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wiki_11200_chunk_0 | Ordered pitch interval | In musical set theory, pitch-class intervals do not distinguish between octaves since pitch-classes themselves treat all octaves as being equivalent. There are two kinds of pitch-class intervals: ordered pitch-class interval (also called a pitch-interval class - PIC) unordered pitch-class interval (also called an 'inte... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11201_chunk_0 | Pitch interval | In musical set theory, there are four kinds of interval: Ordered pitch interval Unordered pitch interval Ordered pitch-class interval Unordered pitch-class interval | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11202_chunk_0 | Undecimal tuning | In musical temperament, the simple ratios of just intonation are mapped to nearby irrational approximations. This operation, if successful, does not change the relative harmonic complexity of the different intervals, but it can complicate the use of the harmonic limit concept. Since some chords (such as the diminished ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11203_chunk_0 | Ground bass | Once the vamp section is over, the music continues to the next section. The vamp may be written by the composer of the song, a copyist employed by the publisher, or the arranger for the vocalist. The vamp serves three main purposes: it provides the key, establishes the tempo, and provides emotional context. The vamp ma... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11204_chunk_0 | Hexany | The edges of the octahedron show musical intervals between the vertices, usually chosen to be consonant intervals from the harmonic series. The points represent musical notes, and the three notes that make each of the triangular faces represent musical triads. Wilson also pointed out and explored the idea of melodic He... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11205_chunk_0 | Stringed instruments | In musicology, string instruments are known as chordophones. It is one of the five main divisions of instruments in the Hornbostel–Sachs scheme of musical instrument classification. Hornbostel–Sachs divides chordophones into two main groups: instruments without a resonator as an integral part of the instrument (which h... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11206_chunk_0 | Stringed instruments | Hornbostel and Sachs' criterion for determining which sub-group an instrument falls into is that if the resonator can be removed without destroying the instrument, then it is classified as 31. The idea that the piano's casing, which acts as a resonator, could be removed without destroying the instrument, may seem odd, ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11207_chunk_0 | Cyclin-dependent kinase 6 | In mutant Knockout mice of CDK6, the hematopoietic function is impaired, regardless of otherwise organism normal development. This might hint additional roles of CDK6 in the development of blood components. There are additional functions of CDK6 not associated with its kinase activity. For example, CDK6 is involved in ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11208_chunk_0 | Melanocortin 1 receptor | In mutant yellow-orange mice and human redheads, both with nonfunctional MC1R, both genotypes display reduced sensitivity to noxious stimuli and increased analgesic responsiveness to morphine-metabolite analgesics. These observations suggest a role for mammalian MC1R outside the pigment cell, though the exact mechanism... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11209_chunk_0 | Amyloid (mycology) | In mycology a tissue or feature is said to be amyloid if it has a positive amyloid reaction when subjected to a crude chemical test using iodine as an ingredient of either Melzer's reagent or Lugol's solution, producing a blue to blue-black staining. The term "amyloid" is derived from the Latin amyloideus ("starch-like... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11210_chunk_0 | Amyloid (mycology) | The test can be on microscopic features, such as spore walls or hyphal walls, or the apical apparatus or entire ascus wall of an ascus, or be a macroscopic reaction on tissue where a drop of the reagent is applied. Negative reactions, called inamyloid or nonamyloid, are for structures that remain pale yellow-brown or c... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11211_chunk_0 | Adnate gills | For instance, Lactarius species typically seep latex from their gills. It was originally believed that all gilled fungi were Agaricales, but as fungi were studied in more detail, some gilled species were demonstrated not to be. It is now clear that this is a case of convergent evolution (i.e. gill-like structures evolv... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11212_chunk_0 | Adnate gills | Such polypore-like fungi such as daedaleopsis confragosa, Lenzites betulina and Gloeophyllum sepiarium.Members of the two related genera of chanterelles, Cantharellus and Craterellus, have rudimentary lamellar structures which are sometimes referred to as "false gills". They are distinguished from "true gills" because ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11213_chunk_0 | Nurse cell | In mycology, a nurse cell is any hyphae that supplies food material to spores that have detached from the basidia; used especially in reference to taxa from the family Sclerodermataceae. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11214_chunk_0 | Sanctioned name | In mycology, a sanctioned name is a name that was adopted (but not necessarily coined) in certain works of Christiaan Hendrik Persoon or Elias Magnus Fries, which are considered major points in fungal taxonomy. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11215_chunk_0 | Anastomosis | Once encountering the tip of another expanding, exploring self, the tips press against each other in pheromonal recognition or by an unknown recognition system, fusing to form a genetic singular clonal colony that can cover hectares called a genet or just microscopical areas.For fungi, anastomosis is also a component o... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11216_chunk_0 | Ruxolitinib | In myelofibrosis, the most common side effects include thrombocytopenia (low blood platelet counts), anaemia (low red blood cell counts), neutropenia (low levels of neutrophils), urinary tract infections (infection of the kidney, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder or urethra), bleeding, bruising, weight gain, hypercholester... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11217_chunk_0 | IRF8 | In myeloid cells, IRF8 regulates the expression of Bax and Fas to regulate apoptosis. In chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), IRF8 regulates acid ceramidase to mediate CML apoptosis.IRF8 is highly expressed in myeloid cells and was originally identified in as a critical lineage-specific transcription factor for myeloid ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11218_chunk_0 | Strain rate imaging | In myocardial infarction, a limited region of the heart muscle has reduced or totally absent function. It has been shown to be at least as accurate as B-mode echocardiography. Deformation imaging has also been shown to be useful in following recovery of an infarcted myocardial area, to ascertain the amount of Myocardia... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11219_chunk_0 | Calcium ATPase | In myocytes (muscle cells) Ca2+ is normally sequestered (isolated) in a specialized form of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) called sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). It is a Ca2+ ATPase that transfers Ca2+ from the cytosol of the cell to the lumen of the SR at the expense of ATP hydrolysis during muscle relaxation. In the skeleta... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11220_chunk_0 | Actin, cytoplasmic 2 | Additional studies have shown that gamma-actin colocalizes with alpha-actinin and GFP-labeled gamma actin localized to Z-discs, whereas GFP-alpha-actin localized to pointed ends of thin filaments, indicating that gamma actin specifically localizes to Z-discs in striated muscle cells.During development of myocytes, gamm... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11221_chunk_0 | Hypanthium | The nectar is a sugary substance that attracts birds and bees to the flower, who then take the pollen from the lining of the hypanthium and transfer it to the next flower they visit, usually a neighbouring plant.The stamens borne on the hypanthium are the pollen-producing reproductive organs of the flower. The hypanthi... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11222_chunk_0 | Hypanthium | The retained pollen can then attach to pollinators such as birds, bees, moths, beetles, bats, butterflies and other animals. Wind can act as an instigator for fertilisation. The hypanthium is also an adaptive feature for structural support. It helps the stem fuse with the flower, in turn strengthening the bond and over... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11223_chunk_0 | Underwater panther | In mythologies of the indigenous peoples of the Great Lakes, underwater panthers are described as water monsters that live in opposition to the Thunderbirds, masters of the powers of the air. Underwater Panthers are seen as an opposing yet complementary force to the Thunderbirds, and they are engaged in eternal conflic... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11224_chunk_0 | Soddy circle | In n {\displaystyle n} -dimensional Euclidean space, the maximum number of mutually tangent hyperspheres is n + 2 {\displaystyle n+2} . For example, in 3-dimensional space, five spheres can be mutually tangent. The curvatures of the hyperspheres satisfy with the case k i = 0 {\displaystyle k_{i}=0} corresponding to a f... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11225_chunk_0 | Conformal Killing vector field | In n {\displaystyle n} -dimensional flat space, that is Euclidean space or pseudo-Euclidean space, there exist globally flat coordinates in which we have a constant metric g μ ν = η μ ν {\displaystyle g_{\mu \nu }=\eta _{\mu \nu }} where in space with signature ( p , q ) {\displaystyle (p,q)} , we have components ( η μ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11226_chunk_0 | Conformal Killing vector field | These generate the Poincaré group of isometries of flat space. Considering the ansatz X μ = M μ ν x ν , {\displaystyle X^{\mu }=M^{\mu \nu }x_{\nu },} , we remove the antisymmetric part of M μ ν {\displaystyle M^{\mu \nu }} as this corresponds to known solutions, and we're looking for new solutions. Then M μ ν {\displa... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11227_chunk_0 | Conformal Killing vector field | It follows that this is a dilatation, with M ν μ = λ δ ν μ {\displaystyle M_{\nu }^{\mu }=\lambda \delta _{\nu }^{\mu }} for real λ {\displaystyle \lambda } , and corresponding Killing vector X μ = λ x μ {\displaystyle X^{\mu }=\lambda x^{\mu }} . From the general solution there are n {\displaystyle n} more generators,... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11228_chunk_0 | Scale (geometry) | In n {\displaystyle n} -dimensional space R n {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}} , uniform scaling by a factor v {\displaystyle v} is accomplished by scalar multiplication with v {\displaystyle v} , that is, multiplying each coordinate of each point by v {\displaystyle v} . As a special case of linear transformation, it ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11229_chunk_0 | Scale (geometry) | A special case is a diagonal matrix, with arbitrary numbers v 1 , v 2 , … v n {\displaystyle v_{1},v_{2},\ldots v_{n}} along the diagonal: the axes of scaling are then the coordinate axes, and the transformation scales along each axis i {\displaystyle i} by the factor v i {\displaystyle v_{i}} . In uniform scaling with... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11230_chunk_0 | Gate voltage | In n-channel enhancement-mode devices, a conductive channel does not exist naturally within the transistor, and a positive gate-to-source voltage is necessary to create one such. The positive voltage attracts free-floating electrons within the body towards the gate, forming a conductive channel. But first, enough elect... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11231_chunk_0 | Gate voltage | The reverse is true for the p-channel "enhancement-mode" MOS transistor. When VGS = 0 the device is “OFF” and the channel is open / non-conducting. The application of a negative gate voltage to the p-type "enhancement-mode" MOSFET enhances the channels conductivity turning it “ON”. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11232_chunk_0 | Gate voltage | In contrast, n-channel depletion-mode devices have a conductive channel naturally existing within the transistor. Accordingly, the term threshold voltage does not readily apply to turning such devices on, but is used instead to denote the voltage level at which the channel is wide enough to allow electrons to flow easi... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11233_chunk_0 | Gate voltage | For the n-channel depletion MOS transistor, a negative gate-source voltage will deplete (hence its name) the conductive channel of its free electrons switching the transistor “OFF”. Likewise for a p-channel "depletion-mode" MOS transistor a positive gate-source voltage will deplete the channel of its free holes, turnin... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11234_chunk_0 | Gate voltage | In the figures, the source (left side) and drain (right side) are labeled n+ to indicate heavily doped (blue) n-regions. The depletion layer dopant is labeled NA− to indicate that the ions in the (pink) depletion layer are negatively charged and there are very few holes. In the (red) bulk the number of holes p = NA mak... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11235_chunk_0 | Gate voltage | If the gate voltage is below the threshold voltage (left figure), the "enhancement-mode" transistor is turned off and ideally there is no current from the drain to the source of the transistor. In fact, there is a current even for gate biases below the threshold (subthreshold leakage) current, although it is small and ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11236_chunk_0 | Gate voltage | If the gate voltage is above the threshold voltage (right figure), the "enhancement-mode" transistor is turned on, due to there being many electrons in the channel at the oxide-silicon interface, creating a low-resistance channel where charge can flow from drain to source. For voltages significantly above the threshold... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11237_chunk_0 | Euclidean tensor | In n-dimensional Euclidean space over the real numbers, R n {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}} , the standard basis is denoted e1, e2, e3, ... en. Each basis vector ei points along the positive xi axis, with the basis being orthonormal. Component j of ei is given by the Kronecker delta: A vector in R n {\displaystyle \ma... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11238_chunk_0 | Root-mean-square speed | In n-dimensional space, Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution becomes: Speed distribution becomes: The following integral result is useful: where Γ ( z ) {\displaystyle \Gamma (z)} is the Gamma function. This result can be used to calculate the moments of speed distribution function: which is the mean speed itself v a v g = ⟨... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11239_chunk_0 | Root-mean-square speed | {\textstyle v_{\rm {rms}}={\sqrt {\langle v^{2}\rangle }}={\sqrt {\frac {nkT}{m}}}.} The derivative of speed distribution function: This yields the most probable speed (mode) v p = ( n − 1 ) k T m . {\textstyle v_{\rm {p}}={\sqrt {\frac {(n-1)kT}{m}}}.} | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11240_chunk_0 | Linear alkane conformation | In n-pentane, the terminal methyl groups experience additional pentane interference. Replacing hydrogen by fluorine in polytetrafluoroethylene changes the stereochemistry from the zigzag geometry to that of a helix due to electrostatic repulsion of the fluorine atoms in the 1,3 positions. Evidence for the helix structu... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11241_chunk_0 | Naïve set theory | In naive set theory, a set is described as a well-defined collection of objects. These objects are called the elements or members of the set. Objects can be anything: numbers, people, other sets, etc. For instance, 4 is a member of the set of all even integers. Clearly, the set of even numbers is infinitely large; ther... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11242_chunk_0 | Plasmonic lens | In nano-optics, a plasmonic lens generally refers to a lens for surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs), i.e. a device that redirects SPPs to converge towards a single focal point. Because SPPs can have very small wavelength, they can converge into a very small and very intense spot, much smaller than the free space waveleng... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11243_chunk_0 | Plasmonic lens | The slits transport electromagnetic energy in the form of SPPs in nano meter sized waveguides and provide desired phase adjustments for manipulating the beam of light. The scientists claim that it is an improvement over other subwavelength imaging techniques, such as "superlenses", where the object and image are confin... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11244_chunk_0 | Virtual breakdown mechanism | In nanogap cells the high electric field can distribute uniformly across the entire gap (see section "Electric field distribution"). This is different from ion transport in the macrosystem: now newly generated OH− ions can immediately migrate from cathode to anode. In the case where the two electrodes are close enough,... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11245_chunk_0 | Virtual breakdown mechanism | In this way the entire reaction can keep going and not self-limit. Notice that for pure water electrolysis in nanogap cells, the net OH− ion accumulation near the anode not only increases the local reactant concentration but also decreases the overpotential requirement (as in the Frumkin effect). According to Butler–Vo... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11246_chunk_0 | Carbon nanobud | In nanotechnology, a carbon nanobud is a material that combines carbon nanotubes and spheroidal fullerenes, both allotropes of carbon, forming "buds" attached to the tubes. Carbon nanobuds were discovered and synthesized in 2006.In this material, fullerenes are bonded with covalent bonds to the outer sidewalls of the u... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11247_chunk_0 | Carbon nanotubes in interconnects | In nanotechnology, carbon nanotube interconnects refer to the proposed use of carbon nanotubes in the interconnects between the elements of an integrated circuit. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) can be thought of as single atomic layer graphite sheets rolled up to form seamless cylinders. Depending on the direction on which th... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11248_chunk_0 | Carbon nanotubes in interconnects | Electron transport can go over long nanotube lengths, 1 μm, enabling CNTs to carry very high currents (i.e. up to a current density of 109 A∙cm−2) with essentially no heating due to nearly one dimensional electronic structure. Despite the current saturation in CNTs at high fields, the mitigation of such effects is poss... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11249_chunk_0 | Gold nanorods | Standard aspect ratios (length divided by width) are 3-5. Nanorods are produced by direct chemical synthesis. A combination of ligands act as shape control agents and bond to different facets of the nanorod with different strengths. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11250_chunk_0 | Gold nanorods | Nanorods, along with other noble metal nanoparticles, also function as theragnostic agents. Nanorods absorb in the near IR, and generate heat when excited with IR light. This property has led to the use of nanorods as cancer therapeutics. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11251_chunk_0 | Gold nanorods | Nanorods can be conjugated with tumor targeting motifs and ingested. When a patient is exposed to IR light (which passes through body tissue), nanorods selectively taken up by tumor cells are locally heated, destroying only the cancerous tissue while leaving healthy cells intact. Nanorods based on semiconducting materi... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11252_chunk_0 | Fail-safes in nanotechnology | In nanotechnology, particularly in nanobots, the need for a sound programming architecture is very important due to a potentially higher risk of damage in the event of a malfunction. A two-layer approach can be used to control nano-devices: (1) by providing a preprogrammed fail-safe functionality in case of anticipated... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11253_chunk_0 | Phased-array optics | In nanotechnology, phased-array optics refers to arrays of lasers or SLMs with addressable phase and amplitude elements smaller than a wavelength of light. While still theoretical, such high-resolution arrays would permit extremely realistic three-dimensional image display by dynamic holography with no unwanted orders ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11254_chunk_0 | Second-person narrative | In narratives using present tense, the events of the plot are depicted as occurring in the narrator's current moment of time. A recent example of novels narrated in the present tense are those of the Hunger Games trilogy by Suzanne Collins. Present tense can also be used to narrate events in the reader's past. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11255_chunk_0 | Actant | In narrative theory, actant is a term from the actantial model of semiotic analysis of narratives. It refers to a way of describing the roles different characters have in advancing a narrative. The term also has uses in linguistics, sociology, computer programming theory, and astrology. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11256_chunk_0 | Transmediality | In narratology and new media studies, the term transmediality is frequently used to refer to the concept of transmedia storytelling, which was coined by Henry Jenkins in 2006. Transmedia storytelling is the technique of unfolding a story across multiple media platforms, “with each new text making a distinctive and valu... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11257_chunk_0 | Ad Hoc | In national and sub-national governance, ad hoc bodies may be established to deal with specific problems not easily accommodated by the current structure of governance or to address multi-faceted issues spanning several areas of governance. In the UK and other commonwealth countries, ad hoc Royal Commissions may be set... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11258_chunk_0 | Net national income | In national income accounting, net national income (NNI) is net national product (NNP) minus indirect taxes. Net national income encompasses the income of households, businesses, and the government. Net national income is defined as gross domestic product plus net receipts of wages, salaries and property income from ab... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11259_chunk_0 | Excessive force | In nations with a reputation for having a high number of drug-related issues, including gang violence, drug trafficking, and overdose deaths, one common solution that government will enact is a collective campaign against drugs that spans the entirety of the state's establishment. Changes to address these issues encomp... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11260_chunk_0 | Native chemical ligation | In native chemical ligation, the ionized thiol group of an N-terminal cysteine residue of an unprotected peptide attacks the C-terminal thioester of a second unprotected peptide, in an aqueous buffer at pH 7.0 and room temperature. This transthioesterification step is reversible in the presence of an aryl thiol catalys... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11261_chunk_0 | Native chemical ligation | The most effective and commonly used thiol catalyst is 4-mercaptophenylacetic acid (MPAA), (ref). Regioselectivity:The key feature of native chemical ligation of unprotected peptides is the reversibility of the first step, the thiol(ate)–thioester exchange reaction. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11262_chunk_0 | Native chemical ligation | Native chemical ligation is exquisitely regioselective because that thiol(ate)–thioester exchange step is freely reversible in the presence of an added arylthiol catalyst. The high yields of final ligation product obtained, even in the presence of internal Cys residues in either/both segments, is the result of the irre... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11263_chunk_0 | Clinical trial protocol | In natural and social science research, a protocol is most commonly a predefined procedural method in the design and implementation of an experiment. Protocols are written whenever it is desirable to standardize a laboratory method to ensure successful replication of results by others in the same laboratory or by other... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11264_chunk_0 | Quantitative notrump bids | In natural bidding systems most notrump (NT) bids are made with balanced hands and within a narrowly defined high card point (HCP) range. In these systems, such as Acol and Standard American, NT bids are limit bids and therefore are not forcing. Bearing in mind the need to bid only to the optimum contract and no higher... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11265_chunk_0 | Electron resonance imaging | In natural conditions, free radicals are characterised with an extremely short lifespan, so in order to capture the EPR signal, an external molecule with a stable free radical must be delivered. Usually it happens by injection into the animal's body. There are two main classes of spin probes used for imaging: nitroxide... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11266_chunk_0 | Electron resonance imaging | The issue with these type of spin probes is their fast reduction, which sometimes leads to loss of the EPR signal. Triarylmethyl radicals are characterised by a far longer lifespan, and an increased stability towards reducing and oxidising biological agents. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11267_chunk_0 | Electron resonance imaging | They are perfect for measuring the oxygen concentration, pH, thiol concentrations, inorganic phosphate and redox status. Although, the aforementioned spin probes are the most popular choice, there are many more that can be used in ERI. One of many examples is melanin – a polymeric pigment that contains a mixture of eum... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11268_chunk_0 | Sequent calculus | In natural deduction, judgments have the shape A 1 , A 2 , … , A n ⊢ B {\displaystyle A_{1},A_{2},\ldots ,A_{n}\vdash B} where the A i {\displaystyle A_{i}} 's and B {\displaystyle B} are again formulae and n ≥ 0 {\displaystyle n\geq 0} . Permutations of the A i {\displaystyle A_{i}} 's are immaterial. In other words, ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11269_chunk_0 | Sequent calculus | The theorems are those formulae B {\displaystyle B} such that ⊢ B {\displaystyle \vdash B} (with an empty left-hand side) is the conclusion of a valid proof. (In some presentations of natural deduction, the A i {\displaystyle A_{i}} s and the turnstile are not written down explicitly; instead a two-dimensional notation... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11270_chunk_0 | Animal overpopulation | This has the effect of reducing plant biodiversity, as the cattle consume native plants. Because such cattle populations begin to starve and die in the winter as available forage drops, this has caused animal rights activists to advocate supplemental feeding, which has the effect of exacerbating the ecological effects,... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11271_chunk_0 | Ecosystem respiration | In natural ecosystems, the greatest utilization of carbon is through the uptake of carbon in photosynthesis and the second greatest utilization of carbon is through the release of carbon in cellular respiration. minute changes to these two fluxes can have a larger effect on the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. These t... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11272_chunk_0 | Ecosystem respiration | The evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis in the atmosphere amplified the productivity of the biosphere, increasing biodiversity. With the presence of photosynthesis providing oxygen to the atmosphere, respiration soon evolved to provide the necessary components photosynthesis demanded to function. This coevolution of p... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11273_chunk_0 | Optically stimulated luminescence thermochronometry | In natural environment, crystal lattices of quartz and/or feldspar are bombarded with radiation released from radiogenic source such as in -situ radioactive decay. As the crystals are irradiated, charges are stored up in their crystallographic defects. The charge trapping process involves atomic-scale ionic substitutio... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11274_chunk_0 | Effective fitness | In natural evolution and artificial evolution (e.g. artificial life and evolutionary computation) the fitness (or performance or objective measure) of a schema is rescaled to give its effective fitness which takes into account crossover and mutation. Effective fitness is used in Evolutionary Computation to understand p... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11275_chunk_0 | Effective fitness | When this equilibrium is reached, the maximum effective fitness of the population is achieved.Problem solving with evolutionary computation is realized with a cost function. If cost functions are applied to swarm optimization they are called a fitness function. Strategies like reinforcement learning and NEAT neuroevolu... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11276_chunk_0 | Effective fitness | It advances in the qualitatively and quantitatively understanding of evolutionary concepts like bloat, self-adaptation, and evolutionary robustness. While reproductive fitness only looks at pure selection, effective fitness describes the flow of a population and natural selection by taking genetic operators into accoun... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11277_chunk_0 | Pilot lamp | In natural gas furnaces, water heaters, and room heating systems, a safety cut-off switch is normally included so that the gas supply to the pilot and heating system is shut off by an electrically operated valve if the pilot light goes out. This cut-off switch usually detects the pilot light in one of several ways: A f... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11278_chunk_0 | Pilot lamp | A photoresistor is used to detect the light from the pilot lamp. When the pilot light goes out, electrical circuitry connected to the photoresistor shuts off the gas valve. Use of a pilot generator or a thermocouple in the flame provides heating appliance safety as it generates enough electric current from the burning ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11279_chunk_0 | Pilot lamp | If the pilot light goes out, the pilot generator cools off and the current stops, closing the gas valve.Other units use a non-electrical approach, where the pilot heats a bimetallic element or a gas-filled tube to exert mechanical pressure to keep the gas valve open. If the pilot fails, the valve closes. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11280_chunk_0 | British thermal unit | In natural gas pricing, the Canadian definition is that 1,000,000 Btu ≡ 1.054615 GJ. The energy content (high or low heating value) of a volume of natural gas varies with the composition of the natural gas, which means there is no universal conversion factor for energy to volume. 1 cubic foot (28 litres) of average nat... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11281_chunk_0 | Convict cichlid | In natural habitats, the species has an omnivorous diet composed of plants, algae and various prey including small fish, crustaceans, insects and worms. The fish can protrude its jaw 4.2% of its standard length, allowing it to have a varied diet. Inferior social status and associated stress can affect digestive functio... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11282_chunk_0 | Text graph | In natural language processing (NLP), a text graph is a graph representation of a text item (document, passage or sentence). It is typically created as a preprocessing step to support NLP tasks such as text condensationterm disambiguation (topic-based) text summarization, relation extraction and textual entailment. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11283_chunk_0 | Word embedding | In natural language processing (NLP), a word embedding is a representation of a word. The embedding is used in text analysis. Typically, the representation is a real-valued vector that encodes the meaning of the word in such a way that words that are closer in the vector space are expected to be similar in meaning. Wor... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11284_chunk_0 | Explicit semantic analysis | In natural language processing and information retrieval, explicit semantic analysis (ESA) is a vectoral representation of text (individual words or entire documents) that uses a document corpus as a knowledge base. Specifically, in ESA, a word is represented as a column vector in the tf–idf matrix of the text corpus a... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11285_chunk_0 | Brown clustering | In natural language processing, Brown clustering or IBM clustering is a form of hierarchical clustering of words based on the contexts in which they occur, proposed by Peter Brown, William A. Brown, Vincent Della Pietra, Peter de Souza, Jennifer Lai, and Robert Mercer of IBM in the context of language modeling. The int... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11286_chunk_0 | Latent Dirichlet allocation | In natural language processing, Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) is a Bayesian network (and, therefore, a generative statistical model) that explains a set of observations through unobserved groups, and each group explains why some parts of the data are similar. The LDA is an example of a Bayesian topic model. In this... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11287_chunk_0 | Perplexity | In natural language processing, a corpus is a set of sentences or texts, and a language model is a probability distribution over entire sentences or texts. Consequently, in NLP, the more commonly used measure is perplexity per word, defined as: where s 1 , . . . | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11288_chunk_0 | Perplexity | , s n {\displaystyle s_{1},...,s_{n}} are the n {\displaystyle n} sentences in the corpus, but N {\displaystyle N} is the number of words in the corpus. This normalizes the perplexity by the length of the text, allowing for more meaningful comparisons between different texts or models. Suppose the average sentence xi i... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11289_chunk_0 | Hallucination (artificial intelligence) | In natural language processing, a hallucination is often defined as "generated content that is nonsensical or unfaithful to the provided source content". Depending on whether the output contradicts the prompt or not they could be divided to closed-domain and open-domain respectively.Hallucination was shown to be a stat... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11290_chunk_0 | Hallucination (artificial intelligence) | Hallucinations can also occur when the AI is trained on a dataset wherein labeled summaries, despite being factually accurate, are not directly grounded in the labeled data purportedly being "summarized". Larger datasets can create a problem of parametric knowledge (knowledge that is hard-wired in learned system parame... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11291_chunk_0 | Hallucination (artificial intelligence) | Meta withdrew Galactica on 17 November due to offensiveness and inaccuracy.There are several reasons for natural language models to hallucinate data. For example: Hallucination from data: There are divergences in the source content (which would often happen with large training data sets). Hallucination from training: H... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11292_chunk_0 | One-hot encoding | In natural language processing, a one-hot vector is a 1 × N matrix (vector) used to distinguish each word in a vocabulary from every other word in the vocabulary. The vector consists of 0s in all cells with the exception of a single 1 in a cell used uniquely to identify the word. One-hot encoding ensures that machine l... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11293_chunk_0 | Sentence embedding | In natural language processing, a sentence embedding refers to a numeric representation of a sentence in the form of a vector of real numbers which encodes meaningful semantic information.State of the art embeddings are based on the learned hidden layer representation of dedicated sentence transformer models. BERT pion... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11294_chunk_0 | Sentence embedding | An alternative direction is to aggregate word embeddings, such as those returned by Word2vec, into sentence embeddings. The most straightforward approach is to simply compute the average of word vectors, known as continuous bag-of-words (CBOW). However, more elaborate solutions based on word vector quantization have al... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11295_chunk_0 | Answer-set programming | In natural language processing, dependency-based parsing can be formulated as an ASP problem. The following code parses the Latin sentence "Puella pulchra in villa linguam latinam discit", "the pretty girl is learning Latin in the villa". The syntax tree is expressed by the arc predicates which represent the dependenci... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11296_chunk_0 | Deterministic parsing | The deterministic behavior is desired and expected in compiling programming languages. In natural language processing, it was thought for a long time that deterministic parsing is impossible due to ambiguity inherent in natural languages (many sentences have more than one plausible parse). Thus, non-deterministic appro... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11297_chunk_0 | Tree kernel | In natural language processing, it is often necessary to compare tree structures (e.g. parse trees) for similarity. Such comparisons can be performed by computing dot products of vectors of features of the trees, but these vectors tend to be very large: NLP techniques have come to a point where a simple dependency rela... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11298_chunk_0 | Multinomial logistic regression | In natural language processing, multinomial LR classifiers are commonly used as an alternative to naive Bayes classifiers because they do not assume statistical independence of the random variables (commonly known as features) that serve as predictors. However, learning in such a model is slower than for a naive Bayes ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11299_chunk_0 | Speech segmentation | In natural languages, the meaning of a complex spoken sentence can be understood by decomposing it into smaller lexical segments (roughly, the words of the language), associating a meaning to each segment, and combining those meanings according to the grammar rules of the language. Though lexical recognition is not tho... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
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