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= Gyles v Wilcox =
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Gyles v Wilcox ( 1740 ) 26 ER 489 was a decision of the Court of Chancery of England that established the doctrine of fair abridgement , which would later evolve into the concept of fair use . The case was heard and the opinion written by Philip Yorke , 1st Earl of Hardwicke , and concerned Fletcher Gyles , a booksell... |
The main issues in the case were whether or not abridgements of a work inherently constituted copyright infringement , or whether they could qualify as a separate , new work . Lord Hartwicke ruled that abridgements fell under two categories : " true abridgements " and " coloured shortenings " . True abridgements prese... |
The case set a legal precedent which has shaped copyright law to the present day . It established the common law doctrine of fair abridgement , which was cited in other cases , ultimately building up to the idea of fair use . The opinion also recognised the author 's right to a work through the nature of the labour it... |
= = Facts = =
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Fletcher Gyles , an English bookseller , had previously published a book entitled Matthew Hale 's Pleas of the Crown , for which he had purchased the exclusive publishing rights . Around the same time , publishers Wilcox and Nutt paid a writer named Barrow to abridge the book , circulating it under the title Modern Cr... |
= = Arguments = =
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The case involved whether Wilcox , Barrow , and Nutt had violated Gyles ' publishing rights as defined under the Statute of Anne , particularly the section stating that an author , or purchaser of an author 's copyrights as Gyles was , " shall have the sole Liberty of Printing and Reprinting such Book and Books for th... |
Browning , Gyles ' attorney , cited a case which had also appeared before Hardwicke , that of Read v Hodges . In that case , a publisher attempted to circumvent the rights of the author of Czar Peter the Great by including all three volumes in one and cutting several pages . Hardwicke rejected the argument , however ,... |
As Hardwicke had decided to interpret the Statute of Anne as for the public good , the main question of the case became which " any such book or books " the act referred to and protected . The defendants argued that his abridgement must be considered separate from the original work published by Gyles . The defendant '... |
= = Judgment = =
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The opinion , written by Hardwicke , found that a true abridgement of a published book may be considered an entirely separate , new work , as the abridgement showed the labour , originality , education , and judgement of the editor . This new book did not run the risk of infringing the rights of the author or booksell... |
In his decision , Hartwicke went counter to the prevailing view that the Statute of Anne should be interpreted very strictly , proclaiming , " I am quite of a different opinion , and that it ought to receive a liberal construction , for it is far from being a monopoly , as it is intended to secure the property of book... |
= = Consequences = =
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The case established the doctrine of fair abridgement , which allowed that abridgements displaying a fair amount of labour on the part of the editor , and that differed from the original published work in a significant way , could not be copyright violations . This in effect raised the abridger to the level of an auth... |
= New York State Route 286 =
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New York State Route 286 ( NY 286 ) is an east – west state highway in the vicinity of the city of Rochester , New York , in the United States . It links Rochester to its eastern suburbs and to western Wayne County . The western terminus of the route is at exit 7 on NY 590 just inside the Rochester city limits . Its e... |
The entirety of NY 286 east of Blossom Road was originally designated as part of NY 35 during the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York . NY 35 exited Rochester on Blossom Road and followed it east to modern NY 286 . The remainder of Browncroft Boulevard was designated as New York State Route 35B , an alterna... |
In the 1960s , the portion of Browncroft Boulevard from the Sea Breeze Expressway to Blossom Road was upgraded into a divided highway . NY 286 was rerouted to follow the improved Browncroft Boulevard while NY 286A was shifted south onto NY 286 's former alignment along Blossom Road . The NY 286A designation was remove... |
= = Route description = =
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NY 286 begins at the ramp connecting NY 590 southbound to Browncroft Boulevard just inside the Rochester city limits . It heads east through residential surroundings as a four @-@ lane highway , proceeding through the remainder of NY 590 exit 7 as it enters the northernmost portion of the town of Brighton . East of NY... |
The two highways loosely parallel each other southeastward for 0 @.@ 75 miles ( 1 @.@ 21 km ) to White Village Drive , a residential side street branching off Browncroft Boulevard . Here , Old Browncroft Boulevard ends and NY 286 narrows slightly to become a four @-@ lane undivided highway . NY 286 continues eastward ... |
Past NY 250 , the route continues to the east toward the Monroe – Wayne county line . Just before crossing into Wayne County , NY 286 curves slightly to the northeast . On the other side of the county line in Walworth , NY 286 turns back to the east at a junction with County Line Road , which is actually located 0 @.@... |
= = History = =
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In the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York , NY 35 was extended northeast from Canawaugus ( west of the village of Avon ) to Ontario by way of Scottsville , Rochester , and Walworth . NY 35 entered Rochester on Scottsville Road and followed Genesee and Main streets through the city . At the east end of Main... |
The NY 35 designation remained in place until the early 1940s when it was split into two designations : NY 383 west of Walworth and NY 350 from Walworth to Ontario . As part of the change , NY 35B was renumbered to NY 383B . NY 383 itself was altered on January 1 , 1949 , to end in downtown Rochester . The former rout... |
The portion of the Sea Breeze Expressway between Empire Boulevard ( at the time U.S. Route 104 and now NY 404 ) and Interstate 490 opened to traffic c . 1961 . Both NY 286 and NY 286A were truncated to begin at their interchanges with the expressway . In Wayne County , the routing of NY 286 was altered slightly in the... |
Browncroft Boulevard was upgraded into a four @-@ lane divided highway between the Sea Breeze Expressway ( NY 47 ) and Blossom Road during the mid @-@ 1960s . Some parts of the highway were upgraded on the spot ; others were bypassed and are now known today as Old Browncroft Boulevard . As a result of the upgrade , th... |
= = Major intersections = =
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= Misery ( Gwen Stefani song ) =
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" Misery " is a song recorded by American singer and songwriter Gwen Stefani , taken from her third studio album , This Is What the Truth Feels Like . While originally intended to be released as the album 's second single , Interscope Records released it as a promotional single on March 11 , 2016 , before Stefani reve... |
Lyrically , " Misery " discusses getting over a past lover , while accepting a new one . Many critics felt that the song was inspired by her relationships with Gavin Rossdale and Blake Shelton , and Stefani confirmed in an interview that " Misery " was written about the latter . Upon release , " Misery " received high... |
= = Background and release = =
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After the lackluster response to Stefani 's previous singles , " Baby Don 't Lie " and " Spark the Fire " , she scrapped the release of her studio album to begin work on " more authentic " material . When Stefani divorced her then @-@ husband Gavin Rossdale , she began writing intimate songs for a brand @-@ new projec... |
" Misery " became one of the later songs written for the project , and was later announced to be the second single released from This Is What the Truth Feels Like . Stefani later confirmed via Twitter that " Misery " would be released instead as a promotional single on March 8 , 2016 . After providing a sneak preview ... |
= = Composition = =
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An electropop song , " Misery " was written by Stefani , Justin Tranter , Julia Michaels , Mattias Larsson , and Robin Fredriksson ; production of the track was handled by Swedish songwriting duo Mattman & Robin . As described by Dee Lockett of Vulture , " Misery " contains " some synths , a funky bassline , and well ... |
= = Critical reception = =
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Upon release , " Misery " received mostly favorable reviews from contemporary music critics . Daniel Kreps of Rolling Stone called the song " addictive " and " catchy " while having " feel @-@ good lyrics . " Mashable 's Emily Blake praised the song and stated " try not to get hooked . " A reviewer from TooFab enjoyed... |
Lucas Villa of AXS praised Stefani for " continu [ ing ] her streak of solid pop tunes by turning her confessional lyrics into completely delectable hooks , " further stating that " if this is misery , sign us up for more of it please " ; similarly , Emilee Lindner of fuseTV praised the track for " Gwen 's bouncy voic... |
= = Music videos = =
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Two videos were produced for " Misery " . A lyric video for the track was released on March 10 , 2016 on Stefani 's official YouTube account . The video displays handwritten lyrics by Stefani on graph paper , note cards , and post @-@ it notes ; it also features several photos of Stefani during a photo shoot for This ... |
The official music video debuted on May 31 , 2016 , also on her YouTube account . The video directed by longtime collaborator Sophie Muller and was filmed at a warehouse and parking garage with varying locations at a loft space , a staircase , and a hydraulic elevator .
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= = = Synopsis = = =
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The video opens with Stefani standing behind a counter in an abandoned warehouse . Her attire consists of an outfit similar to that of Lady Liberty . Various scenes of Stefani in a garden @-@ inspired sheer dress and a " flower crown " appear , as darkened shots of her face also are shown , amongst a trio of backgroun... |
The second verse shows her in the garden dress , where she continually rides an elevator through the warehouse ; in a separate scene , the background dancers also ride the elevator . In front of a flower wallpaper , Stefani wears a fluffy , pink dress where she gracefully falls to floor . The next chorus displays Stef... |
= = = Reception = = =
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The official music video received highly favorable reviews from music critics . Seija Rankin of E ! Online stated " Contrary to the song 's title , this tune and the corresponding video is not actually miserable at all ; it 's quite upbeat . " Madison Vain for Entertainment Weekly applauded the visual , calling it " g... |
= = Live performances = =
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Stefani performed " Misery " for the first time on March 17 , 2016 . The performance was during a special private concert for MasterCard users in Tokyo , Japan . During the performance , Stefani wore " cropped red track pants and a red sequined cage top over a black bra " as the lyric video was displayed as the backdr... |
= = Track listing = =
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= = Credits and personnel = =
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Management
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Recorded at Wolf Cousins Studios , Stockholm , Sweden ; Maratone Studios , Stockholm , Sweden ; and Interscope Studios , Santa Monica , California
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Personnel
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Credits adapted from the liner notes of This Is What the Truth Feels Like
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= = Charts = =
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= = Release history = =
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