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1581
Year 1581 (MDLXXXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, and a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar) of the Proleptic Gregorian calendar.
Events
January–June
March 18 – The Parliament of England's Act against Reconciliation to Rome imposes heavy fines, for practising Roman Catholicism.
March 25 – Iberian Union: Philip II of Spain is crowned Philip I of Portugal.
April 4 – Following his circumnavigation of the world, Francis Drake is knighted by Elizabeth I of England.
July–December
July 14 English Jesuit Edmund Campion is arrested.
July 26
The Northern Netherlands (Union of Utrecht) proclaim their independence from Spain in the Act of Abjuration, abjuring loyalty to Philip II of Spain as their sovereign, and appointing Francois, Duke of Anjou, as the new sovereign of the Netherlands; public practice of Roman Catholicism is forbidden.
Capture of Breda: Spanish troops take Breda by surprise.
A meteorite makes landfall in Thuringia, Holy Roman Empire.
August 28 – The army of King Stephen Báthory of Poland begins its siege of the Russian garrison of Pskov
Summer (probable) – Yermak begins the Russian conquest of the Khanate of Sibir, with a band of 1,636 men.
September – A mercenary army of Sweden, under Pontus De la Gardie, captures Narva from Russia.
October 15 – Ballet Comique de la Reine, the first narrative ballet, devised by Louise of Lorraine, wife of Henry III of France, and choreographed by Balthasar de Beaujoyeulx, opens in its first performance at the court of Catherine de' Medici, in the Louvre Palace in Paris, as part of the wedding celebrations for Marguerite of Lorraine.
November 4 – Jean de la Cassière is restored as Grandmaster of the Knights Hospitaller, by Pope Gregory XIII.
December 1 – Execution in England of the Jesuit priest Edmund Campion for treason.
Date unknown
The Knights Hospitaller depose Jean de la Cassière as Grandmaster, and appoint Mathurin Romegas.
The Ming Dynasty Chancellor of China, Chief Grand Secretary Zhang Juzheng, imposes the Single Whip Reform, by which taxes are assessed on properties recorded in the land census, and paid in silver, as the accepted medium of exchange.
Oda Nobunaga invades the Iga Province.
The Trier witch trials begin.
John Dee practices angel magic with Barnabas Saul, but with no success.
Guru Arjan Dev becomes the fifth Guru of Sikhs, succeeding his father Guru Ram Das.
The last Bishop of Meissen, John IX of Haugwitz, resigns his office in the wake of the Reformation.
Births
January 4 – James Ussher, Anglo-Irish priest and scholar (d. 1656)
January 6 – Countess Palatine Dorothea of Simmern, Princess consort of Anhalt-Dessau (d. 1631)
January 30 – Christian, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth (1603–1655) (d. 1655)
February 17 – Fausto Poli, Italian Catholic prelate and cardinal (d. 1653)
March 16 – Pieter Corneliszoon Hooft, Dutch historian (d. 1647)
April 24 – Vincent de Paul, French Roman Catholic priest who dedicated himself to serving the poor (d. 1660)
May 4 – Arnold Möller, German calligrapher (d. 1655)
May 21 – Robert More, English politician (d. 1626)
May 22 – Archduchess Gregoria Maximiliana of Austria, Austrian archduchess (d. 1597)
June 21 – Edward Barrett, 1st Lord Barrett of Newburgh, English politician (d. 1645)
June 27 – Louis Günther I, Count of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt (1630–1646) (d. 1646)
July 18 – Pier Luigi Carafa, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1655)
July 20 – Isidoro Bianchi, Italian painter (d. 1662)
July 25 – Brian Twyne, English archivist (d. 1644)
August 5 – Hedwig of Denmark, Danish princess (d. 1641)
August 15 – Jeremias Drexel, Jesuit writer of devotional literature and a professor of the humanities and rhetoric (d. 1638)
September 21 – Simon Archer, English politician (d. 1662)
September 27 – Juan Damián López de Haro, Spanish Catholic bishop of Puerto Rico (d. 1648)
October 9 – Claude Gaspard Bachet de Méziriac, French mathematician (d. 1638)
October 21 – Domenico Zampieri, Italian painter (d. 1641)
November 1 – William Hockmere, English politician (d. 1626)
November 11 – Edward Popham, English politician (d. 1641)
November 18 – Carlo I Cybo-Malaspina, marquisate of Massa (d. 1662)
November 26 – Frederick, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sønderburg-Norburg (d. 1658)
December 17 – Walter Davison, English poet (d. 1600)
December 26 – Philip III, Landgrave of Hesse-Butzbach (1609–1643) (d. 1643)
December 27 – Jean Chalette, French painter (d. 1643)
date unknown
Gasparo Aselli, Italian physician (d. 1626)
Jeremias Drexel, German Jesuit writer of devotional literature
Edmund Gunter, English mathematician (d. 1626)
Jean du Vergier de Hauranne, French monk who introduced Jansenism into France (d. 1643)
Charles Malapert, Belgian Jesuit writer (d. 1630)
Łukasz Opaliński (1581–1654), Polish nobleman (d. 1654)
Thomas Overbury, English poet and essayist (d. 1613)
Johannes Rudbeckius, bishop at Västerås (d. 1646)
Choghtu Khong Tayiji, ruler of the Khalkha Mongols (d. 1637)
probable
Juan Ruiz de Alarcón, Mexican dramatist (d. 1639)
Sisto Badalocchio, Italian painter and engraver (d. 1647)
Deaths
January 22 – Joos de Damhouder, Flemish jurist (b. 1507)
February 15 – Francisco Foreiro, Portuguese Dominican theologian and biblist (b. 1523)
March 17 – Johann Marbach, German theologian (b. 1521)
March 19 – Francis I, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg (b. 1510)
April 3 – Herbert Duifhuis, Dutch minister (b. 1531)
April 25 – Okabe Motonobu, Japanese warrior
May 31 – Jan Kostka, Polish noble (b. 1529)
June 2 – James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton, regent of Scotland (b. 1525)
July 6 - Maria Rosch, Victim of witchcraft persecution; burned at the stake in Waldsee, Germany
July 20 – Odet de Turnèbe, French dramatist (b. 1552)
July 11 – Peder Skram, Danish senator and naval officer (b. 1500)
July 12 – Johannes Gigas, German theologian (b. 1514)
July 22 – Richard Cox, English bishop (b. 1500)
August 17 – Duchess Sabine of Württemberg, by marriage Landgravine of Hesse-Kassel (b. 1549)
August 20 – Katharina of Hanau, Countess of Wied, German noblewoman (b. 1525)
August – King Mayadunne of Sri Lanka (b. 1504)
September 1 – Guru Ram Das, fourth Sikh Guru (b. 1534)
September 16 – Peter Niers, notorious German bandit (date of birth unknown)
September 28 – Achilles Statius, Portuguese humanist (b. 1524)
September 29 – Andreas Musculus, German theologian (b. 1514)
September 30 – Hubert Languet, French diplomat and reformer (b. 1518)
October 4 – Henry Wriothesley, 2nd Earl of Southampton, English earl (b. 1545)
October 7 – Honoré I, Lord of Monaco (b. 1522)
October 9 – Saint Louis Bertrand, Spanish missionary to Latin America, patron saint of Colombia (b. 1526)
October 10 – King Bayinnaung of Burma (b. 1516)
October 23 – Michael Neander, German mathematician and astronomer (b. 1529)
November 4 – Mathurin Romegas, French rival Grandmaster of the Knights Hospitaller (b. c.1525)
November 7 – Richard Davies, Welsh bishop and scholar (b. c. 1505)
November 19 – Tsarevich Ivan Ivanovich of Russia b. 1554
December 1
Martyrs and executed of Tyburn
Alexander Briant, English Jesuit priest and saint (b. 1556)
Edmund Campion, English Jesuit priest and saint (b. 1540)
Ralph Sherwin, English Roman Catholic priest and saint (b. 1550)
December 11 – Maria of Austria, Duchess of Jülich-Cleves-Berg, daughter of Emperor Ferdinand I (b. 1531)
December 21 – Jean de la Cassière, French-born Maltese 51st Grandmaster of the Knights Hospitaller (b. 1502)
date unknown
Christopher Báthory, prince of Transylvania (b. 1530)
Guillaume Postel, French linguist (b. 1510)
Nicholas Sanders, English Catholic propagandist (b. 1530)
References
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Gadani Beach
Gadani Beach is a beach on the Arabian Sea located near the Hub River and Cape Monze in Gadani, Lasbela District, Balochistan, Pakistan.
Gadani Beach is the location of Gadani ship-breaking yard, which is one of the world's largest ship-breaking yards.
External links
Ships to be broken at Gadani, 2000
Category:Lasbela District
Category:Landforms of the Indian Ocean
Category:Landforms of the Arabian Sea
Category:Beaches of Karachi
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1997–98 Newport A.F.C. season
The 1997–98 season was Newport's first season in the Southern League Southern Division since relegation from the Premier Division the previous season. They finished the season in 7th position and were transferred back to the Midland division for the next season.
Season review
League
Results summary
Fixtures and results
Southern League Southern
FA Cup
FA Trophy
League table
External links
Dr Martens South 1997-98 Results
1997-98
Category:Welsh football clubs 1997–98 season
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Hirne
Hirne () is the name of several populated places in Ukraine.
Hirne, Yalta municipality, a settlement in Crimea, currently disputed between Russia and Ukraine
Hirne, Shakhtarsk municipality, a settlement in Donetsk Oblast, Ukraine
Hirne, Khartsyzk municipality, an urban-type settlement in Donetsk Oblast, Ukraine
Hirne, Krasnodon municipality, an urban-type settlement in Luhansk Oblast, Ukraine
Hirne, Stryi Raion, a village in Lviv Oblast, Ukraine
Hirne, Sumy Raion, a village in Sumy Oblast, Ukraine
See also
Gorny (disambiguation)
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Evan Seys
Evan Seys (alternates: Yevan or Ievan) (1604–1685) was an eminent lawyer of his day who rose to national office under Oliver Cromwell as Attorney General, and served as a member of parliament after the Restoration. From c.1649 until his death he was involved in the politics of his native Glamorgan, and of Gloucestershire. He was a committed and active Protestant and an antiquarian scholar.
Family and education
Seys was the fourth son of Richard Seys of Swansea, Glamorgan and his wife Mary Evans. His father was a barrister of Lincoln's Inn. In 1638 Evan married Margaret, daughter of Robert Bridges of Woodchester, who died in 1651. He had a son, Richard, and daughters Margaret and Elizabeth.
Evan attended Cowbridge School until the age of 17, when in 1621 he went up to Christ Church, Oxford.
Political and legal career
Seys was Recorder of Gloucester in 1649 and a Bencher of Lincoln's Inn in 1652. He went on to hold legal office in Wales under the Protectorate and was a member of the committee for governing Glamorgan. This culminated in his becoming the Attorney General to Oliver Cromwell and serving as MP for Glamorgan during the evanescent rule of Richard Cromwell in 1659.
In 1659 he was part of a broad coalition preparing the restoration of Charles II. From 1661 to 1681 he was MP for Gloucester,.
References
Davies, Iolo, A Certaine Schoole (Cowbridge: D. Brown and Sons, 1967), pp. 13–19 (career) and 349–59 (the speech)
Dodd, A. H., "'Tuning' the Welsh Bench, 1680", National Library of Wales Journal, Vol. VI/3 (Summer 1950)
Hopkin-James, Lemuel John, Old Cowbridge Borough, Church and School, pp 233–6 and 307 (Cardiff : Educational Pub. Co, 1922), available online from Google Books. Retrieved 24 July 2010: contains excerpts from Seys's school speech in Latin and in translation
James, Brian Ll. and Francis, David J., Cowbridge and Llanblethian Past and Present (Stewart Williams, Publishers, Barry and D. Brown & Sons Ltd., Eastgate, Cowbridge, 1979), p. 49 (on the family's origins)
Jenkins, Philip, The Making of a Ruling Class: The Glamorgan Gentry 1640–1790 (Cambridge University Press, 1983), pp. 101–39, 218–20, 231, 235, 261
Jenkins, Philip, "Anti-Popery on the Welsh Marches", Historical Journal, Vol. 23 (1980)
Jenkins, Philip, "'The Old Leaven': the Welsh Roundheads after 1660", Historical Journal, Vol. 24 (1981)
Lewis, Samuel, A Topographical Dictionary of Wales (1833) for the 1705 endowment
Prest, Wilfred R., The rise of the Barristers (1986), p. 160
Robbins,M., The Agricultural, Social and Cultural Interests of the gentry of South East Glamorgan: 1540–1640 University of Wales, Cardiff, PhD (1974)
Vale of Glamorgan Council: "Boverton Draft Conservation Area Appraisal": on the ruins of Boverton Place" (2009)
Victoria County History: Gloucestershire: Manor of Dymock (in publication)
Will of Evan Seys (signed 1682, codicil 1684, proved 1684/5 at Prerogative Court at Canterbury). Index to will register at National Archives PROB 11/379. Retrieved 24 July 2010.
The Cambrian Quarterly Magazine 1830, p. 172 on the oak
Dryden's Absalom and Achitophel Pt 2 (1682): Worcester, by then first Duke of Beaufort, is eulogistically cast as "Bezaliel" lines 941-66. The Welsh he governs, "Kenites", in the biblical allegory, are also praised for their loyalty to the King: Dryden cannot have thought Seys representative of his nation. But their land is disparaged as a "Rocky Province." The whole poem is a witty and highly readable satire on the Exclusion Crisis and The Popish Plot from the Royalist perspective. And Shakespeare's Henry the fourth part 2 caricatures country justices in the personae of "Shallow" and "Silence" – of Gloucestershire no less. Seys was way above these two in point of legal expertise, general erudition, sophistication, breadth of outlook etc.; but many of his colleagues on the Glamorgan Bench were not. These two classics add background and elaboration.
See also
Article on Evan Seys by Clive Jenkins
Category:1604 births
Category:1685 deaths
Category:Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford
Category:Members of the Privy Council of England
Category:Welsh politicians
Category:Attorneys General for England and Wales
Category:People educated at Cowbridge Grammar School
Category:Members of the Parliament of England (pre-1707) for Gloucester
Category:English MPs 1659
Category:English MPs 1661–1679
Category:English MPs 1679
Category:English MPs 1680–1681
Category:Members of the Parliament of England (pre-1707) for constituencies in Wales
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Diebels
Brauerei Diebels is a firm based in Issum on the Lower Rhine that manufactures various beer products and belongs to the Anheuser-Busch Inbev Group in Brussels. The formerly independent family firm was taken over in 2001 by the Belgian Interbrew Group which merged with the Brazilian AmBev to form the Anheuser-Busch InBev brewing group.
Products
The following beers are currently sold under the Diebels label:
Diebels – Altbier with an alcohol content of 4.9 percent by volume
Diebels Alkoholfrei – alcohol-free variant of the Altbier
Diebels Light – Altbier with 40 percent less alcohol
Dimix – shandy based on Diebels Alt with cola
Diebels Pils – a pilsner-type beer with an alcohol content of 4.9 percent by volume
Dimix Erdbeer – shandy based on Diebels Alt with strawberry lemonade
References
External links
Website of the Diebels Brewery
RP Online: Diebels-DTM-Flitzer bleibt für immer in Issum
Category:Breweries in Germany
Category:Beer brands of Germany
Category:Companies based in North Rhine-Westphalia
Category:Kleve (district)
Category:Anheuser-Busch InBev
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Nakagoya Station
is a railway station on the Sasshō Line in Tōbetsu, Ishikari District, Hokkaidō, Japan, operated by Hokkaido Railway Company (JR Hokkaido).
Lines
Nakagoya Station is served by the Sasshō Line.
Station layout
The station has a side platform serving one track. The unmanned station building is located beside the platform.
Adjacent stations
History
The station opened on 3 October 1935.
On December 2018, it was announced that the station would be closed on May 7 2020, along with the rest of the non-electrified section of the Sasshō Line.
References
Category:Railway stations opened in 1935
Category:1935 establishments in Japan
Category:Stations of Hokkaido Railway Company
Category:Railway stations in Hokkaido Prefecture
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Eristalinus taeniops
Eristalinus taeniops is a species of hoverfly, also known as the band-eyed drone fly.
Distribution
This species is present in part of Europe (Albania, Balearic Islands, Bulgaria, the Canary Islands, Cyprus, France, Greece, Italy, Malta, North Macedonia, Poland, Portugal, Spain), in North Africa, in the Near East (Turkey, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine), in the Caucasus, in the Eastern parts of Afrotropical ecozone to South Africa, in the Oriental ecozone (Nepal, Northern India), in Northern Pakistan and in Iran. It has been introduced to parts of North America (California and Florida). Recently discovered on Rio de janeiro, Brazil.
Habitat
These hoverflies can be found in Holly oak forests, in forest clearings, maquis, rivers, streams, and in coastal marshes.
Description
Eristalinus taeniops can reach a length of . These hoverflies exhibit a bee-like yellow-black drawing (Batesian mimicry) and are often mistaken for wasps or bees. The thorax has a metallic yellow-brown color and it is densely yellow hairy. Also the scutellum are yellow-brown colored. The abdomen is reddish-yellow, with transversal black bands. The compound eyes have five distinct, vertical, dark stripes. The wings are transparent, usually yellowish-brown at the base, while the halteres are brightly pale yellow colored.
Biology
Adults of these hoverflies can be found from April to October with a peak from May to August. They feed on nectar of yellow and white flowers such as Erica, Daphne, Senecio and Rosaceae species. The larvae live as rat-tailed maggots, mainly in the mud, in animal carcasses and in water contaminated by pig manure.
Gallery
Bibliography
Joachim & Hiroko Haupt: Fliegen und Mücken: Beobachtung, Lebensweise. Naturbuch-Verlag, Augsburg 1998, .
Ricarte, Antonio & M. Á. Marcos-García. 2017. A checklist of the Syrphidae (Diptera) of Spain, Andorra and Gibraltar. Zootaxa 4216(5): 401–440
Speight, M.C.D. (2014) Species accounts of European Syrphidae (Diptera), 2014. Syrph the Net, the database of European Syrphidae, vol. 78, 321 pp., Syrph the Net publications, Dublin.
Celeste Pérez Bañón, Santos Rojo, Gunilla Ståhls and M. Angeles Marcos-García – Taxonomy of European Eristalinus (Diptera: Syrphidae) based on larval morphology and molecular data
References
External links
Photos of Californian specimens
Category:Diptera of Europe
Category:Diptera of Asia
Category:Diptera of Africa
Category:Hoverflies
Category:Insects described in 1818
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Ruth Graves Wakefield
Ruth Graves Wakefield (June 17, 1903 – January 10, 1977) was an American chef, best known as the inventor of the Toll House Cookie, the first chocolate chip cookie. She was also a college graduate, dietitian, educator, business owner, and author.
Wakefield grew up in Easton, Massachusetts, and graduated from Oliver Ames High School in 1920. Wakefield was educated at Framingham State Normal School Department of Household Arts in 1924. There, she worked as a dietitian and lectured about foods. In 1928, she and her husband Kenneth Donald Wakefield (1897–1997) had a son, Kenneth Donald Wakefield Jr. In 1930, she and her husband bought a tourist lodge (the Toll House Inn) in Whitman in Plymouth County. Located about halfway between Boston and New Bedford, it was a place where passengers had historically paid a toll, changed horses, and ate home-cooked meals. When the Wakefields opened their business, they named the establishment the Toll House Inn. Ruth cooked and served all the food and soon gained local fame for her lobster dinners and desserts. People from across the region visited the Toll House, including notables such as US Ambassador Joseph Kennedy, Sr. Her chocolate chip cookies soon became very popular. She invented chocolate chip cookies around 1938.
She added chopped up bits from a Nestlé semi-sweet chocolate bar into a cookie. It is often incorrectly reported that the cookie was an accident, and that Wakefield expected the chocolate chunks to melt making chocolate cookies. In reality, Wakefield stated that she deliberately invented the cookie. She said, "We had been serving a thin butterscotch nut cookie with ice cream. Everybody seemed to love it, but I was trying to give them something different. So I came up with Toll House cookie."
Wakefield wrote a best selling cookbook, Toll House Tried and True Recipes, that went through 39 printings starting in 1930. The 1938 edition of the cookbook was the first to include the recipe for a chocolate chip cookie, the "Toll House Chocolate Crunch Cookie".
During WWII, US soldiers from Massachusetts who were stationed overseas shared the cookies they received in care packages from back home with soldiers from other parts of the US. Soon, hundreds of soldiers were writing home asking their families to send them some Toll House cookies, and Wakefield was soon inundated with letters from around the world requesting her recipe. Thus began the nationwide craze for the chocolate chip cookie.
As the popularity of the Toll House Chocolate Crunch Cookie increased, the sales of Nestlé's semi-sweet chocolate bars also spiked. Andrew Nestlé and Ruth Wakefield made a business arrangement: Wakefield gave Nestlé the right to use her cookie recipe and the Toll House name for one dollar and a lifetime supply of Nestlé chocolate. Nestlé began marketing chocolate chips to be used especially for cookies and printing the recipe for the Toll House Cookie on its package.
Wakefield's invention met this need and went on to be the most popular cookie of all time. Chocolate chip cookies are still consumed today and currently exist in a market space of over $18 billion in the US.
Wakefield died on January 10, 1977 following a long illness in Jordan Hospital in Plymouth, Massachusetts.
In 2018 the New York Times published a belated obituary for her.
References
External links
Category:1903 births
Category:1977 deaths
Category:People from Plymouth County, Massachusetts
Category:American chefs
Category:Women inventors
Category:People from Whitman, Massachusetts
Category:People from Walpole, Massachusetts
Category:Cookies
Category:History of chocolate
Category:20th-century American inventors
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John Stewart House
John Stewart House may refer to:
John Stewart House (Columbus, Georgia), listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Muscogee County, Georgia
John Stewart Houses (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania), listed on the NRHP in Pennsylvania
John Stewart House (Decatur, Tennessee), listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Meigs County, Tennessee
See also
John Stuart House (disambiguation)
Stewart House (disambiguation)
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Tapsell Foreland
Tapsell Foreland () is a broad, mostly snow-covered foreland jutting into the sea between Yule Bay and Smith Inlet, northern Victoria Land. Much of the central portion of this feature rises above 800 m The name Tapsell, applied by New Zealand Antarctic Place-Names Committee (NZ-APC) in 1969, is the surname of the Master of the barque Brisk, one of the whaling vessels based on Enderby Settlement at Port Ross, Auckland Islands, 1849–52. In an exploratory voyage in February 1850, Tapsell sailed south to the Belleny Islands and then west along the parallel of 67S as far as 143E. Despite the high latitude, no land was sighted.
Category:Peninsulas of Antarctica
Category:Landforms of Victoria Land
Category:Pennell Coast
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Electoral history of David Shearer
This is a summary of the electoral history of David Shearer, Leader of the New Zealand Labour Party (2011–13) and Member of Parliament for (2009–2016).
Parliamentary elections
2002 election
2009 by-election
2011 election
2014 election
References
Shearer, David
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Charlie Thompson (footballer, born 1909)
Charles Thompson (April 1909 – 1979) was an English professional footballer. He played as a midfielder for Liverpool and Barrow. He was also on the books of Blackpool.
External links
LFC History profile
Category:1909 births
Category:1979 deaths
Category:English footballers
Category:Liverpool F.C. players
Category:Blackpool F.C. players
Category:Barrow A.F.C. players
Category:Date of birth missing
Category:Date of death missing
Category:Association football midfielders
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Kim Leine
Kim Leine Rasmussen (28 August 1961 in Seljord, Telemark) is a Danish-Norwegian author.
In 2013, he was awarded the Nordic Council Literature Prize for the novel The Prophets of Eternal Fjord.
Bibliography
Novels
Kalak (2007)
Valdemarsdag (2008)
Tunu (2009)
Profeterne i Evighedsfjorden (2012); English translation: The Prophets of Eternal Fjord
Afgrunden (2015)
De søvnløse (2016)
Rød mand/Sort mand (Gyldendal, 2018)
Children's books
Drengen der drog nordpå med sin far for at finde julemanden (2015), illustrated by Peter Bay Alexandersen
Skovpigen Skærv (2016), illustrated by Peter Bay Alexandersen
Pigen der kunne tale med hunde (2017), illustrated by Peter Bay Alexandersen
Comics
Trojka 1: Skarabæens time (2018), illustrated by Søren Mosdal
References
Category:Norwegian emigrants to Denmark
Category:Naturalised citizens of Denmark
Category:Danish male novelists
Category:People from Telemark
Category:Nordic Council Literature Prize winners
Category:1961 births
Category:Living people
Category:21st-century Norwegian novelists
Category:21st-century Danish novelists
Category:Norwegian male novelists
Category:21st-century male writers
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Ben Helfgott
Sir Ben Helfgott (born 22 November 1929) is a Polish-born British Holocaust survivor and former champion weightlifter. He is one of two Jewish athletes known to have competed in the Olympics after surviving the Holocaust.
Biography
Helfgott was born in Piotrków Trybunalski, Łódź, Poland. He was 10 years old when Germany invaded the country in 1939. In 1942, with the help of Andrew Janotta, he convinced the Nazis that he was ethnically Polish and not a Jew. He was eventually sent to a concentration camp. He was liberated in 1946, but was very weak. Initially sent to Buchenwald, Helfgott survived the Holocaust and was among around 750 youngsters sent to England after the war after being liberated from Theresienstadt; he formed a part of the initial 300 arrivals and thus of the group known as The Windermere Children who were sent to Troutbeck Bridge on arrival. He and one of his sisters were the only members of his family to survive the war; his mother and youngest sister were rounded up and shot by the Nazis.
Weightlifting career
Helfgott won the nation's championship in 1954 and was lightweight champion in 1955, 1956 and 1958. He represented Great Britain at weightlifting in the 1956 Summer Olympics at Melbourne, Australia. He was the captain of the British weightlifting teams at the Olympics in 1956 (Melbourne) and 1960 (Rome). In addition, he was a bronze medal winner at the 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games held in Cardiff, South Wales. Helfgott also won the gold medal in the lightweight class at 1950, 1953, and 1957 Maccabiah Games.
Media appearances
As a guest on the BBC Radio 4 Desert Island Discs programme on 1 April 2007, he chose to be stranded with a copy of Bertrand Russell's A History of Western Philosophy and a bar with two discs for weight training. In 2010, Helfgott was one of five British Jews interviewed for an exhibit at the London Jewish Museum exploring "different ways of being Jewish." In 2018, Helfgott appeared in an edition of the BBC series Who Do You Think You Are? featuring Robert Rinder. In the programme, Helfgott recalled how he had encountered Rinder's maternal grandfather, Moszek (Moses, Morris), in the Schlieben concentration camp.
Personal life
Helfgott married Arza in 1966, with whom he then had three sons. He had begun a course at the University of Southampton in 1948 but dropped out after a year and thereafter was partner in a business manufacturing cheap dresses.
Awards, honours and recognition
Poland
United Kingdom
In 2012, at a Limmud convention in Nazareth Illit organized to commemorate the 40th anniversary of the Munich massacre, Helfgott was awarded a prize by the mayor. In 2018, Helfgott was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire in recognition of his contribution to services to Holocaust remembrance and education.
See also
List of Jews in sports
References
Category:1929 births
Category:Living people
Category:People from Pabianice
Category:Sportspeople from Łódź Voivodeship
Category:Polish Jews
Category:Jewish weightlifters
Category:Polish people of World War II
Category:Maccabiah Games medalists in weightlifting
Category:Weightlifters at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Category:Weightlifters at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Category:Olympic weightlifters of Great Britain
Category:British male weightlifters
Category:Polish male weightlifters
Category:Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for England
Category:Weightlifters at the 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games
Category:Polish emigrants to the United Kingdom
Category:Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
Category:British people of Polish-Jewish descent
Category:Maccabiah Games gold medalists for Great Britain
Category:Buchenwald concentration camp survivors
Category:Theresienstadt Ghetto survivors
Category:Knights of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland
Category:Holocaust survivors
Category:Competitors at the 1950 Maccabiah Games
Category:Competitors at the 1953 Maccabiah Games
Category:Competitors at the 1957 Maccabiah Games
Category:Commonwealth Games medallists in weightlifting
Category:Knights Bachelor
Category:Members of the Order of the British Empire
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2018–19 Rio Ave F.C. season
The 2018–19 season is Rio Ave's eleventh season back in the Primeira Liga.
Season events
During pre-sason, manager Miguel Cardoso resigned on 13 June 2018, with José Gomes being appointed as his replacement the same day. Six-months later, 22 December 2018, Gomes left to up the vacant managers job at Reading, with Daniel Ramos being appointed as his replacement on 1 January 2019.
Squad
Out on loan
Transfers
In
Loans in
Out
Loans out
Released
Competitions
Primeira Liga
Table
Result summary
Results
Taça de Portugal
Taça da Liga
Third Round
UEFA Europa League
Qualifying Rounds
Statistics
Appearances and goals
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|colspan="14"|Players away on loan:
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|colspan="14"|Players who left Rio Ave during the season:
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Goal scorers
Disciplinary Record
References
Rio Ave
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Ib Michael
Ib Michael (born 1945 in Roskilde, Denmark) is a Danish novelist and poet. His writing style has been described as magic realism.
He attended the University of Copenhagen, where he studied Central American and Indian Language and Culture. Michael is the author of the works "Kejserfortællingen" (The Tiger's Tale), "Kilroy, Kilroy", "Vanillepigen" (The Vanilla Girl), "Den tolvte rytter" (The Midnight Soldier), "Brev til månen" (Letter to the Moon), and "Prins" (Prince). He has won numerous awards, including the Otto Gelsted Prize in 1978, The Booksellers Club Golden Laurel in 1990, The Danish Author Association Peace Prize in 1991, and the Grand Prize of the Danish Academy in 1994.
Bibliography
En hidtil uset drøm om skibe (1970)
Den flyvende kalkundræber (1971)
Warum ist die Banane so krumm (radio drama, 1973)
Indianerliv i regnskoven (together with Per Kirkeby and Teit Jørgensen, 1973)
Mayalandet (together with Per Kirkeby og Teit Jørgensen, 1973)
Hjortefod (1974)
Popol Vuh – Quiché-mayaernes Folkebog (1975)
Den udødelige soldat (radio drama in 4 episodes, 1976)
Rejsen tilbage (1977)
Rejsen til det grønne firben (memoir, 1980)
Snedronningen (1981)
Kejserfortællingen (1981)
Troubadourens lærling (1984)
Himmelbegravelse (poems, 1986)
Sonde (radio drama, 1987)
Hajskygger (1988)
Kilroy, Kilroy (1989)
Vinden i metroen (poems, 1990)
Vanillepigen (1991)
Glæden ved at dykke (1993)
Den tolvte rytter (1993)
Det lukkede øje (1994)
Brev til månen (1995)
Prins (1997)
Atkinsons biograf – en vandrehistorie (short stories, 1998)
Rosa Mundi (poems, 2000)
Mit år (diary, 2000)
Kejserens Atlas (2001)
Paven af Indien (2003)
Grill (2005)
Blå bror (2006)
Sorte huller (2007)
Vilde Engle (2009)
Honour
1970, 1974, 1977, 1983, 1985, 1989 Statens Kunstfond, Travel grant
1978 Otto Gelsted Prize
1979 Gyldendals boglegat
1985 Otto Benzons Forfatterlegat
1985 Jeanne og Henri Nathansens Fødselsdagslegat
1987 Henrik Pontoppidans Mindefonds Legat
1989 Literature Prize of Weekendavisen
1990 De Gyldne Laurbær
1991 Drassows Legat
1991 Danish Critics Prize for Literature
1993 Søren Gyldendal Prize
1994 Grand Prize of the Danish Academy
1995 Bog & Idé Prisen
2010 Ridderkorset af Dannebrogordenen (Order of the Dannebrog, 16 April)
2017 Drachmannlegatet
References
External links
Michael at PEN World Voices Festival in New York City with Gabriela Adamesteanu and Giannina Braschi open source video
Category:1945 births
Category:People from Roskilde
Category:Living people
Category:Postmodern writers
Category:Recipients of the Grand Prize of the Danish Academy
Category:Danish male novelists
Category:20th-century Danish novelists
Category:20th-century Danish male writers
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Adolph Medlycott
Mar Adolph Medlycott was the first Bishop of the Catholic Archdiocese of Thrissur. He was born at Chittagong (British Raj) on 15 May 1838. Medlycott spent his last days in Bangalore where he died on 4 May 1918. His remains were later reinterred, first in the Basilica of Our Lady of Dolours in 1945.
Books
India and the Apostle Thomas: An Inquiry, with a Critical Analysis of the Acta Thomae by A. E. Medlycott; Published 1905 by David Nutt. Reprinted unabridged in the Indian Church History Classics, Vol.I, Ed. G. Menachery, Ollur, 1998.
St. Thomas Christians, A. E. Medlycott (1912), Robert Appleton Company.
External links
India and the Apostle Thomas by A. E. Medlycott
Notes
Category:1838 births
Category:1918 deaths
Category:Archbishops of Thrissur
Category:People from Chittagong
Category:19th-century Roman Catholic bishops
Category:20th-century Roman Catholic bishops
Category:Indian Roman Catholic bishops
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Autovía M-501
The M-501 is a road in the Spanish region of Madrid. Managed by the Madrid regional government as a primary road in the regional network, it comprises a motorway-grade (autovía) section (from Alcorcón to Navas del Rey) and a two-lane road section (from Navas del Rey to the border with the province of Ávila).
Names
It is named after the old comarcal road C-501 that connected the cities of Alcorcón (near Madrid) and Plasencia (in Extremadura), which was split in three parts and transferred to the relevant autonomous communities. The several dams and reservoirs in the route of the road made the M-501 stuck to the name of Reservoir Road (Sp. Carretera de los Pantanos).
Course
Its total length is 72.780 km.
The M-501 begins at the intersection of the M-40 beltway and the M-511 dual carriageway near Pozuelo de Alarcón and Boadilla del Monte. It borders the latter town, intersecting the M-50 beltway and is later joined by the M-506 near Villaviciosa de Odón and the European University of Madrid. It then crosses the future highway M-600 south of Brunete and continues west to Chapinería and Navas del Rey, where the autovía stretch ends at a roundabout. The M-501 continues as two-lane road to with the province of Ávila.
References
Category:Road transport in Spain
Category:Transport in the Community of Madrid
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Sport Dos de Mayo
Sport Dos e Mayo is a Peruvian association football club, playing in the city of Tarma.
The club were founded 23 February 1919 and play in the Copa Perú which is the third division of the Peruvian league.
History
In the 2002 Copa Perú, the club classified to the Regional Stage, but was eliminated by León de Huánuco.
In the 2010 Copa Perú, the club classified to the Regional Stage, but was eliminated by Bella Durmiente.
Rivalries
Sport Dos de Mayo has had a long-standing rivalry with Asociación Deportiva Tarma.
Honours
Regional
Región V: 1
Winners (1): 2002
Liga Departamental de Junín: 2
Winners (2): 2002, 2010
Liga Provincial de Tarma: 2
Winners (2): 2002, 2010
Runner-up (1): 2013
Liga Distrital de Tarma: 1
Winners (1): 2010
Runner-up (1): 2013
See also
List of football clubs in Peru
Peruvian football league system
References
Category:Football clubs in Peru
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See If I Care (song)
"See If I Care" is a song written by Walt Aldridge and Robert Byrne, and recorded by American country music group Shenandoah. It was released in January 1990 as the fifth single from their album The Road Not Taken. The song reached number 6 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart in May 1990. It also peaked at number 5 on the Canadian RPM Country Tracks chart.
Chart performance
Year-end charts
References
Category:1990 singles
Category:Shenandoah (band) songs
Category:Songs written by Walt Aldridge
Category:Songs written by Robert Byrne (songwriter)
Category:Columbia Records singles
Category:1989 songs
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Leptoconops fortipalpus
Leptoconops fortipalpus is a species of biting midge belonging to the family Ceratopogonidae. It occurs in the Damodar River valley, Jarkhand state, India.
References
Category:Leptoconops
Category:Insects of India
Category:Insects described in 2010
Category:Haematophagy
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Athletics at the 1912 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 × 100 metres relay
The men's 4 × 100 meters relay was a track and field athletics event held as part of the Athletics at the 1912 Summer Olympics program. It was the debut of the event, which along with the 4 × 400-meter relays marked the first relays of equal legs in the athletics program (a medley relay had been held in 1908). The competition was held on Monday, July 8, 1912, and on Tuesday, July 9, 1912.
Thirty-three runners from 8 nations competed. Only Germany replaced one runner.
Records
The record for the new event progressed quickly, with the Canadians winning the first heat. The Americans and then the Swedes then took the record, with the Germans tying the Swedes. The British took the record in the first semifinal, only to lose it quickly to the Swedes in the second. This time, the Germans running in the third semifinal bested the Swedish team's time to take the record for themselves after replacing Karl Halt with Otto Röhr as their lead-off runner.
The German team held the record at the finish, despite finishing in second (and then being disqualified for a baton-passing fault) in the final. Their disqualification left the event without a bronze medalist, making it the only athletics event to award only two medals.
The record of the German team with 42.3 became the first official world record for the 4 × 100 meters relay.
Results
Heats
All heats were held on Monday, July 8, 1912.
Only two teams were eliminated after the first round.
Heat 1
Heat 2
Heat 3
Heat 4
Heat 5
Heat 6
Semifinals
All semifinals were held on Monday, July 8, 1912.
Semifinal 1
The United States team was disqualified after a baton-passing fault on the first transfer.
Semifinal 2
Semifinal 3
Final
The final was held on Tuesday, July 9, 1912.
Rau, erasing a deficit held since the first runners in the order, finished barely behind d'Arcy but the German team had committed a fault with its second baton passing as Kern passed the 20 metre line before receiving the baton. The Germans were disqualified, leaving no bronze medalist in the event as the British team finished with the gold and the Swedes moved up to second place.
Gallery
References
Sources
Men's hurdles 110 metres
Category:Relay foot races at the Olympics
Category:4 × 100 metres relay
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Paul Émile de Puydt
Paul Émile de Puydt (6 March 1810 – 20 May 1891), a writer whose contributions included work in botany and economics, was born and died in Mons, Belgium. His father's name was Jean Ambroise de Puydt (1758–1836), who was governor of the province Hainaut in the early days of Belgium from 1830 till 1834. In the first marriage of his father there were 6 children. The famous Remi de Puydt came from this first marriage. He is a half brother of Paul Émile de Puydt. Remi de Puydt was a civil engineer and a politician (representative), and he served in the Belgian army as a colonel.
Biography
Paul-Émile was the second child of four children from the second marriage of his father, who married in 1799 Marie Adélaïde Jeanne Michot (c. 1777 – 1858). As a botanist, Paul Émile de Puydt notably wrote on orchids. The standard botanical author abbreviation De Puydt is applied to species he described.
After his studies, he turned to journalism and worked as an editor of "L'Observateur du Hainaut".
Together with Henri-Florent Delmotte and Hippolyte Rousselle, he wrote in 1831, the year when the current Belgium became separated from the northern Netherlands, the theatre piece "Le candidat à la royauté: esquisse en trois tableaux mêlés de couplets". This play was performed in Mons in 1831.
He then participated in the government, and he was also director of the Mont-de-piété (Mount of piety) of Mons.
In his free time he was interested in botany, and he developed a pronounced interest in orchids.
Since 1831 he was secretary of the founded societé d'horticulture de Mons. In 1833 he worked on the foundation of the Societé des arts et des lettres du Hainaut, where he was vice-president and, from 1865 onwards, president.
Paul-Émile de Puydt married in 1841 Fanie Catherine Cousin (1819–1905). They had two children: Julien-Vincent-Émile de Puydt (1842–1921) and Philippine-Therese-Marie de Puydt (1843–1892).
As a political economist, he is known as inventor of the concept of people having the freedom to choose which government to join, and governments having to compete for citizens. He has given the name panarchy to this concept. His paper "Panarchie", was first published in French in the Revue Trimestrielle, in Brussels, July 1860. Panarchie and its author Paul Emile de Puydt was only recently rediscovered
The notion of competitive government, but then limited to defence, can also be found in the writings of the Belgian economist Gustave de Molinari from 1849, eleven years before de Puydt.
David Hart of the Department of History of Stanford University suggests that Paul-Émile de Puydt might have been influenced by the works of his fellow countryman Gustave de Molinari.
Panarchism
In an 1860 article, de Puydt first proposed the idea of panarchy: a political philosophy that emphasizes each individual's right to freely choose (join and leave) the jurisdiction of any governments they choose, without being forced to move from their current locale. A proponent of laissez-faire economics, he wrote that "governmental competition" would let "as many regularly competing governments as have ever been conceived and will ever be invented" exist simultaneously and detailed how such a system would be implemented. As David M. Hart writes: "Governments would become political churches, only having jurisdiction over their congregations who had elected to become members." Three similar ideas are "Functional Overlapping Competing Jurisdictions" (FOCJ) advocated by Swiss economists Bruno Frey and Reiner Eichenberger, "multigovernment" advocated by Le Grand E. Day and others, and "meta-utopia" from Robert Nozick's Anarchy, State, and Utopia
Works
Botany
Traité théorique et pratique de la culture des plantes de serre froide, orangerie et serre tempérées des jardiniers, précédé de notions pratiques de physiologie végétale et de physique horticole, et de conseils pour la construction des différentes serres. 1860
Les Poires de Mons. 1860
Les Plantes de serre, traité théorique et pratique de la culture de toutes les plantes qui demandent un abri sous le climat de la Belgique. 2 vols, 1866
Les Orchidées, histoire iconographique, organographie, classification, géographie, collections, commerce, emploi, culture, avec une revue descriptive des espèces cultivées en Europe. Ouvrage orné de 244 vignettes et de 50 chromo-lithographies, dessinées d'après nature sous la direction de M. Leroy, dans les serres de M. Guibert,1880
Social sciences
Panarchy, first published in French in the Revue Trimestrielle, Bruxelles, July 1860, page 222 to 245
https://books.google.com/books?id=8SIWAAAAYAAJ
La Charité et les institutions de bienfaisance. 1867
Marche et progrès de la civilisation dans les temps modernes. 1870
La Grève. 1876
La Littérature et les Arts, dans leurs rapports avec la morale. SOCIÉTÉ DES SCIENCES, DES ARTS ET DES LETTRES DU HAINAUT. TROISIÈME SÉRIE. TOME SEPTIÈME. ANNÉE 1871–1872.
Novels
Chevreuse, roman. 1859
Maudit métier, histoire du Borinage. 1883
Cent mille francs de dot. 1890
Other publications
Biography of his father:
Biographie de M. Jean-Ambroise De Puydt. 60 p.SOCIÉTÉ DES SCIENCES, DES ARTS ET DES LETTRES DU HAINAUT. TROISIÈME SÉRIE. TOME HUITIÈME. ANNÉE 1872.
Theatre piece:
„Le candidat à la royauté: esquisse en trois tableaux mêlés de couplets“ par Henri-Florent Delmotte, Paul Émile de Puydt, Hippolyte Rousselle, 1831
Literature
Léopold Devillers: Puydt (Paul-Émile de). In: Académie Royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique: Biographie nationale. Bd. 18, Brüssel 1905.
C. Rousselle: Puydt (de) Paul-Émile. In: Ernest A. Matthieu: Biographie du Hainaut. Bd. 2, Enghien 1903.
J-F. de Montigny, Tijdschrift van de Antwerpse kring voor familiekunde, Jaargang IX, 1954, p100-115
References
External links
Category:1810 births
Category:1891 deaths
Category:Botanists with author abbreviations
Category:Belgian scientists
Category:Belgian botanists
Category:Belgian economists
Category:Walloon people
Category:Belgian writers in French
Category:People from Mons
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Mumbai alcohol poisonings
In June 2015, at least 102 people died after drinking contaminated alcohol in the Laxmi Nagar slum in Malad, located in Mumbai, India. Another 45 people were hospitalised as a result of the incident. The incident has been described as the worst of its kind in over a decade.
Background
Alcohol poisoning incidents are common in India, where poor people often cannot afford licensed liquor. In 2004, 104 people died after drinking contaminated alcohol in the Mumbai neighbourhood of Vikhroli.
Arrests
By 22 June 2015, seven people have been arrested, and eight police officers have also been suspended for negligence, in connection with the incident. The people who were arrested are believed to have transported the liquor to workers. The prime suspect, Mainka Bai, a woman, was absconding as of 22 June 2015. The arrested included two women: Mamta Rathod (aged 30) and Agnes Gracy alias Aunty (aged 50). Latif Khan was arrested on 23 June for his role in the distribution of the tainted beverages.
Cause
According to police, the victims suffered methanol poisoning from methanol that had been added to the liquor to increase its potency.
Reaction
The government of India has announced that it will compensate the families of the victims of the incident with 100,000 rupees, the equivalent of $1,575 in US dollars.
See also
List of alcohol poisonings in India
List of methanol poisoning incidents
References
Category:2015 disasters in India
Category:Mass poisoning
Category:Alcohol-related deaths in India
Category:History of Mumbai (1947–present)
Category:2015 health disasters
Category:Methanol poisoning incidents
Category:Crime in Mumbai
Category:Health disasters in India
Category:June 2015 events in Asia
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Lavender Farm Station
is a train station located in Nakafurano, Hokkaidō, Japan. It is operated by the Hokkaido Railway Company.
The station opens only on selected dates in year and only selected trains stop at the station.
Lines serviced
Furano Line
Category:Railway stations in Hokkaido Prefecture
Category:Railway stations opened in 1999
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Microascus
Microascus is a genus of fungi in the family Microascaceae.
References
External links
Index Fungorum
Category:Microascales
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All India Samathuva Makkal Katchi
All India Samathuva Makkal Katchi (AISMK) is a Tamil political party in India. The party's founder and president is actor Sarath Kumar. Kumar was a part of DMK in his early political career and then joined All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK). Later he quit AIADMK and he started his own political party, the All India Samathuva Makkal Katchi on 31 August 2007. In 2011 Assembly elections, it contested as a part of the AIADMK alliance and won in two assembly constituencies - Tenkasi and Nanguneri. Sarathkumar won from Tenkasi and Ernavur A. Narayanan won from Nanguneri. C.Raja (Regional Head, Chennai). In just before 2011 Assembly elections he joined in ADMK alliance and his party was allotted two seats. He won election in the Tenkasi Constituency in 2011 Assembly elections.
2011 Assembly elections
It contested as part of the AIADMK alliance and won in two assembly constituencies - Tenkasi and Nanguneri. Sarathkumar won from Tenkasi and Ernavur A. Narayanan won from Nanguneri. C. Raja (Regional Head, Chennai).
Party flag
The red color on top is for labour and revolution. The yellow below is for auspiciousness. The star inside the red color symbolizes the radiant sun spreading light all over the world.
References
External links
All India Samathuva Makkal Katchi Party Official website
Category:Political parties in Tamil Nadu
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Adlabad, Semnan
Adlabad (, also Romanized as ‘Adlābād) is a village in Yateri Rural District, in the Central District of Aradan County, Semnan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its existence was noted, but its population was not reported.
References
Category:Populated places in Aradan County
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2017–18 Total League season
The 2017–18 Total League season, is the 65th season of the first division of the professional basketball in Luxembourg.
Amicale defended successfully its title and achieved their eighth league.
Competition format
The regular season consisted in a double-legged round robin tournament where the six first qualified teams advanced to the group for the title, while the other four teams played for avoiding relegation.
In the second stage, all wins from the regular season count for the standings, while the points are reset. The four first qualified teams in the group for the title, advanced to the playoffs, played in a format of best-of-three-games series.
Teams of the relegation group play twice against themselves and twice against the four first qualified teams of the first stage of the Nationale 2. The two worst teams would be relegated.
Teams
Regular Season
Second stage
Group for the title
Relegation group
Playoffs
Bracket
Seeded teams played games 1, 3 and 5 at home.
Quarterfinals
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Semifinals
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Finals
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References
External links
Luxembourgish basketball at Eurobasket.com
Total League website at FLBB.com
Luxembourg
Category:Basketball in Luxembourg
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List of 2010–11 NBA season transactions
This is a list of all personnel changes for the 2010 NBA off-season and 2010–11 NBA season.
Retirement
Front office movements
Head coach changes
Off-season
In-season
General manager changes
Off-season
Player movement
The following is a list of player movement via free agency and trades.
Trades
Signed from free agency
10-day contracts
Released
Waived
Training camp cuts
All players listed did not make the final roster.
NBA Development League assignments
Each NBA team can assign two first or second year players to its affiliated NBA Development League team. A player can be assigned to the Development League only three times in a season.
() Indicates the number of assignments a player has made.
Going overseas
The following players were on the NBA roster at the end of the previous season and either became a free agent or waived before signed by a team from other leagues.
NBA Draft
The 2010 NBA Draft was held on June 24, 2010 at Madison Square Garden in New York City. 60 players were selected in the draft. All of the 30 first-round picks signed a rookie contract and was named in the 2010–11 season opening day roster. 21 of the 30 second-round picks also signed a rookie contract, but 4 of them were waived before the start of the season and became free agents. 9 other second-round picks were unsigned but their draft rights are still held by the NBA teams.
First round
Second round
Unsigned draft picks
Other draft picks
Undrafted players
The following players were eligible but went undrafted in the 2010 NBA Draft but were signed with the NBA teams and were named in the opening day roster.
References
General
Specific
External links
Transactions|
2010-11
hr:Transakcije NBA sezone 2009./10.
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Clemons, New York
Clemons is a hamlet in Washington County, New York, United States. The community is located along New York State Route 22 north-northwest of Whitehall. Clemons has a post office with ZIP code 12819, which opened on April 10, 1873.
References
Category:Hamlets in Washington County, New York
Category:Hamlets in New York (state)
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Pelivan
Pelivan is a commune in Orhei District, Moldova. It is composed of two villages, Cișmea and Pelivan.
References
Category:Communes of Orhei District
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Frank Tanana
Frank Daryl Tanana (born July 3, 1953) is a former Major League Baseball left-handed pitcher. From 1973 to 1993, he pitched for six teams: the Angels, Boston Red Sox, Texas Rangers, Detroit Tigers, New York Mets, and New York Yankees.
In his prime, Tanana was known for a 100+ MPH fastball, which he abruptly lost when he injured his arm. However, he was able to develop an assortment of off-speed pitches (including an excellent curveball) and continue his career. He and others quipped that he was "the guy who threw 90 in the 70s and 70 in the 90s." Throughout his career, he accumulated 34 shutouts, 4,000 innings pitched, and nearly 2,800 strikeouts. He is one of only 23 major league pitchers to have struck out at least 2,700 batters in his career.
Early life
Tanana grew up in the northwest part of Detroit, Michigan. His father, also named Frank, had played professional baseball in the 1950s and was on the 1955 Eastern League championship team, the Reading Indians, before he left baseball and joined the Detroit Police Department to support his family. After young Frank got done with homework, he and his friends would spend the rest of the afternoon playing various sports. He attended Detroit Catholic Central High School, an all-boys school; though it was seven miles from his home, he was attracted to it after seeing their basketball team featured on the front page of a newspaper sports section. He made all-state twice in basketball, but it was in baseball he excelled, as he had a 32-1 record in his high school career. In a cocky moment his senior year, he threw sidearm to a hitter and injured his shoulder. He pitched through the injury for the rest of the year until leaving the mound after the fourth inning of the championship game, when the pain got to be too much for him. Thinking the injury would hurt his baseball chances, he had just about decided to attend Duke University on a basketball scholarship when the California Angels made him their first-round draft pick in 1971.
Minor league career
Tanana was assigned to the Rookie Idaho Falls Angels in 1971, but tendinitis in his shoulder prevented him from pitching. Instead, he received cortisone treatments. "I tell you, I didn't have many friends on that team," Tanana said. "Here were guys being cut off the team, and I, who couldn't throw, was staying because I had this bonus." Arm feeling better in 1972, he pitched for the Single-A Quad Cities Angels, posting a 7-2 record. In 1973, he spent most of the season with the Double-A El Paso Sun Kings. "He struck out 14 in his first game for us," El Paso (and later Angel) manager Norm Sherry said. "Right then, I knew he could pitch." Tanana also pitched a couple games for the Triple-A Salt Lake City Angels before getting called up in September and added to the Angels starting rotation.
Major league career
California Angels
Along with Nolan Ryan, Tanana anchored the pitching staff of the California Angels from 1973 to 1979. This led to the saying, "Tanana and Ryan and two days of cryin'", an indication of just how much the two meant to the rotation. (This was a variation on "Spahn and Sain, then pray for rain," referring to the pitchers of the Boston Braves of the late 1940s.) The duo were considered two of the toughest pitching teammates in history, drawing comparisons to Sandy Koufax and Don Drysdale of the Los Angeles Dodgers.
Tanana made four starts with the Angels in September of 1973. His major league debut was September 9, in the second game of a doubleheader against the Kansas City Royals. Tanana only lasted four innings, giving up four runs and taking the loss. His next start, on September 14, also was against Kansas City—Tanana threw a complete game this time, only allowing two runs (one earned) to earn his first major league victory. He threw a complete game shutout in the Angels' last game of the year on September 30, allowing just two hits in a 3-0 win over the Minnesota Twins.
In his first full season, Tanana was named the Angels' number two starter, behind Ryan. An elbow injury during the season caused Tanana to lose seven games in a row at one point; Tanana could not remember losing more than two games in a row before in his career. "My confidence was taking a beating, but I knew it wouldn't last forever," he said. After losing his 19th game September 22, 1974, Tanana was in danger of losing 20 games his rookie season, as there were still seven games to go. In his next start, September 27, he gave up two runs and was losing until pinch-hitter Doug Howard drove in two runs in the seventh inning to give him and the Angels a 3-2 victory over the Minnesota Twins. Then, in the last game of the year against the Oakland Athletics, he threw a shutout in a 2-0 victory. In 39 games (35 starts) his rookie year, Tanana had a 14-19 record, a 3.12 earned run average (ERA), 12 complete games (four shutouts), and 180 strikeouts in innings pitched. The 180 strikeouts were seventh in the American League (AL) (teammate Ryan led the league with 367), the four shutouts were tied for sixth (with five other pitchers), and Tanana did not lead the league in losses, as four other pitches tied him for third behind Mickey Lolich (21) and Clyde Wright (20).
In the first game of a doubleheader on June 21, 1975, Tanana struck out 17 batters in a 4-2 victory over the Texas Rangers, becoming the first left-hander in AL history to have that many strikeouts in a game. "Everybody stood up and applauded for me in the ninth inning," he remembered. "I felt invincible." He threw 13 shutout innings on September 22 against the Chicago White Sox, yet left with a no decision because neither Jim Kaat nor Rich Gossage had allowed a run thus far—the game would go to 16 innings before the Angels eventually won 3-0. Tanana struck out 13. At season's end, Tanana's 269 strikeouts led the American League; teammate Ryan, who'd led the AL in strikeouts the last three years, was injured and only finished sixth. Tanana placed fourth in ERA (2.62), tied for third with three others with five shutouts, and had a 16-9 record on the season.
With Ryan coming off a year in which he had missed time with injury, Tanana was named the Angels' Opening Day starter for 1976. As it turned out, '76 would be the first of four straight Opening Day starts for Tanana. He was named an All-Star for the first time in 1976. The Angels' offense did not always score a lot for him; on August 27, 1976, he and Catfish Hunter of the New York Yankees each pitched 13 scoreless innings in a game where both men received a no-decision. It was the second year in a row Tanana had thrown 13 scoreless innings without getting a decision, but the Angels would lose this one in 15, 5-0. At season's end, he was among the league leaders once again in wins (19, tied with Mark Fidrych and Ed Figueroa for fourth), ERA (2.43, behind Fidrych's 2.34 and Vida Blue's 2.35), strikeouts (261, second to a healthy Ryan's 327), and complete games (23, tied with Jim Palmer for second behind Fidrych's 24). With a 19-10 record, he came close to winning twenty games, missing the mark because of a midseason injury and also an August 22 outing against the Yankees where, having allowed only two hits going into the ninth, he started taking it easy, gave up six runs and was removed, and received a no decision, though the Angels eventually won 11-8 in eleven. As it turned out, 19 wins would be his career high.
For the second year in a row, Tanana made the All-Star Game in 1977. Sports Illustrated forecast in July that he might reach 25 wins on the season. From April 29 through July 3, he threw 14 straight complete games. Shortly after the streak, though, he got an inflamed tendon in his left arm and had to be shut down for almost two weeks. After he returned, his arm was still tired, and the Angels had to shut him down for the rest of the year after September 5. Still, United Press International called the 1977 season his best year. He led the AL in earned run average (ERA) (2.54) and shutouts (7) while posting a 15-9 record. His 205 strikeouts were good for third in the league, behind Ryan's 341 and Dennis Leonard's 244.
Tanana started the 1978 season strong, with a 1-0 shutout of the Oakland Athletics on Opening Day. He was named to the All-Star Game for the third year in a row. Through the end of July, he had a 14-6 record and a 2.99 ERA. However, his numbers were not as good in his final 11 starts; though his record was 4-6, his ERA hopped up to 5.22. Still, Tanana finished the year with an 18-12 record, tying with Lary Sorensen and Fergie Jenkins for ninth in the AL in wins. He threw ten complete games and tied with four others for fifth in the league in shutouts, with four. His 3.65 ERA was the highest of his career, though, and his strikeout total dropped to 137, even though he threw 239 innings.
Tanana missed two months of the 1979 season with a shoulder injury but was able to pitch in September and during the post-season.
Boston Red Sox
On January 23, 1981, the Angels traded Tanana to the Boston Red Sox along with Jim Dorsey and Joe Rudi for Steve Renko and Fred Lynn (who the Red Sox worried they would lose to free agency because of paperwork errors). Tanana pitched for the Red Sox for a single season, earning only 4 victories against 10 losses before being granted free agency on November 13, 1981.
Texas Rangers
Tanana signed as a free agent with Texas Rangers on January 6, 1982. Tanana rebounded in 1984, having his best season since 1978 for a Ranger team that finished in last place in their division. He threw eight shutout innings April 21 in a 1-0 victory over the Yankees, then threw his first shutout since 1981 on June 13 in a 3-0 victory over the Twins. He finished the season with a 15–15 record, a 3.25 earned run average (ERA), and 141 strikeouts in innings pitched.
1985 did not start well for Tanana, as he posted a 2-7 record with a 5.91 ERA through his first thirteen starts. Teammates were sympathetic—"He hasn’t pitched the way he’s capable of pitching, and we haven’t played as well as we’re capable of playing behind him," assessed fellow starter Charlie Hough. Tanana himself was more critical of his performance: "Awful. Absolutely awful." He was traded by the Rangers to the Detroit Tigers for minor-league pitcher Duane James on June 20, 1985.
While with the Rangers, Tanana served as the team's player representative.
Detroit Tigers
Tanana signed free agent contracts with the team in 1988 and 1989 to stay with the team until 1992. On the final day of the 1987 season, Tanana pitched a 1–0 complete-game shutout over the second-place Toronto Blue Jays to clinch the American League East title for the Tigers. He was referred to as "the great tantalizer" because of his wide array of slow off-speed pitches. He mixed his repertoire of off-speed pitches very effectively, frustrating opposing batters and making an 88 mph fastball surprising and effective when slipped in after a steady diet of breaking balls. After Tanana beat the Chicago White Sox August 6, 1989, manager Sparky Anderson praised his pitcher: "Tanana should have at least 15 wins this year. He is pitching the best for me this year since he came over here. He's a real pitcher. He knows what he's doing even when he makes a mistake."
New York Mets and New York Yankees
Tanana signed as a free agent with the Mets for the 1993 season, winning 7 games for the last-place team before being traded to the New York Yankees for Kenny Greer in an attempt to capture the pennant with the September 17, 1993 trade. He lost two of his three starts for the Yankees, and they did not reach the post-season. In 1993, Tanana became one of only two pitchers in MLB history to give up a home run to both Hank Aaron and Barry Bonds.
On February 15, 1994, Tanana signed a minor league contract with the Angels, hoping to pitch another year. He competed for a starting spot in their rotation but was released in favor of Mark Leiter after going 0-3 with a 13.50 ERA in spring training, marking the end of his professional career.
Life outside baseball
When Tanana first reached the major leagues, he quickly earned a reputation as a partier and drinker. He told reporters his idol was himself, that he was already one of the greatest pitchers of all-time, and that "Nothing I do awes me." After his injury in 1979, though, Tanana realized his career could be over any day. He also found himself struggling for answers following the 1978 murder of his Angel teammate Lyman Bostock. On November 6, 1983, while at an Arizona hotel room, Tanana became a born again Christian. "I understood that I was dead in my sins," Tanana said. "I realized I had no chance of having a relationship with my Holy God. But His Son, Jesus, had lived a perfect life and paid the penalty for my sin. If I trusted my life in Him and asked Him for forgiveness and asked Him to come into my life, that I would be a brand new creature. I would be a brand new person. My sins would all be forgiven. On November 6, 1983, I made that commitment of trusting in Jesus. I have walked with Him ever since."
Since then, Tanana has been a leader in the Christian community within professional baseball. He credits God for the success of his marriage and the longevity of his career. While he was still playing, he joined the Fellowship of Christian Athletes. Since retiring, he has ministered to professional athletes in a number of ways. He and his wife, Cathy, serve on the Pro Athletes Outreach Board of Directors. As of 2002, Tanana was assisting Detroit Tiger chaplain Jeff Totten, and he would also participate in Home Plate events, where Tiger players would speak about their faith in Christ at Tiger Stadium before games. Tanana has spoken about his faith at different churches. He has participated in Bible studies and performed marriage counselling since retiring. Says Tanana, "I've been fortunate and blessed the way my life has turned out."
Tanana has been married to Cathy Mull since 1978. They have four children and four sons-in-law and now reside in Farmington Hills, Michigan. In 1996, Tanana was inducted into the National Polish-American Sports Hall of Fame, and in 2006, Tanana was inducted into the Michigan Sports Hall of Fame.
In 1999, Tanana appeared on the Hall of Fame ballot for the first time but received no votes and thus, he was removed from future Baseball Writers' Association of America (BBWAA) consideration for election. Tanana is one of five Hall of Fame-eligible pitchers who rank in the top 25 all-time in career strikeouts and who have not been elected to the Hall. Tanana's 2,773 strikeouts rank him at number 23 all-time. Also not in the Hall of Fame are Roger Clemens (#3 with 4,672 strikeouts), Curt Schilling (#15 with 3,116), Mickey Lolich (#20 with 2,832), and David Cone (#25 with 2,668).
See also
List of Major League Baseball career wins leaders
List of Major League Baseball annual ERA leaders
List of Major League Baseball annual strikeout leaders
List of Major League Baseball career hit batsmen leaders
Home runs allowed
List of Major League Baseball career strikeout leaders
List of Los Angeles Angels Opening Day starting pitchers
List of Detroit Tigers Opening Day starting pitchers
References
Notes
External links
Information on Tanana at Baseball Library.com
Category:1953 births
Category:Living people
Category:American League All-Stars
Category:Boston Red Sox players
Category:California Angels players
Category:Converts to Protestantism
Category:Detroit Tigers players
Category:Major League Baseball pitchers
Category:Baseball players from Michigan
Category:New York Mets players
Category:New York Yankees players
Category:Texas Rangers players
Category:American League ERA champions
Category:American League strikeout champions
Category:Sportspeople from Detroit
Category:Quad Cities Angels players
Category:El Paso Sun Kings players
Category:Salt Lake City Angels players
Category:Cal State Fullerton Titans baseball players
Category:American people of Polish descent
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Middlebury (CDP), Vermont
Middlebury is the main settlement in the town of Middlebury in Addison County, Vermont, United States, and a census-designated place (CDP). The population was 6,588 at the 2010 census, out of a total population of 8,496 in the town of Middlebury. Most of the village is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Middlebury Village Historic District.
Geography
The Middlebury CDP is located in the northwest part of the town of Middlebury, centered on a falls on Otter Creek. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , of which is land and , or 1.31%, is water.
History
The village of Middlebury grew as one of Addison County's early industrial centers, due to the presence of a significant waterfall on Otter Creek. The area around the falls developed as the center of industry, with mills lining the river in the Frog Hollow area (Mill Street), where the 1840 Stone Mill is one of the only survivors of that past. It also became a major stop on north-south stagecoach routes, running between Burlington and Rutland. The town green is located directly on this historic route (now United States Route 7), and features important examples of civic and religious architecture. The local Congregational Church, built 1806-09, is the oldest in the county, and is a fine example of Federal period architecture. Also impressive are the Middlebury Inn, built 1826 and restyled later in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Middlebury College was founded in 1800, and its campus is located just southwest of the village center. Another important educational milestone was the 1814 founding by Emma Willard of a private school for women, located in her house on South Main Street. Much of the village was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976, with a significant enlargement in 1980.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 6,252 people, 1,876 households, and 984 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 173.3/km² (448.7/mi²). There were 1,984 housing units at an average density of 55.0/km² (142.4/mi²). The racial makeup of the CDP was 93.19% White, 1.39% Black or African American, 0.32% Native American, 2.27% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.80% from other races, and 2.02% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.48% of the population.
There were 1,876 households out of which 25.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.0% were married couples living together, 10.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 47.5% were non-families. 39.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 16.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.15 and the average family size was 2.90.
In the CDP, the population was spread out with 14.9% under the age of 18, 38.8% from 18 to 24, 16.5% from 25 to 44, 16.4% from 45 to 64, and 13.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 23 years. For every 100 females, there were 86.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.1 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $34,599, and the median income for a family was $47,917. Males had a median income of $33,681 versus $25,804 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $15,990. About 4.0% of families and 9.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.9% of those under age 18 and 5.8% of those age 65 or over.
Education
Middlebury College is located just southwest of the village center.
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Addison County, Vermont
References
Category:Census-designated places in Vermont
CDP
Category:Census-designated places in Addison County, Vermont
Category:National Register of Historic Places in Addison County, Vermont
Category:Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Vermont
Category:Historic districts in Addison County, Vermont
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Kendriya Vidyalaya, Military Station, Hisar
Kendriya Vidyalaya, Hisar is a govt school located in Hisar Military Station at Hisar in the Indian state of Haryana.
Details
The school has 38 classrooms, 10 labs, 1 library and other facilities
Academics
The schools offer classes till and also clases 1st10+2.
See also
List of Universities and Colleges in Hisar
List of schools in Hisar
List of institutions of higher education in Haryana
References
External links
Category:High schools and secondary schools in Haryana
Category:Kendriya Vidyalayas
Category:Boys' schools in India
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Scott Matthew
Scott William Matthew is a singer-songwriter born in Queensland, Australia. He was a member of alternative pop band Elva Snow (2001–2006), which he co-founded with Spencer Cobrin. On 7 March 2008 he issued his solo debut eponymous album. His second album, There Is an Ocean That Divides, appeared on 24 April 2009. On 10 June 2011, Matthew followed with his third album, Gallantry's Favorite Son. He resides and performs as an independent artist in New York City.
Biography
Scott William Matthew was born in Queensland. He worked in various Brisbane punk rock groups, before relocating to Sydney where he formed Nicotine. He moved to New York City in 1997. Matthew was a member of the alternative pop band Elva Snow (2001–2006), which he co-founded with ex-Morrissey backing band member Spencer Cobrin. Two songs from their self-titled debut album, which had Matthew on vocals and Cobrin on drums, piano, guitar and composition, were included in feature film soundtracks. "Hold Me" was in 2004's The Last Run, directed by Jonathan Segal and starring Fred Savage, and "Could Ya" appeared in the 2005 film Splinter, directed by Kai Maurer.
After the dissolution of Elva Snow, Matthew performed with the band, Songs to Drink and Drive By, under the free-base mp3 label Comfort Stand. The group includes Matthew and Peter Gingerich on vocals with Marisol Limon on electronic organ, Nate Calkins on drums and Pablo Mitas on viola.
From 2001, Matthew provided vocals on the soundtracks of the anime film Cowboy Bebop: Knockin' on Heaven's Door (2001) and anime series Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex (2002–03). Both were produced by composer Yoko Kanno. Matthew's performance of the alternative rock song "Lithium Flower" was used as the ending song for season one of Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex. It generated exposure in Japan as well as the United States when the show was aired on Cartoon Network's Adult Swim block.
Matthew wrote the lyrics to "Go Where No One's Gone Before", the main theme for the anime series L/R: Licensed by Royalty which was performed by Billy Preston. Matthew also contributed to the original soundtrack of John Cameron Mitchell's dark sexual comedy Shortbus (2006), which includes five of his tracks, "Upside Down", "Surgery", "Language", "Little Bird" and "In the End (Acoustic)".
On 7 March 2008 he issued his debut solo album, Scott Matthew, on Glitterhouse Records. Allmusic's reviewer, Pemberton Roach, described Matthew's "quivering, otherworldly" singing and his "gentle, melancholic" songwriting with the album displaying his "enigmatic voice and tales of existential woe gently supported by a bed of tinkling piano ('Surgery'), softly plucked ukulele ('Little Bird'), vibes ('Amputee'), and muted horns ('In the End')". His second album, There Is an Ocean That Divides, appeared on 24 April 2009. Contactmusic's reviewer found "the minor guitar chords and sad sounding piano, along with Matthew's gloomy vocals set a melancholic tone". On 10 June 2011 his third album, Gallantry's Favorite Son, was issued. Franziska Meissner of Farrel Magazine extolled Matthew's release as it "delivers once well-known: Incredibly soft and incredibly haunting melodies simultaneously". Aside from being a singer-songwriter, Matthew also plays the ukulele and guitar.
Discography
Albums
2008 Scott Matthew (Glitterhouse Records, 7 March 2008, GR 677)
2009 There Is an Ocean That Divides and with My Longing I Can Charge It with a Voltage That's So Violent to Cross It Could Mean Death (Glitterhouse Records, 24 April 2009, GR 695)
2011 Gallantry's Favorite Son (Glitterhouse Records, 10 June 2011, GR 723)
2011 Best of Scott Matthew (digital only, Europe) (Glitterhouse Records, 4 November 2011)
2013 Unlearned (Glitterhouse Records, 2013)
2015 This Here Defeat (Glitterhouse Records, 2015)
2016 Life Is Long with Rodrigo Leão (Glitterhouse Records, Universal Music Portugal, 2016)
2018 Ode to Others (Glitterhouse Records, 2018)
Extended plays
2008 Rx's Prescription Cocktail Mixers (featuring Eric D. Clark)
2008 Silent Nights
2011 To Love Is to Live/To Receive Is to Give (Limited Tour Edition)
Singles
2008 "For Dick"
2008 "Silent Nights"
2013 "I Wanna Dance With Somebody"
References
External links
Category:Australian male singers
Category:People from Queensland
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
Category:Living people
Category:Gay musicians
Category:LGBT musicians from Australia
Category:LGBT singers
Category:LGBT songwriters
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1954–55 Scottish Inter-District Championship
The 1954–55 Scottish Inter-District Championship was a rugby union competition for Scotland's district teams.
This season saw the second formal Scottish Inter-District Championship.
The district sides selected were Glasgow District, Edinburgh District, North and Midlands and South.
South won the competition with a maximum three wins.
1954-55 League Table
Results
Round 1
Glasgow District: Angus Cameron (Glasgow HSFP), T. E. S. Fergusson (Hillhead HSFP), Allan Cameron (Hillhead HSFP),W. Fraser (Ardrossan Academicals), A. G. Campbell (Kelvinside Academicals), J. T. Docherty (Glasgow HSFP), R. Munro (Jordanhill RFC),D. W. Reid (Allan Glen's F.P), G. M. Guthrie (Hillhead HSFP), F. I. Hogarth (West of Scotland), F. I. Blake (Kilmarnock),Hamish Kemp (Glasgow HSFP) [captain], T. S. Smith (Glasgow University), I. A. A. MacGregor (Hillhead HSFP), H. Roddan (Hutcheson's GSFP)
South: J. R. McCreadie (Hawick), T. Grieve (Langholm), R. G. Charters (Hawick), Les Allan (Melrose), C. Elliot (Langholm),J. M. Maxwell (Langholm), J. Dun (Melrose), A. McEwan (Melrose), J. Telford (Langholm), I. Hastie (Kelso), J. J. Hegarty (Hawick),A. Robson (Hawick), H. Duffy (Jedforest), J. Grant (Hawick), A. K. McRae (Gala)
Round 2
Edinburgh District: J. A. C. Gilbert (Stewart's College F. P.), K. G. Sutherland (Melville's College F. P.), Ken Dalgleish (Edinburgh Wanderers),E. C. Barclay-Smith (Edinburgh Wanderers), T. G. Weatherstone (Stewart's College F. P.) [captain], Graham Ross (Watsonians),J. A. Nichol (Royal HSFP), R. D. S. Munro (Leith Academicals), N. G. R. Mair (Edinburgh University), P. S. Shearer (Heriots F. P.),W. S. Glen (Edinburgh Wanderers), S. T. H. Wright (Stewart's College F. P.), J. C. M. Sharp (Stewart's College F. P.)
North and Midlands: W. Steven (Madras College F. P.), E. H. Cruickshank (Aberdeen GSFP), E. Craig (Aberdeen GSFP),I. S. Gloag (Perthshire Academicals) [captain], J. K. Morrison (Panmure), I. Stuart (Aberdeen GSFP), R. H. W. Cradock (Aberdeen GSFP),A. Tullett (Gordonians), I. L. Robb (Aberdeenshire), D. M. Brien (Perthshire Academicals), J. Johnston (Dunfermline),Ernie Michie (Aberdeen University), M. C. S. Phillip (Aberdeen University), C. D. Mowat (Aberdeen GSFP), E. Rogers (Perthshire Academicals)
Round 3
South: R. Chisholm (Melrose), T. Grieve (Langholm), R. G. Charters (Hawick), J. M. Maxwell (Langholm), C. Elliot (Langholm),J. Hume (Kelso), A. S. Dorward (Gala), I. Hastie (Kelso), Jock King (Selkirk), J. Campbell (Kelso), J. J. Hegarty (Hawick), T. Elliot (Gala),L. Walker (Selkirk), A. Robson (Hawick) [captain], A. K. McRae (Gala)
North and Midlands: W. Steven (Madras College F. P.), E. H. Cruickshank (Aberdeen GSFP), E. Craig (Aberdeen GSFP),I. S. Gloag (Perthshire Academicals) [captain], R. H. Gibson (Howe of Fife), I. Stuart (Aberdeen GSFP), R. H. W. Cradock (Aberdeen GSFP),A. Tullett (Gordonians), I. L. Robb (Aberdeenshire), D. M. Brien (Perthshire Academicals), J. Johnston (Dunfermline),Ernie Michie (Aberdeen University), J. Greenwood (Dunfermline), C. D. Mowat (Aberdeen GSFP), E. Rogers (Perthshire Academicals)
Round 4
South: R. Chisholm (Melrose), C. Elliot (Langholm), R. G. Charters (Hawick), J. M. Maxwell (Langholm), W. J.. Grieve (Gala),J. Hume (Kelso), J. H. Bowie (Hawick), H. McLeod (Hawick), Jock King (Selkirk), J. Campbell (Kelso), J. J. Hegarty (Hawick), T. Elliot (Gala),L. H. Walker (Selkirk), A. Robson (Hawick) [captain], A. K. McRae (Gala)
Edinburgh District: J. A. C. Gilbert (Stewart's College F. P.), K. G. Sutherland (Melville's College F. P.), Ken Dalgleish (Edinburgh Wanderers),H. G. Hay (Edinburgh Academicals), T. G. Weatherstone (Stewart's College F. P.) [captain], Graham Ross (Watsonians), J. A. Nichol (Royal HSFP),W. M. Stephen (Musselburgh), W. L. K. Rolph (Stewart's College F. P.), Douglas Muir (Heriots), D. J. Marshall (Edinburgh Academicals),C. Y. Langlands (Stewart's College F. P.), W. S. Glen (Edinburgh Wanderers), S. T. H. Wright (Stewart's College F. P.),William Cowie (Edinburgh Wanderers)
North and Midlands: W. Steven (Madras College F.P), E. H. Cruickshank (Aberdeen GSFP), I. S. Gloag (Perthshire Academicals), R. H. H. Gibson (Howe of Fife), D. J. McPherson (Gordonians), I. Stuart (Aberdeen GSFP), R. H. W. Cradock (Aberdeen GSFP), A. Tullett (Gordonians), C. W. Bravin (Dunfermline), D. M. Brien (Perthshire Academicals), E. J. S. Michie (Aberdeen University), J. Johnston (Dunfermline), C. D. Mowat (Aberdeen GSFP), E. Rogers (Perthshire Academicals)
Glasgow District: Angus Cameron (Glasgow HSFP), T. E. S. Fergusson (Hillhead HSFP), Allan Cameron (Hillhead HSFP),W. Fraser (Ardrossan Academicals), A. G. Campbell (Kelvinside Academicals), J. T. Docherty (Glasgow HSFP), F. A. Ross (Hillhead HSFP),J. C. Dawson (Glasgow Academicals), A. M. Jope (Glasgow University), D. W. Reid (Allan Glen's F.P.), F. I. Blake (Kilmarnock),Hamish Kemp (Glasgow HSFP) [captain], T. S. Smith (Glasgow University), A. Stephen (Glasgow Academicals), I. A. A. MacGregor (Hillhead HSFP)
Round 5
Glasgow District: Angus Cameron (Glasgow HSFP), Allan Cameron (Hillhead HSFP), T.E.S. Fergusson (Hillhead HSFP), C.G. Thomson (Glasgow Academicals) [capt], A.G. Campbell (Kelvinside Academicals), J.T. Docherty (Glasgow HSFP), I. A. Ross (Hillhead HSFP), J.C. Dawson (Glasgow Academicals), A.M. Jope (Glasgow University), D. W. Reid (Allan Glen's FP), F.I. Blake (Kilmarnock), Hamish Kemp (Glasgow HSFP), J.S. Ure (Kelvinside Academicals), Percy Friebe (Glasgow HSFP), I.A.A. MacGregor (Hillhead HSFP)
Edinburgh District: D. H. Crighton (Watsonians), K. G. Sutherland (Melville College FP), D. M. Scott (Watsonians), C. Ross (Stewarts College FP), T. G. Weatherstone (Stewarts College FP) [capt], G. T. Ross (Watsonians), J. A. Nichol (RHS FP), F. Maclachlan (Edinburgh Wanderers), W. K. L. Relph (Stewarts College FP), W. Murchison (Boroughmuir FP), C. Y. Langlands (Stewarts College FP),, D. J. Marshall (Edinburgh Academicals), W. S. Glen (Edinburgh Wanderers), T. A. Herdman (Melville College FP), W. I. D. Elliot (Edinburgh Academicals)
References
Category:1954–55 in Scottish rugby union
1954–55
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Patsy Toh
Patsy Toh (; born 1940) is a Chinese-born pianist living in London, England. She has taught at the Royal Academy of Music since 1975, and became a Fellow in 1995.
Early life
Toh was born in Shanghai, China, in 1940 of a family from Xiamen, the family returned to Gulangyu Island shortly after her birth. In 1948 at the age of 8, she won first prize in the Hong Kong Music Competition and in 1952 at the age of 12 went to Westonbirt School, a boarding school in England.
Education
At 13 she passed 8th Grade and at 16 entered the Royal Academy of Music. While still a student she won the Royal Overseas League Competition in London. Toh was awarded a Scholarship to study with Yvonne Lefébure at the Paris Conservatoire, where she won a Premier Prix. She also studied with Alfred Cortot, Dame Myra Hess and Aube Tzerko (a pupil of Artur Schnabel).
Career
Toh has performed as a pianist often in Europe, China and the Americas. Toh has served as a professor of piano at the Royal Academy of Music and a member of the Keyboard department at the Purcell School for Young Musicians. Toh is a regular Visiting Professor to music conservatories in Shanghai, Hong Kong, Taiwan and Singapore and has taught at Yehudi Menuhin Schools.
Personal life
Toh is married to Fou Ts'ong, a pianist. They live in London, England.
References
Category:Living people
Category:Fellows of the Royal Academy of Music
Category:Alumni of the Royal Academy of Music
Category:Conservatoire de Paris alumni
Category:People educated at Westonbirt School
Category:1940 births
Category:Musicians from Shanghai
Category:People of Hokkien descent
Category:Chinese emigrants to the United Kingdom
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No Fue Suficiente
"No Fue Suficiente" (English: "It Wasn't Enough") is the second single by Mexican singer Paty Cantú from her debut studio album, Me Quedo Sola, released in 2009.
Charts
References
External links
"No Fue Suficiente" music video at YouTube.com
Category:2009 singles
Category:Paty Cantú songs
Category:Spanish-language songs
Category:2009 songs
Category:EMI Records singles
Category:Songs written by Paty Cantú
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Raspuri
The 'Raspuri' mango is an extremely popular variety of mango in South Indian state of Karnataka especially grown in and around Bengaluru, Ramanagara, Kolar, Chikkaballapura, Tumakuru. This fruit is also known as sweet mango.
Description
Raspuri mangoes are oval in shape and about 4 to 6 inches long. The skin of the ripe fruit is reddish yellow in colour, but is inedible. The mango has a warm sweet taste, is sometimes pleasantly tart, and has rich aromatic flavour. It is an excellent source of vitamins A and C. The pulp is suited for conversion to juices, nectars, drinks, jams, fruit cheese or to be had by itself or with cream as a dessert. It can also be used in puddings, bakery fillings, and fruit meals for children, flavours for food industry, and also to make ice cream and yoghurt.
Raspuri mangoes are juicy in texture. They are rich in carotenes, a precursor of Vitamin A. This mango is grown widely in the south of India, primarily Karnataka. Raspuri mangoes are largely grown and eaten in Old Mysuru region of Karnataka. Like the Alphanso and the Totapuri mango, the Raspuri mango is used in the making of ice creams, yogurts, smoothies, juices, jams and jellies.
A fully ripe Raspuri mango harvested at the right time and ripened naturally can beat them all in taste, as well as amount of juice per mango, including the Alphonso. The fully ripened Raspuri may have orange, green, red and mixed colours and the pulp is yellowish orange and is very sweet and juicy. If the fruit is not ripe or not ripened naturally, it may taste sour. This variety of mango arrives in the market early compared to other varieties, during the months of May and will usually be available until the beginning of June.
See also
List of mango cultivars
References
Category:Mango cultivars
Category:Agriculture in India
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Dayna Tortorici
Dayna Tortorici (born 1989) is an American writer. As of 2016, she is the co-editor of the literary magazine n+1.
Career
After graduating from Brown University in 2011, where she wrote for The College Hill Independent, Tortorici joined n+1 as a staff writer and eventually an editor. In addition to her work on the magazine, she co-edited the n+1 essay collection What Was the Hipster?: A Sociological Investigation and edited No Regrets, a 2013 n+1 book in which 13 women discuss literature.
References
External links
n+1
Longform Podcast #134: Dayna Tortorici (March 15, 2016)
Category:21st-century American writers
Category:American editors
Category:Brown University alumni
Category:Living people
Category:1990 births
Category:21st-century American women writers
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Love Shaft
Love Shaft is a British speed-dating game show broadcast on E4. It is presented by Will Best and narrated by Maria McErlane.
References
External links
Channel 4
Category:2012 British television series debuts
Category:2012 British television series endings
Category:2010s British television series
Category:British dating and relationship reality television series
Category:Channel 4 reality television programmes
Category:E4 series
Category:English-language television programs
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Ushite
Ushite () is a 1,978 m peak in the Pirin mountain range, south-western Bulgaria, making it the highest summit in South Pirin. It is situated on the main mountain ridge between the peaks of Sveshtnik (1,975 m) and Mutorok (1,971 m). Ushite is covered with forests. In Bulgarian its name means "the ears" and the etymology is linked with the presence of several rock piles on the summit likened to ears.
Most sources have traditionally referred to Sveshtnik as the highest summit in the southern division of Pirin.
Citations
References
Category:Mountains of Pirin
Category:Landforms of Blagoevgrad Province
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History of Sylhet
The Greater Sylhet region predominantly includes the Sylhet Division in Bangladesh, and Karimganj district in Assam, India. The Cachar and Hailakandi districts are also sometimes included in Greater Sylhet. The history of the Sylhet region begins with the existence of expanded commercial centres in the area that is now Sylhet City. Historically known as Srihatta and Shilhatta, it was ruled by the Buddhist and Hindu kingdoms of Harikela and Kamarupa before passing to the control of the Sena and Deva dynasties in the early medieval period. After the fall of these two Hindu principalities, the region became home to many more independent petty kingdoms such as Gour, Laur, and Jaintia and later Taraf, Jagannathpur and Ita. After the Conquest of Sylhet in the 14th century, the region was absorbed into Shamsuddin Firoz Shah's independent principality based in Lakhnauti, Western Bengal. It was then successively ruled by the Muslim sultanates of Delhi and the Bengal Sultanate before collapsing into Muslim petty kingdoms, mostly ruled by Afghan chieftains, after the fall of the Karrani dynasty in 1576. Described as Bengal's Wild East, the Mughals struggled in defeating the chieftains of Sylhet. After the defeat of Khwaja Usman, their most formidable opponent, the area finally came under Mughal rule in 1612. Sylhet emerged as the Mughals' most significant imperial outpost in the east and its importance remained as such throughout the seventeenth century. After the Mughals, the British Empire ruled the region for over 150 years until the independence of India. There was a complete list of the different amils who governed Sylhet which was recorded in the office of the Qanungoh (revenue officers) of Sylhet. However, most complete copies have been lost or destroyed. Dates from letters and seal traces show evidence that the amils were constantly changed. In 1947, when a referendum was held, Sylhet decided to join the Pakistani province of East Bengal. However, when the Radcliffe Line was drawn up, the Barak Valley was given to India by the Commission after being pleaded by Abdul Matlib Mazumdar's delegation. Throughout the History of Sylhet, raids and invasions were also common from neighbouring kingdoms as well as tribes such as the Khasis and Kukis.
Ancient
According to historians, Sylhet was an expanded commercial centre inhabited by Brahmans under the realm of the Harikela and Kamarupa kingdoms of ancient Bengal and Assam. Buddhism was prevalent in the first millennium.
The Hindu epic known as the Mahabharata mentions the marriage of Duryodhana of the Kauravas into a family in Habiganj, Sylhet. The Purana also mentions the hero Arjuna travelling to the Jaintia to regain his horse held captive by a princess. The region is also home to two of the fifty-one body parts of Sati, a form of Durga, that fell on Earth according to accepted legends. Shri Shail and Jayanti are where the neck and left palm of Sati fell and are Shakti Peethas.
The Kingdom of Gour, established in the 7th century, took part in many battles with its neighbouring states. Eventually it would split into two - Gour (Sylhet) and Brahmanchal (South Sylhet/modern-day Moulvibazar). The region was also home to many petty kingdoms such as Laur and Jagannathpur and part of larger kingdoms such as the Jaintia and Twipra Kingdoms. In 640, the Raja of Tripura Dharma Fa planned a ceremony and invited five Brahmans from Etawah, Mithila and Kannauj. To compensate for their long journey, the Raja granted them land in a place which came to be known as Panchakhanda (meaning five parts) in Western Sylhet. Towards the end of the millennium, the Candras ruled over Bengal.
A 930 AD copper-plate of Srichandra was found in Tengubazar Mandir, Paschimbhag, Rajnagar detailing his successful campaign against the Kingdom of Kamarupa. In the early medieval period, the area was dominated by Hindu principalities, which were under the nominal suzerainty of the Senas and Devas. The history of the dynasties in the region is documented by their copper-plate charters.
Evidence from inscriptions also suggest there was an ancient university in Panchgaon, Rajnagar. A copper-plate inscription of Raja Marundanath in Kalapur, Srimangal was discovered dating back to the 11th century. In 1195, Nidhipati Shastri, a Brahman from Panchakhanda who was descended from Ananda Shastri of Mithila, was given land in Ita (Rajnagar) by the Raja of Tripura. Ita was feudal to the Kingdom of Tripura and part of its Manukul Pradesh. Nidhipati became the founder of the Ita dynasty which would later gain a Raja status and based himself in Bhumiura-Ettolatoli. He established many dighis (ponds) and khamar (fields) which still exist today such as Shoptopar Dighi and Nidhipatir Khamar. He was succeeded over the feudal rule of Ita by his son, Bhudhar and then his grandson, Kandarpadi.
Keshab Misra, a Brahman from Kannauj, migrated to Laur where he established a Hindu kingdom. After the death of Raja Upananda of Brahmanchal (modern-day Baramchal, Kulaura), Govardhan of Gour allowed Amar Singh to rule over southern Sylhet. Singh was unable to cope and died shortly after. The Kuki chiefs then annexed Brahmanchal (Southern Sylhet) to the Twipra Kingdom ruled by Ratan Manikya. Jaidev Rai was appointed to govern Brahmanchal under the Tripura king. The penultimate Raja Govardhan of Gour was killed in a battle against Kuki rebels and the Jaintia Kingdom in 1260. He would be succeeded by his nephew, Gour Govinda, who would reunite Northern Sylhet (Gour) and Southern Sylhet (Brahmanchal). Govinda dismissed Govardhan's chief minister Madan Rai and appointed Mona Rai as his minister instead.
Medieval
Delhi Sultanate period
During the time of the Delhi Sultanate's conquest of Bengal, Sylhet continued to be made up of petty kingdoms. Ghiyasuddin Iwaz Shah, the governor of Bengal who later claimed independence from Delhi, carried out invasions into neighbouring regions such as Assam, Tripura, Bihar and Sylhet and making them his tributary states. In 1254, Governor of Bengal Malik Ikhtiyaruddin Iuzbak invaded the Azmardan Raj (present-day Ajmiriganj). He defeated the local Raja, and plundered his wealth.
The 14th century marked the beginning of an emerging Islamic influence in Sylhet. In 1303, the Sultan of Lakhnauti Shamsuddin Firoz Shah's army defeated the Hindu Raja Gour Govinda. This war began when Ghazi Burhanuddin, a Muslim living in Tultikar sacrificed a cow for his newborn son's aqiqah or celebration of birth. Govinda, in a fury for what he saw as sacrilege, had the newborn killed as well as having Burhanuddin's right hand cut off. The general's army was aided by a Sufi missionary, Shah Jalal, and his companions. Chief minister Mona Rai was killed in the battle and Govinda fled with his family. The Kingdom of Srihatta was then renamed as Jalalabad (settlement of Jalal) under the Lakhnauti Sultanate. Sikandar Khan Ghazi, one of the commanders of the battle and Firoz's nephew, was then made the first Muslim and wazir to rule over Sylhet. Sikander ruled for a number of years under Shamsuddin Firoz Shah until his death, when he drowned while riding a boat. He was succeeded by Haydar Ghazi, appointed by Shah Jalal himself.
The Raja of Laur, Ramnath (descendant of Keshab Misra), had three sons with only one remaining in central Laur. Ramnath's second son, Durbar Khan, migrated to Jagannathpur to build his own palace. He later seized his youngest brother, Gobind Singh's, territory in Baniachong.
Sonargaon rule
The Delhi Sultanate's control of Bengal gradually weakened as rebel governors declared independence. During the early 14th-century, Bengal was divided between three small sultanates- Sonargaon in the east, Lakhnauti in the west, and Satgaon in the south. Fakhruddin Mubarak Shah became the independent Sultan of eastern Bengal with a realm covering Sonargaon, Sylhet, and Chittagong. His kingdom was powerful enough to withstand the kingdoms of Arakan and Tripura. The Moroccan traveler Ibn Battuta visited Sylhet during this period and met with Fakhruddin Mubarak Shah and Shah Jalal. Fakhruddin was succeeded by his son Ikhtiyaruddin Ghazi Shah.
Bengal Sultanate period
After the defeat of the last Sultans of Lakhnauti and Sonargaon between 1342 and 1352, Sylhet passed to the control of Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah who unified a wider region into the Bengal Sultanate. Bengali Muslims were exploiting the fertile land of Sylhet for agricultural production and enjoyed relative prosperity innovating a contemporary agrarian society. The region began to experience an influx of Muslim settlers, including Turks, Pashtuns, Arabs, and Persians. After the death of Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah, Bengal was then ruled by Sikandar Shah.
In 1384, a young Persian man by the name of Mirza Malik Muhammad Turani migrated to Sylhet with a large force and established the Pratapgarh Kingdom (also including Deorali and Bhanugach) after marrying the daughter of the local ruler who had no children to take the throne. The Kingdom was subordinate to the Maharaja Maha Manikya of the Manikya dynasty of Tripura.
In 1437, Adwaitacharya was born in Nabagram, Laur Kingdom. Muqabil Khan was the Wazir of Sylhet in 1440. In 1463, Sylhet was governed by Khurshid Khan who built a mosque near Anair Haor in Hatkhola. Many mosques were built during this period such as an Adina Mosque replica in Dargah Mahalla built by Majlis Alam, the Dastur of Sylhet, in 1472. Alam also built the Goyghor Mosque in South Sylhet with his father, Musa ibn Haji Amir. Shankarpasha Shahi Masjid in Taraf as well as numerous dargah complexes commemorating Shah Jalal and his disciples were also built in this period. Alam was succeeded by Muqarrab ud-Daulah and Muazzam Khalis Khan respectively. In 1479, a mosque inscription in Tilapara, Muktarpur mentions another minister by the name of Malik Sikandar.
In addition, 1486 marked the birth of Chaitanya whose ancestral homes are in Golapganj and Baniachong. Hindus believe Chaitanya was a reincarnation of Krishna and will return during the Kholi Zug. In 1499, a Persian nobleman from Isfahan known as Prince Sakhi Salamat settled in a rural village in South Sylhet known as Prithimpassa (now located in Kulaura). Being a wealthy nobleman; his son, Ismail Khan Lodhi, was granted a jagir by the Mughals and given the status of Nawab in addition to other prestigious titles. In 1511, Alauddin Husain Shah's general Rukun Khan was made the governor of Sylhet. In 1512, Khan enlarged the dargah of Shah Jalal, according to an ancient Persian inscription. Khan was succeeded by Gawhar Khan Aswari.
Bhanu Narayan of the Ita dynasty defeated a rebel of the Tripura Kingdom. The Tripura Raja then awarded him as the first raja of the Ita kingdom (Rajnagar), subordinate to the Kingdom.
In 1489, Pratapgarh ruler Turani's great-great-grandson Malik Pratap declared independence from the Tripura Kingdom whilst the Tripura Raja Pratap Manikya II was busy fighting a war against his elder brother, Dhanya. Malik then allied with the Tripura Raja in the war, and so Manikya formally recognised the independence of the Pratapgarh Kingdom and gave him the title of Raja.
Raja Bazid of Pratapgarh, the grandson of Raja Malik Pratap, repulsed an invasion by the powerful neighbouring kingdom of Kachar. He then expanded the power and influence of his own kingdom, stretching its frontiers as far west as the borders of Jangalbari in Kishoreganj. In light of these achievements, Bazid gave himself the new title of Sultan, placing himself on the same level as the Sultan of Bengal Alauddin Husain Shah.
The governor of Sylhet under the Bengal Sultanate, Gawhar Khan Aswari later passed away. His deputies, Subid Ram and Ramdas, took advantage of his death and embezzled a large amount of money from the state government before fleeing to Pratapgarh. Sultan Bazid gave his protection to the two deputies and took advantage of Gawhar's death to seize Sylhet town into his kingdom. Husain Shah then sent his minister, Sarwar Khan of Barsala, to negotiate with Pratapgarh and see if he can return Sylhet to Bengal. After the rejection of Bazid, Surwar defeated him and his allies, the Zamindars of Ita and Kanihati, in battle. Bazid was allowed to continue as ruler of Pratapgarh with relative independence, but he was required to surrender his control of Sylhet and give up the title of Sultan. A tribute of money and elephants was given to show Bazid's loyalty and Subid Ram and Ramdas, were sent to Hussain Shah to face punishment. Surwar Khan then became the Nawab of Sylhet, with Bazid's daughter Lavanyavati being given in marriage to Surwar's son and eventual successor, Mir Khan.
Towards the end of the Sultanate era, Western Sylhet and Eastern Mymensingh became the Iqlim-e-Muazzamabad governed by Khawas Khan. Muazzamabad was originally founded by Shah Muazzam ad-Din Quraishi, the son of Shah Kamal Quhafa. Its capital was at Kamalshahi (Shaharpara) and also had a second administration at Nizgaon (Shologhar, Sunamganj Sadar). The Assamese claim that Chilarai of Kamata, the brother of King Nara Narayan, took over parts of the Sylhet region, including Jaintia Kingdom, in 1553. In this same time period, Taraf was subordinate to the Twipra Kingdom during the reign of Raja Amar Manikya. When the chief of Taraf refused to provide labour for Manikya, Taraf was conquered by the Tripuris.
During the rule of the Kangleipak King Khagemba, the King's brother, Prince Shalungba, was disappointed with Khagemba's treatment so he fled to the Sylhet region where he allied with Bengali Muslim leaders. With a contingent of Sylheti soldiers, Shalungba then attempted to invade Manipur but the soldiers were captured and made to work as labourers in Manipur. These soldiers married local Manipuri women and adapted to the Meitei language. They introduced hookah to Manipur and founded the Pangal or Manipuri Muslim community.
Mughal period
The Mughal invasions and conquests in Bengal started during the reigns of Emperors Humayun and Akbar. The Battle of Rajmahal in 1576 led to the execution of Daud Khan Karrani, ending the Karrani sultanate. However, the Pashtuns and the local zamindars known as Baro Bhuyans led by Isa Khan, the ruler of Bhati, continued to resist the Mughal invasion. After the death of Isa in 1599, the Baro-Bhuyan confederacy started to weaken. The Ain-i-Akbari notes the prevalence of slaves, oranges, timber and singing birds in the region. Much of Bengal was integrated as a Mughal province known as the Bengal Subah by 1612 during the reign of Jahangir. The Finance Minister of the latter emperor, Raja Todar Mal, estimated Sylhet to be worth £16,704 in 1582. The Qanungoh (revenue collector) of Sylhet was assisted by pargana patowaris. Each pargana's revenue was collected by a choudhury.
However, even during the reigns of Jahangir and Shah Jahan, Mughal authority in Sylhet was still referred to as Bengal's Wild East due to the region becoming a refuge for the Afghan chieftains and other Baro-Bhuiyan insurgents. Khwaja Usman of Bokainagar, Mymensingh fled to Sylhet where he allied with the likes of Bayazid Karrani II of Sylhet, Anwar Khan of Baniachong, Pahlawan of Matang and Mahmud Khan.
The final raja of the Ita Kingdom, Raja Subid Narayan, built his fort in the Barua Hills, which remains today as ruins. He is also known to have built more large ponds such as the Balda Sagar and Sagar Dighi initially for his daughter, Kamla Rani, and to make space for a palace. Subid lost a battle in 1610 in which South Sylhet became under the rule of Afghan chieftain Khwaja Usman. Usman's rule was interrupted after Mughal General Islam Khan I's attack in 1612 leading to complete Mughal control of Sylhet. Ludi Khan was appointed the Amil of Sylhet. He was succeeded by his son, Jahan Khan who was a minor assisted by the Tehsildars of Taraf; Basu Das and Rajendra.
In 1618, the Jaintia Raja Dhan Manik conquered Dimarua leading to a war with Maibong Raja Yasho Narayan Satrudaman of the Kachari Kingdom. Dhan Manik, realising that he would need assistance, gave his daughter in hand to Raja Susenghphaa of the Ahom kingdom. The Ahoms then fought the Kacharis allowing an easy escape for Dhan Manik and the Jaintians.
Sylhet became a sarkar of the Bengal Subah. Its eight mahals/mahallahs included Pratapgarh-Panchakhanda, Bahua-Bajua, Jaintia (parts of Jaintia Kingdom), Habili (Sylhet), Sarail-Satra Khandal (North Tripura), Laur, Baniachong and Harinagar. Sylhet emerged as the Mughals' most significant imperial outpost in the east and its importance remained as such throughout the seventeenth century.
The sardars of Sylhet during Jahangir's reign included Mubariz Khan, Mukarram Khan, Mirak Bahadur Jalair, Sulayman Banarsi, and Mirza Ahmad Beg. During the rebellion of Prince Khurram, Mirza Saleh Arghun - a relative of Khwaja Usman - was made the faujdar of Sylhet.
Muhammad Zaman Karori of Tehran was made the Amil of Sylhet by emperor Jahangir after the Emperor arrived to Bengal and punished the rebels. Zaman took part in Islam Khan I's Assam expedition and was instrumental to the capture of Koch Hajo. He later on became faujdar of Sylhet in 1636 by Shah Jahan and was made a mansabdar of 2,000 sowar. In 1657, Shah Shuja, the Subahdar of Bengal, granted 50 bighas of land to zamindar Alam Tarib.
During the reign of Shah Jahan from 1628 to 1658, the faujdars were Muizz ad-Din Rizvi, Sohrab Khan and Sultan Nazar.
During the reign of Aurangzeb in the 17th century, the sarkar generated annual revenues of 167,000 takas. Lutfullah Shirazi, the faujdar of Sylhet, established a strong enclosure in Shah Jalal's dargah in Sylhet town in 1660. Isfandiyar Khan Beg succeeded Shirazi in 1663 and was known to have destroyed Majlis Alam's Adina Mosque replica in Dargah Mahalla because the imam started Eid prayers without waiting for him. Following its destruction, Isfandiyar attempted to rebuild it. The mosque, located near the Dargah Gate, remains uncompleted today, hidden behind trees. The next faujdars were Syed Ibrahim Khan, Jan Muhammad Khan and Mahafata Khan.
Farhad Khan was the most well-known of Sylhet's faujdars. He built Sylhet Shahi Eidgah, which still remains as the largest eidgah in the region today as well as numerous bridges across the Sarkar.
After the death of Laur Raja Durbar Khan, his younger brother Gobind Singh took over his land. Durbar Khan's sons then informed the Nawab of Murshidabad of this incident. Gobind was summoned to Delhi for a short time where he accepted Islam. As a reward, he was granted the title of Khan and regained Laur but as a feudal ruler.
Prince Azim-ush-Shan, the subahdar of Bengal, is said to have granted Hamid Khan faujdarship to Sylhet & Bundasil. Faujdar Ahmad Majid gave land to Bharat Das Vaishnava in Dulali in 1699. Faujdar Karguzar Khan was known to have gifted land to Kamalakanta Bhattacharya of Ita in 1706. A year later, Karguzar was succeeded by Mutiullah Khan and then in Rahmat Khan in 1709. Emperor Farrukhsiyar appointed Talib Ali Khan as the next faujdar. After Farrukhsiyar's death, Talib was replaced by Shuja ad-Din Muhammad Khan of Asadganj in 1719.
In the early 1700s, the Jaintia Raja Ram Singh kidnapped the Kachari Raja. The Raja of Cachar then informed Ahom Raja Rudra Singh Sukhrungphaa which led to the Ahoms attack through North Cachar and Jaintia Hills. Jaintia was annexed to the Ahoms and its capital city, Jaintiapur, was then raided by the Ahoms and thousands of innocent civilians were put to death or ears and noses were cut off. Sukhrungphaa then informed the Faujdar of Sylhet that Jaintia was under his rule and that it is him that they will trade to. However, the Ahom rule in Jaintia was weak and short-lived. The Jaintias rebelled in their own land defeating the Ahom soldiers. Ram Singh, however, died as a captive to the Ahoms and his son, Jayo Narayan took over the Jaintia Kingdom.
In the middle of the seventeenth century, Babu Kabi Ballabh, a descendant of Sarbananda of Barsala, mastered the Persian language. After impressing Emperor Muhammad Shah, Ballabh was given the title of Rai. Ballabh was then made the Qanungoh and Dastidar of Sylhet by the Nawabs of Murshidabad. The role of the Dastidars were to approve and seal the sanads. He was succeeded as Qanungoh and Dastidar by his son, Subid Rai who established a Dastidar family home which he named Subid Rai Gridha. Harkrishna Das was from his progeny. Das' mother sent him off to a fakir in Murshidabad who would educate him in the Sanskrit and Persian languages. He then assisted Rajballabh, the deputy of Nawazish Muhammad Khan, in writing an account on Bengal's revenue. After this service, the Nawab of Murshidabad granted Das Rs. 10,000 as a reward and carried on working in the Murshidabad court.
Emperor Muhammad Shah appointed Shukurullah Khan as the next Faujdar after Shuja. Although Shukurullah had good relations with the Nawabs of Dhaka, he did not get on well with the local authorities and was dismissed quickly. He was replaced by Harkrishna Das who became the 11th Nawab of Sylhet in late 1721. Nicknamed Mansur al-Mulk, Das was murdered in 1723 by his own men who are presumed to have been loyal to Shukurullah. The Nawabate of Sylhet was then divided between three individuals; Naib Sadatullah Khan, Hargovinda Rai and Manik Chand. Shukurullah returned to his post as faujdar in 1723. The last ruler of Muazzamabad, Hamid Khan Qureshi accepted the post of faujdar after Shukurullah. In August 1698, he earned the title of Shamsher Khan after assisting the Nawab of Bengal, Murshid Quli Khan, in defeating Rahim Khan Afghan in Chandrakona. Shamsher Khan had 6 naibs; Shuja ad-Din (previous faujdar), Basharat Khan, Syed Rafiullah Hasni of Rafinagar, Muhammad Hasan and Mir Ilyas Khan. Shamsher was killed in 1740 in the Battle of Giria alongside the Nawab of Bengal, Sarfaraz Khan.
The zamindar of Laur, Abid Reza, son of Gobind Khan, left Laur to establish Baniachong in the early eighteenth century, which would become the largest village in the world. Many followed Reza to Baniachong after Laur was burnt by the Khasi in 1744. The Nawab of Bengal Alivardi Khan is said to have granted 48 large boats to the Baniachong zamindars. A short while after, Reza built a fort in Laur which remains as ruins today. His son, Umed Reza, excavated much of Baniachong during his zamindari. Both Rezas were feudal under the Amils or Faujdars of Sylhet.
Alivardi Khan granted the deputy governor of Dhaka, Nawazish Muhammad Khan, to also govern Sylhet, Tripura and Chittagong. The next faujdar was Bahram Khan. He gifted land to Bhattacharya of Shamshernagar in 1742. Bahram built the mosque located next to Shah Jalal's dargah in 1744. He appointed Muhammad Jan as his Naib. Bahram was succeeded by Ali Quli Baig of Alikulipur (near Badarpur). Baig's leadership was short and Naib Ali Khan became the next faujdar. Ali Khan granted land in 1748 to Kamala Kanta Bhattacharya of Lauta and Ram Chandra Vidyabagish of Dinajpur. He also granted land to Gangaram Siromani of Burunga in 1750.
Company rule
In 1757, the Nongkhrem-Khairam Khasi Raja closed the Sonapur Duar, stopping trade between the Jaintia and Ahom kingdoms. An envoy of Jaintias assembled at Hajo where they informed the incident to Ahom Raja Suremphaa Swargadeo Rajeswar Singh who re-opened it for them.
Sylhet came under British administration in 1765 and made a part of the Bengal Presidency. William Makepeace Thackeray was made the first Collector of Sylhet and he was followed by Mr Sumner. Sylhet was strategically important for the British in their pursuit of conquering Northeast India and Upper Burma. The British divided the region into four subdivisions further divided into collectory zilas and then parganas. The Qanungohs were abolished for a time during British rule and Wahdadars replaced Choudhuries as local revenue collectors. North Srihatta consisted of Parkul, Jaintiapur and Tajpur zilas. South Srihatta was made up of Rajnagar, Hingazia and Noyakhali. Habiganj was split into Nabiganj, Laskarpur and Shankarpasha. Sunamganj had one collectory zila at Ramulganj and Karimganj at Latu. During this time, many Western European and Armenian traders migrated to Sylhet and are buried in Sylhet Sadar.
Major Henniker led the first expedition to Jaintia in 1774. In 1778, after a short term by Mr Holland, the next collector was Robert Lindsay. A year into his office, the Khasi attacked the merchants of Pandua, Bholaganj (Companiganj) who were going towards Calcutta after experiencing abuse from other 'Europeans'. Many merchants pleaded Lindsay to build a small brick fort to protect them from further attacks from the Khasi. During the same year, an auction took place in which a purchaser won estates in Balishira (South Sylhet). With the former owner refusing to give the land, a havildar and ten sepoys were sent to the estate to allow the purchaser his land. The former owner killed two officers and injured many. He then plundered two government boats worth over 2,000 rupees. Reinforcements were sent from Sylhet to Balishira, eventually forcing the former owner to flee. The former owner later returned with a large group of men and attacked the resistance, keeping some as hostage. The former officer and some of his men were later arrested by the authorities in Dacca.
In 1782, the first ever uprising in the Indian subcontinent which was against the British rule, the Muharram Rebellion, took place in Sylhet Shahi Eidgah in which Lindsay killed two of the leaders of the rally, the Pirzada and Syed Muhammad Hadi, with his own pistol. The other leader, Syed Muhammad Mahdi was also killed in the conflict alongside other rebels.
In 1783, the headquarters of a thana was attacked by Khasis who were provoked by a certain havildar. The Khasi chiefs demanded the havildar's head which Lindsay refused to give. Many casualties and deaths occurred on both sides, Lindsay's chunam works were plundered and his men were said to have been "cut into pieces".
In 1786, the Revolt of Radharam took place in the Greater Pratapgarh. Zamindar Radha Ram plundered Chargola thana in Karimganj with the help of Kukis before escaping. Lindsay reacted by ordering for the burning of Radha Ram's village and the seizing of his cattle. It is said in another incident that the hill tribes attacked the Laur thana, killing 20 people including the thanadar. In 1787, the Khasis of Laur also rebelled, plundering many parganas, such as Atgram, Bangaikunda, Ramdiga, Betal and Selharas, and killing up to 800 people. Before Lindsay's troops could arrive, the Khasis retreated back to their mountains.
Hyndman succeeded Lindsay in late 1787 as the Collector of Sylhet but his term was extremely short and John Willes replaced him. During Willes' office, the Khasi led by Ganga Singh plundered Ishamati thana and bazaar and killed a Bara-Chaudhri family. In 1789, Willes stationed many sepoys in Pandua (Companiganj). The Khasi however, continued their attacks, killing the thanadar and many sepoys. Two European merchants managed to escape and inform Willes of the incident, who passed it on to the Government at Calcutta. A force was then sent from there, to the village of Pandua although it lead to a bloodless end. Willes also told the government that he really had little control over northern Sylhet as the Khasi chiefs refused every order, would behead the messenger and then continue raiding Sylheti villages as they had done even during the Mughal period. Another Khasi raid took place in 1795 and many years went after that with the Khasis remaining in their hills and not troubling the plains. Willes also changed the administration of Sylhet into ten zillahs, further divided into 164 parganas as well as Kusbah Sylhet. Revenue was then collected by ten zillahdars assisted by the pargana patowaris. The currency of the Sylhet region was changed from cowries to silver coins. During his term, Laskarpur Pargana was also moved from Dacca to Sylhet. Courts were also being established in every zillah.
In 1799, Agha Muhammad Reza invaded Cachar. With help of Nagas and Kukis, he was able to defeat the barqandaz sent by the Raja of the Kachari Kingdom, and expelled the Raja to the nearby hills. Reza also sent 1,200 men to attack the nearby thana of the East India Company, administered by one havildar and eight sepoys. The Kachari army then arrived with 300 men and two grasshopper cannons but were defeated. During this time, the British were able to gain a reinforcement of 70 sepoys. The army ended up in a brawl between the Kacharis, and the British sepoys eventually drove both groups back leading to 90 deaths in the Kachari side. Reza was later arrested.
A border dispute started in 1807 between the Khaspur Raja of Cachar, Krishnachandra Narayan, and the Amin Muluk Chand in Badarpur. The Amin would lay down a line, only to find that the Kacharis would fill the ditch up and take all the crops. The Kacharis would also raid Chapghat pargana. The British ordered Badarpur's officer to prevent the intruders from this but they found out that the land in fact belonged to the Raja and not the Amin.
In 1821, a group of Jaintias kidnapped British subjects attempting to sacrifice them to Kali. A culprit was then found by the British who admitted that it was an annual tradition which the Jaintias have been doing for 10 years. The priest would cut off the victim's throat and then the Jaintia princess would bathe in his blood. The Jaintia believed that this would bless the princess with offspring. Upon hearing this, the British threatened the Jaintia Raja that they would invade his territories if this does not stop. The Raja made an agreement in 1824 with David Scott that they will only negotiate with the British. A year later, the Jaintias attempted to continue their annual sacrifice which they had previously agreed with the British that they would stop. During the First Anglo-Burmese War in the same year, British troops based themselves at Badarpur. They then advanced to Bikrampur in Cachar where they were defeated. In 1826, the Kukis of Pratapgarh King murdered a group of woodcutters and held three hostages after not receiving an annual gift from the Pratapgarh zamindars. The Kukis then sent one hostage to the British to tell them that they must pay a ransom to free the other two, in which the British agreed.
With the last Khasi raid taking place in 1795, the British experienced another attack in 1827 in Panduah leading to the death of a sepoy, postman and dhobi. The Agent to the Governor-General of India, William Amherst, was absent and so the Collector of Sylhet ordered his officer to retaliate with the Sylhet Light Infantry. After the Nongkhlao massacre in Kanta Kal village two years later, Captain Lister and the Infantry defeated the Nongkhlao Khasis, causing them to retreat and never attack the British or raid villages again.
The Jaintias kidnapped four British men in 1832. Three were sacrificed in Great Hindu temple in Faljur, with one escaping and informing the British authorities of the atrocities. After the Jaintia Raja declined to find the culprits, the British finally conquered the Jaintia Kingdom and incorporated it into the Sylhet District in 1835. Also in 1835, pargana patowaris were replaced by zillah patowaris and muhuris.
The East India Company first initiated their trading of tea in the hills of Sylhet. The first commercial tea plantation in British India was opened in the Mulnicherra Estate in Sylhet in 1857. The region started to emerge as the centre of tea cultivation in Bengal and major export. Many local entrepreneurs also started founding their own companies such as Syed Abdul Majid, Nawab Ali Amjad Khan, Muhammad Bakht Mazumdar, Ghulam Rabbani, Syed Ali Akbar Khandakar, Abdur Rasheed Choudhury and Karim Bakhsh.
In the anti-British Sepoy Mutiny of 1857, 300 sepoys who revolted against the British, looted the Chittagong Treasury and took shelter with Nawab Gaus Ali Khan of Prithimpassa. The treasury remained under rebel control for several days. A rebellion also took place in Latu, Barlekha.
British Raj
Sylhet was constituted as a municipality in 1867. Walton was made the Collector and Magistrate and he was assisted by William Kemble. Moulvi Dilwar Ali was the Deputy Collector. Despite protests to the Viceroy from its Bengali-majority population, the district was made part of the non-regulation Chief Commissioner's Province of Assam (Northeast Frontier Province) in 1874 in order to facilitate Assam's commercial development.
The Assam Bengal Railway was established in 1892 to connect Assam and Sylhet with the port city of Chittagong and also served as a lifeline for the tea industry, transporting tea to exporters in the Port of Chittagong. The first college in the region, Murari Chand College, was opened in 1892.
The region was heavily affected during the 1897 Assam earthquake resulting in many deaths and the damage of many buildings as well as the Assam-Bengal Railway.
In 1903, snakes killed 75 people, wild pigs killed 2 people and a tiger killed one person. In 1905, Sylhet was reincorporated into the Surma Valley Division in Eastern Bengal and Assam after the first partition of Bengal. However this was short-lasted as in 1912, it was again separated from Bengal when Assam was reconstituted into a chief commissioners' province. By the 1920s, organizations such as the Sylhet Peoples' Association and Sylhet-Bengal Reunion League (1920) mobilized public opinion demanding the division's incorporation into Bengal. However, the leaders of the Reunion League, including Muhammad Bakht Mauzumdar and Syed Abdul Majid, later opposed the transfer of Sylhet and Cachar to Bengal during the Surma Valley Muslim Conference of September 1928. This was supported by the Anjuman-e-Islamia and Muslim Students Association.
Due to the size of Sylhet's Bengali Muslim majority, the All India Muslim League formed the first elected government in British Assam.
The numbers of lascars grew between the two world wars, with some ending up in the docks of London and Liverpool. During World War II, many fought on the Allied front before settling down in the United Kingdom, where they opened cafes and restaurants which became important hubs for the British Asian community.
In 1946, Gopinath Bordoloi, the Prime Minister of British Assam brought forward his wish to hand over Sylhet back to East Bengal. Following a referendum, almost all of erstwhile district of Sylhet became a part of East Bengal in the Dominion of Pakistan. After being pleaded by a delegation led by Abdul Matlib Mazumdar, the Barak Valley districts were barred and incorporated into the Dominion of India. The referendum was held on 6 July 1947. 239,619 people voted to join East Bengal (i.e. part of Pakistan) and 184,041 voted to remain in Assam (i.e. part of India). The referendum was acknowledged by Article 3 of the Indian Independence Act 1947.
Post-Partition of India
In the early 20th century, during the British period, a labour exploitation system known as the "Nankar custom" was introduced and practiced by zamindars. This barbarous system was confronted by the local peasants of the region during the Nankar Rebellion leading to 6 deaths. In Beanibazar, the rebellion was born and spread across East Pakistan leading the Pakistani government to abolish the zamindari system and repeal the non-governmental rule to recognize the ownership of the land of peasants.
In 1952, the Pakistan Tea Board - a tea research station in Srimangal, Moulvibazar - was founded to support the production, certification and exportation of the tea trade.
Post liberation from Pakistan
During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 for the liberation of Bangladesh, when Pakistan Army created the 39th ad hoc Division in mid-November, from the 14th Division units deployed in those areas, to hold on to the Comilla and Noakhali districts, and the 14th Division was tasked to defend the Sylhet and Brahmanbaria areas only. During the Bangladesh Liberation War, many non-Bengali language printing presses were damaged and this included the Sylheti Nagari script printed at the Islamia Press. The region was a focal point of East Pakistan's Liberation War, which created Bangladesh. It was the hometown of General M. A. G. Osmani, the commander-in-chief of Bangladesh Forces and the Panchgaon Factory in Rajnagar Upazila produced cannons under his command. A famous historical cannon built by Janardan Karmakar remains in display in Dhaka. The Battle of Gazipur, in Kulaura, raged between the Pakistani military and the allied forces of Bangladesh and India from 4 to 5 December 1971. The battle ended with a Bangladeshi victory. The Battle of Sylhet took place from 7 to 15 December, eventually leading to a Pakistani surrender and the liberation of Sylhet. Pakistan Army's 93,000 troops unconditionally surrendered to the Indian Army and India's local ally Mukti Bahini on 16 December 1971. This day and event is commemorated as the Bijoy Dibos in Bangladesh and Vijay Diwas in India.
See also
Khwaja Usman
Shah Jalal
Sylhet region
References
Further reading
Choudhury, Achyutcharan Sreehatter Itibritta (1910)
Eaton, Richard The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760 (University of California Press, 1993)
Ali, Syed Murtaza Hazrat Shah Jalal o Sylheter itihas (Bangla Academy, 1965)
Category:History of India by region
Category:History of Bangladesh by division
Category:History of Sylhet
Category:History of Bengal
Category:History of Assam
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Waterfall model
The waterfall model is a breakdown of project activities into linear sequential phases, where each phase depends on the deliverables of the previous one and corresponds to a specialisation of tasks. The approach is typical for certain areas of engineering design. In software development, it tends to be among the less iterative and flexible approaches, as progress flows in largely one direction ("downwards" like a waterfall) through the phases of conception, initiation, analysis, design, construction, testing, deployment and maintenance.
The waterfall development model originated in the manufacturing and construction industries; where the highly structured physical environments meant that design changes became prohibitively expensive much sooner in the development process. When first adopted for software development, there were no recognised alternatives for knowledge-based creative work.
History
The first known presentation describing use of such phases in software engineering was held by Herbert D. Benington at the Symposium on Advanced Programming Methods for Digital Computers on 29 June 1956. This presentation was about the development of software for SAGE. In 1983 the paper was republished with a foreword by Benington explaining that the phases were on purpose organised according to the specialisation of tasks, and pointing out that the process was not in fact performed in a strict top-down fashion, but depended on a prototype.
The first formal description of the waterfall model is often cited as a 1970 article by Winston W. Royce, although Royce did not use the term waterfall in that article. Royce presented this model as an example of a flawed, non-working model; which is how the term is generally used in writing about software development—to describe a critical view of a commonly used software development practice.
The earliest use of the term "waterfall" may have been in a 1976 paper by Bell and Thayer.
In 1985, the United States Department of Defense captured this approach in DOD-STD-2167A, their standards for working with software development contractors, which stated that "the contractor shall implement a software development cycle that includes the following six phases: Preliminary Design, Detailed Design, Coding and Unit Testing, Integration, and Testing".
Model
In Royce's original waterfall model, the following phases are followed in order:
System and software requirements: captured in a product requirements document
Analysis: resulting in models, schema, and business rules
Design: resulting in the software architecture
Coding: the development, proving, and integration of software
Testing: the systematic discovery and debugging of defects
Operations: the installation, migration, support, and maintenance of complete systems
Thus the waterfall model maintains that one should move to a phase only when its preceding phase is reviewed and verified.
Various modified waterfall models (including Royce's final model), however, can include slight or major variations on this process. These variations included returning to the previous cycle after flaws were found downstream, or returning all the way to the design phase if downstream phases deemed insufficient.
Supporting arguments
Time spent early in the software production cycle can reduce costs at later stages. For example, a problem found in the early stages (such as requirements specification) is cheaper to fix than the same bug found later on in the process (by a factor of 50 to 200).
In common practice, waterfall methodologies result in a project schedule with 20–40% of the time invested for the first two phases, 30–40% of the time to coding, and the rest dedicated to testing and implementation. The actual project organisation needs to be highly structured. Most medium and large projects will include a detailed set of procedures and controls, which regulate every process on the project.
A further argument for the waterfall model is that it places emphasis on documentation (such as requirements documents and design documents) as well as source code. In less thoroughly designed and documented methodologies, knowledge is lost if team members leave before the project is completed, and it may be difficult for a project to recover from the loss. If a fully working design document is present (as is the intent of Big Design Up Front and the waterfall model), new team members or even entirely new teams should be able to familiarise themselves by reading the documents.
The waterfall model provides a structured approach; the model itself progresses linearly through discrete, easily understandable and explainable phases and thus is easy to understand; it also provides easily identifiable milestones in the development process. It is perhaps for this reason that the waterfall model is used as a beginning example of a development model in many software engineering texts and courses.
It is argued that the waterfall model can be suited to projects where requirements and scope are fixed, the product itself is firm and stable, and the technology is clearly understood.
Criticism
Clients may not know exactly what their requirements are before they see working software and so change their requirements, leading to redesign, redevelopment, and retesting, and increased costs.
Designers may not be aware of future difficulties when designing a new software product or feature, in which case it is better to revise the design than persist in a design that does not account for any newly discovered constraints, requirements, or problems.
Organisations may attempt to deal with a lack of concrete requirements from clients by employing systems analysts to examine existing manual systems and analyse what they do and how they might be replaced. However, in practice, it is difficult to sustain a strict separation between systems analysis and programming. This is because implementing any non-trivial system will almost inevitably expose issues and edge cases that the systems analyst did not consider.
In response to the perceived problems with the pure waterfall model, modified waterfall models were introduced, such as "Sashimi (Waterfall with Overlapping Phases), Waterfall with Subprojects, and Waterfall with Risk Reduction".
Some organisations, such as the United States Department of Defense, now have a stated preference against waterfall-type methodologies, starting with MIL-STD-498, which encourages evolutionary acquisition and Iterative and Incremental Development.
While advocates of agile software development argue the waterfall model is an ineffective process for developing software, some sceptics suggest that the waterfall model is a false argument used purely to market alternative development methodologies.
Rational Unified Process (RUP) phases acknowledge the programmatic need for milestones, for keeping a project on track, but encourage iterations (especially within Disciplines) within the Phases. RUP Phases are often referred to as "waterfall-like".
Modified waterfall models
In response to the perceived problems with the "pure" waterfall model, many modified waterfall models have been introduced. These models may address some or all of the criticisms of the "pure" waterfall model.
These include the Rapid Development models that Steve McConnell calls "modified waterfalls"
Peter DeGrace's "sashimi model" (waterfall with overlapping phases), waterfall with subprojects, and waterfall with risk reduction. Other software development model combinations such as "incremental waterfall model" also exist.
Royce's final model
Winston W. Royce's final model, his intended improvement upon his initial "waterfall model", illustrated that feedback could (should, and often would) lead from code testing to design (as testing of code uncovered flaws in the design) and from design back to requirements specification (as design problems may necessitate the removal of conflicting or otherwise unsatisfiable / undesignable requirements). In the same paper Royce also advocated large quantities of documentation, doing the job "twice if possible" (a sentiment similar to that of Fred Brooks, famous for writing the Mythical Man Month, an influential book in software project management, who advocated planning to "throw one away"), and involving the customer as much as possible (a sentiment similar to that of Extreme Programming).
See also
List of software development philosophies
Agile software development
Big Design Up Front
Chaos model
DevOps
Iterative and incremental development
Object-oriented analysis and design
Rapid application development
Software development process
Spiral model
Structured Systems Analysis and Design Method (SSADM)
System development methodology
Traditional engineering
V-model
References
External links
Understanding the pros and cons of the Waterfall Model of software development
Project lifecycle models: how they differ and when to use them
Going Over the Waterfall with the RUP by Philippe Kruchten
CSC and IBM Rational join to deliver C-RUP and support rapid business change
c2:WaterFall
Category:Software development philosophies
Category:Project management
Category:Design
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Long Laput
Long Laput (also known as Laput) is a settlement in the rural interior of the Marudi district of Sarawak, Malaysia. It lies approximately east-north-east of the state capital Kuching.
Description
Long Laput is one of the biggest villages along the Baram River and the majority of the inhabitants belong to the Kayan tribe. The estimated population is 2000 people, most of whom live in longhouses. In the late 1950s the main longhouse was reputed to be the longest in Borneo, being 700 metres in length. The main source of income is agriculture, including rice, pepper, rubber and increasingly palm oil; one oil palm estate extends to 2500 acres. Livestock include freshwater fish farming and cattle which graze the oil palm plantation.
Development
The history of the village dates back at least to the 1920s, but a significant change started in 1950 with the arrival of the Borneo Evangelical Church, followed by Roman Catholics in 1956. Schools were built in 1956 and a health clinic was opened in the village. The longhouses were constructed from bamboo and thatched with leaves. Unfortunately, a 70-family longhouse was destroyed by fire in 1987. Longhouses are now constructed using bricks, and the village now has modern infrastructure, including running water, electricity, sports facilities, a public library and public telephones. The library also provides internet access, photocopying and scanning. The school, Sekolah Kebangsaan Long Laput, provides education and accommodation for 192 students, with a teaching staff of twelve.
Threats
If the Baram Bam hydroelectric project goes ahead, Long Laput will be one of the villages affected by the flooding of 389,000 hectares of jungle.
Neighbouring settlements
Neighbouring settlements include:
Lirong Kawit southeast
Long Lama northwest
Batu Gading north
Long Puak north
Rumah Ingkot west
Long Banio north
Uma Bawang Kanan south
Uma Bawang Kiri south
Rumah Banyi north
Rumah Jelian northwest
References
Category:Villages in Sarawak
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Kongoro lampeye
The Kongoro lampeye (Lacustricola kongoranensis) is a species of fish in the family Poeciliidae. It is endemic to Tanzania. Its natural habitats are rivers and intermittent rivers.
References
Hanssens, M & Snoeks, J. 2005. Aplocheilichthys kongoranensis. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 4 August 2007.
Kongoro lampeye
Category:Endemic freshwater fish of Tanzania
Kongoro lampeye
Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
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Towns (video game)
Towns is a 2012 simulation video game. Towns was initially developed by the three-person group SMP, consisting of Xavi Canal, Alex Poysky, and Ben Palgi. In February 2014, development was passed on to Florian Frankenberger. The game's influences are cited as Diablo, Dungeon Keeper and Dwarf Fortress on the official website. It was released on Steam Greenlight on November 7, 2012, as a beta product, causing some who purchased the game to complain that it was not made clear that the game was unfinished. The game was among the first ten games approved from Steam Greenlight to be sold in the Steam store.
Towns is a city-builder game viewed in a top-down isometric view with multiple levels of height, allowing the landscape to boast large hilly areas and deep caverns, and allowing the player to build tall structures, either high in the air, or deep under the ground; beginning a new game, the player has the option of choosing from a number of different biomes such as Grass, Desert, Snow, and so on, with each possessing their own qualities (bananas and radishes can only grow in a jungle biome but it can also generate hostile frogmen, cacti can only grow on a desert biome but they can generate giant scorpions, and so on).
When starting a new game, the player begins with 11 villagers and must gather resources and set aside space for different "rooms" - for example, creating a "Carpenter" room allows the construction of basic and advanced objects made of wood, which leads to a "Masonry" room for items made from stone, and so on.
On 9 February 2014, Canal announced on the Towns official forum that after releasing the latest build, v14, SMP was abandoning development of the game due to burnout. SMP passed development of the game on to Florian Frankenberger. Frankenberger ended his Towns development on May 6, 2014. Several requests from the community to open the source code were left unresponded.
References
External links
Official website
Category:2012 video games
Category:City-building games
Category:Steam Greenlight games
Category:Windows games
Category:MacOS games
Category:Linux games
Category:Early access video games
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Dioxycanus fusca
Dioxycanus fusca is a species of moth of the family Hepialidae. It is endemic to New Zealand. This species was first described by Alfred Philpott in 1914 as Porina fusca using specimens collected by C. Fenwick and M. O. Pasco. In 1966 L. J. Dumbleton reviewed New Zealand Hepialinae and placed this species within the genus Dioxycanus, giving it the new combination Dioxycanus fuscus.
The wingspan is 26–33 mm for males and about 38 mm for females. Adults are on wing from December to February. This species can be found in the South Island in western Southland and Otago up to approximately 900 meters. D. fusca can be distinguished from D. oreas by its dark antennae.
Larvae have been found amongst short Poa tussocks, living in shafts in the soil.
References
Category:Hepialidae
Category:Moths of New Zealand
Category:Endemic fauna of New Zealand
Category:Moths described in 1914
Category:Taxa named by Alfred Philpott
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Werauhia capitata
Werauhia capitata is a plant species in the genus Werauhia. This species is native to Costa Rica.
References
An Annotated Checklist of the Bromeliaceae of Costa Rica retrieved 3 November 2009
capitata
Category:Flora of Costa Rica
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Autovía B-24
The Autovia B-24 is a highway in Spain. The road connects Barcelona to the towns of Penedès.
It starts at a junction with the Autovía A-2 south of the City centre. The road is under construction and will form an upgrade of the start of the N-340. Completion is planned by 2017.
References
B-24
Category:Transport in Baix Llobregat
B-24
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Bixiga
Bixiga is a neighbourhood in the center of the city of São Paulo, Brazil. It is located within the district of Bela Vista. Bixiga is known for having been a hub for Italian immigrants.
History
The origins of the neighborhood can be traced to the foundation of the city. Nowadays, Bixiga is considered part of the official district of Bela Vista, but appeared on city maps with the Bixiga designation until 1943. It was incorporated into Bela Vista with the passing of Law 1242, in 1910. The area between the historic core, Paulista Avenue, 23 de Maio Avenue and 9 de Julho Avenue became, in 1878, the Chácara do Bexiga (Bexiga Farmstead), owned by Antônio José Leite Braga.
In the middle of the 18th century, São Paulo saw an expansion of its population beneath the original boundaries of the city center. With the beginning of industrialization in the mid-19th century, São Paulo experienced accelerated population growth, in large part due to immigration to the city caused by the new jobs in the industrial sector. The many farmsteads that surrounded the city center found new purpose soon enough, becoming residential lots primarily for working-class immigrants.
Purchasing the land from Thomaz Cruz in 1878, Leite Braga divided the farmstead into lots, which were then sold, thus beginning the urbanization process of Bixiga.
The birth of the neighborhood began at Largo dos Piques, a convergence point where many roads met and from which they began, thus making the locale popular for inns and hostels, as well as prostitution and weekly slave auctions. The streets of Santo Amaro and Santo Antonio connected São Paulo to neighboring cities, such as Jundiaí and the port city of Santos. The Largo dos Piques is currently known as Praça das Bandeiras or Largo do Riachuelo. Largo dos Piques is identified as Bexiga's foundation site by the Department of Historical Heritage of the city of São Paulo. Some of the slaves who escaped the auctions formed the short-lived maroon state Quilombo do Saracura.
In 1885 Rua Formosa was founded, thus connecting Bexiga to the Santa Ifigênia neighborhood to facilitate trade. The proximity of Anhangabaú, Largo dos Piques and Largo do Bexiga was instrumental to the development of the neighborhood.
The first streets in Bexiga were Santo Antonio, Major Quedinho, 13 de Maio, and Abolição. Urbanization of the area began in 1880, and saw a surge of Italian residents in the late 19th-century, particularly those from Sicilia, Calabria and Puglia. With an extensive supply of land at low costs, immigrants settled in the neighborhood into terraced houses and sobrados, which were usually mixed-use. Houses were low and usually built without a blueprint. In addition to Italian immigrants, many freed slaves settled in Bexiga. They mostly lived in the lower floors of houses due to cheaper rent.
By the 1920s Bexiga was the most densely-populated neighborhood in São Paulo. Tenements and basement residences began to appear at this time, damaging the neighborhood's reputation. The presence of both a black and immigrant populations made Bexiga a culturally diverse area, becoming known for such events as the Samba School Vai-Vai and the Our Lady of Achiropita Festival.
Gallery
See also
Vai-Vai
Torcida Jovem
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of São Paulo
References
Sources
External links
Subprefecture of Sé
Category:Neighbourhoods in São Paulo
Category:Tourist attractions in São Paulo
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Edmund Gilling Hallewell
Edmund Gilling Hallewell (born 1796) was an Irish Conservative Party Member of the Parliament of the United Kingdom who represented the constituency of Newry from 1851 to 1852.
Hallewell was the son of Reverend John Hallewell of Farnham in Yorkshire. His mother Ellen was a daughter of Edmund Gilling of Marton-le-Moor, Yorkshire. He was educated at Ripon Grammar School.
In 1821 he married Matha Watts, only daughter and heir of Joseph Watts of Stratford House, Stroud, Gloucestershire. In 1855 he married Anne Winthrop, the third daughter of Admiral Winthrop. His son Lieutenant-Colonel Edmund Hallewell (1822–1869) married Sophia Reid, the daughter of General Sir William Reid.
References
External links
Category:1796 births
Category:Year of death missing
Category:People from Yorkshire
Category:People educated at Ripon Grammar School
Category:Irish Conservative Party MPs
Category:Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Newry (1801–1918)
Category:UK MPs 1847–1852
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Georgia Mabel DeBaptiste
Georgia Mabel DeBaptiste (1867–1951) was an African-American journalist, teacher and social worker from Chicago. After completing her education, she taught at various notable black schools before becoming the first woman of African descent to be employed at the Chicago Post Office. With her first husband, she did missionary work in Liberia and taught at Liberia College. After his death, she lived in New York and performed social works at a local settlement house before remarrying and moving to Virginia. She taught briefly in Virginia and then returned to Chicago, where she remained for the rest of her life involved in professional community services.
Early life
Georgia Mabel DeBaptiste was born on November 24, 1867 in Chicago to Georgianna Brischo and Richard H. DeBaptiste. She was the youngest child and only daughter of three siblings. Her mother died when she was six and she was raised by her father, a noted writer and preacher. As a youth, she joined her father's congregation, Olivet Baptist Church in Chicago. She attended elementary school in Chicago, took music courses at the Chicago Musical College and began her high school education at South Division High School, but during her schooling, her father moved to Evanston, Illinois. She completed her high schooling at Evanston Township High School, and then went on to further her education at Knox College in Galesburg, Illinois.
Career
With the move to Evanston, DeBaptiste began writing. Her first works were published in The Baptist Herald. After two years, the publication folded and she began writing for The Baptist Headlight, The African Mission and became a regular contributor to
Our Women and Children. She began her career in education working as a personal assistant to William J. Simmons at the State University in Louisville, Kentucky. When DeBaptiste left State University, she taught music for a year at Selma University. Though her contract was renewed, she did not like the climate in Selma, Alabama and instead accepted a post as the assistant language and music instructor at Lincoln Institute of Jefferson City, Missouri working under Inman E. Page. She reluctantly took a position at the Western College and Industrial Institute in Macon, Missouri.
DeBaptiste returned to Chicago and worked for five years as a postal clerk, which she continued even after her marriage on June 20, 1899 to Dr. Henry Clay Faulkner. She was the first woman of the African diaspora to be employed as a clerk by the Chicago Post Office. The couple still living in Chicago in 1902, when DeBaptiste was elected as one of the commissioners at a conference held on August 6–11 to discuss problems and progress black Americans had made, but soon thereafter, they were sent by the Baptist Foreign Missions Board to Liberia. Dr. Faulkner served as a physician and druggist in Monrovia and DeBaptiste was an instructor at the Liberia College. While on a lecture tour in the United States and a visit with her mother-in-law, DeBaptiste learned in January, 1907 that her husband had died in Liberia the previous December.
In 1908, DeBaptiste settled in Brooklyn and continued with speaking engagements and working as a pianist at various functions. The following year, she had been hired as the head worker at the Lincoln Settlement House and continued with both lecturing, music instruction and performances. In 1910, a widowed DeBaptiste was living with her brother Richard, Jr., who was a music teacher, and her son Frederick Faulkner (born 1906) in Brooklyn. Over the next several years, she continued with her settlement house work, music and lecturing, before marrying Walter Raleigh Ashburn in Manhattan on June 16, 1915. Ashburn was the pastor of the Mount Zion Baptist Church of Evanston and in the year of her marriage DeBaptiste became the first president of the Women's Auxiliary to the National Baptist Convention of America, Inc. Soon after their marriage, the couple moved to Virginia, where Ashburn began pastoring at the Cool Springs First Baptist Church of Franklin, Virginia and DeBaptiste became the general agent of The Ashburn Brothers Shirt Manufacturing Company in Lynchburg. It is probable that during this time, was when she taught at the normal school of Clifton Forge Normal and Industrial Institute and the Virginia Theological Seminary and College in Lynchburg.
DeBaptiste was re-elected to that presidency of the Women's Auxiliary in 1917 and by that time, was living in Chicago and she and Ashburn had apparently separated. His biographer notes that the couple separated for unspecified reasons and he remarried his fourth wife before his death in 1939. From 1918 forward, DeBaptiste worked as a professional doing community work. She served as a social worker and organizer in the Butler Community and was the superintendent of the Methodist Episcopal Church-sponsored Home for Business and Working Young Women in the 1920s. In 1922, she was one of the captains of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) drive in Chicago to boost membership. In 1923, she was re-elected again for the top post of the Women's Auxiliary.
The following decade, she supervised the Youth's Conservation Council and School's education department. Very active in clubs and organizations, DeBaptiste was president of the District Teacher's Association of Chicago and the Mother's Union. She was involved with the NAACP, the Urban League, the YWCA and the World's Fellowship of Faiths, as well as serving as president of the exclusive Old Settler's Club in 1943. Sometime prior to the announcement of the Old Settler's Club 111th anniversary exhibition, DeBaptiste married a man named Carr.
Death and legacy
DeBaptiste died on April 20, 1951 in Chicago and was buried in the Lincoln Cemetery in Worth, Illinois.
References
Citations
Bibliography
Category:1867 births
Category:1951 deaths
Category:People from Chicago
Category:African-American women journalists
Category:American women journalists
Category:African-American educators
Category:Social workers
Category:19th-century American women writers
Category:19th-century American writers
Category:University of Liberia faculty
Category:Educators from Illinois
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Leonardo de Souza
Leonardo Augusto Antunes de Souza (born January 9, 1986) is a Brazilian racing driver.
Career
Karting
Leonardo de Souza was born in Curitiba. He began racing karts in 1999 at age 13, where he won three South Brazilian championships in 2001, 2003 and 2004, besides the State championships of Parana and Santa Catarina in 2001 and 2003 respectively.
Formula Renault and Formula Three
In 2005 and 2006 he competed in the Brazilian Formula Renault with his own team, Kemba Racing. In 2007, with the extinction of the series he and the team didn’t compete anywhere during the season, only returning to the track in 2008 in the South American Formula 3, where he scored regularly in the last three stages of the championship in Santa Cruz do Sul (RS), Curitiba (PR) and Interlagos (SP) and ending the year in ninth place. In 2009 he and the team saw their first win at their home track in Curitiba, unfortunately the lack of better performances due to mechanical failures hurt their fight in the championship and he could only finish the season again in the ninth place.
For 2010 and 2011 season's he continued to race with his own team in South America Formula 3 and was able to get another 2 wins (at Londrina in 2010 and Rio de Janeiro in 2011) and more podiums finishes, but unfortunately poor reliability meant that again he would finish the championship way behind the main contenders .
During the 2012 season he was in contention for the title until the first race of the last round when he suffered a mechanical problem and didn't finish the race, confirming the title for that year champion Fernando "Kid" Rezende, he dropped to 3rd place overall in the last race, his best championship result in the series standings.
Leonardo missed the beginning of the 2013 season but took two wins and two 2nd places in the last 4 races of the year, he has the distinction of winning the last race of the South America Formula 3 as the series transformed into the new Formula 3 Brasil for the 2014 season, the 2013 and last champion of the series is Felipe Guimaraes.
He wasn't successful during 2014 and 2015 when the series turned into Formula 3 Brasil, claiming only one win in his category and one podium finish in those two season.
Racing record
Career summary
*Season still in progress.
References
External links
Career statistics from Driver Database
Formula 3 Sudamericana official website
drivers page in Kemba Racing website
Interview concerning his stolen equipment at Rio de Janeiro
Category:1986 births
Category:Living people
Category:Brazilian racing drivers
Category:Formula 3 Sudamericana drivers
Category:Brazilian Formula Three Championship drivers
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Allpahuayo antbird
The Allpahuayo antbird (Percnostola arenarum) is a species of bird in the family Thamnophilidae.
It is endemic to northeastern Peru.
Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry forests.
References
Antbird, Allpahuayo
Category:Percnostola
Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
Category:Birds described in 2001
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Dauntless
__NOTOC__
Dauntless may refer to:
Military
Douglas SBD Dauntless, a World War II American naval scout plane and dive bomber
Operation Dauntess, a military operation part of Operation Courageous
Operation Martlet (a.k.a. Operation Dauntless), part of a series of British attacks to capture the town of Caen and its environs from German forces
Vessels
Dauntless (steamboat), a steamer in the Puget Sound mosquito fleet
, five ships and one shore establishment of the Royal Navy
, a United States Coast Guard cutter
, three ships of the United States Navy
Fictional
Dauntless, a fictional sailboat in children's books by James Lennox Kerr
Dauntless, a fictional starship in The Lost Fleet: Dauntless by John G. Hemry
USS Dauntless (NX-01-A), a fictional starship from the fourth season Star Trek: Voyager episode "Hope and Fear"
Other
Dauntless (video game), a video game
Dauntless, one of the five factions in the Divergent novel and film series
Dauntless: The Battle of Midway is a Pacific War film featuring Douglas SBD Dauntless and United States Navy aviator Norman Francis Vandivier. It was released on September 1, 2019.
Dauntless: A Novel of Midway and Guadalcanal is a 1992 Pacific War novel featuring the Douglas SBD Dauntless and the United States Navy written by Barrett Tillman.
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Foreigners out! Schlingensiefs Container
Foreigners out! Schlingensiefs Container (Ausländer raus! Schlingensiefs Container), alternately named "Wien-Aktion", "Please Love Austria—First European Coalition Week", or "Foreigners Out—Artists against Human Rights", is an art project and television show from 2000 that took place within the scope of the annual Wiener Festwochen. It was created by Christoph Schlingensief and directed by Paul Poet. Realising public xenophobia and the new hate politics in the most drastic ways possible, he installed a public concentration camp right in the middle of Vienna. The film and performance was made in a style that imitated the show Big Brother. It was critically aimed both at certain forms of television entertainment and at a latent xenophobia still thriving in the whole world. It created an incredibly heated week, capturing the European right-wing drift in real time and exposing dormant and open xenophobia for the world to see.
Political implications
The show was produced in Austria, and broadcast from the container set installed in Vienna. Shortly before Schlingensief came up with this project, the Freedom Party of Austria, under the leadership of Jörg Haider had been elected into the National Council of Austria and formed part of the new government.
Concept
The basis of the show was that a dozen or so real life asylum seekers lived inside containers. However, instead of being voted out of the show, the candidates were to be voted out of the country. Creating and utilizing such a situation of living in a strictly confined area, not knowing what would happen next, was to remind the audience of Nazi concentration camps, pointing at and making artistic use of existing parallels between the Nazi camps and television formats like Big Brother.
Methodology
Installing TV programs and other projects as mockeries of well-known existing formats is part of Schlingensief's methodology. In another show broadcast in Germany, Freakstars 3000, he set up a talent cast show where all candidates where mentally handicapped. In the theatre project Quiz 3000 (the '3000' was a recurring trademark of Schlingensief), he mocked the show Who wants to be a millionaire?, using questions like "Please sort the following concentration camps from north to south".
Awards
Images Festival Toronto: Best International Film made on Video
International Film Festival Rotterdam: Official Selection 2003
Mar del Plata Film Festival: Official Competition A 2003
References
Kirsten Weiss: Recycling the Image of the Public Sphere in Art. "thresholds" magazine, Journal #23: "deviant".
Goethe Institut Australia's entry
Category:Austrian television series
Category:2000 Austrian television series debuts
Category:2000 Austrian television series endings
Category:2000s Austrian television series
Category:German-language television programs
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What's the World Coming To?
What's the World Coming To?, also known as A Furious Future, is a 1926 American silent film starring Clyde Cook.
Plot
Set 100 years in the future, women dominate society and men are the "weaker" sex, assuming the stereotypical roles of pampered women. A stay-at-home husband of a well-off successful businesswoman, Billie, is cheating on her. Another dominant woman tries to seduce Cook, but a ruckus breaks out when Billie returns home and finds the two flirting.
Cast
Clyde Cook as Claudia, the blushing groom/the baby
Katherine Grant as Billie, the bride
James Finlayson as The father-in-law
Helen Gilmore as A neighbor
Martha Sleeper as Butler
Laura De Cardi as A family friend
Stan Laurel as Man in window (uncredited)
See also
List of American films of 1926
Stan Laurel filmography
References
External links
What's the World Coming To? at SilentEra
Category:1926 films
Category:1920s comedy films
Category:1920s short films
Category:American films
Category:American comedy films
Category:American silent short films
Category:American black-and-white films
Category:Films directed by Richard Wallace
Category:Comedy short films
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Charles M. Clement
Charles Maxwell Clement (October 28, 1855 – September 9, 1934) was a Pennsylvania attorney and Army National Guard officer who attained the rank of Major General as commander of the 28th Infantry Division.
Early life
Charles M. Clement was born in Sunbury, Pennsylvania on October 28, 1855, the son of John Kay Clement and Mary S. (Zeigler) Clement. He was educated at academies in Sunbury and Burlington, New Jersey, afterwards working as a clerk in the Northumberland County Prothonotary's office. He read law, attained admission to the bar, and commenced practice in Sunbury in 1878.
Career
Clement was also active in business, including serving as President of the Central Railroad of Pennsylvania and attorney for or board of directors member of several utilities and other corporations.
A Republican, he served in various local and county party positions, including Chairman of the Northumberland County Republican Committee. He also held local office, including member of Sunbury's City Council, Assistant Burgess, school board member, and City Solicitor. In the 1890s he served as Deputy Secretary of the Commonwealth.
Military service
Clement was an organizer of the Sunbury Guards, a unit which was incorporated into the National Guard as Company E, 12th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment. Enlisting as a Private in 1877, he was soon commissioned as a Captain, and he commanded the company for several years.
In 1896 he was promoted to Major of the 12th Infantry. In 1898 he became the regiment's Lieutenant Colonel and second in command. He served in this position when the regiment was mustered into federal service for the Spanish–American War, and remained until the regiment was discharged in October, 1898.
Remaining in the National Guard after the war, he was promoted to Colonel as commander of the 12th Infantry.
In 1910 he was promoted to Brigadier General as commander of Pennsylvania’s 3rd Infantry Brigade.
Clement was promoted to Major General in 1915 and assigned to succeed Charles B. Dougherty as commander of the 28th Infantry Division, then known as the 7th Division. He led the division during its service on the border with Mexico as part of the Pancho Villa Expedition.
At the start of World War I Clement was still in command, though he was nearing retirement age. When the 28th Division was called to active duty, Clement traveled to France to observe front line combat and obtain information on trench warfare techniques so that he could incorporate them into the division's training.
Clement returned to the United States and trained the 28th Division until shortly before it embarked for France. He retired for medical reasons in late 1917, completing over 40 years of military service.
Awards
When the United States Army created the Spanish War Service and Mexican Border Service Medals, Clement was designated as the first official recipient of each, in recognition of his status as the longest-tenured National Guard officer eligible for the medals at the time they were authorized.
Retirement, death and burial
Clement was active in the Masons, Sons of the American Revolution and other fraternal, civic and veterans organizations. In retirement he wrote several articles and gave many speeches on Pennsylvania history, military history and other topics.
He died in Sunbury on September 9, 1934, and was buried in Sunbury’s Pomfret Manor Cemetery.
Family
In 1879 Clement married Alice Virginia Withington (1855–1933). They had four sons, John Kay (1880-1971), Martin Withington (1881–1966), Charles Frances (1884–1963) and Theron Ball (1896–1965).
John Kay Clement (Trinity College, 1901, Ph.D. in chemistry, University of Göttingen, 1904) was a career Army officer who served in the Spanish–American War, World War I and World War II, and retired as a Colonel.
Martin W. Clement (Trinity College, 1901) was a prominent railroad executive who served as President of the Pennsylvania Railroad. He was a veteran of the Pennsylvania National Guard’s 12th Regiment. During World War I he was an advisor to the U.S. Railroad Administration, and he performed a similar function for the War Department during World War II.
Charles F. Clement (Trinity College, 1905, University of Pennsylvania Law School, 1908) was an attorney and business executive who served as President of Philadelphia's Winslow-Knickerbocker Coal Company and attained the rank of Colonel as a Pennsylvania National Guard member, including commanding the 28th Infantry Division’s Military Police Battalion and serving on the division staff during World War I.
Theron B. Clement (Trinity College, 1917) served in the Pennsylvania National Guard and was a Captain and Assistant Quartermaster with the 28th Infantry Division in World War I. He later pursued a business career, and was an executive with the International Mercantile Marine Company, Transcontinental and Western Air, Union Switch & Signal, and the General Grinding Wheel Corporation.
References
External links
Category:1855 births
Category:1934 deaths
Category:People from Sunbury, Pennsylvania
Category:Pennsylvania Republicans
Category:Pennsylvania lawyers
Category:United States Army generals
Category:National Guard of the United States generals
Category:American military personnel of the Spanish–American War
Category:American military personnel of World War I
Category:Burials in Pennsylvania
Category:American railroad executives of the 20th century
Category:American lawyers admitted to the practice of law by reading law
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Lifestyle disease
Lifestyle diseases are defined as diseases linked with the way people live their life. These are non-communicable diseases. This is commonly caused by lack of physical activity, unhealthy eating, alcohol, drugs and smoking. Diseases that mostly have an effect on our lifestyle are heart disease, stroke, obesity and type II diabetes. The diseases that appear to increase in frequency as countries become more industrialized and people live longer can include Alzheimer's disease, arthritis, atherosclerosis, asthma, cancer, chronic liver disease or cirrhosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, type 2 diabetes, heart disease, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, chronic kidney failure, osteoporosis, PCOD, stroke, depression, obesity and vascular dementia.
Some commenters maintain a distinction between diseases of longevity and diseases of civilization or diseases of affluence. Certain diseases, such as diabetes, dental caries and asthma, appear at greater rates in young populations living in the "western" way; their increased incidence is not related to age, so the terms cannot accurately be used interchangeably for all diseases.
Causes of the disease
Diet and lifestyle are major factors thought to influence susceptibility to many diseases. Drug abuse, tobacco smoking, and alcohol drinking, as well as a lack of or too much exercise may also increase the risk of developing certain diseases, especially later in life.
In many Western countries, people began to consume more meat, dairy products, vegetable oils, tobacco, sugary foods, sugary beverages, and alcoholic beverages during the latter half of the 20th century. People also developed sedentary lifestyles and greater rates of obesity. Rates of colorectal cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, endometrial cancer and lung cancer started increasing after this dietary change. People in developing countries, whose diets still depend largely on low-sugar starchy foods with little meat or fat have lower rates of these cancers. Causes are not just from smoking and alcohol abuse. Adults can develop lifestyle diseases through behavioural factors that impact on them. These can be unemployment, unsafe life, poor social environment, working conditions, stress and home life can change a person’s lifestyle to increase their risk of developing one of these diseases.
Death statistics in Australia
Between 1995 and 2005 813,000 Australians were hospitalized due to alcohol. In 2014 11.2 million Australians were overweight or obese.
In 2013 there were 147,678 deaths within Australia mostly from lifestyle diseases including smoking of tobacco, alcohol use and other drugs, violence and unhealthy weight have impacted on Australians' death rate. The leading cause of death of Australian males was heart disease with 11,016 deaths, followed by lung cancer with 4,995 deaths, and chronic pulmonary disease killing 3,572. All these conditions were mainly attributed to smoking, alcohol abuse or unhealthy lifestyle. In 2013 coronary heart disease was the leading cause of death in 8,750 women, mainly as a result of their lifestyle. Dementia and Alzheimer disease came second, affecting 7,277 females and thirdly, cerebrovascular disease, killing 6,368. These top three causes of deaths could be minimized through lifestyle changes within the Australian population.
Table Shows that ages of people dying and the top five diseases of which they are dying.
Death statistics in the United States
In 1900, the top three causes of death in the United States were pneumonia/influenza, tuberculosis, and diarrhea/enteritis. Communicable diseases accounted for about 60 percent of all deaths. In 1900, heart disease and cancer were ranked number four and eight respectively. Since the 1940s, the majority of deaths in the United States have resulted from heart disease, cancer, and other degenerative diseases. And, by the late 1990s, degenerative diseases accounted for more than 60 percent of all deaths.
Lifestyle diseases have their onset later in an individual's life; they appear to increase in frequency as countries become more industrialized and people live longer. This suggests that the life expectancy at birth of 49.24 years in 1900
was too short for degenerative diseases to occur, compared to a life expectancy at birth of 77.8 years in 2004. Also, survivorship to the age of 50 was 58.5% in 1900, and 93.7% in 2007.
Death statistics in India
According to a report published by ICMR (Indian Council of Medical Research) in 2017, 3 of the 5 leading individual causes of disease burden in India were non-communicable, with ischaemic heart disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as the top two causes and stroke as the fifth leading cause. The range of disease burden or DALY rate among the states in 2016 was 9-fold for ischaemic heart disease, 4-fold for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and 6-fold for stroke, and 4-fold for diabetes across India. Of the total death from major disease groups, 62% of all deaths were caused by non-communicable diseases.
Prevention
Prevention is remedies or activities that aim to reduce the likelihood of a disease or disorder affecting people. Lifestyle diseases are preventable for children if parents set them on the correct path, as early life decisions and influences can impact people later on in life. Lifestyle diseases can be prevented through reduction in smoking of tobacco the Australian Government has started this by introducing plain packaging for all tobacco products and increasing the prices of tobacco production. Overweightness and obesity can be prevented through a well balanced lifestyle through healthy eating and exercise. Prevention can come about by a person undertaking 30 minutes of moderate exercise daily or by doing 150 minutes of moderate intensity exercise a week. Examples of moderate exercise includes a brisk walk, swim, bike ride or it can also be everyday life activities like mowing the lawn or house cleaning. In addition, animals studies have suggested that early life exercise can reduce the risk of developing metabolic diseases in adulthood. All causes of lifestyle disease can be prevented through giving up smoking and other drugs, reducing ones intake of alcohol, processed meats (like bacon and sausages), red meats (like pork, beef and lamb), fatty foods and by engaging in daily exercise.
See also
Diseases of affluence
Affluenza
Health care in Australia
Healthy living
Healthcare in the United Kingdom
References
External links
Category:Human diseases and disorders
Category:Concepts in alternative medicine
cs:Civilizační choroba
de:Zivilisationskrankheit
es:Enfermedades de la civilización
hr:Civilizacijske bolesti
is:Lífsstílssjúkdómar
no:Livsstilssykdommer
pl:Choroby cywilizacyjne
pt:Doenças do estilo de vida
ro:Boli ale civilizației
fi:Elintasosairaus
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Punk Bunny
Gil "Luigi" Sandoval, known by his stage name Punk Bunny, is a Los Angeles–based musician. His music is notable for incorporating unusual elements in his live performances. In the early and mid-2000s he garnered a substantial cult following.
Punk Bunny
In 2003, he decided to create an electronic outfit called Punk Bunny. He has headlined Club Party Monster in Hollywood, CA and has made appearances on The Jack E. Jett Show and World of Wonder after being contacted by Vans to play select California dates on the 2005 and 2006 Warped Tour.
Since 2006, he has been touring the U.S, Europe and performed on Spanish television show Radio 3 TVE. He performed at Stockholm Pride 2011. He has done various interviews and performances on notable radio stations such as KXLU, KPFK, Los Angeles. His "Money Shot Remixes" album was also featured on MTV.com.
In 2014, Punk Bunny released the single "We Love You (feat. Jan Terri)" from his "Hollywood Trash" album. The song features outsider musician Jan Terri, who also appears in the video.
In the summer of 2016 Sandoval disbanded Punk Bunny and started to work under the stage name Electric Carlos.
Discography
Albums
A Hole Is A Hole (2006)
Money Shot (Remixes) (2008)
Remixxx (2009)
Hollywood Trash (2014)
Leather Nights by Electric Carlos (2016)
Strange Planet by Electric Carlos (2017)
Schizomania (2018)
References
Sources
External links
punkbunny.com
Category:1973 births
Category:Living people
Category:American punk rock musicians
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Thomas of Hales
Thomas of Hales, also known as Thomas de Hales, was a thirteenth-century English Franciscan friar and ecclesiastical writer of intellectually progressive prose and poetry in three languages: Latin, French, and English. Thomas of Hales was one of very few Franciscan lyricists of the mid to late thirteenth century. His "career is an important witness of the literary culture of ... mid-thirteenth-century England. Few other writers show his command of the three major languages in use in medieval England, and his works put him at the forefront of the movement towards affective piety, vernacular literacy, and textual scholarship based on university methods. His English poem Love Rune is frequently anthologized. He is believed to come from Hales, Gloucestershire. A few works of his survive. One, in Latin, is a life of the Virgin Mary called De vita seu genealogia Beatae Virginis Mariae, which survives in a thirteenth-century copy once in the library of the abbey of St Victor (now University of Basel Library, MS B.VIII. 1., fols. 47vb–57vb). It draws from the Gospels, Apocrypha, patristic texts, and the visions of Elizabeth of Schönau. This was his most popular work, and while it is not theologically adventurous its spirit and organization reflect ideas and methods then popular in university settings. Its approach to Mary's life falls in line with trends in affective piety.
A second work is a sermon written in French with short prayers written in Latin called the Anglo-Norman Sermon, which can be found in Oxford, St John's College, MS 190. The Sermon is a meditation on the Life of Christ organized according to the Parable of the Talents, where each talent that the sinner renders to Christ at the Last Judgment is a particular event in Christ's own life like the Incarnation or the Ascension. Like the De Vita...Beatae Virginis Mariae, the Sermon encourages an affective response to the life and suffering of its subject.
The third work, the Love Rune or A Luve Ron—or love song, is written in English and was composed between 1234 and 1272. "The jewel-like lyric presented here is to be read in the spirit of a riddle or conundrum, one that imparts a mysterious, holy wisdom to be lived and learned by heart."
Recent evidence has shown that he intervened with Queen Eleanor of Provence, wife of Henry III, on behalf of converts and the religious.
References
Editions
Susanne Greer Fein (ed.), Moral Love Songs and Lament, (Kalamazoo, MI: Medieval Institute Publications, 1998). Contains an edition of the Love Rune; there is also an online version at Thomas of Hales, Love Rune | Robbins Library Digital Projects). Thomas of Hales, Love Rune: Introduction | Robbins Library Digital Projects
Raphael Holinshed, John Hooker, Francis Thynne, Abraham Fleming, John Stow, Sir Henry Ellis '1807' "Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland ...: England"
Sarah M. Horrall (ed.), The Lyf of Oure Lady: The ME Translation of Thomas de Hales' Vita Sancte Marie. Heidelberg: Carl Winter, 1985.
M. Dominica Legge, "The Anglo-Norman Sermon of Thomas of Hales," Modern Language Review 30 (1935), 212-218.
Denis Renevey, '1215–1349: texts', in Samuel Fanous and Vincent Gillespie, eds, The Cambridge Companion to Medieval English Mysticism, (Cambridge, 2011), pp99–103.
Further reading
Betty Hill, ‘The Luve Ron and Thomas de Hales’, Modern Language Review 59 (1964), 321-330.
Sarah M. Horrall, "Thomas of Hales, O.F.M.: His Life and Works," Traditio 42 (1986), 287-298.
Thomas J. O'Donnell, "Thomas of Hales, English Franciscan, poet, and scholar, fl. 1250s," International Encyclopaedia for the Middle Ages-Online. A Supplement to LexMA-Online. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, 2006, in Brepolis Medieval Encyclopaedias <BREPOLiS>
Category:13th-century English poets
Category:British writers in French
Category:Christian hagiographers
Category:English sermon writers
Category:Franciscan scholars
Category:Medieval Latin poets
Category:Middle English poets
Category:People from Gloucestershire
Category:13th-century Latin writers
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DWWR 52
Dublin, Wicklow and Wexford Railway (DW&WR) 52 to 54 were a class of three 4-4-2T locomotives designed by William Wakefield for Kingstown Pier to Kingsbridge (Dublin Heuston) boat trains. At one point they carried the names Duke of Connaught, Duke of Abercorn and Duke of Leinster respectively.
Ahrons describes them as the larger than other types at the time of their introduction in 1893. They seem to be have been a generally well balanced and successful engine though it was noted that they had a reverse level and could become problematic and even unsafe when worn. Unlike the subsequent Dublin and South Eastern Railway's (DSER) 4-4-2Ts it had no apparent problems with trains on gradients. On the 1925 amalgamation to Great Southern Railways (GSR) in 1925 they became numbers 458, 460 and 459 of GSR Class 458/C3. In GSR rebuilt No. 460 with a lower pitched boiler and a forwar cab extension, it being the only locomotive not re-boilered by the DSER. The last in service, No. 460, was withdrawn in 1960, the others having been withdrawn in the preceding decade.
A 1948 report for C.I.É. had assessed the engines as "DSER heavy passenger engines — quite good even with certain inherent troubles".
Notes and references
Notes
References
Category:4-4-2T locomotives
Category:5 ft 3 in gauge locomotives
Category:Railway locomotives introduced in 1893
Category:Scrapped locomotives
Category:Steam locomotives of Ireland
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Maria Mena
Maria Viktoria Mena (born 19 February 1986) is a Norwegian award-winning pop artist, best known for her singles such as "You're the Only One", "Just Hold Me", "All This Time" which charted in multiple countries.
Early life
Maria Mena was born into an artistic family. Her mother is a playwright and her father is a drummer. Both Maria and her brother, Tony, are named after characters from Leonard Bernstein's West Side Story. Her mother is Norwegian and her father is an American of Afro-Nicaraguan descent.
Her father played in several bands in Oslo, which influenced Mena to write and record her own music. When Mena was nine years old, her parents divorced. She suffered from depression and developed an eating disorder.
When Mena was 13 years old, she moved to live with her father. She sang and wrote lyrics as a form of self-soothing. "My Lullaby", a song from Mena's diary, expresses her pain from her parents' divorce. After pleading with her father to make a demo, he contacted some acquaintances in the music industry to record the demo. Presenting his daughter's demo to several record companies, Sony Music signed Mena to their label.
Career
2002–2007: Early beginnings
In 2002, she released her debut single "Fragile (Free)" in Norway; however, it did not chart there. "My Lullaby" was released as the second single and the song reached number 5 on the Norwegian Singles Chart. It received heavy rotation on NRK P1, P3, P4, Radio 1, and Radio Oslo. The young singer quickly gained fans and soon earned her first platinum record. After the success of "My Lullaby", she released her debut album Another Phase in Norway which reached number 6 on the Norwegian Albums Chart.
Mena made an appearance on the Late Show with David Letterman to promote her first international album, White Turns Blue, which debuted at the top position on the Billboard Top Heatseekers chart a week later and at number 102 on the Billboard 200. She made a breakthrough into the worldwide singles charts that year with "You're the Only One", a single successful in multiple countries. The song was her only single to appear on a Billboard chart, making #25 on the U.S. Top 40 Mainstream. "You're the Only One" peaked at #30 on the Dutch Top 40 and #19 on the Dutch Mega Single Top 100. Two months earlier, in March 2004, Mena had released her second album in Norway. Mellow. Less successful than her 2002 debut, it still managed to peak at #7 in Norway. The second single from both albums was "Just a Little Bit", which did not chart anywhere.
2005 saw the release of Apparently Unaffected in Norway and several other European countries, fronted by singles "Miss You Love" and "Just Hold Me". A significant success in Norway, the album has earned her three Spellemann nominations: Best Female Artist, Best Hit, and Best Music Video. In the Netherlands, the album was released in June 2006 and charted at #82. It slowly climbed the chart to reach its peak position in its 27th week at #11, as "Just Hold Me" was getting airplay again. "Just Hold Me" was released in May 2006, but then did not chart in the official Dutch Top 40, but did chart in the country's physical singles chart, the Mega Single Top 100, at #27. In October 2006, the song started getting heavy airplay again and this time it reached the official Dutch Top 40 and peaked at #26. In the Mega Single Top 100, it peaked at #7 in the beginning of November 2006. Mena performed at sold-out concerts in Utrecht and Amsterdam, following the success of "Just Hold Me". The album was at #48 at the Dutch year-end chart, outselling major artists such as Pink's I'm Not Dead, Nelly Furtado's Loose, and Beyoncé Knowles' B'Day. "Miss You Love" was released as the album's second single in the Netherlands and reached #61 on the Mega Singles Top 100.
On 7 July 2007, she performed at the German leg of Live Earth in Hamburg.
2008–2013: Cause and Effect, Viktoria, and Weapon in Mind
Having worked on her three first studio albums with Norwegian producer Arvid Solvang, Mena started collaborating with Martin Sjølie in early 2008 on what would become her fourth studio album, Cause and Effect.
The album's first single, "Belly Up" had its radio premiere mid-June 2008 on Norwegian radio. Cause and Effect was released on September 17 in Norway. The first international single was "All This Time". The album was internationally released on 26 September 2008. This album garnered her a Spellemann for Best Female Artist.
Mena's song "Sorry" was featured on the third season of US So You Think You Can Dance and "What's Another Day" was featured during the fourth season. She released "All This Time" in the UK on 11 April 2010.
In 2011 Mena recorded her version of "Mitt lille land" (My Little Country) by Ole Paus as part of a project by the Norwegian TV channel TV2. On 23 July, the day after the Norway terrorist attacks and after requests from her Norwegian audience, Mena uploaded her version of the song to the streaming site SoundCloud. It quickly became an anthem in memory of the victims of the attacks. She contributed to the album Mitt lille land, performing one of two versions of the title track (the other was performed by Ole Paus). As of 2011 Mena had sold a total of 700,000 copies of her albums, and half of those copies had been sold in Norway.
Her fifth studio album Viktoria was released on 23 September 2011 and was produced by Martin Sjølie.
Her sixth album Weapon in Mind was released in 2013, becoming her first album to reach number one in Norway. Even though all three singles of the album failed to chart inside top 20 Norway Singles Chart, "Fuck You" and "I Always Liked That" became two of her best selling singles in Norway, both certified 2× Platinum.
2015–present: Growing Pains
Mena released the single "I Don't Wanna See You with Her" worldwide on 6 November 2015. Her seventh studio album Growing Pains was released on 4 December 2015.
Discography
Albums
''
Singles
As a featured artist
Notes
1: The single was officially released in the Netherlands, Germany, Spain and Austria in 2007.
2: The single was officially released in the Netherlands in 2009.
3: "Belly Up" was only released in Norway.
Awards and nominations
As of 2013, Maria Mena had had 11 Spellemannprisen (Norwegian Grammy) nominations, and won one for Best Female Artist in 2008.
Notes
1: Nomination goes to director of the music video Alex Herron.
2: Special award given by TONO, copyright organisation for musicians and composers in Norway.
References
External links
Maria's official blog
Official fanclub Germany, Austria and Switzerland
Official fanclub Netherlands
Last.fm Group
LiveJournal Community
http://www.scandipop.co.uk/?p=6549
https://web.archive.org/web/20140624161232/http://soundcloud.com/maria-mena/maria-mena-mitt-lille-land
Category:1986 births
Category:Living people
Category:Norwegian female singers
Category:Norwegian pop musicians
Category:Norwegian pop singers
Category:Norwegian songwriters
Category:Norwegian singer-songwriters
Category:Musicians from Oslo
Category:Spellemannprisen winners
Category:Norwegian people of Nicaraguan descent
Category:21st-century Norwegian singers
Category:21st-century women singers
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Brendon Grylls
Brendon John Grylls (born 5 June 1973) is an Australian politician who was a National Party member of the Legislative Assembly of Western Australia from 2001 to 2017. Grylls became leader of the National Party in Western Australia from 2005 to 2013, and again from 2016, however he lost his seat at the state election in 2017.
Grylls was born in Perth, but was raised in Corrigin, a small town in Western Australia's Wheatbelt region. A farmer and small business owner, he was elected to the Corrigin Shire Council in 2000, but resigned the following year to contest the 2001 state election, winning the seat of Merredin. Grylls was elected state leader of the National Party in 2005, replacing Max Trenorden. At the 2008 state election, his seat was abolished in a redistribution, and he transferred to the new seat of Central Wheatbelt. The Nationals won the overall balance of power, and Grylls subsequently chose to support Colin Barnett as premier, allowing the Liberal Party to form a minority government. Grylls was appointed Minister for Regional Development and Minister for Lands in the Barnett ministry.
At the 2013 state election, Grylls transferred from ultra-safe Central Wheatbelt to the traditionally Labor-held seat of Pilbara; the move by Grylls would later prove to be the turning point in his bid to hold a seat in the Western Australia MLA and was prompted by a political strategy to test the National's appeal to the regions. He was the first National to win the seat, which has historically been a safe seat for the Labor Party. Grylls resigned both from the ministry and as leader of the National Party in November 2013, citing a desire to focus on his personal life. He returned as party leader in August 2016, replacing Terry Redman, and was re-appointed to the ministry. He was defeated by the Labor candidate Kevin Michel when re-contesting Pilbara at the 2017 state election.
Biography
Early life
Brendon Grylls was born on 5 June 1973 in Perth, Western Australia. He was educated at Corrigin District High School and Wesley College, Perth.
Career
His political career began in November 2001 when he contested and won a by-election caused by the retirement of the member for Merredin, former Nationals leader Hendy Cowan. Following a redistribution in 2008, Merredin was largely incorporated into the new Central Wheatbelt Electoral district.
Grylls served as the Shadow Minister for Environment and the Wheatbelt in the Liberal-National Coalition prior to the 2005 election. In June 2005 he successfully challenged then leader Max Trenorden to become the new leader of the Parliamentary National Party of Australia (WA).
After the 2008 state election, Grylls found himself in a position of power. The Labor Party government lost its majority, resulting in a hung parliament. Neither Premier Alan Carpenter nor Liberal opposition leader Colin Barnett could form a government without the support of the Nationals, leaving Grylls in a position where he could effectively choose the next premier. The WA Nationals do not necessarily follow the lead of their federal counterparts, so there was a possibility that Grylls would support Labor.
Ultimately, Grylls opted to throw his support to the Liberals. In return for his support, Grylls and two other Nationals agreed to accept posts in a Barnett cabinet. Unlike past Liberal-National Coalitions in Western Australia, however, the National ministers had only limited cabinet collective responsibility, and reserved the right to break with the Liberals on matters affecting their electorates. Additionally, second rank in the ministry went to Liberal deputy leader Kim Hames, another departure from past Coalitions. Unlike his predecessors in Government, Grylls had declined to become Deputy Premier of his own volition.
He vacated the Electoral district of Central Wheatbelt at the 2013 state election, and contested the Electoral district of Pilbara against Labor's Kelly Howlett, who had replaced the retiring sitting member Tom Stephens. Grylls easily won with seat with 61.5% of the two-party-preferred vote.
On 17 November 2013, Grylls announced he would be resigning as leader of the WA Nationals, and from the Barnett cabinet. He retook the leadership in August 2016, and subsequently introduced a plan to tax BHP Billiton and Rio Tinto $5 for every tonne of iron ore mined (as opposed to $0.25 currently). Grylls was defeated in Pilbara by the Labor candidate, Kevin Michel, and was subsequently replaced as leader of the National Party by Mia Davies, who had earlier succeeded him in Central Wheatbelt.
Political views
After becoming party leader, Grylls pushed for an independent National Party and refused to enter into a coalition with either of the major parties before the 2008 state election.
During vote counting on election night, when it was apparent that the party was likely to hold a balance of power, possibly in both houses, Grylls reiterated his stance of requiring that the government deliver 25 per cent of mining and petroleum royalties for reinvestment in regional projects, as outlined in the Royalties for Regions policy. He also said that he would have no problem forming a coalition with the Labor Party if it promised to deliver under the policy.
After the Liberal–National Coalition came to power, he implemented the Royalties for Regions scheme, which sees the equivalent of 25 per cent of the state's mining and petroleum royalty revenue (capped at $1 billion per annum) invested into Western Australia's regional infrastructure, services and projects.
References
Category:1973 births
Category:Living people
Category:Members of the Western Australian Legislative Assembly
Category:People educated at Wesley College, Perth
Category:People from the Wheatbelt (Western Australia)
Category:People from Perth, Western Australia
Category:National Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Western Australia
Category:Western Australian local government politicians
Category:21st-century Australian politicians
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1985 WCT World Doubles
The 1985 WCT World Doubles, also known by its sponsored name WCT Fuji Film World Doubles Championships, was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at Royal Albert Hall in London, England that was part of the 1985 Nabisco Grand Prix. It was the tour finals for the doubles season of the WCT Tour section. It was the 13th edition of the tournament and was held from 1 January through 6 January 1985. Ken Flach and Robert Seguso won the title.
Final
Doubles
Ken Flach / Robert Seguso defeated Heinz Günthardt / Balázs Taróczy 6–3, 3–6, 6–3, 6–0
References
External links
ITF tournament edition details
Category:World Championship Tennis World Doubles
WCT World Doubles
WCT
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Being and Time
Being and Time () is a 1927 book by the German philosopher Martin Heidegger, in which the author seeks to analyse the concept of Being. Heidegger maintains that this has fundamental importance for philosophy and that, since the time of the Ancient Greeks, philosophy has avoided the question, turning instead to the analysis of particular beings. Heidegger attempts to revive ontology through a reawakening of the question of the meaning of being. He approaches this through a fundamental ontology that is a preliminary analysis of the being of the being to whom the question of being is important, i.e., Dasein.
Heidegger wrote that Being and Time was made possible by his study of Edmund Husserl's Logical Investigations (1900–1901), and it is dedicated to Husserl "in friendship and admiration". Although Heidegger did not complete the project outlined in the introduction, Being and Time remains his most important work. It was immediately recognized as an original and groundbreaking philosophical work, and later became a focus of debates and controversy, and a profound influence on 20th-century philosophy, particularly existentialism, hermeneutics, deconstruction, and the enactivist approach to cognition. Being and Time has been described as the most influential version of existential philosophy, and Heidegger's achievements in the work have been compared to those of Immanuel Kant in the Critique of Pure Reason (1781) and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel in The Phenomenology of Spirit (1807) and Science of Logic (1812–1816). The work influenced philosophical treatises such as Jean-Paul Sartre's Being and Nothingness (1943).
Background
According to Heidegger's statement in Being and Time, the work was made possible by his study of Husserl's Logical Investigations (1900–1901). Being and Time was originally intended to consist of two major parts, each part consisting of three divisions. Heidegger was forced to prepare the book for publication when he had completed only the first two divisions of part one. The remaining divisions planned for Being and Time (particularly the divisions on time and being, Immanuel Kant, and Aristotle) were never published, although in many respects they were addressed in one form or another in Heidegger's other works. In terms of structure, Being and Time remains as it was when it first appeared in print; it consists of the lengthy two-part introduction, followed by Division One, the "Preparatory Fundamental Analysis of Dasein," and Division Two, "Dasein and Temporality."
Summary
Being
Heidegger describes his project in the following way: "our aim in the following treatise is to work out the question of the sense of being and to do so concretely." Heidegger claims that traditional ontology has prejudicially overlooked this question, dismissing it on the basis that being is the most universal and emptiest concept, that is indefinable or obvious.
Instead Heidegger proposes to understand being itself, as distinguished from any specific entities (beings). "'Being' is not something like a being." Being, Heidegger claims, is "what determines beings as beings, that in terms of which beings are already understood." Heidegger is seeking to identify the criteria or conditions by which any specific entity can show up at all (see world disclosure).
If we grasp Being, we will clarify the meaning of being, or "sense" of being (Sinn des Seins), where by "sense" Heidegger means that "in terms of which something becomes intelligible as something." Presented in relation to the quality of knowledge, according to Heidegger, this sense of being precedes any notions of how or in what manner any particular being or beings exist, and is thus pre-scientific. Thus, in Heidegger's view, the question of the meaning of being would be an explanation of the understanding preceding any other way of knowing, such as the use of logic, theory, specific regional ontology. At the same time, there is no access to being other than via beings themselves—hence pursuing the question of being inevitably means questioning a being with regard to its being. Heidegger argues that a true understanding of being (Seinsverständnis) can only proceed by referring to particular beings, and that the best method of pursuing being must inevitably, he says, involve a kind of hermeneutic circle, that is (as he explains in his critique of prior work in the field of hermeneutics), it must rely upon repetitive yet progressive acts of interpretation. "The methodological sense of phenomenological description is interpretation."
Dasein
Thus the question Heidegger asks in the introduction to Being and Time is: what is the being that will give access to the question of the meaning of Being? Heidegger's answer is that it can only be that being for whom the question of Being is important, the being for whom Being matters. As this answer already indicates, the being for whom Being is a question is not a what, but a who. Heidegger calls this being Dasein (an ordinary German word literally meaning "being-there," i.e., existence), and the method pursued in Being and Time consists in the attempt to delimit the characteristics of Dasein, in order thereby to approach the meaning of Being itself through an interpretation of the temporality of Dasein. Dasein is not "man," but is nothing other than "man"—it is this distinction that enables Heidegger to claim that Being and Time is something other than philosophical anthropology.
Heidegger's account of Dasein passes through a dissection of the experiences of Angst and mortality, and then through an analysis of the structure of "care" as such. From there he raises the problem of "authenticity," that is, the potentiality or otherwise for mortal Dasein to exist fully enough that it might actually understand being. Heidegger is clear throughout the book that nothing makes certain that Dasein is capable of this understanding.
Time
Finally, this question of the authenticity of individual Dasein cannot be separated from the "historicality" of Dasein. On the one hand, Dasein, as mortal, is "stretched along" between birth and death, and thrown into its world, that is, thrown into its possibilities, possibilities which Dasein is charged with the task of assuming. On the other hand, Dasein's access to this world and these possibilities is always via a history and a tradition—this is the question of "world historicality," and among its consequences is Heidegger's argument that Dasein's potential for authenticity lies in the possibility of choosing a "hero."
Thus, more generally, the outcome of the progression of Heidegger's argument is the thought that the being of Dasein is time. Nevertheless, Heidegger concludes his work with a set of enigmatic questions foreshadowing the necessity of a destruction (that is, a transformation) of the history of philosophy in relation to temporality—these were the questions to be taken up in the never completed continuation of his project:
Phenomenology in Heidegger and Husserl
Although Heidegger describes his method in Being and Time as phenomenological, the question of its relation to the phenomenology of Husserl is complex. The fact that Heidegger believes that ontology includes an irreducible hermeneutic (interpretative) aspect, for example, might be thought to run counter to Husserl's claim that phenomenological description is capable of a form of scientific positivity. On the other hand, however, several aspects of the approach and method of Being and Time seem to relate more directly to Husserl's work.
The central Husserlian concept of the directedness of all thought—intentionality—for example, while scarcely mentioned in Being and Time, has been identified by some with Heidegger's central notion of Sorge (cura, care or concern). However, for Heidegger, theoretical knowledge represents only one kind of intentional behaviour, and he asserts that it is grounded in more fundamental modes of behaviour and forms of practical engagement with the surrounding world. Whereas a theoretical understanding of things grasps them according to "presence," for example, this may conceal that our first experience of a being may be in terms of its being "ready-to-hand." Thus, for instance, when someone reaches for a tool such as a hammer, their understanding of what a hammer is is not determined by a theoretical understanding of its presence, but by the fact that it is something we need at the moment we wish to do hammering. Only a later understanding might come to contemplate a hammer as an object.
Hermeneutics
The total understanding of being results from an explication of the implicit knowledge of being that inheres in Dasein. Philosophy thus becomes a form of interpretation, but since there is no external reference point outside being from which to begin this interpretation, the question becomes to know in which way to proceed with this interpretation. This is the problem of the "hermeneutic circle," and the necessity for the interpretation of the meaning of being to proceed in stages: this is why Heidegger's technique in Being and Time is sometimes referred to as hermeneutical phenomenology.
Destructuring of metaphysics
As part of his ontological project, Heidegger undertakes a reinterpretation of previous Western philosophy. He wants to explain why and how theoretical knowledge came to seem like the most fundamental relation to being. This explanation takes the form of a destructuring (Destruktion) of the philosophical tradition, an interpretative strategy that reveals the fundamental experience of being at the base of previous philosophies that had become entrenched and hidden within the theoretical attitude of the metaphysics of presence. This use of the word Destruktion is meant to signify not a negative operation but rather a positive transformation or recovery.
In Being and Time Heidegger briefly undertakes a destructuring of the philosophy of René Descartes, but the second volume, which was intended to be a Destruktion of Western philosophy in all its stages, was never written. In later works Heidegger uses this approach to interpret the philosophies of Aristotle, Kant, Hegel, Plato, Nietzsche, and Hölderlin, among others.
Related work
Being and Time is the major achievement of Heidegger's early career, but he produced other important works during this period:
The publication in 1992 of the early lecture course, Platon: Sophistes (Plato's Sophist, 1924), made clear the way in which Heidegger's reading of Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics was crucial to the formulation of the thought expressed in Being and Time.
The lecture course, Prolegomena zur Geschichte des Zeitbegriffs (History of the Concept of Time: Prolegomena, 1925), was something like an early version of Being and Time.
The lecture courses immediately following the publication of Being and Time, such as Die Grundprobleme der Phänomenologie (The Basic Problems of Phenomenology, 1927), and Kant und das Problem der Metaphysik (Kant and the Problem of Metaphysics, 1929), elaborated some elements of the destruction of metaphysics which Heidegger intended to pursue in the unwritten second part of Being and Time.
Although Heidegger did not complete the project outlined in Being and Time, later works explicitly addressed the themes and concepts of Being and Time. Most important among the works which do so are the following:
Heidegger's inaugural lecture upon his return to Freiburg, "Was ist Metaphysik?" (What Is Metaphysics?, 1929), was an important and influential clarification of what Heidegger meant by being, non-being, and nothingness.
Einführung in die Metaphysik (An Introduction to Metaphysics), a lecture course delivered in 1935, is identified by Heidegger, in his preface to the seventh German edition of Being and Time, as relevant to the concerns which the second half of the book would have addressed.
Beiträge zur Philosophie (Vom Ereignis) (Contributions to Philosophy [From Enowning], composed 1936–38, published 1989), a sustained attempt at reckoning with the legacy of Being and Time.
Zeit und Sein (Time and Being), a lecture delivered at the University of Freiburg on January 31, 1962. This was Heidegger's most direct confrontation with Being and Time. It was followed by a seminar on the lecture, which took place at Todtnauberg on September 11–13, 1962, a summary of which was written by Alfred Guzzoni. Both the lecture and the summary of the seminar are included in Zur Sache des Denkens (1969; translated as On Time and Being [New York: Harper & Row, 1972]).
Influence and reception
The critic George Steiner argues that Being and Time is a product of the crisis of German culture following Germany's defeat in World War I, similar in this respect to works such as Ernst Bloch's The Spirit of Utopia (1918), Oswald Spengler's The Decline of the West (1918), Franz Rosenzweig's The Star of Redemption (1921), Karl Barth's The Epistle to the Romans (1922), and Adolf Hitler's Mein Kampf (1925). Upon its publication, it was recognized as a groundbreaking philosophical work, with reviewers crediting Heidegger with "brilliance" and "genius". The book, which has been described as the "most influential version of existential philosophy", quickly became "the focus of debates and controversy". Heidegger claimed in the 1930s that commentators had attempted to show similarities between his views and those of Hegel in order to undermine the idea that Being and Time was an original work. In response, Heidegger maintained that his thesis that the essence of being is time is the opposite of Hegel's view that being is the essence of time. Karl Jaspers, writing in the first volume of his work Philosophy (1932), credited Heidegger with making essential points about "being in the world" and also about "existence and historicity".
Heidegger's work has been suggested as a possible influence on Herbert Marcuse's Hegel's Ontology and the Theory of Historicity (1932), though Marcuse later questioned the political implications of Heidegger's work. Jean-Paul Sartre, who wrote Being and Nothingness (1943) under the influence of Heidegger's work, has been said to have responded to Being and Time with "a sense of shock". Sartre's existentialism has been described as "a version and variant of the idiom and propositions" in Being and Time. Because of Heidegger's revival of the question of being, Being and Time also influenced other philosophers of Sartre's generation, and it altered the course of French philosophy. Maurice Merleau-Ponty argued in Phenomenology of Perception (1945) that Being and Time, "springs from an indication given by Husserl and amounts to no more than an explicit account of the 'natürlicher Weltbegriff' or the 'Lebenswelt' which Husserl, towards the end of his life, identified as the central theme of phenomenology". Heidegger influenced psychoanalysis through Jacques Lacan, who quotes from Being and Time in a 1953 text.
The publication of the English translation of the work by John Macquarrie and Edward Robinson in 1962, helped to shape the way in which Heidegger's work was discussed in English. Gilles Deleuze's Difference and Repetition (1968) was influenced by Heidegger's Being and Time, though Deleuze replaces Heidegger's key terms of being and time with difference and repetition respectively. Frank Herbert's science fiction novel The Santaroga Barrier (1968) was loosely based on the ideas of Being and Time. The philosopher Lucien Goldmann argued in his posthumously published Lukacs and Heidegger: Towards a New Philosophy (1973) that the concept of reification as employed in Being and Time showed the strong influence of György Lukács' History and Class Consciousness (1923), though Goldmann's suggestion has been disputed. Being and Time influenced Alain Badiou's work Being and Event (1988). Roger Scruton writes that Being and Time is "the most complex of the many works inspired, directly or indirectly, by Kant's theory of time as 'the form of inner sense'." He considers Heidegger's language "metaphorical" and almost incomprehensible. Scruton suggests that this necessarily follows from the nature of Heidegger's phenomenological method. He finds Heidegger's "description of the world of phenomena" to be "fascinating, but maddeningly abstract". He suggests that much of Being and Time is a "description of a private spiritual journey" rather than genuine philosophy, and notes that Heidegger's assertions are unsupported by argument.
Stephen Houlgate compares Heidegger's achievements in Being and Time to those of Kant in the Critique of Pure Reason (1781) and Hegel in The Phenomenology of Spirit (1807) and Science of Logic (1812-1816). Simon Critchley calls the work Heidegger's magnum opus, and writes that it is impossible to understand developments in continental philosophy after Heidegger without understanding it. Dennis J. Schmidt praises the "range and subtlety" of Being and Time, and describes its importance by quoting a comment the writer Johann Wolfgang von Goethe made in a different context, "from here and today a new epoch of world history sets forth." Heidegger has become common background for the political movement concerned with protection of the environment, and his narrative of the history of Being frequently appears when capitalism, consumerism and technology are thoughtfully opposed. Michael E. Zimmerman writes that, "Because he criticized technological modernity’s domineering attitude toward nature, and because he envisioned a postmodern era in which people would “let things be,” Heidegger has sometimes been read as an intellectual forerunner of today’s “deep ecology” movement.
Being and Time also influenced the enactivist approach to cognition.
References
Informational notes
Citations
Bibliography
Primary literature
Martin Heidegger, Sein und Zeit, in Heidegger's Gesamtausgabe, volume 2, ed. F.-W. von Herrmann, 1977, XIV, 586p.
Secondary literature
Robert Bernasconi, "'The Double Concept of Philosophy' and the Place of Ethics in Being and Time," Heidegger in Question: The Art of Existing (New Jersey: Humanities Press, 1993).
William D. Blattner, Heidegger's Temporal Idealism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).
Lee Braver. A Thing of This World: a History of Continental Anti-Realism. Northwestern University Press: 2007.
Richard M. Capobianco, Engaging Heidegger with a Foreword by William J. Richardson. University of Toronto Press, 2010.
Taylor Carman, Heidegger's Analytic: Interpretation, Discourse, and Authenticity in "Being and Time" (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003).
Cristian Ciocan (ed.), [http://www.studia-phaenomenologica.com/?page=issue&id=5 Translating Heidegger's Sein und Zeit, Studia Phaenomenologica V (2005)]
Jacques Derrida, "Ousia and Gramme: Note on a Note from Being and Time," Margins of Philosophy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982).
Hubert Dreyfus, Being-in-the-World: A Commentary on Heidegger's Being and Time, Division I (Cambridge, Massachusetts, & London: MIT Press, 1990).
Hubert Dreyfus, podcast of Philosophy 185 Fall 2007 Heidegger, UC Berkeley
Hubert Dreyfus, podcast of Philosophy 189 Spring 2008 Heidegger, UC Berkeley
Christopher Fynsk, Heidegger: Thought and Historicity (Ithaca & London: Cornell University Press, 1993, expanded edn.), ch. 1.
Michael Gelven, A Commentary on Heidegger's "Being and Time" (Northern Illinois University Press; Revised edition, 1989).
Theodore Kisiel, The Genesis of Heidegger's Being and Time (Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1993).
James Luchte, Heidegger's Early Thought: The Phenomenology of Ecstatic Temporality (London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2008).
William McNeill, The Glance of the Eye: Heidegger, Aristotle, and the Ends of Theory (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1999), ch. 3–4.
Jean-Luc Nancy, "The Decision of Existence," The Birth to Presence (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1993), pp. 82–109.
; 4th Edition (2003). New York City: Fordham University Press.
External links
Næss, Arne D. E., Being and Time on Encyclopædia Britannica''
Category:1927 non-fiction books
Category:Books about hermeneutics
Category:Books by Martin Heidegger
Category:Daseinsanalysis
Category:Deconstruction
Category:Existentialist books
Category:German non-fiction books
Category:Phenomenology literature
Category:SUNY Press books
Category:Metaphysics books
Category:Unfinished books
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United Nations Security Council Resolution 976
United Nations Security Council resolution 976, adopted unanimously on 8 February 1995, after reaffirming resolutions 696 (1991) and all subsequent resolutions on Angola, the Council authorised the establishment of a new peacekeeping mission in the country, the United Nations Angola Verification Mission III (UNAVEM III) with an initial mandate ending on 8 August 1995.
The Lusaka Protocol was signed on 20 November 1994 and its importance and implementation was stressed to the Government of Angola and UNITA. The Council also welcomed that a ceasefire had been in effect and was being observed. However, the Protocol's implementation was behind schedule and the leaders of both parties–José Eduardo dos Santos and Jonas Savimbi, were urged build political momentum in order to successfully the agreement. Angola had offered to contribute substantially to the cost of the United Nations peacekeeping operation in the country, and this was commended by the Security Council. Additionally, a delegation from the Organisation of African Unity had visited the country.
UNAVEM III was then established to help restore peace and promote national reconciliation. It had a maximum deployment of 7,000 troops, 350 military observers and 260 police observers. The latter two groups would be immediately deployed to monitor the ceasefire, while the infantry units would be deployed when there was a cessation of hostilities, a provision of all relevant military data and where UNITA's forces would be placed. The importance of a mine clearance programme and establishment a United Nations radio station was stressed. The Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali was requested to report monthly on the mandate of UNAVEM III and the implementation of the Lusaka Protocol. If the parties did not co-operate, the role of the United Nations in Angola would be reviewed; if there was co-operation, UNAVEM III would be terminated after the Lusaka Protocol was fully implemented, expected by February 1997.
The contributions of Member States, United Nations agencies and non-governmental organisations was welcomed, with the Council reaffirming that all countries that they were to observe the arms embargo on UNITA in place since Resolution 864 (1993). A total ban on weapons was rejected by Brazil and Russia. In this regard, both parties were urged to cease acquisition of arms and matériel and instead devote resources for humanitarian needs. Angola was also asked to sign a Status of Forces Agreement with the United Nations by 20 March 1995. Finally, all parties were required to ensure the safety, security and freedom of movement of UNAVEM III and other personnel.
See also
Angolan Civil War
List of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 901 to 1000 (1994–1995)
United Nations Angola Verification Mission I
United Nations Angola Verification Mission II
References
External links
Text of the Resolution at undocs.org
0976
Category:1995 in Angola
0976
Category:February 1995 events
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Plymouth Millbay railway station
Plymouth Millbay railway station was the original railway terminus in Plymouth, Devon, England. It was used for passenger trains from 1849 to 1941. It was rebuilt in 1903.
History
The South Devon Railway originally planned to bring its broad gauge railway from Exeter St Davids to the Eldad area of Plymouth, terminating on a hill above Stonehouse Pool. In the event, it was redesigned to end at a station situated between Union Street and Millbay itself.
The railway reached a temporary station at Laira on the eastern outskirts of Plymouth on 5 May 1848 and was extended to Millbay on 2 April 1849. At this time the station was just known as Plymouth as no other stations existed in the town. The station became known as "Plymouth Millbay" after other stations were opened in the town in 1876-7 at Mutley and North Road.
A separate ticket platform was erected just outside the station in 1851 and was used until 1896. This enabled all tickets to be checked while the train paused outside the station and the opportunity was often taken for the engine to be detached and sent to the engine shed at this time and the train was then propelled into the platforms by a pilot engine.
The station was expanded ready for the opening of the Cornwall Railway on 4 May 1859 and the South Devon and Tavistock Railway on 22 June 1859. The railway encouraged the private venture of the Plymouth Hotel Company to open the Duke of Cornwall Hotel opposite the station in 1862.
The South Devon Railway was amalgamated into the Great Western Railway (GWR) on 1 February 1876. The lines were converted to standard gauge on 21 May 1892, although standard gauge goods trains were working to the docks from 1878 over mixed gauge tracks. The station was extensively rebuilt in 1900-03 when the old wooden buildings were replaced by a new stone terminus.
The station was closed to passengers on 23 April 1941 after bombs destroyed the nearby goods depot; the passenger station being used thereafter only for goods traffic and access to the carriage sheds. All traffic ceased from 14 December 1969 except for goods trains running through to the docks which continued until 30 June 1971.
The site is now occupied by the Plymouth Pavilions leisure complex. Two granite gate posts (still showing traces of bomb or enemy aeroplane cannon damage from the Plymouth blitz) outside the Millbay Road entrance are all that is left of the station. An old railway goods shed on the docks branch still stands in what used to be Washington Place.
Description
When first opened, the platforms were covered by a large wooden roof but more conventional canopies were provided when the station was redesigned in 1900-03. Outside the station was the South Devon Railway headquarters building on the east side of the forecourt and opposite was the independent Duke of Cornwall Hotel which accommodated passengers for the trains and ships.
The line from Millbay docks crossed Millbay Road on a level crossing and then climbed up a gradient between the main station and the goods shed. Alongside the level crossing was a bridge that carried some of the sidings of the goods depot.
The station was built at the higher level on the back of the hill that forms Plymouth Hoe. It was partly on a viaduct, the arches of which were rented out to local businesses and, later, used as a garage for local railway buses. Trains waiting to depart faced north-eastwards but, crossing Union Street on an iron bridge, the line swung northwards. It then passed a complex of carriage and engine sheds before reaching Cornwall Junction near the bridge carrying Five Fields Lane (now North Road West), where the line to Penzance diverged to the north-west and that to London turned to the east.
Millbay Docks
The Plymouth Great Western Docks were constructed, as was the railway, under the supervision of Isambard Kingdom Brunel but they were owned by an independent company in which the railway invested. The inner basin was opened in 1857 but before the end of the year a gale had caused extensive damage which led to financial trouble which caused the South Devon Railway to acquire an increasing share in the company until the railway took full control in 1874.
A siding had been laid into the docks in 1850 which crossed Millbay Road on a level crossing and was worked by horses; South Devon Railway 0-4-0 locomotives operated in the docks from 1873. Extensions were laid to the West Wharf and Graving Dock in the late 1870s and, from 18 June 1878 a third rail was added to allow access for London and South Western Railway (LSWR) goods traffic. The first passenger trains started to run through to the East Quay in 1882, generally running "non-stop" to London Paddington station except for locomotive changes.
Competition with the LSWR's services from Ocean Quay on Stonehouse Pool lead to increasing speeds from 1904, although mail was only contracted to be carried on the GWR services. On 9 May 1904 City of Truro was the first locomotive recorded in excess of while working one of the GWR's trains, with the whole journey to London taking just 3 hours 54 minutes. The GWR route was shortened by 20¼ miles on 1 July 1906 with the opening of the Castle Cary Cut-Off line that avoided the "Great Way Round" through Bristol Temple Meads, but in the early hours of 30 June 1906 an LSWR special had derailed at high speed passing through Salisbury railway station, after which speeds returned to a more sedate pace, with trains taking around five hours. The LSWR service was closed in 1910.
The quayside was open to the elements until 1905 when a canopy was provided, although passengers and their luggage were dealt with in the lower floors of some Brunel-designed warehouses. Improved accommodation was provided in 1936, the new floor of which was decorated with the GWR's land at Plymouth and save a day advertising slogan, which referred to the time saved by trans-Atlantic passengers being carried ashore by lighter at Plymouth from liners bound for London via Southampton or Le Havre.
A new swing bridge with a railway track was put in place in 1945 to link Glasgow Quay (opposite the entrance from Millbay station) and South Quay.
The last passenger trains ran from the docks in 1963, the final year of trans-Atlantic liners calling at the port. Freight traffic continued until 30 June 1971.
Signalling
The first signal box was built in 1899 as one of the first stages of the rebuilding of the station. This long structure was on the east side of the line with 117 levers in a Type DT frame. It was replaced in 1914 by a long box housing 115 levers in a Type HT3 frame. This in turn was closed on 14 December 1969 when control of the remaining trains was transferred to the new Plymouth Panel Signal Box at North Road.
Another small box was provided at Millbay Crossing to control the level crossing on Millbay Road.
See also
Railways in Plymouth
Disused railway stations (Exeter to Plymouth Line)
Disused railway stations (Plymouth to Penzance Line)
References
Further reading
Category:Disused railway stations in Plymouth, Devon
Category:Railway stations opened in 1849
Category:Railway stations closed in 1941
Category:Former Great Western Railway stations
Category:1849 establishments in England
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Andy Cherry
Andrew Paul "Andy" Cherry (born March 16, 1986, in Bloomington, Indiana) is an American contemporary Christian singer-songwriter raised in Bloomington, Indiana and Charlotte, North Carolina. In 2012 Cherry released the album entitled Nothing Left to Fear, his first full-length studio album with Essential record label. To create the album, Cherry partnered with award-winning producer Jason Ingram of One Sonic Society. Cherry had the No. 2 most played song on Air 1 for the week of April 28, 2012, and had the No. 4 most played song on K-LOVE for the week of April 8, 2012 with the song "Our God's Alive".
Background
Cherry's parents are Paul and Mary Beth, and he has three older sisters named Christine, Rebecca and Sarah.
Stereo Subversion reported that Cherry was "leading worship by day and playing bars at night. Shortly after high school, Cherry got up to sing one morning and felt something just wasn’t right. 'I didn’t want to be there,' he has since said. 'I thought, I'm wasting my time.’" Lastly, "Cherry realized he was in the midst of something bigger than himself, and decided to get on board and see where it led."
Cherry was on "The Love in Between Tour" with Matt Maher and Laura Story, and was on the "Grace Amazing Tour" with Jimmy Needham and Trip Lee. In addition, Cherry will be doing a solo 20-city tour. CCM Magazine said Cherry is a "25-year old troubadour [that] blends the best of both lyrical worlds over stomping and soft spoken guitar strums, all nestled in the crisp production of Jason Ingram". CCM Magazine notes how "Cherry invites listeners to lay their worries at the foot of the cross and simply raise their hands in praise."
In August 2014, Cherry took a full-time worship leader position at Fairfax Community Church in Fairfax, Virginia where he is currently employed. He leads weekend worship and coordinates the worship team at Fairfax Community Church.
Music play
Cherry song "Our God's Alive" was peaked at the No. 2 top song position on Air 1 for the week of April 28, 2012. On K-LOVE, the song was peaked at No. 4 top song position for the week of April 8, 2012.
Discography
Albums
Singles
Personal life
Cherry married Michelle Conley on October 8, 2010.
The Voice
Andy competed in Season 7 of the national reality TV show, The Voice, but failed to have a chair turn, resulting in his elimination.
References
External links
Category:1986 births
Category:American male singers
Category:American performers of Christian music
Category:Songwriters from Indiana
Category:Songwriters from North Carolina
Category:Essential Records artists
Category:Living people
Category:Musicians from Bloomington, Indiana
Category:Musicians from Charlotte, North Carolina
Category:Writers from Bloomington, Indiana
Category:Writers from Charlotte, North Carolina
Category:21st-century American singers
Category:21st-century male singers
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Intelligence outsourcing
Outsourcing intelligence is a method by which a country contracts out intelligence activities such as collection, analysis, and dissemination to non-governmental employees. In the United States of America, approximately 70% of the intelligence budget was spent on contracts in 2006.
Methods
The government of a country may outsource intelligence gathering that may not be obtainable through other means, where the only way may be through human intelligence such as the CIA's National Clandestine Service (NCS). It may mean outsourcing to foreign nationals from a country of interest, they may outsource to private companies as well to gather the specified intelligence needed. For a company the ways of outsourcing intelligence are the same, in which third party individuals and corporations are hired to obtain data and other intelligence. Intelligence can also be outsourced for analysis by a third party, in similar fashion to what the CIA's Directorate of Intelligence does.
Jumping ship
Former analysts and officers of the Central Intelligence Agency and Department of National Intelligence are allowed to leave their government positions and go work for companies in the private sector the next day doing the same job. This is known as "butts in seats." The reason one former government analyst did go work for a private intelligence firm was because the pay in the private sector was about 50% higher than the one he had from the government.
Private sector dominance
Following the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, the United States Congress increased the funding flow to the intelligence community. In November 2005, a CIA official accidentally revealed the intelligence budget to be $44 billion, which increased from a $26.6 billion budget reported by CIA Director George Tenet in 1997.
The intelligence community is allowed to keep its budget secret. With this secrecy comes speculation that at least 50% of the entire budget now flows to the private sector [Abbot]. It is also estimated that in the intelligence community much of the 15,000 analysts are drawing private-sector paychecks as a result of "butts in seats."
According to R.J. Hillhouse, "Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) workers revealed at a conference in May that contractors make up 51% of the staff in the DIA." Hillhouse goes further to say that, "the CIA has a similar situation…between 50% and 60% of the workforce of the CIA's most important directorate, the National Clandestine Service (NCS)… is composed of employees of for-profit corporations." Hillhouse also says that, in terms of oversight the ratio is 1:25 (one government employee supervising twenty-five private contractors), which means that it will "involve multiple companies and multiple layers of administration."
Since the September 11 attacks, U.S. telecommunications giants AT&T and Verizon have actually outsourced all their controversial NSA-mandated internet and telephone surveillance to the contractors Narus and Verint respective, both of which have close ties to Israeli intelligence services, although they maintain headquarters in the U.S.
References
Literature
Shorrock, T., `Spies for Hire: The Secret World of Intelligence Outsourcing´, (Simon & Schuster: New York, London, Toronto, Sydney, May 2009, 2. Ed., )
Van Puyvelde, D., `Outsourcing US Intelligence: Contractors and Government Accountability´, (Edinburgh University Press: Edinburgh, 2019, )
Intelligence Community
Category:Intelligence communities
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Boletus bresidolanus
Boletus bresidolanus is a species of bolete fungus in the Boletaceae family. Found in France, it was described as new to science in 1970.
See also
List of Boletus species
References
External links
bresidolanus
Category:Fungi described in 1970
Category:Fungi of Europe
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Krzepocin Pierwszy
Krzepocin Pierwszy is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Łęczyca, within Łęczyca County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately south-west of Łęczyca and north-west of the regional capital Łódź.
References
Krzepocin Pierwszy
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René Petitbon
René Jean Albert Petitbon (18 August 1902 – 2 February 1965) was a French colonial administrator who served as Governor of French Polynesia and French Somaliland in the 1950s.
Biography
Petitbon was born in Pau in 1902. After earning a Bachelor of the Arts in 1923, he completed his military service between 1925 and 1926. He then taught in lycées in Saint-Étienne and Clermont-Ferrand until joining the Alsatian Bank Society in 1928. He became deputy director for the Haut-Rhin region in 1935 and then served as director general of the Banques Populaire of the North Paris region from 1937 until 1944.
A member of the resistance during the Nazi occupation, he was appointed prefect of Aube in 1944. The following year he relocated to Algeria to become prefect of Constantine, a role he held until 1949. He then became Inspector General of Administrative Affairs in French West Africa. He was appointed Governor of French Polynesia in 1950, remaining in post until 1954 when he was appointed Governor of French Somaliland. He served in French Somaliland until 1957, and later worked in Algeria again between 1961 and 1962.
He died in Paris in 1965 at the age of 62.
References
Category:1902 births
Category:People from Pau, Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Category:French educators
Category:French bankers
Category:French Resistance members
Category:Prefects of Aube
Category:Prefects of Constantine
Category:People of French West Africa
Category:Governors of French Polynesia
Category:Colonial Governors of French Somaliland
Category:1965 deaths
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Asia Airways
Asia Airways was a Tajik airline based in Dushanbe, Tajikistan. The airline provided cargo and passenger services between Tajikistan and countries such as Afghanistan, India, China, United Arab Emirates and Iran at September 2010. It ceased operations in 2015.
Fleet
The Asia Airways fleet consisted of the following aircraft:
The airline fleet previously included the following aircraft (as of September 2014):
1 further Antonov An-12
References
Category:Defunct airlines of Tajikistan
Category:Airlines established in 2007
Category:Airlines disestablished in 2015
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S. S. Davidson
S. S. Davidson is one of the pioneer educators of the environmental movement in Tamil Nadu, India. Davidson was born at Nagercoil in Kanyakumari District, India. He earned a degree in English from Scott Christian College, after which he joined as faculty in English. He completed his Masters and M.Phil in English from Annamalai University
At Nagercoil, he started a Tribal Foundation club that would form the genesis of campus-based nature conservation activities and Awareness among the Tribal populace of the Western Ghat Hills of Southern Tamil Nadu. The club also became involved in studying threats to the environment. Additionally, Davidson also leads the movement against the Hill quarry, Conversion of Paddy Fields, Wetlands, Lakes and other pristine water bodies of the Former South Travancore that was later renamed to Kanyakumari District. His activity in preserving the Turtle and other coastal biodiversity is applauded by many conservationist across Southern India. He is credited with drawing up a plan to preserve the heritage wetlands of Nagercoil and the Suchindram Theroor Birds Sanctuary Wetland Complex. He is also known to track bird migration patterns and study indigenous bird species of a given landscape or geography. His authentic work on the extinction and near extinction of certain bird species from the Bio-diverse rich landscapes of Nagercoil is a must read for amateur ornithologists.
The campaign for saving the Travancore Star Tortoise from the brink of Extinction is being spearheaded by him. In March 2014, close to 2000 Olive ridley sea turtle eggs were released into the Arabian Sea along the Coast of Kanyakumari District under his supervision. Their population has drastically dwindled, owing to population explosion, fishing and construction activities, use of banned purse seine nets and trawlers, and unplanned beach tourism along the coasts of Nagercoil and Kanyakumari District.
He is the author of a few research papers on mushrooms and environmental books.
References
Category:Living people
Category:People from Nagercoil
Category:Activists from Tamil Nadu
Category:Indian environmentalists
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
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Mother Goose's Little Treasures
Mother Goose's Little Treasures is a 2007 children's picture book by Iona Opie. It is a collection of nursery rhymes, some little known, chosen by Opie from the Mother Goose oeuvre.
Contents
Little Treasures contains 22 nursery rhymes:
Here comes Solomon
The leaves are green
Intery, mintery
Handy Spandy
Rosy apple
Mrs. Whirly
Parcel post
Sing, sing
In and out the windows
Little fatty doctor
Oats and beans and barley
Wee melodie man
Chick chick chick chick
What the goose thinketh
Mother, may I?
Little old dog sits under a chair
Uncle John
Cockle shells
Going to Kentucky
The moon shines bright
My maid Mary
Before it gets dark.
Reception
In a star review, Booklist wrote "This gem, comprising 22 tidbits from little-known nursery rhymes, shines with the charm of old-time rhymes and with Wells' beloved animal and child characters, set down in her signature style." and concludes "this third Opie-Wells treasury of treasures is likely to become a staple in children's collections." and the School Library Journal found "The very nature of this book makes it a less-essential purchase than this team's My Very First Mother Goose (1996) or Here Comes Mother Goose (1999, both Candlewick), so possibly only larger collections or libraries with lots of Rosemary Wells fans will want it."
Kirkus Reviews wrote "The pictures may suggest scenarios for some of the more abstract lines here, but young goslings will still benefit most not by trying to make sense of the gnomic verses, but just listening to the rhythms of sound and language in them." Publishers Weekly stated "this is less a title for Everytoddler than one for lovers of rhyme and verse." while The New York Times, commenting on Opie's introduction, found her "more the Jungian than the scientist." and that "Wells’s pictures for Opie’s collection don’t go far enough in the originality direction."
See also
Histoires ou contes du temps passé
Mother Goose in Prose
My Very First Mother Goose
The Random House Book of Mother Goose
References
External links
Bulletin of the Center for Children's Books review
Library holdings of Little Treasures
Category:2007 children's books
Category:British children's books
Category:Collections of nursery rhymes
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IV Cavalry Corps (German Empire)
The IV Cavalry Corps ( literally: Higher Cavalry Command 4) was a formation of the German Army in World War I. The corps was formed on mobilization of the German Army in August 1914 and dissolved in January 1915 as the onset of trench warfare negated the requirement for large cavalry formations. It was commanded throughout its existence by General der Kavallerie Gustav Freiherr von Hollen.
Combat chronicle
Initially on the Western Front with 3rd and 6th Cavalry Divisions preceding 4th and 5th Armies. Transferred to the East on 14 November 1914. Dissolved January 1915.
Order of Battle on mobilisation
Initially, the Corps simply consisted of 2 Cavalry Divisions (with 2 Jäger battalions attached) without any Corps troops; in supply and administration matters, the Cavalry Divisions were entirely autonomous. The commander was only concerned with tactics and strategy, hence his title of Senior Cavalry Commander Höherer Kavallerie-Kommandeur.
On formation in August 1914, the Corps consisted of:
3rd Cavalry Division
6th Cavalry Division
5th Jäger Battalion
6th Jäger Battalion
Each cavalry division consisted of 3 cavalry brigades (6 regiments each of 4 squadrons), a horse artillery Abteilung (3 four-gun batteries), a machine gun detachment (company size, 6 MGs), plus pioneers, signals and a motor vehicle column. A more detailed Table of Organisation and Equipment can be seen here. The Jäger battalions each consisted of 4 light infantry companies, 1 machine gun company (6 MGs), 1 cyclist company and a motorised vehicle column.
Commanders
IV Cavalry Corps was commanded throughout its existence by General der Kavallerie Gustav Freiherr von Hollen.
See also
German Army (German Empire)
German Army order of battle (1914)
German cavalry in World War I
TOE, German Cavalry Division, August 1914
References
Bibliography
Category:Corps of Germany in World War I
Category:Cavalry Corps of Germany
Category:Military units and formations established in 1914
Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1915
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Megacephala lafertei
Megacephala lafertei is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily of Carabinae. It was described by Thomson in 1857.
References
lafertei
Category:Beetles described in 1857
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1925 Klass I season
The 1925 Klass I season was the third season of the Klass I, the top level of ice hockey in Sweden. IK Göta won the league championship, finishing undefeated.
Final standings
External links
1925 season
1
Swedish
Category:Klass I seasons
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Stock Exchange Executive Council
The Stock Exchange Executive Council (SEEC) of the People's Republic of China was established to improve the efficiency of the securities market in mainland China.
According to research by Nottle (1993), the re-emergence of securities markets commenced under the introduction of the economic reform programme. The initiative was announced by then party Vice Premier Deng Xiaoping in 1978; under the plan market forces would be brought to bear on the Chinese economy and China's "doors would be opened" to foreign capital and entrepreneurs.
Under this economic reform, a number of experiments have been conducted over the part decades in order to facilitate the development of securities markets.
September 1984, the first joint stock company and then one was commenced in Shanghai in 1985 and in Shenzhen in 1987
Another experiment consisted of establishing securities trading markets such as, over-the-counter (OTC) market for shares and bonds was established in 1986.
To further improve the economic efficiency of the Chinese securities markets, eventually the Stock Exchange Executive Council (SEEC) was formed in March 1989 to create a nationwide treasury bond trading system (Securities Trading Automated Quotations System (STAQs) which was established on December 1990.
See also
China Securities Regulatory Commission
Untraded shares
Leading stock
Economy of China
Economic history of China (Pre-1911)
Economic history of China (1912–1949)
Chinese financial system
Banking in China
References
The Europa World Year Book
The development of China's stockmarket, 1984-2002: equity politics and market institutions (Stephen Paul Green, 2004)
Privatizing China: the stock markets and their role in corporate reform (Carl E. Walter, Fraser J. T. Howie, 2003)
China's capital market (Yebi Hu; Chinese University Press, 1993)
Monetary and exchange system reforms in China: an experiment in gradualism
External links
Securities Association of China
China Securities Network
Category:Stock exchanges in China
Category:Financial regulation in China
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Rashard and Wallace Go to White Castle
"Rashard and Wallace Go to White Castle" is the twelfth episode of the second season of the American television series Veronica Mars, and the thirty-fourth episode overall. Written by John Enbom and directed by John T. Kretchmer, the episode premiered on UPN on February 1, 2006.
The series depicts the adventures of Veronica Mars (Kristen Bell) as she deals with life as a high school student while moonlighting as a private detective. In this episode, Wallace (Percy Daggs III) tells a newspaper that his talented teammate, Rashard Rucker (B.J. Britt) was involved in a hit and run, and Veronica is called in to help. Meanwhile, Weevil (Francis Capra) and Logan (Jason Dohring) continue to work on the mystery of Felix Toombs's murder, eventually leading to a mutiny against Weevil.
Synopsis
Veronica talks to Wallace at Java the Hut. Wallace is going to turn Rashard Rucker in for a hit-and-run. Keith (Enrico Colantoni) distracts Inga in order to break into the police station evidence room. The next day, Wallace has unexpectedly had no backlash from snitching on Rashard. Weevil talks to Molly Fitzpatrick, who admits to dating Felix but insists that he wasn’t working for the Fitzpatricks. Nathan Woods (Cress Williams) contacts Wallace to say that the newspaper says that Rashard came forward and told the press that Wallace was driving during the hit-and-run, indicating that the journalist from the last episode was not what he said he was. Veronica discusses the fallout with Wallace before Jackie (Tessa Thompson) comes up, and Wallace is dismissive. Veronica contacts Cliff (Daran Norris), who advocates for Wallace. In order to get Wallace to see Rashard, they decide to go to a dinner at UCLA, which Rashard will be attending. Veronica informs Keith about Terrence Cook’s gambling problem.
Weevil talks to Logan about a church at which one of the Fitzpatricks is a priest. As Weevil is leaving, another PCH biker sees him. Veronica picks up Rashard in a fake limousine, and Rashard’s uncle warns him about these sorts of situations. When they pull up to Wallace, Rashard’s uncle threatens Wallace and the limo driver. Later, Wallace remembers that a drive-through person saw Rashard at the wheel that night. At Java the Hut, Weevil and Logan ask Veronica to bug the confessional at the church. Veronica says she’ll bug video, but not sound. Keith listens to bus crash interrogation tapes. Referencing the dead rat on the bus, Keith offers that Veronica was not the target of the bus crash. Wallace fails to track down the drive-through guy, who has disappeared under mysterious circumstances. Veronica bugs the confessional before being questioned by Father Fitzpatrick. Wallace goes to a fraternity party and talks to Rashard, who threatens him abrasively. On his way out, Wallace sees Jackie talking to Rashard. In retaliation, Rashard gets some of his cronies to lock Wallace in a closet. Veronica waits in the car anxiously and sees Jackie driving off with Rashard.
After getting out of the closet, Wallace finds Rashard’s uncle, who didn’t know that Rashard left. Wallace directs the uncle to a club, which Veronica sneaks into and steals the uncle’s phone. Veronica watches the confessional tape and finds that Thumper snuck drugs out of the confessional. It turns out that Wallace and Veronica were actually using Jackie to catch Rashard off guard. That day, a girl walks up to Wallace and asks if their date is still on, which he accepts. Weevil confronts the bikers, and they were actually all working for the Fitzpatricks. Thumper reveals that Weevil was in cahoots with Logan, and the bikers mutiny against him, beat him up, and leave him. Nathan Woods goes to the home of the drive-through guy, Guy Abrutti, and confronts him about accepting money for his silence. Wallace has successfully subverted Rashard and his uncle. Keith listens to more tapes, and they learn from the news that Sheriff Lamb has taken Terrence Cook in for questioning related to the bus crash.
Cultural references
The following cultural references are made in the episode:
Veronica compares Rashard to LeBron James.
Keith is reading Those Who Trespass and listening to a Bad Company album.
Veronica references Steve McQueen.
Veronica jokingly mentions A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum.
Arc significance
Keith steals the interrogation tapes from the bus crash investigation.
Dick and Cassidy reveal to Sheriff Lamb that their father knew "Curly" Moran as a mechanic. Dick also tells him that the bus smelled bad, which was why he got a limo.
Gia Goodman tells Lamb that her father, Woody, told her not to ride the bus.
Keith speculates to Veronica that the dead rat was there so that the 09ers wouldn't go back on the bus, thus the only casualties would be lower- and middle-class students. Veronica still thinks it was targeted to her.
Veronica bugs the confessional at Father Fitzpatrick's church and shows the video to Weevil. It shows Thumper, one of the PCHers, taking drugs that Liam Fitzpatrick left behind.
Weevil confronts Thumper, but Thumper has organized a coup against Weevil—Hector's brother works at the Neptune Grand and saw Weevil come out of Logan's room. The PCHers beat up Weevil and Thumper tells Hector to throw Weevil's motorcycle into the ocean.
Veronica finds a picture of Terrence Cook and Ms. Dumas (the late journalism teacher) are together.
Lamb questions Terrence Cook in relation to the bus crash.
Music
The following songs can be heard in the episode:
"All Out of Love" by Air Supply
"Veronica" by Elvis Costello (sung by Britt Daniel of Spoon)
"Shine More" by Namie Amuro
"See The Sun" by Scavone
"Jump Around" by House of Pain
"I Summon You" by Spoon
Production
The episode was written by John Enbom and directed by John T. Kretchmer, marking Enbom's seventh writing credit and Kretchmer's seventh directing credit. Teddy Dunn continues to be credited, despite his final regular appearance in "Donut Run". In this episode, Jackie Cook (Tessa Thompson) makes her reappearance after a seven-episode absence (her last previous appearance was in "Blast from the Past". The episode's title references Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle. The episode features a cameo appearance by Britt Daniel, the frontman of Spoon, who sings "Veronica" as a karaoke song. Several songs by Spoon had been featured on the show previously. Cress Williams returns as Nathan Woods in the episode as well.
Reception
Ratings
In its original broadcast, the episode received 2.12 million viewers, marking an increase in 500,000 viewers from the previous episode.
Reviews
Rowan Kaiser, writing for The A.V. Club gave a mostly positive review. While criticizing Jackie's role in the episode ("Jackie is still a problematic character, and suddenly having her be part of the crew, without any apologies, is a bit too far."), he lauded all other aspects of the episode, including the plot and character development of Weevil, Logan, and other. He also praised the technical aspects of the episode. "I thought this episode had a lot of the technical verve which had been missing from the second season. […] There were three scenes that seemed to add a little something extra with the directing and editing." Television Without Pity gave the episode a "B+".
Conversely, Price Peterson of TV.com gave the episode a more mixed review. He praised it as "a solid effort" while criticizing the B-plot involving Weevil and Logan. "You know, I'm not totally riveted by the Felix murder plot line. I'm just not. It's nowhere near as exciting as the bus-crash case, so I found myself getting kind of bored or impatient every time we curt back to Weevil's shenanigans."
References
External links
"Rashard and Wallace Go to White Castle" at Mars Investigations
Category:2006 American television episodes
Category:Veronica Mars (season 2) episodes
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Mandalay Chanmyathazi Airport
Mandalay Chanmyathazi Airport is a domestic airport in Myanmar that served Mandalay and surrounding areas. It has largely been replaced by Mandalay International Airport.
Category:Airports in Myanmar
Category:Mandalay
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Glipa subsinuata
Glipa subsinuata is a species of beetle in the genus Glipa. It was described in 1917.
References
subsinuata
Category:Beetles described in 1917
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Stamfordia
Stamfordia is a genus of mites in the family Laelapidae.
Species
Stamfordia carabicola Trägårdh, 1906
References
Category:Laelapidae
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2006 Borujerd earthquake
The 2006 Borujerd earthquake occurred in the early morning of 31 March in the South of Borujerd with destruction in Borujerd, Silakhor and Dorood areas of the Loristan Province in western Iran. The centre of the earthquake was in Darb-e Astaneh village south of the Borujerd City. The earthquake measured 6.1 on the moment magnitude scale.
Earthquake
This powerful earthquake shook the entire land of Loristan Province and most areas of Hamedan Province, Markazi Province and destroyed many villages in Khorramabad, Alashtar and Arak County as well. More than 180 aftershocks followed the main earthquake in April, May and June and people had to stay outside for several weeks.
A lighter foreshock happened the night before, and people stayed outside overnight and this reduced the number of casualties significantly. However, the mainshock at 4:47 am on 31 March shook Borujerd, Dorud and other towns and villages on Silakhor Plain for more than 55 seconds.
Damage
More than 40 major historical monuments of Borujerd were destroyed by the earthquake and 30% of the historical downtown of the city (2.7 kmª) was ruined or damaged thoroughly. Other monuments damaged by the earthquake include:
Jame Mosque of Borujerd (900 AD)
Soltani Mosque of Borujerd
Imamzadeh Ja'far, Borujerd
Chalenchoolan Bridge
Ghaleh Hatam Bridge
Birjandi Old House of Borujerd
Mesri Old House of Borujerd
Imamzadeh Khalogh Ali
Tekyeh Movassaghi
Pahlavei High School
Response
Apart from UN agencies e.g. UNESCO and UNICEF, there are other international agencies functioning in the field, including MSF, Caritas Italy, Operation Mercy, ACH Spain and ACT Netherlands.
See also
1909 Borujerd earthquake
List of earthquakes in 2006
List of earthquakes in Iran
References
External links
Darb e Astaneh (Silakhor) Earthquake Report: March 31, 2006; ML=6.1 – IIEES
IFRC- Iran Doroud Earthquake, Information Bulletin no.3 – IFRC
M 6.1 - western Iran – USGS
Borujerd earthquake
Borujerd earthquake
2006 Borujerd
Category:History of Lorestan Province
Category:Borujerd County
Category:Borujerd
Category:March 2006 events in Asia
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Armen Smbatian
Armen Bagrati Smbatyan () is an Armenian diplomat and is a former Ambassador of Armenia to Russia.
Armen Smbatyan was born in 1954 in Yerevan.
From 1974 to 1980 A.Smbatyan studied at the Yerevan Komitas State Conservatory in the class of piano. From 1977-1981 Mr. Smbatyan studied at the Composition and Music Theory Department of the same Conservatory, where he also attended post graduation course (1982-1985).
From 1978 to 1980 Mr. Smbatyan took courses on “Composition and Music Theory” specialty at the Moscow P.I. Tchaikovsky State Conservatory.
From 1981 to 1988 A. Smbatyan was a tutor at the Music Theory Department of the Yerevan Komitas State Conservatory. Later, from 1988 to 1992, he has been an associate professor in the same institution and in 1992 was granted the title of professor.
From 1988 to 1994 Mr. Smbatyan has been appointed the Vice Rector of the Yerevan Komitas State Conservatory.
From 1982 to 1987 A. Smbatyan held the position of General Director of the RA Public Television Radio Company's Musical programs. In 1987 A. Smbatyan was awarded the title of RA Honored Worker of Art.
From 1995 to 2002 he has been the Rector of the Yerevan Komitas State Conservatory.
From 1996 to 1998 Mr. Smbatyan served as the RA Minister of Culture, Sports ant Youth Affairs.
Since 1997 A.Smbatyan has been the President of the Armenian Society for Cultural Cooperation with Foreign Countries Non-Governmental Organization.
In 2001 on the decision of RA President Mr. Smbatyan was awarded Movses Khorenatsi medal.
From 2002 to 2010 served as the Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the RA to Russian Federation.
In 2003 A. Smbatyan was granted the diplomatic title of Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary.
From 2010 to 2014 he has been the Executive Director of the Intergovernmental Foundation for Educational, Scientific and Cultural Cooperation (IFESCCO).
The wide repertoire of the compositions by A. Smbatyan covers diverse genres: preludes, variations for piano, "Chaconne and Fugue" for piano trio, piano concerto, concerto for orchestra, symphonic poem, “Manuscript” symphony, music for cartoons and movies, “Lilith” television ballet, music for jazz orchestra and choir.
From 2014 till now he is Advisor to the President of Republic Armenia
See also
Embassy of Armenia in Moscow
References
Category:Armenian diplomats
Category:Living people
Category:Ambassadors of Armenia to Russia
Category:1954 births
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Peter Van Den Begin
Peter Alfons Christiaan Van Den Begin (born 25 October 1964 in Berchem) is a Belgian actor and director. He has two daughters with actress and singer-songwriter Tine Reymer.
His very first theater performances include acting in such plays as De Straat (Ronald Van Rillaer), Droomspel (Mannen van den Dam) and De getemde feeks (theaterMalpertuis). Later on he has continued his theater acting career by performing in various plays. Under Blauwe Maandag Compagnie he has performed in such pieces like All for love, Joko and Vrijen met dieren.
Awards
In the 44th Gent Film Festival in 2017 Van de Begin received two Flemish Actors' Guild awards as the best actor both in theater for his role in Risjaar Drei (Olympique Dramatique & Toneelhuis) and in film for his performance in the movie King of the Belgians.
Filmography
Together with Stany Crets he has been a writer for:
De Raf en Ronny Show (1998)
Raf en Ronny II (1999)
Debby en Nancy Laid Knight (2001)
Raf en Ronny III (2001)
Sketch à gogo (2004)
Als 't maar beweegt (2005)
Debby & Nancy's Happy hour (2007)
Theater
Risjaar Drei (2017)
Oliver! (2010 - 2011) - musical
Licht aan! A.U.B. (2006)
Bloedarm (2002)
De krippel (2002)
Joko (1993)
All for love (1993)
Wilde Lea (1991)
De meeuw (1989)
Droomspel (1986)
De Straat (1984)
References
External links
Category:1964 births
Category:Living people
Category:20th-century Flemish male actors
Category:21st-century Flemish male actors
Category:Flemish male film actors
Category:People from Berchem
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Bartholomeus van Bassen
Bartholomeus Corneliszoon van Bassen (1590–1652) was a Dutch Golden Age painter and architect.
Biography
Van Bassen was the illegitimate son of Cornelis van Bassen and the grandson of Bartholt Ernst van Bassen, who both lived and died in The Hague. Little is known of his early life, but according to the Netherlands Institute for Art History he became a member of the Delft Guild of St. Luke in 1613. In 1622 he moved to The Hague, where he became a member of The Hague Guild of St. Luke two years later and where he became dean in 1627 and headman in 1636 and 1640. He is known for his architectural works, sometimes with staffage by the painters Anthonie Palamedesz, Esaias van de Velde, and Jan Martszen de Jonge.
In 1638 he became city architect of the Hague. He worked on the summer palace Huis Honselaarsdijk for Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange (torn down after being used as a military hospital during the War of 1812), the restoration of the City Hall, and from 1649 onwards he was involved with building the Nieuwe Kerk.
Van Bassen was also involved in a number of nationwide architectural projects. His most important building was "Het Koningshuis", the summer palace of Frederick V, Elector Palatine. Called "King of Bohemia" for one winter, he is remembered in the Netherlands as the "Winterkoning" for this reason. His summer palace was in the town of Rhenen, near Utrecht, and it was built to Bassen's design in 1629-1631. This palace, like Honselaarsdijk, was also used as a military hospital during the War of 1812 and was torn down soon after.
He kept a workshop and took on pupils, most notably Gerard Houckgeest and Jan van der Vucht. He died in The Hague.
See also
List of Dutch architects
References
Biography at Web Gallery of Art
Bibliography
Hans Jantzen, Das Niederländische Architekturbild, Braunschweig, Klinkhardt & Biermann, 1910
Bernard G. Maillet, La Peinture Architecturale des Ecoles du Nord : les Intérieurs d'Eglises 1580-1720, Pandora Publishers Wijnegem, 2012,
External links
Bartholomeus van Bassen on Artnet
www.artcyclopedia.com — overview
Works and overview of Literature
Vermeer and The Delft School, a full text exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art, which contains material on Bartholomeus van Bassen
Artwork of van Bassen at the Staten Museum for Kunst
Category:Dutch Golden Age architects
Category:Dutch Golden Age painters
Category:1590 births
Category:1652 deaths
Category:Dutch Baroque architects
Category:Court architects
Category:Dutch male painters
Category:People from Antwerp
Category:Members of the Delft Guild of Saint Luke
Category:Members of The Hague Guild of Saint Luke
Category:17th-century architects
Category:17th-century Dutch artists
Category:17th-century Dutch painters
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Water polo at the 1998 Asian Games
Water Polo was contested by men's teams at the 1998 Asian Games in Bangkok, Thailand from December 11 to December 19, 1998. All games were staged at the Thammasat Aquatic Center.
Schedule
Medalists
Results
Preliminary round
Group A
Group B
Group C
Classification 7th–9th
Final round
The results and the points of the matches between the same teams that were already played during the preliminary round shall be taken into account for the final round.
Final standing
References
Results
Results
Results
Category:1998 Asian Games events
1998
Asian Games
1998 Asian Games
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List of rivers of Afghanistan
This is a list of rivers wholly or partly in Afghanistan, arranged geographically by river basin.
Flowing into the Arabian Sea
Indus River (Pakistan)
Gomal River
Kundar River
Zhob River
Kurram River
Kabul River
Bara River
Kunar River
Pech River
Landai Sin River
Surkhab
Alingar River
Panjshir River
Ghorband River
Salang River
Logar River
Flowing into endorheic basins
Sistan Basin
Harut River (or Ardaskan River)
Farah River
Helmand River
Khash River
Arghandab River
Dori River
Tarnak River
Arghistan River
Lora River
Musa Qala River
Tirin River
Kaj River
Ab-i Istada
Ghazni River
Jilga River
Karakum Desert
Harirud
Jam River
Murghab River
Kushk River
Kashkan River
Aral Sea basin
Amu Darya
Safid River, no longer reaches the Amu Darya
Balkh River, no longer reaches the Amu Darya
Khulm River (formerly Tashkurgan River), no longer reaches the Amu Darya
Kunduz River (or Surkhab River)
Khanabad River
Andarab
Bamiyan River
Kokcha River
Anjuman
Panj River
Aksu (Bartang)
Pamir River
Wakhan River
See also
List of dams and reservoirs in Afghanistan
Water supply in Afghanistan
References
External links
Map of Principal River Drainage Systems at page 12
Afghanistan
Rivers
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Álvaro Obregón, Mexico City
Álvaro Obregón () is one of the 16 municipalities (alcaldías) into which Mexico City is divided. It contains a large portion of the south-west part of Mexico City. It had a 2010 census population of 727,034 inhabitants and lies at an elevation of 2,319 m. above sea level.
It was named after Álvaro Obregón, a leader of the Mexican Revolution and an early-20th-century Mexican president, who was assassinated in this area. Its former name is San Ángel, and the historic San Ángel neighborhood still retains this name, as does the Televisa San Angel motion picture and television studio, which is located in this municipality.
Geography
The municipality of Álvaro Obregón is located in the west of Mexico City, and has a land surface of 96.17 km², with an elongated shape from northeast to southwest.
It borders Miguel Hidalgo to the North, Benito Juárez and Coyoacán to the East, Magdalena Contreras, Tlalpan and Jalatlacalco municipality (State of Mexico) to the South, and Cuajimalpa to the West. Together with Álvaro Obregón becomes the Western access to the city, and its regional roadways are the Federal Highway and the Freeway, which constitute the entry for merchandise and population from the states of Mexico and Michoacán.
The municipality's maximum height is 3,820 meters above sea level at the summit of Triangulo mountain, and the lowest is at 2,260 meters. The municipality occupies 7,720 hectares, or 6.28% of the Federal District area, and it has the fifth place in terms of territory of all municipalities. Of such hectares, 5,052 are urban soil and 2,668 are considered protected soil (66.1% and 33.8% respectively). Other important elevations (in meters) are the San Miguel mountain (3,780); the Cruz de Colica o Alcalica mountain (3,610); the Temamatla mountain (3,500); the Ocotal (3,450) and the Zacazontetla (3,270). In general, the relief is of great contrasts, constituted by surfaces of piedmont, product of the natural erosion of the mountain chain.
It is geographically located between the parallels 19°; 14'N and 19°; 25'N and the meridians 99°; 10' W and 99°; 20'0 W.
Edaphology
In the municipality 4 types of soils dominate:
Haplic and Luvic Phaeozem: Cover 53.8% of the municipality's territory; it is a soil that presents a normal sequence in its horizons, and a maximum thickness of 100 cm, developing between 2,500 and 3,000 meters above sea level.
Haplic Litosols: Are from a rocky volcanic origin, with a maximum thickness of 30 cm, covering 28.8% of the municipality, are located between 2,300 and 2,500 meters in altitude.
Andosols: Occupying 21.1% of the municipality's land area; are rich in volcanic materials, dark superficial horizons, and have a maximum thickness of 50 cm. Their texture is medium and are located between 3,000 and 3,800 meters, and constitute the maximum altitude of the municipality.
Eutric Regosol: Occupying 1.9% of the municipality's land area; are soils from a volcanic origin or from eiotic accumulation, little compacted and have a maximum thickness of 30 cm; they present thick texture and brown color.
Government and infrastructure
The Secretariat of Public Security of the Mexican federal government has its headquarters in Álvaro Obregón.
Economy
Volaris has its headquarters in Colonia Zedec, Santa Fe, Álvaro Obregón; previously the headquarters were in Peña Blanca, Santa Fe. Grupo Bimbo has its headquarters in Santa Fe, Álvaro Obregón.
Climate
For the region of San Ángel, Mixcoac, Tacubaya and adjacent areas around 2240 meters above sea level and up to 2,410, the climate is consistently mild with cool mornings and wetter than in Mexico City's downtown, averaging 15.5 °C (60 °F) and 943.1 mm (37.1 in) of rainfall yearly. The monthly temperature is warmest from April through June, reaching 17 °C (63 °F), whilst the lowest median temperatures occur from December through February reaching 13 °C (55 °F). Between 2,410 up to 3,100 meters above sea level the median temperature of the warmest months gets reduced to between 14.9 °C and 17.1 °C (58 °F to 62 °F) also from April through June. The minimum median temperatures (December–February) are cooler at 10 °C (50 °F). Precipitation here ranges between 1,000 and 1,200 mm (39 to 47 in) annually.
At higher elevations or in more forested areas temperatures cool down but precipitation rises. For instance even though the Desierto de los Leones National Park can reach above 3000 meters above sea level, at only 2220 meters the forest has a much cooler weather than the above-mentioned neighborhoods. The median temperature here drops to 10.6 °C (51 °F) and precipitation averages 1324 mm (52 in). All regions of the municipality experience the highest rainfall from June through September and the lowest from November through February.
The climate charts illustrate the differences between two regions within Álvaro Obregón.
Flora and fauna
The flora and fauna of the municipality of Álvaro Obregón developed during prehistoric times. In the region of Tizapán, San Jerónimo and El Batán there are fossils belonging to the Upper Pleistocene. On June 17, 1959 the paleontologist Manuel Maldonado Koerdell, the professor Francisco González Rul and the archeologist Arturo Romano, investigated the fossils of a horse and a mammoth "archidiskidon impera tor leidy", that lived approximately between 8 and 10 thousand years before Christ. This fossil remains, the first to be found in the whole Valley of Mexico, were located in excavations of 0.60 and 1.80 meters in the tepetate layers that are known as Tacubaya strata.
Other findings were unveiled on August 27 of the same year in the banks of the San Ángel river, in the enlargement of Las Águilas Avenue, around the town of Tlacopac.
The fauna was very varied in prehispanic times, but most of the species have become extinct. The mountain fauna was particularly rich in precious and rapacious birds.
Many of the mammals have disappeared or are in danger of extinction. In the region the while tailed deer, the lynx and the coyote were once plentiful, but the presence of man, that for many years practised hunting in the higher parts of the territory, eliminated them.
Currently, between 2,500 and 3,000 meters above sea level there remains a large fauna, but because of its nearness to the population centers it is easily accessible and thus disturbed. In the Sierra de las Cruces, a few decades ago there can still be found mammals such as the opossum, the armadillo, shrew, rabbit, tree squirrel, ardillón, land squirrel, gopher, mice, mountain mouse, pine mouse, volcano mouse, alfarero mouse and fox, even though their current populations are much diminished.
In the region there can be found the following birds: coquita, hummingbird, saltaparedes swallow, primavera, duraznero, gorrionete, amongst others. In terms of reptiles the most common are lizards, rattlesnakes, and in rocky regions, mainly snakes. In amphibians there are salamanders that inhabit the trunks of trees, frogs and ajolotes. The most distinct insects are those who inhabit the rotten trunks of pines, the bark worn. This xylophagus coleopterous and their adults live below the bark of such trees. Amongst phytophagous invertebrates there are moths of the geometrid family, whose larvae became a serious plague in the abies forest. Another butterfly that inhabited this forest, but without feeding directly from the abies, is the synopcia exmia, whose larvae eat tepozán (Buddleia).
Vegetation
Nowadays, the vegetation is determined by factors such as soil, water and climate, consisting in the lower part of the municipality's territory, in trees and bushes that have been planted in some green or recreative areas that surround the urbanised areas. In the middle area, between 2,500 and 3,000 meters, exist mesophile forests that cover ravines and gullies with epiphytous vegetation such as mosses, ferns and woody creepers. In the lava rocky region there are endemic plants such as: palo loco, palo dulce, tabaquillo, tepozán and copal; species that have been preserved in the ecologic reveroir of the UNAM. The region of great vegetation density comprises the high elevations, where there are located mixed forests, with abundancy in pines and oaks. The primary tree species are oaks, limoncillo and stands of pine, that generally grow together; the more common pines are the ocotes (Pinus moctezumae) and the Mexican mountain pine (Pinus Hartwegui), this last ones resistant to the environmental conditions of the area and due to pollution are present in a low density.
Above 3,000 meters there are coniferous forests where oak and pines dominate, that can achieve heights between 5 and 12 meters. In the southern part of the municipality there are small stands of fir trees that do not reach a great development.
Education
National public high schools of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) Escuela Nacional Preparatoria include:
Escuela Nacional Preparatoria 8 "Miguel E. Schulz" (ES)
Public high schools of the Instituto de Educación Media Superior del Distrito Federal (IEMS) include:
Escuela Preparatoria Álvaro Obregón I "Lázaro Cárdenas del Río"
Escuela Preparatoria Álvaro Obregón II "Vasco de Quiroga"
International schools include:
ASF Mexico, the American international school
Edron Academy, the British educational school
Liceo Mexicano Japonés, the Japanese educational school of Mexico City, is located in Jardines del Pedregal.
Peterson Schools, an American international school system, has its Pedregal campus in Pedregal
The Colegio Alemán Alexander von Humboldt operates the Plantel Pedregal, which has Kindergarten classes, as part of the Campus Sur/Campus Süd (formerly Campus Xochimilco).
Other private schools:
Colegio Alexander Bain and Bachillerato Alexander Bain
Colegio Olinca Altavista campus
Colegio Princeton kindergarten and primary campuses
Colegio Francés del Pedregal in Jardines del Pedregal
Instituto Francisco Possenti
Instituto Miguel Ángel
Instituto Oxford
Vermont School Plantel Pedregal
Universidad Panamericana Preparatoria campus for boys
Colegio Junipero (private elementary school) (Col. Las Américas)
Parks and recreation
The Asociación México Japonesa owns a cultural center, the Nichiboku Bunka Kaikan (日墨文化会館 "Mexican Japanese Cultural Center"), within the Las Águilas colonia of the Álvaro Obregón municipality.
References
External links
Official Delegación Álvaro Obregón (borough) website
01
Category:Municipalities of Mexico City
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Brain Balance
Brain Balance Achievement Centers are after-school learning centers that offers a program of brain training, exercise, simple physical exercises, skills training, and dietary advice that it says helps children with developmental and learning disabilities.
The Brain Balance program was developed by Robert Melillo, a New York-based chiropractor who later added what he calls "functional neurology" to his practice. He began developing the business and its learning centers in 2006, opting for a franchising model. The first center opened in 2007. By early 2018 there were 110 centers in the chain and the business had an annual revenue of $41 million.
As of 2018 there was no good evidence that the company's program helps children. In the scientific and medical community, Brain Balance has been criticized for the lack of scientific evidence for its marketing, as well as its claims about neuroplasticity and other aspects of brain development. That assessment is consistent with a 2015 determination by the Wisconsin Department of Health Services that there was insufficient evidence of effectiveness for the company's claims. The results of a June 2018 year-long investigation by National Public Radio cast further doubt on the veracity of claims by the company.
References
External links
Category:American companies established in 1995
Category:Brain training programs
Category:Pseudoscience
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Poèmes pour Mi
Poèmes pour Mi (Poems for Mi) is a song cycle for dramatic soprano and piano or orchestra by Olivier Messiaen, composed in 1936 and 1937 and dedicated to his first wife, Claire Delbos. The text are poems by the composer based on the New Testament.
History
Messiaen composed the work at the Lac de Pétichet in the summer of 1936, setting his own poems. He specifically called for a grand soprano dramatique (great dramatic soprano), probably with the voice of Marcelle Bunlet in mind, who was a notable singer of Brünnhilde at the time. Messiaen dedicated the cycle to his first wife, Claire Delbos, a violinist and composer. It is one of three major song cycles, with Harawi and Chants de Terre et de Ciel, and the only one which he also orchestrated, the following year in Paris.
The piano version was premiered on 28 April 1937 as a concert de la Spirale, by Marcelle Bunlet and the composer at the piano. It was published by Edition Durand. The first performance of the orchestra version took place at the salle Gaveau in Paris on 4 June 1937. The soprano Marcelle Bunlet was accompanied by the orchestra of the Société des Concerts du Conservatoire, conducted by Roger Désormière.
Text structure and scoring
In his poems, Messiaen paraphrases verses from the New Testament in "surrealist poetry". The poems can be seen as depicting first a couple's spiritual struggle, then their journey together. In this work, the rhythmic language uses very irregular durations, and certain processes dear to the author: added values, added points, non-retrogradable rhythms, plus some borrowings from Greek metrics and Hindu rhythmics. The "Mi" syllable of the title is a word of affection, imitating a diminutive, and the nickname of the dedicatee.
Action de grâces
Paysage
La Maison
Épouvante
L'épouse
Ta voix
Les deux guerriers
Le collier
Prière exaucée
The work is scored for soprano solo, four flutes, three oboes (also Cor Anglais), two clarinets, three bassoons, four horns, three trumpets, three trombones, tuba, percussion (three players) and strings. The duration is given as 32 minutes.
Recordings
Both versions of the song cycle have been recorded.
Piano version: Lise Arseguet, with Messiaen at the piano
Piano version: Jane Manning, with pianist David Mason (Unicorn-Kanchana)
Piano version: Maria Oràn, with pianist Yvonne Loriod. (Erato Records, 1988)
Françoise Pollet, Cleveland Orchestra, conducted by Pierre Boulez, Deutsche Grammophon
References
External links
Poèmes pour Mi – Olivier Messiaen
Emily M. Bennett: Songs of Faith and Love: A Study of Olivier Messiaen's Poèmes pour University of Kansas 1 April 2016
Category:1937 compositions
Category:Compositions by Olivier Messiaen
Category:Song cycles
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Hurricane Adrian (1999)
Hurricane Adrian caused generally minor damage along its path in mid-June 1999, though it left six people dead in its wake. The first tropical cyclone and first hurricane of the well below-average 1999 Pacific hurricane season, Adrian formed out of a broad area of low pressure south of the Gulf of Tehuantepec that persisted for several days. The disturbance was intertwined with a tropical wave that departed the western coast of Africa on June 5, and both features congealed into a tropical depression by early on June 18. The nascent cyclone paralleled the southwestern coastline of Mexico, intensifying into Tropical Storm Adrian shortly after formation and attaining its peak as a Category 2 hurricane with winds of 100 mph (160 km/h) late on July 20. Though remaining offshore, it resulted in minor flooding and insignificant damage to infrastructure. Four people were killed by a large wave along the coastline of Chiapas, and an additional two people were killed in Durango while trying to cross a flooded river in a pick-up truck; a five-year-old girl accompanying the men went missing. Wind shear and cooler ocean temperatures weakened Adrian as it produced minor damage on Socorro Island, and the system ultimately degenerated into a remnant low late on June 22.
Meteorological history
In mid-June, a broad cyclonic area of cloudiness persisted to the south of the Gulf of Tehuantepec. A low-level circulation and banding features became more prominent on June 16, and further development was aided by the presence of a tropical wave that first departed the western coastline of Africa on June 5. As extremely deep convection festered within a band west of the disturbance's center, it is estimated the first tropical depression of the season formed around 06:00 UTC on June 18, located about 260 mi (420 km) southeast of Acapulco, Mexico. The newly-formed cyclone tracked west-northwest parallel to the coastline, steered by a strong area of high pressure to its north and east.
Moderate easterly wind shear that had been affecting the developing system began to relax almost immediately after formation, allowing upper-level outflow to expand in most directions and the depression to intensify into Tropical Storm Adrian. A small central dense overcast materialized early on June 19, followed shortly thereafter by hints of an eye-like feature. Thus, in accordance with increasing satellite intensity estimates, Adrian was upgraded to the season's first hurricane by 00:00 UTC on June 20 while located about 485 mi (780 km) south-southeast of the southern tip of the Baja California Peninsula. The storm further organized to attain its peak as a Category 2 hurricane with winds of 100 mph (160 km/h) as the aforementioned eye-like feature became readily apparent in satellite imagery.
Following peak intensity, Adrian's cloud pattern became less symmetric, its eye became obscured, and its convection warmed as southeasterly wind shear increased and the storm passed over ocean temperatures near 77°F (25°C). The storm slowed as it passed near Socorro Island, all the while the continued unfavorable regime weakened Adrian and stripped it of its all convection. The system was reduced to an exposed swirl of clouds over the open East Pacific by late on June 22.
Preparations and impact
In preparation for the cyclone, the port of Acapulco was closed to all vessels. The government of Michoacán organized shelters to house up to 5,000 people, while surrounding states were placed on alert.
Two highway bridges and a railway bridge were damaged by flooding near the Guatemala border. Passing very near Socorro Island on June 21, Adrian produced peak winds of 45 mph (72 km/h) there, potentially damaging weather monitoring equipment. Along the southern coastline of Chiapas, four people were swept away and drowned by a large wave, while farther inland in northwestern Durango, two men died and a five-year-old girl went missing after attempting to cross a river in a pick-up truck. Along the central coastline of Michoacán, a powerful hailstorm demolished many homes and left around 2,000 people homeless. A 1.2 mi (2 km) stretch of coastal road was ruined in the city of Tecomán. The outer bands of the hurricane produced heavy rainfall peaking at 15.75 in (400 mm) in the municipality of Coyutla; minor flooding was reported across Coahuila and Colima.
See also
1999 Pacific hurricane season
Hurricane Cosme (2013)
References
External links
Hurricane Adrian advisory archive
Hurricane Adrian Preliminary Report
Category:1999 Pacific hurricane season
Category:Category 2 Pacific hurricanes
Category:Pacific hurricanes in Mexico
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Raj Niwas, Port Blair
Raj Niwas (translation: Government Abode) is the official residence of the Lieutenant Governor of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. It is located in the capital city of Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The present lieutenant governor of Andaman and Nicobar Islands is Admiral Devendra Kumar Joshi (Retd.), PVSM, AVSM, YSM, NM, VSM (Retd.)
Category:Governors' houses in India
Category:Government of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Category:Buildings and structures in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Category:Port Blair
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Hashioka Station
is a railway station on the Yosan Line in Takamatsu, Kagawa Prefecture, Japan. It is operated by JR Shikoku and has the station number "Y03".
Lines
The station is served by the JR Shikoku Yosan Line and is located 9.5 km from the beginning of the line at Takamatsu. Yosan line local, Rapid Sunport, and Nanpū Relay services stop at the station. The Marine Liner rapid service on the Seto-Ohashi Line between and also stop at the station. Although is the official start of the Dosan Line, some of its local trains start from and return to . These trains also stop at Hashioka.
Layout
The station consists of a side platform and two staggered island platforms serving four tracks. The side platform, attached to the station building is designated platform 0. Track 1 is served by both platform 0 and platform 1 (island) and trains stopping there occasionally open their doors on both sides to allow passengers to quickly get from the island platform to the station building. Platforms 1 and 2 serve eastbound trains while platforms 3 and 4 serve westbound ones. A station building houses a waiting room and a JR ticket window (without a Midori no Madoguchi facility). Access to the island platforms is by means of two footbridges, one for each island. Two sidings branch of off the main tracks on either side.
Adjacent stations
History
The station opened on 21 February 1897 as an intermediate stop when the track of the privately Sanuki Railway (later the Sanyo Railway) was extended from to . After the railway as nationalized on 1 December 1906, Japanese Government Railways (JGR) took over the station and operated it as part of the Sanuki Line (later the Sanyo and then the Yosan Main Line). With the privatization of Japanese National Railways (JNR, the successor of JGR) on 1 April 1987, control of the station passed to JR Shikoku.
See also
List of Railway Stations in Japan
References
Category:Railway stations in Kagawa Prefecture
Category:Railway stations opened in 1897
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Cribbage solitaire
Cribbage solitaire (also known as cribbage patience) is a solitaire card game using a deck of 52 playing cards. It is based on the game of five-card cribbage, also known as the "old game", and is one of many solitaire card games based on those played by at least two players, best known of which is poker solitaire.
First, twelve cards are dealt into two hands as if there are two players. The player looks at the first hand and discards two cards to contribute to an area known as the "crib". The player then looks at the second hand and contributes two more cards from that hand to the crib. A thirteenth card, the "starter", is then dealt. The starter combines with the crib and the two hands to each form a five-card cribbage hand, much the same way as the community cards in Texas hold 'em poker.
Points are scored according to how the hand/crib is combined with the starter. Hands are scored like in actual cribbage and the combinations below may occur more than once in just one hand:
Fifteens - Given that face cards are valued at ten and aces at one, a combination of two or more cards that add up to fifteen are scored two points each "fifteen".
Pairs - Each pair in a hand is scored two points each pair. A "pair royal", or three of a kind, scores six points since three cards of the same rank can form three pairs, while a "double pair royal", or four of a kind, scores twelve points since four cards of the same rank can form six pairs.
Runs - Three or more consecutive cards (regardless of suit) is scored three to five points depending on the number of cards on that run.
Flush - If the four cards on the hand is of the same suit, it is scored four points, plus an additional point if the starter is of the very same suit as those in the hand. A flush on the crib (four cards of the same suit) only scores however if the starter is of the same suit as the four cards in the crib. If so, it is scored five points; otherwise, only the other combinations formed in the crib are tallied.
His nobs - A jack in "his nobs", i.e. one that has the same suit as the starter, scores a point.
His heels - A jack in "his heels", i.e. one that is the starter gives two points to the entire tally for the deal.
Points are added from the two hands and from the crib and given a running total. This makes a set or deal. The cards used are then discarded and a new set of 13 cards are dealt. Since each deal uses a fourth of the entire deck, a game of cribbage solitaire is composed of four such deals. The points from the four deals are added up into a final total for the entire game. The winning final score can range from 101 to 121 (the points needed to win a game of regular cribbage) according to the player's preference.
The rules stated above are those written by Peter Arnold in his book Card Games for One (). In SolSuite's version of the game, only nine cards are dealt instead of thirteen: the six cards in the hand, the first two cards of the crib, and the starter. The player contributes two cards from his hand to the crib. Points are then scored the same way as mentioned above (except for "his heels"). The starter is then placed at the bottom of the deck, so that a total of six hands with cribs and starters are played, followed by one hand without a crib or a starter. The winning score in this version is considered to be 81.
Category:Single-deck patience card games
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