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wiki_10700_chunk_0 | Semester | The exact start and finish date of the academic year varies between jurisdictions; in 2023 Queensland will start earliest on 23 January (the only jurisdiction to begin the academic year before Australia Day) and finish earliest on 8 December, while Tasmania will start latest on 8 February and finish latest on 21 Decemb... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10701_chunk_0 | Semester | In the year 2000, due to the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, the state of New South Wales extended the break after Term 3 to three weeks. Most Australian universities have two semesters a year, but Bond University, Deakin University, CQUniversity, Griffith University, the University of New South Wales and the Universit... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10702_chunk_0 | Maiden name | In the province of British Columbia, people have to undergo a legal name change if they want to use a combined surname after marriage. Their marriage certificate is considered proof of their new name.The custom in Québec was similar to the one in France until 1981. Women would traditionally go by their husband's surnam... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10703_chunk_0 | Opium poppies | In most of Central Europe, poppy seed is commonly used for traditional pastries and cakes, and it is legal to grow poppies throughout the region, although Germany requires a licence.Since January 1999 in the Czech Republic, according to the 167/1998 Sb. Addictive Substances Act, poppies growing in fields larger than 10... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10704_chunk_0 | Glucosamine hydrochloride | In most of Europe, glucosamine is approved as a medical drug and is sold in the form of glucosamine sulfate. In this case, evidence of safety and efficacy is required for the medical use of glucosamine and several guidelines have recommended its use as an effective and safe therapy for osteoarthritis. The Task Force of... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10705_chunk_0 | Mortgage loan | In most of Western Europe (except Denmark, the Netherlands and Germany), variable-rate mortgages are more common, unlike the fixed-rate mortgage common in the United States. Much of Europe has home ownership rates comparable to the United States, but overall default rates are lower in Europe than in the United States. ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10706_chunk_0 | Transition metal phosphido complexes | In most of its complexes, the phosphido ligand is a bridging ligand. No lone pairs remain on phosphorus. These complexes have the formula 2. One example is 2. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10707_chunk_0 | Constraint (computational chemistry) | In most of molecular dynamics simulations that use constraint algorithms, constraints are enforced using the method of Lagrange multipliers. Given a set of n linear (holonomic) constraints at the time t, σ k ( t ) := ‖ x k α ( t ) − x k β ( t ) ‖ 2 − d k 2 = 0 , k = 1 … n {\displaystyle \sigma _{k}(t):=\|\mathbf {x} _{... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10708_chunk_0 | Constraint (computational chemistry) | Adding the constraint forces does not change the total energy, as the net work done by the constraint forces (taken over the set of particles that the constraints act on) is zero. Note that the sign on λ k {\displaystyle \lambda _{k}} is arbitrary and some references have an opposite sign. From integrating both sides o... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10709_chunk_0 | Constraint (computational chemistry) | To satisfy the constraints σ k ( t + Δ t ) {\displaystyle \sigma _{k}(t+\Delta t)} in the next timestep, the Lagrange multipliers should be determined as the following equation, σ k ( t + Δ t ) := ‖ x k α ( t + Δ t ) − x k β ( t + Δ t ) ‖ 2 − d k 2 = 0. {\displaystyle \sigma _{k}(t+\Delta t):=\left\|\mathbf {x} _{k\alp... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10710_chunk_0 | Constraint (computational chemistry) | In other words, J σ {\displaystyle \mathbf {J} _{\sigma }} can be solved individually for each molecule. Instead of constantly updating the vector λ _ {\displaystyle {\underline {\lambda }}} , the iteration can be started with λ _ ( 0 ) = 0 {\displaystyle {\underline {\lambda }}^{(0)}=\mathbf {0} } , resulting in simpl... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10711_chunk_0 | Constraint (computational chemistry) | {\displaystyle \mathbf {\lambda } _{j}=-\mathbf {J} ^{-1}\left.} After each iteration, the unconstrained particle positions are updated using x ^ i ( t + Δ t ) ← x ^ i ( t + Δ t ) + ∑ k = 1 n λ k ∂ σ k ∂ x i ( Δ t ) 2 m i − 1 . {\displaystyle {\hat {\mathbf {x} }}_{i}(t+\Delta t)\leftarrow {\hat {\mathbf {x} }}_{i}(t+\... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10712_chunk_0 | Constraint (computational chemistry) | The vector is then reset to λ _ = 0 . {\displaystyle {\underline {\lambda }}=\mathbf {0} .} | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10713_chunk_0 | Eurasian wren | It is often tucked into a hole in a wall or tree trunk or a crack in a rock, but it is often built in brambles, a bush or a hedge, among ivy on a bank, in thatch, or in abandoned bird's nests such as those of the house sparrow, swallow, house martin and dipper. On making her selection, the female wren lines the nest ge... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10714_chunk_0 | Stellar dynamics | In most of stellar dynamics literature, it is convenient to adopt the convention that the particle mass is unity in solar mass unit M ⊙ {\displaystyle M_{\odot }} , hence a particle's momentum and velocity are identical, i.e., For example, the thermal velocity distribution of air molecules (of typically 15 times the pr... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10715_chunk_0 | Competitive programming | In most of the above competitions, competitions are usually organized in several rounds. They usually start with online rounds, which conclude in the onsite final round. The top performers at IOI and ICPC receive gold, silver and bronze medals. In the other contests, cash prizes are awarded to the top finishers. The co... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10716_chunk_0 | Format-preserving encryption | In most of the approaches listed here, a well-understood block cipher (such as AES) is used as a primitive to take the place of an ideal random function. This has the advantage that incorporation of a secret key into the algorithm is easy. Where AES is mentioned in the following discussion, any other good block cipher ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10717_chunk_0 | Tobin tax | In most of the available empirical studies however, no statistically significant causal link has been found between an increase in transaction costs (transaction taxes or government-controlled minimum brokerage commissions) and a reduction in volatility—in fact a frequent unintended consequence observed by 'early adopt... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10718_chunk_0 | Ras protein | In most of the cell types of most species, most Ras is the GDP type. This is true for Xenopus oocytes and mouse fibroblasts. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10719_chunk_0 | Sensory neuroscience | In most of the central nervous system, neurons communicate exclusively by sending each other action potentials, colloquially known as "spikes". It is therefore thought that all of the information a sensory neuron encodes about the outside world can be inferred by the pattern of its spikes. Current experimental techniqu... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10720_chunk_0 | Sensory neuroscience | A typical single neuron experiment will consist of isolating a neuron (that is, navigating the neuron until the experimenter finds a neuron which spikes in response to the type of stimulus to be presented, and (optionally) determining that all of the spikes observed indeed come from a single neuron), then presenting a ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10721_chunk_0 | Leyland Royal Tiger PSU | In most of the rest of the world Leyland customers liked the Royal Tiger, but some found it insufficiently strong and some regarded it as underpowered. As a result, Leyland produced its most successful bus model, the Royal Tiger Worldmaster. In the UK, conversely, the Royal Tiger had an unladen weight often exceeding e... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10722_chunk_0 | Subsurface bacteria | In most of the subsurface, organisms live in conditions of extreme energy and nutrient limitation. This is far from the conditions in which cells are cultured in labs. A lab culture goes through a series of predictable phases. After a short lag phase, there is a period of exponential growth in which the population can ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10723_chunk_0 | Subsurface bacteria | However, each live cell has 100 to 1000 dead cells to feed on, so they still have abundant nutrients compared to the subsurface.In the subsurface, cells catabolize (break down molecules for energy or building materials) 10,000 to one million times slower than at the surface. Biomass may take centuries or millennia to t... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10724_chunk_0 | Subsurface bacteria | The viruses that are present could kill cells and there may be grazing by eukaryotes, but there is no evidence of that.It is difficult to establish clear limits on the energy needed to keep cells alive but not growing. They need energy to perform certain basic functions like the maintenance of osmotic pressure and main... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10725_chunk_0 | Subsurface bacteria | However, some extra energy is required to come out of dormancy. This is not a good strategy in an environment where the energy sources are stable over millions of years but decreasing slowly. The available evidence suggests that most cells in the subsurface are active and viable.A low-energy environment favors cells wi... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10726_chunk_0 | Cultivation theory | In most of the surveys conducted by Gerbner, the results revealed a small but statistically significant relationship between television consumption and fear of becoming the victim of a crime. Those with light viewing habits predicted their weekly odds of being a victim were 1 in 100; those with heavy viewing habits pre... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10727_chunk_0 | Cultivation theory | Gerbner found that heavy viewers of news were more likely to overestimate crime rates and risk of personal exposure to crime and underestimate the safety of their neighborhoods. Additionally, several other studies point out the correlation between viewing local news and fear of crime, with Gross and Aiday (2003) findin... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10728_chunk_0 | Metal dichalcogenide | In most of their chalcogenides, transition metals adopt oxidation states of II or greater. Nonetheless, several examples exist where the metallic atoms far outnumber the chalcogens. Such compounds typically have extensive metal-metal bonding. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10729_chunk_0 | Entry point | In most of today's popular programming languages and operating systems, a computer program usually only has a single entry point. In C, C++, D, Zig, Rust and Kotlin programs this is a function named main; in Java it is a static method named main (although the class must be specified at the invocation time), and in C# i... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10730_chunk_0 | Entry point | One exception to the single-entry-point paradigm is Android. Android applications do not have a single entry point – there is no special main function. Instead, they have essential components (activities and services) which the system can load and run as needed.An occasionally used technique is the fat binary, which co... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10731_chunk_0 | Pedersen process | In most of today's smelting, aluminum ore, also known as bauxite, is first smelted into alumina through the Bayer Process. This step could be replaced by the Pedersen process -- either result in alumina. Unlike the smelting processes of iron and coal into steel or copper and tin into bronze, which require thermal energ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10732_chunk_0 | Standard output | In most operating systems predating Unix, programs had to explicitly connect to the appropriate input and output devices. OS-specific intricacies caused this to be a tedious programming task. On many systems it was necessary to obtain control of environment settings, access a local file table, determine the intended da... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10733_chunk_0 | Standard output | Older operating systems forced upon the programmer a record structure and frequently non-orthogonal data semantics and device control. Unix eliminated this complexity with the concept of a data stream: an ordered sequence of data bytes which can be read until the end of file. A program may also write bytes as desired a... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10734_chunk_0 | Gene Expression | In most organisms non-coding genes (ncRNA) are transcribed as precursors that undergo further processing. In the case of ribosomal RNAs (rRNA), they are often transcribed as a pre-rRNA that contains one or more rRNAs. The pre-rRNA is cleaved and modified (2′-O-methylation and pseudouridine formation) at specific sites ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10735_chunk_0 | Gene Expression | While snoRNA part basepair with the target RNA and thus position the modification at a precise site, the protein part performs the catalytical reaction. In eukaryotes, in particular a snoRNP called RNase, MRP cleaves the 45S pre-rRNA into the 28S, 5.8S, and 18S rRNAs. The rRNA and RNA processing factors form large aggr... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10736_chunk_0 | Gene Expression | In the case of micro RNA (miRNA), miRNAs are first transcribed as primary transcripts or pri-miRNA with a cap and poly-A tail and processed to short, 70-nucleotide stem-loop structures known as pre-miRNA in the cell nucleus by the enzymes Drosha and Pasha. After being exported, it is then processed to mature miRNAs in ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10737_chunk_0 | Trimethylglycine | In most organisms, glycine betaine is biosynthesized by oxidation of choline in two steps. The intermediate, betaine aldehyde, is generated by the action of the enzyme mitochondrial choline oxidase (choline dehydrogenase, EC 1.1.99.1). Betaine aldehyde is further oxidised in the mitochondria in mice to betaine by the e... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10738_chunk_0 | Malate dehydrogenase | In most organisms, malate dehydrogenase (MDH) exists as a homodimeric molecule and is closely related to lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in structure. It is a large protein molecule with subunits weighing between 30 and 35 kDa. Based on the amino acid sequences, it seems that MDH has diverged into two main phylogenetic gro... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10739_chunk_0 | Malate dehydrogenase | The amino acid sequences of archaeal MDH are more similar to that of LDH than that of MDH of other organisms. This indicates that there is a possible evolutionary linkage between lactate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase.Each subunit of the malate dehydrogenase dimer has two distinct domains that vary in structure... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10740_chunk_0 | Malate dehydrogenase | The subunits are held together through extensive hydrogen-bonding and hydrophobic interactions.Malate dehydrogenase has also been shown to have a mobile loop region that plays a crucial role in the enzyme's catalytic activity. Studies have shown that conformational change of this loop region from the open conformation ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10741_chunk_0 | Holdout method | In most other regression procedures (e.g. logistic regression), there is no simple formula to compute the expected out-of-sample fit. Cross-validation is, thus, a generally applicable way to predict the performance of a model on unavailable data using numerical computation in place of theoretical analysis. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10742_chunk_0 | TEA laser | In most over-voltage spark gaps avalanches of electrons move towards the anode. As the number of electrons increases Coulomb's law states that also the field strength increases. The strong field accelerates the avalanche. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10743_chunk_0 | TEA laser | A slow rise time of the voltage lets the electrons drift towards the anode before they can generate an avalanche. Electrophilic molecules capture electrons before they can generate an avalanche. Thermal effects destabilize a homogeneous discharge electron and ion diffusion stabilizes it. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10744_chunk_0 | Papilloma virus | In most papillomavirus types, the primary function of the E7 protein is to inactivate members of the pRb family of tumor suppressor proteins. Together with E6, E7 serves to prevent cell death (apoptosis) and promote cell cycle progression, thus priming the cell for replication of the viral DNA. E7 also participates in ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10745_chunk_0 | Liberal sciences | Since students are considered to have received a comprehensive liberal arts education at gymnasia, very often the role of liberal arts education in undergraduate programs at universities is reduced compared to the US educational system. Students are expected to use their skills received at the gymnasium to further deve... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10746_chunk_0 | Flat rate | In most parts of the world regular users of public transport, especially commuters, make use of weekly, monthly or yearly season tickets that allow unlimited travel for a fixed fee. In some countries year passes are available for the entire national railway network (e.g. the Bahncard100 in Germany for about €3000 and t... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10747_chunk_0 | Fuel wood | Most firewood also requires splitting, which also allows for faster seasoning by exposing more surface area. Today, most splitting is done with a hydraulic splitting machine, but it can also be split with a splitting maul or a wedge and sledge hammer. Some steel wedges have an angled blade so the mechanical advantage i... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10748_chunk_0 | Fungal herbicide | In most pathosystems, virulence is dependent on hydrolases - and the wider class of cell wall degrading proteins - that degrade the cell wall. The vast majority of CWDPs are pathogen-produced and pectin-targeted (for example, pectinesterase, pectate lyase, and pectinases). For microbes the cell wall polysaccharides are... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10749_chunk_0 | Hypertension | In most people with established essential hypertension, increased resistance to blood flow (total peripheral resistance) accounts for the high pressure while cardiac output remains normal. There is evidence that some younger people with prehypertension or 'borderline hypertension' have high cardiac output, an elevated ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10750_chunk_0 | Hypertension | The increased peripheral resistance in established hypertension is mainly attributable to structural narrowing of small arteries and arterioles, although a reduction in the number or density of capillaries may also contribute.It is not clear whether or not vasoconstriction of arteriolar blood vessels plays a role in hy... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10751_chunk_0 | Hypertension | This can mean that systolic pressure is abnormally high, but diastolic pressure may be normal or low, a condition termed isolated systolic hypertension. The high pulse pressure in elderly people with hypertension or isolated systolic hypertension is explained by increased arterial stiffness, which typically accompanies... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10752_chunk_0 | Hypertension | Most evidence implicates either disturbances in the kidneys' salt and water handling (particularly abnormalities in the intrarenal renin–angiotensin system) or abnormalities of the sympathetic nervous system. These mechanisms are not mutually exclusive and it is likely that both contribute to some extent in most cases ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10753_chunk_0 | Ligamentous laxity | It can be seen in standing stress radiographs in flexion, extension, and neutral views as well, and also digital motion X-ray, or DMX. An advantage to having lax ligaments and joints is the ability to withstand pain from hyperextension; however, this is also a disadvantage as a lack of perceived pain can prevent a pers... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10754_chunk_0 | Philosophical language | In most philosophical languages, words are constructed from a limited set of morphemes that are treated as "elemental" or "fundamental". "Philosophical language" is sometimes used synonymously with "taxonomic language". Vocabularies of oligosynthetic languages are made of compound words, which are coined from a small (... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10755_chunk_0 | Photovoltaic Effect | In most photovoltaic applications the radiation is sunlight, and the devices are called solar cells. In the case of a semiconductor p–n (diode) junction solar cell, illuminating the material creates an electric current because excited electrons and the remaining holes are swept in different directions by the built-in e... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10756_chunk_0 | Photovoltaic Effect | It is found that except for the DC output generated by the conventional PV effect based on a p–n junction, AC current is also produced when a flashing light is illuminated at the interface. The AC PV effect does not follow Ohm's law, being based on the capacitive model that the current strongly depends on the frequency... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10757_chunk_0 | Geographic North Pole | In most places on Earth, local time is determined by longitude, such that the time of day is more or less synchronised to the position of the Sun in the sky (for example, at midday, the Sun is roughly at its highest). This line of reasoning fails at the North Pole, where the Sun is experienced as rising and setting onl... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10758_chunk_0 | Algebraic torus | In most places we suppose that the base field is perfect (for example finite or characteristic zero). This hypothesis is required to have a smooth group schemepg 64, since for an algebraic group G {\displaystyle G} to be smooth over characteristic p {\displaystyle p} , the maps must be geometrically reduced for large e... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10759_chunk_0 | Diving disorders | These are biological, chemical and radioactive materials.The risks from hazardous materials are generally proportional to dosage - exposure time and concentration, and the effects of the material on the body. This is particularly the case with chemical and radiological contaminants. There may be a threshold limit value... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10760_chunk_0 | Reproductive organs | In most plant species, an individual has both male and female sex organs.The life cycle of land plants involves alternation of generations between a sporophyte and a haploid gametophyte. The gametophyte produces sperm or egg cells by mitosis. The sporophyte produces spores by meiosis which in turn develop into gametoph... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10761_chunk_0 | Multiple dispatch | In most popular programming languages, source code is delivered and deployed in granules of functionality which we will here call packages; actual terminology for this concept varies between language. Each package may contain multiple type, value, and function definitions, packages are often compiled separately in lang... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10762_chunk_0 | Multiple dispatch | Traditional single-dispatch OO languages make it trivial to add new datatypes but not new functions; traditional functional languages tend to have the opposite effect, and multiple dispatch, if implemented correctly, allows both. It is desirable for an implementation of multiple dispatch to have the following propertie... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10763_chunk_0 | Limit order book | In most practical applications, an order book contains bid and offer for one security, contract or good, with a specialist matching orders for the specific item. In his work, Jean-François Mertens extends this and constructs an order matching mechanism that works across specialists, where he can cross orders that are n... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10764_chunk_0 | Asymptotic time complexity | In most practical cases deterministic algorithms or randomized algorithms are discussed, although theoretical computer science also considers nondeterministic algorithms and other advanced models of computation. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10765_chunk_0 | Transimpedance amplifier | In most practical cases, the dominant source of noise in a transimpedance amplifier is the feedback resistor. The output-referred voltage noise is directly the voltage noise over the feedback resistance. This Johnson–Nyquist noise has an RMS amplitude v n , o u t 2 ¯ = 4 k B T R f Δ f . {\displaystyle {\sqrt {\overline... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10766_chunk_0 | Transimpedance amplifier | Though the output noise voltage increases proportionally to R f {\displaystyle {\sqrt {R_{f}}}} , the transimpedance increases linearly with R f {\displaystyle R_{f}} , resulting in an input-referred noise current i n , i n 2 ¯ = 4 k B T Δ f R f . {\displaystyle {\sqrt {\overline {i_{n,in}^{2}}}}={\sqrt {\frac {4k_{\te... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10767_chunk_0 | Transimpedance amplifier | For a good noise performance, a high feedback resistance should thus be used. However, a larger feedback resistance increases the output voltage swing, and consequently a higher gain from the operational amplifier is needed, demanding an operational amplifier with a high gain-bandwidth product. The feedback resistance ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10768_chunk_0 | Entropy maximization | In most practical cases, the stated prior data or testable information is given by a set of conserved quantities (average values of some moment functions), associated with the probability distribution in question. This is the way the maximum entropy principle is most often used in statistical thermodynamics. Another po... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10769_chunk_0 | Entropy maximization | The maximum entropy principle is also needed to guarantee the uniqueness and consistency of probability assignments obtained by different methods, statistical mechanics and logical inference in particular. The maximum entropy principle makes explicit our freedom in using different forms of prior data. As a special case... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10770_chunk_0 | Entropy maximization | Thus, the maximum entropy principle is not merely an alternative way to view the usual methods of inference of classical statistics, but represents a significant conceptual generalization of those methods. However these statements do not imply that thermodynamical systems need not be shown to be ergodic to justify trea... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10771_chunk_0 | Proprietary programming language | In most practical contexts, a programming language involves a computer; consequently, programming languages are usually defined and studied this way. Programming languages differ from natural languages in that natural languages are only used for interaction between people, while programming languages also allow humans ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10772_chunk_0 | Proprietary programming language | Programming languages may, however, share the syntax with markup languages if a computational semantics is defined. XSLT, for example, is a Turing complete language entirely using XML syntax. Moreover, LaTeX, which is mostly used for structuring documents, also contains a Turing complete subset. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10773_chunk_0 | Aftermarket exhaust parts | A common method of increasing the power output of an engine is the use of upgraded headers. The increased power output is often due to a result of a larger cross-section area of the pipes (reducing the resistance on the exhaust gasses) and/or designing the pipe lengths so that the pressure wave assists in exhaust scave... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10774_chunk_0 | Conditional operator | In most programming languages, ? : is called the conditional operator. It is a type of ternary operator. However, ternary operator in most situations refers specifically to ? : because it is the only operator that takes three operands. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10775_chunk_0 | Null string | In most programming languages, strings are a data type. Strings are typically stored at distinct memory addresses (locations). Thus, the same string (for example, the empty string) may be stored in two or more places in memory. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10776_chunk_0 | Null string | In this way, there could be multiple empty strings in memory, in contrast with the formal theory definition, for which there is only one possible empty string. However, a string comparison function would indicate that all of these empty strings are equal to each other. Even a string of length zero can require memory to... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10777_chunk_0 | Null string | In most programming languages, the empty string is distinct from a null reference (or null pointer) because a null reference points to no string at all, not even the empty string. The empty string is a legitimate string, upon which most string operations should work. Some languages treat some or all of the following in... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10778_chunk_0 | Integer part | In most programming languages, the simplest method to convert a floating point number to an integer does not do floor or ceiling, but truncation. The reason for this is historical, as the first machines used ones' complement and truncation was simpler to implement (floor is simpler in two's complement). FORTRAN was def... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10779_chunk_0 | Integer part | Division by a power of 2 is often written as a right-shift, not for optimization as might be assumed, but because the floor of negative results is required. Assuming such shifts are "premature optimization" and replacing them with division can break software.Many programming languages (including C, C++, C#, Java, PHP, ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10780_chunk_0 | Integer part | The J Programming Language, a follow-on to APL that is designed to use standard keyboard symbols, uses <. for floor and >. for ceiling.ALGOL usesentier for floor. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10781_chunk_0 | Integer part | In Microsoft Excel the floor function is implemented as INT (which rounds down rather than toward zero). The command FLOOR in earlier versions would round toward zero, effectively the opposite of what "int" and "floor" do in other languages. Since 2010 FLOOR has been fixed to round down, with extra arguments that can r... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10782_chunk_0 | Nucleoside-diphosphate kinase | In most prokaryotes, the NDPK enzyme is tetrameric. It has been reported in a number of pathogens. NDPK function has been studied in Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella typhimurium, Microccocus luteus, and Myxococcus xanthus. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10783_chunk_0 | Nucleoside-diphosphate kinase | Prokaryotic NDPK forms a functional homotetramer. Nucleoside diphosphate kinase activity involves the transfer of the γ-phosphate of nucleoside triphosphate (NTP) to nucleoside diphosphate (NDP), where N1 and N2 can be ribo- or deoxyribonucleosides. This is done via a high energy phosphohistidine intermediate. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10784_chunk_0 | Nucleoside-diphosphate kinase | Besides involvement in the synthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides, prokaryotic NDPK is also involved in several metabolism cycles. NDPK has also been discovered to act as a protein histidine kinase, which involves a reversible histidine phosphorylation as a well-known regulatory signal. However, in most prokaryotes, NDPK ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10785_chunk_0 | Resting potential | In most quantitative treatments of membrane potential, such as the derivation of Goldman equation, electroneutrality is assumed; that is, that there is no measurable charge excess on either side of the membrane. So, although there is an electric potential across the membrane due to charge separation, there is no actual... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10786_chunk_0 | Control rod | In most reactor designs, as a safety measure, control rods are attached to the lifting machinery by electromagnets, rather than direct mechanical linkage. This means that in the event of power failure, or if manually invoked due to failure of the lifting machinery, the control rods fall automatically, under gravity, al... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10787_chunk_0 | Wave superposition | In most realistic physical situations, the equation governing the wave is only approximately linear. In these situations, the superposition principle only approximately holds. As a rule, the accuracy of the approximation tends to improve as the amplitude of the wave gets smaller. For examples of phenomena that arise wh... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10788_chunk_0 | Romani alphabets | In most recent descriptive literature, a variety of orthography which Ian Hancock terms Pan-Vlax will likely be used. This orthography is not a single standardised form, but rather a set of orthographical practices which exhibit a basic "core" of shared graphemes and a small amount of divergence in several areas. The P... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10789_chunk_0 | Steam powered | In most reciprocating piston engines, the steam reverses its direction of flow at each stroke (counterflow), entering and exhausting from the same end of the cylinder. The complete engine cycle occupies one rotation of the crank and two piston strokes; the cycle also comprises four events – admission, expansion, exhaus... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10790_chunk_0 | Steam powered | However, as one and the same valve usually controls both steam flows, a short cutoff at admission adversely affects the exhaust and compression periods which should ideally always be kept fairly constant; if the exhaust event is too brief, the totality of the exhaust steam cannot evacuate the cylinder, choking it and g... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10791_chunk_0 | Galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase deficiency | In most regions, galactosemia is diagnosed as a result of newborn screening, most commonly by determining the concentration of galactose in a dried blood spot. Some regions will perform a second-tier test of GALT enzyme activity on samples with elevated galactose, while others perform both GALT and galactose measuremen... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10792_chunk_0 | Galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase deficiency | Confirmatory testing would include measurement of enzyme activity in red blood cells, determination of Gal-1-P levels in the blood, and mutation testing. The differential diagnosis for elevated galactose concentrations in blood on a newborn screening result can include other disorders of galactose metabolism, including... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10793_chunk_0 | Exit sign | The 1995 Canadian national building code required "red letters on a contrasting background or white letters on a red background ... spelling EXIT or SORTIE", however the 2010 Code calls for a switch from the red EXIT signs to the green "running-man" signs. The national building code informs provincial and municipal bui... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10794_chunk_0 | German Fallow budgerigar mutation | In most respects German and English Fallows are very similar. Both resemble Cinnamons, but differ in having a much weaker body colour, which results in a rather attractive mustard-yellow breast shading to green on the rump (blue in the blue series). The depth of the green or blue suffusion varies in individual birds, b... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10795_chunk_0 | German Fallow budgerigar mutation | The cheek patches are a lighter and duller shade of violet than normal. Cocks have a greyish-purple rather than the usual blue cere. The feet and legs are pink and the beak orange. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10796_chunk_0 | German Fallow budgerigar mutation | The most obvious distinction from Cinnamons is the red eye, which in the German Fallow is a deep ruby-red, like an Ino's but a shade darker, with the usual white iris ring when adult. The English Fallow has an eye of a clear bright red, without a white iris ring—a beautiful and attractive feature. On hatching, young En... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10797_chunk_0 | German Fallow budgerigar mutation | The Olive Fallow is "a beautiful rich golden orange shade, and the chest is deep yellow olive—a truly lovely colouring", says Cyril Rogers in The Fallows. Fallow Greys and Grey-Greens generally have darker wing markings. Opaline by itself lightens the body colour of Fallows (see), and in combination with Cinnamon produ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10798_chunk_0 | Non-random segregation of chromosomes | In most scale insects, males are parahaploid: although they have two sets of chromosomes, only chromosomes of maternal origin are active, and only they are passed on to offspring. Inactivation of the paternal chromosomes occurs at an early embryonic stage (blastula), when the chromosomes become highly condensed (hetero... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10799_chunk_0 | Non-random segregation of chromosomes | This is called the lecanoid chromosome system. Meiosis is inverse in scale insects, as in the aphids discussed above, that is, the actual reduction division is meiosis II. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
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