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Guy Stevens Guy Stevens (13 April 1943 – 28 August 1981) was a British music industry figure whose roles included DJ, record producer, and band manager. He was influential in promoting R&B music in Britain in the 1960s, gave the rock bands Procol Harum and Mott the Hoople their distinctive names, and co-produced The Clash's album London Calling. Early life and career Stevens was born in East Dulwich, London. His father died when he was six, and at the age of 11 he was enrolled at Woolverstone Hall boarding school near Ipswich. After being expelled for rebelliousness, he started work with his brother in the insurance industry, at the same time starting a record collection of blues and R&B records, imported from the U.S.. He married in 1962 and had a son the following year. In 1963, he began running a weekly "R&B Disc Night" at the Scene Club in Soho, run by Ronan O'Rahilly, at which Stevens played often obscure Stax, Chess and Motown records, attracting a growing number of mod clubgoers and musicians, including members of The Who, The Small Faces, The Yardbirds, The Rolling Stones and The Beatles. Stevens soon began compiling and annotating reissues and compilations of American records, particularly for EMI. He also started writing for the Record Mirror, and wrote the first UK press profiles of such musicians as Muddy Waters and Howlin' Wolf. Sue and Island Records Stevens was approached by record company executive Chris Blackwell in 1964 to run the Sue record label in the UK, as an offshoot of Island Records. He took responsibility for releasing a string of successful R&B singles on Sue in the UK, including records by Ike and Tina Turner, Rufus Thomas, Elmore James, Wilbert Harrison, Donnie Elbert, and Inez and Charlie Foxx. He also compiled and annotated The Sue Story compilation LPs. Stevens used the Sue label to put out obscure American singles not only from the U.S. Sue group of labels, but from many small independent record companies, and some of the bigger ones. It became widely influential. Stevens was also president of the Chuck Berry Appreciation Society, and had a say in the UK releases that Pye International put out by Berry, Bo Diddley and others on the Chess and Checker labels. It was Guy Stevens who brought Berry to the UK for his first tour after paying his bail to get him out of jail for offences under the Mann Act. He broke into record production at Blackwell's suggestion in 1965, firstly on a single by Alex Harvey and then producing live albums by Larry Williams and Lee Dorsey. The following year, he was appointed head of A&R at Island Records. His first signing to the label was Birmingham band The V.I.P.s, who soon changed their name to Art. Stevens produced their early recordings, before they added keyboardist Gary Wright to become Spooky Tooth. Stevens also managed and produced Hapshash and the Coloured Coat, an artistic and musical collaboration between the band Art and designers Michael English and Nigel Waymouth, which led to the album Featuring the Human Host and the Heavy Metal Kids. Stevens also introduced lyricist Keith Reid to keyboardist Gary Brooker of The Paramounts. He encouraged them to write together, and reportedly commented to Reid at a party that a friend had turned "a whiter shade of pale". The resulting song was recorded by Brooker's newly formed band, named Procol Harum by Stevens, and – though turned down by Blackwell at Island – went on to become one of the defining songs of the era. In 1968, Stevens was imprisoned for several months for drug offences, during which time his record collection was stolen, leading to a breakdown. However, on his release he returned to Island Records, and produced albums by Free, Mighty Baby, and Heavy Jelly. Mott the Hoople While working for Island, Stevens was fundamental in the formation of Mott the Hoople. The band was originally called "Silence," with the line-up of Stan Tippins on vocals, Mick Ralphs on lead guitar, Verden Allen on keyboards, Overend Watts on bass, and Dale Griffin on drums. Envisioning a band with a sound that would be a combination of The Rolling Stones and Bob Dylan, Stevens recruited and mentored Ian Hunter as lead singer, and demoted Stan Tippins to road manager. Stevens also named the band after the Willard Manus novel, which he had read while in prison. Stevens served as the Mott's manager, and produced their eponymous 1969 debut album and its 1970 follow-up, Mad Shadows (1970). After Mad Shadows met with poor sales and negative reviews, Mott dispensed with Stevens' services and produced their third album, Wildlife (1971), by themselves. After that album's commercial failure, Mott re-recruited Stevens to produce the Brain Capers album (1971). On the verge of splitting up in 1972, Mott again dropped Stevens, and signed to Tony DeFries' company MainMan. Mott's fifth album, All the Young Dudes, was produced by David Bowie. Later activities By the mid-1970s, Stevens' activities had become increasingly erratic as a result of his chronic alcoholism. The Clash In 1976 Stevens was present, although not clearly as a producer, on a demo session which The Clash undertook before they were signed. Mick Jones recalled that: In 1979, the band recruited Stevens to produce their album London Calling. The band themselves have always held up Stevens' input as a major factor in the album's popularity and quality. The Clash involved Stevens because they recognized the influential role he had played in the British beat and blues booms of the 1960s. The Who, The Small Faces, The Rolling Stones and many others used Stevens' knowledge of the American R&B and soul scene as a source for their own repertoire, having heard of him through his deejaying at the New Scene Club. Stevens' involvement with the production of London Calling is explored extensively in Marcus Grey's book Route 19 Revisited: The Clash and the Making of London Calling (2012). Death and legacy Stevens died on 28 August 1981, at the age of 38, having overdosed on the prescription drugs he was taking to reduce his alcohol dependency. In 1981, The Clash wrote a song for, or about Stevens, who had died the same year: "Midnight to Stevens". It is a lush sweeping song that sounds unlike almost anything the Clash recorded despite the range of styles on Sandinista! and Combat Rock. It was released originally as the b-side of a 12" Clash single in the summer of 1982. It was later released in 1991, when it appeared on disc three of Clash on Broadway. Stevens' involvement in Mott the Hoople's early career was covered in the 2011 documentary, The Ballad of Mott the Hoople. Stevens also produced Free's debut album Tons of Sobs, the eponymous debut album of Mighty Baby, and the debut of Spooky Tooth, Supernatural Fairy Tales. A poem in tribute to Stevens was included by Ian Hunter on the lyric sheet of his 1983 CBS album All Of The Good Ones Are Taken, which concluded: "I remember the guy with the electric hair at that first rehearsal standing there. You gave your heart - you gave your soul. God bless you, Guy - Rock n Roll!" In assessing himself, Stevens stated, "There are only two Phil Spectors in the world... and I'm one of them!" References External links Procol Harum.com biography of Guy Stevens Category:1943 births Category:1981 deaths Category:English record producers Category:People from East Dulwich Category:20th-century British musicians Category:English DJs Category:English music journalists Category:English people convicted of drug offences Category:Drug-related deaths in England	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Episcepsis lenaeus Episcepsis lenaeus is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by Pieter Cramer in 1780. It is found from Mexico to the Guianas. Description Head and thorax fuscous brown; back of head and shoulders with paired crimson spots; fore coxae crimson; abdomen metallic blue, the dorsal patch of hair brown; the ventral surface fuscous, with white patches on the first three segments. Forewing fuscous brown, with apical white patch. Hindwing fuscous with a slight bluish tinge; some hyaline in, below, and beyond cell; the tuft on inner area white. (Female) Abdomen without white patches below. Wingspan 36 mm. References External links Retrieved April 20, 2018. Episcepsis lenaeus at BHL Category:Euchromiina Category:Moths described in 1780	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Sayami Matsushita is an athlete from Japan. She competes in archery. Matsushita represented Japan at the 2004 Summer Olympics. She placed 35th in the women's individual ranking round with a 72-arrow score of 624. In the first round of elimination, she faced 30th-ranked Alexandra Fouace of France. Matsushita defeated Fouace, winning 165-157 in the 18-arrow match to advance to the round of 32. In that round, she faced Yun Mi Jin of South Korea, losing to the 3rd-ranked archer 173-149 as Yun tied the Olympic record for an 18-arrow match. Matsushita finished 28th in women's individual archery. Matsushita was also a member of the 14th-place Japanese women's archery team. Link 2004Japan Olympic Committee Category:1982 births Category:Living people Category:Olympic archers of Japan Category:Archers at the 2004 Summer Olympics Category:Archers at the 2002 Asian Games Category:Archers at the 2010 Asian Games Category:Japanese female archers Category:Asian Games competitors for Japan	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Payal Ki Jhankaar Payal Ki Jhankaar () is a 1980 Indian romance film directed by Satyen Bose. The film was selected as the Indian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 53rd Academy Awards, but was not accepted as a nominee. Cast Alankar Joshi as Gopal Bhatt Rupini as Shyama Surinder Kaur as Veena Veena Bandini as Naini Shail Chaturvedi as Dinanath C. S. Dubey as Shivram - Shyama's uncle Sudha Shivpuri as Bhavani - Shyama's aunt Music "Kaun Gali Gaye Shyam" - Sulakshana Pandit "Bin Gopal" - K J Yesudas "Dekho Kanha Nahin" - Sulakshana Pandit, K J Yesudas "Ho Rama Pani Bharne" - Anand Kumar, Sulakshana Pandit "Thirkat Ang Lachki Jhuki" - Alka Yagnik (It is the first/debut song of Alka Yagnik) "Sari Dal Dai Mope Rang" - Purushottam Das Jalota, Sulakshana Pandit "Jhirmir Jhirmir Sawan Aaye" - Anand Kumar, Sulakshana Pandit "Jai Maa Ganga" - Chandrani Mukherjee "Jin Khoja Tin Paiyan" - Jaspal Singh "Kar Singaar Aise" - Aarti Mukherjee, Purushottam Jalota, Anand Kumar, Sulakshana Pandit "Nanha Sa Phool" - Sulakshana Pandit "Soor Bin Tan Nahin" - Sulakshana Pandit, Anand Kumar, Purushottam Jalota See also List of submissions to the 53rd Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film References External links Category:1980 films Category:1980s romance films Category:1980s Hindi-language films Category:Indian films Category:Indian romance films Category:Rajshri Productions films Category:Films directed by Satyen Bose	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Pierrefonds Boulevard Pierrefonds Boulevard is an east-west boulevard in the northwest of the Island of Montreal, or the northern part of West Island. It runs mostly through the borough of Pierrefonds-Roxboro. History Pierrefonds Boulevard has a total length of 9.3 km and is an important commercial street in the west of the island, known locally as West Island. It is named in honor of Pierrefonds in France, whose notary, Joseph-Adolphe Chauret, was impressed by the Château located in the city of the same name in France. Much of the boulevard was affected during the 1974 and 2017 Quebec floods. Planning began in the early 1960s with surveying and grading started as early as 1962. Public Transit The boulevard is well-served by the STM. Routes include 68-Pierrefonds and 470-Express Pierrefonds, both of which connect to the Côte-Vertu Metro (rapid transit) station, and the 376-Pierrefonds / Centre-ville, which runs during the over-night period. See also Boulevard Saint-Charles Boulevard Saint-Jean Boulevard Des Sources References Category:Roads in Montreal	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Karl Wiegers Karl E. Wiegers (born 1953) is an American software engineer, consultant, and trainer in the areas of software development, management, and process improvement. He is known as the author of many articles and several books mainly focused on software requirements. He is also the author of a memoir of life lessons titled Pearls from Sand: How Small Encounters Lead to Powerful Lessons and a mystery novel titled The Reconstruction. Biography Karl received a B.S. degree in chemistry from Boise State College (1973), and M.S. (1975) and Ph.D. (1977) degrees in organic chemistry from the University of Illinois. Karl spent 18 years, from 1979 till 1998, at Eastman Kodak Company. In 1997, Karl started his own software process consulting and training company, Process Impact, which focuses on practical software process improvement. See also Software Requirements Publications 2019. Successful Business Analysis Consulting: Strategies and Tips for Going It Alone. J. Ross Publishing. 2017. The Reconstruction. Agent Q Bookworks. 2013. Software Requirements, 3rd Edition (with Joy Beatty). Microsoft Press. 2011. Pearls from Sand: How Small Encounters Lead to Powerful Lessons. Morgan James Publishing. 2007. Practical Project Initiation: A Handbook with Tools. Microsoft Press. 2006. More About Software Requirements: Thorny Issues and Practical Advice. Microsoft Press. 2003. Software Requirements, 2nd Edition. Microsoft Press. 2002. Peer Reviews in Software: A Practical Guide. Addison-Wesley. 1999. Software Requirements, 1st Edition. Microsoft Press. 1996. Creating a Software Engineering Culture. Dorset House Publishing. References External links Karl Wiegers' Official Home Page Category:Living people Category:American software engineers Category:1953 births	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Kachigawa Station is the name for two different railway stations in the city of Kasugai, Aichi Prefecture, Japan. One is operated by Central Japan Railway Company (JR Tōkai) and the other by the Tōkai Transport Service Company (TKJ). Lines Kachigawa Station is served by the Chūō Main Line, and is located 381.9 kilometers from the starting point of the line at Tokyo Station and 15.0 kilometers from Nagoya Station. It is also the northern terminus of the TKJ Jōhoku Line and is 11.2 kilometers from the southern terminus at Biwajima Station. Station layout (JR) The JR station has two elevated opposed side platforms with the station building underneath. The station building has automated ticket machines, TOICA automated turnstiles and a staffed ticket office. Platforms Station layout (TKJ) The TKJ station consists of one elevated side platform with the station building underneath, located 500 meters to the west of the JR station. The station building has automated ticket machines, TOICA automated turnstiles and is unattended. Platforms Adjacent stations \|- !colspan=5\|JR Central \|- !colspan=5\|Tōkai Transport Service Company Station history Kachigawa Station was opened on July 25, 1900. Along with the division and privatization of JNR on April 1, 1987, the station came under the control and operation of the Central Japan Railway Company. The TKJ Jōhoku Line began operations from December 1, 1991. The tracks were elevated in 2009 and a new JR station building was completed in 2010. Passenger statistics In fiscal 2017, the JR portion of the station was used by an average of 17,579 passengers daily (arriving passengers only) and the TKJ portion by 238. Surrounding area Japan National Route 19 Jōjō Castle See also References External links Kachigawa Station (JR Central) Category:Railway stations opened in 1900 Category:Railway stations opened in 1991 Category:Railway stations in Aichi Prefecture Category:1900 establishments in Japan Category:Chūō Main Line Category:Stations of Central Japan Railway Company Category:Kasugai, Aichi	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Avery County, North Carolina Avery County is a county located in the U.S. state of North Carolina. As of the 2010 census, the population was 17,797. The county seat is Newland. The county seat was initially established in Elk Park when the county was first formed, but was moved to Newland upon completion of the courthouse in 1912. Founded in 1911, it is the youngest of North Carolina's 100 counties. History The county is the newest of North Carolina's 100 counties. It was formed in 1911 from parts of Caldwell County, Mitchell County, and Watauga County. It was named for Waightstill Avery, a colonel in the American Revolutionary War and the first Attorney General of North Carolina (1777–1779). It is often noted for the large amount of Christmas trees that the county produces. Geography According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and (0.06%) is water. Avery County is extremely rural and mountainous with all of the county's terrain located within the Appalachian Mountains range. The highest point in the county is Grassy Ridge Bald, 6,165 feet (1,879 m) above sea level. Most of Grandfather Mountain (whose highest point is Calloway Peak 5,946 feet (1,812 m) shared with Watauga and Caldwell counties) is within Avery county. At 5,526 feet (1,678 m), Beech Mountain (also shared with Watauga county) is the highest incorporated community east of the Mississippi River. At 3,606 feet (1,099 m) Newland is the highest county seat in the Eastern USA. National & state protected areas Blue Ridge Parkway (part) Pisgah National Forest (part) Grandfather Mountain State Park (part) Demographics As of the census of 2000, there were 17,167 people, 6,532 households, and 4,546 families residing in the county. The population density was 70 people per square mile (27/km²). There were 11,911 housing units at an average density of 48 per square mile (19/km²). The racial makeup of the county was 93.95% White, 3.48% Black or African American, 0.34% Native American, 0.19% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 1.28% from other races, and 0.71% from two or more races. 2.41% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 6,532 households out of which 27.10% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.10% were married couples living together, 9.10% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.40% were non-families. 26.60% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.00% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.34 and the average family size was 2.82. In the county, the population was spread out with 19.40% under the age of 18, 10.30% from 18 to 24, 30.10% from 25 to 44, 24.40% from 45 to 64, and 15.70% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age of Avery County is aging, with it at 38 years. For every 100 females there were 111.80 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 112.90 males. The median income for a household in the county was $30,627, and the median income for a family was $37,454. Males had a median income of $25,983 versus $21,652 for females. The per capita income for the county was $15,176. About 10.90% of families and 15.30% of the population were below the poverty line, including 19.30% of those under age 18 and 19.00% of those age 65 or over. Communities Towns Banner Elk Beech Mountain Crossnore Elk Park Newland Seven Devils Villages Grandfather Sugar Mountain Townships Altamont Banner Elk Beech Mountain Carey's Flat Cranberry Elk Park Frank Heaton Hughes Ingalls Linville Minneapolis Montezuma Newland No. 1 Newland No. 2 Pineola Plumtree Pyatte Roaring Creek Unincorporated communities Altamont Cranberry Frank Gragg Heaton Ingalls Linville Linville Falls Minneapolis Montezuma Pineola Plumtree Roaring Creek Three Mile Vale Politics Owing to its high altitude, rural character and powerful Unionist sympathies from the Civil War Era, Avery County is overwhelmingly Republican. Since its formation in 1911 no Democratic presidential candidate has obtained forty percent of the county's vote, and only Lyndon Johnson in 1964 and Jimmy Carter in 1976 have received so much as thirty percent. An illustration of Avery County's rock-ribbed Republicanism can be seen in 1936 when Alf Landon won the county by 55.96 percentage points, making it Landon's fifth-strongest county in the nation despite North Carolina being lost to Franklin Roosevelt by 46.80 percent. Avery County is part of the 45th NC Senate District which includes Avery, Watauga, Ashe, Wilkes and Alexander Counties. The senate seat is held by Deanna Ballard (appointed), following the April 2016 resignation of three-term retiring senator Dan Soucek of Blowing Rock. The county is part of the 85th NC House District, a three-county district comprising Avery, Mitchell and McDowell Counties. Currently representing the 85th is Josh Dobson, a 1999 graduate of Avery County High School and a resident of neighboring McDowell County, where he previously served as a county commissioner. Law and government The county is governed by a five-member Board of County Commissioners who are elected to two or four-year terms, depending on the number and percentage of votes they receive when elected. The current members are Martha Hicks, a retired banker; Wood Hall Young Jr, a retired employee of Avery County Schools; Tim Phillips, a retired employee of Mountain Electric; Faye Lacey, widow of former Chief Judge Robert H. Lacey; and Blake Vance, a financial planning and insurance specialist. Avery County is a member of the regional High Country Council of Governments. The county commissioners appoint a county manager to oversee day-to-day operations of county government of all departments that are not controlled by an elected head. The current county manager position is filled by Phillip Barrier, the county's previous Tax Assessor-Collector. Finance officer is Tim Greene. The board of commissioners also appoints qualified citizen applicants to various boards and committees, such as business and economic development, social service board, library board, Mayland Community College Board and others (source: Avery County government website). The county seat in Newland is the highest county seat east of the Mississippi River, as is the courthouse, located on a pinnacle in the center of town, at an elevation of over . Pursuant to state law, some of the most important officials in the county are elected. These include the offices of Sheriff (currently Kevin Frye), Register of Deeds (currently Renee Dellinger), Clerk of Superior Court (currently interim appointee Theresa Benfield), and Coroner (currently John A. Millan). Elected district judicial officials include: District Attorney Seth Banks of Yancey County, who like the judges, covers the entire 24th Judicial District of Avery, Watauga, Mitchell, Yancey and Madison Counties. Resident Superior Court Judges are former assistant district attorney Gary Gavennus and former Chief District Court Judge Greg Horne of Boone, who is also a former assistant district attorney. Both superior court judges work out of Boone. The Chief District Court Judge is Judge Ted Mcintyre of Spruce Pine, who replaced long-serving Chief Judge Alexander Banner Lyerly, who retired in 2013. Mcintyre is a former chief assistant district attorney and is based in Newland. Other district court judges are: former Superior Court Judge Hal Harrison of Spruce Pine, Rebecca Eggers-Gryder of Boone and Larry Leake of Madison County, who was appointed by Governor Roy Cooper to fill the unexpired term.of Warren Hughes, who retired in January 2017. The Chief Magistrate is attorney Bruce Lacey, with retired Banner Elk police chief Bill Burleson and Tim Bounds all serving as Magistrates. Barbara Jones is Social Services Director and the Tax Collector-Assessor position is vacant. Building inspector is former NBA star Tommy Burleson, County Finance Director is Nancy Johnson and the County Board of Elections is headed by Sheila Ollis. The county's elected Soil and Water Board District Supervisors are Bill Beutell and Ann Coleman (source: Avery County government website; NC State Board of Elections). The county also has a non-partisan elected school board to oversee the countywide school district. The current school board chairman is John Greene, with Kathy Aldridge serving as vice chair. Other school board members are Keith Tutterow, Steve Smith and Dr. Bob Clark. The county's superintendent of schools is Dr. David Burleson. The School Board is located on NC 194 near the Newland city limits. It also houses the school bus garage, support staff and other school system administrative offices. Overlooking Avery Square is the historic 1912 Avery County Courthouse. The square, which is owned by the County, includes monuments to fallen peace officers, fallen firefighters and as of 2016, a large veteran's memorial. The courthouse was remodeled in 1996 and again in 2014, to add more office space and a second smaller courtroom. The courthouse overlooks much of the town of Newland and is located on Shultz Circle and Glenn Hicks Lane, which was renamed from Jail Street, in honor of Avery Deputy Lt. Glenn H. Hicks, who was murdered in the line of duty in 2003. The courthouse renovations that began in 2013 and were completed in fall of 2014, added even more office space and also renovated the older clerk of court's office and vaults, the register of deeds' office and vaults and the badly deteriorated main courtroom. The courthouse also houses local office of the North Carolina Probation and Parole Division, judges offices and chambers, district attorney's sub-office, the county map office, tax office, inspection office, register of deeds, clerk of superior court, guardian ad litem and North Carolina juvenile justice department. Connected to the courthouse is a newly renovated sheriff's office and state-of-the-art new jail, both of which were completed in 2011, an elections office, county 911 emergency dispatch center and magistrate's courtroom. The county administrative building is located a short distance south and down hill from the courthouse facing NC Highway 181, providing work space for the county manager and many other county offices such as social services, payroll, finance, veterans services, fire marshal, emergency management, waste management, technology and personnel. The complex also serves as the site of county commission meetings in the upstairs board room that which is available for other public meetings such as school board meetings. It was also sometimes used as an auxiliary courtroom for juvenile and district court when both superior and district courts were scheduled for Avery County until the new smaller courtroom was added to the county courthouse in 1997. The county acquired land adjacent to Newland Elementary School and in 2016, approved building a new pool and recreational complex. The Avery County Sheriff's Office provides law enforcement protection (patrol and criminal investigations) to the entire county by common law, in that the county has no county police department. The Sheriff also provides security to the courts and courthouse, serves civil orders of the courts and operates the jail complex. Other county services include an integrated enhanced-911 emergency dispatch center that provides service to all county law enforcement (Sheriff's office, 6 town police departments and three company police agencies, plus communications support to the NC Highway Patrol Troopers, NC Wildlife officers, state alcohol agents and state park rangers assigned locally), fire, EMS and rescue services in the county. The Avery 911 center was recognized by the state in 2014 as one of the best in North Carolina for professional services to the county. The county also has a county fire marshal and emergency management office, a countywide transportation service located on NC194, a veterans services office, and an office of economic development, along with manned trash collection sites throughout the county and a landfill. County recreational services are located in the old Newland High School rock gym, next to Newland Elementary School. Emergency services, such as fire and first responder/rescue, are provided by ten volunteer fire departments and a volunteer rescue squad, several of which also operate ambulances. In 2016, a new public swimming pool was authorized by county commissioners on land behind Newland Elementary School. This will replace the present pool located across from the county office building, which had deteriorated badly. Economy The county contains local attractions such as Grandfather Mountain, Grandfather Mountain State Park, Linville Gorge Wilderness, Linville Falls, Pisgah National Forest and the Blue Ridge Parkway, which all attract large numbers of visitors. In October, the annual "Wooly Worm" festival at the old school in downtown Banner Elk draws world visitors who come to see caterpillar races that locals happily claim can predict the severity of coming winters based on the fur coats of the worms. The Grandfather Mountain Highland Games is held each year the first full weekend after July 4 and is one of the largest Scottish gatherings outside Scotland and features bagpipes, bands, Scottish food, music, authentic clothing and games such as log and caber toss and use of dogs in sheep herding. Also in October is Oz Days at the former Land of Oz theme park on Beech Mountain in the fall also attracts visitors who love the legacy of the famous Judy Garland movie "The Wizard of Oz" based on Frank Baum's famous book. Oktoberfest on Sugar Mountain and Beech Mountain also in October draw large crowds and the annual Music Festival in Newland on July 4 also attracts many visitors. Ski Resorts are immensely popular tourist destinations in the cold winter months when snowfall and man-made snow create ideal skiing conditions. Sugar Mountain Ski Resort, located in Sugar Mountain, and Ski Beech Resort, located in Beech Mountain, provide multiple winter actives including skiing, snowboarding, snow tubing and ice skating. Hawks Nest Tubing Resort, located in Seven Devils offers snow tubing. Second homes, gated communities, condominiums, rental properties, hotel-motel lodging, bed and breakfasts, campgrounds and real estate in general all are critically important sources of jobs, income and tax revenue. The brilliant fall colors or the foliage of the surrounding mountains, winter sports, mountain bicycling, hiking, horseback riding, warm weather camping, hiking, wildlife viewing, hunting and searching for geological finds all make for a year-round tourism-generated and regular real estate market. Major Employers: The State of North Carolina is the largest employer in the county. It operates a forestry center, DOT office, State Highway Patrol office, state agriculture extension office, probation/parole office, alcohol law enforcement office, a state park service office and two prisons in lower Avery County on the Mitchell County border. Those side-by-side facilities are Mountain View and Avery-Mitchell. A third prison facility, the BRIDGE Unit, was a novel project to use non-violent, first-time youthful felony offenders to work on state lands and fight forest fires as "smoke jumpers." It was closed in the late 1990s and torn down. Other major employers are: the Avery County School System, Mayland Community College, Cannon Memorial Hospital, Lees-McRae College, Avery County government, Lowes Foods, Unimin, various large tree farms and mining operations which are also important local employers. A privately operated Avery Fairgrounds is located on Vale Road just outside the Newland city limits. It is funded both by allocated county funds and private funding and controlled by a fair board. The Avery County Agricultural and Horticultural Fair has been an annual event in early September of each year and draws huge crowds to the site for rides, displays and other events. Avery County is one of 420 counties and eight independent cities that fall into the Appalachian Region as defined by the US Government's Appalachian Regional Council (ARC). ARC was founded by President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1965 to address poverty in the 13 Eastern states of Appalachia. Avery is listed as "Transitional" by the ARC. Based on 2006 statistics from the US Government, the five classification categories for factors such as unemployment, income and poverty rate, the levels are: Distressed (worst), At-risk, Transitional, Competitive and Attainment. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the unemployment rate as of August 2013 was 10.6% (not seasonally adjusted), down from 11.2% for 2012. According to Census American Community Survey data for 2011 the poverty rate is listed at 18.1%. Agriculture The county's agricultural focus is the mass production of Fraser Fir Christmas Trees. Tree farms produce trees year round and they are harvested in mid October, wrapped, stacked and sold in bulk at local or far away lots or shipped to wholesalers across the country. Some farms also sell directly to visitors. Shrubbery, landscaping and greenhouses all are important agricultural aspects of the county's economy, as is beef cattle farming. In keeping with a growing trend in the NC mountains and foothills, grape growing and vineyards are becoming popular with three vineyards presently operating in the county in Banner Elk, Plumtree and Linville Falls. Media Based in Newland, the Avery Post and Avery Journal-Times cover all of Avery County. The Avery Journal-Times newspaper is owned by Jones Media publishing company and is a sister publication of the Watauga Democrat in Boone, while the Post is locally owned WECR radio station at 1130 on the AM dial serves the local area with local programs and religious music, along with local news, events and weather. Television coverage is primarily based out of Charlotte, which the county is in its Designated Market Area (DMA). However, because of proximity, several stations in the Tri-Cities also cover the area and are carried on local cable. Medical The county's public hospital is Charles A. Cannon Memorial Hospital in Linville, a campus of Appalachian Healthcare System, headquarter at Watsuga Medical Center in Bpone. The hospital is centrally located in Linville and opened in 2000, to consolidate and replace the old Cannon Hospital located in Banner Elk and Sloop Hospital located in Crossnore. The new campus also hosts the Sloop Medical Building, which houses various doctor's and dentist's offices, the local YMCA complex, and a pharmacy. The hospital is a critical care facility with a 24-hour emergency department as well as imagery, lab, surgery, and other services. It has 25 medical beds and ten psychiatric beds. Critical illnesses and injuries and trauma patients are often stabilized at Cannon, then flown or transported by ambulance to hospitals in Charlotte, Asheville, or Johnson City, Tennessee. Blue Ridge Hospital, a Mission Health care System campus, located just beyond Avery County in the neighboring Mitchell County town of Spruce Pine, also serves the lower portion of Avery County. The Avery County Emergency Medical Service (EMS) is a full-time county department (since 1994). They provide paramedic-level emergency medical care via three ambulances and a supervisor's SUV at all times, at station locations across the county. Backup is provided by fire departments, a rescue squad and law enforcement first responders. Education Avery County schools Avery County Schools has eight schools housed on seven campuses, ranging from pre-kindergarten to twelfth grade: five elementary schools, two middle schools and a central high school. Avery High School has close to 700 students and is located near Newland. It is scheduled for large-scale renovations by 2023. The Avery mascot is the Viking, and Avery athletics are a cornerstone of local culture. Football and wrestling programs have been historically prominent in regional conferences. An Army JROTC program is active, as is band, chorus and numerous student clubs. Avery High has a dual enrolment partnership program with Mayland Community College, which allows students to earn college credits while still in high school. The two county middle schools are: Avery Middle across from the High School built in 1978 and Cranberry Middle in Cranberry on a joint campus with Freedom Trail elementary near Elk Park was built in 1998. Other county elementary schools are located in: Newland (fully renovated in 2002), Crossnore Elementary was built on a new campus in 2003, Riverside Elementary in lower western Avery built in 1987 and the new Banner Elk Elementary, between Banner Elk and Sugar Mountain was built in 2011. All Avery elementary schools are newly built since 1987 or were renovated from between 1996 and 2011. Three small local high schools were closed in 1969 with the opening of the present central Avery County High School near Newland. Crossnore High School was torn down in the early 1970s. The largest of the old high schools, Cranberry High School, is now preserved as a community center in Cranberry near Elk Park. Numerous older historic rock work schools built by the Depression-era Work Projects Administration (WPA) that had been community K-8 schools were closed, starting with the old Riverside School in 1987. Both Elk Park School and Minneapolis Schools were closed in 1998 and consolidated into the new Cranberry Middle-Freedom trail School. Beech Mountain school was the last K-8 school in Avery County. It was closed in 2008 and is now a community center. The area students were moved to Cranberry Middle-Freedom Trail School. The last WPA school still operating in the county was the old downtown Banner Elk School, which closed in 2011 and reopened on a new campus located between Banner Elk and Sugar Mountain. Charter schools Two authorized charter schools operate in Avery County: Crossnore Academy, formerly an orphanage in the Town of Crossnore Grandfather Academy, formerly Grandfather Home Orphanage in Banner Elk Colleges and universities Lees-McRae College (LMC), located in Banner Elk, is a private, four-year liberal arts college that is Presbyterian Church affiliated. Mayland Community College (MCC), located straddling along the county line of both Avery and Mitchell Counties, is a public community college, which offers associate's degrees and a university-parallel college transfer program towards a bachelor's degree. Transportation Aviation Avery County Airport (7A8) is a small, public general aviation facility with no control tower. It primarily serves private aircraft and has no regularly scheduled commercial or cargo flights or major carriers. The facility jointly serves Avery and Mitchell Counties and is located on Grassy Creek Road, just off US19E near the Mitchell County Line in Green valley, 10 miles south of Newland and 4 miles east of Spruce Pine. It is jointly operated by both counties and has a 3000-foot-long runway that is 60 feet wide, with over runs at both ends in excess of 110 feet. The facility has private contractors who offer private air services, flying lessons and charter flights. The airport has seen increased usage in recent years and has been upgraded several times. The county has made cursory inquiries into resurfacing the airport to a heavier weight rating, to allow NC Air National Guard C-130 aircraft from Charlotte Douglass International Airport Air National Guard Base to conduct intermittent landing and "touch and go" combat exercises. The US Marine Corps on the NC coast at New River and Cherry Point Air Stations has also expressed an interest in conducting mountain landing training for Osprey vertical takeoff aircraft if the airport runway is thickened, as has the NC Army National Guard for its helicopters located in Salisbury. The Avery County runway is of sufficient length to accommodate large military aircraft, but not of sufficient surface thickness. Mission Hospital in Asheville has also been approached to possibly establish an air ambulance base at the airport. A smaller private airport is also located in Banner Elk parallel to NC 194 at the Elk River Club resort; which is for residents and approved guests of the Elk River Property Owners Association. Public transportation Avery County Transportation (ACT) provides general public transportation vans for a fee. The service is by call, offering rides to various locations in the county and out-of-county medical rides. The transportation office and garage is located on NC 194, just north oh the Newland city limits. Major highways See also National Register of Historic Places listings in Avery County, North Carolina References Further reading Cooper, Horton. History of Avery County, Biltmore Press, 1964 Cooper, Horton. North Carolina Mountain Folklore and Miscellany Murfreesboro, N.C., Johnson Pub. Co., c1972 Hardy, Michael C. Avery County: Images of America, Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing, 2005 Hardy, Michael C. Remembering Avery County, Charleston, SC: The History Press, 2007 External links Cy Crumley ET&WNC Photo Collection Category:1911 establishments in North Carolina Category:Populated places established in 1911 Category:Counties of Appalachia	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Leslie, West Virginia Leslie is an unincorporated community in Greenbrier County, West Virginia, United States. Leslie is located on West Virginia Route 20 southwest of Quinwood. References Category:Unincorporated communities in Greenbrier County, West Virginia Category:Unincorporated communities in West Virginia Category:Coal towns in West Virginia	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Back from the Grave, Volume 6 Back from the Grave, Volume 6 (LP) is the sixth installment in the Back from the Grave series of garage rock compilations assembled by Tim Warren of Crypt Records. It was released in 1986. In keeping with all of the entries in the series, and as indicated in the subheading which reads "17 Loud Unpsychedelic Wild Mid-60s Garage Punkers," this collection generally excludes psychedelic, folk rock, and pop-influenced material in favor of basic primitive rock and roll, usually consisting of songs displaying the rawer and more aggressive side of the genre often characterized by the use of fuzztone-distorted guitars and rough vocals. The packaging features well-researched liner notes written by Tim Warren which convey basic information about each song and group, such as origin, recording date, and biographical sketches, usually written in a conversational style that includes occasional slang, anecdotes, humorous asides. The liner notes are noticeably opinionated, sometimes engaging in tongue-in-cheek insults directed at other genres of music. The packaging also includes photographs of the bands, and the front cover features a highly satirical cartoon by Mort Todd which depicts the customarily vengeful deeds of revivified zombies, but this time, in a version of the future based on a retro-vision from the past, replete with flying saucers, these defiantly "earthly" creatures have taken Crypt records' makeshift fighter-plane for a joyride into orbit for the purpose of not-so-safely depositing their "musically heterodox" victims into the outer reaches of space. The set begins with "My World Is Upside Down" by the Shames from Ipswich, Massachusetts, who are also later represented on the set with "Special Ones." Two Michigan bands, Keggs from Detroit, who perform "Girl" and the Ascots from Pontiac ("So Good"), are also included on side one. Side two begins with "Varsity Club Song" by the Golden Catalinas from La Crosse, Wisconsin followed by "Say You Love Me," by Billy & the Kids from Wenatchee, Washington. "Come on Mary" is by the Abandoned "Love's a Fire" by the Werps. The set concludes with "Through the Night" by The Trojans Of Evol. Track listing Side one The Shames: "My World Is Upside Down" Long John and the Silvermen: "Heart Filled with Love" The Keggs: "Girl" Beaux Jens: "She was Mine" Shames: "Special Ones" The Savoys: "Can It Be" The Ascots: "So Good" The Barracudas: "Baby Get Lost" Side two The Golden Catalinas: "Varsity Club Song" Billy and the Kids: "Say You Love Me" The Shandels: "Caroline" The Shandels: "Mary Mary" The Abandoned: "Come on Mary" The Treytones: "Nonymous" The Bryds: "Your Lies" The Werps: "Love's a Fire" The Trojans of Evol: "Through the Night" Catalogue and release information Long playing record (Crypt LP-006, rel. 1986) Back from the Grave, Volumes 5 and 6 (CD) Back from the Grave, Volumes 5 and 6 (CD) is a re-mastered CD that combines into one disc volumes 5 and 6 of the original 1983 LPs in the Back from the Grave series of garage rock compilations out by Tim Warren of Crypt Records. This CD was released in 2015. Until the advent of this CD in 2015, there had been no prior releases of volumes 5 and 6 on CD, as all of the songs which were included on the volumes 5 and LPs, appeared instead on volumes 1-4 in the old CD series—the entries in that old CD series differed dramatically from the LPs. However, this CD is a part of a new Back from the Grave sub-series which attempts to more faithfully replicate the song selection original LPs, bringing the series for the first time into multi-media coherence. Like the LPs the packaging features well-researched liner notes written by Tim Warren which convey basic information about each song and group, such as origin, recording date, and biographical sketches. The packaging also includes photographs of the bands, and the front cover (taken from the Volume 5 LP) features a highly satirical cartoon by Mort Todd. The track list to the Volumes 5 and 6 CD is similar to the corresponding LPs, but there are some differences. Track listing The Jesters Of Newport: "Stormy" The Warlords: "Real Fine Lady" The Henchmen: "Livin'" The Jaguars: "It's Gonna Be Alright" The Vestells: "Won't You Tell Me" The Few: "Escape" The Nobles: "Something Else" The Keggs: "To Find Out" The Humans: "Warning" The Illusions: "City of People" The Tigermen: "Close That Door" The Aztex: "The Little Streets in My Town" The Hatfields The Kid from Cinncy The Centrees: "She's Good for Me" The Tikis: "Show You Love" The Rising Tides: "Take the World as it Comes" The Shames: "My World Is Upside Down" Long John and the Silvermen: "Heart Filled with Love" The Keggs: "Girl" Beaux Jens: "She was Mine" Shames: "Special Ones" The Savoys: "Can It Be" The Abandoned: "Come on Mary" The Barracudas: "Baby Get Lost" The Ascots: "So Good" The Shames: "Special Ones" The Golden Catalinas: "Varsity Club Song" Billy and the Kids: "Say You Love Me" The Shandels: "Caroline" The Shandels: "Mary Mary" The Treytones: "Nonymous" The Bryds: "Your Lies" The Trojans of Evol: "Through the Night" Catalogue and release information Compact disc (Crypt CD, rel. 2015) References Category:Back from the Grave (series) Category:1986 compilation albums Category:2015 compilation albums Category:Crypt Records albums	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Kong Foo Sing "Kong Foo Sing" is a song by Australian rock band Regurgitator. The song was released in April 1996 as the second single and first single from the band's debut studio album Tu-Plang. The single peaked at number 33 in Australia. The song ranked at number 15 on Triple J's Hottest 100 in 1996. Ben Ely said "the song was about how Quan Yeomans had sent Janet from Spiderbait a box of the Kong Foo Sing fortune cookies in an effort to get her to go out with him." Reception In 2019, Tyler Jenke from The Brag ranked Regurgitator's best songs, with "Kong Foo Sing" coming it at number 2. Jenke said "An ode to the fortune cookie, 'Kong Foo Sing' managed to see Regurgitator become something of a household name in the world of alt-rock. Pairing catchy lyrics, samples from kung-fu films, and a crushing rhythm section, there was no doubting that this one would go on to become one of their most successful moments." Track listings Charts Release history References Category:1996 singles Category:1995 songs Category:Regurgitator songs Category:Songs written by Quan Yeomans Category:Song recordings produced by Magoo (Australian producer) Category:Warner Music Australasia singles	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Democratic Left Party (Turkey) The Democratic Left Party (, DSP) is a Turkish political party, founded on 14 November 1985 by Rahşan Ecevit. History 1985–1999 The DSP, a social-democratic oriented party, was registered on 14 November 1985 by Rahşan Ecevit, wife of Bülent Ecevit, as he was banned from political life after the 1980 coup d'état. In 1986 Bülent Ecevit addressed the DSP convention in Ankara, declaring his support for the party. The address landed him in court for allegedly violating the political bans. The DSP was unable, however, to achieve a substantial showing in the 1986 by-elections even though Ecevit, despite his ban, continued to campaign at the party's rallies as a "guest speaker". The political ban on Ecevit was lifted following a referendum in 1987. Later that year, Rahşan Ecevit handed over the rule of the party to her spouse. But the party failed to pass the 10% national threshold needed for a political party to have a seat in Parliament in the 1987 elections, prompting the Ecevits to step down from their positions in the party. In 1988, Necdet Karababa was elected as the new party leader. However, the next year, Ecevit was reelected as party chairman in the party convention. Two years later in 1991, the DSP received 10.75% of the votes in the elections allowing the party to have seven seats in the Parliament. This also meant the return of Ecevit to the Parliament after 11 years. It was a minor party until it won 76 parliamentary seats in the December 1995 elections. Again in 1995, the party started to suffer from inner conflicts after years of serenity. The inner conflicts in the party ended with the dismissal of Erdal Kesebir, MP for Edirne and three other DSP members. In 1997, the DSP became a partner of a three-way coalition government led by Mesut Yılmaz who at the time was the leader of the Motherland Party. Ecevit became the deputy prime minister. In 1998, the 55th government of Turkey was toppled by a censure motion. Ecevit received the mandate to form a new government. He founded a minority government of DSP in 1999 to carry the country to general elections. 1999–2002 Boosted by the capture of the leader of the PKK, Abdullah Öcalan, during his premiership, Ecevit and the DSP won 22,19% of the votes in the elections of April 1999 and took 136 of the 550 seats in the Turkish Parliament becoming the leading party. Its leader Bülent Ecevit became the Prime Minister of Turkey for the fifth time. The coalition government of DSP, MHP and ANAP pursued social and economic reforms and EU Harmonization reforms, and implemented changes to 34 articles of the Constitution. As Turkey suffered an economic crisis in 2000-2001, the government embarked on further economic reforms which included changes to the tender law, economic social council law, unemployment insurance, the restructuring of state banks, accreditation law, law on capital markets, and the law on industrial zones. The party staunchly opposed the invasion of Iraq by the US. The DSP was weakened by internal divisions in 2001, when Deputy Prime Minister Hüsamettin Özkan and several other leading DSP politicians and MPs founded the New Turkey Party. The year after, its government coalition partner MHP called for early elections, which were held on 3 November 2002. None of the three coalition parties were able to pass the 10% national threshold in those elections. After 2002 Before the 6th Party Congress on 25 July 2004, Bülent Ecevit announced that he would step down as party leader and leave active politics. During the congress, Zeki Sezer, deputy chairman since 2001, was elected as the new Chairman of the party. DSP entered the 2007 elections together with the Republican People's Party (CHP). The DSP-CHP alliance won 20.85% of the votes with the DSP getting 13 seats in Parliament. In 2008, together with many other politicians joining the DSP before the local elections of 2009, Mustafa Sarıgül, the Mayor of the Istanbul district of Şişli officially joined the party. DSP got only 2.75% of votes in the local elections of 2009. Zeki Sezer resigned and Masum Türker succeeded him. After Türker's succession, both Mustafa Sarıgül, the deputy of Şişli, and Rahşan Ecevit, the widow of Bülent Ecevit, resigned from the party and created short lived Democratic Left People's Party. Democratic Left People's Party dissolved itself after six months. After 2011 general elections, DSP received a major decline in Turkish politics, getting less than 0.25% votes in subsequent elections in 2011 and 2015. In 2015, Önder Aksakal succeeded Türker as party leader. The party lost eligibility to contest in 2018 elections, and they supported Nation Alliance. Leaders Rahşan Ecevit (1985–1987) Bülent Ecevit (1987–1988) Necdet Karababa (1988–1989) Bülent Ecevit (1989–2004) Zeki Sezer (2004–2009) Masum Türker (2009-2015) (2015–) Rahşan Ecevit and Bülent Ecevit are honorary presidents of DSP. Notable members Notable members and former members include: Bülent Ecevit, Founder Necdet Karababa, Former Party Leader Rahşan Ecevit, Founder Zeki Sezer, Former Party Leader Masum Türker, Current Party Leader Yılmaz Büyükerşen, Mayor of the City of Eskişehir Mustafa Sarıgül, Mayor of the Istanbul district of Şişli Seyit Torun, Mayor of the city of Ordu , interim Party Leader Political view The term Demokratik Sol (Democratic Left) was created by Bülent Ecevit in his late CHP period, as a mix of social democracy, social liberalism, democratic socialism, secularism and Kemalism. With this term, the party established a link between universal values of the left and national-cultural heritage which makes the ideology "domestic". In other words, contemporary social democracy is made compatible with the conditions of Turkey. With Democratic Left, Ecevit made up a new synthesis by articulating new dimensions such as democratic socialism and social democracy to the national independence movement or Kemalism. The symbol of the white dove (Ak Güvercin) was selected to symbolize the pacifism and social accordance. DSP approves of Turkish adhesion to the European Union, although it criticized the content of the Customs Union. During the premiership of Ecevit in 1999, Turkey became a candidate for the EU. DSP is against the idea of a united Cyprus state. Election results General Elections Local Elections See also 2015 Democratic Left Party Extraordinary Convention References External links Official website Category:Political parties in Turkey Category:Secularism in Turkey Category:Social democratic parties Category:Social democratic parties in Asia	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Adolphe Blanc Adolphe Blanc (24 June 1828 – May 1885) was a French composer of chamber music. Blanc was born in Manosque, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence. At the age of 13 he was sent to study violin at the Paris Conservatoire. Though he studied under Fromental Halévy, and though his one-act comic opera Les Deux Billets was performed in 1868, Blanc's refined music lies in the Romantic Viennese tradition of hausmusik for private performance, music that was essentially peripheral to the public musical life of contemporary Paris, which was centered on opera, and as a result Blanc has been largely overlooked. There are three string trios, four string quartets, seven string quintets of various configurations, 15 piano trios, piano quartets and quintets as well as settings and arrangements, songs, pieces for piano and violin, choral works and some orchestral works. He was conductor at the Théâtre Lyrique in Paris, 1855 – 1860, and died in Paris. None of his music, save perhaps the Septet opus 40, can be called familiar. The following have been recorded: Trio for piano, clarinet and cello op. 23 Quintet for piano, flute, clarinet, horn and bassoon op. 37 Septet for clarinet, horn, bassoon, violin, viola, cello and double bass, op. 40 (1860) Sonatine concertante for two pianos, op. 64 External links Kammermusikverlag Kassel: Hans-Ruprecht Bitterhof, "Adolphe Blanc" Klassika: A list of compositions Adolphe Blanc Septet in E, Op.40 Sound-bites Trios, piano, strings, no. 4, op. 35 (From the Sibley Music Library Digital Score Collection) Romance, piano, oboe, horn, op. 43 (From the Sibley Music Library Digital Score Collection) Category:1828 births Category:1885 deaths Category:People from Manosque Category:19th-century classical composers Category:19th-century French composers Category:French classical composers Category:French male classical composers Category:French Romantic composers Category:Conservatoire de Paris alumni Category:19th-century male musicians	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Lambert Tree Lambert Tree (November 29, 1832 – October 9, 1910) was a United States state court judge, ambassador, and patron of the arts. Biography Born in Washington, D.C., Tree went to the University of Virginia. He studied law and graduated LLB and was admitted to the Washington bar in 1855. Soon afterwards, he moved west to pursue his career as the West opened up and moved to the then small frontier town of Chicago, Illinois. He practised law and, in 1870, was elected to the Cook County, Illinois circuit court. Tree presided over the indictment, trial, and conviction of corrupt City Council members. He lost the 1882 United States Senate race by one vote, then fell seven votes shy in 1885. However, later in 1885, he accepted an appointment from President Grover Cleveland as minister to Belgium. He then served the shortest tour, less than one month, of all U.S. Ministers to Russia: after his presentation of credentials on January 4, 1889, he left post on February 2, 1889, not long before the inauguration of President Cleveland's successor, Benjamin Harrison, a Republican. President Harrison nominated Judge Tree to sit on the International Monetary Conference in Washington in 1891-2 and he was one of those for whom ballots were cast for nomination to the Vice-Presidency of the United States, in the Democratic National Convention in 1892. He was very active in the civic and cultural life of the City as Life Trustee of the Newbury Library, Vice-President of the Chicago historical Society, incorporator of the American Red Cross and founder of the Chicago Branch. He was for several years President of the Illinois Historical Society and was honoured as Officer of the Legion of Honour by France, Grand Officer of the Order of Leopold by Belgium and was a member of the Sons of the American Revolution. Tree was married to Anna Josephine Magie in 1859; she was the daughter of Haines H Magie, who was one of the very earliest settlers in Chicago and owned land and a business in the heart of the City. Lambert and Anna had an older son who died in infancy, James Mandeville Carlisle Tree (b 1861 in Paris). The couple had a 2nd son, Arthur, who married Ethel Field, the daughter of American millionaire Marshall Field in a lavish ceremony at the Field's mansion on Prairie Avenue. While travelling back from a European trip on a steamboat in early October 1903, his wife died. Seven years later, on 9 October 1910, Tree died in the Waldorf Astoria New York from heart failure. When Tree died he had been returning from visiting his son at his home on his country estate in England; Tree had never been happy that Arthur decided to live abroad and demonstrated his displeasure with the situation by stipulating in his will that his grandson, Ronald Tree, should receive his education in America. The Tree Family Documentary evidence strongly supports that the Tree family in America descend from a family that held land and estates near Beckington in Somerset for several hundred years with their family seat at Rudge Hall. The first recorded arrival, Richard Tree, settled in Jamestown, Virginia in 1621 and was a Virginia Assembly member in 1629 and 1632. Captain Lambert Tree (great grandfather of Judge Lambert Tree) was a prominent ship-owner in the Atlantic sea-trade between 1762 and 1776, when he became an early battlefield commander in the War of Independence against the British. He died early in the Campaign in its first year and was survived by a son, Captain John Tree (1762-circa 1814) who carried on the profession of sea-captain based out of Philadelphia. His son, also a Lambert, (1799-1881) moved to Washington DC where he entered the US Postal Service and remained over 60 years. He was married to Laura Matilda Burrows, a granddaughter of Maj-Gen John Burrows, who fought in the Revolutionary Wars under George Washington. Lambert Tree was Lambert and Matilda's 2nd but oldest surviving son, born at the family home in Washington. Arthur Magie Tree Lambert's son and heir, Arthur, was born on the 1st July 1863 in Chicago and died on the 27th September 1914 in Southampton, England, where he had been living near Leamington in Warwickshire at a grand country house, Ashorne Hill, built with his wife Ethel. The building is a finely executed house of the late-Victorian period, finished in sandstone and survives in an institutional use, though the Tree connection is affirmed by the family crest over the main entrance porch and Arthur's initials (AMT) over the stable yard portico. He attended Princeton University, graduating Class of 1885, having read history and law, like his father. He self identified as a horse breeder and farmer, though he was a gentleman of some leisure by all accounts and possessed an ocean going motor yacht of grand proportions. The marriage with Ethel did not have a good start as both their first born children died in infancy; Lambert and Gladys. Finally a surviving son was born, Ronald, on September 26th 1897. By this time, the marriage can't have been a happy one and was over soon after Ronald's birth. Upon dissolution of the marriage, Ronald remained with his father at Ashorne Hill. Apart from the son with his wife Ethel, he also had children with the Irish-born governess of his young son at Ashorne Hill, Kathleen Walsh. She bore him two daughters and four sons in the period between circa 1898 and 1914, three of whom had issue. Tree Studio Building A patron of the arts, Judge Tree and his wife had an artists studio constructed in 1894 at 603-621 N. State St., to provide low cost housing and space for artists. The Tree Studio Building is important architecturally for its picturesque details of the period. After its original construction, two wings (located on Ohio and Ontario) were added during 1912–1913, forming a distinctive courtyard. This U-shaped complex is now closed off at the other end by the Medinah Temple. Tree Studios is one of the nation's oldest such studios, the original portion being designated a Chicago landmark February 26, 1997. Lambert Tree Award In 1887, Judge Lambert Tree and Chicago Mayor Carter H. Harrison put up the funding for civilian awards given annually to an individual member of the Police and Fire Departments who demonstrate outstanding bravery in the line of duty. Currently, the medal presentations are rotated from year to year, so neither award is perceived as better than the other. The awards are given out during Fire Prevention Week in October each year for the preceding twelve months. In 1999, the Fire Department designee received the Lambert Tree Award, thus in October, 2000, the department recipient will receive the Carter H. Harrison Award. These awards have been presented annually (with the exception of the years 1890–1896) since March 4, 1887. (dead link). A listing of police award recipients by year, with a little description can be found online. See also A Signal of Peace, 1890 statue by Cyrus Edwin Dallin which Tree purchased and donated, exhibited in Lincoln Park, Chicago The Tree Family, written and researched by Josiah Glanville Leach LLB, published JB Lippincott Company, Philadelphia, 1908. References External links Category:1832 births Category:1910 deaths Category:Lawyers from Chicago Category:People from Washington, D.C. Category:University of Virginia alumni Category:Illinois lawyers Category:Virginia lawyers Category:Illinois state court judges Category:Ambassadors of the United States to Belgium Category:Ambassadors of the United States to Russia Category:19th-century American diplomats Category:Burials at Graceland Cemetery (Chicago) Category:19th-century American lawyers Category:19th-century American judges Category:American patrons of the arts	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Waitoki Waitoki is a locality in the Rodney District of New Zealand. Wainui is approximately 5.5 kilometres to the north-east, Kaukapakapa 6.5 km to the north-west, and Dairy Flat 10 km to the south-east. The Wainui Stream joins the Waitoki Stream just to the north-east of the locality. The stream flows west into the Kaukapakapa River. Education Waitoki School is a coeducational full primary (years 1-8) school with a decile rating of 8 and a roll of 95. The school opened in 1924 and celebrated its 75th anniversary in 1999. Notes Category:Rodney District Category:Populated places in the Auckland Region	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
France A. Córdova France Anne-Dominic Córdova (born August 5, 1947) is an American astrophysicist and administrator, who is the fourteenth director of the National Science Foundation. Previously, she was the eleventh President of Purdue University from 2007 to 2012. Biography Early years Córdova was born in Paris, France, the eldest of twelve children. Her mother was Irish-American and her father a Mexican-American West Point graduate and businessman. She attended high school at Bishop Amat High School in La Puente, California, east of Los Angeles and went on to Stanford University, where she graduated cum laude with a bachelor's degree in English and conducted anthropological field work in a Zapotec Indian pueblo in Oaxaca, Mexico. She earned a PhD in Physics from the California Institute of Technology in 1979. Career Córdova worked at the Space Astronomy and Astrophysics Group at the Los Alamos National Laboratory from 1979 to 1989, where she also served as Deputy Group Leader. She headed the Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics at Pennsylvania State University from 1989 to 1993. From 1993 to 1996, Córdova was the youngest person and first woman to hold the position of NASA Chief Scientist, serving as the primary scientific advisor to the NASA administrator and the principal interface between NASA headquarters and the broader scientific community. Córdova then went to the University of California, Santa Barbara where she was Vice-Chancellor for Research and a Professor of Physics. In 2002 she was appointed Chancellor of the University of California, Riverside, where she was also a Distinguished Professor of Physics and Astronomy. Córdova led the initial steps toward establishing the UC Riverside School of Medicine. Córdova became the eleventh president of Purdue University in 2007 and promoted student success and the commercialization of interdisciplinary research. Her administration oversaw the establishment of Purdue's College of Health and Human Sciences and its Global Policy Research Institute. At the end of her term, Purdue's trustees credited her with leading the school to record levels of research funding, reputational rankings, and student retention rates. President Barack Obama appointed Córdova to the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution in 2009, and she served until 2014. She was chair of the Board of Regents from 2012 to 2014. In 2014, Córdova was nominated by President Obama and confirmed by the United States Senate as the 14th head of the National Science Foundation. Córdova's scientific career contributions have been in the areas of observational and experimental astrophysics, multi-spectral research on x-ray and gamma ray sources, and space-borne instrumentation. She has published more than 150 scientific papers, most recently in 2007. In September 2007, she was appointed to the board of directors of BioCrossroads, Indiana's initiative to grow the life sciences through a public-private collaboration that supports the region's research and corporate strengths while encouraging new business development. Personal life Córdova is married to science educator Christian J. Foster, with whom she has two children, Anne-Catherine and Stephen. Honors and awards In 1996, Córdova received NASA's highest honor, the NASA Distinguished Service Medal. She was recognized as a 2000 Kilby Laureate, for "contributions to society through science, technology, innovation, invention, and education." She was named one of the 80 Elite Hispanic Women by Hispanic Business Magazine in 2002. In 2008, Córdova was nominated to the Stanford University Multicultural Alumni Hall of Fame by El Centro Chicano, Stanford's Chicano and Latino organization. She was appointed by President George W. Bush to the National Science Board in 2008. In 2012, she received the Women in Space Science Award from the Adler Planetarium. Purdue University's France A. Córdova Recreational Sports Center was named for her in 2012. A 98-million-dollar renovation of the 55-year-old facility was approved during her presidency. The building was one of 10 recreation facilities to receive a Facility of Merit Award for 2014 from Athletic Business. Córdova is a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), the Association for Women in Science (AWIS), and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and is a National Associate of the National Academies. She has received numerous honorary doctorates, including from Loyola Marymount University in Los Angeles (1997), Ben Gurion University of the Negev (2011), Purdue University (2012), Duke University (2015), the University of Connecticut (2016), and Rochester Institute of Technology (2016). References External links UC Riverside Chancellor France A. Córdova Named Purdue University President Purdue's new president 'out of this world' Gale - Free Resources - Hispanic Heritage - Biographies - France Anne Córdova France Córdova Video produced by Makers: Women Who Make America Category:1947 births Category:20th-century American scientists Category:20th-century astronomers Category:20th-century women Category:21st-century American scientists Category:21st-century astronomers Category:21st-century women Category:American astronomers Category:American people of Irish descent Category:American people of Mexican descent Category:California Institute of Technology alumni Category:Chancellors of the University of California, Riverside Category:Living people Category:Los Alamos National Laboratory personnel Category:NASA people Category:Pennsylvania State University faculty Category:People from La Puente, California Category:People from Los Angeles Category:People from Paris Category:Smithsonian Institution people Category:Stanford University alumni Category:University of California, Riverside faculty Category:University of California, Santa Barbara faculty Category:Women astronomers Category:Women heads of universities and colleges Category:Women academic administrators Category:American academic administrators Category:United States National Science Foundation officials Category:Presidents of Purdue University Category:American expatriates in France	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
The New New Deal The New New Deal: The Hidden Story of Change in the Obama Era is a 2012 book about the Obama administration and its response to the world financial crisis written by journalist Michael Grunwald. He describes the discussions and debates that led to the government's anti-recession measures such as the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA). Taking a positive review of the President's efforts, Grunwald defends the economic measures as full of important, long-term investments while charging Republican Party opponents as being hypocritical and self-serving. The book was published by Simon & Schuster on August 14, 2012. Grunwald had previously served as a journalist for Time as well as the author of the 2007 non-fiction work The Swamp: The Everglades, Florida, and the Politics of Paradise. The title of his new book intentionally refers back to the 'New Deal' policies of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, a matter also much discussed in the book itself. Supportive reviews ran in publications such as Bloomberg View, The Economist, and Kirkus Reviews, while negative reviews appeared in publications such as Reason.com and City Journal. Contents Grunwald describes the goals of the Obama administration as finding a "direction, not a destination." Thus, he details the debates and discussions behind anti-recession measures as about "metamorphosis" as well as fiscal stimulus. President Obama took office in January 2009, Grunwald writes, and enacted a "down payment on long-term goals" in the short political time space that Obama had, using Obama's "one shot to spend boatloads of money pursuing his vision." As Grunwald states, the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA) took shape based on a conscious desire to recreate the public works projects undertaken by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. In addition, he writes about how Obama, in a particular contrast to Roosevelt, actively participated in the transition between his team and the George W. Bush administration. The new President, as he details, publicly supported the past Troubled Asset Relief Program as well as measures to assist the beleaguered U.S. auto industry. Grunwald also notes Obama’s choice of Rahm Emanuel as White House Chief of Staff as a prime example of Obama's effort to create a revamped version of Bill Clinton's insider policy team, with their Keynesian macro-economic view represented. Grunwald details how one administration adviser described the process as "[s]omeone would make a single phone call, and suddenly it’s, 'All righty. Put a billion dollars over there'." Grunwald negatively portrays the objections of Republicans to the government spending increases as seizing an opportunity to oppose the new President. He argues that they opposed even things that they supposedly called for in the past, such as tax cuts, by refusing to co-operate at all, with Grunwald charging that Republicans knew they could portray themselves positively on the side of fiscal restraint should the economy falter further. Ultimately, Grunwald accounts how Obama's $787 billion stimulus package amounted to about 4% of America’s GDP while, during the Great Depression, the biggest stimulus in any year amounted to just about 1.5% of GDP. The President's early, pre-inauguration plan, at $300 billion, increased given the particularly frustrating unemployment situation. Early 2009 data had presented losses of around 800,000 a month. He writes that critics of ARRA correctly view it as using economic tools to alter American society, implementing particular school reforms, measures supporting low-carbon energy, health care regulations, and the like all in ways that shift more control to the executive branch and away from state and local governments. He quotes economist Larry Summers' observation that governments inherently make bad venture capitalists. However, Grunwald defends this overlying Obama policy as a set of bold investments, especially in regards to spending on untested new technologies, that will set up large future gains. Reviews City Journal ran a negative review by writer Judah Bellin. He wrote, "[T]he stimulus provided sound basis for opposition: in addition to the well-publicized failures of Solyndra and Ener1, numerous infrastructure projects faced local obstacles and delays, leading to Obama’s memorable admission that 'shovel ready was not as shovel-ready as we expected'." He also argued that "Obama comes across as similarly unaware of the limits of top-down planning" in the book as well as that the 2010 midterm elections provided a rejoinder to President Obama's economic policy vision. Kirkus Reviews published a positive review, describing the book as a "cogent reality check" as well as a "pointed, in-the-trenches study whose thrust will be borne out with time. The Economist also ran a supportive review, the news-magazine stating that the book "does a meticulous job, casting much new light on the advance thinking... both before the election and, especially, during the long transition". In addition, The Economist concluded: The editor-in-chief of The Politico, John Harris, praised the book, arguing that it "demolishes cliches and vividly reframes our thinking about President Obama and his stimulus package through a gripping narrative." Harris also wrote, "Even if everyone doesn't agree with Grunwald's provocative conclusions, every serious reader will see in Grunwald’s book a vindication of serious journalism, at a time when we need it." Bloomberg View columnist Frank Wilkinson also commented on Grunwald's "excellent book", saying that he viewed Grunwald as "a crisp and engaging writer". Tim Cavanaugh wrote for reason.com blasting the book and what he viewed as the author's "chutzpah"; he commented that Grunwald expressed "no knowledge of economics beyond what figures in headlines, which is probably worse than knowing no economics at all." He also stated that the book's only strength was its "rotisserie league party wonkery" given that it otherwise, in his view, "goes on for nearly half a thousand frequently repetitive pages of text, all explicating a convoluted set of theories." Cavanaugh argued: See also 2008–2012 global recession 2012 in literature American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 Economic policies of the Obama administration Modern liberalism in the United States New Deal Related books Economics Does Not Lie End This Depression Now! References External links michaelgrunwald.com Category:Books about the Obama administration Category:2012 non-fiction books Category:Books about economic policy	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Climbing to Spring is a 2014 Japanese drama film directed by Daisaku Kimura. It was released on 14 June 2014. Plot Tōru, a struggling securities trader in Tokyo, learns that his father Isao has died in a mountain rescue operation. He returns to his home town in the mountains of central Japan for the wake. He spontaneously decides to quit his prestigious job and take over the remote mountain hut that Isao operated during the summer season. Helping him are Ai, a young woman who's an excellent cook, and Goro, a somewhat mysterious friend of Isao's. Tōru struggles at first, but soon comes to appreciate the magnificent environment and the camaraderie among the mountain enthusiasts who come to visit. His newfound solace is put to a test when Goro suffers a stroke and needs to be carried down the mountain quickly or risk lasting damage. Cast Kenichi Matsuyama as Tōru Nagamine Yū Aoi as Ai Takazawa Etsushi Toyokawa as Goro Tada Kaoru Kobayashi as Isao Nagamine Reception The film has grossed ¥95.2 million in Japan. References External links Category:2010s drama films Category:Films directed by Daisaku Kimura Category:Japanese drama films Category:Japanese films Category:Mountaineering films Category:Mountaineering books	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Athalaric Athalaric (; 5162 October 534) was the king of the Ostrogoths in Italy between 526 and 534. He was a son of Eutharic and Amalasuntha, the youngest daughter of Theoderic the Great, whom Athalaric succeeded as king in 526. As Athalaric was only ten years old, the regency was assumed by his mother, Amalasuntha. His mother attempted to provide for him an education in the Roman tradition, but the Gothic nobles pressured her to allow them to raise him as they saw fit. As a result, Athalaric drank heavily and indulged in vicious excesses, which ruined his constitution. References Attribution: Further reading Letters of Cassiodorus, Book VIII from Project Gutenberg Procopius 'Wars' Book V, trans. H. P. Dewing Peter Heather, The Goths (Oxford, Blackwell, 1996). Category:516 births Category:534 deaths Category:6th-century kings of Italy Category:Ostrogothic kings Category:Amali dynasty Category:Ancient child rulers Category:6th-century monarchs in Europe Category:6th-century Ostrogothic people	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Jerzy Hewelt Jerzy Hewelt (born 23 August 1948 in Trzebież Szczeciński) is a Polish former hurdler who competed in the 1976 Summer Olympics. References Category:1948 births Category:Living people Category:Polish male hurdlers Category:Olympic athletes of Poland Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1976 Summer Olympics Category:People from Police County Category:Sportspeople from West Pomeranian Voivodeship Category:Universiade medalists in athletics (track and field) Category:Universiade gold medalists for Poland	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Rémy Ceillier Dom Rémy (or Rémi) Ceillier (1688 – 1761) was a Benedictine monk of the Lorraine Congregation of St. Vanne. Ceillier was born in Bar-le-Duc, and was the compiler of an immense Histoire générale des auteurs sacrés et ecclésiastiques (23 vols., Paris, 1729–1763), a history and analysis of the writings of ecclesiastical writers of the first thirteen centuries. A later and improved edition in 14 volumes was produced in Paris in 1858. Ceillier's other work, Apologie de la morale des Pères de l'Église (Paris, 1718), also won fame. The most valuable portion of Ceillier's Histoire généale des auteurs sacrés et ecclésiastiques is that dealing with the Church fathers of the first six centuries. Here the author was able to draw upon the writings of Louis-Sébastien Le Nain de Tillemont and use the scholarly Benedictine editions of the Church fathers. Charges of Jansenism made against Ceillier in his lifetime and afterwards find no substantiation in his writings, and the treatment accorded to the author and his works by Pope Benedict XIV shows that the pope had no doubts as to his orthodoxy. References Category:1688 births Category:1791 deaths Category:People from Bar-le-Duc Category:18th-century French historians Category:French Benedictines Category:French male non-fiction writers Category:18th-century male writers	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Ko Adang Ko Adang () is the second biggest island within Tarutao National Marine Park, in Thailand, very close to Ko Lipe island. The island is 6 km long and 5 km wide. The highest point on the island is 690 m. Overview Adang is surrounded by only few sandy beaches, but the offshore coral reef is abundant. The hilly interior is covered in dense jungle. There are two waterfalls on Ko Adang. Tourism There are some mountain trails suitable for hiking though the jungle forest. View points along the way offer views over the nearby island of Ko Lipe and the sea panorama behind. The island is very quiet and undeveloped, thanks to being part of Tarutao National Park. On the southern tip (closest to Ko Lipe) there are camping facilities, as well as bungalows, all belonging to the national park. There is also a ranger station. Long-tail boats can be hired to get to other sights on and around Ko Adang, including a black sand beach to the north of the island. References External links Ko Tarutao National Park, Department of National Parks Ko Adang Category:Islands of the Strait of Malacca	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Pseudiodis albidentula Pseudiodis albidentula is a moth of the family Geometridae first described by George Hampson in 1907. It is found in Sri Lanka. References Category:Moths described in 1907 Category:Geometrinae	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
The Hostage Tower The Hostage Tower is a 1980 American spy and thriller telemovie starring Peter Fonda and Douglas Fairbanks Jr., and directed by Claudio Guzmán, well known for his work in sitcoms. It is based on a book of the same name by John Denis, based on an idea by Alistair MacLean. The book was written deliberately for television adaptation. It is the first in the series of UNACO books. Plot Criminal mastermind Mr Smith (Keir Dullea) is being pursued by Malcolm Philpott (Douglas Fairbanks Jr.), the head of an international peace organisation. When Mr Smith captures the Eiffel Tower and kidnaps the mother of the President of the United States (Celia Johnson), Philpott must enlist the help of spies to take him down. Mr Smith demands a ransom of $30 million without which he will blow up the tower and the President's mother. He has protected the tower from infiltration by stealing four high-power lasers which will shoot anyone entering who is not equipped with a protective device. Cast Peter Fonda ... Mike Graham Douglas Fairbanks Jr. ... Malcolm Philpott Maud Adams ... Sabrina Carver Billy Dee Williams ... Clarence Whitlock Keir Dullea ... Mr Smith Britt Ekland ... Leah Rachel Roberts ... Sonya Kolchinski Celia Johnson ... Mrs Wheeler Production In the early 1970s, a series of films based on MacLean novels had not performed well at the American box office, including When Eight Bells Toll, Puppet on a Chain and Fear Is the Key. MacLean decided to focus on American television. He wrote a 120 page novella called Air Force One is Down about top executives of various oil companies travelling in Air Force One when it is hijacked. The idea was turned down by NBC. MacLean then pitched a number of new ideas to networks, each with a 25-30 page treatment. The Hostage Tower was approved by CBS. The network did request the Eiffel Tower be changed to the Statue of Liberty but MacLean refused, feeling the tower was essential. Filming took six weeks starting in October 1979. Trivia The roles of Mike Graham and Sabrina Carver are later reprised by Pierce Brosnan and Alexandra Paul in TV adaptations of Death Train and Night Watch, both UNACO novels written for the screen. Death Train also featured Clarke Peters taking over as C. W. Whitlock and Patrick Stewart as Malcolm Philpott. Britt Ekland and Maud Adams were previously seen together as Bond girls in The Man with the Golden Gun. The Hostage Tower was one of Douglas Fairbanks Jr.'s final films. The movie was filmed entirely in Paris, France. The film was released on VHS and Laserdisc but is currently out of print. References External links Category:English-language television programs Category:1980 television films Category:American television films Category:Television shows set in Paris Category:Terrorism in television Category:CBS network films Category:1980 films Category:1980s crime thriller films Category:American heist films Category:American spy films Category:American films Category:Films scored by John Scott (composer) Category:Films based on works by Alistair MacLean Category:Films based on British novels Category:Films set in Paris Category:Films about hostage takings	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Eternal Summer (2006 film) Eternal Summer () is a 2006 Taiwanese film starring Joseph Chang, Ray Chang and Kate Yeung. It was directed by Leste Chen. In 2006 the film received four nominations at the 43rd Golden Horse Awards, where Ray Chang won the award for Best New Performer. Plot Three high school students experience the agonies and ecstasies of love in director Leste Chen's sensitive tale of friendship and yearning. As a child living in a seaside town in southern Taiwan, studious Jonathan (Bryant Chang) was asked by his concerned teacher to look after rebellious classmate Shane (Joseph Chang). Ten years later, what was once a good-natured obligation has since blossomed into a warm friendship, with Jonathan still on the academic track and Shane now finding his calling on the basketball court. Taiwan-born schoolgirl Carrie (Kate Yeung) arrives from Hong Kong to join her mother after a disagreement with her father and transfers to their school. She befriends Jonathan and convinces him to join her on a secret day-trip to Taipei and in the evening she seduces him in a sleazy hotel but Jonathan backs down clearly distraught. Eventually, her observations of his and Shane's friendship leads her to believe that he is gay and in love with his best friend. Carrie then meets Shane through Jonathan after a school day where Shane develops an interest in Carrie. Despite her initial misgivings about the boorish Shane, she eventually gives in to the troublemaker's roguish charms. She accepts his offer to become his girlfriend on the condition that he manages to enter university. Later, Shane pulls his act together and gets into university, while Jonathan, distracted by his burgeoning sexual identity crisis, does not. Shane does his best to keep secret his feelings for Carrie in order to protect the feelings of his lifelong friend. Despite all their best efforts to keep their personal feelings secret, the truth eventually emerges, forcing all three to view their relationships in an entirely new light. Cast Joseph Chang as Shane (余守恒) Ray Chang as Jonathan (康正行) Kate Yeung as Carrie (慧嘉) There is an underlying poetic subtext based on the astrological significance in the character's Chinese names: Shane: () represents () star (the Sun). Jonathan: () represents () planet (the Earth). Carrie: () represents () the Comet. The Sun always shines. The Earth follows its route surrounding the Sun, but cannot approach it. The Comet brings surprise to the solar system. The picture is incomplete without any one of them. Soundtrack Awards and nominations Eternal Summer won one awards out of four nominations at the 43rd Golden Horse Awards in 2006. References External links Category:Chinese LGBT-related films Category:Taiwanese films Category:Mandarin-language films Category:2006 films Category:Films set in Taiwan Category:Gay-related films Category:LGBT-related drama films Category:Taiwanese LGBT-related films Category:Films directed by Leste Chen Category:Taiwanese drama films	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Grantham Prize The Grantham Prize was an annual journalism award awarded between September 2005 and October 2012. It was established by Jeremy Grantham and Hannelore Grantham and the Metcalf Institute for Marine and Environmental Reporting to annually recognize the work of one journalist or a team of journalists for exemplary reporting on the environment. "The public deserves ready access to the kind of information and news that only outstanding independent journalism can provide," the Granthams said in announcing the prize. They say they want their annual award of $75,000 to "give that kind of reporting the honor, respect, and visibility it needs." The purpose of the Prize was to encourage outstanding coverage of the environment, to recognize reporting that has the potential to bring about constructive change, and to broadly disseminate the Prize-winning story to increase public awareness and understanding of issues focusing on the environment. The prize was awarded annually to non-fiction made available to a general audience in the United State or Canada during the previous calendar year in newspapers, magazines, books, television, cable, radio, or online. Among the criteria jurors consider are the significance of the subject matter, quality and originality of the journalism, and the effort involved in telling the story. The Grantham Prize entries was judged by an independent panel of jurors, chaired by David Boardman, Seattle Times. Other journalists on the jury included Robert B. Semple, Jr., The New York Times; James Hamilton, Charles S. Sydnor Professor of Public Policy at "Duke University"; Susanne Reber, Center for Investigative Reporting; Deborah Potter, NewsLab, Philip Meyer, Professor, emeritus professor at the University of North Carolina School of Journalism and Mass Communication and Diane Hawkins-Cox, formerly of CNN. The Grantham Prize was funded by Jeremy Grantham and Hannelore Grantham through The Grantham Foundation for the Protection of the Environment. The foundation seeks to raise awareness of urgent environmental issues and supports individuals and organizations working to find solutions. Their grantmaking supports communication and collaboration in environmental protection, with an emphasis on climate change. The Metcalf Institute for Marine and Environmental Reporting was established in 1997 with funding from three journalism foundations and the Belo Corporation, The Providence Journal Charitable Foundation, and the Philip L. Graham Fund, and also from the Telaka Foundation. The Institute was established as a memorial to Michael Metcalf, a visionary leader in newspaper journalism and, from 1979 to 1987, the Publisher of The Providence Journal Bulletin. The Metcalf Institute provides science and environmental science training for reporters and editors to help improve the accuracy and clarity of reporting on marine and environmental issues. Honorees Grantham Prize 2012: Brandon Loomis, Rick Egan, & David Noyce, "Our Dying Forests", The Salt Lake Tribune 2011: James Astill, "The World's Lungs", The Economist, eight-part special report 2010: Alanna Mitchell, Sea Sick: The Global Ocean in Crisis 2009: Blake Morrison & Brad Heath, "The Smokestack Effect: Toxic Air and America's Schools", USA Today 2008: David Barboza, Keith Bradsher, Howard French, Joseph Kahn, Mark Landler, Chang W. Lee, Jimmy Wang, and Jim Yardley. "Choking on Growth", New York Times, ten-part series 2007: Kenneth R. Weiss and Usha Lee McFarling, "Altered Oceans", The Los Angeles Times, five-part series. 2006: Jan Barry, Thomas E. Franklin, Mary Jo Layton, Tim Nostrand, Alex Nussbaum, Tom Troncone, Debra Lynn Vial, Lindy Washburn, Barbara Williams, "Toxic Legacy", The Record (Bergen County, NJ) See also Environmental Media Awards Global 500 Roll of Honour Global Environmental Citizen Award Goldman Environmental Prize Heroes of the Environment Presidential Environmental Youth Awards Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement List of environmental awards References External links The Grantham Prize Metcalf Institute for Marine and Environmental Reporting Category:Awards established in 2005 Category:2005 establishments in the United States Category:Environmental awards Category:American journalism awards	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Persona (Lorenzo Senni EP) Persona is an extended play by Italian producer Lorenzo Senni, released on the label Warp Records on 11 November 2016. The EP showcases Senni's viewpoint as a "Rave Voyeur" character (as showed on its cover art by Ed Atkins) of the music and culture of hard trance, as well as the genre's relations to dancehall and the rest of the electronic music dance spectrum. Persona differed from Senni's past trance releases in terms of composition and production; he was influenced by hardcore punk to have the EP consist more on chords rather than arpeggios, and the recordings of the Roland JP-8000 Supersaw sounds he used were edited and altered with effects instead of just left raw, leading to a much more expressive scope in terms of sound according to critic Patric Fallon. The album garnered very favorable reviews from music journalists upon its release, landing at the number four spot of Fact magazine's list of the best albums of 2016. Concept and composition The cover art for Persona is a screenshot of a video by British video artist Ed Atkins, and depicts an androgynous human who looks through a hole, "interested to the point of making [their] nose touch the wall – but not too much." This is a representation of Senni's character as a "Rave Voyeur," or stranger of the dance music scene, that he was having in the previous six years of his music career. He also called the figure in the artwork both human and robotic: "It’s a character, but he’s supposed to be everyone, not really human. It’s not me. It also is me.” Senni titled the album Persona because, with the EP, he wanted listeners to know how he really heard and saw dance music and its culture as a "voyeur." With Persona, Senni went for a hardcore punk-influenced sound, meaning that there are much more chords on the EP than Senni's previous works, and the arpeggios serve as only a counterpoint to these chords. Persona is also very similar to music of Senni's project Stargate, in that it includes influences of anime, cyberpunk and Japanese culture and uses melodic elements like "powerful" chords for "deep emotional resonance," journalist John Twells wrote. Twells compared the melodies of Persona to that of the works of composer Ryuichi Sakamoto and wrote that they "generate vivid landscapes that wouldn’t be out of place in Neo-Tokyo." The sticker placed over Atkins' screenshot in the cover art replicates the colors of the stripes used by independent label Revelation Records, further adding to the EP's hardcore punk element. Persona is a "study" of 1990s hard trance music as well as its relations to dancehall and electronic dance music overall. Pitchfork reviewer Andy Beta wrote that the tracks on Persona "revel and find depth in synthetic surfaces, make pop allusions, and simulate the maddening sensations that arise from the digital corporeality of our modern life." Beta analyzed that the purpose of the record was to "isolate the builds and breakdowns of trance." Music reviewer SCVSCV described Persona as "music that obsessively celebrates and virtually ignores" the culture of electronic dance music. The EP follows Senni's "hyperreal voyeurism" that comes from his love of the club music the EP is influenced by. As SCVSCV writes, "Senni’s technical image management stems from a profound vitalism rooted in the distinct human need to zero-out from self-organizational processes to approach further repetition and abstraction — the organic gene splicing of music such that its conceptual and functional material are indistinguishable." Therefore, the EP is a "sort of critical music for folks who love music and all that it does for a community, even if, in the case of his work, the community is one built on celebrating both the visceral and meta qualities that electronic music concurrently and easily provides." SCVSCV compared Senni's "intense love" of the music being referenced on Persona to that of the works of metal band Sunn O))). SCVSCV writes that the MIDI notes used for Persona are "genetic code" of the conventions of the trance genre Senni "studies." The "accelerative and deeply focused" pace of the record also indicate that Senni is an "addict" of his music studying activity. SCVSCV also noted that the EP had a "deeply oscillating, emotional core [...[ that odd place of human vitality and sentiment in any scholarly, observational method." In summarizing this studying aspect of the EP, SCVSCV wrote, "Senni’s method acts as a constraint on trance, but only to tease out its molten form from active and morphogenetically pregnant sonic material, from those flows of energy, those nutrients manifesting themselves as a crystalline code temporarily abstract from its ecosystem, oscillating for a moment only to manifest through it farther and further." Persona borrows what critic Patric Fallon described as the "austere" and "clinical" trance style of Senni's album Quantum Jelly (2012). It was produced by Senni in the same conventions as Quantum Jelly, where every track was made only out of Supersaw sounds from the Roland JP-8000 synthesizer. Unlike Quantum Jelly, where the synthesizer was recorded to two audio channels without any additional recording, sound altercation or overdubbing, Persona involved Senni recording sounds from the synthesizer to a multitrack recorder, editing the recordings and adding effects to them. Fallon suggested Senni's change of the production process from Quantum Jelly to Persona led to a much more expressive scope in the EP's sound. Despite being a record of an electronic dance music genre, that being trance, Persona is devoid of any bass or drums, aspects of dance music that listeners are the most into. Fallon described the tracks as "club spectacles rather than bangers," in that they are "more slippery" than the works of English electronic musician Sophie. This is because it would take time for the listener to digest the "walloping chord stabs, popcorn-popping synth tones and comically bright melodies" that is present throughout the extended play. Track information Persona opens with "Win In The Flat World," described by SCVSCV as an "ecstatic ballad that emerges with a pulsing core of optimistic melody — simultaneously extending and quickening its form to where the narrative time of trance’s usual formula is flattened." Fallon labeled the song "Rave Voyeur" as a "diamond-cut alloy of euphoria, chugging rhythm, harmonic elegance and hyperreal sound design." Music reviewer SCVSCV noted the track's "spacious" sound; the first half consists of "fluttering" synthesizer sounds and plucking noises that "meander around each other" before there is a drop, an electronic music element not present in most of Senni's works. Beta called it the EP's best track, while NPR Music reviewer Deforrest Brown covered it for his column "Songs We Love." SCVSCV called “Emotiva1234” the EP's best song and "one of the most repeatable and infectious tracks of year." He wrote that it "bumps with the stutter-like presence of a pristine, elated grime beat." "One Life, One Chance" consists of "syncopated, whipcrack rhythms" and crackling saw wave sounds that shift "between stuttering frenzy and blasts of anthemic hooks, before Senni breaks the track down to its delirious center and then blows it into towering proportions," wrote Fallon, who used the song as an example of the EP's huge range of sound. The EP's tones calms down yet still remains hectic with "Angel," as the song is "slow and dreamlike but with the same weight and hyperbolic urgency of everything else" as Fallon analyzes. Persona closes with "Forever True," which starts at a very fast tempo before it immediately changes into a song that is "spare, slow, and hushed" and a "catchy" melody fades into the song, wrote Beta. Release and promotion On 24 October 2016, it was announced Persona would be released on the label Warp Records on 11 November 2016, and "Win In The Flat World" was released as the EP's lead single. On 27 October 2016, Senni performed a show at Umbrella Factory in New York City and the Warp To Warp, Club To Club Festival in Turin, Italy promoting Persona. A performance at LN-CC on 10 November in London and another at the Dude Club in Milan on 19 November served as launch parties for the album. Persona was issued in digital stores and 12" vinyl on 11 November 2016. Critical reception Persona garnered very favorable reviews upon its release. A reviewer for the Italian magazine Salad.Days described the tracks as "really wonderful, vischiosissime, valuable electronic [song]s that deserve[] to [put] Senni [on] a stage to large capacities." SCVSCV, writing for Tiny Mix Tapes, honored Persona as "a work wholly deserving of such a major stage as an enduring effort to collapse and incisively observe the grisly scene of 2016 electronic music and its restless sonic constituency." He praised the record's "critical and joyous" tone, writing that it would attract listeners that were into "studious" music ripe for critical analysis while also appealing to mainstream listeners that were into "playful" music. Twells honored Persona for its "eagerness to explore, a freedom and a desire to shake off the fusty shackles of experimental music." He described it as "deeper and more developed than [Senni's previous releases], anchored by memorable hooks and melodies which sit confidently above Senni’s familiar JP-8000 Supersaw patterns." Persona landed at number four on Fact magazine's list of the best albums of 2016, where journalist Scott Wilson calling the EP Senni's best release so far. Track listing Source: Personnel Source: Written and produced by Lorenzo Senni Mixed by Senni and Max Casacci at Andromeda Studio in Turin, Italy Mastered by Matt Colton at Alchemy Mastering in London, England Cover art by Ed Atkins Design and layout by Daniel Sansavini Release history References Category:2016 albums Category:Trance albums Category:Intelligent dance music albums	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Agra schwarzeneggeri Agra schwarzeneggeri is a species of carabid beetle named after the actor Arnold Schwarzenegger. The holotype was collected in Costa Rica and first described to science in 2002. Etymology The binomial nomenclature references Schwarzenegger, because of the markedly developed '(biceps-like)' middle femora of the males. Erwin later remarked in an interview that his students had prepared an image of A. schwarzeneggeri and sent it out to Schwarzenegger himself: he signed it "Thanks for thinking of me - Arnold" and returned it. Other species in the genus named by Terry L. Erwin include Agra liv, named after Liv Tyler, and Agra katewinsletae, named after Kate Winslet. See also List of organisms named after famous people References External links CBS News (9 December 2008) Curiosities of Biological Nomenclature Category:Lebiinae Category:Arnold Schwarzenegger Category:Beetles described in 2002	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
2010 FIBA Europe Under-18 Championship The 2010 FIBA Europe Under-18 Championship was the 27th edition of the FIBA Europe Under-18 Championship. 16 teams featured the competition, held in Lithuania from July 22 to August 1. Serbia was the defending champion. Lithuania won the title after beating Russia in the final. Teams Group stages Preliminary Round In this round, the sixteen teams were allocated in four groups of four teams each. The top three qualified for the Qualifying Round. The last team of each group played for the 13th–16th place in the Classification Games. Times given below are in CEST (UTC+2). Group A Group B Group C Group D Qualifying Round The twelve teams remaining were allocated in two groups of six teams each. The four top teams advanced to the quarterfinals. The last two teams of each group played for the 9th–12th place. Group E Group F Classification Round The last teams of each group in the Preliminary Round competed in this Classification Round. The four teams played in one group. The last two teams were relegated to Division B for the next season. Group G Knockout round Championship Quarterfinals Semifinals Bronze medal game Final 5th–8th playoffs 5th–8th semifinals 7th place playoff 5th place playoff 9th–12th playoffs 9th–12th semifinals 11th place playoff 9th place playoff Final standings Awards All-Tournament Team Dmitry Kulagin Deividas Pukis Davis Bertans Nikola Silađi Jonas Valančiūnas Fair Play Award Marijo Pervan (Croatian Physio) Statistical leaders Points Rebounds Assists Blocks Steals External links Official Site Category:FIBA U18 European Championship Category:2010–11 in European basketball Category:2010–11 in Lithuanian basketball Category:International youth basketball competitions hosted by Lithuania	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Estonia Theatre The Estonia Theatre is a Jugendstil building designed by Finnish architects Armas Lindgren and Wivi Lönn. It was built as a national effort with the leadership of Estonia society in 1913 and was opened to the public on 24 August. At the time, it was the largest building in Tallinn. The opera house was heavily damaged in the Soviet air raid on Tallinn on 9 March 1944. It was reconstructed in a classical and Stalinist style, and reopened in 1947. In 1946, it served as the home of the newly created Tallinn Ballet School and was the location of the debut of one of the graduates of the school's first class, Helmi Puur. She was the prima ballerina of the theater between 1954 and 1956, 1958 and 1960, and 1964 to 1966. The building has two large auditoriums in two separate wings. It now houses the Estonian National Opera and the Estonian National Symphony Orchestra. A chamber hall was opened in 2006. References Estonia majast (Russian, Finnish, English, images only) http://www.classictic.com/en/Tallinn/Estonian-National-Opera See also Estonian Drama Theatre Category:1913 establishments in Estonia Category:Buildings and structures in Tallinn Category:Theatres in Tallinn Category:Opera houses in Estonia Category:Kesklinn, Tallinn Category:Art Nouveau architecture in Tallinn Category:Tourist attractions in Tallinn Category:Theatres completed in 1913 Category:Music venues completed in 1913 Category:Theatres completed in 1947 Category:Music venues completed in 1947 Category:Art Nouveau theatres	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Ain't Nobody Here but Us Chickens "Ain't Nobody Here but Us Chickens" is a jump blues song, written by Alex Kramer and Joan Whitney. Louis Jordan and his Tympany Five recorded the song on June 26, 1946 and Decca Records released it on a 78 rpm record. The single debuted on Billboard magazine's Rhythm and Blues Records Chart on December 14, 1946. It reached number one and remained at the top position for seventeen weeks, longer than any other Jordan single. It also reached number six on the broader Billboard Hot 100 singles chart. The B-side, "Let the Good Times Roll," peaked at number two on the R&B chart. Jordan's hit song popularized the expression "Nobody here but us chickens", but the phrase is older. Its first known appearance was a joke published as a reader-submitted anecdote in Everybody's Magazine in 1908 regarding a chicken thief, formulated as, "'Deed, sah, dey ain't nobody hyah 'ceptin' us chickens." From there, it was picked up by newspapers and reprinted far and wide. References Category:1946 songs Category:Decca Records singles Category:Louis Jordan songs Category:Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs number-one singles Category:Songs written by Alex Kramer Category:Songs written by Joan Whitney (songwriter) Category:Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Oei OEI or Oei can refer to: OEI Organization of Ibero-American States, known by the Spanish and Portuguese-derived acronym, OEI Ozarks Entertainment, Inc., a former owner of the Dogpatch USA amusement park in the United States Oei Ōei, a Japanese era name spanning from 1394 to 1428 Surname David Oei, Hong Kong-born American classical pianist Madame Wellington Koo (born Oei Hui-lan), Chinese-Indonesian international socialite and style icon, briefly First Lady of the Republic of China Oei Tiong Ham, Majoor-titulair der Chinezen, colonial Chinese-Indonesian tycoon in Southeast Asia Oei Wie Gwan, Chinese-Indonesian businessman and founder of Djarum See also Oey, a surname	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Gentle (character) Gentle (Nezhno Abidemi) is a mutant fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character has been depicted as a member of the student body of the Xavier Institute. Fictional character biography Xavier Institute/M-Day Prior to M-Day, he was part of Storm's unseen squad. He kept his powers in the wake of M-Day, and thus still resides at the Xavier Institute. Emma Frost told him to step out from a sparring match to determine who would become the team of X-Men trainees. It is later noted that Nezhno is from Wakanda, and he was the only student allowed to attend the wedding of Storm and the king of Wakanda, the Black Panther. Quest for Magik Nezhno is among the students who are listening to Blindfold's story about Magik, Belasco and Limbo. He, with the other students are transported to Limbo. It is revealed that Nezhno's code-name is Gentle and he has the ability to temporarily increase the mass of his muscles. Messiah Complex During his return to the school after Limbo, Nezhno went into a deep meditative state to calm himself and to pray about his "violence" in defense of his friends. It was at this point that he revealed that his power was a dangerous one, and that it would eventually take his life. He also retained his calm while fellow student Pixie, whom he had saved in Limbo, showed obvious interest in him. This was nothing more, however, than a calm before the storm because soon he was thrust head first into a life changing battle when the ONE Sentinel went rogue and attempted to not only destroy the Xavier Institute but to kill him and his fellow students. Springing into action Nezhno used his power like never before and increased his muscle mass, height, and weight to dangerous degrees. Despite the health risks and being told to stay put by headmaster Scott Summers, he jumped into the fray and may have saved many lives by his intervention. Despite knowing that his life may be forfeit he did his best to halt the Sentinels and was apparently neutralized by one and lay depowered and unconscious on the battlefield. Nezhno proved himself quite durable however and was not seen in the infirmary with the sick and injured but turned up in defense of his sick friends when Predator X attacked the school looking for an easy meal. Nezhno and Armor use a combination of their powers to hold off the beast while Pixie teleports them to what remains of Muir Island. Once there they continue their fight with the monster. Divided We Stand Just three days after the events of Messiah Complex, Nezhno decided to head back to his homeland, Wakanda. He was relieved to be free of the pestering of his former classmates, saying that they "nearly destroyed [him] with their insanity". During his return however, he found himself ostracized not only by his fellow Wakandans, but also by his own mother - due to the facts that his biological father was Russian, and therefore he is only seen as an outsider to his people. He then reflects that the only people who accepted him were the New X-Men, and he regrets having pushed them away. Worlds Apart Nezhno kills a Wakandan priest and is then placed in jail; however, Storm doesn't believe he is responsible until she is shown security footage of the act taking place. Ororo notices Nezhno acting out of character when he winks at the camera. She asks him to wink for her but he doesn't know what it is so Ororo has him freed declaring him innocent. Later the Black Panther orders his execution and winks at Ororo. It is revealed Shadow King is the one framing Nezhno. Manifest Destiny Neznho moves to San Francisco along with the rest of the X-Men. Powers and abilities Nezhno has the ability to temporarily increase the muscle mass of his body to extreme levels. He can will himself to immediately grow and strengthen to the extent that he can lift at least 100 tons. However, he cannot sustain this form for long since it causes massive strain on his body and leads to seizures. After Belasco had kidnapped the New X-Men to Limbo, Nezhno was able to protect Pixie and defeat N'astirh before passing out. The vibranium tattoos adorning his body help to keep his powers in check, but Nezhno indicated that eventually his powers may kill him. Also important to note is the fact that when his powers are in use his vibranium tattoos glow. It was revealed that the tattoos are actually Vibranium-based paints that were intended to be fused with his skin, due to his powers. Nezhno has also said that he lacks any sense of touch, but it is possible that he might have felt Mercury touch him at some point. Nezhno was excused from Emma's New X-Men brawl for his own safety and only participated in minimal violence while in Limbo. He saves this power for emergencies as it can only be used for a short period of time. According to Jean Grey, Gentle is powerful enough to go toe-to-toe with the Hulk if he could just will it. Personality and beliefs Nezhno is a calm and passive individual. Though not cold, he does not speak much. He seems to hold strong pacifistic beliefs and refrains from any sort of violence, though those may originate from the self-lethal nature of his mutation. His codename spawns from these beliefs. Likewise, he only uses his powers "in emergencies." He also looks similar to the character Requiem who appeared in Uncanny X-Men #382 as part of the Neo Lost Souls. Other versions Age of X In the Age of X reality, Gentle is seen as an inhabitant of Fortress X. References External links Gentle at Marvel.com Category:Comics characters introduced in 2006 Category:Male characters in comics Category:Marvel Comics characters with superhuman strength Category:Marvel Comics mutants Category:Marvel Comics superheroes Category:Wakandans	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
List of mammals of Pitcairn This is a list of the mammal species recorded in Pitcairn. There are four mammal species in Pitcairn, all of which are marine mammals of the order Cetacea. The following tags are used to highlight each species' conservation status as assessed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature: Some species were assessed using an earlier set of criteria. Species assessed using this system have the following instead of near threatened and least concern categories: Subclass: Theria Infraclass: Eutheria Order: Cetacea (whales) The order Cetacea includes whales, dolphins and porpoises. They are the mammals most fully adapted to aquatic life with a spindle-shaped nearly hairless body, protected by a thick layer of blubber, and forelimbs and tail modified to provide propulsion underwater. Suborder: Mysticeti Family: Balaenopteridae Subfamily: Megapterinae Genus: Megaptera Humpback whale, Megaptera novaeangliae VU Suborder: Odontoceti Superfamily: Platanistoidea Family: Ziphidae Subfamily: Hyperoodontinae Genus: Mesoplodon Ginkgo-toothed beaked whale, Mesoplodon ginkgodens DD Family: Delphinidae (marine dolphins) Genus: Stenella Spinner dolphin, Stenella longirostris LR/cd Genus: Lagenodelphis Fraser's dolphin, Lagenodelphis hosei DD Notes References See also List of chordate orders Lists of mammals by region List of prehistoric mammals Mammal classification List of mammals described in the 2000s Pitcairn Mammals	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Kerstin Eckert Kerstin Eckert (born August 25, 1966) is a scientist. She is the head of the new Chair of Transport Processes at Interfaces, a combined chair of Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf and TU Dresden created in October 2016. Scientific Achievement and Recognitions peer-reviewed publications ≥ 126 invited talks ≥ 30 fund raising ≥ €4.9m from peer-review based research projects (since 2012) Academic career 1991 - 1995 \| PhD student, Research Center Dresden-Rossendorf 1995 - 2001 \| Research Assistant, Institute for Aerospace Engineering, TU Dresden 1996 - 2003 \| Parental leave (3-6 month) after the birth of 3 children 1998 \| PhD (Dr. rer. nat.) in Physics, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, "From hexagonal to square convection cells: experimental studies of Bénard convection" 2001 - 2008 \| Group Leader at the Institute for Aerospace Engineering, TU Dresden 2011 \| Habilitation, Mechanical Engineering, TU Dresden 2008 - 2016 \| Group Leader, Institute for Fluid Dynamics, TU Dresden Since 2016 \| Full Professor, TU Dresden, in joint appointment with Helmholtz Center Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR) Selected Scientific Activities Reviewer for national and international projects (EU, DFG, GIF, FWO, JAXA) Reviewer for peer-reviewed scientific journals (incl. PRL, Phys. Fluids, Langmuir, Electrochim. Acta) Guest editor Chaos and Eur. Phys. Organizer of several international workshops on Marangoni flows and magnetic separation Projects 2014 - 2019 \| DLR: "Rare-earth ion separation in magnetic gradient fields under different levels of gravitational acceleration" 2011 - 2017 \| DFG-SPP1506 "A combined experimental and numerical approach to analyze the multi-scale structures of solutal Marangoni convection" 2013 - 2016 \| DFG: "Magnetic-field based enhancement of hydrogen production during water electrolysis" 2012 - 2017 \| Helmholtz alliance Limtech: "Magnetic flow control in solidification" 2013 - 2015 \| European Space Agency (ESA): "Chemo-hydrodynamic pattern formation at interfaces", Coordinator Publications List of publications at Google Scholar List of publications at ORCID References https://tu-dresden.de/ing/maschinenwesen/ifvu/tpg/die-professur/inhaber-in https://www.hzdr.de/db/Cms?pNid=425 Category:1966 births Category:Living people Category:Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg alumni	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Dandya Dandya is a scientific name for two genera of organisms and may refer to: Dandya (fish), a genus of prehistoric fishes in the extinct fish family Semionotidae Dandya (plant), a genus of plants in the asparagus family Asparagaceae	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Andamia pacifica Andamia pacifica is a species of combtooth blenny which is found in the Kerama Islands near Okinawa, Japan and is probably distributed along the Ryukyu Island chain. It is oviparous, laying adhesive eggs on the substrate, forming distinct pairs. References pacifica Category:Fish described in 1955	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Walter Gordon Wilson Major Walter Gordon Wilson CMG (1874–1957) was a mechanical engineer, inventor and member of the British Royal Naval Air Service. He was credited by the 1919 Royal Commission on Awards to Inventors as the co-inventor of the tank, along with Sir William Tritton. Education Walter was born in Blackrock, County Dublin, on 21 April 1874. He was a naval cadet on HMS Britannia. In 1894 he entered King's College, Cambridge, where he studied the mechanical sciences tripos, graduating with a first class degree, B.A., in 1897. Wilson acted as 'mechanic' for the Hon C. S. Rolls on several occasions while they were undergraduates in Cambridge. Aero engine 1898 Interested in powered flight he collaborated with Percy Sinclair Pilcher and the Hon Adrian Verney-Cave later Lord Braye to attempt to make an aero-engine from 1898. The engine was a flat-twin air cooled and weighed only 40 lb, but shortly before a demonstration flight planned for 30 September 1899 it suffered a crankshaft failure. Unwilling to let down his backers Pilcher opted to demonstrate a glider, which crashed and fatally injured him. The shock of Pilcher's death, at only 33 years old, ended Wilson's plans for aero engines, though he kept the flat twin concept and used it in the cars he subsequently manufactured which he named Wilson-Pilcher. The Wilson-Pilcher Car 1900 Following the death of Pilcher, he switched to building the Wilson–Pilcher motor car, which was launched in 1900. This car was quite remarkable in that it was available with either flat-four or flat-six engines, which were very well balanced, and with a low centre of gravity making good stability. Each water cooled cylinder was separate and identical for either engine, having 3.75inch (95.25mm) bore and stroke, giving capacities of 2715cc for the four cylinder and 4072cc for the six cylinder. Cylinders were slightly offset with separate crankpins, and the crankshaft had intermediate bearings between each pair of cylinders. The gearbox of the car was also novel, having dual epicyclic gears and being bolted directly to the engine. This allowed four speeds, with direct drive in top gear. All the gears were helical, and enclosed in an oil bath, making for very silent transmission. Reverse gear was built into the rear axle, as was the foot operated brake drum, all of which was housed in a substantial aluminium casing. After marrying in 1904 he joined Armstrong Whitworth who took over production of the Wilson-Pilcher car. From 1908 to 1914 he worked with J & E Hall of Dartford designing the Hallford lorry which saw extensive service with the army during World War I. The sole known surviving Wilson-Pilcher car is a four-cylinder version that was retained by the Amstrong Whitworth factory and after restoration in the 1940s was presented to W.G.Wilson in the 1950s. It stayed in Wilson family ownership (having been displayed at various museums) until 2012 when it was sold by auction to a private collector. Tanks With the outbreak of the First World War, Wilson rejoined the navy and the Royal Naval Armoured Car Division, which protected the Royal Naval Air Service in France. When the Admiralty began investigating armoured fighting vehicles under the Landships Committee in 1915, 20 Squadron was assigned to it and Wilson was placed in charge of the experiments. Wilson worked with the agricultural engineer William Tritton resulting in the first British tank called "Little Willie". At Wilson's suggestion the tracks were extended right round the vehicle. This second design (first called "Wilson", then "Centipede", then "Big Willie", and finally "Mother") became the prototype for the Mark I tank. Designing several of the early British tanks, he incorporated epicyclic gearing which was used in the Mark V tank to allow it to be steered by a single driver rather than the four previously needed. In 1937, he provided a new steering design which gave a larger turning radius at higher speeds. He transferred to the British Army in 1916, becoming a Major in the Heavy Branch of the Machine Gun Corps - the embryonic Tank Corps. He was mentioned in dispatches twice and was appointed Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George in 1917. Wilson self-changing gearbox In 1928, he invented a self-changing gearbox, and formed Improved Gears Ltd with J D Siddeley to develop the design commercially. Improved Gears later became Self-Changing Gears Ltd. Wilson self-changing gearboxes were available on most subsequent Armstrong Siddeley automobiles, manufactured up to 1960, as well as on Daimler, Lanchester, Talbot, ERA, AC, Invicta and Riley automobiles as well as buses, railcars and marine launches. His work on gears was used in many British tanks. Death Wilson died on 1 July 1957. References Notes Bibliography Category:Royal Navy officers Category:British engineers Category:English inventors Category:Machine Gun Corps officers Category:Royal Tank Regiment officers Category:Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George Category:People from County Dublin Category:Royal Naval Air Service personnel of World War I Category:Royal Navy officers of World War I Category:British Army personnel of World War I Category:1874 births Category:1957 deaths	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Mauzé-Thouarsais Mauzé-Thouarsais is a former commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the commune Thouars. See also Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department References Category:Former communes of Deux-Sèvres	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Norman Cross Rural District Norman Cross was a rural district in Huntingdonshire from 1894 to 1974. It was formed in 1894 under the Local Government Act 1894 from the part of the Peterborough rural sanitary district which was in Huntingdonshire (the rest forming part of Peterborough Rural District). It was named for the historic Norman Cross hundred. It was expanded in 1935 by taking in Elton from the disbanded Oundle Rural District, and Sibson cum Stibbington, which had previously been administered in Barnack Rural District based over the border in the Soke of Peterborough. In 1965 the Soke and Huntingdonshire merged to form Huntingdon and Peterborough. In 1974 the district was abolished under the Local Government Act 1972. Most of the district went on to form part of the Huntingdonshire district in the non-metropolitan county of Cambridgeshire, except that some areas in the north which were part of Peterborough New Town became part of Peterborough. Parishes References Category:History of Peterborough Category:Politics of Peterborough Category:Districts of England abolished by the Local Government Act 1972 Category:Districts of England created by the Local Government Act 1894 Category:Rural districts of England	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
List of ambassadors of China to Fiji The Chinese ambassador in Suva is the official representative of the government in Beijing to the government of Fiji. List of Representatives China–Fiji relations References Fiji	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Karmin, Pleszew County Karmin is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dobrzyca, within Pleszew County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately south-east of Dobrzyca, south-west of Pleszew, and south-east of the regional capital Poznań. References Karmin	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Taldy-Bulak, Chuy Taldy-Bulak () is a village in the Chuy District, Chuy Region, Kyrgyzstan. Its population was 538 in 2009. It is subordinated to Ibraimov rural community (aiyl okmotu) that also include villages Koshoy (center), Kara-Oy, Kyzyl-Asker, and Lenin-Jol. References Category:Populated places in Chuy Region	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Everton railway station Everton is a closed station of the closed Bright line. Everton was the former junction station for the Yackandandah line. Only the platform remains at this station where a new shelter and toilets have been built as part of a rail trail project. A plaque and commemorative buffer stop have also been erected on the platform. Category:Disused railway stations in Victoria (Australia)	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Javorje, Velike Lašče Javorje () is a small settlement southwest of Turjak in the Municipality of Velike Lašče in central Slovenia. The area is part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola and is now included in the Central Slovenia Statistical Region. References External links Javorje on Geopedia Category:Populated places in the Municipality of Velike Lašče	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Pardo River (Amazonas) Pardo River is a river of Amazonas state in north-western Brazil. See also List of rivers of Amazonas References Brazilian Ministry of Transport Category:Rivers of Amazonas (Brazilian state)	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
West Side Nut Club Fall Festival The West Side Nut Club Fall Festival is an annual event held the first full week of every October on Franklin Street in Evansville, Indiana, and is organized by the West Side Nut Club. The festival features over 136 food booths run and operated by not-for-profit groups in the region. It features an eclectic variety of food, particularly both traditional and unique fried food. The festival also includes numerous forms of entertainment, carnival attractions, amateur talent competitions, and a parade. Event organizers estimate that each night of the week-long festival draws between 100,000 and 150,000 people, making it one of the largest street festivals in the United States. Although he lacked statistics to support his claim, radio host Paul Harvey once called it the second-largest street festival in the U.S., in terms of attendees, behind only the New Orleans Mardi Gras. History After three successful years of holding Halloween type Festivals, a handful of West Side businessmen decided, in 1921, to form an organization that would handle the duties of putting together successful Fall Festivals and “to initiate, promote, and support any and all movements which are for the betterment of the West Side of Evansville, Indiana; also for the betterment of Evansville as a whole.” The first West Side Nut Club Fall Festival was billed as a Halloween Night, Halloween Carnival, and masked ball. The event was a one night affair and consisted of a parade of costumed people followed by a Halloween Mask Ball. The crowd was estimated at 25,000. After the first Festival, the Nut Club continued with the one or two night affairs until after World War II. During most of those Festivals, the Nut Club coordinated the decorations, agricultural exhibits, and parades while the Burdette Post of the American Legion sponsored street dances. In 1940, organizers incorporated three rides (Ferris wheel, merry-go-round & mini autos) and an exhibit of caged animals, concessions, and circus acts. In 1942 the rides were moved to the library park on Franklin Street. Due to World War II, the Festival was halted from 1943 to 1945. In 1946, the festival commenced again and for the first time extended most of the week from Monday through Saturday. During the 1950s the festival experienced substantial growth. Non-profit organizations began selling food in booths on Franklin Street. In 1952, Howell Baptist Church put up its first booth which, according to church sources, served the festival's first Pronto Pups. The 1950s also ushered in larger rides and more well known entertainers. Traditions Entertainment The Fall Festival commences on a Sunday and runs all week. Each day includes several music and dance performances by local bands and youth. Saturday, the last day of the festival, is marked by a large parade. The parade is large and draws substantial crowds each year. After winning two Olympic gold medals, Evansville native Lilly King asked to be grand marshal of the parade; the request was granted. King noted, "When you make the Olympic team you get to grand marshal the Fall Festival parade. Fall Festival is a holiday. It’s my favorite holiday. As a Westsider, I have to love Fall Festival." Fried brain sandwich The fair features fried brain sandwiches, a local speciality consisting of battered and deep fried calf or pig brains served on a bun. References External links Official Webpage Category:Festivals in Indiana Category:Culture of Evansville, Indiana Category:Festivals in Evansville, Indiana Category:Food and drink festivals in the United States	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Moyra Caldecott Moyra Caldecott (1 June 1927 – 23 May 2015) was a British author of historical fiction, fantasy, science fiction and non-fiction. Her works include Guardians of the Tall Stones and The Egyptian Sequence. Moyra Caldecott was born in Pretoria, South Africa, and moved to London in 1951. She married Oliver Caldecott and raised three children. She had degrees in English and Philosophy and an M.A. in English Literature. In 2000, Moyra Caldecott became one of the earliest proponents of commercial e-books when she contracted with Mushroom eBooks to re-publish most of her titles in electronic formats. Bibliography Fiction Child of the Dark Star (a future fantasy novel) Paperback and eBook The Winged Man (the legendary King Bladud, Britain c.500 BC) Paperback and eBook The Waters of Sul (set in Aquae Sulis in Roman Britain c.72 AD) Paperback The Silver Vortex (sequel to Guardians of the Tall Stones) Paperback and eBook Hatshepsut: Daughter of Amun (the story of the female pharaoh Hatshepsut) Paperback and eBook Akhenaten: Son of the Sun (the story of the pharaoh Akhenaten) Paperback and eBook Tutankhamun and the Daughter of Ra (the story of the wife of Tutankhamun) Paperback and eBook The Ghost of Akhenaten (the sequel to the Egyptian sequence) Paperback and eBook The Green Lady and the King of Shadows Paperback and eBook The Lily and the Bull (set in Bronze Age Crete) Paperback and eBook The Tower and the Emerald (a romantic fantasy set in Dark Ages Britain) Paperback and eBook Three Celtic Tales (three tales from the Mabinogion) Paperback and eBook Etheldreda (life of the Anglo Saxon saint of Ely, 7th century AD) Paperback and eBook Weapons of the Wolfhound (teenage novel about Vikings set in the Hebrides and Iceland) Paperback and eBook The Eye of Callanish (the sequel to Weapons of the Wolfhound) Paperback and eBook The Tall Stones (the first of the Guardians of the Tall Stones sequence)(1977, Popular Library) The Temple of the Sun (the second of the Guardians of the Tall Stones sequence) Shadow on the Stones (the third of the Guardians of the Tall Stones sequence) Adventures by Leaf Light (stories for little children) Paperback and eBook Myths and legends Twins of the Tylwyth Teg (retells a tale from Celtic folklore) Taliesin and Avagddu (retells a tale from the Mabinogion) Bran, Son of Llyr (retells a tale from the Mabinogion) Three Celtic Tales (collected edition of the three stories above) Paperback and eBook The Green Lady and the King of Shadows (Glastonbury legends) Paperback and eBook Crystal Legends (the lore and legend of crystals and crystal healing) Paperback and eBook Women in Celtic Myth (tales of extraordinary women from the ancient Celtic tradition) Myths of the Sacred Tree (tree myths and legends from around the world) Mythical Journeys: Legendary Quests (the spiritual search - traditional stories from world mythology) Paperback and eBook Poetry The Breathless Pause (a selection of poems) Paperback and eBook Autobiography Multi-Dimensional Life (a writer's life and inspiration) Paperback and eBook References External links Official site Publisher's site Category:1927 births Category:2015 deaths Category:British fantasy writers Category:British historical novelists Category:20th-century British novelists	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
20th Century Masters – The Millennium Collection: The Best of Steppenwolf 20th Century Masters – The Millennium Collection: The Best of Steppenwolf, released by Universal Music as part of their 20th Century Masters – The Millennium Collection series, is a CD that collects material by Steppenwolf from 1968 to 1971. The compilation focuses on Steppenwolf’s Dunhill recordings, with the bulk of material coming from their Steppenwolf through At Your Birthday Party albums. While generally regarded as a solid representation of Steppenwolf’s early-period proto-metal work from the 1960s, there were no new tracks or previously unreleased songs included. It includes liner notes by Joseph Laredo and was digitally remastered by Erick Labson (MCA Music Media Studios, North Hollywood, California). It was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America on October 29, 2004, the first output by Steppenwolf to earn such a designation since 16 Greatest Hits went gold on April 12, 1971. Track listing Personnel John Kay – lead vocals, guitar Jerry Edmonton – drums, vocals Goldy McJohn – organ, vocals Michael Monarch – guitar, vocals Rushton Moreve – bass, vocals Nick St. Nicholas – bass, vocals Larry Byrom – guitar, vocals George Biondo – bass, vocals Kent Henry – guitar, vocals References Steppenwolf Category:1999 greatest hits albums Category:Steppenwolf (band) compilation albums Category:Universal Music Group compilation albums	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Aneflus rugicollis Aneflus rugicollis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Linsley in 1935. References Category:Aneflus Category:Beetles described in 1935	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Missouri's 2nd congressional district Missouri's second congressional district is in the eastern portion of the state, primarily consisting of the suburbs south and west of St. Louis, including Arnold, Town and Country, Wildwood, Chesterfield, and Oakville. The district includes portions of St. Louis, Jefferson and St. Charles counties. Following redistricting in 2010, the St. Louis Post-Dispatch reported that the district now included more Democratic-leaning voters than it had its 2001–2010 boundaries, but still leaned Republican as a whole. The latest U.S. Census Electorate Profile for Congressional District 2 estimates there are 581,131 citizens of voting age living in 293,984 households. Its current representative is Republican Ann Wagner. Wagner faced Democrat Cort VanOstran, Libertarian Larry A. Kirk and the Green Party's David Justus Arnold in the 2018 general election. List of members representing the district Election results from presidential races Election results 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 See also Missouri's congressional districts List of United States congressional districts References Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present US Census Bureau 02 Category:Constituencies established in 1847 Category:1847 establishments in Missouri Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1933 Category:1933 disestablishments in Missouri Category:Constituencies established in 1935 Category:1935 establishments in Missouri	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
People's United Democratic Movement The People's United Democratic Movement (PUDEMO; ) is the largest opposition political party in Swaziland. It is a pro-democracy socialist party. Formed in 1983 at the University of Swaziland, it is led by Mlungisi Makhanya. The Swazi government has been monitoring PUDEMO closely since it launched the Ulibambe Lingashoni ("Don't Let the Sun Set") campaign, which aims for a "total liberation" of Swaziland, and has recently cracked down heavily on even small manifestations of support for PUDEMO, such as the death in custody of PUDEMO member Sipho Jele, who was arrested for wearing a PUDEMO t-shirt in May 2010. History The People's United Democratic Movement was formed in 1983 at the University of Swaziland. Its 1985 manifesto stated that it was PUDEMO called for democratic reforms in 1988, 1990, and 1991. PUDEMO rejected King Mswati III's 1991 commission to review the tiNkhundla system, and the King's 1992 commission on electoral reform. King Mswati III responded by suspending the legislature, and began to rule by decree. The Swaziland Youth Congress claimed responsibility for a Feb. 6, 1995 fire in the House of Assembly. PUDEMO held a campaign of strikes and civil disobedience in 1996. In 2000, PUDEMO President Mario Masuku was arrested for "insulting the king, sedition and treason." Pro-democracy protests took place in Swaziland in 2002, with "40% of Swaziland population believed to be on verge of starvation following poor harvests." At the 2003 elections in Swaziland only non-partisans were elected. In March 2005, the Swaziland High Court ruled that "political parties can not exist." In March 2006, PUDEMO members, including Bonginkosi Dlamini, the PUDEMO secretary-general, were charged with petrol bomb attacks. In April 2007, "Six PUDEMO members [were] charged with sedition following protests on the anniversary of King Sobhuza II's royal decree banning political parties." In April 2008, PUDEMO's deputy President Gabriel Mkhumane was killed by criminals, according to the Swazi government. However, opposition supporters believe that he was assassinated by government operatives. The Umbane People's Liberation Army, described as "a secret militant group" linked to PUDEMO, claimed responsibility for a series of small bomb blasts in Swaziland in 2008. On 21 September 2008, Musa Dlamini and Jack Govender were killed while allegedly trying to bomb the Lozitha Bridge in an attempt to assassinate the King. Although PUDEMO had "called for a more militant approach to achieving democracy ... [it] denied any part in the bombing. However, at Musa Dlamini's funeral, PUDEMO President Mario Masuku was alleged to have verbally supported recent bombings of government institutions. Mario Masuku spent 340 days in prison before he was acquitted and discharged at the High Court on September 21, 2009. In May 2010, Sipho Jele, a PUDEMO member, was arrested for wearing a PUDEMO t-shirt, and later died in police custody. The Bhunya home of Alex LaNgwenya, a leader of PUDEMO's youth wing, the Swaziland Youth Congress (SWAYOCO), was destroyed in a bombing attack in 2010. "The Suppression of Terrorism Act of 2008 was enacted soon after the incident, and PUDEMO and SWAYOCO were banned as terrorist organizations. Several members of PUDEMO and SWAYOCO were alleged to have carried out a bombing campaign and detained." PUDEMO's Deputy-President Sikhumbuzo Phakathi said the 2010 Swaziland Democracy Campaign "was launched in South Africa because in Swaziland all political activity is banned," adding: From 2010 to 2011, attempts to add the history of PUDEMO to Swaziland's high school curriculum failed. In 2012, the Umbane People's Liberation Army participant Amos Mbedzi of South Africa was sentenced to "85 years in prison for high treason and terrorism" for his part in the 2008 bombing at Lozitha bridge. Also in 2012, Princess Sikhanyiso Dlamini held a political debate with PUDEMO over Twitter, while her father, King Mswati III, continued his refusal to negotiate with PUDEMO on the grounds that they were terrorists. PUDEMO was admitted into the Socialist International as a consultative member at the SI's spring congress on 4–5 February 2013. In 2014, PUDEMO President Mario Masuku and Swaziland Youth Congress leader Maxwell Dlamini were arrested during Labour Day celebrations. In April, 2014 PUDEMO General Secretary Mlungisi Makhanya was arrested for wearing a party t-shirt, and released on bail. Makhanya was wearing the t-shirt to protest the incarceration of journalist Bheki Makhubu and human rights lawyer Thulani Maseko. According to IFEX, Maseko is alleged to have said: "MJ Dlamini and Jack Govender died for the liberation of this country. One day the Lozitha bridge will be called MJ and Govender bridge." Organization The Swaziland Youth Congress (SWAYOCO) is PUDEMO's youth wing. The Umbane People's Liberation Army has been described as "a secret militant group linked to the People’s United Democratic Movement (PUDEMO)". PUDEMO became a consultative member of the Socialist International in February 2013. The Danish Red-Green Alliance began a partnership with PUDEMO in March 2013 which "aims to increase the capacity of PUDEMO to be a more visible and credible political force within and outside Swaziland." Solidarity organizations include the Swaziland Solidarity Network, based in South Africa, which has stated its "unwavering commitment to total liberation of the people of Swaziland from the unjust and undemocratic system and the autocracy of the royal family that continues to plunder the national economy and abuse cultural and political institutions", and the Swaziland Solidarity Network Canada. References External links Statement by PUDEMO from NEC meeting 2010 Category:Political parties in Eswatini Category:Clandestine groups Category:Political parties established in 1983 Category:1983 establishments in Swaziland Category:Progressive Alliance Category:Consultative member parties of the Socialist International	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
June Maule June D. Maule (February 1, 1917 – October 29, 2009) was an American businesswoman. Maule was the owner and manager of Maule Air, a manufacturer of light, single-engined STOL (Short Take-Off and Landing) aircraft headquartered in Moultrie, Georgia. Life June Aderhold was born in Jersey Shore, Pennsylvania. She married her husband, Belford D. Maule (1911–1995), in 1934. The couple remained together both in marriage and as business partners until his death in 1995. June Maule took an active role in her husband's company, helping to both sell and develop Maule Air's aircraft. The couple jointly ran the day-to-day operations of the company. She took over the company after her husband's death and remained actively involved with the factory and its productions until her death in 2009. In a 2000 interview with Aviation for Women Magazine, Maule explained her involvement with her company and the aviation industry, "I’ve done everything involved in building an airplane except welding. I’ve sewn the upholstery, helped with covering, run lathes, and even helped with the forming of windshields when we still made them in the factory. That’s how Mr. Maule and I did it. We worked together." During her lifetime, Maule was inducted into the Pioneer Hall of Fame, which was created in 1992 to honor women who have made significant contributions to the aviation industry though innovation or action. Besides Maule, other past inductees to the Pioneer Hall of Fame have included Amelia Earhart, Nadine Jeppesen, Audrey Poberezny, Jeana Yeager, Anne Morrow Lindbergh, Patty Wagstaff and Olive Ann Beech. Additionally, Maule was the recipient of the Katharine Wright Memorial Award in 1993. She was also inducted into the Women in Aviation International Hall of Fame, the Georgia Aviation Hall of Fame and the Michigan Aviation Hall of Fame. Maule was the named the Colquitt County Woman of the Year in 2000. Her funeral was held at Lifespring Community Church in Moultrie, Georgia, and she was interred at Pinecrest Memory Gardens cemetery. June Maule died from a short illness on October 29, 2009, at the age of 92. Her son, Gary Maule, 57, died from leukemia on the same day as his mother. June Maule was survived by four other children. Most of her children were employed with Maule Air. References Further reading External links Category:1917 births Category:2009 deaths Category:Businesspeople in aviation Category:American aviation businesspeople Category:People from Moultrie, Georgia Category:People from Jersey Shore, Pennsylvania	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Salimu Salimu is a small village on the island of Upolu in Samoa. It is situated on the north east coast of the island in the political district of Va'a-o-Fonoti. The population is 63 (2006 Census). References Category:Populated places in Samoa Category:Va'a-o-Fonoti	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Theodoric Vrie Theodoric Vrie (dates unknown) was a historian of the Council of Constance. He describes himself as a brother of the Order of Hermits of St. Augustine, and a lector in sacred theology in the Province of Saxony. From his description of facts it appears that Vrie must have been an eyewitness to the events he records. The history is brought down to the election and consecration of Pope Martin V, 21 Nov., 1417. Vrie was still living in the sumer of 1425, when a general chapter of his order at Rome authorized the republication of his work. Vrie's work is modelled on the De consolatione philosophiæ of Boethius; this also is its original title. It presents a picture of the facts and disorders of the time, pointing out their source, and the remedy under the form of a series of dialogues in prose and metre between Christ and the Church Militant. The "De consolatione" of Vrie was printed in Cologne in 1484 with the works of Jean Gerson (fourth volume), but was not repeated in the Strasbourg edition of Gerson in 1494. It was printed again with a short life of the author in von der-Hardt (see below). References Attribution Cites: Von der Hardt, Magni Ecumenici Concilii Constantiensis Historia (6 vols., Frankfurt and Leipzig, 1697), I, introd., 1-228 Lanteri, Postrema saecula sex (Tolentino, 1858); Alzog, Manual of Church History (Cincinnati, 1903), II, 858. Category:Western Schism Vrie, Theodoric Category:Year of birth unknown Category:Year of death unknown	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Elaphoidella Elaphoidella is a genus of freshwater copepods in the family Canthocamptidae. It contains over 200 species, including three classified as vulnerable species by the IUCN – three endemic to Slovenia (Elaphoidella franci, Elaphoidella jeanneli and Elaphoidella slovenica) and one endemic to the United States (Elaphoidella amabilis). In total, the genus Elaphoidella contains the following species: Elaphoidella aberrans Chappuis, 1954 Elaphoidella affinis Chappuis, 1933 Elaphoidella africana (Cottarelli & Bruno, 1994) Elaphoidella aioii Chappuis, 1955 Elaphoidella algeriensis Rouch, 1987 Elaphoidella amabilis Ishida in Reid & Ishida, 1993 Elaphoidella anatolica Chappuis, 1953 Elaphoidella angelovi Mikhailova-Neikova, 1969 Elaphoidella angirmii Löffler, 1968 Elaphoidella apicata Chappuis, 1950 Elaphoidella apostolovi Wells, 2007 Elaphoidella aprutina Pesce, Galassi & Apostolov, 1987 Elaphoidella arambourgi Chappuis, 1936 Elaphoidella armata (Delachaux, 1918) Elaphoidella balcanica Apostolov, 1992 Elaphoidella balkanica Apostolov, 1992 Elaphoidella bidens (Schmeil, 1894) Elaphoidella birsteini Borutsky, 1948 Elaphoidella bisetosa Apostolov, 1985 Elaphoidella bispina Dussart, 1984 Elaphoidella borutzkyi Mikhailova-Neikova, 1972 Elaphoidella botosaneanui Petkovski, 1973 Elaphoidella boui Rouch, 1988 Elaphoidella bouilloni Rouch, 1964 Elaphoidella brehieri Apostolov, 2002 Elaphoidella brevicaudata Apostolov, 2002 Elaphoidella brevifurcata Chappuis, 1954 Elaphoidella brevipes Chappuis, 1935 Elaphoidella bromeliaecola (Chappuis, 1928) Elaphoidella bryophila Chappuis, 1928 Elaphoidella bulbifera Chappuis, 1937 Elaphoidella bulbiseta (Apostolov, 1998) Elaphoidella bulgarica (Apostolov, 1991) Elaphoidella cabezasi Petkovski, 1982 Elaphoidella caeca Miura, 1964 Elaphoidella californica M. S. Wilson, 1975 Elaphoidella calypsonis Chappuis & Rouch, 1959 Elaphoidella capiteradiata Brehm, 1951 Elaphoidella carterae Reid in Reid & Ishida, 1993 Elaphoidella cavatica Chappuis, 1957 Elaphoidella cavernicola Apostolov, 1992 Elaphoidella cavicola Shen & Tai, 1965 Elaphoidella chappuisi Rouch, 1970 Elaphoidella charon Chappuis, 1936 Elaphoidella claudboui Apostolov, 2003 Elaphoidella cliffordi Chappuis, 1932 Elaphoidella coiffaiti Chappuis & Kiefer, 1952 Elaphoidella colombiana Gaviria, 1993 Elaphoidella cornuta Chappuis, 1931 Elaphoidella coronata (G. O. Sars, 1904) Elaphoidella cottarellii Pesce & De Laurentiis, 1996 Elaphoidella crassa Chappuis, 1954 Elaphoidella crassicaudis Chappuis, 1936 Elaphoidella crenobia Petkovski, 1973 Elaphoidella croatica Petkovski, 1959 Elaphoidella cuspidata Chappuis, 1941 Elaphoidella cvetkae Petkovski, 1983 Elaphoidella cvetkovi Mikhailova-Neikova, 1967 Elaphoidella czerkessica Borutsky, 1972 Elaphoidella damasi Chappuis, 1938 Elaphoidella damianae Wells, 2007 Elaphoidella decorata (Daday, 1901) Elaphoidella denticulata Chappuis, 1929 Elaphoidella derjugini (Rylov, 1932) Elaphoidella dispersa Chappuis, 1934 Elaphoidella einslei Petkovski, 1981 Elaphoidella elaphoides (Chappuis, 1923) Elaphoidella elegans Chappuis, 1931 Elaphoidella elegantula (Chappuis, 1931) Elaphoidella elgonensis Chappuis, 1936 Elaphoidella elongata Chappuis, 1950 Elaphoidella eucharis Chappuis, 1953 Elaphoidella federicae Pesce & Galassi, 1988 Elaphoidella femurata Basamakov, 1987 Elaphoidella fluviusherbae Bruno & Reid in Bruno et al., 2000 Elaphoidella fonticola Chappuis, 1937 Elaphoidella franci Petkovski, 1983 Elaphoidella ganeshi Reid, 1998 Elaphoidella garbetensis Rouch, 1980 Elaphoidella gordani Karanovic, 1998 Elaphoidella gracilis (G. O. Sars, 1863) Elaphoidella grandidieri (Guerne & Richard, 1893) Elaphoidella hallensis Kiefer, 1963 Elaphoidella helenae Chappuis, 1953 Elaphoidella hellmichi Löffler, 1968 Elaphoidella hirsuta Chappuis, 1945 Elaphoidella humboldti Löffler, 1963 Elaphoidella humphreysi Karanovic, 2006 Elaphoidella hyalina Chappuis, 1932 Elaphoidella incerta Chappuis, 1937 Elaphoidella infernalis Rouch, 1970 Elaphoidella insularis Chappuis, 1956 Elaphoidella intermedia Chappuis, 1931 Elaphoidella iskrecensis Apostolov, 1997 Elaphoidella italica Pesce, Galassi & Apostolov, 1987 Elaphoidella jakobii M. H. Nogueira, 1959 Elaphoidella janas Cottarelli & Bruno, 1993 Elaphoidella jasonis Chappuis, 1953 Elaphoidella javaensis (Chappuis, 1928) Elaphoidella jeanneli (Chappuis, 1928) Elaphoidella jochenmartensi Dumont & Maas, 1988 Elaphoidella jojoi Petkovski, 1982 Elaphoidella juxtaputealis Damian & Botosaneanu, 1954 Elaphoidella karamani Chappuis, 1936 Elaphoidella karllangi Petkovski, 1973 Elaphoidella kenyensis Chappuis, 1936 Elaphoidella kodiakensis M. S. Wilson, 1975 Elaphoidella labani Löffler, 1973 Elaphoidella laciniata (Douwe, 1911) Elaphoidella laevis Chappuis, 1950 Elaphoidella leruthi Chappuis, 1937 Elaphoidella limnobia Chappuis, 1938 Elaphoidella lindbergi Chappuis, 1941 Elaphoidella longifurcata Chappuis & Kiefer, 1952 Elaphoidella longipedis Chappuis, 1931 Elaphoidella longiseta Chappuis, 1932 Elaphoidella mabelae Galassi & Pesce, 1991 Elaphoidella madiracensis Apostolov, 1998 Elaphoidella malayica (Chappuis, 1928) Elaphoidella margaritae Pesce & Apostolov, 1985 Elaphoidella marjoryae Bruno & Reid in Bruno et al., 2000 Elaphoidella massai Chappuis, 1936 Elaphoidella mauro Chappuis, 1956 Elaphoidella michailovae Basamakov, 1970 Elaphoidella millennii Brancelj, 2009 Elaphoidella minos Chappuis, 1956 Elaphoidella miurai Chappuis, 1955 Elaphoidella montenegrina Karanovic, 1997 Elaphoidella moreae Pesce, 1982 Elaphoidella necessaria Kiefer, 1933 Elaphoidella negroensis Kiefer, 1967 Elaphoidella neoarmata Petkovski, 1973 Elaphoidella neotropica Petkovski, 1973 Elaphoidella nepalensis Ishida, 1994 Elaphoidella nuragica Pesce & Galassi, 1986 Elaphoidella nyongi Roen, 1956 Elaphoidella pandurskyi Apostolov, 1992 Elaphoidella pani Por, 1983 Elaphoidella paraelaphoides Pesce, Galassi & Apostolov, 1987 Elaphoidella parajakobii Reid & José, 1987 Elaphoidella paraplesia Kiefer, 1967 Elaphoidella parapostolovi Wells, 2007 Elaphoidella parelaphoides Pesce, Galassi & Apostolov, 1987 Elaphoidella parvifurcata Petkovski, 1983 Elaphoidella pectinata (Delachaux, 1924) Elaphoidella pescei Apostolov, 1986 Elaphoidella petrovae Apostolov, 1986 Elaphoidella phreatica (Chappuis, 1925) Elaphoidella pintoae Reid & José, 1987 Elaphoidella plesai Pesce & Galassi, 1994 Elaphoidella plutonis Chappuis, 1938 Elaphoidella prohumboldti Petkovski, 1983 Elaphoidella propedamasi Defaye & Heymer, 1996 Elaphoidella proserpina Chappuis, 1934 Elaphoidella pseudocornuta Dumont & Maas, 1988 Elaphoidella pseudojeanelli Pónyi, 1956 Elaphoidella pseudophreatica Sterba, 1956 Elaphoidella putealis (Chappuis, 1925) Elaphoidella pyrenaica Rouch, 1970 Elaphoidella quadrispinosa Chappuis, 1938 Elaphoidella quemadoi Petkovski, 1982 Elaphoidella radkei Reid, 1987 Elaphoidella reducta Rouch, 1964 Elaphoidella reedi M. S. Wilson, 1975 Elaphoidella rodriguensis Borutsky, 1969 Elaphoidella romanica Kulhavy, 1969 Elaphoidella rossellae Pesce, Galassi & Apostolov, 1987 Elaphoidella sabanillae Petkovski, 1982 Elaphoidella salvadorica Ebert, 1976 Elaphoidella schubarti Chappuis, 1936 Elaphoidella serbica Petkovski & Brancelj, 1988 Elaphoidella sewelli (Chappuis, 1928) Elaphoidella shawangunkensis Strayer, 1989 Elaphoidella silverii Pesce, 1985 Elaphoidella silvestris M. H. Lewis, 1972 Elaphoidella similis Chappuis, 1931 Elaphoidella simplex Chappuis, 1944 Elaphoidella siolii Kiefer, 1967 Elaphoidella slovenica Wells, 2007 Elaphoidella spinosa Chappuis, 1952 Elaphoidella stammeri Chappuis, 1936 Elaphoidella striblingi Reid, 1990 Elaphoidella stygia (Apostolov, 1989) Elaphoidella suarezi Reid, 1987 Elaphoidella subcrenobia Petkovski, 1983 Elaphoidella subgracilis (Willey, 1934) Elaphoidella subplutonis Pesce, Galassi & Apostolov, 1987 Elaphoidella subterranea (Apostolov, 1991) Elaphoidella superpedalis Shen & Tai, 1964 Elaphoidella surinamensis (Delachaux, 1924) Elaphoidella synjakobii Petkovski, 1983 Elaphoidella tarmani Brancelj, 2009 Elaphoidella taroi Chappuis, 1955 Elaphoidella tenera Chappuis, 1937 Elaphoidella thienemanni Chappuis, 1931 Elaphoidella trisetosa Chappuis, 1933 Elaphoidella turgisetosa Petkovski, 1983 Elaphoidella uenoi Chappuis, 1958 Elaphoidella unica Kiefer, 1931 Elaphoidella unidens (Menzel, 1916) Elaphoidella uva Karanovic, 2001 Elaphoidella vaga Chappuis, 1950 Elaphoidella valkanovi Basamakov, 1973 Elaphoidella vandeli Chappuis & Rouch, 1958 Elaphoidella varians Chappuis, 1955 Elaphoidella vasiconica Rouch, 1970 Elaphoidella vietnamica Borutsky, 1967 Elaphoidella wilsonae Hunt, 1979 Elaphoidella winkleri (Chappuis, 1928) References Category:Harpacticoida Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Lefty Willis Charles William "Lefty" Willis (November 4, 1905 – May 10, 1962) was a Major League Baseball pitcher who played from to with the Philadelphia Athletics. External links Category:1905 births Category:1962 deaths Category:Major League Baseball pitchers Category:Baseball players from West Virginia Category:Philadelphia Athletics players Category:Martinsburg Blue Sox players Category:Shepherd Rams baseball players	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Health care in Calgary Calgary currently has four major adult acute care hospitals; the Foothills Medical Centre, the Peter Lougheed Centre, the Rockyview General Hospital and the South Health Campus and a children's acute care hospital; Alberta Children's Hospital, all running under the auspices of Alberta Health Services. The medical helicopters operate under the auspices of the Shock Trauma Air Rescue Society. The Sheldon M. Chumir Centre, the Richmond Road Diagnostic and Treatment Centre (RRDTC), Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Grace Women's Health Centre, Carewest, and the Glenmore Auxiliary Hospital are other medical facilities operating in the city, each providing a variety of care. The University of Calgary Medical Clinic also operates in partnership with the Calgary Health Region, and is located at the Foothills Medical Centre. The four largest Calgary hospitals have a combined total of more than 2,164 beds, and employ over 11,500 people. Health care is consistently ranked in national polls as a significant political concern, both at a federal and provincial level. History of physician care in Calgary Medical Profession Act was passed after Alberta became a province in 1905. In 1906, the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Alberta (CPSA) was formed in Calgary, covering physician licensing and discipline, followed shortly after by the forming of the Canadian Medical Association, Alberta Division (renamed the Alberta Medical Association in the 1960s), an educational body also concerned with standards of care acting in concert with the CPSA. The University of Alberta (U of A) took over from the CPSA in licensing physicians after 1910. Afterwards, the public health nursing service was also established to carry out preventive health care and public education, as physicians became concerned with insufficient numbers. After 1920, the CPSA retained licensing and discipline functions and also took over the "business" side, such as collecting dues and representing the profession in relation to legislation. In turn, the AMA became responsible for education and public relations. In 1931, annual physician refresher courses were subsidized by the AMA and held at the U of A. In the 1940s, more than 90% of Albertans received prepaid medical care due to the government-created Medical Services (Alberta), until replaced by compulsory federal medicare in 1969. In the 1960s, the AMA took over activities related to fees and benefits paid on behalf of patients under government insurance, as well as most committee work involving health matters. The AMA was formally constituted under the Societies Act of Alberta at this time. In the 1970s, in response to increased illicit drug use in the 1960s, the Alberta Alcoholism and Drug Abuse Commission AADAC is established. On 1 January 1975, the AMA became a free standing voluntary organization, financially independent of the CPSA. See also Calgary Health Region Health care in Canada List of hospitals in Canada References External links The Alberta Medical Association University Hospital Foundation Calgary Real Estate Information Calgary Childrens Hospital	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Dennis Drayna Dennis T. Drayna (born 1952) is an American human geneticist known for his contributions to stuttering, human haemochromatosis, pitch, and taste. He is currently the Section Chief of Genetics of Communication Disorders at the U.S. National Institute for Deafness and Other Communication Disorders. Biography Drayna graduated from the University of Wisconsin in 1976, and obtained a Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1981. He performed his post-doctoral training at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute in the lab of Raymond White, where he created the first full length genetic linkage map of the human X chromosome. After completing his post-doctoral training, Drayna joined the scientific staff of Genentech in 1985, where, most notably, he cloned and sequenced cholesteryl ester transfer protein among other contributions. In 1992, Drayna left Genentech to co-found Mercator Genetics, a bio-technology company focused on commercializing human genomic discoveries. Here, Drayna discovered the genetic basis of hereditary haemochromatosis. After Mercator Genetics was acquired by Progenitor in 1997, Drayna joined the Human Genome Project at the National Institutes of Health. Since moving to the NIH, his research has focused across broad areas of human genetics, including pitch, taste, and stuttering. In 2010, Drayna uncovered the first genetic basis of stuttering in humans. Since the initial discovery, he has expanded the understanding of genetic and neurological causes of human stuttering, including discovering additional genetic correlates of stuttering and creating 'knock-out' stuttering mice. Drayna has also investigated the genetic underpinnings of complex taste traits, including PTC, and also menthol cigarettes. Drayna is currently a member of the board of directors of The Stuttering Foundation of America, and a member of the faculty of the program in neuroscience and cognitive science at the University of Maryland. References External links Drayna's NIH research page Category:University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni Category:Harvard University alumni Category:1952 births Category:Living people Category:American geneticists Category:Human geneticists	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Mikawa, Yamaguchi was a town located in Kuga District, Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan. As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 1,714 and a density of 22.60 persons per km². The total area was 75.85 km². On March 20, 2006, Mikawa, along with the towns of Kuga, Miwa, Nishiki, Shūtō and Yū, and the village of Hongō (all from Kuga District), was merged into the expanded city of Iwakuni. External links Iwakuni official website Category:Dissolved municipalities of Yamaguchi Prefecture	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Innokenti Gerasimov Innokenti Petrovich Gerasimov ( 9 December 1905, Kostroma - 30 March 1985, Moscow) was a Soviet geographer and pedologist, professor, academician of the Soviet Academy of Sciences (1953). Biography He graduated from Leningrad State University (1926). Gerasimov participated in expeditions to Kazakhstan, Middle Asia, Western Siberia, on Ural, Far East and other. He traveled to Western Europe, India, China, Japan, Ceylon, Senegal, Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, Guinea, Brazil, Chile, Uruguay, United States, Mexico, New Zealand, Australia. Gerasimov also was known for his work in geomorphology, the study of the earth's surface relief. As the director of the Institute of Geography since 1951, he directed research used in planning regional development projects and the building of towns and railroads. A rare glimpse of the man can be found in a one and a half minute behind the scenes documentary featured as part of the 'Coming From The Movies Set' series of Soviet film promos. In this piece Gerasimov can be seen in Norilsk on the set of his film "Town Planners". It's a story of two young architects struggling to build a new town in the Polar Regions. The film stars Ivan Negonov as the director of an Iron & Steel Works, Anatoly Solonitsyn as architect Kolmykov, Lyubov Virolainen as architect Arkhipova; and can be found as an extra on the 2003 DVD release of Andrei Tarkovsky's 1974 film The Mirror. In 1964 he was elected a Member of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina. He was honored with an Order of Lenin and the State Prize of the USSR in 1973. Research Innokenti Gerasimov was known as the specialist of conservation and changing the natural environment. On the need of environmental protection, Innokentiy Gerasimov had spoken at a meeting of the Department of Earth Sciences, Soviet Academy of Sciences, on February 16, 1965. He has discussed the anthropogenic influence of paper industries on an ecosystem of the Lake Baikal. In his report, there was an alarming warning about the increase of industrial and domestic wastewaters from 11 to 60 km3 per year for 20 years. Taking into account the need for dilution and subsequent self-cleaning of 5–10 times the amount of clean water meant a threat of an acute water crisis in especially important industrial regions of the country . Innokentiy Gerasimov was supporters of the idea of Soviet ecologist Stanislav Shwarts, that the industrial needs of the Soviet Union made impossible the total preservation of its natural environment. The Natural Environment should be modified by humans to provide all people's needs and the nature reserves (zapovedniki) should keep untouched environment . Books Структурные черты рельефа земной поверхности на территории СССР и их происхождение, М., 1959; Преобразование природы и развитие географической науки в СССР, М., 1967. Literature Sobisevich A. V., Snytko V. A. Some aspects of nature protection in the scientific heritage of academician Innokentiy Gerasimov // Acta Geographica Silesiana. 2018. Vol. 29. # 1. P. 55–60. External links Innokenti Gerasimov - Great Soviet Encyclopedia Innokenti Gerasimov books by Innokenti Petrovich Gerasimov - bookfinder.com References Category:1905 births Category:1985 deaths Category:Place of birth missing Category:Russian geographers Category:Soviet geographers Category:Full Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences Category:Recipients of the Order of Lenin Category:Recipients of the USSR State Prize Category:Members of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina Category:Members of the German Academy of Sciences at Berlin	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
AREA15 AREA15 is a retail and entertainment development that opens in February about two miles from the Las Vegas Strip. It includes retail tenants, an ice-cream parlor, a gift shop and a food court. Investors characterize AREA15 as a "fresh", "exciting" “immersive bazaar,” an “experiential retail and entertainment complex,” and a place where “artists are front and center”, “a place of wonder.” There will be an arcade and an escape room, while traditional retail tenants are to incorporate interactive or V.R. elements in their "experience". A large section of AREA15 will be operated by experiential art collective Meow Wolf for a project which is as of yet being kept secret as to its nature. Shogyo Mujo, by Bart Kresa and BARTKRESA studio is the very first experience that guests will encounter when they enter Area 15. Shogyo Mujo is a 12-foot-tall, 360-degree projection mapped skull. BARTKRESA studio and sculptor Josh Harker originally collaborated on the unique installation for Burning Man. The project has evolved into a musically driven, visual centerpiece that has toured to Adobe Max, SIGGRAPH, and the Life is Beautiful Festival. The name Shogyo Mujo represents the first of the three marks of Dharma, which states that all things are impermanent. Each iteration of this piece embodies an intersection of the physical and the imagination Shogyo Mujo has won numerous awards, setting the standard for innovative experiences rooted in art and light. References External links AREA15 Shogyo Mujo BARTKRESA studio Meow Wolf Category:Shopping malls in the Las Vegas Valley Category:Lifestyle centers (retail) Category:Music venues in the Las Vegas Valley	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
2014 Regional League Division 2 Central & Western Region 2014 Regional League Division 2 Central & Western Region is the 2nd season of the League competition since its establishment in 2013. It is in the third tier of the Thai football league system. Changes from last season Team changes Promoted clubs Ang Thong were promoted to the 2014 Thai Division 1 League. Relocated clubs Nonthaburi re-located to the Regional League Central-West Division from the Bangkok Area Division 2013. Prachuap moved into the Southern Division 2014. Thonburi BG United moved into the Bangkok & field Division 2014. Expansion clubs J.W. Group, Ratchaphruek and Thonburi City joined the newly expanded league setup. Renamed clubs Futera Seeker renamed Seeker. Stadium and locations League table References External links 2014	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Eosentomon penelopae Eosentomon penelopae is a species of proturan in the family Eosentomidae. It is found in Australia. References Category:Protura Category:Articles created by Qbugbot Category:Animals described in 1977	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Love Life (song) "Love Life" is a Pet Shop Boys song originally performed and released by the Swedish band Alcazar. It was the fourth single to be taken from their #2 album Alcazarized. The song was originally titled "Can I Be the One?", and was demoed by Pet Shop Boys themselves. "Love Life" peaked at #10 in Sweden. Alcazar version Formats and track listings These are the formats and track listings of promotional single releases of "Love Life". CD single "Original Version" - 3:54 "Extended Version" - 6:35 "FL Rebirth Club Mix" - 9:22 Chart performance Pet Shop Boys version Pet Shop Boys released their own version of "Love Life" as a limited edition 7" single for Record Store Day in April 2010. limited edition 7-inch single A. "Love life" B. "A Powerful Friend" References External links Category:Alcazar (band) songs Category:2003 singles Category:RCA Records singles Category:Songs written by Neil Tennant Category:Songs written by Chris Lowe Category:2003 songs	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Eucalyptus canobolensis Eucalyptus canobolensis, commonly known as the Mount Canobolas candlebark or silver-leaf candlebark, is a species of tree that is endemic to a small area of New South Wales in eastern Australia. It is a small tree with smooth bark on the trunk and branches, dull, lance-shaped adult leaves, flowers buds in groups of three, white flowers and cup-shaped, bell-shaped or conical fruit. It is only known from Mount Canobolas near Orange. Description Eucalyptus canobolensis is a tree that typically grows to a height of about and forms a lignotuber. It has smooth, often powdery, white, cream-coloured, yellowish or pink bark, sometimes with rough greyish bark at the base. The leaves on young plants and on coppice regrowth are arranged in opposite pairs, sessile, mostly long and wide on a petiole long. Adult leaves are arranged alternately, lance-shaped, dull grey or glaucous, long and wide on a petiole long. They are more or less the same colour on both surfaces. The flower buds are arranged in groups of three in leaf axils on a flattened peduncle long, the individual buds sessile. The mature buds are oval to spindle-shaped, about long and wide with a conical operculum. Flowering has been observed in February and the flowers are white. The fruit is a woody, cup-shaped, bell-shaped or conical capsule long and wide and sessile or on a very short pedicel. The valves of the fruit extend beyond the rim. Taxonomy and naming Mount Canobolas candlebark was first described in 1991 by Lawrie Johnson and Ken Hill who gave it the name Eucalyptus rubida subsp. canobolensis from a specimen collected on Mount Canobolas, and published the description in the journal Telopea. In 1998 John Hunter raised it to species status as E. canobolensis. The specific epithet (canobolensis) refers to the type location. The ending -ensis is a Latin suffix meaning "place for" or "where". Distribution and habitat Eucalyptus canobolensis is only known from the upper slopes of Mount Canobolas where it grows in subalpine woodland. Conservation status Mount Canobolas candlebark is classified as "endangered" under the Australian Government Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 and as "vulnerable" under the New South Wales Government Biodiversity Conservation Act 2016. The main threats to the species are weed invasion, especially by blackberry (Rubus fruticosus) and Pinus radiata from nearby plantations, infrastructure development and forestry operations. References canobolensis Category:Myrtales of Australia Category:Flora of New South Wales Category:Trees of Australia Category:Plants described in 1991 Category:Taxa named by Lawrence Alexander Sidney Johnson	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Walter Roberts (writer) Walter R. Roberts was a writer, lecturer, and former government official. Life and career Walter R Roberts was born in Austria-Hungary (August 26, 1916 – June 29, 2014), educated at the University of Vienna and Cambridge University (M. Litt., Ph.D.), and died (June 29, 2014) in Washington D.C.. He was a research assistant at The Harvard Law School (1940–1942) and joined the US Government (Coordinator of Information) in 1942. After eight years of service with the Voice of America, he was transferred to the Austrian Desk of the Department of State (1950). In 1953, he was appointed Deputy Area Director for Europe in the newly created U.S. Information Agency (USIA). In 1955, he was a member of the American Delegation to the Austrian Treaty Talks that culminated in a State Treaty, signed in Vienna by the four occupying powers (U.S. Great Britain, France and the Soviet Union) on May 15, 1955. In 1960, he was appointed Counselor for Public Affairs at the American Embassy in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. In 1966, he was assigned as Diplomat in Residence at Brown University in Providence, R.I. and in 1967 he was transferred to Geneva, Switzerland to serve as Counselor for Public Affairs at the U.S. Mission to the United Nations. In 1969, he was appointed Deputy Associate Director of USIA and in 1971 was elevated to the Associate Director position, then the senior career post in USIA. In 1973, his book Tito, Mihailović and the Allies, 1941–1945 was published, described by Foreign Affairs as "the best book on the subject." In 1974, he received the Distinguished Honor Award from USIA. He retired from the U.S. Government in 1974 to take the position of Director of Diplomatic Studies at Georgetown University's Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS). His first assignment there was to serve as executive director of a panel on International Information, Educational and Cultural Affairs (also called the Stanton Panel after its chairman, the then President of CBS, Dr. Frank Stanton). In 1975, he was called back into government to serve as executive director of the Board for International Broadcasting. (BIB, the government agency overseeing Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty. The BIB was dissolved and replaced in 1999 by the Broadcasting Board of Governors. In 1985, he retired for the second time from the U.S. Government and was appointed diplomat-in-residence at The George Washington University where he taught a course on "Diplomacy in the Information Age" for ten years. In 1991, President George H. W. Bush appointed him to be a member of the U.S. Advisory Commission on Public Diplomacy and President Bill Clinton reappointed him in 1994. In 1993, he accepted an appointment as a member of the board of the Salzburg Global Seminar. In 2001, he co-founded (as a successor to the Public Diplomacy Foundation) The Institute for Public Diplomacy and Global Communication and the Public Diplomacy Council. He is still an advisor to the (renamed) Institute for Public Diplomacy and Global Communication and a member emeritus of the board of the Public Diplomacy Council. In 2009, he received the Voice of America "Director's Special Recognition Award". In 2014, his book "Tito, Mihailović and the Allies, 1941 – 1945" was republished in Serbia. After his personal recollections about Josip Broz Tito were published by American Diplomacy, the Serbian newspaper Politika covered the story on its front page. After his retirement from government, he wrote and spoke widely on foreign affairs subjects. Books Tito, Mihailović and the Allies,1941–1945, Rutgers University Press, 1973; reprinted by Duke University Press, 1987 Culture and Information: Two Foreign Policy Functions (with Terry L. Deibel), Sage Publications, 1976. Articles "U.S. Experience in Evaluating Information Programs", Zeitschrift für Kulturaustausch, Stuttgart, 1975 "The Global Information Revolution and the Communist World" (with Harold E. Engle), The Washington Quarterly, Spring, 1986 "The Information Revolution: A Breakthrough in the East?" The World Today (The Royal Institute of International Affairs), June 1989. Published in German by the Europaische Rundschau in the Fall of 1989. "A New Status for Eastern Europe?", The World Today (The Royal Institute of International Affairs), October, 1989 "Germany: The Gorbachev Memorandum", The World Today (The Royal Institute of International Affairs), October, 1990 "Diplomacy in the Information Age", The World Today (The Royal Institute of International Affairs), July, 1991. Published in German by the Europaische Rundschau in the Fall of 1991. "The Life and Death of Integration in Yugoslavia", Mediterranean Quarterly, Spring, 1992 "Torn Curtain" (with Harold E.Engle), Foreign Service Journal June, 1993 "The Voices of America", World & I, November, 1993 "Eberhard P. Deutsch: A Comment" Austrian Information (Washington, D.C.) Vol.49, No. 11, 1996 "Austria as a Model", Foreign Policy, Fall, 1996 "Follow the Austrian Model", Washington Quarterly, Winter, 1997 "The Only Good Serb is a..." (With David Binder), Mediterranean Quarterly, Summer, 1998 "Serbs as Victims", The Washington Post, April 10, 1999 "Government Broadcasting", Virtual Diplomacy (Net diplomacy-Beyond Old Borders) U.S. Institute of Peace, August, 2002 "Rebuilding Public Diplomacy" (with Barry Fulton), National Strategy Forum Review, Spring, 2004 "The Evolution of Diplomacy" Mediterranean Quarterly, Summer, 2006 "What is Public Diplomacy? Past Practices, Present Conduct, Possible Future", Mediterranean Quarterly, Fall, 2007 "Rebooting America's Image Abroad", WhirledView, February 14, 2009 "The Voice of America – Origins and Recollections", American Diplomacy, Oct.26, 2009 "The Voice of America – Origins and Recollections II", American Diplomacy, Jan.11, 2011 "The Israel Palestine Conflict: 1967 Lines with Mutually Agreed Swaps", American Diplomacy, Sept.21, 2011 "The Day Austria Disappeared from the Map", American Diplomacy, February 1012 "Years of Self-Inflicted Disasters – Austria Before Annexation in 1938", American Diplomacy, May 2012 "Austria Redux – How Austria Reappeared on the Map of Europe", American Diplomacy, September 2013 "Tito – Personal Reflections", American Diplomacy, February 2014 References External links The Voice of America: Origins and Recollections by Dr. Walter R. Roberts. Voice of American: Origins and Recollections II" by Dr. Walter R. Roberts. The Evolution of Diplomacy by Dr. Walter R. Roberts. "The Israel Palestine Conflict: 1967 Lines with Mutually Agreed Swaps" by Dr. Walter R. Roberts. Day Austria Disappeared From the Map" by Dr. Walter R. Roberts. of Self-Inflicted Disasters – Austria Before Annexation in 1938" by Dr. Walter R. Roberts. Redux" by Dr Walter R Roberts. Category:1916 births Category:2014 deaths Category:American non-fiction writers Category:United States Department of State officials Category:American diplomats Category:Austrian emigrants to the United States	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Wallasey Wallasey () is a town within the Metropolitan Borough of Wirral, in Merseyside, England, on the mouth of the River Mersey, at the northeastern corner of the Wirral Peninsula. At the 2011 Census, the population was 60,284. History Toponymy The name of Wallasey originates from the Germanic word Walha, meaning stranger or foreigner, which is also the origin of the name Wales. The suffix “-ey” denotes an island or area of dry land. Originally the higher ground now occupied by Wallasey was separated from the rest of Wirral by the creek known as Wallasey Pool (which later became the docks), the marshy areas of Bidston Moss and Leasowe, and sand dunes along the coast. Early history Historically in Cheshire, the area was sparsely populated before the 19th century. Horse races organised for the Earls of Derby on the sands at Leasowe in the 16th and 17th centuries are regarded as forerunners of the modern Derby. Old maps show that the main centre and parish church (St Hilary's) were located at what is now called Wallasey Village, and there were smaller hamlets at Liscard, Poulton and Seacombe, from where there were occasional ferries across the Mersey. There was also a mill (at Mill Lane), and from the mid-18th century a gunpowder store or magazine at Rock Point, located well away from the built-up areas. The main activities in the area were farming and fishing. The area also had a reputation for smuggling and “wrecking”, the act of luring ships onto rocks or sandbanks with false lights in order to raid their cargo. Underground cellars and tunnels, which were used to hide cargo pilfered from wrecked ships still exist in the town. As late as 1839, the “Pennsylvania” and two other ships were wrecked off Leasowe in a severe storm, and their cargoes and furnishings were later found distributed among local residents. Early 19th-century development By the early 19th century, the shoreline between Seacombe and Rock Point started to become an attractive area to which affluent Liverpool merchants and sea captains could retire. Development at Egremont began around this time, and gained pace with the introduction of steam ferries across the river. The area also had a defensive role overlooking the growing Port of Liverpool. In 1829, Fort Perch Rock was built, and in 1858 Liscard Battery. In 1835 Liscard Hall was built by another merchant, Sir John Tobin. Its grounds later became Central Park. His family also developed a “model farm” nearby. With the expansion of trade on the Mersey, new docks were constructed between 1842 and 1847 in the Wallasey Pool, and by 1877 the dock system between Wallasey and neighbouring Birkenhead was largely complete. The area around the docks became a centre for engineering industries, many associated with shipbuilding, and other activities including sugar refining and the manufacture of cement and fertilisers. Bidston Dock, the last in the area, was opened in 1933, but was filled in during 2003. Later growth and the 20th century During the latter half of the 19th century New Brighton developed as a popular seaside resort serving Liverpool and the Lancashire industrial towns, and many of the large houses were converted to inexpensive hotels. A pier was opened in the 1860s, and the promenade from Seacombe to New Brighton was built in the 1890s. This served both as a recreational amenity in its own right, and to link up the developments along the estuary, and was later extended westwards towards Leasowe. The New Brighton Tower, the tallest in the country, was opened in 1900 but closed in 1919 and dismantled shortly afterwards. However, its ballroom continued as a major venue, hosting numerous concerts in the 1950s and 1960s by local Liverpool bands as well as other international stars. After 1886, with the opening of the Mersey Railway allowing access via a tunnel to Liverpool, the pace of housing development increased, particularly in the Liscard and Wallasey Village areas. The area now called Wallasey comprises several distinct districts which gradually merged to form a single built-up area during the 19th and early 20th centuries. Further growth continued well into the 20th century and eventually spread into the Leasowe area and beyond to Moreton. The UK's first guide dog training school, the Guide Dogs for the Blind Association, was founded in the town in 1931. A statue sits outside the Floral Pavilion Theatre to celebrate this. The Wallasey Golf Club is where club member, Dr Frank Stableford, developed the Stableford system of points scoring. This was first used in competition in 1932. Because of its docks and proximity to Liverpool, parts of the area suffered aerial bombing in 1940-41. After the Second World War, the popularity of New Brighton as a seaside resort declined dramatically, as did the use of the docks, and Wallasey gradually became more obviously a residential suburb for Liverpool, Birkenhead and the other towns in the area. The Beatles played some of their first shows outside Liverpool at the Grosvenor Ballroom in Liscard in 1960, and over the next few years also played several times at the Tower Ballroom in New Brighton. On 12 October 1962, they played there as the support act for Little Richard. Wallasey was also the home base of two other leading Merseybeat groups, the Undertakers featuring Jackie Lomax, and the Pressmen featuring Ritchie Prescott and Phil Kenzie who later became a successful saxophone soloist. The world's first passenger hovercraft service operated from July 1962 to September 1962 between Leasowe and Rhyl in North Wales. Local MP Ernest Marples was responsible as Minister of Transport (1959–64) for introducing parking meters, yellow lines and seat belt controls to the UK. The "Solar Campus" on Leasowe Road was the first building in the world to be heated entirely by solar energy. It was formerly St George's Secondary School, and was built in 1961 to the designs of Emslie Morgan. The solar panels on this establishment have since been removed due to high costs and has been renamed. Wallasey was struck by an F1/T3 tornado on 23 November 1981, as part of the record-breaking nationwide tornado outbreak on that day. Civic history Wallasey became a County Borough in 1913, and its town hall opened in 1916. The borough boundaries expanded to include Moreton and Saughall Massie in 1928. The County Borough of Wallasey was incorporated into the Metropolitan Borough of Wirral on 1 April 1974. The town is contained in the parliamentary constituency of Wallasey, which has been held since the 1992 general election by Angela Eagle of the Labour Party. Geography Wallasey is situated at the north-east of the Wirral Peninsula, on the western side of the River Mersey and adjoining the Irish Sea. The area is approximately east-north-east of the Dee Estuary at Hoylake. Wallasey is at an elevation of between above sea level, with the highest point being around St Peter and St Paul's Church in New Brighton. The area now called Wallasey comprises several distinct districts - Egremont, Liscard, New Brighton, Poulton, Seacombe and Wallasey Village. These gradually merged to form a single built-up area during the 19th and early 20th centuries. Unlike in most other towns, there is no single Wallasey town centre, although the main shopping area is centrally located at Liscard. Both the parliamentary constituency and the former County Borough of Wallasey also include (or included) Leasowe, Moreton and Saughall Massie, which are now usually regarded as separate settlements. Liscard This contains the main shopping area, with the covered Cherry Tree precinct and an extensive shopping parade outside. Central Park, originally the grounds of Liscard Hall, is the largest park in the town. Much of the area is residential and contains mainly high-density semi-detached housing with some terraces. The gatehouse of the old Liscard Battery remains. Liscard Hall was destroyed by a fire on 7 July 2008. The damage was so severe, the whole building had to be demolished. Wallasey Village Wallasey Village has a mixture of mostly 20th century semi-detached and detached housing, a shopping street, with a floral roundabout in the centre. St Hilary's Church is an ancient foundation; the old tower is all that remains of a 1530 church building which burned down in 1857. There are two railway stations, Wallasey Village and Wallasey Grove Road. At the north end of Wallasey Village, the main street leads to the promenade and coastal park, and two golf courses. The promenade passes here, running from the 'Gunsite' around to Seacombe, a total of over . New Brighton New Brighton was a popular seaside resort after the mid-19th century, but declined in popularity after the 1950s. Nevertheless, the marine promenade is part of a walkway and the areas near the sea offer a much improved beach and many leisure activities. The Floral Pavilion plays host to regular productions and national stars such as Ken Dodd, and Vale Park is a public park. Housing here ranges from large villas near the sea to suburban semi-detached homes, and some terraces in parts of the area. New Brighton is served by a railway station of the same name. Poulton Poulton was originally a small fishing and farming hamlet beside the Wallasey Pool (hence its name). It developed with the growth of the docks, mainly as an industrial and terraced housing area. Egremont Egremont developed as an affluent residential area in the early 19th century, and was named by one Captain Askew who built a house in the area in 1835 and named it after his Cumberland birthplace. Seacombe Seacombe, the most southeasterly section of Wallasey, is best known for its Mersey Ferry terminal, with regular ferry boat departures to Pier Head in Liverpool and Woodside in Birkenhead. There is a commuter ferry service direct to Liverpool during peak hours, while for the rest of the day the ferries are geared to serving tourists with a circular cruise visiting Birkenhead Woodside ferry terminal as well. Seacombe is the last remaining of the three ferry terminals which used to connect the Borough of Wallasey, the others being Egremont Ferry and the New Brighton Ferry, which operated from its own pier, running parallel to the New Brighton pleasure pier. Seacombe Ferry is also the starting point of a four-mile unbroken promenade, mostly traffic-free, running alongside the River Mersey to Harrison Drive beyond New Brighton. Local landmarks are St Paul's Church, standing on its own traffic island, and the ventilation tower for the Kingsway Tunnel with its mighty extraction fans. As with Poulton, the area developed with housing for the dockworkers and nearby industries, and much of the housing is owned by Magenta Housing or are terraced. The Guinea Gap swimming baths are located between Seacombe and Egremont. Education When compared to the national average, the schools of Wallasey slightly underperform on GCSE results. However they are above the national average on A Level results. Primary schools Liscard Primary School St George's Primary School Somerville Primary School Riverside Primary School Egremont Primary School Mount Primary School Park Primary School New Brighton Primary School Greenleas Primary School Kingsway Primary School St Joseph's Primary School St Albans Primary School Secondary schools The Mosslands School Weatherhead High School The Oldershaw Academy Kingsway High School St Mary's Catholic College Voluntary aided schools St Alban's Catholic Primary School St Joseph's Catholic Primary School Saints Peter and Paul Catholic Primary School St Mary's Catholic College Transport Road The Kingsway Tunnel, Opened by Queen Elizabeth II when it was completed in 1971, its roadway route via Poulton leads to its entrance in Seacombe, which links Wallasey with the centre of Liverpool and was featured in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 1 The M53 motorway begins in Poulton and leads south through the centre of the Wirral Peninsula to Chester and the M56 motorway continues to Manchester Airport. The North Wallasey Approach Road begins in Wallasey Village and ends in Bidston at Junction 1 of the M53. Leasowe Road gives access to Leasowe and Moreton to the west, and to Wallasey Village to the east. Rail There are three railway stations: Wallasey Village, Wallasey Grove Road and New Brighton. Electric trains to Liverpool and Birkenhead depart every 15 minutes (every 30 minutes during late evenings and on Sundays). Grove Road station has a large car park with over 160 spaces. Bus Until 1969, Wallasey had its own corporation bus service; from this date the operation was taken over by Merseyside Passenger Transport Executive. The Wallasey bus service was relatively constrained within the borough boundaries, and had two distinctive features. One was the unusual livery, which appeared to be two shades of yellow (officially it was "sea green" and rich cream, but it always looked yellow and the service was generally known as the "yellow buses"). Secondly the services mostly radiated from Seacombe Ferry terminal across the borough, and bus departures coincided with the arrival of the ferry. Vehicles were lined up facing outwards from the kerb and every 10–15 minutes the passengers (several hundreds at peak hours) would arrive from the ferry boat. When all had boarded their respective routes the inspector in charge would blow a whistle and there would be an amazing Le Mans-style start with up to fifteen double-decker buses, including racing engines, close manoeuvring, and competitive gestures between the crews, for the first few hundred yards until the routes gradually diverged across the borough. Now, regular bus services (Arriva North West routes 402, 413 and 423) depart Liscard every 10 minutes and travel via the Kingsway Tunnel to Liverpool. In addition, there are several services which link the districts of Wallasey and nearby towns such as Birkenhead, Leasowe and Moreton. Notable people The following people were from Wallasey: Fortunatus Wright (1712–1757), privateer Samuel John "Lamorna" Birch (1869–1955), painter Hetty King (1883–1972), music hall performer Olaf Stapledon (1886–1950), science fiction writer and philosopher Aeneas Francon Williams, FRSGS (1886 – 1971), Minister of the Church of Scotland, Missionary, Chaplain, writer, poet Walter McLennan Citrine, Baron Citrine, GBE, PC (1887–1983), trade unionist and politician Saunders Lewis (1893–1985), Welsh nationalist politician and writer General Sir Miles Dempsey (1896–1969), commander of the British Second Army during the D-Day landings Major Bill Tilman, CBE, DSO, MC and Bar (1898–1977), mountaineer and explorer Maxwell Fry, (1899–1987), modernist architect Sidonie Goossens (1899–2004), harpist Wilfrid Lowry (1900–1974), Birkenhead Park FC and England rugby union player John Baker (1901–1985), structural engineer and inventor of the Morrison indoor shelter Frank Doel (1908–1968), bookseller in London, whose story is told in 84 Charing Cross Road Malcolm Lowry (1909–1957), writer (Under the Volcano) Fred Perry (1909-1995), Wimbledon tennis champion Charles Crichton (1910–1999), film director (The Lavender Hill Mob, A Fish Called Wanda) Leslie Graham (1911–1953), world champion motorcycle racer Deryck Guyler (1914–1999), actor and comedian Frances Macdonald (1914-2002), painter Mabel Esther Allan (1915–1998), children's author John Mungo-Park (1918–1941), wartime flying ace Raymond Moore, (1920–1987), photographer Graham Stark (1922–2013), actor Victor Tindall (1928-2010), England rugby player Dickie Davies (b 1933), TV sports journalist and presenter Rita Hunter CBE (1933–2001), opera singer Ralph Steadman (b 1936), artist and cartoonist Ann Bell (b 1938), actress Brian Jones (b 1940), saxophonist with The Undertakers Eric Idle (b 1943), Monty Python legend Peter Benson (1943-2018), actor Geoffrey Hughes (1944-2012), actor Jackie Lomax (1944-2013), singer-songwriter Warren "Bugs" Pemberton (1945-2013), drummer with The Undertakers Michael Carson (b 1946), writer Heather Couper (1949–2020), astronomer and broadcaster Nigel Olsson (b 1949), rock drummer (Elton John) Tom Murphy (b.1949), sculptor Alan Rouse (1951–1986), mountaineer Peter Watson (b 1952), photographer Ray Stubbs (b 1956), TV sports presenter Jayne Casey (b 1956), singer (member of Big In Japan) Shirley Ballas (b 1960), dancer Simon Rimmer (b 1963), Chef, TV Presenter Paul Hollywood (b 1966), TV personality, baker Matthew Smith (b 1966), Games Programmer, creator of Manic Miner Louise Delamere (b 1969), actress Shaun Garnett (b 1969), Tranmere Rovers footballer & coach Dominic Purcell (b 1970), actor Elizabeth Berrington, (b 1970), actress Neil Cross (b 1972), cricketer Austin Healey (b 1973), Leicester and England Rugby Union player Robbie Green (b 1974), Professional darts player Jenny Frost (b 1978), singer (member of Atomic Kitten) The Boo Radleys (formed 1988), Alternative rock band Jay Spearing (b 1988), Bolton Wanderers F.C. footballer See also Listed buildings in Wallasey References Bibliography External links Category:Towns and villages in the Metropolitan Borough of Wirral Category:Towns in Merseyside	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Jeff Celentano Jeff Celentano (born May 24, 1960), also credited as Jeff Weston, is an American actor, screenwriter, producer and film director. Celentano starred as a character actor in such films as Robert Altman’s “The Player”, American Ninja 2: The Confrontation, Puppet Master II, and Demonic Toys. Also starring in “Dynasty” “Magnum P.I., and “Trapper John”. In 1994, he turned to directing with his first short film, Dickwad. Which won several film festivals as best comedy short. He also directed Under the Hula Moon, Gunshy starring Diane Lane, “Breaking Point” starring Tom Berenger and Busta Rhymes. and most recently the boxing saga Glassjaw. Celentano is an acting teacher and is the Executive Director of Drama at The Performer's Academy in Lake Forest, California. Celentano was born and raised in Pemberton, New Jersey. References Filmography (director) 1994 - Dickwad1995 - Under The Hula Moon 1997 - Elissa1998 - Gunshy 2000 - Primary Suspect2004 - Moscow Heat 2007 - Say It in Russian2009 - Breaking Point ''2014 - Echoes of Shannon Street (in development) External links The Performer’s Academy Official Site Category:1960 births Category:Male actors from New Jersey Category:American male film actors Category:American male screenwriters Category:Drama teachers Category:Living people Category:People from Pemberton, New Jersey Category:Film directors from New Jersey Category:Screenwriters from New Jersey	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Bednář Bednář (feminine Bednářová) is a Czech surname (meaning "cooper"). It may refer to: People Andy Bednar, a pitcher for the Pittsburgh Pirates in 1930 and 1931 David A. Bednar (born 1952), American member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Eva Bednářová, Czech printmaker Franz Bednar (born 1910), Austrian bobsledder who competed in the mid-1930s George Bednar (1942-2007), American football player and beverage executive Jared Bednar, a retired Canadian professional ice-hockey player, currently the head coach of the Peoria Riverman Jaroslav Bednář (born 1976), Czech hockey player Kamil Bednář (1912-1972), Czech poet, translator, prose writer, dramatist and publishing house editor Karolína Bednářová, Czech volleyball player Ladislav Bednář, Czech founder of BEDNAR FMT, manufacturer of agricultural machinery Marcela Bednar, a West German-German sprint canoer who competed in the 1990s Markéta Bednářová, Czech basketball player Pavel Bednář, a Czech sprint canoer who competed in the 1990s Robert Bednar (born 1911), Austrian bobsledder who competed in the mid-1930s Roman Bednář (born 1983), Czech footballer Vladimír Bednář, Czech ice hockey player Vladimír Bednár (born 1979), Slovak footballer Characters Captain Bednar, a police captain in the novel The Man with the Golden Arm Category:Czech-language surnames Category:Occupational surnames	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Matt Zunic Matthew Zunic (September 19, 1919 – December 15, 2006) was an American professional basketball player and coach. He played college basketball at the George Washington University. A 6'3" guard, he played one season in the Basketball Association of America (BAA), a precursor to the NBA. He averaged 4.9 points per game for the Washington Capitols. He later coached at Boston University and the University of Massachusetts. He coached seven season at BU (1952–53 through 1958–59), compiling a 96-58 record (.623). He then moved to the University of Massachusetts, coaching for four seasons (1959–60 through 1962–63), compiling a 57-41 record (.582). In the 1961–62 season, Massachusetts won their first Yankee Conference title, and played in the school's first NCAA Tournament. BAA career statistics Regular season Playoffs Head coaching record References External links Category:1919 births Category:2006 deaths Category:American men's basketball players Category:American people of Serbian descent Category:Basketball coaches from Florida Category:Basketball players from Florida Category:Boston University Terriers men's basketball coaches Category:Flint Dow A.C.'s players Category:George Washington Colonials men's basketball players Category:UMass Minutemen basketball coaches Category:Washington Capitols draft picks Category:Washington Capitols players Category:Forwards (basketball) Category:Guards (basketball)	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Crocus caspius Crocus caspius is a species of flowering plant in the genus Crocus of the family Iridaceae, from Southeastern Transcaucasus to Northern Iran. References caspius Category:Plants described in 1838	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Blackfoot Dam Blackfoot Dam (National ID # ID00204) is a dam in Caribou County, Idaho, in the eastern part of the state. The earthen dam was completed in 1911 by the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs, with a height of 55 feet and 304 feet long at its crest. It impounds the Blackfoot River of Idaho for flood control and irrigation water storage primarily for the Fort Hall Indian Reservation. The dam is owned and operated by the Bureau. Its construction came eight years before the 1919 formation of Caribou County. The reservoir it creates, Blackfoot Reservoir, has a water surface of 18,000 acres, and a maximum capacity of 413,000 acre-feet. Blackfoot Dam impounds the river at the northwestern end of the reservoir; the China Hat Dam towards the southwest of the reservoir was constructed in 1923 to resolve seepage problems. Recreation includes fishing for rainbow and cutthroat trout, as well as carp. References Category:Dams in Idaho Category:Reservoirs in Idaho Category:United States Bureau of Indian Affairs dams Category:Dams completed in 1911 Category:Buildings and structures in Caribou County, Idaho Category:Lakes of Caribou County, Idaho Category:1911 establishments in Idaho	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Fencing at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics Fencing events at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics were held from 7 to 10 October at the Africa Pavilion in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Qualification Each National Olympic Committee (NOC) can enter a maximum of 6 competitors, 3 per each gender and 1 per each weapon. 66 places was decided at the 2018 Cadet World Championships held in Verona, Italy from 1–9 April 2018. Ten athletes per each individual event (1 from Africa, 2 from the Americas, 3 from Asia/Oceania and 4 from Europe) qualified. Furthermore, the top six ranked individual athletes that have not qualified overall across all genders will also qualify, with a maximum one per event per NOC (2 from Oceania and 1 from the other four continents). As hosts, Argentina is able to enter athletes in all six events and a further three wildcards were awarded per gender. These were awarded to: Costa Rica, Lebanon, Togo, Saudi Arabia, Iraq and Senegal. To be eligible to participate at the Youth Olympics athletes must have been born between 1 January 2001 and 31 December 2003. Medal summary Medal table Events References External links Official Results Book – Fencing Category:2018 Summer Youth Olympics events Youth Summer Olympics Category:International fencing competitions hosted by Argentina 2018	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Agriculture in Syria Despite six years of crisis in Syria, agriculture remains a key part of the economy. The sector still accounts for an estimated 26 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) and represents a critical safety net for the 6.7 million Syrians – including those internally displaced - who still remain in rural areas. However, agriculture and the livelihoods that depend on it have suffered massive loss. Today, food production is at a record low and around half the population remaining in Syria are unable to meet their daily food needs. Until the mid-1970s, agriculture in Syria was the primary economic activity in Syria. At independence in 1946, agriculture (including minor forestry and fishing) was the most important sector of the economy, and in the 1940s and early 1950s, agriculture was the fastest growing sector. Wealthy merchants from urban centers such as Aleppo invested in land development and irrigation. Rapid expansion of the cultivated area and increased output stimulated the rest of the economy. However, by the late 1950s, there was little land left that could easily be brought under cultivation. During the 1960s, agricultural output stagnated because of political instability and land reform. Between 1953 and 1976, agriculture's contribution to GDP increased (in constant prices) by only 3.2%, approximately the rate of population growth. From 1976 to 1984 growth in agriculture declined to 2% a year, and its importance in the economy declined as other sectors grew more rapidly. In 1981, as in the 1970s, 53% of the population was still classified as rural, although movement to the cities continued to accelerate. However, in contrast to the 1970s, when 50% of the labor force was employed in agriculture, by 1983 agriculture employed only 30% of the labor force. Furthermore, by the mid-1980s, unprocessed farm products accounted for only 4% of exports, equivalent to 7% of non-petroleum exports. Industry, commerce, and transportation still depended on farm produce and related agro-business, but agriculture's preeminent position had clearly eroded. By 1985 agriculture (including a little forestry and fishing) contributed only 16.5% to GDP, down from 22.1% in 1976. By the mid-1980s, the Syrian government had taken measures to revitalize agriculture. The 1985 investment budget saw a sharp rise in allocations for agriculture, including land reclamation and irrigation. The government's renewed commitment to agricultural development in the 1980s, by expanding cultivation and extending irrigation, promised brighter prospects for Syrian agriculture in the 1990s. Water resources Water is a scarce resource in Syria as it is throughout the Middle East, but Syria is more fortunate than many other countries. Sufficient rainfall supports cultivation in the Fertile Crescent - an arc from the southwest, near the border with Israel and Lebanon, extending northward to the Turkish border and eastward along that border to Iraq. The other main area of cultivation is along the Euphrates and its major tributaries and is dependent on irrigation. Rainfall is highest along the Mediterranean coast and on the mountains just inland, with Syria's limited forestry activities being concentrated in the higher elevations of these mountains. Rainfall diminishes sharply as one moves eastward of the mountains paralleling the coast and southward from the Turkish border. The arc of cultivation from the southwest (and east of the coastal mountains) to the northeast is largely semiarid, having as annual rainfall between 300 and 600 millimeters. Areas south and east of the arc receive less than 300 millimeters of rain annually, classifying the land as arid. Grass and coarse vegetation suitable for limited grazing grow in part of this arid belt, and the rest is desert of little agricultural value. Rainfall is mainly between October and May. Without irrigation, cropping is finished by summer, when the climate is very hot and dry. Moreover, the amount of rainfall and its timing varies considerably from year to year, making rain-fed farming extremely risky. When rains are late or inadequate, farmers do not even plant a crop. Successive years of drought are not uncommon and cause havoc not only for farmers but for the rest of the economy. In the mid-1980s, about two-thirds of agricultural output (plant and animal production) depended on rainfall. Irrigation Extension and improvement of irrigation could substantially raise agricultural output. For example, in 1985, because of the expansion of irrigation, Syria's agricultural output rose 10% above the drought-plagued yield of 1984. Yields from irrigated fields have been several times higher than from rain-fed fields, and many irrigated areas could grow more than a single crop a year. Development of irrigation systems, however, is both costly and time-consuming. Syria's major irrigation potential lies in the Euphrates River valley and its two major tributaries, the Balikh and Khabur rivers in the northeast portion of the country. The Euphrates is the largest river in Southwest Asia which originated in Turkey, where relatively heavy rain and snowfall provide runoff most of the year. The river flows southeastward across the arid Syrian Plateau into Iraq, where it joins the Tigris River shortly before emptying into the Persian Gulf. In addition to Syria, both Turkey and Iraq use dams on the Euphrates for hydroelectric power, water control, storage, and irrigation. In the mid-1980s, about a half of the annual Euphrates River flow was used by these three countries. Syrians have long used the Euphrates for irrigation, but, because the major systems were destroyed centuries ago, they now make only limited use of the river's flow. In the mid-1980s, the Euphrates River accounted for over 85% of the country's surface water resources, but its water was used for only about two-fifths (200,000 hectares) of the land then under irrigated cultivation. In 1984, about 44% of irrigated land still used water from wells. Several project studies were conducted after World War II, and, in the 1960s, the Soviet Union agreed to provide financial and technical assistance for the Tabqa Dam, a large hydroelectric power station, and portions of the major Euphrates irrigation project. The dam, located at al-Thawrah, a short distance upriver from the town of Raqqa, is earth fill, 60 meters high and four and a half kilometers long. Construction began in 1968, and work was essentially completed by 1978. The Rabqa Dam was closed in 1973, when Lake Assad, the artificial lake behind the dam, began filling. About 80 kilometers long, Lake Assad averages about 8 kilometers in width and holds nearly 12 billion cubic meters of water. The power plant has eight 100-megawatt turbines for power generation and transmission lines to Aleppo. Until 1983, the power station operated at 65% of capacity, generating 2,500 megawatts a year or about 45% of Syria's electricity. In 1986, the power station operated at only 30 to 40% of capacity because of the low water level in Lake Assad. Provisions were made, however, for future construction to raise the height of the dam, increase the capacity of Lake Assad by about 10%, and increase the number of turbines. In 1984, as a result of the disappointing performance of the dam, the government studied the possibility of building a second dam upstream from al-Thawrah between Ash Shajarah, situated on the northern edge of Lake Assad, and Jarabulus, located near the Turkish border. The ultimate goal of the Euphrates irrigation project is to provide 640,000 cultivable hectares by the year 2000, in effect doubling the area of Syria's irrigated land in the mid-1970s. In 1978, observers believed that 20,000 to 30,000 hectares of land had been irrigated and that new housing, roads, and farms had been completed for the 8,000 farmers displaced by the creation of Lake Assad. In the early 1980s, Syrian officials had anticipated the completion of irrigation on about 50,000 to 100,000 hectares in the Euphrates basin, with about 20,000 hectares planned for completion each year after that. The Fourth Five-Year Plan actually called for irrigating an additional 240,000 hectares by the end of the plan. In 1984, however, Syrian government statistics revealed that only 60,000 hectares were actually being irrigated. Ten years after its inception, the Euphrates irrigation project irrigated only about 10% of its long-term goal. A variety of complex, interrelated problems frustrated realization of targeted irrigation goals. Technical problems with gypsum subsoil, which caused irrigation canals to collapse, proved more troublesome than at first anticipated. Large cost overruns on some of the irrigation projects made them much more expensive than planned and created difficulties in financing additional projects. Moreover, these large irrigation projects required several years before returns on the investments began. There was also doubt about whether farmers could be attracted back from urban areas or enticed from more crowded agricultural areas to the sparsely populated Euphrates Valley. Another complication is that the Euphrates flow is insufficient for the irrigation needs of the three countries—Turkey, Iraq, and Syria that share the river. In 1962, talks on allotment of Euphrates water began and continued sporadically throughout the 1970s and early 1980s, but acrimonious relations between Syria and Iraq hampered final agreements. In fact, in 1978 when Syria began filling Lake Assad and water to Iraq was greatly reduced, the two countries almost went to war. In addition, Turkey's use of Euphrates' waters for its Keban Dam assures that water levels in Lake Assad will remain low. This problem will undoubtedly continue into the 1990s, when Turkey completes construction of the Atatürk Dam. By 1987, numerous Euphrates irrigation projects and additional irrigation projects throughout the country were proceeding, but what had been accomplished was not clear. Projects initiated in the 1980s included irrigation of 21,000 hectares in the Raqqa area pilot project, 27,000 hectares reclaimed in the Euphrates middle-stage project, and about half of a 21,000-hectare plot reclaimed with Soviet assistance in the Maskanah region. There were also major irrigation schemes involving 130,000 hectares in the Maskanah, Ghab valley, and Aleppo Plains project. In addition, Syria completed a small regulatory dam with three seventy-megawatt turbines approximately twenty- five kilometers downstream from Tabaqah. In the mid-1980s, work continued on the Baath Dam, located twenty-seven kilometers from the Euphrates dam, and the Tishrin Dam on the Kabir ash Shamali River near Latakia evolved from the planning to implementation stage. The government also planned to construct as many as three dams on the Khabur River in northeast Syria and more effectively use the waters of the Yarmuk River in southwest Syria. Foreign contractors carried out most of these major development projects. The Soviets and Romanians were particularly active in irrigation schemes as part of their economic aid programs. French, British, Italian, and Japanese firms, the World Bank, and Saudi Arabian and Kuwaiti development assistance funds were deeply involved in financing and implementing these projects. In the 1980s, there was good potential for expanding and refining irrigation in the western portion of Syria. The government obtained economical results using small impoundments that held winter runoffs to supplement rain-fed cultivation and to provide some summer irrigation. Small storage areas for water from wells and springs permitted additional irrigation. Farmers, however, had not yet turned to sprinkler systems or trickle irrigation, which would considerably reduce the amount of water needed for cultivation. Land use The bulk of the country is arid, with little vegetation. In 1984, nearly 20% was classified as desert, and another 45% was classified as steppe and pasture, although its grazing capacity was very limited. Less than 3% of the land was forested, with only part of it commercially useful. Cultivatable land amounted to 33% of the total area. In 1984, 91.7% of the total cultivable area of 6.17 million hectares was cultivated. Major expansion of the cultivated area occurred in the 1940s and 1950s. Much of the expansion was the result of investment by wealthy urban merchants, many of whom were from the country's religious minorities. Their innovations included large-scale use of farm machinery, pumps, and irrigation where possible, and different tenure arrangements for farm operators than were used in other parts of the country. But the efforts of the merchants of Aleppo and other commercial centers largely exhausted the potential for bringing new land under cultivation. The area of cultivation (6.9 million hectares) and land irrigated (760,000 hectares) peaked in 1963 and has been appreciably smaller since then. In 1984, approximately 5.7 million hectares were under cultivation, with 618,000 irrigated. Opinions differ as to the causes of the decline of cultivated and irrigated areas after 1963. Some observers say that marginal lands brought under cultivation proved uneconomical after a few years and were abandoned. Others claim that the merchant developers used exploitative techniques that eventually reduced the productivity of the soil. Still other observers blame land-reform measures, which coincided with the decline of the cultivated and irrigated areas. Each view is probably somewhat valid. In the future, expansion of the cultivated area will be slow and costly. Although the Euphrates irrigation projects will provide water to bring additional land under cultivation, growth will be partly offset by the loss of arable land to urban expansion, roads, and other facilities for a growing population. After the disappointing results of the Euphrates irrigation projects through the mid-1980s, the government began to develop rain-fed agriculture to offset potential setbacks in the Euphrates scheme. Drainage investments also will be required to maintain cultivation on some irrigated areas that currently suffer from water logging or excessive salinity. Land reform The dynamism of the agricultural sector caused by the opening of new farmland in the north and northeast through investments of wealthy merchants worsened the situation for the poor and often landless rural population. In 1950 the first Syrian constitution placed a limit on the size of farm holdings, but the necessary implementing legislation was not passed until 1958, after the union of Syria and Egypt. The 1958 agrarian reform laws were similar to those in Egypt and not only limited the size of landholdings but also provided sharecroppers and farm laborers with greater economic and legal security and a more equitable share of crops. The Agricultural Relations Law laid down principles to be observed in administering tenancy leases, protected tenants against arbitrary eviction, and reduced, under a fixed schedule, the share of crops taken by landlords. It also authorized agricultural laborers to organize unions and established commissions to review and fix minimum wages for agricultural workers. However, by the time Syria withdrew from the merger with Egypt in 1961, opposition from large landowners, administrative difficulties, and severe crop failures during the prolonged 1958- 61 drought had effectively curtailed movement toward land reform. The conservative regime in power from 1961 until March 1963 blocked implementation of the land-reform program in practice by enacting a number of amendments to the original law that substantially raised the ceilings on ownership and opened loopholes. Shortly after the Baath Party seized power in March 1963, Decree Law 88 of 1963 was promulgated, canceling the actions of the previous regime and reinstating the original agrarian reform laws with important modifications. One of the most significant modifications was lowering the limit on the size of holdings and providing flexibility in accordance with the productivity of the land. The new ceilings on landownership were set at between 15 and 55 hectares on irrigated land and 80 and 300 hectares on rain-fed land, depending on the area and rainfall. Land in excess of the ceilings was to be expropriated within five years. The compensation payable to the former owners was fixed at ten times the average three-year rental value of the expropriated land, plus interest on the principal at the rate of 1.5 percent for forty years. The expropriated land was to be redistributed to tenants, landless farmers, and farm laborers in holdings of up to a maximum of eight hectares of irrigated land or thirty to forty five hectares of rain-fed land per family. Beneficiaries of the redistribution program were required to form state-supervised cooperatives. The 1963 law reduced the price of redistributed land to the beneficiaries to the equivalent of one-fourth of the compensation for expropriation. The land recipients paid this amount in equal installments to their cooperatives over a twenty-year period to finance such cooperative activities as development, dispensaries, schools, and cultural centers. By 1975 (the latest available data in early 1987) 1.4 million hectares (68,000 hectares of irrigated land) had been expropriated, primarily in the early years of the program. Distribution moved much more slowly. By 1975, redistributed land had amounted to 466,000 hectares (61,000 hectares of irrigated land) and undistributed land to 351,000 hectares. In addition, there were 254,000 hectares of land that had been allocated to cooperatives, ministries, and other organizations, and 330,000 hectares that were categorized as excluded and sold land. Although it was far from clear what the disposition was in the latter two categories, the statistical data gave the impression that land reform had not transformed the former numerous farm sharecroppers and laborers into landowners. This impression was supported by government data indicating that slightly more than 50,000 family heads (over 300,000 people) had received land under the reform program. In addition, at various times the government offered state farmland for sale to the landless on the same terms as expropriated land, but reported sales were relatively small; farmers apparently chose to lease the land. Most observers credited land reform measures with liquidating concentration of very large estates and weakening political power of landowners. Some government data of uncertain coverage and reliability indicated that before land reform more than half of agricultural holdings consisted of one hundred hectares or more, but after reform such large holdings amounted to less than 1 percent. The same data showed that smallholdings (seven hectares or less) had increased from about one-eighth before land reform to just over one-half of total holdings after reform, and that 42 percent of holdings were between eight and twenty-five hectares. Other government statistics indicated that holdings of twenty five hectares or less, representing 30 percent of all land under cultivation before 1959, represented 93 percent in 1975. A May 1980 Order in Council mandated additional expropriations and further reduced the size of agricultural holdings. Data from the 1970 census revealed that the average farm holding was about ten hectares, and that one-fifth of the rural population remained landless. Despite the Baath Party's commitment to land reform, the private sector controlled 74 percent of Syria's arable land in 1984. Role of government Government involvement in agriculture was minimal prior to Syria's union with Egypt. Although state intervention in the agricultural sector increased following the union, the government avoided playing a direct role in cultivation. In 1984, private farmers tilled 74 percent of the cultivated land, cooperatives 25 percent, and public organizations (essentially state farms) 1 percent. Government involvement arose indirectly from socialist transformation measures in various parts of the economy and directly from government efforts to fill the void in the countryside caused by land reform. As an example of the former, the Agricultural Cooperative Bank, a private bank established in the eighteenth century but inherited by the socialist regime, in the mid-1960s became the single source for direct production credits to farmers. The bank had limited funds and confined itself almost completely to short-term financing, the bulk of which went to cotton growers. Part of its lending was in kind—primarily seeds, pesticides, and fertilizers at subsidized prices. Although the bank appeared effective, there was insufficient credit through the 1960s and early 1970s for farmers who did not grow cotton and for long-term loans for such needs as machinery or capital improvements. In the mid-1970s, the flow of funds to the bank increased, thus allowing it to expand its lending to the agricultural sector. The bank became an important influence in shaping farmers' production decisions, particularly in cotton. In the 1960s, government marketing organizations for the major agricultural commodities were established. The Cotton Marketing Organization, as noted, had a complete monopoly. Organizations for tobacco and sugar beets had purchasing monopolies, set the farm purchase prices, and supervised the processing and marketing of their respective commodities. An organization for grains set prices, purchased some of the farmers' surplus, and supervised the marketing of the remainder through private dealers. The government also set prices for several other agricultural commodities, most imports, and many consumer items. Some economists attributed part of the stagnation in agriculture to the government's pricing of farm produce. Farm prices remained unchanged over long periods and by the 1970s and 1980s were quite low relative to world prices. Some smuggling out of farm products for sale in Turkey, Iraq, and Lebanon resulted as well as some black marketing in controlled commodities. Pricing also was not coordinated to achieve agricultural goals. Although the Ministry of Agriculture attempted to get farmers to increase wheat production, the government's desire to keep basic food costs low for urban consumers imposed low grain prices for farmers. The ministry also urged farmers to shift irrigated areas from cotton to wheat at the same time that the farm price of cotton was raised relative to that of wheat. Aware of the problems, officials made efforts to improve pricing policy. By 1977 prices paid to farmers had risen substantially and favored grains and some industrial crops over cotton. In fact, the 1977 prices (when converted to dollars at the official exchange rate) paid to farmers for wheat, soybeans, and sugar beets were substantially higher (more than 100 percent for wheat) than the prices paid to American farmers for those products. In 1985 the government again raised procurement prices for a variety of crops. Prices for hard wheat rose by 9 percent, soft wheat by 14 percent, red lentils by 13 percent, white lentils by 18 percent, and barley by 22 percent from the preceding year. When land reform was introduced, those receiving expropriated or government land were required to join farm cooperatives. Cooperatives were expected to furnish the organization, techniques, credit, and joint use of machinery to replace and expand the functions supplied by the landowners and managers of the large estates. Syrian farmers' individualism and aversion to cooperatives may explain their apparent preference for renting land from the government rather than buying the land and having to join a cooperative. Whether the cause was aversion by farmers or an inability by the government to organize and staff cooperatives, as some economists suggest, the cooperative movement grew slowly until the early 1970s, but accelerated thereafter. In 1976 there were 3,385 agricultural cooperatives with 256,000 members—more than double the number and membership in 1972. By 1984 there were 4,050 agricultural cooperatives with 440,347 members. Statistics do not distinguish between cooperatives for farmers receiving expropriated or government land and voluntary cooperatives of established landowners. Officials expected cooperatives eventually to mitigate, if not eliminate, two serious agricultural problems. First, farmers tended to specialize in certain crops without practicing crop rotation. Second, substantial amounts of arable land were left fallow each year. In the 1970s, government extension workers and cooperatives strongly urged farmers to rotate cropping in a pattern that would maintain the fertility of the soil and avoid having cultivable fields left fallow. Cooperatives were also expected to facilitate the use of machinery after land reform reduced the average size of farms, partly by cooperative ownership of equipment and partly by pooling small plots into an economically sized bloc that would then be cultivated as a single unit in the cropping rotation. By 1986 it was not clear how much success cooperatives had achieved in crop rotation or mechanization, but statistics showed an accelerated use of farm equipment by the agricultural sector after the October 1973 War. Cropping and production Because only about 16% of the cropped area was irrigated, the output of agriculture (both plant and animal) was heavily dependent on rainfall. The great variation in the amounts and timing of rainfall can immediately cause very substantial shifts in areas planted, yields, and production, but the effect on livestock is less predictable. When drought is unusually severe or prolonged, loss of animals may depress livestock production for several years. In 1984 crop production accounted for 72 percent of the value of agricultural output; livestock and animal products, 28 percent. Livestock alone, not counting products such as milk, wool, and eggs, were 11 percent of the total. In 1984 crop production amounted to LS13.6 billion. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) valued Syrian 1985 production at US$1.1 billion. Grains contributed 15 percent to the value of total crop production in 1984, in contrast to 41 percent in 1974. Industrial crops remained 20 percent of the total. Fruits rose from 15 to 25 percent of the total, and vegetables rose from 16 to 35 percent. In 1984, grain continued to be planted on 66 percent of the cultivated land, consistent with the mid-1970s percentage. Fluctuations in rainfall resulted in major variations in crop production throughout the 1980s. In 1980, wheat was planted on 1.4 million hectares, yielding 2.2 million tons—the largest wheat harvest since the early 1960s. In 1984, wheat planted on 1.1 million hectares produced only 1.1 million tons. In 1980 and 1984, barley was planted on 1.2 million hectares, but production fell from 1.6 million tons in 1980, the peak year, to 303,500 tons in 1984, revealing the impact of the drought on rain-dependent crops. In 1985 wheat and barley crops rebounded to 1.7 million tons and 740,000 tons, respectively. In 1984, Syria grew a record 60,000 tons of corn. Earlier stagnation of agricultural output meant primarily stagnation of grain production. Instead of exporting wheat, in the 1980s Syria became a net importer. In 1985 Syria imported 1.4 million tons of wheat, worth more than LS800 million. In addition, cereal imports rose from LS368 million in 1982 to LS.1.6 billion in 1984, amounting to 56 percent of the LS2.85 billion bill for food imports that year. During the 1970s and 1980s, the government encouraged greater grain production by providing improved high-yield seeds, raising prices paid to farmers, and urging shifts toward wheat growing on some irrigated land formerly planted in cotton. Its intent was to raise grain output at least to self-sufficiency to ease the pressure on the balance of payments. Beginning in the late 1970s, the government showed increased interest in improving rain-fed agriculture and acquired funding from the World Bank, International Fund for Agricultural Development, and the UN Development Program for a US$76.3 million project to expand food production and raise the standard of living in Daraa and As Suwayda provinces. In addition, Syrian agriculture benefited from research projects undertaken by the International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas' (ICARDA) branch office located near Aleppo. ICARDA helped develop the Sham-1 durum wheat and Sham-2 bread wheat used by Syrian farmers in the mid-1980s and demonstrated through its research the positive effect of phosphate fertilizers on barley crops in dry areas, encouraging the government to consider a change in agricultural strategy. In the 1980s, vegetables and fruits exhibited the fastest growth rates of the various crops, although they started from a low base. Urbanization and rising incomes spurred cultivation of these products, which were also generally exempt from official price control. Fruits and vegetables were grown primarily in the northwest and coastal plain in irrigated fields and where rainfall and groundwater were greatest. However, Syria lagged considerably behind Lebanon in cultivation of fruits and vegetables in similar terrain, and seasonal fruits were consistently smuggled in from Lebanon in the 1980s. Cotton Syria has produced cotton since ancient times, and its cultivation increased in importance in the 1950s and 1960s. Until superseded by petroleum in 1974, cotton was Syria's most important industrial and cash crop, and the country's most important foreign exchange earner, accounting for about one-third of Syria's export earnings. In 1976 the country was the tenth largest cotton producer in the world and the fourth largest exporter. Almost all the cotton was grown on irrigated land, largely in the area northeast of Aleppo. Syrian cotton was medium staple, similar to cotton produced in other developing countries but of lower quality than the extra-long staple variety produced in Egypt. The cotton was handpicked, although mechanical pickers were tried in the 1970s in an attempt to hold down rising labor costs. Cotton production (cotton lint) rose from 13,000 tons in 1949 to 180,000 tons in 1965. However, land reform and nationalization of the cotton gins precipitated a sharp decline in output in the next few years. Beginning in 1968 and during the 1970s annual lint production hovered around 150,000 tons. However, in 1983 and 1984, Syria enjoyed a record cotton crop of 523,418 tons, and the third highest yield in the world, estimated at 3 tons per hectare. To a large measure, this increase was attributable to the government's raising cotton procurement prices by 44 percent in 1981–82, and by another 20 percent in 1982–83. Although the area under cotton cultivation has declined since the early 1960s, yields have increased as a result of improved varieties of seed and increasing amounts of fertilizer. The area planted dropped from over 250,000 hectares in the early 1960s to 140,000 hectares in 1980. In response to the jump in procurement prices by 1984, it increased to 178,000 hectares. As domestic consumption of cotton increased in the 1960s and 1970s, the government built several textile mills to gain the value added from exports of fabrics and clothes compared with exports of raw cotton. In the 1980s, cotton exports averaged 120,000 tons, ranging from a low of 72,800 tons to a record of 151,000 tons in 1983. Syria's seed cotton harvest was 462,000 tons in 1985, about 3 percent higher than in 1984. Approximately 110,000 tons of the 1985 harvest were destined for export markets. Major foreign customers in 1985 included the Soviet Union (18,000 tons), Algeria (14,672 tons), Italy (13,813 tons), and Spain (10,655 tons). The government's goal of expanding and diversifying food production created intense competition for irrigated land and encouraged the practice of double cropping. Because cotton did not lend itself to double cropping, the cultivated cotton area was declining in real terms. However, the area under cultivation and significance of other industrial crops substantially increased during the 1980s. For example, the government initiated policies designed to stimulate sugar beet cultivation to supply the sugar factories built in the 1970s and 1980s. The area under cultivation for sugar beets rose from 22,000 hectares in 1980 to 35,700 hectares in 1984, with sugar beet harvests totaling over 1 million tons in 1984. Syria, however, still imported LS287 million worth of sugar in 1984. USDA estimated that Syria would achieve tobacco self-sufficiency in 1985, with harvests of 12.3 million tons (dry weight) compared with 12.2 million tons in 1984. Although yields per hectare fell slightly in 1985, USDA expected imports to match exports. In 1984 Syria imported 559 tons of tobacco and exported 225 tons. Other important commercial crops included olives and tomatoes. References Country studies Category:Agriculture in Syria	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Schisandra glabra Schisandra glabra, the bay star-vine, is the only American species of this primarily Asian genus. It is native to the southeastern United States and northern Mexico. It grows in Louisiana, eastern Arkansas, southwestern Tennessee, Mississippi, Alabama, northwestern Florida, and Georgia, with isolated populations in Kentucky, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Hidalgo. Despite its wide range, it is considered a vulnerable species. Few populations are secure due to competition from invasive species (such as Japanese honeysuckle) and habitat loss. Schisandra glabra is a trailing or twining woody vine sometimes climbing to a height of 20 m (67 feet) or more. Leaves are elliptic to cordate (heart-shaped), up to 13 cm (5.2 inches) long. The plant is monoecious, with staminate (male, pollen-producing) and pistillate (female, seed-producing) flowers separate on the same plant. Sepals are whitish, petals pink or red. Berries are red, spherical to ellipsoid, up to 15 mm (0.6 inches) long. It can be found in wooded bluffs, hillsides and ravines at elevations less than 500 m (1650 feet). Some sources spell the name Schizandra, while others use the now-rejected name Stellandria. Schisandra is the accepted spelling. References Category:Austrobaileyales Category:Flora of the Southeastern United States Category:Flora of Hidalgo (state) Category:Plants described in 1803	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Mt. Olivet Episcopal Church and Cemetery Mt. Olivet Episcopal Church and Cemetery is an historic Carpenter Gothic style Episcopal Church building and its adjoining cemetery located at 335 Main Street in Pineville, Louisiana. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 22, 2000. Mt. Olivet is no longer a parish church and is now Mount Olivet Chapel. Its parish hall is now the Diocesan House of the Episcopal Diocese of Western Louisiana. References External links Mt. Olivet Chapel & Cemetery History Mt. Olivet: Restoration Category:Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Louisiana Category:Carpenter Gothic church buildings in Louisiana Category:Churches completed in 1858 Category:Episcopal church buildings in Louisiana Category:19th-century Episcopal church buildings Category:Anglican cemeteries in the United States Category:Cemeteries in Louisiana Category:Churches in Rapides Parish, Louisiana Category:Pineville, Louisiana Category:National Register of Historic Places in Rapides Parish, Louisiana Category:1858 establishments in Louisiana	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Yaeda Valley The Yaeda Valley, or Yaida Valley, is a swampy valley in Tanzania south of Lake Eyasi. The valley is in Mbulu District of Manyara Region. The valley forms an endorheic basin with no drainage outlet. A low ridge running northeast–southwest separates the valley from the basin of Lake Eyasi. The Yaeda Swamp is fed from the northeast by the Yaeda River, which originates in the Mbulu Highlands to the east. On the valley floor are 16,200 ha of seasonal swamp with extensive areas of rush and sedge, and 8,000 ha of floodplain grassland with Vachellia drepanolobium thicket at the northern end of the valley that are inundated during periods of exceptionally high rainfall. Above the floodplain are approximately 12,100 ha of wooded hillsides, with Vachellia tortilis near the edge of the floodplain, Vachellia kirkii woodland near the V. drepanolobium thickets at the north end of the floodplain, and surrounded by baobab woodland on higher slopes. The swamp is home to numerous waterbirds, including Cattle egrets (Bubulcus ibis), Glossy ibises (Plegadis falcinellus), Black-necked grebes (Podiceps nigricollis), Black-tailed godwits (Limosa limosa), Ruffs (Calidris pugnax), Fulvous tree ducks (Dendrocygna bicolor), and Knob-billed ducks (Sarkidiornis melanotos). Elephants (Loxodonta africana) and leopards (Panthera pardus) inhabit the grasslands, woodlands, and thickets. The surrounding country is Acacia-Commiphora bushland and thicket, and home to the Hadza people. The Hadza traditionally forage for wild food, including hunting, seed collecting, and gathering honey. Increasing numbers of pastoralists have moved into the valley, grazing their herds of cattle on the floodplain grasslands and in the swamps during the dry season. References Category:Endorheic basins of Africa Category:Southern Acacia-Commiphora bushlands and thickets Category:Southern Eastern Rift Category:Valleys of Tanzania	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Francisco Silvela Francisco Silvela y Le Vielleuze (15 December 1843, in Madrid – 29 May 1905, in Madrid) was a Spanish politician who became Prime Minister of Spain on 3 May 1899, succeeding Práxedes Mateo Sagasta. He served in this capacity until 22 October 1900. Silvela also served a second term from 6 December 1902 to 20 July 1903, in which he succeeded another one of Práxedes Mateo Sagasta's many separate terms as prime minister. Francisco Silvela belonged to the Conservative Party led by Antonio Cánovas del Castillo. He became leader of the Party after the assassination of Cánovas in 1897. His government concluded the German–Spanish Treaty (1899), selling the remainder of the Spanish East Indies. Francisco Silvela named the general Arsenio Linares y Pombo, who had fought in the Spanish–American War, Minister of War in 1900. Francisco Silvela withdrew from politics in 1903 and appointed Antonio Maura as his successor. He died in Madrid in 1905. Family Francisco Silvela married Amelia Loring Heredia; their children were Jorge and Tomas. \|- Category:1843 births Category:1905 deaths Category:Politicians from Madrid Category:Conservative Party (Spain) politicians Category:Prime Ministers of Spain Category:Foreign ministers of Spain Category:Justice ministers of Spain Category:Members of the Congress of Deputies of the Spanish Restoration Category:Leaders of political parties in Spain Category:Members of the Royal Spanish Academy	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Henry Iden Henry Iden (died 1568), of Islington, Middlesex, was an English Member of Parliament. He was a Member (MP) of the Parliament of England for Shaftesbury in 1563. References Category:Year of birth missing Category:1568 deaths Category:16th-century English people Category:People from Islington (district) Category:English MPs 1563–1567	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Jacqueline Lee Kennedy Onassis (née Bouvier ; July 28, 1929 – May 19, 1994) was First Lady of the United States during the presidency of John F. Kennedy and was regarded as an international icon of style and culture. Bouvier was born in 1929 in Southampton, New York, to Wall Street stockbroker John Vernou Bouvier III and his wife, Janet Lee Bouvier. In 1951, she graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in French literature from George Washington University and went on to work for the Washington Times-Herald as an inquiring photographer. In 1952, Bouvier met then-Congressman John Kennedy at a dinner party in Washington. Kennedy was elected to the Senate that same year, and the couple married on September 12, 1953, in Newport, Rhode Island. They had four children, two of whom died in infancy. Following her husband's election to the presidency in 1960, Jacqueline was known for her highly publicized restoration of the White House and emphasis on arts and culture, as well as for her style, elegance, and grace. At age 31, she was the third youngest First Lady when her husband was inaugurated President. On November 22, 1963, Jacqueline was riding with her husband in a presidential motorcade in Dallas, Texas, when he was assassinated. Following his funeral, she and her children largely withdrew from public view. In 1968, she married Greek shipping magnate Aristotle Onassis. Following Onassis's death in 1975, she had a career as a book editor in New York City. She died on May 19, 1994, of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, aged 64. During her lifetime, Jacqueline Kennedy was regarded as an international fashion icon. Her famous ensemble of a pink Chanel suit and matching pillbox hat that she wore in Dallas has become a symbol of her husband's assassination. Even after her death, she ranks as one of the most popular and recognizable First Ladies, and in 1999 she was listed as one of Gallup's Most-Admired Men and Women of the 20th century. Early life (1929–1951) Family and childhood Jacqueline Lee Bouvier was born on July 28, 1929, at Stony Brook Southampton Hospital in Southampton, New York, to Wall Street stockbroker John Vernou "Black Jack" Bouvier III and socialite Janet Norton Lee. Bouvier's mother was of Irish descent, and her father had French, Scottish, and English ancestry. Named after her father, Bouvier was baptized at the Church of St. Ignatius Loyola in Manhattan; she was raised in the Catholic faith. Her sister Lee was born four years later in 1933. Bouvier spent her early childhood years in Manhattan and at Lasata, the Bouviers' country estate in East Hampton on Long Island. She idolized her father, who likewise favored her over her sister, calling his elder child "the most beautiful daughter a man ever had". Biographer Tina Flaherty pointed out Jackie's early confidence in herself, seeing a link to her father's praise and positive attitude to her, and her sister Lee has stated that she would not have gained her "independence and individuality" had it not been for the relationship she had with their father and paternal grandfather, John Vernou Bouvier Jr. From an early age, Bouvier was an enthusiastic equestrienne who successfully competed in the sport; horse-riding would remain a lifelong passion. She took ballet lessons, was an avid reader, and excelled at learning languages. Bouvier could speak English, Spanish, Italian, and French. French was particularly emphasized in her upbringing. In 1935, Bouvier was enrolled in Manhattan's Chapin School, which she attended for Grades 1–7. She was a bright student but often misbehaved; one of her teachers described her as "a darling child, the prettiest little girl, very clever, very artistic, and full of the devil". Bouvier's mother attributed her daughter's behavior to the way that she finished her assignments ahead of classmates and then acted out in boredom. Her behavior improved after the headmistress warned her that none of her positive qualities would matter if she did not behave. The marriage of Bouvier's parents was strained by her father's alcoholism and extramarital affairs; the family had also struggled with financial difficulties following the Wall Street Crash of 1929. They separated in 1936 and divorced four years later, with the press publishing intimate details of the split. According to her cousin John H. Davis, Bouvier was deeply affected by the divorce and subsequently had a "tendency to withdraw frequently into a private world of her own". When her mother married Standard Oil heir Hugh Dudley Auchincloss, Jr., Bouvier and her sister did not attend the ceremony, because it was arranged quickly and travel was restricted due to World War II. Bouvier gained three step-siblings from Auchincloss' two previous marriages, Hugh "Yusha" Auchincloss III, Thomas Gore Auchincloss, and Nina Gore Auchincloss; she formed the closest bond with Yusha, who became one of her most trusted confidants. The marriage later produced two more children, Janet Jennings Auchincloss in 1945 and James Lee Auchincloss in 1947. After the remarriage, Auchincloss' Merrywood estate in McLean, Virginia, became the Bouvier sisters' primary residence, although they also spent time at his other estate, Hammersmith Farm in Newport, Rhode Island, and in their father's homes in New York City and Long Island. Although she retained a relationship with her father, Bouvier also regarded her stepfather as a close paternal figure. He gave her a stable environment and the pampered childhood she never would have experienced otherwise. While Bouvier adjusted to her mother's remarriage, she sometimes felt like an outsider in the WASP social circle of the Auchinclosses, attributing the feeling to her being Catholic as well as being a child of divorce, which was not common in that social group at that time. After seven years at Chapin, Bouvier attended the Holton-Arms School in Northwest Washington, D.C. from 1942 to 1944, and Miss Porter's School in Farmington, Connecticut, from 1944 to 1947. She chose Miss Porter's because it was a boarding school that allowed her to distance herself from the Auchinclosses, and because the school placed an emphasis on college preparatory classes. In her senior class yearbook, Bouvier was acknowledged for "her wit, her accomplishment as a horsewoman, and her unwillingness to become a housewife". Jacqueline later hired her childhood friend Nancy Tuckerman to be her Social Secretary at the White House. She graduated among the top students of her class and received the Maria McKinney Memorial Award for Excellence in Literature. College and early career In the fall of 1947, Bouvier entered Vassar College in Poughkeepsie, New York, which at that time was an all-women's institution. She had wanted to attend Sarah Lawrence College, closer to New York City, but her parents insisted that she choose the more geographically isolated Vassar. Bouvier was an accomplished student who participated in the school's art and drama clubs and wrote for its newspaper. Due to her dislike for the college, she did not take an active part in its social life and instead traveled back to Manhattan on the weekends. She had made her debut to high society in the summer before entering college and became a frequent presence in New York social functions. Hearst columnist Igor Cassini dubbed her the "debutante of the year". Bouvier spent her junior year (1949–1950) in France—at the University of Grenoble in Grenoble, and at the Sorbonne in Paris—in a study-abroad program through Smith College. Upon returning home, she transferred to George Washington University in Washington, D.C., graduating with a Bachelor of Arts degree in French literature in 1951. During the early years of her marriage to John F. Kennedy, she took continuing education classes in American history at Georgetown University in Washington, D.C. While attending George Washington, Bouvier won a twelve-month junior editorship at Vogue magazine; she had been selected over several hundred other women nationwide. The position entailed working for six months in the magazine's New York City office and spending the remaining six months in Paris. Before beginning the job, Bouvier celebrated her college graduation and her sister Lee's high school graduation by traveling with her to Europe for the summer. The trip was the subject of her only autobiography, One Special Summer, co-authored with Lee; it is also the only one of her published works to feature Jacqueline's drawings. On her first day at Vogue, the managing editor advised her to quit and go back to Washington. According to biographer Barbara Leaming, the editor was concerned about Bouvier's marriage prospects; she was 22 years of age and was considered too old to be single in her social circles. Bouvier followed the advice, left the job and returned to Washington after only one day of work. Bouvier moved back to Merrywood and was referred by a family friend to the Washington Times-Herald, where editor Frank Waldrop hired her as a part-time receptionist. A week later she requested more challenging work, and Waldrop sent her to city editor Sidney Epstein, who hired her as an "Inquiring Camera Girl" despite her inexperience, paying her $25 a week. He recalled, "I remember her as this very attractive, cute-as-hell girl, and all the guys in the newsroom giving her a good look." The position required her to pose witty questions to individuals chosen at random on the street and take their pictures for publication in the newspaper alongside selected quotations from their responses. In addition to the random "man on the street" vignettes, she sometimes sought interviews with people of interest, such as six-year-old Tricia Nixon. Bouvier interviewed Tricia a few days after her father Richard Nixon was elected to the vice presidency in the 1952 election. During this time, Bouvier was briefly engaged to a young stockbroker named John Husted. After only a month of dating, the couple published the announcement in The New York Times in January 1952. After three months, Bouvier called off the engagement because she had found him "immature and boring" once she got to know him better. Marriage to John F. Kennedy Bouvier and U.S. Representative John F. Kennedy belonged to the same social circle and were formally introduced by a mutual friend, journalist Charles L. Bartlett, at a dinner party in May 1952. Bouvier was attracted to Kennedy's physical appearance, charm, wit and wealth. The pair also shared the similarities of Catholicism, writing, enjoying reading and having previously lived abroad. Kennedy was busy running for the U.S. Senate in Massachusetts; the relationship grew more serious and he proposed to her after the November election. Bouvier took some time to accept, because she had been assigned to cover the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II in London for The Washington Times-Herald. After a month in Europe, she returned to the United States and accepted Kennedy's marriage proposal. She then resigned from her position at the newspaper. Their engagement was officially announced on June 25, 1953. Bouvier and Kennedy were married on September 12, 1953, at St. Mary's Church in Newport, Rhode Island, in a mass celebrated by Boston's Archbishop Richard Cushing. The wedding was considered the social event of the season with an estimated 700 guests at the ceremony and 1,200 at the reception that followed at Hammersmith Farm. The wedding dress, now housed in the Kennedy Library in Boston, Massachusetts, and the dresses of her attendants were created by designer Ann Lowe of New York City. The newlyweds honeymooned in Acapulco, Mexico, before settling in their new home, Hickory Hill in McLean, Virginia, a suburb of Washington, D.C. Jacqueline developed a warm relationship with her in-laws, Joseph and Rose Kennedy. In the early years of their marriage, the couple faced several personal setbacks. John suffered from Addison's Disease and from chronic and at times debilitating back pain, which had been exacerbated by a war injury; in late 1954, he underwent a near-fatal spinal operation. Additionally, Jacqueline suffered a miscarriage in 1955 and in August 1956 gave birth to a stillborn daughter, Arabella. They subsequently sold their Hickory Hill estate to John's brother Robert, who occupied it with his wife Ethel and their growing family, and bought a townhouse on N Street in Georgetown. Jacqueline and her husband also resided at an apartment at 122 Bowdoin Street in Boston, their official Massachusetts residence during JFK's congressional career. Jacqueline gave birth to daughter Caroline on November 27, 1957. At the time, she and John were campaigning for his re-election to the Senate, and they posed with their infant daughter for the cover of the April 21, 1958 issue of Life Magazine. They traveled together during the campaign, trying to narrow the geographical gap between them that had persisted for the first five years of the marriage. Soon enough, John Kennedy started to notice the value that his wife added to his congressional campaign. Kenneth O'Donnell remembered that "the size of the crowd was twice as big" when she accompanied her husband; he also recalled her as "always cheerful and obliging". John's mother Rose observed Jacqueline as not being "a natural-born campaigner" due to her shyness and being uncomfortable with too much attention. In November 1958, John Kennedy was reelected to a second term. He credited Jacqueline's visibility in both ads and stumping as vital assets in securing his victory, and he called her "simply invaluable". In July 1959, historian Arthur M. Schlesinger visited the Kennedy Compound in Hyannis Port and had his first conversation with Jacqueline; he found her to have "tremendous awareness, an all-seeing eye and a ruthless judgment". That year, Jack Kennedy traveled to 14 states, with Jacqueline taking long breaks from the trips so she could spend time with their daughter Caroline. She also counseled her husband on improving his wardrobe in preparation for his intended presidential campaign the following year. In particular, she traveled to Louisiana to visit Edmund Reggie and to help her husband garner support in the state for his presidential bid. First Lady of the United States (1961–1963) Campaign for presidency On January 3, 1960, John F. Kennedy was a United States Senator from Massachusetts when he announced his candidacy for the presidency and launched his campaign nationwide. In the early months of the election year, Jacqueline accompanied her husband to campaign events such as whistle-stops and dinners. Shortly after the campaign began, she became pregnant. Due to her previous high-risk pregnancies, she decided to stay at home in Georgetown. Jacqueline subsequently participated in the campaign by writing a weekly syndicated newspaper column, Campaign Wife, answering correspondence, and giving interviews to the media. Despite not participating on the campaign trail, Jacqueline became the subject of intense media attention with her fashion choices. On one hand, she was admired for her personal style; she was frequently featured in women's magazines alongside film stars and named as one of the 12 best-dressed women in the world. On the other hand, her preference for French designers and her spending on her wardrobe brought her negative press. In order to downplay her wealthy background, Jacqueline stressed the amount of work she was doing for the campaign and declined to publicly discuss her clothing choices. On July 13 at the 1960 Democratic National Convention in Los Angeles, the party nominated John F. Kennedy for President of the United States. Jacqueline did not attend the nomination due to her pregnancy, which had been publicly announced ten days earlier. She was in Hyannis Port when she watched the September 26, 1960 debate—which was the nation's first televised presidential debate—between her husband and Republican candidate Richard Nixon, who was the incumbent Vice President. Marian Cannon, the wife of Arthur Schlesinger, watched the debate with her. Days after the debates, Jacqueline contacted Schlesinger and informed him that John wanted his aid along with that of John Kenneth Galbraith in preparing for the third debate on October 13; she wished for them to give her husband new ideas and speeches. On September 29, 1960, the Kennedys appeared together for a joint interview on Person to Person, interviewed by Charles Collingwood. As First Lady On November 8, 1960, John F. Kennedy narrowly defeated Republican opponent Richard Nixon in the U.S. presidential election. A little over two weeks later on November 25, Jacqueline gave birth to the couple's first son, John F. Kennedy, Jr. She spent two weeks recuperating in the hospital, during which the most minute details of both her and her son's conditions were reported by the media in what has been considered the first instance of national interest in the Kennedy family. Her husband was sworn in as president on January 20, 1961. As a presidential couple, the Kennedys differed from the Eisenhowers by their political affiliation, youth, and their relationship with the media. Historian Gil Troy has noted that in particular, they "emphasized vague appearances rather than specific accomplishments or passionate commitments" and therefore fit in well in the early 1960s' "cool, TV-oriented culture". The discussion about Jacqueline's fashion choices continued during her years in the White House, and she became a trendsetter, hiring American designer Oleg Cassini to design her wardrobe. She was the first presidential wife to hire a press secretary, Pamela Turnure, and carefully managed her contact with the media, usually shying away from making public statements, and strictly controlling the extent to which her children were photographed. The media portrayed Kennedy as the ideal woman, which led academic Maurine Beasley to observe that she "created an unrealistic media expectation for first ladies that would challenge her successors". Nevertheless, the First Lady attracted worldwide positive public attention and gained allies for the White House and international support for the Kennedy administration and its Cold War policies. Although Jacqueline stated that her priority as a First Lady was to take care of the President and their children, she also dedicated her time to the promotion of American arts and preservation of its history. The restoration of the White House was her main contribution, but she also furthered the cause by hosting social events that brought together elite figures from politics and the arts. One of her unrealized goals was to found a Department of the Arts, but she did contribute to the establishment of the National Endowment for the Arts and the National Endowment for the Humanities, established during Johnson's tenure. White House restoration Jacqueline had visited the White House on two occasions before she became First Lady: the first time as a grade-school tourist in 1941 and again as the guest of outgoing First Lady Mamie Eisenhower shortly before her husband's inauguration. She was dismayed to find that the mansion's rooms were furnished with undistinguished pieces that displayed little historical significance and made it her first major project as First Lady to restore its historical character. On her first day in residence, she began her efforts with the help of interior decorator Sister Parish. She decided to make the family quarters attractive and suitable for family life by adding a kitchen on the family floor and new rooms for her children. The $50,000 that had been appropriated for this effort was almost immediately exhausted. Continuing the project, she established a fine arts committee to oversee and fund the restoration process and solicited the advice of early American furniture expert Henry du Pont. To solve the funding problem, a White House guidebook was published, sales of which were used for the restoration. Working with Rachel Lambert Mellon, Kennedy also oversaw the redesign and replanting of the Rose Garden and the East Garden, which was renamed the Jacqueline Kennedy Garden after her husband's assassination. In addition, Kennedy helped to stop the destruction of historic homes in Lafayette Square in Washington, D.C., because she felt these buildings were an important part of the nation's capital and played an essential role in its history. Prior to Kennedy's years as First Lady, presidents and their families had taken furnishings and other items from the White House when they departed; this led to the lack of original historical pieces in the mansion. She personally wrote to possible donors in order to track down these missing furnishings and other historical pieces of interest. Kennedy initiated a Congressional bill establishing that White House furnishings would be the property of the Smithsonian Institution rather than available to departing ex-presidents to claim as their own. She also founded the White House Historical Association, the Committee for the Preservation of the White House, the position of a permanent Curator of the White House, the White House Endowment Trust, and the White House Acquisition Trust. She was the first presidential spouse to hire a White House curator. On February 14, 1962, Jacqueline, accompanied by Charles Collingwood of CBS News, took American television viewers on a tour of the White House. In the tour, she stated that "I feel so strongly that the White House should have as fine a collection of American pictures as possible. It's so important ... the setting in which the presidency is presented to the world, to foreign visitors. The American people should be proud of it. We have such a great civilization. So many foreigners don't realize it. I think this house should be the place we see them best." The film was watched by 56 million television viewers in the United States, and was later distributed to 106 countries. Kennedy won a special Academy of Television Arts & Sciences Trustees Award for it at the Emmy Awards in 1962, which was accepted on her behalf by Lady Bird Johnson. Kennedy was the only First Lady to win an Emmy. Foreign trips Throughout her husband's presidency and more than any of the preceding First Ladies, Kennedy made many official visits to other countries, on her own or with the President. Despite the initial worry that she might not have "political appeal", she proved popular among international dignitaries. Before the Kennedys' first official visit to France in 1961, a television special was shot in French with the First Lady on the White House lawn. After arriving in the country, she impressed the public with her ability to speak French, as well as her extensive knowledge of French history. At the conclusion of the visit, Time magazine seemed delighted with the First Lady and noted, "There was also that fellow who came with her." Even President Kennedy joked, "I am the man who accompanied Jacqueline Kennedy to Paris – and I have enjoyed it!" From France, the Kennedys traveled to Vienna, Austria, where Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev was asked to shake the President's hand for a photo. He replied, "I'd like to shake her hand first." Khrushchev later sent her a puppy; the animal was significant for being the offspring of Strelka, the dog that had gone to space during a Soviet space mission. At the urging of U.S. Ambassador to India John Kenneth Galbraith, Kennedy undertook a tour of India and Pakistan with her sister Lee Radziwill in 1962. The tour was amply documented in photojournalism as well as in Galbraith's journals and memoirs. The President of Pakistan, Ayub Khan, had given her a horse named Sardar as a gift. He had found out on his visit to the White House that he and the First Lady had a common interest in horses. Life magazine correspondent Anne Chamberlin wrote that Kennedy "conducted herself magnificently" although noting that her crowds were smaller than those that President Dwight Eisenhower and Queen Elizabeth II attracted when they had previously visited these countries. In addition to these well-publicized trips during the three years of the Kennedy administration, she traveled to countries including Afghanistan, Austria, Canada, Colombia, United Kingdom, Greece, Italy, Mexico, Morocco, Turkey, and Venezuela. Unlike her husband, Kennedy was fluent in Spanish, which she used to address Latin American audiences. Death of infant son In early 1963, Jacqueline was again pregnant, which led her to curtail her official duties. She spent most of the summer at a home she and the President had rented on Squaw Island, which was near the Kennedy compound on Cape Cod, Massachusetts. On August 7 (five weeks ahead of her scheduled due date), she went into labor and gave birth to a boy, Patrick Bouvier Kennedy, via emergency Caesarean section at nearby Otis Air Force Base. The infant's lungs were not fully developed, and he was transferred from Cape Cod to Boston Children's Hospital, where he died of hyaline membrane disease two days after birth. Jacqueline had remained at Otis Air Force Base to recuperate after the Caesarean delivery; her husband went to Boston to be with their infant son and was present when he died. On August 14, the President returned to Otis to take her home and gave an impromptu speech to thank nurses and airmen who had gathered in her suite. In appreciation, she presented hospital staff with framed and signed lithographs of the White House. The First Lady was deeply affected by Patrick's death and proceeded to enter a state of depression. However, the loss of their child had a positive impact on the marriage and brought the couple closer together in their shared grief. Arthur Schlesinger wrote that while President Kennedy always "regarded Jacqueline with genuine affection and pride," their marriage "never seemed more solid than in the later months of 1963". Jacqueline's friend Aristotle Onassis was aware of her depression and invited her to his yacht to recuperate. President Kennedy initially had reservations, but he relented because he believed that it would be "good for her". The trip was widely disapproved of within the Kennedy administration, by much of the general public, and in Congress. The First Lady returned to the United States on October 17, 1963. She would later say she regretted being away as long as she was but had been "melancholy after the death of my baby". Assassination and funeral of John F. Kennedy On November 21, 1963, the First Lady and the President embarked on a political trip to Texas with several goals in mind; this was the first time that she had joined her husband on such a trip in the U.S. After a breakfast on November 22, they took a very short flight on Air Force One from Fort Worth's Carswell Air Force Base to Dallas' Love Field, accompanied by Texas Governor John Connally and his wife Nellie. The First Lady was wearing a bright pink Chanel suit and a pillbox hat, which had been personally selected by President Kennedy. A motorcade was to take them to the Trade Mart, where the president was scheduled to speak at a lunch. The First Lady was seated to her husband's left in the third row of seats in the presidential limousine, with the Governor and his wife seated in front of them. Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson and his wife followed in another car in the motorcade. After the motorcade turned the corner onto Elm Street in Dealey Plaza, the First Lady heard what she thought to be a motorcycle backfiring and did not realize that it was a gunshot until she heard Governor Connally scream. Within 8.4 seconds, two more shots had rung out, and one of the shots struck her husband in the head. Almost immediately, she began to climb onto the back of the limousine; Secret Service agent Clint Hill later told the Warren Commission that he thought she had been reaching across the trunk for a piece of her husband's skull that had been blown off. Hill ran to the car and leapt onto it, directing her back to her seat. As Hill stood on the back bumper, Associated Press photographer Ike Altgens snapped a photograph that was featured on the front pages of newspapers around the world. She would later testify that she saw pictures "of me climbing out the back. But I don't remember that at all". The President was rushed for the 3.8 mile trip to Parkland Hospital. At the First Lady's request, she was allowed to be present in the operating room. After Jacqueline's husband was pronounced dead, she refused to remove her blood-stained clothing and reportedly regretted having washed the blood off her face and hands, explaining to Lady Bird Johnson that she wanted "them to see what they have done to Jack". She continued to wear the blood-stained pink suit as she boarded Air Force One and stood next to Johnson when he took the oath of office as president. The unlaundered suit was donated to the National Archives and Records Administration in 1964 and, under the terms of an agreement with her daughter Caroline, will not be placed on public display until 2103. Johnson's biographer Robert Caro wrote that Johnson wanted Jacqueline to be present at his swearing-in in order to demonstrate the legitimacy of his presidency to JFK loyalists and to the world at large. Jacqueline took an active role in planning her husband's state funeral, modeling it after Abraham Lincoln's service. She requested a closed casket, overruling the wishes of her brother-in-law, Robert. The funeral service was held at the Cathedral of St. Matthew the Apostle in Washington D.C., with the burial taking place at nearby Arlington National Cemetery. Jacqueline led the procession on foot and lit the eternal flame—created at her request—at the gravesite. Lady Jeanne Campbell reported back to The London Evening Standard: "Jacqueline Kennedy has given the American people ... one thing they have always lacked: Majesty." A week after the assassination, new president Lyndon B. Johnson issued an executive order that established the Warren Commission—led by Chief Justice Earl Warren—to investigate the assassination. Ten months later, the Commission issued its report with the controversial finding that Lee Harvey Oswald had acted alone when he assassinated President Kennedy. Privately, his widow cared little about the investigation, stating that even if they had the right suspect, it would not bring her husband back. Nevertheless, she gave a deposition to the Warren Commission. Following the assassination and the media coverage that had focused intensely on her during and after the burial, Jacqueline stepped back from official public view, apart from a brief appearance in Washington to honor the Secret Service agent, Clint Hill, who had climbed aboard the limousine in Dallas to try to shield her and the President. Life following the assassination (1963–1975) Mourning period and later public appearances On November 29, 1963—a week after her husband's assassination—Jacqueline was interviewed in Hyannis Port by Theodore H. White of Life magazine. In that session, she famously compared the Kennedy years in the White House to King Arthur's mythical Camelot, commenting that the President often played the title song of Lerner and Loewe's musical recording before retiring to bed. She also quoted Queen Guinevere from the musical, trying to express how the loss felt. The era of the Kennedy administration would subsequently often be referred to as the "Camelot Era," although historians have later argued that the comparison is not appropriate, with Robert Dallek stating that Kennedy's "effort to lionize [her husband] must have provided a therapeutic shield against immobilizing grief." Kennedy and her children remained in the White House for two weeks following the assassination. Wanting to "do something nice for Jackie," President Johnson offered an ambassadorship to France to her, aware of her heritage and fondness for the country's culture, but she turned the offer down, as well as follow-up offers of ambassadorships to Mexico and the United Kingdom. At her request, Johnson renamed the Florida space center the John F. Kennedy Space Center a week after the assassination. Kennedy later publicly praised Johnson for his kindness to her. Kennedy spent 1964 in mourning and made few public appearances. It has been speculated that she may have been suffering from undiagnosed Posttraumatic stress disorder that was due to intrusive flashbacks. In the winter following the assassination, she and the children stayed at Averell Harriman's home in Georgetown. On January 14, 1964, Kennedy made a televised appearance from the office of the Attorney General, thanking the public for the "hundreds of thousands of messages" she had received since the assassination and said she had been sustained by America's affection for her late husband. She purchased a house for herself and her children in Georgetown but sold it later in 1964 and bought a 15th-floor penthouse apartment for $250,000 at 1040 Fifth Avenue in Manhattan in the hopes of having more privacy. In the following years, Jacqueline attended selected memorial dedications to her late husband. She also oversaw the establishment of the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, which is the repository for official papers of the Kennedy Administration. Designed by architect I.M. Pei, it is situated next to the University of Massachusetts campus in Boston. Despite having commissioned William Manchester's authorized account of President Kennedy's death, The Death of a President, Jacqueline was subject to significant media attention in 1966–1967 when she and Robert Kennedy tried to block the publication. They sued publishers Harper & Row in December 1966; the suit was settled the following year when Manchester removed passages that detailed President Kennedy's private life. White viewed the ordeal as validation of the measures the Kennedy family, Jacqueline in particular, were prepared to take to preserve President Kennedy's public image. During the Vietnam War in November 1967, Life magazine dubbed Kennedy "America's unofficial roving ambassador" when she and David Ormsby-Gore, former British ambassador to the United States during the Kennedy administration, traveled to Cambodia, where they visited the religious complex of Angkor Wat with Chief of State Norodom Sihanouk. According to historian Milton Osbourne, her visit was "the start of the repair to Cambodian-US relations, which had been at a very low ebb". She also attended the funeral services of Martin Luther King, Jr. in Atlanta, Georgia, in April 1968, despite her initial reluctancy due to the crowds and reminders of President Kennedy's death. Relationship with Robert F. Kennedy After her husband's assassination, Jacqueline relied heavily on her brother-in-law Robert F. Kennedy; she observed him to be the "least like his father" of the Kennedy brothers. He had been a source of support after she had suffered a miscarriage early in her marriage; it was he, not her husband, who stayed with her in the hospital. In the aftermath of the assassination, Bobby became a surrogate father for her children until eventual demands by his own large family and his responsibilities as Attorney General required him to reduce attention. He credited Jackie with convincing him to stay in politics, and she supported his 1964 run for United States Senator from New York. The January 1968 Tet offensive in Vietnam resulted in a drop in President Johnson's poll numbers, and Robert Kennedy's advisors urged him to enter the upcoming presidential race. When Art Buchwald asked him if he intended to run, Robert replied, "That depends on what Jackie wants me to do". She met with him around this time and encouraged him to run after she had previously advised him to not follow Jack, but to "be yourself". Privately, she worried about his safety; she believed that Bobby was more disliked than her husband had been and that there was "so much hatred" in the United States. She confided in him about these feelings, but by her own account, he was "fatalistic" like her. Despite her concerns, Jacqueline campaigned for her brother-in-law and supported him, and at one point even showed outright optimism that through his victory, members of the Kennedy family would once again occupy the White House. Just after midnight PDT on June 5, 1968, an enraged Palestinian gunman named Sirhan Sirhan mortally wounded Robert Kennedy minutes after he and a crowd of his supporters had been celebrating his victory in the California Democratic presidential primary. Jacqueline Kennedy rushed to Los Angeles to join his wife Ethel, her brother-in-law Ted Kennedy, and the other Kennedy family members at his hospital bedside. Bobby Kennedy never regained consciousness and died 26 hours after the shooting. Marriage to Aristotle Onassis After Robert Kennedy's death, Jacqueline reportedly suffered a relapse of the depression she had suffered in the days following her husband's assassination nearly five years prior. She came to fear for her life and those of her children, saying: "If they're killing Kennedys, then my children are targets ... I want to get out of this country". On October 20, 1968, Kennedy married her long-time friend Aristotle Onassis, a wealthy Greek shipping magnate who was able to provide the privacy and security she sought for herself and her children. The wedding took place on Skorpios, Onassis' private Greek island in the Ionian Sea. After marrying Onassis, she took the legal name Jacqueline Onassis and consequently lost her right to Secret Service protection, which is an entitlement of a widow of a U.S. president. The marriage brought her considerable adverse publicity. The fact that Aristotle was divorced and his former wife Athina Livanos was still living led to speculation that Jacqueline might be excommunicated by the Roman Catholic church, though that concern was explicitly dismissed by Boston's Archbishop, Cardinal Richard Cushing as "nonsense". She was condemned by some as a "public sinner," and became the target of paparazzi who followed her everywhere and nicknamed her "Jackie O". During their marriage, the couple inhabited six different residences: her 15-room Fifth Avenue apartment in Manhattan, her horse farm in New Jersey, his Avenue Foch apartment in Paris, his private island Skorpios, his house in Athens, and his yacht Christina O. Kennedy ensured that her children continued a connection with the Kennedy family by having Ted Kennedy visit them often. She developed a close relationship with Ted, and from then on he was involved in her public appearances. Aristotle Onassis' health deteriorated rapidly following the death of his son Alexander in a plane crash in 1973. He died of respiratory failure at age 69 in Paris on March 15, 1975. His financial legacy was severely limited under Greek law, which dictated how much a non-Greek surviving spouse could inherit. After two years of legal wrangling, Kennedy eventually accepted a settlement of $26 million from Christina Onassis—Aristotle's daughter and sole heir—and waived all other claims to the Onassis estate. Later years (1975–1990s) After the death of her second husband, Onassis returned permanently to the United States, splitting her time between Manhattan, Martha's Vineyard, and the Kennedy compound in Hyannis Port, Massachusetts. In 1975, she became a consulting editor at Viking Press, a position that she held for two years. After almost a decade of avoiding participation in political events, Onassis attended the 1976 Democratic National Convention and stunned the assembled delegates when she appeared in the visitors' gallery. She resigned from Viking Press in 1977 after John Leonard of The New York Times stated that Onassis held some responsibility for Viking's publication of the Jeffrey Archer novel Shall We Tell the President?, set in a fictional future presidency of Ted Kennedy and describing an assassination plot against him. Two years later, she appeared alongside her mother-in-law Rose Kennedy at Faneuil Hall in Boston when Ted Kennedy announced that he was going to challenge incumbent president Jimmy Carter for the Democratic nomination for president. She participated in the subsequent presidential campaign, which was unsuccessful. Following her resignation from Viking Press, Kennedy was hired by Doubleday, where she worked as an associate editor under an old friend, John Turner Sargent, Sr. Among the books she edited for the company are Larry Gonick's The Cartoon History of the Universe, the English translation of the three volumes of Naghib Mahfuz's Cairo Trilogy (with Martha Levin), and autobiographies of ballerina Gelsey Kirkland, singer-songwriter Carly Simon, and fashion icon Diana Vreeland. She also encouraged Dorothy West, her neighbor on Martha's Vineyard and the last surviving member of the Harlem Renaissance, to complete the novel The Wedding (1995), a multi-generational story about race, class, wealth, and power in the U.S. In addition to her work as an editor, Onassis participated in cultural and architectural preservation. In the 1970s, she led a historic preservation campaign to save Grand Central Terminal from demolition and renovate the structure in Manhattan. A plaque inside the terminal acknowledges her prominent role in its preservation. In the 1980s, she was a major figure in protests against a planned skyscraper at Columbus Circle that would have cast large shadows on Central Park; the project was cancelled. A later project proceeded despite protests: a large twin-towered skyscraper, the Time Warner Center, was completed in 2003. Onassis remained the subject of considerable press attention, most notoriously involving the paparazzi photographer Ron Galella, who followed her around and photographed her as she went about her day-to-day activities; he took candid photos of her without her permission. She ultimately obtained a restraining order against him, and the situation brought attention to the problem of paparazzi photography. From 1980 until her death, Jacqueline maintained a close relationship with Maurice Tempelsman, who was her companion and personal financial adviser; he was a Belgian-born industrialist and diamond merchant who was estranged from his wife. In the early 1990s, Onassis supported Bill Clinton and contributed money to his presidential campaign. Following the election, she met with First Lady Hillary Clinton and advised her on raising a child in the White House. In her memoir Living History, Clinton wrote that Onassis was "a source of inspiration and advice for me". Democratic consultant Ann Lewis observed that Onassis had reached out to the Clintons "in a way she has not always acted toward leading Democrats in the past". Illness, death and funeral In November 1993, Jacqueline was thrown from her horse while participating in a fox hunt in Middleburg, Virginia, and was taken to the hospital to be examined. A swollen lymph node was discovered in her groin, which was initially diagnosed by the doctor to be caused by an infection. The fall from the horse contributed to her deteriorating health over the next six months. In December, Onassis developed new symptoms, including a stomach ache and swollen lymph nodes in her neck, and was diagnosed with a type of cancer known as non-Hodgkin lymphoma. She began chemotherapy in January 1994 and publicly announced the diagnosis when she stated that the initial prognosis was good. She continued to work at Doubleday, but by March the cancer had spread to her spinal cord and brain, and by May to her liver. Onassis made her last trip home from New York Hospital–Cornell Medical Center on May 18, 1994. The following night at 10:15 p.m., she died in her sleep in her Manhattan apartment at age 64. In the morning, John F. Kennedy, Jr. announced his mother's death to the press, stating that she had been "surrounded by her friends and her family and her books, and the people and the things that she loved". He added that "She did it in her very own way, and on her own terms, and we all feel lucky for that." On May 23, 1994, her funeral Mass was held a few blocks away from her apartment at the Church of St. Ignatius Loyola, the Catholic parish where she was baptized in 1929 and confirmed as a teenager. She was interred at Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington, Virginia, alongside President Kennedy, their son Patrick, and their stillborn daughter Arabella. President Bill Clinton delivered a eulogy at her graveside service. At the time of her death, Onassis was survived by her children Caroline and John Jr., three grandchildren, sister Lee Radziwill, son-in-law Edwin Schlossberg, and half-brother James Lee Auchincloss. She left an estate that its executors valued at $43.7 million. Legacy Popularity Jacqueline Kennedy remains one of the most popular First Ladies. She was featured 27 times on the annual Gallup list of the top 10 most admired people of the second half of the 20th century; this number is superseded by only Billy Graham and Queen Elizabeth II and is higher than that of any U.S. President. In 2011, she was ranked in fifth place in a list of the five most influential First Ladies of the twentieth century for her "profound effect on American society". In 2014, she ranked third place in a Siena College Institute survey, behind Eleanor Roosevelt and Abigail Adams. In 2015, she was included in a list of the top ten influential U.S. First Ladies due to the admiration for her based around "her fashion sense and later after her husband's assassination, for her poise and dignity". Kennedy is seen as being customary in her role as First Lady, though Magill argues her life was validation that "fame and celebrity" changed the way First Ladies are evaluated historically. Hamish Bowles, curator of the "Jacqueline Kennedy: The White House Years" exhibit at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, attributed her popularity to a sense of unknown that was felt in her withdrawal from the public which he dubbed "immensely appealing". After Kennedy's death, Kelly Barber referred to her as "the most intriguing woman in the world", furthering that her stature was also due to her affiliation with valuable causes. Historian Carl Sferrazza Anthony summarized that the former First Lady "became an aspirational figure of that era, one whose privilege might not be easily reached by a majority of Americans but which others could strive to emulate". Since the late 2000s, Kennedy's traditional persona has been invoked by commentators when referring to fashionable political spouses. A wide variety of commentators have credited Kennedy with restoring the White House; the list includes Hugh Sidey, Leticia Baldrige, Laura Bush, Kathleen P. Galop, and Carl Anthony. Tina Turner and Jackie Joyner-Kersee have cited Kennedy as influences. Style icon Jacqueline Kennedy became a global fashion icon during her husband's presidency. After the 1960 election, she commissioned French-born American fashion designer and Kennedy family friend Oleg Cassini to create an original wardrobe for her appearances as First Lady. From 1961 to 1963, Cassini dressed her in many of her most iconic ensembles, including her Inauguration Day fawn coat and Inaugural gala gown, as well as many outfits for her visits to Europe, India, and Pakistan. In 1961, Kennedy spent $45,446 more on fashion than the $100,000 annual salary her husband earned as president. Kennedy preferred French couture, particularly the work of Chanel, Balenciaga, and Givenchy, but was aware that in her role as First Lady, she would be expected to wear American designers' work. After noting that her taste for Paris fashion was being criticized in the press, she wrote to the noted fashion editor Diana Vreeland to ask for suitable American designers, particularly those who could reproduce the Paris look. After considering the letter, which expressed Kennedy's dislike of prints, and her preference for "terribly simple, covered-up clothes," Vreeland recommended Norman Norell, who was considered America's First Designer, and was known for his high-end simplicity and fine quality work. She also suggested Ben Zuckerman, another highly regarded tailor who regularly offered re-interpretations of Paris couture, and the sportswear designer Stella Sloat, who occasionally offered Givenchy copies. Kennedy's first choice for her Inauguration Day coat was originally a purple wool Zuckerman model that was based on a Pierre Cardin design, but she instead settled on a fawn Cassini coat and wore the Zuckerman for a tour of the White House with Mamie Eisenhower. In her role as First Lady, Kennedy preferred to wear clean-cut suits with a skirt hem down to middle of the knee, three-quarter sleeves on notch-collar jackets, sleeveless A-line dresses, above-the-elbow gloves, low-heel pumps, and pillbox hats. Dubbed the "Jackie" look, these clothing items rapidly became fashion trends in the Western world. More than any other First Lady, her style was copied by commercial manufacturers and a large segment of young women. Her influential bouffant hairstyle, described as a "grown-up exaggeration of little girls' hair," was created by Mr. Kenneth, who worked for her from 1954 until 1986. In her years after the White House, Kennedy underwent a style change; her new looks consisted of wide-leg pantsuits, large lapel jackets, gypsy skirts, silk Hermès headscarves, and large, round, dark sunglasses. She often chose to wear brighter colors and patterns and even began wearing jeans in public. She set a new fashion trend with beltless, white jeans with a black turtleneck that was never tucked in and instead pulled down over her hips. Kennedy acquired a large collection of jewellery throughout her lifetime. Her triple-strand pearl necklace, designed by American jeweller Kenneth Jay Lane, became her signature piece of jewelry during her time as First Lady in the White House. Often referred to as the "berry brooch," the two-fruit cluster brooch of strawberries made of rubies with stems and leaves of diamonds, designed by French jeweler Jean Schlumberger for Tiffany & Co., was personally selected and given to her by her husband several days prior to his inauguration in January 1961. She wore Schlumberger's gold and enamel bracelets so frequently in the early and mid-1960s that the press called them "Jackie bracelets"; she also favored his white enamel and gold "banana" earrings. Kennedy wore jewelry designed by Van Cleef & Arpels throughout the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s; her sentimental favorite was the Van Cleef & Arpels wedding ring given to her by President Kennedy. Kennedy was named to the International Best Dressed List Hall of Fame in 1965. Many of her signature clothes are preserved at the John F. Kennedy Library and Museum; pieces from the collection were exhibited at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York in 2001. Titled "Jacqueline Kennedy: The White House Years," the exhibition focused on her time as a First Lady. In 2012, Time magazine included Kennedy on its All-TIME 100 Fashion Icons list. In 2016, Forbes included her on the list 10 Fashion Icons and the Trends They Made Famous. Honors and memorials A high school named Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis High School for International Careers, was dedicated by New York City in 1995, the first high school named in her honor. It is located at 120 West 46th Street between Sixth and Seventh Avenues, and was formerly the High School for the Performing Arts. Public School 66 in the Richmond Hill neighborhood of Queens, New York City was renamed in honor of the former First Lady. The main reservoir in Central Park, located in Manhattan near her apartment, was renamed in her honor as the Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Reservoir. The Municipal Art Society of New York presents the Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Medal to an individual whose work and deeds have made an outstanding contribution to the city of New York. The medal was named in honor of the former MAS board member in 1994, for her tireless efforts to preserve and protect New York City's great architecture. She made her last public appearance at the Municipal Art Society two months before her May 1994 death. Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis Hall at the George Washington University (her alma mater) in Washington, DC. The White House's East Garden was renamed the Jacqueline Kennedy Garden in her honor. In 2007, her name and her first husband's were included on the list of people aboard the Japanese Kaguya mission to the moon launched on September 14, as part of The Planetary Society's "Wish Upon The Moon" campaign. In addition, they are included on the list aboard NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter mission. A school and an award at the American Ballet Theatre have been named after her in honor of her childhood study of ballet. The companion book for a series of interviews between mythologist Joseph Campbell and Bill Moyers, The Power of Myth, was created under her direction prior to her death. The book's editor, Betty Sue Flowers, writes in the Editor's Note to The Power of Myth: "I am grateful ... to Jacqueline Lee Bouvier Kennedy Onassis, the Doubleday editor, whose interest in the books of Joseph Campbell was the prime mover in the publication of this book." A year after her death in 1994, Moyers dedicated the companion book for his PBS series, The Language of Life as follows: "To Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis. As you sail on to Ithaka." Ithaka was a reference to the C.P. Cavafy poem that Maurice Tempelsman read at her funeral. A white gazebo is dedicated to Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis on North Madison Street in Middleburg, Virginia. The First Lady and President Kennedy frequented the small town of Middleburg and intended to retire in the nearby town of Atoka. She also hunted with the Middleburg Hunt numerous times. Portrayals Jaclyn Smith portrays Kennedy in the 1981 television film Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy, depicting Kennedy's life until the end of the JFK presidency. The film's producer Louis Rudolph stated an interest in creating a "positive portrait of a woman who I thought had been very much maligned," comments that were interpreted by John J. O'Connor of The New York Times as erasing any chances of critique toward Kennedy. Though Smith received praise for her performance, with Marilynn Preston calling her "convincing in an impossible role", Tom Shales wrote "Jaclyn Smith couldn't act her way out of a Gucci bag". Blair Brown portrays Kennedy in the 1983 miniseries Kennedy, set during the Kennedy presidency. Brown used wigs and makeup to better resemble Kennedy and said through playing the role she gained a different view of the assassination: "I realized that this was a woman witnessing the public execution of her husband." Jason Bailey praised her performance, while Andrea Mullaney noted her resemblance to Kennedy and general shyness. Brown was nominated for a television BAFTA as Best Actress and a Golden Globe as Best Actress in a Miniseries or Television Film. Marianna Bishop, Sarah Michelle Gellar, and Roma Downey portray Kennedy in the 1991 miniseries A Woman Named Jackie, covering her entire life until the death of Aristotle Onassis. Of being contacted for the role, Downey reflected: "I thought I was a strange choice because I didn't think I looked anything like her and I was Irish." Half of Downey's wardrobe was designed by Shelley Komarov and Downey stated that though she had long harbored "great respect and admiration" for Kennedy, she was unaware of the troubles in her childhood. Reviewer Rick Kogan praised Downey with doing "a surprisingly fine job in the demanding title role", while Howard Rosenberg lamented Downey's performance failing to "pierce this thick glaze of superficiality". Ability credited the role with raising Downey's profile. In 1992, the miniseries won the Emmy Award for Outstanding Miniseries. Rhoda Griffis portrays Kennedy in the 1992 film Love Field, set shortly before and in the aftermath of JFK's assassination. It was Griffis' feature film debut. Griffis said she had been told by her orthodontist of her resemblance to Kennedy and was cast as her upon walking into the auditions for the role. Sally Taylor-Isherwood, Emily VanCamp, and Joanne Whalley portray Onassis in the 2000 television miniseries Jackie Bouvier Kennedy Onassis, covering chronologically her entire life. Whalley prepared for the role by listening to recordings of Kennedy's voice along with working with a dialect coach; by the end of production, she developed an attachment to Kennedy. Laura Fries assessed Whalley as lacking Kennedy's charisma despite being "soulful and regal" in her own right while Ron Wertheimer viewed Whalley as being passive in the role and lamented "the filmmakers render Jackie as Forrest Gump in a pillbox hat, someone who keeps passing close to the center of things without really touching -- or being touched by -- very much." Stephanie Romanov portrays Kennedy in the 2000 film Thirteen Days, taking place during the Cuban Missile Crisis. Philip French of The Guardian noted her small role and being out of "the loop" was accurate of women's roles in "the early Sixties". Laura Clifford called Romanov "unconvincing" in the role. Jill Hennessy portrays Kennedy in the 2001 television film Jackie, Ethel, Joan: The Women of Camelot. Hennessy prepared for the performance by watching hours of archival footage of Kennedy and cited one of the reasons for her favoring of the miniseries was its distinctiveness in not focusing "strictly on the men or only on Jackie". Reviewers Anita Gates and Terry Kelleher believed Hennessy brought "elegance" to the role while Steve Oxman panned the performance: "Hennessy simply doesn't possess the right natural grace. But this pic has a habit of telling us more that it shows us, and the actress manages to communicate the most important elements of the story without ever making it especially convincing." Jacqueline Bisset portrays Onassis in the 2003 film America's Prince: The John F. Kennedy Jr. Story. Bisset noted the glasses she used during the film were holdovers from a prior role in The Greek Tycoon. Neil Genzlinger observed that Bisset "should have known better" in taking on the role while Kristen Tauer wrote Bisset portraying Onassis as a mother was a "different central light than many proceeding films". Jeanne Tripplehorn portrays Onassis in the 2009 film Grey Gardens for a single scene. Tripplehorn said questions she had about Edith Bouvier Beale that she thought would be answered by being a part of the film remained unsolved. Tripplehorn received diverse reactions to her performance while Brian Lowry noted her resemblance to Onassis and small role. Katie Holmes portrays Kennedy in the 2011 miniseries The Kennedys, set during the Kennedy presidency and its 2017 sequel The Kennedys: After Camelot, focusing on her life after 1968. Mary McNamara and Hank Stuever regarded Holmes' performance with neutrality in their reviews of The Kennedys while Hadley Freeman called her "bloodless" in the role. Holmes stated reprising the role was a "bigger challenge" for having to act through later periods of Kennedy's life. When asked of the concurrent Jackie film, Holmes said, "I think its really exciting. It's just is a testament to how amazing Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis was and how much she meant to our country." Holmes also stated both should be watched due to covering different periods of Jacqueline's life. In The Kennedys: After Camelot, Holmes' performance was viewed favorably by Daniel Feinberg and Allison Keane while Kristi Turnquist panned her. Minka Kelly portrays Kennedy in the 2013 film The Butler, giving the film's protagonist Cecil one of her husband's neckties after his assassination. Kelly said she was intimidated and scared taking on the role. Kelly admitted to having difficulty with perfecting Kennedy's voice, going "to sleep listening to her", and having discomfort with the wool clothing associated with the role. Ginnifer Goodwin portrays her in the 2013 television film Killing Kennedy. Goodwin used intimate photos to better portray Kennedy and was concerned "to do her justice and to play her as accurately as possible without ever doing an impression of her". Costar Rob Lowe said of seeing Goodwin in the pink Chanel suit, "It made it real. If I were under any illusions about what we were doing, seeing her in that iconic moment was, I would say, sobering." Tom Carson wrote that Goodwin's "trademark vulnerability humanizes Jackie considerably" while Bruce Miller called her a miscast and Robert Lloyd and Brian Lowry panned her performance. Kim Allen portrays Kennedy in the 2016 film LBJ. Ray Bennett noted in his review of the film that Allen was in a non-speaking role. Natalie Portman portrays Kennedy in the 2016 film Jackie, set during the JFK presidency and the immediate aftermath of the assassination. Portman admitted being intimidated taking the role and doing research in preparation for filming. Nigel M. Smith wrote that by portraying Kennedy, Portman was "taking on arguably the biggest challenge of her career". Manohla Dargis, David Edelstein, and Peter Bradshaw praised her performance. Portman was nominated for Best Actress by Academy Awards, AACTA Awards, AWFJ, AFCA, and BSFC, and won the category by the Online Film Critics Society. Jodi Balfour portrays Kennedy in the eighth episode of the second season of Netflix's original drama series, The Crown, titled 'Dear Mrs. Kennedy,' set during the June 1961 visit of the Kennedy couple to the Buckingham Palace and the immediate reaction to the assassination of John F. Kennedy. See also Kennedy family tree Notes References Bibliography Kennedy, Jacqueline (2011). Jacqueline Kennedy: Historic Conversations on Life with John F. Kennedy. Hyperion. . Leaming, Barbara (2001). Mrs. Kennedy: The Missing History of the Kennedy Years Free Press. . Leaming, Barbara (2014). Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis: The Untold Story. Macmillan. . Pottker, Jan (2002). Janet and Jackie: The Story of a Mother and Her Daughter, Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis. St. Martin's Griffin. . Sabato, Larry J. (2013). The Kennedy Half-Century: The Presidency, Assassination and Lasting Legacy. Bloomsbury USA. . Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr. (2002) [1965]. A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House. Mariner Books. . Spoto, Donald (2000). Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis: A Life. St. Martin's Press. . Tracy, Kathleen (2008). The Everything Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Book: A portrait of an American icon. Adams Media. . West, J.B., with Mary Lynn Kotz (1973). Upstairs at the White House: My Life with the First Ladies. Coward, McCann & Geoghegan. SBN 698-10546-X. Wolff, Perry (1962). A Tour of the White House with Mrs. John F. Kennedy. Doubleday & Company. Exhibition Catalogue, Sale 6834: The Estate of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis April 23–26, 1996. Sotheby's: 1996. The White House: An Historic Guide. White House Historical Association and the National Geographic Society: 2001. . External links Life of Jacqueline B. Kennedy at the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum Jacqueline Lee Bouvier Kennedy at the White House Jacqueline Kennedy at C-SPAN's First Ladies: Influence & Image Jackie Kennedy at the National First Ladies' Library The Last Will and Testament of Jacqueline K. 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Kennedy Category:Women print editors Category:Columbian College of Arts and Sciences alumni Category:People from Georgetown (Washington, D.C.)	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Robert Llewellyn Bradshaw Robert Llewellyn Bradshaw (16 September 1916 – 23 May 1978) was the first Premier of Saint Kitts and Nevis in the Caribbean, and previously served as Chief Minister, legislator, and labour activist. Early life Bradshaw was born in the Saint Paul Capisterre Village in Saint Kitts to Mary Jane Francis, a domestic servant, and William Bradshaw, a blacksmith. He was raised by his grandmother after his father moved to the United States when Bradshaw was nine months old. He attended St. Paul's Primary School and completed seventh grade, the highest level of primary education available in Saint Kitts at the time. At 16, Bradshaw became a machine apprentice at the St. Kitts Sugar Factory, where he began to take interest in the labour movement. In 1940, he left the sugar factory following a strike for higher wages and joined the St. Kitts and Nevis Trades and Labour Union as a clerk. Bradshaw succeeded Joseph Matthew Sebastian as president of the union in 1944. In 1963 he married, Millicent Sahaley, a Kittitian-Lebanese. They had one daughter, Isis Carla Bradshaw, together. His first daughter, Etsu, is from an earlier relationship. Political career Bradshaw supported the cause of the sugar workers and was one of the political stalwarts of the country. In 1945 he became president of the recently created St Kitts-Nevis-Anguilla Labour Party. He entered politics in 1946 and won a seat in the Legislative Council in the elections that year, later becoming a member of the Executive Council. In 1956 he was Minister of Trade and Production for St. Kitts-Nevis-Anguilla. During the short-lived West Indies Federation (from 1958 to 1962), Bradshaw was elected to the Federal House of Representatives and held the post of minister of finance for the Federation. After the break-up of the Federation, Bradshaw returned to St. Kitts from Trinidad. In 1966 he became Chief Minister, and in 1967 the first Premier of St. Kitts-Nevis-Anguilla, then an associated state of the United Kingdom. Under his leadership, all sugar lands, as well as the central sugar factory, were bought by the government. Opposition to Bradshaw's rule began to build. Opposition was especially great in Nevis, where it was felt that the island was being neglected and unfairly deprived of revenue, investment and services by its larger neighbour. Bradshaw mainly ignored Nevis' complaints, but Nevisian disenchantment with the Labour Party proved a key factor in the party's eventual fall from power. Opposition in Anguilla was even stronger, with the Anguillans evicting St. Kitts police from their island and holding referendums in 1967 and 1969, both times voting overwhelmingly to secede from St. Kitts-Nevis and remain a separate British territory. In 1977 Bradshaw travelled to London for independence talks with the United Kingdom government. Death Bradshaw died on 23 May 1978 of prostate cancer at his home in Basseterre. He was succeeded by his former deputy, Paul Southwell. He is buried in Springfield cemetery in Basseterre. Legacy In 1996, Bradshaw was posthumously awarded the title of First National Hero by the National Assembly of Saint Kitts and Nevis and is honoured annually on National Heroes Day, which is observed on his birthday. On the inaugural National Heroes Day in 1998, the Golden Rock Airport in Saint Kitts was renamed the Robert L. Bradshaw International Airport in his honour. In 2007, the Robert Llewellyn Bradshaw Memorial Park was dedicated at his birthplace in St. Paul's. On 17 September 2010, the Robert Llewellyn Bradshaw building was dedicated on the Windsor University School of Medicine campus in Cayon. References Further reading Alexander, R. J. and Eldon Parker (2004). A History of Organized Labor in the English-Speaking West Indies. Westport, CT: Praeger. Brown, Margaret and W. R. Louis (2001). The Oxford History of the British Empire. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Burks, Edward (1967). "New Caribbean State Beset by Poverty and Revolt." New York Times. June 29. Hurwitz, Samuel (1966). "The Federation of the West Indies: A Study in Nationalism." Journal of British Studies 6. Knight, F. W. and Colin Palmer (1986). The Modern Caribbean. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. (1978). "Robert Bradshaw Dies: Premier in Caribbean." The Washington Post. May 25. Thorndike, Tony (1989). "The Future of the British Caribbean Dependencies." Journal of Interamerican Affairs and World Studies 31. 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Owl Owls are birds from the order Strigiformes, which includes about 200 species of mostly solitary and nocturnal birds of prey typified by an upright stance, a large, broad head, binocular vision, binaural hearing, sharp talons, and feathers adapted for silent flight. Exceptions include the diurnal northern hawk-owl and the gregarious burrowing owl. Owls hunt mostly small mammals, insects, and other birds, although a few species specialize in hunting fish. They are found in all regions of the Earth except polar ice caps and some remote islands. Owls are divided into two families: the true (or typical) owl family, Strigidae, and the barn-owl family, Tytonidae. Anatomy Owls possess large, forward-facing eyes and ear-holes, a hawk-like beak, a flat face, and usually a conspicuous circle of feathers, a facial disc, around each eye. The feathers making up this disc can be adjusted to sharply focus sounds from varying distances onto the owls' asymmetrically placed ear cavities. Most birds of prey have eyes on the sides of their heads, but the stereoscopic nature of the owl's forward-facing eyes permits the greater sense of depth perception necessary for low-light hunting. Although owls have binocular vision, their large eyes are fixed in their sockets—as are those of most other birds—so they must turn their entire heads to change views. As owls are farsighted, they are unable to clearly see anything within a few centimeters of their eyes. Caught prey can be felt by owls with the use of filoplumes—hairlike feathers on the beak and feet that act as "feelers". Their far vision, particularly in low light, is exceptionally good. Owls can rotate their heads and necks as much as 270°. Owls have 14 neck vertebrae compared to seven in humans, which makes their necks more flexible. They also have adaptations to their circulatory systems, permitting rotation without cutting off blood to the brain: the foramina in their vertebrae through which the vertebral arteries pass are about 10 times the diameter of the artery, instead of about the same size as the artery as in humans; the vertebral arteries enter the cervical vertebrae higher than in other birds, giving the vessels some slack, and the carotid arteries unite in a very large anastomosis or junction, the largest of any bird's, preventing blood supply from being cut off while they rotate their necks. Other anastomoses between the carotid and vertebral arteries support this effect. The smallest owl—weighing as little as and measuring some —is the elf owl (Micrathene whitneyi). Around the same diminutive length, although slightly heavier, are the lesser known long-whiskered owlet (Xenoglaux loweryi) and Tamaulipas pygmy owl (Glaucidium sanchezi). The largest owls are two similarly sized eagle owls; the Eurasian eagle-owl (Bubo bubo) and Blakiston's fish owl (Bubo blakistoni). The largest females of these species are long, have long wings, and weigh . Different species of owls produce different sounds; this distribution of calls aids owls in finding mates or announcing their presence to potential competitors, and also aids ornithologists and birders in locating these birds and distinguishing species. As noted above, their facial discs help owls to funnel the sound of prey to their ears. In many species, these discs are placed asymmetrically, for better directional location. Owl plumage is generally cryptic, although several species have facial and head markings, including face masks, ear tufts, and brightly coloured irises. These markings are generally more common in species inhabiting open habitats, and are thought to be used in signaling with other owls in low-light conditions. Sexual dimorphism Sexual dimorphism is a physical difference between males and females of a species. Reverse sexual dimorphism, when females are larger than males, has been observed across multiple owl species. The degree of size dimorphism varies across multiple populations and species, and is measured through various traits, such as wing span and body mass. Overall, female owls tend to be slightly larger than males. The exact explanation for this development in owls is unknown. However, several theories explain the development of sexual dimorphism in owls. One theory suggests that selection has led males to be smaller because it allows them to be efficient foragers. The ability to obtain more food is advantageous during breeding season. In some species, female owls stay at their nest with their eggs while it is the responsibility of the male to bring back food to the nest. However, if food is scarce, the male first feeds himself before feeding the female. Small birds, which are agile, are an important source of food for owls. Male burrowing owls have been observed to have longer wing chords than females, despite being smaller than females. Furthermore, owls have been observed to be roughly the same size as their prey. This has also been observed in other predatory birds, which suggests that owls with smaller bodies and long wing chords have been selected for because of the increased agility and speed that allows them to catch their prey. Another popular theory suggests that females have not been selected to be smaller like male owls because of their sexual roles. In many species, female owls may not leave the nest. Therefore, females may have a larger mass to allow them to go for a longer period of time without starving. For example, one hypothesized sexual role is that larger females are more capable of dismembering prey and feeding it to their young, hence female owls are larger than their male counterparts. A different theory suggests that the size difference between male and females is due to sexual selection: since large females can choose their mate and may violently reject a male's sexual advances, smaller male owls that have the ability to escape unreceptive females are more likely to have been selected. Adaptations for hunting All owls are carnivorous birds of prey and live mainly on a diet of insects and small rodents such as mice, rats, and hares. Some owls are also specifically adapted to hunt fish. They are very adept in hunting in their respective environments. Since owls can be found in nearly all parts of the world and across a multitude of ecosystems, their hunting skills and characteristics vary slightly from species to species, though most characteristics are shared among all species. Flight and feathers Most owls share an innate ability to fly almost silently and also more slowly in comparison to other birds of prey. Most owls live a mainly nocturnal lifestyle and being able to fly without making any noise gives them a strong advantage over their prey that are listening for the slightest sound in the night. A silent, slow flight is not as necessary for diurnal and crepuscular owls given that prey can usually see an owl approaching. While the morphological and biological mechanisms of this silent flight are more or less unknown, the structure of the feather has been heavily studied and accredited to a large portion of why they have this ability. Owls’ feathers are generally larger than the average birds’ feathers, have fewer radiates, longer pennulum, and achieve smooth edges with different rachis structures. Serrated edges along the owl's remiges bring the flapping of the wing down to a nearly silent mechanism. The serrations are more likely reducing aerodynamic disturbances, rather than simply reducing noise. The surface of the flight feathers is covered with a velvety structure that absorbs the sound of the wing moving. These unique structures reduce noise frequencies above 2 kHz, making the sound level emitted drop below the typical hearing spectrum of the owl's usual prey and also within the owl's own best hearing range. This optimizes the owl's ability to silently fly to capture prey without the prey hearing the owl first as it flies in. It also allows the owl to monitor the sound output from its flight pattern. The feather adaption that allows silent flight means that barn owl feathers are not waterproof. To retain the softness and silent flight, the barn owl cannot use the preen oil or powder dust that other species use for waterproofing. In wet weather, they cannot hunt and this may be disastrous during the breeding season. Barn owls are frequently found drowned in cattle drinking troughs, since they land to drink and bathe, but are unable to climb out. Owls can struggle to keep warm, because of their lack of waterproofing, so large numbers of downy feathers help them to retain body heat. Vision Eyesight is a particular characteristic of the owl that aids in nocturnal prey capture. Owls are part of a small group of birds that live nocturnally, but do not use echolocation to guide them in flight in low-light situations. Owls are known for their disproportionally large eyes in comparison to their skulls. An apparent consequence of the evolution of an absolutely large eye in a relatively small skull is that the eye of the owl has become tubular in shape. This shape is found in other so-called nocturnal eyes, such as the eyes of strepsirrhine primates and bathypelagic fishes. Since the eyes are fixed into these sclerotic tubes, they are unable to move the eyes in any direction. Instead of moving their eyes, owls swivel their heads to view their surroundings. Owls' heads are capable of swiveling through an angle of roughly 270°, easily enabling them to see behind them without relocating the torso. This ability keeps bodily movement at a minimum, thus reduces the amount of sound the owl makes as it waits for its prey. Owls are regarded as having the most frontally placed eyes among all avian groups, which gives them some of the largest binocular fields of vision. However, owls are farsighted and cannot focus on objects within a few centimeters of their eyes. These mechanisms are only able to function due to the large-sized retinal image. Thus, the primary nocturnal function in the vision of the owl is due to its large posterior nodal distance; retinal image brightness is only maximized to the owl within secondary neural functions. These attributes of the owl cause its nocturnal eyesight to be far superior to that of its average prey. Hearing Owls exhibit specialized hearing functions and ear shapes that also aid in hunting. They are noted for asymmetrical ear placements on the skull in some genera. Owls can have either internal or external ears, both of which are asymmetrical. Asymmetry has not been reported to extend to the middle or internal ear of the owl. Asymmetrical ear placement on the skull allows the owl to pinpoint the location of its prey. This is especially true for strictly nocturnal species such as the barn owls Tyto or Tengmalm's owl. With ears set at different places on its skull, an owl is able to determine the direction from which the sound is coming by the minute difference in time that it takes for the sound waves to penetrate the left and right ears. The owl turns its head until the sound reaches both ears at the same time, at which point it is directly facing the source of the sound. This time difference between ears is a matter of about 0.00003 seconds, or 30 millionths of a second. Behind the ear openings are modified, dense feathers, densely packed to form a facial ruff, which creates an anterior-facing, concave wall that cups the sound into the ear structure. This facial ruff is poorly defined in some species, and prominent, nearly encircling the face, in other species. The facial disk also acts to direct sound into the ears, and a downward-facing, sharply triangular beak minimizes sound reflection away from the face. The shape of the facial disk is adjustable at will to focus sounds more effectively. The prominences above a great horned owl's head are commonly mistaken as its ears. This is not the case; they are merely feather tufts. The ears are on the sides of the head in the usual location (in two different locations as described above). Talons While the auditory and visual capabilities of the owl allow it to locate and pursue its prey, the talons and beak of the owl do the final work. The owl kills its prey using these talons to crush the skull and knead the body. The crushing power of an owl's talons varies according to prey size and type, and by the size of the owl. The burrowing owl (Athene cunicularia), a small, partly insectivorous owl, has a release force of only 5 N. The larger barn owl (Tyto alba) needs a force of 30 N to release its prey, and one of the largest owls, the great horned owl (Bubo virginianus) needs a force over 130 N to release prey in its talons. An owl's talons, like those of most birds of prey, can seem massive in comparison to the body size outside of flight. The Tasmanian masked owl has some of the proportionally longest talons of any bird of prey; they appear enormous in comparison to the body when fully extended to grasp prey. An owl's claws are sharp and curved. The family Tytonidae has inner and central toes of about equal length, while the family Strigidae has an inner toe that is distinctly shorter than the central one. These different morphologies allow efficiency in capturing prey specific to the different environments they inhabit. Beak The beak of the owl is short, curved, and downward-facing, and typically hooked at the tip for gripping and tearing its prey. Once prey is captured, the scissor motion of the top and lower bill is used to tear the tissue and kill. The sharp lower edge of the upper bill works in coordination with the sharp upper edge of the lower bill to deliver this motion. The downward-facing beak allows the owl's field of vision to be clear, as well as directing sound into the ears without deflecting sound waves away from the face. Camouflage The coloration of the owl's plumage plays a key role in its ability to sit still and blend into the environment, making it nearly invisible to prey. Owls tend to mimic the coloration and sometimes the texture patterns of their surroundings, the barn owl being an exception. Nyctea scandiaca, or the snowy owl, appears nearly bleach-white in color with a few flecks of black, mimicking their snowy surroundings perfectly, while the speckled brown plumage of the Tawny owl (Strix aluco) allows it to lie in wait among the deciduous woodland it prefers for its habitat. Likewise, the mottled wood-owl (Strix ocellata) displays shades of brown, tan, and black, making the owl nearly invisible in the surrounding trees, especially from behind. Usually, the only tell-tale sign of a perched owl is its vocalizations or its vividly colored eyes. Behavior Most owls are nocturnal, actively hunting their prey in darkness. Several types of owls, however, are crepuscular—active during the twilight hours of dawn and dusk; one example is the pygmy owl (Glaucidium). A few owls are active during the day, also; examples are the burrowing owl (Speotyto cunicularia) and the short-eared owl (Asio flammeus). Much of the owls' hunting strategy depends on stealth and surprise. Owls have at least two adaptations that aid them in achieving stealth. First, the dull coloration of their feathers can render them almost invisible under certain conditions. Secondly, serrated edges on the leading edge of owls' remiges muffle an owl's wing beats, allowing an owl's flight to be practically silent. Some fish-eating owls, for which silence has no evolutionary advantage, lack this adaptation. An owl's sharp beak and powerful talons allow it to kill its prey before swallowing it whole (if it is not too big). Scientists studying the diets of owls are helped by their habit of regurgitating the indigestible parts of their prey (such as bones, scales, and fur) in the form of pellets. These "owl pellets" are plentiful and easy to interpret, and are often sold by companies to schools for dissection by students as a lesson in biology and ecology. Breeding and reproduction Owl eggs typically have a white colour and an almost spherical shape, and range in number from a few to a dozen, depending on species and the particular season; for most, three or four is the more common number. In at least one species, female owls do not mate with the same male for a lifetime. Female burrowing owls commonly travel and find other mates, while the male stays in his territory and mates with other females. Evolution and systematics The systematic placement of owls is disputed. For example, the Sibley–Ahlquist taxonomy of birds finds that, based on DNA-DNA hybridization, owls are more closely related to the nightjars and their allies (Caprimulgiformes) than to the diurnal predators in the order Falconiformes; consequently, the Caprimulgiformes are placed in the Strigiformes, and the owls in general become a family, the Strigidae. A recent study indicates that the drastic rearrangement of the genome of the accipitrids may have obscured any close relationship of theirs with groups such as the owls. In any case, the relationships of the Caprimulgiformes, the owls, the falcons, and the accipitrid raptors are not resolved to satisfaction; currently, a trend to consider each group (with the possible exception of the accipitrids) as a distinct order is increasing. Some 220 to 225 extant species of owls are known, subdivided into two families: 1. Typical owls or True owl family (Strigidae) and 2. barn-owls family (Tytonidae). Some entirely extinct families have also been erected based on fossil remains; these differ much from modern owls in being less specialized or specialized in a very different way (such as the terrestrial Sophiornithidae). The Paleocene genera Berruornis and Ogygoptynx show that owls were already present as a distinct lineage some 60–57 million years ago (Mya), hence, possibly also some 5 million years earlier, at the extinction of the nonavian dinosaurs. This makes them one of the oldest known groups of non-Galloanserae landbirds. The supposed "Cretaceous owls" Bradycneme and Heptasteornis are apparently nonavialan maniraptors. During the Paleogene, the Strigiformes radiated into ecological niches now mostly filled by other groups of birds. The owls as known today, though, evolved their characteristic morphology and adaptations during that time, too. By the early Neogene, the other lineages had been displaced by other bird orders, leaving only barn-owls and typical owls. The latter at that time were usually a fairly generic type of (probably earless) owls similar to today's North American spotted owl or the European tawny owl; the diversity in size and ecology found in typical owls today developed only subsequently. Around the Paleogene-Neogene boundary (some 25 Mya), barn-owls were the dominant group of owls in southern Europe and adjacent Asia at least; the distribution of fossil and present-day owl lineages indicates that their decline is contemporary with the evolution of the different major lineages of typical owls, which for the most part seems to have taken place in Eurasia. In the Americas, rather an expansion of immigrant lineages of ancestral typical owls occurred. The supposed fossil herons "Ardea" perplexa (Middle Miocene of Sansan, France) and "Ardea" lignitum (Late Pliocene of Germany) were more probably owls; the latter was apparently close to the modern genus Bubo. Judging from this, the Late Miocene remains from France described as "Ardea" aureliensis should also be restudied. The Messelasturidae, some of which were initially believed to be basal Strigiformes, are now generally accepted to be diurnal birds of prey showing some convergent evolution towards owls. The taxa often united under Strigogyps were formerly placed in part with the owls, specifically the Sophiornithidae; they appear to be Ameghinornithidae instead. For fossil species and paleosubspecies of extant taxa, see the genus and species articles. Unresolved and basal forms (all fossil) Berruornis (Late Paleocene of France) basal? Sophornithidae? Strigiformes gen. et ap. indet. (Late Paleocene of Zhylga, Kazakhstan) Palaeoglaux (Middle – Late Eocene of WC Europe) own family Palaeoglaucidae or Strigidae? Palaeobyas (Late Eocene/Early Oligocene of Quercy, France) Tytonidae? Sophiornithidae? Palaeotyto (Late Eocene/Early Oligocene of Quercy, France) Tytonidae? Sophiornithidae? Strigiformes gen. et spp. indet. (Early Oligocene of Wyoming, USA) Ogygoptyngidae Ogygoptynx (Middle/Late Paleocene of Colorado, USA) Protostrigidae Eostrix (Early Eocene of United States, Europe, and Mongolia). E. gulottai is the smallest known fossil (or living) owl. Minerva (Middle – Late Eocene of W USA) formerly Protostrix, includes "Aquila" ferox, "Aquila" lydekkeri, and "Bubo" leptosteus Oligostrix (mid-Oligocene of Saxony, Germany) Sophiornithidae Sophiornis The family Tytonidae: barn-owls Genus Tyto – typical barn-owls, stand up to tall. Some 15 species and possibly one recently extinct. Genus Phodilus – bay-owls, 2–3 extant species and possibly one recently extinct. Fossil genera Nocturnavis (Late Eocene/Early Oligocene) includes "Bubo" incertus Selenornis (Late Eocene/Early Oligocene) – includes "Asio" henrici Necrobyas (Late Eocene/Early Oligocene – Late Miocene) includes "Bubo" arvernensis and Paratyto Prosybris (Early Oligocene? – Early Miocene) Placement unresolved Tytonidae gen. et sp. indet. "TMT 164" (Middle Miocene) – Prosybris? The family Strigidae: typical owls or true owls Genus Aegolius – Saw-whet owls, four species Genus Asio – Eared owls, 6–7 species Genus Athene – 2–4 species (depending on whether Speotyto and Heteroglaux are included or not) Genus Bubo – Horned owls, eagle-owls and fish-owls; paraphyletic with Nyctea, Ketupa, and Scotopelia, some 25 species Genus Ciccaba – four species Genus Glaucidium – Pygmy-owls, about 30–35 species Genus Grallistrix – Stilt-owls, 4 species; prehistoric Genus Gymnoglaux – Bare-legged owl or Cuban screech-owl Genus Lophostrix – Crested owl Genus Jubula – Maned owl Genus Megascops – Screech-owls, some 20 species Genus Micrathene – Elf owl Genus Ninox – Australasian hawk-owls, some 20 species Genus Nesasio – Fearful owl Genus Otus – Scops owls; probably paraphyletic, about 45 species Genus Pseudoscops – Jamaican owl and possibly striped owl Genus Ptilopsis – White-faced owls, two species Genus Pulsatrix – Spectacled owls, three species Genus Pyrroglaux – Palau owl Genus Strix – Earless owls, about 15 species Genus Surnia – Northern hawk-owl Genus Uroglaux – Papuan hawk-owl Genus Xenoglaux – long-whiskered owlet Extinct genera Genus Mascarenotus – Mascarene owls, three species; extinct (c. 1850) Genus Ornimegalonyx – Caribbean giant owls, 1–2 species; prehistoric Genus Sceloglaux – laughing owl; extinct c. 1914 Fossil genera Mioglaux (Late Oligocene? – Early Miocene of WC Europe) – includes "Bubo" poirreiri Intutula (Early/Middle – ?Late Miocene of C Europe) – includes "Strix/Ninox" brevis Alasio (Middle Miocene of Vieux-Collonges, France) – includes "Strix" collongensis Oraristrix (Late Pleistocene) Placement unresolved "Otus/Strix" wintershofensis: fossil (Early/Middle Miocene of Wintershof West, Germany) – may be close to extant genus Ninox "Strix" edwardsi – fossil (Middle/Late? Miocene) "Asio" pygmaeus – fossil (Early Pliocene of Odessa, Ukraine) Strigidae gen. et sp. indet. UMMP V31030 (Late Pliocene) – Strix/Bubo? Ibiza owl, Strigidae gen. et sp. indet. – prehistoric Symbolism and mythology African cultures Among the Kikuyu of Kenya, it was believed that owls were harbingers of death. If one saw an owl or heard its hoot, someone was going to die. In general, owls are viewed as harbingers of bad luck, ill health, or death. The belief is widespread even today. Asia In Mongolia the owl is regarded as a benign omen. In one story, Genghis Khan was hiding from enemies in a small coppice when an owl roosted in the tree above him, which caused his pursuers to think no man could be hidden there. In modern Japan, owls are regarded as lucky and are carried in the form of a talisman or charm. Ancient European and modern Western culture The modern West generally associates owls with wisdom and vigilance. This link goes back at least as far as Ancient Greece, where Athens, noted for art and scholarship, and Athena, Athens' patron goddess and the goddess of wisdom, had the owl as a symbol. Marija Gimbutas traces veneration of the owl as a goddess, among other birds, to the culture of Old Europe, long pre-dating Indo-European cultures. T. F. Thiselton-Dyer in his Folk-lore of Shakespeare says that "from the earliest period it has been considered a bird of ill-omen," and Pliny tells us how, on one occasion, even Rome itself underwent a lustration, because one of them strayed into the Capitol. He represents it also as a funereal bird, a monster of the night, the very abomination of human kind. Virgil describes its death-howl from the top of the temple by night, a circumstance introduced as a precursor of Dido's death. Ovid, too, constantly speaks of this bird's presence as an evil omen; and indeed the same notions respecting it may be found among the writings of most of the ancient poets." A list of "omens drear" in John Keats' Hyperion includes the "gloom-bird's hated screech." Pliny the Elder reports that owl's eggs were commonly used as a hangover cure. Hinduism In Hinduism, an owl is the vahana, mount, of the Goddess Lakshmi. Native American cultures People often allude to the reputation of owls as bearers of supernatural danger when they tell misbehaving children, "the owls will get you", and in most Native American folklore, owls are a symbol of death. For example: According to Apache and Seminole tribes, hearing owls hooting is considered the subject of numerous "bogeyman" stories told to warn children to remain indoors at night or not cry too much, otherwise the owl may carry them away. In some tribal legends, owls are associated with spirits of the dead, and the bony circles around an owl's eyes are said to comprise the fingernails of apparitional humans. Sometimes owls are said to carry messages from beyond the grave or deliver supernatural warnings to people who have broken tribal taboos. The Aztecs and Maya, along with other natives of Mesoamerica, considered the owl a symbol of death and destruction. In fact, the Aztec god of death, Mictlantecuhtli, was often depicted with owls. There is an old saying in Mexico that is still in use: Cuando el tecolote canta, el indio muere ("When the owl cries/sings, the Indian dies"). The Popol Vuh, a Mayan religious text, describes owls as messengers of Xibalba (the Mayan "Place of Fright"). The belief that owls are messengers and harbingers of the dark powers is also found among the Hočągara (Winnebago) of Wisconsin. When in earlier days the Hočągara committed the sin of killing enemies while they were within the sanctuary of the chief's lodge, an owl appeared and spoke to them in the voice of a human, saying, "From now on the Hočągara will have no luck." This marked the beginning of the decline of their tribe. An owl appeared to Glory of the Morning, the only female chief of the Hočąk nation, and uttered her name. Soon afterwards she died. According to the culture of the Hopi, a Uto-Aztec tribe, taboos surround owls, which are associated with sorcery and other evils. Ojibwe tribes, as well as their Aboriginal Canadian counterparts, used an owl as a symbol for both evil and death. In addition, they used owls as a symbol of very high status of spiritual leaders of their spirituality. Pawnee tribes viewed owls as the symbol of protection from any danger within their realms. Pueblo people associated owls with Skeleton Man, the god of death and spirit of fertility. Yakama tribes use an owl as a powerful totem, often to guide where and how forests and natural resources are useful with management. Rodent control Encouraging natural predators to control rodent population is a natural form of pest control, along with excluding food sources for rodents. Placing a nest box for owls on a property can help control rodent populations (one family of hungry barn owls can consume more than 3,000 rodents in a nesting season) while maintaining the naturally balanced food chain. Attacks on humans Although humans and owls frequently live together in harmony, there have been incidents when owls have attacked humans. For example, in January 2013, a man from Inverness, Scotland suffered heavy bleeding and went into shock after being attacked by an owl, which was likely a 50-cm tall eagle owl. The photographer Eric Hosking lost his left eye after attempting to photograph a tawny owl, which inspired the title of his 1970 autobiography, An Eye for a Bird. Conservation issues All owls are listed in Appendix II of the international CITES treaty (the Convention on Illegal Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora). Although owls have long been hunted, a 2008 news story from Malaysia indicates that the magnitude of owl poaching may be on the rise. In November 2008, TRAFFIC reported the seizure of 900 plucked and "oven-ready" owls in Peninsular Malaysia. Said Chris Shepherd, Senior Programme Officer for TRAFFIC's Southeast Asia office, "This is the first time we know of where 'ready-prepared' owls have been seized in Malaysia, and it may mark the start of a new trend in wild meat from the region. We will be monitoring developments closely." TRAFFIC commended the Department of Wildlife and National Parks in Malaysia for the raid that exposed the huge haul of owls. Included in the seizure were dead and plucked barn owls, spotted wood owls, crested serpent eagles, barred eagles, and brown wood owls, as well as 7,000 live lizards. References Further reading Calaprice, Alice & Heinrich, Bernd (1990): Owl in the House: A Naturalist's Diary. Joy Street Books, Boston. Duncan, James. 2013. The Complete Book of North American Owls. Thunder Bay Press, San Diego. Duncan, James. 2003. Owls of the World. Key Porter Books, Toronto. Heinrich, Bernd (1987): One Man's Owl Johnsgard, Paul A. (2002): North American Owls: Biology and Natural History, 2nd ed. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington DC. . Maslow, Jonathan Evan (1983): The Owl Papers, 1st Vintage Books ed. Vintage Books, New York. . Sibley, Charles Gald & Monroe, Burt L. Jr. (1990): Distribution and taxonomy of the birds of the world: A Study in Molecular Evolution. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT. External links The Owl Pages Owl Brain Atlas Smithsonian Snowy Owl Info World Owl Trust Athenian Owl coins Eurasia: World of Owls – Northern Ireland's only owl, bird of prey and exotic animal centre Current Blakiston's Fish Owl Research in Russia North America: List of Owl Species Breeding In North American and Owl Photos Oceania: iprimus info. re Australian owls and frogmouths Category:Extant Paleocene first appearances Category:Cosmopolitan birds	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Furlong A furlong is a measure of distance in imperial units and U.S. customary units equal to one eighth of a mile, equivalent to 660 feet, 220 yards, 40 rods, or 10 chains. Using the international definition of the inch as exactly 25.4 millimetres, one furlong is 201.168 metres. However, the United States does not uniformly use this conversion ratio. Older ratios are in use for surveying purposes in some states, leading to variations in the length of the furlong of two parts per million, or about 0.4 millimetre ( inch). This variation is too small to have practical consequences in most applications. Five furlongs are about 1 kilometre ( is the exact value, according to the international conversion). History The name furlong derives from the Old English words (furrow) and (long). Dating back at least to early Anglo-Saxon times, it originally referred to the length of the furrow in one acre of a ploughed open field (a medieval communal field which was divided into strips). The furlong (meaning furrow length) was the distance a team of oxen could plough without resting. This was standardised to be exactly 40 rods or 10 chains. The system of long furrows arose because turning a team of oxen pulling a heavy plough was difficult. This offset the drainage advantages of short furrows and meant furrows were made as long as possible. An acre is an area that is one furlong long and one chain (66 feet or 22 yards) wide. For this reason, the furlong was once also called an acre's length, though in modern usage an area of one acre can be of any shape. The term furlong, or shot, was also used to describe a grouping of adjacent strips within an open field. Among the early Anglo-Saxons, the rod was the fundamental unit of land measurement. A furlong was 40 rods; an acre 4 by 40 rods, or 4 rods by 1 furlong, and thus 160 square rods. At the time, the Saxons used the North German foot, which was 10 percent longer than the foot of today. When England changed to the shorter foot in the late 13th century, rods and furlongs remained unchanged, since property boundaries were already defined in rods and furlongs. The only thing that changed was the number of feet and yards in a rod or a furlong, and the number of square feet and square yards in an acre. The definition of the rod went from 15 old feet to new feet, or from 5 old yards to new yards. The furlong went from 600 old feet to 660 new feet, or from 200 old yards to 220 new yards. The acre went from 36,000 old square feet to 43,560 new square feet, or from 4,000 old square yards to 4,840 new square yards. The furlong was historically viewed as being equivalent to the Roman stade (stadium), which in turn derived from the Greek system. For example, the King James Bible uses the term "furlong" in place of the Greek stadion, although more recent translations often use miles or kilometres in the main text and give the original numbers in footnotes. In the Roman system, there were 625 feet to the stadium, eight stadia to the mile, and three miles to the league. A league was considered to be the distance a man could walk in one hour, and the mile (from mille, "meaning thousand") consisted of 1,000 passus (paces, five feet, or double-step). After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, medieval Europe continued with the Roman system, which the people proceeded to diversify, leading to serious complications in trade, taxation, etc. Around the year 1300, by royal decree England standardized a long list of measures. Among the important units of distance and length at the time were the foot, yard, rod (or pole), furlong, and the mile. The rod was defined as yards or feet, and the mile was eight furlongs, so the definition of the furlong became 40 rods and that of the mile became 5,280 feet (eight furlongs/mile times 40 rods/furlong times feet/rod). A description from 1675 states, "Dimensurator or Measuring Instrument whereof the mosts usual has been the Chain, and the common length for English Measures four Poles, as answering indifferently to the Englishs Mile and Acre, 10 such Chains in length making a Furlong, and 10 single square Chains an Acre, so that a square Mile contains 640 square Acres." —John Ogilby, Britannia, 1675 The official use of the furlong was abolished in the United Kingdom under the Weights and Measures Act 1985, an act that also abolished the official use of many other traditional units of measurement. Use In Myanmar, furlongs are currently used in conjunction with miles to indicate distances on highway signs. Mileposts on the Yangon–Mandalay Expressway use miles and furlongs. In the rest of the world, the furlong has very limited use, with the notable exception of horse racing in most English-speaking countries, including Canada and the United States. The distances for horse racing in Australia were converted to metric in 1972, but in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Canada, and the United States, races are still given in miles and furlongs. Also distances along the canals in English navigated by narrowboats are commonly expressed in miles and furlongs. The city of Chicago's street numbering system allots a measure of 800 address units to each mile, in keeping with the city's system of eight blocks per mile. This means that every block in a typical Chicago neighborhood (in either North/South or East/West direction but rarely both) is approximately one furlong in length. Salt Lake City's blocks are also each a square furlong in the downtown area. The blocks become less regular in shape farther from the center, but the numbering system (800 units to each mile) remains the same everywhere in Salt Lake County. Blocks in central Logan, Utah, and in large sections of Phoenix, Arizona, are similarly a square furlong in extent (eight to a mile, which explains the series of freeway exits: 19th Ave, 27th, 35th, 43rd, 51st, 59th …). City blocks in the Hoddle Grid of Melbourne are also one furlong in length. Much of Ontario, Canada, was originally surveyed on a ten-furlong grid, with major roads being laid out along the grid lines. Now that distances are shown on road signs in kilometres, these major roads are almost exactly two kilometres apart. The exits on highways running through Toronto, for example, are generally at intervals of two kilometres. The furlong is also a base unit of the humorous FFF system of units. Conversion to SI units The exact conversion of the furlong to SI units varies slightly among English-speaking countries. In Canada and the United Kingdom, which define the furlong in terms of the international yard of exactly 0.9144 metres, a furlong is 201.168 m. Australia does not formally define the furlong, but it does define the chain and link in terms of the international yard. In the United States, which defines the furlong, chain, rod, and link in terms of the U.S. survey foot of exactly metre, a furlong is approximately 201.1684 m long. The United States does not formally define a "survey yard". The difference of approximately two parts per million between the U.S. value and the "international" value is insignificant for most practical measurements. See also FFF system Stadion (unit) References Category:Customary units of measurement in the United States Category:Imperial units Category:Units of length Category:Surveying Category:Horse racing	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Pedro Spajari Pedro Henrique Silva Spajari (born February 18, 1997 in Amparo) is a Brazilian swimmer. International career At the 2015 FINA World Junior Swimming Championships held in Singapore, he finished 5th in the 100 metre freestyle., and 4th in the 4 × 100 m freestyle relay. In 2016, Spajari discovered that he has Klinefelter syndrome, which only affects men. The problem reduces the body's testosterone level, affects attention and impairs immunity. The syndrome reduced his performance and ended his dream of defending the Brazilian team at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro. Upon discovering the problem, he began the medical treatment with hormone replacement, duly authorized by the sports authorities. He was at the 2017 Summer Universiade, finishing 6th in the 100 metre freestyle, 5h in the 4 × 100 m medley relay, and 6th in the 4 × 100 m freestyle relay. At the 2018 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships in Tokyo, Japan, Spajari won the gold medal in the Men's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay, along with Gabriel Santos, Marco Ferreira Júnior and Marcelo Chierighini. He also finished 4th in the Men's 4 × 100 metre medley relay, 6th in the Men's 50 metre freestyle., and 7th in the Men's 100 metre freestyle. At the 2019 World Aquatics Championships in Gwangju, South Korea, in the Men's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay, he finished 6th, helping Brazil qualify for the Tokyo 2020 Olympics. At the 2019 Pan American Games held in Lima, Peru, he won a gold medal in the Men's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay, along with Breno Correia, Marcelo Chierighini and Bruno Fratus, with a time of 3:12.61, a new Pan American Games record. In the Mixed 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay, he won a silver medal, by participating at heats.He also finished 5th in the Men's 50 metre freestyle. References Category:Brazilian male swimmers Category:Living people Category:Male freestyle swimmers Category:1997 births Category:People from São Paulo Category:Swimmers at the 2019 Pan American Games Category:Pan American Games gold medalists for Brazil Category:Pan American Games silver medalists for Brazil	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Richard Newcourt Richard Newcourt may refer to: Richard Newcourt (historian) (died 1716), English notary and historian Richard Newcourt (cartographer) (died 1679), English topographical draughtsman and cartographer	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Noorda anthophilalis Noorda anthophilalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Strand in 1909. It is found in Tanzania. References Category:Moths described in 1909 Category:Crambidae	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Cylapus Cylapus is a genus of plant bugs in the family Miridae. There are about 12 described species in Cylapus. Species These 12 species belong to the genus Cylapus: Cylapus brasiliensis Carvalho, 1986 Cylapus citus Bergroth, 1922 Cylapus clavicornis Poppius, 1909 Cylapus famularis (Stål, 1862) Cylapus festinabundus Bergroth, 1922 Cylapus funebris (Distant, 1883) Cylapus marginicollis (Distant, 1883) Cylapus nobilis Poppius, 1909 Cylapus ruficeps Bergroth, 1922 Cylapus stellatus (Distant, 1883) Cylapus striatus Reuter, 1907 Cylapus tenuicornis (Say, 1832) References Further reading External links Category:Cylapinae Category:Articles created by Qbugbot	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
ULTRACOM ULTRACOM — or Telecomunicaciones Ultramarinas de Puerto Rico (TUPR) in Spanish— is a telecommunications corporation that manages satellite and submarine communications cable systems connected to Puerto Rico. It is jointly owned by PREPA.Net and Telefónica S.A. The corporation was formed in 1992 after the government of Puerto Rico privatized the Puerto Rico Telephone Company and needed to split its assets in order to comply with anti-monopolistic laws. In February 2008, PREPA.Net acquired Puerto Rico Telephone's share in ULTRACOM for an undisclosed amount. ULTRACOM manages earth stations, a fiber optic cable station, and a digital microwave station from which it provides domestic and international services to long distance carriers and foreign administrations. The corporation currently manages the landing points in Puerto Rico of the undersea cable systems of AMERICAS-I, AMERICAS-II, ANTILLAS I, and ARCOS-1. External links ultracompr.com - official site. Category:Communications companies of Puerto Rico	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
1758 English cricket season The 1758 English cricket season was the 15th season following the earliest known codification of the Laws of Cricket. Details have survived of only one eleven-a-side matches between significant teams. Matches One eleven-a-side match between significant teams are known to have taken place. 16 August - London & Surrey v Kent - Artillery Ground A number of parish games, for example Saffron Walden v Cambridge, Faversham v Tenterden, Faversham v Dover and New Romney v Ashford are known to have taken place during the year. References Bibliography Further reading Category:1758 in English cricket Category:English cricket seasons from 1598 to 1763	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Craig County, Oklahoma Craig County is a county in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of the 2010 census, the population was 15,029. Its county seat is Vinita. The county was organized in 1907, shortly before statehood, and named for Granville Craig, a prominent Cherokee farmer who lived in the Bluejacket area. History In the early 1800s, this area was part of the hunting grounds of the Osage nation and other Plains tribes, some of whom had migrated west from other areas. Members of the Cherokee Nation began moving into the area during the 1830s, particularly after Indian Removal by the US government, which forced them on the "Trail of Tears" to west of the Mississippi River, when they were given land by the United States in exchange for their territory in the Southeast. The area was sparsely populated until after the Civil War. The Texas Road and the East Shawnee Cattle Trail, used for cattle drives from Texas, ran through the eastern part of the present-day Craig County. Between 1867 and 1870, the U. S. government moved the Shawnee and Delaware tribes into this area from Kansas, another section of Indian Territory. Then the area was assigned as part of the Delaware and Cooweescoowee districts of the Cherokee Nation, Indian Territory, after the US government had made new treaties with the tribes that had allied with the Confederacy during the Civil War. In 1871, the federal government took Cherokee land for the Missouri, Kansas and Texas Railroad to construct a north-south railroad through this area, while the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad (later acquired by the St. Louis and San Francisco Railway) was allowed to build an east-west line that ran through Vinita in the same year. This line was extended through Tulsa, Oklahoma in 1881-2. Coal mining began in this area after the Civil War. Mine companies used both tunnel and strip mines, but they did not begin major production until about 1900. Production has continued into the 21st century. Other resource exploitation was based on oil, and the first oil refinery began operations by 1911; it was operated by Sinclair Oil until the 1920s. Otherwise, farming and ranching were the mainstays of the county economy. The county was organized in 1907, at the Oklahoma Statehood Convention. It was named for Granville Craig, a prominent Cherokee farmer of mixed race who had property near Bluejacket. Geography According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and (0.2%) is water. The county lies in the Osage Plains, on the western edge of the Ozark Plateau, and drains into several tributaries of the Neosho River. Major highways Adjacent counties Labette County, Kansas (north) Cherokee County, Kansas (northeast) Ottawa County (east) Delaware County (southeast) Mayes County (south) Rogers County (southwest) Nowata County (west) Demographics As of the census of 2006, there were 14,880 people, 5,620 households, and 3,945 families residing in the county. The population density was 20 people per square mile (8/km²). There were 6,459 housing units at an average density of 8 per square mile (3/km²). The racial makeup of the county was 68.54% White, 16.31% Native American, 3.09% Black or African American, 0.18% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.48% from other races, and 11.37% from two or more races. 1.20% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 5,620 households out of which 30.90% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.30% were married couples living together, 9.70% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.80% were non-families. 27.00% of all households were made up of individuals and 13.90% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.46 and the average family size was 2.97. In the county, the population was spread out with 23.90% under the age of 18, 7.80% from 18 to 24, 27.90% from 25 to 44, 24.30% from 45 to 64, and 16.20% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females there were 101.10 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.60 males. The median income for a household in the county was $30,997, and the median income for a family was $36,499. Males had a median income of $26,704 versus $20,082 for females. The per capita income for the county was $16,539. About 10.90% of families and 13.70% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.30% of those under age 18 and 11.90% of those age 65 or over. Politics Communities Cities Vinita (county seat) Towns Big Cabin Bluejacket Ketchum Welch Unincorporated communities Centralia White Oak (a census-designated place) NRHP sites The following sites in Craig County are listed on the National Register of Historic Places: Craig County Courthouse, Vinita First Methodist Episcopal Church, South, Vinita Hotel Vinita, Vinita McDougal Filling Station, Vinita Randall Tire Company, Vinita Spraker Service Station, Vinita References Further reading "Craig County," Vertical File, Research Division, Oklahoma Historical Society, Oklahoma City. The Heritage of Craig County and Cooweescoowee and Delaware Districts, Indian Territory, Vol. 3 (Vinita, Okla.: Craig County Genealogical Society, 2000). The Story of Craig County: Its People and Places, 2 vols. (Vinita, Okla.: Craig County Heritage Association, 1984–1991). External links Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture - Craig County Oklahoma Digital Maps: Digital Collections of Oklahoma and Indian Territory Category:1907 establishments in Oklahoma Category:Populated places established in 1907	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Mangalur block Mangalur block is a revenue block of Cuddalore district of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. This revenue block consist of 67 panchayat villages.. It is the biggest block in Cuddalore district. List of Panchayat Villages References Category:Revenue blocks of Cuddalore district	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Ferrari F2007 The Ferrari F2007 is a Formula One motor racing car, with which Scuderia Ferrari Marlboro competed during the 2007 Formula One season, it being the fifty-third single-seater car which the team have built to use in Formula One. The car is best known for providing Kimi Räikkönen with his first World Championship title and the team with its first Constructor's title since Michael Schumacher helped them win both in 2004. The car was unveiled to the public on January 14, 2007 at Ferrari's Fiorano test track in Maranello, Italy. Having been designed by Italian Aldo Costa and the Greek Nikolas Tombazis, the F2007 became the first F1 car not designed by any anglophone designers to win the World Drivers' Championship since Ferrari's own 312T4 in the 1979 season. Chassis The chassis was significantly altered from the 248 F1, the car Ferrari used during 2006 to finish as runners-up to Renault in the Constructors' Championship. The wheelbase is 85mm longer, from 3050mm to 3135mm, with the extra length added between the cockpit and front wheels, in order to maximize aerodynamic performance. Aerodynamics The launch model was shown with the front and rear wings from the 248 F1. This was to keep various aerodynamic features secret from rival F1 teams. Mechanicals The gearbox itself, which is still mounted longitudinally, is fitted with an innovative quick-shift system (seven plus reverse). The suspension adopts a zero-keel configuration, a first for Ferrari. The dropping of the single-keel is most likely due to the departure of previous designer Rory Byrne, whose previous, ultra-successful designs (notably his championship-winning Ferrari and Benetton cars) all featured a single keel. 2007 season livery Ferrari were the only team to receive tobacco sponsorship for the 2007 season. The team's principal sponsor is Philip Morris International, parent company of Marlboro cigarettes. However, in order to circumvent the European tobacco advertising ban, the car's livery did not feature the brand name. A simple red and white "barcode" was used and, hence the advertising at European Grands Prix was purely through association. Ferrari used 'Marlboro' logos in Bahrain, Monaco and China. The livery featured significantly less white than in previous years. The cars, driven by Felipe Massa and Kimi Räikkönen, raced with the numbers 5 and 6 respectively as the team finished second in the 2006 Constructors' Championship. Ordinarily, this would mean numbers 3 and 4 for the following season but owing to World Champion Fernando Alonso changing teams to McLaren, Renault received these numbers as Fernando Alonso took his number 1 (and thus, number 2) to his new team. At the Monaco Grand Prix, Ferrari changed the colour of their cars from Marlboro (light) red to Rosso corsa (racing) red, and kept it for the duration of the season. Other The 2007 season was the first in which the use of two different rubber compounds was required during a race. The Ferrari F2007 is featured in the games Gran Turismo 5, Gran Turismo 5 Prologue, Gran Turismo PSP, F1 2017, F1 2018 and F1 2019. Complete Formula One results (key) (results in bold indicate pole position; results in italics indicate fastest lap) References External links F2007 Website Secrets of the F2007 Official Scuderia Ferrari Website, F2007 F2007 Category:2007 Formula One season cars Category:Formula One championship-winning cars	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Winnipeg Monarchs (WHL) The Winnipeg Monarchs were a junior ice hockey team that played in the Western Canada Hockey League from 1967 to 1977 under three names. The team played as the Winnipeg Jets from 1967 to 1973; the Winnipeg Clubs from 1973 to 1976, and the Winnipeg Monarchs from 1976 to 1977. The Monarchs franchise played at Winnipeg Arena in Winnipeg, Manitoba. The team was the direct namesake for the Winnipeg Jets professional hockey club that began play in 1972; the junior Jets changed their name to disambiguate themselves in 1973. In 1977 the Monarchs moved to Calgary to become the Calgary Wranglers. They are today the Lethbridge Hurricanes. Season-by-season record Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against See also List of ice hockey teams in Manitoba Lethbridge Hurricanes Category:1967 establishments in Manitoba Category:1977 disestablishments in Manitoba Category:Defunct Western Hockey League teams Category:History of the Winnipeg Jets Category:Ice hockey clubs established in 1967 Category:Ice hockey clubs disestablished in 1977 Category:Winnipeg Monarchs	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Mohamed Massaquoi Mohamed Jah Massaquoi ( ; born November 24, 1986) is a former American football wide receiver. He played college football at Georgia and was drafted by the Cleveland Browns in the second round of the 2009 NFL Draft. Massaquoi has also been a member of the Jacksonville Jaguars and New York Jets. Early years Massaquoi was born in Charlotte, North Carolina to parents from Liberia. He played high-school football at Independence High School in Charlotte. During his four years there his team did not lose a single game and won four straight state championships. He played with two college football notables, former University of Florida quarterback Chris Leak and former University of North Carolina wide receiver Hakeem Nicks. Career receptions: 274 Career receiving yards: 4,876 Career receiving touchdowns: 76 College career He finished his collegiate career at the University of Georgia with 158 catches for 2,282 yards and 16 touchdowns, which ranks fourth best in school history. Massaquoi had a strong senior season with career-highs in catches (58), yards (920), and touchdowns (8). In Massaquoi's last four regular-season games at Georgia, he caught 29 passes for 544 yards and 4 touchdowns (including a career-high 3 in Georgia's 45-42 loss to Georgia Tech). His longest reception came in his junior season against SEC East rival Florida, hauling in an 84-yard touchdown pass from quarterback Matthew Stafford. Professional career Cleveland Browns Massaquoi was drafted by the Browns in the second round with the 50th overall pick in the 2009 NFL Draft. Massaquoi was the Browns leading receiver during his rookie season (2009) with 34 catches for 624 yards, including an NFL best 148 receiving yards (on 8 catches) in Week 4. In his four years with the Browns, Massaquoi caught a total of 118 passes for 1,745 yards and 7 touchdowns. Jacksonville Jaguars Massaquoi was signed by the Jacksonville Jaguars on April 5, 2013 on a two-year deal. He was released on August 19, 2013. New York Jets Massaquoi signed with the New York Jets on August 22, 2013. He was released on August 31, 2013. Accident In April 2017, Massaquoi suffered an ATV accident which led to the amputation of four fingers on his left hand. References External links Georgia Bulldogs bio Cleveland Browns bio Category:1986 births Category:Living people Category:American amputees Category:American people of Liberian descent Category:Liberian players of American football Category:Players of American football from North Carolina Category:Sportspeople from Charlotte, North Carolina Category:American football wide receivers Category:Georgia Bulldogs football players Category:Cleveland Browns players Category:Jacksonville Jaguars players Category:New York Jets players	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Antonie Dixon Antonie "Mac" Roni "Tony" Dixon (1968 – 4 February 2009) was a convicted New Zealand thief and murderer. His most notorious crimes were committed in an 11-hour spree of violence in 2003 in which he completely or partially severed the hands or arms of two women with a Samurai sword, shot a man dead with a homemade sub-machine gun and kidnapped another man. Dixon acquired over 150 convictions, mostly for theft and burglary; he was imprisoned at least 14 times. His former girlfriend Simonne Butler said he used methamphetamine from at least 2001. Dixon suffered horrendous abuse as a child, according to evidence given at his 2007 Appeal Court hearing. It was reported that he had been frequently tied to a clothes line, sexually abused, could only bark like a dog, and showed paranoid behaviour over several years. In prison he beat and attempted to gouge the eye of another inmate and pulled a weapon on his own lawyer. He died in prison in 2009. Major violent crimes Dixon attacked both of his partners, Renee Gunbie and Simonne Butler, with a Samurai sword at Pipiroa on 21 January 2003. Before the sword broke, Gunbie's left hand was completely severed and both of Butler's arms were partially severed. After stealing a vehicle and travelling to Auckland, Dixon fatally shot James Te Aute in Highland Park with a burst of ten bullets from a homemade sub-machine gun. He then took a man hostage and engaged in a standoff with the police. Eleven hours after he started, Dixon surrendered to the New Zealand Police. He used methamphetamine throughout the episode. Renee Gunbie lost her left hand; Simonne Butler's arms were both reattached. Trials During his trial, Dixon advanced a defence based primarily on insanity. Throughout much of the trial he bore a wild, wide-eyed look and an odd haircut. Photographs of this appearance featured in leading newspapers around the country. At the conclusion of the trial, he was convicted of murder, wounding, kidnapping, shooting at police and aggravated burglary; he was acquitted on five charges of attempted murder. For the murder, he was sentenced to life imprisonment with 20 years' minimum non-parole. He appealed against his conviction to the Court of Appeal of New Zealand with several arguments. First, it was argued that the trial judge, Judith Potter, did not properly instruct the jury on the law relating to insanity. Second, it was argued that manslaughter should have been available to the jury as an alternative verdict to murder. On 7 September 2007 the Court of Appeal overturned Dixon's convictions and ordered a new trial. The retrial began in June 2008 and concluded with a second guilty verdict on 30 July 2008. Dixon was remanded in custody pending a sentencing hearing set down for 5 February 2009. Dixon was reported to have made it known that he intended to appeal against the outcome of this second trial as well. A cousin named Andre Joel Wilkie Mail was later jailed for attempting to bribe a juror during Dixon's second trial. Death in prison During a prison interview on 17 January 2009, Dixon attempted to pull a "makeshift weapon" on his lawyer, Barry Hart. Prison staff intervened quickly to subdue Dixon and avoid any injury to Hart. Corrections Minister Judith Collins was informed of the incident and ordered a full report. She also encouraged Hart to lay a complaint with police. Hart chose not to lay a formal complaint as he felt that his client was suffering from severe mental health issues. On National Radio on the afternoon of 4 February, Hart denied that an attack had happened at all, refusing to speak further about it with the interviewer. At 10:30 PM on 4 February 2009, the night before his scheduled re-sentencing, Dixon was found dead in his cell at Auckland Prison. It was reported the next morning that he had died of self-inflicted injuries. However, Mr. Hart said his client had refused to take his medication and had been beaten up several times by inmates. Hart said he was aware that Dixon's mental health was deteriorating rapidly when he had spoken to him the month before. He told Newstalk ZB his client should have been put into a psychiatric unit, not a prison cell, and said the Corrections Department "stuffed up". Dixon in popular culture Due to the nature of the crimes and the prominence of the trial, images of Dixon took root in the public psyche. Some aspects of the crime, such as Gunbie's severed hand giving the bird, or the use of the homemade sub-machine gun and claims of being followed by 747s, were viewed as humorous. On the television programme Eating Media Lunch, cast members could be seen wearing T-shirts with an unflattering portrait of Dixon's face printed on them. A shot of Dixon with his notorious facial expressions and haircut also features in the shows opening credits. On an episode of Bro'town, Vale Pepelo described "upside-down b" (P is a common slang term for Pervitin) as "that highly addictive drug that makes you cut off peoples hands!" a reference to the Dixon case. Deja Voodoo referenced the case in their song "P" with the lyrics "I smoked P and I didn't cut anybody's hands off". Craccum, the Auckland University Students' Association magazine, referenced "Antonie Ronnie" (as his name was commonly mis-spelled) Dixon in issue 9, 2007, saying that Dixon had made his hairstyle "...the most popular haircut in West Auckland since the mullet." In August 2008, it came to light that a MySpace page attributed to Dixon had been created with the help of an unknown third-party outside prison. The name of indie band Cut Off Your Hands references Dixon's crimes. Hip hop artist Cyphanetik referenced Dixon's crimes in the song "Misfits My Bitches" - "Write another diss and I'll find the hands the writ them / chop them motherfuckers straight off like Antonie Dixon". In 2011, a television comedy series Hounds renamed a racing greyhound from Lundybainwatson to Lundydixonwatson after David Bain's lawyer, Joe Karam complained to the network, citing bad taste and a possible defamation lawsuit. Writers and producers The Down Low Concept had named the dog after three infamous and controversial New Zealand murder cases due to the original owner of the dog being a high court judge. The name referred to the cases of Mark Lundy, Scott Watson and the recently acquitted David Bain. At the behest of the network the production company re-shot and re-recorded audio in the few scenes where the dog's name was mentioned, the Dixon in the name referring to Antonie Dixon. References External links NZ Herald article covering the result of Dixon's appeal TVNZ news report showing Dixon's full name on coroners report Category:1968 births Category:2009 deaths Category:Murderers who committed suicide Category:New Zealand people convicted of murder Category:New Zealand people who died in prison custody Category:Place of birth missing Category:People convicted of murder by New Zealand Category:People who committed suicide in prison custody Category:Prisoners who died in New Zealand detention Category:Suicides in New Zealand	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
AXR AXR may refer to: Abdominal x-ray Arbitrary XML rendering Amrep Corporation, traded as AXR The TPD USA AXR, a clone of the Steyr AUG assault rifle	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Hafshejan Elamite brick Hafshejan Elamite brick is an ancient brick found in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province, Iran. After the inscription is written Hafshejan. This brick to 24, width 15 and a diameter of 8 cm and has 26 lines and was written more than 3100 years ago (1120 BC. M.). The discovery of the brick in the province of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province is written in Elamite script. References Category:Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province Category:Iranian inscriptions	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Sophia of Prussia Sophia of Prussia (Sophie Dorothea Ulrike Alice, Greek: Σοφία; 14 June 1870 – 13 January 1932) was Queen consort of Greece during 1913–1917 and 1920–1922. A member of the House of Hohenzollern and daughter of Frederick III, German Emperor, Sophia received a liberal and anglophile education, under the supervision of her mother, Victoria, Princess Royal. In 1889, less than a year after the death of her father, she married her third cousin Constantine, heir apparent to the Greek throne. After a difficult period of adaptation in her new country, Sophia gave birth to six children and became involved in the assistance to the poor, following in the footsteps of her mother-in-law, Queen Olga. However, it was during the wars which Greece faced during the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century that Sophia showed the most social activity: she founded field hospitals, oversaw the training of Greek nurses, and healed wounded soldiers. However, Sophia was hardly rewarded for her actions, even after her grandmother Queen Victoria decorated her with the Royal Red Cross after the Thirty Days' War: the Greeks criticized her links with Germany. Her brother Emperor William II was indeed an ally of the Ottoman Empire and openly opposed the construction of the Megali Idea, which could establish a Greek state that would encompass all ethnic Greek-inhabited areas. During World War I, the blood ties between Sophia and the German Emperor also aroused the suspicion of the Triple Entente, which criticized Constantine I for his neutrality in the conflict. After imposing a blockade of Greece and supporting the rebel government of Eleftherios Venizelos, causing the National Schism, France and its allies deposed Constantine I in June 1917. Sophia and her family then went into exile in Switzerland, while the second son of the royal couple replaced his father on the throne under the name of Alexander I. At the same time, Greece entered the war alongside the Triple Entente, which allowed it to grow considerably. After the outbreak of the Greco-Turkish War in 1919 and the untimely death of Alexander I the following year, the Venizelists abandoned power, allowing the royal family's return to Athens. The defeat of the Greek army against the Turkish troops of Mustafa Kemal, however, forced Constantine I to abdicate in favor of his eldest son George II in 1922. Sophia and her family then were forced to a new exile, and settled in Italy, where Constantine died one year later (1923). With the proclamation of the Republic in Athens (1924) Sophia spent her last years alongside her family and died of cancer in Germany in 1932. Life Princess of Prussia and Germany Birth in a difficult context Princess Sophie was born in the Neues Palais in Potsdam, Prussia on 14 June 1870. Her father, Crown Prince Frederick of Prussia, and her mother, Victoria, Princess Royal of the United Kingdom (herself the eldest daughter of Queen Victoria and Albert, Prince Consort) were already the parents of a large family and as the penultimate child, Sophie was eleven years younger than her eldest brother, the future Emperor William II of Germany. Frederick and Victoria were a close couple, both on sentimental and political levels. Being staunch liberals, they lived away from the Berlin court and suffered the intrigues of a very conservative Chancellor Otto von Bismarck and members of the House of Hohenzollern. A week after Sophie's birth, a case relating to succession to the throne of Spain damaged the Franco-Prussian relations. The tone between Paris and Berlin worsened even further after Bismarck published the humiliating Ems Telegram on 13 July 1870. Six days later, the government of Napoleon III declared war on Prussia and the states of the German Confederation offered support to Prussia, which then appeared as the victim of French imperialism. It was in this difficult context that Sophie was christened the following month, though all the men present were in uniform, as France had declared war on Prussia. Sophie's mother described the event to Queen Victoria: "The Christening went off well, but was sad and serious; anxious faces and tearful eyes, and a gloom and foreshadowing of all the misery in store spread a cloud over the ceremony, which should have been one of gladness and thanksgiving". However, the conflict lasted only a few months and even led to a brilliant German victory, leading to the proclamation of Sophie's grandfather King William I of Prussia as the first German Emperor on 18 January 1871. Anglophile education Sophie was known as "Sossy" during her childhood (the name was thought to have been picked because it rhymed with "Mossy", the nickname of her younger sister Margaret). The children of the Crown Princely couple became grouped into two by age: William, Charlotte, and Henry who were favoured by their paternal grandparents, while Viktoria, Sophie and Margaret were largely ignored by them. Sophie's two other brothers, Sigismund and Waldemar, died at a young age (Sigismund died before she was born, and Waldemar when he was 11 and she was 8); this drew the Crown Princess and her three younger daughters closer together, calling them "my three sweet girls" and "my trio". The Crown Princess, believing in the superiority of all things English, had her children's nurseries modelled on her childhood. Sophie was raised with a great love for England and all things associated with it as a result, and had frequent trips to visit her grandmother Queen Victoria, whom she loved. Sophie often stayed in England for long periods, especially on the Isle of Wight, where she liked to collect shells with her older siblings. Because she was generally avoided by her paternal grandparents, Sophia's formative years were mainly shaped by her parents and her maternal grandmother Queen Victoria. As a little girl she was so deeply attached to the old British sovereign that the Crown Princess didn't hesitate to leave her daughter for long periods under the care of her grandmother. In Germany, Sophie largely stayed with her parents at two main residences: the Kronprinzenpalais in Berlin, and the Neues Palais in Potsdam. Like her sisters Viktoria and Margaret, she was particularly close to her parents and their relationship became even closer after the death, in 1879, of Waldemar, the favorite son of the Crown Princely couple. Meeting and engagement with Diadochos Constantine In 1884, Crown Prince Constantine of Greece ("Tino") was sixteen and his majority was declared by the government. He then received the title of Duke of Sparta and Diadochos (διάδοχος / diádokhos, which means, "heir to the throne"). Soon after, the young man completed his military training in Germany, where he spent two full years in the company of a tutor, Dr. Lüders. He served in the Prussian Guard, took lessons of riding in Hanover and studied Political science at the Universities of Heidelberg and Leipzig. After a long stay in England celebrating her grandmother's Golden Jubilee, Sophie became better acquainted with Constantine in the summer of 1887. The Queen watched their growing relationship, writing "Is there a chance of Sophie's marrying Tino? It would be very nice for her, for he is very good". The crown princess also hoped that Sophie would make a good marriage, considering her the most attractive among her daughters. During his stay at the Hohenzollern court in Berlin representing the Kingdom of Greece at the funeral of Emperor William I in March 1888, Constantine saw Sophie again. Quickly, the two fell in love and got officially engaged on 3 September 1888. However, their relationship was viewed with suspicion by Sophie's older brother William, by now the new Kaiser, and his wife Augusta Victoria. This betrothal wasn't completely supported in the Hellenic royal family, either: Queen Olga showed some reluctance to the projected union because Sophie was Lutheran and she would have preferred that the heir to the throne marry an Orthodox. But despite the difficulties, Tino and Sophie's wedding was scheduled for October 1889, in Athens. Death of Emperor Frederick III This period fell on an unhappy time for Sophie's family however, as her father Emperor Frederick III was dying an agonizing death of throat cancer. His wife and children kept vigil with him at the Neues Palais, even celebrating Sophie's birthday and offering her a bouquet of flowers as a gift. The Emperor died the next day. Sophie's eldest brother William, now German Emperor, quickly ransacked his father's things in the hopes of finding "incriminating evidence" of "liberal plots". Knowing that her three youngest daughters were more dependent on her than ever for emotional support, the now-Dowager Empress Frederick remained close to them: "I have my three sweet girls - he loved so much - that are my consolation". Already shocked by the attitude of her eldest son, the Dowager Empress was deeply saddened by Sophie's upcoming marriage and move to Athens. Nevertheless, she welcomed the happiness of her daughter and consoled herself in a voluminous correspondence with Sophie. Between 1889 and 1901, the two women exchanged no less than 2,000 letters. On several occasions, they were also found in each other's homes, in Athens and Kronberg. The preparations of Sophie's wedding were "hardly a surprising development considering the funeral atmosphere that prevailed at the home of her widowed mother". Crown Princess of Greece Auspicious marriage to the Greeks On 27 October 1889, Sophie married Constantine in Athens, Greece in two religious ceremonies, one public and Orthodox and another private and Protestant. They were third cousins in descent from Paul I of Russia, and second cousins once removed through Frederick William III of Prussia. Sophie's witnesses were her brother Henry and her cousins Princes Albert Victor and George of Wales; for Constantine's side, the witnesses were his brothers Princes George and Nicholas and his cousin the Tsarevich of Russia. The marriage (the first major international event held in Athens) was very popular among the Greeks. The names of the couple were reminiscent to the public of an old legend which suggested that when a King Constantine and a Queen Sophia ascended the Greek throne, Constantinople the Hagia Sophia would fall to Greek hands. Immediately after the marriage of the Diadochos, hopes arose for the Greek populace of the Megali Idea, i.e. the union of all Greeks in the same state. Abroad, the marriage of Constantine and Sophie raised much less enthusiasm. In France, it was feared that the arrival of a Prussian princess in Athens would switch the Kingdom of Greece to the side of the Triple Alliance. In Berlin, the union was also unpopular: German interests were indeed important in the Ottoman Empire and the Emperor didn't intend to help Greece simply because the Diadochos was his new brother-in-law. Nevertheless, in Athens, the marriage ceremony was celebrated with pomp and gave rise to an especially significant pyrotechnic spectacle on the Acropolis and the Champ de Mars. Platforms were also built on the Syntagma Square so the public could better admire the procession between the Royal Palace and the Cathedral. The newlyweds were related to most of the European dynasties, so representatives of all the royal houses of the continent were part of the festivities: King Christian IX of Denmark (grandfather of the groom), Emperor William II of Germany (brother of the bride), the Prince of Wales (uncle of both groom and bride) and the Tsarevich of Russia (groom's cousin) were among the guests of honor. Naturally, Sophie's mother and sisters were also present at the ceremony. In fact, the hosts and their retinues were so many in the small Hellenic Capital that King George I couldn't receive all of them in his palace. He had to ask some members of the Greek high society to receive part of the guests in their mansions. Similarly, the sovereign was obliged to borrow the horses and carriages of his subjects in order to transport all visitors during the festivities. In addition, the king was forced to hastily buy dozens of additional liveries for the lackeys at the service of the guests. Installation in Athens In the Hellenic Capital Constantine and Sophia settled in a small villa of French style located on Kifisias Avenue, while waiting for the Greek state to build a new home for them, the Diadochos Palace, located near the Royal Palace. The couple also ordened the building of another house on the royal estate of Tatoi because King George I refused to allow work to be undertaken in the main palace. In Athens, Constantine and his wife lived a relatively simple life far removed from the protocol of other European courts. But life in Greece was often monotonous and Sophia lamented for any company, save only for the wives of the tobacco sellers. Sophia had difficulties adjusting to her new life. However, she took up learning Modern Greek (and managed to become almost perfectly fluent in a few years) and used her many trips abroad to furnish and decorate her new home. Less than nine months after her marriage, on 19 July 1890, the Crown Princess gave birth to her first child, a slightly premature son who was named George after his paternal grandfather. But the birth went wrong and the umbilical cord was wrapped around the baby's neck, almost choking him. Fortunately for the mother and child, the German midwife sent by the Dowager Empress Victoria to help her daughter in childbirth managed to resolve the situation and no tragic consequences occurred. Conversion to Orthodoxy After the birth of her eldest son, Sophia decided to embrace the faith of her subjects and convert to the Orthodox faith. Having requested and received the blessing of her mother and grandmother, the Crown Princess informed her in-laws of her intention and asked Queen Olga for instruction in orthodoxy. The Greek royal family was delighted by the news, because the announcement of the conversion would be popular among the Greeks. But King George I insisted that Germanus II, Metropolitan of Athens and Head of the Autocephalous Greek Church would instruct Sophie in the Orthodoxy, rather than his wife. Of Russian origin, Queen Olga was indeed considered by some Greek nationalists as an "agent of the Pan-Slavism" and King George I therefore preferred that Germanus II would guarantee the task that could otherwise create difficulties for the Crown. Though the news of her conversion was greeted calmly by most members of her family, Sophia feared the reaction of Emperor William II, who took his status as Head of the Evangelical State Church of Prussia's older Provinces very seriously and hated disobedience more than anything. Sophia took a trip to Germany with her husband for the occasion of the wedding of her sister Viktoria to Prince Adolf of Schaumburg-Lippe, in November 1890, and personally announced to her brother her intentions to change her religion. As expected, the news strongly displeased the Emperor and his wife, the very pious Empress Augusta Victoria. The latter even tried to dissuade her sister-in-law to convert, triggering a heated argument between the two women. The Empress later claimed that this caused her to go into premature labor, and deliver her sixth child, Prince Joachim, too early. William II, meanwhile, was so angry that he threatened Sophia with excluding her from the Prussian royal family. Pressed by her mother to appear conciliatory, Sophia ended up writing a letter to her brother explaining the reasons for her conversion. But the Emperor would not listen, and for three years he forbade his sister to enter Germany. Upon receiving his reply Sophie sent a telegram to her mother: "Received answer. Keeps to what he said in Berlin. Fixes it to three years. Mad. Never mind." Sophia officially converted on 2 May 1891; however, the imperial sentence was ultimately never implemented. Nevertheless, relations between William II and his sister were permanently marked by Sophia's decision. Indeed, the Emperor was an extremely resentful man and he never stopped making his younger sister pay for her disobedience. Social work Throughout her life in Greece, Sophia was actively involved in social work and helping the underprivileged. Following in the footsteps of Queen Olga, she led various initiatives in the field of education, soup kitchens and development of hospitals and orphanages. In 1896, the Crown Princess also founded the Union of Greek Women, a particularly active organization in the field of assistance to refugees from the Ottoman Empire. Fascinated by arboriculture and concerned by the fires that regularly ravaged the country, Sophia was also interested in the reforestation. In addition, she was one of the founders of the Greek Animal Protection Society. However, it was during the wars that Greece suffered during late 19th early 20th century that Sophie showed the most social activity. In 1897 and at the outbreak of the Thirty Days' War against the Ottomans about the possession of Crete which ended with a humiliating Greek defeat, Sophia and other female members of the royal family actively worked with the Greek Red Cross in order to help wounded soldiers. In the thessalian front, the Crown Princess founded field hospitals, visited the wounded and even directly administered care for victims of the fighting. Sophia also facilitated the arrival of English nurses in Greece and even participated in the training of young women volunteers to provide assistance to wounded soldiers. The involvement of Sophia and her mother-in-law in the aid to the victims of fighting (either of Greek or Turkish origin) was so active that it elicited admiration from other European courts. As a reward for their work, both women were decorated with the Royal Red Cross by Queen Victoria, in December 1897. Unfortunately for the Crown Princess, her help for the wounded soldiers was less appreciated in Greece, where the population accused the royal family, and especially Diadochos Constantine, for the loss against the Ottomans. Consequences of the War of Thirty Days After the Thirty Days' War, a powerful anti-monarchical movement developed in Greece and Sophia herself wasn't immune to criticism. Always eager to punish his sister for her disobedience, Emperor William II of Germany openly supported the Ottoman Empire during the conflict and agreed to offer his mediation after being begged by his sister, his mother and his grandmother. He demanded that Greece agree to humiliating conditions in exchange for his intervention and the population believed that he did so with the consent of his sister. But Sophia wasn't the only victim of popular condemnation. In fact, it was openly discussed in Athens that the Diadochos should be sent before a military court to punish him for the national defeat and depose King George I as was previously done with his predecessor Otto I. Several weeks after the signing of the Peace Treaty between Greece and the Ottoman Empire, the situation became so tense that the sovereign was a subject of an assassination attempt when he travelled in an open carriage with his daughter, Princess Maria. But George I defended himself so bravely that he recovered at least some estimation from his subjects. In these difficult conditions, Constantine and Sophia choose to live some time abroad. In 1898, they were established in Kronberg, and then in Berlin. There the Diadochos resumed his military training with General Colmar von der Goltz and for a year, he received the command of a Prussian division. To mark their reconciliation, Emperor William II also appointed Sophia as Honorary Commander of the 3rd regiment of the Imperial Guard. The couple returned to Greece in 1899 and the government of Georgios Theotokis appointed Constantine as the head of the Hellenic Staff. This promotion, however, caused some controversy among the army, which still considered the Diadochos as the main person responsible for the defeat in 1897. Family deaths Back in Greece with her husband, the Crown Princess resumed her charity work. However, the health of both her mother and English grandmother deeply concerned her. The Empress Dowager of Germany was indeed suffering from breast cancer, which caused her extreme suffering. As for the Queen of the United Kingdom, she was approaching the age of eighty and her family knew that the end was close. But the last years of Queen Victoria's reign were marked by the Second Boer War, during which the United Kingdom suffered terrible losses facing the Afrikaner resistance. Sophia was concerned that the difficulties suffered by the British in South Africa would undermine the already fragile health of her grandmother. Queen Victoria finally died of a cerebral hemorrhage on 22 January 1901 in Osborne House. Very affected by the death of the sovereign, Sophia traveled to the United Kingdom for her funeral and attended a religious ceremony in her honor in Athens with the rest of the Greek royal family. A few months later, in the summer of 1901, Sophie went to Friedrichshof to look after her mother, whose health continued to decline. Five months pregnant, the Crown Princess knew that the Dowager Empress was dying and, with her sisters Viktoria and Margaret, she accompanied her until her last breath on 5 August. In the space of seven months Sophia lost two of her closest relatives. However, her new maternity helped keep her from feeling sorry for herself. Goudi coup and its consequences In Greece, political life remained volatile throughout the first years of the 20th century and the Megali Idea ( Megáli Idéa, "Great Idea") continued to be a central concern of the population. But in 1908, the Cretan authorities unilaterally proclaimed the attachment of their island to the Kingdom of Greece. But for fear of Turkish reprisals, the Greek government refuses to recognize the annexation, although the island was, de facto, detached from the Ottoman Empire. In Athens, the pusillanimity of the King and government was shocking, particularly to the militia. On 15 August 1909, a group of officers gathered in the "Military League" (, Stratioticos Syndesmos) and organized the so-called Goudi coup. While declaring to be monarchists, members of the League, led by Nikolaos Zorbas, asked, among other things, for the sovereign to expel his son from the army. Officially, this was to protect the Crown Prince from the jealousies that could arise from his friendship with some soldiers. But the reality was quite different: officers continued to hold the Diadochos responsible for the 1897 defeat. The situation became so tense that King George I's sons had to resign from their military posts to save their father the shame of having to expelled them. In September, the Diadochos, his wife and their children also chose to leave Greece and seek refuge in Germany at Friedrichshof, now owned by the Princess Margaret of Prussia. Meanwhile, in Athens, discussions began about dethroning the House of Glücksburg to establishing a republic or replacing the sovereign with either a bastard son of Otto I, a foreign prince or with Prince George, with Sophia as regent. In December 1909, Colonel Zorbas, head of the Military League, pressured George I to appointed him Head the government in place of Prime Minister Kyriakoulis Mavromichalis. The sovereign refused but the government undertook reforms which favored the military. The staff was reorganized and supporters of the Diadochos, including Ioannis Metaxas, were expelled. At the same time, French soldiers were called to reorganize the Greek army, which threatened both Sophia and her husband, as they helped develop republican ideas within the militia. Despite these reforms, some members of the Military League continued to oppose the government in order to take power. They then traveled to Crete to meet the Head of government of the island, Eleftherios Venizelos, and offered him the post of Prime Minister of Greece. But the Cretan leader didn't want to appear in Greece to be supported by the army and convinced them to arrange for new elections. In March 1910, the king eventually called for elections and Venizelos and his supporters came to power. For the royal family, this was a difficult time. However, Venizelos didn't want to weaken the Crown. To show that he didn't obey the army, he restored the members of the royal family to their military duties and the Diadochos thus again became Chief of the Staff. Back in Greece on 21 October 1910, after over a year of exile, Sophia nevertheless remained very suspicious of the new government and the militia. She refused any contact with Venizelos, blaming him as partly responsible for the humiliation suffered by the royal family. The Princess also had problems with her father-in-law, whom she accused of having been weak during the crisis. Nurse during the First Balkan War After the arrival of Venizelos in power and under the supervision of Diadochos Constantine, the Greek army was modernized and equipped with the support of French and British officers. New warships are also controlled by the Navy. The aim of the modernization was to make the country ready for a new war against the Ottoman Empire. But to defeat the enemy and achieve the Megali Idea, Greece needed allies. That was why, under the Prime Minister, Greece signed alliances with its neighbors and participated in the creation of the Balkan League in June 1912. Thus, when Montenegro declared war on the Ottoman Empire on 8 October 1912, they were joined less than ten days later by Serbia, Bulgaria and Greece. This was the beginning of the First Balkan War. While the Diadochos and his brothers took command of Greek troops, Queen Olga, Sophia, and her sisters-in-law (Marie Bonaparte, Elena Vladimirovna of Russia and Alice of Battenberg) took in charge the aid to wounded soldiers and refugees. In one month, the princesses collected 80,000 garments for the military and gathered around them doctors, nurses and medical equipment. The Queen and Crown Princess also opened a public subscription in order to create new hospitals in Athens and on the front. Very active, the princesses did not just stay in the back but also went to the center of the military operations. Queen Olga and Sophia visited Larissa and Elassona, while Alice made long stays in Epirus and Macedonia. Meanwhile, Elena directed an ambulance-train and Marie Bonaparte set up a hospital ship that connected Thessaloniki to the capital. But if the war was an opportunity for the princesses to prove themselves useful to their adopted country, it also exacerbated rivalries within the royal family. Conflict began due to Sophia's jealousy of her cousin and sister-in-law Alice. In fact, a heated argument between the two young women erupted after Alice sent, without requesting permission from Sophia, nurses dependent on the Crown Princess to Thessaloniki. One seemingly innocuous event provoked a real discomfort within the family and Queen Olga was shocked when Sophia's attitude was supported by her husband. Marital problems and private life Sophia and Constantine's marriage was harmonious during the first years. However, faithfulness was not the greatest quality of the Diadochos and his wife soon had to deal with his numerous extramarital affairs. Initially shocked by what she saw as a betrayal, Sophia soon followed the example of her mother-in-law and condoned the behavior of her husband. From 1912, however, the couple became noticeably separated. At that time, Constantine began an affair with Countess Paola von Ostheim (née Wanda Paola Lottero), an Italian stage actress who had recently divorced from Prince Hermann of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach; this relationship lasted until Constantine's death. When Sophia gave birth to her sixth and last child, a daughter named Katherine on 4 May 1913, a persistent gossip stated that the child was the result of her own affairs. The rumours, true or false, didn't affect Constantine, who easily recognized his paternity. In private, the Crown Princely couple communicated in English and it was mainly in this language that they raised their children, who grew up in a loving and warm atmosphere in the middle of a cohort of tutors and British nannies. Like her mother, Sophia inculcated in her offspring the love for the United Kingdom and for several weeks every year, the family spent time in Great Britain, where she visited the beaches of Seaford and Eastbourne. However, the summer vacations of the family were spent not only in Friedrichshof with the Empress Dowager, but also in Corfu and Venice, where the Greek royal family went aboard the yacht Amphitrite. Queen of the Hellenes: 1st tenure Assassination of King George I and Second Balkan War The First Balkan War ended in 1913 with the defeat of the Ottoman Empire by the Greek, Bulgarian, Serbian and Montenegrin coalition. The Kingdom of Greece was greatly expanded after the conflict but disagreements soon arose between the Allied powers: Greece and Bulgaria competed for possession of Thessaloniki and its surrounding region. To affirm the sovereignty of the Greeks over the main city of Macedonia, King George I moved to the city soon after its conquest by the Diadochos, on 8 December 1912. During his long stay in the city, the King went out every day to walk unescorted in the streets, as he had become accustomed to doing in Athens. On 18 March 1913 a Greek anarchist named Alexandros Schinas shot him in the back from a distance of two paces while he was walking in Thessaloniki near the White Tower. Sophia was in Athens when she learned of the murder of her father-in-law, the king. Now, as Queen Consort of the Hellenes, the responsibility fell upon her to break the news of the murder to her mother-in-law. Together with her eldest daughter, Princess Helen, both comforted the now Dowager Queen, who received the news stoically. The next day, members of the royal family who were present in the capital went to Thessaloniki. Arriving in the Macedonian city, they visited the scene of the murder and collected the remains of the King to escort them back to Athens, where he was buried at Tatoi. In this difficult context, the death of George I sealed the possession of Thessaloniki to Greece. Still, the Second Balkan War broke out in June 1913 over the division of Macedonia between the former allies of the first conflict. Victorious again, Greece came out of this war considerably enlarged, with the prestige of King Constantine I and Queen Sophia also increased. Private life After their accession to the throne, Constantine I and Sophia continued to lead the simple lifestyle that they had enjoyed during their time as heirs. They spent their free time practicing botany, which was their common passion, and transformed the gardens of the New Royal Palace on the English model. The couple was very close to other members of the royal family, especially Prince Nicholas. Every Tuesday, the King and Queen dined with him and his wife Elena, and on Thursdays, they returned the visit with the royal couple at the Royal Palace. Outbreak of World War I At the outbreak of World War I on 4 August 1914 Sophia was in Eastbourne with several of her children while her husband and their daughter Helen were the only representatives of the dynasty still present in Athens. But given the gravity of the events, the Queen quickly returned to Greece, where she was soon joined by the rest of the royal family. While the greater European states entered into the conflict one by one, Greece officially proclaimed his neutrality. Being grandchildren of the so-called "Father-in-law and Grandmother of Europe" (as King Christian IX of Denmark and Queen Victoria respectively were known), Constantine and Sophia were closely related to the monarchs of the Triple Alliance and the Triple Entente. Above all, the King and Queen were aware that Greece was already weakened by the Balkan Wars and was not ready to participate in a new conflict. However, the population did not share the opinion of the sovereigns. Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos hoped that thanks to the start of the war, they would carry the Megali Idea and continue defeating the Ottoman Empire. Things got complicated when the Triple Entente engaged in the Gallipoli Campaign in February 1915. Desiring to release the Greek populations of Asia Minor from Ottoman rule, Constantine I, at first, was ready to offer his support to the Allies and bring his country into the war. However, the King faced with the opposition of his Staff and, in particular, Ioannis Metaxas, who threatened to resign if Greece entered the war because the country didn't have the means. Constantine I therefore desisted, causing the wrath of Venizelos. Convinced that the royal couple was in connivance with the Emperor, the Prime Minister tried to bring his country into war despite the opposition of the Crown. But, facing the united front of the King, the army and the majority of the government, the politician ended up giving his resignation on 6 March. Weakened by all these events, Constantine I became seriously ill after this crisis. Suffering from pleurisy aggravated by a pneumonia, he remained in bed for several weeks and nearly died. In Greece, public opinion was outraged by a rumour, spread by Venizelists, who said that the King wasn't sick but was in fact wounded with a knife by Sophia during an argument where she wanted to force him to go to war alongside her brother. Certainly the Queen kept a frequent communication with her brother. In the words of G. Leon, "She remained a German, and Germany's interests were placed above those of her adopted country which meant little to her. Actually she never had any sympathy for the Greek people". Other sources point to the opposite, based on her many charitable works and efforts to improve the lives of the Greek people in and around the capital. The King's health declined so a ship was sent to the Island of Tinos in order to seek the miraculous icon of the Annunciation who supposedly heal the sick. While Constantine I had already received the last sacraments, he partly recovered his health after kissing the icon. However, his situation remained worrying and he needed surgery before he could resume his duties. Relieved by the recovery of her husband, Sophia offered then, by way of ex-voto, a sapphire to enrich the icon. During the King's illness period, the Triple Entente continued to put pressure on Greece to go to war alongside them. Dimitrios Gounaris, successor of Venizelos as Prime Minister, proposed the intervention of his country in the conflict in exchange for the protection of the Allies against an eventual attack of Bulgaria. However, the Triple Entente, although eager to form an alliance with them, refused the agreement. Rupture with Venizelos In June 1915, legislative elections gave victory to the Venizelists. A month later, Constantine I, still convalescent, reasumed his official duties and eventually called on Venizelos to head the Cabinet on 16 August. In September, Bulgaria entered the war alongside the Central Powers and attacked Serbia, ally of Greece since 1913. Venizelos asked the King to proclaim a general mobilization, which he refused. However, to avoid a new political crisis, Constantine I finally proclaimed mobilization while making it clear that this was a purely defensive measure. On 3 October, in order to force the King to react, the Prime Minister called on the Allied Powers to occupy the port of Thessaloniki but Constantine I left the city when the French, Italian and British forces landed in the city. The break was now final between Venizelos and the royal family. As for the Allied governments, the attitude of Constantine and Sophies appeared as a betrayal and they appeared as such in the newspapers of the Triple Entente. The French press accused the Queen of regularly visiting the beaches of Phalerum in order to supply of German submarines with fuel. It must be said that by refusing to go to war, Greece prevented the Franco-British troops of helping Serbia, whose armies soon found themselves overwhelmed by the Austro-Bulgarian coalition, and it made even more uncertain an Allied victory in the Dardanelles. In retaliation, the Triple Entente ordered Greece to demobilize its army while martial law was proclaimed in Thessaloniki and a blockade was imposed on the Greeks. Nevertheless, the King and Queen were far from losing their support in the country. On the contrary, the withdrawal of British troops from the Dardanelles, in December 1915, reinforced the confidence of many Greeks in their sovereign, and Constantine I used this advantage to call new elections. Aware of the electoral defeat that surely awaited them, Venizelos and his supporters refused, in turn, to participate in the poll and declared that the new elected Greek parliament was illegal. Assassination attempts From that point on, the Greek government held a policy more favorable to the Triple Alliance. The population officially protested against the transfer of the Serbian army to Corfu and then to Thessaloniki. Orders were also given to the officers present at the borders to not oppose a possible Bulgarian advance into the country, which took place on 27 May 1916. Finally, in April 1916, Constantine I symbolically proclaimed the annexation of Northern Epirus to Greece in response against the Italian intervention into Albania. Now considered enemies of the Triple Entente, the royal couple faced an increasingly violent opposition to them. The French developed various plots to kidnap or assassinate of the sovereigns. On 14 July 1916, a mysterious fire (probably a deliberate act of arson set by agents of Paris) broke out in the forest surrounding Tatoi. In the confusion of the event, Sophia saved her youngest daughter, Princess Katherine, and ran over 2 km. into the woods with the child in her arms. Several members of the royal family, including Constantine I himself, were wounded and the residence of the rulers was largely destroyed by the fire, which lasted for forty-eight hours. Above all, sixteen (or eighteen, depending on sources) soldiers and other members of the palace staff were killed. After these events, the attitude of the royal family to Germany changed considerably. Between December 1916 and February 1917, the Queen, who had long been less germanophile than her husband, sent several telegrams to her brother asking when the troops of the Centrals would be able to intervene in Macedonia. However, Sophia still had some resentment against the Emperor because of his attitude at the time of her marriage and her conversion to Orthodoxy; but the violation of Greece's neutrality by the Triple Entente and the threats against the life of her husband and children gradually changed her views against the Allies. National Schism and pressures of the Triple Entente In October 1916, Eleftherios Venizelos set up in Thessaloniki, where he organized a provisional government against the one led by Spyridon Lambros in Athens: this was the beginning of the called National Schism (, Ethnikos Dikhasmos). In the meanwhile, a Franco-British fleet commanded by Vice-admiral Louis Dartige du Fournet, occupied the bay of Salamis to put pressure on Athens, while various ultimatums were sent, mainly concerning the disarmament of his army. With the blockade, the supply of the capital was increasingly difficult and famine began. Sophia therefore redoubled her efforts to help the poor. With the Patriotic League of Greek Women, she managed to distribute 10,000 meals a day, as well as clothing, blankets, medicines and milk for children. Still, the situation became even more difficult. On 1 December 1916 Constantine I finally agreed to the French demands and soldiers of the Triple Entente landed in Athens to seize guns promised by the sovereign two months earlier. But secretly a group of Greek reservists mobilized and fortified Athens. The French were met by a heavy fire and were killed; the event was called by the local press of the time as the "Greek Vespers". After this, the king congratulated both the Minister of War and General Dousmanis. The Triple Entente quickly reacted to this attack. The French fleet bombarded the royal palace in Athens, forcing Sophia and her children to take refuge in the castle cellars for several hours. Above all, the government of Aristide Briand offered to depose Constantine I and replaced him by his younger brother, Prince George. However, Russia and Italy refused to intervene because of fears of Greek claims on Asia Minor and the blood ties between Constantine I and Tsar Nicholas II. First exile Dethronement and family separation With the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the deposition of Nicholas II, Constantine I and Sophia had lost the last of their supporters in the Triple Entente. Thus, on 10 June 1917 Charles Jonnart, the Allied High Commissioner, asked the Greek Government for the abdication of the King and his replacement by another prince because the Diadochos George was considered a pro-German too. Under the threat of an invasion of 10,000 troops in Piraeus, Constantine I thus relinquished power in favor of his second son, Prince Alexander. Nevertheless, the sovereign refused to abdicate and he explained to his second son that he should not be regarded otherwise than as a kind of regent, in charge of the throne until the return of the legitimate monarch. On 11 June, the royal family secretly left the Royal Palace, surrounded by a group of loyalists and arrived to Tatoi. The next day, Constantine I, Sophia and five of their children left Greece from the port of Oropos, taking the road to exile. This was the last time that Sophia saw her second son, now proclaimed King as Alexander I. In fact, after their return to power, Venizelists prohibited any contact between the new sovereign and the rest of the royal family. Life in Switzerland After crossing the Ionian Sea and Italy, Sophia and her family settled in Switzerland, mainly between the cities of St. Moritz, Zürich and Lucerne. In exile, the rulers were soon followed by almost all the members of the royal family, who left Greece on the return of Venizelos at the head of the government and Greece entered the war at the side of the Triple Entente. In addition, the financial position of the royal family was precarious and Constantine I, haunted by a deep sense of failure, soon fell ill. In 1918, he contracted Spanish flu and was again close to death. Already concerned about the health of her husband, Sophia was devastated by the prohibition to get in touch with her second son. In fact, in Athens, Alexander I was entirely cut off from his family and the government formally prevented him from communicating with his parents. Even during the short stay of the King in Paris in May 1920, guards closely monitored the sovereign. So when Sophia telephoned him at his hotel, a man cut her appeal and coldly replied that "His Majesty is sorry but he can't answer the phone". With the end of World War I and the signing of the Treaties of Neuilly and Sèvres, the Kingdom of Greece achieved significant territorial gains in Thrace and Anatolia. However, this didn't give back the country its lost stability and tensions between Venizelos and the exiled royals continued. The decision of Alexander I to marry Aspasia Manos, a young aristocrat from Phanariot, rather than a European princess, displeased both the Head of the government and the King's parents. Very attached to social conventions, Sophia condemned what she saw as a mésalliance while the Prime Minister saw in this marriage a lost opportunity to get closer to Great Britain. Death of Alexander I On 2 October 1920, King Alexander I was bitten by a pet monkey as he walked on the royal estate of Tatoi. His wounds quickly became infected and he suffered from a strong fever and sepsis. On 19 October, he became delirious and called out for his mother at his bedside. However, the Greek government refused to allow Sophia to return to Greece: they feared that the loyalists would benefit from the presence of the Queen in Athens to organize action against them. Very worried about her son, Sophia begged the government to change their mind but, aware that only her mother-in-law still found favor with Venizelists, she eventually asked Olga to go to Athens to take care of Alexander I. After several days of negotiations, the Dowager Queen obtained permission to return to Greece, but delayed by rough seas, she only arrived twelve hours after the death of her grandson, on 25 October. Two days later, the remains of the young King were buried in the royal crypt of Tatoi. Again, the government banned the exiled royals from entering the country and the Dowager Queen was the only member of the family to attend the funeral. The loss of her son and the impossibility to go to his funeral deeply affected Sophia; many observers now emphasized the sadness that showed on the Queen's face. Fall of Venizelos and Olga's regency In Athens, the death of Alexander I created a serious institutional crisis. Always opposed the return of Constantine I and Diadochos George to Greece, the government of Eleftherios Venizelos offered the throne to Prince Paul, the third son of the deposed sovereign. However, he refused to ascend the throne before his father and his elder brother unless a referendum appointed him as the new Head of State. However, the situation of the Venizelists was already precarious after the difficulties faced by the country during the Greco-Turkish War of 1919-1922. Supporters of King Constantine I therefore experienced a resurgence of popularity and Venizelos was defeated in the parliamentary elections of November 1920. The return of monarchists in power led to the resignation of Venizelist administrative staff and on 17 November Admiral Pavlos Kountouriotis, who was appointed regent after the death of Alexander I, chose to resign. The new Prime Minister Dimitrios Rallis, therefore asked Dowager Queen Olga to assume the regency until the return of her son, on 19 December 1920. For about a month, she was the head of the Greek kingdom but her role was roughly limited to prepare the restoration of Constantine I. In the meanwhile, in Switzerland, the royal family was preparing the wedding of two of their children with children of King Ferdinand I of Romania. A few weeks before the death of Alexander I, the Diadochos George was engaged to Princess Elisabeth of Romania, which gave the opportunity for Princess Helen of Greece to meet Crown Prince Carol of Romania and in turn, become engaged to him. But if Sophia was satisfied with her son's upcoming wedding, she disapproved of her daughter's romance with the Romanian Crown Prince. Still saddened by the loss of Alexander I, the Queen did not want to lose another of her children. Above all, Sophia had no confidence in the future Carol II, whose marriage and divorce with Zizi Lambrino had already shocked her. Queen of the Hellenes: 2nd tenure Return to Greece The return of Constantine I and Sophia to Athens on 19 December 1920, was accompanied by large demonstrations of joy. Everywhere in the streets, portraits of Venizelos were pulled and replaced by those of the royal family. Above all, a huge crowd surrounded the royal couple in the streets of the capital and, after returning to the Royal Palace, they had to appear repeatedly on the balcony to greet the people who cheered them. However, the presence of the sovereigns in Greece didn't bring the expected peace by the people. Even more, it prevented the country to receive the support of the major powers in the war that Greece faced against the Turkey of Mustafa Kemal since 1919. In fact, the former allies didn't forgive the King and Queen's attitude during World War I and they weren't ready to provide their support. The hatred of the great powers to Constantine I and Sophia appeared also clearly on the occasion of the marriage, in Athens, of Princess Helen and Crown Prince Carol of Romania. Present at the wedding, the ambassador of Great Britain and his wife pointedly refused to salute the Greek King and Queen when they publicly showed their respects to Queen Marie of Romania. For Sophia, the snub was more difficult to bear because she had always been on good terms with the United Kingdom representatives before the deposition of Constantine I and she continued to nurture loving feelings for the country of her mother. In fact, the main source of joy for Sophia after her return to Greece was the birth of her granddaughter Alexandra, on 25 March 1921. Although initially opposed to Alexander's marriage with Aspasia Manos, the Queen welcomed their daughter with delight and pressed both her husband and eldest son to give her granddaughter the status and titles reserved to members of the royal family. Great Disaster After initial success, the situation of the Greek army was increasingly precarious in Anatolia. Constantine I decided to travel there in May 1921 to support the morale; however he wasn't the dynamic Commander-in-chief that led his country to victory in the Balkan Wars of 1912-1913. Seriously diminished by illness, he had to return to Greece in September, which was perceived as a real military desertion by some. As for Sophia, she couldn't do more than support her husband and reassume her nursing work with wounded soldiers. The Greco-Turkish War continued until the Greek defeat of Sakarya in August–September 1921, and the siege and burning of Smyrna (now İzmir) by the Turks in September 1922. After these events, the country plunged into a deep political and moral crisis. While Mustafa Kemal and his armies gradually reconquered Anatolia and east Thrace, thousands of Greeks were murdered and others fled from Asia Minor to find refuge in Greece. This was called the "Great Disaster", which was definitive a few months later with the signing of the Treaty of Lausanne (24 July 1923). Abdication of Constantine I In response to the military defeat by the Turks, a part of the Greek army, commanded by General Nikolaos Plastiras, revolted on 11 September 1922. They demanded the abdication of Constantine I and the dissolution of the Hellenic Parliament. Having consulted his friend, General Ioannis Metaxas, the King abdicated on 27 September on his eldest son, who succeeded him on the throne under the name of George II. Dowager Queen Second exile and concerns for Greece To ensure their security and stabilize the throne of their son, Constantine I and Sophia once again chose to take the path of exile. On 30 October 1922 the deposed royal couple, Princesses Irene and Katherine and Prince Nicholas with his family, went again to the port of Oropos to leave their country. But, contrary to what happened in 1917, few followers awaited them this time before their departure into exile. On board the Greek steamboat SS Patris, the royal family arrived in Sicily and moved to the Villa Hygeia in Palermo. The Greek political situation remained a source of concern for the exiles. In fact, in Athens, the called Trial of the Six led to the execution for high treason of former Prime Ministers Petros Protopapadakis, Nikolaos Stratos and Dimitrios Gounaris and Generals Georgios Baltatzis, Nikolaos Theotokis and Georgios Hatzianestis, all accused of responsibility for the defeat against Turkey. Above all, the life of Prince Andrew, brother of Constantine I, was also threatened in November–December 1922 and only the intervention from foreign governments commuted his sentence from death to exile. Death of Constantine I and deposition of George II Increasingly depressed by the events that had shaken Greece and sick with arteriosclerosis, Constantine I developed a deep depression. He then remained sometimes hours without speaking, staring into space. Faced with this situation, Sophia's anxiety (already bigger by the fate of George II and other members of the royal family who remained in Greece), only increased. The Queen and her husband therefore made the decision to leave Sicily and settled in Florence. However, Constantine I died of a brain hemorrhage shortly before their departure, on 11 January 1923, and Sophia found herself even more isolated than she was previously. After the death of her husband, Sophia wanted to repatriate his remains to be buried in Tatoi but the Greek government refused, with George II being unable to do anything. In fact, the situation of the new King was increasingly precarious and at the end, he himself went into exile in Romania a few months after the death of his father, on 19 December 1923. The republic was then proclaimed in Greece on 25 March 1924 and Sophia and the other members of the royal family were stripped of their Hellenic nationality. However, the Greek royals maintained their Danish titles since George I ascended to the Greek throne in 1863 and King Christian IX of Denmark almost immediately gave them Danish passports. Last years Sophia, now Dowager Queen, left Southern Italy with her daughters Irene and Katherine and moved to Tuscany, in the Villa Bobolina of Fiesole. From 1924 to 1927, the three women were joined by Princesses Aspasia and Alexandra, much to Sophia's delight, because she was very attached to her granddaughter. In 1930, Princess Helen also came to live with her mother after her disastrous marriage with King Carol II of Romania ended in divorce. During summer vacations, the Dowager Queen had the opportunity to see her grandson Prince Michael of Romania, when he came to visit his mother. Surrounded by her family, Sophia found some stability but, convinced that Greece wouldn't remain a republic forever, refused to acquire the villa where she settled. Released from any official position, she had now more freedom to travel. She made frequent trips to Germany, where she reunited with her sister Margaret, but also to Great Britain, after having obtained the permission of King George V. The Dowager Queen also witnessed several strong moments in the life of the European elite. In 1929, she went to Doorn in the Netherlands for the 70th birthday of her brother, the former Emperor William II, whom she had not seen since 1914. In her older years, Sophie became increasingly religious. She remained orthodox, but also attended Anglican offices when she had the chance. The Queen Dowager was also interested in the Protestant literature, especially in the works of the Episcopalian pastor Samuel Shoemaker (particularly Religion That Works and Twice Born Ministers) and the Episcopalian Rev. James Reid (In Touch With Christ). Finally, she had a close correspondence with the Anglican pastor R. W. Cole, whom she met in Birchington, and spent long hours praying. Illness, death and burial Sick for many years, Sophia saw her condition worsen from 1930, which forced her to go to a hospital in Frankfurt to follow a treatment. Apparently recovered by December, she took full advantage of her strength and during 1931 she traveled to Great Britain, Bavaria and Venice. But in September, her condition deteriorated again and she had to return to Frankfurt, where she underwent surgery. It was during this time that the doctors diagnosed advanced cancer and they gave the Dowager Queen a few weeks to life. After the New Year celebrations of 1932, Sophia gradually stopped eating and her health declined rapidly. She finally died surrounded by her children in the hospital, on 13 January 1932. Sophia's body was transferred to the castle of Friedrichshof, where she rested a few days before being sent to the Russian Church in Florence, where she was buried alongside her husband and mother-in-law. They stayed there for four years until the restoration of George II on the Greek throne in 1935. After his restoration on the Greek throne, George II organized the repatriation of the remains of members of his family who died in exile. An important religious ceremony that brought together, for six days in November 1936, all members of the royal family still alive. Sophia's body was buried at the royal burial ground at Tatoi Palace, where she still rests today. In popular culture Literature In The Athenians, the British journalist and writer Beverley Nichols tells the story of a young Englishwoman charged by the Secret Intelligence Service to assassinate King Constantine I during World War I. However, this spy novel, inspired by the survey conducted by the author in Greece after the restoration of the sovereign, was never released because Nichols publishing house deemed too compromising. The work, in which appears Queen Sophia and was also dedicated to her, only exists today in the form of manuscript. Film and television The role of Sophia is played by actress Olga Karlatos in the Greek film Eleftherios Venizelos of Pantelis Voulgaris (1980). Sophia was also portrayed by Greek actress Antigoni Amanitou in the American mini-series of two episodes The First Olympics: Athens 1896, directed by Alvin Rakoff (1984).<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0086713/ 'The First Olympics - Athens 1896 in: imdb.com][retrieved 6 July 2016].</ref> Sophia was portrayed by English actress Sophie Trott in the British film Victoria & Abdul (2017). Phaleristics In 1936, the Order of Saints Olga and Sophia ( / Basilikon oikogeneiakon tagma ton agion Olgas kai Sophias) was established by King George II of Greece in the memory of his grandmother and mother.GREECE House of Oldenburg (Greek Orthodox) in: icocregister.org [retrieved 6 July 2016] Name of Avenue In Athens, the Vasilissis Sofias Avenue () was named after Queen Sophia. This major artery, which begins at the intersection of Vasilissis Amalias Avenue and Panepistimiou Street and ends in the Alexandras, Kifisias and Mesogeion Avenues, had some of the major monuments of the Greek capital: the Old Royal Palace, the National Garden of Athens, the Byzantine and Christian Museum and the War Museum. Issue Ancestry Notes References Sources Van der Kiste, John, The Prussian Princesses: Sisters of Kaiser Wilhelm II'', Fonthill, 2014 Category:1870 births Category:1932 deaths Category:19th-century Greek people Category:20th-century Greek people Category:19th-century Greek women Category:20th-century Greek women Category:House of Hohenzollern Category:Prussian princesses Category:House of Glücksburg (Greece) Category:Greek queens consort Category:Recipients of the Order of Saint Catherine Category:People from Potsdam Category:People from the Province of Brandenburg Category:Greek people of World War I Category:Deaths from cancer in Germany Category:Burials at Tatoi Palace Royal Cemetery Category:Converts to Eastern Orthodoxy from Protestantism Category:Eastern Orthodox Christians from Greece Category:Women in World War I Category:Members of the Royal Red Cross	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Chaloner (locomotive) Chaloner is an example of de Winton's distinctive vertical-boilered design, as used for many years in the North Wales slate quarries. It was built in 1877 at the Union Works in Caernarfon. (The former de Winton factory is located across the road from the present WHR station). Industrial use Chaloner was supplied new to the Pen-y-Bryn slate quarry, Nantlle. Unusually for a de Winton locomotive, it was supplied with an overall cab. In 1888, it was sold to the nearby Pen-yr-Orsedd Quarry. Penyrorsedd leased the Penybryn tipping tramway in 1890, so for a while Chaloner may have continued to run on its original line. where it ran until about 1950. It was then withdrawn and stored in a locomotive shed with Kerr Stuart Diana. Preservation In 1960, Chaloner was purchased by Alfred Fisher, who restored it to working order. Leighton Buzzard Light Railway The locomotive was used to haul the opening train of the 'Iron Horse Railroad' at Leighton Buzzard in 1968. The railway later became the Leighton Buzzard Light Railway. Though in poor condition it hauled trains there for several years until replaced by more powerful locomotives needed for longer trains. It was housed at the National Railway Museum in York from 1977 until 1983. Chaloner has received a new boiler fitted at Boston Lodge Works but apart from that is composed of entirely original material, making it unique among mid-Victorian locomotives. The newest part is the water tank which originated on a locomotive called 'Victoria' and dates from 1897. It has been successively improved since preservation. In 2011 it worked a train of two slate wagons and members from Caernarfon (opposite the works where it was built) to Porthmadog on the Welsh Highland Railway a distance of twenty five miles achieving speeds over well over 20 m.p.h. on the flat. A week later it worked to Blaenau Ffestiniog and back with slate wagons. Replacement of valves of the correct size and other adjustments since then have seen further improvements to performance affecting economy. During its display in the old de Winton works in Caernarfon a works photograph was discovered showing the engine as-built with its cab. A replica cab was built and fitted, but it made conditions difficult for operating and it was removed and placed in store after two years. Chaloner remains based at Leighton Buzzard. Visiting other railways Chaloner was a visitor to the Ffestiniog Railway for the 150th Anniversary Celebrations in 1986. It returned in October 1986 for an overhaul at Boston Lodge, including fitting of a new boiler. Another of a number of visits was the Festival of Steam Gala, May 1997. It visited the Welsh Highland Railway (Porthmadog) around 1989 and 1998, and in 2006 visited the Welsh Highland Railway (Caernarfon). Other visits were made in 2011 and 2019. She has visited 24 other railways, including some in France, Germany and Belgium. References Category:Preserved narrow gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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