban on sexual relations between Germans and foreign slave workers. There were regulations enacted against the Ost-Arbeiter ("Eastern workers") that included the death penalty for sexual relations with a German. Heinrich Himmler, in his secret memorandum, Reflections on the Treatment of Peoples of Alien Races in the East (dated 25 May 1940), outlined the Nazi plans for the non-German populations in the East. Himmler believed the Germanization process in Eastern Europe would be complete when "in the East dwell only men with truly German, Germanic blood". The Nazi secret plan Generalplan Ost ("General Plan for the East"), prepared in 1941 and confirmed in 1942, called for a "new order of ethnographical relations" in the territories occupied by Nazi Germany in Eastern Europe. It envisaged ethnic cleansing, executions, and enslavement of the populations of conquered countries, with very small percentages undergoing Germanization, expulsion into the depths of Russia, or other fates, while the conquered territories would be Germanized. The plan had two parts: the Kleine Planung ("small plan"), which covered actions to be taken during the war, and the Große Planung ("large plan"), which covered policies after the war was won, to be implemented gradually over 25 to 30 years. A speech given by General Erich Hoepner demonstrates the dissemination of the Nazi racial plan, as he informed the 4th Panzer Group that the war against the Soviet Union was "an essential part of the German people's struggle for existence" (Daseinskampf), also referring to the imminent battle as the "old struggle of Germans against Slavs" and even stated, "the struggle must aim at the annihilation of today's Russia and must therefore be waged with unparalleled harshness". Hoepner also added that the Germans were fighting for "the defense of European culture against Moscovite–Asiatic inundation, and the repulse of Jewish Bolshevism ... No adherents of the present Russian-Bolshevik system are to be spared." Walther von Brauchitsch also told his subordinates that troops should view the war as a "struggle between two different races and [should] act with the necessary severity". Racial motivations were central to Nazi ideology and played a key role in planning for Operation Barbarossa since both Jews and communists were considered equivalent enemies of the Nazi state. Nazi imperialist ambitions rejected the common humanity of both groups, declaring the supreme struggle for Lebensraum to be a Vernichtungskrieg ("war of annihilation"). German-Soviet relations of 1939–40 In August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union signed a non-aggression pact in Moscow known as the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact. A secret protocol to the pact outlined an agreement between Germany and the Soviet Union on the division of the eastern European border states between their respective "spheres of influence": the Soviet Union and Germany would partition Poland in the event of an invasion by Germany, and the Soviets would be allowed to overrun the Baltic states and Finland. On 23 August 1939 the rest of the world learned of this pact but were unaware of the provisions to partition Poland. The pact stunned the world because of the parties' earlier mutual hostility and their conflicting ideologies. The conclusion of this pact was followed by the German invasion of Poland on 1 September that triggered the outbreak of World War II in Europe, then the Soviet invasion of Poland that led to the annexation of the eastern part of the country. As a result of the pact, Germany and the Soviet Union maintained reasonably strong diplomatic relations for two years and fostered an important economic relationship. The countries entered a trade pact in 1940 by which the Soviets received German military equipment and trade goods in exchange for raw materials, such as oil and wheat, to help the Nazis circumvent a British blockade of Germany. Despite the parties' ostensibly cordial relations, each side was highly suspicious of the other's intentions. For instance, the Soviet invasion of Bukovina in June 1940 went beyond their sphere of influence as agreed with Germany. After Germany entered the Axis Pact with Japan and Italy, it began negotiations about a potential Soviet entry into the pact. After two days of negotiations in Berlin from 12 to 14 November 1940, Germany presented a written proposal for a Soviet entry into the Axis. On 25 November 1940, the Soviet Union offered a written counter-proposal to join the Axis if Germany would agree to refrain from interference in the Soviet Union's sphere of influence, but Germany did not respond. As both sides began colliding with each other in Eastern Europe, conflict appeared more likely, although they did sign a border and commercial agreement addressing several open issues in January 1941. According to historian Robert Service, Joseph Stalin was convinced that the overall military strength of the USSR was such that he had nothing to fear and anticipated an easy victory should Germany attack; moreover, Stalin believed that since the Germans were still fighting the British in the west, Hitler would be unlikely to open up a two front war and subsequently delayed the reconstruction of defensive fortifications in the border regions. When German soldiers swam across the Bug River to warn the Red Army of an impending attack, they were treated like enemy agents and shot. Some historians believe that Stalin, despite providing an amicable front to Hitler, did not wish to remain allies with Germany. Rather, Stalin might have had intentions to break off from Germany and proceed with his own campaign against Germany to be followed by one against the rest of Europe. German invasion plans Stalin's reputation as a brutal dictator contributed both to the Nazis' justification of their assault and their faith in success; many competent and experienced military officers had been killed in the Great Purge of the 1930s, leaving the Red Army with a relatively inexperienced leadership compared to that of their German adversary. The Nazis often emphasized the Soviet regime's brutality when targeting the Slavs with propaganda. They also claimed that the Red Army was preparing to attack the Germans, and their own invasion was thus presented as a pre-emptive strike. In the middle of 1940, following the rising tension between the Soviet Union and Germany over territories in the Balkans, an eventual invasion of the Soviet Union seemed the only solution to Hitler. While no concrete plans had yet been made, Hitler told one of his generals in June that the victories in Western Europe finally freed his hands for a showdown with Bolshevism. With the successful end to the campaign in France, General Erich Marcks was assigned the task of drawing up the initial invasion plans of the Soviet Union. The first battle plans were entitled Operation Draft East (colloquially known as the Marcks Plan). His report advocated the A-A line as the operational objective of any invasion of the Soviet Union. This assault would extend from the northern city of Arkhangelsk on the Arctic Sea through Gorky and Rostov to the port city of Astrakhan at the mouth of the Volga on the Caspian Sea. The report concluded that—once established—this military border would reduce the threat to Germany from attacks by enemy bombers. Although Hitler was warned by his general staff that occupying "Western Russia" would create "more of a drain than a relief for Germany's economic situation", he anticipated compensatory benefits, such as the demobilization of entire divisions to relieve the acute labor shortage in German industry; the exploitation of Ukraine as a reliable and immense source of agricultural products; the use of forced labor to stimulate Germany's overall economy; and the expansion of territory to improve Germany's efforts to isolate the United Kingdom. Hitler was convinced that Britain would sue for peace once the Germans triumphed in the Soviet Union, and if they did not, he would use the resources available in the East to defeat the British Empire. On 5 December 1940, Hitler received the final military plans for the invasion on which the German High Command had been working since July 1940 under the codename "Operation Otto". Hitler, however, was dissatisfied with these plans and on 18 December issued Führer Directive 21, which called for a new battle plan, now code-named "Operation Barbarossa". The operation was named after medieval Emperor Frederick Barbarossa of the Holy Roman Empire, a leader of the Third Crusade in the 12th century. On 30 March 1941 the Barbarossa decree declared that the war would be one of extermination and advocated the eradication of all political and intellectual elites. The invasion was set for 15 May 1941, though it was delayed for over a month to allow for further preparations and possibly better weather. (See Reasons for delay.) According to a 1978 essay by German historian Andreas Hillgruber, the invasion plans drawn up by the German military elite were coloured by hubris stemming from the rapid defeat of France at the hands of the "invincible" Wehrmacht and by traditional German stereotypes of Russia as a primitive, backward "Asiatic" country. Red Army soldiers were considered brave and tough, but the officer corps was held in contempt. The leadership of the Wehrmacht paid little attention to politics, culture, and the considerable industrial capacity of the Soviet Union, in favour of a very narrow military view. Hillgruber argued that because these assumptions were shared by the entire military elite, Hitler was able to push through with a "war of annihilation" that would be waged in the most inhumane fashion possible with the complicity of "several military leaders", even though it was quite clear that this would be in violation of all accepted norms of warfare. In autumn 1940, high-ranking German officials drafted a memorandum on the dangers of an invasion of the Soviet Union. They said Ukraine, Belorussia, and the Baltic States would end up as only a further economic burden for Germany. It was argued that the Soviets in their current bureaucratic form were harmless and that the occupation would not benefit Germany. Hitler disagreed with economists about the risks and told his right-hand man Hermann Göring, the chief of the Luftwaffe, that he would no longer listen to misgivings about the economic dangers of a war with Russia. It is speculated that this was passed on to General Georg Thomas, who had produced reports that predicted a net economic drain for Germany in the event of an invasion of the Soviet Union unless its economy was captured intact and the Caucasus oilfields seized in the first blow; Thomas revised his future report to fit Hitler's wishes. The Red Army's ineptitude in the Winter War against Finland in 1939–40 convinced Hitler of a quick victory within a few months. Neither Hitler nor the General Staff anticipated a long campaign lasting into the winter, and therefore adequate preparations, such as the distribution of warm clothing and winterization of vehicles and lubricants, were not made. Beginning in March 1941, Göring's Green Folder laid out details for the Soviet economy after conquest. The Hunger Plan outlined how the entire urban population of conquered territories was to be starved to death, thus creating an agricultural surplus to feed Germany and urban space for the German upper class. Nazi policy aimed to destroy the Soviet Union as a political entity in accordance with the geopolitical Lebensraum ideals for the benefit of future generations of the "Nordic master race". In 1941, Nazi ideologue Alfred Rosenberg—later appointed Reich Minister of the Occupied Eastern Territories—suggested that conquered Soviet territory should be administered in the following Reichskommissariate ("Reich Commissionerships"): German military planners also researched Napoleon's failed invasion of Russia. In their calculations, they concluded that there was little danger of a large-scale retreat of the Red Army into the Russian interior, as it could not afford to give up the Baltic states, Ukraine, or the Moscow and Leningrad regions, all of which were vital to the Red Army for supply reasons and would thus, have to be defended. Hitler and his generals disagreed on where Germany should focus its energy. Hitler, in many discussions with his generals, repeated his order of "Leningrad first, the Donbass second, Moscow third"; but he consistently emphasized the destruction of the Red Army over the achievement of specific terrain objectives. Hitler believed Moscow to be of "no great importance" in the defeat of the Soviet Union and instead believed victory would come with the destruction of the Red Army west of the capital, especially west of the Western Dvina and Dnieper rivers, and this pervaded the plan for Barbarossa. This belief later led to disputes between Hitler and several German senior officers, including Heinz Guderian, Gerhard Engel, Fedor von Bock and Franz Halder, who believed the decisive victory could only be delivered at Moscow. They were unable to sway Hitler, who had grown overconfident in his own military judgment as a result of the rapid successes in Western Europe. Petroleum Albert Speer said that oil had been a major factor in the decision to invade the Soviet Union. Hitler believed that Bakus oil resources were essential for the survival of the Third Reich, as a dearth of oil resources was a vulnerability for Germany's military. German preparations The Germans had begun massing troops near the Soviet border even before the campaign in the Balkans had finished. By the third week of February 1941, 680,000 German soldiers were gathered in assembly areas on the Romanian-Soviet border. In preparation for the attack, Hitler had secretly moved upwards of 3 million German troops and approximately 690,000 Axis soldiers to the Soviet border regions. Additional Luftwaffe operations included numerous aerial surveillance missions over Soviet territory many months before the attack. Although the Soviet High Command was alarmed by this, Stalin's belief that the Third Reich was unlikely to attack only two years after signing the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact resulted in a slow Soviet preparation. This fact aside, the Soviets did not entirely overlook the threat of their German neighbor. Well before the German invasion, Marshal Semyon Timoshenko referred to the Germans as the Soviet Union's "most important and strongest enemy", and as early as July 1940, the Red Army Chief of Staff, Boris Shaposhnikov, produced a preliminary three-pronged plan of attack for what a German invasion might look like, remarkably similar to the actual attack. Since April 1941, the Germans had begun setting up Operation Haifisch and Operation Harpune to substantiate their claims that Britain was the real target. These simulated preparations in Norway and the English Channel coast included activities such as ship concentrations, reconnaissance flights and training exercises. The reasons for the postponement of Barbarossa from the initially planned date of 15 May to the actual invasion date of 22 June 1941 (a 38-day delay) are debated. The reason most commonly cited is the unforeseen contingency of invading Yugoslavia in April 1941. Historian Thomas B. Buell indicates that Finland and Romania, which weren't involved in initial German planning, needed additional time to prepare to participate in the invasion. Buell adds that an unusually wet winter kept rivers at full flood until late spring. The floods may have discouraged an earlier attack, even if they occurred before the end of the Balkans Campaign. The importance of the delay is still debated. William Shirer argued that Hitler's Balkan Campaign had delayed the commencement of Barbarossa by several weeks and thereby jeopardized it. Many later historians argue that the 22 June start date was sufficient for the German offensive to reach Moscow by September. Antony Beevor wrote in 2012 about the delay caused by German attacks in the Balkans that "most [historians] accept that it made little difference" to the eventual outcome of Barbarossa. The Germans deployed one independent regiment, one separate motorized training brigade and 153 divisions for Barbarossa, which included 104 infantry, 19 panzer and 15 motorized infantry divisions in three army groups, nine security divisions to operate in conquered territories, four divisions in Finland and two divisions as reserve under the direct control of OKH. These were equipped with 6,867 armored vehicles, of which 3,350–3,795 were tanks, 2,770–4,389 aircraft (that amounted to 65 percent of the Luftwaffe), 7,200–23,435 artillery pieces, 17,081 mortars, about 600,000 motor vehicles and 625,000–700,000 horses. Finland slated 14 divisions for the invasion, and Romania offered 13 divisions and eight brigades over the course of Barbarossa. The entire Axis forces, 3.8 million personnel, deployed across a front extending from the Arctic Ocean southward to the Black Sea, were all controlled by the OKH and organized into Army Norway, Army Group North, Army Group Center and Army Group South, alongside three Luftflotten (air fleets, the air force equivalent of army groups) that supported the army groups: Luftflotte 1 for North, Luftflotte 2 for Center and Luftflotte 4 for South. Army Norway was to operate in far northern Scandinavia and bordering Soviet territories. Army Group North was to march through the Baltic states into northern Russia, either take or destroy the city of Leningrad and link up with Finnish forces. Army Group Center, the army group equipped with the most armour and air power, was to strike from Poland into Belorussia and the west-central regions of Russia proper, and advance to Smolensk and then Moscow. Army Group South was to strike the heavily populated and agricultural heartland of Ukraine, taking Kiev before continuing eastward over the steppes of southern USSR to the Volga with the aim of controlling the oil-rich Caucasus. Army Group South was deployed in two sections separated by a gap. The northern section, which contained the army group's only panzer group, was in southern Poland right next to Army Group Center, and the southern section was in Romania. The German forces in the rear (mostly Waffen-SS and Einsatzgruppen units) were to operate in conquered territories to counter any partisan activity in areas they controlled, as well as to execute captured Soviet political commissars and Jews. On 17 June, Reich Main Security Office (RSHA) chief Reinhard Heydrich briefed around thirty to fifty Einsatzgruppen commanders on "the policy of eliminating Jews in Soviet territories, at least in general terms". While the Einsatzgruppen were assigned to the Wehrmacht's units, which provided them with supplies such as gasoline and food, they were controlled by the RSHA. The official plan for Barbarossa assumed that the army groups would be able to advance freely to their primary objectives simultaneously, without spreading thin, once they had won the border battles and destroyed the Red Army's forces in the border area. Soviet preparations In 1930, Mikhail Tukhachevsky, a prominent military theorist in tank warfare in the interwar period and later Marshal of the Soviet Union, forwarded a memo to the Kremlin that lobbied for colossal investment in the resources required for the mass production of weapons, pressing the case for "40,000 aircraft and 50,000 tanks". In the early 1930s, a modern operational doctrine for the Red Army was developed and promulgated in the 1936 Field Regulations in the form of the Deep Battle Concept. Defense expenditure also grew rapidly from just 12 percent of the gross national product in 1933 to 18 percent by 1940. During Stalin's Great Purge in the late-1930s, which had not ended by the time of the German invasion on 22 June 1941, much of the officer corps of the Red Army was executed or imprisoned and their replacements, appointed by Stalin for political reasons, often lacked military competence. Of the five Marshals of the Soviet Union appointed in 1935, only Kliment Voroshilov and Semyon Budyonny survived Stalin's purge. Tukhachevsky was killed in 1937. Fifteen of 16 army commanders, 50 of the 57 corps commanders, 154 of the 186 divisional commanders, and 401 of 456 colonels were killed, and many other officers were dismissed. In total, about 30,000 Red Army personnel were executed. Stalin further underscored his control by reasserting the role of political commissars at the divisional level and below to oversee the political loyalty of the army to the regime. The commissars held a position equal to that of the commander of the unit they were overseeing. But in spite of efforts to ensure the political subservience of the armed forces, in the wake of Red Army's poor performance in Poland and in the Winter War, about 80 percent of the officers dismissed during the Great Purge were reinstated by 1941. Also, between January 1939 and May 1941, 161 new divisions were activated. Therefore, although about 75 percent of all the officers had been in their position for less than one year at the start of the German invasion of 1941, many of the short tenures can be attributed not only to the purge, but also to the rapid increase in creation of military units. In the Soviet Union, speaking to his generals in December 1940, Stalin mentioned Hitler's references to an attack on the Soviet Union in Mein Kampf and Hitler's belief that the Red Army would need four years to ready itself. Stalin declared "we must be ready much earlier" and "we will try to delay the war for another two years". As early as August 1940, British intelligence had received hints of German plans to attack the Soviets only a week after Hitler informally approved the plans for Barbarossa and warned the Soviet Union accordingly. But Stalin's distrust of the British led him to ignore their warnings in the belief that they were a trick designed to bring the Soviet Union into the war on their side. In early 1941, Stalin's own intelligence services and American intelligence gave regular and repeated warnings of an impending German attack. Soviet spy Richard Sorge also gave Stalin the exact German launch date, but Sorge and other informers had previously given different invasion dates that passed peacefully before the actual invasion. Stalin acknowledged the possibility of an attack in general and therefore made significant preparations, but decided not to run the risk of provoking Hitler. Beginning in July 1940, the Red Army General Staff developed war plans that identified the Wehrmacht as the most dangerous threat to the Soviet Union, and that in the case of a war with Germany, the Wehrmacht's main attack would come through the region north of the Pripyat Marshes into Belorussia, which later proved to be correct. Stalin disagreed, and in October he authorized the development of new plans that assumed a German attack would focus on the region south of Pripyat Marshes towards the economically vital regions in Ukraine. This became the basis for all subsequent Soviet war plans and the deployment of their armed forces in preparation for the German invasion. In early-1941 Stalin authorized the State Defense Plan 1941 (DP-41), which along with the Mobilization Plan 1941 (MP-41), called for the deployment of 186 divisions, as the first strategic echelon, in the four military districts of the western Soviet Union that faced the Axis territories; and the deployment of another 51 divisions along the Dvina and Dnieper Rivers as the second strategic echelon under Stavka control, which in the case of a German invasion was tasked to spearhead a Soviet counteroffensive along with the remaining forces of the first echelon. But on 22 June 1941 the first echelon only contained 171 divisions, numbering 2.6–2.9 million; and the second strategic echelon contained 57 divisions that were still mobilizing, most of which were still understrength. The second echelon was undetected by German intelligence until days after the invasion commenced, in most cases only when German ground forces bumped into them. At the start of the invasion, the manpower of the Soviet military force that had been mobilized was 5.3–5.5 million, and it was still increasing as the Soviet reserve force of 14 million, with at least basic military training, continued to mobilize. The Red Army was dispersed and still preparing when the invasion commenced. Their units were often separated and lacked adequate transportation. While transportation remained insufficient for Red Army forces, when Operation Barbarossa kicked off, they possessed some 33,000 pieces of artillery, a number far greater than the Germans had at their disposal. The Soviet Union had some 23,000 tanks available of which only 14,700 were combat-ready. Around 11,000 tanks were in the western military districts that faced the German invasion force. Hitler later declared to some of his generals, "If I had known about the Russian tank strength in 1941 I would not have attacked". However, maintenance and readiness standards were very poor; ammunition and radios were in short supply, and many armoured units lacked the trucks for supplies. The most advanced Soviet tank models – the KV-1 and T-34 – which were superior to all current German tanks, as well as all designs still in development as of the summer 1941, were not available in large numbers at the time the invasion commenced. Furthermore, in the autumn of 1939, the Soviets disbanded their mechanized corps and partly dispersed their tanks to infantry divisions; but following their observation of the German campaign in France, in late-1940 they began to reorganize most of their armored assets back into mechanized corps with a target strength of 1,031 tanks each. But these large armoured formations were unwieldy, and moreover they were spread out in scattered garrisons, with their subordinate divisions up to apart. The reorganization was still in progress and incomplete when Barbarossa commenced. Soviet tank units were rarely well equipped, and they lacked training and logistical support. Units were sent into combat with no arrangements in place for refueling, ammunition resupply, or personnel replacement. Often, after a single engagement, units were destroyed or rendered ineffective. The Soviet numerical advantage in heavy equipment was thoroughly offset by the superior training and organization of the Wehrmacht. The Soviet Air Force (VVS) held the numerical advantage with a total of approximately 19,533 aircraft, which made it the largest air force in the world in the summer of 1941. About 7,133–9,100 of these were deployed in the five western military districts, and an additional 1445 were under naval control. Historians have debated whether Stalin was planning an invasion of German territory in the summer of 1941. The debate began in the late-1980s when Viktor Suvorov published a journal article and later the book Icebreaker in which he claimed that Stalin had seen the outbreak of war in Western Europe as an opportunity to spread communist revolutions throughout the continent, and that the Soviet military was being deployed for an imminent attack at the time of the German invasion. This view had also been advanced by former German generals following the war. Suvorov's thesis was fully or partially accepted by a limited number of historians, including Valeri Danilov, Joachim Hoffmann, Mikhail Meltyukhov, and Vladimir Nevezhin, and attracted public attention in Germany, Israel, and Russia. It has been strongly rejected by most historians, and Icebreaker is generally considered to be an "anti-Soviet tract" in Western countries. David Glantz and Gabriel Gorodetsky wrote books to rebut Suvorov's arguments. The majority of historians believe that Stalin was seeking to avoid war in 1941, as he believed that his military was not ready to fight the German forces. Order of battle {\|class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%; width:100%" ! colspan="2" \|Order of battle – June 1941 \|- ! scope="col" \|Axis forces ! scope="col" \|Soviet Forces \|- \|valign="top" \|Northern Theatre Army Norway Finnish Army Army of KareliaArmy Group North 18th Army 4th Panzer Group 16th Army Air Fleet 1Army Group Center 3rd Panzer Group 9th Army 4th Army 2nd Panzer Group Air Fleet 2Army Group South 6th Army 1st Panzer Group 17th Army Slovak Expeditionary Force Royal Hungarian Army Mobile Corps 11th Army Italian Expeditionary Corps in Russia Romanian 3rd Army Romanian 4th Army Air Fleet 4 \|width="55%" \|Northern Front 7th Army 14th Army 23rd Army 10th Mechanized Corps 1st Mechanized Corps Northern PVONorth-Western Front 27th Army 8th Army 12 Mechanized Corps 11th Army 3rd Mechanized Corps 5th Airborne Corps Baltic VVS Northern Fleet Baltic FleetWestern Front 3rd Army 11th Mechanized Corps 10th Army 6th Mechanized Corps 13th Mechanized Corps 4th Army 14th Mechanized Corps 13th Army 17th and 20th Mechanized Corps 2nd Rifle, 21st Rifle, 44th Rifle, 47th Rifle, 50th Rifle and 4th Airborne Corps Western VVSSouth-Western Front 5th Army 9th Mechanized Corps 22nd Mechanized Corps 6th Army 4th Mechanized Corps 15th Mechanized Corps 26th Army 8th Mechanized Corps 12th Army 16th Mechanized Corps 31 Rifle, 36th Rifle, 49th Rifle, 55th Rifle and 1st Airborne Corps Kiev VVSSouthern Front 9th Independent Army 2nd Mechanized Corps 18th Mechanized Corps 7th Rifle, 9th Rifle and 3rd Airborne Corps Odessa VVS Black Sea FleetStavka Reserve Armies (second strategic echelon) 16th Army 5th Mechanized Corps 19th Army 26th Mechanized Corps 20th Army 7th Mechanized Corps 21st Army 25th Mechanized Corps 22nd Army 24th Army 20th Rifle, 45th Rifle, 67th Rifle and 21st Mechanized Corps. \|- \|Total number of Divisions (22 June)\|Total number of Divisions (22 June)'\|- \|Total number of German Divisions: 152 Total number of Romanian Divisions: 14 \|Total number of Soviet Divisions: 220 \|} Invasion At around 01:00 on 22 June 1941, the Soviet military districts in the border area were alerted by NKO Directive No. 1, issued late on the night of 21 June. It called on them to "bring all forces to combat readiness," but to "avoid provocative actions of any kind". It took up to two hours for several of the units subordinate to the Fronts to receive the order of the directive, and the majority did not receive it before the invasion commenced. On 21 June, at 13:00 Army Group North received the codeword Düsseldorf, indicating Barbarossa would commence the next morning, and passed down its own codeword, Dortmund. At around 03:15 on 22 June 1941, the Axis Powers commenced the invasion of the Soviet Union with the bombing of major cities in Soviet-occupied Poland and an artillery barrage on Red Army defences on the entire front. Air-raids were conducted as far as Kronstadt near Leningrad, Ismail in Bessarabia, and Sevastopol in the Crimea. Meanwhile, ground troops crossed the border, accompanied in some locales by Lithuanian and Ukrainian fifth columnists. Roughly three million soldiers of the Wehrmacht went into action and faced slightly fewer Soviet troops at the border. Accompanying the German forces during the initial invasion were Finnish and Romanian units as well. At around noon, the news of the invasion was broadcast to the population by Soviet foreign minister Vyacheslav Molotov: "... Without a declaration of war, German forces fell on our country, attacked our frontiers in many places ... The Red Army and the whole nation will wage a victorious Patriotic War for our beloved country, for honour, for liberty ... Our cause is just. The enemy will be beaten. Victory will be ours!" By calling upon the population's devotion to their nation rather than the Party, Molotov struck a patriotic chord that helped a stunned people absorb the shattering news. Within the first few days of the invasion, the Soviet High Command and Red Army were extensively reorganized so as to place them on the necessary war footing. Stalin did not address the nation about the German invasion until 3 July, when he also called for a "Patriotic War ... of the entire Soviet people". In Germany, on the morning of 22 June, Nazi propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels announced the invasion to the waking nation in a radio broadcast with Hitler's words: "At this moment a march is taking place that, for its extent, compares with the greatest the world has ever seen. I have decided today to place the fate and future of the Reich and our people in the hands of our soldiers. May God aid us, especially in this fight!" Later the same morning, Hitler proclaimed to his colleagues, "Before three months have passed, we shall witness a collapse of Russia, the like of which has never been seen in history." Hitler also addressed the German people via the radio, presenting himself as a man of peace, who reluctantly had to attack the Soviet Union. Following the invasion, Goebbels openly spoke of a "European crusade against Bolshevism". Initial attacks The initial momentum of the German ground and air attack completely destroyed the Soviet organizational command and control within the first few hours, paralyzing every level of command from the infantry platoon to the Soviet High Command in Moscow. Moscow not only failed to grasp the magnitude of the catastrophe that confronted the Soviet forces in the border area, but Stalin's first reaction was also disbelief. At around 07:15, Stalin issued NKO Directive No. 2, which announced the invasion to the Soviet Armed Forces, and called on them to attack Axis forces wherever they had violated the borders and launch air strikes into the border regions of German territory. At around 09:15, Stalin issued NKO Directive No. 3, signed by Marshal Semyon Timoshenko, which now called for a general counteroffensive on the entire front "without any regards for borders" that both men hoped would sweep the enemy from Soviet territory. Stalin's order, which Timoshenko authorized, was not based on a realistic appraisal of the military situation at hand, but commanders passed it along for fear of retribution if they failed to obey; several days passed before the Soviet leadership became aware of the enormity of the opening defeat. Air war Luftwaffe reconnaissance units plotted Soviet troop concentration, supply dumps and airfields, and marked them down for destruction. Additional Luftwaffe attacks were carried out against Soviet command and control centers in order to disrupt the mobilization and organization of Soviet forces. In contrast, Soviet artillery observers based at the border area had been under the strictest instructions not to open fire on German aircraft prior to the invasion. One plausible reason given for the Soviet hesitation to return fire was Stalin's initial belief that the assault was launched without Hitler's authorization. Significant amounts of Soviet territory were lost along with Red Army forces as a result; it took several days before Stalin comprehended the magnitude of the calamity. The Luftwaffe reportedly destroyed 1,489 aircraft on the first day of the invasion and over 3,100 during the first three days. Hermann Göring, Minister of Aviation and Commander-in-Chief of the Luftwaffe, distrusted the reports and ordered the figure checked. Luftwaffe staffs surveyed the wreckage on Soviet airfields, and their original figure proved conservative, as over 2,000 Soviet aircraft were estimated to have been destroyed on the first day of the invasion. In reality, Soviet losses were likely higher; a Soviet archival document recorded the loss of 3,922 Soviet aircraft in the first three days against an estimated loss of 78 German aircraft. The Luftwaffe reported the loss of only 35 aircraft on the first day of combat. A document from the German Federal Archives puts the Luftwaffe's loss at 63 aircraft for the first day. By the end of the first week, the Luftwaffe had achieved air supremacy over the battlefields of all the army groups, but was unable to effect this air dominance over the vast expanse of the western Soviet Union. According to the war diaries of the German High Command, the Luftwaffe by 5 July had lost 491 aircraft with 316 more damaged, leaving it with only about 70 percent of the strength it had at the start of the invasion. Baltic states On 22 June, Army Group North attacked the Soviet Northwestern Front and broke through its 8th and 11th Armies. The Soviets immediately launched a powerful counterattack against the German 4th Panzer Group with the Soviet 3rd and 12th Mechanized Corps, but the Soviet attack was defeated. On 25 June, the 8th and 11th Armies were ordered to withdraw to the Western Dvina River, where it was planned to meet up with the 21st Mechanized Corps and the 22nd and 27th Armies. However, on 26 June, Erich von Manstein's LVI Panzer Corps reached the river first and secured a bridgehead across it. The Northwestern Front was forced to abandon the river defenses, and on 29 June Stavka ordered the Front to withdraw to the Stalin Line on the approaches to Leningrad. On 2 July, Army Group North began its attack on the Stalin Line with its 4th Panzer Group, and on 8 July captured Pskov, devastating the defenses of the Stalin Line and reaching Leningrad oblast. The 4th Panzer Group had advanced about since the start of the invasion and was now only about from its primary objective Leningrad. On 9 July it began its attack towards the Soviet defenses along the Luga River in Leningrad oblast. Ukraine and Moldavia The northern section of Army Group South faced the Southwestern Front, which had the largest concentration of Soviet forces, and the southern section faced the Southern Front. In addition, the Pripyat Marshes and the Carpathian Mountains posed a serious challenge to the army group's northern and southern sections respectively. On 22 June, only the northern section of Army Group South attacked, but the terrain impeded their assault, giving the Soviet defenders ample time to react. The German 1st Panzer Group and 6th Army attacked and broke through the Soviet 5th Army. Starting on the night of 23 June, the Soviet 22nd and 15th Mechanized Corps attacked the flanks of the 1st Panzer Group from north and south respectively. Although intended to be concerted, Soviet tank units were sent in piecemeal due to poor coordination. The 22nd Mechanized Corps ran into the 1st Panzer Army's III Motorized Corps and was decimated, and its commander killed. The 1st Panzer Group bypassed much of the 15th Mechanized Corps, which engaged the German 6th Army's 297th Infantry Division, where it was defeated by antitank fire and Luftwaffe attacks. On 26 June, the Soviets launched another counterattack on the 1st Panzer Group from north and south simultaneously with the 9th, 19th and 8th Mechanized Corps, which altogether fielded 1649 tanks, and supported by the remnants of the 15th Mechanized Corps. The battle lasted for four days, ending in the defeat of the Soviet tank units. On 30 June Stavka ordered the remaining forces of the Southwestern Front to withdraw to the Stalin Line, where it would defend the approaches to Kiev. On 2 July, the southern section of Army Group South – the Romanian 3rd and 4th Armies, alongside the German 11th Army – invaded Soviet Moldavia, which was defended by the Southern Front. Counterattacks by the Front's 2nd Mechanized Corps and 9th Army were defeated, but on 9 July the Axis advance stalled along the defenses of the Soviet 18th Army between the Prut and Dniester Rivers. Belorussia In the opening hours of the invasion, the Luftwaffe destroyed the Western Front's air force on the ground, and with the aid of Abwehr and their supporting anti-communist fifth columns operating in the Soviet rear paralyzed the Front's communication lines, which particularly cut off the Soviet 4th Army headquarters from headquarters above and below it. On the same day, the 2nd Panzer Group crossed the Bug River, broke through the 4th Army, bypassed Brest Fortress, and pressed on towards Minsk, while the 3rd Panzer Group bypassed most of the 3rd Army and pressed on towards Vilnius. Simultaneously, the German 4th and 9th Armies engaged the Western Front forces in the environs of Białystok. On the order of Dmitry Pavlov, the commander of the Western Front, the 6th and 11th Mechanized Corps and the 6th Cavalry Corps launched a strong counterstrike towards Grodno on 24–25 June in hopes of destroying the 3rd Panzer Group. However, the 3rd Panzer Group had already moved on, with its forward units reaching Vilnius on the evening of 23 June, and the Western Front's armoured counterattack instead ran into infantry and antitank fire from the V Army Corps of the German 9th Army, supported by Luftwaffe air attacks. By the night of 25 June, the Soviet counterattack was defeated, and the commander of the 6th Cavalry Corps was captured. The same night, Pavlov ordered all the remnants of the Western Front to withdraw to Slonim towards Minsk. Subsequent counterattacks to buy time for the withdrawal were launched against the German forces, but all of them failed. On 27 June, the 2nd and 3rd Panzer Groups met near Minsk and captured the city the next day, completing the encirclement of almost all of the Western Front in two pockets: one around Białystok and another west of Minsk. The Germans destroyed the Soviet 3rd and 10th Armies while inflicting serious losses on the 4th, 11th and 13th Armies, and reported to have captured 324,000 Soviet troops, 3,300 tanks, 1,800 artillery pieces. A Soviet directive was issued on 29 June to combat the mass panic rampant among the civilians and the armed forces personnel. The order stipulated swift, severe measures against anyone inciting panic or displaying cowardice. The NKVD worked with commissars and military commanders to scour possible withdrawal routes of soldiers retreating without military authorization. Field expedient general courts were established to deal with civilians spreading rumors and military deserters. On 30 June, Stalin relieved Pavlov of his command, and on 22 July tried and executed him along with many members of his staff on charges of "cowardice" and "criminal incompetence". On 29 June, Hitler, through the Commander-in-Chief of the German Army Walther von Brauchitsch, instructed the commander of Army Group Center Fedor von Bock to halt the advance of his panzers until the infantry formations liquidating the pockets catch up. But the commander of the 2nd Panzer Group Heinz Guderian, with the tacit support of Fedor von Bock and the chief of OKH Franz Halder, ignored the instruction and attacked on eastward towards Bobruisk, albeit reporting the advance as a reconnaissance-in-force. He also personally conducted an aerial inspection of the Minsk-Białystok pocket on 30 June and concluded that his panzer group was not needed to contain it, since Hermann Hoth's 3rd Panzer Group was already involved in the Minsk pocket. On the same day, some of the infantry corps of the 9th and 4th Armies, having sufficiently liquidated the Białystok pocket, resumed their march eastward to catch up with the panzer groups. On 1 July, Fedor von Bock ordered the panzer groups to resume their full offensive eastward on the morning of 3 July. But Brauchitsch, upholding Hitler's instruction, and Halder, unwillingly going along with it, opposed Bock's order. However, Bock insisted on the order by stating that it would be irresponsible to reverse orders already issued. The panzer groups, however, resumed their offensive on 2 July before the infantry formations had sufficiently caught up. Northwest Russia During German-Finnish negotiations Finland had demanded to remain neutral unless the Soviet Union attacked them first. Germany therefore sought to provoke the Soviet Union into an attack on Finland. After Germany launched Barbarossa on 22 June, German aircraft used Finnish air bases to attack Soviet positions. The same day the Germans launched Operation Rentier and occupied the Petsamo Province at the Finnish-Soviet border. Simultaneously Finland proceeded to remilitarize the neutral Åland Islands. Despite these actions the Finnish government insisted via diplomatic channels that they remained a neutral party, but the Soviet leadership already viewed Finland as an ally of Germany. Subsequently, the Soviets proceeded to launch a massive bombing attack on 25 June against all major Finnish cities and industrial centers including Helsinki, Turku and Lahti. During a night session on the same day the Finnish parliament decided to go to war against the Soviet Union. Finland was divided into two operational zones. Northern Finland was the staging area for Army Norway. Its goal was to execute a two-pronged pincer movement on the strategic port of Murmansk, named Operation Silver Fox. Southern Finland was still under the responsibility of the Finnish Army. The goal of the Finnish forces was, at first, to recapture Finnish Karelia at Lake Ladoga as well as the Karelian Isthmus, which included Finland's second largest city Vyborg. Further German advances On 2 July and through the next six days, a rainstorm typical of Belarusian summers slowed the progress of the panzers of Army Group Center, and Soviet defences stiffened. The delays gave the Soviets time to organize a massive counterattack against Army Group Center. The army group's ultimate objective was Smolensk, which commanded the road to Moscow. Facing the Germans was an old Soviet defensive line held by six armies. On 6 July, the Soviets launched a massive counter-attack using the V and VII Mechanized Corps of the 20th Army, which collided with the German 39th and 47th Panzer Corps in a battle where the Red Army lost 832 tanks of the 2,000 employed during five days of ferocious fighting. The Germans defeated this counterattack thanks largely to the coincidental presence of the Luftwaffe's only squadron of tank-busting aircraft. The 2nd Panzer Group crossed the Dnieper River and closed in on Smolensk from the south while the 3rd Panzer Group, after defeating the Soviet counterattack, closed on Smolensk from the north. Trapped between their pincers were three Soviet armies. The 29th Panzer Division captured Smolensk on 16 July yet a gap remained between Army Group Center. On 18 July, the panzer groups came to within of closing the gap but the trap did not finally close until 5 August, when upwards of 300,000 Red Army soldiers had been captured and 3,205 Soviet tanks were destroyed. Large numbers of Red Army soldiers escaped to stand between the Germans and Moscow as resistance continued. Four weeks into the campaign, the Germans realized they had grossly underestimated Soviet strength. The German troops had used their initial supplies, and General Bock quickly came to the conclusion that not only had the Red Army offered stiff opposition, but German difficulties were also due to the logistical problems with reinforcements and provisions. Operations were now slowed down to allow for resupply; the delay was to be used to adapt strategy to the new situation. Hitler by now had lost faith in battles of encirclement as large numbers of Soviet soldiers had escaped the pincers. He now believed he could defeat the Soviet state by economic means, depriving them of the industrial capacity to continue the war. That meant seizing the industrial center of Kharkov, the Donbass and the oil fields of the Caucasus in the south and the speedy capture of Leningrad, a major center of military production, in the north. Chief of the OKH, General Franz Halder, Fedor von Bock, the commander of Army Group Center, and almost all the German generals involved in Operation Barbarossa argued vehemently in favor of continuing the all-out drive toward Moscow. Besides the psychological importance of capturing the Soviet capital, the generals pointed out that Moscow was a major center of arms production, the center of the Soviet communications system and an important transport hub. Intelligence reports indicated that the bulk of the Red Army was deployed near Moscow under Semyon Timoshenko for the defense of the capital. Panzer commander Heinz Guderian was sent to Hitler by Bock and Halder to argue their case for continuing the assault against Moscow, but Hitler issued an order through Guderian (bypassing Bock and Halder) to send Army Group Center's tanks to the north and south, temporarily halting the drive to Moscow. Convinced by Hitler's argument, Guderian returned to his commanding officers as a convert to the Führer's plan, which earned him their disdain. Northern Finland On 29 June Army Norway launched its effort to capture Murmansk in a pincer attack. The northern pincer, conducted by Mountain Corps Norway, approached Murmansk directly by crossing the border at Petsamo. However, in mid-July after securing the neck of the Rybachy Peninsula and advancing to the Litsa River the German advance was stopped by heavy resistance from the Soviet 14th Army. Renewed attacks led to nothing, and this front became a stalemate for the remainder of Barbarossa. The second pincer attack began on 1 July with the German XXXVI Corps and Finnish III Corps slated to recapture the Salla region for Finland and then proceed eastwards to cut the Murmansk railway near Kandalaksha. The German units had great difficulty dealing with the Arctic conditions. After heavy fighting, Salla was taken on 8 July. To keep the momentum the German-Finnish forces advanced eastwards, until they were stopped at the town of Kayraly by Soviet resistance. Further south the Finnish III Corps made an independent effort to reach the Murmansk railway through the Arctic terrain. Facing only one division of the Soviet 7th Army it was able to make rapid headway. On 7 August it captured Kestenga while reaching the outskirts of Ukhta. Large Red Army reinforcements then prevented further gains on both fronts, and the German-Finnish force had to go onto the defensive. Karelia The Finnish plan in the south in Karelia was to advance as swiftly as possible to Lake Ladoga, cutting the Soviet forces in half. Then the Finnish territories east of Lake Ladoga were to be recaptured before the advance along the Karelian Isthmus, including the recapture of Vyborg, commenced. The Finnish attack was launched on 10 July. The Army of Karelia held a numerical advantage versus the Soviet defenders of the 7th Army and 23rd Army, so it could advance swiftly. The important road junction at Loimola was captured on 14 July. By 16 July, the first Finnish units reached Lake Ladoga at Koirinoja, achieving the goal of splitting the Soviet forces. During the rest of July, the Army of Karelia advanced further southeast into Karelia, coming to a halt at the former Finnish-Soviet border at Mansila. With the Soviet forces cut in half, the attack on the Karelian Isthmus could commence. The Finnish army attempted to encircle large Soviet formations at Sortavala and Hiitola by advancing to the western shores of Lake Ladoga. By mid-August the encirclement had succeeded and both towns were taken, but many Soviet formations were able to evacuate by sea. Further west, the attack on Vyborg was launched. With Soviet resistance breaking down, the Finns were able to encircle Vyborg by advancing to the Vuoksi River. The city itself was taken on 30 August, along with a broad advance on the rest of the Karelian Isthmus. By the beginning of September, Finland had restored its pre-Winter War borders. Offensive towards central Russia By mid-July, the German forces had advanced within a few kilometers of Kiev below the Pripyat Marshes. The 1st Panzer Group then went south, while the 17th Army struck east and trapped three Soviet armies near Uman. As the Germans eliminated the pocket, the tanks turned north and crossed the Dnieper. Meanwhile, the 2nd Panzer Group, diverted from Army Group Center, had crossed the Desna River with 2nd Army on its right flank. The two panzer armies now trapped four Soviet armies and parts of two others. By August, as the serviceability and the quantity of the Luftwaffe's inventory steadily diminished due to combat, demand for air support only increased as the VVS recovered. The Luftwaffe found itself struggling to maintain local air superiority. With the onset of bad weather in October, the Luftwaffe was on several occasions forced to halt nearly all aerial operations. The VVS, although faced with the same weather difficulties, had a clear advantage thanks to the prewar experience with cold-weather flying, and the fact that they were operating from intact airbases and airports. By December, the VVS had matched the Luftwaffe and was even pressing to achieve air superiority over the battlefields. Leningrad For its final attack on Leningrad, the 4th Panzer Group was reinforced by tanks from Army Group Center. On 8 August, the Panzers broke through the Soviet defences. By the end of August, 4th Panzer Group had penetrated to within of Leningrad. The Finns had pushed southeast on both sides of Lake Ladoga to reach the old Finnish-Soviet frontier. The Germans attacked Leningrad in August 1941; in the following three "black months" of 1941, 400,000 residents of the city worked to build the city's fortifications as fighting continued, while 160,000 others joined the ranks of the Red Army. Nowhere was the Soviet levée en masse spirit stronger in resisting the Germans than at Leningrad where reserve troops and freshly improvised Narodnoe Opolcheniye units, consisting of worker battalions and even schoolboy formations, joined in digging trenches as they prepared to defend the city. On 7 September, the German 20th Motorized Division seized Shlisselburg, cutting off all land routes to Leningrad. The Germans severed the railroads to Moscow and captured the railroad to Murmansk with Finnish assistance to inaugurate the start of a siege that would last for over two years. At this stage, Hitler ordered the final destruction of Leningrad with no prisoners taken, and on 9 September, Army Group North began the final push. Within ten days it had advanced within of the city. However, the push over the last proved very slow and casualties mounted. Hitler, now out of patience, ordered that Leningrad should not be stormed, but rather starved into submission. Along these lines, the OKH issued Directive No. la 1601/41 on 22 September 1941, which accorded Hitler's plans. Deprived of its Panzer forces, Army Group Center remained static and was subjected to numerous Soviet counterattacks, in particular the Yelnya Offensive, in which the Germans suffered their first major tactical defeat since their invasion began; this Red Army victory also provided an important boost to Soviet morale. These attacks prompted Hitler to concentrate his attention back to Army Group Center and its drive on Moscow. The Germans ordered the 3rd and 4th Panzer Armies to break off their Siege of Leningrad and support Army Group Center in its attack on Moscow. Kiev Before an attack on Moscow could begin, operations in Kiev needed to be finished. Half of Army Group Center had swung to the south in the back of the Kiev position, while Army Group South moved to the north from its Dnieper bridgehead. The encirclement of Soviet forces in Kiev was achieved on 16 September. A battle ensued in which the Soviets were hammered with tanks, artillery, and aerial bombardment. After ten days of vicious fighting, the Germans claimed 665,000 Soviet soldiers captured, although the real figure is probably around 220,000 prisoners. Soviet losses were 452,720 men, 3,867 artillery pieces and mortars from 43 divisions of the 5th, 21st, 26th, and 37th Soviet Armies. Despite the exhaustion and losses facing some German units (upwards of 75 percent of their men) from the intense fighting, the massive defeat of the Soviets at Kiev and the Red Army losses during the first three months of the assault contributed to the German assumption that Operation Typhoon (the attack on Moscow) could still succeed. Sea of Azov After operations at Kiev were successfully concluded, Army Group South advanced east and south to capture the industrial Donbass region and the Crimea. The Soviet Southern Front launched an attack on 26 September with two armies on the northern shores of the Sea of Azov against elements of the German 11th Army, which was simultaneously advancing into the Crimea. On 1 October the 1st Panzer Army under Ewald von Kleist swept south to encircle the two attacking Soviet armies. By 7 October the Soviet 9th and 18th Armies were isolated and four days later they had been annihilated. The Soviet defeat was total; 106,332 men captured, 212 tanks destroyed or captured in the pocket alone as well as 766 artillery pieces of all types. The death or capture of two-thirds of all Southern Front troops in four days unhinged the Front's left flank, allowing the Germans to capture Kharkov on 24 October. Kleist's 1st Panzer Army took the Donbass region that same month. Central and northern Finland In central Finland, the German-Finnish advance on the Murmansk railway had been resumed at Kayraly. A large encirclement from the north and the south trapped the defending Soviet corps and allowed XXXVI Corps to advance further to the east. In early-September it reached the old 1939 Soviet border fortifications. On 6 September the first defence line at the Voyta River was breached, but further attacks against the main line at the Verman River failed. With Army Norway switching its main effort further south, the front stalemated in this sector. Further south, the Finnish III Corps launched a new offensive towards the Murmansk railway on 30 October, bolstered by fresh reinforcements from Army Norway. Against Soviet resistance, it was able to come within 30 km (19 mi) of the railway, when the Finnish High Command ordered a stop to all offensive operations in the sector on 17 November. The United States of America applied diplomatic pressure on Finland to not disrupt Allied aid shipments to the Soviet Union, which caused the Finnish government to halt the advance on the Murmansk railway. With the Finnish refusal to conduct further offensive operations and German inability to do so alone, the German-Finnish effort in central and northern Finland came to an end. Karelia Germany had pressured Finland to enlarge its offensive activities in Karelia to aid the Germans in their Leningrad operation. Finnish attacks on Leningrad itself remained limited. Finland stopped its advance just short of Leningrad and had no intentions to attack the city. The situation was different in eastern Karelia. The Finnish government agreed to restart its offensive into Soviet Karelia to reach Lake Onega and the Svir River. On 4 September this new drive was launched on a broad front. Albeit reinforced by fresh reserve troops, heavy losses elsewhere on the front meant that the Soviet defenders of the 7th Army were not able to resist the Finnish advance. Olonets was taken on 5 September. On 7 September, Finnish forward units reached the Svir River. Petrozavodsk, the capital city of the Karelo-Finnish SSR, fell on 1 October. From there the Army of Karelia moved north along the shores of Lake Onega to secure the remaining area west of Lake Onega, while simultaneously establishing a defensive position along the Svir River. Slowed by winter's onset they nevertheless continued to advance slowly during the following weeks. Medvezhyegorsk was captured on 5 December and Povenets fell the next day. On 7 December Finland called a stop to all offensive operations, going onto the defensive. Battle of Moscow After Kiev, the Red Army no longer outnumbered the Germans and there were no more trained reserves directly available. To defend Moscow, Stalin could field 800,000 men in 83 divisions, but no more than 25 divisions were fully effective. Operation Typhoon, the drive to Moscow, began on 30 September 1941. In front of Army Group Center was a series of elaborate defence lines, the first centred on Vyazma and the second on Mozhaysk. Russian peasants began fleeing ahead of the advancing German units, burning their harvested crops, driving their cattle away, and destroying buildings in their villages as part of a scorched-earth policy designed to deny the Nazi war machine of needed supplies and foodstuffs. The first blow took the Soviets completely by surprise when the 2nd Panzer Group, returning from the south, took Oryol, just south of the Soviet first main defense line. Three days later, the Panzers pushed on to Bryansk, while the 2nd Army attacked from the west. The Soviet 3rd and 13th Armies were now encircled. To the north, the 3rd and 4th Panzer Armies attacked Vyazma, trapping the 19th, 20th, 24th and 32nd Armies. Moscow's first line of defense had been shattered. The pocket eventually yielded over 500,000 Soviet prisoners, bringing the tally since the start of the invasion to three million. The Soviets now had only 90,000 men and 150 tanks left for the defense of Moscow. The German government now publicly predicted the imminent capture of Moscow and convinced foreign correspondents of a pending Soviet collapse. On 13 October, the 3rd Panzer Group penetrated to within of the capital. Martial law was declared in Moscow. Almost from the beginning of Operation Typhoon, however, the weather worsened. Temperatures fell while there was continued rainfall. This turned the unpaved road network into mud and slowed the German advance on Moscow. Additional snows fell which were followed by more rain, creating a glutinous mud that German tanks had difficulty traversing, whereas the Soviet T-34, with its wider tread, was better suited to negotiate. At the same time, the supply situation for the Germans rapidly deteriorated. On 31 October, the German Army High Command ordered a halt to Operation Typhoon while the armies were reorganized. The pause gave the Soviets, far better supplied, time to consolidate their positions and organize formations of newly activated reservists. In little over a month, the Soviets organized eleven new armies that included 30 divisions of Siberian troops. These had been freed from the Soviet Far East after Soviet intelligence assured Stalin that there was no longer a threat from the Japanese. During October and November 1941, over 1,000 tanks and 1,000 aircraft arrived along with the Siberian forces to assist in defending the city. With the ground hardening due to the cold weather, the Germans resumed the attack on Moscow on 15 November. Although the troops themselves were now able to advance again, there had been no improvement in the supply situation. Facing the Germans were the 5th, 16th, 30th, 43rd, 49th, and 50th Soviet Armies. The Germans intended to move the 3rd and 4th Panzer Armies across the Moscow Canal and envelop Moscow from the northeast. The 2nd Panzer Group would attack Tula and then close on Moscow from the south. As the Soviets reacted to their flanks, the 4th Army would attack the center. In two weeks of fighting, lacking sufficient fuel and ammunition, the Germans slowly crept towards Moscow. In the south, the 2nd Panzer Group was being blocked. On 22 November, Soviet Siberian units, augmented by the 49th and 50th Soviet Armies, attacked the 2nd Panzer Group and inflicted a defeat on the Germans. The 4th Panzer Group pushed the Soviet 16th Army back, however, and succeeded in crossing the Moscow Canal in an attempt to encircle Moscow. On 2 December, part of the 258th Infantry Division advanced to within of Moscow. They were so close that German officers claimed they could see the spires of the Kremlin, but by then the first blizzards had begun. A reconnaissance battalion managed to reach the town of Khimki, only about from the Soviet capital. It captured the bridge over the Moscow-Volga Canal as well as the railway station, which marked the easternmost advance of German forces. In spite of the progress made, the Wehrmacht was not equipped for such severe winter warfare. The Soviet army was better adapted to fighting in winter conditions, but faced production shortages of winter clothing. The German forces fared worse, with deep snow further hindering equipment and mobility. Weather conditions had largely grounded the Luftwaffe, preventing large-scale air operations. Newly created Soviet units near Moscow now numbered over 500,000 men, and on 5 December, they launched a massive counterattack as part of the Soviet winter counteroffensive. The offensive halted on 7 January 1942, after having pushed the German armies back 100–250 km (62–155 mi) from Moscow. The Wehrmacht had lost the Battle for Moscow, and the invasion had cost the German Army over 830,000 men. Aftermath With the failure of the Battle of Moscow, all German plans for a quick defeat of the Soviet Union had to be revised. The Soviet counter-offensives in December 1941 caused heavy casualties on both sides, but ultimately eliminated the German threat to Moscow. Attempting to explain matters, Hitler issued Directive N. 39, which cited the early onset of winter and the severe cold for the German failure, whereas the main reason was the German military unpreparedness for such a giant enterprise. On 22 June 1941, the Wehrmacht as a whole had 209 divisions at its disposal, 163 of which were offensively capable. On 31 March 1942, less than one year after the invasion of the Soviet Union, the Wehrmacht was reduced to fielding 58 offensively capable divisions. The Red Army's tenacity and ability to counter-attack effectively took the Germans as much by surprise as their own initial attack had the Soviets. Spurred on by the successful defense and in an effort to imitate the Germans, Stalin wanted to begin his own counteroffensive, not just against the German forces around Moscow, but against their armies in the north and south. Anger over the failed German offensives caused Hitler to relieve Field Marshal Walther von Brauchitsch of command and in his place, Hitler assumed personal control of the German Army on 19 December 1941. The Soviet Union had suffered heavily from the conflict, losing huge tracts of territory, and vast losses in men and material. Nonetheless, the Red Army proved capable of countering the German offensives, particularly as the Germans began experiencing irreplaceable shortages in manpower, armaments, provisions, and fuel. Despite the rapid relocation of Red Army armaments production east of the Urals and a dramatic increase of production in 1942, especially of armour, new aircraft types and artillery, the Wehrmacht was able to mount another large-scale offensive in July 1942, although on a much reduced front than the previous summer. Hitler, having realized that Germany's oil supply was "severely depleted", aimed to capture the oil fields of Baku in an offensive, codenamed Case Blue. Again, the Germans quickly overran great expanses of Soviet territory, but they failed to achieve their ultimate goals in the wake of their defeat at the Battle of Stalingrad in February 1943. By 1943, Soviet armaments production was fully operational and increasingly outproducing the German war economy. The final major German offensive in the Eastern theater of the Second World War took place during July—August 1943 with the launch of Operation Zitadelle, an assault on the Kursk salient. Approximately one million German troops confronted a Soviet force over 2.5 million strong. The Soviets prevailed. Following the defeat of Operation Zitadelle, the Soviets launched counter-offensives employing six million men along a front towards the Dnieper River as they drove the Germans westwards. Employing increasingly ambitious and tactically sophisticated offensives, along with making operational improvements in secrecy and deception, the Red Army was eventually able to liberate much of the area which the Germans had previously occupied by the summer of 1944. The destruction of Army Group Centre, the outcome of Operation Bagration, proved to be a decisive success; additional Soviet offensives against the German Army Groups North and South in the fall of 1944 put the German war machine into retreat. By January 1945, Soviet military might was aimed at the German capital of Berlin. The war ended with the total defeat and capitulation of Nazi Germany in May 1945. War crimes While the Soviet Union had not signed the Geneva Convention, Germany had signed the treaty and was thus obligated to offer Soviet POWs humane treatment according to its provisions (as they generally did with other Allied POWs). According to the Soviets, they had not signed the Geneva Conventions in 1929 due to Article 9 which, by imposing racial segregation of POWs into different camps, contravened the Soviet constitution. Article 82 of the convention specified that "In case, in time of war, one of the belligerents is not a party to the Convention, its provisions shall nevertheless remain in force as between the belligerents who are parties thereto." Despite this Hitler called for the battle against the Soviet Union to be a "struggle for existence" and emphasized that the Russian armies were to be "annihilated", a mindset that contributed to war crimes against Soviet prisoners of war. A memorandum from 16 July 1941, recorded by Martin Bormann, quotes Hitler saying, "The giant [occupied] area must naturally be pacified as quickly as possible; this will happen at best if anyone who just looks funny should be shot". Conveniently for the Nazis, the fact that the Soviets failed to sign the convention played into their hands as they justified their behavior accordingly. Even if the Soviets had signed, it is highly unlikely that this would have stopped the Nazis' genocidal policies towards combatants, civilians, and prisoners of war. Before the war, Hitler issued the notorious Commissar Order, which called for all Soviet political commissars taken prisoner at the front to be shot immediately without trial. German soldiers participated in these mass killings along with members of the SS-Einsatzgruppen, sometimes reluctantly, claiming "military necessity". On the eve of the invasion, German soldiers were informed that their battle "demands ruthless and vigorous measures against Bolshevik inciters, guerrillas, saboteurs, Jews and the complete elimination of all active and passive resistance". Collective punishment was authorized against partisan attacks; if a perpetrator could not be quickly identified, then burning villages and mass executions were considered acceptable reprisals. Although the majority of German soldiers accepted these crimes as justified due to Nazi propaganda, which depicted the Red Army as Untermenschen, a few prominent German officers openly protested about them. An estimated two million Soviet prisoners of war died of starvation during Barbarossa alone. By the end of the war, 58 percent of all Soviet prisoners of war had died in German captivity. Organized crimes against civilians, including women and children, were carried out on a huge scale by the German police and military forces, as well as the local collaborators. Under the command of the Reich Main Security Office, the Einsatzgruppen killing squads conducted large-scale massacres of Jews and communists in conquered Soviet territories. Holocaust historian Raul Hilberg puts the number of Jews murdered by "mobile killing operations" at 1,400,000. The original instructions to kill "Jews in party and state positions" were broadened to include "all male Jews of military age" and then expanded once more to "all male Jews regardless of age." By the end of July, the Germans were regularly killing women and children. On 18 December 1941, Himmler and Hitler discussed the "Jewish question", and Himmler noted the meeting's result in his appointment book: "To be annihilated as partisans." According to Christopher Browning, "annihilating Jews and solving the so-called 'Jewish question' under the cover of killing partisans was the agreed-upon convention between Hitler and Himmler". In accordance with Nazi policies against "inferior" Asian peoples, Turkmens were also persecuted. According to a post-war report by Prince Veli Kajum Khan, they were imprisoned in concentration camps in terrible conditions, where those deemed to have "Mongolian" features were murdered daily. Asians were also targeted by the Einsatzgruppen and were the subjects of lethal medical experiments and murder at a "pathological institute" in Kiev. Hitler received reports of the mass killings conducted by the Einsatzgruppen which were first conveyed to the RSHA, where they were aggregated into a summary report by Gestapo Chief Heinrich Müller. Burning houses suspected of being partisan meeting places and poisoning water wells became common practice for soldiers of the German 9th Army. At Kharkov, the fourth largest city in the Soviet Union, food was provided only to the small number of civilians who worked for the Germans, with the rest designated to slowly starve. Thousands of Soviets were deported to Germany to be used as slave labor beginning in 1942. The citizens of Leningrad were subjected to heavy bombardment and a siege that would last 872 days and starve more than a million people to death, of whom approximately 400,000 were children below the age of 14. The German-Finnish blockade cut off access to food, fuel and raw materials, and rations reached a low, for the non-working population, of four ounces (five thin slices) of bread and a little watery soup per day. Starving Soviet civilians began to eat their domestic animals, along with hair tonic and Vaseline. Some desperate citizens resorted to cannibalism; Soviet records list 2,000 people arrested for "the use of human meat as food" during the siege, 886 of them during the first winter of 1941–42. The Wehrmacht planned to seal off Leningrad, starve out the population, and then demolish the city entirely. Sexual violence Rape was a widespread phenomenon in the East as German soldiers regularly committed violent sexual acts against Soviet women. Whole units were occasionally involved in the crime with upwards of one-third of the instances being gang rape. Historian Hannes Heer relates that in the world of the eastern front, where the German army equated Russia with Communism, everything was "fair game"; thus, rape went unreported unless entire units were involved. Frequently in the case of Jewish women, they were immediately murdered following acts of sexual violence. Historian Birgit Beck emphasizes that military decrees, which served to authorize wholesale brutality on many levels, essentially destroyed the basis for any prosecution of sexual offenses committed by German soldiers in the East. She also contends that detection of such instances was limited by the fact that sexual violence was often inflicted in the context of billets in civilian housing. Historical significance Operation Barbarossa was the largest military operation in history — more men, tanks, guns and aircraft were deployed than in any other offensive. The invasion opened up the Eastern Front, the war's largest theater, which saw clashes of unprecedented violence and destruction for four years and killed 26 million Soviet people, including about 8.6 million Red army soldiers. More died fighting on the Eastern Front than in all other fighting across the globe during World War II. Damage to both the economy and landscape was enormous, as approximately 1,710 Soviet towns and 70,000 villages were razed. Operation Barbarossa and the subsequent German defeat changed the political landscape of Europe, dividing it into Eastern and Western blocs. The political vacuum left in the eastern half of the continent was filled by the USSR when Stalin secured his territorial prizes of 1944–1945 and firmly placed his Red Army in Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and the eastern half of Germany. Stalin's fear of resurgent German power and his distrust of his earstwhile allies contributed to Soviet pan-Slavic initiatives and a subsequent alliance of Slavic states. Historians David Glantz and Jonathan House assert Operation Barbarossa's influence not only on Stalin but subsequent Soviet leaders, claiming it "colored" their strategic mindsets for the "next four decades" and instigated the creation of "an elaborate system of buffer and client states, designed to insulate the Soviet Union from any possible future attack." As a consequence, Eastern Europe became communist in political disposition and Western Europe fell under the democratic sway of the United States, a nation uncertain about its future policies in Europe. See also Black Sea campaigns Romanian Navy during World War II Kantokuen Operation Silver Fox Timeline of the Eastern Front of World War II Final Solution References Notes Citations Bibliography Printed Online External links Marking 70 Years to Operation Barbarossa on the Yad Vashem website Operation Barbarossa original reports and pictures from The Times "Operation Barbarossa": , lecture by David Stahel, author of Operation Barbarossa and Germany's Defeat in the East'' (2009); via the official channel of Muskegon Community College Category:Articles containing video clips Category:Code names Category:Military operations involving Finland Category:June 1941 events	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Elvina Bay, New South Wales Elvina Bay is a bay and adjacent suburb in northern Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. It is located 35 kilometres north of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of Northern Beaches Council. Elvina Bay is within the Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park, on the western shores of Pittwater, beside Lovett Bay. Scotland Island, Church Point and Morning Bay. Clareville is on the opposite (eastern) Pittwater shore. Bushwalkers can access Elvina Bay and neighbouring Lovett Bay via the Elvina Bay Circuit. The circuit includes access to the bottom and top of Lovett Falls. References Category:Suburbs of Sydney Category:Bays of New South Wales Category:Northern Beaches Council	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Eneabba sandplain Eneabba sandplain or the Eneabba portion of the Northern sandplain, is an extension of the Swan Coastal Plain in Western Australia. The town Eneabba is located on the sandplain, as are former and current sand mining operations The sandplain is a habitat for Kwongan species Notes Category:Geology of Western Australia	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Town of Wynnum The Town of Wynnum is a former local government area of Queensland, Australia, located in eastern Brisbane adjacent to Moreton Bay around the present day suburb of Wynnum. History of Wynnum The Bulimba Division was one of the original divisions created on 11 November 1879 under the Divisional Boards Act 1879. On 4 January 1888, the No. 2 subdivision of the Bulimba Division was separated to create the new Kianawah Division. On 17 March 1892, there was an alteration of boundaries. The Pritchard's Road land and gravel reserve (100 acres) were transferred from Kianawah Division to Balmoral Division. The Grassdale Estate land was transferred from Kianawah Division to Bulimba Division. Kianawah Division was renamed Wynnum Division on 3 November 1892. In 1902, the Local Authorities Act 1902 replaced all Divisions with Towns and Shires, creating the Shire of Wynnum on 31 March 1903. On 31 November 1912, the Shire of Wynnum was proclaimed the Town of Wynnum. In 1925, the Town of Wynnum was amalgamated into the City of Brisbane. Mayors The last Mayor of the Town of Wynnum was John William Greene. Greene won the election for Mayor for 1921, held on Saturday 23 July 1921, for a three-year term. He then successfully nominated for Mayor for 5 April 1924 elections, being elected Mayor with 1334 votes over his nearest rival's 1118 votes, with a third candidate getting 668 votes, for a term that would last less than a year before Wynnum was amalgamated into Brisbane. Green would later be elected Mayor of the greater Brisbane by a majority of Alderman for 1931 to 1934. References Category:Former local government areas of Queensland Category:Wynnum, Queensland Category:1925 disestablishments in Australia	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Typhoon June (1984) Typhoon June, also known in the Philippines as Typhoon Maring, was the first of two tropical cyclones to affect the Philippines in a one-week time span in August 1984. June originated from an area of convection that was first witnessed on August 15 in the Philippine Sea. Despite initial wind shear, the area intensified into a tropical storm three days later as it tracked westward. After tracking over Luzon, June entered the South China Sea on August 30. Despite remaining poorly organized, June re-intensified over land, and it was estimated to have briefly attained typhoon intensity before striking China, just to the east of Hong Kong, at maximum intensity, although its remnants were last noticed on September 3. Affecting the country four days before Typhoon Ike would devastate the Philippines, June brought widespread damage to the nation. Throughout the Philippines, 470,962 people sought shelter. A total of 671 homes were destroyed, with 6,341 others damaged. A total of 121 people were killed, while 17 other individuals were reportedly missing, and 26 other people were wounded. Damage totaled $24.2 million (1984 USD, including $15.24 million in agriculture and $8.82 million in infrastructure). Following June and Ike, several major countries provided cash and other goods. In all, $7.5 million worth of aid was donated to the nation in relief. In addition to effects on the Philippines, 1,500 homes were damaged and of farmland were flooded in the Guangdong province. Meteorological history Typhoon June, the final of seven tropical cyclones to develop in the Western Pacific basin in August 1984, formed from the monsoon trough. A large area of convection was first detected on satellite imagery, and at midday, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center determined that a closed area of low pressure developed between the 135th meridian east and the 140th meridian east. The associated thunderstorm activity initially failed to consolidate due to strong wind shear caused by a displaced anticyclone. The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) started to track the system 06:00 UTC on August 26. The next day, the wind shear began to relent, as an upper-level anticyclone became located over the system as the system tracked westward, although the circulation remained tough to identify by weather satellites. At 06:51 UTC on August 27, a Hurricane Hunter aircraft reported winds of . Based on the above data and an increase in the system's organization, the JTWC issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert. On August 28, the storm's center of circulation became better defined, and at 06:00 UTC, both the JTWC and JMA upgraded it to a tropical storm. Around this time, the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) also began to monitor the storm and assigned it with the local name Maring. Continuing westward due to a subtropical ridge to its north, June slowly intensified. On the afternoon of August 28, June made landfall along the coast of Luzon as a strong tropical storm, with the JTWC and JMA estimating winds of and respectively. Over land, the low- and mid-level circulations began to decouple, with the mid-level center and most of the deep convection continuing west and the low-level center veering west-northwest and early on August 29, the surface center re-merged into open water, having weakened slightly according to both the JTWC and the JMA. June began to turn northwest in response to a trough over the East China Sea. At 18:00 UTC on August 29, the JMA classified June as a severe tropical storm. Six hours later, the JTWC reported that June attained its peak intensity of . Despite lacking in organization, a surface pressure of was measured in Basco as the cyclone passed near the area. The JMA declared June a typhoon at midday on August 30. At this time, it also estimated a peak intensity of and a minimum barometric pressure of . Five hours later, June made landfall east of Hong Kong while at peak intensity. The JMA continued to follow the system inland throughout September 3. Impact Typhoon June hit the Philippines four days before Typhoon Ike would devastate the archipelago. The first storm to hit the Philippines in 1984, June brought rough seas from Luzon to Davao. Philippine Airlines suspended flights to eight cities and railway services to the northern portions of the island chain were also suspended. Power was knocked out for four days across much of the country due to both systems. Six people were killed in landslides that isolated the mountain resort city of Baguio, where five others were missing and seven were injured. According to the Philippine News Agency, a 22-year-old man picking seashells drowned after he was swept out to sea near Bacolod, on Negros Island. In San Fernando, located in the northern province of La Union, 200 houses were flattened and 120 people were injured. In Manila, heavy winds and rough seas left streets flooded, resulting in traffic jams. The storm caused serious damage to the nation's rice fields, the country's main export. From the two storms combined, more than 1 million were displaced from their homes. Throughout the Philippines, 470,962 people or 92,271 families sought shelter due to the typhoon, of which 5,023 families or 30,138 people sought shelter in schools, churches and town halls in a total of 10 provinces. A total of 671 homes were destroyed while 6,341 others were damaged. One hundred-twenty-one people were killed while 17 other individuals were reportedly missing and 26 other people were wounded. The storm inflicted $24.2 million in damage, with $15.2 million in agriculture and $8.82 million in infrastructure. Prior to its second landfall, in Hong Kong, a No 1. hurricane signal was issued after June entered the South China Sea. The storm brought heavy rains and strong winds to the region. A minimum pressure of was recorded at the Hong Kong Royal Observatory early on August 30. Tate's Cairn recorded a peak wind speed of and a peak wind gust of . Cheung Chau observed of rain over a five-day period. Although damage in Hong Kong was minimal, heavy rains in eastern Guangdong inundated of farmland, and damage to 1,500 dwellings. Aftermath Due to effects from both Ike and June, President Ferdinand Marcos set aside $4 million for relief work but initially refused any international aid. He also traveled to Ilocos Norte to inspect damage. The Philippines Air Force delivered of food, medicine, and clothes. According to officials, 92 health teams backed by 17 army medical units were fielded; these teams distributed $1.66 million worth of medicine. The Philippine Red Cross disturbed food to 239,331 people, or 44,247 families. On September 8, the nation abandoned its policy of refusing foreign aid, citing a lack of resources in the country due to its poor economy, as well as, the mass destruction across the country from both systems. The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs gave an emergency grant of $50,000. UNICEF provided $116,000 worth of vitamins and medicine and an additional $116,950 in cash, as well as of milk powder. Thy later provided vegetable seeds, died fish, and garden fertilizer. The World Health Organization provided $7,000 worth of aid. Furthermore, the United Nations Development Programme awarded the country $30,000 in cash. The European Economic Community provided of milk and $367,650 worth of cash. In the middle of September, the United States approved $1 million in aid to the archipelago. Japan also sent a $500,000 check. Australia awarded almost $500,000 worth of cash and food. New Zealand donated of skin milk. The Norwegian Red Cross provided $58,500 in aid while Belgium also provided three medical kits. The Swiss Red Cross awarded a little under $21,000 in cash. German provided slightly more than $50,000 in cash. France provided roughly $11,000 in donations to the nation's red cross. The Red Cross Society of China donated $20,000 in cash. Indonesia provided $25,000 worth of medicine. The United Kingdom granted $74,441 in aid. Overall, Relief Web reported that over $7.5 million was donated to the Philippines due to the storm. See also Typhoon Mike – Passed north of Mindanao and impacted the central Philippines, resulting in catastrophic damage Typhoon Nelson (1982) – Resulted in significant flooding across the Philippines after slowly traversing the archipelago Typhoon Lynn (1987) Tropical Storm Kelly Typhoon Agnes (1984) – Caused extensive damage and fatalities in the central Philippines before striking Vietnam Notes References J J J J J Category:August 1984 events in Asia Category:September 1984 events in Asia	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Missy Hyatt Melissa Ann Hiatt (born October 16, 1963) is an American professional wrestling valet, better known by her ring name, Missy Hyatt. She gained the majority of her fame working for World Championship Wrestling, before joining Extreme Championship Wrestling. Career World Class Championship Wrestling and Universal Wrestling Federation Hyatt's professional wrestling career began in 1985 when she was hired by World Class Championship Wrestling (WCCW). She was the manager of John Tatum, whom she was dating at the time. She was embroiled in a feud with another valet in WCCW, Sunshine. This rivalry culminated into a mud-pit match at Texas Stadium in 1986. Eventually, Hyatt and Tatum left for the Universal Wrestling Federation. At this time, Eddie Gilbert was the leader of "Hot Stuff International," a group that included Sting and Rick Steiner. Hyatt formed an alliance with his group and it was renamed "H & H International, Inc". It was not long before Hyatt and Gilbert started an affair that caused problems with Tatum. Hyatt left Tatum for Gilbert in 1987, and they split up on screen as well. She married Gilbert in 1988. World Wrestling Federation While still under UWF contract, Hyatt was contacted about working for the World Wrestling Federation. Vince McMahon wanted Hyatt to replace Rowdy Roddy Piper and his segment, Piper's Pit, with a new segment called "Missy's Manor." "Missy's Manor" segments were taped on March 21 and 22, and April 23, 1987. Despite having big name stars on her segment such as "Macho Man" Randy Savage with Miss Elizabeth, The Honky Tonk Man and Harley Race, the show was considered a disappointment, and McMahon asked Hyatt to become a Federette, which were the ring girls shown at pay-per-views. She thought the role was beneath her, and she went back to the UWF. World Championship Wrestling In 1987, when the UWF was purchased by the National Wrestling Alliance's Jim Crockett Promotions, Missy and Eddie came along. Missy was used as a commentator, conducting her debut interview with Sir Oliver Humperdink on the December 31, 1988 edition of World Championship Wrestling on TBS, and then eventually as the manager for Gilbert and The Steiner Brothers. She eventually returned to her role as commentator and hosted WCW Main Event, and soon was engaged in a feud with fellow commentator, Paul E. Dangerously. The feud led to various competitions between the two, including an arm wrestling match at the Clash of the Champions XIV: Dixie Dynamite on January 30, 1991, in which Hyatt defeated Dangerously. A contributing factor to her victory might be that Hyatt had removed her jacket to reveal her low-cut top as the ref started the contest. Missy would engage in a battle over who the "First Lady of WCW" was with The Dangerous Alliance's Madusa, with Hyatt narrowly winning a Bikini Showdown at the 1992 Beach Blast pay-per-view event. While in WCW Hyatt made an appearance in the IWA at ringside during a match between The Bushwhackers and The Thunderfoots. Hyatt returned to managing in 1993, with an association with The Nasty Boys. She also briefly managed The Barbarian. During a match, Hyatt jumped off the ring apron and her breast popped out of her top. When she went to the WCW offices the next day, they allegedly had a blown-up picture of it on the wall. Hyatt complained to her boss at the time, Eric Bischoff. Bischoff did not take action, so Hyatt went over his head, to his boss. As a result, Bischoff released her. She then decided to file a lawsuit against WCW for sexual harassment, and for overdue payments for her time doing a 1-900 hotline for the company. Bischoff, however, claimed that Hyatt was fired on February 8, for her behavior and jealousy over the signing of Sherri Martel. Extreme Championship Wrestling In 1996, Hyatt joined ECW. Independents When Hyatt left ECW, she still worked for various independent promotions. She has worked for Women Superstars Uncensored (WSU) at all of their events in New Jersey since April 2007. She often hosts her interview segment, Missy's Manor. On April 2, 2016, at the 2016 Wrestlecon, Hyatt managed Lance Storm in what was advertised as her final professional wrestling appearance. In the match, Storm was defeated by Matt Hardy, managed by Reby Sky. Wrestlers Managed "Hollywood" John Tatum "Hot Stuff" Eddie Gilbert Sting The Steiner Brothers Tom Prichard The Nasty Boys The Sandman Lacey Von Erich Angelo Vega Dawn Marie The Barbarian Lance Storm Championships and accomplishments !BANG! !BANG! Women's Championship (2 times) AWF AWF Heavyweight Championship (1 time) Women Superstars Uncensored WSU Hall of Fame (Class of 2009) Books Autobiography: Missy Hyatt, First Lady of Wrestling, 2001, . References Further reading External links 2009 Audio Interview with Missy Hyatt Category:1963 births Category:Living people Category:People from Tallahassee, Florida Category:Professional wrestlers from Florida Category:Professional wrestling announcers Category:Professional wrestling managers and valets Category:American female professional wrestlers	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Georg Hamel Georg Karl Wilhelm Hamel (12 September 1877 – 4 October 1954) was a German mathematician with interests in mechanics, the foundations of mathematics and function theory. Biography Hamel was born in Düren, Rhenish Prussia. He studied at Aachen, Berlin, Göttingen, and Karlsruhe. His doctoral adviser was David Hilbert. He taught at Brünn in 1905, Aachen in 1912, and at the Technical University of Berlin in 1919. In 1927, Hamel studied the size of the key space for the Kryha encryption device. He was an Invited Speaker of the ICM in 1932 at Zurich and in 1936 at Oslo. He was the author of several important treatises on mechanics. He became a member of the Prussian Academy of Sciences in 1938 and the Bavarian Academy of Sciences in 1953. He died in Landshut, Bavaria. Selected publications ("On the geometries in which the straight lines are the shortest", Hamel's doctoral dissertation on Hilbert's fourth problem. A version may be found in Mathematische Annalen 57, 1903.) See also Hamel basis Cauchy's functional equation References Category:1877 births Category:1954 deaths Category:19th-century German mathematicians Category:20th-century German mathematicians Category:Members of the Prussian Academy of Sciences Category:Modern cryptographers Category:People from the Rhine Province Category:RWTH Aachen University alumni Category:RWTH Aachen University faculty Category:Humboldt University of Berlin alumni Category:University of Göttingen alumni Category:Karlsruhe Institute of Technology alumni Category:Technical University of Berlin faculty Category:German cryptographers Category:Fluid dynamicists Category:Members of the German Academy of Sciences at Berlin	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Zhang Hongjing Zhang Hongjing () (760 – July 24, 824), courtesy name Yuanli (元理), formally the Marquess of Gaoping (高平侯), was an official of the Tang dynasty of China, serving as a chancellor during the reign of Emperor Xianzong. He was blamed in traditional histories for misruling Lulong Circuit (盧龍, headquartered in modern Beijing), leading to Lulong soldiers' subsequent rebellion against the imperial government under Zhu Kerong. Background Zhang Hongjing was born in 760, during the reign of Emperor Suzong. His family traced its ancestry to the Jin Dynasty official Zhang Hua. His grandfather Zhang Jiazhen had served as a chancellor during the reign of Emperor Suzong's father Emperor Xuanzong, and at the time of Zhang Hongjing's birth, Zhang Hongjing's father Zhang Yanshang was already serving in the imperial government. Zhang Hongjing himself was said to be elegant, lenient, faithful, and honest in his youth. During Emperor Dezong's reign During the reign of Emperor Suzong's grandson Emperor Dezong, Zhang Yanshang was serving in progressively more important positions, and eventually served as a chancellor in 787 before dying late that year. Zhang Hongjing, on account of his heritage, was made an officer at Henan Municipality (河南, i.e., the region of the eastern capital Luoyang), and later served as the sheriff of Lantian County (藍田, in modern Xi'an, Shaanxi). When Du Ya (杜亞) served as the defender of Luoyang, he invited Zhang Hongjing to serve as his assistant. There was an occasion when the officer Linghu Yun (令狐運) had been chasing thugs out of the city that a robbery occurred in the same locale. As Linghu belonged to a strong clan, Du came to suspect Linghu of having committed the robbery and asked Zhang and his colleague Mu Yuan (穆員) to investigate. As both Mu and Zhang believed that Linghu would not commit such an act, they asked for the investigation to be suspended. Du refused to listen to them and had LInghu arrested; he also threw Mu and Zhang off his staff. However, a later investigation ordered by Emperor Dezong located the actual robber. Soon afterwards, when Princess Deyang was set to be married, the mansion that Emperor Dezong was constructing for her would have required the destruction of Zhang's ancestral shrine. Zhang requested an audience with Emperor Dezong, and he pleaded on account of his grandfather's and father's virtues. Emperor Dezong comforted him and ordered that the Zhang ancestral shrine be preserved. Zhang later submitted a poem to Emperor Dezong praising the Tang system of the two capitals (i.e., the main capital Chang'an and Luoyang). Emperor Dezong favored his writing and made him an imperial censor with the title Jiancha Yushi (監察御史), and then the greater title of Dianzhong Shiyushi (殿中侍御史). Zhang later served successively in a number of positions — Libu Yuanwailang (禮部員外郎), a low-level official at the ministry of rites (禮部, Libu); Bingbu Langzhong (兵部郎中), a supervisorial official at the ministry of defense (兵部, Bingbu) (and at this time, he was also in charge of drafting edicts); Zhongshu Sheren (中書舍人), a mid-level official at the legislative bureau of government (中書省, Zhongshu Sheng) (and at the time, he was also in charge of selecting officials to be stationed at Luoyang); deputy minister of public works (工部侍郎, Gongbu Shilang); deputy minister of census (戶部侍郎, Hubu Shilang); governor (觀察使, Guanchashi) of Shan'guo Circuit (陝虢, headquartered in modern Sanmenxia, Henan); and military governor (Jiedushi) of Hezhong Circuit (河中, headquartered in modern Yuncheng, Shanxi). During Emperor Xianzong's reign In 814, when Emperor Dezong's grandson Emperor Xianzong was emperor, Zhang Hongjing was recalled to Chang'an and made the minister of justice (刑部尚書) as well as chancellor de facto with the title of Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi (同中書門下平章事). Soon after he became chancellor, the warlord Wu Shaoyang the military governor of Zhangyi Circuit (彰義, headquartered in modern Zhumadian, Henan) died, and at the advice of Zhang's fellow chancellor Li Jifu, Emperor Xianzong prepared for a campaign to seize control of Zhangyi by force if necessary, rather than allowing Wu's son Wu Yuanji to inherit the circuit. Zhang suggested first declaring a mourning period for Wu Shaoyang and then sending a key official to Zhangyi to mourn Wu Shaoyang and observe what Wu Yuanji's attitude was. Emperor Xianzong agreed and sent the official Li Junhe (李君何) to Zhangyi. Wu Yuanji refused to allow Li Junhe to enter his domain and further pillaged the cities of the surrounding circuits, thus leading to a general imperial campaign against Zhangyi. Around this time, Zhang was created the Marquess of Gaoping. In 815, Zhang's fellow chancellor Wu Yuanheng, who had been put in charge of the campaign against Zhangyi after Li Jifu died late in 814, was assassinated. Suspicions fell on a number of officers from Chengde Circuit (成德, headquartered in modern Shijiazhuang, Hebei) stationed at Chang'an, as Chengde's military governor, Wang Chengzong, was an ally of Wu Yuanji's and had been submitting petitions attacking Wu Yuanheng and urging the end of the campaign against Zhangyi. The Chengde officers were arrested and interrogated, and they confessed to assassinating Wu Yuanheng. Zhang, suspecting that these confessions were extracted by torture, requested further investigations. Emperor Xianzong declined and had them executed, and subsequently declared Wang a renegade, although he did not immediately order a campaign against Wang. However, Wang subsequently reacted by pillaging his surrounding circuits, and Emperor Xianzong was set to do so. Zhang, pointing out that it would be difficult for the empire to maintain two campaigns simultaneously, suggested waiting until the campaign against Zhangyi were complete. Emperor Xianzong did not agree, and Zhang thus offered to resign. In spring 816, Emperor Xianzong thus made Zhang the military governor of Hedong Circuit (河東, headquartered in modern Taiyuan, Shanxi), still carrying the chancellor title as an honorary title. Emperor Xianzong, who did not want to publicly go against Zhang's advice while Zhang remained chancellor, then declared a general campaign against Wang, even before Zhang could arrive at Taiyuan. Zhang prepared the Hedong army and requested to personally command the troops against Wang. Emperor Xianzong allowed him to send his troops but declined his request to personally command them. The imperial army was unsuccessful against Wang, but Wang became fearful after Wu Yuanji was captured and executed in 817, and subsequent submitted to the imperial government and surrendered two of his six prefectures to imperial control. In 819, after Han Hong the military governor of Xuanwu Circuit (宣武, headquartered in modern Kaifeng, Henan) went to Chang'an to pay homage to Emperor Xianzong and then requested to remain at Chang'an, Zhang was made the military governor of Xuanwu and continued to carry the honorary chancellor title. It was said that when Zhang served at Hedong and Xuanwu, as he succeeded stern military governors, he was lenient and frugal, and the armies and the people were comforted by his leniency and frugality. During Emperor Muzong's and Emperor Jingzong's reigns In spring 821, by which time Emperor Xianzong had died and been succeeded by his son Emperor Muzong, Liu Zong the military governor of Lulong Circuit offered to resign and submit his circuit to imperial rule. As Liu was concerned that his officers might not abide by the decision he made, he further proposed that Lulong be divided into three circuits, with the circuit capital, You Prefecture (幽州), along with Zhuo Prefecture (涿州, in modern Baoding, Hebei), be given to Zhang Hongjing; Ji (薊州, in modern Tianjin), Gui (媯州, in modern Zhangjiakou, Hebei), and Tan (檀州, in modern Beijing) Prefectures be given to the general Xue Ping; and Ying (瀛州) and Mo (莫州, both in modern Cangzhou, Hebei) Prefectures be given to the official Lu Shimei (盧士玫). (Liu had made these recommendations on the bases that when Zhang ruled Hedong, which neighbored Lulong, Liu had often heard good opinions of Zhang's governance; that Xue was the son of Xue Song and familiar with the region; and that Lu was a relative of Liu's wife's.) Further, believing that a number of senior army officers, including Zhu Kerong, were difficult to control, he sent them to Chang'an and requested that Emperor Muzong give them promotions. Emperor Muzong accepted Liu's submission, but did not fully implement Liu's partition plan; Ying and Mo were given to Lu Shimei, but the remaining prefectures were all given to Zhang, under the suggestion of the chancellors Cui Zhi and Du Yuanying, who did not understand the rationale of Liu's plan. Further, Zhu and the other officers that Liu sent to Chang'an were not given offices or salaries, and it was said that as they lacked income, they fell into financial desperation, even requiring loans for their food and clothing, despite their frequent submission of requests for offices to Cui and Du. When Zhang arrived at Lulong, he ordered Zhu and the others to return to Lulong, further angering them. Meanwhile, Zhang further drew the anger of the people and soldiers of Lulong over a number of actions: In contrast to the past military governors' willingness to bear the difficulties with the people, including the weather conditions, when Zhang was arriving at You Prefecture, he was in a litter borne by eight men, shocking the people of You Prefecture. Zhang Hongjing was solemn and arrogant, not willing to speak with the people, and he rarely accepted advice from guests and the army officers. He gave much authority to his assistants Wei Yong (韋雍) and Zhang Zonghou (張宗厚), and these assistants were disrespectful of soldiers and extravagant in their living — such that, shocking to the people of You Prefecture, they were often feasting deep into the night and going home after midnight, with their guards loudly escorting them. When Liu submitted to imperial authority, Emperor Muzong ordered a large cash reward for the Lulong soldiers, but Zhang Hongjing took 20% of the award for headquarter expenses. The people of You Prefecture had venerated the leading figures of the Anshi Rebellion, An Lushan and Shi Siming, and referred to them as the "Two Holy Men." Zhang Hongjing, wanting to change this custom, had An and Shi exhumed and their caskets destroyed, causing resentment among the people. In fall 821, when a low-level officer accidentally collided with Wei's guards, Wei ordered the officer whipped, but the other officers were unaccustomed to this kind of punishment and refused to carry out the punishment. Zhang Hongjing had the officers arrested. That night, the soldiers mutinied, killed Wei and several other staff member of Zhang's, and put Zhang under arrest. The next day, the mutineers began to regret their actions, but when they met Zhang to ask for forgiveness, Zhang did not speak at all. The mutineers believed that Zhang was not intending to pardon them, and instead supported Zhu Kerong's father Zhu Hui (朱洄) to serve as the acting military governor. Zhu Hui declined, but recommended Zhu Kerong, and the soldiers agreed. Upon hearing of the mutiny, Emperor Muzong, intending to calm the mutineers, announced that Zhang would be demoted to be the prefect of Ji Prefecture (吉州, in modern Ji'an, Jiangxi). Zhu Kerong, however, allied with Wang Tingcou, who had around the same time mutinied at and taken over Chengde Circuit, killing the imperial general Tian Hongzheng, and the two circuits waged a campaign against the imperial troops sent to combat the mutinies. Emperor Muzong eventually allowed Zhu Kerong to become the military governor of Lulong in winter 821, and only after receiving his commission did Zhu release Zhang and Lu (whom he also captured). After Zhang was released, he was made the prefect of Fu Prefecture (撫州, in modern Fuzhou, Jiangxi). He was soon made an advisor to the Crown Prince Li Zhan. He died in 824, shortly after Emperor Muzong's death and Li Zhan's succession to the throne as Emperor Jingzong. Notes and references Old Book of Tang, vol. 129. New Book of Tang, vol. 127. Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 239, 241, 242. Category:760 births Category:824 deaths Category:Chancellors under Emperor Xianzong of Tang Category:Tang dynasty jiedushi of Hezhong Circuit Category:Tang dynasty jiedushi of Hedong Circuit Category:Tang dynasty jiedushi of Xuanwu Circuit Category:Tang dynasty jiedushi of Lulong Circuit	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Choam Khsant District Choam Khsant District is a district located in Preah Vihear Province, in northern Cambodia. The district capital is at Cheom Ksan town, near the Thai border. Cambodia's famous Preah Vihear Temple is located in this district of the Preah Vihear province. According to the 1998 census of Cambodia, it had a population of 16,073. Administration The following table shows the villages of Banteay Ampil district by commune. References Category:Districts of Cambodia Category:Districts of Preah Vihear Province	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Ser Petracco Ser Petracco (Pietro di Parenzo di Garzo; 1267—1326) was the father to the Italian poet Francesco Petrarch. His father was Ser Parenzo, son of Ser Garzo who reputedly lived to be 100. They all were notaries, the same office that Ser Petracco held in Florence. The family did have a small property in Florence. His wife’s name was Eletta Canigiani (1270—1319), the mother to Petrarch, whom he married around 1302. Petrarch’s granddaughter was named after her. Ser Petracco was a merchant and also worked for the State. Before he was 35 years old he had already held many high public positions. He was "Chancellor of the Commission for the Reforms" as well as a delegate of an important embassy to Pisa in 1301. At the end of 1302 of his political career he was falsely charged of legal matters in his absence. The sentence was a fine of 1000 Lira or the loss of his right hand. He refused to pay the fine and his property was taken from him. He belonged to the political party of the White Guelphs along with the famous poet Dante, being its most illustrious member. They both were then exiled from Florence by the opposing party, the Black Guelphs. Francesco Petrarch was an "Aretine" by these mere circumstances - as he always thought of himself really as a Florentine. The family, along with Dante and others that exiled to Arezzo, were not welcomed there. Ser Petracco had to seek employment elsewhere, however his wife and baby Francesco were permitted to go to their little family house they owned in Incisa with relatives. A family story goes that Francesco was about seven months old when he and his mother moved back to Incisa. Baby Francesco was being transported in a sling arrangement carried over a servant's shoulder. The servant was mounted on a horse. When they crossed through the flooded Arno river the horse slipped and fell. Francesco and the servant went headlong into the water. With much determination and inner strength the servant saved Francesco. Ser Petracco periodically visited the family in Incisca from his out of town employment. In 1307 Francesco’s brother Gherardo was born. About 1310 they were all reunited for a year in Pisa. Around 1311 Ser Petracco got employment in Avignon where the papal household had moved to from Rome. Then in 1312 the boys and his wife moved to Carpentras, where they lived happily for the next four years. Ser Petracco lived in Avignon most of this time because of his employment there in the profession of law. In 1316 he then sent Petrarch and his brother to study law at the University of Montpellier. Gallery Notes Category:Italian businesspeople Category:1267 births Category:1326 deaths Category:Petrarch Category:14th-century jurists	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Winsford and Over railway station Winsford and Over railway station was one of three railway stations serving the town of Winsford in Cheshire. The station was the terminus of the Winsford and Over branch operated by the Cheshire Lines Committee and later British Railways. History Originally opening on 1 July 1870, it closed to passengers on 1 January 1874. It reopened on 1 May 1886, but closed to passengers for the second time on 1 December 1888. Following reopening on 1 February 1892, it remained open until final closure to passengers on 1 January 1931. The station's passenger facilities were fairly basic. The station building was a wooden structure, originally the first station building at Northwich railway station Notes References Further reading – 1952 photo of station External links Winsford & Over station on the Subterranea Britannica Disused Stations website Winsford and Over Station on navigable 1949 O.S. map – the white disc near the "D" of "WINSFORD" Category:Disused railway stations in Cheshire Category:Former Cheshire Lines Committee stations Category:Railway stations opened in 1870 Category:Railway stations closed in 1874 Category:Railway stations opened in 1886 Category:Railway stations closed in 1888 Category:Railway stations opened in 1892 Category:Railway stations closed in 1931 Category:Winsford	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Antonio Ruíz de Morales y Molina Antonio Ruíz de Morales y Molina, O.S. (died 1576) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Tlaxcala (1572–1576) and Bishop of Michoacán (1566–1572). Biography Antonio Ruíz de Morales y Molina was born in Córdoba, Spain and ordained a priest in the Order of Santiago. On 15 May 1566, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Pius V as Bishop of Michoacán. On 10 December 1572, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Gregory XIII as Bishop of Tlaxcala and installed on 8 October 1573. He served as Bishop of Tlaxcala until his death on 17 July 1576. While bishop, he was the principal consecrator of Pedro de Moya y Contreras, Archbishop of México (1573); and the principal co-consecrator of Juan de Medina Rincón y de la Vega, Bishop of Michoacán (1574). References External links and additional sources (for Chronology of Bishops) (for Chronology of Bishops) (for Chronology of Bishops) (for Chronology of Bishops) Category:16th-century Roman Catholic bishops Category:Bishops appointed by Pope Pius V Category:Bishops appointed by Pope Gregory XIII Category:1576 deaths	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Jamil Rostami Jamil Rostami (born 1971 in Sanandaj, Kurdistan Province, Iran) is an Iranian film director of Kurdish origin. In 2002 he made his first short film titled The Trouble of Being a Boy in Kurdish, which was screened in 24 domestic and international Festivals and was awarded several prizes. He made his first feature-length film, Requiem of Snow, in 2005. Fariborz Lachini, one of the most famous Iranian film music composers, made the music of the film. The photography of the film was done by Morteza Poursamadi, a celebrated Iranian photographer. The movie was awarded prestigious Crystal Simorgh for the best director in Asia and Middle East Films section of the International Fajr Film Festival. A joint production of Iran and Iraq, Requiem of Snow was the first film to represent Iraq in the Best Foreign Language Film category at the Oscars. His latest film, Jani Gal, is a Kurdish language drama, about Kurdish separatists in the 1940s and 1950 trying to create a Kurdish state from parts of Iran and Iraq. This film was also selected to represent Iraq in the Best Foreign Language Film category at the Oscars. References Iranian film selected as Iraqi representative in the Oscars External links Biography Category:Iranian film directors Category:Kurdish film directors Category:Iranian Kurdish people Category:People from Sanandaj Category:1971 births Category:Living people	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Pinlon, Kale Pinlon is a village in Kale Township, Kale District, in the Sagaing Region of western Burma. References External links Maplandia World Gazetteer Category:Populated places in Kale District Category:Kale Township	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Ivan Fichev Ivan Fichev () (born on 15 April 1860 in Tarnovo, died on 13 November 1931 in Sofia) was a Bulgarian general, Minister of Defense, military historian and academician. Biography Ivan Fichev was born in 1860 in Tırnova (now Tărnovo), at that time part of the Ottoman Empire. He was a grandson of the famous architect from the National Revival, Kolyu Ficheto. Fichev studied in Tarnovo, Gabrovo and in Robert College in Istanbul. During the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) he participated in the Bulgarian volunteer corps and later served as translator for the temporary Russian governors in Gabrovo and Tarnovo. In 1880 he was accepted in the Military School in Sofia and graduated in 1882 with the rank of lieutenant and was assigned to serve in the 20th Varna infantry battalion. In August 1885 he was promoted to First Lieutenant. Serbo-Bulgarian War During the Serbo-Bulgarian War in 1885 he was a commander of 2nd Company in the 5th Danube Regiment and participated in the defense of Vidin between 12 and 16 November. 1886–1911 In January 1887 he was promoted to the rank of Captain and in 1898 graduated the Military Academy in Torino, Italy. On 1 January 1892 he was promoted a Major and on 1 January 1903 - a Colonel. From the beginning of 1907 he was appointed a commander of the Second Thracian Infantry Division based in Plovdiv and on 1 January 1908 Ivan Fichev was promoted a Major General. From 1910 to 1914 he was the Chief of the General Staff of the Bulgarian Army, which includes the time during the two Balkan Wars, and as such was responsible for devising the general plan for the war against the Ottoman Empire. Balkan Wars During the First Balkan War (1912–1913) he was the head of the operations in Thrace and fought in the successful battles at Lozengrad and Lule Burgas but after the Bulgarian advance was repulsed at Chataldja only 20 km from the Ottoman capital he fell into disgrace. He was one of the Bulgarian delegates during the negotiations that lead to the signing of the Chataldja Armistice on . In May 1913 Fichev resigned from his post as an act of protest but his resignation was not accepted and during the Second Balkan War he remained on the post of Chief of the General Staff of the Army. He also signed the Bucharest Peace Treaty as part of the Bulgarian delegation during the negotiations. Latter life After the Balkan Wars he continued to serve as Chief of the General Staff of the Army. On 1 January 1914 he was promoted a Lieutenant General and two weeks later was appointed commander of the 3rd Military District. On 14 September that year he was appointed a Minister of War and served as such until August 1915 when he went into the reserve. After the First World War he was a Minister Plenipotentiary in the Romanian capital Bucharest. Ivan Fiched died on 13 November 1931 in Sofia. Awards Order of Bravery, II grade; Order of St Alexander, II grade without swords,III grade and V grade Order of Military Merit, I grade and III grade Order of Stara Planina, 1st grade with swords - awarded posthumously on 20 December 2012 French Légion d'honneur,IV grade Italian Order of the Crown of Italy, II grade Romanian Order of the Star of Romania,III grade Persian Order of the Lion and the Sun,II grade Sources Недев, С., Командването на българската войска през войните за национално обединение, София, 1993, Военноиздателски комплекс „Св. Георги Победоносец“ Симеон Радев:"Конференцията в Букурещ и Букурещския мир от 1913 г. Вълков, Г., Генерал Иван Фичев. Избрани произведения, София, 1988, Военно издателство Category:Bulgarian generals Category:Bulgarian diplomats Category:Bulgarian people of the Russo-Turkish War (1877–78) Category:People of the Serbo-Bulgarian War Category:Bulgarian military personnel of World War I Category:Bulgarian military personnel of the Balkan Wars Category:Members of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Category:Recipients of the Order of Bravery Category:Recipients of the Order of Saint Alexander (Bulgaria) Category:Recipients of the Order of Military Merit (Bulgaria) Category:Recipients of the Order of Stara Planina, 1st class with swords Category:Recipients of the Legion of Honour Category:Recipients of the Order of the Star of Romania Category:Recipients of the Order of the Lion and the Sun Category:Bulgarian expatriates in Romania Category:People from Veliko Tarnovo Category:1860 births Category:1931 deaths Category:Robert College alumni	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Wataru Kamimura is a Japanese professional shogi player ranked 5-dan. Early life and education Kamimura was born in Nakano, Tokyo on December 10, 1986. He learned how to play shogi from his father and entered the Japan Shogi Association's apprentice school at the rank of 6-kyū under the guidance of professional shogi player Osamu Nakamura in September 1998. Kamimura was promoted to the rank of apprentice professional 3-dan in October 2010, and obtained full professional status and the rank of 4-dan in October 2012 after winning the 51st 3-dan League (April 2012September 2012) with a record of 14 wins and 4 losses. Kamimura is a graduate of Keio University, majoring in mathematical sciences. He is the first professional shogi player to graduate from the school. Promotion history The promotion history for Kamimura is as follows: 1998, September: 6-kyū 2010, October: 3-dan 2012, October 1: 4-dan 2019, October 10: 5-dan References External links ShogiHub: Professional Player Info · Kamimura, Wataru Blog: かみむらブログ Category:Japanese shogi players Category:Living people Category:Professional shogi players Category:Keio University alumni Category:Professional shogi players from Tokyo Category:1986 births Category:People from Nakano, Tokyo	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Luzon broad-toothed rat The Luzon broad-toothed rat (Abditomys latidens) is a species of rodent in the family Muridae. It is endemic to central and northern Luzon in the Philippines. It is the only member of the genus Abditomys. References Category:Muridae Category:Rats of Asia Category:Endemic fauna of the Philippines Category:Rodents of the Philippines Category:Fauna of Luzon Category:Mammals described in 1952 Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot Category:Taxa named by Colin Campbell Sanborn	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Südavia Südavia (ICAO Code: VXY; IATA Code: FV; Callsign: Sudavia) was an airline based in Munich, Germany. Company history In 1984 a charter airline was founded in Munich under the name BN Rent-a-Plane. The name was changed to Südavia Fluggesellschaft in 1984 with scheduled services between Munich and Saarbrücken using Beech 90 aircraft. Further operations in 1984 included service to Verona, Italy. In 1986 services to Pisa were begun and the fleet expanded to include the larger Beech 200. At the end of 1987 the Dornier Do 228 was introduced and services to Strasbourg were begun. In 1987 the Beech 1900 was introduced and since this was the first pressurized aircraft in the fleet, it was used for the Italian routes. In February 1988, Südavia began to work closely with DLT and that led to the introduction of the Embraer EMB 120 Brasilia acquired from DLT. The rapid expansion of Südavia brought about financial problems and some routes were taken over by DLT. It was during this time that DLT tried to take over Südavia but the deal failed and a group of investors was found that took over 44% of the company and with that capital the Brasilias were replaced by the Saab 340. But by April 1990 the mounting debt and financial troubles led to the revocation of the license and operations were suspended. External links Airtimes timetables Sudavia fleet information Sudavia advertising References Category:Defunct airlines of Germany Category:Airlines established in 1984 Category:Airlines disestablished in 1990	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Alfred Rose Alfred Rose may refer to: Alfred Rose (singer) (1932–2003), Goan tiatrist Alfred Rose (bishop) (1884–1971), Church of England bishop Alfred Rosé (1902–1975), Austrian composer and conductor Alfred Rose (cricketer) (1894–1985), English cricketer Al Rose (1905–1985), American football tight end See also Albert Rose (disambiguation) Al Rosen (disambiguation) Elie Rous, French football manager Ali Roz, Lebanese columnist and commentator	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Route 66 (TV series) Route 66 is an American drama television that premiered on CBS on October 7, 1960, and ran until March 20, 1964, for a total of 116 episodes. The series was created by Herbert B. Leonard and Stirling Silliphant, who were also responsible for the ABC drama Naked City, from which Route 66 was indirectly spun off. Both series employed a format with elements of both traditional drama and anthology drama, but the difference was where the shows were set: Naked City was set in New York City, while Route 66 had its setting change from week to week, with each episode being shot on location. Route 66 followed two young men traversing the United States in a Chevrolet Corvette convertible, and the events and consequences surrounding their journeys. Martin Milner starred as Tod Stiles, a recent college graduate with no future prospects due to circumstances beyond his control. He was originally joined on his travels by Buz Murdock (played by George Maharis), a friend and former employee of his father, with the character leaving midway through the third season after contracting echovirus. Near the end of the third season, Tod met a recently discharged Vietnam veteran named Lincoln Case, played by Glenn Corbett, who decided to follow Tod on his travels and stayed with him until the final episode. Format and characters Route 66 was a hybrid between episodic television drama, which has continuing characters and situations, and the anthology format, in which each week's show has a completely different cast and story. In this narrative format, dubbed "semi-anthology" by the trade magazine Variety, the drama usually centers on the guest stars rather than the regular cast. Series creator Stirling Silliphant's concurrently running drama, Naked City (1958–1963), also followed this semi-anthology format. Original concept and trial pilot In the original concept under discussion between Silliphant and producer Herbert Leonard, the two series leads were both to be ex-army men who had left the service and were looking to re-establish themselves in American life. George Maharis was signed to a contract by Leonard before the Route 66 concept had even been fully developed and was set to be a cast member from the very beginning. An actor named Robert Morris was set to be the other lead. Morris was cast beside Maharis in a 1959 episode of Naked City that was written by Silliphant as a backdoor pilot to a potential spin-off series featuring two young travelers who were looking to find themselves. At that point, the Route 66 title was not yet decided upon, and the potential spin-off was tentatively entitled The Searchers. The Naked City episode that served as the Searchers pilot was called "Four Sweet Corners", and in it, Maharis played Johnny Gary, while Morris was Link Ridgeway. Both were ex-servicemen. After spending most of the episode rescuing Johnny's kid sister from a shoplifting ring, the two friends decided they were too restless to stay in New York City, and more of the world existed that they had to see. Johnny and Link ended the episode by leaving Johnny's family's apartment building, setting out for parts unknown. The half-hour pilot and the chemistry between the leads was judged to be good by the producers, although Herbert B. Leonard could not interest a network or a sponsor in the spin-off show. Morris died in May 1960 at age 25 of a cerebral hemorrhage, before any series could go into production. The concept was subsequently reworked. The title of the series became Route 66, the leads became Tod and Buz, and neither had ties to the army. Maharis was given the role of Buz, while Martin Milner beat out several actors (including Robert Redford) for the role of Tod. Leonard personally financed the shooting of a new hour-long pilot episode ("Black November", written by Silliphant) and CBS picked up the series in 1960. Character profiles Tod and Buz (and later, Linc) symbolized restless youth searching for meaning in the early 1960s. The two men take odd jobs along their journey, like toiling in a California vineyard or manning a Maine lobster boat, bringing them in contact with dysfunctional families or troubled individuals in need of help. The lead characters are not always the focus of any given episode, and their backstories are revealed only in occasional references across widely spaced episodes. Tod Stiles, portrayed by clean-cut Milner, is the epitome of the decent, honest, all-American type. Tod came from a background of wealth and privilege; his father owned a shipping company, and Tod's early years were spent in New York and Connecticut. He attended Yale, but after the death of his father, Tod discovered that his father's business had essentially gone bankrupt. The only legacy left to Tod was a new Corvette. Buz Murdock, meanwhile, was an orphan who had worked with Tod's father as a laborer on one of his ships in New York City. After the death of the senior Mr. Stiles, and the subsequent collapse of his business, Tod and Buz decided to drive across America in search of work, adventure, and themselves. The working-class Buz (George Maharis) is looser, hipper, and more Beat Generation in attitude than Tod, though the two characters share a mutual respect. Subtle indications were given that the Buz character was intended to loosely embody Jack Kerouac in appearance and attitude. Kerouac, in fact, contemplated a lawsuit against Leonard, Silliphant, and Chevrolet for misappropriating the characters and theme from his iconic novel On the Road. Toward the end of the second season, Maharis was absent for several episodes, due to a bout of infectious hepatitis. He returned for the start of the third season, but was again absent for a number of episodes before leaving the show entirely midway through season three. Consequently, in numerous episodes in late season two and early season three, Tod travels solo, while Buz is said to be in the hospital with "echovirus". Tod is often seen writing to Buz in these episodes or having a one-sided phone conversation with him. Tod appears solo in 13 episodes. Buz made his final appearance in a January 1963 episode and was then written out of the show without a definitive explanation — the character simply stopped appearing, and was never referenced again. After five consecutive solo Tod stories, Tod gained a new traveling companion named Lincoln Case (Glenn Corbett) in March 1963. Case is a United States Army veteran of the Vietnam War, haunted by his past. Tod met Linc in "Fifty Miles From Home", where Linc fought with an aspiring basketball player outside a Houston bus station. Linc severely injured the young man, whom Tod was coaching and training, and the incensed Tod followed Linc to his hometown, where he challenged him to a fistfight. After some prolonged, bloody, sweaty, pugilistic choreography, the two came to an understanding of where Linc had been in life. There, Linc became Tod's new traveling companion. Linc was more introspective than the often extroverted Buz, but he had (like Buz) a sometimes explosive temper. Linc was nonetheless a reliable companion as the duo continued their travels. The series concluded in Tampa, Florida, with the two-part episode "Where There's a Will, There's a Way," in which Tod Stiles married a Houston, Texas, commodities trader (played by guest-star Barbara Eden), and Linc announced his intention to return home to his family in Texas after a long period of estrangement from his father. Tod was headed with his new wife back to Houston and offered to bring Linc, who had to remind Tod how small the car was. The scene ends with Linc walking up a hill after loading the couple's luggage into the Corvette. This episode made the series one of the earlier primetime television dramas to have a planned series finale resolving the fate of its main characters. The show was filmed and presented in black and white throughout its run. Locations Route 66 shot each episode on location around the country. Writer-producer Stirling Silliphant traveled with location manager Sam Manners to a wide range of locales, and wrote scripts to match the settings. The actors and film crew would arrive some time later. Locations included a logging camp, shrimp boats, an offshore oil rig, and Glen Canyon Dam, the latter while still under construction. The show had little connection with the U.S. Highway providing its name. Most of the locations were far from "The Mother Road", which passed through only eight states while the series was filmed in 25 American states plus (one episode) Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Another episode featured a brief coda set in Mexico, but was filmed in California. U.S. Route 66 the highway was briefly referred to in just three early episodes of the series ("Black November", "Play It Glissando", and "An Absence of Tears"). The actual highway is even more rarely shown, as in the early first-season episode, "The Strengthening Angels". Route 66 is one of few television series to be filmed entirely on the road. People, their accents, livelihoods, ethnic backgrounds, and attitudes varied widely from one location to the next. Cars The Chevrolet Corvette seen in the first episode ("Black November", October 7, 1960) is a 1960 model, for the rest of that season the show used a 1961 model. Chevrolet provided vehicles throughout the show's run, upgrading to new models with each season. Although a few publicity photos show a black or red model, for actual filming the entire black-and-white series used Corvettes in light colors like Horizon Blue, Cascade Green and Fawn Beige. The 1963 Corvette Sting Ray convertible (in Saddle Tan) finished the show out through 1964. Guest stars The roster of guest stars on Route 66 includes numerous actors who later went on to fame, as well as major stars on the downward side of their careers. One of the most historically significant episodes of the series in this respect was "Lizard's Leg and Owlet's Wing" featuring Peter Lorre, Lon Chaney, Jr., and Boris Karloff as themselves, with the latter donning his famous Frankenstein monster make-up for the first time in decades and Chaney, Jr. made up to resemble his 1941 role as the Wolf Man. Joe E. Brown and Buster Keaton also appeared together as the leads in an episode mixing comedy and drama titled "Journey to Ninevah." An episode featuring Ethel Waters also guest-starred Juano Hernandez as well as the fictional five-piece Memphis Naturals band, made up of actors Bill Gunn and Frederick O'Neal and real-life musicians Coleman Hawkins, Roy Eldridge, and Jo Jones. Other guest stars included Elizabeth Ashley, Ed Asner, Lew Ayres, Ed Begley, Theodore Bikel, Beulah Bondi, Edgar Buchanan, James Caan, James Coburn, Joan Crawford, James Dunn, Robert Duvall, Barbara Eden, Betty Field, Nina Foch, Anne Francis, Peter Graves, Tammy Grimes, Signe Hasso, Sessue Hayakawa, Joey Heatherton, Steven Hill, Miriam Hopkins, David Janssen, Ben Johnson, Buster Keaton, George Kennedy, Cloris Leachman, Robert Loggia, Jack Lord, Tina Louise, Dorothy Malone, E.G. Marshall, Lee Marvin, Walter Matthau, Darren McGavin, Ralph Meeker, Vera Miles, Roger Mobley, Chester Morris, Lane Nakano, Lois Nettleton, Julie Newmar, Leslie Nielsen, Arthur O'Connell, Susan Oliver, Nehemiah Persoff, Slim Pickens, Suzanne Pleshette, Stefanie Powers, Robert Redford, Ruth Roman, Marion Ross, Janice Rule, Soupy Sales, Martha Scott, Martin Sheen, Sylvia Sidney, Lois Smith, Rod Steiger, Beatrice Straight, Rip Torn, Jo Van Fleet, Jessica Walter, Jack Warden, Tuesday Weld, Jack Weston, James Whitmore, and Dick York. William Shatner and DeForest Kelley, both of whom would later go on to fame starring in the Star Trek TV series and films, also guest-starred, in separate episodes. Kelley was in "1800 Days to Justice", Shatner was in "Build Your Houses with Their Backs to the Sea." Two late third-season episodes, which aired one week apart, each featured a guest star in a bit part playing a character with a profession with which he would later become associated as the star of his own mega-hit television series. In "Shadows of an Afternoon", Michael Conrad was a uniformed policeman, years before he became famous as Police Sgt. Phil Esterhaus on Hill Street Blues. In "Soda Pop and Paper Flags", Alan Alda guest-starred as a surgeon, a precursor to his career-defining role as Dr. Benjamin Franklin "Hawkeye" Pierce on MAS*H. Also in the first-season episode, "The Strengthening Angels", which aired November 4, 1960, Hal Smith, who played town drunk Otis Campbell in The Andy Griffith Show, also played a drunk named Howard and was listed in the credits as "Drunk". A fourth-season episode, "Is It True There Are Poxies at the Bottom of Landfair Lake?", featured guest stars Geoffrey Horne and Collin Wilcox. In the episode's storyline, Wilcox's character pretended to get married to Horne's, although it turned out to be a practical joke. A few years after appearing in this episode, Horne and Wilcox were briefly married to each other in real life. An in-joke occurs during the fourth-season episode "Where Are the Sounds of Celli Brahams?" In this segment, Horace McMahon guest stars as a Minneapolis, Minnesota, festival promoter. His character confesses to Linc his failed ambition to be a policeman. Linc remarks that he looks like a policeman Linc once knew in New York City. McMahon had starred as Lt. Mike Parker from 1958 to 1963 on the New York-based police drama Naked City, another TV series overseen by the creative team of Silliphant and Leonard. Production notes The original working title of the series was The Searchers. That was the title of the 1956 film The Searchers directed by John Ford and starring John Wayne, so the series was renamed. The episode "I'm Here to Kill a King" about a potential assassination, was originally scheduled to air on November 29, 1963. It was removed from the schedule because of President John F. Kennedy's assassination one week earlier, and (according to TV schedule listings published at the time) was not aired until the series went into syndication. This episode was filmed and set in Niagara Falls, New York, but also features a few shots taken in Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada. This episode and "A Long Way from St. Louie" (which was set and filmed entirely in Toronto) are the only episodes of Route 66 featuring footage filmed outside the U.S. Scripts Route 66 was officially created by producer Herbert B. Leonard and writer Stirling Silliphant; Silliphant wrote the majority of the episodes (including the pilot) while Leonard did not write at all. It was notable for its dark storylines and exceptional realism. Tod and Buz frequently became involved with individuals whose almost nihilistic worldview made for occasionally frightening TV. Some 50 years after its premiere, Route 66 is still one of the few TV series to offer such a range of socially conscious stories, including mercy killing, the threat of nuclear annihilation, terrorism, runaways, and orphans. Other episodes dealt with the mentally ill, lupus, drug addiction, or gang violence. Some stories were lighthearted, such as a memorable episode featuring Richard Basehart as a folklorist trying to record the music of an isolated Appalachian community, and a Halloween episode called "Lizard's Leg and Owlet's Wing". One of the last episodes (113/116) was outright slapstick comedy (with even a pie fight), costarring Soupy Sales, and entitled "This Is Going to Hurt Me More Than It Hurts You" (Episode List, 4th Season, below). Even more unusual is the way it served up a kind of soaring dialog that has been referred to as "Shakespearean" and free-verse poetry. For instance, the boys encounter a Nazi hunter named Bartlett on the offshore oil drilling rig where they work. Bartlett describes the horrors of World War II and the Holocaust thus: "Tod, I hope you live a long life and never know the blistering forces that sear and destroy, turn men into enemies and sweep past the last frontiers of compassion" and "Once you've seen that dark, unceasing tide of faces...of the victims...the last spark of dignity so obliterated that not one face is lifted to heaven, not one voice is raised in protest even as they died..." (from episode four, "The Man on the Monkey Board"). The quirky, textured writing extended to episode titles, which included such oddities as "How Much a Pound is Albatross?" and "Ever Ride the Waves in Oklahoma?" Other episode titles were drawn from a wide range of literary sources, such as Shakespeare ("A Lance of Straw", "Hell is Empty, All the Devils are Here") or Alfred, Lord Tennyson ("A Fury Slinging Flame"). Many of the stories were character studies, like the above-mentioned one featuring Richard Basehart as a man who uses people then tosses them away. The episode titled "You Can't Pick Cotton in Tahiti" refers to small-town America as both a far-away, exotic Tahiti and the "real America" compared to "phony-baloney" Hollywood. Many episodes offer moving soliloquies, into which future Academy Award-winning writer Silliphant (In the Heat of the Night) poured his deepest thoughts. Despite all the adventure, travelogue, drama, and poetry, the real subject of the series was the human condition, with Tod and Buz often cast as a kind of roving Greek chorus, observers and mentors to broken-down prizefighters and rodeo clowns, sadists and iron-willed matrons, surfers and heiresses, runaway kids and orphans, and other people from all walks of life, forced by circumstances to confront their demons. One hallmark of the show was the way it introduced viewers to new ways of life and new cultures, for instance, a view of a shrimper's life in episode two of season one, "A Lance of Straw", and a look at Cleveland, Ohio's Polish community in episode 35, "First Class Mouliak". Here, the young are pushed by their parents into careers and marriages they may not want, in an effort to hold community and family together, albeit at the expense of the happiness and well-being of the children. Theme song Nelson Riddle was commissioned to write the instrumental theme when CBS decided to have a new song, rather than pay royalties for the Bobby Troup song "(Get Your Kicks on) Route 66." Riddle's "Route 66 Theme" instrumental was one of the first television themes to make Billboard magazine's top 30, following Ray Anthony's "Dragnet Theme" (in 1953), Anthony's version of Henry Mancini's "Peter Gunn Theme" (in 1959) and Mancini's "Mr. Lucky Theme" (in 1960). The song earned two Grammy nominations in 1962. Billy Vaughn recorded a version of Riddle's theme (also instrumental, but with a wordless vocal chorus contributing to the melody) for his 1962 album Chapel by the Sea. A vocal version, retitled "Open Highway" and featuring lyrics by Stanley Styne, was recorded by jazz singer Teri Thornton and reached number 150 in the Music Vendor survey of October 1963. Awards and nominations In 1962, Ethel Waters, playing Jenny Henderson in the "Goodnight, Sweet Blues" episode, was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Single Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role, making her the first African-American performer, male or female, to receive one for dramatic performance. (Harry Belafonte and Sammy Davis Jr. were both nominated in 1956 for Best Specialty. Also in 1962, George Maharis was nominated for Outstanding Continued Performance by an Actor in a Series (Best Actor) for his role as Buz. In 1963, the Writers Guild of America presented writer Larry Marcus the Best Episodic Drama award for his screenplay for the episode "Man Out of Time". Broadcast history Route 66 aired Friday at 8:30–9:30 pm EST on CBS its entire run. Episodes Home media Roxbury Entertainment released the first three seasons of Route 66 on DVD in Region 1 between 2008–2010. As of November 2011, these releases are now out of print as Roxbury Entertainment no longer possesses the rights to the series. On November 7, 2011, Shout! Factory announced that it had acquired the exclusive rights to the series, including the home entertainment rights. It planned on releasing the series through multiple platforms, including DVD releases. It subsequently announced that it would release Route 66—The Complete Series on DVD in Region 1 on May 22, 2012. The 24-disc collectors box set would feature all 116 episodes of the series as well as special bonus features. Cultural impact The series was lampooned in the April 1962 issue of Mad. The parody, entitled "Route 67", followed the publication's established practice of irreverently satirizing current popular programs and motion pictures in comic book format. The send-up features an appearance by the character Mary Worth, who chides the boys for trying to usurp her role as the nation's chief do-gooder. According to biographer Dennis McNally (Desolate Angel: Jack Kerouac, The Beat Generation, and America), Jack Kerouac tried to sue the show's producer Stirling Silliphant, claiming that it plagiarized his novel On the Road, which also featured two buddies traveling America's byways in search of adventure. McNally said Kerouac was "appalled by the show's violence," but the lawyers he contacted convinced him that he could never win a lawsuit. Route 66 was featured on the cover of TV Guide four times. In a 1963 episode of the situation comedy Leave It to Beaver, the character Eddie Haskell obtains a summer job on an Alaskan fishing boat and likens himself to "the guys on Route 66." Beaver at the time aired on the rival ABC network. In a 1977 episode of SCTV a space-age satire of the show called Galaxy 66 stars Joe Flaherty and Dave Thomas as Micron and Antar, two guys who prowl the galaxies looking for adventure, and find it when a mutant thug (John Candy) accosts a human girl (Catherine O'Hara), whom they rescue. Later on in the show, they are seen at the end of another skit tying pyramids to their heads to keep from being hit by meteoroids. In 2001, Pixar's working title of their 2006 movie Cars was Route 66. In the Alien Nation episode "Gimmee, Gimmee" (April 9, 1990), Albert gives Matt a vintage Corvette, whereupon the series theme by Nelson Riddle is heard. Actor Martin Milner toured the real Route 66 for the 2002 video production Route 66: Return to the Road with Martin Milner. Sequel A revival/sequel to the original Route 66 aired on NBC in 1993. Premiering on June 8 of that year, the premise of the series was that an illegitimate son of Buz, Nick Lewis (James Wilder), had inherited a Corvette from his father (apparently ignoring the events following George Maharis' departure from the original series). Using it to travel the country, he picked up a hitchhiker named Arthur Clark (Dan Cortese) and he became his traveling partner. NBC aired only four episodes before cancelling the revival due to low ratings. A pilot featuring different casting was also produced. References Notes Actor interviews, aired on Nick at Nite, 1986 Steinberg, Cobbit S. TV Facts. New York: Facts on File, 1980. Further reading Rosin, James. Route 66: The Television Series (revised edition) The Autumn Road Company, (2011, 2015) Philadelphia. , Alvey, Mark. "Wanderlust and Wire Wheels: the Existential Search of Route 66", in The Road Movie Book, ed. Steven Cohan and Ina Rae Hark (Routledge, 1997). Alvey, Mark. "Route 66." Encyclopedia of Television. http://www.museum.tv/eotv/route66.htm External links Route 66 (1960) episode list on epguides.com Route 66 filming locations Category:1960s American drama television series Category:1960 American television series debuts Category:1964 American television series endings Category:Black-and-white television programs Category:CBS original programming Category:Chevrolet Corvette Category:English-language television programs Category:Television series by Screen Gems Category:American television series revived after cancellation Category:U.S. Route 66	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
John Ordronaux (doctor) John Ordronaux (1830 – January 20, 1908) was an American Civil War army surgeon, a professor of medical jurisprudence, a pioneering mental health commissioner and a generous patron of university endowments. Between 1859 and 1901 Ordronaux published at least fifteen books and articles about subjects as diverse as heroes of the American Revolution of 1776, military medicine, medical jurisprudence, mental health, United States constitutional law and historical treatises. He left an estate worth $2,757,000 much of which he gave in endowments to several US universities and other institutions. He did not marry. Early life Ordronaux was the only son of Captain John Ordronaux (a notable privateer of the War of 1812), and his wife Jean Marie Elizabeth Ordronaux (née Charretton). This is supported by the younger Ordronaux's will which mentions a bequest to his sister Florine, and to his nieces Clara and May Molan, matching genealogical information prepared by an Ordronaux family member. He graduated from Dartmouth College in 1850, from Harvard Law School in 1852, and from the National Medical School in 1859. In 1859 he published his first book a "Eulogy on the life and character of Rev. Zachariah Greene", who, before taking Holy Orders, had fought under Washington in the revolution of 1776 at the age of seventeen. In 1860 Ordronaux became a Professor of medical jurisprudence at Columbia Law School, a post that he held until 1887. Since 1861 he had also been a lecturer at Dartmouth College, The University of Vermont and Boston University. American Civil War During the American Civil War Ordronaux served as an army surgeon stationed in New York. He also acted as a military medical advisor and between 1861 and 1863 he published two textbooks on the health of armies, and an instruction manual of medical criteria for examining recruits. In the introduction to the latter, which was written for the United States Sanitary Commission, he said, The preservation of health in armies, is everywhere a subject of recognized importance. So much, in fact, depends upon it, that precautionary measures in this behalf can never be exaggerated. All that can be done, should be done to protect troops against preventable disease. It seems to have been formerly believed, that the presence of a surgeon in each regiment was all sufficient for this purpose ; and that officers and men could go their way free from any responsibility or apprehension on that score. But experience has proved that the preservation of health, in either one man, or many, is not purely objective with surgeons. Too much, in this particular, is expected from them, and too little is done by officers to cooperate with them. Armies, like patients, must act in concert with their medical advisers, and make the matter of health subjective as well as objective. Officers and men need an insight into the general principles of hygiene, in order to be able to assist, themselves, in furthering prophylactic measures. To supply them with the requisite amount of information, the accompanying popular manual has therefore been prepared. In 1863 he wrote a historical treatise in French (with Reinaud) on the commercial and political relations between the Roman Empire and the countries of Oriental Asia. In 1864 he wrote a second report for the United States Sanitary Commission. This concerned pensions for the war wounded and was subtitled, "On a system for the economical relief of disabled soldiers, and on certain proposed amendments to our present pension laws". After the war After the war he returned to Columbia Law School and began writing again. Between 1867 and 1871 he produced a book on preventative medicine and two textbooks on medical jurisprudence. He also translated into English verse the medieval Latin text of Regimen sanitatis Salernitanum, the medical encyclopedia of the Scuola Medica Salernitana. This school in Salerno, Italy was the pre-eminent medical school in Europe in the 11th century. This was not the first English translation but an attempt to make a medically accurate one. He appears to have done this as a tribute to former members of his profession and in an introduction to his work he said, Regimen Sanitatis Salerni was a work of transcendent merit. Though written in the early twilight of the Middle Ages and in inferior Latin, it at once took its place alongside of such classic productions as the Aphorisms of Hippocrates. No secular work, indeed, ever met with more popular favor, nor infused its canons so radically into the dogmas of any science. It was for ages the medical Bible of all Western Europe, and held undisputed sway over the teachings of its schools, next to the writings of Hippocrates and Galen. Work on mental health Ordronaux developed an interest in mental health and between 1872 and 1882 he was a member of the New York State Commission in Lunacy writing two books on the subject. The second of these books mentions the opening of a ground breaking mental hospital and in his preface to the book he says, The recent establishment of a department of Lunacy supervision by the State of New York, has turned public attention to it as a source for consultation, in the application of our Statute and Common Law to the legal relations of the insane......Insanity is a subject which touches our civil rights at so many different points, that it may be said to have a place in every problem involving human responsibility. It begins with man in the cradle, and follows him to the grave. It is often part of his physical heritage, and may become a qualifying element in all his civil acts. To collect and embody in one treatise the principles of law by which courts govern their adjudications in questions of mental incapacity, and to expound through commentaries both the philosophy of these decisions and the rules of procedure under which they are rendered, is the object aimed at in this manual of Lunacy practice. Ordronaux's activity as a Commissioner was frequently mentioned in the press. In 1875, he was called in to adjudicate whether a man, who was under sentence of death for murder, was insane. The same newspaper reported again on 7 January 1876 how Ordronaux had found that Kings County Lunatic Asylum was being mismanaged by the charity commissioners (17). He also investigated complaints from two inmates in Buffalo asylum of abusive behaviour by their carers. In his report Ordronaux upheld the complaints and recommended the discharge of the two staff involved. By 1882 his forward thinking and outspokenness had made him some enemies and in 1882 his salary of $4000 as Commissioner in Lunacy was temporarily opposed in debate in the finance committee of the New York State Senate. U.S. Constitution Ordronaux's work on State law in New York led him to consider its relationship with Federal law, and in 1891 he published what may be his most important book, on the relationship between the powers of Congress and State legislatures. About this book of more than 600 pages, Ordonaux said in the preface, The accompanying work is an attempt to present in a concrete form the entire system of Federal and State legislation, as practised under a written Constitution in the United States. Its object is to expound those administrative powers which, in our dual form of representative government, are sovereign within their several spheres of action.....A written Constitution is a political grammar to whose rules administrative laws must conform, in order to give them judicial validity.....The government of forty four independent States, dwelling in harmonious relations under a supervisory Federal sovereignty, would seem, therefore, to justify the treatment of Legislation as a department of jurisprudence meriting more textual consideration than it has yet received.....the present treatise has been prepared to meet the wants of those who, desiring to practise or interpret the canons of representative government in the United States, may seek to master the secrets of its architecture through a study of the labors of its founders, and to trace its genesis and development to a providential origin in the Spartan Commonwealths of our colonial period. Later life In 1898 Ordronaux wrote a biography of a Leonice Sampson Moulton, a presumed relative of his foster father, possibly his foster mother. She was born in 1811 and descended from the original Mayflower settlers to America. As Miss Sampson, she was sent on a secret mission to the US embassy in Buenos Aires to enquire into the sovereignty dispute between Great Britain and Argentina over the Falkland Islands. She is interesting according to Ordronaux for, among other things, keeping a very detailed diary which was far more comprehensive than the logs of the ships upon which she travelled. On 27 June 1901 Ordronaux addressed the graduate students of The University of Vermont. Reading like a tribute to his own life's work he says, A strange feeling possesses me as I rise to address you......I am here to perform, with much surprise to myself, the same duty which devolved upon me, on a similar occasion, thirty six years ago.......I stand in the presence of two distinct periods with all their differing and startling results. In this long interval, too long to be measured by the standard of months, and falling more properly in the category of cycles, the drama of human society has moved with accelerated pace. A generation has acted its part of good and evil, then passed to its final account. Science, the industrial art, Education, Commerce, Navigation, have all spread their wings as never before. Our country has added nine states to the framework of our Federal Union, and buttressed its Constitution with armor plated Amendments whose necessity had never been contemplated. Our very name, the United States, has changed its former significance and been adjudicated by our highest Appellate Tribunal to be no longer a plural substantive, but a noun in the singular number describing a nation of political equals, and not a league or partnership of States. Ordronaux died of "apoplexy" at his home, Glen Head, in Roslyn, New York on 20 January 1908. His estate was initially valued at nearly $1,000,000. A large part of his bequests were to hospitals, universities, churches and other public institutions. These included $30,000 to Dartmouth College and $10,000 each to Trinity College, Hartford, Connecticut, The University of Vermont and the Episcopal Diocese of Long Island. However, the New York Times reported on 8 August 1908 that Ordronaux's total estate amounted to $2,757,000, the bulk of which was left to his three surviving sisters. References External links Eulogy on the life and character of Rev. Zachariah Greene. Open Library online document Hints on health in armies. Open Library online document Manual of instructions for military surgeons on the examination of recruits. Internet Archive online document Relations politiques et commerciales de l'Empire romain avec l'Asie. Internet Archive online document Report to the U.S. Sanitary Commission - On a system for the economical relief of disabled soldiers. Open Library online document Prophylaxis, an anniversary oration. Open Library online document The Jurisprudence of Medicine in Its Relation to the Law of Contracts, Torts. Internet Archive online document Code of Health of the School of Salernum: Translated Into English Verse. Internet Archive online document Constitutional legislation in the United States. Open Library online document Memoir of Leonice Marston Sampson Moulton. Open Library online document Address delivered to the medical graduates of the University of Vermont at their commencement. Internet Archive online document Category:1830 births Category:1908 deaths Category:American military doctors Category:American Civil War surgeons Category:Columbia Law School faculty Category:Dartmouth College alumni Category:Harvard Law School alumni Category:Medical academics Category:Medical jurisprudence Category:Mental health professionals Category:Physicians from New York (state) Category:People from Roslyn, New York	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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