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wiki_7900_chunk_0 | Disease spread | Contamination usually occurs in the presence of the host. Particle size > 5 μm. direct physical contact – touching an infected individual, including sexual contact indirect physical contact – usually by touching a contaminated surface, including soil (fomite) fecal–oral transmission – usually from unwashed hands, conta... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7901_chunk_0 | Silver ions | The silver ion is bioactive and in sufficient concentration readily kills bacteria in vitro. Silver ions interfere with enzymes in the bacteria that transport nutrients, form structures, and synthesise cell walls; these ions also bond with the bacteria's genetic material. Silver and silver nanoparticles are used as an ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7902_chunk_0 | Silver ions | Bacteria can, however, develop resistance to the antimicrobial action of silver. Silver compounds are taken up by the body like mercury compounds, but lack the toxicity of the latter. Silver and its alloys are used in cranial surgery to replace bone, and silver–tin–mercury amalgams are used in dentistry. Silver diammin... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7903_chunk_0 | Ilizarov apparatus | In medicine, the Ilizarov apparatus is a type of external fixation apparatus used in orthopedic surgery to lengthen or to reshape the damaged bones of an arm or a leg; used as a limb-sparing technique for treating complex fractures and open bone fractures; and used to treat an infected non-union of bones, which cannot ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7904_chunk_0 | Cingulate island sign | In medicine, the cingulate island sign is a finding on FDG-PET brain scans that metabolism in the posterior cingulate cortex is preserved. It can help to identify dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and distinguish it from Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. == References == | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7905_chunk_0 | Dense artery sign | In medicine, the dense artery sign or hyperdense artery sign is an increased radiodensity of an artery as seen on computer tomography (CT) scans, and is a radiologic sign of early ischemic stroke. In earlier studies of medical imaging in patients with strokes, it was the earliest sign of ischemic stroke in a significan... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7906_chunk_0 | Photon diffusion | In medicine, the diffusion of photons can be used to create images of the body (mainly brain and breast) and has contributed much to the advance of certain fields of research, such as neuroscience. This technique is known as diffuse optical imaging. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7907_chunk_0 | Fluid wave test | In medicine, the fluid wave test or fluid thrill test is a test for ascites (free fluid in the peritoneal cavity). It is performed by having the patient (or a colleague) push their hands down on the midline of the abdomen. The examiner then taps one flank, while feeling on the other flank for the tap. The pressure on t... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7908_chunk_0 | Fluid wave test | The result is considered positive if tap can be felt on the other side. However, even with the midline pressure, transmission through the skin must be excluded. A positive fluid wave test indicates that there is a free fluid (ascites) in the abdomen. When one side of the abdomen is pressed, the other side may also be p... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7909_chunk_0 | Hygiene hypothesis | In medicine, the hygiene hypothesis states that early childhood exposure to particular microorganisms (such as the gut flora and helminth parasites) protects against allergies by strengthening the immune system. In particular, a lack of such exposure is thought to lead to poor immune tolerance. The time period for expo... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7910_chunk_0 | Hygiene hypothesis | There is a significant amount of evidence supporting the idea that lack of exposure to these microbes is linked to allergies or other conditions, although it is still rejected by many scientists.The term "hygiene hypothesis" has been described as a misnomer because people incorrectly interpret it as referring to their ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7911_chunk_0 | Ileo-anal pouch | After disease removal, standard medical screening exams for pouch candidates include but are not limited to biopsies, radiology imaging, sphincter function tests, fertility consultations for people of childbearing age with the wish to get pregnant, and psychological support due to intensity of the pouch operations.A si... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7912_chunk_0 | Ileo-anal pouch | The procedure was first premiered by Finnish surgeon Dr. Nils Koch in Sweden during 1969. It was an evolution in bowel surgery because it created an ileum pouch for storage of waste inside the body eliminating the need for an external bag for waste collection. An ileostomy without a Koch pouch functions constantly, mea... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7913_chunk_0 | Mean arterial pressure | In medicine, the mean arterial pressure (MAP) is an average calculated blood pressure in an individual during a single cardiac cycle. Although methods of estimating MAP vary, a common calculation is to take one-third of the pulse pressure (the difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures), and add that amoun... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7914_chunk_0 | Mean systemic pressure | In medicine, the mean systemic pressure (mean systemic filling pressure (MSFP)) is defined as the mean pressure that exists in the circulatory system when there is no blood motion. A similar term, mean circulatory filling pressure, (MCFP) is defined as the mean pressure that exists in the combined circulatory system & ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7915_chunk_0 | Mean systemic pressure | MSFP is measured after clamping the aortic root and the great veins at point of entry to right atrium. On the other hand, MCFP is measured experimentally by briefly inducing cardiac arrest or naturally during cardiac arrest once the blood redistributes. It may also be estimated in vivo using a series of inspiratory hol... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7916_chunk_0 | Mean systemic pressure | It can be used to demonstrate effects of drugs on the venous tone while the circulating blood volume remains constant, or to measure haemodynamic changes during haemorrhage.Mean systemic pressure increases if there is an increase in blood volume or if there is a decrease in venous compliance (where blood is shifted fro... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7917_chunk_0 | PCO2 | In medicine, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood is called P a CO 2 {\displaystyle P_{a_{{\ce {CO2}}}}} or PaCO2. Measurement of P a CO 2 {\displaystyle P_{a_{{\ce {CO2}}}}} in the systemic circulation indicates the effectiveness of ventilation at the lungs' alveoli, given the diffusing capacity of... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7918_chunk_0 | Abnormal liver function tests | In medicine, the presence of elevated transaminases, commonly the transaminases alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST), may be an indicator of liver dysfunction. Other terms include transaminasemia, transaminitis, and elevated liver enzymes (though they are not the only enzymes in the liver). Norma... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7919_chunk_0 | Abnormal liver function tests | Drug-induced increases such as that found with the use of anti-tuberculosis agents such as isoniazid are limited typically to below 100 U/L for either ALT or AST. Muscle sources of the enzymes, such as intense exercise, are unrelated to liver function and can markedly increase AST and ALT. Cirrhosis of the liver or ful... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7920_chunk_0 | Disulfiram | In medicine, the term "disulfiram effect" refers to an adverse effect of a particular medication in causing an unpleasant hypersensitivity to alcohol, similar to the effect caused by disulfiram administration.Examples: Antibiotics (nitroimidazoles), e.g. metronidazole First-generation sulfonylureas, e.g. tolbutamide an... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7921_chunk_0 | Sine qua non | In medicine, the term sine qua non (in contrast with pathognomonic) is often used in regard to any sign, symptom, or finding whose absence would very likely mean absence of the target disease or condition. The test for such a sign, symptom, or finding would thereby have very high sensitivity and thus would rarely miss ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7922_chunk_0 | Terminal drop hypothesis | In medicine, the terminal drop hypothesis is a hypothesis that a sharp reduction in cognitive capacity in older people is often correlated with impending death, typically within five years. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7923_chunk_0 | Cyborg | In medicine, there are two important and different types of cyborgs: the restorative and the enhanced. Restorative technologies "restore lost function, organs, and limbs." The key aspect of restorative cyborgization is the repair of broken or missing processes to revert to a healthy or average level of function. There ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7924_chunk_0 | Cyborg | On the contrary, the enhanced cyborg "follows a principle, and it is the principle of optimal performance: maximising output (the information or modifications obtained) and minimising input (the energy expended in the process)". Thus, the enhanced cyborg intends to exceed normal processes or even gain new functions tha... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7925_chunk_0 | Cyborg | Although prostheses in general supplement lost or damaged body parts with the integration of a mechanical artifice, bionic implants in medicine allow model organs or body parts to mimic the original function more closely. Michael Chorost wrote a memoir of his experience with cochlear implants, or bionic ears, titled Re... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7926_chunk_0 | Cyborg | The region of the brain is then stimulated by bursts of electric current to disrupt the oncoming surge of seizures. Like all invasive procedures, deep brain stimulation may put the patient at a higher risk. However, there have been more improvements in recent years with deep brain stimulation than any available drug tr... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7927_chunk_0 | Cyborg | This experimental device would do away with previously used robotic-sounding voice simulators. The transmission of sound would start with a surgery to redirect the nerve that controls the voice and sound production to a muscle in the neck, where a nearby sensor would be able to pick up its electrical signals. The signa... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7928_chunk_0 | Cyborg | That simulator would then vibrate producing a multi-tonal sound that could be shaped into words by the mouth.An article published in Nature Materials in 2012 reported research on "cyborg tissues" (engineered human tissues with embedded three-dimensional mesh of nanoscale wires), with possible medical implications.In 20... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7929_chunk_0 | Cyborg | The stretchable material and circuits of the apparatus were first constructed by Professor John A. Rogers in which the electrodes are arranged in an s-shape design to allow them to expand and bend without breaking. Although the device is only currently used as a research tool to study changes in heart rate, in the futu... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7930_chunk_0 | Vein graft failure | VGF may be identified in asymptomatic patients, but can also produce symptoms of ischemia, depending on the area of the supplied territory of the heart, and the function of native arteries and other grafts. VGF has been closely correlated with revascularization, myocardial infarction and death. Treatment of occluded GS... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7931_chunk_0 | Venipuncture | The median cubital vein, which lies within the cubital fossa anterior to the elbow, is close to the surface of the skin without many large nerves positioned nearby. Other veins that can be used in the cubital fossa for venipuncture include the cephalic, basilic, and median antebrachial veins.Minute quantities of blood ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7932_chunk_0 | Meteorite | In this he compiled all available data on several meteorite finds and falls concluded that they must have their origins in outer space. The scientific community of the time responded with resistance and mockery. It took nearly ten years before a general acceptance of the origin of meteorites was achieved through the wo... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7933_chunk_0 | Battlement | The surviving records of such licences, generally issued by letters patent, provide valuable evidence for the dating of ancient buildings. A list of licences issued by the English Crown between the 12th and the 16th centuries was compiled by Turner & Parker and expanded and corrected by Philip Davis and published in Th... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7934_chunk_0 | Battlement | The modern view, proposed notably by Charles Coulson, is that battlements became an architectural status-symbol much sought after by the socially ambitious, in Coulson's words: "Licences to crenellate were mainly symbolic representations of lordly status: castellation was the architectural expression of noble rank". Th... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7935_chunk_0 | Ear wax | Before waxed thread was commonly available, a seamstress would use her own earwax to stop the cut ends of threads from fraying. Earwax retains concentrations of cortisol over time. As cortisol levels change throughout the day and increase in response to stress, long-term measurements are difficult yet necessary. A 2020... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7936_chunk_0 | Natural dyes | In medieval Europe, purple, violet, murrey and similar colors were produced by dyeing wool with woad or indigo in the fleece and then piece-dyeing the woven cloth with red dyes, either the common madder or the luxury dyes kermes and cochineal. Madder could also produce purples when used with alum. Brazilwood also gave ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7937_chunk_0 | Natural dyes | Choctaw artists traditionally used maple (Acer sp.) to create lavender and purple dyes. Purples can also be derived from lichens, and from the berries of White Bryony from the northern Rocky Mountain states and mulberry (morus nigra) (with an acid mordant). | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7938_chunk_0 | Perp walk | In medieval Europe, the end of the judicial process, often an execution, was often its most public, and sometimes the only public, aspect. French philosopher Michel Foucault wrote in Discipline and Punish, his influential history of the evolution of criminal justice over the course of the Enlightenment: In France, as i... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7939_chunk_0 | Double vertical bar | In medieval European manuscripts, a single vertical bar was a common variant of the virgula ⟨/⟩ used as a period, scratch comma, and caesura mark.In Sanskrit and other Indian languages, a single vertical mark, a danda, has a similar function as a period (full stop). Two bars || (a 'double danda') is the equivalent of a... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7940_chunk_0 | Dream interpretation | In The Canon of Medicine, Avicenna extended the theory of temperaments to encompass "emotional aspects, mental capacity, moral attitudes, self-awareness, movements and dreams." Ibn Khaldun's Muqaddimah (1377) states that "confused dreams" are "pictures of the imagination that are stored inside by perception and to whic... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7941_chunk_0 | Synagogue architecture | The Alhambra has furnished inspiration for innumerable synagogues, but seldom have its graceful proportions or its delicate modeling and elaborate ornamentation been successfully copied. Moorish style, when adapted by the Ashkenazi was believed to have been a reference to the Golden Age of Spanish Jewry, it was not the... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7942_chunk_0 | Law enforcer | Throughout the Middle Ages such alliances were frequently formed by combinations of towns to protect the roads connecting them, and were occasionally extended to political purposes. Among the most powerful was the league of North Castilian and Basque ports, the Hermandad de las marismas: Toledo, Talavera, and Villarrea... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7943_chunk_0 | Law enforcer | In France during the Middle Ages, there were two Great Officers of the Crown of France with police responsibilities: The Marshal of France and the Grand Constable of France. The military policing responsibilities of the Marshal of France were delegated to the Marshal's provost, whose force was known as the Marshalcy be... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7944_chunk_0 | Law enforcer | The resulting force was also known as the Maréchaussée, or, formally, the Constabulary and Marshalcy of France. In late medieval Italian cities, police forces were known as berovierri. Individually, their members were known as birri. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7945_chunk_0 | Capital punishment | Many Christian martyrs were executed under the Islamic death penalty for defending their Christian faith through dramatic acts of resistance such as refusing to convert to Islam, repudiation of the Islamic religion and subsequent reconversion to Christianity, and blasphemy towards Muslim beliefs.Despite the wide use of... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7946_chunk_0 | Astrological aspect | Whether a planet is direct or retrograde is of great significance. An eclipse of the Sun or Moon is even more significant. The South Node of the Moon denotes innate wisdom from past experience while the North Node denotes karma and evolution. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7947_chunk_0 | Curtain wall (fortification) | Behind the parapet was a wall walk from which the defenders could fight or move from one part of the castle to another. Larger curtain walls were provided with mural passages or galleries built into the thickness of the walls and provided with arrowslits. If an enemy reached the foot of the wall, they became difficult ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7948_chunk_0 | Isagoge | In medieval textbooks, the all-important Arbor porphyriana ("Porphyrian Tree") illustrates his logical classification of substance. To this day, taxonomy benefits from concepts in Porphyry's Tree, in classifying living organisms: see cladistics. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7949_chunk_0 | London Stone (riparian) | In medieval times before the canalisation of the Thames, Staines, was the highest point at which the high tide was perceivable for a few minutes every semi-diurnal tide (twice a day), adding some millimetres to the water depth compared to more upstream parishes. This London Stone marked the upstream limit of the City's... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7950_chunk_0 | Breast plate | In some cases, further strength was added by a ridge running down through the centre of the plate. The first evidence for one-piece breastplates is from an altarpiece in the Pistoia cathedral dated to 1365. Complete, lightweight, one or two-piece breastplates were readily used by the first decade of the 15th century. T... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7951_chunk_0 | Offset agreement | defense companies. In addition, the establishment of new companies in "offset" venture capital, in "offset" marketing assistance: offset fulfillers that provide their support services to the defense and aerospace industry. While many offset programs originally evolved as a result of defense and aerospace sales, today m... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7952_chunk_0 | Offset agreement | The purpose of these industry meetings is to educate, and to foster relationships between the various offset obligors and beneficiaries so that real and sustainable economic benefits can be delivered to nations who are seeking to improve their respective economies. Offsets and Industrial Partnership programs have been ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7953_chunk_0 | Mush zone | In mediumwave broadcasting, a mush zone is a region where the ground wave and sky wave from a transmitter are received at approximately equal signal strength, resulting in interference between the two, which will typically cause fading and distorted audio. The effect can reduce the coverage area of a transmission at ni... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7954_chunk_0 | Griscelli syndrome | This transfer is necessary for the transport of melanosomes from the perinuclear area to the cell periphery. The loss of any one of these proteins interrupts melanosome transport and results in the hypopigmentation.However, these three proteins do not work together in other cells and RAB27A effectors may be 'mix and ma... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7955_chunk_0 | Cyclin-dependent kinase 2 | In melanocytic cell types, expression of the CDK2 gene is regulated by the Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7956_chunk_0 | IRF4 | In melanocytic cells the IRF4 gene may be regulated by MITF. IRF4 is a transcription factor that has been implicated in acute leukemia. This gene is strongly associated with pigmentation: sensitivity of skin to sun exposure, freckles, blue eyes, and brown hair color. A variant has been implicated in greying of hair.The... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7957_chunk_0 | IRF4 | This indolent lymphoma mimics, and must be distinguished from, pediatric-type follicular lymphoma. The hallmark of large B-cell lymphoma with IRF4 rearrangement is the overexpression of the IRF4 gene by the disease's malignant cells. This overexpression is forced by the acquisition in these cells of a translocation of ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7958_chunk_0 | Intrinsic checkpoint blockade | In melanoma, a resected melanoma specimen is digested into a single-cell suspension or divided into multiple tumor fragments. The result is individually grown in IL-2. Lymphocytes overgrow. They destroy the tumors in the sample within 2 to 3 weeks. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7959_chunk_0 | Intrinsic checkpoint blockade | 5–6 weeks after resecting the tumor, up to 1011 lymphocytes can be obtained.Prior to infusion, a lymphodepleting preparative regimen is undergone, typically 60 mg/kg cyclophosphamide for 2 days and 25 mg/m2 fludarabine administered for 5 days. This substantially increases infused cell persistence and the incidence and ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7960_chunk_0 | Intrinsic checkpoint blockade | In early trials, preparing engineered T cells cost $75,000 to manufacture cells for each patient.Interleukin-2 is normally added to the extracted T cells to boost their effectiveness, but in high doses it can have a toxic effect. The reduced number of injected T cells is accompanied by reduced IL-2, thereby reducing si... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7961_chunk_0 | Melt spinning | Generally, the velocity of the drum's surface must be between 10 m/s and 60 m/s in order to avoid the formation of globules (droplets) or breaking the ribbon respectively. Once the stream contacts the drum's surface, a small puddle of melt (molten material) is formed. Due to the low viscosity of the melt, the shear for... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7962_chunk_0 | Melt spinning | In other words, only a small amount of the puddle is affected by the friction from the rotation of the drum. Consequently, as the drum spins, most of the melt puddle remains held between the nozzle and the drum by surface tension. However, the melt on the very bottom of the puddle, which is in direct contact with the d... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7963_chunk_0 | Lipid bilayer fusion | In membrane biology, fusion is the process by which two initially distinct lipid bilayers merge their hydrophobic cores, resulting in one interconnected structure. If this fusion proceeds completely through both leaflets of both bilayers, an aqueous bridge is formed and the internal contents of the two structures can m... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7964_chunk_0 | Lipid bilayer fusion | The aqueous contents enclosed by each bilayer also remain separated. Fusion is involved in many cellular processes, particularly in eukaryotes since the eukaryotic cell is extensively sub-divided by lipid bilayer membranes. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7965_chunk_0 | Lipid bilayer fusion | Exocytosis, fertilization of an egg by sperm and transport of waste products to the lysosome are a few of the many eukaryotic processes that rely on some form of fusion. Fusion is also an important mechanism for transport of lipids from their site of synthesis to the membrane where they are needed. Even the entry of pa... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7966_chunk_0 | Hodgkin cycle | In membrane biology, the Hodgkin cycle is a key component of membrane physiology that describes bioelectrical impulses, especially prevalent in neural and muscle tissues. It was identified by British physiologist and biophysicist Sir Alan Lloyd Hodgkin.The Hodgkin cycle represents a positive feedback loop in which an i... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7967_chunk_0 | Hodgkin cycle | Additional depolarization activates additional Na+ channels. This cycle leads to a very rapid rise in Na+ conductance (gNa), which moves the membrane potential close to VNa. The cycle is broken when the membrane potential reaches to the sodium equilibrium potential and potassium channels open to re-polarize the membran... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7968_chunk_0 | Oxygen concentrator | In membrane gas separation, membranes act as a permeable barrier which different compounds move across at different rates or do not cross at all. Gas mixtures can be effectively separated by synthetic membranes made from polymers such as polyamide or cellulose acetate, or from ceramic materials. While polymeric membran... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7969_chunk_0 | Oxygen concentrator | Membrane materials have expanded into the realm of silica, zeolites, metal-organic frameworks, and perovskites due to their strong thermal and chemical resistance as well as high tunability (ability to be modified and functionalized), leading to increased permeability and selectivity. Membranes can be used for separati... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7970_chunk_0 | Oxygen concentrator | Gas separation across a membrane is a pressure-driven process, where the driving force is the difference in pressure between inlet of raw material and outlet of product. The membrane used in the process is a generally non-porous layer, so there will not be a severe leakage of gas through the membrane. The performance o... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7971_chunk_0 | Concentration polarization | 1a and 1b. Fig. 1a shows the concentration profile near and within a membrane when an external driving force is just applied to an initially equilibrium system. Concentration gradients have not yet formed. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7972_chunk_0 | Concentration polarization | The concentration gradients cause additional diffusion fluxes, which contribute to an increase of the total flux in the solutions and to a decrease of the flux in the membrane. As a result, the system reaches a steady state where J 1 s = J 1 m {\displaystyle J_{1}^{s}=J_{1}^{m}} . The greater the external force applied... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7973_chunk_0 | Concentration polarization | In electrodialysis, when c 1 ′ {\displaystyle c_{1}'} becomes much lower than the bulk concentration, the resistance of the depleted solution becomes quite elevated. The current density related to this state is known as the limiting current density.Concentration polarization strongly affects the performance of the sepa... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7974_chunk_0 | Concentration polarization | Lower rate of separation under the same external driving force means increased power consumption. Moreover, concentration polarization leads to: Increased salt leakage through the membrane Increased probability of scale/fouling developmentThus, the selectivity of separation and the membrane lifetime are deteriorated. G... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7975_chunk_0 | Concentration polarization | This technique results in better mixing of the solution and in reducing the thickness of the diffusion boundary layer, which is defined as the region in the vicinity of an electrode or a membrane where the concentrations are different from their value in the bulk solution. In electrodialysis, additional mixing of the s... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7976_chunk_0 | Concentration polarization | Several mechanisms of electroconvection are discussed. In dilute solutions, electroconvection allows increasing current density several times higher than the limiting current density. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7977_chunk_0 | Concentration polarization | Electroconvection refers to electrokinetic phenomena, which are important in microfluidic devices. Thus, there is a bridge between membrane science and micro/nanofluidics. Fruitful ideas are transferred from microfluidics: novel conceptions of electro-membrane devices for water desalination in overlimiting current rang... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7978_chunk_0 | Segment descriptor | In memory addressing for Intel x86 computer architectures, segment descriptors are a part of the segmentation unit, used for translating a logical address to a linear address. Segment descriptors describe the memory segment referred to in the logical address. The segment descriptor (8 bytes long in 80286 and later) con... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7979_chunk_0 | General Protection Fault | In memory errors, the faulting program accesses memory that it should not access. Examples include: Attempting to write to a read-only portion of memory Attempting to execute bytes in memory which are not designated as instructions Attempting to read as data bytes in memory which are designated as instructions Other mi... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7980_chunk_0 | James Nasmyth | In memory of his renowned contribution to the discipline of mechanical engineering, the Department of Mechanical Engineering building at Heriot-Watt University, in his birthplace of Edinburgh, is called the James Nasmyth Building. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7981_chunk_0 | Shock Wave | In memristors, under externally-applied electric field, shock waves can be launched across the transition-metal oxides, creating fast and non-volatile resistivity changes. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7982_chunk_0 | Anal probing | In men aged 55–69 who have been counseled on the known harms and potential benefits of prostate cancer screening, the U.S. Preventive Service Task Force May 2018 statement states, "The use of digital rectal examination as a screening modality is not recommended because there is a lack of evidence on the benefits." The ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7983_chunk_0 | Anal probing | The American Urological Association 2013 (reviewed and validity confirmed 2018) guideline panel states, "The literature supporting the efficacy of digital rectal exam (DRE) for screening with the goal of reducing prostate cancer mortality provide limited evidence to draw conclusions." "The guideline panel could find no... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7984_chunk_0 | Free testosterone | Men who are exposed to scents of ovulating women maintained a stable testosterone level that was higher than the testosterone level of men exposed to nonovulation cues. Men are heavily aware of hormone cycles in women. This may be linked to the ovulatory shift hypothesis, where males are adapted to respond to the ovula... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7985_chunk_0 | Anal masturbation | In men, orgasmic function through genitalia depends in part on the healthy functioning of the smooth muscles surrounding the prostate, and of the pelvic floor muscles. Anal masturbation can be especially pleasurable for those with a functioning prostate because it often stimulates the area, which also contains sensitiv... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7986_chunk_0 | Diminished interval | In mensural notation, diminution of the duration of note shapes is the most common function of coloration. Diminution is most often by one-third of the note-value, so that three colored notes fit into the time of two uncolored notes of the same shape; it is thus often found in notation of triplet or hemiola figures.Dim... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7987_chunk_0 | Mental accounting | In mental accounting theory, the framing effect defines that the way a person subjectively frames a transaction in their mind will determine the utility they receive or expect. The concept of framing is adopted in prospect theory, which is commonly used by mental accounting theorists as the value function in their anal... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7988_chunk_0 | Mental accounting | A concave value function for gain incentivizes risk-averse behavior because marginal gain decreases relative increase in value. Conversely a convex value function for losses means that the impact of a loss is more detrimental to a person than an equivalent gain, thus incentivizing risk-seeking behavior in order to avoi... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7989_chunk_0 | Mental accounting | Due to the nature of our value function’s different slopes for gains and losses, our utility is maximized in different ways, depending on how we code the four kinds of transactions x {\displaystyle x} and y {\displaystyle y} (as gains or as losses):1) Multiple gains: x {\displaystyle x} and y {\displaystyle y} are both... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7990_chunk_0 | Delaunay refinement | In mesh generation, Delaunay refinements are algorithms for mesh generation based on the principle of adding Steiner points to the geometry of an input to be meshed, in a way that causes the Delaunay triangulation or constrained Delaunay triangulation of the augmented input to meet the quality requirements of the meshi... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7991_chunk_0 | Coulomb blockade | In mesoscopic physics, a Coulomb blockade (CB), named after Charles-Augustin de Coulomb's electrical force, is the decrease in electrical conductance at small bias voltages of a small electronic device comprising at least one low-capacitance tunnel junction. Because of the CB, the conductance of a device may not be con... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7992_chunk_0 | Coulomb blockade | Thus, the device will no longer follow Ohm's law and the current-voltage relation of the Coulomb blockade looks like a staircase.Even though the Coulomb blockade can be used to demonstrate the quantization of the electric charge, it remains a classical effect and its main description does not require quantum mechanics.... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7993_chunk_0 | Ballistic conductivity | In mesoscopic physics, ballistic conduction (ballistic transport) is the unimpeded flow (or transport) of charge carriers (usually electrons), or energy-carrying particles, over relatively long distances in a material. In general, the resistivity of a material exists because an electron, while moving inside a medium, i... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7994_chunk_0 | Ballistic conductivity | The mean free path can be increased by reducing the number of impurities in a crystal or by lowering its temperature. Ballistic transport is observed when the mean free path of the particle is (much) longer than the dimension of the medium through which the particle travels. The particle alters its motion only upon col... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7995_chunk_0 | Ballistic conductivity | In the case of a wire suspended in air/vacuum the surface of the wire plays the role of the box reflecting the electrons and preventing them from exiting toward the empty space/open air. This is because there is an energy to be paid to extract the electron from the medium (work function). Ballistic conduction is typica... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7996_chunk_0 | Ballistic conductivity | Ballistic conduction is not limited to electrons (or holes) but can also apply to phonons. It is theoretically possible for ballistic conduction to be extended to other quasi-particles, but this has not been experimentally verified. For a specific example, ballistic transport can be observed in a metal nanowire: due to... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7997_chunk_0 | Dead letter queue | In message queueing a dead letter queue (DLQ) is a service implementation to store messages that the messaging system cannot or should not deliver. Although implementation-specific, messages can be routed to the DLQ for the following reasons: The message is sent to a queue that does not exist. The maximum queue length ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7998_chunk_0 | Frege–Geach problem | In meta-ethics, expressivism is a theory about the meaning of moral language. According to expressivism, sentences that employ moral terms – for example, "It is wrong to torture an innocent human being" – are not descriptive or fact-stating; moral terms such as "wrong", "good", or "just" do not refer to real, in-the-wo... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7999_chunk_0 | Radioactive label | In metabolism research, tritium and 14C-labeled glucose are commonly used in glucose clamps to measure rates of glucose uptake, fatty acid synthesis, and other metabolic processes. While radioactive tracers are sometimes still used in human studies, stable isotope tracers such as 13C are more commonly used in current h... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
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