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wiki_11000_chunk_0 | Tumour heterogeneity | In multiple myeloma, genetic analyzes of the tumor is used to detect risks markers such as specific mutation, deletion, insertion etc. Helping to assess the Prognosis of the patient. But there is a discrepancy between patients, some patients associated with a good risk will relapse earlier than expected. In addition, i... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11001_chunk_0 | Premature birth | In multiple pregnancies, which often result from use of assisted reproductive technology, there is a high risk of preterm birth. Selective reduction is used to reduce the number of fetuses to two or three. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11002_chunk_0 | Omnibus test | In multiple regression, the omnibus test is an ANOVA F test on all the coefficients, that is equivalent to the multiple correlations R Square F test. The omnibus F test is an overall test that examines model fit, thus failure to reject the null hypothesis implies that the suggested linear model is not significantly sui... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11003_chunk_0 | Integrin alpha4beta1 | In multiple sclerosis (MS), the VLA-4 integrin is essential in the processes by which T-cells gain access to the brain. It allows the cells to penetrate the blood brain barrier that normally restricts immune cell access. It has been found that the severity of MS is positively correlated with the expression of alpha 4. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11004_chunk_0 | Integrin alpha4beta1 | One approach to prevent an autoimmune reaction has been to block the action of VLA-4 (as with natalizumab) so that pathogenic T-cells are unable to enter the brain and thus unable to attack myelin protein. It has been found that in mice, anti-alpha 4 integrin antibodies resulted in an increase of circulating stem cell ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11005_chunk_0 | GHB overdose | In multiple studies, GHB has been found to impair spatial memory, working memory, learning and memory in rats with chronic administration. These effects are associated with decreased NMDA receptor expression in the cerebral cortex and possibly other areas as well. In addition, the neurotoxicity appears to be caused by ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11006_chunk_0 | Biostatistics | In multiple tests of the same hypothesis, the probability of the occurrence of falses positives (familywise error rate) increase and some strategy are used to control this occurrence. This is commonly achieved by using a more stringent threshold to reject null hypotheses. The Bonferroni correction defines an acceptable... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11007_chunk_0 | Multicore programming | In multiprocessing, the processors can be used to execute a single sequence of instructions in multiple contexts (single instruction, multiple data or SIMD, often used in vector processing), multiple sequences of instructions in a single context (multiple instruction, single data or MISD, used for redundancy in fail-sa... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11008_chunk_0 | Software lockout | In multiprocessor computer systems, software lockout is the issue of performance degradation due to the idle wait times spent by the CPUs in kernel-level critical sections. Software lockout is the major cause of scalability degradation in a multiprocessor system, posing a limit on the maximum useful number of processor... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11009_chunk_0 | Operating system service management | In multitasking computer operating systems, a daemon ( or ) is a computer program that runs as a background process, rather than being under the direct control of an interactive user. Traditionally, the process names of a daemon end with the letter d, for clarification that the process is in fact a daemon, and for diff... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11010_chunk_0 | On the fly | It can mean to make a copy of a removable media (CD-ROM, DVD, etc.) directly, without first saving the source on an intermediate medium (a harddisk); for example, copying a CD-ROM from a CD-ROM drive to a CD-Writer drive. The copy process requires each block of data to be retrieved and immediately written to the destin... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11011_chunk_0 | Process control block | This always includes the content of general-purpose CPU registers, the CPU process status word, stack and frame pointers, etc. During context switch, the running process is stopped and another process runs. The kernel must stop the execution of the running process, copy out the values in hardware registers to its PCB, ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11012_chunk_0 | Asynchronous method invocation | In multithreaded computer programming, asynchronous method invocation (AMI), also known as asynchronous method calls or the asynchronous pattern is a design pattern in which the call site is not blocked while waiting for the called code to finish. Instead, the calling thread is notified when the reply arrives. Polling ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11013_chunk_0 | ABA problem | A common case of the ABA problem is encountered when implementing a lock-free data structure. If an item is removed from the list, deleted, and then a new item is allocated and added to the list, it is common for the allocated object to be at the same location as the deleted object due to MRU memory allocation. A point... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11014_chunk_0 | Branching processes | In multitype branching processes, individuals are not identical, but can be classified into n types. After each time step, an individual of type i will produce individuals of different types, and X i {\displaystyle \mathbf {X} _{i}} , a random vector representing the numbers of children in different types, satisfies a ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11015_chunk_0 | Initial-value problem | In multivariable calculus, an initial value problem (IVP) is an ordinary differential equation together with an initial condition which specifies the value of the unknown function at a given point in the domain. Modeling a system in physics or other sciences frequently amounts to solving an initial value problem. In th... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11016_chunk_0 | Iterated integral | In multivariable calculus, an iterated integral is the result of applying integrals to a function of more than one variable (for example f ( x , y ) {\displaystyle f(x,y)} or f ( x , y , z ) {\displaystyle f(x,y,z)} ) in such a way that each of the integrals considers some of the variables as given constants. For examp... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11017_chunk_0 | Iterated integral | {\displaystyle \int \left(\int f(x,y)\,dx\right)\,dy.} It is key for the notion of iterated integrals that this is different, in principle, from the multiple integral ∬ f ( x , y ) d x d y . {\displaystyle \iint f(x,y)\,dx\,dy.} | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11018_chunk_0 | Iterated integral | In general, although these two can be different, Fubini's theorem states that under specific conditions, they are equivalent. The alternative notation for iterated integrals ∫ d y ∫ d x f ( x , y ) {\displaystyle \int dy\int dx\,f(x,y)} is also used. In the notation that uses parentheses, iterated integrals are compute... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11019_chunk_0 | Moore-Osgood theorem | In multivariable calculus, an iterated limit is a limit of a sequence or a limit of a function in the form lim m → ∞ lim n → ∞ a n , m = lim m → ∞ ( lim n → ∞ a n , m ) {\displaystyle \lim _{m\to \infty }\lim _{n\to \infty }a_{n,m}=\lim _{m\to \infty }\left(\lim _{n\to \infty }a_{n,m}\right)} , lim y → b lim x → a f ( ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11020_chunk_0 | Implicit function theorem | In multivariable calculus, the implicit function theorem is a tool that allows relations to be converted to functions of several real variables. It does so by representing the relation as the graph of a function. There may not be a single function whose graph can represent the entire relation, but there may be such a f... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11021_chunk_0 | Canonical correspondence analysis | In multivariate analysis, canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) is an ordination technique that determines axes from the response data as a linear combination of measured predictors. CCA is commonly used in ecology in order to extract gradients that drive the composition of ecological communities. CCA extends Corresp... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11022_chunk_0 | Exact differential | In multivariate calculus, a differential or differential form is said to be exact or perfect (exact differential), as contrasted with an inexact differential, if it is equal to the general differential d Q {\displaystyle dQ} for some differentiable function Q {\displaystyle Q} in an orthogonal coordinate system (hence ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11023_chunk_0 | Genetic correlations | In multivariate quantitative genetics, a genetic correlation (denoted r g {\displaystyle r_{g}} or r a {\displaystyle r_{a}} ) is the proportion of variance that two traits share due to genetic causes, the correlation between the genetic influences on a trait and the genetic influences on a different trait estimating t... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11024_chunk_0 | Genetic correlations | Genetic correlation models were introduced into behavioral genetics in the 1970s–1980s. Genetic correlations have applications in validation of genome-wide association study (GWAS) results, breeding, prediction of traits, and discovering the etiology of traits & diseases. They can be estimated using individual-level da... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11025_chunk_0 | Genetic correlations | Genetic correlations have been found to be common in non-human genetics and to be broadly similar to their respective phenotypic correlations, and also found extensively in human traits, dubbed the 'phenome'.This finding of widespread pleiotropy has implications for artificial selection in agriculture, interpretation o... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11026_chunk_0 | Scree's test | In multivariate statistics, a scree plot is a line plot of the eigenvalues of factors or principal components in an analysis. The scree plot is used to determine the number of factors to retain in an exploratory factor analysis (FA) or principal components to keep in a principal component analysis (PCA). The procedure ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11027_chunk_0 | Exploratory Factor Analysis | In multivariate statistics, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) is a statistical method used to uncover the underlying structure of a relatively large set of variables. EFA is a technique within factor analysis whose overarching goal is to identify the underlying relationships between measured variables. It is commonly u... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11028_chunk_0 | Exploratory Factor Analysis | In this model, manifest variables are expressed as a function of common factors, unique factors, and errors of measurement. Each unique factor influences only one manifest variable, and does not explain correlations between manifest variables. Common factors influence more than one manifest variable and "factor loading... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11029_chunk_0 | Exploratory Factor Analysis | For the EFA procedure, we are more interested in identifying the common factors and the related manifest variables. EFA assumes that any indicator/measured variable may be associated with any factor. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11030_chunk_0 | Exploratory Factor Analysis | When developing a scale, researchers should use EFA first before moving on to confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). EFA is essential to determine underlying factors/constructs for a set of measured variables; while CFA allows the researcher to test the hypothesis that a relationship between the observed variables and the... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11031_chunk_0 | Quadratic form (statistics) | In multivariate statistics, if ε {\displaystyle \varepsilon } is a vector of n {\displaystyle n} random variables, and Λ {\displaystyle \Lambda } is an n {\displaystyle n} -dimensional symmetric matrix, then the scalar quantity ε T Λ ε {\displaystyle \varepsilon ^{T}\Lambda \varepsilon } is known as a quadratic form in... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11032_chunk_0 | Empirical singular values distribution | In multivariate statistics, random matrices were introduced by John Wishart, who sought to estimate covariance matrices of large samples. Chernoff-, Bernstein-, and Hoeffding-type inequalities can typically be strengthened when applied to the maximal eigenvalue (i.e. the eigenvalue of largest magnitude) of a finite sum... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11033_chunk_0 | Spectral clustering | In multivariate statistics, spectral clustering techniques make use of the spectrum (eigenvalues) of the similarity matrix of the data to perform dimensionality reduction before clustering in fewer dimensions. The similarity matrix is provided as an input and consists of a quantitative assessment of the relative simila... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11034_chunk_0 | Congruence coefficient | In multivariate statistics, the congruence coefficient is an index of the similarity between factors that have been derived in a factor analysis. It was introduced in 1948 by Cyril Burt who referred to it as unadjusted correlation. It is also called Tucker's congruence coefficient after Ledyard Tucker who popularized t... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11035_chunk_0 | Orthographic projection (geometry) | In multiview projection, up to six pictures of an object are produced, called primary views, with each projection plane parallel to one of the coordinate axes of the object. The views are positioned relative to each other according to either of two schemes: first-angle or third-angle projection. In each, the appearance... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11036_chunk_0 | Orthographic projection (geometry) | Although six different sides can be drawn, usually three views of a drawing give enough information to make a three-dimensional object. These views are known as front view, top view and end view. Other names for these views include plan, elevation and section. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11037_chunk_0 | Orthographic projection (geometry) | When the plane or axis of the object depicted is not parallel to the projection plane, and where multiple sides of an object are visible in the same image, it is called an auxiliary view. Thus isometric projection, dimetric projection and trimetric projection would be considered auxiliary views in multiview projection.... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11038_chunk_0 | White phosphorus munitions | In some cases, injury is limited to areas of exposed skin because the smaller WP particles do not burn completely through personal clothing before being consumed. Due to the pyrophoric nature of WP, penetrating injuries are immediately treated by smothering the wound using water, damp cloth or mud, isolating it from ox... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11039_chunk_0 | Interleukin 14 | In murine models, two distinct transcripts are produced from opposite strands of the il14 gene that are called IL-14α and IL-14β. The il14 locus is near the gene for LCK on chromosome 1 in humans. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11040_chunk_0 | TRPV2 | In mus musculus (house mouse), TRPV2 functions as a protein coding gene. There is broad expression of TRPV2 in the thymus, placenta, cerebellum, and spleen; it is most commonly expressed in the thymus. The thymus is a lymphoid organ involved in the function of the immune system, where T cells mature. T cells are an imp... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11041_chunk_0 | TRPV2 | TRPV2 in mus musculus is also activated by hypo-osmolarity and cell stretching, indicating that TRPV2 plays a role in mechanotransduction in mice as well. In experiments with knockout mice (TRPV2KO mice), it was found that TRPV2 is expressed in brown adipocytes and in brown adipose tissue (BAT). It can be concluded tha... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11042_chunk_0 | Physiological cross-sectional area | In muscle physiology, physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA) is the area of the cross section of a muscle perpendicular to its fibers, generally at its largest point. It is typically used to describe the contraction properties of pennate muscles. It is not the same as the anatomical cross-sectional area (ACSA), whic... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11043_chunk_0 | Tytler's leaf warbler | In museum specimens, the thin bill is clear and there is a long exposed nasal groove along the bill. The rictal bristles are short and few and the feathering at the base of the beak is reduced giving a very pointed face profile. The lower mandible is not flesh coloured in tytleri as in most trochiloides and it is not d... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11044_chunk_0 | Distance model | In music a distance model is the alternation of two different intervals to create a non-diatonic musical mode such as the 1:3 distance model, the alternation of semitones and minor thirds: C-E♭-E-G-A♭-B-C. This scale is also an example of polymodal chromaticism as it includes both the tonic and dominant as well as "'tw... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11045_chunk_0 | Sound effect | flanger – to create an unusual sound, a delayed signal is added to the original signal with a continuously variable delay (usually smaller than 10 ms). This effect is now done electronically using DSP, but originally the effect was created by playing the same recording on two synchronized tape players, and then mixing ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11046_chunk_0 | Sound effect | Here a musical signal is tuned to the correct pitch using digital signal processing techniques. This effect is ubiquitous in karaoke machines and is often used to assist pop singers who sing out of tune. It is also used intentionally for aesthetic effect in such pop songs as Cher's "Believe" and Madonna's "Die Another ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11047_chunk_0 | Sound effect | Ring modulation, also known as amplitude modulation, is an effect made famous by Doctor Who's Daleks and commonly used throughout sci-fi. compression – the reduction of the dynamic range of a sound to avoid unintentional fluctuation in the dynamics. Level compression is not to be confused with audio data compression, w... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11048_chunk_0 | Melodic pattern | In music and jazz improvisation, a melodic pattern (or motive) is a cell or germ serving as the basis for repetitive pattern. It is a figure that can be used with any scale. It is used primarily for solos because, when practiced enough, it can be extremely useful when improvising. "Sequence" refers to the repetition of... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11049_chunk_0 | Minor tenth | In music and music theory, a tenth is the note ten scale degrees from the root of a chord and also the interval between the root and the tenth. Since there are only seven degrees in a diatonic scale the tenth degree is the same as the mediant and the interval of a tenth is a compound third. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11050_chunk_0 | Subsidiary chord | In music and musical analysis, a subsidiary chord is an elaboration of a principal harmonic chord in a chord progression. If the principal chord (X) is partially replaced by the subsidiary (Y), there are three possible positions - beginning, middle, and end - for the subsidiary: X–Ya Y–X X–Y–XFor example, a subsidiary ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11051_chunk_0 | Arsis and thesis | In music and prosody, arsis (; plural arses, ) and thesis (; plural theses, ) are respectively the stronger and weaker parts of a musical measure or poetic foot. However, because of contradictions in the original definitions, writers use these words in different ways. In music, arsis is an unaccented note (upbeat), whi... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11052_chunk_0 | Melodic fission | In music cognition, melodic fission (also known as melodic or auditory streaming, or stream segregation), is a phenomenon in which one line of pitches (an auditory stream) is heard as two or more separate melodic lines. This occurs when a phrase contains groups of pitches at two or more distinct registers or with two o... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11053_chunk_0 | Pythagorean major sixth | In just intonation, the (5/3) major sixth is classed as a consonance of the 5-limit. A major sixth is also used in transposing music to E-flat instruments, like the alto clarinet, alto saxophone, E-flat tuba, trumpet, natural horn, and alto horn when in E-flat, as a written C sounds like E-flat on those instruments. As... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11054_chunk_0 | Metric hierarchy | In music of the common practice period (about 1600–1900), there are four different families of time signature in common use: Simple duple: two or four beats to a bar, each divided by two, the top number being "2" or "4" (24, 28, 22 ... 44, 48, 42 ...). When there are four beats to a bar, it is alternatively referred to... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11055_chunk_0 | Tonic chord | The term tonic may be reserved exclusively for use in tonal contexts while tonal center and/or pitch center may be used in post-tonal and atonal music: "For purposes of non-tonal centric music, it might be a good idea to have the term 'tone center' refer to the more general class of which 'tonics' (or tone centers in t... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11056_chunk_0 | Perfect eleventh | In music or music theory, an eleventh is the note eleven scale degrees from the root of a chord and also the interval between the root and the eleventh. The interval can also be described as a compound fourth, spanning an octave plus a fourth. Since there are only seven degrees in a diatonic scale the eleventh degree i... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11057_chunk_0 | Rhythm guitar | In music performances, rhythm guitar is a technique and role that performs a combination of two functions: to provide all or part of the rhythmic pulse in conjunction with other instruments from the rhythm section (e.g., drum kit, bass guitar); and to provide all or part of the harmony, i.e. the chords from a song's ch... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11058_chunk_0 | Recording studio as an instrument | In music production, the recording studio is often treated as a musical instrument when it plays a significant role in the composition of music. Sometimes called "playing the studio", the approach is typically embodied by artists or producers who favor the creative use of studio technology in record production, as oppo... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11059_chunk_0 | Single take | Failed attempts are called "false starts" if, for example, not even a complete chorus or verse is recorded; longer almost-complete attempts are called "long false starts". Different versions of the same song from a single recording session are sometimes eventually released as alternate takes (or alternative takes) or "... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11060_chunk_0 | Single take | A fine example of the musical implications of multiple recorded performances and how they differ can be found on the posthumous 1969 LP compilation "To Know a Man" (Blue Horizon 7-66230) which comprises the complete last two early 1960s sessions by legendary slide guitarist Elmore James with backing musicians. These ar... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11061_chunk_0 | Tonality diamond | In music theory and tuning, a tonality diamond is a two-dimensional diagram of ratios in which one dimension is the Otonality and one the Utonality. Thus the n-limit tonality diamond ("limit" here is in the sense of odd limit, not prime limit) is an arrangement in diamond-shape of the set of rational numbers r, 1 ≤ r <... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11062_chunk_0 | Viennese trichord | According to Henry Martin, "omposers such as Webern ... are partial to 016 trichords, given their 'more dissonant' inclusion of ics 1 and 6. "In jazz and popular music, the chord formed by the inversion of the set usually has a dominant function, being the third, seventh, and added fourth/eleventh of a dominant chord w... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11063_chunk_0 | Chromatic fourth | In the Baroque, Johann Sebastian Bach used it in his choral as well as his instrumental music, in the Well-Tempered Clavier, for example (the chromatic fourth is indicated by the red notes): This does not mean that the chromatic fourth was always used in a sorrowful or foreboding way, or that the boundaries should alwa... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11064_chunk_0 | Diatonic collection | Modern musical keyboards are designed so that the white-key notes form a diatonic scale, though transpositions of this diatonic scale require one or more black keys. A diatonic scale can be also described as two tetrachords separated by a whole tone. In musical set theory, Allen Forte classifies diatonic scales as set ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11065_chunk_0 | Twenty-ninth harmonic | For example, the interval from A to G is a minor seventh, as the note G lies ten semitones above A, and there are seven staff positions from A to G. Diminished and augmented sevenths span the same number of staff positions, but consist of a different number of semitones (nine and twelve, respectively). Minor seventh in... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11066_chunk_0 | Minor third | The minor third may be derived from the harmonic series as the interval between the fifth and sixth harmonics, or from the 19th harmonic. The minor third is commonly used to express sadness in music, and research shows that this mirrors its use in speech, as a tone similar to a minor third is produced during sad speech... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11067_chunk_0 | Minor third | The minor third is also obtainable in reference to a fundamental note from the undertone series, while the major third is obtainable as such from the overtone series. (See Otonality and Utonality.) | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11068_chunk_0 | Minor third | In an equal tempered tuning, a minor third is equal to three semitones, a ratio of 21/4:1 (about 1.189), or 300 cents, 15.64 cents narrower than the 6:5 ratio. In other meantone tunings it is wider, and in 19 equal temperament it is very nearly the 6:5 ratio of just intonation; in more complex schismatic temperaments, ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11069_chunk_0 | Steinhaus conjecture | An interval with ratio ρ {\displaystyle \rho } corresponds to the angle 2 π log 2 ρ {\displaystyle 2\pi \log _{2}\rho } between points on this circle, meaning that two musical tones differ by the given interval when their two points on the circle differ by this angle. For instance, this formula gives 2 π {\displaysty... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11070_chunk_0 | Steinhaus conjecture | An example is the Pythagorean tuning, which is constructed in this way from twelve tones, generated as the consecutive multiples of a perfect fifth in the circle of fifths. The irrational angle formed on the chromatic circle by a perfect fifth is close to 7/12 of a circle, and therefore the twelve tones of the Pythagor... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11071_chunk_0 | Nondominant seventh chord | In music theory, a nondominant seventh chord is both a diatonic chord and a seventh chord, but it does not possess dominant function, and thus it is not a dominant seventh chord. Since the V and viio chords are the dominant function chords, the "major minor seventh" V7 and "half-diminished seventh" viiø7 are the domina... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11072_chunk_0 | Parameter | In music theory, a parameter denotes an element which may be manipulated (composed), separately from the other elements. The term is used particularly for pitch, loudness, duration, and timbre, though theorists or composers have sometimes considered other musical aspects as parameters. The term is particularly used in ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11073_chunk_0 | Just perfect fifth | In music theory, a perfect fifth is the musical interval corresponding to a pair of pitches with a frequency ratio of 3:2, or very nearly so. In classical music from Western culture, a fifth is the interval from the first to the last of the first five consecutive notes in a diatonic scale. The perfect fifth (often abbr... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11074_chunk_0 | Predominant chord | Predominant chords both expand away from the tonic and lead to the dominant, affirming the dominant's pull to the tonic. Thus they lack the stability of the tonic and the drive towards resolution of the dominant. The predominant harmonic function is part of the fundamental harmonic progression of many classical works. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11075_chunk_0 | Predominant chord | The submediant (vi) may be considered a predominant chord or a tonic substitute.The dominant preparation is a chord or series of chords that precedes the dominant chord in a musical composition. Usually, the dominant preparation is derived from a circle of fifths progression. The most common dominant preparation chords... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11076_chunk_0 | Pythagorean minor third | In music theory, a semiditone (or Pythagorean minor third) is the interval 32:27 (approximately 294.13 cents). It is the minor third in Pythagorean tuning. The 32:27 Pythagorean minor third arises in the 5-limit justly tuned major scale between the 2nd and 4th degrees (in the C major scale, between D and F). | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11077_chunk_0 | Augmented sixth chord | In music theory, an augmented sixth chord contains the interval of an augmented sixth, usually above its bass tone. This chord has its origins in the Renaissance, was further developed in the Baroque, and became a distinctive part of the musical style of the Classical and Romantic periods.Conventionally used with a pre... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11078_chunk_0 | Eleventh chord | As its upper extensions (7th, 9th, 11th) constitute a triad, a dominant eleventh chord with the third and fifth omitted can be notated as a compound chord with a bass note. So C–B♭–D–F is written as B♭/C, emphasizing the ambiguous dominant/subdominant character of this voicing. In the common practice period, the root, ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11079_chunk_0 | Minor interval | For example, any two notes an octave apart have a frequency ratio of 2:1. This means that successive increments of pitch by the same interval result in an exponential increase of frequency, even though the human ear perceives this as a linear increase in pitch. For this reason, intervals are often measured in cents, a ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11080_chunk_0 | Chord substitution | In music theory, chord substitution is the technique of using a chord in place of another in a progression of chords, or a chord progression. Much of the European classical repertoire and the vast majority of blues, jazz and rock music songs are based on chord progressions. "A chord substitution occurs when a chord is ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11081_chunk_0 | Equivalent set | In music theory, equivalence class is an equality (=) or equivalence between properties of sets (unordered) or twelve-tone rows (ordered sets). A relation rather than an operation, it may be contrasted with derivation. "It is not surprising that music theorists have different concepts of equivalence ..." "Indeed, an in... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11082_chunk_0 | Equivalent set | Traditionally, octave equivalency is assumed, while inversional, permutational, and transpositional equivalency may or may not be considered (sequences and modulations are techniques of the common practice period which are based on transpositional equivalency; similarity within difference; unity within variety/variety ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11083_chunk_0 | Equivalent set | Forte (1963, p. 76) similarly uses equivalent to mean identical, "considering two subsets as equivalent when they consisted of the same elements. In such a case, mathematical set theory speaks of the 'equality,' not the 'equivalence,' of sets." | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11084_chunk_0 | 11-limit interval | In music theory, limit or harmonic limit is a way of characterizing the harmony found in a piece or genre of music, or the harmonies that can be made using a particular scale. The term limit was introduced by Harry Partch, who used it to give an upper bound on the complexity of harmony; hence the name. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11085_chunk_0 | Pitch space | In music theory, pitch spaces model relationships between pitches. These models typically use distance to model the degree of relatedness, with closely related pitches placed near one another, and less closely related pitches placed farther apart. Depending on the complexity of the relationships under consideration, th... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11086_chunk_0 | Pitch class space | In music theory, pitch-class space is the circular space representing all the notes (pitch classes) in a musical octave. In this space, there is no distinction between tones that are separated by an integral number of octaves. For example, C4, C5, and C6, though different pitches, are represented by the same point in p... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11087_chunk_0 | Chromatic hexachord | The retrograde-symmetrical all-interval series employed by Luigi Nono for the first time in Canti per tredeci in 1955, also used in his Il canto sospeso and nearly all subsequent works up to Composizione per orchestra n. 2: Diario polacco ’58 in 1959, is built from two chromatic hexachords (Nielinger 2006, 97–98). Stef... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11088_chunk_0 | Dominant function | In music theory, the dominant triad is a major chord, symbolized by the Roman numeral "V" in the major scale. In the natural minor scale, the triad is a minor chord, denoted by "v". However, in a minor key, the seventh scale degree is often raised by a half step (♭ to ♮), creating a major chord. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11089_chunk_0 | Dominant function | These chords may also appear as seventh chords: typically as a dominant seventh chord, but occasionally in minor as a minor seventh chord v7 with passing function: As defined by the 19th century musicologist Joseph Fétis, the dominante was a seventh chord over the first note of a descending perfect fifth in the basse f... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11090_chunk_0 | Binary logarithm | In music theory, the interval or perceptual difference between two tones is determined by the ratio of their frequencies. Intervals coming from rational number ratios with small numerators and denominators are perceived as particularly euphonious. The simplest and most important of these intervals is the octave, a freq... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11091_chunk_0 | Binary logarithm | That is, if tones x, y, and z form a rising sequence of tones, then the measure of the interval from x to y plus the measure of the interval from y to z should equal the measure of the interval from x to z. Such a measure is given by the cent, which divides the octave into 1200 equal intervals (12 semitones of 100 cent... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11092_chunk_0 | Hamming numbers | In music theory, the just intonation of the diatonic scale involves regular numbers: the pitches in a single octave of this scale have frequencies proportional to the numbers in the sequence 24, 27, 30, 32, 36, 40, 45, 48 of nearly consecutive regular numbers. Thus, for an instrument with this tuning, all pitches are r... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11093_chunk_0 | Hamming numbers | Euler's tonnetz provides a convenient graphical representation of the pitches in any 5-limit tuning, by factoring out the octave relationships (powers of two) so that the remaining values form a planar grid. Some music theorists have stated more generally that regular numbers are fundamental to tonal music itself, and ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11094_chunk_0 | Hamming numbers | However the equal temperament of modern pianos is not a 5-limit tuning, and some modern composers have experimented with tunings based on primes larger than five.In connection with the application of regular numbers to music theory, it is of interest to find pairs of regular numbers that differ by one. There are exactl... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11095_chunk_0 | Scale degrees | For instance, the 7-tone diatonic scale may become the major scale once the proper degree has been chosen as tonic (e.g. the C-major scale C–D–E–F–G–A–B, in which C is the tonic). If the scale has no tonic, the starting degree must be chosen arbitrarily. In set theory, for instance, the 12 degrees of the chromatic scal... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11096_chunk_0 | Scale degrees | In a more specific sense, scale degrees are given names that indicate their particular function within the scale (see table below). This implies a functional scale, as is the case in tonal music. This example gives the names of the functions of the scale degrees in the seven note diatonic scale. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11097_chunk_0 | Spiral array model | The extensions and applications are described in Mathematical and Computational Modeling of Tonality: Theory and Applications.The spiral array model can be viewed as a generalized tonnetz, which maps pitches into a two-dimensional lattice (array) structure. The spiral array wraps up the two-dimensional tonnetz into a t... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11098_chunk_0 | Spiral array model | For example, it is possible to model and measure geometrically the distance between a particular pitch and a particular key, both represented as points in the spiral array space. To preserve pitch spelling, because musically A# ≠ Bb in their function and usage, the spiral array does not assume enharmonic equivalence, i... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11099_chunk_0 | Wolf interval | In music theory, the wolf fifth (sometimes also called Procrustean fifth, or imperfect fifth) is a particularly dissonant musical interval spanning seven semitones. Strictly, the term refers to an interval produced by a specific tuning system, widely used in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries: the quarter-comma me... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
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